Wikipedia hawiki https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babban_shafi MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.11 first-letter Midiya Musamman Tattaunawa User Tattaunawar user Wikipedia Tattaunawar Wikipedia Fayil Tattaunawar fayil MediaWiki Tattaunawar MediaWiki Samfuri Tattaunawar samfuri Taimako Tattaunawar taimako Rukuni Tattaunawar rukuni TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 3045 884830 871648 2026-07-19T10:55:21Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 884830 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Yam_at_monday_market_kaduna_state_01.jpg|thumb|Farin doya iri-iri, Dioscorea rotundata a cikin kasuwar ranar litinin a [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]], Najeriya]] [[Fayil:YamsatBrixtonMarket.jpg|thumb|Fararen doya a kasuwar dillalai a Brixton, Ingila, 2004]] '''Doya''' ita ce sunan da aka saba amfani da shi ga wasu nau'ikan abinci a cikin halittar ''Dioscorea'' (iyalin Dioscoreaceae ) waɗanda ke samar da tubers masu cin abinci (wasu nau'ikan a cikin halittar suna da guba). Doya itace inabi ne [[Shuka mai Shekaru|masu]] daɗaɗɗen ganye waɗanda aka noma a Afirka, Asiya, da Amurka kuma ana noma su don cin ganyen sitaci a yankuna masu zafi da [[Wurare masu zafi (Tropics)|yanayi mai zafi]] . Tushen da kansu, waɗanda kuma ake kira "doya", suna zuwa ta hanyoyi daban-daban saboda nau'ikan iri da nau'ikan da ke da alaƙa da su.<ref>Dumont, R.; Vernier, P. (2000). "Domestication of yams (Dioscorea cayenensis-rotundata) within the Bariba ethnic group in Benin". Outlook on Agriculture. 29 (2): 137. Bibcode:2000OutAg..29..137D. doi:10.5367/000000000101293149. S2CID 154609802.</ref><ref>Kay, D.E. (1987). Root Crops. London, UK: Tropical Development and Research Institute.</ref><ref>Thompson, Anthony Keith (2014). Fruit and Vegetables: Harvesting, Handling and Storage. John Wiley & Sons. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-118-65401-9</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Crowther, Alison; Lucas, Leilani; Helm, Richard; Horton, Mark; Shipton, Ceri; Wright, Henry T.; Walshaw, Sarah; Pawlowicz, Matthew; Radimilahy, Chantal; Douka, Katerina; Picornell-Gelabert, Llorenç; Fuller, Dorian Q.; Boivin, Nicole L. (14 June 2016). "Ancient crops provide first archaeological signature of the westward Austronesian expansion". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 113 (24): 6635–6640. Bibcode:2016PNAS..113.6635C. doi:10.1073/pnas.1522714113. PMC 4914162. <nowiki>PMID 27247383</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Beaujard, Philippe (August 2011). "The first migrants to Madagascar and their introduction of plants: linguistic and ethnological evidence" (PDF). Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa. 46 (2): 169–189. doi:10.1080/0067270X.2011.580142. S2CID 55763047.</ref><ref>Bevacqua, Robert F. (1994). "Origin of Horticulture in Southeast Asia and the Dispersal of Domesticated Plants to the Pacific Islands by Polynesian Voyagers: The Hawaiian Islands Case Study" (PDF). HortScience. 29 (11): 1226–1229. doi:10.21273/HORTSCI.29.11.1226.</ref><ref>White, L.D. (2003). "Uhi". Canoe Plants of Ancient Hawaiʻi.</ref><ref>Schultz, G.E. (1993). "Element Stewardship Abstract for Dioscorea bulbifera, Air potato". Nature Conservancy. Archived from the original on 18 September 2006. Retrieved 2 September 2006.</ref><ref>Zulu, Donald; Ellis, Richard H.; Culham, Alastair (25 January 2019). "Collection, Consumption, and Sale of Lusala (Dioscorea hirtiflora) — a Wild Yam — by Rural Households in Southern Province, Zambia". Economic Botany. 73 (1): 47–63. Bibcode:2019EcBot..73...47Z. doi:10.1007/s12231-018-9433 == Bayani == [[Fayil:കാച്ചിൽ-കിഴങ്ങ്.JPG|thumb|Doya]] Doya, wadda take da alaƙa da furannin fure da ciyawa, ciyawa ce mai ƙarfi, tana girma inabin inabi [[Shuka mai Shekaru|na tsawon lokaci]] daga buro . <ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}</ref> An san wasu nau'ikan doya 870, <ref name="cabi" /> kaɗan daga cikinsu ana noma su sosai don buroshinsu masu cin abinci amma wasu kuma suna da guba (kamar ''D. communis'' ).<ref>Zulu, D.; Ellis, R. H.; Culham, A. (2020). "Propagation of lusala (Dioscorea hirtiflora), a wild yam, for in situ and ex situ conservation and potential domestication". Experimental Agriculture. 56 (3): 453–468. doi:10.1017/S0014479720000083. S2CID 216212360.</ref><ref>Thompson, Anthony Keith; Oduro, Ibok (2021). Yams: Botany, Production and Uses. Oxford: CABI. p. 172. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-78924-927-9</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Linus Opara (2003). "YAMS: Post-Harvest Operation" (PDF).</ref><ref>"Yam production in 2019". Crops/Regions/World/Production Quantity. FAOSTAT, Statistics Division of the UN Food and Agriculture Organization. 2021. Retrieved 12 October 2021.</ref><ref>Dioscorea dumetorum: Useful Tropical Plants</ref><ref>Jesus, M.; Martins, A. P; Gallardo, E.; Silvestre, S. (2016). "Diosgenin: Recent Highlights on Pharmacology and Analytical Methodology". Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry. 2016: 1–16. doi:10.1155/2016/4156293. PMC 5225340. <nowiki>PMID 28116217</nowiki>.</ref> Shuke-shuken doya na iya girma har zuwa {{Convert|15|m|ft|-1}} a tsayi da {{Convert|7|to|15|cm|in}} . <ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 "''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam)"]. [[CAB International|Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> Tushen zai iya girma zuwa ƙasa har zuwa {{Convert|1.5|m|ft}} zurfi. <ref name="cabi" /> Shuke-shuken yana yaɗuwa ta hanyar iri . <ref name="cabi" /><ref>Oke, O.L. (1990). Redhead, J.; Hussain, M.A. (eds.). Roots, tubers, plantains and bananas in human nutrition. United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. <nowiki>ISBN 978-92-5-102862-9</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Glycemic index and glycemic load for 100+ foods". Harvard Health Publications. Harvard Medical School. 2008.</ref><ref>Roots, tubers, plantains and bananas in human nutrition - Nutritive value". United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. Retrieved 25 May 2020.</ref> Tushen da ake ci yana da fata mai kauri wadda take da wahalar barewa amma tana da laushi idan aka dafa ta. Fatar ta bambanta a launi daga launin ruwan kasa mai duhu zuwa ruwan hoda mai haske. Yawancin nama, ko nama, na kayan lambu sun ƙunshi wani abu mai laushi wanda ya bambanta daga fari ko rawaya zuwa shunayya ko ruwan hoda a cikin doya mai girma.<ref>"Kwashiorkor (Protein-Calorie Malnutrition)". Tropical Medicine Central Resource. 2006. Archived from the original on 16 December 2011. Retrieved 21 January 2012.</ref> == Asalin Ma'anar == Sunan "yam" ya bayyana ya samo asali ne daga harshen Portugal ''inhame'' ko [[Canarian Mutanen Espanya|Canarian Spanish]] ''ñame'', wanda ya samo asali ne daga [[Fillanci|harshen Fula]], ɗaya daga cikin [[Harsunan Nijar-Congo|harsunan Yammacin Afirka]] a lokacin ciniki. Duk da haka, a cikin harshen Portuguese, wannan sunan yawanci yana nufin shukar [[Gwaza|taro]] ( ''Colocasia esculenta'' ) daga nau'in ''Colocasia'', sabanin ''Dioscorea'' . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=Inhame dos Açores |url=https://tradicional.dgadr.gov.pt/pt/cat/outros-produtos-vegetais/771-inhame-dos-acores |access-date=13 August 2020 |publisher=[[Produtos Tradicionais Portugueses]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=Sabores dos Açores: Inhame |url=https://www.clubevinhosportugueses.pt/turismo/sabores-dos-acores-inhame/ |access-date=13 August 2020 |publisher=[[Clube Vinhos Portugueses]]}}</ref><ref>United States Food and Drug Administration (2024). "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels". FDA. Archived from the original on 27 March 2024. Retrieved 28 March 2024.</ref><ref>TABLE 4-7 Comparison of Potassium Adequate Intakes Established in This Report to Potassium Adequate Intakes Established in the 2005 DRI Report". p. 120. In: Stallings, Virginia A.; Harrison, Meghan; Oria, Maria, eds. (2019). "Potassium: Dietary Reference Intakes for Adequacy". Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. pp. 101–124. doi:10.17226/25353. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-309-48834-1</nowiki>. <nowiki>PMID 30844154</nowiki>. NCBI NBK545428.</ref><ref>Uwaegbute, Osho and Obatolu (1998). Postharvest technology and commodity marketing: Proceedings of a postharvest conference. International Institute of Tropical Agriculture. p. 172. <nowiki>ISBN 978-978-131-111-6</nowiki>.</ref> Manyan abubuwan da aka samo daga fi'ili suna da ma'anar "cin abinci". Doya na gaske suna da sunaye daban-daban gama gari a yankuna daban-daban na duniya. <ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 "''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam)"]. [[CAB International|Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> A wasu wurare, wasu kayan lambu (marasa alaƙa) ana kiransu da "yams", waɗanda suka haɗa da: <ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 "''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam)"]. [[CAB International|Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> * A Amurka, [[Dankali|dankali mai zaki]] ( ''Ipomoea batatas'' ), musamman waɗanda ke da naman lemu, galibi ana kiransu da "yams" <ref>{{Cite web |title=What is the difference between sweet potatoes and yams? |url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/scitech/mysteries/sweetpotato.html |website=LOC.gov}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Economic Research Service |url=http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/agoutlook/Nov2002/ao296e.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315002720/http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/agoutlook/Nov2002/ao296e.pdf |archive-date=15 March 2015 |access-date=26 November 2009}}</ref> * A Ostiraliya, ƙwayar ''Microseris walteri'', ko kuma yam daisy, abinci ne na asali ga [['Yan asalin Australiya|'yan asalin ƙasar Ostiraliya]] a wasu yankuna. * A New Zealand, ana kiran oca ( ''Oxalis tuberosa'' ) da "yam". <ref name="jsfa">{{Cite journal |last=Albihn, P.B.E. |last2=Savage, G.P. |date=18 June 2001 |title=The effect of cooking on the location and concentration of oxalate in three cultivars of New Zealand-grown oca (''Oxalis tuberosa'' Mol) |journal=[[Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture]] |volume=81 |issue=10 |pages=1027–1033 |bibcode=2001JSFA...81.1027A |doi=10.1002/jsfa.890}}</ref> * A [[Maleshiya|Malaysia]] da [[Singafora|Singapore]], [[Gwaza|taro]] ( ''Colocasia esculenta'' ) ana kiransa "yam". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lam |first=Lim Chin |title=I yam not taro |url=http://thestar.com.my/english/story.asp?file=/2010/7/16/lifefocus/6651716&sec=lifefocus |website=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]]}}</ref> * A Afirka, Kudu da Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya da kuma tsibiran Pacific masu zafi, ana noma ''Amorphophallus paeonifolius'' kuma ana kiransa da "ƙafar giwa". <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Santosa |first=Edi |last2=Lian |first2=Chun Lan |last3=Sugiyama |first3=Nobuo |last4=Misra |first4=Raj Shekhar |last5=Boonkorkaew |first5=Patchareeya |last6=Thanomchit |first6=Kanokwan |last7=Chiang |first7=Tzen-Yuh |display-authors=1 |date=28 June 2017 |title=Population structure of elephant foot yams (''Amorphophallus paeoniifolius'' (Dennst.) Nicolson) in Asia |journal=[[PLOS ONE]] |volume=12 |issue=6 |bibcode=2017PLoSO..1280000S |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0180000 |pmc=5489206 |pmid=28658282 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Rarrabawa da wurin zama == Doya ta samo asali ne daga Afirka, Asiya, da Amurka. <ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 "''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam)"]. [[CAB International|Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> An yi kiwon nau'ikan guda uku daban-daban a waɗannan nahiyoyi: ''D. rotundata'' (Afirka), ''[[Sakata|D.&nbsp;alata]]'' (Asiya), da kuma ''D.<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwrQ">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>trifida'' (Kudancin Amurka). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nora Scarcelli |display-authors=etal |date=1 May 2019 |title=Yam genomics supports West Africa as a major cradle of crop domestication |journal=[[Science Advances]] |volume=5 |issue=5 |bibcode=2019SciA....5.1947S |doi=10.1126/sciadv.aaw1947 |pmc=6527260 |pmid=31114806 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>"Undernutrition". The Merck Manual: The Home Health Handbook. 2010.</ref><ref>OB Izekor; MI Olumese (December 2010). "Determinants of yam production and profitability in Edo State, Nigeria" (PDF). African Journal of General Agriculture. 6 (4). Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 May 2017.</ref><ref>Yam, raw nutrition facts and analysis". www.nutritionvalue.org. Retrieved 30 June 2025.</ref><ref>Nutrient data laboratory". United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 10 August 2016.</ref><ref>Roots, Tubers, and Plantains in Food Security: In Sub-Saharan Africa, in Latin America and the Caribbean, in the Pacific. United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. 1989. <nowiki>ISBN 978-92-5-102782-0</nowiki>.</ref> == Ilimin Halittu == Wasu doya tsire-tsire ne masu cin zarafi, waɗanda galibi ana ɗaukar su a matsayin ciyawa mai cutarwa a wajen wuraren da aka noma. <ref>Robertson, Gordon; Lupien, John (2008). "Minimizing Postharvest Losses in Yam (Dioscorea spp.): Treatments and Techniques". Using food science and technology to improve nutrition and promote national development: Selected case studies. International Union of Food Science & Technology. S2CID 107695924.</ref><ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 "''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam)"]. [[CAB International|Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref><ref>Sam, Christopher (1 May 2021). "Food and culture: A case study of Ghana's Etor/Otor (Recipe Included)". TheAfricanDream. Retrieved 30 June 2025.</ref><ref>Nweke, Felix; Aidoo, Robert; Okoye, Benjamin (July 2013). "Yam Consumption Patterns in West Africa". Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. Archived from the original on 22 November 2018. Retrieved 5 December 2017.</ref> == Noma == [[Fayil:Kaachil_cut.jpg|thumb|Doya mai launin shunayya da aka girbe sabo ( ''[[Sakata|D.&nbsp;alata]]'' ) an yanka shi don giciye-sashe]] Ana noma doya don cin ƙwayar sitaci a yankuna masu zafi da [[Wurare masu zafi (Tropics)|yanayi mai zafi]], musamman a Yammacin Afirka, Kudancin Amurka da [[Karibiyan|Caribbean]], Asiya, da [[Osheniya|Oceania]] . <ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 "''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam)"]. [[CAB International|Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> Kimanin kashi 95% na amfanin gonakin doya ana noma su ne a Afirka. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Everyday Mysteries: Yam |url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/scitech/mysteries/sweetpotato.html |publisher=Library of Congress, United States of America}}</ref><ref>Mavis, Meals by (1 January 2022). "Yam Eto (Ghanaian Mashed Yams)". Meals by Mavis. Retrieved 30 June 2025.</ref><ref>Osinkolu, Lola (27 August 2021). "YAM | TRUE YAM | AFRICAN YAM". Chef Lola's Kitchen. Retrieved 30 June 2025.</ref><ref>TRT Global - Nigeria: How New Yam Festival keeps Igbo's rooted traditions alive". trt.global. Retrieved 30 June 2025.</ref> Gonar doya tana farawa ne lokacin da aka dasa dukkan tsaba ko sassan tubers a cikin tuddai ko tuddai, a farkon lokacin damina. Yawan amfanin gona ya dogara ne akan yadda da kuma inda aka shuka sets ɗin, girman tuddai, tazarar tsakanin tsirrai, samar da sandunan da aka shuka, nau'in doya, da girman tubers da ake so a lokacin girbi. Ƙananan manoma a Yammacin da Tsakiyar Afirka galibi [[wiktionary:intercrop|suna haɗa]] doya da hatsi da kayan lambu. Doya iri suna da lalacewa kuma suna da yawa don jigilar su. Manoma waɗanda ba su sayi sabbin doya iri ba galibi suna ware har zuwa kashi 30% na girbin su don shuka a shekara mai zuwa. Gonar doya tana fuskantar matsin lamba daga nau'ikan kwari iri-iri da cututtukan fungal da ƙwayoyin cuta, da kuma nematodes . Girman su da lokacin barcin su sun yi daidai da lokacin damina da lokacin rani. Don yawan amfanin gona, doya suna buƙatar yanayi mai danshi na wurare masu zafi, tare da ruwan sama na shekara-shekara sama da {{Convert|1500|mm|in|0}} suna rarrabawa daidai gwargwado a duk lokacin girma. Doya fari, rawaya, da ruwa yawanci suna samar da babban buro ɗaya a kowace shekara, gabaɗaya suna da nauyin {{Convert|5|to|10|kg|lb|0}} . <ref name="stofao1">{{Cite web |last=Calverly |date=1998 |title=Storage and Processing of Roots and Tubers in the Tropics |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/X5415E/x5415e00.htm |publisher=United Nations [[Food and Agriculture Organization]]}}</ref> Doya tana fama da ƙarancin kwari da cututtuka. <ref name="Solomon" /> Akwai wani da ''Colletotrichum gloeosporioides'' ke haifarwa wanda ya bazu ko'ina a yankunan da ke girma a duniya. <ref name="Solomon" /> Winch ''et al.'', 1984 sun gano ''C.&nbsp;gloeosporioides'' yana shafar adadi mai yawa na ''Dioscorea'' spp.<ref>El cultivo de ñame en el Caribe colombiano". Banco de la República, Colombia. 21 June 2012.</ref><ref>More Than a Trend: The History of Ube and What It Means to the Filipino People". Kapwa Gardens. Retrieved 30 June 2025.</ref><ref>Yam Root Dye</ref><ref>Singh, K.K. and Kaushal Kumar. Ethnobotanical wisdom of Gaddi tribe in Western Himalaya. 2000. p.18.</ref><ref>Rana, M., Kabra, A., Kabra, R., Rana, M. and Dhatwalia, V. 2015. Plant Species used by locals as Ethano - Medicine in Gohar Tehsil, Distt. Mandi Region of North Western Himalaya. Archived 7 September 2023 at the Wayback Machine PharmaTutor. 3, 4 (Apr. 2015), 47-52.</ref> Duk da yawan buƙatun ma'aikata da farashin samarwa, buƙatar masu amfani da doya tana da yawa a wasu yankuna na Afirka, <ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 "''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam)"]. [[CAB International|Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> wanda hakan ya sa noman doya ya zama mai riba ga wasu manoma. <ref>{{Cite web |title=PubMed Central (PMC) |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ |access-date=2025-06-07 |website=PubMed Central (PMC) |language=en}}</ref><ref>Rajendra, Gupta (1993). "Conservation and utilization of Indian Medicinal Plants". Indian Journal of Plant Genetic Resources. 6 (2). ISSN 0971-8184. Retrieved 16 September 2021.</ref><ref>Naleba, Mere (25 April 2015). "Million dollar aim". The Fiji Times Online. Retrieved 1 June 2017.</ref><ref>Goody, Jack (1996). Cooking, cuisine and class: A study in comparative sociology. Cambridge University Press. pp. 78–81. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-521-28696-1</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Marker RE, Krueger J (1940). "Sterols. CXII. Sapogenins. XLI. The Preparation of Trillin and its Conversion to Progesterone". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 62 (12): 3349–3350. Bibcode:1940JAChS..62.3349M. doi:10.1021/ja01869a023.</ref> === Manyan nau'ikan da aka noma === Ana samun nau'ikan doya da yawa da aka noma a ''Dioscorea'' a ko'ina cikin wurare masu zafi masu danshi. <ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 "''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam)"]. [[CAB International|Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> An tattauna waɗanda suka fi muhimmanci a fannin tattalin arziki a ƙasa. <ref name="stofao1">{{Cite web |last=Calverly |date=1998 |title=Storage and Processing of Roots and Tubers in the Tropics |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/X5415E/x5415e00.htm |publisher=United Nations [[Food and Agriculture Organization]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCalverly1998">Calverly (1998). [http://www.fao.org/docrep/X5415E/x5415e00.htm "Storage and Processing of Roots and Tubers in the Tropics"]. United Nations [[Food and Agriculture Organization]].</cite></ref> Tumatur waɗanda ba na ''Dioscorea'' ba waɗanda suka kasance masu mahimmanci a tarihi a Afirka sun haɗa da ''[[Tumuƙu|Plectranthus rotundifolius]]'' (dankalin Hausa) da ''[[Rizga|P. esculentus]]'' (dankalin Livingstone); waɗannan amfanin gona guda biyu yanzu an mayar da su baya sosai ta hanyar gabatar da [[rogo]].<ref>Goody, Jack (1996). Cooking, cuisine and class: A study in comparative sociology. Cambridge University Press. pp. 78–81. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-521-28696-1</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Djerassi, C. (December 1992). "Steroid Research at Syntex: "The Pill" and Cortisone". Steroids. 57 (12): 631–641. doi:10.1016/0039-128X(92)90016-3. PMC 1294257. <nowiki>PMID 1481227</nowiki>. S2CID 5933910.</ref><ref>Liu MJ, Wang Z, Ju Y, Wong RN, Wu QY (2005). "Diosgenin induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human leukemia K562 cells with the disruption of Ca2+ homeostasis". Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology. 55 (1): 79–90. doi:10.1007/s00280-004-0849-3. <nowiki>PMID 15372201</nowiki>. S2CID 11779821.</ref><ref>"Roots, Tubers, Plantains and Bananas in Human Nutrition". United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. Acknowledgments, preface, introduction, origins, and distribution.</ref> ==== ''D. cayensis'' ==== Doya mai launin rawaya, ''[[Doyar kudu|D. cayensis]]'', da kuma farin doya, <nowiki><i id="mwARQ">D. cayensis</i></nowiki> subsp. <nowiki><i id="mwARU">rotundata</i></nowiki>, asalinsu daga Afirka ne. Su ne doya mafi mahimmanci da aka noma. A da, ana ɗaukar farin doya a matsayin wani nau'in daban, ''D. rotundata'', amma yawancin masana harkar haraji yanzu suna ɗaukarsa a matsayin wani nau'in doya mai launin rawaya. Ana noma nau'ikan doya sama da 200 a tsakaninsu. Farin doya yana da siffar silinda, fatar tana da santsi da launin ruwan kasa, kuma naman yawanci fari ne da tauri. Doya rawaya tana da launin rawaya, wanda ke faruwa sakamakon kasancewar carotenoids. Yana kama da farin doya a bayyanar waje; fatarsa yawanci tana da ɗan ƙarfi kuma ba ta da faɗi sosai. Doya rawaya tana da tsayin ciyayi da kuma ɗan gajeren barci fiye da farin doya. Nau'in Kokoro yana da mahimmanci wajen yin busasshen dankalin doya. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dumont |first=R. |last2=Vernier |first2=P. |date=2000 |title=Domestication of yams (''Dioscorea cayenensis-rotundata'') within the Bariba ethnic group in Benin |journal=[[Outlook on Agriculture]] |volume=29 |issue=2 |page=137 |bibcode=2000OutAg..29..137D |doi=10.5367/000000000101293149 |s2cid=154609802}}</ref> Manyan tsirrai ne; inabin na iya zama tsawon {{Convert|10|to|12|m|ft|0}} . Tushen galibi suna da nauyin kimanin {{Convert|2.5|to|5|kg|lb|0}} kowanne, amma zai iya nauyin har zuwa {{Convert|25|kg|lb|0}} . Bayan tsawon watanni 7 zuwa 12, ana girbe 'ya'yan itacen. A Afirka, yawancinsu ana niƙa su a cikin manna don yin abincin gargajiya na "yayan da aka niƙa", wanda aka sani da [[Iyan]] . ==== ''D. alata'' ==== [[Fayil:Yam_with_numerous_protruding_fibers.jpg|thumb|Doya mai launin shunayya ( ''D. alata'' )]] D. alata, wanda ake kira da shunayya doya (ba za a iya rikita shi da shunayya "yam" na Okinawa ba, wanda shine dankalin turawa mai zaki ), babban doya, doya mai fuka-fuki, doya ruwa, da (wanda ba a iya fahimta ba) farin doya, [1] [2] an fara noma shi a Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya. [2] Duk da cewa ba a noma shi daidai da doya na Afirka ba, yana da mafi girman rarrabawa a duk duniya fiye da duk wani doya da aka noma, ana noma shi a Asiya, tsibiran Pacific, Afirka, da Yammacin Indiya. [2] Ko a Afirka, shaharar doya ruwa tana ta biyu bayan farin doya. Siffar tuber gabaɗaya silinda ce, amma tana iya bambanta. Naman tuber fari ne kuma mai ruwa a yanayinsa. ''D. alata'' da ''D. esculenta'' (ƙaramin doya) sune muhimman amfanin gona ga al'adun Austronesian masu tafiya a teku. An ɗauke su tare da ƙaura daga Austronesian a matsayin tsire-tsire na kwale-kwale, daga Tsibirin Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya zuwa har zuwa [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]] da Polynesia . <ref name="Crowther2016">{{Cite journal |last=Crowther |first=Alison |last2=Lucas |first2=Leilani |last3=Helm |first3=Richard |last4=Horton |first4=Mark |last5=Shipton |first5=Ceri |last6=Wright |first6=Henry T. |last7=Walshaw |first7=Sarah |last8=Pawlowicz |first8=Matthew |last9=Radimilahy |first9=Chantal |last10=Douka |first10=Katerina |last11=Picornell-Gelabert |first11=Llorenç |last12=Fuller |first12=Dorian Q. |last13=Boivin |first13=Nicole L. |date=14 June 2016 |title=Ancient crops provide first archaeological signature of the westward Austronesian expansion |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences]] |volume=113 |issue=24 |pages=6635–6640 |bibcode=2016PNAS..113.6635C |doi=10.1073/pnas.1522714113 |pmc=4914162 |pmid=27247383 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Beaujard2011">{{Cite journal |last=Beaujard |first=Philippe |date=August 2011 |title=The first migrants to Madagascar and their introduction of plants: linguistic and ethnological evidence |url=https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00706173/file/Beaujard.azania2.pdf |journal=[[Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa]] |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=169–189 |doi=10.1080/0067270X.2011.580142 |s2cid=55763047}}</ref> <ref name="Bevacqua1994">{{Cite journal |last=Bevacqua |first=Robert F. |date=1994 |title=Origin of Horticulture in Southeast Asia and the Dispersal of Domesticated Plants to the Pacific Islands by Polynesian Voyagers: The Hawaiian Islands Case Study |url=http://hortsci.ashspublications.org/content/29/11/1226.full.pdf |journal=[[HortScience]] |volume=29 |issue=11 |pages=1226–1229 |doi=10.21273/HORTSCI.29.11.1226 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=White |first=L.D. |date=2003 |title=Uhi |url=http://www.canoeplants.com/uhi.html |series=Canoe Plants of Ancient Hawaiʻi}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] eyyf1idbyaib2hjwuf022t0rhbfylh9 884831 884830 2026-07-19T10:57:51Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 884831 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Yam_at_monday_market_kaduna_state_01.jpg|thumb|Farin doya iri-iri, Dioscorea rotundata a cikin kasuwar ranar litinin a [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]], Najeriya]] [[Fayil:YamsatBrixtonMarket.jpg|thumb|Fararen doya a kasuwar dillalai a Brixton, Ingila, 2004]] '''Doya''' ita ce sunan da aka saba amfani da shi ga wasu nau'ikan abinci a cikin halittar ''Dioscorea'' (iyalin Dioscoreaceae ) waɗanda ke samar da tubers masu cin abinci (wasu nau'ikan a cikin halittar suna da guba). Doya itace inabi ne [[Shuka mai Shekaru|masu]] daɗaɗɗen ganye waɗanda aka noma a Afirka, Asiya, da Amurka kuma ana noma su don cin ganyen sitaci a yankuna masu zafi da [[Wurare masu zafi (Tropics)|yanayi mai zafi]] . Tushen da kansu, waɗanda kuma ake kira "doya", suna zuwa ta hanyoyi daban-daban saboda nau'ikan iri da nau'ikan da ke da alaƙa da su.<ref>Dumont, R.; Vernier, P. (2000). "Domestication of yams (Dioscorea cayenensis-rotundata) within the Bariba ethnic group in Benin". Outlook on Agriculture. 29 (2): 137. Bibcode:2000OutAg..29..doi:10.5367/000000000101293149. S2CID 154609802.</ref><ref>Kay, D.E. (1987). Root Crops. London, UK: Tropical Development and Research Institute.</ref><ref>Thompson, Anthony Keith (2014). Fruit and Vegetables: Harvesting, Handling and Storage. John Wiley & Sons. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-118-65401-9</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Crowther, Alison; Lucas, Leilani; Helm, Richard; Horton, Mark; Shipton, Ceri; Wright, Henry T.; Walshaw, Sarah; Pawlowicz, Matthew; Radimilahy, Chantal; Douka, Katerina; Picornell-Gelabert, Llorenç; Fuller, Dorian Q.; Boivin, Nicole L. (14 June 2016). "Ancient crops provide first archaeological signature of the westward Austronesian expansion". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 113 (24): 6635–6640. Bibcode:2016PNAS..113.6635C. doi:10.1073/pnas.1522714113. PMC 4914162. <nowiki>PMID 27247383</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Beaujard, Philippe (August 2011). "The first migrants to Madagascar and their introduction of plants: linguistic and ethnological evidence" (PDF). Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa. 46 (2): 169–189. doi:10.1080/0067270X.2011.580142. S2CID 55763047.</ref><ref>Bevacqua, Robert F. (1994). "Origin of Horticulture in Southeast Asia and the Dispersal of Domesticated Plants to the Pacific Islands by Polynesian Voyagers: The Hawaiian Islands Case Study" (PDF). HortScience. 29 (11): 1226–1229. doi:10.21273/HORTSCI.29.11.1226.</ref><ref>White, L.D. (2003). "Uhi". Canoe Plants of Ancient Hawaiʻi.</ref><ref>Schultz, G.E. (1993). "Element Stewardship Abstract for Dioscorea bulbifera, Air potato". Nature Conservancy. Archived from the original on 18 September 2006. Retrieved 2 September 2006.</ref><ref>Zulu, Donald; Ellis, Richard H.; Culham, Alastair (25 January 2019). "Collection, Consumption, and Sale of Lusala (Dioscorea hirtiflora) — a Wild Yam — by Rural Households in Southern Province, Zambia". Economic Botany. 73 (1): 47–63. Bibcode:2019EcBot..73...47Z. doi:10.1007/s12231-018-9433 == Bayani == [[Fayil:കാച്ചിൽ-കിഴങ്ങ്.JPG|thumb|Doya]] Doya, wadda take da alaƙa da furannin fure da ciyawa, ciyawa ce mai ƙarfi, tana girma inabin inabi [[Shuka mai Shekaru|na tsawon lokaci]] daga buro . <ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}</ref> An san wasu nau'ikan doya 870, <ref name="cabi" /> kaɗan daga cikinsu ana noma su sosai don buroshinsu masu cin abinci amma wasu kuma suna da guba (kamar ''D. communis'' ).<ref>Zulu, D.; Ellis, R. H.; Culham, A. (2020). "Propagation of lusala (Dioscorea hirtiflora), a wild yam, for in situ and ex situ conservation and potential domestication". Experimental Agriculture. 56 (3): 453–468. doi:10.1017/S0014479720000083. S2CID 216212360.</ref><ref>Thompson, Anthony Keith; Oduro, Ibok (2021). Yams: Botany, Production and Uses. Oxford: CABI. p. 172. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-78924-927-9</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Linus Opara (2003). "YAMS: Post-Harvest Operation" (PDF).</ref><ref>"Yam production in 2019". Crops/Regions/World/Production Quantity. FAOSTAT, Statistics Division of the UN Food and Agriculture Organization. 2021. Retrieved 12 October 2021.</ref><ref>Dioscorea dumetorum: Useful Tropical Plants</ref><ref>Jesus, M.; Martins, A. P; Gallardo, E.; Silvestre, S. (2016). "Diosgenin: Recent Highlights on Pharmacology and Analytical Methodology". Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry. 2016: 1–16. doi:10.1155/2016/4156293. PMC 5225340. <nowiki>PMID 28116217</nowiki>.</ref> Shuke-shuken doya na iya girma har zuwa {{Convert|15|m|ft|-1}} a tsayi da {{Convert|7|to|15|cm|in}} . <ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 "''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam)"]. [[CAB International|Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> Tushen zai iya girma zuwa ƙasa har zuwa {{Convert|1.5|m|ft}} zurfi. <ref name="cabi" /> Shuke-shuken yana yaɗuwa ta hanyar iri . <ref name="cabi" /><ref>Oke, O.L. (1990). Redhead, J.; Hussain, M.A. (eds.). Roots, tubers, plantains and bananas in human nutrition. United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. <nowiki>ISBN 978-92-5-102862-9</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Glycemic index and glycemic load for 100+ foods". Harvard Health Publications. Harvard Medical School. 2008.</ref><ref>Roots, tubers, plantains and bananas in human nutrition - Nutritive value". United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. Retrieved 25 May 2020.</ref> Tushen da ake ci yana da fata mai kauri wadda take da wahalar barewa amma tana da laushi idan aka dafa ta. Fatar ta bambanta a launi daga launin ruwan kasa mai duhu zuwa ruwan hoda mai haske. Yawancin nama, ko nama, na kayan lambu sun ƙunshi wani abu mai laushi wanda ya bambanta daga fari ko rawaya zuwa shunayya ko ruwan hoda a cikin doya mai girma.<ref>"Kwashiorkor (Protein-Calorie Malnutrition)". Tropical Medicine Central Resource. 2006. Archived from the original on 16 December 2011. Retrieved 21 January 2012.</ref> == Asalin Ma'anar == Sunan "yam" ya bayyana ya samo asali ne daga harshen Portugal ''inhame'' ko [[Canarian Mutanen Espanya|Canarian Spanish]] ''ñame'', wanda ya samo asali ne daga [[Fillanci|harshen Fula]], ɗaya daga cikin [[Harsunan Nijar-Congo|harsunan Yammacin Afirka]] a lokacin ciniki. Duk da haka, a cikin harshen Portuguese, wannan sunan yawanci yana nufin shukar [[Gwaza|taro]] ( ''Colocasia esculenta'' ) daga nau'in ''Colocasia'', sabanin ''Dioscorea'' . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=Inhame dos Açores |url=https://tradicional.dgadr.gov.pt/pt/cat/outros-produtos-vegetais/771-inhame-dos-acores |access-date=13 August 2020 |publisher=[[Produtos Tradicionais Portugueses]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=Sabores dos Açores: Inhame |url=https://www.clubevinhosportugueses.pt/turismo/sabores-dos-acores-inhame/ |access-date=13 August 2020 |publisher=[[Clube Vinhos Portugueses]]}}</ref><ref>United States Food and Drug Administration (2024). "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels". FDA. Archived from the original on 27 March 2024. Retrieved 28 March 2024.</ref><ref>TABLE 4-7 Comparison of Potassium Adequate Intakes Established in This Report to Potassium Adequate Intakes Established in the 2005 DRI Report". p. 120. In: Stallings, Virginia A.; Harrison, Meghan; Oria, Maria, eds. (2019). "Potassium: Dietary Reference Intakes for Adequacy". Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. pp. 101–124. doi:10.17226/25353. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-309-48834-1</nowiki>. <nowiki>PMID 30844154</nowiki>. NCBI NBK545428.</ref><ref>Uwaegbute, Osho and Obatolu (1998). Postharvest technology and commodity marketing: Proceedings of a postharvest conference. International Institute of Tropical Agriculture. p. 172. <nowiki>ISBN 978-978-131-111-6</nowiki>.</ref> Manyan abubuwan da aka samo daga fi'ili suna da ma'anar "cin abinci". Doya na gaske suna da sunaye daban-daban gama gari a yankuna daban-daban na duniya. <ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 "''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam)"]. [[CAB International|Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> A wasu wurare, wasu kayan lambu (marasa alaƙa) ana kiransu da "yams", waɗanda suka haɗa da: <ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 "''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam)"]. [[CAB International|Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> * A Amurka, [[Dankali|dankali mai zaki]] ( ''Ipomoea batatas'' ), musamman waɗanda ke da naman lemu, galibi ana kiransu da "yams" <ref>{{Cite web |title=What is the difference between sweet potatoes and yams? |url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/scitech/mysteries/sweetpotato.html |website=LOC.gov}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Economic Research Service |url=http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/agoutlook/Nov2002/ao296e.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315002720/http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/agoutlook/Nov2002/ao296e.pdf |archive-date=15 March 2015 |access-date=26 November 2009}}</ref> * A Ostiraliya, ƙwayar ''Microseris walteri'', ko kuma yam daisy, abinci ne na asali ga [['Yan asalin Australiya|'yan asalin ƙasar Ostiraliya]] a wasu yankuna. * A New Zealand, ana kiran oca ( ''Oxalis tuberosa'' ) da "yam". <ref name="jsfa">{{Cite journal |last=Albihn, P.B.E. |last2=Savage, G.P. |date=18 June 2001 |title=The effect of cooking on the location and concentration of oxalate in three cultivars of New Zealand-grown oca (''Oxalis tuberosa'' Mol) |journal=[[Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture]] |volume=81 |issue=10 |pages=1027–1033 |bibcode=2001JSFA...81.1027A |doi=10.1002/jsfa.890}}</ref> * A [[Maleshiya|Malaysia]] da [[Singafora|Singapore]], [[Gwaza|taro]] ( ''Colocasia esculenta'' ) ana kiransa "yam". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lam |first=Lim Chin |title=I yam not taro |url=http://thestar.com.my/english/story.asp?file=/2010/7/16/lifefocus/6651716&sec=lifefocus |website=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]]}}</ref> * A Afirka, Kudu da Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya da kuma tsibiran Pacific masu zafi, ana noma ''Amorphophallus paeonifolius'' kuma ana kiransa da "ƙafar giwa". <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Santosa |first=Edi |last2=Lian |first2=Chun Lan |last3=Sugiyama |first3=Nobuo |last4=Misra |first4=Raj Shekhar |last5=Boonkorkaew |first5=Patchareeya |last6=Thanomchit |first6=Kanokwan |last7=Chiang |first7=Tzen-Yuh |display-authors=1 |date=28 June 2017 |title=Population structure of elephant foot yams (''Amorphophallus paeoniifolius'' (Dennst.) Nicolson) in Asia |journal=[[PLOS ONE]] |volume=12 |issue=6 |bibcode=2017PLoSO..1280000S |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0180000 |pmc=5489206 |pmid=28658282 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Rarrabawa da wurin zama == Doya ta samo asali ne daga Afirka, Asiya, da Amurka. <ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 "''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam)"]. [[CAB International|Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> An yi kiwon nau'ikan guda uku daban-daban a waɗannan nahiyoyi: ''D. rotundata'' (Afirka), ''[[Sakata|D.&nbsp;alata]]'' (Asiya), da kuma ''D.<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwrQ">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>trifida'' (Kudancin Amurka). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nora Scarcelli |display-authors=etal |date=1 May 2019 |title=Yam genomics supports West Africa as a major cradle of crop domestication |journal=[[Science Advances]] |volume=5 |issue=5 |bibcode=2019SciA....5.1947S |doi=10.1126/sciadv.aaw1947 |pmc=6527260 |pmid=31114806 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>"Undernutrition". The Merck Manual: The Home Health Handbook. 2010.</ref><ref>OB Izekor; MI Olumese (December 2010). "Determinants of yam production and profitability in Edo State, Nigeria" (PDF). African Journal of General Agriculture. 6 (4). Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 May 2017.</ref><ref>Yam, raw nutrition facts and analysis". www.nutritionvalue.org. Retrieved 30 June 2025.</ref><ref>Nutrient data laboratory". United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 10 August 2016.</ref><ref>Roots, Tubers, and Plantains in Food Security: In Sub-Saharan Africa, in Latin America and the Caribbean, in the Pacific. United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. 1989. <nowiki>ISBN 978-92-5-102782-0</nowiki>.</ref> == Ilimin Halittu == Wasu doya tsire-tsire ne masu cin zarafi, waɗanda galibi ana ɗaukar su a matsayin ciyawa mai cutarwa a wajen wuraren da aka noma. <ref>Robertson, Gordon; Lupien, John (2008). "Minimizing Postharvest Losses in Yam (Dioscorea spp.): Treatments and Techniques". Using food science and technology to improve nutrition and promote national development: Selected case studies. International Union of Food Science & Technology. S2CID 107695924.</ref><ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 "''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam)"]. [[CAB International|Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref><ref>Sam, Christopher (1 May 2021). "Food and culture: A case study of Ghana's Etor/Otor (Recipe Included)". TheAfricanDream. Retrieved 30 June 2025.</ref><ref>Nweke, Felix; Aidoo, Robert; Okoye, Benjamin (July 2013). "Yam Consumption Patterns in West Africa". Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. Archived from the original on 22 November 2018. Retrieved 5 December 2017.</ref> == Noma == [[Fayil:Kaachil_cut.jpg|thumb|Doya mai launin shunayya da aka girbe sabo ( ''[[Sakata|D.&nbsp;alata]]'' ) an yanka shi don giciye-sashe]] Ana noma doya don cin ƙwayar sitaci a yankuna masu zafi da [[Wurare masu zafi (Tropics)|yanayi mai zafi]], musamman a Yammacin Afirka, Kudancin Amurka da [[Karibiyan|Caribbean]], Asiya, da [[Osheniya|Oceania]] . <ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 "''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam)"]. [[CAB International|Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> Kimanin kashi 95% na amfanin gonakin doya ana noma su ne a Afirka. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Everyday Mysteries: Yam |url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/scitech/mysteries/sweetpotato.html |publisher=Library of Congress, United States of America}}</ref><ref>Mavis, Meals by (1 January 2022). "Yam Eto (Ghanaian Mashed Yams)". Meals by Mavis. Retrieved 30 June 2025.</ref><ref>Osinkolu, Lola (27 August 2021). "YAM | TRUE YAM | AFRICAN YAM". Chef Lola's Kitchen. Retrieved 30 June 2025.</ref><ref>TRT Global - Nigeria: How New Yam Festival keeps Igbo's rooted traditions alive". trt.global. Retrieved 30 June 2025.</ref> Gonar doya tana farawa ne lokacin da aka dasa dukkan tsaba ko sassan tubers a cikin tuddai ko tuddai, a farkon lokacin damina. Yawan amfanin gona ya dogara ne akan yadda da kuma inda aka shuka sets ɗin, girman tuddai, tazarar tsakanin tsirrai, samar da sandunan da aka shuka, nau'in doya, da girman tubers da ake so a lokacin girbi. Ƙananan manoma a Yammacin da Tsakiyar Afirka galibi [[wiktionary:intercrop|suna haɗa]] doya da hatsi da kayan lambu. Doya iri suna da lalacewa kuma suna da yawa don jigilar su. Manoma waɗanda ba su sayi sabbin doya iri ba galibi suna ware har zuwa kashi 30% na girbin su don shuka a shekara mai zuwa. Gonar doya tana fuskantar matsin lamba daga nau'ikan kwari iri-iri da cututtukan fungal da ƙwayoyin cuta, da kuma nematodes . Girman su da lokacin barcin su sun yi daidai da lokacin damina da lokacin rani. Don yawan amfanin gona, doya suna buƙatar yanayi mai danshi na wurare masu zafi, tare da ruwan sama na shekara-shekara sama da {{Convert|1500|mm|in|0}} suna rarrabawa daidai gwargwado a duk lokacin girma. Doya fari, rawaya, da ruwa yawanci suna samar da babban buro ɗaya a kowace shekara, gabaɗaya suna da nauyin {{Convert|5|to|10|kg|lb|0}} . <ref name="stofao1">{{Cite web |last=Calverly |date=1998 |title=Storage and Processing of Roots and Tubers in the Tropics |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/X5415E/x5415e00.htm |publisher=United Nations [[Food and Agriculture Organization]]}}</ref> Doya tana fama da ƙarancin kwari da cututtuka. <ref name="Solomon" /> Akwai wani da ''Colletotrichum gloeosporioides'' ke haifarwa wanda ya bazu ko'ina a yankunan da ke girma a duniya. <ref name="Solomon" /> Winch ''et al.'', 1984 sun gano ''C.&nbsp;gloeosporioides'' yana shafar adadi mai yawa na ''Dioscorea'' spp.<ref>El cultivo de ñame en el Caribe colombiano". Banco de la República, Colombia. 21 June 2012.</ref><ref>More Than a Trend: The History of Ube and What It Means to the Filipino People". Kapwa Gardens. Retrieved 30 June 2025.</ref><ref>Yam Root Dye</ref><ref>Singh, K.K. and Kaushal Kumar. Ethnobotanical wisdom of Gaddi tribe in Western Himalaya. 2000. p.18.</ref><ref>Rana, M., Kabra, A., Kabra, R., Rana, M. and Dhatwalia, V. 2015. Plant Species used by locals as Ethano - Medicine in Gohar Tehsil, Distt. Mandi Region of North Western Himalaya. Archived 7 September 2023 at the Wayback Machine PharmaTutor. 3, 4 (Apr. 2015), 47-52.</ref> Duk da yawan buƙatun ma'aikata da farashin samarwa, buƙatar masu amfani da doya tana da yawa a wasu yankuna na Afirka, <ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 "''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam)"]. [[CAB International|Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> wanda hakan ya sa noman doya ya zama mai riba ga wasu manoma. <ref>{{Cite web |title=PubMed Central (PMC) |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ |access-date=2025-06-07 |website=PubMed Central (PMC) |language=en}}</ref><ref>Rajendra, Gupta (1993). "Conservation and utilization of Indian Medicinal Plants". Indian Journal of Plant Genetic Resources. 6 (2). ISSN 0971-8184. Retrieved 16 September 2021.</ref><ref>Naleba, Mere (25 April 2015). "Million dollar aim". The Fiji Times Online. Retrieved 1 June 2017.</ref><ref>Goody, Jack (1996). Cooking, cuisine and class: A study in comparative sociology. Cambridge University Press. pp. 78–81. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-521-28696-1</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Marker RE, Krueger J (1940). "Sterols. CXII. Sapogenins. XLI. The Preparation of Trillin and its Conversion to Progesterone". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 62 (12): 3349–3350. Bibcode:1940JAChS..62.3349M. doi:10.1021/ja01869a023.</ref> === Manyan nau'ikan da aka noma === Ana samun nau'ikan doya da yawa da aka noma a ''Dioscorea'' a ko'ina cikin wurare masu zafi masu danshi. <ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 "''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam)"]. [[CAB International|Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> An tattauna waɗanda suka fi muhimmanci a fannin tattalin arziki a ƙasa. <ref name="stofao1">{{Cite web |last=Calverly |date=1998 |title=Storage and Processing of Roots and Tubers in the Tropics |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/X5415E/x5415e00.htm |publisher=United Nations [[Food and Agriculture Organization]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCalverly1998">Calverly (1998). [http://www.fao.org/docrep/X5415E/x5415e00.htm "Storage and Processing of Roots and Tubers in the Tropics"]. United Nations [[Food and Agriculture Organization]].</cite></ref> Tumatur waɗanda ba na ''Dioscorea'' ba waɗanda suka kasance masu mahimmanci a tarihi a Afirka sun haɗa da ''[[Tumuƙu|Plectranthus rotundifolius]]'' (dankalin Hausa) da ''[[Rizga|P. esculentus]]'' (dankalin Livingstone); waɗannan amfanin gona guda biyu yanzu an mayar da su baya sosai ta hanyar gabatar da [[rogo]].<ref>Goody, Jack (1996). Cooking, cuisine and class: A study in comparative sociology. Cambridge University Press. pp. 78–81. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-521-28696-1</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Djerassi, C. (December 1992). "Steroid Research at Syntex: "The Pill" and Cortisone". Steroids. 57 (12): 631–641. doi:10.1016/0039-128X(92)90016-3. PMC 1294257. <nowiki>PMID 1481227</nowiki>. S2CID 5933910.</ref><ref>Liu MJ, Wang Z, Ju Y, Wong RN, Wu QY (2005). "Diosgenin induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human leukemia K562 cells with the disruption of Ca2+ homeostasis". Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology. 55 (1): 79–90. doi:10.1007/s00280-004-0849-3. <nowiki>PMID 15372201</nowiki>. S2CID 11779821.</ref><ref>"Roots, Tubers, Plantains and Bananas in Human Nutrition". United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. Acknowledgments, preface, introduction, origins, and distribution.</ref> ==== ''D. cayensis'' ==== Doya mai launin rawaya, ''[[Doyar kudu|D. cayensis]]'', da kuma farin doya, <nowiki><i id="mwARQ">D. cayensis</i></nowiki> subsp. <nowiki><i id="mwARU">rotundata</i></nowiki>, asalinsu daga Afirka ne. Su ne doya mafi mahimmanci da aka noma. A da, ana ɗaukar farin doya a matsayin wani nau'in daban, ''D. rotundata'', amma yawancin masana harkar haraji yanzu suna ɗaukarsa a matsayin wani nau'in doya mai launin rawaya. Ana noma nau'ikan doya sama da 200 a tsakaninsu. Farin doya yana da siffar silinda, fatar tana da santsi da launin ruwan kasa, kuma naman yawanci fari ne da tauri. Doya rawaya tana da launin rawaya, wanda ke faruwa sakamakon kasancewar carotenoids. Yana kama da farin doya a bayyanar waje; fatarsa yawanci tana da ɗan ƙarfi kuma ba ta da faɗi sosai. Doya rawaya tana da tsayin ciyayi da kuma ɗan gajeren barci fiye da farin doya. Nau'in Kokoro yana da mahimmanci wajen yin busasshen dankalin doya. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dumont |first=R. |last2=Vernier |first2=P. |date=2000 |title=Domestication of yams (''Dioscorea cayenensis-rotundata'') within the Bariba ethnic group in Benin |journal=[[Outlook on Agriculture]] |volume=29 |issue=2 |page=137 |bibcode=2000OutAg..29..137D |doi=10.5367/000000000101293149 |s2cid=154609802}}</ref> Manyan tsirrai ne; inabin na iya zama tsawon {{Convert|10|to|12|m|ft|0}} . Tushen galibi suna da nauyin kimanin {{Convert|2.5|to|5|kg|lb|0}} kowanne, amma zai iya nauyin har zuwa {{Convert|25|kg|lb|0}} . Bayan tsawon watanni 7 zuwa 12, ana girbe 'ya'yan itacen. A Afirka, yawancinsu ana niƙa su a cikin manna don yin abincin gargajiya na "yayan da aka niƙa", wanda aka sani da [[Iyan]] . ==== ''D. alata'' ==== [[Fayil:Yam_with_numerous_protruding_fibers.jpg|thumb|Doya mai launin shunayya ( ''D. alata'' )]] D. alata, wanda ake kira da shunayya doya (ba za a iya rikita shi da shunayya "yam" na Okinawa ba, wanda shine dankalin turawa mai zaki ), babban doya, doya mai fuka-fuki, doya ruwa, da (wanda ba a iya fahimta ba) farin doya, [1] [2] an fara noma shi a Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya. [2] Duk da cewa ba a noma shi daidai da doya na Afirka ba, yana da mafi girman rarrabawa a duk duniya fiye da duk wani doya da aka noma, ana noma shi a Asiya, tsibiran Pacific, Afirka, da Yammacin Indiya. [2] Ko a Afirka, shaharar doya ruwa tana ta biyu bayan farin doya. Siffar tuber gabaɗaya silinda ce, amma tana iya bambanta. Naman tuber fari ne kuma mai ruwa a yanayinsa. ''D. alata'' da ''D. esculenta'' (ƙaramin doya) sune muhimman amfanin gona ga al'adun Austronesian masu tafiya a teku. An ɗauke su tare da ƙaura daga Austronesian a matsayin tsire-tsire na kwale-kwale, daga Tsibirin Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya zuwa har zuwa [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]] da Polynesia . <ref name="Crowther2016">{{Cite journal |last=Crowther |first=Alison |last2=Lucas |first2=Leilani |last3=Helm |first3=Richard |last4=Horton |first4=Mark |last5=Shipton |first5=Ceri |last6=Wright |first6=Henry T. |last7=Walshaw |first7=Sarah |last8=Pawlowicz |first8=Matthew |last9=Radimilahy |first9=Chantal |last10=Douka |first10=Katerina |last11=Picornell-Gelabert |first11=Llorenç |last12=Fuller |first12=Dorian Q. |last13=Boivin |first13=Nicole L. |date=14 June 2016 |title=Ancient crops provide first archaeological signature of the westward Austronesian expansion |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences]] |volume=113 |issue=24 |pages=6635–6640 |bibcode=2016PNAS..113.6635C |doi=10.1073/pnas.1522714113 |pmc=4914162 |pmid=27247383 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Beaujard2011">{{Cite journal |last=Beaujard |first=Philippe |date=August 2011 |title=The first migrants to Madagascar and their introduction of plants: linguistic and ethnological evidence |url=https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00706173/file/Beaujard.azania2.pdf |journal=[[Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa]] |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=169–189 |doi=10.1080/0067270X.2011.580142 |s2cid=55763047}}</ref> <ref name="Bevacqua1994">{{Cite journal |last=Bevacqua |first=Robert F. |date=1994 |title=Origin of Horticulture in Southeast Asia and the Dispersal of Domesticated Plants to the Pacific Islands by Polynesian Voyagers: The Hawaiian Islands Case Study |url=http://hortsci.ashspublications.org/content/29/11/1226.full.pdf |journal=[[HortScience]] |volume=29 |issue=11 |pages=1226–1229 |doi=10.21273/HORTSCI.29.11.1226 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=White |first=L.D. |date=2003 |title=Uhi |url=http://www.canoeplants.com/uhi.html |series=Canoe Plants of Ancient Hawaiʻi}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 4ifl6b2empqmzid4hhpi6erhf5vjsqd 884832 884831 2026-07-19T10:58:22Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 884832 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Yam_at_monday_market_kaduna_state_01.jpg|thumb|Farin doya iri-iri, Dioscorea rotundata a cikin kasuwar ranar litinin a [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]], Najeriya]] [[Fayil:YamsatBrixtonMarket.jpg|thumb|Fararen doya a kasuwar dillalai a Brixton, Ingila, 2004]] '''Doya''' ita ce sunan da aka saba amfani da shi ga wasu nau'ikan abinci a cikin halittar ''Dioscorea'' (iyalin Dioscoreaceae ) waɗanda ke samar da tubers masu cin abinci (wasu nau'ikan a cikin halittar suna da guba). Doya itace inabi ne [[Shuka mai Shekaru|masu]] daɗaɗɗen ganye waɗanda aka noma a Afirka, Asiya, da Amurka kuma ana noma su don cin ganyen sitaci a yankuna masu zafi da [[Wurare masu zafi (Tropics)|yanayi mai zafi]] . Tushen da kansu, waɗanda kuma ake kira "doya", suna zuwa ta hanyoyi daban-daban saboda nau'ikan iri da nau'ikan da ke da alaƙa da su.<ref>Dumont, R.; Vernier, P. (2000). "Domestication of yams (Dioscorea cayenensis-rotundata) within the Bariba ethnic group in Benin". Outlook on Agriculture. 29 (2): 137. Bibcode:2000OutAg..29..doi:10.5367/000000000101293149. S2CID 154609802.</ref><ref>Kay, D.E. (1987). Root Crops. London, UK: Tropical Development and Research Institute.</ref><ref>Thompson, Anthony Keith (2014). Fruit and Vegetables: Harvesting, Handling and Storage. John Wiley & Sons. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-118-65401-9</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Crowther, Alison; Lucas, Leilani; Helm, Richard; Horton, Mark; Shipton, Ceri; Wright, Henry T.; Walshaw, Sarah; Pawlowicz, Matthew; Radimilahy, Chantal; Douka, Katerina; Picornell-Gelabert, Llorenç; Fuller, Dorian Q.; Boivin, Nicole L. (14 June 2016). "Ancient crops provide first archaeological signature of the westward Austronesian expansion". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 113 (24): 6635–6640. Bibcode:2016PNAS..113.6635C. doi:10.1073/pnas.1522714113. PMC 4914162. <nowiki>PMID 27247383</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Beaujard, Philippe (August 2011). "The first migrants to Madagascar and their introduction of plants: linguistic and ethnological evidence" (PDF). Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa. 46 (2): 169–189. doi:10.1080/0067270X.2011.580142. S2CID 55763047.</ref><ref>Bevacqua, Robert F. (1994). "Origin of Horticulture in Southeast Asia and the Dispersal of Domesticated Plants to the Pacific Islands by Polynesian Voyagers: The Hawaiian Islands Case Study" (PDF). HortScience. 29 (11): 1226–1229. doi:10.21273/HORTSCI.29.11.1226.</ref><ref>White, L.D. (2003). "Uhi". Canoe Plants of Ancient Hawaiʻi.</ref><ref>Schultz, G.E. (1993). "Element Stewardship Abstract for Dioscorea bulbifera, Air potato". Nature Conservancy. Archived from the original on 18 September 2006. Retrieved 2 September 2006.</ref><ref>Zulu, Donald; Ellis, Richard H.; Culham, Alastair (25 January 2019). "Collection, Consumption, and Sale of Lusala (Dioscorea hirtiflora) — a Wild Yam — by Rural Households in Southern Province, Zambia". Economic Botany. 73 (1): 47–63. Bibcode:2019EcBot..73...47Z. doi:10.1007/s12231-018-9433 == Bayani == [[Fayil:കാച്ചിൽ-കിഴങ്ങ്.JPG|thumb|Doya]] Doya, wadda take da alaƙa da furannin fure da ciyawa, ciyawa ce mai ƙarfi, tana girma inabin inabi [[Shuka mai Shekaru|na tsawon lokaci]] daga buro . <ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}</ref> An san wasu nau'ikan doya 870, <ref name="cabi" /> kaɗan daga cikinsu ana noma su sosai don buroshinsu masu cin abinci amma wasu kuma suna da guba (kamar ''D. communis'' ).<ref>Zulu, D.; Ellis, R. H.; Culham, A. (2020). "Propagation of lusala (Dioscorea hirtiflora), a wild yam, for in situ and ex situ conservation and potential domestication". Experimental Agriculture. 56 (3): 453–468. doi:10.1017/S0014479720000083. S2CID 216212360.</ref><ref>Thompson, Anthony Keith; Oduro, Ibok (2021). Yams: Botany, Production and Uses. Oxford: CABI. p. 172. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-78924-927-9</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Linus Opara (2003). "YAMS: Post-Harvest Operation" (PDF).</ref><ref>"Yam production in 2019". Crops/Regions/World/Production Quantity. FAOSTAT, Statistics Division of the UN Food and Agriculture Organization. 2021. Retrieved 12 October 2021.</ref><ref>Dioscorea dumetorum: Useful Tropical Plants</ref><ref>Jesus, M.; Martins, A. P; Gallardo, E.; Silvestre, S. (2016). "Diosgenin: Recent Highlights on Pharmacology and Analytical Methodology". Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry. 2016: 1–16. doi:10.1155/2016/4156293. PMC 5225340. <nowiki>PMID 28116217</nowiki>.</ref> Shuke-shuken doya na iya girma har zuwa {{Convert|15|m|ft|-1}} a tsayi da {{Convert|7|to|15|cm|in}} . <ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 "''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam)"]. [[CAB International|Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> Tushen zai iya girma zuwa ƙasa har zuwa {{Convert|1.5|m|ft}} zurfi. <ref name="cabi" /> Shuke-shuken yana yaɗuwa ta hanyar iri . <ref name="cabi" /><ref>Oke, O.L. (1990). Redhead, J.; Hussain, M.A. (eds.). Roots, tubers, plantains and bananas in human nutrition. United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. <nowiki>ISBN 978-92-5-102862-9</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Glycemic index and glycemic load for 100+ foods". Harvard Health Publications. Harvard Medical School. 2008.</ref><ref>Roots, tubers, plantains and bananas in human nutrition - Nutritive value". United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. Retrieved 25 May 2020.</ref> Tushen da ake ci yana da fata mai kauri wadda take da wahalar barewa amma tana da laushi idan aka dafa ta. Fatar ta bambanta a launi daga launin ruwan kasa mai duhu zuwa ruwan hoda mai haske. Yawancin nama, ko nama, na kayan lambu sun ƙunshi wani abu mai laushi wanda ya bambanta daga fari ko rawaya zuwa shunayya ko ruwan hoda a cikin doya mai girma.<ref>"Kwashiorkor (Protein-Calorie Malnutrition)". Tropical Medicine Central Resource. 2006. Archived from the original on 16 December 2011. Retrieved 21 January 2012.</ref> == Asalin Ma'anar == Sunan "yam" ya bayyana ya samo asali ne daga harshen Portugal ''inhame'' ko [[Canarian Mutanen Espanya|Canarian Spanish]] ''ñame'', wanda ya samo asali ne daga [[Fillanci|harshen Fula]], ɗaya daga cikin [[Harsunan Nijar-Congo|harsunan Yammacin Afirka]] a lokacin ciniki. Duk da haka, a cikin harshen Portuguese, wannan sunan yawanci yana nufin shukar [[Gwaza|taro]] ( ''Colocasia esculenta'' ) daga nau'in ''Colocasia'', sabanin ''Dioscorea'' . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=Inhame dos Açores |url=https://tradicional.dgadr.gov.pt/pt/cat/outros-produtos-vegetais/771-inhame-dos-acores |access-date=13 August 2020 |publisher=[[Produtos Tradicionais Portugueses]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=Sabores dos Açores: Inhame |url=https://www.clubevinhosportugueses.pt/turismo/sabores-dos-acores-inhame/ |access-date=13 August 2020 |publisher=[[Clube Vinhos Portugueses]]}}</ref><ref>United States Food and Drug Administration (2024). "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels". FDA. Archived from the original on 27 March 2024. Retrieved 28 March 2024.</ref><ref>TABLE 4-7 Comparison of Potassium Adequate Intakes Established in This Report to Potassium Adequate Intakes Established in the 2005 DRI Report". p. 120. In: Stallings, Virginia A.; Harrison, Meghan; Oria, Maria, eds. (2019). "Potassium: Dietary Reference Intakes for Adequacy". Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. pp. 101–124. doi:10.17226/25353. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-309-48834-1</nowiki>. <nowiki>PMID 30844154</nowiki>. NCBI NBK545428.</ref><ref>Uwaegbute, Osho and Obatolu (1998). Postharvest technology and commodity marketing: Proceedings of a postharvest conference. International Institute of Tropical Agriculture. p. 172. <nowiki>ISBN 978-978-131-111-6</nowiki>.</ref> Manyan abubuwan da aka samo daga fi'ili suna da ma'anar "cin abinci". Doya na gaske suna da sunaye daban-daban gama gari a yankuna daban-daban na duniya. <ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 "''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam)"]. [[CAB International|Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> A wasu wurare, wasu kayan lambu (marasa alaƙa) ana kiransu da "yams", waɗanda suka haɗa da: <ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 "''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam)"]. [[CAB International|Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> * A Amurka, [[Dankali|dankali mai zaki]] ( ''Ipomoea batatas'' ), musamman waɗanda ke da naman lemu, galibi ana kiransu da "yams" <ref>{{Cite web |title=What is the difference between sweet potatoes and yams? |url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/scitech/mysteries/sweetpotato.html |website=LOC.gov}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Economic Research Service |url=http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/agoutlook/Nov2002/ao296e.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315002720/http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/agoutlook/Nov2002/ao296e.pdf |archive-date=15 March 2015 |access-date=26 November 2009}}</ref> * A Ostiraliya, ƙwayar ''Microseris walteri'', ko kuma yam daisy, abinci ne na asali ga [['Yan asalin Australiya|'yan asalin ƙasar Ostiraliya]] a wasu yankuna. * A New Zealand, ana kiran oca ( ''Oxalis tuberosa'' ) da "yam". <ref name="jsfa">{{Cite journal |last=Albihn, P.B.E. |last2=Savage, G.P. |date=18 June 2001 |title=The effect of cooking on the location and concentration of oxalate in three cultivars of New Zealand-grown oca (''Oxalis tuberosa'' Mol) |journal=[[Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture]] |volume=81 |issue=10 |pages=1027–1033 |bibcode=2001JSFA...81.1027A |doi=10.1002/jsfa.890}}</ref> * A [[Maleshiya|Malaysia]] da [[Singafora|Singapore]], [[Gwaza|taro]] ( ''Colocasia esculenta'' ) ana kiransa "yam". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lam |first=Lim Chin |title=I yam not taro |url=http://thestar.com.my/english/story.asp?file=/2010/7/16/lifefocus/6651716&sec=lifefocus |website=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]]}}</ref> * A Afirka, Kudu da Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya da kuma tsibiran Pacific masu zafi, ana noma ''Amorphophallus paeonifolius'' kuma ana kiransa da "ƙafar giwa". <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Santosa |first=Edi |last2=Lian |first2=Chun Lan |last3=Sugiyama |first3=Nobuo |last4=Misra |first4=Raj Shekhar |last5=Boonkorkaew |first5=Patchareeya |last6=Thanomchit |first6=Kanokwan |last7=Chiang |first7=Tzen-Yuh |display-authors=1 |date=28 June 2017 |title=Population structure of elephant foot yams (''Amorphophallus paeoniifolius'' (Dennst.) Nicolson) in Asia |journal=[[PLOS ONE]] |volume=12 |issue=6 |bibcode=2017PLoSO..1280000S |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0180000 |pmc=5489206 |pmid=28658282 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Rarrabawa da wurin zama == Doya ta samo asali ne daga Afirka, Asiya, da Amurka. <ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 "''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam)"]. [[CAB International|Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> An yi kiwon nau'ikan guda uku daban-daban a waɗannan nahiyoyi: ''D. rotundata'' (Afirka), ''[[Sakata|D.&nbsp;alata]]'' (Asiya), da kuma ''D.<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwrQ">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>trifida'' (Kudancin Amurka). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nora Scarcelli |display-authors=etal |date=1 May 2019 |title=Yam genomics supports West Africa as a major cradle of crop domestication |journal=[[Science Advances]] |volume=5 |issue=5 |bibcode=2019SciA....5.1947S |doi=10.1126/sciadv.aaw1947 |pmc=6527260 |pmid=31114806 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>"Undernutrition". The Merck Manual: The Home Health Handbook. 2010.</ref><ref>OB Izekor; MI Olumese (December 2010). "Determinants of yam production and profitability in Edo State, Nigeria" (PDF). African Journal of General Agriculture. 6 (4). Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 May 2017.</ref><ref>Yam, raw nutrition facts and analysis". www.nutritionvalue.org. Retrieved 30 June 2025.</ref><ref>Nutrient data laboratory". United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 10 August 2016.</ref><ref>Roots, Tubers, and Plantains in Food Security: In Sub-Saharan Africa, in Latin America and the Caribbean, in the Pacific. United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. 1989. <nowiki>ISBN 978-92-5-102782-0</nowiki>.</ref> == Ilimin Halittu == Wasu doya tsire-tsire ne masu cin zarafi, waɗanda galibi ana ɗaukar su a matsayin ciyawa mai cutarwa a wajen wuraren da aka noma. <ref>Robertson, Gordon; Lupien, John (2008). "Minimizing Postharvest Losses in Yam (Dioscorea spp.): Treatments and Techniques". Using food science and technology to improve nutrition and promote national development: Selected case studies. International Union of Food Science & Technology. S2CID 107695924.</ref><ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 "''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam)"]. [[CAB International|Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref><ref>Sam, Christopher (1 May 2021). "Food and culture: A case study of Ghana's Etor/Otor (Recipe Included)". TheAfricanDream. Retrieved 30 June 2025.</ref><ref>Nweke, Felix; Aidoo, Robert; Okoye, Benjamin (July 2013). "Yam Consumption Patterns in West Africa". Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. Archived from the original on 22 November 2018. Retrieved 5 December 2017.</ref> == Noma == [[Fayil:Kaachil_cut.jpg|thumb|Doya mai launin shunayya da aka girbe sabo ( ''[[Sakata|D.&nbsp;alata]]'' ) an yanka shi don giciye-sashe]] Ana noma doya don cin ƙwayar sitaci a yankuna masu zafi da [[Wurare masu zafi (Tropics)|yanayi mai zafi]], musamman a Yammacin Afirka, Kudancin Amurka da [[Karibiyan|Caribbean]], Asiya, da [[Osheniya|Oceania]] . <ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 "''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam)"]. [[CAB International|Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> Kimanin kashi 95% na amfanin gonakin doya ana noma su ne a Afirka. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Everyday Mysteries: Yam |url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/scitech/mysteries/sweetpotato.html |publisher=Library of Congress, United States of America}}</ref><ref>Mavis, Meals by (1 January 2022). "Yam Eto (Ghanaian Mashed Yams)". Meals by Mavis. Retrieved 30 June 2025.</ref><ref>Osinkolu, Lola (27 August 2021). "YAM | TRUE YAM | AFRICAN YAM". Chef Lola's Kitchen. Retrieved 30 June 2025.</ref><ref>TRT Global - Nigeria: How New Yam Festival keeps Igbo's rooted traditions alive". trt.global. Retrieved 30 June 2025.</ref> Gonar doya tana farawa ne lokacin da aka dasa dukkan tsaba ko sassan tubers a cikin tuddai ko tuddai, a farkon lokacin damina. Yawan amfanin gona ya dogara ne akan yadda da kuma inda aka shuka sets ɗin, girman tuddai, tazarar tsakanin tsirrai, samar da sandunan da aka shuka, nau'in doya, da girman tubers da ake so a lokacin girbi. Ƙananan manoma a Yammacin da Tsakiyar Afirka galibi [[wiktionary:intercrop|suna haɗa]] doya da hatsi da kayan lambu. Doya iri suna da lalacewa kuma suna da yawa don jigilar su. Manoma waɗanda ba su sayi sabbin doya iri ba galibi suna ware har zuwa kashi 30% na girbin su don shuka a shekara mai zuwa. Gonar doya tana fuskantar matsin lamba daga nau'ikan kwari iri-iri da cututtukan fungal da ƙwayoyin cuta, da kuma nematodes . Girman su da lokacin barcin su sun yi daidai da lokacin damina da lokacin rani. Don yawan amfanin gona, doya suna buƙatar yanayi mai danshi na wurare masu zafi, tare da ruwan sama na shekara-shekara sama da {{Convert|1500|mm|in|0}} suna rarrabawa daidai gwargwado a duk lokacin girma. Doya fari, rawaya, da ruwa yawanci suna samar da babban buro ɗaya a kowace shekara, gabaɗaya suna da nauyin {{Convert|5|to|10|kg|lb|0}} . <ref name="stofao1">{{Cite web |last=Calverly |date=1998 |title=Storage and Processing of Roots and Tubers in the Tropics |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/X5415E/x5415e00.htm |publisher=United Nations [[Food and Agriculture Organization]]}}</ref> Doya tana fama da ƙarancin kwari da cututtuka. <ref name="Solomon" /> Akwai wani da ''Colletotrichum gloeosporioides'' ke haifarwa wanda ya bazu ko'ina a yankunan da ke girma a duniya. <ref name="Solomon" /> Winch ''et al.'', 1984 sun gano ''C.&nbsp;gloeosporioides'' yana shafar adadi mai yawa na ''Dioscorea'' spp.<ref>El cultivo de ñame en el Caribe colombiano". Banco de la República, Colombia. 21 June 2012.</ref><ref>More Than a Trend: The History of Ube and What It Means to the Filipino People". Kapwa Gardens. Retrieved 30 June 2025.</ref><ref>Yam Root Dye</ref><ref>Singh, K.K. and Kaushal Kumar. Ethnobotanical wisdom of Gaddi tribe in Western Himalaya. 2000. p.18.</ref><ref>Rana, M., Kabra, A., Kabra, R., Rana, M. and Dhatwalia, V. 2015. Plant Species used by locals as Ethano - Medicine in Gohar Tehsil, Distt. Mandi Region of North Western Himalaya. Archived 7 September 2023 at the Wayback Machine PharmaTutor. 3, 4 (Apr. 2015), 47-52.</ref> Duk da yawan buƙatun ma'aikata da farashin samarwa, buƙatar masu amfani da doya tana da yawa a wasu yankuna na Afirka, <ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 "''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam)"]. [[CAB International|Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> wanda hakan ya sa noman doya ya zama mai riba ga wasu manoma. <ref>{{Cite web |title=PubMed Central (PMC) |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ |access-date=2025-06-07 |website=PubMed Central (PMC) |language=en}}</ref><ref>Rajendra, Gupta (1993). "Conservation and utilization of Indian Medicinal Plants". Indian Journal of Plant Genetic Resources. 6 (2). ISSN 0971-8184. Retrieved 16 September 2021.</ref><ref>Naleba, Mere (25 April 2015). "Million dollar aim". The Fiji Times Online. Retrieved 1 June 2017.</ref><ref>Goody, Jack (1996). Cooking, cuisine and class: A study in comparative sociology. Cambridge University Press. pp. 78–81. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-521-28696-1</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Marker RE, Krueger J (1940). "Sterols. CXII. Sapogenins. XLI. The Preparation of Trillin and its Conversion to Progesterone". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 62 (12): 3349–3350. Bibcode:1940JAChS..62.3349M. doi:10.1021/ja01869a023.</ref> === Manyan nau'ikan da aka noma === Ana samun nau'ikan doya da yawa da aka noma a ''Dioscorea'' a ko'ina cikin wurare masu zafi masu danshi. <ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 "''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam)"]. [[CAB International|Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> An tattauna waɗanda suka fi muhimmanci a fannin tattalin arziki a ƙasa. <ref name="stofao1">{{Cite web |last=Calverly |date=1998 |title=Storage and Processing of Roots and Tubers in the Tropics |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/X5415E/x5415e00.htm |publisher=United Nations [[Food and Agriculture Organization]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCalverly1998">Calverly (1998). [http://www.fao.org/docrep/X5415E/x5415e00.htm "Storage and Processing of Roots and Tubers in the Tropics"]. United Nations [[Food and Agriculture Organization]].</cite></ref> Tumatur waɗanda ba na ''Dioscorea'' ba waɗanda suka kasance masu mahimmanci a tarihi a Afirka sun haɗa da ''[[Tumuƙu|Plectranthus rotundifolius]]'' (dankalin Hausa) da ''[[Rizga|P. esculentus]]'' (dankalin Livingstone); waɗannan amfanin gona guda biyu yanzu an mayar da su baya sosai ta hanyar gabatar da [[rogo]].<ref>Goody, Jack (1996). Cooking, cuisine and class: A study in comparative sociology. Cambridge University Press. pp. 78–81. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-521-28696-1</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Djerassi, C. (December 1992). "Steroid Research at Syntex: "The Pill" and Cortisone". Steroids. 57 (12): 631–641. doi:10.1016/0039-128X(92)90016-3. PMC 1294257. <nowiki>PMID 1481227</nowiki>. S2CID 5933910.</ref><ref>Liu MJ, Wang Z, Ju Y, Wong RN, Wu QY (2005). "Diosgenin induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human leukemia K562 cells with the disruption of Ca2+ homeostasis". Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology. 55 (1): 79–90. doi:10.1007/s00280-004-0849-3. <nowiki>PMID 15372201</nowiki>. S2CID 11779821.</ref><ref>"Roots, Tubers, Plantains and Bananas in Human Nutrition". United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. Acknowledgments, preface, introduction, origins, and distribution.</ref> ==== ''D. cayensis'' ==== Doya mai launin rawaya, ''[[Doyar kudu|D. cayensis]]'', da kuma farin doya, <nowiki><i id="mwARQ">D. cayensis</i></nowiki> subsp. <nowiki><i id="mwARU">rotundata</i></nowiki>, asalinsu daga Afirka ne. Su ne doya mafi mahimmanci da aka noma. A da, ana ɗaukar farin doya a matsayin wani nau'in daban, ''D. rotundata'', amma yawancin masana harkar haraji yanzu suna ɗaukarsa a matsayin wani nau'in doya mai launin rawaya. Ana noma nau'ikan doya sama da 200 a tsakaninsu. Farin doya yana da siffar silinda, fatar tana da santsi da launin ruwan kasa, kuma naman yawanci fari ne da tauri. Doya rawaya tana da launin rawaya, wanda ke faruwa sakamakon kasancewar carotenoids. Yana kama da farin doya a bayyanar waje; fatarsa yawanci tana da ɗan ƙarfi kuma ba ta da faɗi sosai. Doya rawaya tana da tsayin ciyayi da kuma ɗan gajeren barci fiye da farin doya. Nau'in Kokoro yana da mahimmanci wajen yin busasshen dankalin doya. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dumont |first=R. |last2=Vernier |first2=P. |date=2000 |title=Domestication of yams (''Dioscorea cayenensis-rotundata'') within the Bariba ethnic group in Benin |journal=[[Outlook on Agriculture]] |volume=29 |issue=2 |page=137 |bibcode=2000OutAg..29..137D |doi=10.5367/000000000101293149 |s2cid=154609802}}</ref> Manyan tsirrai ne; inabin na iya zama tsawon {{Convert|10|to|12|m|ft|0}} . Tushen galibi suna da nauyin kimanin {{Convert|2.5|to|5|kg|lb|0}} kowanne, amma zai iya nauyin har zuwa {{Convert|25|kg|lb|0}} . Bayan tsawon watanni 7 zuwa 12, ana girbe 'ya'yan itacen. A Afirka, yawancinsu ana niƙa su a cikin manna don yin abincin gargajiya na "yayan da aka niƙa", wanda aka sani da [[Iyan]] . ==== ''D. alata'' ==== [[Fayil:Yam_with_numerous_protruding_fibers.jpg|thumb|Doya mai launin shunayya ( ''D. alata'' )]] D. alata, wanda ake kira da shunayya doya (ba za a iya rikita shi da shunayya "yam" na Okinawa ba, wanda shine dankalin turawa mai zaki ), babban doya, doya mai fuka-fuki, doya ruwa, da (wanda ba a iya fahimta ba) farin doya, [1] [2] an fara noma shi a Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya. [2] Duk da cewa ba a noma shi daidai da doya na Afirka ba, yana da mafi girman rarrabawa a duk duniya fiye da duk wani doya da aka noma, ana noma shi a Asiya, tsibiran Pacific, Afirka, da Yammacin Indiya. [2] Ko a Afirka, shaharar doya ruwa tana ta biyu bayan farin doya. Siffar tuber gabaɗaya silinda ce, amma tana iya bambanta. Naman tuber fari ne kuma mai ruwa a yanayinsa. ''D. alata'' da ''D. esculenta'' (ƙaramin doya) sune muhimman amfanin gona ga al'adun Austronesian masu tafiya a teku. An ɗauke su tare da ƙaura daga Austronesian a matsayin tsire-tsire na kwale-kwale, daga Tsibirin Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya zuwa har zuwa [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]] da Polynesia . <ref name="Crowther2016">{{Cite journal |last=Crowther |first=Alison |last2=Lucas |first2=Leilani |last3=Helm |first3=Richard |last4=Horton |first4=Mark |last5=Shipton |first5=Ceri |last6=Wright |first6=Henry T. |last7=Walshaw |first7=Sarah |last8=Pawlowicz |first8=Matthew |last9=Radimilahy |first9=Chantal |last10=Douka |first10=Katerina |last11=Picornell-Gelabert |first11=Llorenç |last12=Fuller |first12=Dorian Q. |last13=Boivin |first13=Nicole L. |date=14 June 2016 |title=Ancient crops provide first archaeological signature of the westward Austronesian expansion |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences]] |volume=113 |issue=24 |pages=6635–6640 |bibcode=2016PNAS..113.6635C |doi=10.1073/pnas.1522714113 |pmc=4914162 |pmid=27247383 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Beaujard2011">{{Cite journal |last=Beaujard |first=Philippe |date=August 2011 |title=The first migrants to Madagascar and their introduction of plants: linguistic and ethnological evidence |url=https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00706173/file/Beaujard.azania2.pdf |journal=[[Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa]] |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=169–189 |doi=10.1080/0067270X.2011.580142 |s2cid=55763047}}</ref> <ref name="Bevacqua1994">{{Cite journal |last=Bevacqua |first=Robert F. |date=1994 |title=Origin of Horticulture in Southeast Asia and the Dispersal of Domesticated Plants to the Pacific Islands by Polynesian Voyagers: The Hawaiian Islands Case Study |url=http://hortsci.ashspublications.org/content/29/11/1226.full.pdf |journal=[[HortScience]] |volume=29 |issue=11 |pages=1226–1229 |doi=10.21273/HORTSCI.29.11.1226 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=White |first=L.D. |date=2003 |title=Uhi |url=http://www.canoeplants.com/uhi.html |series=Canoe Plants of Ancient Hawaiʻi}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] qpv7l6kweiaxem6q5yhvgr3aljlf1u2 884835 884832 2026-07-19T11:01:54Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 884835 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Yam_at_monday_market_kaduna_state_01.jpg|thumb|Farin doya iri-iri, Dioscorea rotundata a cikin kasuwar ranar litinin a [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]], Najeriya]] [[Fayil:YamsatBrixtonMarket.jpg|thumb|Fararen doya a kasuwar dillalai a Brixton, Ingila, 2004]] '''Doya''' ita ce sunan da aka saba amfani da shi ga wasu nau'ikan abinci a cikin halittar ''Dioscorea'' (iyalin Dioscoreaceae ) waɗanda ke samar da tubers masu cin abinci (wasu nau'ikan a cikin halittar suna da guba). Doya itace inabi ne [[Shuka mai Shekaru|masu]] daɗaɗɗen ganye waɗanda aka noma a Afirka, Asiya, da Amurka kuma ana noma su don cin ganyen sitaci a yankuna masu zafi da [[Wurare masu zafi (Tropics)|yanayi mai zafi]] . Tushen da kansu, waɗanda kuma ake kira "doya", suna zuwa ta hanyoyi daban-daban saboda nau'ikan iri da nau'ikan da ke da alaƙa da su.<ref>Dumont, R.; Vernier, P. (2000). "Domestication of yams (Dioscorea cayenensis-rotundata) within the Bariba ethnic group in Benin". Outlook on Agriculture. 29 (2): 137. Bibcode:2000OutAg..29..doi:10.5367/000000000101293149. S2CID 154609802.</ref><ref>Kay, D.E. (1987). Root Crops. London, UK: Tropical Development and Research Institute.</ref><ref>Thompson, Anthony Keith (2014). Fruit and Vegetables: Harvesting, Handling and Storage. <ref>Crowther, Alison; Lucas, Leilani; Helm, Richard; Horton, Mark; Shipton, Ceri; Wright, Henry T.; Walshaw, Sarah; Pawlowicz, Matthew; Radimilahy, Chantal; Douka, Katerina; Picornell-Gelabert, Llorenç; Fuller, Dorian Q.; Boivin, Nicole L. (14 June 2016). "Ancient crops provide first archaeological signature of the westward Austronesian expansion". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 113 (24): 6635–6640. Bibcode:2016PNAS..113.6635C. doi:10.1073/pnas.1522714113. PMC 4914162. <nowiki>PMID 27247383</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Beaujard, Philippe (August 2011). "The first migrants to Madagascar and their introduction of plants: linguistic and ethnological evidence" (PDF). Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa. 46 (2): 169–189. doi:10.1080/0067270X.2011.580142. S2CID 55763047.</ref><ref>Bevacqua, Robert F. (1994). "Origin of Horticulture in Southeast Asia and the Dispersal of Domesticated Plants to the Pacific Islands by Polynesian Voyagers: The Hawaiian Islands Case Study" (PDF). HortScience. 29 (11): 1226–1229. doi:10.21273/HORTSCI.29.11.1226.</ref><ref>White, L.D. (2003). "Uhi". Canoe Plants of Ancient Hawaiʻi.</ref><ref>Schultz, G.E. (1993). "Element Stewardship Abstract for Dioscorea bulbifera, Air potato". Nature Conservancy. Archived from the original on 18 September 2006. Retrieved 2 September 2006.</ref><ref>Zulu, Donald; Ellis, Richard H.; Culham, Alastair (25 January 2019). "Collection, Consumption, and Sale of Lusala (Dioscorea hirtiflora) — a Wild Yam — by Rural Households in Southern Province, Zambia". Economic Botany. 73 (1): 47–63. Bibcode:2019EcBot..73...47Z. doi:10.1007/s12231-018-9433 == Bayani == [[Fayil:കാച്ചിൽ-കിഴങ്ങ്.JPG|thumb|Doya]] Doya, wadda take da alaƙa da furannin fure da ciyawa, ciyawa ce mai ƙarfi, tana girma inabin inabi [[Shuka mai Shekaru|na tsawon lokaci]] daga buro . <ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}</ref> An san wasu nau'ikan doya 870, <ref name="cabi" /> kaɗan daga cikinsu ana noma su sosai don buroshinsu masu cin abinci amma wasu kuma suna da guba (kamar ''D. communis'' ).<ref>Zulu, D.; Ellis, R. H.; Culham, A. (2020). "Propagation of lusala (Dioscorea hirtiflora), a wild yam, for in situ and ex situ conservation and potential domestication". Experimental Agriculture. 56 (3): 453–468. doi:10.1017/S0014479720000083. S2CID 216212360.</ref><ref>Thompson, Anthony Keith; Oduro, Ibok (2021). Yams: Botany, Production and Uses. Oxford: CABI. p. 172. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-78924-927-9</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Linus Opara (2003). "YAMS: Post-Harvest Operation" (PDF).</ref><ref>"Yam production in 2019". Crops/Regions/World/Production Quantity. FAOSTAT, Statistics Division of the UN Food and Agriculture Organization. 2021. Retrieved 12 October 2021.</ref><ref>Dioscorea dumetorum: Useful Tropical Plants</ref><ref>Jesus, M.; Martins, A. P; Gallardo, E.; Silvestre, S. (2016). "Diosgenin: Recent Highlights on Pharmacology and Analytical Methodology". Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry. 2016: 1–16. doi:10.1155/2016/4156293. PMC 5225340. <nowiki>PMID 28116217</nowiki>.</ref> Shuke-shuken doya na iya girma har zuwa {{Convert|15|m|ft|-1}} a tsayi da {{Convert|7|to|15|cm|in}} . <ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 "''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam)"]. [[CAB International|Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> Tushen zai iya girma zuwa ƙasa har zuwa {{Convert|1.5|m|ft}} zurfi. <ref name="cabi" /> Shuke-shuken yana yaɗuwa ta hanyar iri . <ref name="cabi" /><ref>Oke, O.L. (1990). Redhead, J.; Hussain, M.A. (eds.). Roots, tubers, plantains and bananas in human nutrition. United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. <nowiki>ISBN 978-92-5-102862-9</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Glycemic index and glycemic load for 100+ foods". Harvard Health Publications. Harvard Medical School. 2008.</ref><ref>Roots, tubers, plantains and bananas in human nutrition - Nutritive value". United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. Retrieved 25 May 2020.</ref> Tushen da ake ci yana da fata mai kauri wadda take da wahalar barewa amma tana da laushi idan aka dafa ta. Fatar ta bambanta a launi daga launin ruwan kasa mai duhu zuwa ruwan hoda mai haske. Yawancin nama, ko nama, na kayan lambu sun ƙunshi wani abu mai laushi wanda ya bambanta daga fari ko rawaya zuwa shunayya ko ruwan hoda a cikin doya mai girma.<ref>"Kwashiorkor (Protein-Calorie Malnutrition)". Tropical Medicine Central Resource. 2006. Archived from the original on 16 December 2011. Retrieved 21 January 2012.</ref> == Asalin Ma'anar == Sunan "yam" ya bayyana ya samo asali ne daga harshen Portugal ''inhame'' ko [[Canarian Mutanen Espanya|Canarian Spanish]] ''ñame'', wanda ya samo asali ne daga [[Fillanci|harshen Fula]], ɗaya daga cikin [[Harsunan Nijar-Congo|harsunan Yammacin Afirka]] a lokacin ciniki. Duk da haka, a cikin harshen Portuguese, wannan sunan yawanci yana nufin shukar [[Gwaza|taro]] ( ''Colocasia esculenta'' ) daga nau'in ''Colocasia'', sabanin ''Dioscorea'' . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=Inhame dos Açores |url=https://tradicional.dgadr.gov.pt/pt/cat/outros-produtos-vegetais/771-inhame-dos-acores |access-date=13 August 2020 |publisher=[[Produtos Tradicionais Portugueses]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=Sabores dos Açores: Inhame |url=https://www.clubevinhosportugueses.pt/turismo/sabores-dos-acores-inhame/ |access-date=13 August 2020 |publisher=[[Clube Vinhos Portugueses]]}}</ref><ref>United States Food and Drug Administration (2024). "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels". FDA. Archived from the original on 27 March 2024. Retrieved 28 March 2024.</ref><ref>TABLE 4-7 Comparison of Potassium Adequate Intakes Established in This Report to Potassium Adequate Intakes Established in the 2005 DRI Report". p. 120. In: Stallings, Virginia A.; Harrison, Meghan; Oria, Maria, eds. (2019). "Potassium: Dietary Reference Intakes for Adequacy". Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. pp. 101–124. doi:10.17226/25353. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-309-48834-1</nowiki>. <nowiki>PMID 30844154</nowiki>. NCBI NBK545428.</ref><ref>Uwaegbute, Osho and Obatolu (1998). Postharvest technology and commodity marketing: Proceedings of a postharvest conference. International Institute of Tropical Agriculture. p. 172. <nowiki>ISBN 978-978-131-111-6</nowiki>.</ref> Manyan abubuwan da aka samo daga fi'ili suna da ma'anar "cin abinci". Doya na gaske suna da sunaye daban-daban gama gari a yankuna daban-daban na duniya. <ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 "''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam)"]. [[CAB International|Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> A wasu wurare, wasu kayan lambu (marasa alaƙa) ana kiransu da "yams", waɗanda suka haɗa da: <ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 "''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam)"]. [[CAB International|Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> * A Amurka, [[Dankali|dankali mai zaki]] ( ''Ipomoea batatas'' ), musamman waɗanda ke da naman lemu, galibi ana kiransu da "yams" <ref>{{Cite web |title=What is the difference between sweet potatoes and yams? |url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/scitech/mysteries/sweetpotato.html |website=LOC.gov}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Economic Research Service |url=http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/agoutlook/Nov2002/ao296e.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315002720/http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/agoutlook/Nov2002/ao296e.pdf |archive-date=15 March 2015 |access-date=26 November 2009}}</ref> * A Ostiraliya, ƙwayar ''Microseris walteri'', ko kuma yam daisy, abinci ne na asali ga [['Yan asalin Australiya|'yan asalin ƙasar Ostiraliya]] a wasu yankuna. * A New Zealand, ana kiran oca ( ''Oxalis tuberosa'' ) da "yam". <ref name="jsfa">{{Cite journal |last=Albihn, P.B.E. |last2=Savage, G.P. |date=18 June 2001 |title=The effect of cooking on the location and concentration of oxalate in three cultivars of New Zealand-grown oca (''Oxalis tuberosa'' Mol) |journal=[[Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture]] |volume=81 |issue=10 |pages=1027–1033 |bibcode=2001JSFA...81.1027A |doi=10.1002/jsfa.890}}</ref> * A [[Maleshiya|Malaysia]] da [[Singafora|Singapore]], [[Gwaza|taro]] ( ''Colocasia esculenta'' ) ana kiransa "yam". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lam |first=Lim Chin |title=I yam not taro |url=http://thestar.com.my/english/story.asp?file=/2010/7/16/lifefocus/6651716&sec=lifefocus |website=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]]}}</ref> * A Afirka, Kudu da Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya da kuma tsibiran Pacific masu zafi, ana noma ''Amorphophallus paeonifolius'' kuma ana kiransa da "ƙafar giwa". <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Santosa |first=Edi |last2=Lian |first2=Chun Lan |last3=Sugiyama |first3=Nobuo |last4=Misra |first4=Raj Shekhar |last5=Boonkorkaew |first5=Patchareeya |last6=Thanomchit |first6=Kanokwan |last7=Chiang |first7=Tzen-Yuh |display-authors=1 |date=28 June 2017 |title=Population structure of elephant foot yams (''Amorphophallus paeoniifolius'' (Dennst.) Nicolson) in Asia |journal=[[PLOS ONE]] |volume=12 |issue=6 |bibcode=2017PLoSO..1280000S |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0180000 |pmc=5489206 |pmid=28658282 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Rarrabawa da wurin zama == Doya ta samo asali ne daga Afirka, Asiya, da Amurka. <ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 "''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam)"]. [[CAB International|Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> An yi kiwon nau'ikan guda uku daban-daban a waɗannan nahiyoyi: ''D. rotundata'' (Afirka), ''[[Sakata|D.&nbsp;alata]]'' (Asiya), da kuma ''D.<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwrQ">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>trifida'' (Kudancin Amurka). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nora Scarcelli |display-authors=etal |date=1 May 2019 |title=Yam genomics supports West Africa as a major cradle of crop domestication |journal=[[Science Advances]] |volume=5 |issue=5 |bibcode=2019SciA....5.1947S |doi=10.1126/sciadv.aaw1947 |pmc=6527260 |pmid=31114806 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>"Undernutrition". The Merck Manual: The Home Health Handbook. 2010.</ref><ref>OB Izekor; MI Olumese (December 2010). "Determinants of yam production and profitability in Edo State, Nigeria" (PDF). African Journal of General Agriculture. 6 (4). Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 May 2017.</ref><ref>Yam, raw nutrition facts and analysis". www.nutritionvalue.org. Retrieved 30 June 2025.</ref><ref>Nutrient data laboratory". United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 10 August 2016.</ref><ref>Roots, Tubers, and Plantains in Food Security: In Sub-Saharan Africa, in Latin America and the Caribbean, in the Pacific. United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. 1989. <nowiki>ISBN 978-92-5-102782-0</nowiki>.</ref> == Ilimin Halittu == Wasu doya tsire-tsire ne masu cin zarafi, waɗanda galibi ana ɗaukar su a matsayin ciyawa mai cutarwa a wajen wuraren da aka noma. <ref>Robertson, Gordon; Lupien, John (2008). "Minimizing Postharvest Losses in Yam (Dioscorea spp.): Treatments and Techniques". Using food science and technology to improve nutrition and promote national development: Selected case studies. International Union of Food Science & Technology. S2CID 107695924.</ref><ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 "''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam)"]. [[CAB International|Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref><ref>Sam, Christopher (1 May 2021). "Food and culture: A case study of Ghana's Etor/Otor (Recipe Included)". TheAfricanDream. Retrieved 30 June 2025.</ref><ref>Nweke, Felix; Aidoo, Robert; Okoye, Benjamin (July 2013). "Yam Consumption Patterns in West Africa". Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. Archived from the original on 22 November 2018. Retrieved 5 December 2017.</ref> == Noma == [[Fayil:Kaachil_cut.jpg|thumb|Doya mai launin shunayya da aka girbe sabo ( ''[[Sakata|D.&nbsp;alata]]'' ) an yanka shi don giciye-sashe]] Ana noma doya don cin ƙwayar sitaci a yankuna masu zafi da [[Wurare masu zafi (Tropics)|yanayi mai zafi]], musamman a Yammacin Afirka, Kudancin Amurka da [[Karibiyan|Caribbean]], Asiya, da [[Osheniya|Oceania]] . <ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 "''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam)"]. [[CAB International|Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> Kimanin kashi 95% na amfanin gonakin doya ana noma su ne a Afirka. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Everyday Mysteries: Yam |url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/scitech/mysteries/sweetpotato.html |publisher=Library of Congress, United States of America}}</ref><ref>Mavis, Meals by (1 January 2022). "Yam Eto (Ghanaian Mashed Yams)". Meals by Mavis. Retrieved 30 June 2025.</ref><ref>Osinkolu, Lola (27 August 2021). "YAM | TRUE YAM | AFRICAN YAM". Chef Lola's Kitchen. Retrieved 30 June 2025.</ref><ref>TRT Global - Nigeria: How New Yam Festival keeps Igbo's rooted traditions alive". trt.global. Retrieved 30 June 2025.</ref> Gonar doya tana farawa ne lokacin da aka dasa dukkan tsaba ko sassan tubers a cikin tuddai ko tuddai, a farkon lokacin damina. Yawan amfanin gona ya dogara ne akan yadda da kuma inda aka shuka sets ɗin, girman tuddai, tazarar tsakanin tsirrai, samar da sandunan da aka shuka, nau'in doya, da girman tubers da ake so a lokacin girbi. Ƙananan manoma a Yammacin da Tsakiyar Afirka galibi [[wiktionary:intercrop|suna haɗa]] doya da hatsi da kayan lambu. Doya iri suna da lalacewa kuma suna da yawa don jigilar su. Manoma waɗanda ba su sayi sabbin doya iri ba galibi suna ware har zuwa kashi 30% na girbin su don shuka a shekara mai zuwa. Gonar doya tana fuskantar matsin lamba daga nau'ikan kwari iri-iri da cututtukan fungal da ƙwayoyin cuta, da kuma nematodes . Girman su da lokacin barcin su sun yi daidai da lokacin damina da lokacin rani. Don yawan amfanin gona, doya suna buƙatar yanayi mai danshi na wurare masu zafi, tare da ruwan sama na shekara-shekara sama da {{Convert|1500|mm|in|0}} suna rarrabawa daidai gwargwado a duk lokacin girma. Doya fari, rawaya, da ruwa yawanci suna samar da babban buro ɗaya a kowace shekara, gabaɗaya suna da nauyin {{Convert|5|to|10|kg|lb|0}} . <ref name="stofao1">{{Cite web |last=Calverly |date=1998 |title=Storage and Processing of Roots and Tubers in the Tropics |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/X5415E/x5415e00.htm |publisher=United Nations [[Food and Agriculture Organization]]}}</ref> Doya tana fama da ƙarancin kwari da cututtuka. <ref name="Solomon" /> Akwai wani da ''Colletotrichum gloeosporioides'' ke haifarwa wanda ya bazu ko'ina a yankunan da ke girma a duniya. <ref name="Solomon" /> Winch ''et al.'', 1984 sun gano ''C.&nbsp;gloeosporioides'' yana shafar adadi mai yawa na ''Dioscorea'' spp.<ref>El cultivo de ñame en el Caribe colombiano". Banco de la República, Colombia. 21 June 2012.</ref><ref>More Than a Trend: The History of Ube and What It Means to the Filipino People". Kapwa Gardens. Retrieved 30 June 2025.</ref><ref>Yam Root Dye</ref><ref>Singh, K.K. and Kaushal Kumar. Ethnobotanical wisdom of Gaddi tribe in Western Himalaya. 2000. p.18.</ref><ref>Rana, M., Kabra, A., Kabra, R., Rana, M. and Dhatwalia, V. 2015. Plant Species used by locals as Ethano - Medicine in Gohar Tehsil, Distt. Mandi Region of North Western Himalaya. Archived 7 September 2023 at the Wayback Machine PharmaTutor. 3, 4 (Apr. 2015), 47-52.</ref> Duk da yawan buƙatun ma'aikata da farashin samarwa, buƙatar masu amfani da doya tana da yawa a wasu yankuna na Afirka, <ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 "''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam)"]. [[CAB International|Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> wanda hakan ya sa noman doya ya zama mai riba ga wasu manoma. <ref>{{Cite web |title=PubMed Central (PMC) |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ |access-date=2025-06-07 |website=PubMed Central (PMC) |language=en}}</ref><ref>Rajendra, Gupta (1993). "Conservation and utilization of Indian Medicinal Plants". Indian Journal of Plant Genetic Resources. 6 (2). ISSN 0971-8184. Retrieved 16 September 2021.</ref><ref>Naleba, Mere (25 April 2015). "Million dollar aim". The Fiji Times Online. Retrieved 1 June 2017.</ref><ref>Goody, Jack (1996). Cooking, cuisine and class: A study in comparative sociology. Cambridge University Press. pp. 78–81. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-521-28696-1</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Marker RE, Krueger J (1940). "Sterols. CXII. Sapogenins. XLI. The Preparation of Trillin and its Conversion to Progesterone". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 62 (12): 3349–3350. Bibcode:1940JAChS..62.3349M. doi:10.1021/ja01869a023.</ref> === Manyan nau'ikan da aka noma === Ana samun nau'ikan doya da yawa da aka noma a ''Dioscorea'' a ko'ina cikin wurare masu zafi masu danshi. <ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 "''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam)"]. [[CAB International|Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> An tattauna waɗanda suka fi muhimmanci a fannin tattalin arziki a ƙasa. <ref name="stofao1">{{Cite web |last=Calverly |date=1998 |title=Storage and Processing of Roots and Tubers in the Tropics |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/X5415E/x5415e00.htm |publisher=United Nations [[Food and Agriculture Organization]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCalverly1998">Calverly (1998). [http://www.fao.org/docrep/X5415E/x5415e00.htm "Storage and Processing of Roots and Tubers in the Tropics"]. United Nations [[Food and Agriculture Organization]].</cite></ref> Tumatur waɗanda ba na ''Dioscorea'' ba waɗanda suka kasance masu mahimmanci a tarihi a Afirka sun haɗa da ''[[Tumuƙu|Plectranthus rotundifolius]]'' (dankalin Hausa) da ''[[Rizga|P. esculentus]]'' (dankalin Livingstone); waɗannan amfanin gona guda biyu yanzu an mayar da su baya sosai ta hanyar gabatar da [[rogo]].<ref>Goody, Jack (1996). Cooking, cuisine and class: A study in comparative sociology. Cambridge University Press. pp. 78–81. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-521-28696-1</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Djerassi, C. (December 1992). "Steroid Research at Syntex: "The Pill" and Cortisone". Steroids. 57 (12): 631–641. doi:10.1016/0039-128X(92)90016-3. PMC 1294257. <nowiki>PMID 1481227</nowiki>. S2CID 5933910.</ref><ref>Liu MJ, Wang Z, Ju Y, Wong RN, Wu QY (2005). "Diosgenin induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human leukemia K562 cells with the disruption of Ca2+ homeostasis". Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology. 55 (1): 79–90. doi:10.1007/s00280-004-0849-3. <nowiki>PMID 15372201</nowiki>. S2CID 11779821.</ref><ref>"Roots, Tubers, Plantains and Bananas in Human Nutrition". United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. Acknowledgments, preface, introduction, origins, and distribution.</ref> ==== ''D. cayensis'' ==== Doya mai launin rawaya, ''[[Doyar kudu|D. cayensis]]'', da kuma farin doya, <nowiki><i id="mwARQ">D. cayensis</i></nowiki> subsp. <nowiki><i id="mwARU">rotundata</i></nowiki>, asalinsu daga Afirka ne. Su ne doya mafi mahimmanci da aka noma. A da, ana ɗaukar farin doya a matsayin wani nau'in daban, ''D. rotundata'', amma yawancin masana harkar haraji yanzu suna ɗaukarsa a matsayin wani nau'in doya mai launin rawaya. Ana noma nau'ikan doya sama da 200 a tsakaninsu. Farin doya yana da siffar silinda, fatar tana da santsi da launin ruwan kasa, kuma naman yawanci fari ne da tauri. Doya rawaya tana da launin rawaya, wanda ke faruwa sakamakon kasancewar carotenoids. Yana kama da farin doya a bayyanar waje; fatarsa yawanci tana da ɗan ƙarfi kuma ba ta da faɗi sosai. Doya rawaya tana da tsayin ciyayi da kuma ɗan gajeren barci fiye da farin doya. Nau'in Kokoro yana da mahimmanci wajen yin busasshen dankalin doya. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dumont |first=R. |last2=Vernier |first2=P. |date=2000 |title=Domestication of yams (''Dioscorea cayenensis-rotundata'') within the Bariba ethnic group in Benin |journal=[[Outlook on Agriculture]] |volume=29 |issue=2 |page=137 |bibcode=2000OutAg..29..137D |doi=10.5367/000000000101293149 |s2cid=154609802}}</ref> Manyan tsirrai ne; inabin na iya zama tsawon {{Convert|10|to|12|m|ft|0}} . Tushen galibi suna da nauyin kimanin {{Convert|2.5|to|5|kg|lb|0}} kowanne, amma zai iya nauyin har zuwa {{Convert|25|kg|lb|0}} . Bayan tsawon watanni 7 zuwa 12, ana girbe 'ya'yan itacen. A Afirka, yawancinsu ana niƙa su a cikin manna don yin abincin gargajiya na "yayan da aka niƙa", wanda aka sani da [[Iyan]] . ==== ''D. alata'' ==== [[Fayil:Yam_with_numerous_protruding_fibers.jpg|thumb|Doya mai launin shunayya ( ''D. alata'' )]] D. alata, wanda ake kira da shunayya doya (ba za a iya rikita shi da shunayya "yam" na Okinawa ba, wanda shine dankalin turawa mai zaki ), babban doya, doya mai fuka-fuki, doya ruwa, da (wanda ba a iya fahimta ba) farin doya, [1] [2] an fara noma shi a Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya. [2] Duk da cewa ba a noma shi daidai da doya na Afirka ba, yana da mafi girman rarrabawa a duk duniya fiye da duk wani doya da aka noma, ana noma shi a Asiya, tsibiran Pacific, Afirka, da Yammacin Indiya. [2] Ko a Afirka, shaharar doya ruwa tana ta biyu bayan farin doya. Siffar tuber gabaɗaya silinda ce, amma tana iya bambanta. Naman tuber fari ne kuma mai ruwa a yanayinsa. ''D. alata'' da ''D. esculenta'' (ƙaramin doya) sune muhimman amfanin gona ga al'adun Austronesian masu tafiya a teku. An ɗauke su tare da ƙaura daga Austronesian a matsayin tsire-tsire na kwale-kwale, daga Tsibirin Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya zuwa har zuwa [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]] da Polynesia . <ref name="Crowther2016">{{Cite journal |last=Crowther |first=Alison |last2=Lucas |first2=Leilani |last3=Helm |first3=Richard |last4=Horton |first4=Mark |last5=Shipton |first5=Ceri |last6=Wright |first6=Henry T. |last7=Walshaw |first7=Sarah |last8=Pawlowicz |first8=Matthew |last9=Radimilahy |first9=Chantal |last10=Douka |first10=Katerina |last11=Picornell-Gelabert |first11=Llorenç |last12=Fuller |first12=Dorian Q. |last13=Boivin |first13=Nicole L. |date=14 June 2016 |title=Ancient crops provide first archaeological signature of the westward Austronesian expansion |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences]] |volume=113 |issue=24 |pages=6635–6640 |bibcode=2016PNAS..113.6635C |doi=10.1073/pnas.1522714113 |pmc=4914162 |pmid=27247383 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Beaujard2011">{{Cite journal |last=Beaujard |first=Philippe |date=August 2011 |title=The first migrants to Madagascar and their introduction of plants: linguistic and ethnological evidence |url=https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00706173/file/Beaujard.azania2.pdf |journal=[[Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa]] |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=169–189 |doi=10.1080/0067270X.2011.580142 |s2cid=55763047}}</ref> <ref name="Bevacqua1994">{{Cite journal |last=Bevacqua |first=Robert F. |date=1994 |title=Origin of Horticulture in Southeast Asia and the Dispersal of Domesticated Plants to the Pacific Islands by Polynesian Voyagers: The Hawaiian Islands Case Study |url=http://hortsci.ashspublications.org/content/29/11/1226.full.pdf |journal=[[HortScience]] |volume=29 |issue=11 |pages=1226–1229 |doi=10.21273/HORTSCI.29.11.1226 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=White |first=L.D. |date=2003 |title=Uhi |url=http://www.canoeplants.com/uhi.html |series=Canoe Plants of Ancient Hawaiʻi}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] bo15z5nftqxse0ohf2g0jb9mobgfryr 884836 884835 2026-07-19T11:03:55Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 884836 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Yam_at_monday_market_kaduna_state_01.jpg|thumb|Farin doya iri-iri, Dioscorea rotundata a cikin kasuwar ranar litinin a [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]], Najeriya]] [[Fayil:YamsatBrixtonMarket.jpg|thumb|Fararen doya a kasuwar dillalai a Brixton, Ingila, 2004]] '''Doya''' ita ce sunan da aka saba amfani da shi ga wasu nau'ikan abinci a cikin halittar ''Dioscorea'' (iyalin Dioscoreaceae ) waɗanda ke samar da tubers masu cin abinci (wasu nau'ikan a cikin halittar suna da guba). Doya itace inabi ne [[Shuka mai Shekaru|masu]] daɗaɗɗen ganye waɗanda aka noma a Afirka, Asiya, da Amurka kuma ana noma su don cin ganyen sitaci a yankuna masu zafi da [[Wurare masu zafi (Tropics)|yanayi mai zafi]] . Tushen da kansu, waɗanda kuma ake kira "doya", suna zuwa ta hanyoyi daban-daban saboda nau'ikan iri da nau'ikan da ke da alaƙa da su.<ref>Dumont, R.; Vernier, P. (2000). "Domestication of yams (Dioscorea cayenensis-rotundata) within the Bariba ethnic group in Benin". Outlook on Agriculture. LS2CID 154609802.</ref><ref>Kay, D.E. (1987). Root Crops. London, UK: Tropical Development and Research Institute.</ref><ref>Thompson, Anthony Keith (2014). Fruit and Vegetables: Harvesting, Handling and Storage. <ref>Crowther, Alison; Lucas, Leilani; Helm, Richard; Horton, Mark; Shipton, Ceri; Wright, Henry T.; Walshaw, Sarah; Pawlowicz, Matthew; Radimilahy, Chantal; Douka, Katerina; Picornell-Gelabert, Llorenç; Fuller, Dorian Q.; Boivin, Nicole L. (14 June 2016). "Ancient crops provide first archaeological signature of the westward Austronesian expansion". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 113 (24): 6635–6640. Bibcode:2016PNAS..113.6635C. doi:10.1073/pnas.1522714113. PMC 4914162. <nowiki>PMID 27247383</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Beaujard, Philippe (August 2011). "The first migrants to Madagascar and their introduction of plants: linguistic and ethnological evidence" (PDF). Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa. 46 (2): 169–189. doi:10.1080/0067270X.2011.580142. S2CID 55763047.</ref><ref>Bevacqua, Robert F. (1994). "Origin of Horticulture in Southeast Asia and the Dispersal of Domesticated Plants to the Pacific Islands by Polynesian Voyagers: The Hawaiian Islands Case Study" (PDF). HortScience. 29 (11): 1226–1229. doi:10.21273/HORTSCI.29.11.1226.</ref><ref>White, L.D. (2003). "Uhi". Canoe Plants of Ancient Hawaiʻi.</ref><ref>Schultz, G.E. (1993). "Element Stewardship Abstract for Dioscorea bulbifera, Air potato". Nature Conservancy. Archived from the original on 18 September 2006. Retrieved 2 September 2006.</ref><ref>Zulu, Donald; Ellis, Richard H.; Culham, Alastair (25 January 2019). "Collection, Consumption, and Sale of Lusala (Dioscorea hirtiflora) — a Wild Yam — by Rural Households in Southern Province, Zambia". Economic Botany. 73 (1): 47–63. Bibcode:2019EcBot..73...47Z. doi:10.1007/s12231-018-9433 == Bayani == [[Fayil:കാച്ചിൽ-കിഴങ്ങ്.JPG|thumb|Doya]] Doya, wadda take da alaƙa da furannin fure da ciyawa, ciyawa ce mai ƙarfi, tana girma inabin inabi [[Shuka mai Shekaru|na tsawon lokaci]] daga buro . <ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}</ref> An san wasu nau'ikan doya 870, <ref name="cabi" /> kaɗan daga cikinsu ana noma su sosai don buroshinsu masu cin abinci amma wasu kuma suna da guba (kamar ''D. communis'' ).<ref>Zulu, D.; Ellis, R. H.; Culham, A. (2020). "Propagation of lusala (Dioscorea hirtiflora), a wild yam, for in situ and ex situ conservation and potential domestication". Experimental Agriculture. 56 (3): 453–468. doi:10.1017/S0014479720000083. S2CID 216212360.</ref><ref>Thompson, Anthony Keith; Oduro, Ibok (2021). Yams: Botany, Production and Uses. Oxford: CABI. p. 172. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-78924-927-9</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Linus Opara (2003). "YAMS: Post-Harvest Operation" (PDF).</ref><ref>"Yam production in 2019". Crops/Regions/World/Production Quantity. FAOSTAT, Statistics Division of the UN Food and Agriculture Organization. 2021. Retrieved 12 October 2021.</ref><ref>Dioscorea dumetorum: Useful Tropical Plants</ref><ref>Jesus, M.; Martins, A. P; Gallardo, E.; Silvestre, S. (2016). "Diosgenin: Recent Highlights on Pharmacology and Analytical Methodology". Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry. 2016: 1–16. doi:10.1155/2016/4156293. PMC 5225340. <nowiki>PMID 28116217</nowiki>.</ref> Shuke-shuken doya na iya girma har zuwa {{Convert|15|m|ft|-1}} a tsayi da {{Convert|7|to|15|cm|in}} . <ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 "''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam)"]. [[CAB International|Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> Tushen zai iya girma zuwa ƙasa har zuwa {{Convert|1.5|m|ft}} zurfi. <ref name="cabi" /> Shuke-shuken yana yaɗuwa ta hanyar iri . <ref name="cabi" /><ref>Oke, O.L. (1990). Redhead, J.; Hussain, M.A. (eds.). Roots, tubers, plantains and bananas in human nutrition. United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. <nowiki>ISBN 978-92-5-102862-9</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Glycemic index and glycemic load for 100+ foods". Harvard Health Publications. Harvard Medical School. 2008.</ref><ref>Roots, tubers, plantains and bananas in human nutrition - Nutritive value". United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. Retrieved 25 May 2020.</ref> Tushen da ake ci yana da fata mai kauri wadda take da wahalar barewa amma tana da laushi idan aka dafa ta. Fatar ta bambanta a launi daga launin ruwan kasa mai duhu zuwa ruwan hoda mai haske. Yawancin nama, ko nama, na kayan lambu sun ƙunshi wani abu mai laushi wanda ya bambanta daga fari ko rawaya zuwa shunayya ko ruwan hoda a cikin doya mai girma.<ref>"Kwashiorkor (Protein-Calorie Malnutrition)". Tropical Medicine Central Resource. 2006. Archived from the original on 16 December 2011. Retrieved 21 January 2012.</ref> == Asalin Ma'anar == Sunan "yam" ya bayyana ya samo asali ne daga harshen Portugal ''inhame'' ko [[Canarian Mutanen Espanya|Canarian Spanish]] ''ñame'', wanda ya samo asali ne daga [[Fillanci|harshen Fula]], ɗaya daga cikin [[Harsunan Nijar-Congo|harsunan Yammacin Afirka]] a lokacin ciniki. Duk da haka, a cikin harshen Portuguese, wannan sunan yawanci yana nufin shukar [[Gwaza|taro]] ( ''Colocasia esculenta'' ) daga nau'in ''Colocasia'', sabanin ''Dioscorea'' . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=Inhame dos Açores |url=https://tradicional.dgadr.gov.pt/pt/cat/outros-produtos-vegetais/771-inhame-dos-acores |access-date=13 August 2020 |publisher=[[Produtos Tradicionais Portugueses]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=Sabores dos Açores: Inhame |url=https://www.clubevinhosportugueses.pt/turismo/sabores-dos-acores-inhame/ |access-date=13 August 2020 |publisher=[[Clube Vinhos Portugueses]]}}</ref><ref>United States Food and Drug Administration (2024). "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels". FDA. Archived from the original on 27 March 2024. Retrieved 28 March 2024.</ref><ref>TABLE 4-7 Comparison of Potassium Adequate Intakes Established in This Report to Potassium Adequate Intakes Established in the 2005 DRI Report". p. 120. In: Stallings, Virginia A.; Harrison, Meghan; Oria, Maria, eds. (2019). "Potassium: Dietary Reference Intakes for Adequacy". Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. pp. 101–124. doi:10.17226/25353. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-309-48834-1</nowiki>. <nowiki>PMID 30844154</nowiki>. NCBI NBK545428.</ref><ref>Uwaegbute, Osho and Obatolu (1998). Postharvest technology and commodity marketing: Proceedings of a postharvest conference. International Institute of Tropical Agriculture. p. 172. <nowiki>ISBN 978-978-131-111-6</nowiki>.</ref> Manyan abubuwan da aka samo daga fi'ili suna da ma'anar "cin abinci". Doya na gaske suna da sunaye daban-daban gama gari a yankuna daban-daban na duniya. <ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 "''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam)"]. [[CAB International|Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> A wasu wurare, wasu kayan lambu (marasa alaƙa) ana kiransu da "yams", waɗanda suka haɗa da: <ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 "''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam)"]. [[CAB International|Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> * A Amurka, [[Dankali|dankali mai zaki]] ( ''Ipomoea batatas'' ), musamman waɗanda ke da naman lemu, galibi ana kiransu da "yams" <ref>{{Cite web |title=What is the difference between sweet potatoes and yams? |url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/scitech/mysteries/sweetpotato.html |website=LOC.gov}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Economic Research Service |url=http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/agoutlook/Nov2002/ao296e.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315002720/http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/agoutlook/Nov2002/ao296e.pdf |archive-date=15 March 2015 |access-date=26 November 2009}}</ref> * A Ostiraliya, ƙwayar ''Microseris walteri'', ko kuma yam daisy, abinci ne na asali ga [['Yan asalin Australiya|'yan asalin ƙasar Ostiraliya]] a wasu yankuna. * A New Zealand, ana kiran oca ( ''Oxalis tuberosa'' ) da "yam". <ref name="jsfa">{{Cite journal |last=Albihn, P.B.E. |last2=Savage, G.P. |date=18 June 2001 |title=The effect of cooking on the location and concentration of oxalate in three cultivars of New Zealand-grown oca (''Oxalis tuberosa'' Mol) |journal=[[Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture]] |volume=81 |issue=10 |pages=1027–1033 |bibcode=2001JSFA...81.1027A |doi=10.1002/jsfa.890}}</ref> * A [[Maleshiya|Malaysia]] da [[Singafora|Singapore]], [[Gwaza|taro]] ( ''Colocasia esculenta'' ) ana kiransa "yam". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lam |first=Lim Chin |title=I yam not taro |url=http://thestar.com.my/english/story.asp?file=/2010/7/16/lifefocus/6651716&sec=lifefocus |website=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]]}}</ref> * A Afirka, Kudu da Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya da kuma tsibiran Pacific masu zafi, ana noma ''Amorphophallus paeonifolius'' kuma ana kiransa da "ƙafar giwa". <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Santosa |first=Edi |last2=Lian |first2=Chun Lan |last3=Sugiyama |first3=Nobuo |last4=Misra |first4=Raj Shekhar |last5=Boonkorkaew |first5=Patchareeya |last6=Thanomchit |first6=Kanokwan |last7=Chiang |first7=Tzen-Yuh |display-authors=1 |date=28 June 2017 |title=Population structure of elephant foot yams (''Amorphophallus paeoniifolius'' (Dennst.) Nicolson) in Asia |journal=[[PLOS ONE]] |volume=12 |issue=6 |bibcode=2017PLoSO..1280000S |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0180000 |pmc=5489206 |pmid=28658282 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Rarrabawa da wurin zama == Doya ta samo asali ne daga Afirka, Asiya, da Amurka. <ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 "''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam)"]. [[CAB International|Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> An yi kiwon nau'ikan guda uku daban-daban a waɗannan nahiyoyi: ''D. rotundata'' (Afirka), ''[[Sakata|D.&nbsp;alata]]'' (Asiya), da kuma ''D.<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwrQ">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>trifida'' (Kudancin Amurka). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nora Scarcelli |display-authors=etal |date=1 May 2019 |title=Yam genomics supports West Africa as a major cradle of crop domestication |journal=[[Science Advances]] |volume=5 |issue=5 |bibcode=2019SciA....5.1947S |doi=10.1126/sciadv.aaw1947 |pmc=6527260 |pmid=31114806 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>"Undernutrition". The Merck Manual: The Home Health Handbook. 2010.</ref><ref>OB Izekor; MI Olumese (December 2010). "Determinants of yam production and profitability in Edo State, Nigeria" (PDF). African Journal of General Agriculture. 6 (4). Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 May 2017.</ref><ref>Yam, raw nutrition facts and analysis". www.nutritionvalue.org. Retrieved 30 June 2025.</ref><ref>Nutrient data laboratory". United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 10 August 2016.</ref><ref>Roots, Tubers, and Plantains in Food Security: In Sub-Saharan Africa, in Latin America and the Caribbean, in the Pacific. United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. 1989. <nowiki>ISBN 978-92-5-102782-0</nowiki>.</ref> == Ilimin Halittu == Wasu doya tsire-tsire ne masu cin zarafi, waɗanda galibi ana ɗaukar su a matsayin ciyawa mai cutarwa a wajen wuraren da aka noma. <ref>Robertson, Gordon; Lupien, John (2008). "Minimizing Postharvest Losses in Yam (Dioscorea spp.): Treatments and Techniques". Using food science and technology to improve nutrition and promote national development: Selected case studies. International Union of Food Science & Technology. S2CID 107695924.</ref><ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 "''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam)"]. [[CAB International|Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref><ref>Sam, Christopher (1 May 2021). "Food and culture: A case study of Ghana's Etor/Otor (Recipe Included)". TheAfricanDream. Retrieved 30 June 2025.</ref><ref>Nweke, Felix; Aidoo, Robert; Okoye, Benjamin (July 2013). "Yam Consumption Patterns in West Africa". Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. Archived from the original on 22 November 2018. Retrieved 5 December 2017.</ref> == Noma == [[Fayil:Kaachil_cut.jpg|thumb|Doya mai launin shunayya da aka girbe sabo ( ''[[Sakata|D.&nbsp;alata]]'' ) an yanka shi don giciye-sashe]] Ana noma doya don cin ƙwayar sitaci a yankuna masu zafi da [[Wurare masu zafi (Tropics)|yanayi mai zafi]], musamman a Yammacin Afirka, Kudancin Amurka da [[Karibiyan|Caribbean]], Asiya, da [[Osheniya|Oceania]] . <ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 "''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam)"]. [[CAB International|Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> Kimanin kashi 95% na amfanin gonakin doya ana noma su ne a Afirka. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Everyday Mysteries: Yam |url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/scitech/mysteries/sweetpotato.html |publisher=Library of Congress, United States of America}}</ref><ref>Mavis, Meals by (1 January 2022). "Yam Eto (Ghanaian Mashed Yams)". Meals by Mavis. Retrieved 30 June 2025.</ref><ref>Osinkolu, Lola (27 August 2021). "YAM | TRUE YAM | AFRICAN YAM". Chef Lola's Kitchen. Retrieved 30 June 2025.</ref><ref>TRT Global - Nigeria: How New Yam Festival keeps Igbo's rooted traditions alive". trt.global. Retrieved 30 June 2025.</ref> Gonar doya tana farawa ne lokacin da aka dasa dukkan tsaba ko sassan tubers a cikin tuddai ko tuddai, a farkon lokacin damina. Yawan amfanin gona ya dogara ne akan yadda da kuma inda aka shuka sets ɗin, girman tuddai, tazarar tsakanin tsirrai, samar da sandunan da aka shuka, nau'in doya, da girman tubers da ake so a lokacin girbi. Ƙananan manoma a Yammacin da Tsakiyar Afirka galibi [[wiktionary:intercrop|suna haɗa]] doya da hatsi da kayan lambu. Doya iri suna da lalacewa kuma suna da yawa don jigilar su. Manoma waɗanda ba su sayi sabbin doya iri ba galibi suna ware har zuwa kashi 30% na girbin su don shuka a shekara mai zuwa. Gonar doya tana fuskantar matsin lamba daga nau'ikan kwari iri-iri da cututtukan fungal da ƙwayoyin cuta, da kuma nematodes . Girman su da lokacin barcin su sun yi daidai da lokacin damina da lokacin rani. Don yawan amfanin gona, doya suna buƙatar yanayi mai danshi na wurare masu zafi, tare da ruwan sama na shekara-shekara sama da {{Convert|1500|mm|in|0}} suna rarrabawa daidai gwargwado a duk lokacin girma. Doya fari, rawaya, da ruwa yawanci suna samar da babban buro ɗaya a kowace shekara, gabaɗaya suna da nauyin {{Convert|5|to|10|kg|lb|0}} . <ref name="stofao1">{{Cite web |last=Calverly |date=1998 |title=Storage and Processing of Roots and Tubers in the Tropics |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/X5415E/x5415e00.htm |publisher=United Nations [[Food and Agriculture Organization]]}}</ref> Doya tana fama da ƙarancin kwari da cututtuka. <ref name="Solomon" /> Akwai wani da ''Colletotrichum gloeosporioides'' ke haifarwa wanda ya bazu ko'ina a yankunan da ke girma a duniya. <ref name="Solomon" /> Winch ''et al.'', 1984 sun gano ''C.&nbsp;gloeosporioides'' yana shafar adadi mai yawa na ''Dioscorea'' spp.<ref>El cultivo de ñame en el Caribe colombiano". Banco de la República, Colombia. 21 June 2012.</ref><ref>More Than a Trend: The History of Ube and What It Means to the Filipino People". Kapwa Gardens. Retrieved 30 June 2025.</ref><ref>Yam Root Dye</ref><ref>Singh, K.K. and Kaushal Kumar. Ethnobotanical wisdom of Gaddi tribe in Western Himalaya. 2000. p.18.</ref><ref>Rana, M., Kabra, A., Kabra, R., Rana, M. and Dhatwalia, V. 2015. Plant Species used by locals as Ethano - Medicine in Gohar Tehsil, Distt. Mandi Region of North Western Himalaya. Archived 7 September 2023 at the Wayback Machine PharmaTutor. 3, 4 (Apr. 2015), 47-52.</ref> Duk da yawan buƙatun ma'aikata da farashin samarwa, buƙatar masu amfani da doya tana da yawa a wasu yankuna na Afirka, <ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 "''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam)"]. [[CAB International|Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> wanda hakan ya sa noman doya ya zama mai riba ga wasu manoma. <ref>{{Cite web |title=PubMed Central (PMC) |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ |access-date=2025-06-07 |website=PubMed Central (PMC) |language=en}}</ref><ref>Rajendra, Gupta (1993). "Conservation and utilization of Indian Medicinal Plants". Indian Journal of Plant Genetic Resources. 6 (2). ISSN 0971-8184. Retrieved 16 September 2021.</ref><ref>Naleba, Mere (25 April 2015). "Million dollar aim". The Fiji Times Online. Retrieved 1 June 2017.</ref><ref>Goody, Jack (1996). Cooking, cuisine and class: A study in comparative sociology. Cambridge University Press. pp. 78–81. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-521-28696-1</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Marker RE, Krueger J (1940). "Sterols. CXII. Sapogenins. XLI. The Preparation of Trillin and its Conversion to Progesterone". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 62 (12): 3349–3350. Bibcode:1940JAChS..62.3349M. doi:10.1021/ja01869a023.</ref> === Manyan nau'ikan da aka noma === Ana samun nau'ikan doya da yawa da aka noma a ''Dioscorea'' a ko'ina cikin wurare masu zafi masu danshi. <ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 "''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam)"]. [[CAB International|Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> An tattauna waɗanda suka fi muhimmanci a fannin tattalin arziki a ƙasa. <ref name="stofao1">{{Cite web |last=Calverly |date=1998 |title=Storage and Processing of Roots and Tubers in the Tropics |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/X5415E/x5415e00.htm |publisher=United Nations [[Food and Agriculture Organization]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCalverly1998">Calverly (1998). [http://www.fao.org/docrep/X5415E/x5415e00.htm "Storage and Processing of Roots and Tubers in the Tropics"]. United Nations [[Food and Agriculture Organization]].</cite></ref> Tumatur waɗanda ba na ''Dioscorea'' ba waɗanda suka kasance masu mahimmanci a tarihi a Afirka sun haɗa da ''[[Tumuƙu|Plectranthus rotundifolius]]'' (dankalin Hausa) da ''[[Rizga|P. esculentus]]'' (dankalin Livingstone); waɗannan amfanin gona guda biyu yanzu an mayar da su baya sosai ta hanyar gabatar da [[rogo]].<ref>Goody, Jack (1996). Cooking, cuisine and class: A study in comparative sociology. Cambridge University Press. pp. 78–81. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-521-28696-1</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Djerassi, C. (December 1992). "Steroid Research at Syntex: "The Pill" and Cortisone". Steroids. 57 (12): 631–641. doi:10.1016/0039-128X(92)90016-3. PMC 1294257. <nowiki>PMID 1481227</nowiki>. S2CID 5933910.</ref><ref>Liu MJ, Wang Z, Ju Y, Wong RN, Wu QY (2005). "Diosgenin induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human leukemia K562 cells with the disruption of Ca2+ homeostasis". Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology. 55 (1): 79–90. doi:10.1007/s00280-004-0849-3. <nowiki>PMID 15372201</nowiki>. S2CID 11779821.</ref><ref>"Roots, Tubers, Plantains and Bananas in Human Nutrition". United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. Acknowledgments, preface, introduction, origins, and distribution.</ref> ==== ''D. cayensis'' ==== Doya mai launin rawaya, ''[[Doyar kudu|D. cayensis]]'', da kuma farin doya, <nowiki><i id="mwARQ">D. cayensis</i></nowiki> subsp. <nowiki><i id="mwARU">rotundata</i></nowiki>, asalinsu daga Afirka ne. Su ne doya mafi mahimmanci da aka noma. A da, ana ɗaukar farin doya a matsayin wani nau'in daban, ''D. rotundata'', amma yawancin masana harkar haraji yanzu suna ɗaukarsa a matsayin wani nau'in doya mai launin rawaya. Ana noma nau'ikan doya sama da 200 a tsakaninsu. Farin doya yana da siffar silinda, fatar tana da santsi da launin ruwan kasa, kuma naman yawanci fari ne da tauri. Doya rawaya tana da launin rawaya, wanda ke faruwa sakamakon kasancewar carotenoids. Yana kama da farin doya a bayyanar waje; fatarsa yawanci tana da ɗan ƙarfi kuma ba ta da faɗi sosai. Doya rawaya tana da tsayin ciyayi da kuma ɗan gajeren barci fiye da farin doya. Nau'in Kokoro yana da mahimmanci wajen yin busasshen dankalin doya. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dumont |first=R. |last2=Vernier |first2=P. |date=2000 |title=Domestication of yams (''Dioscorea cayenensis-rotundata'') within the Bariba ethnic group in Benin |journal=[[Outlook on Agriculture]] |volume=29 |issue=2 |page=137 |bibcode=2000OutAg..29..137D |doi=10.5367/000000000101293149 |s2cid=154609802}}</ref> Manyan tsirrai ne; inabin na iya zama tsawon {{Convert|10|to|12|m|ft|0}} . Tushen galibi suna da nauyin kimanin {{Convert|2.5|to|5|kg|lb|0}} kowanne, amma zai iya nauyin har zuwa {{Convert|25|kg|lb|0}} . Bayan tsawon watanni 7 zuwa 12, ana girbe 'ya'yan itacen. A Afirka, yawancinsu ana niƙa su a cikin manna don yin abincin gargajiya na "yayan da aka niƙa", wanda aka sani da [[Iyan]] . ==== ''D. alata'' ==== [[Fayil:Yam_with_numerous_protruding_fibers.jpg|thumb|Doya mai launin shunayya ( ''D. alata'' )]] D. alata, wanda ake kira da shunayya doya (ba za a iya rikita shi da shunayya "yam" na Okinawa ba, wanda shine dankalin turawa mai zaki ), babban doya, doya mai fuka-fuki, doya ruwa, da (wanda ba a iya fahimta ba) farin doya, [1] [2] an fara noma shi a Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya. [2] Duk da cewa ba a noma shi daidai da doya na Afirka ba, yana da mafi girman rarrabawa a duk duniya fiye da duk wani doya da aka noma, ana noma shi a Asiya, tsibiran Pacific, Afirka, da Yammacin Indiya. [2] Ko a Afirka, shaharar doya ruwa tana ta biyu bayan farin doya. Siffar tuber gabaɗaya silinda ce, amma tana iya bambanta. Naman tuber fari ne kuma mai ruwa a yanayinsa. ''D. alata'' da ''D. esculenta'' (ƙaramin doya) sune muhimman amfanin gona ga al'adun Austronesian masu tafiya a teku. An ɗauke su tare da ƙaura daga Austronesian a matsayin tsire-tsire na kwale-kwale, daga Tsibirin Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya zuwa har zuwa [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]] da Polynesia . <ref name="Crowther2016">{{Cite journal |last=Crowther |first=Alison |last2=Lucas |first2=Leilani |last3=Helm |first3=Richard |last4=Horton |first4=Mark |last5=Shipton |first5=Ceri |last6=Wright |first6=Henry T. |last7=Walshaw |first7=Sarah |last8=Pawlowicz |first8=Matthew |last9=Radimilahy |first9=Chantal |last10=Douka |first10=Katerina |last11=Picornell-Gelabert |first11=Llorenç |last12=Fuller |first12=Dorian Q. |last13=Boivin |first13=Nicole L. |date=14 June 2016 |title=Ancient crops provide first archaeological signature of the westward Austronesian expansion |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences]] |volume=113 |issue=24 |pages=6635–6640 |bibcode=2016PNAS..113.6635C |doi=10.1073/pnas.1522714113 |pmc=4914162 |pmid=27247383 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Beaujard2011">{{Cite journal |last=Beaujard |first=Philippe |date=August 2011 |title=The first migrants to Madagascar and their introduction of plants: linguistic and ethnological evidence |url=https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00706173/file/Beaujard.azania2.pdf |journal=[[Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa]] |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=169–189 |doi=10.1080/0067270X.2011.580142 |s2cid=55763047}}</ref> <ref name="Bevacqua1994">{{Cite journal |last=Bevacqua |first=Robert F. |date=1994 |title=Origin of Horticulture in Southeast Asia and the Dispersal of Domesticated Plants to the Pacific Islands by Polynesian Voyagers: The Hawaiian Islands Case Study |url=http://hortsci.ashspublications.org/content/29/11/1226.full.pdf |journal=[[HortScience]] |volume=29 |issue=11 |pages=1226–1229 |doi=10.21273/HORTSCI.29.11.1226 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=White |first=L.D. |date=2003 |title=Uhi |url=http://www.canoeplants.com/uhi.html |series=Canoe Plants of Ancient Hawaiʻi}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 24hv42maryjpfdaiz0nptx8b3gqriv3 884837 884836 2026-07-19T11:05:02Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 884837 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Yam_at_monday_market_kaduna_state_01.jpg|thumb|Farin doya iri-iri, Dioscorea rotundata a cikin kasuwar ranar litinin a [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]], Najeriya]] [[Fayil:YamsatBrixtonMarket.jpg|thumb|Fararen doya a kasuwar dillalai a Brixton, Ingila, 2004]] '''Doya''' ita ce sunan da aka saba amfani da shi ga wasu nau'ikan abinci a cikin halittar ''Dioscorea'' (iyalin Dioscoreaceae ) waɗanda ke samar da tubers masu cin abinci (wasu nau'ikan a cikin halittar suna da guba). Doya itace inabi ne [[Shuka mai Shekaru|masu]] daɗaɗɗen ganye waɗanda aka noma a Afirka, Asiya, da Amurka kuma ana noma su don cin ganyen sitaci a yankuna masu zafi da [[Wurare masu zafi (Tropics)|yanayi mai zafi]] . Tushen da kansu, waɗanda kuma ake kira "doya", suna zuwa ta hanyoyi daban-daban saboda nau'ikan iri da nau'ikan da ke da alaƙa da su.<ref>Dumont, R.; Vernier, P. (2000). "Domestication of yams (Dioscorea cayenensis-rotundata) within the Bariba ethnic group in Benin". Outlook on Agriculture. LS2CID 154609802.</ref><ref>Kay, D.E. (1987). Root Crops. London, UK: Tropical Development and Research Institute.</ref><ref>Thompson, Anthony Keith (2014). Fruit and Vegetables: Harvesting, Handling and Storage. <ref>Crowther, Alison; Lucas, Leilani; Helm, Richard; Horton, Mark; Shipton, Ceri; Wright, Henry T.; Walshaw, Sarah; Pawlowicz, Matthew; Radimilahy, Chantal; Douka, Katerina; Picornell-Gelabert, Llorenç; Fuller, Dorian Q.; Boivin, Nicole L. (14 June 2016). "Ancient crops provide first archaeological signature of the westward Austronesian expansion". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Bibcode:2016PNAS..113.6635C. doi:10.1073/pnas.1522714113. PMC 4914162. <nowiki>PMID 27247383</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Beaujard, Philippe (August 2011). "The first migrants to Madagascar and their introduction of plants: linguistic and ethnological evidence" (PDF). Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa. 46 (2): 169–189. doi:10.1080/0067270X.2011.580142. S2CID 55763047.</ref><ref>Bevacqua, Robert F. (1994). "Origin of Horticulture in Southeast Asia and the Dispersal of Domesticated Plants to the Pacific Islands by Polynesian Voyagers: The Hawaiian Islands Case Study" (PDF). HortScience. 29 (11): 1226–1229. doi:10.21273/HORTSCI.29.11.1226.</ref><ref>White, L.D. (2003). "Uhi". Canoe Plants of Ancient Hawaiʻi.</ref><ref>Schultz, G.E. (1993). "Element Stewardship Abstract for Dioscorea bulbifera, Air potato". Nature Conservancy. Archived from the original on 18 September 2006. Retrieved 2 September 2006.</ref><ref>Zulu, Donald; Ellis, Richard H.; Culham, Alastair (25 January 2019). "Collection, Consumption, and Sale of Lusala (Dioscorea hirtiflora) — a Wild Yam — by Rural Households in Southern Province, Zambia". Economic Botany. 73 (1): 47–63. Bibcode:2019EcBot..73...47Z. doi:10.1007/s12231-018-9433 == Bayani == [[Fayil:കാച്ചിൽ-കിഴങ്ങ്.JPG|thumb|Doya]] Doya, wadda take da alaƙa da furannin fure da ciyawa, ciyawa ce mai ƙarfi, tana girma inabin inabi [[Shuka mai Shekaru|na tsawon lokaci]] daga buro . <ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}</ref> An san wasu nau'ikan doya 870, <ref name="cabi" /> kaɗan daga cikinsu ana noma su sosai don buroshinsu masu cin abinci amma wasu kuma suna da guba (kamar ''D. communis'' ).<ref>Zulu, D.; Ellis, R. H.; Culham, A. (2020). "Propagation of lusala (Dioscorea hirtiflora), a wild yam, for in situ and ex situ conservation and potential domestication". Experimental Agriculture. 56 (3): 453–468. doi:10.1017/S0014479720000083. S2CID 216212360.</ref><ref>Thompson, Anthony Keith; Oduro, Ibok (2021). Yams: Botany, Production and Uses. Oxford: CABI. p. 172. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-78924-927-9</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Linus Opara (2003). "YAMS: Post-Harvest Operation" (PDF).</ref><ref>"Yam production in 2019". Crops/Regions/World/Production Quantity. FAOSTAT, Statistics Division of the UN Food and Agriculture Organization. 2021. Retrieved 12 October 2021.</ref><ref>Dioscorea dumetorum: Useful Tropical Plants</ref><ref>Jesus, M.; Martins, A. P; Gallardo, E.; Silvestre, S. (2016). "Diosgenin: Recent Highlights on Pharmacology and Analytical Methodology". Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry. 2016: 1–16. doi:10.1155/2016/4156293. PMC 5225340. <nowiki>PMID 28116217</nowiki>.</ref> Shuke-shuken doya na iya girma har zuwa {{Convert|15|m|ft|-1}} a tsayi da {{Convert|7|to|15|cm|in}} . <ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 "''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam)"]. [[CAB International|Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> Tushen zai iya girma zuwa ƙasa har zuwa {{Convert|1.5|m|ft}} zurfi. <ref name="cabi" /> Shuke-shuken yana yaɗuwa ta hanyar iri . <ref name="cabi" /><ref>Oke, O.L. (1990). Redhead, J.; Hussain, M.A. (eds.). Roots, tubers, plantains and bananas in human nutrition. United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. <nowiki>ISBN 978-92-5-102862-9</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Glycemic index and glycemic load for 100+ foods". Harvard Health Publications. Harvard Medical School. 2008.</ref><ref>Roots, tubers, plantains and bananas in human nutrition - Nutritive value". United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. Retrieved 25 May 2020.</ref> Tushen da ake ci yana da fata mai kauri wadda take da wahalar barewa amma tana da laushi idan aka dafa ta. Fatar ta bambanta a launi daga launin ruwan kasa mai duhu zuwa ruwan hoda mai haske. Yawancin nama, ko nama, na kayan lambu sun ƙunshi wani abu mai laushi wanda ya bambanta daga fari ko rawaya zuwa shunayya ko ruwan hoda a cikin doya mai girma.<ref>"Kwashiorkor (Protein-Calorie Malnutrition)". Tropical Medicine Central Resource. 2006. Archived from the original on 16 December 2011. Retrieved 21 January 2012.</ref> == Asalin Ma'anar == Sunan "yam" ya bayyana ya samo asali ne daga harshen Portugal ''inhame'' ko [[Canarian Mutanen Espanya|Canarian Spanish]] ''ñame'', wanda ya samo asali ne daga [[Fillanci|harshen Fula]], ɗaya daga cikin [[Harsunan Nijar-Congo|harsunan Yammacin Afirka]] a lokacin ciniki. Duk da haka, a cikin harshen Portuguese, wannan sunan yawanci yana nufin shukar [[Gwaza|taro]] ( ''Colocasia esculenta'' ) daga nau'in ''Colocasia'', sabanin ''Dioscorea'' . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=Inhame dos Açores |url=https://tradicional.dgadr.gov.pt/pt/cat/outros-produtos-vegetais/771-inhame-dos-acores |access-date=13 August 2020 |publisher=[[Produtos Tradicionais Portugueses]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=Sabores dos Açores: Inhame |url=https://www.clubevinhosportugueses.pt/turismo/sabores-dos-acores-inhame/ |access-date=13 August 2020 |publisher=[[Clube Vinhos Portugueses]]}}</ref><ref>United States Food and Drug Administration (2024). "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels". FDA. Archived from the original on 27 March 2024. Retrieved 28 March 2024.</ref><ref>TABLE 4-7 Comparison of Potassium Adequate Intakes Established in This Report to Potassium Adequate Intakes Established in the 2005 DRI Report". p. 120. In: Stallings, Virginia A.; Harrison, Meghan; Oria, Maria, eds. (2019). "Potassium: Dietary Reference Intakes for Adequacy". Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. pp. 101–124. doi:10.17226/25353. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-309-48834-1</nowiki>. <nowiki>PMID 30844154</nowiki>. NCBI NBK545428.</ref><ref>Uwaegbute, Osho and Obatolu (1998). Postharvest technology and commodity marketing: Proceedings of a postharvest conference. International Institute of Tropical Agriculture. p. 172. <nowiki>ISBN 978-978-131-111-6</nowiki>.</ref> Manyan abubuwan da aka samo daga fi'ili suna da ma'anar "cin abinci". Doya na gaske suna da sunaye daban-daban gama gari a yankuna daban-daban na duniya. <ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 "''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam)"]. [[CAB International|Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> A wasu wurare, wasu kayan lambu (marasa alaƙa) ana kiransu da "yams", waɗanda suka haɗa da: <ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 "''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam)"]. [[CAB International|Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> * A Amurka, [[Dankali|dankali mai zaki]] ( ''Ipomoea batatas'' ), musamman waɗanda ke da naman lemu, galibi ana kiransu da "yams" <ref>{{Cite web |title=What is the difference between sweet potatoes and yams? |url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/scitech/mysteries/sweetpotato.html |website=LOC.gov}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Economic Research Service |url=http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/agoutlook/Nov2002/ao296e.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315002720/http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/agoutlook/Nov2002/ao296e.pdf |archive-date=15 March 2015 |access-date=26 November 2009}}</ref> * A Ostiraliya, ƙwayar ''Microseris walteri'', ko kuma yam daisy, abinci ne na asali ga [['Yan asalin Australiya|'yan asalin ƙasar Ostiraliya]] a wasu yankuna. * A New Zealand, ana kiran oca ( ''Oxalis tuberosa'' ) da "yam". <ref name="jsfa">{{Cite journal |last=Albihn, P.B.E. |last2=Savage, G.P. |date=18 June 2001 |title=The effect of cooking on the location and concentration of oxalate in three cultivars of New Zealand-grown oca (''Oxalis tuberosa'' Mol) |journal=[[Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture]] |volume=81 |issue=10 |pages=1027–1033 |bibcode=2001JSFA...81.1027A |doi=10.1002/jsfa.890}}</ref> * A [[Maleshiya|Malaysia]] da [[Singafora|Singapore]], [[Gwaza|taro]] ( ''Colocasia esculenta'' ) ana kiransa "yam". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lam |first=Lim Chin |title=I yam not taro |url=http://thestar.com.my/english/story.asp?file=/2010/7/16/lifefocus/6651716&sec=lifefocus |website=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]]}}</ref> * A Afirka, Kudu da Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya da kuma tsibiran Pacific masu zafi, ana noma ''Amorphophallus paeonifolius'' kuma ana kiransa da "ƙafar giwa". <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Santosa |first=Edi |last2=Lian |first2=Chun Lan |last3=Sugiyama |first3=Nobuo |last4=Misra |first4=Raj Shekhar |last5=Boonkorkaew |first5=Patchareeya |last6=Thanomchit |first6=Kanokwan |last7=Chiang |first7=Tzen-Yuh |display-authors=1 |date=28 June 2017 |title=Population structure of elephant foot yams (''Amorphophallus paeoniifolius'' (Dennst.) Nicolson) in Asia |journal=[[PLOS ONE]] |volume=12 |issue=6 |bibcode=2017PLoSO..1280000S |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0180000 |pmc=5489206 |pmid=28658282 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Rarrabawa da wurin zama == Doya ta samo asali ne daga Afirka, Asiya, da Amurka. <ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 "''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam)"]. [[CAB International|Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> An yi kiwon nau'ikan guda uku daban-daban a waɗannan nahiyoyi: ''D. rotundata'' (Afirka), ''[[Sakata|D.&nbsp;alata]]'' (Asiya), da kuma ''D.<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwrQ">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>trifida'' (Kudancin Amurka). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nora Scarcelli |display-authors=etal |date=1 May 2019 |title=Yam genomics supports West Africa as a major cradle of crop domestication |journal=[[Science Advances]] |volume=5 |issue=5 |bibcode=2019SciA....5.1947S |doi=10.1126/sciadv.aaw1947 |pmc=6527260 |pmid=31114806 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>"Undernutrition". The Merck Manual: The Home Health Handbook. 2010.</ref><ref>OB Izekor; MI Olumese (December 2010). "Determinants of yam production and profitability in Edo State, Nigeria" (PDF). African Journal of General Agriculture. 6 (4). Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 May 2017.</ref><ref>Yam, raw nutrition facts and analysis". www.nutritionvalue.org. Retrieved 30 June 2025.</ref><ref>Nutrient data laboratory". United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 10 August 2016.</ref><ref>Roots, Tubers, and Plantains in Food Security: In Sub-Saharan Africa, in Latin America and the Caribbean, in the Pacific. United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. 1989. <nowiki>ISBN 978-92-5-102782-0</nowiki>.</ref> == Ilimin Halittu == Wasu doya tsire-tsire ne masu cin zarafi, waɗanda galibi ana ɗaukar su a matsayin ciyawa mai cutarwa a wajen wuraren da aka noma. <ref>Robertson, Gordon; Lupien, John (2008). "Minimizing Postharvest Losses in Yam (Dioscorea spp.): Treatments and Techniques". Using food science and technology to improve nutrition and promote national development: Selected case studies. International Union of Food Science & Technology. S2CID 107695924.</ref><ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 "''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam)"]. [[CAB International|Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref><ref>Sam, Christopher (1 May 2021). "Food and culture: A case study of Ghana's Etor/Otor (Recipe Included)". TheAfricanDream. Retrieved 30 June 2025.</ref><ref>Nweke, Felix; Aidoo, Robert; Okoye, Benjamin (July 2013). "Yam Consumption Patterns in West Africa". Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. Archived from the original on 22 November 2018. Retrieved 5 December 2017.</ref> == Noma == [[Fayil:Kaachil_cut.jpg|thumb|Doya mai launin shunayya da aka girbe sabo ( ''[[Sakata|D.&nbsp;alata]]'' ) an yanka shi don giciye-sashe]] Ana noma doya don cin ƙwayar sitaci a yankuna masu zafi da [[Wurare masu zafi (Tropics)|yanayi mai zafi]], musamman a Yammacin Afirka, Kudancin Amurka da [[Karibiyan|Caribbean]], Asiya, da [[Osheniya|Oceania]] . <ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 "''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam)"]. [[CAB International|Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> Kimanin kashi 95% na amfanin gonakin doya ana noma su ne a Afirka. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Everyday Mysteries: Yam |url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/scitech/mysteries/sweetpotato.html |publisher=Library of Congress, United States of America}}</ref><ref>Mavis, Meals by (1 January 2022). "Yam Eto (Ghanaian Mashed Yams)". Meals by Mavis. Retrieved 30 June 2025.</ref><ref>Osinkolu, Lola (27 August 2021). "YAM | TRUE YAM | AFRICAN YAM". Chef Lola's Kitchen. Retrieved 30 June 2025.</ref><ref>TRT Global - Nigeria: How New Yam Festival keeps Igbo's rooted traditions alive". trt.global. Retrieved 30 June 2025.</ref> Gonar doya tana farawa ne lokacin da aka dasa dukkan tsaba ko sassan tubers a cikin tuddai ko tuddai, a farkon lokacin damina. Yawan amfanin gona ya dogara ne akan yadda da kuma inda aka shuka sets ɗin, girman tuddai, tazarar tsakanin tsirrai, samar da sandunan da aka shuka, nau'in doya, da girman tubers da ake so a lokacin girbi. Ƙananan manoma a Yammacin da Tsakiyar Afirka galibi [[wiktionary:intercrop|suna haɗa]] doya da hatsi da kayan lambu. Doya iri suna da lalacewa kuma suna da yawa don jigilar su. Manoma waɗanda ba su sayi sabbin doya iri ba galibi suna ware har zuwa kashi 30% na girbin su don shuka a shekara mai zuwa. Gonar doya tana fuskantar matsin lamba daga nau'ikan kwari iri-iri da cututtukan fungal da ƙwayoyin cuta, da kuma nematodes . Girman su da lokacin barcin su sun yi daidai da lokacin damina da lokacin rani. Don yawan amfanin gona, doya suna buƙatar yanayi mai danshi na wurare masu zafi, tare da ruwan sama na shekara-shekara sama da {{Convert|1500|mm|in|0}} suna rarrabawa daidai gwargwado a duk lokacin girma. Doya fari, rawaya, da ruwa yawanci suna samar da babban buro ɗaya a kowace shekara, gabaɗaya suna da nauyin {{Convert|5|to|10|kg|lb|0}} . <ref name="stofao1">{{Cite web |last=Calverly |date=1998 |title=Storage and Processing of Roots and Tubers in the Tropics |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/X5415E/x5415e00.htm |publisher=United Nations [[Food and Agriculture Organization]]}}</ref> Doya tana fama da ƙarancin kwari da cututtuka. <ref name="Solomon" /> Akwai wani da ''Colletotrichum gloeosporioides'' ke haifarwa wanda ya bazu ko'ina a yankunan da ke girma a duniya. <ref name="Solomon" /> Winch ''et al.'', 1984 sun gano ''C.&nbsp;gloeosporioides'' yana shafar adadi mai yawa na ''Dioscorea'' spp.<ref>El cultivo de ñame en el Caribe colombiano". Banco de la República, Colombia. 21 June 2012.</ref><ref>More Than a Trend: The History of Ube and What It Means to the Filipino People". Kapwa Gardens. Retrieved 30 June 2025.</ref><ref>Yam Root Dye</ref><ref>Singh, K.K. and Kaushal Kumar. Ethnobotanical wisdom of Gaddi tribe in Western Himalaya. 2000. p.18.</ref><ref>Rana, M., Kabra, A., Kabra, R., Rana, M. and Dhatwalia, V. 2015. Plant Species used by locals as Ethano - Medicine in Gohar Tehsil, Distt. Mandi Region of North Western Himalaya. Archived 7 September 2023 at the Wayback Machine PharmaTutor. 3, 4 (Apr. 2015), 47-52.</ref> Duk da yawan buƙatun ma'aikata da farashin samarwa, buƙatar masu amfani da doya tana da yawa a wasu yankuna na Afirka, <ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 "''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam)"]. [[CAB International|Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> wanda hakan ya sa noman doya ya zama mai riba ga wasu manoma. <ref>{{Cite web |title=PubMed Central (PMC) |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ |access-date=2025-06-07 |website=PubMed Central (PMC) |language=en}}</ref><ref>Rajendra, Gupta (1993). "Conservation and utilization of Indian Medicinal Plants". Indian Journal of Plant Genetic Resources. 6 (2). ISSN 0971-8184. Retrieved 16 September 2021.</ref><ref>Naleba, Mere (25 April 2015). "Million dollar aim". The Fiji Times Online. Retrieved 1 June 2017.</ref><ref>Goody, Jack (1996). Cooking, cuisine and class: A study in comparative sociology. Cambridge University Press. pp. 78–81. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-521-28696-1</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Marker RE, Krueger J (1940). "Sterols. CXII. Sapogenins. XLI. The Preparation of Trillin and its Conversion to Progesterone". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 62 (12): 3349–3350. Bibcode:1940JAChS..62.3349M. doi:10.1021/ja01869a023.</ref> === Manyan nau'ikan da aka noma === Ana samun nau'ikan doya da yawa da aka noma a ''Dioscorea'' a ko'ina cikin wurare masu zafi masu danshi. <ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 "''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam)"]. [[CAB International|Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> An tattauna waɗanda suka fi muhimmanci a fannin tattalin arziki a ƙasa. <ref name="stofao1">{{Cite web |last=Calverly |date=1998 |title=Storage and Processing of Roots and Tubers in the Tropics |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/X5415E/x5415e00.htm |publisher=United Nations [[Food and Agriculture Organization]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCalverly1998">Calverly (1998). [http://www.fao.org/docrep/X5415E/x5415e00.htm "Storage and Processing of Roots and Tubers in the Tropics"]. United Nations [[Food and Agriculture Organization]].</cite></ref> Tumatur waɗanda ba na ''Dioscorea'' ba waɗanda suka kasance masu mahimmanci a tarihi a Afirka sun haɗa da ''[[Tumuƙu|Plectranthus rotundifolius]]'' (dankalin Hausa) da ''[[Rizga|P. esculentus]]'' (dankalin Livingstone); waɗannan amfanin gona guda biyu yanzu an mayar da su baya sosai ta hanyar gabatar da [[rogo]].<ref>Goody, Jack (1996). Cooking, cuisine and class: A study in comparative sociology. Cambridge University Press. pp. 78–81. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-521-28696-1</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Djerassi, C. (December 1992). "Steroid Research at Syntex: "The Pill" and Cortisone". Steroids. 57 (12): 631–641. doi:10.1016/0039-128X(92)90016-3. PMC 1294257. <nowiki>PMID 1481227</nowiki>. S2CID 5933910.</ref><ref>Liu MJ, Wang Z, Ju Y, Wong RN, Wu QY (2005). "Diosgenin induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human leukemia K562 cells with the disruption of Ca2+ homeostasis". Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology. 55 (1): 79–90. doi:10.1007/s00280-004-0849-3. <nowiki>PMID 15372201</nowiki>. S2CID 11779821.</ref><ref>"Roots, Tubers, Plantains and Bananas in Human Nutrition". United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. Acknowledgments, preface, introduction, origins, and distribution.</ref> ==== ''D. cayensis'' ==== Doya mai launin rawaya, ''[[Doyar kudu|D. cayensis]]'', da kuma farin doya, <nowiki><i id="mwARQ">D. cayensis</i></nowiki> subsp. <nowiki><i id="mwARU">rotundata</i></nowiki>, asalinsu daga Afirka ne. Su ne doya mafi mahimmanci da aka noma. A da, ana ɗaukar farin doya a matsayin wani nau'in daban, ''D. rotundata'', amma yawancin masana harkar haraji yanzu suna ɗaukarsa a matsayin wani nau'in doya mai launin rawaya. Ana noma nau'ikan doya sama da 200 a tsakaninsu. Farin doya yana da siffar silinda, fatar tana da santsi da launin ruwan kasa, kuma naman yawanci fari ne da tauri. Doya rawaya tana da launin rawaya, wanda ke faruwa sakamakon kasancewar carotenoids. Yana kama da farin doya a bayyanar waje; fatarsa yawanci tana da ɗan ƙarfi kuma ba ta da faɗi sosai. Doya rawaya tana da tsayin ciyayi da kuma ɗan gajeren barci fiye da farin doya. Nau'in Kokoro yana da mahimmanci wajen yin busasshen dankalin doya. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dumont |first=R. |last2=Vernier |first2=P. |date=2000 |title=Domestication of yams (''Dioscorea cayenensis-rotundata'') within the Bariba ethnic group in Benin |journal=[[Outlook on Agriculture]] |volume=29 |issue=2 |page=137 |bibcode=2000OutAg..29..137D |doi=10.5367/000000000101293149 |s2cid=154609802}}</ref> Manyan tsirrai ne; inabin na iya zama tsawon {{Convert|10|to|12|m|ft|0}} . Tushen galibi suna da nauyin kimanin {{Convert|2.5|to|5|kg|lb|0}} kowanne, amma zai iya nauyin har zuwa {{Convert|25|kg|lb|0}} . Bayan tsawon watanni 7 zuwa 12, ana girbe 'ya'yan itacen. A Afirka, yawancinsu ana niƙa su a cikin manna don yin abincin gargajiya na "yayan da aka niƙa", wanda aka sani da [[Iyan]] . ==== ''D. alata'' ==== [[Fayil:Yam_with_numerous_protruding_fibers.jpg|thumb|Doya mai launin shunayya ( ''D. alata'' )]] D. alata, wanda ake kira da shunayya doya (ba za a iya rikita shi da shunayya "yam" na Okinawa ba, wanda shine dankalin turawa mai zaki ), babban doya, doya mai fuka-fuki, doya ruwa, da (wanda ba a iya fahimta ba) farin doya, [1] [2] an fara noma shi a Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya. [2] Duk da cewa ba a noma shi daidai da doya na Afirka ba, yana da mafi girman rarrabawa a duk duniya fiye da duk wani doya da aka noma, ana noma shi a Asiya, tsibiran Pacific, Afirka, da Yammacin Indiya. [2] Ko a Afirka, shaharar doya ruwa tana ta biyu bayan farin doya. Siffar tuber gabaɗaya silinda ce, amma tana iya bambanta. Naman tuber fari ne kuma mai ruwa a yanayinsa. ''D. alata'' da ''D. esculenta'' (ƙaramin doya) sune muhimman amfanin gona ga al'adun Austronesian masu tafiya a teku. An ɗauke su tare da ƙaura daga Austronesian a matsayin tsire-tsire na kwale-kwale, daga Tsibirin Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya zuwa har zuwa [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]] da Polynesia . <ref name="Crowther2016">{{Cite journal |last=Crowther |first=Alison |last2=Lucas |first2=Leilani |last3=Helm |first3=Richard |last4=Horton |first4=Mark |last5=Shipton |first5=Ceri |last6=Wright |first6=Henry T. |last7=Walshaw |first7=Sarah |last8=Pawlowicz |first8=Matthew |last9=Radimilahy |first9=Chantal |last10=Douka |first10=Katerina |last11=Picornell-Gelabert |first11=Llorenç |last12=Fuller |first12=Dorian Q. |last13=Boivin |first13=Nicole L. |date=14 June 2016 |title=Ancient crops provide first archaeological signature of the westward Austronesian expansion |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences]] |volume=113 |issue=24 |pages=6635–6640 |bibcode=2016PNAS..113.6635C |doi=10.1073/pnas.1522714113 |pmc=4914162 |pmid=27247383 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Beaujard2011">{{Cite journal |last=Beaujard |first=Philippe |date=August 2011 |title=The first migrants to Madagascar and their introduction of plants: linguistic and ethnological evidence |url=https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00706173/file/Beaujard.azania2.pdf |journal=[[Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa]] |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=169–189 |doi=10.1080/0067270X.2011.580142 |s2cid=55763047}}</ref> <ref name="Bevacqua1994">{{Cite journal |last=Bevacqua |first=Robert F. |date=1994 |title=Origin of Horticulture in Southeast Asia and the Dispersal of Domesticated Plants to the Pacific Islands by Polynesian Voyagers: The Hawaiian Islands Case Study |url=http://hortsci.ashspublications.org/content/29/11/1226.full.pdf |journal=[[HortScience]] |volume=29 |issue=11 |pages=1226–1229 |doi=10.21273/HORTSCI.29.11.1226 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=White |first=L.D. |date=2003 |title=Uhi |url=http://www.canoeplants.com/uhi.html |series=Canoe Plants of Ancient Hawaiʻi}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 4kka3ids23m9i6lumhym4vr4isfh1z8 884838 884837 2026-07-19T11:05:56Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 884838 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Yam_at_monday_market_kaduna_state_01.jpg|thumb|Farin doya iri-iri, Dioscorea rotundata a cikin kasuwar ranar litinin a [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]], Najeriya]] [[Fayil:YamsatBrixtonMarket.jpg|thumb|Fararen doya a kasuwar dillalai a Brixton, Ingila, 2004]] '''Doya''' ita ce sunan da aka saba amfani da shi ga wasu nau'ikan abinci a cikin halittar ''Dioscorea'' (iyalin Dioscoreaceae ) waɗanda ke samar da tubers masu cin abinci (wasu nau'ikan a cikin halittar suna da guba). Doya itace inabi ne [[Shuka mai Shekaru|masu]] daɗaɗɗen ganye waɗanda aka noma a Afirka, Asiya, da Amurka kuma ana noma su don cin ganyen sitaci a yankuna masu zafi da [[Wurare masu zafi (Tropics)|yanayi mai zafi]] . Tushen da kansu, waɗanda kuma ake kira "doya", suna zuwa ta hanyoyi daban-daban saboda nau'ikan iri da nau'ikan da ke da alaƙa da su.<ref>Dumont, R.; Vernier, P. (2000). "Domestication of yams (Dioscorea cayenensis-rotundata) within the Bariba ethnic group in Benin". Outlook on Agriculture. LS2CID 154609802.</ref><ref>Kay, D.E. (1987). Root Crops. London, UK: Tropical Development and Research Institute.</ref><ref>Thompson, Anthony Keith (2014). Fruit and Vegetables: Harvesting, Handling and Storage. <ref>Crowther, Alison; Lucas, Leilani; Helm, Richard; Horton, Mark; Shipton, Ceri; Wright, Henry T.; Walshaw, Sarah; Pawlowicz, Matthew; Radimilahy, Chantal; Douka, Katerina; Picornell-Gelabert, Llorenç; Fuller, Dorian Q.; Boivin, Nicole L. (14 June 2016). "Ancient crops provide first archaeological signature of the westward Austronesian expansion". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Bibcode:2016PNAS..113.6635C. doi:10.1073/pnas.1522714113. PMC 4914162. <nowiki>PMID 27247383</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Beaujard, Philippe (August 2011). "The first migrants to Madagascar and their introduction of plants: linguistic and ethnological evidence" (PDF). Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa. 46 (2): 169–189. doi:10.1080/0067270X.2011.580142. S2CID 55763047.</ref><ref>Bevacqua, Robert F. (1994). "Origin of Horticulture in Southeast Asia and the Dispersal of Domesticated Plants to the Pacific Islands by Polynesian Voyagers: The Hawaiian Islands Case Study" (PDF). HortScience. 29 (11): 1226–1229. doi:10.21273/HORTSCI.29.11.1226.</ref><ref>White, L.D. (2003). "Uhi". Canoe Plants of Ancient Hawaiʻi.</ref><ref>Schultz, G.E. (1993). "Element Stewardship Abstract for Dioscorea bulbifera, Air potato". Nature Conservancy. Archived from the original on 18 September 2006. Retrieved 2 September 2006.</ref><ref>Zulu, Donald; Ellis, Richard H.; Culham, Alastair (25 January 2019). "Collection, Consumption, and Sale of Lusala (Dioscorea hirtiflora) — a Wild Yam — by Rural Households in Southern Province, Zambia". Economic Botany. 73 (1): 47–63. Bibcode:2doi:10 == Bayani == [[Fayil:കാച്ചിൽ-കിഴങ്ങ്.JPG|thumb|Doya]] Doya, wadda take da alaƙa da furannin fure da ciyawa, ciyawa ce mai ƙarfi, tana girma inabin inabi [[Shuka mai Shekaru|na tsawon lokaci]] daga buro . <ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}</ref> An san wasu nau'ikan doya 870, <ref name="cabi" /> kaɗan daga cikinsu ana noma su sosai don buroshinsu masu cin abinci amma wasu kuma suna da guba (kamar ''D. communis'' ).<ref>Zulu, D.; Ellis, R. H.; Culham, A. (2020). "Propagation of lusala (Dioscorea hirtiflora), a wild yam, for in situ and ex situ conservation and potential domestication". Experimental Agriculture. 56 (3): 453–468. doi:10.1017/S0014479720000083. S2CID 216212360.</ref><ref>Thompson, Anthony Keith; Oduro, Ibok (2021). Yams: Botany, Production and Uses. Oxford: CABI. p. 172. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-78924-927-9</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Linus Opara (2003). "YAMS: Post-Harvest Operation" (PDF).</ref><ref>"Yam production in 2019". Crops/Regions/World/Production Quantity. FAOSTAT, Statistics Division of the UN Food and Agriculture Organization. 2021. Retrieved 12 October 2021.</ref><ref>Dioscorea dumetorum: Useful Tropical Plants</ref><ref>Jesus, M.; Martins, A. P; Gallardo, E.; Silvestre, S. (2016). "Diosgenin: Recent Highlights on Pharmacology and Analytical Methodology". Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry. 2016: 1–16. doi:10.1155/2016/4156293. PMC 5225340. <nowiki>PMID 28116217</nowiki>.</ref> Shuke-shuken doya na iya girma har zuwa {{Convert|15|m|ft|-1}} a tsayi da {{Convert|7|to|15|cm|in}} . <ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 "''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam)"]. [[CAB International|Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> Tushen zai iya girma zuwa ƙasa har zuwa {{Convert|1.5|m|ft}} zurfi. <ref name="cabi" /> Shuke-shuken yana yaɗuwa ta hanyar iri . <ref name="cabi" /><ref>Oke, O.L. (1990). Redhead, J.; Hussain, M.A. (eds.). Roots, tubers, plantains and bananas in human nutrition. United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. <nowiki>ISBN 978-92-5-102862-9</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Glycemic index and glycemic load for 100+ foods". Harvard Health Publications. Harvard Medical School. 2008.</ref><ref>Roots, tubers, plantains and bananas in human nutrition - Nutritive value". United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. Retrieved 25 May 2020.</ref> Tushen da ake ci yana da fata mai kauri wadda take da wahalar barewa amma tana da laushi idan aka dafa ta. Fatar ta bambanta a launi daga launin ruwan kasa mai duhu zuwa ruwan hoda mai haske. Yawancin nama, ko nama, na kayan lambu sun ƙunshi wani abu mai laushi wanda ya bambanta daga fari ko rawaya zuwa shunayya ko ruwan hoda a cikin doya mai girma.<ref>"Kwashiorkor (Protein-Calorie Malnutrition)". Tropical Medicine Central Resource. 2006. Archived from the original on 16 December 2011. Retrieved 21 January 2012.</ref> == Asalin Ma'anar == Sunan "yam" ya bayyana ya samo asali ne daga harshen Portugal ''inhame'' ko [[Canarian Mutanen Espanya|Canarian Spanish]] ''ñame'', wanda ya samo asali ne daga [[Fillanci|harshen Fula]], ɗaya daga cikin [[Harsunan Nijar-Congo|harsunan Yammacin Afirka]] a lokacin ciniki. Duk da haka, a cikin harshen Portuguese, wannan sunan yawanci yana nufin shukar [[Gwaza|taro]] ( ''Colocasia esculenta'' ) daga nau'in ''Colocasia'', sabanin ''Dioscorea'' . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=Inhame dos Açores |url=https://tradicional.dgadr.gov.pt/pt/cat/outros-produtos-vegetais/771-inhame-dos-acores |access-date=13 August 2020 |publisher=[[Produtos Tradicionais Portugueses]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=Sabores dos Açores: Inhame |url=https://www.clubevinhosportugueses.pt/turismo/sabores-dos-acores-inhame/ |access-date=13 August 2020 |publisher=[[Clube Vinhos Portugueses]]}}</ref><ref>United States Food and Drug Administration (2024). "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels". FDA. Archived from the original on 27 March 2024. Retrieved 28 March 2024.</ref><ref>TABLE 4-7 Comparison of Potassium Adequate Intakes Established in This Report to Potassium Adequate Intakes Established in the 2005 DRI Report". p. 120. In: Stallings, Virginia A.; Harrison, Meghan; Oria, Maria, eds. (2019). "Potassium: Dietary Reference Intakes for Adequacy". Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. pp. 101–124. doi:10.17226/25353. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-309-48834-1</nowiki>. <nowiki>PMID 30844154</nowiki>. NCBI NBK545428.</ref><ref>Uwaegbute, Osho and Obatolu (1998). Postharvest technology and commodity marketing: Proceedings of a postharvest conference. International Institute of Tropical Agriculture. p. 172. <nowiki>ISBN 978-978-131-111-6</nowiki>.</ref> Manyan abubuwan da aka samo daga fi'ili suna da ma'anar "cin abinci". Doya na gaske suna da sunaye daban-daban gama gari a yankuna daban-daban na duniya. <ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 "''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam)"]. [[CAB International|Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> A wasu wurare, wasu kayan lambu (marasa alaƙa) ana kiransu da "yams", waɗanda suka haɗa da: <ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 "''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam)"]. [[CAB International|Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> * A Amurka, [[Dankali|dankali mai zaki]] ( ''Ipomoea batatas'' ), musamman waɗanda ke da naman lemu, galibi ana kiransu da "yams" <ref>{{Cite web |title=What is the difference between sweet potatoes and yams? |url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/scitech/mysteries/sweetpotato.html |website=LOC.gov}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Economic Research Service |url=http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/agoutlook/Nov2002/ao296e.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315002720/http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/agoutlook/Nov2002/ao296e.pdf |archive-date=15 March 2015 |access-date=26 November 2009}}</ref> * A Ostiraliya, ƙwayar ''Microseris walteri'', ko kuma yam daisy, abinci ne na asali ga [['Yan asalin Australiya|'yan asalin ƙasar Ostiraliya]] a wasu yankuna. * A New Zealand, ana kiran oca ( ''Oxalis tuberosa'' ) da "yam". <ref name="jsfa">{{Cite journal |last=Albihn, P.B.E. |last2=Savage, G.P. |date=18 June 2001 |title=The effect of cooking on the location and concentration of oxalate in three cultivars of New Zealand-grown oca (''Oxalis tuberosa'' Mol) |journal=[[Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture]] |volume=81 |issue=10 |pages=1027–1033 |bibcode=2001JSFA...81.1027A |doi=10.1002/jsfa.890}}</ref> * A [[Maleshiya|Malaysia]] da [[Singafora|Singapore]], [[Gwaza|taro]] ( ''Colocasia esculenta'' ) ana kiransa "yam". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lam |first=Lim Chin |title=I yam not taro |url=http://thestar.com.my/english/story.asp?file=/2010/7/16/lifefocus/6651716&sec=lifefocus |website=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]]}}</ref> * A Afirka, Kudu da Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya da kuma tsibiran Pacific masu zafi, ana noma ''Amorphophallus paeonifolius'' kuma ana kiransa da "ƙafar giwa". <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Santosa |first=Edi |last2=Lian |first2=Chun Lan |last3=Sugiyama |first3=Nobuo |last4=Misra |first4=Raj Shekhar |last5=Boonkorkaew |first5=Patchareeya |last6=Thanomchit |first6=Kanokwan |last7=Chiang |first7=Tzen-Yuh |display-authors=1 |date=28 June 2017 |title=Population structure of elephant foot yams (''Amorphophallus paeoniifolius'' (Dennst.) Nicolson) in Asia |journal=[[PLOS ONE]] |volume=12 |issue=6 |bibcode=2017PLoSO..1280000S |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0180000 |pmc=5489206 |pmid=28658282 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Rarrabawa da wurin zama == Doya ta samo asali ne daga Afirka, Asiya, da Amurka. <ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 "''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam)"]. [[CAB International|Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> An yi kiwon nau'ikan guda uku daban-daban a waɗannan nahiyoyi: ''D. rotundata'' (Afirka), ''[[Sakata|D.&nbsp;alata]]'' (Asiya), da kuma ''D.<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwrQ">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>trifida'' (Kudancin Amurka). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nora Scarcelli |display-authors=etal |date=1 May 2019 |title=Yam genomics supports West Africa as a major cradle of crop domestication |journal=[[Science Advances]] |volume=5 |issue=5 |bibcode=2019SciA....5.1947S |doi=10.1126/sciadv.aaw1947 |pmc=6527260 |pmid=31114806 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>"Undernutrition". The Merck Manual: The Home Health Handbook. 2010.</ref><ref>OB Izekor; MI Olumese (December 2010). "Determinants of yam production and profitability in Edo State, Nigeria" (PDF). African Journal of General Agriculture. 6 (4). Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 May 2017.</ref><ref>Yam, raw nutrition facts and analysis". www.nutritionvalue.org. Retrieved 30 June 2025.</ref><ref>Nutrient data laboratory". United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 10 August 2016.</ref><ref>Roots, Tubers, and Plantains in Food Security: In Sub-Saharan Africa, in Latin America and the Caribbean, in the Pacific. United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. 1989. <nowiki>ISBN 978-92-5-102782-0</nowiki>.</ref> == Ilimin Halittu == Wasu doya tsire-tsire ne masu cin zarafi, waɗanda galibi ana ɗaukar su a matsayin ciyawa mai cutarwa a wajen wuraren da aka noma. <ref>Robertson, Gordon; Lupien, John (2008). "Minimizing Postharvest Losses in Yam (Dioscorea spp.): Treatments and Techniques". Using food science and technology to improve nutrition and promote national development: Selected case studies. International Union of Food Science & Technology. S2CID 107695924.</ref><ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 "''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam)"]. [[CAB International|Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref><ref>Sam, Christopher (1 May 2021). "Food and culture: A case study of Ghana's Etor/Otor (Recipe Included)". TheAfricanDream. Retrieved 30 June 2025.</ref><ref>Nweke, Felix; Aidoo, Robert; Okoye, Benjamin (July 2013). "Yam Consumption Patterns in West Africa". Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. Archived from the original on 22 November 2018. Retrieved 5 December 2017.</ref> == Noma == [[Fayil:Kaachil_cut.jpg|thumb|Doya mai launin shunayya da aka girbe sabo ( ''[[Sakata|D.&nbsp;alata]]'' ) an yanka shi don giciye-sashe]] Ana noma doya don cin ƙwayar sitaci a yankuna masu zafi da [[Wurare masu zafi (Tropics)|yanayi mai zafi]], musamman a Yammacin Afirka, Kudancin Amurka da [[Karibiyan|Caribbean]], Asiya, da [[Osheniya|Oceania]] . <ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 "''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam)"]. [[CAB International|Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> Kimanin kashi 95% na amfanin gonakin doya ana noma su ne a Afirka. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Everyday Mysteries: Yam |url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/scitech/mysteries/sweetpotato.html |publisher=Library of Congress, United States of America}}</ref><ref>Mavis, Meals by (1 January 2022). "Yam Eto (Ghanaian Mashed Yams)". Meals by Mavis. Retrieved 30 June 2025.</ref><ref>Osinkolu, Lola (27 August 2021). "YAM | TRUE YAM | AFRICAN YAM". Chef Lola's Kitchen. Retrieved 30 June 2025.</ref><ref>TRT Global - Nigeria: How New Yam Festival keeps Igbo's rooted traditions alive". trt.global. Retrieved 30 June 2025.</ref> Gonar doya tana farawa ne lokacin da aka dasa dukkan tsaba ko sassan tubers a cikin tuddai ko tuddai, a farkon lokacin damina. Yawan amfanin gona ya dogara ne akan yadda da kuma inda aka shuka sets ɗin, girman tuddai, tazarar tsakanin tsirrai, samar da sandunan da aka shuka, nau'in doya, da girman tubers da ake so a lokacin girbi. Ƙananan manoma a Yammacin da Tsakiyar Afirka galibi [[wiktionary:intercrop|suna haɗa]] doya da hatsi da kayan lambu. Doya iri suna da lalacewa kuma suna da yawa don jigilar su. Manoma waɗanda ba su sayi sabbin doya iri ba galibi suna ware har zuwa kashi 30% na girbin su don shuka a shekara mai zuwa. Gonar doya tana fuskantar matsin lamba daga nau'ikan kwari iri-iri da cututtukan fungal da ƙwayoyin cuta, da kuma nematodes . Girman su da lokacin barcin su sun yi daidai da lokacin damina da lokacin rani. Don yawan amfanin gona, doya suna buƙatar yanayi mai danshi na wurare masu zafi, tare da ruwan sama na shekara-shekara sama da {{Convert|1500|mm|in|0}} suna rarrabawa daidai gwargwado a duk lokacin girma. Doya fari, rawaya, da ruwa yawanci suna samar da babban buro ɗaya a kowace shekara, gabaɗaya suna da nauyin {{Convert|5|to|10|kg|lb|0}} . <ref name="stofao1">{{Cite web |last=Calverly |date=1998 |title=Storage and Processing of Roots and Tubers in the Tropics |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/X5415E/x5415e00.htm |publisher=United Nations [[Food and Agriculture Organization]]}}</ref> Doya tana fama da ƙarancin kwari da cututtuka. <ref name="Solomon" /> Akwai wani da ''Colletotrichum gloeosporioides'' ke haifarwa wanda ya bazu ko'ina a yankunan da ke girma a duniya. <ref name="Solomon" /> Winch ''et al.'', 1984 sun gano ''C.&nbsp;gloeosporioides'' yana shafar adadi mai yawa na ''Dioscorea'' spp.<ref>El cultivo de ñame en el Caribe colombiano". Banco de la República, Colombia. 21 June 2012.</ref><ref>More Than a Trend: The History of Ube and What It Means to the Filipino People". Kapwa Gardens. Retrieved 30 June 2025.</ref><ref>Yam Root Dye</ref><ref>Singh, K.K. and Kaushal Kumar. Ethnobotanical wisdom of Gaddi tribe in Western Himalaya. 2000. p.18.</ref><ref>Rana, M., Kabra, A., Kabra, R., Rana, M. and Dhatwalia, V. 2015. Plant Species used by locals as Ethano - Medicine in Gohar Tehsil, Distt. Mandi Region of North Western Himalaya. Archived 7 September 2023 at the Wayback Machine PharmaTutor. 3, 4 (Apr. 2015), 47-52.</ref> Duk da yawan buƙatun ma'aikata da farashin samarwa, buƙatar masu amfani da doya tana da yawa a wasu yankuna na Afirka, <ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 "''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam)"]. [[CAB International|Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> wanda hakan ya sa noman doya ya zama mai riba ga wasu manoma. <ref>{{Cite web |title=PubMed Central (PMC) |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ |access-date=2025-06-07 |website=PubMed Central (PMC) |language=en}}</ref><ref>Rajendra, Gupta (1993). "Conservation and utilization of Indian Medicinal Plants". Indian Journal of Plant Genetic Resources. 6 (2). ISSN 0971-8184. Retrieved 16 September 2021.</ref><ref>Naleba, Mere (25 April 2015). "Million dollar aim". The Fiji Times Online. Retrieved 1 June 2017.</ref><ref>Goody, Jack (1996). Cooking, cuisine and class: A study in comparative sociology. Cambridge University Press. pp. 78–81. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-521-28696-1</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Marker RE, Krueger J (1940). "Sterols. CXII. Sapogenins. XLI. The Preparation of Trillin and its Conversion to Progesterone". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 62 (12): 3349–3350. Bibcode:1940JAChS..62.3349M. doi:10.1021/ja01869a023.</ref> === Manyan nau'ikan da aka noma === Ana samun nau'ikan doya da yawa da aka noma a ''Dioscorea'' a ko'ina cikin wurare masu zafi masu danshi. <ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 "''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam)"]. [[CAB International|Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> An tattauna waɗanda suka fi muhimmanci a fannin tattalin arziki a ƙasa. <ref name="stofao1">{{Cite web |last=Calverly |date=1998 |title=Storage and Processing of Roots and Tubers in the Tropics |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/X5415E/x5415e00.htm |publisher=United Nations [[Food and Agriculture Organization]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCalverly1998">Calverly (1998). [http://www.fao.org/docrep/X5415E/x5415e00.htm "Storage and Processing of Roots and Tubers in the Tropics"]. United Nations [[Food and Agriculture Organization]].</cite></ref> Tumatur waɗanda ba na ''Dioscorea'' ba waɗanda suka kasance masu mahimmanci a tarihi a Afirka sun haɗa da ''[[Tumuƙu|Plectranthus rotundifolius]]'' (dankalin Hausa) da ''[[Rizga|P. esculentus]]'' (dankalin Livingstone); waɗannan amfanin gona guda biyu yanzu an mayar da su baya sosai ta hanyar gabatar da [[rogo]].<ref>Goody, Jack (1996). Cooking, cuisine and class: A study in comparative sociology. Cambridge University Press. pp. 78–81. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-521-28696-1</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Djerassi, C. (December 1992). "Steroid Research at Syntex: "The Pill" and Cortisone". Steroids. 57 (12): 631–641. doi:10.1016/0039-128X(92)90016-3. PMC 1294257. <nowiki>PMID 1481227</nowiki>. S2CID 5933910.</ref><ref>Liu MJ, Wang Z, Ju Y, Wong RN, Wu QY (2005). "Diosgenin induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human leukemia K562 cells with the disruption of Ca2+ homeostasis". Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology. 55 (1): 79–90. doi:10.1007/s00280-004-0849-3. <nowiki>PMID 15372201</nowiki>. S2CID 11779821.</ref><ref>"Roots, Tubers, Plantains and Bananas in Human Nutrition". United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. Acknowledgments, preface, introduction, origins, and distribution.</ref> ==== ''D. cayensis'' ==== Doya mai launin rawaya, ''[[Doyar kudu|D. cayensis]]'', da kuma farin doya, <nowiki><i id="mwARQ">D. cayensis</i></nowiki> subsp. <nowiki><i id="mwARU">rotundata</i></nowiki>, asalinsu daga Afirka ne. Su ne doya mafi mahimmanci da aka noma. A da, ana ɗaukar farin doya a matsayin wani nau'in daban, ''D. rotundata'', amma yawancin masana harkar haraji yanzu suna ɗaukarsa a matsayin wani nau'in doya mai launin rawaya. Ana noma nau'ikan doya sama da 200 a tsakaninsu. Farin doya yana da siffar silinda, fatar tana da santsi da launin ruwan kasa, kuma naman yawanci fari ne da tauri. Doya rawaya tana da launin rawaya, wanda ke faruwa sakamakon kasancewar carotenoids. Yana kama da farin doya a bayyanar waje; fatarsa yawanci tana da ɗan ƙarfi kuma ba ta da faɗi sosai. Doya rawaya tana da tsayin ciyayi da kuma ɗan gajeren barci fiye da farin doya. Nau'in Kokoro yana da mahimmanci wajen yin busasshen dankalin doya. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dumont |first=R. |last2=Vernier |first2=P. |date=2000 |title=Domestication of yams (''Dioscorea cayenensis-rotundata'') within the Bariba ethnic group in Benin |journal=[[Outlook on Agriculture]] |volume=29 |issue=2 |page=137 |bibcode=2000OutAg..29..137D |doi=10.5367/000000000101293149 |s2cid=154609802}}</ref> Manyan tsirrai ne; inabin na iya zama tsawon {{Convert|10|to|12|m|ft|0}} . Tushen galibi suna da nauyin kimanin {{Convert|2.5|to|5|kg|lb|0}} kowanne, amma zai iya nauyin har zuwa {{Convert|25|kg|lb|0}} . Bayan tsawon watanni 7 zuwa 12, ana girbe 'ya'yan itacen. A Afirka, yawancinsu ana niƙa su a cikin manna don yin abincin gargajiya na "yayan da aka niƙa", wanda aka sani da [[Iyan]] . ==== ''D. alata'' ==== [[Fayil:Yam_with_numerous_protruding_fibers.jpg|thumb|Doya mai launin shunayya ( ''D. alata'' )]] D. alata, wanda ake kira da shunayya doya (ba za a iya rikita shi da shunayya "yam" na Okinawa ba, wanda shine dankalin turawa mai zaki ), babban doya, doya mai fuka-fuki, doya ruwa, da (wanda ba a iya fahimta ba) farin doya, [1] [2] an fara noma shi a Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya. [2] Duk da cewa ba a noma shi daidai da doya na Afirka ba, yana da mafi girman rarrabawa a duk duniya fiye da duk wani doya da aka noma, ana noma shi a Asiya, tsibiran Pacific, Afirka, da Yammacin Indiya. [2] Ko a Afirka, shaharar doya ruwa tana ta biyu bayan farin doya. Siffar tuber gabaɗaya silinda ce, amma tana iya bambanta. Naman tuber fari ne kuma mai ruwa a yanayinsa. ''D. alata'' da ''D. esculenta'' (ƙaramin doya) sune muhimman amfanin gona ga al'adun Austronesian masu tafiya a teku. An ɗauke su tare da ƙaura daga Austronesian a matsayin tsire-tsire na kwale-kwale, daga Tsibirin Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya zuwa har zuwa [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]] da Polynesia . <ref name="Crowther2016">{{Cite journal |last=Crowther |first=Alison |last2=Lucas |first2=Leilani |last3=Helm |first3=Richard |last4=Horton |first4=Mark |last5=Shipton |first5=Ceri |last6=Wright |first6=Henry T. |last7=Walshaw |first7=Sarah |last8=Pawlowicz |first8=Matthew |last9=Radimilahy |first9=Chantal |last10=Douka |first10=Katerina |last11=Picornell-Gelabert |first11=Llorenç |last12=Fuller |first12=Dorian Q. |last13=Boivin |first13=Nicole L. |date=14 June 2016 |title=Ancient crops provide first archaeological signature of the westward Austronesian expansion |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences]] |volume=113 |issue=24 |pages=6635–6640 |bibcode=2016PNAS..113.6635C |doi=10.1073/pnas.1522714113 |pmc=4914162 |pmid=27247383 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Beaujard2011">{{Cite journal |last=Beaujard |first=Philippe |date=August 2011 |title=The first migrants to Madagascar and their introduction of plants: linguistic and ethnological evidence |url=https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00706173/file/Beaujard.azania2.pdf |journal=[[Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa]] |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=169–189 |doi=10.1080/0067270X.2011.580142 |s2cid=55763047}}</ref> <ref name="Bevacqua1994">{{Cite journal |last=Bevacqua |first=Robert F. |date=1994 |title=Origin of Horticulture in Southeast Asia and the Dispersal of Domesticated Plants to the Pacific Islands by Polynesian Voyagers: The Hawaiian Islands Case Study |url=http://hortsci.ashspublications.org/content/29/11/1226.full.pdf |journal=[[HortScience]] |volume=29 |issue=11 |pages=1226–1229 |doi=10.21273/HORTSCI.29.11.1226 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=White |first=L.D. |date=2003 |title=Uhi |url=http://www.canoeplants.com/uhi.html |series=Canoe Plants of Ancient Hawaiʻi}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] licxqivbzj5k067ht4fvaq45wbftx8b 884839 884838 2026-07-19T11:08:00Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 884839 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Yam_at_monday_market_kaduna_state_01.jpg|thumb|Farin doya iri-iri, Dioscorea rotundata a cikin kasuwar ranar litinin a [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]], Najeriya]] [[Fayil:YamsatBrixtonMarket.jpg|thumb|Fararen doya a kasuwar dillalai a Brixton, Ingila, 2004]] '''Doya''' ita ce sunan da aka saba amfani da shi ga wasu nau'ikan abinci a cikin halittar ''Dioscorea'' (iyalin Dioscoreaceae ) waɗanda ke samar da tubers masu cin abinci (wasu nau'ikan a cikin halittar suna da guba). Doya itace inabi ne [[Shuka mai Shekaru|masu]] daɗaɗɗen ganye waɗanda aka noma a Afirka, Asiya, da Amurka kuma ana noma su don cin ganyen sitaci a yankuna masu zafi da [[Wurare masu zafi (Tropics)|yanayi mai zafi]] . Tushen da kansu, waɗanda kuma ake kira "doya", suna zuwa ta hanyoyi daban-daban saboda nau'ikan iri da nau'ikan da ke da alaƙa da su.<ref>Dumont, R.; Vernier, P. (2000). "Domestication of yams (Dioscorea cayenensis-rotundata) within the Bariba ethnic group in Benin". Outlook on Agriculture. LS2CID 154609802.</ref><ref>Kay, D.E. (1987). Root Crops. London, UK: Tropical Development and Research Institute.</ref><ref>Thompson, Anthony Keith (2014). Fruit and Vegetables: Harvesting, Handling and Storage. <ref>Crowther, Alison; Lucas, Leilani; Helm, Richard; Horton, Mark; Shipton, Ceri; Wright, Henry T.; Walshaw, Sarah; Pawlowicz, Matthew; Radimilahy, Chantal; Douka, Katerina; Picornell-Gelabert, Llorenç; Fuller, Dorian Q.; Boivin, Nicole L. (14 June 2016). "Ancient crops provide first archaeological signature of the westward Austronesian expansion". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Bibcode:2016PNAS..113 odoi:10.1073/pnas.1522714113. PMC 4914162. <nowiki>PMID 27247383</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Beaujard, Philippe (August 2011). "The first migrants to Madagascar and their introduction of plants: linguistic and ethnological evidence" (PDF). Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa. 46 (2): 169–189. doi:10.1080/0067270X.2011.580142. S2CID 55763047.</ref><ref>Bevacqua, Robert F. (1994). "Origin of Horticulture in Southeast Asia and the Dispersal of Domesticated Plants to the Pacific Islands by Polynesian Voyagers: The Hawaiian Islands Case Study" (PDF). HortScience. 29 (11): 1226–1229. doi:10.21273/HORTSCI.29.11.1226.</ref><ref>White, L.D. (2003). "Uhi". Canoe Plants of Ancient Hawaiʻi.</ref><ref>Schultz, G.E. (1993). "Element Stewardship Abstract for Dioscorea bulbifera, Air potato". Nature Conservancy. Archived from the original on 18 September 2006. Retrieved 2 September 2006.</ref><ref>Zulu, Donald; Ellis, Richard H.; Culham, Alastair (25 January 2019). "Collection, Consumption, and Sale of Lusala (Dioscorea hirtiflora) — a Wild Yam — by Rural Households in Southern Province, Zambia". Economic Botany. 73 (1): 47–63. Bibcode:2doi:10 == Bayani == [[Fayil:കാച്ചിൽ-കിഴങ്ങ്.JPG|thumb|Doya]] Doya, wadda take da alaƙa da furannin fure da ciyawa, ciyawa ce mai ƙarfi, tana girma inabin inabi [[Shuka mai Shekaru|na tsawon lokaci]] daga buro . <ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}</ref> An san wasu nau'ikan doya 870, <ref name="cabi" /> kaɗan daga cikinsu ana noma su sosai don buroshinsu masu cin abinci amma wasu kuma suna da guba (kamar ''D. communis'' ).<ref>Zulu, D.; Ellis, R. H.; Culham, A. (2020). "Propagation of lusala (Dioscorea hirtiflora), a wild yam, for in situ and ex situ conservation and potential domestication". Experimental Agriculture. 56 (3): 453–468. doi:10.1017/S0014479720000083. S2CID 216212360.</ref><ref>Thompson, Anthony Keith; Oduro, Ibok (2021). Yams: Botany, Production and Uses. Oxford: CABI. p. 172. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-78924-927-9</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Linus Opara (2003). "YAMS: Post-Harvest Operation" (PDF).</ref><ref>"Yam production in 2019". Crops/Regions/World/Production Quantity. FAOSTAT, Statistics Division of the UN Food and Agriculture Organization. 2021. Retrieved 12 October 2021.</ref><ref>Dioscorea dumetorum: Useful Tropical Plants</ref><ref>Jesus, M.; Martins, A. P; Gallardo, E.; Silvestre, S. (2016). "Diosgenin: Recent Highlights on Pharmacology and Analytical Methodology". Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry. 2016: 1–16. doi:10.1155/2016/4156293. PMC 5225340. <nowiki>PMID 28116217</nowiki>.</ref> Shuke-shuken doya na iya girma har zuwa {{Convert|15|m|ft|-1}} a tsayi da {{Convert|7|to|15|cm|in}} . <ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 "''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam)"]. [[CAB International|Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> Tushen zai iya girma zuwa ƙasa har zuwa {{Convert|1.5|m|ft}} zurfi. <ref name="cabi" /> Shuke-shuken yana yaɗuwa ta hanyar iri . <ref name="cabi" /><ref>Oke, O.L. (1990). Redhead, J.; Hussain, M.A. (eds.). Roots, tubers, plantains and bananas in human nutrition. United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. <nowiki>ISBN 978-92-5-102862-9</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Glycemic index and glycemic load for 100+ foods". Harvard Health Publications. Harvard Medical School. 2008.</ref><ref>Roots, tubers, plantains and bananas in human nutrition - Nutritive value". United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. Retrieved 25 May 2020.</ref> Tushen da ake ci yana da fata mai kauri wadda take da wahalar barewa amma tana da laushi idan aka dafa ta. Fatar ta bambanta a launi daga launin ruwan kasa mai duhu zuwa ruwan hoda mai haske. Yawancin nama, ko nama, na kayan lambu sun ƙunshi wani abu mai laushi wanda ya bambanta daga fari ko rawaya zuwa shunayya ko ruwan hoda a cikin doya mai girma.<ref>"Kwashiorkor (Protein-Calorie Malnutrition)". Tropical Medicine Central Resource. 2006. Archived from the original on 16 December 2011. Retrieved 21 January 2012.</ref> == Asalin Ma'anar == Sunan "yam" ya bayyana ya samo asali ne daga harshen Portugal ''inhame'' ko [[Canarian Mutanen Espanya|Canarian Spanish]] ''ñame'', wanda ya samo asali ne daga [[Fillanci|harshen Fula]], ɗaya daga cikin [[Harsunan Nijar-Congo|harsunan Yammacin Afirka]] a lokacin ciniki. Duk da haka, a cikin harshen Portuguese, wannan sunan yawanci yana nufin shukar [[Gwaza|taro]] ( ''Colocasia esculenta'' ) daga nau'in ''Colocasia'', sabanin ''Dioscorea'' . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=Inhame dos Açores |url=https://tradicional.dgadr.gov.pt/pt/cat/outros-produtos-vegetais/771-inhame-dos-acores |access-date=13 August 2020 |publisher=[[Produtos Tradicionais Portugueses]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=Sabores dos Açores: Inhame |url=https://www.clubevinhosportugueses.pt/turismo/sabores-dos-acores-inhame/ |access-date=13 August 2020 |publisher=[[Clube Vinhos Portugueses]]}}</ref><ref>United States Food and Drug Administration (2024). "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels". FDA. Archived from the original on 27 March 2024. Retrieved 28 March 2024.</ref><ref>TABLE 4-7 Comparison of Potassium Adequate Intakes Established in This Report to Potassium Adequate Intakes Established in the 2005 DRI Report". p. 120. In: Stallings, Virginia A.; Harrison, Meghan; Oria, Maria, eds. (2019). "Potassium: Dietary Reference Intakes for Adequacy". Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. pp. 101–124. doi:10.17226/25353. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-309-48834-1</nowiki>. <nowiki>PMID 30844154</nowiki>. NCBI NBK545428.</ref><ref>Uwaegbute, Osho and Obatolu (1998). Postharvest technology and commodity marketing: Proceedings of a postharvest conference. International Institute of Tropical Agriculture. p. 172. <nowiki>ISBN 978-978-131-111-6</nowiki>.</ref> Manyan abubuwan da aka samo daga fi'ili suna da ma'anar "cin abinci". Doya na gaske suna da sunaye daban-daban gama gari a yankuna daban-daban na duniya. <ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 "''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam)"]. [[CAB International|Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> A wasu wurare, wasu kayan lambu (marasa alaƙa) ana kiransu da "yams", waɗanda suka haɗa da: <ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 "''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam)"]. [[CAB International|Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> * A Amurka, [[Dankali|dankali mai zaki]] ( ''Ipomoea batatas'' ), musamman waɗanda ke da naman lemu, galibi ana kiransu da "yams" <ref>{{Cite web |title=What is the difference between sweet potatoes and yams? |url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/scitech/mysteries/sweetpotato.html |website=LOC.gov}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Economic Research Service |url=http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/agoutlook/Nov2002/ao296e.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315002720/http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/agoutlook/Nov2002/ao296e.pdf |archive-date=15 March 2015 |access-date=26 November 2009}}</ref> * A Ostiraliya, ƙwayar ''Microseris walteri'', ko kuma yam daisy, abinci ne na asali ga [['Yan asalin Australiya|'yan asalin ƙasar Ostiraliya]] a wasu yankuna. * A New Zealand, ana kiran oca ( ''Oxalis tuberosa'' ) da "yam". <ref name="jsfa">{{Cite journal |last=Albihn, P.B.E. |last2=Savage, G.P. |date=18 June 2001 |title=The effect of cooking on the location and concentration of oxalate in three cultivars of New Zealand-grown oca (''Oxalis tuberosa'' Mol) |journal=[[Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture]] |volume=81 |issue=10 |pages=1027–1033 |bibcode=2001JSFA...81.1027A |doi=10.1002/jsfa.890}}</ref> * A [[Maleshiya|Malaysia]] da [[Singafora|Singapore]], [[Gwaza|taro]] ( ''Colocasia esculenta'' ) ana kiransa "yam". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lam |first=Lim Chin |title=I yam not taro |url=http://thestar.com.my/english/story.asp?file=/2010/7/16/lifefocus/6651716&sec=lifefocus |website=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]]}}</ref> * A Afirka, Kudu da Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya da kuma tsibiran Pacific masu zafi, ana noma ''Amorphophallus paeonifolius'' kuma ana kiransa da "ƙafar giwa". <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Santosa |first=Edi |last2=Lian |first2=Chun Lan |last3=Sugiyama |first3=Nobuo |last4=Misra |first4=Raj Shekhar |last5=Boonkorkaew |first5=Patchareeya |last6=Thanomchit |first6=Kanokwan |last7=Chiang |first7=Tzen-Yuh |display-authors=1 |date=28 June 2017 |title=Population structure of elephant foot yams (''Amorphophallus paeoniifolius'' (Dennst.) Nicolson) in Asia |journal=[[PLOS ONE]] |volume=12 |issue=6 |bibcode=2017PLoSO..1280000S |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0180000 |pmc=5489206 |pmid=28658282 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Rarrabawa da wurin zama == Doya ta samo asali ne daga Afirka, Asiya, da Amurka. <ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 "''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam)"]. [[CAB International|Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> An yi kiwon nau'ikan guda uku daban-daban a waɗannan nahiyoyi: ''D. rotundata'' (Afirka), ''[[Sakata|D.&nbsp;alata]]'' (Asiya), da kuma ''D.<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwrQ">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>trifida'' (Kudancin Amurka). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nora Scarcelli |display-authors=etal |date=1 May 2019 |title=Yam genomics supports West Africa as a major cradle of crop domestication |journal=[[Science Advances]] |volume=5 |issue=5 |bibcode=2019SciA....5.1947S |doi=10.1126/sciadv.aaw1947 |pmc=6527260 |pmid=31114806 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>"Undernutrition". The Merck Manual: The Home Health Handbook. 2010.</ref><ref>OB Izekor; MI Olumese (December 2010). "Determinants of yam production and profitability in Edo State, Nigeria" (PDF). African Journal of General Agriculture. 6 (4). Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 May 2017.</ref><ref>Yam, raw nutrition facts and analysis". www.nutritionvalue.org. Retrieved 30 June 2025.</ref><ref>Nutrient data laboratory". United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 10 August 2016.</ref><ref>Roots, Tubers, and Plantains in Food Security: In Sub-Saharan Africa, in Latin America and the Caribbean, in the Pacific. United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. 1989. <nowiki>ISBN 978-92-5-102782-0</nowiki>.</ref> == Ilimin Halittu == Wasu doya tsire-tsire ne masu cin zarafi, waɗanda galibi ana ɗaukar su a matsayin ciyawa mai cutarwa a wajen wuraren da aka noma. <ref>Robertson, Gordon; Lupien, John (2008). "Minimizing Postharvest Losses in Yam (Dioscorea spp.): Treatments and Techniques". Using food science and technology to improve nutrition and promote national development: Selected case studies. International Union of Food Science & Technology. S2CID 107695924.</ref><ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 "''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam)"]. [[CAB International|Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref><ref>Sam, Christopher (1 May 2021). "Food and culture: A case study of Ghana's Etor/Otor (Recipe Included)". TheAfricanDream. Retrieved 30 June 2025.</ref><ref>Nweke, Felix; Aidoo, Robert; Okoye, Benjamin (July 2013). "Yam Consumption Patterns in West Africa". Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. Archived from the original on 22 November 2018. Retrieved 5 December 2017.</ref> == Noma == [[Fayil:Kaachil_cut.jpg|thumb|Doya mai launin shunayya da aka girbe sabo ( ''[[Sakata|D.&nbsp;alata]]'' ) an yanka shi don giciye-sashe]] Ana noma doya don cin ƙwayar sitaci a yankuna masu zafi da [[Wurare masu zafi (Tropics)|yanayi mai zafi]], musamman a Yammacin Afirka, Kudancin Amurka da [[Karibiyan|Caribbean]], Asiya, da [[Osheniya|Oceania]] . <ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 "''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam)"]. [[CAB International|Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> Kimanin kashi 95% na amfanin gonakin doya ana noma su ne a Afirka. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Everyday Mysteries: Yam |url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/scitech/mysteries/sweetpotato.html |publisher=Library of Congress, United States of America}}</ref><ref>Mavis, Meals by (1 January 2022). "Yam Eto (Ghanaian Mashed Yams)". Meals by Mavis. Retrieved 30 June 2025.</ref><ref>Osinkolu, Lola (27 August 2021). "YAM | TRUE YAM | AFRICAN YAM". Chef Lola's Kitchen. Retrieved 30 June 2025.</ref><ref>TRT Global - Nigeria: How New Yam Festival keeps Igbo's rooted traditions alive". trt.global. Retrieved 30 June 2025.</ref> Gonar doya tana farawa ne lokacin da aka dasa dukkan tsaba ko sassan tubers a cikin tuddai ko tuddai, a farkon lokacin damina. Yawan amfanin gona ya dogara ne akan yadda da kuma inda aka shuka sets ɗin, girman tuddai, tazarar tsakanin tsirrai, samar da sandunan da aka shuka, nau'in doya, da girman tubers da ake so a lokacin girbi. Ƙananan manoma a Yammacin da Tsakiyar Afirka galibi [[wiktionary:intercrop|suna haɗa]] doya da hatsi da kayan lambu. Doya iri suna da lalacewa kuma suna da yawa don jigilar su. Manoma waɗanda ba su sayi sabbin doya iri ba galibi suna ware har zuwa kashi 30% na girbin su don shuka a shekara mai zuwa. Gonar doya tana fuskantar matsin lamba daga nau'ikan kwari iri-iri da cututtukan fungal da ƙwayoyin cuta, da kuma nematodes . Girman su da lokacin barcin su sun yi daidai da lokacin damina da lokacin rani. Don yawan amfanin gona, doya suna buƙatar yanayi mai danshi na wurare masu zafi, tare da ruwan sama na shekara-shekara sama da {{Convert|1500|mm|in|0}} suna rarrabawa daidai gwargwado a duk lokacin girma. Doya fari, rawaya, da ruwa yawanci suna samar da babban buro ɗaya a kowace shekara, gabaɗaya suna da nauyin {{Convert|5|to|10|kg|lb|0}} . <ref name="stofao1">{{Cite web |last=Calverly |date=1998 |title=Storage and Processing of Roots and Tubers in the Tropics |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/X5415E/x5415e00.htm |publisher=United Nations [[Food and Agriculture Organization]]}}</ref> Doya tana fama da ƙarancin kwari da cututtuka. <ref name="Solomon" /> Akwai wani da ''Colletotrichum gloeosporioides'' ke haifarwa wanda ya bazu ko'ina a yankunan da ke girma a duniya. <ref name="Solomon" /> Winch ''et al.'', 1984 sun gano ''C.&nbsp;gloeosporioides'' yana shafar adadi mai yawa na ''Dioscorea'' spp.<ref>El cultivo de ñame en el Caribe colombiano". Banco de la República, Colombia. 21 June 2012.</ref><ref>More Than a Trend: The History of Ube and What It Means to the Filipino People". Kapwa Gardens. Retrieved 30 June 2025.</ref><ref>Yam Root Dye</ref><ref>Singh, K.K. and Kaushal Kumar. Ethnobotanical wisdom of Gaddi tribe in Western Himalaya. 2000. p.18.</ref><ref>Rana, M., Kabra, A., Kabra, R., Rana, M. and Dhatwalia, V. 2015. Plant Species used by locals as Ethano - Medicine in Gohar Tehsil, Distt. Mandi Region of North Western Himalaya. Archived 7 September 2023 at the Wayback Machine PharmaTutor. 3, 4 (Apr. 2015), 47-52.</ref> Duk da yawan buƙatun ma'aikata da farashin samarwa, buƙatar masu amfani da doya tana da yawa a wasu yankuna na Afirka, <ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 "''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam)"]. [[CAB International|Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> wanda hakan ya sa noman doya ya zama mai riba ga wasu manoma. <ref>{{Cite web |title=PubMed Central (PMC) |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ |access-date=2025-06-07 |website=PubMed Central (PMC) |language=en}}</ref><ref>Rajendra, Gupta (1993). "Conservation and utilization of Indian Medicinal Plants". Indian Journal of Plant Genetic Resources. 6 (2). ISSN 0971-8184. Retrieved 16 September 2021.</ref><ref>Naleba, Mere (25 April 2015). "Million dollar aim". The Fiji Times Online. Retrieved 1 June 2017.</ref><ref>Goody, Jack (1996). Cooking, cuisine and class: A study in comparative sociology. Cambridge University Press. pp. 78–81. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-521-28696-1</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Marker RE, Krueger J (1940). "Sterols. CXII. Sapogenins. XLI. The Preparation of Trillin and its Conversion to Progesterone". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 62 (12): 3349–3350. Bibcode:1940JAChS..62.3349M. doi:10.1021/ja01869a023.</ref> === Manyan nau'ikan da aka noma === Ana samun nau'ikan doya da yawa da aka noma a ''Dioscorea'' a ko'ina cikin wurare masu zafi masu danshi. <ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 "''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam)"]. [[CAB International|Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> An tattauna waɗanda suka fi muhimmanci a fannin tattalin arziki a ƙasa. <ref name="stofao1">{{Cite web |last=Calverly |date=1998 |title=Storage and Processing of Roots and Tubers in the Tropics |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/X5415E/x5415e00.htm |publisher=United Nations [[Food and Agriculture Organization]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCalverly1998">Calverly (1998). [http://www.fao.org/docrep/X5415E/x5415e00.htm "Storage and Processing of Roots and Tubers in the Tropics"]. United Nations [[Food and Agriculture Organization]].</cite></ref> Tumatur waɗanda ba na ''Dioscorea'' ba waɗanda suka kasance masu mahimmanci a tarihi a Afirka sun haɗa da ''[[Tumuƙu|Plectranthus rotundifolius]]'' (dankalin Hausa) da ''[[Rizga|P. esculentus]]'' (dankalin Livingstone); waɗannan amfanin gona guda biyu yanzu an mayar da su baya sosai ta hanyar gabatar da [[rogo]].<ref>Goody, Jack (1996). Cooking, cuisine and class: A study in comparative sociology. Cambridge University Press. pp. 78–81. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-521-28696-1</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Djerassi, C. (December 1992). "Steroid Research at Syntex: "The Pill" and Cortisone". Steroids. 57 (12): 631–641. doi:10.1016/0039-128X(92)90016-3. PMC 1294257. <nowiki>PMID 1481227</nowiki>. S2CID 5933910.</ref><ref>Liu MJ, Wang Z, Ju Y, Wong RN, Wu QY (2005). "Diosgenin induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human leukemia K562 cells with the disruption of Ca2+ homeostasis". Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology. 55 (1): 79–90. doi:10.1007/s00280-004-0849-3. <nowiki>PMID 15372201</nowiki>. S2CID 11779821.</ref><ref>"Roots, Tubers, Plantains and Bananas in Human Nutrition". United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. Acknowledgments, preface, introduction, origins, and distribution.</ref> ==== ''D. cayensis'' ==== Doya mai launin rawaya, ''[[Doyar kudu|D. cayensis]]'', da kuma farin doya, <nowiki><i id="mwARQ">D. cayensis</i></nowiki> subsp. <nowiki><i id="mwARU">rotundata</i></nowiki>, asalinsu daga Afirka ne. Su ne doya mafi mahimmanci da aka noma. A da, ana ɗaukar farin doya a matsayin wani nau'in daban, ''D. rotundata'', amma yawancin masana harkar haraji yanzu suna ɗaukarsa a matsayin wani nau'in doya mai launin rawaya. Ana noma nau'ikan doya sama da 200 a tsakaninsu. Farin doya yana da siffar silinda, fatar tana da santsi da launin ruwan kasa, kuma naman yawanci fari ne da tauri. Doya rawaya tana da launin rawaya, wanda ke faruwa sakamakon kasancewar carotenoids. Yana kama da farin doya a bayyanar waje; fatarsa yawanci tana da ɗan ƙarfi kuma ba ta da faɗi sosai. Doya rawaya tana da tsayin ciyayi da kuma ɗan gajeren barci fiye da farin doya. Nau'in Kokoro yana da mahimmanci wajen yin busasshen dankalin doya. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dumont |first=R. |last2=Vernier |first2=P. |date=2000 |title=Domestication of yams (''Dioscorea cayenensis-rotundata'') within the Bariba ethnic group in Benin |journal=[[Outlook on Agriculture]] |volume=29 |issue=2 |page=137 |bibcode=2000OutAg..29..137D |doi=10.5367/000000000101293149 |s2cid=154609802}}</ref> Manyan tsirrai ne; inabin na iya zama tsawon {{Convert|10|to|12|m|ft|0}} . Tushen galibi suna da nauyin kimanin {{Convert|2.5|to|5|kg|lb|0}} kowanne, amma zai iya nauyin har zuwa {{Convert|25|kg|lb|0}} . Bayan tsawon watanni 7 zuwa 12, ana girbe 'ya'yan itacen. A Afirka, yawancinsu ana niƙa su a cikin manna don yin abincin gargajiya na "yayan da aka niƙa", wanda aka sani da [[Iyan]] . ==== ''D. alata'' ==== [[Fayil:Yam_with_numerous_protruding_fibers.jpg|thumb|Doya mai launin shunayya ( ''D. alata'' )]] D. alata, wanda ake kira da shunayya doya (ba za a iya rikita shi da shunayya "yam" na Okinawa ba, wanda shine dankalin turawa mai zaki ), babban doya, doya mai fuka-fuki, doya ruwa, da (wanda ba a iya fahimta ba) farin doya, [1] [2] an fara noma shi a Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya. [2] Duk da cewa ba a noma shi daidai da doya na Afirka ba, yana da mafi girman rarrabawa a duk duniya fiye da duk wani doya da aka noma, ana noma shi a Asiya, tsibiran Pacific, Afirka, da Yammacin Indiya. [2] Ko a Afirka, shaharar doya ruwa tana ta biyu bayan farin doya. Siffar tuber gabaɗaya silinda ce, amma tana iya bambanta. Naman tuber fari ne kuma mai ruwa a yanayinsa. ''D. alata'' da ''D. esculenta'' (ƙaramin doya) sune muhimman amfanin gona ga al'adun Austronesian masu tafiya a teku. An ɗauke su tare da ƙaura daga Austronesian a matsayin tsire-tsire na kwale-kwale, daga Tsibirin Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya zuwa har zuwa [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]] da Polynesia . <ref name="Crowther2016">{{Cite journal |last=Crowther |first=Alison |last2=Lucas |first2=Leilani |last3=Helm |first3=Richard |last4=Horton |first4=Mark |last5=Shipton |first5=Ceri |last6=Wright |first6=Henry T. |last7=Walshaw |first7=Sarah |last8=Pawlowicz |first8=Matthew |last9=Radimilahy |first9=Chantal |last10=Douka |first10=Katerina |last11=Picornell-Gelabert |first11=Llorenç |last12=Fuller |first12=Dorian Q. |last13=Boivin |first13=Nicole L. |date=14 June 2016 |title=Ancient crops provide first archaeological signature of the westward Austronesian expansion |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences]] |volume=113 |issue=24 |pages=6635–6640 |bibcode=2016PNAS..113.6635C |doi=10.1073/pnas.1522714113 |pmc=4914162 |pmid=27247383 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Beaujard2011">{{Cite journal |last=Beaujard |first=Philippe |date=August 2011 |title=The first migrants to Madagascar and their introduction of plants: linguistic and ethnological evidence |url=https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00706173/file/Beaujard.azania2.pdf |journal=[[Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa]] |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=169–189 |doi=10.1080/0067270X.2011.580142 |s2cid=55763047}}</ref> <ref name="Bevacqua1994">{{Cite journal |last=Bevacqua |first=Robert F. |date=1994 |title=Origin of Horticulture in Southeast Asia and the Dispersal of Domesticated Plants to the Pacific Islands by Polynesian Voyagers: The Hawaiian Islands Case Study |url=http://hortsci.ashspublications.org/content/29/11/1226.full.pdf |journal=[[HortScience]] |volume=29 |issue=11 |pages=1226–1229 |doi=10.21273/HORTSCI.29.11.1226 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=White |first=L.D. |date=2003 |title=Uhi |url=http://www.canoeplants.com/uhi.html |series=Canoe Plants of Ancient Hawaiʻi}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 3pqqm8j7ohcq8j1x7htsr6g761l14we 884840 884839 2026-07-19T11:09:20Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 884840 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Yam_at_monday_market_kaduna_state_01.jpg|thumb|Farin doya iri-iri, Dioscorea rotundata a cikin kasuwar ranar litinin a [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]], Najeriya]] [[Fayil:YamsatBrixtonMarket.jpg|thumb|Fararen doya a kasuwar dillalai a Brixton, Ingila, 2004]] '''Doya''' ita ce sunan da aka saba amfani da shi ga wasu nau'ikan abinci a cikin halittar ''Dioscorea'' (iyalin Dioscoreaceae ) waɗanda ke samar da tubers masu cin abinci (wasu nau'ikan a cikin halittar suna da guba). Doya itace inabi ne [[Shuka mai Shekaru|masu]] daɗaɗɗen ganye waɗanda aka noma a Afirka, Asiya, da Amurka kuma ana noma su don cin ganyen sitaci a yankuna masu zafi da [[Wurare masu zafi (Tropics)|yanayi mai zafi]] . Tushen da kansu, waɗanda kuma ake kira "doya", suna zuwa ta hanyoyi daban-daban saboda nau'ikan iri da nau'ikan da ke da alaƙa da su.<ref>Dumont, R.; Vernier, P. (2000). "Domestication of yams (Dioscorea cayenensis-rotundata) within the Bariba ethnic group in Benin". Outlook on Agriculture D.E. (1987). Root Crops. London, UK: Tropical Development and Research Institute.</ref><ref>Thompson, Anthony Keith (2014). Fruit and Vegetables: Harvesting, Handling and Storage. <ref>Crowther, Alison; Lucas, Leilani; Helm, Richard; Horton, Mark; Shipton, Ceri; Wright, Henry T.; Walshaw, Sarah; Pawlowicz, Matthew; Radimilahy, Chantal; Douka, Katerina; Picornell-Gelabert, Llorenç; Fuller, Dorian Q.; Boivin, Nicole L. (14 June 2016). "Ancient crops provide first archaeological signature of the westward Austronesian expansion". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Bibcode:2016PNAS..113 odoi:10.1073/pnas.1522714113. PMC 4914162. <nowiki>PMID 27247383</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Beaujard, Philippe (August 2011). "The first migrants to Madagascar and their introduction of plants: linguistic and ethnological evidence" (PDF). Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa. 46 (2): 169–189. doi:10.1080/0067270X.2011.580142. S2CID 55763047.</ref><ref>Bevacqua, Robert F. (1994). "Origin of Horticulture in Southeast Asia and the Dispersal of Domesticated Plants to the Pacific Islands by Polynesian Voyagers: The Hawaiian Islands Case Study" (PDF). HortScience. 29 (11): 1226–1229. doi:10.21273/HORTSCI.29.11.1226.</ref><ref>White, L.D. (2003). "Uhi". Canoe Plants of Ancient Hawaiʻi.</ref><ref>Schultz, G.E. (1993). "Element Stewardship Abstract for Dioscorea bulbifera, Air potato". Nature Conservancy. Archived from the original on 18 September 2006. Retrieved 2 September 2006.</ref><ref>Zulu, Donald; Ellis, Richard H.; Culham, Alastair (25 January 2019). "Collection, Consumption, and Sale of Lusala (Dioscorea hirtiflora) — a Wild Yam — by Rural Households in Southern Province, Zambia". Economic Botany. 73 (1): 47–63. Bibcode:2doi:10 == Bayani == [[Fayil:കാച്ചിൽ-കിഴങ്ങ്.JPG|thumb|Doya]] Doya, wadda take da alaƙa da furannin fure da ciyawa, ciyawa ce mai ƙarfi, tana girma inabin inabi [[Shuka mai Shekaru|na tsawon lokaci]] daga buro . <ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}</ref> An san wasu nau'ikan doya 870, <ref name="cabi" /> kaɗan daga cikinsu ana noma su sosai don buroshinsu masu cin abinci amma wasu kuma suna da guba (kamar ''D. communis'' ).<ref>Zulu, D.; Ellis, R. H.; Culham, A. (2020). "Propagation of lusala (Dioscorea hirtiflora), a wild yam, for in situ and ex situ conservation and potential domestication". Experimental Agriculture. 56 (3): 453–468. doi:10.1017/S0014479720000083. S2CID 216212360.</ref><ref>Thompson, Anthony Keith; Oduro, Ibok (2021). Yams: Botany, Production and Uses. Oxford: CABI. p. 172. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-78924-927-9</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Linus Opara (2003). "YAMS: Post-Harvest Operation" (PDF).</ref><ref>"Yam production in 2019". Crops/Regions/World/Production Quantity. FAOSTAT, Statistics Division of the UN Food and Agriculture Organization. 2021. Retrieved 12 October 2021.</ref><ref>Dioscorea dumetorum: Useful Tropical Plants</ref><ref>Jesus, M.; Martins, A. P; Gallardo, E.; Silvestre, S. (2016). "Diosgenin: Recent Highlights on Pharmacology and Analytical Methodology". Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry. 2016: 1–16. doi:10.1155/2016/4156293. PMC 5225340. <nowiki>PMID 28116217</nowiki>.</ref> Shuke-shuken doya na iya girma har zuwa {{Convert|15|m|ft|-1}} a tsayi da {{Convert|7|to|15|cm|in}} . <ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 "''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam)"]. [[CAB International|Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> Tushen zai iya girma zuwa ƙasa har zuwa {{Convert|1.5|m|ft}} zurfi. <ref name="cabi" /> Shuke-shuken yana yaɗuwa ta hanyar iri . <ref name="cabi" /><ref>Oke, O.L. (1990). Redhead, J.; Hussain, M.A. (eds.). Roots, tubers, plantains and bananas in human nutrition. United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. <nowiki>ISBN 978-92-5-102862-9</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Glycemic index and glycemic load for 100+ foods". Harvard Health Publications. Harvard Medical School. 2008.</ref><ref>Roots, tubers, plantains and bananas in human nutrition - Nutritive value". United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. Retrieved 25 May 2020.</ref> Tushen da ake ci yana da fata mai kauri wadda take da wahalar barewa amma tana da laushi idan aka dafa ta. Fatar ta bambanta a launi daga launin ruwan kasa mai duhu zuwa ruwan hoda mai haske. Yawancin nama, ko nama, na kayan lambu sun ƙunshi wani abu mai laushi wanda ya bambanta daga fari ko rawaya zuwa shunayya ko ruwan hoda a cikin doya mai girma.<ref>"Kwashiorkor (Protein-Calorie Malnutrition)". Tropical Medicine Central Resource. 2006. Archived from the original on 16 December 2011. Retrieved 21 January 2012.</ref> == Asalin Ma'anar == Sunan "yam" ya bayyana ya samo asali ne daga harshen Portugal ''inhame'' ko [[Canarian Mutanen Espanya|Canarian Spanish]] ''ñame'', wanda ya samo asali ne daga [[Fillanci|harshen Fula]], ɗaya daga cikin [[Harsunan Nijar-Congo|harsunan Yammacin Afirka]] a lokacin ciniki. Duk da haka, a cikin harshen Portuguese, wannan sunan yawanci yana nufin shukar [[Gwaza|taro]] ( ''Colocasia esculenta'' ) daga nau'in ''Colocasia'', sabanin ''Dioscorea'' . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=Inhame dos Açores |url=https://tradicional.dgadr.gov.pt/pt/cat/outros-produtos-vegetais/771-inhame-dos-acores |access-date=13 August 2020 |publisher=[[Produtos Tradicionais Portugueses]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=Sabores dos Açores: Inhame |url=https://www.clubevinhosportugueses.pt/turismo/sabores-dos-acores-inhame/ |access-date=13 August 2020 |publisher=[[Clube Vinhos Portugueses]]}}</ref><ref>United States Food and Drug Administration (2024). "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels". FDA. Archived from the original on 27 March 2024. Retrieved 28 March 2024.</ref><ref>TABLE 4-7 Comparison of Potassium Adequate Intakes Established in This Report to Potassium Adequate Intakes Established in the 2005 DRI Report". p. 120. In: Stallings, Virginia A.; Harrison, Meghan; Oria, Maria, eds. (2019). "Potassium: Dietary Reference Intakes for Adequacy". Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. pp. 101–124. doi:10.17226/25353. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-309-48834-1</nowiki>. <nowiki>PMID 30844154</nowiki>. NCBI NBK545428.</ref><ref>Uwaegbute, Osho and Obatolu (1998). Postharvest technology and commodity marketing: Proceedings of a postharvest conference. International Institute of Tropical Agriculture. p. 172. <nowiki>ISBN 978-978-131-111-6</nowiki>.</ref> Manyan abubuwan da aka samo daga fi'ili suna da ma'anar "cin abinci". Doya na gaske suna da sunaye daban-daban gama gari a yankuna daban-daban na duniya. <ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 "''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam)"]. [[CAB International|Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> A wasu wurare, wasu kayan lambu (marasa alaƙa) ana kiransu da "yams", waɗanda suka haɗa da: <ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 "''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam)"]. [[CAB International|Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> * A Amurka, [[Dankali|dankali mai zaki]] ( ''Ipomoea batatas'' ), musamman waɗanda ke da naman lemu, galibi ana kiransu da "yams" <ref>{{Cite web |title=What is the difference between sweet potatoes and yams? |url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/scitech/mysteries/sweetpotato.html |website=LOC.gov}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Economic Research Service |url=http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/agoutlook/Nov2002/ao296e.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315002720/http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/agoutlook/Nov2002/ao296e.pdf |archive-date=15 March 2015 |access-date=26 November 2009}}</ref> * A Ostiraliya, ƙwayar ''Microseris walteri'', ko kuma yam daisy, abinci ne na asali ga [['Yan asalin Australiya|'yan asalin ƙasar Ostiraliya]] a wasu yankuna. * A New Zealand, ana kiran oca ( ''Oxalis tuberosa'' ) da "yam". <ref name="jsfa">{{Cite journal |last=Albihn, P.B.E. |last2=Savage, G.P. |date=18 June 2001 |title=The effect of cooking on the location and concentration of oxalate in three cultivars of New Zealand-grown oca (''Oxalis tuberosa'' Mol) |journal=[[Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture]] |volume=81 |issue=10 |pages=1027–1033 |bibcode=2001JSFA...81.1027A |doi=10.1002/jsfa.890}}</ref> * A [[Maleshiya|Malaysia]] da [[Singafora|Singapore]], [[Gwaza|taro]] ( ''Colocasia esculenta'' ) ana kiransa "yam". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lam |first=Lim Chin |title=I yam not taro |url=http://thestar.com.my/english/story.asp?file=/2010/7/16/lifefocus/6651716&sec=lifefocus |website=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]]}}</ref> * A Afirka, Kudu da Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya da kuma tsibiran Pacific masu zafi, ana noma ''Amorphophallus paeonifolius'' kuma ana kiransa da "ƙafar giwa". <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Santosa |first=Edi |last2=Lian |first2=Chun Lan |last3=Sugiyama |first3=Nobuo |last4=Misra |first4=Raj Shekhar |last5=Boonkorkaew |first5=Patchareeya |last6=Thanomchit |first6=Kanokwan |last7=Chiang |first7=Tzen-Yuh |display-authors=1 |date=28 June 2017 |title=Population structure of elephant foot yams (''Amorphophallus paeoniifolius'' (Dennst.) Nicolson) in Asia |journal=[[PLOS ONE]] |volume=12 |issue=6 |bibcode=2017PLoSO..1280000S |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0180000 |pmc=5489206 |pmid=28658282 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Rarrabawa da wurin zama == Doya ta samo asali ne daga Afirka, Asiya, da Amurka. <ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 "''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam)"]. [[CAB International|Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> An yi kiwon nau'ikan guda uku daban-daban a waɗannan nahiyoyi: ''D. rotundata'' (Afirka), ''[[Sakata|D.&nbsp;alata]]'' (Asiya), da kuma ''D.<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwrQ">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>trifida'' (Kudancin Amurka). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nora Scarcelli |display-authors=etal |date=1 May 2019 |title=Yam genomics supports West Africa as a major cradle of crop domestication |journal=[[Science Advances]] |volume=5 |issue=5 |bibcode=2019SciA....5.1947S |doi=10.1126/sciadv.aaw1947 |pmc=6527260 |pmid=31114806 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>"Undernutrition". The Merck Manual: The Home Health Handbook. 2010.</ref><ref>OB Izekor; MI Olumese (December 2010). "Determinants of yam production and profitability in Edo State, Nigeria" (PDF). African Journal of General Agriculture. 6 (4). Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 May 2017.</ref><ref>Yam, raw nutrition facts and analysis". www.nutritionvalue.org. Retrieved 30 June 2025.</ref><ref>Nutrient data laboratory". United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 10 August 2016.</ref><ref>Roots, Tubers, and Plantains in Food Security: In Sub-Saharan Africa, in Latin America and the Caribbean, in the Pacific. United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. 1989. <nowiki>ISBN 978-92-5-102782-0</nowiki>.</ref> == Ilimin Halittu == Wasu doya tsire-tsire ne masu cin zarafi, waɗanda galibi ana ɗaukar su a matsayin ciyawa mai cutarwa a wajen wuraren da aka noma. <ref>Robertson, Gordon; Lupien, John (2008). "Minimizing Postharvest Losses in Yam (Dioscorea spp.): Treatments and Techniques". Using food science and technology to improve nutrition and promote national development: Selected case studies. International Union of Food Science & Technology. S2CID 107695924.</ref><ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 "''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam)"]. [[CAB International|Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref><ref>Sam, Christopher (1 May 2021). "Food and culture: A case study of Ghana's Etor/Otor (Recipe Included)". TheAfricanDream. Retrieved 30 June 2025.</ref><ref>Nweke, Felix; Aidoo, Robert; Okoye, Benjamin (July 2013). "Yam Consumption Patterns in West Africa". Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. Archived from the original on 22 November 2018. Retrieved 5 December 2017.</ref> == Noma == [[Fayil:Kaachil_cut.jpg|thumb|Doya mai launin shunayya da aka girbe sabo ( ''[[Sakata|D.&nbsp;alata]]'' ) an yanka shi don giciye-sashe]] Ana noma doya don cin ƙwayar sitaci a yankuna masu zafi da [[Wurare masu zafi (Tropics)|yanayi mai zafi]], musamman a Yammacin Afirka, Kudancin Amurka da [[Karibiyan|Caribbean]], Asiya, da [[Osheniya|Oceania]] . <ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 "''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam)"]. [[CAB International|Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> Kimanin kashi 95% na amfanin gonakin doya ana noma su ne a Afirka. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Everyday Mysteries: Yam |url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/scitech/mysteries/sweetpotato.html |publisher=Library of Congress, United States of America}}</ref><ref>Mavis, Meals by (1 January 2022). "Yam Eto (Ghanaian Mashed Yams)". Meals by Mavis. Retrieved 30 June 2025.</ref><ref>Osinkolu, Lola (27 August 2021). "YAM | TRUE YAM | AFRICAN YAM". Chef Lola's Kitchen. Retrieved 30 June 2025.</ref><ref>TRT Global - Nigeria: How New Yam Festival keeps Igbo's rooted traditions alive". trt.global. Retrieved 30 June 2025.</ref> Gonar doya tana farawa ne lokacin da aka dasa dukkan tsaba ko sassan tubers a cikin tuddai ko tuddai, a farkon lokacin damina. Yawan amfanin gona ya dogara ne akan yadda da kuma inda aka shuka sets ɗin, girman tuddai, tazarar tsakanin tsirrai, samar da sandunan da aka shuka, nau'in doya, da girman tubers da ake so a lokacin girbi. Ƙananan manoma a Yammacin da Tsakiyar Afirka galibi [[wiktionary:intercrop|suna haɗa]] doya da hatsi da kayan lambu. Doya iri suna da lalacewa kuma suna da yawa don jigilar su. Manoma waɗanda ba su sayi sabbin doya iri ba galibi suna ware har zuwa kashi 30% na girbin su don shuka a shekara mai zuwa. Gonar doya tana fuskantar matsin lamba daga nau'ikan kwari iri-iri da cututtukan fungal da ƙwayoyin cuta, da kuma nematodes . Girman su da lokacin barcin su sun yi daidai da lokacin damina da lokacin rani. Don yawan amfanin gona, doya suna buƙatar yanayi mai danshi na wurare masu zafi, tare da ruwan sama na shekara-shekara sama da {{Convert|1500|mm|in|0}} suna rarrabawa daidai gwargwado a duk lokacin girma. Doya fari, rawaya, da ruwa yawanci suna samar da babban buro ɗaya a kowace shekara, gabaɗaya suna da nauyin {{Convert|5|to|10|kg|lb|0}} . <ref name="stofao1">{{Cite web |last=Calverly |date=1998 |title=Storage and Processing of Roots and Tubers in the Tropics |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/X5415E/x5415e00.htm |publisher=United Nations [[Food and Agriculture Organization]]}}</ref> Doya tana fama da ƙarancin kwari da cututtuka. <ref name="Solomon" /> Akwai wani da ''Colletotrichum gloeosporioides'' ke haifarwa wanda ya bazu ko'ina a yankunan da ke girma a duniya. <ref name="Solomon" /> Winch ''et al.'', 1984 sun gano ''C.&nbsp;gloeosporioides'' yana shafar adadi mai yawa na ''Dioscorea'' spp.<ref>El cultivo de ñame en el Caribe colombiano". Banco de la República, Colombia. 21 June 2012.</ref><ref>More Than a Trend: The History of Ube and What It Means to the Filipino People". Kapwa Gardens. Retrieved 30 June 2025.</ref><ref>Yam Root Dye</ref><ref>Singh, K.K. and Kaushal Kumar. Ethnobotanical wisdom of Gaddi tribe in Western Himalaya. 2000. p.18.</ref><ref>Rana, M., Kabra, A., Kabra, R., Rana, M. and Dhatwalia, V. 2015. Plant Species used by locals as Ethano - Medicine in Gohar Tehsil, Distt. Mandi Region of North Western Himalaya. Archived 7 September 2023 at the Wayback Machine PharmaTutor. 3, 4 (Apr. 2015), 47-52.</ref> Duk da yawan buƙatun ma'aikata da farashin samarwa, buƙatar masu amfani da doya tana da yawa a wasu yankuna na Afirka, <ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 "''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam)"]. [[CAB International|Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> wanda hakan ya sa noman doya ya zama mai riba ga wasu manoma. <ref>{{Cite web |title=PubMed Central (PMC) |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ |access-date=2025-06-07 |website=PubMed Central (PMC) |language=en}}</ref><ref>Rajendra, Gupta (1993). "Conservation and utilization of Indian Medicinal Plants". Indian Journal of Plant Genetic Resources. 6 (2). ISSN 0971-8184. Retrieved 16 September 2021.</ref><ref>Naleba, Mere (25 April 2015). "Million dollar aim". The Fiji Times Online. Retrieved 1 June 2017.</ref><ref>Goody, Jack (1996). Cooking, cuisine and class: A study in comparative sociology. Cambridge University Press. pp. 78–81. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-521-28696-1</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Marker RE, Krueger J (1940). "Sterols. CXII. Sapogenins. XLI. The Preparation of Trillin and its Conversion to Progesterone". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 62 (12): 3349–3350. Bibcode:1940JAChS..62.3349M. doi:10.1021/ja01869a023.</ref> === Manyan nau'ikan da aka noma === Ana samun nau'ikan doya da yawa da aka noma a ''Dioscorea'' a ko'ina cikin wurare masu zafi masu danshi. <ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 "''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam)"]. [[CAB International|Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> An tattauna waɗanda suka fi muhimmanci a fannin tattalin arziki a ƙasa. <ref name="stofao1">{{Cite web |last=Calverly |date=1998 |title=Storage and Processing of Roots and Tubers in the Tropics |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/X5415E/x5415e00.htm |publisher=United Nations [[Food and Agriculture Organization]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCalverly1998">Calverly (1998). [http://www.fao.org/docrep/X5415E/x5415e00.htm "Storage and Processing of Roots and Tubers in the Tropics"]. United Nations [[Food and Agriculture Organization]].</cite></ref> Tumatur waɗanda ba na ''Dioscorea'' ba waɗanda suka kasance masu mahimmanci a tarihi a Afirka sun haɗa da ''[[Tumuƙu|Plectranthus rotundifolius]]'' (dankalin Hausa) da ''[[Rizga|P. esculentus]]'' (dankalin Livingstone); waɗannan amfanin gona guda biyu yanzu an mayar da su baya sosai ta hanyar gabatar da [[rogo]].<ref>Goody, Jack (1996). Cooking, cuisine and class: A study in comparative sociology. Cambridge University Press. pp. 78–81. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-521-28696-1</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Djerassi, C. (December 1992). "Steroid Research at Syntex: "The Pill" and Cortisone". Steroids. 57 (12): 631–641. doi:10.1016/0039-128X(92)90016-3. PMC 1294257. <nowiki>PMID 1481227</nowiki>. S2CID 5933910.</ref><ref>Liu MJ, Wang Z, Ju Y, Wong RN, Wu QY (2005). "Diosgenin induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human leukemia K562 cells with the disruption of Ca2+ homeostasis". Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology. 55 (1): 79–90. doi:10.1007/s00280-004-0849-3. <nowiki>PMID 15372201</nowiki>. S2CID 11779821.</ref><ref>"Roots, Tubers, Plantains and Bananas in Human Nutrition". United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. Acknowledgments, preface, introduction, origins, and distribution.</ref> ==== ''D. cayensis'' ==== Doya mai launin rawaya, ''[[Doyar kudu|D. cayensis]]'', da kuma farin doya, <nowiki><i id="mwARQ">D. cayensis</i></nowiki> subsp. <nowiki><i id="mwARU">rotundata</i></nowiki>, asalinsu daga Afirka ne. Su ne doya mafi mahimmanci da aka noma. A da, ana ɗaukar farin doya a matsayin wani nau'in daban, ''D. rotundata'', amma yawancin masana harkar haraji yanzu suna ɗaukarsa a matsayin wani nau'in doya mai launin rawaya. Ana noma nau'ikan doya sama da 200 a tsakaninsu. Farin doya yana da siffar silinda, fatar tana da santsi da launin ruwan kasa, kuma naman yawanci fari ne da tauri. Doya rawaya tana da launin rawaya, wanda ke faruwa sakamakon kasancewar carotenoids. Yana kama da farin doya a bayyanar waje; fatarsa yawanci tana da ɗan ƙarfi kuma ba ta da faɗi sosai. Doya rawaya tana da tsayin ciyayi da kuma ɗan gajeren barci fiye da farin doya. Nau'in Kokoro yana da mahimmanci wajen yin busasshen dankalin doya. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dumont |first=R. |last2=Vernier |first2=P. |date=2000 |title=Domestication of yams (''Dioscorea cayenensis-rotundata'') within the Bariba ethnic group in Benin |journal=[[Outlook on Agriculture]] |volume=29 |issue=2 |page=137 |bibcode=2000OutAg..29..137D |doi=10.5367/000000000101293149 |s2cid=154609802}}</ref> Manyan tsirrai ne; inabin na iya zama tsawon {{Convert|10|to|12|m|ft|0}} . Tushen galibi suna da nauyin kimanin {{Convert|2.5|to|5|kg|lb|0}} kowanne, amma zai iya nauyin har zuwa {{Convert|25|kg|lb|0}} . Bayan tsawon watanni 7 zuwa 12, ana girbe 'ya'yan itacen. A Afirka, yawancinsu ana niƙa su a cikin manna don yin abincin gargajiya na "yayan da aka niƙa", wanda aka sani da [[Iyan]] . ==== ''D. alata'' ==== [[Fayil:Yam_with_numerous_protruding_fibers.jpg|thumb|Doya mai launin shunayya ( ''D. alata'' )]] D. alata, wanda ake kira da shunayya doya (ba za a iya rikita shi da shunayya "yam" na Okinawa ba, wanda shine dankalin turawa mai zaki ), babban doya, doya mai fuka-fuki, doya ruwa, da (wanda ba a iya fahimta ba) farin doya, [1] [2] an fara noma shi a Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya. [2] Duk da cewa ba a noma shi daidai da doya na Afirka ba, yana da mafi girman rarrabawa a duk duniya fiye da duk wani doya da aka noma, ana noma shi a Asiya, tsibiran Pacific, Afirka, da Yammacin Indiya. [2] Ko a Afirka, shaharar doya ruwa tana ta biyu bayan farin doya. Siffar tuber gabaɗaya silinda ce, amma tana iya bambanta. Naman tuber fari ne kuma mai ruwa a yanayinsa. ''D. alata'' da ''D. esculenta'' (ƙaramin doya) sune muhimman amfanin gona ga al'adun Austronesian masu tafiya a teku. An ɗauke su tare da ƙaura daga Austronesian a matsayin tsire-tsire na kwale-kwale, daga Tsibirin Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya zuwa har zuwa [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]] da Polynesia . <ref name="Crowther2016">{{Cite journal |last=Crowther |first=Alison |last2=Lucas |first2=Leilani |last3=Helm |first3=Richard |last4=Horton |first4=Mark |last5=Shipton |first5=Ceri |last6=Wright |first6=Henry T. |last7=Walshaw |first7=Sarah |last8=Pawlowicz |first8=Matthew |last9=Radimilahy |first9=Chantal |last10=Douka |first10=Katerina |last11=Picornell-Gelabert |first11=Llorenç |last12=Fuller |first12=Dorian Q. |last13=Boivin |first13=Nicole L. |date=14 June 2016 |title=Ancient crops provide first archaeological signature of the westward Austronesian expansion |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences]] |volume=113 |issue=24 |pages=6635–6640 |bibcode=2016PNAS..113.6635C |doi=10.1073/pnas.1522714113 |pmc=4914162 |pmid=27247383 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Beaujard2011">{{Cite journal |last=Beaujard |first=Philippe |date=August 2011 |title=The first migrants to Madagascar and their introduction of plants: linguistic and ethnological evidence |url=https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00706173/file/Beaujard.azania2.pdf |journal=[[Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa]] |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=169–189 |doi=10.1080/0067270X.2011.580142 |s2cid=55763047}}</ref> <ref name="Bevacqua1994">{{Cite journal |last=Bevacqua |first=Robert F. |date=1994 |title=Origin of Horticulture in Southeast Asia and the Dispersal of Domesticated Plants to the Pacific Islands by Polynesian Voyagers: The Hawaiian Islands Case Study |url=http://hortsci.ashspublications.org/content/29/11/1226.full.pdf |journal=[[HortScience]] |volume=29 |issue=11 |pages=1226–1229 |doi=10.21273/HORTSCI.29.11.1226 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=White |first=L.D. |date=2003 |title=Uhi |url=http://www.canoeplants.com/uhi.html |series=Canoe Plants of Ancient Hawaiʻi}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] i2pvlr1pkmsaj7c7np1ek4lz4urf5ei 884841 884840 2026-07-19T11:11:31Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 884841 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Yam_at_monday_market_kaduna_state_01.jpg|thumb|Farin doya iri-iri, Dioscorea rotundata a cikin kasuwar ranar litinin a [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]], Najeriya]] [[Fayil:YamsatBrixtonMarket.jpg|thumb|Fararen doya a kasuwar dillalai a Brixton, Ingila, 2004]] '''Doya''' ita ce sunan da aka saba amfani da shi ga wasu nau'ikan abinci a cikin halittar ''Dioscorea'' (iyalin Dioscoreaceae ) waɗanda ke samar da tubers masu cin abinci (wasu nau'ikan a cikin halittar suna da guba). Doya itace inabi ne [[Shuka mai Shekaru|masu]] daɗaɗɗen ganye waɗanda aka noma a Afirka, Asiya, da Amurka kuma ana noma su don cin ganyen sitaci a yankuna masu zafi da [[Wurare masu zafi (Tropics)|yanayi mai zafi]] . Tushen da kansu, waɗanda kuma ake kira "doya", suna zuwa ta hanyoyi daban-daban saboda nau'ikan iri da nau'ikan da ke da alaƙa da su.<ref>Dumont, R.; Vernier, P. (2000). "Domestication of yams (Dioscorea cayenensis-rotundata) within the Bariba ethnic group in Benin". Outlook on Agriculture D.E. (1987). Root Crops. London, UK: Tropical Development and Research Institute.</ref><ref>Thompson, Anthony Keith (2014). Fruit and Vegetables: Harvesting, Handling and Storage. <ref>Crowther, Alison; Lucas, Leilani; Helm, Richard; Horton, Mark; Shipton, Ceri; Wright, Henry T.; Walshaw, Sarah; Pawlowicz, Matthew; Radimilahy, Chantal; Douka, Katerina; Picornell-Gelabert, Llorenç; Fuller, Dorian Q.; Boivin, Nicole L. (14 June 2016). "Ancient crops provide first archaeological signature of the westward Austronesian expansion". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Bibcode:2016PNAS..113 odoi:10.1073/pnas.1522714113. PMC 4914162. <nowiki>PMID 27247383</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Beaujard, Philippe (August 2011). "The first migrants to Madagascar and their introduction of plants: linguistic and ethnological evidence" (PDF). Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa. 46 (2): 169–189. doi:10.1080/0067270X.2011.580142. S2CID 55763047.</ref><ref>Bevacqua, Robert F. (1994). "Origin of Horticulture in Southeast Asia and the Dispersal of Domesticated Plants to the Pacific Islands by Polynesian Voyagers: The Hawaiian Islands Case Study" (PDF). HortScience. 29 (11): 1226–1229. doi:10.21273/HORTSCI.29.11.1226.</ref><ref>White, L.D. (2003). "Uhi". Canoe Plants of Ancient Hawaiʻi.</ref><ref>Schultz, G.E. (1993). "Element Stewardship Abstract for Dioscorea bulbifera, Air potato". Nature Conservancy. Archived from the original on 18 September 2006. Retrieved 2 September 2006.</ref><ref>Zulu, Donald; Ellis, Richard H.; Culham, Alastair (25 January 2019). "Collection, Consumption, and Sale of Lusala (Dioscorea hirtiflora) — a Wild Yam — by Rural Households in Southern Province, Zambia". Economic Botany. == Bayani == [[Fayil:കാച്ചിൽ-കിഴങ്ങ്.JPG|thumb|Doya]] Doya, wadda take da alaƙa da furannin fure da ciyawa, ciyawa ce mai ƙarfi, tana girma inabin inabi [[Shuka mai Shekaru|na tsawon lokaci]] daga buro . <ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}</ref> An san wasu nau'ikan doya 870, <ref name="cabi" /> kaɗan daga cikinsu ana noma su sosai don buroshinsu masu cin abinci amma wasu kuma suna da guba (kamar ''D. communis'' ).<ref>Zulu, D.; Ellis, R. H.; Culham, A. (2020). "Propagation of lusala (Dioscorea hirtiflora), a wild yam, for in situ and ex situ conservation and potential domestication". Experimental Agriculture. 56 (3): 453–468. doi:10.1017/S0014479720000083. S2CID 216212360.</ref><ref>Thompson, Anthony Keith; Oduro, Ibok (2021). Yams: Botany, Production and Uses. Oxford: CABI. p. 172. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-78924-927-9</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Linus Opara (2003). "YAMS: Post-Harvest Operation" (PDF).</ref><ref>"Yam production in 2019". Crops/Regions/World/Production Quantity. FAOSTAT, Statistics Division of the UN Food and Agriculture Organization. 2021. Retrieved 12 October 2021.</ref><ref>Dioscorea dumetorum: Useful Tropical Plants</ref><ref>Jesus, M.; Martins, A. P; Gallardo, E.; Silvestre, S. (2016). "Diosgenin: Recent Highlights on Pharmacology and Analytical Methodology". Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry. 2016: 1–16. doi:10.1155/2016/4156293. PMC 5225340. <nowiki>PMID 28116217</nowiki>.</ref> Shuke-shuken doya na iya girma har zuwa {{Convert|15|m|ft|-1}} a tsayi da {{Convert|7|to|15|cm|in}} . <ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 "''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam)"]. [[CAB International|Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> Tushen zai iya girma zuwa ƙasa har zuwa {{Convert|1.5|m|ft}} zurfi. <ref name="cabi" /> Shuke-shuken yana yaɗuwa ta hanyar iri . <ref name="cabi" /><ref>Oke, O.L. (1990). Redhead, J.; Hussain, M.A. (eds.). Roots, tubers, plantains and bananas in human nutrition. United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. <nowiki>ISBN 978-92-5-102862-9</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Glycemic index and glycemic load for 100+ foods". Harvard Health Publications. Harvard Medical School. 2008.</ref><ref>Roots, tubers, plantains and bananas in human nutrition - Nutritive value". United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. Retrieved 25 May 2020.</ref> Tushen da ake ci yana da fata mai kauri wadda take da wahalar barewa amma tana da laushi idan aka dafa ta. Fatar ta bambanta a launi daga launin ruwan kasa mai duhu zuwa ruwan hoda mai haske. Yawancin nama, ko nama, na kayan lambu sun ƙunshi wani abu mai laushi wanda ya bambanta daga fari ko rawaya zuwa shunayya ko ruwan hoda a cikin doya mai girma.<ref>"Kwashiorkor (Protein-Calorie Malnutrition)". Tropical Medicine Central Resource. 2006. Archived from the original on 16 December 2011. Retrieved 21 January 2012.</ref> == Asalin Ma'anar == Sunan "yam" ya bayyana ya samo asali ne daga harshen Portugal ''inhame'' ko [[Canarian Mutanen Espanya|Canarian Spanish]] ''ñame'', wanda ya samo asali ne daga [[Fillanci|harshen Fula]], ɗaya daga cikin [[Harsunan Nijar-Congo|harsunan Yammacin Afirka]] a lokacin ciniki. Duk da haka, a cikin harshen Portuguese, wannan sunan yawanci yana nufin shukar [[Gwaza|taro]] ( ''Colocasia esculenta'' ) daga nau'in ''Colocasia'', sabanin ''Dioscorea'' . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=Inhame dos Açores |url=https://tradicional.dgadr.gov.pt/pt/cat/outros-produtos-vegetais/771-inhame-dos-acores |access-date=13 August 2020 |publisher=[[Produtos Tradicionais Portugueses]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=Sabores dos Açores: Inhame |url=https://www.clubevinhosportugueses.pt/turismo/sabores-dos-acores-inhame/ |access-date=13 August 2020 |publisher=[[Clube Vinhos Portugueses]]}}</ref><ref>United States Food and Drug Administration (2024). "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels". FDA. Archived from the original on 27 March 2024. Retrieved 28 March 2024.</ref><ref>TABLE 4-7 Comparison of Potassium Adequate Intakes Established in This Report to Potassium Adequate Intakes Established in the 2005 DRI Report". p. 120. In: Stallings, Virginia A.; Harrison, Meghan; Oria, Maria, eds. (2019). "Potassium: Dietary Reference Intakes for Adequacy". Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. pp. 101–124. doi:10.17226/25353. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-309-48834-1</nowiki>. <nowiki>PMID 30844154</nowiki>. NCBI NBK545428.</ref><ref>Uwaegbute, Osho and Obatolu (1998). Postharvest technology and commodity marketing: Proceedings of a postharvest conference. International Institute of Tropical Agriculture. p. 172. <nowiki>ISBN 978-978-131-111-6</nowiki>.</ref> Manyan abubuwan da aka samo daga fi'ili suna da ma'anar "cin abinci". Doya na gaske suna da sunaye daban-daban gama gari a yankuna daban-daban na duniya. <ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 "''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam)"]. [[CAB International|Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> A wasu wurare, wasu kayan lambu (marasa alaƙa) ana kiransu da "yams", waɗanda suka haɗa da: <ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 "''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam)"]. [[CAB International|Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> * A Amurka, [[Dankali|dankali mai zaki]] ( ''Ipomoea batatas'' ), musamman waɗanda ke da naman lemu, galibi ana kiransu da "yams" <ref>{{Cite web |title=What is the difference between sweet potatoes and yams? |url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/scitech/mysteries/sweetpotato.html |website=LOC.gov}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Economic Research Service |url=http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/agoutlook/Nov2002/ao296e.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315002720/http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/agoutlook/Nov2002/ao296e.pdf |archive-date=15 March 2015 |access-date=26 November 2009}}</ref> * A Ostiraliya, ƙwayar ''Microseris walteri'', ko kuma yam daisy, abinci ne na asali ga [['Yan asalin Australiya|'yan asalin ƙasar Ostiraliya]] a wasu yankuna. * A New Zealand, ana kiran oca ( ''Oxalis tuberosa'' ) da "yam". <ref name="jsfa">{{Cite journal |last=Albihn, P.B.E. |last2=Savage, G.P. |date=18 June 2001 |title=The effect of cooking on the location and concentration of oxalate in three cultivars of New Zealand-grown oca (''Oxalis tuberosa'' Mol) |journal=[[Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture]] |volume=81 |issue=10 |pages=1027–1033 |bibcode=2001JSFA...81.1027A |doi=10.1002/jsfa.890}}</ref> * A [[Maleshiya|Malaysia]] da [[Singafora|Singapore]], [[Gwaza|taro]] ( ''Colocasia esculenta'' ) ana kiransa "yam". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lam |first=Lim Chin |title=I yam not taro |url=http://thestar.com.my/english/story.asp?file=/2010/7/16/lifefocus/6651716&sec=lifefocus |website=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]]}}</ref> * A Afirka, Kudu da Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya da kuma tsibiran Pacific masu zafi, ana noma ''Amorphophallus paeonifolius'' kuma ana kiransa da "ƙafar giwa". <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Santosa |first=Edi |last2=Lian |first2=Chun Lan |last3=Sugiyama |first3=Nobuo |last4=Misra |first4=Raj Shekhar |last5=Boonkorkaew |first5=Patchareeya |last6=Thanomchit |first6=Kanokwan |last7=Chiang |first7=Tzen-Yuh |display-authors=1 |date=28 June 2017 |title=Population structure of elephant foot yams (''Amorphophallus paeoniifolius'' (Dennst.) Nicolson) in Asia |journal=[[PLOS ONE]] |volume=12 |issue=6 |bibcode=2017PLoSO..1280000S |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0180000 |pmc=5489206 |pmid=28658282 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Rarrabawa da wurin zama == Doya ta samo asali ne daga Afirka, Asiya, da Amurka. <ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 "''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam)"]. [[CAB International|Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> An yi kiwon nau'ikan guda uku daban-daban a waɗannan nahiyoyi: ''D. rotundata'' (Afirka), ''[[Sakata|D.&nbsp;alata]]'' (Asiya), da kuma ''D.<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwrQ">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>trifida'' (Kudancin Amurka). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nora Scarcelli |display-authors=etal |date=1 May 2019 |title=Yam genomics supports West Africa as a major cradle of crop domestication |journal=[[Science Advances]] |volume=5 |issue=5 |bibcode=2019SciA....5.1947S |doi=10.1126/sciadv.aaw1947 |pmc=6527260 |pmid=31114806 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>"Undernutrition". The Merck Manual: The Home Health Handbook. 2010.</ref><ref>OB Izekor; MI Olumese (December 2010). "Determinants of yam production and profitability in Edo State, Nigeria" (PDF). African Journal of General Agriculture. 6 (4). Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 May 2017.</ref><ref>Yam, raw nutrition facts and analysis". www.nutritionvalue.org. Retrieved 30 June 2025.</ref><ref>Nutrient data laboratory". United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 10 August 2016.</ref><ref>Roots, Tubers, and Plantains in Food Security: In Sub-Saharan Africa, in Latin America and the Caribbean, in the Pacific. United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. 1989. <nowiki>ISBN 978-92-5-102782-0</nowiki>.</ref> == Ilimin Halittu == Wasu doya tsire-tsire ne masu cin zarafi, waɗanda galibi ana ɗaukar su a matsayin ciyawa mai cutarwa a wajen wuraren da aka noma. <ref>Robertson, Gordon; Lupien, John (2008). "Minimizing Postharvest Losses in Yam (Dioscorea spp.): Treatments and Techniques". Using food science and technology to improve nutrition and promote national development: Selected case studies. International Union of Food Science & Technology. S2CID 107695924.</ref><ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 "''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam)"]. [[CAB International|Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref><ref>Sam, Christopher (1 May 2021). "Food and culture: A case study of Ghana's Etor/Otor (Recipe Included)". TheAfricanDream. Retrieved 30 June 2025.</ref><ref>Nweke, Felix; Aidoo, Robert; Okoye, Benjamin (July 2013). "Yam Consumption Patterns in West Africa". Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. Archived from the original on 22 November 2018. Retrieved 5 December 2017.</ref> == Noma == [[Fayil:Kaachil_cut.jpg|thumb|Doya mai launin shunayya da aka girbe sabo ( ''[[Sakata|D.&nbsp;alata]]'' ) an yanka shi don giciye-sashe]] Ana noma doya don cin ƙwayar sitaci a yankuna masu zafi da [[Wurare masu zafi (Tropics)|yanayi mai zafi]], musamman a Yammacin Afirka, Kudancin Amurka da [[Karibiyan|Caribbean]], Asiya, da [[Osheniya|Oceania]] . <ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 "''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam)"]. [[CAB International|Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> Kimanin kashi 95% na amfanin gonakin doya ana noma su ne a Afirka. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Everyday Mysteries: Yam |url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/scitech/mysteries/sweetpotato.html |publisher=Library of Congress, United States of America}}</ref><ref>Mavis, Meals by (1 January 2022). "Yam Eto (Ghanaian Mashed Yams)". Meals by Mavis. Retrieved 30 June 2025.</ref><ref>Osinkolu, Lola (27 August 2021). "YAM | TRUE YAM | AFRICAN YAM". Chef Lola's Kitchen. Retrieved 30 June 2025.</ref><ref>TRT Global - Nigeria: How New Yam Festival keeps Igbo's rooted traditions alive". trt.global. Retrieved 30 June 2025.</ref> Gonar doya tana farawa ne lokacin da aka dasa dukkan tsaba ko sassan tubers a cikin tuddai ko tuddai, a farkon lokacin damina. Yawan amfanin gona ya dogara ne akan yadda da kuma inda aka shuka sets ɗin, girman tuddai, tazarar tsakanin tsirrai, samar da sandunan da aka shuka, nau'in doya, da girman tubers da ake so a lokacin girbi. Ƙananan manoma a Yammacin da Tsakiyar Afirka galibi [[wiktionary:intercrop|suna haɗa]] doya da hatsi da kayan lambu. Doya iri suna da lalacewa kuma suna da yawa don jigilar su. Manoma waɗanda ba su sayi sabbin doya iri ba galibi suna ware har zuwa kashi 30% na girbin su don shuka a shekara mai zuwa. Gonar doya tana fuskantar matsin lamba daga nau'ikan kwari iri-iri da cututtukan fungal da ƙwayoyin cuta, da kuma nematodes . Girman su da lokacin barcin su sun yi daidai da lokacin damina da lokacin rani. Don yawan amfanin gona, doya suna buƙatar yanayi mai danshi na wurare masu zafi, tare da ruwan sama na shekara-shekara sama da {{Convert|1500|mm|in|0}} suna rarrabawa daidai gwargwado a duk lokacin girma. Doya fari, rawaya, da ruwa yawanci suna samar da babban buro ɗaya a kowace shekara, gabaɗaya suna da nauyin {{Convert|5|to|10|kg|lb|0}} . <ref name="stofao1">{{Cite web |last=Calverly |date=1998 |title=Storage and Processing of Roots and Tubers in the Tropics |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/X5415E/x5415e00.htm |publisher=United Nations [[Food and Agriculture Organization]]}}</ref> Doya tana fama da ƙarancin kwari da cututtuka. <ref name="Solomon" /> Akwai wani da ''Colletotrichum gloeosporioides'' ke haifarwa wanda ya bazu ko'ina a yankunan da ke girma a duniya. <ref name="Solomon" /> Winch ''et al.'', 1984 sun gano ''C.&nbsp;gloeosporioides'' yana shafar adadi mai yawa na ''Dioscorea'' spp.<ref>El cultivo de ñame en el Caribe colombiano". Banco de la República, Colombia. 21 June 2012.</ref><ref>More Than a Trend: The History of Ube and What It Means to the Filipino People". Kapwa Gardens. Retrieved 30 June 2025.</ref><ref>Yam Root Dye</ref><ref>Singh, K.K. and Kaushal Kumar. Ethnobotanical wisdom of Gaddi tribe in Western Himalaya. 2000. p.18.</ref><ref>Rana, M., Kabra, A., Kabra, R., Rana, M. and Dhatwalia, V. 2015. Plant Species used by locals as Ethano - Medicine in Gohar Tehsil, Distt. Mandi Region of North Western Himalaya. Archived 7 September 2023 at the Wayback Machine PharmaTutor. 3, 4 (Apr. 2015), 47-52.</ref> Duk da yawan buƙatun ma'aikata da farashin samarwa, buƙatar masu amfani da doya tana da yawa a wasu yankuna na Afirka, <ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 "''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam)"]. [[CAB International|Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> wanda hakan ya sa noman doya ya zama mai riba ga wasu manoma. <ref>{{Cite web |title=PubMed Central (PMC) |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ |access-date=2025-06-07 |website=PubMed Central (PMC) |language=en}}</ref><ref>Rajendra, Gupta (1993). "Conservation and utilization of Indian Medicinal Plants". Indian Journal of Plant Genetic Resources. 6 (2). ISSN 0971-8184. Retrieved 16 September 2021.</ref><ref>Naleba, Mere (25 April 2015). "Million dollar aim". The Fiji Times Online. Retrieved 1 June 2017.</ref><ref>Goody, Jack (1996). Cooking, cuisine and class: A study in comparative sociology. Cambridge University Press. pp. 78–81. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-521-28696-1</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Marker RE, Krueger J (1940). "Sterols. CXII. Sapogenins. XLI. The Preparation of Trillin and its Conversion to Progesterone". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 62 (12): 3349–3350. Bibcode:1940JAChS..62.3349M. doi:10.1021/ja01869a023.</ref> === Manyan nau'ikan da aka noma === Ana samun nau'ikan doya da yawa da aka noma a ''Dioscorea'' a ko'ina cikin wurare masu zafi masu danshi. <ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 "''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam)"]. [[CAB International|Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> An tattauna waɗanda suka fi muhimmanci a fannin tattalin arziki a ƙasa. <ref name="stofao1">{{Cite web |last=Calverly |date=1998 |title=Storage and Processing of Roots and Tubers in the Tropics |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/X5415E/x5415e00.htm |publisher=United Nations [[Food and Agriculture Organization]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCalverly1998">Calverly (1998). [http://www.fao.org/docrep/X5415E/x5415e00.htm "Storage and Processing of Roots and Tubers in the Tropics"]. United Nations [[Food and Agriculture Organization]].</cite></ref> Tumatur waɗanda ba na ''Dioscorea'' ba waɗanda suka kasance masu mahimmanci a tarihi a Afirka sun haɗa da ''[[Tumuƙu|Plectranthus rotundifolius]]'' (dankalin Hausa) da ''[[Rizga|P. esculentus]]'' (dankalin Livingstone); waɗannan amfanin gona guda biyu yanzu an mayar da su baya sosai ta hanyar gabatar da [[rogo]].<ref>Goody, Jack (1996). Cooking, cuisine and class: A study in comparative sociology. Cambridge University Press. pp. 78–81. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-521-28696-1</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Djerassi, C. (December 1992). "Steroid Research at Syntex: "The Pill" and Cortisone". Steroids. 57 (12): 631–641. doi:10.1016/0039-128X(92)90016-3. PMC 1294257. <nowiki>PMID 1481227</nowiki>. S2CID 5933910.</ref><ref>Liu MJ, Wang Z, Ju Y, Wong RN, Wu QY (2005). "Diosgenin induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human leukemia K562 cells with the disruption of Ca2+ homeostasis". Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology. 55 (1): 79–90. doi:10.1007/s00280-004-0849-3. <nowiki>PMID 15372201</nowiki>. S2CID 11779821.</ref><ref>"Roots, Tubers, Plantains and Bananas in Human Nutrition". United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. Acknowledgments, preface, introduction, origins, and distribution.</ref> ==== ''D. cayensis'' ==== Doya mai launin rawaya, ''[[Doyar kudu|D. cayensis]]'', da kuma farin doya, <nowiki><i id="mwARQ">D. cayensis</i></nowiki> subsp. <nowiki><i id="mwARU">rotundata</i></nowiki>, asalinsu daga Afirka ne. Su ne doya mafi mahimmanci da aka noma. A da, ana ɗaukar farin doya a matsayin wani nau'in daban, ''D. rotundata'', amma yawancin masana harkar haraji yanzu suna ɗaukarsa a matsayin wani nau'in doya mai launin rawaya. Ana noma nau'ikan doya sama da 200 a tsakaninsu. Farin doya yana da siffar silinda, fatar tana da santsi da launin ruwan kasa, kuma naman yawanci fari ne da tauri. Doya rawaya tana da launin rawaya, wanda ke faruwa sakamakon kasancewar carotenoids. Yana kama da farin doya a bayyanar waje; fatarsa yawanci tana da ɗan ƙarfi kuma ba ta da faɗi sosai. Doya rawaya tana da tsayin ciyayi da kuma ɗan gajeren barci fiye da farin doya. Nau'in Kokoro yana da mahimmanci wajen yin busasshen dankalin doya. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dumont |first=R. |last2=Vernier |first2=P. |date=2000 |title=Domestication of yams (''Dioscorea cayenensis-rotundata'') within the Bariba ethnic group in Benin |journal=[[Outlook on Agriculture]] |volume=29 |issue=2 |page=137 |bibcode=2000OutAg..29..137D |doi=10.5367/000000000101293149 |s2cid=154609802}}</ref> Manyan tsirrai ne; inabin na iya zama tsawon {{Convert|10|to|12|m|ft|0}} . Tushen galibi suna da nauyin kimanin {{Convert|2.5|to|5|kg|lb|0}} kowanne, amma zai iya nauyin har zuwa {{Convert|25|kg|lb|0}} . Bayan tsawon watanni 7 zuwa 12, ana girbe 'ya'yan itacen. A Afirka, yawancinsu ana niƙa su a cikin manna don yin abincin gargajiya na "yayan da aka niƙa", wanda aka sani da [[Iyan]] . ==== ''D. alata'' ==== [[Fayil:Yam_with_numerous_protruding_fibers.jpg|thumb|Doya mai launin shunayya ( ''D. alata'' )]] D. alata, wanda ake kira da shunayya doya (ba za a iya rikita shi da shunayya "yam" na Okinawa ba, wanda shine dankalin turawa mai zaki ), babban doya, doya mai fuka-fuki, doya ruwa, da (wanda ba a iya fahimta ba) farin doya, [1] [2] an fara noma shi a Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya. [2] Duk da cewa ba a noma shi daidai da doya na Afirka ba, yana da mafi girman rarrabawa a duk duniya fiye da duk wani doya da aka noma, ana noma shi a Asiya, tsibiran Pacific, Afirka, da Yammacin Indiya. [2] Ko a Afirka, shaharar doya ruwa tana ta biyu bayan farin doya. Siffar tuber gabaɗaya silinda ce, amma tana iya bambanta. Naman tuber fari ne kuma mai ruwa a yanayinsa. ''D. alata'' da ''D. esculenta'' (ƙaramin doya) sune muhimman amfanin gona ga al'adun Austronesian masu tafiya a teku. An ɗauke su tare da ƙaura daga Austronesian a matsayin tsire-tsire na kwale-kwale, daga Tsibirin Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya zuwa har zuwa [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]] da Polynesia . <ref name="Crowther2016">{{Cite journal |last=Crowther |first=Alison |last2=Lucas |first2=Leilani |last3=Helm |first3=Richard |last4=Horton |first4=Mark |last5=Shipton |first5=Ceri |last6=Wright |first6=Henry T. |last7=Walshaw |first7=Sarah |last8=Pawlowicz |first8=Matthew |last9=Radimilahy |first9=Chantal |last10=Douka |first10=Katerina |last11=Picornell-Gelabert |first11=Llorenç |last12=Fuller |first12=Dorian Q. |last13=Boivin |first13=Nicole L. |date=14 June 2016 |title=Ancient crops provide first archaeological signature of the westward Austronesian expansion |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences]] |volume=113 |issue=24 |pages=6635–6640 |bibcode=2016PNAS..113.6635C |doi=10.1073/pnas.1522714113 |pmc=4914162 |pmid=27247383 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Beaujard2011">{{Cite journal |last=Beaujard |first=Philippe |date=August 2011 |title=The first migrants to Madagascar and their introduction of plants: linguistic and ethnological evidence |url=https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00706173/file/Beaujard.azania2.pdf |journal=[[Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa]] |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=169–189 |doi=10.1080/0067270X.2011.580142 |s2cid=55763047}}</ref> <ref name="Bevacqua1994">{{Cite journal |last=Bevacqua |first=Robert F. |date=1994 |title=Origin of Horticulture in Southeast Asia and the Dispersal of Domesticated Plants to the Pacific Islands by Polynesian Voyagers: The Hawaiian Islands Case Study |url=http://hortsci.ashspublications.org/content/29/11/1226.full.pdf |journal=[[HortScience]] |volume=29 |issue=11 |pages=1226–1229 |doi=10.21273/HORTSCI.29.11.1226 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=White |first=L.D. |date=2003 |title=Uhi |url=http://www.canoeplants.com/uhi.html |series=Canoe Plants of Ancient Hawaiʻi}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] f5ixisdx1een4qz0b93ambb8dvo8rx3 884842 884841 2026-07-19T11:12:54Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 884842 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Yam_at_monday_market_kaduna_state_01.jpg|thumb|Farin doya iri-iri, Dioscorea rotundata a cikin kasuwar ranar litinin a [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]], Najeriya]] [[Fayil:YamsatBrixtonMarket.jpg|thumb|Fararen doya a kasuwar dillalai a Brixton, Ingila, 2004]] '''Doya''' ita ce sunan da aka saba amfani da shi ga wasu nau'ikan abinci a cikin halittar ''Dioscorea'' (iyalin Dioscoreaceae ) waɗanda ke samar da tubers masu cin abinci (wasu nau'ikan a cikin halittar suna da guba). Doya itace inabi ne [[Shuka mai Shekaru|masu]] daɗaɗɗen ganye waɗanda aka noma a Afirka, Asiya, da Amurka kuma ana noma su don cin ganyen sitaci a yankuna masu zafi da [[Wurare masu zafi (Tropics)|yanayi mai zafi]] . Tushen da kansu, waɗanda kuma ake kira "doya", suna zuwa ta hanyoyi daban-daban saboda nau'ikan iri da nau'ikan da ke da alaƙa da su.<ref>Dumont, R.; Vernier, P. (2000). "Domestication of yams (Dioscorea cayenensis-rotundata) within the Bariba ethnic group in Benin". Outlook on Agriculture D.E. (1987). Root Crops. London, UK: Tropical Development and Research Institute.</ref><ref>Thompson, Anthony Keith (2014). Fruit and Vegetables: Harvesting, Handling and Storage. <ref>Crowther, Alison; Lucas, Leilani; Helm, Richard; Horton, Mark; Shipton, Ceri; Wright, Henry T.; Walshaw, Sarah; Pawlowicz, Matthew; Radimilahy, Chantal; Douka, Katerina; Picornell-Gelabert, Llorenç; Fuller, Dorian Q.; Boivin, Nicole L. (14 June 2016). "Ancient crops provide first archaeological signature of the westward Austronesian expansion". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Bibcode:2016PNAS..113 odoi:10.1073/pnas.1522714113. PMC 4914162. <nowiki>PMID 27247383</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Beaujard, Philippe (August 2011). "The first migrants to Madagascar and their introduction of plants: linguistic and ethnological evidence" (PDF). Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa. 46 (2): 169–189. doi:10.1080/0067270X.2011.580142. S2CID 55763047.</ref><ref>Bevacqua, Robert F. (1994). "Origin of Horticulture in Southeast Asia and the Dispersal of Domesticated Plants to the Pacific Islands by Polynesian Voyagers: The Hawaiian Islands Case Study" (PDF). HortScience. 29 (11): 1226–1229. doi:10.21273/HORTSCI.29.11.1226.</ref><ref>White, L.D. (2003). "Uhi". Canoe Plants of Ancient Hawaiʻi.</ref><ref>Schultz, G.E. (1993). "Element Stewardship Abstract for Dioscorea bulbifera, Air potato". Nature Conservancy. Archived from the original on 18 September 2006. Retrieved 2 September 2006.</ref><ref>Zulu, Donald; Ellis, Richard H.; Culham, Alastair (25 January 2019). "Collection, Consumption, and Sale of Lusala (Dioscorea hirtiflora) — a Wild Yam — by Rural Households in Southern Province, Zambia". == Bayani == [[Fayil:കാച്ചിൽ-കിഴങ്ങ്.JPG|thumb|Doya]] Doya, wadda take da alaƙa da furannin fure da ciyawa, ciyawa ce mai ƙarfi, tana girma inabin inabi [[Shuka mai Shekaru|na tsawon lokaci]] daga buro . <ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}</ref> An san wasu nau'ikan doya 870, <ref name="cabi" /> kaɗan daga cikinsu ana noma su sosai don buroshinsu masu cin abinci amma wasu kuma suna da guba (kamar ''D. communis'' ).<ref>Zulu, D.; Ellis, R. H.; Culham, A. (2020). "Propagation of lusala (Dioscorea hirtiflora), a wild yam, for in situ and ex situ conservation and potential domestication". Experimental Agriculture. 56 (3): 453–468. doi:10.1017/S0014479720000083. S2CID 216212360.</ref><ref>Thompson, Anthony Keith; Oduro, Ibok (2021). Yams: Botany, Production and Uses. Oxford: CABI. p. 172. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-78924-927-9</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Linus Opara (2003). "YAMS: Post-Harvest Operation" (PDF).</ref><ref>"Yam production in 2019". Crops/Regions/World/Production Quantity. FAOSTAT, Statistics Division of the UN Food and Agriculture Organization. 2021. Retrieved 12 October 2021.</ref><ref>Dioscorea dumetorum: Useful Tropical Plants</ref><ref>Jesus, M.; Martins, A. P; Gallardo, E.; Silvestre, S. (2016). "Diosgenin: Recent Highlights on Pharmacology and Analytical Methodology". Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry. 2016: 1–16. doi:10.1155/2016/4156293. PMC 5225340. <nowiki>PMID 28116217</nowiki>.</ref> Shuke-shuken doya na iya girma har zuwa {{Convert|15|m|ft|-1}} a tsayi da {{Convert|7|to|15|cm|in}} . <ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 "''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam)"]. [[CAB International|Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> Tushen zai iya girma zuwa ƙasa har zuwa {{Convert|1.5|m|ft}} zurfi. <ref name="cabi" /> Shuke-shuken yana yaɗuwa ta hanyar iri . <ref name="cabi" /><ref>Oke, O.L. (1990). Redhead, J.; Hussain, M.A. (eds.). Roots, tubers, plantains and bananas in human nutrition. United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. <nowiki>ISBN 978-92-5-102862-9</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Glycemic index and glycemic load for 100+ foods". Harvard Health Publications. Harvard Medical School. 2008.</ref><ref>Roots, tubers, plantains and bananas in human nutrition - Nutritive value". United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. Retrieved 25 May 2020.</ref> Tushen da ake ci yana da fata mai kauri wadda take da wahalar barewa amma tana da laushi idan aka dafa ta. Fatar ta bambanta a launi daga launin ruwan kasa mai duhu zuwa ruwan hoda mai haske. Yawancin nama, ko nama, na kayan lambu sun ƙunshi wani abu mai laushi wanda ya bambanta daga fari ko rawaya zuwa shunayya ko ruwan hoda a cikin doya mai girma.<ref>"Kwashiorkor (Protein-Calorie Malnutrition)". Tropical Medicine Central Resource. 2006. Archived from the original on 16 December 2011. Retrieved 21 January 2012.</ref> == Asalin Ma'anar == Sunan "yam" ya bayyana ya samo asali ne daga harshen Portugal ''inhame'' ko [[Canarian Mutanen Espanya|Canarian Spanish]] ''ñame'', wanda ya samo asali ne daga [[Fillanci|harshen Fula]], ɗaya daga cikin [[Harsunan Nijar-Congo|harsunan Yammacin Afirka]] a lokacin ciniki. Duk da haka, a cikin harshen Portuguese, wannan sunan yawanci yana nufin shukar [[Gwaza|taro]] ( ''Colocasia esculenta'' ) daga nau'in ''Colocasia'', sabanin ''Dioscorea'' . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=Inhame dos Açores |url=https://tradicional.dgadr.gov.pt/pt/cat/outros-produtos-vegetais/771-inhame-dos-acores |access-date=13 August 2020 |publisher=[[Produtos Tradicionais Portugueses]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=Sabores dos Açores: Inhame |url=https://www.clubevinhosportugueses.pt/turismo/sabores-dos-acores-inhame/ |access-date=13 August 2020 |publisher=[[Clube Vinhos Portugueses]]}}</ref><ref>United States Food and Drug Administration (2024). "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels". FDA. Archived from the original on 27 March 2024. Retrieved 28 March 2024.</ref><ref>TABLE 4-7 Comparison of Potassium Adequate Intakes Established in This Report to Potassium Adequate Intakes Established in the 2005 DRI Report". p. 120. In: Stallings, Virginia A.; Harrison, Meghan; Oria, Maria, eds. (2019). "Potassium: Dietary Reference Intakes for Adequacy". Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. pp. 101–124. doi:10.17226/25353. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-309-48834-1</nowiki>. <nowiki>PMID 30844154</nowiki>. NCBI NBK545428.</ref><ref>Uwaegbute, Osho and Obatolu (1998). Postharvest technology and commodity marketing: Proceedings of a postharvest conference. International Institute of Tropical Agriculture. p. 172. <nowiki>ISBN 978-978-131-111-6</nowiki>.</ref> Manyan abubuwan da aka samo daga fi'ili suna da ma'anar "cin abinci". Doya na gaske suna da sunaye daban-daban gama gari a yankuna daban-daban na duniya. <ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 "''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam)"]. [[CAB International|Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> A wasu wurare, wasu kayan lambu (marasa alaƙa) ana kiransu da "yams", waɗanda suka haɗa da: <ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 "''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam)"]. [[CAB International|Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> * A Amurka, [[Dankali|dankali mai zaki]] ( ''Ipomoea batatas'' ), musamman waɗanda ke da naman lemu, galibi ana kiransu da "yams" <ref>{{Cite web |title=What is the difference between sweet potatoes and yams? |url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/scitech/mysteries/sweetpotato.html |website=LOC.gov}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Economic Research Service |url=http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/agoutlook/Nov2002/ao296e.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315002720/http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/agoutlook/Nov2002/ao296e.pdf |archive-date=15 March 2015 |access-date=26 November 2009}}</ref> * A Ostiraliya, ƙwayar ''Microseris walteri'', ko kuma yam daisy, abinci ne na asali ga [['Yan asalin Australiya|'yan asalin ƙasar Ostiraliya]] a wasu yankuna. * A New Zealand, ana kiran oca ( ''Oxalis tuberosa'' ) da "yam". <ref name="jsfa">{{Cite journal |last=Albihn, P.B.E. |last2=Savage, G.P. |date=18 June 2001 |title=The effect of cooking on the location and concentration of oxalate in three cultivars of New Zealand-grown oca (''Oxalis tuberosa'' Mol) |journal=[[Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture]] |volume=81 |issue=10 |pages=1027–1033 |bibcode=2001JSFA...81.1027A |doi=10.1002/jsfa.890}}</ref> * A [[Maleshiya|Malaysia]] da [[Singafora|Singapore]], [[Gwaza|taro]] ( ''Colocasia esculenta'' ) ana kiransa "yam". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lam |first=Lim Chin |title=I yam not taro |url=http://thestar.com.my/english/story.asp?file=/2010/7/16/lifefocus/6651716&sec=lifefocus |website=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]]}}</ref> * A Afirka, Kudu da Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya da kuma tsibiran Pacific masu zafi, ana noma ''Amorphophallus paeonifolius'' kuma ana kiransa da "ƙafar giwa". <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Santosa |first=Edi |last2=Lian |first2=Chun Lan |last3=Sugiyama |first3=Nobuo |last4=Misra |first4=Raj Shekhar |last5=Boonkorkaew |first5=Patchareeya |last6=Thanomchit |first6=Kanokwan |last7=Chiang |first7=Tzen-Yuh |display-authors=1 |date=28 June 2017 |title=Population structure of elephant foot yams (''Amorphophallus paeoniifolius'' (Dennst.) Nicolson) in Asia |journal=[[PLOS ONE]] |volume=12 |issue=6 |bibcode=2017PLoSO..1280000S |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0180000 |pmc=5489206 |pmid=28658282 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Rarrabawa da wurin zama == Doya ta samo asali ne daga Afirka, Asiya, da Amurka. <ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 "''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam)"]. [[CAB International|Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> An yi kiwon nau'ikan guda uku daban-daban a waɗannan nahiyoyi: ''D. rotundata'' (Afirka), ''[[Sakata|D.&nbsp;alata]]'' (Asiya), da kuma ''D.<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwrQ">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>trifida'' (Kudancin Amurka). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nora Scarcelli |display-authors=etal |date=1 May 2019 |title=Yam genomics supports West Africa as a major cradle of crop domestication |journal=[[Science Advances]] |volume=5 |issue=5 |bibcode=2019SciA....5.1947S |doi=10.1126/sciadv.aaw1947 |pmc=6527260 |pmid=31114806 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>"Undernutrition". The Merck Manual: The Home Health Handbook. 2010.</ref><ref>OB Izekor; MI Olumese (December 2010). "Determinants of yam production and profitability in Edo State, Nigeria" (PDF). African Journal of General Agriculture. 6 (4). Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 May 2017.</ref><ref>Yam, raw nutrition facts and analysis". www.nutritionvalue.org. Retrieved 30 June 2025.</ref><ref>Nutrient data laboratory". United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 10 August 2016.</ref><ref>Roots, Tubers, and Plantains in Food Security: In Sub-Saharan Africa, in Latin America and the Caribbean, in the Pacific. United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. 1989. <nowiki>ISBN 978-92-5-102782-0</nowiki>.</ref> == Ilimin Halittu == Wasu doya tsire-tsire ne masu cin zarafi, waɗanda galibi ana ɗaukar su a matsayin ciyawa mai cutarwa a wajen wuraren da aka noma. <ref>Robertson, Gordon; Lupien, John (2008). "Minimizing Postharvest Losses in Yam (Dioscorea spp.): Treatments and Techniques". Using food science and technology to improve nutrition and promote national development: Selected case studies. International Union of Food Science & Technology. S2CID 107695924.</ref><ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 "''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam)"]. [[CAB International|Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref><ref>Sam, Christopher (1 May 2021). "Food and culture: A case study of Ghana's Etor/Otor (Recipe Included)". TheAfricanDream. Retrieved 30 June 2025.</ref><ref>Nweke, Felix; Aidoo, Robert; Okoye, Benjamin (July 2013). "Yam Consumption Patterns in West Africa". Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. Archived from the original on 22 November 2018. Retrieved 5 December 2017.</ref> == Noma == [[Fayil:Kaachil_cut.jpg|thumb|Doya mai launin shunayya da aka girbe sabo ( ''[[Sakata|D.&nbsp;alata]]'' ) an yanka shi don giciye-sashe]] Ana noma doya don cin ƙwayar sitaci a yankuna masu zafi da [[Wurare masu zafi (Tropics)|yanayi mai zafi]], musamman a Yammacin Afirka, Kudancin Amurka da [[Karibiyan|Caribbean]], Asiya, da [[Osheniya|Oceania]] . <ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 "''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam)"]. [[CAB International|Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> Kimanin kashi 95% na amfanin gonakin doya ana noma su ne a Afirka. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Everyday Mysteries: Yam |url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/scitech/mysteries/sweetpotato.html |publisher=Library of Congress, United States of America}}</ref><ref>Mavis, Meals by (1 January 2022). "Yam Eto (Ghanaian Mashed Yams)". Meals by Mavis. Retrieved 30 June 2025.</ref><ref>Osinkolu, Lola (27 August 2021). "YAM | TRUE YAM | AFRICAN YAM". Chef Lola's Kitchen. Retrieved 30 June 2025.</ref><ref>TRT Global - Nigeria: How New Yam Festival keeps Igbo's rooted traditions alive". trt.global. Retrieved 30 June 2025.</ref> Gonar doya tana farawa ne lokacin da aka dasa dukkan tsaba ko sassan tubers a cikin tuddai ko tuddai, a farkon lokacin damina. Yawan amfanin gona ya dogara ne akan yadda da kuma inda aka shuka sets ɗin, girman tuddai, tazarar tsakanin tsirrai, samar da sandunan da aka shuka, nau'in doya, da girman tubers da ake so a lokacin girbi. Ƙananan manoma a Yammacin da Tsakiyar Afirka galibi [[wiktionary:intercrop|suna haɗa]] doya da hatsi da kayan lambu. Doya iri suna da lalacewa kuma suna da yawa don jigilar su. Manoma waɗanda ba su sayi sabbin doya iri ba galibi suna ware har zuwa kashi 30% na girbin su don shuka a shekara mai zuwa. Gonar doya tana fuskantar matsin lamba daga nau'ikan kwari iri-iri da cututtukan fungal da ƙwayoyin cuta, da kuma nematodes . Girman su da lokacin barcin su sun yi daidai da lokacin damina da lokacin rani. Don yawan amfanin gona, doya suna buƙatar yanayi mai danshi na wurare masu zafi, tare da ruwan sama na shekara-shekara sama da {{Convert|1500|mm|in|0}} suna rarrabawa daidai gwargwado a duk lokacin girma. Doya fari, rawaya, da ruwa yawanci suna samar da babban buro ɗaya a kowace shekara, gabaɗaya suna da nauyin {{Convert|5|to|10|kg|lb|0}} . <ref name="stofao1">{{Cite web |last=Calverly |date=1998 |title=Storage and Processing of Roots and Tubers in the Tropics |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/X5415E/x5415e00.htm |publisher=United Nations [[Food and Agriculture Organization]]}}</ref> Doya tana fama da ƙarancin kwari da cututtuka. <ref name="Solomon" /> Akwai wani da ''Colletotrichum gloeosporioides'' ke haifarwa wanda ya bazu ko'ina a yankunan da ke girma a duniya. <ref name="Solomon" /> Winch ''et al.'', 1984 sun gano ''C.&nbsp;gloeosporioides'' yana shafar adadi mai yawa na ''Dioscorea'' spp.<ref>El cultivo de ñame en el Caribe colombiano". Banco de la República, Colombia. 21 June 2012.</ref><ref>More Than a Trend: The History of Ube and What It Means to the Filipino People". Kapwa Gardens. Retrieved 30 June 2025.</ref><ref>Yam Root Dye</ref><ref>Singh, K.K. and Kaushal Kumar. Ethnobotanical wisdom of Gaddi tribe in Western Himalaya. 2000. p.18.</ref><ref>Rana, M., Kabra, A., Kabra, R., Rana, M. and Dhatwalia, V. 2015. Plant Species used by locals as Ethano - Medicine in Gohar Tehsil, Distt. Mandi Region of North Western Himalaya. Archived 7 September 2023 at the Wayback Machine PharmaTutor. 3, 4 (Apr. 2015), 47-52.</ref> Duk da yawan buƙatun ma'aikata da farashin samarwa, buƙatar masu amfani da doya tana da yawa a wasu yankuna na Afirka, <ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 "''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam)"]. [[CAB International|Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> wanda hakan ya sa noman doya ya zama mai riba ga wasu manoma. <ref>{{Cite web |title=PubMed Central (PMC) |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ |access-date=2025-06-07 |website=PubMed Central (PMC) |language=en}}</ref><ref>Rajendra, Gupta (1993). "Conservation and utilization of Indian Medicinal Plants". Indian Journal of Plant Genetic Resources. 6 (2). ISSN 0971-8184. Retrieved 16 September 2021.</ref><ref>Naleba, Mere (25 April 2015). "Million dollar aim". The Fiji Times Online. Retrieved 1 June 2017.</ref><ref>Goody, Jack (1996). Cooking, cuisine and class: A study in comparative sociology. Cambridge University Press. pp. 78–81. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-521-28696-1</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Marker RE, Krueger J (1940). "Sterols. CXII. Sapogenins. XLI. The Preparation of Trillin and its Conversion to Progesterone". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 62 (12): 3349–3350. Bibcode:1940JAChS..62.3349M. doi:10.1021/ja01869a023.</ref> === Manyan nau'ikan da aka noma === Ana samun nau'ikan doya da yawa da aka noma a ''Dioscorea'' a ko'ina cikin wurare masu zafi masu danshi. <ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 "''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam)"]. [[CAB International|Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> An tattauna waɗanda suka fi muhimmanci a fannin tattalin arziki a ƙasa. <ref name="stofao1">{{Cite web |last=Calverly |date=1998 |title=Storage and Processing of Roots and Tubers in the Tropics |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/X5415E/x5415e00.htm |publisher=United Nations [[Food and Agriculture Organization]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCalverly1998">Calverly (1998). [http://www.fao.org/docrep/X5415E/x5415e00.htm "Storage and Processing of Roots and Tubers in the Tropics"]. United Nations [[Food and Agriculture Organization]].</cite></ref> Tumatur waɗanda ba na ''Dioscorea'' ba waɗanda suka kasance masu mahimmanci a tarihi a Afirka sun haɗa da ''[[Tumuƙu|Plectranthus rotundifolius]]'' (dankalin Hausa) da ''[[Rizga|P. esculentus]]'' (dankalin Livingstone); waɗannan amfanin gona guda biyu yanzu an mayar da su baya sosai ta hanyar gabatar da [[rogo]].<ref>Goody, Jack (1996). Cooking, cuisine and class: A study in comparative sociology. Cambridge University Press. pp. 78–81. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-521-28696-1</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Djerassi, C. (December 1992). "Steroid Research at Syntex: "The Pill" and Cortisone". Steroids. 57 (12): 631–641. doi:10.1016/0039-128X(92)90016-3. PMC 1294257. <nowiki>PMID 1481227</nowiki>. S2CID 5933910.</ref><ref>Liu MJ, Wang Z, Ju Y, Wong RN, Wu QY (2005). "Diosgenin induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human leukemia K562 cells with the disruption of Ca2+ homeostasis". Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology. 55 (1): 79–90. doi:10.1007/s00280-004-0849-3. <nowiki>PMID 15372201</nowiki>. S2CID 11779821.</ref><ref>"Roots, Tubers, Plantains and Bananas in Human Nutrition". United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. Acknowledgments, preface, introduction, origins, and distribution.</ref> ==== ''D. cayensis'' ==== Doya mai launin rawaya, ''[[Doyar kudu|D. cayensis]]'', da kuma farin doya, <nowiki><i id="mwARQ">D. cayensis</i></nowiki> subsp. <nowiki><i id="mwARU">rotundata</i></nowiki>, asalinsu daga Afirka ne. Su ne doya mafi mahimmanci da aka noma. A da, ana ɗaukar farin doya a matsayin wani nau'in daban, ''D. rotundata'', amma yawancin masana harkar haraji yanzu suna ɗaukarsa a matsayin wani nau'in doya mai launin rawaya. Ana noma nau'ikan doya sama da 200 a tsakaninsu. Farin doya yana da siffar silinda, fatar tana da santsi da launin ruwan kasa, kuma naman yawanci fari ne da tauri. Doya rawaya tana da launin rawaya, wanda ke faruwa sakamakon kasancewar carotenoids. Yana kama da farin doya a bayyanar waje; fatarsa yawanci tana da ɗan ƙarfi kuma ba ta da faɗi sosai. Doya rawaya tana da tsayin ciyayi da kuma ɗan gajeren barci fiye da farin doya. Nau'in Kokoro yana da mahimmanci wajen yin busasshen dankalin doya. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dumont |first=R. |last2=Vernier |first2=P. |date=2000 |title=Domestication of yams (''Dioscorea cayenensis-rotundata'') within the Bariba ethnic group in Benin |journal=[[Outlook on Agriculture]] |volume=29 |issue=2 |page=137 |bibcode=2000OutAg..29..137D |doi=10.5367/000000000101293149 |s2cid=154609802}}</ref> Manyan tsirrai ne; inabin na iya zama tsawon {{Convert|10|to|12|m|ft|0}} . Tushen galibi suna da nauyin kimanin {{Convert|2.5|to|5|kg|lb|0}} kowanne, amma zai iya nauyin har zuwa {{Convert|25|kg|lb|0}} . Bayan tsawon watanni 7 zuwa 12, ana girbe 'ya'yan itacen. A Afirka, yawancinsu ana niƙa su a cikin manna don yin abincin gargajiya na "yayan da aka niƙa", wanda aka sani da [[Iyan]] . ==== ''D. alata'' ==== [[Fayil:Yam_with_numerous_protruding_fibers.jpg|thumb|Doya mai launin shunayya ( ''D. alata'' )]] D. alata, wanda ake kira da shunayya doya (ba za a iya rikita shi da shunayya "yam" na Okinawa ba, wanda shine dankalin turawa mai zaki ), babban doya, doya mai fuka-fuki, doya ruwa, da (wanda ba a iya fahimta ba) farin doya, [1] [2] an fara noma shi a Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya. [2] Duk da cewa ba a noma shi daidai da doya na Afirka ba, yana da mafi girman rarrabawa a duk duniya fiye da duk wani doya da aka noma, ana noma shi a Asiya, tsibiran Pacific, Afirka, da Yammacin Indiya. [2] Ko a Afirka, shaharar doya ruwa tana ta biyu bayan farin doya. Siffar tuber gabaɗaya silinda ce, amma tana iya bambanta. Naman tuber fari ne kuma mai ruwa a yanayinsa. ''D. alata'' da ''D. esculenta'' (ƙaramin doya) sune muhimman amfanin gona ga al'adun Austronesian masu tafiya a teku. An ɗauke su tare da ƙaura daga Austronesian a matsayin tsire-tsire na kwale-kwale, daga Tsibirin Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya zuwa har zuwa [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]] da Polynesia . <ref name="Crowther2016">{{Cite journal |last=Crowther |first=Alison |last2=Lucas |first2=Leilani |last3=Helm |first3=Richard |last4=Horton |first4=Mark |last5=Shipton |first5=Ceri |last6=Wright |first6=Henry T. |last7=Walshaw |first7=Sarah |last8=Pawlowicz |first8=Matthew |last9=Radimilahy |first9=Chantal |last10=Douka |first10=Katerina |last11=Picornell-Gelabert |first11=Llorenç |last12=Fuller |first12=Dorian Q. |last13=Boivin |first13=Nicole L. |date=14 June 2016 |title=Ancient crops provide first archaeological signature of the westward Austronesian expansion |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences]] |volume=113 |issue=24 |pages=6635–6640 |bibcode=2016PNAS..113.6635C |doi=10.1073/pnas.1522714113 |pmc=4914162 |pmid=27247383 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Beaujard2011">{{Cite journal |last=Beaujard |first=Philippe |date=August 2011 |title=The first migrants to Madagascar and their introduction of plants: linguistic and ethnological evidence |url=https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00706173/file/Beaujard.azania2.pdf |journal=[[Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa]] |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=169–189 |doi=10.1080/0067270X.2011.580142 |s2cid=55763047}}</ref> <ref name="Bevacqua1994">{{Cite journal |last=Bevacqua |first=Robert F. |date=1994 |title=Origin of Horticulture in Southeast Asia and the Dispersal of Domesticated Plants to the Pacific Islands by Polynesian Voyagers: The Hawaiian Islands Case Study |url=http://hortsci.ashspublications.org/content/29/11/1226.full.pdf |journal=[[HortScience]] |volume=29 |issue=11 |pages=1226–1229 |doi=10.21273/HORTSCI.29.11.1226 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=White |first=L.D. |date=2003 |title=Uhi |url=http://www.canoeplants.com/uhi.html |series=Canoe Plants of Ancient Hawaiʻi}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ctmzwb1pdlsp9q89frjlpi5c2wszfke 0 6525 884605 703539 2026-07-18T12:09:35Z Salahu Gwanki 14918 /* Rayuwar Zakzaky ta kashin kai */ 884605 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Sheikh Zakzaky.jpg|thumb|Ibrahim Yakubu El-Zakzaky a shekarar 2013]] '''Ibrahim Yakubu El-Zakzaky''' (An haife shi a ranar 5 ga watan mayun shekarata alif dubu daya da dari Tara da hansin da uku miladiyya 1953) malamin addinin [[musulunci]] ne, kuma shugaba a bangaren mabiya mazhabar [[Shi'a]] kuma Dan gwagwarmayar [[Addinin musulunci]] a [[Najeriya]]. Shi ne ya kafa ƙungiyar 'yan' uwa [[musulmi]] ko kuma ace muslim brothers a shekara ta alif 1979 a [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello]] Zaria, mutanen gari kuma na ce masu 'yan Shi'a ko ''''yan Burazas'''. Zakzaky yasha tuhuma da dauri da dama saboda Gwagwarmayar sa da yakeyi akan rashin adalci tare da cin hanci da rashawa da kasar sa ke fuskanta daga mahukuntanta. A tsarin gwagwarmayarsa ya dage akan cewa lallai [[Addinin musulunci]] ne kadai zai kawo mafita ga rikitattun matsalolin zamantakewa da siyasa, wadanda a tsawon shekaru suke maida cigaban kasar baya.<ref>Dan Issacs (1 October 2001). "Nigeria's firebrand Muslim leader". BBC News. Archived from the original on 26 January 2020. Retrieved 28 February 2014.</ref><ref> Connor Gaffey (16 December 2015). "Who is Sheikh Zakzaky, Nigeria's Most Powerful Shiite Muslim?". Newsweek Magazine. Archived from the original on 8 September 2021. Retrieved 12 April 2016.</ref> A wata lakca da ya gabatar na tunawa da Makon Sheikh Uthman Bn Fodio (a watan Mayu shekarata alif 2023) da kungiyar Dalibai wato Academic Forum of Islamic Forum ta shirya, Zakzaky ya bayyana cewa yana ci gaba da Jihadin Uthman Bn Fodio domin ganin Musulunci ya zama mai Hukunci. wannan fata nasa ba'a Najeriya kadai ya tsaya ba, har ma da kasashen [[yammacin Afirka]] baki daya. A wata lacca da ya gabatar a daidai wannan lokaci a garin Sokoko (a ranar 20 ga watan Mayu, shekarata 2023), daya daga cikin masu goyon bayansa, Dokta Nasir Hashim ya bayyana cewa, ba wai gadar zalunci da cin zali da mulkin mallaka ba ne, amma burin Zakzaky shi ne kawai fata ga [[Afirka]] baki daya. ==Tarihin Ibrahim Zakzaky== ===Haihuwar Ibrahim Al'Zakzaky=== An haifi Sheikh Ibrahim Al'zakzaky a garin [[Zariya]] na jihar [[Kaduna]] [[Najeriya]] a ranar 5 ga watan [[Mayu]], shekara ta alif da ɗari tara da hamsin da you (1953), dai-dai da (15 [[Sha'aban]] 1372 AH). Ya halarci makarantar Allo sannan sai ya wuce makarantar [[Larabci]] a shekara ta alif (1969-1970), Sannan ya yi makarantar larabci ta SAS a garin [[Kano]] daga shekara ta 1971 zuwa shekarar 1976,miladiyya inda ya samu iliminsa na grade II. Sai kuma jami'ar Ahmadu Bello (ABU) a garin [[Zariya]] (1976-1979), inda ya kammala karatun digirinsa a kan fannin ilimin sanin tattalin arziki (''Economics'') inda ya samu kyakkyawan sakamako saboda ya kasance dalibi mai hazakar gaske. A lokacin karatunsa na jami'a ne Malamin ya zama shugaban kungiyar dalibai [[Musulmai]] ta kasa wato ('''MSSN'''). Daga bisani kuma ya zama mataimakin shugaban babbar kungiyar ta kasa mai kula da kasashen waje a shekarar 1979. [[File:Sheikh Zakzaky in 1990s.jpg | thumb | Zakzaky a shekarun 1990 a lokacin yana bayani ga yan'uwansa ɗalibai]] Daga nan ne kuma Sheikh Ibrahim Zakzaky ya fara nuna goyon bayansa ga juyin juya halin da aka yi a kasar [[Iran]] a shekarar 1979 miladiyya Daga nan kuma sai Zakzaky ya tafi kasar ta [[Iran]]. Bayan dawowarsa daga Iran ne ya cigaba da yada Gwagwarmayar dawo ma [[addini]] a kasar har zuwa shekarun 1990 inda ya tara mabiya masu dimbin yawa akasari matasa ne masu kaunar [[addini]]. '''Kungiyar 'Yan'uwa Musulmi''' Ibrahim Al'Zakzaky ya kafa kungiyar da ake kira 'Is''lamic Movement in Nigeria''' wadda ada ake kira da 'Muslim brothers' ko kuma 'yan'uwa musulmi a Hausance. ===Rikice-rikicen Kungiyar Yan'uwa Musulmi=== Wannan kungiya ta El-zakzaky ta sha fama da rikice-rikice da rigingimu tun daga farkon kafata har zuwa yanzu. Fitattu daga cikin rikicin da kungiyar ta fuskanta sun haɗa da wanda ya faru a shekarar 1998 da kuma na shekarar 2014 da shekarar 2015. ===Rikicin Yan shi'a na shekarar 2014 a Zariya=== [[Fayil:Ibrahim Zakzaky 2023.jpg|thumb|Ibrahim Zakzaky]] A ranar 25 ga watan [[Yuli]] na shekarar 2014 ne aka samu tashin hankali tsakanin yaƙungiyar r 'yan uwa musulmi mabiya zakzaky da sojojin [[Najeriya]] a birnin [[Zariya]], a yayin gudanar da lumanar zanga zanga akan nuna goyon bayan mutanen falasdinu inda mutane 35 suka rasa rayukansu ciki har da 'ya'yan Ibrahim Zakzaky guda uku (3). 'Ya'yan shugaban ƙungiyar da aka kashe, biyu daga cikinsu ɗaliban injiniyarin ne a wata jami'a dake china, dayan kuma dalibi ne a jami'atu Mustapha dake Lebanon. Rikicin da kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil Adama na [[duniya]] da dama ciki har da babbar kungiyar kare hakkin bil Adama ta duniya. ===Rikicin kungiyar 'yan'uwa musulmi na shekarar 2015=== [[Fayil:3-Sheikh Zakzaky's meeting with the leader of the revolution-دیدار شیخ زکزاکی با رهبر انقلاب.jpg|thumb|Ibrahim Zakzaky a gefe ]] Haka ma a birnin na [[Zariya]] ne a shekarar 2015 sakamakon 'ya kungiyar 'yan'uwa musulmi mabiya Sheikh Ibrahim Zakzaky sun tare hanyar da babban Hafsan Sojojin kasar na wannan lokacin, wato ''Tukur Yusuf Buratai'' zai wuce a lokacin wata ziyara da ya kai birnin na Zariya. Sai sojojin suka bude wuta a kan 'yan Shi'an, wadanda suka tare hanyar. Lamarin da ya yi muni sosai inda har ya kai ga rushe muhallan ibadarsu da ma makabartar mabiya Shi'a din. Sannan daruruwan mabiya kungiyar sun rasa rayukan su. Haka nan dai lamarin ya yi sanadiyyar rasa rayukan na hannun daman Shaikh Zakzaky wato '''Sheikh Muhammad Mahmud Turi''' da wasu daga cikin 'ya'yan jagoran wato Ibrahimu Zakzaky. Shi ma da kansa Zakzaky da mai dakinsa Zinatu sun samu munanan raunuka a lokacin tashin hankalin inda daga bisani jami'an tsaro sukayi awon gaba da su aka kai su gidan gyara halin hukumar kasar ta [[Najeriya]] na tsare da su har zuwa shekara ta 2021 sannan aka sallamesu. Saidai kuma 'ya'yan kungiyar ta 'yan'uwa musulmi sun yi ta gwagwarmaya da yin zanga-zanga a wasu daga biranen kasar domin ganin an sakar masu jagoran nasu. Wanda dai lamarin na zanga-zangar ya haddasa wadansu tashe tashen hankulan inda har aka samu rashin rayuka da dama. Amma sakamakon zaman wata kotu a kasar wanda ta yi a ranar 2 ga [[Disamba]]r shekarar 2016, ta yanke hukuncin umartar hukumar [[Najeriya]] da ta gaggauta sakin Sheikh Zakzaky da matarsa tare da biyansa diyyar naira miliyar 50, tare da wadansu kudirorin. A watan [[Janairu]] na shekarar 2018 ne aka soma jin duriyar malam Ibrahim zakzaky, inda ya gabatar da wani takaitaccen jawabi wanda ba a san ko wanne waje ba ne. ===Rayuwar Zakzaky ta kashin kai=== [[Fayil:Sheikh Zakzaky 1.jpg|thumb|Ibrahim Zakzaky]] Shaikh Alzakzaky ya auri matarsa [[Zeenah Ibrahim zakzaky]], suna da 'ya'ya tara tare da shi. Yanzu 'ya'yansu uku suka rage namiji daya da mata biyu. Uku daga 'ya'yan Zakzaky an kashe su ne a [[Zariya]], a lokacin zanga-zangar lumana ta nuna goyon Falasdinu, su ne Ahmad Ibrahim Zakzaky, Hamid Ibrahim Zakzaky da kuma Mahmoud Ibrahim Zakzaky, kuma hakan ya faru ne a cikin shekarar 2014, a ƙarƙashin Gwamnatin Goodluck Ebele. Har ila yau, a kara kashe wasu yayansa maza ukku a ranar 12 ga watan Disamban shekarar 2015, wanda suka haɗa da Ali Haidar Ibrahim Zakzaky, Humaid Ibrahim Zakzaky da kuma Hammad Ibrahim Zakzaky. Kuma hakan ya faru ne a karkashin Gwamnatin tsohon shugaban ƙasa, Muhammadu Buhari. ==Sake Karanta== *[[Harkar Musulunci a Najeriya]] *[[Rikicin ranar Qudus a Zariya]] *[[Rikicin Zariya na 2015|Rikicin Zariya na shekarar 2015]] *[[Shi'a]] *[[Shi'a a Najeriya]] ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[category:Haifaffun 1953]] [[Category:Mutane daga jihar kaduna]] 0m91bz1hyo5hetisi1ccpgxyegegi67 884606 884605 2026-07-18T12:10:31Z Salahu Gwanki 14918 /* Rikice-rikicen Kungiyar Yan'uwa Musulmi */ 884606 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Sheikh Zakzaky.jpg|thumb|Ibrahim Yakubu El-Zakzaky a shekarar 2013]] '''Ibrahim Yakubu El-Zakzaky''' (An haife shi a ranar 5 ga watan mayun shekarata alif dubu daya da dari Tara da hansin da uku miladiyya 1953) malamin addinin [[musulunci]] ne, kuma shugaba a bangaren mabiya mazhabar [[Shi'a]] kuma Dan gwagwarmayar [[Addinin musulunci]] a [[Najeriya]]. Shi ne ya kafa ƙungiyar 'yan' uwa [[musulmi]] ko kuma ace muslim brothers a shekara ta alif 1979 a [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello]] Zaria, mutanen gari kuma na ce masu 'yan Shi'a ko ''''yan Burazas'''. Zakzaky yasha tuhuma da dauri da dama saboda Gwagwarmayar sa da yakeyi akan rashin adalci tare da cin hanci da rashawa da kasar sa ke fuskanta daga mahukuntanta. A tsarin gwagwarmayarsa ya dage akan cewa lallai [[Addinin musulunci]] ne kadai zai kawo mafita ga rikitattun matsalolin zamantakewa da siyasa, wadanda a tsawon shekaru suke maida cigaban kasar baya.<ref>Dan Issacs (1 October 2001). "Nigeria's firebrand Muslim leader". BBC News. Archived from the original on 26 January 2020. Retrieved 28 February 2014.</ref><ref> Connor Gaffey (16 December 2015). "Who is Sheikh Zakzaky, Nigeria's Most Powerful Shiite Muslim?". Newsweek Magazine. Archived from the original on 8 September 2021. Retrieved 12 April 2016.</ref> A wata lakca da ya gabatar na tunawa da Makon Sheikh Uthman Bn Fodio (a watan Mayu shekarata alif 2023) da kungiyar Dalibai wato Academic Forum of Islamic Forum ta shirya, Zakzaky ya bayyana cewa yana ci gaba da Jihadin Uthman Bn Fodio domin ganin Musulunci ya zama mai Hukunci. wannan fata nasa ba'a Najeriya kadai ya tsaya ba, har ma da kasashen [[yammacin Afirka]] baki daya. A wata lacca da ya gabatar a daidai wannan lokaci a garin Sokoko (a ranar 20 ga watan Mayu, shekarata 2023), daya daga cikin masu goyon bayansa, Dokta Nasir Hashim ya bayyana cewa, ba wai gadar zalunci da cin zali da mulkin mallaka ba ne, amma burin Zakzaky shi ne kawai fata ga [[Afirka]] baki daya. ==Tarihin Ibrahim Zakzaky== ===Haihuwar Ibrahim Al'Zakzaky=== An haifi Sheikh Ibrahim Al'zakzaky a garin [[Zariya]] na jihar [[Kaduna]] [[Najeriya]] a ranar 5 ga watan [[Mayu]], shekara ta alif da ɗari tara da hamsin da you (1953), dai-dai da (15 [[Sha'aban]] 1372 AH). Ya halarci makarantar Allo sannan sai ya wuce makarantar [[Larabci]] a shekara ta alif (1969-1970), Sannan ya yi makarantar larabci ta SAS a garin [[Kano]] daga shekara ta 1971 zuwa shekarar 1976,miladiyya inda ya samu iliminsa na grade II. Sai kuma jami'ar Ahmadu Bello (ABU) a garin [[Zariya]] (1976-1979), inda ya kammala karatun digirinsa a kan fannin ilimin sanin tattalin arziki (''Economics'') inda ya samu kyakkyawan sakamako saboda ya kasance dalibi mai hazakar gaske. A lokacin karatunsa na jami'a ne Malamin ya zama shugaban kungiyar dalibai [[Musulmai]] ta kasa wato ('''MSSN'''). Daga bisani kuma ya zama mataimakin shugaban babbar kungiyar ta kasa mai kula da kasashen waje a shekarar 1979. [[File:Sheikh Zakzaky in 1990s.jpg | thumb | Zakzaky a shekarun 1990 a lokacin yana bayani ga yan'uwansa ɗalibai]] Daga nan ne kuma Sheikh Ibrahim Zakzaky ya fara nuna goyon bayansa ga juyin juya halin da aka yi a kasar [[Iran]] a shekarar 1979 miladiyya Daga nan kuma sai Zakzaky ya tafi kasar ta [[Iran]]. Bayan dawowarsa daga Iran ne ya cigaba da yada Gwagwarmayar dawo ma [[addini]] a kasar har zuwa shekarun 1990 inda ya tara mabiya masu dimbin yawa akasari matasa ne masu kaunar [[addini]]. '''Kungiyar 'Yan'uwa Musulmi''' Ibrahim Al'Zakzaky ya kafa kungiyar da ake kira 'Is''lamic Movement in Nigeria''' wadda ada ake kira da 'Muslim brothers' ko kuma 'yan'uwa musulmi a Hausance. ===Rikice-rikicen Kungiyar Yan'uwa Musulmi=== Wannan ƙungiya ta El-zakzaky ta sha fama da rikice-rikice da rigingimu tun daga farkon kafata har zuwa yanzu. Fitattu daga cikin rikicin da ƙungiyar ta fuskanta sun haɗa da wanda ya faru a shekarar 1998 da kuma na shekarar 2014 da shekarar 2015. ===Rikicin Yan shi'a na shekarar 2014 a Zariya=== [[Fayil:Ibrahim Zakzaky 2023.jpg|thumb|Ibrahim Zakzaky]] A ranar 25 ga watan [[Yuli]] na shekarar 2014 ne aka samu tashin hankali tsakanin yaƙungiyar r 'yan uwa musulmi mabiya zakzaky da sojojin [[Najeriya]] a birnin [[Zariya]], a yayin gudanar da lumanar zanga zanga akan nuna goyon bayan mutanen falasdinu inda mutane 35 suka rasa rayukansu ciki har da 'ya'yan Ibrahim Zakzaky guda uku (3). 'Ya'yan shugaban ƙungiyar da aka kashe, biyu daga cikinsu ɗaliban injiniyarin ne a wata jami'a dake china, dayan kuma dalibi ne a jami'atu Mustapha dake Lebanon. Rikicin da kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil Adama na [[duniya]] da dama ciki har da babbar kungiyar kare hakkin bil Adama ta duniya. ===Rikicin kungiyar 'yan'uwa musulmi na shekarar 2015=== [[Fayil:3-Sheikh Zakzaky's meeting with the leader of the revolution-دیدار شیخ زکزاکی با رهبر انقلاب.jpg|thumb|Ibrahim Zakzaky a gefe ]] Haka ma a birnin na [[Zariya]] ne a shekarar 2015 sakamakon 'ya kungiyar 'yan'uwa musulmi mabiya Sheikh Ibrahim Zakzaky sun tare hanyar da babban Hafsan Sojojin kasar na wannan lokacin, wato ''Tukur Yusuf Buratai'' zai wuce a lokacin wata ziyara da ya kai birnin na Zariya. Sai sojojin suka bude wuta a kan 'yan Shi'an, wadanda suka tare hanyar. Lamarin da ya yi muni sosai inda har ya kai ga rushe muhallan ibadarsu da ma makabartar mabiya Shi'a din. Sannan daruruwan mabiya kungiyar sun rasa rayukan su. Haka nan dai lamarin ya yi sanadiyyar rasa rayukan na hannun daman Shaikh Zakzaky wato '''Sheikh Muhammad Mahmud Turi''' da wasu daga cikin 'ya'yan jagoran wato Ibrahimu Zakzaky. Shi ma da kansa Zakzaky da mai dakinsa Zinatu sun samu munanan raunuka a lokacin tashin hankalin inda daga bisani jami'an tsaro sukayi awon gaba da su aka kai su gidan gyara halin hukumar kasar ta [[Najeriya]] na tsare da su har zuwa shekara ta 2021 sannan aka sallamesu. Saidai kuma 'ya'yan kungiyar ta 'yan'uwa musulmi sun yi ta gwagwarmaya da yin zanga-zanga a wasu daga biranen kasar domin ganin an sakar masu jagoran nasu. Wanda dai lamarin na zanga-zangar ya haddasa wadansu tashe tashen hankulan inda har aka samu rashin rayuka da dama. Amma sakamakon zaman wata kotu a kasar wanda ta yi a ranar 2 ga [[Disamba]]r shekarar 2016, ta yanke hukuncin umartar hukumar [[Najeriya]] da ta gaggauta sakin Sheikh Zakzaky da matarsa tare da biyansa diyyar naira miliyar 50, tare da wadansu kudirorin. A watan [[Janairu]] na shekarar 2018 ne aka soma jin duriyar malam Ibrahim zakzaky, inda ya gabatar da wani takaitaccen jawabi wanda ba a san ko wanne waje ba ne. ===Rayuwar Zakzaky ta kashin kai=== [[Fayil:Sheikh Zakzaky 1.jpg|thumb|Ibrahim Zakzaky]] Shaikh Alzakzaky ya auri matarsa [[Zeenah Ibrahim zakzaky]], suna da 'ya'ya tara tare da shi. Yanzu 'ya'yansu uku suka rage namiji daya da mata biyu. Uku daga 'ya'yan Zakzaky an kashe su ne a [[Zariya]], a lokacin zanga-zangar lumana ta nuna goyon Falasdinu, su ne Ahmad Ibrahim Zakzaky, Hamid Ibrahim Zakzaky da kuma Mahmoud Ibrahim Zakzaky, kuma hakan ya faru ne a cikin shekarar 2014, a ƙarƙashin Gwamnatin Goodluck Ebele. Har ila yau, a kara kashe wasu yayansa maza ukku a ranar 12 ga watan Disamban shekarar 2015, wanda suka haɗa da Ali Haidar Ibrahim Zakzaky, Humaid Ibrahim Zakzaky da kuma Hammad Ibrahim Zakzaky. Kuma hakan ya faru ne a karkashin Gwamnatin tsohon shugaban ƙasa, Muhammadu Buhari. ==Sake Karanta== *[[Harkar Musulunci a Najeriya]] *[[Rikicin ranar Qudus a Zariya]] *[[Rikicin Zariya na 2015|Rikicin Zariya na shekarar 2015]] *[[Shi'a]] *[[Shi'a a Najeriya]] ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[category:Haifaffun 1953]] [[Category:Mutane daga jihar kaduna]] ai6hjnwu30ahetk4t2uvgmjce3guuql 884608 884606 2026-07-18T12:11:43Z Salahu Gwanki 14918 884608 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Sheikh Zakzaky.jpg|thumb|Ibrahim Yakubu El-Zakzaky a shekarar 2013]] '''Ibrahim Yakubu El-Zakzaky''' (An haife shi a ranar 5 ga watan mayun shekarar 1953) malamin addinin [[musulunci]] ne, kuma shugaba a bangaren mabiya mazhabar [[Shi'a]] kuma Dan gwagwarmayar [[Addinin musulunci]] a [[Najeriya]]. Shi ne ya kafa ƙungiyar 'yan' uwa [[musulmi]] ko kuma ace muslim brothers a shekara ta alif 1979 a [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello]] Zaria, mutanen gari kuma na ce masu 'yan Shi'a ko ''''yan Burazas'''. Zakzaky yasha tuhuma da dauri da dama saboda Gwagwarmayar sa da yakeyi akan rashin adalci tare da cin hanci da rashawa da kasar sa ke fuskanta daga mahukuntanta. A tsarin gwagwarmayarsa ya dage akan cewa lallai [[Addinin musulunci]] ne kadai zai kawo mafita ga rikitattun matsalolin zamantakewa da siyasa, wadanda a tsawon shekaru suke maida cigaban kasar baya.<ref>Dan Issacs (1 October 2001). "Nigeria's firebrand Muslim leader". BBC News. Archived from the original on 26 January 2020. Retrieved 28 February 2014.</ref><ref> Connor Gaffey (16 December 2015). "Who is Sheikh Zakzaky, Nigeria's Most Powerful Shiite Muslim?". Newsweek Magazine. Archived from the original on 8 September 2021. Retrieved 12 April 2016.</ref> A wata lakca da ya gabatar na tunawa da Makon Sheikh Uthman Bn Fodio (a watan Mayu shekarata alif 2023) da kungiyar Dalibai wato Academic Forum of Islamic Forum ta shirya, Zakzaky ya bayyana cewa yana ci gaba da Jihadin Uthman Bn Fodio domin ganin Musulunci ya zama mai Hukunci. wannan fata nasa ba'a Najeriya kadai ya tsaya ba, har ma da kasashen [[yammacin Afirka]] baki daya. A wata lacca da ya gabatar a daidai wannan lokaci a garin Sokoko (a ranar 20 ga watan Mayu, shekarata 2023), daya daga cikin masu goyon bayansa, Dokta Nasir Hashim ya bayyana cewa, ba wai gadar zalunci da cin zali da mulkin mallaka ba ne, amma burin Zakzaky shi ne kawai fata ga [[Afirka]] baki daya. ==Tarihin Ibrahim Zakzaky== ===Haihuwar Ibrahim Al'Zakzaky=== An haifi Sheikh Ibrahim Al'zakzaky a garin [[Zariya]] na jihar [[Kaduna]] [[Najeriya]] a ranar 5 ga watan [[Mayu]], shekarar (1953), dai-dai da (15 [[Sha'aban]] 1372 AH). Ya halarci makarantar Allo sannan sai ya wuce makarantar [[Larabci]] a shekara ta alif (1969-1970), Sannan ya yi makarantar larabci ta SAS a garin [[Kano]] daga shekara ta 1971 zuwa shekarar 1976,miladiyya inda ya samu iliminsa na grade II. Sai kuma jami'ar Ahmadu Bello (ABU) a garin [[Zariya]] (1976-1979), inda ya kammala karatun digirinsa a kan fannin ilimin sanin tattalin arziki (''Economics'') inda ya samu kyakkyawan sakamako saboda ya kasance dalibi mai hazakar gaske. A lokacin karatunsa na jami'a ne Malamin ya zama shugaban kungiyar dalibai [[Musulmai]] ta kasa wato ('''MSSN'''). Daga bisani kuma ya zama mataimakin shugaban babbar kungiyar ta kasa mai kula da kasashen waje a shekarar 1979. [[File:Sheikh Zakzaky in 1990s.jpg | thumb | Zakzaky a shekarun 1990 a lokacin yana bayani ga yan'uwansa ɗalibai]] Daga nan ne kuma Sheikh Ibrahim Zakzaky ya fara nuna goyon bayansa ga juyin juya halin da aka yi a kasar [[Iran]] a shekarar 1979 miladiyya Daga nan kuma sai Zakzaky ya tafi kasar ta [[Iran]]. Bayan dawowarsa daga Iran ne ya cigaba da yada Gwagwarmayar dawo ma [[addini]] a kasar har zuwa shekarun 1990 inda ya tara mabiya masu dimbin yawa akasari matasa ne masu kaunar [[addini]]. '''Kungiyar 'Yan'uwa Musulmi''' Ibrahim Al'Zakzaky ya kafa kungiyar da ake kira 'Is''lamic Movement in Nigeria''' wadda ada ake kira da 'Muslim brothers' ko kuma 'yan'uwa musulmi a Hausance. ===Rikice-rikicen Kungiyar Yan'uwa Musulmi=== Wannan ƙungiya ta El-zakzaky ta sha fama da rikice-rikice da rigingimu tun daga farkon kafata har zuwa yanzu. Fitattu daga cikin rikicin da ƙungiyar ta fuskanta sun haɗa da wanda ya faru a shekarar 1998 da kuma na shekarar 2014 da shekarar 2015. ===Rikicin Yan shi'a na shekarar 2014 a Zariya=== [[Fayil:Ibrahim Zakzaky 2023.jpg|thumb|Ibrahim Zakzaky]] A ranar 25 ga watan [[Yuli]] na shekarar 2014 ne aka samu tashin hankali tsakanin yaƙungiyar r 'yan uwa musulmi mabiya zakzaky da sojojin [[Najeriya]] a birnin [[Zariya]], a yayin gudanar da lumanar zanga zanga akan nuna goyon bayan mutanen falasdinu inda mutane 35 suka rasa rayukansu ciki har da 'ya'yan Ibrahim Zakzaky guda uku (3). 'Ya'yan shugaban ƙungiyar da aka kashe, biyu daga cikinsu ɗaliban injiniyarin ne a wata jami'a dake china, dayan kuma dalibi ne a jami'atu Mustapha dake Lebanon. Rikicin da kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil Adama na [[duniya]] da dama ciki har da babbar kungiyar kare hakkin bil Adama ta duniya. ===Rikicin kungiyar 'yan'uwa musulmi na shekarar 2015=== [[Fayil:3-Sheikh Zakzaky's meeting with the leader of the revolution-دیدار شیخ زکزاکی با رهبر انقلاب.jpg|thumb|Ibrahim Zakzaky a gefe ]] Haka ma a birnin na [[Zariya]] ne a shekarar 2015 sakamakon 'ya kungiyar 'yan'uwa musulmi mabiya Sheikh Ibrahim Zakzaky sun tare hanyar da babban Hafsan Sojojin kasar na wannan lokacin, wato ''Tukur Yusuf Buratai'' zai wuce a lokacin wata ziyara da ya kai birnin na Zariya. Sai sojojin suka bude wuta a kan 'yan Shi'an, wadanda suka tare hanyar. Lamarin da ya yi muni sosai inda har ya kai ga rushe muhallan ibadarsu da ma makabartar mabiya Shi'a din. Sannan daruruwan mabiya kungiyar sun rasa rayukan su. Haka nan dai lamarin ya yi sanadiyyar rasa rayukan na hannun daman Shaikh Zakzaky wato '''Sheikh Muhammad Mahmud Turi''' da wasu daga cikin 'ya'yan jagoran wato Ibrahimu Zakzaky. Shi ma da kansa Zakzaky da mai dakinsa Zinatu sun samu munanan raunuka a lokacin tashin hankalin inda daga bisani jami'an tsaro sukayi awon gaba da su aka kai su gidan gyara halin hukumar kasar ta [[Najeriya]] na tsare da su har zuwa shekara ta 2021 sannan aka sallamesu. Saidai kuma 'ya'yan kungiyar ta 'yan'uwa musulmi sun yi ta gwagwarmaya da yin zanga-zanga a wasu daga biranen kasar domin ganin an sakar masu jagoran nasu. Wanda dai lamarin na zanga-zangar ya haddasa wadansu tashe tashen hankulan inda har aka samu rashin rayuka da dama. Amma sakamakon zaman wata kotu a kasar wanda ta yi a ranar 2 ga [[Disamba]]r shekarar 2016, ta yanke hukuncin umartar hukumar [[Najeriya]] da ta gaggauta sakin Sheikh Zakzaky da matarsa tare da biyansa diyyar naira miliyar 50, tare da wadansu kudirorin. A watan [[Janairu]] na shekarar 2018 ne aka soma jin duriyar malam Ibrahim zakzaky, inda ya gabatar da wani takaitaccen jawabi wanda ba a san ko wanne waje ba ne. ===Rayuwar Zakzaky ta kashin kai=== [[Fayil:Sheikh Zakzaky 1.jpg|thumb|Ibrahim Zakzaky]] Shaikh Alzakzaky ya auri matarsa [[Zeenah Ibrahim zakzaky]], suna da 'ya'ya tara tare da shi. Yanzu 'ya'yansu uku suka rage namiji daya da mata biyu. Uku daga 'ya'yan Zakzaky an kashe su ne a [[Zariya]], a lokacin zanga-zangar lumana ta nuna goyon Falasdinu, su ne Ahmad Ibrahim Zakzaky, Hamid Ibrahim Zakzaky da kuma Mahmoud Ibrahim Zakzaky, kuma hakan ya faru ne a cikin shekarar 2014, a ƙarƙashin Gwamnatin Goodluck Ebele. Har ila yau, a kara kashe wasu yayansa maza ukku a ranar 12 ga watan Disamban shekarar 2015, wanda suka haɗa da Ali Haidar Ibrahim Zakzaky, Humaid Ibrahim Zakzaky da kuma Hammad Ibrahim Zakzaky. Kuma hakan ya faru ne a karkashin Gwamnatin tsohon shugaban ƙasa, Muhammadu Buhari. ==Sake Karanta== *[[Harkar Musulunci a Najeriya]] *[[Rikicin ranar Qudus a Zariya]] *[[Rikicin Zariya na 2015|Rikicin Zariya na shekarar 2015]] *[[Shi'a]] *[[Shi'a a Najeriya]] ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[category:Haifaffun 1953]] [[Category:Mutane daga jihar kaduna]] hvv3451nt8fe7oq71acya68quezpy2r 0 8923 884604 874038 2026-07-18T12:06:25Z Salahu Gwanki 14918 884604 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ibrahim''' na iya kasancewa: Suna ne da ake amfani dashi: * Ibrahim (Sunan) , gami da jerin mutanen da ke da sunan ** [[Annabi Ibrahim|Ibrahim a cikin Islama]] * [[Ibrahim (surah)]] , surah na Alkur'ani * Ibrahim (wasan kwaikwayo) ko Ibrahim The Illustrious Bassa, wani bala'i na 1676 na Elkanah Settle, wanda ya samo asali ne daga wani littafi na 1641 na Madeleine de Scudéry * Kyautar Ibrahim don Nasarar Shugabancin Afirka. == Dubi kuma. == mulpl2mqrclco4u55tadgjg56noeyt2 3 11277 884611 50715 2026-07-18T12:40:37Z Cabayi 8435 Cabayi moved page [[Tattaunawar user:Asbazukassg]] to [[Tattaunawar user:Asbssg]]: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/Asbazukassg|Asbazukassg]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/Asbssg|Asbssg]]" 50715 wikitext text/x-wiki </noinclude> [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa a Hausa Wikipedia, Asbazukassg! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Asbazukassg|gudummuwarka]]. Kuma ina fatan zaka tsaya ka ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimake ka ka fahimci Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyaranta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]], ko kuma ka tambayeni a {{Gyara|User talk:The Living love|section=new|shafina na tattaunawa}}. Na gode. [[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love|talk]]) 10:40, 22 ga Yuli, 2019 (UTC) </noinclude> bq6q5kf01odjuqd6d7f3tdk2ngwfll1 0 13794 884799 594165 2026-07-19T08:24:57Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 884799 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} * [[Fayil:Onyeka Owenu on the cover of Genevieve magazine 2013.png|thumb|Onyeka owenu]]'''Onyeka Onwenu''' (an haife ta a ranar 29 ga watan Janairu shekarar 1952, kuma ta mutu a ranar 30 ga Yuli, 2024) mawakiya ce / mawaƙiyar [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Najeriya]], yar wasan kwaikwayo, mai fafutukar haƙƙin ɗan Adam, yar' gwagwarmayar zamantakewa, yar' jarida, yar' siyasa, kuma tsohon alkalin wasan ''X Factor''. Tun farkon kafa kungiyar, itace shugabar kwamitin kula da al'adu da al'adu ta [[Imo|jihar Imo ce]] kuma a yanzu haka Darakta ce / Babban Darakta na Cibiyar Mata ta Kasa. == Farkon rayuwa == [[Fayil:Onyeka Ononye appearing on NdaniTV Sept 2018.png|thumb|Onyeka Onwenu]] Onwenu ta fito ce daga Arondizuogu, wani karamin gari a [[Ideato ta Arewa]], [[Imo|jihar Imo]], kuma ta girma ne a [[Port Harcourt|Fatakwal]] . Ita ce ƙaramar 'yar ƙwararren masanin ilimin Najeriya kuma ɗan siyasa DK Onwenu wacce ta mutu tun tana da shekara huɗu a autocrash mako guda kafin nadinsa a matsayin Ministan Ilimi, bar bazawararsa ta haife yara biyar kaɗai. bayan dangin mijinta sun hana ta samun damar mallakarsa <ref>[https://www.pressreader.com/nigeria/thisday/20190807/281891594899390 Plight of Widows]</ref> (Waƙar "Matar Afirka" daga waƙoƙi na huɗu na Onwenu Oneaya ''daga cikin ƙauna'' ne mahaifiyarta ta yi wahayi). == Karatu == Onwenu ta mallaki BA a dangantakar kasa da kasa da kuma sadarwa daga Kwalejin Wellesley, [[Massachusetts]], kuma MA a cikin Nazarin Media daga Sabon Makarantar Nazarin Zaman Lafiyar Jama'a, [[New York (birni)|New York]] . Ta kuma yi aiki a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a matsayin mai jagorantar yawon shakatawa kafin ta dawo Najeriya a Shekara 1980 don kammala aikinta na kasa na shekara daya tare da NTA inda ta yi tasiri a matsayin mai yada labaran labarai, da kuma mai ba da labari mai ba da tsoro. == Watsa shirye-shirye == [[Fayil:Onyeka Owenu on the cover of Genevieve magazine 2013.png|thumb|Onyeka Onwenu]] A cikin 1984, Onwenu ta rubuta kuma ta gabatar da shirin kariyar duniya na BBC / NTA ''Nigeria, A Squandering of Riches'' wanda ya zama ingantaccen fim game da cin hanci da rashawa a Najeriya da kuma matsananciyar wahala game da yankin Neja Delta don sarrafa albarkatu da yakin neman lalata lalata muhalli a yankin mai arzikin mai. na Najeriya. Tsohuwar memba ce a hukumar NTA, ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen talabijin, tana karbar bakuncin ''wakilinmu na'' (1988) da ''Wanene Ke?'' (1993) duka a NTA Network. == Waka == Tun da farko mawakiya ce na rayuwar duniya, Onwenu ta yi sauyi zuwa kiɗan kiɗa bishara a cikin shekarun 90s, kuma yawancin wakokinta sun yi rubutu da kansu. Ta ci gaba da yin rubuce-rubuce da rera wakoki game da batutuwa kamar su cutar kanjamau (HIV / AIDS), zaman lafiya da haɗin kai, girmama haƙƙin mata, da kuma wahalar da yara. Ta fara aikin kade-kade ne a shekarar 1981 yayin da take ci gaba da aiki a NTA, yayin da take sakin kundin wakoki ''Don Soyayyar Ku'', wani sabon kundi wanda ya kunshi murfin mawaki na Johnny Nash na "Hold Me Tight", kuma kundin ta na biyu mai suna ''Endless Life'' Sonny Okosuns . Dukkan bayanan an sake su a kan alamar EMI . <ref>[label.https://www.discogs.com/Onyeka-Onwenu-For-The-Love-Of-You/release/5335012 For the Love of You}</ref> <ref>[https://www.discogs.com/Onyeka-Onwenu-Endless-Life/release/2075277 Endless Life]</ref> Sunan Onwenu na farko tare da Polygram, ''In The Morning Light'', an fitar dashi a 1984. An yi rikodin ta a London, ta nuna waƙar "Masterplan" wanda babban aboki Tyna Onwudiwe ya rubuta wanda a baya ya ba da gudummawa ga shirin Onwenu na BBC sannan kuma ya rera waƙoƙi na baya. Bayan ta huɗu ta saki, 1986 ta ''Daya love'' wanda dauke da wani updated version na song "(A) Morning Light, ta hada kai tare da tsohon soja <nowiki><i id="mwUg">jùjú</i></nowiki> artist Sunny Ade a kan hanya" ''Madawolohun'' (su ce): "wanda ya bayyana a cikin shekarar 1988 ta ''Dancing A The Rana'' . Wannan shi ne na farko cikin waƙoƙin uku da ma'auratan suka yi aiki tare; Sauran biyun - "Zaɓi" da "Jira Ni" - sun danganci tsarin iyali ne, kuma endungiyar Kula da Iyaye na ofan Nijeriyar da suka ba da goyan baya ga tallace-tallacen su. <ref>[http://www.ipsnews.net/1997/01/music-nigeria-theres-a-message-in-the-sound/ MUSIC-NIGERIA: There’s A Message in the Sound]</ref> Bayanin karshe na Onwenu akan Polygram an sadaukar dashi ne ga Winnie Mandela, batun wakar sunanta ne wanda Onwenu yayi a raye lokacin da [[Nelson Mandela]] da matarsa suka ziyarci Najeriya a 1990 bayan an sake shi daga kurkuku. <ref>[https://onyekaonwenu.wordpress.com/2018/04/16/why-i-wrote-the-song-winnie-mandela/ Why I Wrote Winnie Mandela]</ref> Onwenu ta juya zuwa Benson da Hedges Music a 1992 kuma ta sake waka mai taken ''Onyeka!'', kundin kide kide tare da lakabin, daga baya wanda ta canza sheka zuwa waƙar Christian / gospel. Takaddun sabon nata mai taken, "Inspiration for Change", sun maida hankali ne akan bukatar canji mai inganci a Najeriya. Tana cikin hadin gwiwa tare da ''La Cave Musik na'' Paris, wanda [[Ɗan Nijeriya|dan]] kasuwan [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Najeriya]] ne, Onyeka Nwelue da kuma Jungle Entertainment Ventures na kasar Burtaniya, wanda kwararren masanin kidan David Evans-Uhegbu ke jagoranta. ''An kafa La Cave Musik'' don sakin tarin nata mai taken " ''Sake haihuwa na wani labari'' ". A fitarwa na ta bayar da gudunmawar music kuma zane-zane a Najeriya, ta yi bikin cika da kwararru kamar [[Mahmood Ali-Balogun]], Laolu irin ku, Charles O'Tudor, da kuma tsohon PMAN shugaba Tony Okoroji da sauransu a cikin zane-zane masana'antu a Najeriya. A cikin 2013, Onwenu ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin alƙalai uku da ke ''X Factor Nigeria'' . <ref>[http://thenet.ng/photos-onyeka-onwenu-m-i-reggie-rockstone-unveiled-as-x-factor-judges/ Onyeka Onwenu, M.I, Reggie Rockstone unveiled as X Factor judges]</ref> == Siyasa == Onyeka Onwenu memba ce na Jam’iyyar Demokradiyya ta Jama’a (PDP). <ref>[http://thenet.ng/2013/09/onyeka-onwenu-gets-political-appointment/ Onyeka Onwenu gets political appointment]</ref> Ta yi takara sau biyu don zama shugabar karamar hukumar ta [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|karamar hukuma]], karamar hukumar [[Ideato ta Arewa]] a [[Imo|jihar Imo]], kuma ta yi asara a dukkan kokarin biyu. <ref>[https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/celebrities/onyeka-onwenu-10-things-about-the-legendary-musician-you-need-to-know/2tt7jgc]</ref> amma tsohon gwamna Ikedi Ohakim ya nada shi a matsayin shugaban majalisar ta Arts and Culture. A ranar 16 ga Satumba, 2013, Shugaba [[Goodluck Jonathan|Goodluck Jonathan ya]] nada mata Darakta / Babban Darakta a Cibiyar Ci gaban Mata ta Kasa. == Gwagwarmaya == A shekarar 2000, Onwenu ta nuna rashin amincewa da ta tsohon m NTA a kan su ƙi biya kamasho a kan ta songs (NTA 2 Channel 5 ya yi amfani da ''"Iyogogo",'' a hanya daga ''Onyeka!'' Album, a tashar idents ba tare da tambayar ta izni), da kuma bayan nan -Anshasha Janar Ben Murray-Bruce yayi jerin gwano daga watsa inda ta shiga yajin aikin gama gari a harabar ofishin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=I WENT ON HUNGER STRIKE WHEN BEN BRUCE BARRED ME FROM BEING SHOWN ON NTA –ONYEKA ONWENU |url=http://www.nigerianbestforum.com/generaltopics/i-went-on-hunger-strike-when-ben-bruce-barred-me-from-being-shown-on-nta-%E2%80%93onyeka-onwenu/ |access-date=2020-05-03 |archive-date=2013-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130416011905/http://www.nigerianbestforum.com/generaltopics/i-went-on-hunger-strike-when-ben-bruce-barred-me-from-being-shown-on-nta-%E2%80%93onyeka-onwenu/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Lokacin da aka tambayi Onwenu, wanda ta yi wasan kwaikwayon Murray-Bruce na ''Yara na Afirka'' a 1991, ya ce "Mun gano cewa masana'antar nishaɗi tana wahala. Yawancin masu zane-zane ba su da fensho, suna matsananciyar yunwa. Wadannan mutane ne da suka shahara, mutanen da suka bayar da gagarumar gudunmawa ga ci gaban masana'antar a Najeriya kuma muna jin wannan ya zo ga karshe. " Yunkurin Onwenu ya ja hankalin mutane da yawa daga masu zane-zane, ciki har da [[Charly Boy]], wanda ya nuna rashin jin dadinsa game da biyan bukatun 'yan Najeriya yayin da ake yada wakoki a talabijin da rediyo. Hukumar NTA ta yanke shawarar sasanta batun cikin natsuwa, amma ta hana Onwenu damar fitowa ta tashoshinsu. <ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/842839.stm Nigerian singer on hunger strike]</ref> An dakatar da zanga-zangar ne bayan kwanaki shida lokacin da Onwenu da NTA suka shiga wani shiri don biyan basukan sarauta. <ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/852197.stm Nigerian singer's hunger strike over]</ref> == Aiki == Fitowar a fim na farko na Onwenu ta kasance kamar Jumoke, macen da ba ta da ɗa wanda ta auri jariri da aka watsar a cikin Daren ''dare na'' Zik Zulu Okafor. <ref>[https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/october-1-review-of-kunle-afolayans-movie/wrfvkl2 Nightmare]</ref> Tun daga wannan lokacin ta fito a cikin fina -finai da yawa na [[Nollywood]], kuma a 2006 ta ci lambar yabo ta Movie Movie Award don Mafi kyawun Aiki a Matsayi na Tallafi, A 2014. Ta kasance cikin fim din ''Rabin Rana na Yellow'' tare da Chiwetel Ejiofor da Thandie Newton, da ''Zuciyar Zaki'' . == Rayuwar mutum == Onwenu ta kasance mai boye bayanan dangane da rayuwarsa ta asirri, kuma sau da yawa takan ki ambatan mijinta a cikin tambayoyin. Ita ce mahaifiyar ’ya’ya biyu. == Fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;" border="2" cellpadding="4" ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Shekara ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Fim ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Matsayi ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Bayanan kula |- | rowspan="3" | 1999 | ''Bawai Kadarorinku ba'' | | |- | ''Yaudara'' | | tare da Nkem Owoh |- | ''Amincewar Sarkar'' | | tare da Pete Edochie & Liz Benson |- | 2004 | ''Gidan Gwamnati'' | | |- | rowspan="5" | 2005 | ''Katin Mata'' | | tare da Joke Silva & Zack Orji - wannan fim din ya sami zabi 4 sannan ya samu lambar yabo 1 a yayin bikin bayar da Kwalejin Koyarwa na Afirka Na 2 a 2006 |- | ''Mai zalunci'' | | tare da Pete Edochie |- | ''Watan wata'' | | |- | ''Omalinze'' | Sarauniya | tare da Stephanie Okereke |- | ''Kowace Rana ɗaya'' | | |- | 2006 | ''Duniya daban'' | | tare da Ramsey Nouah |- | rowspan="2" | 2007 | ''Don son Mala'ika'' | | tare da Ramsey Nouah |- | ''Tirniti'' | | tare da Kanayo O. Kanayo |- | rowspan="1" | 2013 | ''Rabin Rana na Rana'' | Mahaifiyar Odenigbo | tare da Chiwetel Ejiofor da Thandie Newton |- | rowspan="1" | 2018 | ''Zaki'' | Abigail Obiagu | |} == Duba kuma == * Jerin mawakan bishara na Najeriya == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * Onyeka Onwenu on IMDb [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] cqv3w06bo7oplsmjamgxqcj3ot2y8dn 884800 884799 2026-07-19T08:25:50Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 884800 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} * [[Fayil:Onyeka Owenu on the cover of Genevieve magazine 2013.png|thumb|Onyeka owenu]]'''Onyeka Onwenu''' (an haife ta a ranar 29 ga watan Janairu shekarar 1952, kuma ta mutu a ranar 30 ga Yuli, 2024) mawakiya ce / mawaƙiyar [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Najeriya]], yar wasan kwaikwayo, mai fafutukar haƙƙin ɗan Adam, yar' gwagwarmayar zamantakewa, yar' jarida, yar' siyasa, kuma tsohon alkalin wasan ''X Factor''. Tun farkon kafa kungiyar, itace shugabar kwamitin kula da al'adu da al'adu ta [[Imo|jihar Imo ce]] kuma a yanzu haka Darakta ce / Babban Darakta na Cibiyar Mata ta Kasa. == Farkon rayuwa == [[Fayil:Onyeka Ononye appearing on NdaniTV Sept 2018.png|thumb|Onyeka Onwenu]] Onwenu ta fito ce daga Arondizuogu, wani karamin gari a [[Ideato ta Arewa]], [[Imo|jihar Imo]], kuma ta girma ne a [[Port Harcourt|Fatakwal]] . Ita ce ƙaramar 'yar ƙwararren masanin ilimin Najeriya kuma ɗan siyasa DK Onwenu wacce ta mutu tun tana da shekara huɗu a autocrash mako guda kafin nadinsa a matsayin Ministan Ilimi, bar bazawararsa ta haife yara biyar kaɗai. bayan dangin mijinta sun hana ta samun damar mallakarsa <ref>[https://www.pressreader.com/nigeria/thisday/20190807/281891594899390 Plight of Widows]</ref> (Waƙar "Matar Afirka" daga waƙoƙi na huɗu na Onwenu Oneaya ''daga cikin ƙauna'' ne mahaifiyarta ta yi wahayi). == Karatu == Onwenu ta mallaki BA a dangantakar kasa da kasa da kuma sadarwa daga Kwalejin Wellesley, [[Massachusetts]], kuma MA a cikin Nazarin Media daga Sabon Makarantar Nazarin Zaman Lafiyar Jama'a, [[New York (birni)|New York]] . Ta kuma yi aiki a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a matsayin mai jagorantar yawon shakatawa kafin ta dawo Najeriya a Shekara 1980 don kammala aikinta na kasa na shekara daya tare da NTA inda ta yi tasiri a matsayin mai yada labaran labarai, da kuma mai ba da labari mai ba da tsoro. == Watsa shirye-shirye == [[Fayil:Onyeka Owenu on the cover of Genevieve magazine 2013.png|thumb|Onyeka Onwenu]] A cikin shekara 1984, Onwenu ta rubuta kuma ta gabatar da shirin kariyar duniya na BBC / NTA ''Nigeria, A Squandering of Riches'' wanda ya zama ingantaccen fim game da cin hanci da rashawa a Najeriya da kuma matsananciyar wahala game da yankin Neja Delta don sarrafa albarkatu da yakin neman lalata lalata muhalli a yankin mai arzikin mai. na Najeriya. Tsohuwar memba ce a hukumar NTA, ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen talabijin, tana karbar bakuncin ''wakilinmu na'' (1988) da ''Wanene Ke?'' (1993) duka a NTA Network. == Waka == Tun da farko mawakiya ce na rayuwar duniya, Onwenu ta yi sauyi zuwa kiɗan kiɗa bishara a cikin shekarun 90s, kuma yawancin wakokinta sun yi rubutu da kansu. Ta ci gaba da yin rubuce-rubuce da rera wakoki game da batutuwa kamar su cutar kanjamau (HIV / AIDS), zaman lafiya da haɗin kai, girmama haƙƙin mata, da kuma wahalar da yara. Ta fara aikin kade-kade ne a shekarar 1981 yayin da take ci gaba da aiki a NTA, yayin da take sakin kundin wakoki ''Don Soyayyar Ku'', wani sabon kundi wanda ya kunshi murfin mawaki na Johnny Nash na "Hold Me Tight", kuma kundin ta na biyu mai suna ''Endless Life'' Sonny Okosuns . Dukkan bayanan an sake su a kan alamar EMI . <ref>[label.https://www.discogs.com/Onyeka-Onwenu-For-The-Love-Of-You/release/5335012 For the Love of You}</ref> <ref>[https://www.discogs.com/Onyeka-Onwenu-Endless-Life/release/2075277 Endless Life]</ref> Sunan Onwenu na farko tare da Polygram, ''In The Morning Light'', an fitar dashi a 1984. An yi rikodin ta a London, ta nuna waƙar "Masterplan" wanda babban aboki Tyna Onwudiwe ya rubuta wanda a baya ya ba da gudummawa ga shirin Onwenu na BBC sannan kuma ya rera waƙoƙi na baya. Bayan ta huɗu ta saki, 1986 ta ''Daya love'' wanda dauke da wani updated version na song "(A) Morning Light, ta hada kai tare da tsohon soja <nowiki><i id="mwUg">jùjú</i></nowiki> artist Sunny Ade a kan hanya" ''Madawolohun'' (su ce): "wanda ya bayyana a cikin shekarar 1988 ta ''Dancing A The Rana'' . Wannan shi ne na farko cikin waƙoƙin uku da ma'auratan suka yi aiki tare; Sauran biyun - "Zaɓi" da "Jira Ni" - sun danganci tsarin iyali ne, kuma endungiyar Kula da Iyaye na ofan Nijeriyar da suka ba da goyan baya ga tallace-tallacen su. <ref>[http://www.ipsnews.net/1997/01/music-nigeria-theres-a-message-in-the-sound/ MUSIC-NIGERIA: There’s A Message in the Sound]</ref> Bayanin karshe na Onwenu akan Polygram an sadaukar dashi ne ga Winnie Mandela, batun wakar sunanta ne wanda Onwenu yayi a raye lokacin da [[Nelson Mandela]] da matarsa suka ziyarci Najeriya a 1990 bayan an sake shi daga kurkuku. <ref>[https://onyekaonwenu.wordpress.com/2018/04/16/why-i-wrote-the-song-winnie-mandela/ Why I Wrote Winnie Mandela]</ref> Onwenu ta juya zuwa Benson da Hedges Music a 1992 kuma ta sake waka mai taken ''Onyeka!'', kundin kide kide tare da lakabin, daga baya wanda ta canza sheka zuwa waƙar Christian / gospel. Takaddun sabon nata mai taken, "Inspiration for Change", sun maida hankali ne akan bukatar canji mai inganci a Najeriya. Tana cikin hadin gwiwa tare da ''La Cave Musik na'' Paris, wanda [[Ɗan Nijeriya|dan]] kasuwan [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Najeriya]] ne, Onyeka Nwelue da kuma Jungle Entertainment Ventures na kasar Burtaniya, wanda kwararren masanin kidan David Evans-Uhegbu ke jagoranta. ''An kafa La Cave Musik'' don sakin tarin nata mai taken " ''Sake haihuwa na wani labari'' ". A fitarwa na ta bayar da gudunmawar music kuma zane-zane a Najeriya, ta yi bikin cika da kwararru kamar [[Mahmood Ali-Balogun]], Laolu irin ku, Charles O'Tudor, da kuma tsohon PMAN shugaba Tony Okoroji da sauransu a cikin zane-zane masana'antu a Najeriya. A cikin 2013, Onwenu ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin alƙalai uku da ke ''X Factor Nigeria'' . <ref>[http://thenet.ng/photos-onyeka-onwenu-m-i-reggie-rockstone-unveiled-as-x-factor-judges/ Onyeka Onwenu, M.I, Reggie Rockstone unveiled as X Factor judges]</ref> == Siyasa == Onyeka Onwenu memba ce na Jam’iyyar Demokradiyya ta Jama’a (PDP). <ref>[http://thenet.ng/2013/09/onyeka-onwenu-gets-political-appointment/ Onyeka Onwenu gets political appointment]</ref> Ta yi takara sau biyu don zama shugabar karamar hukumar ta [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|karamar hukuma]], karamar hukumar [[Ideato ta Arewa]] a [[Imo|jihar Imo]], kuma ta yi asara a dukkan kokarin biyu. <ref>[https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/celebrities/onyeka-onwenu-10-things-about-the-legendary-musician-you-need-to-know/2tt7jgc]</ref> amma tsohon gwamna Ikedi Ohakim ya nada shi a matsayin shugaban majalisar ta Arts and Culture. A ranar 16 ga Satumba, 2013, Shugaba [[Goodluck Jonathan|Goodluck Jonathan ya]] nada mata Darakta / Babban Darakta a Cibiyar Ci gaban Mata ta Kasa. == Gwagwarmaya == A shekarar 2000, Onwenu ta nuna rashin amincewa da ta tsohon m NTA a kan su ƙi biya kamasho a kan ta songs (NTA 2 Channel 5 ya yi amfani da ''"Iyogogo",'' a hanya daga ''Onyeka!'' Album, a tashar idents ba tare da tambayar ta izni), da kuma bayan nan -Anshasha Janar Ben Murray-Bruce yayi jerin gwano daga watsa inda ta shiga yajin aikin gama gari a harabar ofishin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=I WENT ON HUNGER STRIKE WHEN BEN BRUCE BARRED ME FROM BEING SHOWN ON NTA –ONYEKA ONWENU |url=http://www.nigerianbestforum.com/generaltopics/i-went-on-hunger-strike-when-ben-bruce-barred-me-from-being-shown-on-nta-%E2%80%93onyeka-onwenu/ |access-date=2020-05-03 |archive-date=2013-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130416011905/http://www.nigerianbestforum.com/generaltopics/i-went-on-hunger-strike-when-ben-bruce-barred-me-from-being-shown-on-nta-%E2%80%93onyeka-onwenu/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Lokacin da aka tambayi Onwenu, wanda ta yi wasan kwaikwayon Murray-Bruce na ''Yara na Afirka'' a 1991, ya ce "Mun gano cewa masana'antar nishaɗi tana wahala. Yawancin masu zane-zane ba su da fensho, suna matsananciyar yunwa. Wadannan mutane ne da suka shahara, mutanen da suka bayar da gagarumar gudunmawa ga ci gaban masana'antar a Najeriya kuma muna jin wannan ya zo ga karshe. " Yunkurin Onwenu ya ja hankalin mutane da yawa daga masu zane-zane, ciki har da [[Charly Boy]], wanda ya nuna rashin jin dadinsa game da biyan bukatun 'yan Najeriya yayin da ake yada wakoki a talabijin da rediyo. Hukumar NTA ta yanke shawarar sasanta batun cikin natsuwa, amma ta hana Onwenu damar fitowa ta tashoshinsu. <ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/842839.stm Nigerian singer on hunger strike]</ref> An dakatar da zanga-zangar ne bayan kwanaki shida lokacin da Onwenu da NTA suka shiga wani shiri don biyan basukan sarauta. <ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/852197.stm Nigerian singer's hunger strike over]</ref> == Aiki == Fitowar a fim na farko na Onwenu ta kasance kamar Jumoke, macen da ba ta da ɗa wanda ta auri jariri da aka watsar a cikin Daren ''dare na'' Zik Zulu Okafor. <ref>[https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/october-1-review-of-kunle-afolayans-movie/wrfvkl2 Nightmare]</ref> Tun daga wannan lokacin ta fito a cikin fina -finai da yawa na [[Nollywood]], kuma a 2006 ta ci lambar yabo ta Movie Movie Award don Mafi kyawun Aiki a Matsayi na Tallafi, A 2014. Ta kasance cikin fim din ''Rabin Rana na Yellow'' tare da Chiwetel Ejiofor da Thandie Newton, da ''Zuciyar Zaki'' . == Rayuwar mutum == Onwenu ta kasance mai boye bayanan dangane da rayuwarsa ta asirri, kuma sau da yawa takan ki ambatan mijinta a cikin tambayoyin. Ita ce mahaifiyar ’ya’ya biyu. == Fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;" border="2" cellpadding="4" ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Shekara ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Fim ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Matsayi ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Bayanan kula |- | rowspan="3" | 1999 | ''Bawai Kadarorinku ba'' | | |- | ''Yaudara'' | | tare da Nkem Owoh |- | ''Amincewar Sarkar'' | | tare da Pete Edochie & Liz Benson |- | 2004 | ''Gidan Gwamnati'' | | |- | rowspan="5" | 2005 | ''Katin Mata'' | | tare da Joke Silva & Zack Orji - wannan fim din ya sami zabi 4 sannan ya samu lambar yabo 1 a yayin bikin bayar da Kwalejin Koyarwa na Afirka Na 2 a 2006 |- | ''Mai zalunci'' | | tare da Pete Edochie |- | ''Watan wata'' | | |- | ''Omalinze'' | Sarauniya | tare da Stephanie Okereke |- | ''Kowace Rana ɗaya'' | | |- | 2006 | ''Duniya daban'' | | tare da Ramsey Nouah |- | rowspan="2" | 2007 | ''Don son Mala'ika'' | | tare da Ramsey Nouah |- | ''Tirniti'' | | tare da Kanayo O. Kanayo |- | rowspan="1" | 2013 | ''Rabin Rana na Rana'' | Mahaifiyar Odenigbo | tare da Chiwetel Ejiofor da Thandie Newton |- | rowspan="1" | 2018 | ''Zaki'' | Abigail Obiagu | |} == Duba kuma == * Jerin mawakan bishara na Najeriya == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * Onyeka Onwenu on IMDb [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] sp9ureypi1cl6vvi3msg8l2ts3sf3xw 884803 884800 2026-07-19T08:26:31Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 884803 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} * [[Fayil:Onyeka Owenu on the cover of Genevieve magazine 2013.png|thumb|Onyeka owenu]]'''Onyeka Onwenu''' (an haife ta a ranar 29 ga watan Janairu shekarar 1952, kuma ta mutu a ranar 30 ga Yuli, 2024) mawakiya ce / mawaƙiyar [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Najeriya]], yar wasan kwaikwayo, mai fafutukar haƙƙin ɗan Adam, yar' gwagwarmayar zamantakewa, yar' jarida, yar' siyasa, kuma tsohon alkalin wasan ''X Factor''. Tun farkon kafa kungiyar, itace shugabar kwamitin kula da al'adu da al'adu ta [[Imo|jihar Imo ce]] kuma a yanzu haka Darakta ce / Babban Darakta na Cibiyar Mata ta Kasa. == Farkon rayuwa == [[Fayil:Onyeka Ononye appearing on NdaniTV Sept 2018.png|thumb|Onyeka Onwenu]] Onwenu ta fito ce daga Arondizuogu, wani karamin gari a [[Ideato ta Arewa]], [[Imo|jihar Imo]], kuma ta girma ne a [[Port Harcourt|Fatakwal]] . Ita ce ƙaramar 'yar ƙwararren masanin ilimin Najeriya kuma ɗan siyasa DK Onwenu wacce ta mutu tun tana da shekara huɗu a autocrash mako guda kafin nadinsa a matsayin Ministan Ilimi, bar bazawararsa ta haife yara biyar kaɗai. bayan dangin mijinta sun hana ta samun damar mallakarsa <ref>[https://www.pressreader.com/nigeria/thisday/20190807/281891594899390 Plight of Widows]</ref> (Waƙar "Matar Afirka" daga waƙoƙi na huɗu na Onwenu Oneaya ''daga cikin ƙauna'' ne mahaifiyarta ta yi wahayi). == Karatu == Onwenu ta mallaki BA a dangantakar kasa da kasa da kuma sadarwa daga Kwalejin Wellesley, [[Massachusetts]], kuma MA a cikin Nazarin Media daga Sabon Makarantar Nazarin Zaman Lafiyar Jama'a, [[New York (birni)|New York]] . Ta kuma yi aiki a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a matsayin mai jagorantar yawon shakatawa kafin ta dawo Najeriya a Shekara ta 1980 don kammala aikinta na kasa na shekara daya tare da NTA inda ta yi tasiri a matsayin mai yada labaran labarai, da kuma mai ba da labari mai ba da tsoro. == Watsa shirye-shirye == [[Fayil:Onyeka Owenu on the cover of Genevieve magazine 2013.png|thumb|Onyeka Onwenu]] A cikin shekara 1984, Onwenu ta rubuta kuma ta gabatar da shirin kariyar duniya na BBC / NTA ''Nigeria, A Squandering of Riches'' wanda ya zama ingantaccen fim game da cin hanci da rashawa a Najeriya da kuma matsananciyar wahala game da yankin Neja Delta don sarrafa albarkatu da yakin neman lalata lalata muhalli a yankin mai arzikin mai. na Najeriya. Tsohuwar memba ce a hukumar NTA, ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen talabijin, tana karbar bakuncin ''wakilinmu na'' (1988) da ''Wanene Ke?'' (1993) duka a NTA Network. == Waka == Tun da farko mawakiya ce na rayuwar duniya, Onwenu ta yi sauyi zuwa kiɗan kiɗa bishara a cikin shekarun 90s, kuma yawancin wakokinta sun yi rubutu da kansu. Ta ci gaba da yin rubuce-rubuce da rera wakoki game da batutuwa kamar su cutar kanjamau (HIV / AIDS), zaman lafiya da haɗin kai, girmama haƙƙin mata, da kuma wahalar da yara. Ta fara aikin kade-kade ne a shekarar 1981 yayin da take ci gaba da aiki a NTA, yayin da take sakin kundin wakoki ''Don Soyayyar Ku'', wani sabon kundi wanda ya kunshi murfin mawaki na Johnny Nash na "Hold Me Tight", kuma kundin ta na biyu mai suna ''Endless Life'' Sonny Okosuns . Dukkan bayanan an sake su a kan alamar EMI . <ref>[label.https://www.discogs.com/Onyeka-Onwenu-For-The-Love-Of-You/release/5335012 For the Love of You}</ref> <ref>[https://www.discogs.com/Onyeka-Onwenu-Endless-Life/release/2075277 Endless Life]</ref> Sunan Onwenu na farko tare da Polygram, ''In The Morning Light'', an fitar dashi a 1984. An yi rikodin ta a London, ta nuna waƙar "Masterplan" wanda babban aboki Tyna Onwudiwe ya rubuta wanda a baya ya ba da gudummawa ga shirin Onwenu na BBC sannan kuma ya rera waƙoƙi na baya. Bayan ta huɗu ta saki, 1986 ta ''Daya love'' wanda dauke da wani updated version na song "(A) Morning Light, ta hada kai tare da tsohon soja <nowiki><i id="mwUg">jùjú</i></nowiki> artist Sunny Ade a kan hanya" ''Madawolohun'' (su ce): "wanda ya bayyana a cikin shekarar 1988 ta ''Dancing A The Rana'' . Wannan shi ne na farko cikin waƙoƙin uku da ma'auratan suka yi aiki tare; Sauran biyun - "Zaɓi" da "Jira Ni" - sun danganci tsarin iyali ne, kuma endungiyar Kula da Iyaye na ofan Nijeriyar da suka ba da goyan baya ga tallace-tallacen su. <ref>[http://www.ipsnews.net/1997/01/music-nigeria-theres-a-message-in-the-sound/ MUSIC-NIGERIA: There’s A Message in the Sound]</ref> Bayanin karshe na Onwenu akan Polygram an sadaukar dashi ne ga Winnie Mandela, batun wakar sunanta ne wanda Onwenu yayi a raye lokacin da [[Nelson Mandela]] da matarsa suka ziyarci Najeriya a 1990 bayan an sake shi daga kurkuku. <ref>[https://onyekaonwenu.wordpress.com/2018/04/16/why-i-wrote-the-song-winnie-mandela/ Why I Wrote Winnie Mandela]</ref> Onwenu ta juya zuwa Benson da Hedges Music a 1992 kuma ta sake waka mai taken ''Onyeka!'', kundin kide kide tare da lakabin, daga baya wanda ta canza sheka zuwa waƙar Christian / gospel. Takaddun sabon nata mai taken, "Inspiration for Change", sun maida hankali ne akan bukatar canji mai inganci a Najeriya. Tana cikin hadin gwiwa tare da ''La Cave Musik na'' Paris, wanda [[Ɗan Nijeriya|dan]] kasuwan [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Najeriya]] ne, Onyeka Nwelue da kuma Jungle Entertainment Ventures na kasar Burtaniya, wanda kwararren masanin kidan David Evans-Uhegbu ke jagoranta. ''An kafa La Cave Musik'' don sakin tarin nata mai taken " ''Sake haihuwa na wani labari'' ". A fitarwa na ta bayar da gudunmawar music kuma zane-zane a Najeriya, ta yi bikin cika da kwararru kamar [[Mahmood Ali-Balogun]], Laolu irin ku, Charles O'Tudor, da kuma tsohon PMAN shugaba Tony Okoroji da sauransu a cikin zane-zane masana'antu a Najeriya. A cikin 2013, Onwenu ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin alƙalai uku da ke ''X Factor Nigeria'' . <ref>[http://thenet.ng/photos-onyeka-onwenu-m-i-reggie-rockstone-unveiled-as-x-factor-judges/ Onyeka Onwenu, M.I, Reggie Rockstone unveiled as X Factor judges]</ref> == Siyasa == Onyeka Onwenu memba ce na Jam’iyyar Demokradiyya ta Jama’a (PDP). <ref>[http://thenet.ng/2013/09/onyeka-onwenu-gets-political-appointment/ Onyeka Onwenu gets political appointment]</ref> Ta yi takara sau biyu don zama shugabar karamar hukumar ta [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|karamar hukuma]], karamar hukumar [[Ideato ta Arewa]] a [[Imo|jihar Imo]], kuma ta yi asara a dukkan kokarin biyu. <ref>[https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/celebrities/onyeka-onwenu-10-things-about-the-legendary-musician-you-need-to-know/2tt7jgc]</ref> amma tsohon gwamna Ikedi Ohakim ya nada shi a matsayin shugaban majalisar ta Arts and Culture. A ranar 16 ga Satumba, 2013, Shugaba [[Goodluck Jonathan|Goodluck Jonathan ya]] nada mata Darakta / Babban Darakta a Cibiyar Ci gaban Mata ta Kasa. == Gwagwarmaya == A shekarar 2000, Onwenu ta nuna rashin amincewa da ta tsohon m NTA a kan su ƙi biya kamasho a kan ta songs (NTA 2 Channel 5 ya yi amfani da ''"Iyogogo",'' a hanya daga ''Onyeka!'' Album, a tashar idents ba tare da tambayar ta izni), da kuma bayan nan -Anshasha Janar Ben Murray-Bruce yayi jerin gwano daga watsa inda ta shiga yajin aikin gama gari a harabar ofishin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=I WENT ON HUNGER STRIKE WHEN BEN BRUCE BARRED ME FROM BEING SHOWN ON NTA –ONYEKA ONWENU |url=http://www.nigerianbestforum.com/generaltopics/i-went-on-hunger-strike-when-ben-bruce-barred-me-from-being-shown-on-nta-%E2%80%93onyeka-onwenu/ |access-date=2020-05-03 |archive-date=2013-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130416011905/http://www.nigerianbestforum.com/generaltopics/i-went-on-hunger-strike-when-ben-bruce-barred-me-from-being-shown-on-nta-%E2%80%93onyeka-onwenu/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Lokacin da aka tambayi Onwenu, wanda ta yi wasan kwaikwayon Murray-Bruce na ''Yara na Afirka'' a 1991, ya ce "Mun gano cewa masana'antar nishaɗi tana wahala. Yawancin masu zane-zane ba su da fensho, suna matsananciyar yunwa. Wadannan mutane ne da suka shahara, mutanen da suka bayar da gagarumar gudunmawa ga ci gaban masana'antar a Najeriya kuma muna jin wannan ya zo ga karshe. " Yunkurin Onwenu ya ja hankalin mutane da yawa daga masu zane-zane, ciki har da [[Charly Boy]], wanda ya nuna rashin jin dadinsa game da biyan bukatun 'yan Najeriya yayin da ake yada wakoki a talabijin da rediyo. Hukumar NTA ta yanke shawarar sasanta batun cikin natsuwa, amma ta hana Onwenu damar fitowa ta tashoshinsu. <ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/842839.stm Nigerian singer on hunger strike]</ref> An dakatar da zanga-zangar ne bayan kwanaki shida lokacin da Onwenu da NTA suka shiga wani shiri don biyan basukan sarauta. <ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/852197.stm Nigerian singer's hunger strike over]</ref> == Aiki == Fitowar a fim na farko na Onwenu ta kasance kamar Jumoke, macen da ba ta da ɗa wanda ta auri jariri da aka watsar a cikin Daren ''dare na'' Zik Zulu Okafor. <ref>[https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/october-1-review-of-kunle-afolayans-movie/wrfvkl2 Nightmare]</ref> Tun daga wannan lokacin ta fito a cikin fina -finai da yawa na [[Nollywood]], kuma a 2006 ta ci lambar yabo ta Movie Movie Award don Mafi kyawun Aiki a Matsayi na Tallafi, A 2014. Ta kasance cikin fim din ''Rabin Rana na Yellow'' tare da Chiwetel Ejiofor da Thandie Newton, da ''Zuciyar Zaki'' . == Rayuwar mutum == Onwenu ta kasance mai boye bayanan dangane da rayuwarsa ta asirri, kuma sau da yawa takan ki ambatan mijinta a cikin tambayoyin. Ita ce mahaifiyar ’ya’ya biyu. == Fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;" border="2" cellpadding="4" ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Shekara ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Fim ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Matsayi ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Bayanan kula |- | rowspan="3" | 1999 | ''Bawai Kadarorinku ba'' | | |- | ''Yaudara'' | | tare da Nkem Owoh |- | ''Amincewar Sarkar'' | | tare da Pete Edochie & Liz Benson |- | 2004 | ''Gidan Gwamnati'' | | |- | rowspan="5" | 2005 | ''Katin Mata'' | | tare da Joke Silva & Zack Orji - wannan fim din ya sami zabi 4 sannan ya samu lambar yabo 1 a yayin bikin bayar da Kwalejin Koyarwa na Afirka Na 2 a 2006 |- | ''Mai zalunci'' | | tare da Pete Edochie |- | ''Watan wata'' | | |- | ''Omalinze'' | Sarauniya | tare da Stephanie Okereke |- | ''Kowace Rana ɗaya'' | | |- | 2006 | ''Duniya daban'' | | tare da Ramsey Nouah |- | rowspan="2" | 2007 | ''Don son Mala'ika'' | | tare da Ramsey Nouah |- | ''Tirniti'' | | tare da Kanayo O. Kanayo |- | rowspan="1" | 2013 | ''Rabin Rana na Rana'' | Mahaifiyar Odenigbo | tare da Chiwetel Ejiofor da Thandie Newton |- | rowspan="1" | 2018 | ''Zaki'' | Abigail Obiagu | |} == Duba kuma == * Jerin mawakan bishara na Najeriya == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * Onyeka Onwenu on IMDb [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] e0efhja08viyy5bak6niswwz1in9tmo 884804 884803 2026-07-19T08:26:59Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 884804 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} * [[Fayil:Onyeka Owenu on the cover of Genevieve magazine 2013.png|thumb|Onyeka owenu]]'''Onyeka Onwenu''' (an haife ta a ranar 29 ga watan Janairu shekarar 1952, kuma ta mutu a ranar 30 ga Yuli, 2024) mawakiya ce / mawaƙiyar [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Najeriya]], yar wasan kwaikwayo, mai fafutukar haƙƙin ɗan Adam, yar' gwagwarmayar zamantakewa, yar' jarida, yar' siyasa, kuma tsohon alkalin wasan ''X Factor''. Tun farkon kafa kungiyar, itace shugabar kwamitin kula da al'adu da al'adu ta [[Imo|jihar Imo ce]] kuma a yanzu haka Darakta ce / Babban Darakta na Cibiyar Mata ta Kasa. == Farkon rayuwa == [[Fayil:Onyeka Ononye appearing on NdaniTV Sept 2018.png|thumb|Onyeka Onwenu]] Onwenu ta fito ce daga Arondizuogu, wani karamin gari a [[Ideato ta Arewa]], [[Imo|jihar Imo]], kuma ta girma ne a [[Port Harcourt|Fatakwal]] . Ita ce ƙaramar 'yar ƙwararren masanin ilimin Najeriya kuma ɗan siyasa DK Onwenu wacce ta mutu tun tana da shekara huɗu a autocrash mako guda kafin nadinsa a matsayin Ministan Ilimi, bar bazawararsa ta haife yara biyar kaɗai. bayan dangin mijinta sun hana ta samun damar mallakarsa <ref>[https://www.pressreader.com/nigeria/thisday/20190807/281891594899390 Plight of Widows]</ref> (Waƙar "Matar Afirka" daga waƙoƙi na huɗu na Onwenu Oneaya ''daga cikin ƙauna'' ne mahaifiyarta ta yi wahayi). == Karatu == Onwenu ta mallaki BA a dangantakar kasa da kasa da kuma sadarwa daga Kwalejin Wellesley, [[Massachusetts]], kuma MA a cikin Nazarin Media daga Sabon Makarantar Nazarin Zaman Lafiyar Jama'a, [[New York (birni)|New York]] . Ta kuma yi aiki a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a matsayin mai jagorantar yawon shakatawa kafin ta dawo Najeriya a Shekara ta 1980 don kammala aikinta na kasa na shekara daya tare da NTA inda ta yi tasiri a matsayin mai yada labaran labarai, da kuma mai ba da labari mai ba da tsoro. == Watsa shirye-shirye == [[Fayil:Onyeka Owenu on the cover of Genevieve magazine 2013.png|thumb|Onyeka Onwenu]] A cikin shekarar 1984, Onwenu ta rubuta kuma ta gabatar da shirin kariyar duniya na BBC / NTA ''Nigeria, A Squandering of Riches'' wanda ya zama ingantaccen fim game da cin hanci da rashawa a Najeriya da kuma matsananciyar wahala game da yankin Neja Delta don sarrafa albarkatu da yakin neman lalata lalata muhalli a yankin mai arzikin mai. na Najeriya. Tsohuwar memba ce a hukumar NTA, ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen talabijin, tana karbar bakuncin ''wakilinmu na'' (1988) da ''Wanene Ke?'' (1993) duka a NTA Network. == Waka == Tun da farko mawakiya ce na rayuwar duniya, Onwenu ta yi sauyi zuwa kiɗan kiɗa bishara a cikin shekarun 90s, kuma yawancin wakokinta sun yi rubutu da kansu. Ta ci gaba da yin rubuce-rubuce da rera wakoki game da batutuwa kamar su cutar kanjamau (HIV / AIDS), zaman lafiya da haɗin kai, girmama haƙƙin mata, da kuma wahalar da yara. Ta fara aikin kade-kade ne a shekarar 1981 yayin da take ci gaba da aiki a NTA, yayin da take sakin kundin wakoki ''Don Soyayyar Ku'', wani sabon kundi wanda ya kunshi murfin mawaki na Johnny Nash na "Hold Me Tight", kuma kundin ta na biyu mai suna ''Endless Life'' Sonny Okosuns . Dukkan bayanan an sake su a kan alamar EMI . <ref>[label.https://www.discogs.com/Onyeka-Onwenu-For-The-Love-Of-You/release/5335012 For the Love of You}</ref> <ref>[https://www.discogs.com/Onyeka-Onwenu-Endless-Life/release/2075277 Endless Life]</ref> Sunan Onwenu na farko tare da Polygram, ''In The Morning Light'', an fitar dashi a 1984. An yi rikodin ta a London, ta nuna waƙar "Masterplan" wanda babban aboki Tyna Onwudiwe ya rubuta wanda a baya ya ba da gudummawa ga shirin Onwenu na BBC sannan kuma ya rera waƙoƙi na baya. Bayan ta huɗu ta saki, 1986 ta ''Daya love'' wanda dauke da wani updated version na song "(A) Morning Light, ta hada kai tare da tsohon soja <nowiki><i id="mwUg">jùjú</i></nowiki> artist Sunny Ade a kan hanya" ''Madawolohun'' (su ce): "wanda ya bayyana a cikin shekarar 1988 ta ''Dancing A The Rana'' . Wannan shi ne na farko cikin waƙoƙin uku da ma'auratan suka yi aiki tare; Sauran biyun - "Zaɓi" da "Jira Ni" - sun danganci tsarin iyali ne, kuma endungiyar Kula da Iyaye na ofan Nijeriyar da suka ba da goyan baya ga tallace-tallacen su. <ref>[http://www.ipsnews.net/1997/01/music-nigeria-theres-a-message-in-the-sound/ MUSIC-NIGERIA: There’s A Message in the Sound]</ref> Bayanin karshe na Onwenu akan Polygram an sadaukar dashi ne ga Winnie Mandela, batun wakar sunanta ne wanda Onwenu yayi a raye lokacin da [[Nelson Mandela]] da matarsa suka ziyarci Najeriya a 1990 bayan an sake shi daga kurkuku. <ref>[https://onyekaonwenu.wordpress.com/2018/04/16/why-i-wrote-the-song-winnie-mandela/ Why I Wrote Winnie Mandela]</ref> Onwenu ta juya zuwa Benson da Hedges Music a 1992 kuma ta sake waka mai taken ''Onyeka!'', kundin kide kide tare da lakabin, daga baya wanda ta canza sheka zuwa waƙar Christian / gospel. Takaddun sabon nata mai taken, "Inspiration for Change", sun maida hankali ne akan bukatar canji mai inganci a Najeriya. Tana cikin hadin gwiwa tare da ''La Cave Musik na'' Paris, wanda [[Ɗan Nijeriya|dan]] kasuwan [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Najeriya]] ne, Onyeka Nwelue da kuma Jungle Entertainment Ventures na kasar Burtaniya, wanda kwararren masanin kidan David Evans-Uhegbu ke jagoranta. ''An kafa La Cave Musik'' don sakin tarin nata mai taken " ''Sake haihuwa na wani labari'' ". A fitarwa na ta bayar da gudunmawar music kuma zane-zane a Najeriya, ta yi bikin cika da kwararru kamar [[Mahmood Ali-Balogun]], Laolu irin ku, Charles O'Tudor, da kuma tsohon PMAN shugaba Tony Okoroji da sauransu a cikin zane-zane masana'antu a Najeriya. A cikin 2013, Onwenu ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin alƙalai uku da ke ''X Factor Nigeria'' . <ref>[http://thenet.ng/photos-onyeka-onwenu-m-i-reggie-rockstone-unveiled-as-x-factor-judges/ Onyeka Onwenu, M.I, Reggie Rockstone unveiled as X Factor judges]</ref> == Siyasa == Onyeka Onwenu memba ce na Jam’iyyar Demokradiyya ta Jama’a (PDP). <ref>[http://thenet.ng/2013/09/onyeka-onwenu-gets-political-appointment/ Onyeka Onwenu gets political appointment]</ref> Ta yi takara sau biyu don zama shugabar karamar hukumar ta [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|karamar hukuma]], karamar hukumar [[Ideato ta Arewa]] a [[Imo|jihar Imo]], kuma ta yi asara a dukkan kokarin biyu. <ref>[https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/celebrities/onyeka-onwenu-10-things-about-the-legendary-musician-you-need-to-know/2tt7jgc]</ref> amma tsohon gwamna Ikedi Ohakim ya nada shi a matsayin shugaban majalisar ta Arts and Culture. A ranar 16 ga Satumba, 2013, Shugaba [[Goodluck Jonathan|Goodluck Jonathan ya]] nada mata Darakta / Babban Darakta a Cibiyar Ci gaban Mata ta Kasa. == Gwagwarmaya == A shekarar 2000, Onwenu ta nuna rashin amincewa da ta tsohon m NTA a kan su ƙi biya kamasho a kan ta songs (NTA 2 Channel 5 ya yi amfani da ''"Iyogogo",'' a hanya daga ''Onyeka!'' Album, a tashar idents ba tare da tambayar ta izni), da kuma bayan nan -Anshasha Janar Ben Murray-Bruce yayi jerin gwano daga watsa inda ta shiga yajin aikin gama gari a harabar ofishin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=I WENT ON HUNGER STRIKE WHEN BEN BRUCE BARRED ME FROM BEING SHOWN ON NTA –ONYEKA ONWENU |url=http://www.nigerianbestforum.com/generaltopics/i-went-on-hunger-strike-when-ben-bruce-barred-me-from-being-shown-on-nta-%E2%80%93onyeka-onwenu/ |access-date=2020-05-03 |archive-date=2013-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130416011905/http://www.nigerianbestforum.com/generaltopics/i-went-on-hunger-strike-when-ben-bruce-barred-me-from-being-shown-on-nta-%E2%80%93onyeka-onwenu/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Lokacin da aka tambayi Onwenu, wanda ta yi wasan kwaikwayon Murray-Bruce na ''Yara na Afirka'' a 1991, ya ce "Mun gano cewa masana'antar nishaɗi tana wahala. Yawancin masu zane-zane ba su da fensho, suna matsananciyar yunwa. Wadannan mutane ne da suka shahara, mutanen da suka bayar da gagarumar gudunmawa ga ci gaban masana'antar a Najeriya kuma muna jin wannan ya zo ga karshe. " Yunkurin Onwenu ya ja hankalin mutane da yawa daga masu zane-zane, ciki har da [[Charly Boy]], wanda ya nuna rashin jin dadinsa game da biyan bukatun 'yan Najeriya yayin da ake yada wakoki a talabijin da rediyo. Hukumar NTA ta yanke shawarar sasanta batun cikin natsuwa, amma ta hana Onwenu damar fitowa ta tashoshinsu. <ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/842839.stm Nigerian singer on hunger strike]</ref> An dakatar da zanga-zangar ne bayan kwanaki shida lokacin da Onwenu da NTA suka shiga wani shiri don biyan basukan sarauta. <ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/852197.stm Nigerian singer's hunger strike over]</ref> == Aiki == Fitowar a fim na farko na Onwenu ta kasance kamar Jumoke, macen da ba ta da ɗa wanda ta auri jariri da aka watsar a cikin Daren ''dare na'' Zik Zulu Okafor. <ref>[https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/october-1-review-of-kunle-afolayans-movie/wrfvkl2 Nightmare]</ref> Tun daga wannan lokacin ta fito a cikin fina -finai da yawa na [[Nollywood]], kuma a 2006 ta ci lambar yabo ta Movie Movie Award don Mafi kyawun Aiki a Matsayi na Tallafi, A 2014. Ta kasance cikin fim din ''Rabin Rana na Yellow'' tare da Chiwetel Ejiofor da Thandie Newton, da ''Zuciyar Zaki'' . == Rayuwar mutum == Onwenu ta kasance mai boye bayanan dangane da rayuwarsa ta asirri, kuma sau da yawa takan ki ambatan mijinta a cikin tambayoyin. Ita ce mahaifiyar ’ya’ya biyu. == Fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;" border="2" cellpadding="4" ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Shekara ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Fim ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Matsayi ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Bayanan kula |- | rowspan="3" | 1999 | ''Bawai Kadarorinku ba'' | | |- | ''Yaudara'' | | tare da Nkem Owoh |- | ''Amincewar Sarkar'' | | tare da Pete Edochie & Liz Benson |- | 2004 | ''Gidan Gwamnati'' | | |- | rowspan="5" | 2005 | ''Katin Mata'' | | tare da Joke Silva & Zack Orji - wannan fim din ya sami zabi 4 sannan ya samu lambar yabo 1 a yayin bikin bayar da Kwalejin Koyarwa na Afirka Na 2 a 2006 |- | ''Mai zalunci'' | | tare da Pete Edochie |- | ''Watan wata'' | | |- | ''Omalinze'' | Sarauniya | tare da Stephanie Okereke |- | ''Kowace Rana ɗaya'' | | |- | 2006 | ''Duniya daban'' | | tare da Ramsey Nouah |- | rowspan="2" | 2007 | ''Don son Mala'ika'' | | tare da Ramsey Nouah |- | ''Tirniti'' | | tare da Kanayo O. Kanayo |- | rowspan="1" | 2013 | ''Rabin Rana na Rana'' | Mahaifiyar Odenigbo | tare da Chiwetel Ejiofor da Thandie Newton |- | rowspan="1" | 2018 | ''Zaki'' | Abigail Obiagu | |} == Duba kuma == * Jerin mawakan bishara na Najeriya == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * Onyeka Onwenu on IMDb [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] akbx61a8gqlmuojd2wo9z98sfpudb0f 884805 884804 2026-07-19T08:31:58Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 884805 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} * [[Fayil:Onyeka Owenu on the cover of Genevieve magazine 2013.png|thumb|Onyeka owenu]]'''Onyeka Onwenu''' (an haife ta a ranar 29 ga watan Janairu shekarar 1952, kuma ta mutu a ranar 30 ga Yuli, 2024) mawakiya ce / mawaƙiyar [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Najeriya]], yar wasan kwaikwayo, mai fafutukar haƙƙin ɗan Adam, yar' gwagwarmayar zamantakewa, yar' jarida, yar' siyasa, kuma tsohon alkalin wasan ''X Factor''. Tun farkon kafa kungiyar, itace shugabar kwamitin kula da al'adu da al'adu ta [[Imo|jihar Imo ce]] kuma a yanzu haka Darakta ce / Babban Darakta na Cibiyar Mata ta Kasa. == Farkon rayuwa == [[Fayil:Onyeka Ononye appearing on NdaniTV Sept 2018.png|thumb|Onyeka Onwenu]] Onwenu ta fito ce daga Arondizuogu, wani karamin gari a [[Ideato ta Arewa]], [[Imo|jihar Imo]], kuma ta girma ne a [[Port Harcourt|Fatakwal]] . Ita ce ƙaramar 'yar ƙwararren masanin ilimin Najeriya kuma ɗan siyasa DK Onwenu wacce ta mutu tun tana da shekara huɗu a autocrash mako guda kafin nadinsa a matsayin Ministan Ilimi, bar bazawararsa ta haife yara biyar kaɗai. bayan dangin mijinta sun hana ta samun damar mallakarsa <ref>[https://www.pressreader.com/nigeria/thisday/20190807/281891594899390 Plight of Widows]</ref> (Waƙar "Matar Afirka" daga waƙoƙi na huɗu na Onwenu Oneaya ''daga cikin ƙauna'' ne mahaifiyarta ta yi wahayi). == Karatu == Onwenu ta mallaki BA a dangantakar kasa da kasa da kuma sadarwa daga Kwalejin Wellesley, [[Massachusetts]], kuma MA a cikin Nazarin Media daga Sabon Makarantar Nazarin Zaman Lafiyar Jama'a, [[New York (birni)|New York]] . Ta kuma yi aiki a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a matsayin mai jagorantar yawon shakatawa kafin ta dawo Najeriya a Shekara ta 1980 don kammala aikinta na kasa na shekara daya tare da NTA inda ta yi tasiri a matsayin mai yada labaran labarai, da kuma mai ba da labari mai ba da tsoro. == Watsa shirye-shirye == [[Fayil:Onyeka Owenu on the cover of Genevieve magazine 2013.png|thumb|Onyeka Onwenu]] A cikin shekarar 1984, Onwenu ta rubuta kuma ta gabatar da shirin kariyar duniya na BBC / NTA ''Nigeria, A Squandering of Riches'' wanda ya zama ingantaccen fim game da cin hanci da rashawa a Najeriya da kuma matsananciyar wahala game da yankin Neja Delta don sarrafa albarkatu da yakin neman lalata lalata muhalli a yankin mai arzikin mai. na Najeriya. Tsohuwar memba ce a hukumar NTA, ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen talabijin, tana karbar bakuncin ''wakilinmu na'' (1988) da ''Wanene Ke?'' (1993) duka a NTA Network. == Waka == Tun da farko mawakiya ce na rayuwar duniya, Onwenu ta yi sauyi zuwa kiɗan kiɗa bishara a cikin shekarun 90s, kuma yawancin wakokinta sun yi rubutu da kansu. Ta ci gaba da yin rubuce-rubuce da rera wakoki game da batutuwa kamar su cutar kanjamau (HIV / AIDS), zaman lafiya da haɗin kai, girmama haƙƙin mata, da kuma wahalar da yara. Ta fara aikin kade-kade ne a shekarar 1981 yayin da take ci gaba da aiki a NTA, yayin da take sakin kundin wakoki ''Don Soyayyar Ku'', wani sabon kundi wanda ya kunshi murfin mawaki na Johnny Nash na "Hold Me Tight", kuma kundin ta na biyu mai suna ''Endless Life'' Sonny Okosuns . Dukkan bayanan an sake su a kan alamar EMI . <ref>[label.https://www.discogs.com/Onyeka-Onwenu-For-The-Love-Of-You/release/5335012 For the Love of You}</ref> <ref>[https://www.discogs.com/Onyeka-Onwenu-Endless-Life/release/2075277 Endless Life]</ref> Sunan Onwenu na farko tare da Polygram, ''In The Morning Light'', an fitar dashi a 1984. An yi rikodin ta a London, ta nuna waƙar "Masterplan" wanda babban aboki Tyna Onwudiwe ya rubuta wanda a baya ya ba da gudummawa ga shirin Onwenu na BBC sannan kuma ya rera waƙoƙi na baya. Bayan ta huɗu ta saki, 1986 ta ''Daya love'' wanda dauke da wani updated version na song "(A) Morning Light, ta hada kai tare da tsohon soja <nowiki><i id="mwUg">jùjú</i></nowiki> artist Sunny Ade a kan hanya" ''Madawolohun'' (su ce): "wanda ya bayyana a cikin shekarar 1988 ta ''Dancing A The Rana'' . Wannan shi ne na farko cikin waƙoƙin uku da ma'auratan suka yi aiki tare; Sauran biyun - "Zaɓi" da "Jira Ni" - sun danganci tsarin iyali ne, kuma endungiyar Kula da Iyaye na ofan Nijeriyar da suka ba da goyan baya ga tallace-tallacen su. <ref>[http://www.ipsnews.net/1997/01/music-nigeria-theres-a-message-in-the-sound/ MUSIC-NIGERIA: There’s A Message in the Sound]</ref> Bayanin karshe na Onwenu akan Polygram an sadaukar dashi ne ga Winnie Mandela, batun wakar sunanta ne wanda Onwenu yayi a raye lokacin da [[Nelson Mandela]] da matarsa suka ziyarci Najeriya a 1990 bayan an sake shi daga kurkuku. <ref>[https://onyekaonwenu.wordpress.com/2018/04/16/why-i-wrote-the-song-winnie-mandela/ Why I Wrote Winnie Mandela]</ref> Onwenu ta juya zuwa Benson da Hedges Music a 1992 kuma ta sake waka mai taken ''Onyeka!'', kundin kide kide tare da lakabin, daga baya wanda ta canza sheƙa zuwa waƙar Christian / gospel. Takaddun sabon nata mai taken, "Inspiration for Change", sun maida hankali ne akan bukatar canji mai inganci a Najeriya. Tana cikin hadin gwiwa tare da ''La Cave Musik na'' Paris, wanda [[Ɗan Nijeriya|dan]] kasuwan [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Najeriya]] ne, Onyeka Nwelue da kuma Jungle Entertainment Ventures na kasar Burtaniya, wanda kwararren masanin kidan David Evans-Uhegbu ke jagoranta. ''An kafa La Cave Musik'' don sakin tarin nata mai taken " ''Sake haihuwa na wani labari'' ". A fitarwa na ta bayar da gudunmawar music kuma zane-zane a Najeriya, ta yi bikin cika da kwararru kamar [[Mahmood Ali-Balogun]], Laolu irin ku, Charles O'Tudor, da kuma tsohon PMAN shugaba Tony Okoroji da sauransu a cikin zane-zane masana'antu a Najeriya. A cikin shekara ta 2013, Onwenu ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin alƙalai uku da ke ''X Factor Nigeria'' . <ref>[http://thenet.ng/photos-onyeka-onwenu-m-i-reggie-rockstone-unveiled-as-x-factor-judges/ Onyeka Onwenu, M.I, Reggie Rockstone unveiled as X Factor judges]</ref> == Siyasa == Onyeka Onwenu memba ce na Jam’iyyar Demokradiyya ta Jama’a (PDP). <ref>[http://thenet.ng/2013/09/onyeka-onwenu-gets-political-appointment/ Onyeka Onwenu gets political appointment]</ref> Ta yi takara sau biyu don zama shugabar karamar hukumar ta [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|karamar hukuma]], karamar hukumar [[Ideato ta Arewa]] a [[Imo|jihar Imo]], kuma ta yi asara a dukkan kokarin biyu. <ref>[https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/celebrities/onyeka-onwenu-10-things-about-the-legendary-musician-you-need-to-know/2tt7jgc]</ref> ammahq tsohon gwamna Ikedi Ohakim ya nada shi a matsayin shugaban majalisar ta Arts and Culture. A ranar 16 ga Satumba, Shekarar 2013, Shugaba [[Goodluck Jonathan|Goodluck Jonathan ya]] nada mata Darakta / Babban Darakta a Cibiyar Ci gaban Mata ta Kasa. == Gwagwarmaya == A shekarar 2000, Onwenu ta nuna rashin amincewa da ta tsohon m NTA a kan su ƙi biya kamasho a kan ta songs (NTA 2 Channel 5 ya yi amfani da ''"Iyogogo",'' a hanya daga ''Onyeka!'' Album, a tashar idents ba tare da tambayar ta izni), da kuma bayan nan -Anshasha Janar Ben Murray-Bruce yayi jerin gwano daga watsa inda ta shiga yajin aikin gama gari a harabar ofishin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=I WENT ON HUNGER STRIKE WHEN BEN BRUCE BARRED ME FROM BEING SHOWN ON NTA –ONYEKA ONWENU |url=http://www.nigerianbestforum.com/generaltopics/i-went-on-hunger-strike-when-ben-bruce-barred-me-from-being-shown-on-nta-%E2%80%93onyeka-onwenu/ |access-date=2020-05-03 |archive-date=2013-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130416011905/http://www.nigerianbestforum.com/generaltopics/i-went-on-hunger-strike-when-ben-bruce-barred-me-from-being-shown-on-nta-%E2%80%93onyeka-onwenu/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Lokacin da aka tambayi Onwenu, wanda ta yi wasan kwaikwayon Murray-Bruce na ''Yara na Afirka'' a shekarar 1991, ya ce "Mun gano cewa masana'antar nishaɗi tana wahala. Yawancin masu zane-zane ba su da fensho, suna matsananciyar yunwa. Wadannan mutane ne da suka shahara, mutanen da suka bayar da gagarumar gudunmawa ga ci gaban masana'antar a Najeriya kuma muna jin wannan ya zo ga karshe. " Yunkurin Onwenu ya ja hankalin mutane da yawa daga masu zane-zane, ciki har da [[Charly Boy]], wanda ya nuna rashin jin dadinsa game da biyan bukatun 'yan Najeriya yayin da ake yada wakoki a talabijin da rediyo. Hukumar NTA ta yanke shawarar sasanta batun cikin natsuwa, amma ta hana Onwenu damar fitowa ta tashoshinsu. <ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/842839.stm Nigerian singer on hunger strike]</ref> An dakatar da zanga-zangar ne bayan kwanaki shida lokacin da Onwenu da NTA suka shiga wani shiri don biyan basukan sarauta. <ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/852197.stm Nigerian singer's hunger strike over]</ref> == Aiki == Fitowar a fim na farko na Onwenu ta kasance kamar Jumoke, macen da ba ta da ɗa wanda ta auri jariri da aka watsar a cikin Daren ''dare na'' Zik Zulu Okafor. <ref>[https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/october-1-review-of-kunle-afolayans-movie/wrfvkl2 Nightmare]</ref> Tun daga wannan lokacin ta fito a cikin fina -finai da yawa na [[Nollywood]], kuma a 2006 ta ci lambar yabo ta Movie Movie Award don Mafi kyawun Aiki a Matsayi na Tallafi, A 2014. Ta kasance cikin fim din ''Rabin Rana na Yellow'' tare da Chiwetel Ejiofor da Thandie Newton, da ''Zuciyar Zaki'' . == Rayuwar mutum == Onwenu ta kasance mai boye bayanan dangane da rayuwarsa ta asirri, kuma sau da yawa takan ki ambatan mijinta a cikin tambayoyin. Ita ce mahaifiyar ’ya’ya biyu. == Fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;" border="2" cellpadding="4" ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Shekara ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Fim ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Matsayi ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Bayanan kula |- | rowspan="3" | 1999 | ''Bawai Kadarorinku ba'' | | |- | ''Yaudara'' | | tare da Nkem Owoh |- | ''Amincewar Sarkar'' | | tare da Pete Edochie & Liz Benson |- | 2004 | ''Gidan Gwamnati'' | | |- | rowspan="5" | 2005 | ''Katin Mata'' | | tare da Joke Silva & Zack Orji - wannan fim din ya sami zabi 4 sannan ya samu lambar yabo 1 a yayin bikin bayar da Kwalejin Koyarwa na Afirka Na 2 a 2006 |- | ''Mai zalunci'' | | tare da Pete Edochie |- | ''Watan wata'' | | |- | ''Omalinze'' | Sarauniya | tare da Stephanie Okereke |- | ''Kowace Rana ɗaya'' | | |- | 2006 | ''Duniya daban'' | | tare da Ramsey Nouah |- | rowspan="2" | 2007 | ''Don son Mala'ika'' | | tare da Ramsey Nouah |- | ''Tirniti'' | | tare da Kanayo O. Kanayo |- | rowspan="1" | 2013 | ''Rabin Rana na Rana'' | Mahaifiyar Odenigbo | tare da Chiwetel Ejiofor da Thandie Newton |- | rowspan="1" | 2018 | ''Zaki'' | Abigail Obiagu | |} == Duba kuma == * Jerin mawakan bishara na Najeriya == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * Onyeka Onwenu on IMDb [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] f2uarg7261k43nu52ho4xixs0siwm65 884806 884805 2026-07-19T08:32:52Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 884806 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} * [[Fayil:Onyeka Owenu on the cover of Genevieve magazine 2013.png|thumb|Onyeka owenu]]'''Onyeka Onwenu''' (an haife ta a ranar 29 ga watan Janairu shekarar 1952, kuma ta mutu a ranar 30 ga Yuli, 2024) mawakiya ce / mawaƙiyar [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Najeriya]], yar wasan kwaikwayo, mai fafutukar haƙƙin ɗan Adam, yar' gwagwarmayar zamantakewa, yar' jarida, yar' siyasa, kuma tsohon alkalin wasan ''X Factor''. Tun farkon kafa kungiyar, itace shugabar kwamitin kula da al'adu da al'adu ta [[Imo|jihar Imo ce]] kuma a yanzu haka Darakta ce / Babban Darakta na Cibiyar Mata ta Kasa. == Farkon rayuwa == [[Fayil:Onyeka Ononye appearing on NdaniTV Sept 2018.png|thumb|Onyeka Onwenu]] Onwenu ta fito ce daga Arondizuogu, wani karamin gari a [[Ideato ta Arewa]], [[Imo|jihar Imo]], kuma ta girma ne a [[Port Harcourt|Fatakwal]] . Ita ce ƙaramar 'yar ƙwararren masanin ilimin Najeriya kuma ɗan siyasa DK Onwenu wacce ta mutu tun tana da shekara huɗu a autocrash mako guda kafin nadinsa a matsayin Ministan Ilimi, bar bazawararsa ta haife yara biyar kaɗai. bayan dangin mijinta sun hana ta samun damar mallakarsa <ref>[https://www.pressreader.com/nigeria/thisday/20190807/281891594899390 Plight of Widows]</ref> (Waƙar "Matar Afirka" daga waƙoƙi na huɗu na Onwenu Oneaya ''daga cikin ƙauna'' ne mahaifiyarta ta yi wahayi). == Karatu == Onwenu ta mallaki BA a dangantakar kasa da kasa da kuma sadarwa daga Kwalejin Wellesley, [[Massachusetts]], kuma MA a cikin Nazarin Media daga Sabon Makarantar Nazarin Zaman Lafiyar Jama'a, [[New York (birni)|New York]] . Ta kuma yi aiki a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a matsayin mai jagorantar yawon shakatawa kafin ta dawo Najeriya a Shekara ta 1980 don kammala aikinta na kasa na shekara daya tare da NTA inda ta yi tasiri a matsayin mai yada labaran labarai, da kuma mai ba da labari mai ba da tsoro. == Watsa shirye-shirye == [[Fayil:Onyeka Owenu on the cover of Genevieve magazine 2013.png|thumb|Onyeka Onwenu]] A cikin shekarar 1984, Onwenu ta rubuta kuma ta gabatar da shirin kariyar duniya na BBC / NTA ''Nigeria, A Squandering of Riches'' wanda ya zama ingantaccen fim game da cin hanci da rashawa a Najeriya da kuma matsananciyar wahala game da yankin Neja Delta don sarrafa albarkatu da yakin neman lalata lalata muhalli a yankin mai arzikin mai. na Najeriya. Tsohuwar memba ce a hukumar NTA, ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen talabijin, tana karbar bakuncin ''wakilinmu na'' (1988) da ''Wanene Ke?'' (1993) duka a NTA Network. == Waka == Tun da farko mawakiya ce na rayuwar duniya, Onwenu ta yi sauyi zuwa kiɗan kiɗa bishara a cikin shekarun 90s, kuma yawancin wakokinta sun yi rubutu da kansu. Ta ci gaba da yin rubuce-rubuce da rera wakoki game da batutuwa kamar su cutar kanjamau (HIV / AIDS), zaman lafiya da haɗin kai, girmama haƙƙin mata, da kuma wahalar da yara. Ta fara aikin kade-kade ne a shekarar 1981 yayin da take ci gaba da aiki a NTA, yayin da take sakin kundin wakoki ''Don Soyayyar Ku'', wani sabon kundi wanda ya kunshi murfin mawaki na Johnny Nash na "Hold Me Tight", kuma kundin ta na biyu mai suna ''Endless Life'' Sonny Okosuns . Dukkan bayanan an sake su a kan alamar EMI . <ref>[label.https://www.discogs.com/Onyeka-Onwenu-For-The-Love-Of-You/release/5335012 For the Love of You}</ref> <ref>[https://www.discogs.com/Onyeka-Onwenu-Endless-Life/release/2075277 Endless Life]</ref> Sunan Onwenu na farko tare da Polygram, ''In The Morning Light'', an fitar dashi a shekara ta 1984. An yi rikodin ta a London, ta nuna waƙar "Masterplan" wanda babban aboki Tyna Onwudiwe ya rubuta wanda a baya ya ba da gudummawa ga shirin Onwenu na BBC sannan kuma ya rera waƙoƙi na baya. Bayan ta huɗu ta saki, 1986 ta ''Daya love'' wanda dauke da wani updated version na song "(A) Morning Light, ta hada kai tare da tsohon soja <nowiki><i id="mwUg">jùjú</i></nowiki> artist Sunny Ade a kan hanya" ''Madawolohun'' (su ce): "wanda ya bayyana a cikin shekarar 1988 ta ''Dancing A The Rana'' . Wannan shi ne na farko cikin waƙoƙin uku da ma'auratan suka yi aiki tare; Sauran biyun - "Zaɓi" da "Jira Ni" - sun danganci tsarin iyali ne, kuma endungiyar Kula da Iyaye na ofan Nijeriyar da suka ba da goyan baya ga tallace-tallacen su. <ref>[http://www.ipsnews.net/1997/01/music-nigeria-theres-a-message-in-the-sound/ MUSIC-NIGERIA: There’s A Message in the Sound]</ref> Bayanin karshe na Onwenu akan Polygram an sadaukar dashi ne ga Winnie Mandela, batun wakar sunanta ne wanda Onwenu yayi a raye lokacin da [[Nelson Mandela]] da matarsa suka ziyarci Najeriya a 1990 bayan an sake shi daga kurkuku. <ref>[https://onyekaonwenu.wordpress.com/2018/04/16/why-i-wrote-the-song-winnie-mandela/ Why I Wrote Winnie Mandela]</ref> Onwenu ta juya zuwa Benson da Hedges Music a 1992 kuma ta sake waka mai taken ''Onyeka!'', kundin kide kide tare da lakabin, daga baya wanda ta canza sheƙa zuwa waƙar Christian / gospel. Takaddun sabon nata mai taken, "Inspiration for Change", sun maida hankali ne akan bukatar canji mai inganci a Najeriya. Tana cikin hadin gwiwa tare da ''La Cave Musik na'' Paris, wanda [[Ɗan Nijeriya|dan]] kasuwan [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Najeriya]] ne, Onyeka Nwelue da kuma Jungle Entertainment Ventures na kasar Burtaniya, wanda kwararren masanin kidan David Evans-Uhegbu ke jagoranta. ''An kafa La Cave Musik'' don sakin tarin nata mai taken " ''Sake haihuwa na wani labari'' ". A fitarwa na ta bayar da gudunmawar music kuma zane-zane a Najeriya, ta yi bikin cika da kwararru kamar [[Mahmood Ali-Balogun]], Laolu irin ku, Charles O'Tudor, da kuma tsohon PMAN shugaba Tony Okoroji da sauransu a cikin zane-zane masana'antu a Najeriya. A cikin shekara ta 2013, Onwenu ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin alƙalai uku da ke ''X Factor Nigeria'' . <ref>[http://thenet.ng/photos-onyeka-onwenu-m-i-reggie-rockstone-unveiled-as-x-factor-judges/ Onyeka Onwenu, M.I, Reggie Rockstone unveiled as X Factor judges]</ref> == Siyasa == Onyeka Onwenu memba ce na Jam’iyyar Demokradiyya ta Jama’a (PDP). <ref>[http://thenet.ng/2013/09/onyeka-onwenu-gets-political-appointment/ Onyeka Onwenu gets political appointment]</ref> Ta yi takara sau biyu don zama shugabar karamar hukumar ta [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|karamar hukuma]], karamar hukumar [[Ideato ta Arewa]] a [[Imo|jihar Imo]], kuma ta yi asara a dukkan kokarin biyu. <ref>[https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/celebrities/onyeka-onwenu-10-things-about-the-legendary-musician-you-need-to-know/2tt7jgc]</ref> ammahq tsohon gwamna Ikedi Ohakim ya nada shi a matsayin shugaban majalisar ta Arts and Culture. A ranar 16 ga Satumba, Shekarar 2013, Shugaba [[Goodluck Jonathan|Goodluck Jonathan ya]] nada mata Darakta / Babban Darakta a Cibiyar Ci gaban Mata ta Kasa. == Gwagwarmaya == A shekarar 2000, Onwenu ta nuna rashin amincewa da ta tsohon m NTA a kan su ƙi biya kamasho a kan ta songs (NTA 2 Channel 5 ya yi amfani da ''"Iyogogo",'' a hanya daga ''Onyeka!'' Album, a tashar idents ba tare da tambayar ta izni), da kuma bayan nan -Anshasha Janar Ben Murray-Bruce yayi jerin gwano daga watsa inda ta shiga yajin aikin gama gari a harabar ofishin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=I WENT ON HUNGER STRIKE WHEN BEN BRUCE BARRED ME FROM BEING SHOWN ON NTA –ONYEKA ONWENU |url=http://www.nigerianbestforum.com/generaltopics/i-went-on-hunger-strike-when-ben-bruce-barred-me-from-being-shown-on-nta-%E2%80%93onyeka-onwenu/ |access-date=2020-05-03 |archive-date=2013-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130416011905/http://www.nigerianbestforum.com/generaltopics/i-went-on-hunger-strike-when-ben-bruce-barred-me-from-being-shown-on-nta-%E2%80%93onyeka-onwenu/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Lokacin da aka tambayi Onwenu, wanda ta yi wasan kwaikwayon Murray-Bruce na ''Yara na Afirka'' a shekarar 1991, ya ce "Mun gano cewa masana'antar nishaɗi tana wahala. Yawancin masu zane-zane ba su da fensho, suna matsananciyar yunwa. Wadannan mutane ne da suka shahara, mutanen da suka bayar da gagarumar gudunmawa ga ci gaban masana'antar a Najeriya kuma muna jin wannan ya zo ga karshe. " Yunkurin Onwenu ya ja hankalin mutane da yawa daga masu zane-zane, ciki har da [[Charly Boy]], wanda ya nuna rashin jin dadinsa game da biyan bukatun 'yan Najeriya yayin da ake yada wakoki a talabijin da rediyo. Hukumar NTA ta yanke shawarar sasanta batun cikin natsuwa, amma ta hana Onwenu damar fitowa ta tashoshinsu. <ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/842839.stm Nigerian singer on hunger strike]</ref> An dakatar da zanga-zangar ne bayan kwanaki shida lokacin da Onwenu da NTA suka shiga wani shiri don biyan basukan sarauta. <ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/852197.stm Nigerian singer's hunger strike over]</ref> == Aiki == Fitowar a fim na farko na Onwenu ta kasance kamar Jumoke, macen da ba ta da ɗa wanda ta auri jariri da aka watsar a cikin Daren ''dare na'' Zik Zulu Okafor. <ref>[https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/october-1-review-of-kunle-afolayans-movie/wrfvkl2 Nightmare]</ref> Tun daga wannan lokacin ta fito a cikin fina -finai da yawa na [[Nollywood]], kuma a 2006 ta ci lambar yabo ta Movie Movie Award don Mafi kyawun Aiki a Matsayi na Tallafi, A 2014. Ta kasance cikin fim din ''Rabin Rana na Yellow'' tare da Chiwetel Ejiofor da Thandie Newton, da ''Zuciyar Zaki'' . == Rayuwar mutum == Onwenu ta kasance mai boye bayanan dangane da rayuwarsa ta asirri, kuma sau da yawa takan ki ambatan mijinta a cikin tambayoyin. Ita ce mahaifiyar ’ya’ya biyu. == Fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;" border="2" cellpadding="4" ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Shekara ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Fim ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Matsayi ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Bayanan kula |- | rowspan="3" | 1999 | ''Bawai Kadarorinku ba'' | | |- | ''Yaudara'' | | tare da Nkem Owoh |- | ''Amincewar Sarkar'' | | tare da Pete Edochie & Liz Benson |- | 2004 | ''Gidan Gwamnati'' | | |- | rowspan="5" | 2005 | ''Katin Mata'' | | tare da Joke Silva & Zack Orji - wannan fim din ya sami zabi 4 sannan ya samu lambar yabo 1 a yayin bikin bayar da Kwalejin Koyarwa na Afirka Na 2 a 2006 |- | ''Mai zalunci'' | | tare da Pete Edochie |- | ''Watan wata'' | | |- | ''Omalinze'' | Sarauniya | tare da Stephanie Okereke |- | ''Kowace Rana ɗaya'' | | |- | 2006 | ''Duniya daban'' | | tare da Ramsey Nouah |- | rowspan="2" | 2007 | ''Don son Mala'ika'' | | tare da Ramsey Nouah |- | ''Tirniti'' | | tare da Kanayo O. Kanayo |- | rowspan="1" | 2013 | ''Rabin Rana na Rana'' | Mahaifiyar Odenigbo | tare da Chiwetel Ejiofor da Thandie Newton |- | rowspan="1" | 2018 | ''Zaki'' | Abigail Obiagu | |} == Duba kuma == * Jerin mawakan bishara na Najeriya == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * Onyeka Onwenu on IMDb [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 41d59rk5rcs748cimybebd6gmu5wpri 884807 884806 2026-07-19T08:33:53Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 884807 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} * [[Fayil:Onyeka Owenu on the cover of Genevieve magazine 2013.png|thumb|Onyeka owenu]]'''Onyeka Onwenu''' (an haife ta a ranar 29 ga watan Janairu shekarar 1952, kuma ta mutu a ranar 30 ga Yuli, 2024) mawakiya ce / mawaƙiyar [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Najeriya]], yar wasan kwaikwayo, mai fafutukar haƙƙin ɗan Adam, yar' gwagwarmayar zamantakewa, yar' jarida, yar' siyasa, kuma tsohon alkalin wasan ''X Factor''. Tun farkon kafa kungiyar, itace shugabar kwamitin kula da al'adu da al'adu ta [[Imo|jihar Imo ce]] kuma a yanzu haka Darakta ce / Babban Darakta na Cibiyar Mata ta Kasa. == Farkon rayuwa == [[Fayil:Onyeka Ononye appearing on NdaniTV Sept 2018.png|thumb|Onyeka Onwenu]] Onwenu ta fito ce daga Arondizuogu, wani karamin gari a [[Ideato ta Arewa]], [[Imo|jihar Imo]], kuma ta girma ne a [[Port Harcourt|Fatakwal]] . Ita ce ƙaramar 'yar ƙwararren masanin ilimin Najeriya kuma ɗan siyasa DK Onwenu wacce ta mutu tun tana da shekara huɗu a autocrash mako guda kafin nadinsa a matsayin Ministan Ilimi, bar bazawararsa ta haife yara biyar kaɗai. bayan dangin mijinta sun hana ta samun damar mallakarsa <ref>[https://www.pressreader.com/nigeria/thisday/20190807/281891594899390 Plight of Widows]</ref> (Waƙar "Matar Afirka" daga waƙoƙi na huɗu na Onwenu Oneaya ''daga cikin ƙauna'' ne mahaifiyarta ta yi wahayi). == Karatu == Onwenu ta mallaki BA a dangantakar kasa da kasa da kuma sadarwa daga Kwalejin Wellesley, [[Massachusetts]], kuma MA a cikin Nazarin Media daga Sabon Makarantar Nazarin Zaman Lafiyar Jama'a, [[New York (birni)|New York]] . Ta kuma yi aiki a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a matsayin mai jagorantar yawon shakatawa kafin ta dawo Najeriya a Shekara ta 1980 don kammala aikinta na kasa na shekara daya tare da NTA inda ta yi tasiri a matsayin mai yada labaran labarai, da kuma mai ba da labari mai ba da tsoro. == Watsa shirye-shirye == [[Fayil:Onyeka Owenu on the cover of Genevieve magazine 2013.png|thumb|Onyeka Onwenu]] A cikin shekarar 1984, Onwenu ta rubuta kuma ta gabatar da shirin kariyar duniya na BBC / NTA ''Nigeria, A Squandering of Riches'' wanda ya zama ingantaccen fim game da cin hanci da rashawa a Najeriya da kuma matsananciyar wahala game da yankin Neja Delta don sarrafa albarkatu da yakin neman lalata lalata muhalli a yankin mai arzikin mai. na Najeriya. Tsohuwar memba ce a hukumar NTA, ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen talabijin, tana karbar bakuncin ''wakilinmu na'' (1988) da ''Wanene Ke?'' (1993) duka a NTA Network. == Waka == Tun da farko mawakiya ce na rayuwar duniya, Onwenu ta yi sauyi zuwa kiɗan kiɗa bishara a cikin shekarun 90s, kuma yawancin wakokinta sun yi rubutu da kansu. Ta ci gaba da yin rubuce-rubuce da rera wakoki game da batutuwa kamar su cutar kanjamau (HIV / AIDS), zaman lafiya da haɗin kai, girmama haƙƙin mata, da kuma wahalar da yara. Ta fara aikin kade-kade ne a shekarar 1981 yayin da take ci gaba da aiki a NTA, yayin da take sakin kundin wakoki ''Don Soyayyar Ku'', wani sabon kundi wanda ya kunshi murfin mawaki na Johnny Nash na "Hold Me Tight", kuma kundin ta na biyu mai suna ''Endless Life'' Sonny Okosuns . Dukkan bayanan an sake su a kan alamar EMI . <ref>[label.https://www.discogs.com/Onyeka-Onwenu-For-The-Love-Of-You/release/5335012 For the Love of You}</ref> <ref>[https://www.discogs.com/Onyeka-Onwenu-Endless-Life/release/2075277 Endless Life]</ref> Sunan Onwenu na farko tare da Polygram, ''In The Morning Light'', an fitar dashi a shekara ta 1984. An yi rikodin ta a London, ta nuna waƙar "Masterplan" wanda babban aboki Tyna Onwudiwe ya rubuta wanda a baya ya ba da gudummawa ga shirin Onwenu na BBC sannan kuma ya rera waƙoƙi na baya. Bayan ta huɗu ta saki, 1986 ta ''Daya love'' wanda dauke da wani updated version na song "(A) Morning Light, ta hada kai tare da tsohon soja <nowiki><i id="mwUg">jùjú</i></nowiki> artist Sunny Ade a kan hanya" ''Madawolohun'' (su ce): "wanda ya bayyana a cikin shekarar 1988 ta ''Dancing A The Rana'' . Wannan shi ne na farko cikin waƙoƙin uku da ma'auratan suka yi aiki tare; Sauran biyun - "Zaɓi" da "Jira Ni" - sun danganci tsarin iyali ne, kuma endungiyar Kula da Iyaye na ofan Nijeriyar da suka ba da goyan baya ga tallace-tallacen su. <ref>[http://www.ipsnews.net/1997/01/music-nigeria-theres-a-message-in-the-sound/ MUSIC-NIGERIA: There’s A Message in the Sound]</ref> Bayanin karshe na Onwenu akan Polygram an sadaukar dashi ne ga Winnie Mandela, batun wakar sunanta ne wanda Onwenu yayi a raye lokacin da [[Nelson Mandela]] da matarsa suka ziyarci Najeriya a 1990 bayan an sake shi daga kurkuku. <ref>[https://onyekaonwenu.wordpress.com/2018/04/16/why-i-wrote-the-song-winnie-mandela/ Why I Wrote Winnie Mandela]</ref> Onwenu ta juya zuwa Benson da Hedges Music a 1992 kuma ta sake waka mai taken ''Onyeka!'', kundin kide kide tare da lakabin, daga baya wanda ta canza sheƙa zuwa waƙar Christian / gospel. Takaddun sabon nata mai taken, "Inspiration for Change", sun maida hankali ne akan bukatar canji mai inganci a Najeriya. Tana cikin hadin gwiwa tare da ''La Cave Musik na'' Paris, wanda [[Ɗan Nijeriya|dan]] kasuwan [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Najeriya]] ne, Onyeka Nwelue da kuma Jungle Entertainment Ventures na kasar Burtaniya, wanda kwararren masanin kidan David Evans-Uhegbu ke jagoranta. ''An kafa La Cave Musik'' don sakin tarin nata mai taken " ''Sake haihuwa na wani labari'' ". A fitarwa na ta bayar da gudunmawar music kuma zane-zane a Najeriya, ta yi bikin cika da kwararru kamar [[Mahmood Ali-Balogun]], Laolu irin ku, Charles O'Tudor, da kuma tsohon PMAN shugaba Tony Okoroji da sauransu a cikin zane-zane masana'antu a Najeriya. A cikin shekara ta 2013, Onwenu ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin alƙalai uku da ke ''X Factor Nigeria'' . <ref>[http://thenet.ng/photos-onyeka-onwenu-m-i-reggie-rockstone-unveiled-as-x-factor-judges/ Onyeka Onwenu, M.I, Reggie Rockstone unveiled as X Factor judges]</ref> == Siyasa == Onyeka Onwenu memba ce na Jam’iyyar Demokradiyya ta Jama’a (PDP). <ref>[http://thenet.ng/2013/09/onyeka-onwenu-gets-political-appointment/ Onyeka Onwenu gets political appointment]</ref> Ta yi takara sau biyu don zama shugabar karamar hukumar ta [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|karamar hukuma]], karamar hukumar [[Ideato ta Arewa]] a [[Imo|jihar Imo]], kuma ta yi asara a dukkan kokarin biyu. <ref>[https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/celebrities/onyeka-onwenu-10-things-about-the-legendary-musician-you-need-to-know/2tt7jgc]</ref> ammahq tsohon gwamna Ikedi Ohakim ya nada shi a matsayin shugaban majalisar ta Arts and Culture. A ranar 16 ga Satumba, Shekarar 2013, Shugaba [[Goodluck Jonathan|Goodluck Jonathan ya]] nada mata Darakta / Babban Darakta a Cibiyar Ci gaban Mata ta Kasa. == Gwagwarmaya == A shekarar 2000, Onwenu ta nuna rashin amincewa da ta tsohon m NTA a kan su ƙi biya kamasho a kan ta songs (NTA 2 Channel 5 ya yi amfani da ''"Iyogogo",'' a hanya daga ''Onyeka!'' Album, a tashar idents ba tare da tambayar ta izni), da kuma bayan nan -Anshasha Janar Ben Murray-Bruce yayi jerin gwano daga watsa inda ta shiga yajin aikin gama gari a harabar ofishin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=I WENT ON HUNGER STRIKE WHEN BEN BRUCE BARRED ME FROM BEING SHOWN ON NTA –ONYEKA ONWENU |url=http://www.nigerianbestforum.com/generaltopics/i-went-on-hunger-strike-when-ben-bruce-barred-me-from-being-shown-on-nta-%E2%80%93onyeka-onwenu/ |access-date=2020-05-03 |archive-date=2013-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130416011905/http://www.nigerianbestforum.com/generaltopics/i-went-on-hunger-strike-when-ben-bruce-barred-me-from-being-shown-on-nta-%E2%80%93onyeka-onwenu/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Lokacin da aka tambayi Onwenu, wanda ta yi wasan kwaikwayon Murray-Bruce na ''Yara na Afirka'' a shekarar 1991, ya ce "Mun gano cewa masana'antar nishaɗi tana wahala. Yawancin masu zane-zane ba su da fensho, suna matsananciyar yunwa. Wadannan mutane ne da suka shahara, mutanen da suka bayar da gagarumar gudunmawa ga ci gaban masana'antar a Najeriya kuma muna jin wannan ya zo ga karshe. " Yunkurin Onwenu ya ja hankalin mutane da yawa daga masu zane-zane, ciki har da [[Charly Boy]], wanda ya nuna rashin jin dadinsa game da biyan bukatun 'yan Najeriya yayin da ake yada wakoki a talabijin da rediyo. Hukumar NTA ta yanke shawarar sasanta batun cikin natsuwa, ammah ta hana Onwenu damar fitowa ta tashoshinsu. <ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/842839.stm Nigerian singer on hunger strike]</ref> An dakatar da zanga-zangar ne bayan kwanaki shida lokacin da Onwenu da NTA suka shiga wani shiri don biyan basukan sarauta. <ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/852197.stm Nigerian singer's hunger strike over]</ref> == Aiki == Fitowar a fim na farko na Onwenu ta kasance kamar Jumoke, macen da ba ta da ɗa wanda ta auri jariri da aka watsar a cikin Daren ''dare na'' Zik Zulu Okafor. <ref>[https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/october-1-review-of-kunle-afolayans-movie/wrfvkl2 Nightmare]</ref> Tun daga wannan lokacin ta fito a cikin fina -finai da yawa na [[Nollywood]], kuma a 2006 ta ci lambar yabo ta Movie Movie Award don Mafi kyawun Aiki a Matsayi na Tallafi, A 2014. Ta kasance cikin fim din ''Rabin Rana na Yellow'' tare da Chiwetel Ejiofor da Thandie Newton, da ''Zuciyar Zaki'' . == Rayuwar mutum == Onwenu ta kasance mai boye bayanan dangane da rayuwarsa ta asirri, kuma sau da yawa takan ki ambatan mijinta a cikin tambayoyin. Ita ce mahaifiyar ’ya’ya biyu. == Fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;" border="2" cellpadding="4" ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Shekara ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Fim ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Matsayi ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Bayanan kula |- | rowspan="3" | 1999 | ''Bawai Kadarorinku ba'' | | |- | ''Yaudara'' | | tare da Nkem Owoh |- | ''Amincewar Sarkar'' | | tare da Pete Edochie & Liz Benson |- | 2004 | ''Gidan Gwamnati'' | | |- | rowspan="5" | 2005 | ''Katin Mata'' | | tare da Joke Silva & Zack Orji - wannan fim din ya sami zabi 4 sannan ya samu lambar yabo 1 a yayin bikin bayar da Kwalejin Koyarwa na Afirka Na 2 a 2006 |- | ''Mai zalunci'' | | tare da Pete Edochie |- | ''Watan wata'' | | |- | ''Omalinze'' | Sarauniya | tare da Stephanie Okereke |- | ''Kowace Rana ɗaya'' | | |- | 2006 | ''Duniya daban'' | | tare da Ramsey Nouah |- | rowspan="2" | 2007 | ''Don son Mala'ika'' | | tare da Ramsey Nouah |- | ''Tirniti'' | | tare da Kanayo O. Kanayo |- | rowspan="1" | 2013 | ''Rabin Rana na Rana'' | Mahaifiyar Odenigbo | tare da Chiwetel Ejiofor da Thandie Newton |- | rowspan="1" | 2018 | ''Zaki'' | Abigail Obiagu | |} == Duba kuma == * Jerin mawakan bishara na Najeriya == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * Onyeka Onwenu on IMDb [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] c6k2k4by3gvrmoeucwkpo87useg18ax 0 19731 884821 848817 2026-07-19T09:00:50Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 884821 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Forstarbeiten_in_Österreich.JPG|thumb| Aikin gandun daji a Austria]] [[Fayil:Lacanja burn.JPG|thumb]] '''Gandun daji''' shine kimiyya da fasaha na kirkira, sarrafawa, dasa shuka, amfani, adanawa da gyara [[Gandun Daji|dazuzzuka]], ciyayi, da albarkatu masu alaka don fa'idodin dan adam da muhalli. Ana yin aikin gandun daji a cikin gonaki da kuma wuraren daban-daban Wanda ake da su. Kimiyyar gandun daji yana da abubuwan da ke cikin [[Ilimin halitta na mata|ilimin halitta]], jiki, zamantakewa, siyasa da kimiyyar gudanarwa. Gudanar da gandun daji yana taka muhimmiyar rawa na ƙirƙira da gyare-gyaren wuraren zama kuma yana shafar samar da ayyukan muhalli.<ref name="dictionaryofforestry">{{cite web|url=http://dictionaryofforestry.org/dict/term/forestry|title=SAFnet Dictionary &#124; Definition For [forestry&#93; |publisher=Dictionaryofforestry.org|date=2008-10-22|access-date=2014-03-15|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019122343/http://dictionaryofforestry.org/dict/term/forestry|archive-date=2013-10-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.forestryfocus.ie/growing-forests-3/establishing-forests/reproductive-material/seed-origin/|title=Seed Origin -pinga Forestry Focus|work=Forestry Focus|access-date=April 5, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Young|first1=Raymond A.|title=Introduction to Forest Science|date=1982|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-471-06438-1|page=ix}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Frouz|first=Jan|last2=Frouzová|first2=Jaroslava|date=2022|title=Applied Ecology|url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-030-83225-4|language=en-gb|doi=10.1007/978-3-030-83225-4}}</ref> [[Fayil:Ryssebergen 2012b.jpg|thumb|yanda daji keda kyauwun gani]] Gandun daji na zamani gaba daya ya kunshi manyan abubuwan damuwa, a cikin abin da aka sani da sarrafa amfani da yawa, gami da abubuwa kamar haka: * Samar da katako * Itacen mai * Wurin zama na namun daji * Gudanar da ingancin ruwa na halitta * Nishadi * Tsarin kasa da kariyar al'umma * Aiki * shimfidar wurare masu kyan gani * Gudanar da bambancin halittu * Gudanar da magudanar ruwa * [[Kula da zaizayar kasa|Kula da zaizayar kasa]] * Kiyaye dazuzzuka kamar " nutsewa " don [[Sararin Samaniya na Duniya|iskar]] carbon dioxide Ana san mai aikin gandun daji da gandun daji . Wani kalmar gama gari shine silviculturist. Silviculture ya fi gandun daji kunkuntar, yana damuwa da tsire-tsire na gandun daji kawai, ammah ana amfani da shi tare da gandun daji. An yi la'akari da yanayin dazuzzuka a matsayin mafi mahimmancin bangaren biosphere, kuma gandun daji ya fito a matsayin mahimmancin kimiyya, sana'a, da [[fasaha]] . Duk mutane sun dogara da gandun daji da bambancin halittunsu, wasu fiye da wasu. Gandun daji wani muhimmin yanki ne na tattalin arziki a cikin kasashe masu masana'antu daban-daban, kamar yadda gandun daji ke ba da ayyukan koraye sama da miliyan 86 da tallafawa rayuwar karin mutane da yawa. <ref name=":0" /> Misali, a Jamus, gandun daji suna rufe kusan kashi daya bisa uku na yankin kasar, itace shine mafi mahimmancin albarkatun da za'a iya sabuntawa, kuma gandun daji yana tallafawa ayyukan yi fiye da miliyan daya da kusan € 181 biliyan na ƙimar tattalin arzikin Jamus kowace shekara. A duk duniya, kimanin mutane miliyan 880 ne ke kashe wani bangare na lokacinsu wajen diban man fetur ko kuma yin gawayi, yawancinsu mata. Yawan jama'a yakan yi kasa a yankuna na kasashe masu karamin karfi da ke da gandun daji da kuma yawan gandun daji, amma yawan talauci a wadannan yankuna yakan yi yawa. <ref name=":0" /> Wasu mutane miliyan 252 da ke zaune a cikin dazuzzuka da savannas suna samun kudin shiga kasa da dalar Amurka 1.25 kowace rana. <ref name=":0" /> [[File:A_deciduous_beech_forest_in_Slovenia.jpg|thumb| Dajin beech mai tsiro a cikin [[Sloveniya|Slovenia]]]] == Tarihi == === Fage === Werner Sombart da sauransu sun sanya wa shekarun gaban masana'antu lakabi da 'zamanin itace', saboda katako da itacen wuta sune tushen albarkatun makamashi, gini da gidaje. Ci gaban gandun daji na zamani yana da alaka da habakar jari-hujja, tattalin arziki a matsayin kimiyya da ra'ayoyi daban-daban na amfani da kasa da dukiya. <ref>compare Joachim Radkau Wood: A History, 2011</ref> Roman Latifundiae, manyan wuraren noma, sun yi nasara sosai wajen kiyaye yawan itacen da ya zama dole ga Daular Roma. Manyan [[Gandun daji|saren gandun daji]] ya zo tare da raguwar Rumawa. <ref name="yale" /> Duk da haka tuni a cikin karni na 5, sufaye a cikin lokacin Byzantine Romagna a kan gabar tekun Adriatic, sun sami damar kafa gonakin pine na dutse don samar da itacen mai da abinci . Wannan shi ne farkon babban dajin da Dante Alighieri ya ambata a cikin wakarsa ta shekara ta 1308 Divine Comedy . <ref name="Pines" /> Irin wadannan ayyukan dazuzzuka masu dorewa sun habaka ta Visigoths a cikin karni na 7, yayin da suke fuskantar karancin itace, suka kafa ka'idar da ta shafi kiyaye dazuzzukan itacen oak da Pine . Amfani da kuma sarrafa albarkatun gandun daji da yawa yana da dogon tarihi a kasar Sin, tun daga daular Han da ke karkashin ikon mallakar filaye . An yi amfani da irin wannan hanya a Japan. Daga baya kuma masanin kasar Sin Xu Guangqi (1562-1633) ya rubuta game da daular Ming . A Turai, hakkin amfani da kasa a zamanin da da farkon zamani ya ba da damar masu amfani daban-daban damar shiga gandun daji da wuraren kiwo. Shurar tsiro da fitar da guduro suna da mahimmanci, saboda farar (gudu) yana da mahimmanci ga caulking na jiragen ruwa, hakkokin faduwa da farauta, itacen wuta da gini, tara katako a cikin wuraren kiwo na itace, da kiwo na dabbobi a cikin dazuzzuka. Ra'ayin "na gama-gari" (Jamus " Allmende ") yana nufin ainihin kalmar shari'a ta gargajiya ta kasar gama gari. Tunanin rufaffiyar kadarorin masu zaman kansu ya samo asali ne a zamanin yau. Koyaya, yawancin hakkokin farauta sun kasance membobin manyan mutane wadanda ke kiyaye hakkin manyan mutane don samun dama da amfani da kasar gama gari don nishadi, kamar farautar fox . === Farkon ci gaban gandun daji na zamani === [[File:TJ_harvesteri.jpg|thumb| Girbin katako a Finland]] [[File:Gewinnung_von_Schnittreisig.jpg|thumb| Yin amfani da itacen goge baki a [[:de:Goldner Steinrück|Golden Steinrueck]], Vogelsberg]] [[File:Hans_Carl_von_Carlowitz.jpg|thumb| Hans Carl von Carlowitz, mai hakar ma'adinai na Jamus]] Tsarin kula da gandun daji don samun amfanin katako mai dorewa ya fara ne a [[Portugal]] a cikin karni na 13 lokacin da Sarki Afonso III ya dasa dajin Pinhal do Rei (Dajin Pine na King) kusa da Leiria don hana zaizayar gabar teku da lalata kasa, kuma a matsayin tushen ci gaba na katako da aka yi amfani da su a ciki. gina sojojin ruwa. Magajinsa Sarki Denis na Portugal ya ci gaba da aikin kuma daji yana wanzu har yau.<ref>Watson, Robert T.; Verardo, David J.; Noble, Ian R.; Bolin, Bert; Ravindranath, N.H.; Dokken, David J., eds. (2000). "Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry". Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 16 November 2014.</ref> Har ila yau, kula da gandun daji ya bunkasa a cikin jihohin Jamus a karni na 14, misali a [[Nuremberg]], da kuma a [[Japan]] a karni na 16. Yawanci, an raba gandun daji zuwa sassa na musamman kuma an tsara shi; an shirya girbin katako da ido don sake farfadowa. Kamar yadda rafting na katako ya ba da izinin haɗa manyan dazuzzukan nahiyoyi, kamar a kudu maso yammacin Jamus, ta hanyar Main, Neckar, Danube da Rhine tare da biranen bakin teku da jahohi, farkon gandun daji na zamani da ciniki mai nisa suna da alaka sosai. An kira manyan firs a cikin gandun daji na bakar fata "Holländer", yayin da aka sayar da su zuwa yadiyoyin jirgin ruwan Holland. Manyan igiyoyin katako a kan Rhine sun kasance tsawon 200 zuwa 400m, fadin 40m kuma sun kunshi katako dubu da yawa. Ma’aikatan jirgin sun kunshi mutane 400 zuwa 500, wadanda suka hada da matsuguni, gidajen burodi, tanda da wuraren kiwon dabbobi. Abubuwan aikin rafting na katako sun ba da izinin manyan hanyoyin sadarwa masu hadin gwiwa a duk fadin nahiyar Turai kuma har yanzu suna da mahimmanci a Finland.<ref>"forest, noun". Oxford English Dictionary online edition. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 11 January 2008. Retrieved 22 May 2009.</ref> An fara da karni na 16, habaka kasuwancin teku na duniya, habakar gine-ginen gidaje a Turai, da nasara da kara Berggeschrey (rushes) na masana'antar hakar ma'adinai ya karu da amfani da katako sosai. Tunanin 'Nachhaltigkeit', dorewa a cikin gandun daji, yana da alaka da aikin Hans Carl von Carlowitz (1645-1714), mai kula da ma'adinai a Saxony . Littafinsa ''Sylvicultura oeconomica, oder haußwirthliche Nachricht und Naturmäßige Anweisung zur wilden Baum-Zucht'' (1713) shine nassi na farko mai cikakken bayani game da dazuzzuka masu dorewa. A cikin Burtaniya, kuma, zuwa wani matsayi, a cikin Nahiyar Turai, kakkarfan kakkarfan kakkarfan kakkarfan kadara da kebabbu . <ref name="Rad">Radkau, Joachim. Nature and Power. A Global History of the Environment. Cambridge University Press. 2008.</ref> Masu gyara Agrarian, marubutan tattalin arziki na farko da masana kimiyya sun yi kokari su kawar da al'adun gargajiya. <ref name="rad1">Nature and Power, A Global History of the Environment, by Joachim Radkau, 2008, p. 72</ref> A lokacin, wani bala'i da ake zargin na gama gari tare da fargabar wani Holznot, karancin itace da ke gabatowa ya taka rawa a cikin rikice-rikice game da tsarin amfani da kasa na hadin gwiwa. John Evelyn ya haɓaka al'adar kafa dashen bishiya a Tsibirin Biritaniya, kodayake ya riga ya sami farin jini. Ministan Louis XIV Jean-Baptiste Colbert 's itacen oak Forest na Tronçais, wanda aka dasa don amfani da sojojin ruwa na Faransa a nan gaba, ya girma kamar yadda aka zata a tsakiyar karni na 19: "Colbert ya yi tunanin komai sai dai jirgin ruwa," in ji Fernand Braudel . . A cikin layi daya, an kafa makarantun gandun daji tun daga karshen karni na 18 a Hesse, [[Rasha]], Austria-Hungary, [[Sweden]], [[Faransa]] da sauran wurare a Turai.<ref>Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020 – Key findings. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization. 2020. doi:10.4060/ca8753en. <nowiki>ISBN 978-92-5-132581-0</nowiki>. S2CID 130116768</ref> === Kare gandun daji da farkon duniya ===   Tun daga shekara ta 1750s an habaka gandun daji na kimiyya na zamani a Faransa da kasashen da ke magana da Jamus a cikin mahallin ilimin tarihin halitta da gudanar da gwamnati ta hanyar ilimin kimiyyar lissafi da kyamara . Babban halayensa sune tsarin kulawa ta kwararrun gandun daji, riko da ra'ayoyin amfanin gona mai dorewa tare da nuna son kai ga itacen mai da katako, dazuzzuka na wucin gadi, da kuma ra'ayi mai mahimmanci game da amfanin makiyaya da noma na gandun daji. A karshen karni na 19 da farkon karni na 20th, an kafa shirye-shiryen kiyaye gandun daji a kasar Indiya ta Burtaniya, Amurka, da Turai. Yawancin gandun daji sun kasance ko dai daga nahiyar Turai (kamar Sir Dietrich Brandis ), ko kuma sun yi ilimi a can (kamar Gifford Pinchot ). Sir Dietrich Brandis ana daukarsa a matsayin uban gandun daji na wurare masu zafi, ra'ayoyi da ayyuka na Turai dole ne a daidaita su a wurare masu zafi da ramin yanayi. Habaka gandun daji na daya daga cikin amsoshi (masu jayayya) ga takamaiman kalubalen da ke cikin yankuna masu zafi. Kaddamarwa da juyin halitta na dokokin gandun daji da ka'idojin daurewa sun faru a mafi yawan kasashen yammacin duniya a cikin karni na 20 don mayar da martani ga karuwar abubuwan da suka shafi kiyayewa da habaka karfin fasaha na kamfanonin katako. Gandun dazuzzuka na wurare masu zafi wani reshe ne na gandun daji wanda ke da alaka da dazuzzukan equatorial wadanda ke samar da dazuzzuka kamar su teak da mahogany .<ref>Menzies, Nicholas; Grinspoon, Elisabeth (22 October 2007). "Facts on Forests and Forestry". ForestFacts.org, a subsidiary of GreenFacts.org. Archived from the original on 8 May 2015. Retrieved 16 November 2014</ref><ref>Davies, Neil S., McMahon, William J. and Berry, Christopher M. (2024). "Earth's earliest forest: fossilized trees and vegetation-induced sedimentary structures from the Middle Devonian (Eifelian) Hangman Sandstone Formation, Somerset and Devon, SW England" (PDF). Journal of the Geological Society. 181 (4) jgs2023-204. Bibcode:2024JGSoc.181..204D. doi:10.1144/jgs2023-204. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 March 2024.</ref> === Gyaran daji da shimfidar wuri === Dubi Maido da Daji An ayyana gandun daji da yanayin shimfidar wuri (FLR) azaman tsari wanda ke nufin dawo da ayyukan muhalli da habaka jin dadin dan adam a cikin dazuzzuka ko barna. An habaka FLR a matsayin martani ga habakar lalacewa da asarar gandun daji da filaye, wanda ya haifar da raguwar ayyukan halittu da yanayin muhalli. <ref name=":1" /> Ingantacciyar FLR za ta goyi bayan cimma burin ci gaba mai dorewa. <ref name=":1" /> Shekaru Goma na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Maido da Tsarin Muhalli (2021-2030) yana ba da damar maido da daruruwan miliyoyin kadada na rusassun gandun daji da sauran halittu. <ref name=":1" /> === Makanikai === Kayan aikin gandun daji ya kasance koyaushe yana da alaka da aikin karfe da habaka kayan aikin injin don yanke da jigilar katako zuwa inda yake. Rafting nasa ne na farkon hanyoyin sufuri. Karfe saws ya fito a cikin karni na 15. Karni na 19 ya habaka samar da karfe don bulala da gabatar da layin dogo na gandun daji da layin dogo gabadaya don sufuri da kuma abokin ciniki na gandun daji. Karin canje-canjen da dan adam ya haifar, duk da haka, ya zo tun yakin duniya na biyu, daidai da "ciwon shekaru 1950". <ref>Christian Pfister (Hrsg.), Das 1950er Syndrom: Der Weg in die Konsumgesellschaft, Bern 1995</ref> An kirkira chainsaw na farko mai daukar hoto a cikin shekara ta 1918 a Kanada, amma babban tasirin injiniyoyi a cikin gandun daji ya fara ne bayan Yakin Duniya na II. Masu girbin gandun daji na daga cikin abubuwan da suka faru a baya-bayan nan. Ko da yake jirage marasa matuki, jirage, na'urar daukar hoto ta Laser, tauraron dan adam da mutummutumi suma suna taka rawa a cikin gandun daji. === Mujallu na farko wadanda har yanzu suna nan<ref>The First Forests". Devonian Times. Archived from the original on 10 May 2016. Retrieved 9 March 2024.</ref> === * An fara buga ''Sylwan'' a cikin 1820 <ref name="RPonline" /> * An fara buga ''Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Forstwesen'' a shekara ta 1850. <ref name="RPonline" /> * An fara buga ''Erdészeti Lapok'' a cikin 1862. (Hungary, 1862-yanzu) * ''The Indian Forester'' ya fara buga a 1875. <ref name="RPonline" /> * An buga ''lissafin Šumarski'' (Binciken gandun daji, Croatia) a cikin 1877 ta Kungiyar gandun daji na Croatian . <ref name="RPonline" /> * ''Montes'' (Forestry, Spain) an fara buga shi a cikin 1877. <ref name="RPonline" /> * ''Revista pădurilor'' (Journal of Forests, Romania, 1881-1882; 1886-present), mafi tsufa mujalla a Romania * ''Forestry Quarterly'', wanda aka fara buga shi a 1902 ta Kwalejin gandun daji ta Jihar New York . * ''Šumarstvo'' (Forestry, Serbia) wanda aka fara buga shi a cikin 1948 ta Ma'aikatar Gandun Daji ta Yugoslavia ta Tarayyar Turai, kuma tun daga 1951 ta Organ of Society of Forestry Engineers da Technicians na Jamhuriyar Serbia (wanda ya ci nasarar tsohon ''Šumarski glasnik'' wanda aka buga daga 1907 zuwa 1921) == Gandun daji a karni na 21 == [[File:Laser_guided_cutting_of_wood_inside_modern_woodmill.jpg|thumb| Injin katako na zamani]] A yau an sami kwakkwaran bincike game da kula da yanayin gandun daji da inganta kwayoyin halittar bishiya da iri . Nazarin gandun daji kuma ya hada da habaka hanyoyin da suka fi dacewa don dasa shuki, karewa, bacin rai, konawa mai sarrafawa, sarewa, hakowa, da sarrafa katako . Daya daga cikin aikace-aikacen dazuzzuka na zamani shine sake yin gandun daji, inda ake dasa bishiyoyi da kuma kula da su a wani yanki da aka ba su.<ref>MacDicken, Kenneth (15 March 2013). "Forest Resources Assessment Working Paper 180" (PDF). Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Forestry Department. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 16 November 2014</ref> Bishiyoyi suna ba da fa'idodi masu yawa na muhalli, zamantakewa da tattalin arziki ga mutane. A yankuna da yawa, masana'antar gandun daji na da mahimmancin muhalli, tattalin arziki, da zamantakewa, tare da Amurka ta samar da katako fiye da kowace kasa a duniya. Tsarin takaddun shaida na bangare na uku wadanda ke ba da tabbaci mai zaman kansa na kula da gandun daji mai dorewa da dazuzzuka masu dorewa sun zama ruwan dare a wurare da yawa tun shekara ta 1990s. Wadannan tsare-tsaren takaddun shaida sun samo asali ne a matsayin martani ga sukar wasu ayyukan gandun daji, musamman saran gandun daji a yankunan da ba a ci gaba ba tare da damuwa game da sarrafa albarkatu a cikin kasashen da suka ci gaba . A cikin yanayi mai tsananin dazuzzuka, dazuzzuka masu kyau na da mahimmanci don rigakafi ko rage girman [[Zaizayar Kasa|zaizayar]] kasa ko ma [[Zaftarewar kasa|zabtarewar kasa]] . A yankunan da ke da yuwuwar zaftarewar kasa, dazuzzuka na iya [[Kula da zaizayar kasa|daidaita kasa]] da hana lalacewa ko asarar dukiya, rauni ko asarar rayuka. == Masu gandun daji ==   [[File:Sanpablotregua.JPG|left|thumb| Masu gandun daji na Jami'ar Austral ta Chile a cikin gandun daji na Valdivian na San Pablo de Tregua, [[Chile]]]] Masu aikin gandun daji suna aiki da masana'antar katako, hukumomin gwamnati, kungiyoyin kiyayewa, kananan hukumomi, allon wuraren shakatawa na birane, kungiyoyin 'yan kasa, da masu zaman kansu masu zaman kansu. Sana'ar gandun daji ta hada da ayyuka iri-iri, tare da bukatun ilimi tun daga digirin farko na kwaleji zuwa PhD don aiki na musamman. Masu gandun daji na masana'antu suna shirin sake farfado da daji tare da girbi a hankali. Masu gandun daji na birni suna kula da bishiyoyi a wuraren kore na birane . Masu aikin gandun daji suna aiki a cikin gandun daji na bishiya suna girma tsire-tsire don kirkirar gandun daji ko ayyukan sake farfadowa. Masu gandun daji suna inganta kwayoyin halittar itace . Injiniyoyin gandun daji suna habaka sabbin tsarin gini. Kwararrun gandun daji suna auna da kirar habakar gandun daji tare da kayan aiki kamar tsarin bayanan yanki . Masu gandun daji na iya magance cutar kwari, cututtuka, dazuzzuka da ciyayi da wutar daji, amma suna kara kyale wadannan al'amuran dabi'a na yanayin gandun daji suyi tafiyarsu lokacin da yiwuwar annoba ko hadarin rayuwa ko dukiya ta yi kasa. Ana karawa, gandun daji suna shiga cikin shirye-shiryen kiyaye namun daji da kare magudanar ruwa . Masu gandun daji sun fi damuwa da sarrafa katako, musamman gyaran dazuzzuka, kula da gandun daji a yanayin da ya fi dacewa, da kula da wuta.<ref name="galegroup1">{{cite web |url=http://find.galegroup.com/gps/start.do?prodId=IPS |title=PowerSearch Logout |publisher=Find.galegroup.com |access-date=2014-03-15 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510172355/http://find.galegroup.com/gps/start.do?prodId=IPS |archive-date=2013-05-10 }}</ref> == Shirye-shiryen gandun daji == Masu gandun daji suna haɓaka da aiwatar da tsare-tsaren kula da gandun daji bisa dogaro da taswirar kayan albarkatun da aka zayyana waɗanda ke nuna yanayin yanayin yanki da kuma rarraba bishiyoyi (ta nau'in) da sauran murfin shuka. Tsare-tsare kuma sun haɗa da manufofin mai mallakar ƙasa, hanyoyi, magudanan ruwa, kusanci da mazaunin ɗan adam, fasalin ruwa da yanayin ruwa, da bayanan ƙasa. Tsare-tsaren kula da gandun daji yawanci sun haɗa da shawarwarin jiyya na siliki da jadawalin aiwatar da su. Aikace-aikacen taswirori na dijital a cikin Tsarin Bayanai na Geographic (GIS) waɗanda ke hakowa da haɗa bayanai daban-daban game da wuraren dazuzzuka, nau'in ƙasa da murfin bishiya, da sauransu ta amfani da, misali Laser scan, haɓaka tsare-tsaren kula da gandun daji a cikin tsarin zamani. Tsare-tsaren kula da gandun daji sun haɗa da shawarwari don cimma manufofin mai mallakar ƙasa da yanayin da ake so a nan gaba don kadarorin da ke ƙarƙashin muhalli, kuɗi, dabaru (misali samun albarkatu), da sauran ƙuntatawa. A kan wasu kaddarorin, tsare-tsaren suna mayar da hankali kan samar da ingantattun samfuran itace don sarrafawa ko siyarwa. Don haka, nau'in bishiya, yawa, da siffa, duk tsakiyar darajar samfuran da aka girbe inganci da yawa, sun kasance suna zama mahimman abubuwan tsare-tsare na al'adun siliki. Shirye-shiryen gudanarwa masu kyau sun haɗa da la'akari da yanayin tsayuwar gaba bayan duk wani shawarar girbi da aka ba da shawarar, gami da jiyya na gaba (musamman a cikin jiyya na tsaka-tsaki), da tsare-tsaren sabuntar halitta ko na wucin gadi bayan girbi na ƙarshe. Manufofin masu mallakar filaye da masu haya suna tasiri tsare-tsare don girbi da jiyya na gaba. A Biritaniya, tsare-tsaren da ke nuna "kyakkyawan aikin gandun daji" dole ne su yi la'akari da bukatun sauran masu ruwa da tsaki kamar al'ummomin da ke kusa ko mazauna karkara da ke zaune a ciki ko kusa da yankunan daji. Masu gandun daji suna la'akari da sare bishiyoyi da dokokin muhalli lokacin haɓaka tsare-tsare. Tsare-tsaren suna ba da umarnin girbi mai ɗorewa da maye gurbin bishiyoyi. Suna nuna ko ana buƙatar ginin titi ko wasu ayyukan injiniyan gandun daji. Shugabannin [[noma]] da gandun daji suna kuma kokarin fahimtar yadda dokar sauyin yanayi za ta shafi abin da suke yi. Bayanan da aka tattara za su samar da bayanan da za su tantance matsayin aikin noma da gandun daji a cikin sabon tsarin kula da sauyin yanayi. == Gandun daji a matsayin kimiyya == A cikin ƙarnuka da suka wuce, ana ɗaukar gandun daji a matsayin wani kimiyya daban. Tare da haɓakar ilimin halittu da kimiyyar muhalli, an sami yin tsari a cikin ilimin kimiyyar da aka yi amfani da su. Dangane da wannan ra'ayi, gandun daji shine ilimin kimiyya na farko na amfanin ƙasa wanda aka kwatanta da [[Noma|aikin gona]] . <ref>Wojtkowski, Paul A. (2002) Agroecological Perspectives in Agronomy, Forestry and Agroforestry. Science Publishers Inc., Enfield, NH, 356p.</ref> Ƙarƙashin waɗannan jigogi, ginshiƙan da ke bayan kula da gandun dazuzzuka sun zo ta hanyar ilimin halitta. Dazuzzuka ko shuke-shuken bishiya. <ref>Wojtkowski, Paul A. (2006) Undoing the Damage: Silviculture for Ecologists and Environmental Scientists. Science Publishers Inc., Enfield, NH, 313p.</ref> . == Bambancin kwayoyin halitta a cikin gandun daji == Tabbatar da kayan haifuwa na gandun daji da ake amfani da su don shuka dazuzzuka yana da tasiri mai yawa akan yadda bishiyoyi suke girma, don haka dalilin da ya sa yana da mahimmanci a yi amfani da kayan haifuwa na gandun daji mai kyau da kuma bambancin kwayoyin halitta . Gaba ɗaya, duk ayyukan kula da gandun daji, gami da a cikin tsarin sabuntar halitta, na iya yin tasiri ga bambancin ƙwayoyin itatuwa. Kalmar genetic diversity tana bayyana bambance-bambance a cikin jerin DNA tsakanin dɗiɗaikun mutane daban-daban da bambancin da ke haifar da tasirin muhalli. Abubuwan da ke tattare da kwayoyin halitta na musamman na mutum ( genotype ) zai ƙayyade aikinsa ( phenotype ) a wani rukunin yanar gizo. Ana buƙatar bambance-bambancen kwayoyin halitta don kula da dazuzzuka da kuma samar da juriya ga kwari da cututtuka . Bambancin kwayoyin halitta kuma yana tabbatar da cewa bishiyoyin gandun daji zasu iya rayuwa, daidaitawa da haɓakawa a ƙarƙashin canza yanayin muhalli. Bugu da ƙari, bambance-bambancen kwayoyin halitta shine tushen bambance-bambancen ilimin halitta a nau'in nau'in halitta da matakan yanayin halittu . Don haka albarkatun halittu na gandun daji suna da mahimmanci a yi la'akari da su wajen kula da gandun daji.<ref name="vries15">{{cite journal|last1=de Vries, S.M.G., Alan, M., Bozzano, M., Burianek, V., Collin, E., Cottrell, J., Ivankovic, M., Kelleher, C.T., Koskela, J., Rotach, P., Vietto, L. and Yrjänä, L.|title=Pan-European strategy for genetic conservation of forest trees and establishment of a core network of dynamic conservation units|journal=European Forest Genetic Resources Programme, Bioversity International, Rome, Italy.|date=2015|page=xii + 40 p|url=http://www.euforgen.org/fileadmin/templates/euforgen.org/upload/Publications/Thematic_publications/EUFORGEN_FGR_conservation_strategy.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131201310/http://www.euforgen.org/fileadmin/templates/euforgen.org/upload/Publications/Thematic_publications/EUFORGEN_FGR_conservation_strategy.pdf|archive-date=2017-01-31|access-date=2017-01-20}}</ref><ref name="konnert15">{{cite journal|last1=Konnert, M., Fady, B., Gömöry, D., A’Hara, S., Wolter, F., Ducci, F., Koskela, J., Bozzano, M., Maaten, T. and Kowalczyk, J.|title=Use and transfer of forest reproductive material in Europe in the context of climate change|journal=European Forest Genetic Resources Programme, Bioversity International, Rome, Italy.|date=2015|page=xvi and 75 p|url=http://www.euforgen.org/fileadmin/templates/euforgen.org/upload/Publications/Thematic_publications/EUFORGEN_FRM_use_transfer.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804173305/http://www.euforgen.org/fileadmin/templates/euforgen.org/upload/Publications/Thematic_publications/EUFORGEN_FRM_use_transfer.pdf|archive-date=2017-08-04|access-date=2017-01-20}}</ref> Bambancin kwayoyin halitta a cikin [[Gandun Daji|gandun daji]] yana fuskantar barazanar gobarar daji, kwari da cututtuka, rarrabuwar kawuna, ayyukan al'adun gargajiya da rashin amfani da kayan haifuwa na gandun daji. Kimanin hekta miliyan 98 na gandun daji ne gobara ta shafa a shekara ta 2015; wannan ya kasance a yankin masu zafi, inda wuta ta kone kusan kashi 4 cikin dari na yawan gandun daji a wannan shekarar. Fiye da kashi biyu bisa uku na jimillar gandun dajin da abin ya shafa na Afirka ne da Kudancin Amurka. Bugu da ƙari kuma, ƙananan nau'o'in bishiyoyi da yawa suna fuskantar sababbin barazana saboda sauyin yanayi.<ref>"forest, noun". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (3 ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. 1996. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-395-44895-3</nowiki>.</ref> Yawancin ƙasashe a Turai suna da shawarwari ko ƙa'idoji don zaɓar nau'i na zaɓar nau’ikan abubuwan da ake iya amfani da su na iya amfani da su a cikin wani yanki ko yanki da aka bayar. === Tarihin ilimin gandun daji === Georg Ludwig Hartig ya kafa makarantar gandun daji ta farko a Hungen a cikin Wetterau, Hesse, a cikin shekara ta 1787, kodayake an koyar da gandun daji a tsakiyar Turai, gami da Jami'ar Giessen, a Hesse-Darmstadt . A Spain, makarantar gandun daji ta farko ita ce Makarantar Injiniyan daji ta Madrid ( Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros de Montes ), wacce aka kafa a shekara ta 1844. Na farko a Arewacin Amirka, an kafa Makarantar Dajin Biltmore kusa da Asheville, North Carolina, ta Carl A. Schenck a ranar 1 ga watan Satumba na shekara ta, na shekara ta 1898, a filin George W. Vanderbilt na Biltmore Estate . Wata makarantar farko ita ce Kwalejin daji ta Jihar New York, wacce aka kafa a Jami'ar Cornell bayan 'yan makonni kadan, a cikin Satumba na shekara ta 1898. Farkon ƙarni na 19 Arewacin Amurka gandun daji sun je Jamus don nazarin gandun daji. Wasu gandun daji na Jamus na farko su ma sun yi ƙaura zuwa Arewacin Amirka. A [[Amurka ta Kudu|Kudancin Amirka]] an kafa makarantar gandun daji ta farko a Brazil, a Viçosa, Minas Gerais, a cikin shekara ta 1962, kuma ta koma shekara ta gaba don zama malami a Jami'ar Tarayya ta Paraná, a Curitiba.<ref>"What is a Forest?". Australian Government/Department of Agriculture, Fisheries, and Forestry/Rural Areas. 28 March 2007. Archived from the original on 9 October 2009. Retrieved 25 November 2010</ref><ref>Confer John Evelyn, FRS, Sylva, or A Discourse of Forest-Trees and the Propagation of Timber in His Majesty's Dominions (1664); and the title of and use passim in Edward Step, FLS, Wayside and Woodland Trees: A Pocket Guide to the British Sylva (Frederick Warne and Company Limited, London and New York, [many editions]).</ref> === Ilimin daji a yau === [[File:Burn9582.JPG|thumb| Masu gandun daji suna amfani da ƙonawa da aka ba da izini don rage nauyin mai]] A yau, ilimin gandun daji yawanci ya haɗa da horar da ilimin halittu gabaɗaya, ilimin halittu, ilimin halittu, ilimin halittu, kimiyyar ƙasa, climatology, ilimin ruwa, tattalin arziki da sarrafa gandun daji .<ref>Davies, Neil S., McMahon, William J. and Berry, Christopher M. (2024). "Earth's earliest forest: fossilized trees and vegetation-induced sedimentary structures from the Middle Devonian (Eifelian) Hangman Sandstone Formation, Somerset and Devon, SW England" (PDF). Journal of the Geological Society. 181 (4) jgs2023-204. Bibcode:2024JGSoc.181..204D. doi:10.1144/jgs2023-204. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 March 2024.</ref> Ilimi a cikin tushen [[Kimiyar al'umma|ilimin zamantakewa]] da kimiyyar siyasa galibi ana ɗaukar fa'ida. Ƙwararrun ma tana da mahimmanci a cikin shirye-shiryen horo. A Indiya, ana ba da ilimin gandun daji a cikin jami'o'in aikin gona da kuma a cikin Cibiyoyin Binciken daji (jami'o'in da ake zaton). Ana gudanar da shirye-shiryen digiri na shekaru hudu a wadannan jami'o'in a matakin digiri. Hakanan ana samun digiri na biyu na Masters da Digiri a cikin waɗannan jami'o'in. A cikin Amurka, ilimin gandun daji na gaba da sakandare wanda zai kai ga digiri na farko ko digiri na biyu yana samun karbuwa daga Society of American Foresters . A Kanada Cibiyar Gandun daji ta Kanada tana ba da zoben azurfa ga waɗanda suka kammala karatun digiri daga shirye-shiryen BSc na jami'a da aka amince da su, da kuma shirye-shiryen kwaleji da fasaha. A yawancin ƙasashen Turai, ana yin horo a cikin gandun daji daidai da buƙatun Tsarin Bologna da Yankin Ilimi na Turai . Ƙungiyar Bincike ta Duniya ita ce ƙungiyar ƙasa da ƙasa ɗaya tilo da ke daidaita ƙoƙarin kimiyyar daji a duk duniya. === Ci gaba da ilimi === Don ci gaba da sauye-sauyen bukatu da abubuwan muhalli, ilimin gandun daji ba ya tsayawa a lokacin kammala karatun. Dadadawa, kwararrun gandun daji suna shiga horo na yau da kullun don kulawa da habaka ayyukan gudanarwa. Ana iya amfani da wadannan rukunin yanar gizon don yin kwankwasa kama-da- wane da gwada kimar itacen mutum da kimar kima da kuma [http://iplus.efi.int/marteloscopes-data.html microhabitats] na itace. Wannan tsarin ya fi dacewa da yankuna masu kananan tsarin sarrafa gandun daji masu yawa. === Daban-daban game da bincike da ilimin daji === * Jerin cibiyoyin binciken daji * Jerin makarantun fasaha na gandun daji * Jerin jami'o'in gandun daji da kwalejoji * Jerin mujallun tarihi na gandun daji * Cibiyar gandun daji ta Imperial (rashin fahimta) ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:Bamboo_Forest_In_Zhejiang.JPG|Gandun dajin Bamboo a Zhejiang, China File:Forest_on_San_Juan_Island.jpg|Tsibirin gandun dajin San Juan, Washington, United States </gallery> == Duba kuma == <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> * [[Afforestation|Gandun daji]] * [[Agroforestry]] * [[Arboriculture|Aikin noma]] * [[Close to nature forestry|Kusa da gandun daji na yanayi]] * [[Community forestry|Dajin al'umma]] * [[Deforestation|sare itatuwa]] * [[Deforestation and climate change|sare itatuwa da sauyin yanayi]] * [[Dendrology]] * [[Forest dynamics|Juyin gandun daji]] * [[Forest farming|Noman daji]] * [[Forest informatics|Bayanan daji]] * [[Forestry literature|Adabin daji]] * [[History of the forest in Central Europe|Tarihin daji a tsakiyar Turai]] * [[International Year of Forests|Shekarar dazuzzuka na duniya]] * [[List of forest research institutes|Jerin cibiyoyin binciken daji]] * [[List of forestry journals|Jerin jaridun gandun daji]] * [[Lumberjack]] * [[Miyawaki method|Hanyar Miyawaki]] * [[Private nonindustrial forest land|Dazuzzukan da ba na masana'antu masu zaman kansu]] * [[Sustainable forest management|Gudanar da gandun daji mai dorewa]] * [[Silviculture]] * [[Silvology]] </div> == Sources ==  This article incorporates text from a free content work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 License statement/permission. Text taken from Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020 Key findings, FAO, FAO. This article incorporates text from a free content work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO License statement/permission. Text taken from The State of the World’s Forests 2020. Forests, biodiversity and people – In brief, FAO & UNEP, FAO & UNEP. == Manazarta == {{reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{Commons category-inline}} * Works related to Forestry at Wikisource * {{Curlie|Business/Agriculture_and_Forestry/Forestry}} [[Category:Gandun-daji]] [[Category:Dajuka a Najeriya]] [[Category:Daji]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ak3ckyqx385qt0acuaanaasw4qbmdww 884822 884821 2026-07-19T09:02:17Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 884822 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Forstarbeiten_in_Österreich.JPG|thumb| Aikin gandun daji a Austria]] [[Fayil:Lacanja burn.JPG|thumb]] '''Gandun daji''' shine kimiyya da fasaha na kirkira, sarrafawa, dasa shuka, amfani, adanawa da gyara [[Gandun Daji|dazuzzuka]], ciyayi, da albarkatu masu alaka don fa'idodin dan adam da muhalli. Ana yin aikin gandun daji a cikin gonaki da kuma wuraren daban-daban Wanda ake da su. Kimiyyar gandun daji yana da abubuwan da ke cikin [[Ilimin halitta na mata|ilimin halitta]], jiki, zamantakewa, siyasa da kimiyyar gudanarwa. Gudanar da gandun daji yana taka muhimmiyar rawa na ƙirƙira da gyare-gyaren wuraren zama kuma yana shafar samar da ayyukan muhalli.<ref name="dictionaryofforestry">{{cite web|url=http://dictionaryofforestry.org/dict/term/forestry|title=SAFnet Dictionary &#124; Definition For [forestry&#93; |publisher=Dictionaryofforestry.org|date=2008-10-22|access-date=2014-03-15|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019122343/http://dictionaryofforestry.org/dict/term/forestry|archive-date=2013-10-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.forestryfocus.ie/growing-forests-3/establishing-forests/reproductive-material/seed-origin/|title=Seed Origin -pinga Forestry Focus|work=Forestry Focus|access-date=April 5, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Young|first1=Raymond A.|title=Introduction to Forest Science|date=1982|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-471-06438-1|page=ix}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Frouz|first=Jan|last2=Frouzová|first2=Jaroslava|date=2022|title=Applied Ecology|url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-030-83225-4|language=en-gb|doi=10.1007/978-3-030-83225-4}}</ref> [[Fayil:Ryssebergen 2012b.jpg|thumb|yanda daji keda kyauwun gani]] Gandun daji na zamani gaba daya ya kunshi manyan abubuwan damuwa, a cikin abin da aka sani da sarrafa amfani da yawa, gami da abubuwa kamar haka: * Samar da katako * Itacen mai * Wurin zama na namun daji * Gudanar da ingancin ruwa na halitta * Nishadi * Tsarin kasa da kariyar al'umma * Aiki * shimfidar wurare masu kyan gani * Gudanar da bambancin halittu * Gudanar da magudanar ruwa * [[Kula da zaizayar kasa|Kula da zaizayar kasa]] * Kiyaye dazuzzuka kamar " nutsewa " don [[Sararin Samaniya na Duniya|iskar]] carbon dioxide Ana san mai aikin gandun daji da gandun daji . Wani kalmar gama gari shine silviculturist. Silviculture ya fi gandun daji kunkuntar, yana damuwa da tsire-tsire na gandun daji kawai, ammah ana amfani da shi tare da gandun daji. An yi la'akari da yanayin dazuzzuka a matsayin mafi mahimmancin bangaren biosphere, kuma gandun daji ya fito a matsayin mahimmancin kimiyya, sana'a, da [[fasaha]] . Duk mutane sun dogara da gandun daji da bambancin halittunsu, wasu fiye da wasu. Gandun daji wani muhimmin yanki ne na tattalin arziki a cikin kasashe masu masana'antu daban-daban, kamar yadda gandun daji ke ba da ayyukan koraye sama da miliyan 86 da tallafawa rayuwar karin mutane da yawa. <ref name=":0" /> Misali, a Jamus, gandun daji suna rufe kusan kashi daya bisa uku na yankin ƙasar, itace shine mafi mahimmancin albarkatun da za'a iya sabuntawa, kuma gandun daji yana tallafawa ayyukan yi fiye da miliyan daya da kusan € 181 biliyan na ƙimar tattalin arzikin Jamus kowace shekara. A duk duniya, kimanin mutane miliyan 880 ne ke kashe wani bangare na lokacinsu wajen diban man fetur ko kuma yin gawayi, yawancinsu mata. Yawan jama'a yakan yi kasa a yankuna na kasashe masu karamin karfi da ke da gandun daji da kuma yawan gandun daji, amma yawan talauci a wadannan yankuna yakan yi yawa. <ref name=":0" /> Wasu mutane miliyan 252 da ke zaune a cikin dazuzzuka da savannas suna samun kudin shiga kasa da dalar Amurka 1.25 kowace rana. <ref name=":0" /> [[File:A_deciduous_beech_forest_in_Slovenia.jpg|thumb| Dajin beech mai tsiro a cikin [[Sloveniya|Slovenia]]]] == Tarihi == === Fage === Werner Sombart da sauransu sun sanya wa shekarun gaban masana'antu lakabi da 'zamanin itace', saboda katako da itacen wuta sune tushen albarkatun makamashi, gini da gidaje. Ci gaban gandun daji na zamani yana da alaka da habakar jari-hujja, tattalin arziƙi a matsayin kimiyya da ra'ayoyi daban-daban na amfani da ƙasa da dukiya. <ref>compare Joachim Radkau Wood: A History, 2011</ref> Roman Latifundiae, manyan wuraren noma, sun yi nasara sosai wajen kiyaye yawan itacen da ya zama dole ga Daular Roma. Manyan [[Gandun daji|saren gandun daji]] ya zo tare da raguwar Rumawa. <ref name="yale" /> Duk da haka tuni a cikin karni na 5, sufaye a cikin lokacin Byzantine Romagna a kan gabar tekun Adriatic, sun sami damar kafa gonakin pine na dutse don samar da itacen mai da abinci . Wannan shi ne farkon babban dajin da Dante Alighieri ya ambata a cikin wakarsa ta shekara ta 1308 Divine Comedy . <ref name="Pines" /> Irin wadannan ayyukan dazuzzuka masu dorewa sun habaka ta Visigoths a cikin karni na 7, yayin da suke fuskantar karancin itace, suka kafa ka'idar da ta shafi kiyaye dazuzzukan itacen oak da Pine . Amfani da kuma sarrafa albarkatun gandun daji da yawa yana da dogon tarihi a kasar Sin, tun daga daular Han da ke karkashin ikon mallakar filaye . An yi amfani da irin wannan hanya a Japan. Daga baya kuma masanin kasar Sin Xu Guangqi (1562-1633) ya rubuta game da daular Ming . A Turai, hakkin amfani da kasa a zamanin da da farkon zamani ya ba da damar masu amfani daban-daban damar shiga gandun daji da wuraren kiwo. Shurar tsiro da fitar da guduro suna da mahimmanci, saboda farar (gudu) yana da mahimmanci ga caulking na jiragen ruwa, hakkokin faduwa da farauta, itacen wuta da gini, tara katako a cikin wuraren kiwo na itace, da kiwo na dabbobi a cikin dazuzzuka. Ra'ayin "na gama-gari" (Jamus " Allmende ") yana nufin ainihin kalmar shari'a ta gargajiya ta kasar gama gari. Tunanin rufaffiyar kadarorin masu zaman kansu ya samo asali ne a zamanin yau. Koyaya, yawancin hakkokin farauta sun kasance membobin manyan mutane wadanda ke kiyaye hakkin manyan mutane don samun dama da amfani da kasar gama gari don nishadi, kamar farautar fox . === Farkon ci gaban gandun daji na zamani === [[File:TJ_harvesteri.jpg|thumb| Girbin katako a Finland]] [[File:Gewinnung_von_Schnittreisig.jpg|thumb| Yin amfani da itacen goge baki a [[:de:Goldner Steinrück|Golden Steinrueck]], Vogelsberg]] [[File:Hans_Carl_von_Carlowitz.jpg|thumb| Hans Carl von Carlowitz, mai hakar ma'adinai na Jamus]] Tsarin kula da gandun daji don samun amfanin katako mai dorewa ya fara ne a [[Portugal]] a cikin karni na 13 lokacin da Sarki Afonso III ya dasa dajin Pinhal do Rei (Dajin Pine na King) kusa da Leiria don hana zaizayar gabar teku da lalata kasa, kuma a matsayin tushen ci gaba na katako da aka yi amfani da su a ciki. gina sojojin ruwa. Magajinsa Sarki Denis na Portugal ya ci gaba da aikin kuma daji yana wanzu har yau.<ref>Watson, Robert T.; Verardo, David J.; Noble, Ian R.; Bolin, Bert; Ravindranath, N.H.; Dokken, David J., eds. (2000). "Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry". Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 16 November 2014.</ref> Har ila yau, kula da gandun daji ya bunkasa a cikin jihohin Jamus a karni na 14, misali a [[Nuremberg]], da kuma a [[Japan]] a karni na 16. Yawanci, an raba gandun daji zuwa sassa na musamman kuma an tsara shi; an shirya girbin katako da ido don sake farfadowa. Kamar yadda rafting na katako ya ba da izinin haɗa manyan dazuzzukan nahiyoyi, kamar a kudu maso yammacin Jamus, ta hanyar Main, Neckar, Danube da Rhine tare da biranen bakin teku da jahohi, farkon gandun daji na zamani da ciniki mai nisa suna da alaka sosai. An kira manyan firs a cikin gandun daji na bakar fata "Holländer", yayin da aka sayar da su zuwa yadiyoyin jirgin ruwan Holland. Manyan igiyoyin katako a kan Rhine sun kasance tsawon 200 zuwa 400m, fadin 40m kuma sun kunshi katako dubu da yawa. Ma’aikatan jirgin sun kunshi mutane 400 zuwa 500, wadanda suka hada da matsuguni, gidajen burodi, tanda da wuraren kiwon dabbobi. Abubuwan aikin rafting na katako sun ba da izinin manyan hanyoyin sadarwa masu hadin gwiwa a duk fadin nahiyar Turai kuma har yanzu suna da mahimmanci a Finland.<ref>"forest, noun". Oxford English Dictionary online edition. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 11 January 2008. Retrieved 22 May 2009.</ref> An fara da karni na 16, habaka kasuwancin teku na duniya, habakar gine-ginen gidaje a Turai, da nasara da kara Berggeschrey (rushes) na masana'antar hakar ma'adinai ya karu da amfani da katako sosai. Tunanin 'Nachhaltigkeit', dorewa a cikin gandun daji, yana da alaka da aikin Hans Carl von Carlowitz (1645-1714), mai kula da ma'adinai a Saxony . Littafinsa ''Sylvicultura oeconomica, oder haußwirthliche Nachricht und Naturmäßige Anweisung zur wilden Baum-Zucht'' (1713) shine nassi na farko mai cikakken bayani game da dazuzzuka masu dorewa. A cikin Burtaniya, kuma, zuwa wani matsayi, a cikin Nahiyar Turai, kakkarfan kakkarfan kakkarfan kakkarfan kadara da kebabbu . <ref name="Rad">Radkau, Joachim. Nature and Power. A Global History of the Environment. Cambridge University Press. 2008.</ref> Masu gyara Agrarian, marubutan tattalin arziki na farko da masana kimiyya sun yi kokari su kawar da al'adun gargajiya. <ref name="rad1">Nature and Power, A Global History of the Environment, by Joachim Radkau, 2008, p. 72</ref> A lokacin, wani bala'i da ake zargin na gama gari tare da fargabar wani Holznot, karancin itace da ke gabatowa ya taka rawa a cikin rikice-rikice game da tsarin amfani da kasa na hadin gwiwa. John Evelyn ya haɓaka al'adar kafa dashen bishiya a Tsibirin Biritaniya, kodayake ya riga ya sami farin jini. Ministan Louis XIV Jean-Baptiste Colbert 's itacen oak Forest na Tronçais, wanda aka dasa don amfani da sojojin ruwa na Faransa a nan gaba, ya girma kamar yadda aka zata a tsakiyar karni na 19: "Colbert ya yi tunanin komai sai dai jirgin ruwa," in ji Fernand Braudel . . A cikin layi daya, an kafa makarantun gandun daji tun daga karshen karni na 18 a Hesse, [[Rasha]], Austria-Hungary, [[Sweden]], [[Faransa]] da sauran wurare a Turai.<ref>Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020 – Key findings. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization. 2020. doi:10.4060/ca8753en. <nowiki>ISBN 978-92-5-132581-0</nowiki>. S2CID 130116768</ref> === Kare gandun daji da farkon duniya ===   Tun daga shekara ta 1750s an habaka gandun daji na kimiyya na zamani a Faransa da kasashen da ke magana da Jamus a cikin mahallin ilimin tarihin halitta da gudanar da gwamnati ta hanyar ilimin kimiyyar lissafi da kyamara . Babban halayensa sune tsarin kulawa ta kwararrun gandun daji, riko da ra'ayoyin amfanin gona mai dorewa tare da nuna son kai ga itacen mai da katako, dazuzzuka na wucin gadi, da kuma ra'ayi mai mahimmanci game da amfanin makiyaya da noma na gandun daji. A karshen karni na 19 da farkon karni na 20th, an kafa shirye-shiryen kiyaye gandun daji a kasar Indiya ta Burtaniya, Amurka, da Turai. Yawancin gandun daji sun kasance ko dai daga nahiyar Turai (kamar Sir Dietrich Brandis ), ko kuma sun yi ilimi a can (kamar Gifford Pinchot ). Sir Dietrich Brandis ana daukarsa a matsayin uban gandun daji na wurare masu zafi, ra'ayoyi da ayyuka na Turai dole ne a daidaita su a wurare masu zafi da ramin yanayi. Habaka gandun daji na daya daga cikin amsoshi (masu jayayya) ga takamaiman kalubalen da ke cikin yankuna masu zafi. Kaddamarwa da juyin halitta na dokokin gandun daji da ka'idojin daurewa sun faru a mafi yawan kasashen yammacin duniya a cikin karni na 20 don mayar da martani ga karuwar abubuwan da suka shafi kiyayewa da habaka karfin fasaha na kamfanonin katako. Gandun dazuzzuka na wurare masu zafi wani reshe ne na gandun daji wanda ke da alaka da dazuzzukan equatorial wadanda ke samar da dazuzzuka kamar su teak da mahogany .<ref>Menzies, Nicholas; Grinspoon, Elisabeth (22 October 2007). "Facts on Forests and Forestry". ForestFacts.org, a subsidiary of GreenFacts.org. Archived from the original on 8 May 2015. Retrieved 16 November 2014</ref><ref>Davies, Neil S., McMahon, William J. and Berry, Christopher M. (2024). "Earth's earliest forest: fossilized trees and vegetation-induced sedimentary structures from the Middle Devonian (Eifelian) Hangman Sandstone Formation, Somerset and Devon, SW England" (PDF). Journal of the Geological Society. 181 (4) jgs2023-204. Bibcode:2024JGSoc.181..204D. doi:10.1144/jgs2023-204. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 March 2024.</ref> === Gyaran daji da shimfidar wuri === Dubi Maido da Daji An ayyana gandun daji da yanayin shimfidar wuri (FLR) azaman tsari wanda ke nufin dawo da ayyukan muhalli da habaka jin dadin dan adam a cikin dazuzzuka ko barna. An habaka FLR a matsayin martani ga habakar lalacewa da asarar gandun daji da filaye, wanda ya haifar da raguwar ayyukan halittu da yanayin muhalli. <ref name=":1" /> Ingantacciyar FLR za ta goyi bayan cimma burin ci gaba mai dorewa. <ref name=":1" /> Shekaru Goma na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Maido da Tsarin Muhalli (2021-2030) yana ba da damar maido da daruruwan miliyoyin kadada na rusassun gandun daji da sauran halittu. <ref name=":1" /> === Makanikai === Kayan aikin gandun daji ya kasance koyaushe yana da alaka da aikin karfe da habaka kayan aikin injin don yanke da jigilar katako zuwa inda yake. Rafting nasa ne na farkon hanyoyin sufuri. Karfe saws ya fito a cikin karni na 15. Karni na 19 ya habaka samar da karfe don bulala da gabatar da layin dogo na gandun daji da layin dogo gabadaya don sufuri da kuma abokin ciniki na gandun daji. Karin canje-canjen da dan adam ya haifar, duk da haka, ya zo tun yakin duniya na biyu, daidai da "ciwon shekaru 1950". <ref>Christian Pfister (Hrsg.), Das 1950er Syndrom: Der Weg in die Konsumgesellschaft, Bern 1995</ref> An kirkira chainsaw na farko mai daukar hoto a cikin shekara ta 1918 a Kanada, amma babban tasirin injiniyoyi a cikin gandun daji ya fara ne bayan Yakin Duniya na II. Masu girbin gandun daji na daga cikin abubuwan da suka faru a baya-bayan nan. Ko da yake jirage marasa matuki, jirage, na'urar daukar hoto ta Laser, tauraron dan adam da mutummutumi suma suna taka rawa a cikin gandun daji. === Mujallu na farko wadanda har yanzu suna nan<ref>The First Forests". Devonian Times. Archived from the original on 10 May 2016. Retrieved 9 March 2024.</ref> === * An fara buga ''Sylwan'' a cikin 1820 <ref name="RPonline" /> * An fara buga ''Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Forstwesen'' a shekara ta 1850. <ref name="RPonline" /> * An fara buga ''Erdészeti Lapok'' a cikin 1862. (Hungary, 1862-yanzu) * ''The Indian Forester'' ya fara buga a 1875. <ref name="RPonline" /> * An buga ''lissafin Šumarski'' (Binciken gandun daji, Croatia) a cikin 1877 ta Kungiyar gandun daji na Croatian . <ref name="RPonline" /> * ''Montes'' (Forestry, Spain) an fara buga shi a cikin 1877. <ref name="RPonline" /> * ''Revista pădurilor'' (Journal of Forests, Romania, 1881-1882; 1886-present), mafi tsufa mujalla a Romania * ''Forestry Quarterly'', wanda aka fara buga shi a 1902 ta Kwalejin gandun daji ta Jihar New York . * ''Šumarstvo'' (Forestry, Serbia) wanda aka fara buga shi a cikin 1948 ta Ma'aikatar Gandun Daji ta Yugoslavia ta Tarayyar Turai, kuma tun daga 1951 ta Organ of Society of Forestry Engineers da Technicians na Jamhuriyar Serbia (wanda ya ci nasarar tsohon ''Šumarski glasnik'' wanda aka buga daga 1907 zuwa 1921) == Gandun daji a karni na 21 == [[File:Laser_guided_cutting_of_wood_inside_modern_woodmill.jpg|thumb| Injin katako na zamani]] A yau an sami kwakkwaran bincike game da kula da yanayin gandun daji da inganta kwayoyin halittar bishiya da iri . Nazarin gandun daji kuma ya hada da habaka hanyoyin da suka fi dacewa don dasa shuki, karewa, bacin rai, konawa mai sarrafawa, sarewa, hakowa, da sarrafa katako . Daya daga cikin aikace-aikacen dazuzzuka na zamani shine sake yin gandun daji, inda ake dasa bishiyoyi da kuma kula da su a wani yanki da aka ba su.<ref>MacDicken, Kenneth (15 March 2013). "Forest Resources Assessment Working Paper 180" (PDF). Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Forestry Department. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 16 November 2014</ref> Bishiyoyi suna ba da fa'idodi masu yawa na muhalli, zamantakewa da tattalin arziki ga mutane. A yankuna da yawa, masana'antar gandun daji na da mahimmancin muhalli, tattalin arziki, da zamantakewa, tare da Amurka ta samar da katako fiye da kowace kasa a duniya. Tsarin takaddun shaida na bangare na uku wadanda ke ba da tabbaci mai zaman kansa na kula da gandun daji mai dorewa da dazuzzuka masu dorewa sun zama ruwan dare a wurare da yawa tun shekara ta 1990s. Wadannan tsare-tsaren takaddun shaida sun samo asali ne a matsayin martani ga sukar wasu ayyukan gandun daji, musamman saran gandun daji a yankunan da ba a ci gaba ba tare da damuwa game da sarrafa albarkatu a cikin kasashen da suka ci gaba . A cikin yanayi mai tsananin dazuzzuka, dazuzzuka masu kyau na da mahimmanci don rigakafi ko rage girman [[Zaizayar Kasa|zaizayar]] kasa ko ma [[Zaftarewar kasa|zabtarewar kasa]] . A yankunan da ke da yuwuwar zaftarewar kasa, dazuzzuka na iya [[Kula da zaizayar kasa|daidaita kasa]] da hana lalacewa ko asarar dukiya, rauni ko asarar rayuka. == Masu gandun daji ==   [[File:Sanpablotregua.JPG|left|thumb| Masu gandun daji na Jami'ar Austral ta Chile a cikin gandun daji na Valdivian na San Pablo de Tregua, [[Chile]]]] Masu aikin gandun daji suna aiki da masana'antar katako, hukumomin gwamnati, kungiyoyin kiyayewa, kananan hukumomi, allon wuraren shakatawa na birane, kungiyoyin 'yan kasa, da masu zaman kansu masu zaman kansu. Sana'ar gandun daji ta hada da ayyuka iri-iri, tare da bukatun ilimi tun daga digirin farko na kwaleji zuwa PhD don aiki na musamman. Masu gandun daji na masana'antu suna shirin sake farfado da daji tare da girbi a hankali. Masu gandun daji na birni suna kula da bishiyoyi a wuraren kore na birane . Masu aikin gandun daji suna aiki a cikin gandun daji na bishiya suna girma tsire-tsire don kirkirar gandun daji ko ayyukan sake farfadowa. Masu gandun daji suna inganta kwayoyin halittar itace . Injiniyoyin gandun daji suna habaka sabbin tsarin gini. Kwararrun gandun daji suna auna da kirar habakar gandun daji tare da kayan aiki kamar tsarin bayanan yanki . Masu gandun daji na iya magance cutar kwari, cututtuka, dazuzzuka da ciyayi da wutar daji, amma suna kara kyale wadannan al'amuran dabi'a na yanayin gandun daji suyi tafiyarsu lokacin da yiwuwar annoba ko hadarin rayuwa ko dukiya ta yi kasa. Ana karawa, gandun daji suna shiga cikin shirye-shiryen kiyaye namun daji da kare magudanar ruwa . Masu gandun daji sun fi damuwa da sarrafa katako, musamman gyaran dazuzzuka, kula da gandun daji a yanayin da ya fi dacewa, da kula da wuta.<ref name="galegroup1">{{cite web |url=http://find.galegroup.com/gps/start.do?prodId=IPS |title=PowerSearch Logout |publisher=Find.galegroup.com |access-date=2014-03-15 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510172355/http://find.galegroup.com/gps/start.do?prodId=IPS |archive-date=2013-05-10 }}</ref> == Shirye-shiryen gandun daji == Masu gandun daji suna haɓaka da aiwatar da tsare-tsaren kula da gandun daji bisa dogaro da taswirar kayan albarkatun da aka zayyana waɗanda ke nuna yanayin yanayin yanki da kuma rarraba bishiyoyi (ta nau'in) da sauran murfin shuka. Tsare-tsare kuma sun haɗa da manufofin mai mallakar ƙasa, hanyoyi, magudanan ruwa, kusanci da mazaunin ɗan adam, fasalin ruwa da yanayin ruwa, da bayanan ƙasa. Tsare-tsaren kula da gandun daji yawanci sun haɗa da shawarwarin jiyya na siliki da jadawalin aiwatar da su. Aikace-aikacen taswirori na dijital a cikin Tsarin Bayanai na Geographic (GIS) waɗanda ke hakowa da haɗa bayanai daban-daban game da wuraren dazuzzuka, nau'in ƙasa da murfin bishiya, da sauransu ta amfani da, misali Laser scan, haɓaka tsare-tsaren kula da gandun daji a cikin tsarin zamani. Tsare-tsaren kula da gandun daji sun haɗa da shawarwari don cimma manufofin mai mallakar ƙasa da yanayin da ake so a nan gaba don kadarorin da ke ƙarƙashin muhalli, kuɗi, dabaru (misali samun albarkatu), da sauran ƙuntatawa. A kan wasu kaddarorin, tsare-tsaren suna mayar da hankali kan samar da ingantattun samfuran itace don sarrafawa ko siyarwa. Don haka, nau'in bishiya, yawa, da siffa, duk tsakiyar darajar samfuran da aka girbe inganci da yawa, sun kasance suna zama mahimman abubuwan tsare-tsare na al'adun siliki. Shirye-shiryen gudanarwa masu kyau sun haɗa da la'akari da yanayin tsayuwar gaba bayan duk wani shawarar girbi da aka ba da shawarar, gami da jiyya na gaba (musamman a cikin jiyya na tsaka-tsaki), da tsare-tsaren sabuntar halitta ko na wucin gadi bayan girbi na ƙarshe. Manufofin masu mallakar filaye da masu haya suna tasiri tsare-tsare don girbi da jiyya na gaba. A Biritaniya, tsare-tsaren da ke nuna "kyakkyawan aikin gandun daji" dole ne su yi la'akari da bukatun sauran masu ruwa da tsaki kamar al'ummomin da ke kusa ko mazauna karkara da ke zaune a ciki ko kusa da yankunan daji. Masu gandun daji suna la'akari da sare bishiyoyi da dokokin muhalli lokacin haɓaka tsare-tsare. Tsare-tsaren suna ba da umarnin girbi mai ɗorewa da maye gurbin bishiyoyi. Suna nuna ko ana buƙatar ginin titi ko wasu ayyukan injiniyan gandun daji. Shugabannin [[noma]] da gandun daji suna kuma kokarin fahimtar yadda dokar sauyin yanayi za ta shafi abin da suke yi. Bayanan da aka tattara za su samar da bayanan da za su tantance matsayin aikin noma da gandun daji a cikin sabon tsarin kula da sauyin yanayi. == Gandun daji a matsayin kimiyya == A cikin ƙarnuka da suka wuce, ana ɗaukar gandun daji a matsayin wani kimiyya daban. Tare da haɓakar ilimin halittu da kimiyyar muhalli, an sami yin tsari a cikin ilimin kimiyyar da aka yi amfani da su. Dangane da wannan ra'ayi, gandun daji shine ilimin kimiyya na farko na amfanin ƙasa wanda aka kwatanta da [[Noma|aikin gona]] . <ref>Wojtkowski, Paul A. (2002) Agroecological Perspectives in Agronomy, Forestry and Agroforestry. Science Publishers Inc., Enfield, NH, 356p.</ref> Ƙarƙashin waɗannan jigogi, ginshiƙan da ke bayan kula da gandun dazuzzuka sun zo ta hanyar ilimin halitta. Dazuzzuka ko shuke-shuken bishiya. <ref>Wojtkowski, Paul A. (2006) Undoing the Damage: Silviculture for Ecologists and Environmental Scientists. Science Publishers Inc., Enfield, NH, 313p.</ref> . == Bambancin kwayoyin halitta a cikin gandun daji == Tabbatar da kayan haifuwa na gandun daji da ake amfani da su don shuka dazuzzuka yana da tasiri mai yawa akan yadda bishiyoyi suke girma, don haka dalilin da ya sa yana da mahimmanci a yi amfani da kayan haifuwa na gandun daji mai kyau da kuma bambancin kwayoyin halitta . Gaba ɗaya, duk ayyukan kula da gandun daji, gami da a cikin tsarin sabuntar halitta, na iya yin tasiri ga bambancin ƙwayoyin itatuwa. Kalmar genetic diversity tana bayyana bambance-bambance a cikin jerin DNA tsakanin dɗiɗaikun mutane daban-daban da bambancin da ke haifar da tasirin muhalli. Abubuwan da ke tattare da kwayoyin halitta na musamman na mutum ( genotype ) zai ƙayyade aikinsa ( phenotype ) a wani rukunin yanar gizo. Ana buƙatar bambance-bambancen kwayoyin halitta don kula da dazuzzuka da kuma samar da juriya ga kwari da cututtuka . Bambancin kwayoyin halitta kuma yana tabbatar da cewa bishiyoyin gandun daji zasu iya rayuwa, daidaitawa da haɓakawa a ƙarƙashin canza yanayin muhalli. Bugu da ƙari, bambance-bambancen kwayoyin halitta shine tushen bambance-bambancen ilimin halitta a nau'in nau'in halitta da matakan yanayin halittu . Don haka albarkatun halittu na gandun daji suna da mahimmanci a yi la'akari da su wajen kula da gandun daji.<ref name="vries15">{{cite journal|last1=de Vries, S.M.G., Alan, M., Bozzano, M., Burianek, V., Collin, E., Cottrell, J., Ivankovic, M., Kelleher, C.T., Koskela, J., Rotach, P., Vietto, L. and Yrjänä, L.|title=Pan-European strategy for genetic conservation of forest trees and establishment of a core network of dynamic conservation units|journal=European Forest Genetic Resources Programme, Bioversity International, Rome, Italy.|date=2015|page=xii + 40 p|url=http://www.euforgen.org/fileadmin/templates/euforgen.org/upload/Publications/Thematic_publications/EUFORGEN_FGR_conservation_strategy.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131201310/http://www.euforgen.org/fileadmin/templates/euforgen.org/upload/Publications/Thematic_publications/EUFORGEN_FGR_conservation_strategy.pdf|archive-date=2017-01-31|access-date=2017-01-20}}</ref><ref name="konnert15">{{cite journal|last1=Konnert, M., Fady, B., Gömöry, D., A’Hara, S., Wolter, F., Ducci, F., Koskela, J., Bozzano, M., Maaten, T. and Kowalczyk, J.|title=Use and transfer of forest reproductive material in Europe in the context of climate change|journal=European Forest Genetic Resources Programme, Bioversity International, Rome, Italy.|date=2015|page=xvi and 75 p|url=http://www.euforgen.org/fileadmin/templates/euforgen.org/upload/Publications/Thematic_publications/EUFORGEN_FRM_use_transfer.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804173305/http://www.euforgen.org/fileadmin/templates/euforgen.org/upload/Publications/Thematic_publications/EUFORGEN_FRM_use_transfer.pdf|archive-date=2017-08-04|access-date=2017-01-20}}</ref> Bambancin kwayoyin halitta a cikin [[Gandun Daji|gandun daji]] yana fuskantar barazanar gobarar daji, kwari da cututtuka, rarrabuwar kawuna, ayyukan al'adun gargajiya da rashin amfani da kayan haifuwa na gandun daji. Kimanin hekta miliyan 98 na gandun daji ne gobara ta shafa a shekara ta 2015; wannan ya kasance a yankin masu zafi, inda wuta ta kone kusan kashi 4 cikin dari na yawan gandun daji a wannan shekarar. Fiye da kashi biyu bisa uku na jimillar gandun dajin da abin ya shafa na Afirka ne da Kudancin Amurka. Bugu da ƙari kuma, ƙananan nau'o'in bishiyoyi da yawa suna fuskantar sababbin barazana saboda sauyin yanayi.<ref>"forest, noun". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (3 ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. 1996. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-395-44895-3</nowiki>.</ref> Yawancin ƙasashe a Turai suna da shawarwari ko ƙa'idoji don zaɓar nau'i na zaɓar nau’ikan abubuwan da ake iya amfani da su na iya amfani da su a cikin wani yanki ko yanki da aka bayar. === Tarihin ilimin gandun daji === Georg Ludwig Hartig ya kafa makarantar gandun daji ta farko a Hungen a cikin Wetterau, Hesse, a cikin shekara ta 1787, kodayake an koyar da gandun daji a tsakiyar Turai, gami da Jami'ar Giessen, a Hesse-Darmstadt . A Spain, makarantar gandun daji ta farko ita ce Makarantar Injiniyan daji ta Madrid ( Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros de Montes ), wacce aka kafa a shekara ta 1844. Na farko a Arewacin Amirka, an kafa Makarantar Dajin Biltmore kusa da Asheville, North Carolina, ta Carl A. Schenck a ranar 1 ga watan Satumba na shekara ta, na shekara ta 1898, a filin George W. Vanderbilt na Biltmore Estate . Wata makarantar farko ita ce Kwalejin daji ta Jihar New York, wacce aka kafa a Jami'ar Cornell bayan 'yan makonni kadan, a cikin Satumba na shekara ta 1898. Farkon ƙarni na 19 Arewacin Amurka gandun daji sun je Jamus don nazarin gandun daji. Wasu gandun daji na Jamus na farko su ma sun yi ƙaura zuwa Arewacin Amirka. A [[Amurka ta Kudu|Kudancin Amirka]] an kafa makarantar gandun daji ta farko a Brazil, a Viçosa, Minas Gerais, a cikin shekara ta 1962, kuma ta koma shekara ta gaba don zama malami a Jami'ar Tarayya ta Paraná, a Curitiba.<ref>"What is a Forest?". Australian Government/Department of Agriculture, Fisheries, and Forestry/Rural Areas. 28 March 2007. Archived from the original on 9 October 2009. Retrieved 25 November 2010</ref><ref>Confer John Evelyn, FRS, Sylva, or A Discourse of Forest-Trees and the Propagation of Timber in His Majesty's Dominions (1664); and the title of and use passim in Edward Step, FLS, Wayside and Woodland Trees: A Pocket Guide to the British Sylva (Frederick Warne and Company Limited, London and New York, [many editions]).</ref> === Ilimin daji a yau === [[File:Burn9582.JPG|thumb| Masu gandun daji suna amfani da ƙonawa da aka ba da izini don rage nauyin mai]] A yau, ilimin gandun daji yawanci ya haɗa da horar da ilimin halittu gabaɗaya, ilimin halittu, ilimin halittu, ilimin halittu, kimiyyar ƙasa, climatology, ilimin ruwa, tattalin arziki da sarrafa gandun daji .<ref>Davies, Neil S., McMahon, William J. and Berry, Christopher M. (2024). "Earth's earliest forest: fossilized trees and vegetation-induced sedimentary structures from the Middle Devonian (Eifelian) Hangman Sandstone Formation, Somerset and Devon, SW England" (PDF). Journal of the Geological Society. 181 (4) jgs2023-204. Bibcode:2024JGSoc.181..204D. doi:10.1144/jgs2023-204. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 March 2024.</ref> Ilimi a cikin tushen [[Kimiyar al'umma|ilimin zamantakewa]] da kimiyyar siyasa galibi ana ɗaukar fa'ida. Ƙwararrun ma tana da mahimmanci a cikin shirye-shiryen horo. A Indiya, ana ba da ilimin gandun daji a cikin jami'o'in aikin gona da kuma a cikin Cibiyoyin Binciken daji (jami'o'in da ake zaton). Ana gudanar da shirye-shiryen digiri na shekaru hudu a wadannan jami'o'in a matakin digiri. Hakanan ana samun digiri na biyu na Masters da Digiri a cikin waɗannan jami'o'in. A cikin Amurka, ilimin gandun daji na gaba da sakandare wanda zai kai ga digiri na farko ko digiri na biyu yana samun karbuwa daga Society of American Foresters . A Kanada Cibiyar Gandun daji ta Kanada tana ba da zoben azurfa ga waɗanda suka kammala karatun digiri daga shirye-shiryen BSc na jami'a da aka amince da su, da kuma shirye-shiryen kwaleji da fasaha. A yawancin ƙasashen Turai, ana yin horo a cikin gandun daji daidai da buƙatun Tsarin Bologna da Yankin Ilimi na Turai . Ƙungiyar Bincike ta Duniya ita ce ƙungiyar ƙasa da ƙasa ɗaya tilo da ke daidaita ƙoƙarin kimiyyar daji a duk duniya. === Ci gaba da ilimi === Don ci gaba da sauye-sauyen bukatu da abubuwan muhalli, ilimin gandun daji ba ya tsayawa a lokacin kammala karatun. Dadadawa, kwararrun gandun daji suna shiga horo na yau da kullun don kulawa da habaka ayyukan gudanarwa. Ana iya amfani da wadannan rukunin yanar gizon don yin kwankwasa kama-da- wane da gwada kimar itacen mutum da kimar kima da kuma [http://iplus.efi.int/marteloscopes-data.html microhabitats] na itace. Wannan tsarin ya fi dacewa da yankuna masu kananan tsarin sarrafa gandun daji masu yawa. === Daban-daban game da bincike da ilimin daji === * Jerin cibiyoyin binciken daji * Jerin makarantun fasaha na gandun daji * Jerin jami'o'in gandun daji da kwalejoji * Jerin mujallun tarihi na gandun daji * Cibiyar gandun daji ta Imperial (rashin fahimta) ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:Bamboo_Forest_In_Zhejiang.JPG|Gandun dajin Bamboo a Zhejiang, China File:Forest_on_San_Juan_Island.jpg|Tsibirin gandun dajin San Juan, Washington, United States </gallery> == Duba kuma == <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> * [[Afforestation|Gandun daji]] * [[Agroforestry]] * [[Arboriculture|Aikin noma]] * [[Close to nature forestry|Kusa da gandun daji na yanayi]] * [[Community forestry|Dajin al'umma]] * [[Deforestation|sare itatuwa]] * [[Deforestation and climate change|sare itatuwa da sauyin yanayi]] * [[Dendrology]] * [[Forest dynamics|Juyin gandun daji]] * [[Forest farming|Noman daji]] * [[Forest informatics|Bayanan daji]] * [[Forestry literature|Adabin daji]] * [[History of the forest in Central Europe|Tarihin daji a tsakiyar Turai]] * [[International Year of Forests|Shekarar dazuzzuka na duniya]] * [[List of forest research institutes|Jerin cibiyoyin binciken daji]] * [[List of forestry journals|Jerin jaridun gandun daji]] * [[Lumberjack]] * [[Miyawaki method|Hanyar Miyawaki]] * [[Private nonindustrial forest land|Dazuzzukan da ba na masana'antu masu zaman kansu]] * [[Sustainable forest management|Gudanar da gandun daji mai dorewa]] * [[Silviculture]] * [[Silvology]] </div> == Sources ==  This article incorporates text from a free content work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 License statement/permission. Text taken from Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020 Key findings, FAO, FAO. This article incorporates text from a free content work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO License statement/permission. Text taken from The State of the World’s Forests 2020. Forests, biodiversity and people – In brief, FAO & UNEP, FAO & UNEP. == Manazarta == {{reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{Commons category-inline}} * Works related to Forestry at Wikisource * {{Curlie|Business/Agriculture_and_Forestry/Forestry}} [[Category:Gandun-daji]] [[Category:Dajuka a Najeriya]] [[Category:Daji]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 4rlmkoriw2cgy77t4p53822etb7i7ja 884823 884822 2026-07-19T09:02:59Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 884823 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Forstarbeiten_in_Österreich.JPG|thumb| Aikin gandun daji a Austria]] [[Fayil:Lacanja burn.JPG|thumb]] '''Gandun daji''' shine kimiyya da fasaha na kirkira, sarrafawa, dasa shuka, amfani, adanawa da gyara [[Gandun Daji|dazuzzuka]], ciyayi, da albarkatu masu alaka don fa'idodin dan adam da muhalli. Ana yin aikin gandun daji a cikin gonaki da kuma wuraren daban-daban Wanda ake da su. Kimiyyar gandun daji yana da abubuwan da ke cikin [[Ilimin halitta na mata|ilimin halitta]], jiki, zamantakewa, siyasa da kimiyyar gudanarwa. Gudanar da gandun daji yana taka muhimmiyar rawa na ƙirƙira da gyare-gyaren wuraren zama kuma yana shafar samar da ayyukan muhalli.<ref name="dictionaryofforestry">{{cite web|url=http://dictionaryofforestry.org/dict/term/forestry|title=SAFnet Dictionary &#124; Definition For [forestry&#93; |publisher=Dictionaryofforestry.org|date=2008-10-22|access-date=2014-03-15|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019122343/http://dictionaryofforestry.org/dict/term/forestry|archive-date=2013-10-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.forestryfocus.ie/growing-forests-3/establishing-forests/reproductive-material/seed-origin/|title=Seed Origin -pinga Forestry Focus|work=Forestry Focus|access-date=April 5, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Young|first1=Raymond A.|title=Introduction to Forest Science|date=1982|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-471-06438-1|page=ix}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Frouz|first=Jan|last2=Frouzová|first2=Jaroslava|date=2022|title=Applied Ecology|url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-030-83225-4|language=en-gb|doi=10.1007/978-3-030-83225-4}}</ref> [[Fayil:Ryssebergen 2012b.jpg|thumb|yanda daji keda kyauwun gani]] Gandun daji na zamani gaba daya ya kunshi manyan abubuwan damuwa, a cikin abin da aka sani da sarrafa amfani da yawa, gami da abubuwa kamar haka: * Samar da katako * Itacen mai * Wurin zama na namun daji * Gudanar da ingancin ruwa na halitta * Nishadi * Tsarin kasa da kariyar al'umma * Aiki * shimfidar wurare masu kyan gani * Gudanar da bambancin halittu * Gudanar da magudanar ruwa * [[Kula da zaizayar kasa|Kula da zaizayar ƙasa]] * Kiyaye dazuzzuka kamar " nutsewa " don [[Sararin Samaniya na Duniya|iskar]] carbon dioxide Ana san mai aikin gandun daji da gandun daji . Wani kalmar gama gari shine silviculturist. Silviculture ya fi gandun daji kunkuntar, yana damuwa da tsire-tsire na gandun daji kawai, ammah ana amfani da shi tare da gandun daji. An yi la'akari da yanayin dazuzzuka a matsayin mafi mahimmancin bangaren biosphere, kuma gandun daji ya fito a matsayin mahimmancin kimiyya, sana'a, da [[fasaha]] . Duk mutane sun dogara da gandun daji da bambancin halittunsu, wasu fiye da wasu. Gandun daji wani muhimmin yanki ne na tattalin arziki a cikin kasashe masu masana'antu daban-daban, kamar yadda gandun daji ke ba da ayyukan koraye sama da miliyan 86 da tallafawa rayuwar karin mutane da yawa. <ref name=":0" /> Misali, a Jamus, gandun daji suna rufe kusan kashi daya bisa uku na yankin ƙasar, itace shine mafi mahimmancin albarkatun da za'a iya sabuntawa, kuma gandun daji yana tallafawa ayyukan yi fiye da miliyan daya da kusan € 181 biliyan na ƙimar tattalin arzikin Jamus kowace shekara. A duk duniya, kimanin mutane miliyan 880 ne ke kashe wani bangare na lokacinsu wajen diban man fetur ko kuma yin gawayi, yawancinsu mata. Yawan jama'a yakan yi kasa a yankuna na kasashe masu karamin karfi da ke da gandun daji da kuma yawan gandun daji, amma yawan talauci a wadannan yankuna yakan yi yawa. <ref name=":0" /> Wasu mutane miliyan 252 da ke zaune a cikin dazuzzuka da savannas suna samun kudin shiga kasa da dalar Amurka 1.25 kowace rana. <ref name=":0" /> [[File:A_deciduous_beech_forest_in_Slovenia.jpg|thumb| Dajin beech mai tsiro a cikin [[Sloveniya|Slovenia]]]] == Tarihi == === Fage === Werner Sombart da sauransu sun sanya wa shekarun gaban masana'antu lakabi da 'zamanin itace', saboda katako da itacen wuta sune tushen albarkatun makamashi, gini da gidaje. Ci gaban gandun daji na zamani yana da alaka da habakar jari-hujja, tattalin arziƙi a matsayin kimiyya da ra'ayoyi daban-daban na amfani da ƙasa da dukiya. <ref>compare Joachim Radkau Wood: A History, 2011</ref> Roman Latifundiae, manyan wuraren noma, sun yi nasara sosai wajen kiyaye yawan itacen da ya zama dole ga Daular Roma. Manyan [[Gandun daji|saren gandun daji]] ya zo tare da raguwar Rumawa. <ref name="yale" /> Duk da haka tuni a cikin karni na 5, sufaye a cikin lokacin Byzantine Romagna a kan gabar tekun Adriatic, sun sami damar kafa gonakin pine na dutse don samar da itacen mai da abinci . Wannan shi ne farkon babban dajin da Dante Alighieri ya ambata a cikin wakarsa ta shekara ta 1308 Divine Comedy . <ref name="Pines" /> Irin wadannan ayyukan dazuzzuka masu dorewa sun habaka ta Visigoths a cikin karni na 7, yayin da suke fuskantar karancin itace, suka kafa ka'idar da ta shafi kiyaye dazuzzukan itacen oak da Pine . Amfani da kuma sarrafa albarkatun gandun daji da yawa yana da dogon tarihi a kasar Sin, tun daga daular Han da ke karkashin ikon mallakar filaye . An yi amfani da irin wannan hanya a Japan. Daga baya kuma masanin kasar Sin Xu Guangqi (1562-1633) ya rubuta game da daular Ming . A Turai, hakkin amfani da kasa a zamanin da da farkon zamani ya ba da damar masu amfani daban-daban damar shiga gandun daji da wuraren kiwo. Shurar tsiro da fitar da guduro suna da mahimmanci, saboda farar (gudu) yana da mahimmanci ga caulking na jiragen ruwa, hakkokin faduwa da farauta, itacen wuta da gini, tara katako a cikin wuraren kiwo na itace, da kiwo na dabbobi a cikin dazuzzuka. Ra'ayin "na gama-gari" (Jamus " Allmende ") yana nufin ainihin kalmar shari'a ta gargajiya ta kasar gama gari. Tunanin rufaffiyar kadarorin masu zaman kansu ya samo asali ne a zamanin yau. Koyaya, yawancin hakkokin farauta sun kasance membobin manyan mutane wadanda ke kiyaye hakkin manyan mutane don samun dama da amfani da kasar gama gari don nishadi, kamar farautar fox . === Farkon ci gaban gandun daji na zamani === [[File:TJ_harvesteri.jpg|thumb| Girbin katako a Finland]] [[File:Gewinnung_von_Schnittreisig.jpg|thumb| Yin amfani da itacen goge baki a [[:de:Goldner Steinrück|Golden Steinrueck]], Vogelsberg]] [[File:Hans_Carl_von_Carlowitz.jpg|thumb| Hans Carl von Carlowitz, mai hakar ma'adinai na Jamus]] Tsarin kula da gandun daji don samun amfanin katako mai dorewa ya fara ne a [[Portugal]] a cikin karni na 13 lokacin da Sarki Afonso III ya dasa dajin Pinhal do Rei (Dajin Pine na King) kusa da Leiria don hana zaizayar gabar teku da lalata kasa, kuma a matsayin tushen ci gaba na katako da aka yi amfani da su a ciki. gina sojojin ruwa. Magajinsa Sarki Denis na Portugal ya ci gaba da aikin kuma daji yana wanzu har yau.<ref>Watson, Robert T.; Verardo, David J.; Noble, Ian R.; Bolin, Bert; Ravindranath, N.H.; Dokken, David J., eds. (2000). "Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry". Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 16 November 2014.</ref> Har ila yau, kula da gandun daji ya bunkasa a cikin jihohin Jamus a karni na 14, misali a [[Nuremberg]], da kuma a [[Japan]] a karni na 16. Yawanci, an raba gandun daji zuwa sassa na musamman kuma an tsara shi; an shirya girbin katako da ido don sake farfadowa. Kamar yadda rafting na katako ya ba da izinin haɗa manyan dazuzzukan nahiyoyi, kamar a kudu maso yammacin Jamus, ta hanyar Main, Neckar, Danube da Rhine tare da biranen bakin teku da jahohi, farkon gandun daji na zamani da ciniki mai nisa suna da alaka sosai. An kira manyan firs a cikin gandun daji na bakar fata "Holländer", yayin da aka sayar da su zuwa yadiyoyin jirgin ruwan Holland. Manyan igiyoyin katako a kan Rhine sun kasance tsawon 200 zuwa 400m, fadin 40m kuma sun kunshi katako dubu da yawa. Ma’aikatan jirgin sun kunshi mutane 400 zuwa 500, wadanda suka hada da matsuguni, gidajen burodi, tanda da wuraren kiwon dabbobi. Abubuwan aikin rafting na katako sun ba da izinin manyan hanyoyin sadarwa masu hadin gwiwa a duk fadin nahiyar Turai kuma har yanzu suna da mahimmanci a Finland.<ref>"forest, noun". Oxford English Dictionary online edition. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 11 January 2008. Retrieved 22 May 2009.</ref> An fara da karni na 16, habaka kasuwancin teku na duniya, habakar gine-ginen gidaje a Turai, da nasara da kara Berggeschrey (rushes) na masana'antar hakar ma'adinai ya karu da amfani da katako sosai. Tunanin 'Nachhaltigkeit', dorewa a cikin gandun daji, yana da alaka da aikin Hans Carl von Carlowitz (1645-1714), mai kula da ma'adinai a Saxony . Littafinsa ''Sylvicultura oeconomica, oder haußwirthliche Nachricht und Naturmäßige Anweisung zur wilden Baum-Zucht'' (1713) shine nassi na farko mai cikakken bayani game da dazuzzuka masu dorewa. A cikin Burtaniya, kuma, zuwa wani matsayi, a cikin Nahiyar Turai, kakkarfan kakkarfan kakkarfan kakkarfan kadara da kebabbu . <ref name="Rad">Radkau, Joachim. Nature and Power. A Global History of the Environment. Cambridge University Press. 2008.</ref> Masu gyara Agrarian, marubutan tattalin arziki na farko da masana kimiyya sun yi kokari su kawar da al'adun gargajiya. <ref name="rad1">Nature and Power, A Global History of the Environment, by Joachim Radkau, 2008, p. 72</ref> A lokacin, wani bala'i da ake zargin na gama gari tare da fargabar wani Holznot, karancin itace da ke gabatowa ya taka rawa a cikin rikice-rikice game da tsarin amfani da kasa na hadin gwiwa. John Evelyn ya haɓaka al'adar kafa dashen bishiya a Tsibirin Biritaniya, kodayake ya riga ya sami farin jini. Ministan Louis XIV Jean-Baptiste Colbert 's itacen oak Forest na Tronçais, wanda aka dasa don amfani da sojojin ruwa na Faransa a nan gaba, ya girma kamar yadda aka zata a tsakiyar karni na 19: "Colbert ya yi tunanin komai sai dai jirgin ruwa," in ji Fernand Braudel . . A cikin layi daya, an kafa makarantun gandun daji tun daga karshen karni na 18 a Hesse, [[Rasha]], Austria-Hungary, [[Sweden]], [[Faransa]] da sauran wurare a Turai.<ref>Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020 – Key findings. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization. 2020. doi:10.4060/ca8753en. <nowiki>ISBN 978-92-5-132581-0</nowiki>. S2CID 130116768</ref> === Kare gandun daji da farkon duniya ===   Tun daga shekara ta 1750s an habaka gandun daji na kimiyya na zamani a Faransa da kasashen da ke magana da Jamus a cikin mahallin ilimin tarihin halitta da gudanar da gwamnati ta hanyar ilimin kimiyyar lissafi da kyamara . Babban halayensa sune tsarin kulawa ta kwararrun gandun daji, riko da ra'ayoyin amfanin gona mai dorewa tare da nuna son kai ga itacen mai da katako, dazuzzuka na wucin gadi, da kuma ra'ayi mai mahimmanci game da amfanin makiyaya da noma na gandun daji. A karshen karni na 19 da farkon karni na 20th, an kafa shirye-shiryen kiyaye gandun daji a kasar Indiya ta Burtaniya, Amurka, da Turai. Yawancin gandun daji sun kasance ko dai daga nahiyar Turai (kamar Sir Dietrich Brandis ), ko kuma sun yi ilimi a can (kamar Gifford Pinchot ). Sir Dietrich Brandis ana daukarsa a matsayin uban gandun daji na wurare masu zafi, ra'ayoyi da ayyuka na Turai dole ne a daidaita su a wurare masu zafi da ramin yanayi. Habaka gandun daji na daya daga cikin amsoshi (masu jayayya) ga takamaiman kalubalen da ke cikin yankuna masu zafi. Kaddamarwa da juyin halitta na dokokin gandun daji da ka'idojin daurewa sun faru a mafi yawan kasashen yammacin duniya a cikin karni na 20 don mayar da martani ga karuwar abubuwan da suka shafi kiyayewa da habaka karfin fasaha na kamfanonin katako. Gandun dazuzzuka na wurare masu zafi wani reshe ne na gandun daji wanda ke da alaka da dazuzzukan equatorial wadanda ke samar da dazuzzuka kamar su teak da mahogany .<ref>Menzies, Nicholas; Grinspoon, Elisabeth (22 October 2007). "Facts on Forests and Forestry". ForestFacts.org, a subsidiary of GreenFacts.org. Archived from the original on 8 May 2015. Retrieved 16 November 2014</ref><ref>Davies, Neil S., McMahon, William J. and Berry, Christopher M. (2024). "Earth's earliest forest: fossilized trees and vegetation-induced sedimentary structures from the Middle Devonian (Eifelian) Hangman Sandstone Formation, Somerset and Devon, SW England" (PDF). Journal of the Geological Society. 181 (4) jgs2023-204. Bibcode:2024JGSoc.181..204D. doi:10.1144/jgs2023-204. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 March 2024.</ref> === Gyaran daji da shimfidar wuri === Dubi Maido da Daji An ayyana gandun daji da yanayin shimfidar wuri (FLR) azaman tsari wanda ke nufin dawo da ayyukan muhalli da habaka jin dadin dan adam a cikin dazuzzuka ko barna. An habaka FLR a matsayin martani ga habakar lalacewa da asarar gandun daji da filaye, wanda ya haifar da raguwar ayyukan halittu da yanayin muhalli. <ref name=":1" /> Ingantacciyar FLR za ta goyi bayan cimma burin ci gaba mai dorewa. <ref name=":1" /> Shekaru Goma na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Maido da Tsarin Muhalli (2021-2030) yana ba da damar maido da daruruwan miliyoyin kadada na rusassun gandun daji da sauran halittu. <ref name=":1" /> === Makanikai === Kayan aikin gandun daji ya kasance koyaushe yana da alaka da aikin karfe da habaka kayan aikin injin don yanke da jigilar katako zuwa inda yake. Rafting nasa ne na farkon hanyoyin sufuri. Karfe saws ya fito a cikin karni na 15. Karni na 19 ya habaka samar da karfe don bulala da gabatar da layin dogo na gandun daji da layin dogo gabadaya don sufuri da kuma abokin ciniki na gandun daji. Karin canje-canjen da dan adam ya haifar, duk da haka, ya zo tun yakin duniya na biyu, daidai da "ciwon shekaru 1950". <ref>Christian Pfister (Hrsg.), Das 1950er Syndrom: Der Weg in die Konsumgesellschaft, Bern 1995</ref> An kirkira chainsaw na farko mai daukar hoto a cikin shekara ta 1918 a Kanada, amma babban tasirin injiniyoyi a cikin gandun daji ya fara ne bayan Yakin Duniya na II. Masu girbin gandun daji na daga cikin abubuwan da suka faru a baya-bayan nan. Ko da yake jirage marasa matuki, jirage, na'urar daukar hoto ta Laser, tauraron dan adam da mutummutumi suma suna taka rawa a cikin gandun daji. === Mujallu na farko wadanda har yanzu suna nan<ref>The First Forests". Devonian Times. Archived from the original on 10 May 2016. Retrieved 9 March 2024.</ref> === * An fara buga ''Sylwan'' a cikin 1820 <ref name="RPonline" /> * An fara buga ''Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Forstwesen'' a shekara ta 1850. <ref name="RPonline" /> * An fara buga ''Erdészeti Lapok'' a cikin 1862. (Hungary, 1862-yanzu) * ''The Indian Forester'' ya fara buga a 1875. <ref name="RPonline" /> * An buga ''lissafin Šumarski'' (Binciken gandun daji, Croatia) a cikin 1877 ta Kungiyar gandun daji na Croatian . <ref name="RPonline" /> * ''Montes'' (Forestry, Spain) an fara buga shi a cikin 1877. <ref name="RPonline" /> * ''Revista pădurilor'' (Journal of Forests, Romania, 1881-1882; 1886-present), mafi tsufa mujalla a Romania * ''Forestry Quarterly'', wanda aka fara buga shi a 1902 ta Kwalejin gandun daji ta Jihar New York . * ''Šumarstvo'' (Forestry, Serbia) wanda aka fara buga shi a cikin 1948 ta Ma'aikatar Gandun Daji ta Yugoslavia ta Tarayyar Turai, kuma tun daga 1951 ta Organ of Society of Forestry Engineers da Technicians na Jamhuriyar Serbia (wanda ya ci nasarar tsohon ''Šumarski glasnik'' wanda aka buga daga 1907 zuwa 1921) == Gandun daji a karni na 21 == [[File:Laser_guided_cutting_of_wood_inside_modern_woodmill.jpg|thumb| Injin katako na zamani]] A yau an sami kwakkwaran bincike game da kula da yanayin gandun daji da inganta kwayoyin halittar bishiya da iri . Nazarin gandun daji kuma ya hada da habaka hanyoyin da suka fi dacewa don dasa shuki, karewa, bacin rai, konawa mai sarrafawa, sarewa, hakowa, da sarrafa katako . Daya daga cikin aikace-aikacen dazuzzuka na zamani shine sake yin gandun daji, inda ake dasa bishiyoyi da kuma kula da su a wani yanki da aka ba su.<ref>MacDicken, Kenneth (15 March 2013). "Forest Resources Assessment Working Paper 180" (PDF). Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Forestry Department. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 16 November 2014</ref> Bishiyoyi suna ba da fa'idodi masu yawa na muhalli, zamantakewa da tattalin arziki ga mutane. A yankuna da yawa, masana'antar gandun daji na da mahimmancin muhalli, tattalin arziki, da zamantakewa, tare da Amurka ta samar da katako fiye da kowace kasa a duniya. Tsarin takaddun shaida na bangare na uku wadanda ke ba da tabbaci mai zaman kansa na kula da gandun daji mai dorewa da dazuzzuka masu dorewa sun zama ruwan dare a wurare da yawa tun shekara ta 1990s. Wadannan tsare-tsaren takaddun shaida sun samo asali ne a matsayin martani ga sukar wasu ayyukan gandun daji, musamman saran gandun daji a yankunan da ba a ci gaba ba tare da damuwa game da sarrafa albarkatu a cikin kasashen da suka ci gaba . A cikin yanayi mai tsananin dazuzzuka, dazuzzuka masu kyau na da mahimmanci don rigakafi ko rage girman [[Zaizayar Kasa|zaizayar]] kasa ko ma [[Zaftarewar kasa|zabtarewar kasa]] . A yankunan da ke da yuwuwar zaftarewar kasa, dazuzzuka na iya [[Kula da zaizayar kasa|daidaita kasa]] da hana lalacewa ko asarar dukiya, rauni ko asarar rayuka. == Masu gandun daji ==   [[File:Sanpablotregua.JPG|left|thumb| Masu gandun daji na Jami'ar Austral ta Chile a cikin gandun daji na Valdivian na San Pablo de Tregua, [[Chile]]]] Masu aikin gandun daji suna aiki da masana'antar katako, hukumomin gwamnati, kungiyoyin kiyayewa, kananan hukumomi, allon wuraren shakatawa na birane, kungiyoyin 'yan kasa, da masu zaman kansu masu zaman kansu. Sana'ar gandun daji ta hada da ayyuka iri-iri, tare da bukatun ilimi tun daga digirin farko na kwaleji zuwa PhD don aiki na musamman. Masu gandun daji na masana'antu suna shirin sake farfado da daji tare da girbi a hankali. Masu gandun daji na birni suna kula da bishiyoyi a wuraren kore na birane . Masu aikin gandun daji suna aiki a cikin gandun daji na bishiya suna girma tsire-tsire don kirkirar gandun daji ko ayyukan sake farfadowa. Masu gandun daji suna inganta kwayoyin halittar itace . Injiniyoyin gandun daji suna habaka sabbin tsarin gini. Kwararrun gandun daji suna auna da kirar habakar gandun daji tare da kayan aiki kamar tsarin bayanan yanki . Masu gandun daji na iya magance cutar kwari, cututtuka, dazuzzuka da ciyayi da wutar daji, amma suna kara kyale wadannan al'amuran dabi'a na yanayin gandun daji suyi tafiyarsu lokacin da yiwuwar annoba ko hadarin rayuwa ko dukiya ta yi kasa. Ana karawa, gandun daji suna shiga cikin shirye-shiryen kiyaye namun daji da kare magudanar ruwa . Masu gandun daji sun fi damuwa da sarrafa katako, musamman gyaran dazuzzuka, kula da gandun daji a yanayin da ya fi dacewa, da kula da wuta.<ref name="galegroup1">{{cite web |url=http://find.galegroup.com/gps/start.do?prodId=IPS |title=PowerSearch Logout |publisher=Find.galegroup.com |access-date=2014-03-15 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510172355/http://find.galegroup.com/gps/start.do?prodId=IPS |archive-date=2013-05-10 }}</ref> == Shirye-shiryen gandun daji == Masu gandun daji suna haɓaka da aiwatar da tsare-tsaren kula da gandun daji bisa dogaro da taswirar kayan albarkatun da aka zayyana waɗanda ke nuna yanayin yanayin yanki da kuma rarraba bishiyoyi (ta nau'in) da sauran murfin shuka. Tsare-tsare kuma sun haɗa da manufofin mai mallakar ƙasa, hanyoyi, magudanan ruwa, kusanci da mazaunin ɗan adam, fasalin ruwa da yanayin ruwa, da bayanan ƙasa. Tsare-tsaren kula da gandun daji yawanci sun haɗa da shawarwarin jiyya na siliki da jadawalin aiwatar da su. Aikace-aikacen taswirori na dijital a cikin Tsarin Bayanai na Geographic (GIS) waɗanda ke hakowa da haɗa bayanai daban-daban game da wuraren dazuzzuka, nau'in ƙasa da murfin bishiya, da sauransu ta amfani da, misali Laser scan, haɓaka tsare-tsaren kula da gandun daji a cikin tsarin zamani. Tsare-tsaren kula da gandun daji sun haɗa da shawarwari don cimma manufofin mai mallakar ƙasa da yanayin da ake so a nan gaba don kadarorin da ke ƙarƙashin muhalli, kuɗi, dabaru (misali samun albarkatu), da sauran ƙuntatawa. A kan wasu kaddarorin, tsare-tsaren suna mayar da hankali kan samar da ingantattun samfuran itace don sarrafawa ko siyarwa. Don haka, nau'in bishiya, yawa, da siffa, duk tsakiyar darajar samfuran da aka girbe inganci da yawa, sun kasance suna zama mahimman abubuwan tsare-tsare na al'adun siliki. Shirye-shiryen gudanarwa masu kyau sun haɗa da la'akari da yanayin tsayuwar gaba bayan duk wani shawarar girbi da aka ba da shawarar, gami da jiyya na gaba (musamman a cikin jiyya na tsaka-tsaki), da tsare-tsaren sabuntar halitta ko na wucin gadi bayan girbi na ƙarshe. Manufofin masu mallakar filaye da masu haya suna tasiri tsare-tsare don girbi da jiyya na gaba. A Biritaniya, tsare-tsaren da ke nuna "kyakkyawan aikin gandun daji" dole ne su yi la'akari da bukatun sauran masu ruwa da tsaki kamar al'ummomin da ke kusa ko mazauna karkara da ke zaune a ciki ko kusa da yankunan daji. Masu gandun daji suna la'akari da sare bishiyoyi da dokokin muhalli lokacin haɓaka tsare-tsare. Tsare-tsaren suna ba da umarnin girbi mai ɗorewa da maye gurbin bishiyoyi. Suna nuna ko ana buƙatar ginin titi ko wasu ayyukan injiniyan gandun daji. Shugabannin [[noma]] da gandun daji suna kuma kokarin fahimtar yadda dokar sauyin yanayi za ta shafi abin da suke yi. Bayanan da aka tattara za su samar da bayanan da za su tantance matsayin aikin noma da gandun daji a cikin sabon tsarin kula da sauyin yanayi. == Gandun daji a matsayin kimiyya == A cikin ƙarnuka da suka wuce, ana ɗaukar gandun daji a matsayin wani kimiyya daban. Tare da haɓakar ilimin halittu da kimiyyar muhalli, an sami yin tsari a cikin ilimin kimiyyar da aka yi amfani da su. Dangane da wannan ra'ayi, gandun daji shine ilimin kimiyya na farko na amfanin ƙasa wanda aka kwatanta da [[Noma|aikin gona]] . <ref>Wojtkowski, Paul A. (2002) Agroecological Perspectives in Agronomy, Forestry and Agroforestry. Science Publishers Inc., Enfield, NH, 356p.</ref> Ƙarƙashin waɗannan jigogi, ginshiƙan da ke bayan kula da gandun dazuzzuka sun zo ta hanyar ilimin halitta. Dazuzzuka ko shuke-shuken bishiya. <ref>Wojtkowski, Paul A. (2006) Undoing the Damage: Silviculture for Ecologists and Environmental Scientists. Science Publishers Inc., Enfield, NH, 313p.</ref> . == Bambancin kwayoyin halitta a cikin gandun daji == Tabbatar da kayan haifuwa na gandun daji da ake amfani da su don shuka dazuzzuka yana da tasiri mai yawa akan yadda bishiyoyi suke girma, don haka dalilin da ya sa yana da mahimmanci a yi amfani da kayan haifuwa na gandun daji mai kyau da kuma bambancin kwayoyin halitta . Gaba ɗaya, duk ayyukan kula da gandun daji, gami da a cikin tsarin sabuntar halitta, na iya yin tasiri ga bambancin ƙwayoyin itatuwa. Kalmar genetic diversity tana bayyana bambance-bambance a cikin jerin DNA tsakanin dɗiɗaikun mutane daban-daban da bambancin da ke haifar da tasirin muhalli. Abubuwan da ke tattare da kwayoyin halitta na musamman na mutum ( genotype ) zai ƙayyade aikinsa ( phenotype ) a wani rukunin yanar gizo. Ana buƙatar bambance-bambancen kwayoyin halitta don kula da dazuzzuka da kuma samar da juriya ga kwari da cututtuka . Bambancin kwayoyin halitta kuma yana tabbatar da cewa bishiyoyin gandun daji zasu iya rayuwa, daidaitawa da haɓakawa a ƙarƙashin canza yanayin muhalli. Bugu da ƙari, bambance-bambancen kwayoyin halitta shine tushen bambance-bambancen ilimin halitta a nau'in nau'in halitta da matakan yanayin halittu . Don haka albarkatun halittu na gandun daji suna da mahimmanci a yi la'akari da su wajen kula da gandun daji.<ref name="vries15">{{cite journal|last1=de Vries, S.M.G., Alan, M., Bozzano, M., Burianek, V., Collin, E., Cottrell, J., Ivankovic, M., Kelleher, C.T., Koskela, J., Rotach, P., Vietto, L. and Yrjänä, L.|title=Pan-European strategy for genetic conservation of forest trees and establishment of a core network of dynamic conservation units|journal=European Forest Genetic Resources Programme, Bioversity International, Rome, Italy.|date=2015|page=xii + 40 p|url=http://www.euforgen.org/fileadmin/templates/euforgen.org/upload/Publications/Thematic_publications/EUFORGEN_FGR_conservation_strategy.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131201310/http://www.euforgen.org/fileadmin/templates/euforgen.org/upload/Publications/Thematic_publications/EUFORGEN_FGR_conservation_strategy.pdf|archive-date=2017-01-31|access-date=2017-01-20}}</ref><ref name="konnert15">{{cite journal|last1=Konnert, M., Fady, B., Gömöry, D., A’Hara, S., Wolter, F., Ducci, F., Koskela, J., Bozzano, M., Maaten, T. and Kowalczyk, J.|title=Use and transfer of forest reproductive material in Europe in the context of climate change|journal=European Forest Genetic Resources Programme, Bioversity International, Rome, Italy.|date=2015|page=xvi and 75 p|url=http://www.euforgen.org/fileadmin/templates/euforgen.org/upload/Publications/Thematic_publications/EUFORGEN_FRM_use_transfer.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804173305/http://www.euforgen.org/fileadmin/templates/euforgen.org/upload/Publications/Thematic_publications/EUFORGEN_FRM_use_transfer.pdf|archive-date=2017-08-04|access-date=2017-01-20}}</ref> Bambancin kwayoyin halitta a cikin [[Gandun Daji|gandun daji]] yana fuskantar barazanar gobarar daji, kwari da cututtuka, rarrabuwar kawuna, ayyukan al'adun gargajiya da rashin amfani da kayan haifuwa na gandun daji. Kimanin hekta miliyan 98 na gandun daji ne gobara ta shafa a shekara ta 2015; wannan ya kasance a yankin masu zafi, inda wuta ta kone kusan kashi 4 cikin dari na yawan gandun daji a wannan shekarar. Fiye da kashi biyu bisa uku na jimillar gandun dajin da abin ya shafa na Afirka ne da Kudancin Amurka. Bugu da ƙari kuma, ƙananan nau'o'in bishiyoyi da yawa suna fuskantar sababbin barazana saboda sauyin yanayi.<ref>"forest, noun". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (3 ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. 1996. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-395-44895-3</nowiki>.</ref> Yawancin ƙasashe a Turai suna da shawarwari ko ƙa'idoji don zaɓar nau'i na zaɓar nau’ikan abubuwan da ake iya amfani da su na iya amfani da su a cikin wani yanki ko yanki da aka bayar. === Tarihin ilimin gandun daji === Georg Ludwig Hartig ya kafa makarantar gandun daji ta farko a Hungen a cikin Wetterau, Hesse, a cikin shekara ta 1787, kodayake an koyar da gandun daji a tsakiyar Turai, gami da Jami'ar Giessen, a Hesse-Darmstadt . A Spain, makarantar gandun daji ta farko ita ce Makarantar Injiniyan daji ta Madrid ( Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros de Montes ), wacce aka kafa a shekara ta 1844. Na farko a Arewacin Amirka, an kafa Makarantar Dajin Biltmore kusa da Asheville, North Carolina, ta Carl A. Schenck a ranar 1 ga watan Satumba na shekara ta, na shekara ta 1898, a filin George W. Vanderbilt na Biltmore Estate . Wata makarantar farko ita ce Kwalejin daji ta Jihar New York, wacce aka kafa a Jami'ar Cornell bayan 'yan makonni kadan, a cikin Satumba na shekara ta 1898. Farkon ƙarni na 19 Arewacin Amurka gandun daji sun je Jamus don nazarin gandun daji. Wasu gandun daji na Jamus na farko su ma sun yi ƙaura zuwa Arewacin Amirka. A [[Amurka ta Kudu|Kudancin Amirka]] an kafa makarantar gandun daji ta farko a Brazil, a Viçosa, Minas Gerais, a cikin shekara ta 1962, kuma ta koma shekara ta gaba don zama malami a Jami'ar Tarayya ta Paraná, a Curitiba.<ref>"What is a Forest?". Australian Government/Department of Agriculture, Fisheries, and Forestry/Rural Areas. 28 March 2007. Archived from the original on 9 October 2009. Retrieved 25 November 2010</ref><ref>Confer John Evelyn, FRS, Sylva, or A Discourse of Forest-Trees and the Propagation of Timber in His Majesty's Dominions (1664); and the title of and use passim in Edward Step, FLS, Wayside and Woodland Trees: A Pocket Guide to the British Sylva (Frederick Warne and Company Limited, London and New York, [many editions]).</ref> === Ilimin daji a yau === [[File:Burn9582.JPG|thumb| Masu gandun daji suna amfani da ƙonawa da aka ba da izini don rage nauyin mai]] A yau, ilimin gandun daji yawanci ya haɗa da horar da ilimin halittu gabaɗaya, ilimin halittu, ilimin halittu, ilimin halittu, kimiyyar ƙasa, climatology, ilimin ruwa, tattalin arziki da sarrafa gandun daji .<ref>Davies, Neil S., McMahon, William J. and Berry, Christopher M. (2024). "Earth's earliest forest: fossilized trees and vegetation-induced sedimentary structures from the Middle Devonian (Eifelian) Hangman Sandstone Formation, Somerset and Devon, SW England" (PDF). Journal of the Geological Society. 181 (4) jgs2023-204. Bibcode:2024JGSoc.181..204D. doi:10.1144/jgs2023-204. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 March 2024.</ref> Ilimi a cikin tushen [[Kimiyar al'umma|ilimin zamantakewa]] da kimiyyar siyasa galibi ana ɗaukar fa'ida. Ƙwararrun ma tana da mahimmanci a cikin shirye-shiryen horo. A Indiya, ana ba da ilimin gandun daji a cikin jami'o'in aikin gona da kuma a cikin Cibiyoyin Binciken daji (jami'o'in da ake zaton). Ana gudanar da shirye-shiryen digiri na shekaru hudu a wadannan jami'o'in a matakin digiri. Hakanan ana samun digiri na biyu na Masters da Digiri a cikin waɗannan jami'o'in. A cikin Amurka, ilimin gandun daji na gaba da sakandare wanda zai kai ga digiri na farko ko digiri na biyu yana samun karbuwa daga Society of American Foresters . A Kanada Cibiyar Gandun daji ta Kanada tana ba da zoben azurfa ga waɗanda suka kammala karatun digiri daga shirye-shiryen BSc na jami'a da aka amince da su, da kuma shirye-shiryen kwaleji da fasaha. A yawancin ƙasashen Turai, ana yin horo a cikin gandun daji daidai da buƙatun Tsarin Bologna da Yankin Ilimi na Turai . Ƙungiyar Bincike ta Duniya ita ce ƙungiyar ƙasa da ƙasa ɗaya tilo da ke daidaita ƙoƙarin kimiyyar daji a duk duniya. === Ci gaba da ilimi === Don ci gaba da sauye-sauyen bukatu da abubuwan muhalli, ilimin gandun daji ba ya tsayawa a lokacin kammala karatun. Dadadawa, kwararrun gandun daji suna shiga horo na yau da kullun don kulawa da habaka ayyukan gudanarwa. Ana iya amfani da wadannan rukunin yanar gizon don yin kwankwasa kama-da- wane da gwada kimar itacen mutum da kimar kima da kuma [http://iplus.efi.int/marteloscopes-data.html microhabitats] na itace. Wannan tsarin ya fi dacewa da yankuna masu kananan tsarin sarrafa gandun daji masu yawa. === Daban-daban game da bincike da ilimin daji === * Jerin cibiyoyin binciken daji * Jerin makarantun fasaha na gandun daji * Jerin jami'o'in gandun daji da kwalejoji * Jerin mujallun tarihi na gandun daji * Cibiyar gandun daji ta Imperial (rashin fahimta) ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:Bamboo_Forest_In_Zhejiang.JPG|Gandun dajin Bamboo a Zhejiang, China File:Forest_on_San_Juan_Island.jpg|Tsibirin gandun dajin San Juan, Washington, United States </gallery> == Duba kuma == <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> * [[Afforestation|Gandun daji]] * [[Agroforestry]] * [[Arboriculture|Aikin noma]] * [[Close to nature forestry|Kusa da gandun daji na yanayi]] * [[Community forestry|Dajin al'umma]] * [[Deforestation|sare itatuwa]] * [[Deforestation and climate change|sare itatuwa da sauyin yanayi]] * [[Dendrology]] * [[Forest dynamics|Juyin gandun daji]] * [[Forest farming|Noman daji]] * [[Forest informatics|Bayanan daji]] * [[Forestry literature|Adabin daji]] * [[History of the forest in Central Europe|Tarihin daji a tsakiyar Turai]] * [[International Year of Forests|Shekarar dazuzzuka na duniya]] * [[List of forest research institutes|Jerin cibiyoyin binciken daji]] * [[List of forestry journals|Jerin jaridun gandun daji]] * [[Lumberjack]] * [[Miyawaki method|Hanyar Miyawaki]] * [[Private nonindustrial forest land|Dazuzzukan da ba na masana'antu masu zaman kansu]] * [[Sustainable forest management|Gudanar da gandun daji mai dorewa]] * [[Silviculture]] * [[Silvology]] </div> == Sources ==  This article incorporates text from a free content work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 License statement/permission. Text taken from Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020 Key findings, FAO, FAO. This article incorporates text from a free content work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO License statement/permission. Text taken from The State of the World’s Forests 2020. Forests, biodiversity and people – In brief, FAO & UNEP, FAO & UNEP. == Manazarta == {{reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{Commons category-inline}} * Works related to Forestry at Wikisource * {{Curlie|Business/Agriculture_and_Forestry/Forestry}} [[Category:Gandun-daji]] [[Category:Dajuka a Najeriya]] [[Category:Daji]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] mcomf072y4862lvpwxm988ah3g6gfim 0 20610 884744 825741 2026-07-19T02:27:16Z EzabellaWrites 47099 minor edit on this article. 884744 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Bashiru Aremu''' (an haife shi 7 ga Yulin 1974) [[Ɗan Nijeriya|masanin ilmin Najeriya]] ne kuma farfesa a kimiyyar kwamfuta, Fasahar Sadarwa da Sadarwa (ICT).<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-22|title=See an overwhelming Profile of the UNESCO Laureate, Prof. Sir Bashiru Aremu|url=https://www.gistmania.com/talk/topic,488953.0.html|access-date=2021-03-05|website=Gistmania|language=en|archive-date=2021-04-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414051044/https://www.gistmania.com/talk/topic,488953.0.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Dr Bashiru Aremu|url=https://www.topionetworks.com/people/dr-bashiru-aremu-3e1429c09e597c101371b84c|access-date=2021-03-05|website=www.topionetworks.com}}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == Bashiru Aremu an haifeshi ne a ranar 7 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1974 a garin Tsohuwar Garin da ke cikin [[Osun|jihar Osun]], [[Najeriya]], Afirka ta Yamma. Yana da kuma digiri na biyu: Digiri na Digiri na Kimiyya a Kimiyyar Kwamfuta tare da manyan aji na farko a shekara ta (2002) daga Jami'ar Adam Smith ta Amurka da Digiri na Farko na Fasahar Fasahar Fasahar Sadarwa tare da aji na farko (2003) daga Jami'ar Kasuwanci ta [[Costa Rica]] . <ref>{{Cite web|last=Jumuiya|title=A must go through Profile of a UNESCO Laureate, Prof. Sir Bashiru Aremu - Jumuiya|url=https://jumuiyaforums.com/|access-date=2021-03-05|website=jumuiyaforums.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=UNESCO Laureate Prof Sir Bashiru Aremu – Africa Development Online University|url=https://www.adou.edu.gh/personnel/unesco-laureate-prof-sir-bashiru-aremu/|access-date=2021-03-05|language=en-GB|archive-date=2021-06-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210605154937/https://www.adou.edu.gh/personnel/unesco-laureate-prof-sir-bashiru-aremu/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ya ci gaba da karatunsa a Kimiyyar Kwamfuta, Bayanai da Fasaha kuma ya sami Doctor of Philosophy (PhD). Ya sami PhD a Kimiyyar Kwamfuta (2007) daga Jami'ar Adam Smith, [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]]. A shekarar 2008 ya kuma sami PhD a Fasahar Sadarwa daga Jami’ar Kasuwanci ta Costa Rica, wanda Gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya ta tabbatar da shi ta hannun Ma’aikatar Ilimi ta Tarayya, Tantancewa da kuma Takaddama a matsayin wanda aka amince da shi a duk duniya a Costa Rica tare da Lambar Tunani FME / S / 174/C.2/A/111/206/4312. Ya samu digiri hudu-biyu na Digirin-Digirgir. Da fari dai, Digiri na Doctorate na Doctor of Science (2013), na biyu Babbar PhD a Fasahar Sadarwa (2014), duka daga Jami'ar Yammacin Kogin, Amurka. Ya sami digiri na uku na Doctorate na Doctor (2015) daga Jami'ar Maha Satra na Cibiyar Satra Angor, masarautar [[Kambodiya]]. Takardun bincikensa sun kasance kan ''Janar Binciken Kasuwancin E a cikin Duniyar Sadarwar Sadarwa ta Duniya.'' A cikin shekara ta 2020 ya yi karatun digiri na huɗu na digiri na biyu da ''ad eundem'' Regular Higher Degree na Doctor of Science in Bioinformatics daga Jami'ar Ballsbridge a Roseau South Dominica, [[West Indies (fim)|West Indies]]. == Ilimi da aiki == Aremu a halin yanzu (Maris 2021) shine mataimakin shugaban jami'ar The Crown University International Chartered Inc da rassa a duk duniya a Afirka. Bayan kyakkyawan bincike, an nada shi ya rike cibiyoyi daban-daban na Cibiyoyin kamar haka: Kwamitin Amintattu, Chartered Intl. Jami'ar Da Vinci, Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'a da Mataimakin Shugaban Harkokin Kasa da Kasa na Kwamitin Amintattu, Jami'ar Yammacin Kogin ta Amurka da abokan hadin gwiwa a duniya Mataimakin Shugaban Kasa na Kasa da Kasa na Kwamitin Amintattu, Jami'ar Sastra Angkor Masarautar [[Kambodiya]] a Asiya da cibiyoyin hadin gwiwa a duk duniya, Mataimakin Darakta-Janar na Afirka da kuma Farfesa a Cibiyar Nazarin Tarihi ta Duniya, Cambridge, Ingila a Turai, Babban Shugaban Duniya, Chartered World Order of Knights of Peace of Peace (duniya) Grand President, International Chartered World Learned Society (a duniya) Grand World President, Africa International Institute for Professional Training and Research Intl Chartered da Shugaban Hukumar Zaman Lafiya da Ci gaban Humanan Adam. == Membobinsu == Aremu memba ne na Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam ta Duniya, memba a Majalisar Dattawa, Jami’ar Neja Delta, Tsibirin Wilberforce, [[Bayelsa|Jihar Bayelsa]], 2014- 2016; memba, Kwalejin Kwalejin Tsabta da Ilimin Kimiyya, Kwalejin Jami'ar Crown, [[Ghana]] da Campungiyoyin Haɗin gwiwa a Duniya duka a shekara ta 2015- 2016, memba na Chivalric Mamallakin Sarauta na Knights na Adalci, Memba memba na Professionalungiyar Professionalwararrun Internationalasa ta Duniya na Kimiyyar Kwamfuta da Fasahar Sadarwa kan ci gaban Tsarin Manhajin Ilimi na Kasa da Kasa na makarantu, 2015. Babban Memba, Associationungiyar ofasashen Duniya na Kimiyyar Kwamfuta da Fasahar Sadarwa, [[Singafora|Singapore]], a shekara ta 2009, mamba mamba a forungiyar Machinungiyar Kayan Kwamfuta, [[New York (birni)|New York]], Amurka, 2006, memba, Teungiyar Malaman Kimiyyar Kimiyya ta Nijeriya (STAN) Stateasar [[Osun|Jihar Osun]], 2006, memba a cikin doka, Kungiyar Malaman Kimiyyar Kwamfuta (CSTA) ta New York USA, 2006. Memba, Cibiyar Kula da Baitulmali (ITM), 2004. == Kyauta da girmamawa == * 2020 Fitaccen Farfesa Emeritus, Faculty of Education, [[Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka|Jami'ar Nijeriya]] * 2019 Kyautar [[UNESCO]] mafi girma don ingantacciyar kere kere da wayewar kai * 2015 Kyautar Shakespeare ta Kasa da Kasa don Ci gaban Adabi (Iconic Achievers) ta Cibiyar Bayar da Tarihi ta Duniya, Cambridge, Ingila. * 2015 Fitaccen Masanin Kimiyyar Karni na 21 da Kwalejin Kimiyya da Bincike ta Duniya, Ingila da Wales * Dokar Kasa da Kasa ta Duniya ta 2015 ta Chartered World Order of the Knights of Justice of Peace * Kyautar Shugaban Majalisar na Afirka na Cibiyar Horar da Kwararru da Bincike Intl ta yi sharhi * Gaisuwa ta 2015 ga Awardungiyar Learnungiyar Koyon Duniya ta Duniya * Cibiyar Bayar da Kwarewa da Bincike ta Intanit ta Afirka ta ba da lambar yabo ta nasarar karni na 21 == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}  [[Category:Haifaffun 1974]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Masana Ilimi]] [[Category:Masana ilimi a Najeriya]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] [[Category:Mutane daga jihar Osun]] e088sewwxrkn0i0h30ds3p8tqv9fhvn 4 21908 884740 884437 2026-07-18T21:26:37Z AmmarBot 13973 Sabunta shafin sabbin editoci 884740 wikitext text/x-wiki Wannan shafin ya na ƙunshe da sabbin editocin da sukayi rajista a Hausa Wikipedia. Robot yana sabunta wannan shafin duk bayan wasu sa'o'i. Kada ku gyara wannan shafin, duk chanjin da akayi, robot zaya yi overwriting din shi a lokacin sabunta shafin. {| class="wikitable sortable" !Numba !Edita !Gudummuwa !Lokacin rajista |- |1 |[[User:Atikin C|Atikin C]] |[[Special:Contributions/Atikin C|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 16 ga Yuli 2026 |- |2 |[[User:Giorgospap21|Giorgospap21]] |[[Special:Contributions/Giorgospap21|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 16 ga Yuli 2026 |- |3 |[[User:Yusif yahaya|Yusif yahaya]] |[[Special:Contributions/Yusif yahaya|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 16 ga Yuli 2026 |- |4 |[[User:CVNCTATOR|CVNCTATOR]] |[[Special:Contributions/CVNCTATOR|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 16 ga Yuli 2026 |- |5 |[[User:Wheezythewave|Wheezythewave]] |[[Special:Contributions/Wheezythewave|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 17 ga Yuli 2026 |- |6 |[[User:Idoiz|Idoiz]] |[[Special:Contributions/Idoiz|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 17 ga Yuli 2026 |- |7 |[[User:Ndamangoro|Ndamangoro]] |[[Special:Contributions/Ndamangoro|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 17 ga Yuli 2026 |- |8 |[[User:Stirz117|Stirz117]] |[[Special:Contributions/Stirz117|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 17 ga Yuli 2026 |- |9 |[[User:MrOvn0wl|MrOvn0wl]] |[[Special:Contributions/MrOvn0wl|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 17 ga Yuli 2026 |- |10 |[[User:コウティン|コウティン]] |[[Special:Contributions/コウティン|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 17 ga Yuli 2026 |- |11 |[[User:Kolkatarchobiwala|Kolkatarchobiwala]] |[[Special:Contributions/Kolkatarchobiwala|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 17 ga Yuli 2026 |- |12 |[[User:Wafflesandpancakes academia23learner|Wafflesandpancakes academia23learner]] |[[Special:Contributions/Wafflesandpancakes academia23learner|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 17 ga Yuli 2026 |- |13 |[[User:Nabin K. Sapkota|Nabin K. Sapkota]] |[[Special:Contributions/Nabin K. Sapkota|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 17 ga Yuli 2026 |- |14 |[[User:Nevechear|Nevechear]] |[[Special:Contributions/Nevechear|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 17 ga Yuli 2026 |- |15 |[[User:Abnurkan|Abnurkan]] |[[Special:Contributions/Abnurkan|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 17 ga Yuli 2026 |- |16 |[[User:Abdirahman yaasin Cabdi|Abdirahman yaasin Cabdi]] |[[Special:Contributions/Abdirahman yaasin Cabdi|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 17 ga Yuli 2026 |- |17 |[[User:Maxxiel|Maxxiel]] |[[Special:Contributions/Maxxiel|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 17 ga Yuli 2026 |- |18 |[[User:Roomates of the Lonestars|Roomates of the Lonestars]] |[[Special:Contributions/Roomates of the Lonestars|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 17 ga Yuli 2026 |- |19 |[[User:Karakum Twins|Karakum Twins]] |[[Special:Contributions/Karakum Twins|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 17 ga Yuli 2026 |- |20 |[[User:Preimage|Preimage]] |[[Special:Contributions/Preimage|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 17 ga Yuli 2026 |- |21 |[[User:Biykeata|Biykeata]] |[[Special:Contributions/Biykeata|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 17 ga Yuli 2026 |- |22 |[[User:Volha Franco|Volha Franco]] |[[Special:Contributions/Volha Franco|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 17 ga Yuli 2026 |- |23 |[[User:Centrebus|Centrebus]] |[[Special:Contributions/Centrebus|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 17 ga Yuli 2026 |- |24 |[[User:Volodymyr1977|Volodymyr1977]] |[[Special:Contributions/Volodymyr1977|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 17 ga Yuli 2026 |- |25 |[[User:Harvinder Chandigarh|Harvinder Chandigarh]] |[[Special:Contributions/Harvinder Chandigarh|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 17 ga Yuli 2026 |- |26 |[[User:Ccotai|Ccotai]] |[[Special:Contributions/Ccotai|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 17 ga Yuli 2026 |- |27 |[[User:Lingo Cowboy|Lingo Cowboy]] |[[Special:Contributions/Lingo Cowboy|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 17 ga Yuli 2026 |- |28 |[[User:Hafsatdk1|Hafsatdk1]] |[[Special:Contributions/Hafsatdk1|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 17 ga Yuli 2026 |- |29 |[[User:Denis|Denis]] |[[Special:Contributions/Denis|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 17 ga Yuli 2026 |- |30 |[[User:Nasir Abdullahi Adam|Nasir Abdullahi Adam]] |[[Special:Contributions/Nasir Abdullahi Adam|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 17 ga Yuli 2026 |- |31 |[[User:Dmford13|Dmford13]] |[[Special:Contributions/Dmford13|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 17 ga Yuli 2026 |- |32 |[[User:Texas Online warrior range1848|Texas Online warrior range1848]] |[[Special:Contributions/Texas Online warrior range1848|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 17 ga Yuli 2026 |- |33 |[[User:ExilWestfale|ExilWestfale]] |[[Special:Contributions/ExilWestfale|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 17 ga Yuli 2026 |- |34 |[[User:Sumo tomus|Sumo tomus]] |[[Special:Contributions/Sumo tomus|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 17 ga Yuli 2026 |- |35 |[[User:CaptainClarkBackrooms|CaptainClarkBackrooms]] |[[Special:Contributions/CaptainClarkBackrooms|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 17 ga Yuli 2026 |- |36 |[[User:NIMSMD|NIMSMD]] |[[Special:Contributions/NIMSMD|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 17 ga Yuli 2026 |- |37 |[[User:Oursana|Oursana]] |[[Special:Contributions/Oursana|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 18 ga Yuli 2026 |- |38 |[[User:Cnyirahabihirwe12345|Cnyirahabihirwe12345]] |[[Special:Contributions/Cnyirahabihirwe12345|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 18 ga Yuli 2026 |- |39 |[[User:Uthman Abubakar3|Uthman Abubakar3]] |[[Special:Contributions/Uthman Abubakar3|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 18 ga Yuli 2026 |- |40 |[[User:Rubikman14|Rubikman14]] |[[Special:Contributions/Rubikman14|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 18 ga Yuli 2026 |- |41 |[[User:Hamza tambura|Hamza tambura]] |[[Special:Contributions/Hamza tambura|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 18 ga Yuli 2026 |- |42 |[[User:Dahazizi|Dahazizi]] |[[Special:Contributions/Dahazizi|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 18 ga Yuli 2026 |- |43 |[[User:Ka010101|Ka010101]] |[[Special:Contributions/Ka010101|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 18 ga Yuli 2026 |- |44 |[[User:Mubarak ya.u|Mubarak ya.u]] |[[Special:Contributions/Mubarak ya.u|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 18 ga Yuli 2026 |- |45 |[[User:Dr. Chinchu C.|Dr. Chinchu C.]] |[[Special:Contributions/Dr. Chinchu C.|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 18 ga Yuli 2026 |- |46 |[[User:Jinco7|Jinco7]] |[[Special:Contributions/Jinco7|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 18 ga Yuli 2026 |- |47 |[[User:Johnewalo|Johnewalo]] |[[Special:Contributions/Johnewalo|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 18 ga Yuli 2026 |- |48 |[[User:Speakwise|Speakwise]] |[[Special:Contributions/Speakwise|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 18 ga Yuli 2026 |- |49 |[[User:Southend15|Southend15]] |[[Special:Contributions/Southend15|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 18 ga Yuli 2026 |- |50 |[[User:Sitaldip|Sitaldip]] |[[Special:Contributions/Sitaldip|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 18 ga Yuli 2026 |- |51 |[[User:Axolitl|Axolitl]] |[[Special:Contributions/Axolitl|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 18 ga Yuli 2026 |- |52 |[[User:Barbazzzz|Barbazzzz]] |[[Special:Contributions/Barbazzzz|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 18 ga Yuli 2026 |- |53 |[[User:Umar Abdulsalam Arzika|Umar Abdulsalam Arzika]] |[[Special:Contributions/Umar Abdulsalam Arzika|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 18 ga Yuli 2026 |- |} cvspesgl5qzhdhj26c8o6sy6fu9tsyc 0 34344 884843 173564 2026-07-19T11:23:43Z Pharouqenr 25549 884843 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hugh McMahon''' (an haife shi ranar 17 ga watan Yunin 1938) ya kasance tsohon ɗan siyasan Scotland ne, wanda ya riƙe muƙami a Majalisar Tarayyar Turai. ==Farkon rayuwa da karatu== An haifi McMahon ranar 17 ga watan Yuni, a shekarar 1983. McMahon ya yi karatu a Kwalejin Jordanhill sannan kuma a Jami'ar Glasgow. ==Aiki da siyasa== Ya zama babban malami, kuma ya zama cikakke dan Jam'iyyar Labour, ya jagoranci Socialist Education Association of Scotland daga 1978 zuwa 1982, da Scottish Fabian Society daga 1979 zuwa 1984. Ya kuma yi aiki a fannin zartarwa na Jam'iyyar Labour ta Scotland daga 1980 zuwa 1983.<ref name=":0">BBC-Vacher's Biographical Guide 1996. London: BBC Political Research Unit and Vacher's Publications. 1996. pp. 6–24. ISBN 0951520857.</ref> ===Zaɓe=== A zaben Majalisar Turai na 1984, an zaɓi McMahon a mazabar Strathclyde West. Aikin sa ya kare a matsayin dan majalisa a lokacin da aka sake shirya mazabun Turak a 1999.<ref name=":0" /> == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.election.demon.co.uk/epscot.html sakamakon zaben] == Manazarta == <references /> [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1938]] iv3hsdd99om8rzw95edcbae5axgrk5d 3 39959 884828 246080 2026-07-19T10:36:08Z Neriah 13112 Neriah moved page [[Tattaunawar user:أيوب]] to [[Tattaunawar user:جيمي]]: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/أيوب|أيوب]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/جيمي|جيمي]]" 196345 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, ايـوب! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/ايـوب|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:01, 18 Disamba 2022 (UTC) rwxt708053rzq7909n0oyl27n1d50bd 0 42935 884682 547595 2026-07-18T14:01:35Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 884682 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:2023-08-09 Deutschland gegen Kanada (Basketball-Länderspiel) by Sandro Halank–064.jpg|thumb|Yanayin wasan kwallo na kanada]] [[Fayil:Canada volleyball team.jpg|thumb|Wasan Ƙwallon Raga a Kanada]] '''Wasan kwallon raga a [[Kanada]]''' ya samo asali ne tun farkon ƙarni na 20. A yau, ana gudanar da wasan a matakai daban-daban na gasar a faɗin kasar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://volleyball.ca/en|title=Volleyball Canada|website=Volleyball Canada}}</ref> == Tarihi == An ƙirƙira wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a Amurka a cikin shekarar 1895 kuma ya fara bayyanarsa a Kanada a cikin shekarar 1900 lokacin da reshen [[Ottawa]] na YMCA ya haɗa shi a cikin jadawalinsa.<ref name="Timeline1">{{cite web | url = http://volleyball.org/history.html | title = History Of Volleyball | access-date = 2007-09-24 | publisher = Volleyball World Wide | archive-date = 2000-03-02 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20000302143612/http://www.volleyball.org/history.html | url-status = dead }}</ref> The Wasan ya ci gaba kuma ba da daɗewa ba ya bazu zuwa YMCA a [[Toronto]] da [[Montréal|Montreal]] . Waɗannan cibiyoyi sun gudanar da gasa iri-iri, wadanda su ne, na dogon lokaci, kadai ne kawai aka shirya bayyanar wasanni a Kanada. Yayin da wasan ya yaɗu a ko'ina cikin Amurka, Rasha da Asiya kafin [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|yakin duniya na farko]], ya kwanta ɗan kaɗan a Kanada. Tare da ƙirƙirar Federation Internationale de Volleyball (FIVB) jim kaɗan bayan [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|yakin duniya na biyu]], wasan ya sami karɓuwa a duniya. Kanada ta shiga FIVB a cikin shekarar 1953, a wannan shekarar ne aka kafa ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Kanada. Gordon Odell ya kasance shugaban rikon kwarya kafin Wes McVicar ya zama shugaban kungiyar na farko. Shugaban na yanzu, Dave Carey, yana kula da ƙungiyar sama da mambobi 80,000. Sake suna Volleyball Canada (VC), ƙungiyar tana da hedkwatarta a [[Ottawa]] . Lokacin da aka kafa, an raba VC zuwa yankuna uku: Ottawa, Toronto da Montreal. A yau, an zana yankuna tare da lardunan lardi / yanki kuma suna ɗauka a cikin Kanada baki ɗaya. Kwarewar farko ta kasa da kasa ta [[Kanada]] a cikin wasanni ya faru a cikin shekarar 1959 a Wasannin Pan-American a Chicago. A yau, ƙungiyoyin Kanada suna ƙoƙarin samun cancantar shiga dukkan gasannin ƙasashen duniya da suka cancanta. Tun daga shekarar 1976, kungiyoyin cikin gida na maza da na mata sun halarci wasannin Olympics da na duniya a lokuta da dama. An samu kyakkyawan sakamako ga kungiyoyin maza da na mata a gasar Olympics ta shekarar 1984 a Los Angeles inda suka zo na 4 da 8 bi da bi. A cikin shekarar 1998, Ƙwallon ƙafa na Kanada ya zama ƙungiyar laima don shirin wasan ƙwallon ragar nakasassu na ƙasa, shirin da ya ci gaba da samun nasara tun wannan haɗin gwiwa. Ƙungiyar Ƙwallon Ƙasa na Ƙasa ta Ƙasa ta Farko ta Farko ta Farko a Kanada a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta shekarar 2002 a Poland, kuma ta ci gaba da kare kambunta a shekarar 2004. === Manyan abubuwan wasan kwallon raga === * 1895 - William G. Morgan ya kirkiro wasan kwallon raga * 1947 - An kafa FIVB (Fédération International de Volley-Ball). * 1949 - Prague, Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya na Farko * 1952 - Moscow, gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta farko * 1953 - Gasar Kanada ta Farko * 1959 - Ƙungiyar Ƙwallon Ƙasa ta Maza ta Farko ta shiga Gasar Ƙasa ta Duniya (Wasanni na Pan Am) * 1964 - Tokyo, An ba da sunayen sarauta na farko ga [[Japan]] (Mata) da USSR (Maza) * 1968 - Kanada da Amurka sun shiga yankin Tsakiyar Amurka da Caribbean, wanda daga baya ya zama sananne da NORCECA. * 1972 - Lambar farko ta kasa da kasa ta lashe lambar yabo ta Ƙungiyar Maza ta Kanada ta hanyar sanya na uku a gasar NORCECA a Mexico. * 1976 - Kanada ta karbi bakuncin wasannin Olympic na Montreal * 1977 - Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya na Mata da Mata na Farko * 1977 - Ƙungiyar Maza ta Kanada ta lashe lambar tagulla a Wasannin Pan Am - babbar lambar wasan farko. * 1980 - Lambar Zinare ta farko ta Kanada ta lashe lambar yabo ta duniya - NORCECA Junior's - Mata (Calgary, Kanada) * 1983 - Kanada ta karbi bakuncin Wasannin Universiade a [[Edmonton]]. Mutanen Kanada sun cancanci shiga gasar Olympics ta 1984 ta hanyar doke Cuba * 1984 - Mutanen Kanada sun ƙare na hudu a Wasannin Olympics na Los Angeles * 1990 - FIVB ya gabatar da Gasar Duniya * 1991 - Mutanen Kanada sun shiga karo na farko a gasar cin kofin duniya * 1991 - Kanada ta karbi bakuncin gasar NORCECA a Regina kuma Kungiyar Kanada Maza sun cancanci gasar Olympics ta 1992 * 1996 - Kanada ta karbi bakuncin NORCECA masu cancantar shiga gasar Olympics na maza da mata * 1996 - Kungiyar Matan Kanada sun shiga gasar Olympics a Atlanta * 1996 - Wasan kwallon raga na bakin teku ya fara halarta a matsayin cikakken wasan yabo a wasannin Olympics na Atlanta * 1996 - 'Yan Kanada John Child da Mark Heese sun lashe lambar tagulla don wasan volleyball na bakin teku a gasar Olympics ta [[Atlanta]]. * 1998 - Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru ta Kanada ta yi nasara a NORCECA don samun cancantar shiga Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya na Junior. * 1999 - Kanada ta dawo Gasar Duniya ta Maza kuma ta taka leda a cikinta don lokutan 1999 da 2000 * 1999 - Kanada ta karbi bakuncin Gasar Mata ta Duniya na Mata a Saskatoon/Edmonton * 1999 - Kanada ta lashe lambar tagulla na cikin gida na maza da lambar zinare na Tekun Maza ( Conrad Leinemann / Jody Holden ) a *1999 Pan Am Games a Winnipeg * 1999 - Sabbin Dokokin wasan * 2000 - Tawagar nakasassu ta maza ta Kanada ta sami lambar azurfa a wasannin nakasassu na 2000 na Sydney * 2002 - Ƙungiyoyin cikin gida na maza da mata na Kanada sun cancanci shiga gasar cin kofin duniya * 2002 - Ƙungiyar Ƙwallon Ƙasa ta Duniya ta Duniya ta 2002 == Duba kuma ==   * Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta maza ta Kanada * Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta Kanada * Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta maza ta ƙasar Kanada == Manazarta == <references /> == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://volleyball.ca Volleyball Kanada] [[Category: Wasanni a Kanada]] kttmzpc5hc7vc88z4az0cqlyzpabrlt 0 43480 884692 879895 2026-07-18T14:11:27Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 884692 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Samuel Nchinda-Kaya''' (an haife shi ranar 25 ga watan Mayu 1967) tsohon ɗan wasan tsere ne [[Kamaru|ɗan ƙasar Kamaru]] wanda ya fafata a gasar tseren mita 100 na maza a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta shekarar 1992.<ref>Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill ; et al. " Samuel Nchinda-Kaya Olympic Results" . Olympics at Sports-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 13 August 2017.</ref> Ya yi rikodin 10.41, wanda ya isa ya cancanci zuwa zagaye na gaba bayan heats, inda ya zira kwallaye 10.58. Mafi kyawun sa na sirri shine 10.24, wanda aka saita a cikin shekarar 1992. Ya kuma yi gudun mita 200, inda ya yi gudun 21.50. A [[Gasar Olympic|gasar Olympics]] ta bazara ta shekarar 1988, ya yi takara a tseren mita 100 da 200 haka nan, ya kai matakin wasan kusa da na karshe. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200418011248/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/nc/samuel-nchinda-kaya-1.html Samuel Nchinda Kaya at Sports Reference] Stats</ref> {{Stub}} == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1967]] Samuel Nchinda-Kaya tsohon ɗan wasan guje-guje ne na ƙasar Kamaru, wanda aka haifa a ranar 25 ga Mayu, 1967. Ya yi fice a tseren gajeren zango, musamman gudun mita 100 da gudun mita 200, kuma ya wakilci ƙasarsa a manyan gasa na ƙasa da ƙasa, ciki har da Gasar Olympics ta bazara ta shekarun 1988 da 1992. Farkon rayuwa Ba a wallafa cikakkun bayanai game da wurin haihuwarsa, iyalinsa, ko karatunsa ba. Duk da haka, tun yana matashi ya nuna ƙwarewa a wasan guje-guje, lamarin da ya sa ya shiga tawagar ƙasar Kamaru. Aikinsa a wasan guje-guje Samuel ya ƙware a tseren: Mita 100 Mita 200 Ya kasance cikin fitattun 'yan tseren Kamaru a ƙarshen shekarun 1980 zuwa farkon shekarun 1990. Gasar Olympics ta 1988 A Gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 1988 da aka gudanar a [[Seoul]], [[Koriya ta Kudu]], ya fafata a: Gudun mita 100 Gudun mita 200 A duka wasannin, ya samu nasarar kaiwa zagayen gaba kafin ya fita daga gasar. Wannan ya nuna cewa yana cikin manyan 'yan tseren nahiyar Afirka a lokacin. Gasar Olympics ta 1992 A Gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 1992 da aka gudanar a Barcelona, [[Ispaniya|Spain]], ya sake wakiltar Kamaru a gudun mita 100. A zagayen farko ya yi gudun cikin dakika 10.41, wanda ya ba shi damar tsallakewa zuwa zagaye na biyu. A zagaye na gaba ya yi dakika 10.58, inda ya kasa samun gurbin zuwa zagaye na gaba. Mafi kyawun lokacinsa Mafi kyawun lokacin da Samuel Nchinda-Kaya ya taɓa yi a gudun mita 100 shi ne: Dakika 10.24, wanda ya kafa a shekarar 1992. A gudun mita 200 kuma ya taɓa yin: Dakika 21.50. Waɗannan sakamakon sun nuna cewa yana daga cikin masu gudun da suka fi sauri a Kamaru a lokacin. Gudummawarsa Ko da yake bai samu lambar yabo ta Olympics ko ta Gasar Duniya ba, Samuel Nchinda-Kaya ya taimaka wajen ɗaga martabar wasan guje-guje na Kamaru. Kasancewarsa a gasar Olympics sau biyu ya nuna ƙwazonsa da jajircewarsa wajen wakiltar ƙasarsa a matakin duniya. Takaitawa Samuel Nchinda-Kaya fitaccen tsohon ɗan wasan guje-guje ne na Kamaru wanda ya ƙware a tseren mita 100 da mita 200. Ya wakilci ƙasarsa a Gasar Olympics ta 1988 da 1992, inda ya nuna ƙwarewa da saurin gudu. Mafi kyawun lokacinsa na mita 100 shi ne dakika 10.24, wanda ya kafa a shekarar 1992. Duk da cewa bai lashe lambar yabo ba, ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin fitattun 'yan tseren Kamaru a zamaninsa. a3mvxcxp6595ghofyypduuwolx7gwlu 0 54096 884741 884547 2026-07-18T22:08:35Z Hamza DK 12444 /* Ayyuka */ 884741 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Oreoluwa Racheal Awolowo (an haife shi a ranar 2 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1999), wanda aka fi sani da Nora Awolowo, shi ne mai shirya fina-finai Na Najeriya, darektan, kuma mai daukar hoto.[1][2][3][4] A shekara ta 2025 ta zama mafi ƙanƙanta mai shirya fina-finai na Najeriya da ta kai ga matsayi na ofishin jakadancin miliyan 100 na Red Circle, fim ɗin da ta yi aiki a matsayin furodusa da mai daukar hoto. Har ila yau, ita ce mace ta farko ta Najeriya da aka zaɓa don Mafi kyawun Cinematography a Afirka Magic Viewers" Choice Awards (AMVCA) saboda aikinta a cikin littafin Najeriya na 2024 Lisabi: The Uprising . [5] == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Awolowo, ta girma kuma ta yi karatu a Jihar [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], Najeriya, inda har yanzu take zaune. Ta sami digiri a fannin lissafi daga [[Jami'ar jihar Ekiti|Jami'ar Jihar Ekiti]] a shekarar 2019. <ref name="Sule">{{Cite web |last=Sule |first=Mariam |date=2022-04-05 |title=I Went From Taking Pictures With My Phone to Making Award Winning Films in Less Than Five Years – Nora |url=https://www.zikoko.com/her/i-went-from-taking-pictures-with-my-phone-to-making-award-winning-films-in-less-than-five-years-nora/ |access-date=2025-12-23 |website=Zikoko! |language=en-US}}</ref> A jami'a, ta haɓaka sha'awar daukar hoto kuma ta koyi ɗaukar hotuna tare da wayarta, tana samun wasu ayyukan da aka biya yayin da take dalibi. Fiye da sha'awar ba da labari, ta sauya zuwa yin fim, ta fara da yin rubuce-rubuce a bayan fage don ayyukan talabijin marasa tsari, kamar [[Lota Chukwu]]'s Lota Takes . A wannan lokacin, ta kuma koya wa kanta don gyara abubuwan talabijin, ta ƙarfafa sha'awarta ga aikin fim.<ref name="Sule" /> == Ayyuka == A lokacin da ta kammala karatunta daga jami'a a shekarar 2019,Awolowo ya shafe shekaru biyu yana aiki a masana'antar fina-finai. A wannan shekarar, , and released her debut documentary, ''Life at the Bay,'' which follows the lives of women living in [[Tarkwa Bay Beach|Tarkwa Bay]]. The short was screened at the [[Africa International Film Festival]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 October 2019 |title=Here's the Full List of Films Selected for AFRIFF 2019 |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2019/10/heres-the-full-list-of-films-selected-for-afriff-2019/ |access-date=25 September 2021 |publisher=bellanaija.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Native |first=The |date=2019-02-18 |title=See the women of Tarkwa Bay in trailer for new documentary, "Life At The Bay" |url=https://thenativemag.com/see-women-tarkwa-bay-trailer-new-documentary-life-bay/ |access-date=2025-12-23 |website=The NATIVE |language=en-US}}</ref> and established a pattern in her early work, which often explored the personal and societal challenges faced by Nigerians, particularly women. That same year she followed up with ''Symphonies,'' a short narrative film about a young woman whose life begins to unravels amid personal challenges. In 2021, she released ''David'', a faith-based film about a young man on the verge of taking his life. The film went on to win two awards and screened at six international film festivals.<ref name="Sule">{{Cite web |last=Sule |first=Mariam |date=2022-04-05 |title=I Went From Taking Pictures With My Phone to Making Award Winning Films in Less Than Five Years – Nora |url=https://www.zikoko.com/her/i-went-from-taking-pictures-with-my-phone-to-making-award-winning-films-in-less-than-five-years-nora/ |access-date=2025-12-23 |website=Zikoko! |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSule2022">Sule, Mariam (5 April 2022). [https://www.zikoko.com/her/i-went-from-taking-pictures-with-my-phone-to-making-award-winning-films-in-less-than-five-years-nora/ "I Went From Taking Pictures With My Phone to Making Award Winning Films in Less Than Five Years – Nora"]. ''Zikoko!''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=DAVID |url=https://filmfreeway.com/DAVIDshortfilm |access-date=25 September 2021 |publisher=filmfreeway.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 August 2019 |title=Nora Awolowo Releases Teaser For Her Documentary "All Lives Matter" |url=https://stationmag.com/nora-awolowo-releases-teaser-for-her-documentary-all-lives-matter/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241210025509/https://stationmag.com/nora-awolowo-releases-teaser-for-her-documentary-all-lives-matter/ |archive-date=10 December 2024 |access-date=25 September 2021 |publisher=stationmag.com}}</ref> Nasarar Awolowo ta zo ne tare da ''Baby Blues'': The Trials of Childbirth (2021), wani shirin da ya nuna kalubalen matan Najeriya da ke fuskantar haihuwa da baƙin ciki bayan haihuwa. A cikin shekarar 2023, an zabi Baby Blues don Kyautattun Bayanai a Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka, tare da wani fim ɗinta, Najeriya: The Debut - wani shirin da Ƙungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Duniya (FIFA) ta ba da izini, wanda ya ci gaba da lashe rukunin. A cikin shekarar 2024, ta yi aiki a matsayin mai daukar hoto tare da Barnabas Emordi a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na tarihi na Netflix, Lisabi: The Uprising, tare da duka biyun suna karɓar gabatarwa don Mafi kyawun Mai daukar hoto a Afirka Magic Viewers" Choice Awards (AMVCA). A cikin 2025, ta yi aiki a matsayin furodusa da mai ɗaukar hoto ga mai ban tsoro ''Red Circle,'' babbar nasarar kasuwanci har zuwa yau. A cikin ƙasa da wata guda bayan da aka saki shi a watan Yuni, ya ƙetare alamar miliyan 100 a ofishin akwatin, ya kafa Awolowo a matsayin ƙaramin mai shirya fina-finai na Najeriya da ya kai wannan ma'auni.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Henry |first=Uchechukwu |date=2025-07-11 |title=Nora Awolowo Sets Record as Red Circle Hits ₦100M Box Office |url=https://rexclarkeadventures.com/nora-awolowo-red-circle/ |access-date=2025-12-23 |website=Rex Clarke Adventures |language=en-US}}</ref> == Bambance-bambance == Awolowo ta kasance mai gabatarwa sau uku - a cikin shekarar 2020, 2021, da 2023 - don Kyautar Kyautar Afirka ta gaba a cikin Kyautar Fim. <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 November 2020 |title=The Future Awards Africa names 2020 nominees, all under-28 + Full list |url=https://theeagleonline.com.ng/the-future-awards-africa-names-2020-nominees-all-under-28-full-list/ |access-date=25 September 2021 |publisher=theeagleonline.com.ng}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Future Awards: Rema, DJ Cuppy, Others Nominated (Full List) |url=https://allnews.ng/news/the-future-awards-rema-dj-cuppy-others-nominated-full-list |access-date=25 September 2021 |publisher=allnews.ng}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-03 |title=The Future Awards Africa 2023: All the nominees |url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/future-awards-africa-2023-all-nominees |access-date=2025-12-23 |website=Music In Africa |language=en}}</ref> A shekara ta 2025 ta sami lambar yabo ta Zikoko's HERtitude don Fim. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2025-12-20 |title=These Emerging Nigerian Filmmakers are Having a Great Year - What Kept Me Up |url=https://whatkeptmeup.com/listicles/these-emerging-nigerian-filmmakers-are-having-a-great-year/ |access-date=2025-12-23 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Bikin bayar da kyautar !Bayanan lambar yabo !Ayyuka !Sakamakon !Ref |- |2020 |Kyautar nan gaba ta Afirka |Kyautar Fim ||| {{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 November 2020 |title=DJ Cuppy, Tomike Adeoye, Taaooma, Jemima Osunde Nominated For The Future Awards Africa (TFAA) 2020 (See Full List) |url=https://fabwoman.ng/tfaa-2020-nominees-list-fabwoman/ |access-date=25 September 2021 |publisher=fabwoman.ng}}</ref> |- |2019 |25 A karkashin 25 SME Awards |Mafi kyawun kafofin watsa labarai da Sadarwa ||| {{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 September 2019 |title=Meet The Winners of 2019 25under25 Awards |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2019/09/25under25-awards-winners/ |access-date=25 September 2021 |publisher=bellanaija.com}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |2023 | rowspan="2" |[[2023 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka]] | rowspan="2" |Mafi Kyawun Bayani |''Najeriya: Farko''|{{Won}} | rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Full List: Here are all our AMVCA 9 Nominees |url=https://dstv-fe-africamagic-prod.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/africamagic/en-ng/show/amvca/season/9/news/full-list-here-are-all-our-amvca-9-nominees/news |access-date=2023-04-23 |website=AMVCA - Full List: Here are all our AMVCA 9 Nominees |language=en}}{{Dead link|date=February 2026}}</ref> |- |''Baby Blues''|{{Nom}} |- |Kyautar nan gaba ta Afirka |Kyautar Fim | rowspan="1" |Shi da kansa|{{Pending}} | |} == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi |- |2019 |''Rayuwa a Bay'' |Daraktan |- |2019 |''Waƙoƙi'' |Daraktan |- |2021 |''Dauda'' |Mai daukar hoto |- |2021 |''Baby Blues'' |Daraktan |- |2022 |''Tsarin Abubuwa'' |Mai daukar hoto |- |2023 |''Maza ƙaunatattun mutane'' |Mai daukar hoto |- |2024 |''Menene Ka Tsoro da Gaskiya?'' |Daraktan |- |2024 |''[[lisabi: Tashin hankali|Lisabi]]'' |Mai daukar hoto |- |2025 |''Red Circle'' |Mai gabatarwa da Mai daukar hoto |- |} [[Rukuni:Yarbawa]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1999]] q0ym5p2c2hmx7hqsxbb0pae2kpromt8 884742 884741 2026-07-18T22:10:50Z Hamza DK 12444 /* Ayyuka */ 884742 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Oreoluwa Racheal Awolowo (an haife shi a ranar 2 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1999), wanda aka fi sani da Nora Awolowo, shi ne mai shirya fina-finai Na Najeriya, darektan, kuma mai daukar hoto.[1][2][3][4] A shekara ta 2025 ta zama mafi ƙanƙanta mai shirya fina-finai na Najeriya da ta kai ga matsayi na ofishin jakadancin miliyan 100 na Red Circle, fim ɗin da ta yi aiki a matsayin furodusa da mai daukar hoto. Har ila yau, ita ce mace ta farko ta Najeriya da aka zaɓa don Mafi kyawun Cinematography a Afirka Magic Viewers" Choice Awards (AMVCA) saboda aikinta a cikin littafin Najeriya na 2024 Lisabi: The Uprising . [5] == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Awolowo, ta girma kuma ta yi karatu a Jihar [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], Najeriya, inda har yanzu take zaune. Ta sami digiri a fannin lissafi daga [[Jami'ar jihar Ekiti|Jami'ar Jihar Ekiti]] a shekarar 2019. <ref name="Sule">{{Cite web |last=Sule |first=Mariam |date=2022-04-05 |title=I Went From Taking Pictures With My Phone to Making Award Winning Films in Less Than Five Years – Nora |url=https://www.zikoko.com/her/i-went-from-taking-pictures-with-my-phone-to-making-award-winning-films-in-less-than-five-years-nora/ |access-date=2025-12-23 |website=Zikoko! |language=en-US}}</ref> A jami'a, ta haɓaka sha'awar daukar hoto kuma ta koyi ɗaukar hotuna tare da wayarta, tana samun wasu ayyukan da aka biya yayin da take dalibi. Fiye da sha'awar ba da labari, ta sauya zuwa yin fim, ta fara da yin rubuce-rubuce a bayan fage don ayyukan talabijin marasa tsari, kamar [[Lota Chukwu]]'s Lota Takes . A wannan lokacin, ta kuma koya wa kanta don gyara abubuwan talabijin, ta ƙarfafa sha'awarta ga aikin fim.<ref name="Sule" /> == Ayyuka == A lokacin da ta kammala karatunta daga jami'a a shekarar 2019,Awolowo ya shafe shekaru biyu yana aiki a masana'antar fina-finai. A wannan shekarar ta kafa kamfanin shirya fina-finai nata, , , and released her debut documentary, ''Life at the Bay,'' which follows the lives of women living in [[Tarkwa Bay Beach|Tarkwa Bay]]. The short was screened at the [[Africa International Film Festival]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 October 2019 |title=Here's the Full List of Films Selected for AFRIFF 2019 |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2019/10/heres-the-full-list-of-films-selected-for-afriff-2019/ |access-date=25 September 2021 |publisher=bellanaija.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Native |first=The |date=2019-02-18 |title=See the women of Tarkwa Bay in trailer for new documentary, "Life At The Bay" |url=https://thenativemag.com/see-women-tarkwa-bay-trailer-new-documentary-life-bay/ |access-date=2025-12-23 |website=The NATIVE |language=en-US}}</ref> and established a pattern in her early work, which often explored the personal and societal challenges faced by Nigerians, particularly women. That same year she followed up with ''Symphonies,'' a short narrative film about a young woman whose life begins to unravels amid personal challenges. In 2021, she released ''David'', a faith-based film about a young man on the verge of taking his life. The film went on to win two awards and screened at six international film festivals.<ref name="Sule">{{Cite web |last=Sule |first=Mariam |date=2022-04-05 |title=I Went From Taking Pictures With My Phone to Making Award Winning Films in Less Than Five Years – Nora |url=https://www.zikoko.com/her/i-went-from-taking-pictures-with-my-phone-to-making-award-winning-films-in-less-than-five-years-nora/ |access-date=2025-12-23 |website=Zikoko! |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSule2022">Sule, Mariam (5 April 2022). [https://www.zikoko.com/her/i-went-from-taking-pictures-with-my-phone-to-making-award-winning-films-in-less-than-five-years-nora/ "I Went From Taking Pictures With My Phone to Making Award Winning Films in Less Than Five Years – Nora"]. ''Zikoko!''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=DAVID |url=https://filmfreeway.com/DAVIDshortfilm |access-date=25 September 2021 |publisher=filmfreeway.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 August 2019 |title=Nora Awolowo Releases Teaser For Her Documentary "All Lives Matter" |url=https://stationmag.com/nora-awolowo-releases-teaser-for-her-documentary-all-lives-matter/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241210025509/https://stationmag.com/nora-awolowo-releases-teaser-for-her-documentary-all-lives-matter/ |archive-date=10 December 2024 |access-date=25 September 2021 |publisher=stationmag.com}}</ref> Nasarar Awolowo ta zo ne tare da ''Baby Blues'': The Trials of Childbirth (2021), wani shirin da ya nuna kalubalen matan Najeriya da ke fuskantar haihuwa da baƙin ciki bayan haihuwa. A cikin shekarar 2023, an zabi Baby Blues don Kyautattun Bayanai a Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka, tare da wani fim ɗinta, Najeriya: The Debut - wani shirin da Ƙungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Duniya (FIFA) ta ba da izini, wanda ya ci gaba da lashe rukunin. A cikin shekarar 2024, ta yi aiki a matsayin mai daukar hoto tare da Barnabas Emordi a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na tarihi na Netflix, Lisabi: The Uprising, tare da duka biyun suna karɓar gabatarwa don Mafi kyawun Mai daukar hoto a Afirka Magic Viewers" Choice Awards (AMVCA). A cikin 2025, ta yi aiki a matsayin furodusa da mai ɗaukar hoto ga mai ban tsoro ''Red Circle,'' babbar nasarar kasuwanci har zuwa yau. A cikin ƙasa da wata guda bayan da aka saki shi a watan Yuni, ya ƙetare alamar miliyan 100 a ofishin akwatin, ya kafa Awolowo a matsayin ƙaramin mai shirya fina-finai na Najeriya da ya kai wannan ma'auni.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Henry |first=Uchechukwu |date=2025-07-11 |title=Nora Awolowo Sets Record as Red Circle Hits ₦100M Box Office |url=https://rexclarkeadventures.com/nora-awolowo-red-circle/ |access-date=2025-12-23 |website=Rex Clarke Adventures |language=en-US}}</ref> == Bambance-bambance == Awolowo ta kasance mai gabatarwa sau uku - a cikin shekarar 2020, 2021, da 2023 - don Kyautar Kyautar Afirka ta gaba a cikin Kyautar Fim. <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 November 2020 |title=The Future Awards Africa names 2020 nominees, all under-28 + Full list |url=https://theeagleonline.com.ng/the-future-awards-africa-names-2020-nominees-all-under-28-full-list/ |access-date=25 September 2021 |publisher=theeagleonline.com.ng}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Future Awards: Rema, DJ Cuppy, Others Nominated (Full List) |url=https://allnews.ng/news/the-future-awards-rema-dj-cuppy-others-nominated-full-list |access-date=25 September 2021 |publisher=allnews.ng}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-03 |title=The Future Awards Africa 2023: All the nominees |url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/future-awards-africa-2023-all-nominees |access-date=2025-12-23 |website=Music In Africa |language=en}}</ref> A shekara ta 2025 ta sami lambar yabo ta Zikoko's HERtitude don Fim. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2025-12-20 |title=These Emerging Nigerian Filmmakers are Having a Great Year - What Kept Me Up |url=https://whatkeptmeup.com/listicles/these-emerging-nigerian-filmmakers-are-having-a-great-year/ |access-date=2025-12-23 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Bikin bayar da kyautar !Bayanan lambar yabo !Ayyuka !Sakamakon !Ref |- |2020 |Kyautar nan gaba ta Afirka |Kyautar Fim ||| {{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 November 2020 |title=DJ Cuppy, Tomike Adeoye, Taaooma, Jemima Osunde Nominated For The Future Awards Africa (TFAA) 2020 (See Full List) |url=https://fabwoman.ng/tfaa-2020-nominees-list-fabwoman/ |access-date=25 September 2021 |publisher=fabwoman.ng}}</ref> |- |2019 |25 A karkashin 25 SME Awards |Mafi kyawun kafofin watsa labarai da Sadarwa ||| {{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 September 2019 |title=Meet The Winners of 2019 25under25 Awards |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2019/09/25under25-awards-winners/ |access-date=25 September 2021 |publisher=bellanaija.com}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |2023 | rowspan="2" |[[2023 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka]] | rowspan="2" |Mafi Kyawun Bayani |''Najeriya: Farko''|{{Won}} | rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Full List: Here are all our AMVCA 9 Nominees |url=https://dstv-fe-africamagic-prod.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/africamagic/en-ng/show/amvca/season/9/news/full-list-here-are-all-our-amvca-9-nominees/news |access-date=2023-04-23 |website=AMVCA - Full List: Here are all our AMVCA 9 Nominees |language=en}}{{Dead link|date=February 2026}}</ref> |- |''Baby Blues''|{{Nom}} |- |Kyautar nan gaba ta Afirka |Kyautar Fim | rowspan="1" |Shi da kansa|{{Pending}} | |} == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi |- |2019 |''Rayuwa a Bay'' |Daraktan |- |2019 |''Waƙoƙi'' |Daraktan |- |2021 |''Dauda'' |Mai daukar hoto |- |2021 |''Baby Blues'' |Daraktan |- |2022 |''Tsarin Abubuwa'' |Mai daukar hoto |- |2023 |''Maza ƙaunatattun mutane'' |Mai daukar hoto |- |2024 |''Menene Ka Tsoro da Gaskiya?'' |Daraktan |- |2024 |''[[lisabi: Tashin hankali|Lisabi]]'' |Mai daukar hoto |- |2025 |''Red Circle'' |Mai gabatarwa da Mai daukar hoto |- |} [[Rukuni:Yarbawa]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1999]] mocjx0i156tj536s2rvx6lbfq1axltw 884743 884742 2026-07-18T22:12:45Z Hamza DK 12444 /* Ayyuka */ 884743 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Oreoluwa Racheal Awolowo (an haife shi a ranar 2 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1999), wanda aka fi sani da Nora Awolowo, shi ne mai shirya fina-finai Na Najeriya, darektan, kuma mai daukar hoto.[1][2][3][4] A shekara ta 2025 ta zama mafi ƙanƙanta mai shirya fina-finai na Najeriya da ta kai ga matsayi na ofishin jakadancin miliyan 100 na Red Circle, fim ɗin da ta yi aiki a matsayin furodusa da mai daukar hoto. Har ila yau, ita ce mace ta farko ta Najeriya da aka zaɓa don Mafi kyawun Cinematography a Afirka Magic Viewers" Choice Awards (AMVCA) saboda aikinta a cikin littafin Najeriya na 2024 Lisabi: The Uprising . [5] == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Awolowo, ta girma kuma ta yi karatu a Jihar [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], Najeriya, inda har yanzu take zaune. Ta sami digiri a fannin lissafi daga [[Jami'ar jihar Ekiti|Jami'ar Jihar Ekiti]] a shekarar 2019. <ref name="Sule">{{Cite web |last=Sule |first=Mariam |date=2022-04-05 |title=I Went From Taking Pictures With My Phone to Making Award Winning Films in Less Than Five Years – Nora |url=https://www.zikoko.com/her/i-went-from-taking-pictures-with-my-phone-to-making-award-winning-films-in-less-than-five-years-nora/ |access-date=2025-12-23 |website=Zikoko! |language=en-US}}</ref> A jami'a, ta haɓaka sha'awar daukar hoto kuma ta koyi ɗaukar hotuna tare da wayarta, tana samun wasu ayyukan da aka biya yayin da take dalibi. Fiye da sha'awar ba da labari, ta sauya zuwa yin fim, ta fara da yin rubuce-rubuce a bayan fage don ayyukan talabijin marasa tsari, kamar [[Lota Chukwu]]'s Lota Takes . A wannan lokacin, ta kuma koya wa kanta don gyara abubuwan talabijin, ta ƙarfafa sha'awarta ga aikin fim.<ref name="Sule" /> == Ayyuka == A lokacin da ta kammala karatunta daga jami'a a shekarar 2019,Awolowo ya shafe shekaru biyu yana aiki a masana'antar fina-finai. A wannan shekarar ta kafa kamfanin shirya fina-finai nata,Rixel Studios, , and released her debut documentary, ''Life at the Bay,'' which follows the lives of women living in [[Tarkwa Bay Beach|Tarkwa Bay]]. The short was screened at the [[Africa International Film Festival]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 October 2019 |title=Here's the Full List of Films Selected for AFRIFF 2019 |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2019/10/heres-the-full-list-of-films-selected-for-afriff-2019/ |access-date=25 September 2021 |publisher=bellanaija.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Native |first=The |date=2019-02-18 |title=See the women of Tarkwa Bay in trailer for new documentary, "Life At The Bay" |url=https://thenativemag.com/see-women-tarkwa-bay-trailer-new-documentary-life-bay/ |access-date=2025-12-23 |website=The NATIVE |language=en-US}}</ref> and established a pattern in her early work, which often explored the personal and societal challenges faced by Nigerians, particularly women. That same year she followed up with ''Symphonies,'' a short narrative film about a young woman whose life begins to unravels amid personal challenges. In 2021, she released ''David'', a faith-based film about a young man on the verge of taking his life. The film went on to win two awards and screened at six international film festivals.<ref name="Sule">{{Cite web |last=Sule |first=Mariam |date=2022-04-05 |title=I Went From Taking Pictures With My Phone to Making Award Winning Films in Less Than Five Years – Nora |url=https://www.zikoko.com/her/i-went-from-taking-pictures-with-my-phone-to-making-award-winning-films-in-less-than-five-years-nora/ |access-date=2025-12-23 |website=Zikoko! |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSule2022">Sule, Mariam (5 April 2022). [https://www.zikoko.com/her/i-went-from-taking-pictures-with-my-phone-to-making-award-winning-films-in-less-than-five-years-nora/ "I Went From Taking Pictures With My Phone to Making Award Winning Films in Less Than Five Years – Nora"]. ''Zikoko!''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=DAVID |url=https://filmfreeway.com/DAVIDshortfilm |access-date=25 September 2021 |publisher=filmfreeway.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 August 2019 |title=Nora Awolowo Releases Teaser For Her Documentary "All Lives Matter" |url=https://stationmag.com/nora-awolowo-releases-teaser-for-her-documentary-all-lives-matter/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241210025509/https://stationmag.com/nora-awolowo-releases-teaser-for-her-documentary-all-lives-matter/ |archive-date=10 December 2024 |access-date=25 September 2021 |publisher=stationmag.com}}</ref> Nasarar Awolowo ta zo ne tare da ''Baby Blues'': The Trials of Childbirth (2021), wani shirin da ya nuna kalubalen matan Najeriya da ke fuskantar haihuwa da baƙin ciki bayan haihuwa. A cikin shekarar 2023, an zabi Baby Blues don Kyautattun Bayanai a Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka, tare da wani fim ɗinta, Najeriya: The Debut - wani shirin da Ƙungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Duniya (FIFA) ta ba da izini, wanda ya ci gaba da lashe rukunin. A cikin shekarar 2024, ta yi aiki a matsayin mai daukar hoto tare da Barnabas Emordi a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na tarihi na Netflix, Lisabi: The Uprising, tare da duka biyun suna karɓar gabatarwa don Mafi kyawun Mai daukar hoto a Afirka Magic Viewers" Choice Awards (AMVCA). A cikin 2025, ta yi aiki a matsayin furodusa da mai ɗaukar hoto ga mai ban tsoro ''Red Circle,'' babbar nasarar kasuwanci har zuwa yau. A cikin ƙasa da wata guda bayan da aka saki shi a watan Yuni, ya ƙetare alamar miliyan 100 a ofishin akwatin, ya kafa Awolowo a matsayin ƙaramin mai shirya fina-finai na Najeriya da ya kai wannan ma'auni.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Henry |first=Uchechukwu |date=2025-07-11 |title=Nora Awolowo Sets Record as Red Circle Hits ₦100M Box Office |url=https://rexclarkeadventures.com/nora-awolowo-red-circle/ |access-date=2025-12-23 |website=Rex Clarke Adventures |language=en-US}}</ref> == Bambance-bambance == Awolowo ta kasance mai gabatarwa sau uku - a cikin shekarar 2020, 2021, da 2023 - don Kyautar Kyautar Afirka ta gaba a cikin Kyautar Fim. <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 November 2020 |title=The Future Awards Africa names 2020 nominees, all under-28 + Full list |url=https://theeagleonline.com.ng/the-future-awards-africa-names-2020-nominees-all-under-28-full-list/ |access-date=25 September 2021 |publisher=theeagleonline.com.ng}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Future Awards: Rema, DJ Cuppy, Others Nominated (Full List) |url=https://allnews.ng/news/the-future-awards-rema-dj-cuppy-others-nominated-full-list |access-date=25 September 2021 |publisher=allnews.ng}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-03 |title=The Future Awards Africa 2023: All the nominees |url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/future-awards-africa-2023-all-nominees |access-date=2025-12-23 |website=Music In Africa |language=en}}</ref> A shekara ta 2025 ta sami lambar yabo ta Zikoko's HERtitude don Fim. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2025-12-20 |title=These Emerging Nigerian Filmmakers are Having a Great Year - What Kept Me Up |url=https://whatkeptmeup.com/listicles/these-emerging-nigerian-filmmakers-are-having-a-great-year/ |access-date=2025-12-23 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Bikin bayar da kyautar !Bayanan lambar yabo !Ayyuka !Sakamakon !Ref |- |2020 |Kyautar nan gaba ta Afirka |Kyautar Fim ||| {{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 November 2020 |title=DJ Cuppy, Tomike Adeoye, Taaooma, Jemima Osunde Nominated For The Future Awards Africa (TFAA) 2020 (See Full List) |url=https://fabwoman.ng/tfaa-2020-nominees-list-fabwoman/ |access-date=25 September 2021 |publisher=fabwoman.ng}}</ref> |- |2019 |25 A karkashin 25 SME Awards |Mafi kyawun kafofin watsa labarai da Sadarwa ||| {{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 September 2019 |title=Meet The Winners of 2019 25under25 Awards |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2019/09/25under25-awards-winners/ |access-date=25 September 2021 |publisher=bellanaija.com}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |2023 | rowspan="2" |[[2023 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka]] | rowspan="2" |Mafi Kyawun Bayani |''Najeriya: Farko''|{{Won}} | rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Full List: Here are all our AMVCA 9 Nominees |url=https://dstv-fe-africamagic-prod.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/africamagic/en-ng/show/amvca/season/9/news/full-list-here-are-all-our-amvca-9-nominees/news |access-date=2023-04-23 |website=AMVCA - Full List: Here are all our AMVCA 9 Nominees |language=en}}{{Dead link|date=February 2026}}</ref> |- |''Baby Blues''|{{Nom}} |- |Kyautar nan gaba ta Afirka |Kyautar Fim | rowspan="1" |Shi da kansa|{{Pending}} | |} == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi |- |2019 |''Rayuwa a Bay'' |Daraktan |- |2019 |''Waƙoƙi'' |Daraktan |- |2021 |''Dauda'' |Mai daukar hoto |- |2021 |''Baby Blues'' |Daraktan |- |2022 |''Tsarin Abubuwa'' |Mai daukar hoto |- |2023 |''Maza ƙaunatattun mutane'' |Mai daukar hoto |- |2024 |''Menene Ka Tsoro da Gaskiya?'' |Daraktan |- |2024 |''[[lisabi: Tashin hankali|Lisabi]]'' |Mai daukar hoto |- |2025 |''Red Circle'' |Mai gabatarwa da Mai daukar hoto |- |} [[Rukuni:Yarbawa]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1999]] ozg1iqakkxqiidir69kkhd2e16ir4m3 0 54098 884827 876987 2026-07-19T09:59:20Z Abdulrahman tahir shika 24962 An kirkira ta fassara "Selected filmography" daga shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1344798333|Charles Awurum]]" 884827 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Charles Awurum''' /ɑːˈwu.rum/ an haife shi a ranar 23 ga Disamba, 1964. Shi sanannen ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Nollywood, mai gabatarwa, Darakta da kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-12 |title=Charles Awurum Biography and Net Worth 2024 |url=https://buzznigeria.com/charles-awurum-biography-and-net-worth/ |access-date=2024-11-11 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya fito ne daga yankin kudu maso gabashin jihar Imo ta Najeriya daidai.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-12 |title=Charles Awurum Biography and Net Worth 2024 |url=https://buzznigeria.com/charles-awurum-biography-and-net-worth/ |access-date=2024-11-11 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == Awurum ya girma a [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]] kuma yana da burin zama ƙwararren ɗan wasan kwaikwayo tun yana ƙarami. Ya rubuta wa masu samar da Village Headmaster (wanda aka dakatar da wasan kwaikwayo na sabulu na Najeriya) cewa yana da burin zama wani ɓangare na wasan kwaikwayo na Sabulu. Daga ƙarshe ya sami gayyata daga masu samarwa, amma bai iya fitowa a cikin wasan kwaikwayon ba saboda ƙuruciyarsa da ƙarancin goyon baya daga mutane da al'ummarsa. Ya tsaya ga yin wasan kwaikwayo a coci da kuma makarantar da ya halarta. == Ilimi == Charles ya sami karatun firamare da sakandare a Jihar Legas . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-12 |title=Charles Awurum Biography and Net Worth 2024 |url=https://buzznigeria.com/charles-awurum-biography-and-net-worth/ |access-date=2024-11-11 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya bar Jihar Legas kuma ya tafi ya bi Ilimi na Jami'ar Calabar inda ya sami digiri na farko a fannin wasan kwaikwayo <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-12 |title=Charles Awurum Biography and Net Worth 2024 |url=https://buzznigeria.com/charles-awurum-biography-and-net-worth/ |access-date=2024-11-11 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Awurum ya fara yin wasan kwaikwayo a cocinsa da kuma makarantarsa don haka a lokacin kammala karatunsa daga kwaleji, ya riga ya zama dan wasan kwaikwayo mai kyau. Ya zo Nollywood yana ɗaukar matsayi 'mai tsanani' kawai, daga baya a wani lokaci a cikin aikinsa ya yanke shawarar yin rawar ban dariya kawai wanda a matakin farko da tunanin wannan ra'ayin, an hana shi saboda "ma'anar kamanninsa".[1] == Yarjejeniyar tallafi == A cikin 2014, Awurum ya zama jakadan alama ga kamfanin sadarwa na kasa da kasa [[Glo (kamfani)|Globacom]] mallakar ɗan kasuwa na Najeriya [[Mike Adenuga]] . == Kyautar karɓar bakuncin == The 2016 'Award of Excellence', wanda aka shirya ta Magic Lens Africa Film Academy Awards (MAFAA), Charles Awurum ne ya shirya. == Rayuwa ta mutum == Awurum ta yi aure tun shekara ta 2005 kuma tana da 'ya'ya 3.[1][2][3] Yana da ra'ayin cewa Allah zai hukunta duk wadanda suka kasa jefa kuri'a a babban zaben 2023 mai zuwa.[4] Ya girma a cikin iyali na yara 10 kodayake 3 sun mutu. Mahaifinsa ya yi aiki a Hukumar Kula da Tashar Jirgin Sama ta Najeriya (NPA) kafin ya mutu. Charles tsohon soja ne.[5] == Selected filmography == * ''Ƙasar da ake kira Ghana (2024) '' * ''Ranar Rana (2023) '' * ''Lockdown (2021) a matsayin Papa Sunny'' * ''Album ɗin (2020) a matsayin Ihejirika'' * ''Amincewa da Maƙiya I & II (2016) a matsayin Johnbull'' * ''Gold Dust Ikenga (2015) '' a matsayin Raymond * ''Jack & Jill I & II (2011) a matsayin Kelvin'' * Mafi yawan Masu Kasuwanci I & II (2010) a matsayin Mgada''kamar yadda Mgada'' * ''Yahooze Annabawa I & II (2009) '' * ''Marcus 'D' Miliyan I & II (2008) '' * ''Away Match I & II (2007) a matsayin Edwin'' * ''Wawaye a kan gudu (2007) '' * ''Game Fools Play I & II (2007) a matsayin Theo'' * ''JohnBull & Rosekate (2007) a matsayin Anthony'' * ''Ya ɓace a cikin Jungle I & II (2007) a matsayin Sumo'' * ''Toronto Haɗin I & II (2007) '' * ''Hudu Forty I & II (2006) a matsayin Odoh'' * ''Shiru na Alloli I & II (2006) '' * ''Mai kula da kantin sayar da kayayyaki I & II (2006) '' * Barrister I & II (2006) a matsayin Yunana * ''Jarida I & II (2006) '' * ''Abokai & masoya I & II (2005) '' * ''Ina Bukatar Mutum I & II (2005) '' * ''Babu Don Babu I, II & III (2005) kamar yadda Acho'' * ''Babu Hanyar fita I & II (2005) '' * ''A Million Madness (2004) a matsayin Nsi Udene'' * ''Ƙauna & Aure (2004) '' * ''Duniya Baya I & II (2004) a matsayin Godwin'' * ''A karkashin Wuta (2003) '' * ''Sweet Banana I & II (2003) a matsayin Okezie'' * ''Yakin Layin I & II (2002) '' * ''Ifeonye Metalu (2002) a matsayin Firist'' * ''Hikima & Arziki I & II (2002) '' * ''Ƙiyayya II (2001) a matsayin Dokta na asali'' * ''<nowiki/>'Yan uwan Egungun Uku''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-12 |title=Charles Awurum Biography and Net Worth 2024 |url=https://buzznigeria.com/charles-awurum-biography-and-net-worth/ |access-date=2024-11-11 |language=en-US}}</ref> === Shirye-shiryen talabijin === * ''Sabon Masquerade'' == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin Jaruman Finafinan Najeriya|Jerin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya]] * Jerin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya == Fina finan da aka zaɓa == * ''Ƙasa Mai Suna Ghana (2024)'' * ''Rana Mai Fitowa (2023)'' * ''[[Lockdown (2021Nigerian film)|Kullewa]] (2021) a matsayin Papa Sunny'' * ''Kundin (2020) a matsayin Ihejirika'' * ''Amintaccen Maƙiyi I & II (2016) a matsayin Johnbull'' * ''Gold Dust Ikenga (2015)'' a matsayin Raymond * ''Jack & Jill I & II (2011) a matsayin Kelvin'' * ''Masu Garkuwa da Mutane Mafi Neman Kudi I & II (2010)'' ''a matsayin Mgada'' * ''Annabawan Yahooze I & II (2009)'' * ''Marcus 'D' Millionaire I & II (2008)'' * ''Wasan Away na I & II (2007) a matsayin Edwin'' * ''Wawaye a Gudu (2007)'' * ''Wasan Game Fools Play I & II (2007) a matsayin Theo'' * ''JohnBull da Rosekate (2007) a matsayin Anthony'' * ''Lost in the Jungle I & II (2007) a matsayin Sumo'' * ''Toronto Connection I & II (2007)'' * ''Four Forty I & II (2006) a matsayin Odoh'' * ''Shirun Alloli I & II (2006)'' * ''Mai Kula da Shago I & II (2006)'' * ''Barista I & II (2006) a matsayin'' Jonah * ''Ɗan Jarida na I & II (2006)'' * ''Abokai & Masoya I & II (2005)'' * ''Ina Bukatar Mutum Na Biyu (2005)'' * ''Babu Abin Da Ba Shi Da Komai I, II & III (2005) a matsayin Acho'' * ''Babu Hanya Mafita I & II (2005)'' * ''Mahaukacin Miliyan (2004) a matsayin Nsi Udene'' * ''Soyayya da Aure (2004)'' * ''Duniya Apart I & II (2004) a matsayin Godwin'' * ''Ana Wuta a 2003'' * ''Sweet Ayaba I & II (2003) a matsayin Okezie'' * ''Layin Yaƙi na I & II (2002)'' * ''Ifeonye Metalu (2002) a matsayin Firist'' * ''Hikima da Arziki I & II (2002)'' * ''Hatred II (2001) a matsayin Likitan Asalin'' * ''<nowiki/>'Yan'uwan Egungun Uku'' <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-12 |title=Charles Awurum Biography and Net Worth 2024 |url=https://buzznigeria.com/charles-awurum-biography-and-net-worth/ |access-date=2024-11-11 |language=en-US}}</ref> === jerin talabijan === * ''Sabon Abin Tausayi'' == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 2hsuk1hhjibzb15hrdm99xtal027w0b 0 66320 884673 362596 2026-07-18T13:47:45Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 884673 wikitext text/x-wiki      '''Tilasci ciki''' Shine al'adar tilasta wa mace ko yarinya yin ciki ba tare da so ba, sau da yawa a matsayin wani bangare na auren dole, a matsayin wani bangare na shirin [[Bauta|kiwo]], ko kuma wani bangare na shirin kisan kare dangi .<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=Forced pregnancy: a commentary on the crime in international criminal law |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/IOR5327112020ENGLISH.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526191452/https://www.amnesty.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/IOR5327112020ENGLISH.pdf |archive-date=2022-05-26 |access-date=2023-04-19 |website= |publisher=[[Amnesty International]]}}</ref> Tilascin ciki wani nau'i ne na tilasta haihuwa . <ref name="Rome">"Forced pregnancy" means the unlawful confinement of a woman forcibly made pregnant, with the intent of affecting the ethnic composition of any population or carrying out other grave violations of international law. This definition shall not in any way be interpreted as affecting national laws relating to pregnancy; [https://www.icc-cpi.int/sites/default/files/RS-Eng.pdf Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court]'' 17 July 1998''</ref> == Imperial Japan == Fursunonin mata na Unit da suka kai kimanin 731 an tilasta musu yin ciki don amfani da su a gwaji.<ref name="gold-testimony">{{cite book|title=Unit 731 Testimony|last1=Gold|first1=Hal|date=2011|publisher=Tuttle Pub.|isbn=978-1462900824|edition=1st|location=New York|pages=157–158}}</ref> == Satar amarya == Hanyoyin satar amarya da auren dole a yawanci (banda "sace amarya" kawai na alama wanda a zahiri kalmar yarda ce) ya ƙunshi fyade da "amarya" da nufin tilasta mata yin ciki, sanya ta a wani matsayi inda ta dogara ga wanda ya yi fyaden da danginsa kuma, saboda halayen al'adu game da fyade, ba za ta iya komawa ga danginta ba. A [[Kirgistan|Kyrgyzstan]], ana garkuwa da dubban ‘yan mata da mata duk shekara don a yi musu aure. Duk da cewa an haramta yin hakan a shekarar dubu biyu da coma sha uku 2013, ana ci gaba da yin garkuwa da amarya, wanda ke da illa ga al'umma. Sau da yawa ana kiransa al'ada, wanda ake ɗauka a matsayin abin da ya kamata a yi idan namiji ya shirya don aure. Kasar Sin na fama da matsalar fataucin amarya. Za a iya gano wannan matsala tun daga tsarin tarihi na kasar na haihuwar yara daya da kuma fifikon ‘ya’ya maza, wanda ya haifar da rashin daidaiton jinsi. Sakamakon haka, mazan Sinawa da yawa suna fuskantar kalubale a neman abokan rayuwa. Abin takaici, shine saboda rashin tsaro a cikin kasar Sin, wani kamfani mai cike da damuwa ya taso da ya shafi safarar mata da 'yan mata daga kasashe makwabta. A cikin shekarun da suka gabata, matakin farko na gwamnatin kasar Sin shi ne yin watsi da kararrakin da ake yi kan yiwuwar shigar jami'ai cikin wadannan haramtattun ayyuka. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-10-31 |title=China’s Bride Trafficking Problem {{!}} Human Rights Watch |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/10/31/chinas-bride-trafficking-problem |access-date=2023-10-04 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Beech |first=Hannah |date=2019-08-17 |title=Teenage Brides Trafficked to China Reveal Ordeal: ‘Ma, I’ve Been Sold’ |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/17/world/asia/china-bride-trafficking.html |access-date=2023-10-04 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=China’s Trafficked Brides |url=https://thediplomat.com/2017/07/chinas-trafficked-brides/ |access-date=2023-10-04 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US}}</ref> == A matsayin hanyar kisan kare dangi == Fyade, bautar jima'i, da ayyukan da suka danganci ciki ciki har da tilastawa ciki, yanzu an gane su ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar Geneva a matsayin laifuffukan cin zarafin bil'adama da [[Laifin Yaƙi|laifuffukan yaƙi]] ; musamman daga shekara ta alif Dari Tara da arba'in da Tara 1949, Mataki na ashirin da ashirin da bakwai 27 na Yarjejeniyar Geneva ta Hudu, sannan kuma daga baya kuma a cikin <ref name="Horton">As quoted by Guy Horton in ''[http://www.ibiblio.org/obl/docs3/Horton-2005.pdf Dying Alive – A Legal Assessment of Human Rights Violations in Burma]'' April 2005, co-Funded by The Netherlands Ministry for Development Co-Operation. See section "12.52 Crimes against humanity", Page 201. He references RSICC/C, Vol. 1 p. 360</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://legal.un.org/icc/statute/romefra.htm |title=Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court |publisher=legal.un.org |access-date=2013-10-18}}</ref>shekara ta alif Dari Tara da saba'in da bakwai 1977 Ƙarin Ka'idoji ga Yarjejeniyar Geneva ta shekarar alif Dari Tara da arba'in da Tara 1949, ta haramta fyade a lokacin yaƙi da kuma tilasta karuwanci. Ƙididdigar Ƙididdigar Ƙididdigar Ƙididdigar Roma, wadda ta bayyana ikon [[Kotun Shari'ar Miyagun Laifuka|kotun hukunta laifuka ta duniya]], ta gane fyade, bautar jima'i, tilasta karuwanci, da tilasta ciki a matsayin laifuffukan cin zarafin bil'adama idan wani ɓangare na al'ada ko tsarin aiki. <ref name="Horton">As quoted by Guy Horton in ''[http://www.ibiblio.org/obl/docs3/Horton-2005.pdf Dying Alive – A Legal Assessment of Human Rights Violations in Burma]'' April 2005, co-Funded by The Netherlands Ministry for Development Co-Operation. See section "12.52 Crimes against humanity", Page 201. He references RSICC/C, Vol. 1 p. 360</ref> Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta kasa da kasa ta [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]] ta bayyana fyade a matsayin wanda zai iya kai ga kisan kiyashi lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi bisa tsari ko kuma a kan wani adadi mai yawa don halakar da jama'a; Daga baya kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta kasa da kasa na tsohuwar Yugoslavia ita ma ta kasafta fyade a matsayin wanda zai iya zama laifin cin zarafin bil'adama . A shekara ta 2008 ƙudurin kwamitin sulhu na [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya]] mai lamba 1820 ya bayyana irin waɗannan ayyukan da za su iya zama "laifuffukan yaƙi, laifuffukan cin zarafin bil adama ko ... kisan kiyashi". Duk da wadannan matakan, fyade, na tsari ko akasin haka, ya zama ruwan dare a yankunan da ake fama da rikici. * Eugenics * Zubar da ciki dole * Haihuwar tilastawa * Kisan kare dangi * Tilastawa haihuwa * Ciki daga fyade * Bautar jima'i * Yaki akan Mata == Manazarta == [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] sy2w9nlzil9t2u7vxacnj62le1iiydc 0 67371 884672 718940 2026-07-18T13:46:58Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 884672 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad Rafli''' (an haife shi a ranar ashirin da huɗu 24 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar dubu ɗaya da ɗari tara da casa'in da takwas 1998) ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne ɗan ƙasar Indonesiya wanda ke taka leda a kulob din Arema na Liga 1, da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Indonesiya . ƙwararren ɗan wasa, Rafli yana taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya ko na gaba, kuma an tura shi a matsayin mai kai hari iri-iri - a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya mai kai hari, ɗan wasan gaba na biyu, gaba na tsakiya ko kuma a kowane reshe . Rafli ya fara zama sananne lokacin da aka zaba shi a cikin shekarar dubu biyu da sha shida 2016 don halartar makarantar Nike Academy da ba a gama ba, shirin da Nike Inc. ke gudanarwa don 'yan wasa a ƙarƙashin ashirin 20 da aka zana a duniya da aka sani da 'yan wasan Nike Most Wanted'. Wani ɗan Indonesiya kaɗai da ya shiga wannan makarantar shine ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙungiyar na yanzu Evan Dimas, a cikin shekarar dubu biyu da sha biyu 2012. == Aikin kulob == === Farkon aiki === Ya fara bin ƙwallon ƙafa ta hanyar shiga Aji Santoso International [[Football Academy]] (ASIFA) a garinsu na Malang . ASIFA, wanda tsohon kyaftin din kungiyar kuma koci Aji Santoso ya kafa, mai ciyar da Arema FC ne da sauran kungiyoyin kwararru a Gabashin [[Java]] . === Arema FC === Rafli ya rattaba hannu kan kwantiraginsa na kwararru na farko da Arema FC a watan Janairun shekarar dubu biyu da sha bakwai 2017. Rafli ya fara buga wasansa na farko a Arema a ranar ashirin da uku 23 ga Afrilu shekarar dubu biyu da sha bakwai 2017 a gasar La Liga 1 da Bhayangkara a ci biyu da nema 2-0 gida. Ya ba da gudummawa tare da wasanni bakwai 7 kawai, ba tare da zira kwallo a lokacin kakarsa ta shekarar dubu biyu da sha bakwai 2017 ba. A ranar ashirin da bakwai 27 ga watan Afrilu shekarar dubu biyu da sha takwas 2018, ya fara farawa na farko kuma ya buga cikakken minti na casa'in 90 a karon farko, a cikin nasara ukku da ɗaya 3-1 da Persipura Jayapura . A ranar sha huɗu 14 ga watan Oktoba, Rafli ya ba da taimako ga Ahmad Nur Hardianto a cikin rashin nasara da ci biyu da ɗaya 2–1 a kan PSM Makassar . Duk da haka, Rafli kuma ya yi kuskure a kan nasarar da rundunar ta ci burin Guy Junior Ondoua . Ya ba da gudummawa tare da wasanni sha tara 19 kawai, ba tare da zira kwallo a lokacin kakarsa ta shekarar dubu biyu da sha takwas 2018 ba. A watan Disamba shekarar dubu biyu da sha takwas 2018, ya rattaba hannu kan sabuwar yarjejeniya da Arema na tsawon shekaru biyu. A ranar sha takwas 18 ga watan Fabrairu shekarar dubu biyu da sha tara 2019, Rafli ya fara wasansa a kakar wasa ta shekarar dubu biyu da sha tara 2019 a wasan farko na Arema' shekarar dubu biyu da sha takwas zuwa da sha tara 2018–19 Piala Indonesia zagaye na sha shida 16 a ɗaya da ɗaya 1-1 da Persib Bandung . Ya kuma ci wa Arema kwallonsa ta farko, a minti na saba'in da biyar 75. A karawa ta biyu da aka yi a Malang bayan kwanaki hudu, Arema ya tashi biyu da biyu 2-2 a wasan, kuma an fitar da su daga gasar. Duk da haka, ya lashe kofinsa na biyu tare da kulob din a watan Afrilun shekarar dubu biyu da sha tara 2019, inda ya fara bayyanar da shi a karon farko har zuwa wasan karshe a zagaye na biyu na gasar cin kofin shugaban kasar Indonesia na shekarar dubu biyu da sha tara 2019 da abokin hamayyarsa Persebaya Surabaya . Ya ci kwallonsa ta farko ta La Liga a ranar biyu 2 ga watan Oktoba shekarar dubu biyu da sha tara 2019. Ita ce burin farko a cikin nasara sifili da biyu 0–2 da PSM Makassar . A ranar sha shida 16 ga watan Disamba shekarar dubu biyu da sha tara 2019, ya zura kwallo a ragar Bali United da ci ukku da biyu 3–2. Ya ba da gudummawa tare da wasanni sha bakwai 17 na gasar tare da sau hudu a matsayin farawa, ya zira biyu 2 da taimakawa guuda ɗaya 1 a lokacin kakarsa ta shekarar dubu biyu da sha tara 2019. Kafin fara kakar wasa ta shekarar dubu biyu da ashirin 2020, Rafli ya sauya lambar rigarsa daga talatin 30 zuwa goma 10, a kakar wasan da ta wuce, dan wasan kasar [[Mali]] Makan Konaté ne ya saka lambar, wanda yanzu ya bar kulob din Persebaya Surabaya da ke hamayya da shi. A ranar biyu 2 ga Maris shekarar dubu biyu da ashirin 2020, Rafli ya ba da taimako ga Kushedya Hari Yudo a wasan da suka ci TIRA-Persikabo da ci sifili da biyu 0–2 a filin wasa na Pakansari . Rafli ya taka leda sau 3 kawai kuma ya taimaka wa kulob din saboda an dakatar da gasar a hukumance saboda cutar ta COVID-19 . A ranar ukku 3 ga Oktoba shekarar dubu biyu da ashirin da ɗaya 2021, Rafli ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a kakar wasa ta shekarar dubu biyu da ashirin da ɗaya zuwa da biyu 2021–22, inda ya zura kwallo daga bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida a minti na talatin da huɗu 34, sakamakon karshe, Arema ya ci Persela Lamongan ukku da nema 3-0 a gasar dubu biyu da ashirin da ɗaya zuwa da biyu 2021–22 shekarar Liga 1 . A ranar ashirin da uku 23 ga watan Oktoba, ya zura kwallo ta farko tare da zira kwallo daga bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida a minti na huɗu 4, sakamakon karshe, Arema ya ci Persiraja Banda Aceh biyu da nema 2-0. A ranar shida 6 ga watan Nuwamba, ya zira kwallaye a wasan Super East Java Derby da Persebaya Surabaya, sakamakon karshe, Arema ya tashi biyu da biyu 2–2. A ranar ashirin da uku 23 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar dubu biyu da ashirin da ɗaya 2021, ya zira kwallon da ya ci nasara a wasan gida biyu da ɗaya 2 – 1 da PS Barito Putera kuma ya zira kwallon farko a ci 1 – 2 a waje da abokin gaba daya a ranar biyu 2 ga watan Maris shekarar dubu biyu da ashirin da biyu 2022. Rafli ya kammala kakar bana da kwallaye biyar 5, ya taimaka ɗaya 1 a wasanni ashirin da bakwai 27. == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == Rafli ya buga wasansa na farko na kasa da kasa a Indonesiya ƙasa da shekaru sha tara U-19 a ranar sha tara 14 ga watan Satumba shekarar dubu biyu da sha shida 2016 da Thailand ƙasa da shekaru sha tara U-19 . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Laporan Pertandingan: Indonesia U-19 2-3 Thailand U-19 |url=http://m.goal.com/s/id-ID/news/1387/nasional/2016/09/14/27513912/laporan-pertandingan-indonesia-u-19-2-3-thailand-u-19 |access-date=2024-01-18 |archive-date=2018-11-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128210627/http://m.goal.com/s/id-ID/news/1387/nasional/2016/09/14/27513912/laporan-pertandingan-indonesia-u-19-2-3-thailand-u-19 |url-status=dead }}</ref> kuma ya zura kwallo daya a ragar [[Laos]] a ranar sha takwas 18 ga watan Satumba shekarar dubu biyu da sha shida 2016. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Laporan Pertandingan: Laos U-19 1-3 Indonesia U-19 |url=http://m.goal.com/s/id-ID/news/1387/nasional/2016/09/18/27646482/laporan-pertandingan-laos-u-19-13-indonesia-u-19 |access-date=2024-01-18 |archive-date=2018-11-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128210705/http://m.goal.com/s/id-ID/news/1387/nasional/2016/09/18/27646482/laporan-pertandingan-laos-u-19-13-indonesia-u-19 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya buga wasansa na farko na kasa da kasa don Indonesia ƙasa da shekaru ashirin da uku U-23 a ranar bakwai 7 ga watan Yuni shekarar dubu biyu da sha tara 2019 da Thailand ƙasa da shekaru ashirin da ukku U-23 kuma ya zira kwallaye uku 3 a ragar Philippines ƙasa da shekaru ashirin da uku U-23 a ranar tara 9 ga watan Yuni shekarar dubu biyu da sha tara 2019, duka a gasar cin kofin Merlion na shekarar dubu biyu da sha tara 2019 . Rafli yana cikin tawagar Indonesiya da ta lashe azurfa a gasar wasannin Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya na shekarar dubu biyu da sha tara 2019 a Philippines. Ya sami kira don shiga babban ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Indonesiya a watan Mayu shekarar dubu biyu da ashirin da ɗaya 2021. Ya samu kocinsa na farko a wasan sada zumunta na FIFA a ranar ashirin da biyar 25 ga watan Mayu shekarar dubu biyu da ashirin da ɗaya 2021 wanda ba a hukumance ba a [[Dubai (birni)|Dubai]] da [[Afghanistan]], wanda kuma shi ne kyaftin din kungiyar. == Kididdigar sana'a == === Kulob === {{Updated|match played 17 December 2023}}<ref name="soccerway">{{cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/muhammad-rafli/480714/|title=Indonesia - M. Rafli- Profile with news, career statistics and history|website=Soccerway|accessdate=2018-11-12}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! rowspan="2" |Kulob ! rowspan="2" | Kaka ! colspan="3" | Kungiyar ! colspan="2" | Kofin {{Efn|Includes [[Piala Indonesia]]}} ! colspan="2" | Nahiyar ! colspan="2" | Sauran {{Efn|Appearances in [[Indonesia President's Cup]]}} ! colspan="2" | Jimlar |- ! Rarraba ! Aikace-aikace ! Manufa ! Aikace-aikace ! Manufa ! Aikace-aikace ! Manufa ! Aikace-aikace ! Manufa ! Aikace-aikace ! Manufa |- | rowspan="7" valign="center" | Arema | 2017 | rowspan="1" valign="center" | Laliga 1 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | colspan="2" | - | 1 | 0 | 8 | 0 |- | 2018 | rowspan="1" valign="center" | Laliga 1 | 19 | 0 | 0 | 0 | colspan="2" | - | 1 | 0 | 20 | 0 |- | 2019 | rowspan="1" valign="center" | Laliga 1 | 17 | 2 | 2 | 1 | colspan="2" | - | 5 | 0 | 24 | 3 |- | 2020 | rowspan="1" valign="center" | Laliga 1 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | colspan="2" | - | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 |- | 2021-22 | rowspan="1" valign="center" | Laliga 1 | 27 | 5 | 0 | 0 | colspan="2" | - | 0 | 0 | 27 | 5 |- | 2022-23 | rowspan="1" valign="center" | Laliga 1 | 21 | 0 | 0 | 0 | colspan="2" | - | 6 | 1 | 27 | 1 |- | 2023-24 | Laliga 1 | 16 | 0 | 0 | 0 | colspan="2" | - | 0 | 0 | 16 | 0 |- ! colspan="3" | Jimlar sana'a ! 110 ! 7 ! 2 ! 1 ! 0 ! 0 ! 13 ! 1 ! 125 ! 9 |} {{Notelist}} === Ƙasashen Duniya === {{Updated|match played 9 January 2023}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Fitowa da burin tawagar ƙasa da shekara ! Tawagar kasa ! Shekara ! Aikace-aikace ! Manufa |- | rowspan="3" | Indonesia | 2021 | 4 | 0 |- | 2022 | 8 | 0 |- | 2023 | 1 | 0 |- ! colspan="2" | Jimlar ! 13 ! 0 |} '''Makasudin kasa da kasa na kasa da kasa 23''' {| class="wikitable" !Manufar ! Kwanan wata ! Wuri ! Abokin hamayya ! Ci ! Sakamako ! Gasa |- | 1. | rowspan="3" | 9 ga Yuni 2019 | rowspan="3" | Jalan Besar Stadium, Kalang, [[Singafora|Singapore]] | rowspan="3" |</img> Philippines | '''1-0''' | rowspan="3" | 5–0 | rowspan="3" | 2019 Merlion Cup |- | 2. | '''3-0''' |- | 3. | '''4-0''' |- | 4. | 13 Nuwamba 2019 | Kapten I Wayan Dipta Stadium, Gianyar, [[Indonesiya|Indonesia]] | rowspan="2" |</img> Iran | '''1-0''' | 1-1 | rowspan="2" | Matches na Abota |- | 5. | 16 Nuwamba 2019 | Pakansari Stadium, Bogor, [[Indonesiya|Indonesia]] | '''1-0''' | 2–1 |} == Girmamawa == === Kulob === '''Arema''' * Kofin Shugaban Indonesia : 2017, 2019 & 2022 === Ƙasashen Duniya === ; Indonesia U23 * Wasannin Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya</img> Lambar Azurfa: 2019 === Mutum === * Babban wanda ya ci kofin Merlion : 2019 ( kwallaye 3) == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{Soccerway|muhammad-rafli/480714}} * [https://ligaindonesiabaru.com/clubs/singleplayer/LIGA_1_2020/muhammad_rafli Muhammad Rafli]{{Dead link|date=September 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} at Liga Indonesia * {{NFT player|82623}} {{Arema Malang squad}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1998]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 532vr4b1hjwrjbiyea7uqph080pzbsk 0 68630 884824 874201 2026-07-19T09:47:00Z Abdulrahman tahir shika 24962 An kirkira ta fassara "Awards and nominations" daga shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345756324|Dwindle (film)]]" 884824 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Dwindle''''' fim ne na barkwanci [[Ɗan Nijeriya|na Najeriya]] na shekarar 2021 wanda Darlington Abuda ya rubuta kuma [[Kayode Kasum]] da Dare Olaitan suka bada umarni. Mimi Bartels ne suka shirya shi don FilmOne Productions. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tv |first=Bn |date=2021-04-09 |title=Teaser for "Dwindle" starring Funke Akindele-Bello & Bisola Aiyeola Will Leave You Wanting More |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2021/04/teaser-for-dwindle/ |access-date=2021-06-24 |website=BellaNaija |language=en-US}}</ref> == Labari == Yana ba da labarin Sogo da Buta, abokai biyu da suka sace mota suka shiga cikin motar haya, da kuma yadda rayuwarsu ta sauya sosai lokacin da suka ci karo da masu kisan gilla waɗanda suka yi garkuwa da gwamnan jihar. * Dwindle fim ne na barkwanci na Najeriya na shekarar 2021 wanda Darlington Abuda ya rubuta kuma Kayode Kasum da Dare Olaitan suka bada umarni. Mimi Bartels ne suka shirya shi don FilmOne Productions . [1] * [[Bisola Aiyeola]] a matsayin Jami'ar Juliet * [[Jide Kene Achufusi|Jidekene Achufusi]] as Chinedu * [[Lateef Adedimeji]] a matsayin Fuku * Harriet Akinola a matsayin Mahaifiyar Todun * Jude Chukwuka a matsayin Uban Todun * Mary Chukwuma a matsayin Mace Mai Tsarki * [[Jibola Dabo]] a matsayin Gwamna Otunta * Martha Ehinome a matsayin Ajoke Kasum * Oli Ekun a matsayin Kimiyyar Sinadarai * Temisan Emmanuel kamar Tobi Williams * Rotimi Fakunle a matsayin Jami'in Tsaro Michael * Ikponmwosa Gold a matsayin Jami'in Abani * [[Efa Iwara]] as Collins * David 'Mr Nollywood' Patrick a matsayin Bodyguard * Maxwell Nwoye a matsayin Bodyguard * Feyifunmi Oginni a matsayin Direban Uber * Feyisayo Ogundipe a matsayin Newscaster * Immaculata Oko as Kayin Damola * Tope Olowoniyan as Todun * Jide 'JBlaze' Oyegbile as Ikenna * [[Gregory Ojefua]] a matsayin Mai Gidan Oga * [[Broda Shaggi]] as Buta * [[Lateef Adedimeji|Adedimeji Lateef]] as Fuku * [[Timini Egbuson]] as Josiah Otunba * Steve Chuks a matsayin Jide * Demi Banwo a matsayin Ogoro * [[Efa Iwara]] as Collins * [[Uzor Arukwe]] as Male Saint. == Lambobin yabo da nadin mukamai == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Kyauta ! Nau'i ! Mai karɓa ! Sakamako ! Bayani |- | rowspan="2" | 2022 | rowspan="2" | [[2022 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|Kyaututtukan Zaɓin Masu Kallon Afirka Magic]] | Mafi Kyawun Jaruma a Barkwanci | Bisola Aiyeola|{{Nom}} | rowspan="2" | |- | Mafi Kyawun Jarumi a Barkwanci | Broda Shaggi|{{Won}} |} ==Manazarta == Plot == Yana ba da labarin Sogo da Buta, abokai biyu da suka sace mota suka shiga cikin motar haya, da kuma yadda rayuwarsu ta sauya sosai lokacin da suka ci karo da masu kisan gilla waɗanda suka yi garkuwa da gwamnan jihar.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-06-03 |title=Check out the new teaser for Kayode Kasum & Dare Olaitan's 'Dwindle!' |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/dwindle-movie-teaser/wryb9yr |access-date=2021-06-24 |language=en |newspaper=[[Pulse Nigeria]]}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Kyauta ! Nau'i ! Mai karɓa ! Sakamako ! Bayani |- | rowspan="2" | 2022 | rowspan="2" | [[2022 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|Kyaututtukan Zaɓin Masu Kallon Afirka Magic]] | Mafi Kyawun Jaruma a Barkwanci | Bisola Aiyeola|{{Nom}} | rowspan="2" | |- | Mafi Kyawun Jarumi a Barkwanci | Broda Shaggi|{{Won}} |} lbmx0jx1jhp8yqud1z8tjasl3bowub3 0 71540 884690 719558 2026-07-18T14:09:48Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 884690 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Plenário do Senado - Comenda Senador Abdias Nascimento (15811828566).jpg|thumb|dan wasan kwaikwayo]] '''Silvio Emerson na Sousa Ferreira do Nascimento''' (an haife shi a ranar 11 ga Nuwamba shekara ta 1987), wanda aka fi sani da Sílvio Nascimento, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne kuma furodusa na [[Angola|Angolan]]. fi saninsa da rawar da ya taka a cikin shirye-shiryen talabijin na ''Windeck'' da ''Jikulumessu'' da kuma fina-finai, ''Njinga: Sarauniyar Angola'' da Blood Lines .<ref>{{Cite web |last=SAPO |title=Sílvio Nascimento |url=https://mag.sapo.pt/pessoas/silvio-nascimento |access-date=2021-10-01 |website=SAPO Mag |language=pt |archive-date=2024-02-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225093740/https://mag.sapo.pt/pessoas/silvio-nascimento |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == An haife shi a ranar 11 ga Nuwamba shekara ta 1987 a [[Lubango]], kudancin lardin Huila, [[Angola]].<ref name="Sílvio">{{Cite web |title=Sílvio Nascimento biography |url=https://blast.com.pt/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/silvio-nascimento-cv.pdf |access-date=2021-10-01 |website=blast.com.pt |archive-date=2024-02-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225093814/https://blast.com.pt/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/silvio-nascimento-cv.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ayyuka == Nascimento ya fara aikinsa tare da wasan kwaikwayo yana da shekaru bakwai lokacin da ya yi wasan kwaikwayo a makarantar "Sé Catedral". A shekara 18, ya shiga ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo "Os Vozes Soltas". Ya ci gaba da ayyukansa a [[Luanda]] national ballet, a shekara ta 2006. A shekara ta 2008, ya shiga kungiyar "Henrique Artes", kuma ya yi aiki a "Hotel Komarka". Daga nan sai ya ziyarci kasashe da yawa kamar Cape Verde, [[Brazil]], Portugal, Mozambique, Afirka ta Kudu da Amurka don koyon wasan kwaikwayo. A cikin wannan shekarar, ya fara fim dinsa na farko tare da Reduced to Nothing wanda Jack Caleia da Divua António suka jagoranta. A shekara ta 2009, ya yi aiki a fim din Assaltos em Luanda 2, da kuma shirin talabijin na Conversas no Quinta . A shekara ta 2010, ya shiga cikin shirin talabijin na mako-mako kan yaki da nuna bambanci na HIV Stop SIDA wanda ya ci gaba da shekaru biyu a matsayin babban fuskar shirin. Wannan sa ya ci gaba a wasan kwaikwayo da talabijin tsakanin jama'ar Angola.<ref name="Sílvio" /> A shekara ta 2011, ya lashe kyautar "Festlip" don mafi kyawun ƙungiyar CPLP a matsayin memba na Henrique Artes . Sa'an nan a cikin shekara ta 2012, ya lashe kyautar kasa ta Al'adu da Fasaha a Angola. A cikin 2013 ya yi aiki a cikin jerin Njinga Rainha de Angola kuma ya taka rawar "Kasa Cangola". Don rawar, ya lashe kyautar fim dinsa ta farko ta duniya a Jakarta. A cikin shekara ta 2014 da 2015, ya zaba don kyaututtuka na "Moda Luanda" a cikin rukunin Mafi kyawun Actor na Angola. Daga baya ya sami bambancin mafi kyawun ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ta TV ZAP a cikin Shirin Labaran Zap. A cikin shekara ta 2015 da 2016, ya shiga telenovela ''Jikulumessu'', tare da halin Paulo Almeida . Don wannan rawar, ya lashe lambar yabo ta [[Seoul]] International AWARDS a cikin rukunin mafi kyawun jerin wasan kwaikwayo.<ref name="Sílvio" /> A halin yanzu, Nascimento ya sami taken Jakadan Al'adun Matasan Angola a Amurka. Kafin wannan, yana da gabatarwa biyu don "Emmys International TV Festival" don wasan kwaikwayo na sabulu ''Windeck'' a cikin 2014 da ''Jikulumessu'' a cikin shekara ta 2015. A shekara ta 2017, ya lashe lambar yabo ta Luanda Fashion Award don Mafi kyawun Actor. A shekara ta 2018, ya lashe kyautar Golden Globe Angola don Mafi kyawun Actor. <ref name="Sílvio" />A cikin shekara ta 2021, ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya tare da RTP-Africa don nuna dandalin dijital na Tellas wanda ke nuna fina-finai da sauran abubuwan da ke cikin fasaha na bakwai ta masu gudanarwa na Angola, Cape Verdean, Mozambican, Bissau-Guinean da Sao Tome. A cikin wannan shekarar, ya wakilci Angola a "Berlinale" - 71st Berlin Film Festival, a Jamus.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-06 |title=Sílvio Nascimento "entrou em cena" no Festival de Berlim |url=https://www.expansao.co.ao/weekend/interior/silvio-nascimento-entrou-em-cena-no-festival-de-berlim-101197.html |access-date=2021-10-01 |website=Expansão |language=pt}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Fim din !Matsayi !Irin wannan !Tabbacin. |- |2013 |''Nzinga, Sarauniyar Angola'' |Jaga Kasa Cangola |Fim din | |- |2014 |''Jikulumessu'' |Paulo |Shirye-shiryen talabijin | |- |2014 |''Njinga, Sarauniyar Angola'' |Jaga Kasa Cangola |Shirye-shiryen talabijin | |- |2016 |''Ƙaunar Ƙaunar'' |Augustus |Shirye-shiryen talabijin | |- |2017 |''Zaman lafiya'' |Yakubu |Shirye-shiryen talabijin | |- |2018 |''Hanyar jini'' |Baltazar |Fim din | |- |2018 |''Bayanan Ƙarya'' |mai gabatar da zartarwa, Zé Luís |Fim din | |- |2019 |''Ka'idodin Maƙarƙashiya'' |Romau |Shirye-shiryen talabijin | |- |2019 |''Rayuwa Masu Tsayayya'' |Chico Guedes |Shirye-shiryen talabijin | |- |2020 |''Rediyo'' |Aristophanes Macambuzio |Shirye-shiryen talabijin | |- |2021 |''Har sai Rayuwa ta raba Mu'' |Tsaro |Shirye-shiryen talabijin | |- |2021 |''Ya Kungiyar'' |Fernando Pedrosa |Shirye-shiryen talabijin | |- |2021 |''Bayan Jam'iyyar'' |Mumuila |Shirye-shiryen talabijin | |- |2021 |''2 Duros de Roer'' | |Fim din | |- |TBD |''Sabon Soyayya'' |Pedro Quaresma |Fim din | |} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{IMDb name|nm6213438}} [[Category:Haihuwan 1987]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] gspgdeqr4mmbrf4zgkut5yg2m3c03nj 0 73469 884677 407014 2026-07-18T13:50:27Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 884677 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Hassani Shapi''' (an haife shi a ranar 15 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1973) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na ƙasar [[Kenya]], musamman mai ƙwazo a cikin fina-finai na Italiya. <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.filmstarts.de/personen/231962/biografie/| title=Hassani Shapi: Schauspieler | publisher=filmstarts | access-date=6 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.e-talenta.eu/members/profile/hassani-shapi| title=Hassani Shapi Actor | publisher=e-talenta | access-date=6 November 2020}}</ref>An fi saninsa da rawar da ya taka a fina-finai na Star Wars: Episode I - The Phantom Menace, The World Is Not Enough da Il maresciallo Rocca .<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2bbb103657| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517184116/https://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2bbb103657| url-status=dead| archive-date=May 17, 2019| title=Hassani Shapi| publisher=British Film Institute | access-date=6 November 2020}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == An haife shi a ranar 15 ga Yuli 1973 a [[Mombasa]], Kenya. Ya sami digiri na biyu a [[Faris|Paris]], Faransa, a kimiyyar dabbobi. Bayan ya zama likitan dabbobi, ya yi aiki a wani asibiti mai zaman kansa a Paris. 'yan shekaru ya bar aikin don shiga wasan kwaikwayo.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://starwarsinterviews.com/prequel-trilogy/episode-i-the-phantom-menace/hassani-shapi-eeth-koth/| title=Hassani Shapi (Eeth Koth)| publisher=Star Wars Interviews | access-date=6 November 2020}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Ya fara aiki tare da kamfanin wasan kwaikwayo na Ingila a Paris da ake kira ACT. Ya shiga cikin wasan kwaikwayo kuma ya taka leda a wasanni da yawa kamar One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest, Animal Farm, The Old Man and the Sea da ''Don Quixote.'' A shekara ta 1992, ya fara fitowa a talabijin a wasu abubuwan da suka faru na jerin ''Runaway Bay'' wanda Tim Dowd ya jagoranta. Bayan shekaru shida a shekarar 1998, ya sake bayyana a talabijin don wani labari guda na jerin The Ambassador. A shekara ta 2009, Shapi ta fito a matsayin 'Saddam Hussein' a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na Italiya Intelligence - Servizi & Secrets. Bayan ya koma Amurka, ya shiga aikin Law & Order a shekarar 2010. Koyaya, shahararren bayyanarsa ta fim ya zo ne ta hanyar rawar Jedi Master 'Eeth Koth' a cikin Star Wars: Episode I - The Phantom Menace wanda George Lucas ya yi fim a 1999. A cikin fim din, ya yi aiki tare da sanannun 'yan wasan kwaikwayo, Liam Neeson, Ewan McGregor da Natalie Portman. Tare da nasarar ''Star Wars'', an gayyace shi ya shiga cikin manyan shirye-shiryen kasa da kasa da yawa kamar Agent 007, ''Duniya ba ta isa ba'', ''Irina Palm'' da Kada ku so matar wasu. A halin yanzu, ya bayyana a cikin wasan kwaikwayo da yawa na Italiyanci kamar Our Marriage Is In Crisis, Lezioni of Chocolate, Today Married, Sharm el Sheikh - An Unforgettable Summer, Nobody Can Judge Me, Females Versus Males, Without Art or Part, Chocolate Lessons 2 da The Extra Day With Fabio Volo. == Hotunan fina-finai == * Star Wars: Kashi na I - The Phantom Menace (1999) * ''Duniya Ba ta isa ba'' (1999) * Aure na Cikin Rikicin (2002) * ''Kada Ka Yi Ƙaunar Sauran Mace'' (2004) * ''An bayyana kisan kai'' (2005) * ''Irina Palm'' (2007) * ''Darussan a cikin Chocolate'' (2007) * ''Kawai A Yi Aure'' (2009) * ''Oggi sposi'' (2009) * Sharm el Sheikh - Wani Lokacin da ba za a iya mantawa da shi ba (2010) * Mata vs. Maza (2011) * ''Babu Wanda Zai Iya Yin Shari'a Ni'' (2011) * Ba tare da Art ko Sashe ba (2011) * ''Darussan cakulan 2'' (2011) * ''Wata Rana kuma'' (2011) * ''Tsaro a cikin Soyayya'' (2011) * ''Mata na Zinariya'' na Ƙasa (2011) * ''Ƙarin Rana'' (2011) * ''Yin Ƙarya'' (2011) * ''Rufin Dimashƙu'' (2017) * ''Scappo a gida'' (2019) * ''Pop Black Posta'' (2019) == Talabijin == * ''Runaway Bay'' (1 episode, 1992) * ''Jakadan'' (1 episode, 1998) * Arabian Nights - 1st Army Kaptain (2000) * ''Rigakafin Kisan kai'' (1 episode, 2004) * ''Bayyanawa'' (2008) * ''Lantarki - Ayyuka & Asirin'' (3 aukuwa, 2009) * ''Sufeto Coliandro'' (3rd season, episode 4, 2009) * Shari'a & Umurni: Burtaniya (1 episode, 2010) * ''Tsibirin'' (2012) * Barka da zuwa Tebur 2 - Arewa vs Kudu (1 episode, 2013) * Kungiyar Anti-Mafia - Boss ya dawo Episode 8 (2016) * ''Tsibirin Pietro'' (2017) == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{IMDb name|nm0788434}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1973]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Mutanan kyanya]] [[Category:Jarumai]] [[Category:Maza]] fjc01bofmy1kuy0h2l55kl5zqjbywl0 0 76031 884610 884596 2026-07-18T12:18:34Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 884610 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Data box}} [[Fayil:Lara Logan in Iraq.jpg|thumb|Lara logan a kasar iran]] [[Fayil:Lara Logan with CBS's "60 Minutes", sits with U.S. Army Sgt. 1st Class Chris Corbin assigned to the 7th Special Forces Group (Airborne), before conducting an interview at Eglin Base Air Force Base, Fla., March 130318-A-YI554-773.jpg|thumb|Lara Logan qajen daukar shiri]]  {{Infobox person|name=Lara Logan|image=Lara Logan crop.jpg|alt=photograph|caption=Logan in 2013|birth_date={{Birth date and age|1971|03|29|df=yes}}|birth_place=[[Durban]], [[South Africa]]|death_date=|death_place=|education=Degree in commerce, 1992|alma_mater=[[University of Natal]], Durban|occupation=Journalist, since 1988|employer=[[CBS News]] chief foreign affairs correspondent (2006–2018)|spouse={{Plainlist| * {{Marriage|Jason Siemon | 1998|2008|end=div.}} * {{Marriage|Joseph Burkett | 2008}} }}|website={{url|laralogan.com}}}}'''Lara Logan''' (an haife ta a ranar 29 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1971) 'yar jaridar talabijin da rediyo ce ta Afirka ta Kudu kuma mai ba da labari ga me da yaki. Ayyukan Logan sun fara ne a Afirka ta Kudu tare da kungiyoyin labarai daban-daban a cikin shekarun 1990. Bayanan ta ya tashi ne saboda bayar da rahoto game da mamayar Amurka a Afganistan a shekara ta 2001. An hayar ta a matsayin wakilin CBS News a shekara ta 2002, daga ƙarshe ta zama Babban Wakilin Harkokin Waje. A Shekara ta 2013, wani labarin Logan a kan Harin Benghazi na Shekarar 2012 ya haifar da babbar gardama saboda kurakurai na gaskiya kuma an janye shi, wanda ya haifar da hutu. Logan ya bar CBS a shekarar 2018. Bayan ta tashi daga CBS, Logan ta fara yin da'awar da yawa a kan ra'ayoyin makirci daban-daban game da batutuwa kamar kwayar cutar AIDS ko dangin Rothschild. A shekarar 2019, ta shiga Sinclair Broadcast Group, kamfanin watsa labarai mai ra'ayin mazan jiya. A watan Janairun Shekara ta 2020, ta shiga Fox Nation, sabis na biyan kuɗi wanda Fox News ke gudanarwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Battaglio |first=Stephen |date=January 6, 2020 |title=A combative Lara Logan plans a comeback on Fox News' streaming service. Can she succeed? |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/business/story/2020-01-06/combative-lara-logan-gets-ready-for-a-comeback-on-fox-news-streaming-service |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220324061058/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/business/story/2020-01-06/combative-lara-logan-gets-ready-for-a-comeback-on-fox-news-streaming-service |archive-date=24 March 2022 |access-date=June 9, 2020 |language=en-US}}</ref> A watan Maris na shekara ta 2022, ta ce cibiyar sadarwa ta "dumped".<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Pengelly |first=Martin |date=April 9, 2022 |title=Lara Logan, who compared Fauci to Mengele, says Fox News pushed her out |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2022/apr/09/lara-logan-fox-news-mengele-fauci-remark |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409072343/https://www.theguardian.com/media/2022/apr/09/lara-logan-fox-news-mengele-fauci-remark |archive-date=9 April 2022 |access-date=April 9, 2022 |website=[[The Guardian]] |language=en}}</ref> Tun daga watan Yunin Shekara ta 2022, Logan ya kasance memba na kwamitin Amurka ta gaba, wata ƙungiya mai ra'ayin mazan jiya da tsohon jami'in Gwamnatin Trump Michael Flynn ke jagoranta.<ref name="pr2022">{{Cite web |date=1 June 2022 |title=Award-Winning Investigative Journalist Lara Logan Joins America's Future Board of Directors |url=https://www.americasfuture.net/press-releases/press-release-award-winning-investigative-journalist-lara-logan-joins-americas-future-board-of-directors/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323163959/https://www.americasfuture.net/press-releases/press-release-award-winning-investigative-journalist-lara-logan-joins-americas-future-board-of-directors/ |archive-date=23 March 2023 |access-date=24 March 2023 |publisher=America's Future |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="leaders2023">{{Cite web |title=Leadership |url=https://www.americasfuture.net/leadership/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320013422/https://www.americasfuture.net/leadership/ |archive-date=20 March 2023 |access-date=24 March 2023 |publisher=America's Future |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news |date=7 September 2022 |title=Former Trump adviser Michael Flynn 'at the center' of new movement based on conspiracies and Christian nationalism |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/former-trump-adviser-michael-flynn-at-the-center-of-new-movement-based-on-conspiracies-and-christian-nationalism |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909024846/https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/former-trump-adviser-michael-flynn-at-the-center-of-new-movement-based-on-conspiracies-and-christian-nationalism |archive-date=9 September 2023 |access-date=14 September 2023 |work=PBS NewsHour |language=en-us}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Logan a [[Durban|Durban, Afirka ta Kudu]], <ref name="bio" /> kuma ta halarci makarantar sakandare a Kwalejin 'yan mata ta Durban. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lara Logan |url=http://www.nndb.com/people/796/000048652 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080821172516/http://www.nndb.com/people/796/000048652/ |archive-date=21 August 2008 |access-date=20 June 2008 |publisher=NNDb}}</ref> Ta kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Natal da ke Durban a Shekarar 1992 tare da digiri a harkokin kasuwanci. Ta sami difloma a cikin harshen Faransanci, al'adu da tarihi a Alliance Française a Paris. A duk makarantar sakandare da kwaleji, Logan ya yi aiki a matsayin samfurin wanka.<ref name="theatlantic">{{Cite web |last=Plott Calabro |first=Elaina |date=12 June 2023 |title=A Star Reporter's Break With Reality |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2023/07/lara-logan-60-minutes-correspondent-conspiracy-theories/674168/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727150458/https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2023/07/lara-logan-60-minutes-correspondent-conspiracy-theories/674168/ |archive-date=27 July 2023 |access-date=24 October 2023 |publisher=[[The Atlantic]]}}</ref> == Ayyuka == [[File:General_Schwartz_on_60_Minutes.jpg|left|thumb|250x250px|Logan yana hira da Janar Norton A. Schwartz, Afrilu Shekarar 2009]] Logan ta yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da labarai ga Sunday Tribune a Durban a lokacin karatunta A shekara ta (1988 Zuwa 1989), sannan ga Daily News na birnin A (1990-1992). A shekara ta 1992, ta shiga gidan talabijin na Reuters a Afirka, da farko a matsayin babban furodusa. Bayan shekaru hudu ta shiga aikin jarida mai zaman kansa, ta sami aiki a matsayin mai ba da rahoto da edita / furodusa tare da ITN da Fox / SKY, CBS News, ABC News (a London), NBC, da Tarayyar watsa shirye-shiryen Turai. Ta yi aiki ga [[CNN]], tana ba da rahoto game da abubuwan da suka faru kamar fashewar bam a ofishin jakadancin Amurka a [[Nairobi]] da [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] a 1998, rikici a [[Ireland ta Arewa|Arewacin Ireland]], da Yaƙin Kosovo . <ref name="bio">{{Cite web |date=2 December 2002 |title=Lara Logan |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2002/12/02/60II/main531421.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130719081011/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2002/12/02/60ii/main531421.shtml |archive-date=19 July 2013 |access-date=16 April 2020 |website=[[CBS News]]}}</ref> An hayar Logan a Shekara ta 2000 ta GMTV Breakfast Talabijin (a Burtaniya) a matsayin mai ba da labari; ta kuma yi aiki tare da CBS News Radio a matsayin mai zaman kansa. Kwanaki bayan hare-haren 11 ga Satumba, ta nemi wani magatakarda a Ofishin Jakadancin Rasha a London ya ba ta biza don tafiya zuwa [[Afghanistan]]. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2001, yayin da take Afghanistan tana aiki ga GMTV, ta shiga kungiyar Northern Alliance da ke da goyon bayan Amurka da Burtaniya kuma ta yi hira da kwamandan su, Janar Babajan, a Bagram Air Base . <ref name="NYT112305">{{Cite web |last=Steinberg |first=Jacques |author-link=The Gatekeepers |date=23 November 2005 |title=War Zone "It Girl" Has a Big Future at CBS News |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/11/23/arts/television/23loga.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015182513/http://www.nytimes.com/2005/11/23/arts/television/23loga.html |archive-date=15 October 2012 |access-date=22 February 2017 |website=The New York Times}}</ref> CBS News ta ba ta cikakken matsayi a matsayin wakilin a shekara ta 2002. Ta shafe yawancin shekaru hudu masu zuwa tana bayar da rahoto daga fagen fama, gami da yankunan yaki a Afghanistan da Iraki, sau da yawa suna tare da Sojojin Amurka. Amma ta kuma yi hira da sanannun mutane da masu bincike kamar Robert Ballard, wanda ya gano fashewar RMS Titanic . <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 June 2010 |title=Bob Ballard, The Great Explorer |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/bob-ballard-the-great-explorer-10-06-2010/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110015403/http://www.cbsnews.com/news/bob-ballard-the-great-explorer-10-06-2010/ |archive-date=10 January 2017 |access-date=9 January 2017 |website=CBS, 60 Minutes}}</ref> Yawancin rahotonta na Minti 60 ne na II. Ta kuma kasance mai ba da gudummawa na yau da kullun ga CBS Evening News, The Early Show da Face the Nation . A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2006, CBS News ta nada Logan a matsayin babban wakilin harkokin kasashen waje.<ref name="bio">{{Cite web |date=2 December 2002 |title=Lara Logan |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2002/12/02/60II/main531421.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130719081011/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2002/12/02/60ii/main531421.shtml |archive-date=19 July 2013 |access-date=16 April 2020 |website=[[CBS News]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2002/12/02/60II/main531421.shtml "Lara Logan"]. ''[[Labaran CBS|CBS News]]''. 2 December 2002. [https://web.archive.org/web/20130719081011/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2002/12/02/60ii/main531421.shtml Archived] from the original on 19 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Logan ya bar CBS News a watan Agustan A Shekarar 2018. <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 25, 2019 |title=Back in the Spotlight, Lara Logan Wants to Keep Reporting: "I'm Not Done Yet" |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/lara-logan-back-spotlight-wants-keep-reporting-q-a-1189865 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190304021721/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/lara-logan-back-spotlight-wants-keep-reporting-q-a-1189865 |archive-date=4 March 2019 |access-date=March 3, 2019 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |language=en}}</ref> A shekara mai zuwa, ta shiga kungiyar Sinclair Broadcast Group na wucin gadi, a matsayin mai ba da rahoto a kan iyakar Amurka da Mexico. A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2022, an dakatar da Logan daga gidan talabijin na dama Newsmax saboda abin da cibiyar sadarwa ta bayyana a matsayin "maganganun da ba a yarda da su ba" yayin wata hira inda ta ce "yankin [Amurka-Mexico] shine hanyar Shaidan na karɓar iko da duniya ta hanyar duk waɗannan mutanen da ke cikinsa da bayinsa ... Kun san, waɗanda suke son mu ci kwari, kwari kuma yayin da suke cin jinin yara?" [[Fayil:Lara Logan in Iraq.jpg|thumb|Lara Logan]] Yayinda take gabatar da Pizzagate da QAnon conspiracy theorist Liz Crokin a wani taron Fabrairu 2024, Logan ta gaya wa masu sauraro cewa ta fahimci cewa Pizzagare "duka gaskiya ne". === Haifa Street fada === A ƙarshen watan Janairun Shekara ta 2007, Logan ya gabatar da rahoton fada a kan titin Haifa a [[Bagdaza|Bagadaza]], amma CBS Evening News ba ta gudanar da rahoton ba, tana ɗaukar shi "mai ƙarfi". <ref name="MCO">{{Cite web |title=Helping Lara Logan |url=http://www.mediachannel.org/wordpress/2007/01/24/helping-lara-logan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100521231504/http://mediachannel.org/wordpress/2007/01/24/helping-lara-logan/ |archive-date=21 May 2010 |access-date=1 February 2007 |publisher=Mediachannel.org}}</ref> Don juyar da shawarar, Logan ya sami goyon bayan jama'a, yana neman mutane su kalli labarin kuma su ba da hanyar haɗi ga yawancin abokansu da sanannunsu kamar yadda zai yiwu, suna cewa, "Ya kamata a gani". === Sukar Michael Hastings === An soki Logan a watan Yunin Shekarar 2010 saboda maganganunta game da wani ɗan jarida, Michael Hastings, da ra'ayinta cewa 'yan jarida da suka shiga soja bai kamata su rubuta game da ba'a da suke ji ba. Wani labarin da Hastings ya yi a cikin Rolling Stone a wannan watan ya nakalto Janar Stanley A. McChrystal da ma'aikatansa - maganganun da Hastings ta ji yayin tafiya tare da McChrystal - yana sukar Mataimakin Shugaban Amurka [[Joe Biden]] da sauran jami'ai, bayan haka Shugaba [[Barack Obama]] ya kori McChrytal a matsayin kwamandansa a Afghanistan. Logan ya gaya wa CNN cewa rahoton Hastings ya keta yarjejeniyar da ba a bayyana ba tsakanin manema labarai da ke tafiya tare da ma'aikatan soja kada su ba da rahoton maganganun da ke tsakanin su.<ref name="CNN062710">{{Cite web |last=Kurtz |first=Howard |author-link=Howard Kurtz |date=27 June 2010 |title=Interview With Michael Hastings; Interview With Lara Logan |url=http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/1006/27/rs.01.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100701052019/http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/1006/27/rs.01.html |archive-date=1 July 2010 |access-date=30 June 2010 |website=[[CNN]]}}</ref> Da yake ambaton sanarwa, "Ina nufin, tambayar ita ce, da gaske, abin da Janar McChrystal da mataimakansa ke yi shi ne mai ban tsoro, cewa sun cancanci kawo ƙarshen aiki kamar na McChrystal? Ina nufin, Michael Hastings bai taɓa yin hidima ga ƙasarsa kamar yadda McChrytal yake ba. Tsohon wakilin soja na CNN Jamie McIntyre ya ce abin da suka yi ya kasance mai ban tsoro da cewa ba lallai ne ya karfafa mafi munin bayanin 'ya' na' yan jarida da suka tafi' a kansu da manyan jami' na soja.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McIntyre |first=Jamie |author-link=Jamie McIntyre |date=30 June 2010 |title=Lara Logan's Friendly Misfire |url=http://www.lineofdeparture.com/2010/06/30/lara-logans-friendly-misfire |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104033236/http://www.lineofdeparture.com/2010/06/30/lara-logans-friendly-misfire |archive-date=4 January 2012 |publisher=Line of Departure}}</ref> Glenn Greenwald, yana yin sharhi game da abin da ya faru ga ''Salon'', ya rubuta cewa ɓangaren Logan misali ne na abin da aikin jarida ya "ƙazanta". Greenwald ta ce Logan ta yi rahoto mai ƙarfin zuciya a tsawon shekaru, amma ta zo ta ga kanta a matsayin wani ɓangare na gwamnati da soja. === Rahoto daga Masar da cin zarafin mata === Sojojin Masar sun kama Logan da ma'aikatanta na CBS kuma sun tsare su na dare daya a ranar 3 ga Fabrairu 2011, yayin da suke rufe Juyin Juya Halin Masar. Ta ce an rufe ma'aikatan idanu kuma an ɗaure su da bindiga, kuma an yi wa direban su duka. An shawarce su da su bar kasar, amma daga baya aka sake su.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kamer |first=Foster |date=11 February 2011 |title=Lara Logan's Egypt Interrogation Tell-All |url=http://www.esquire.com/blogs/politics/lara-logan-egypt-5219471 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105085341/http://www.esquire.com/blogs/politics/lara-logan-egypt-5219471 |archive-date=5 November 2013 |access-date=15 February 2011}}</ref> A ranar 15 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2011, CBS News ta fitar da wata sanarwa cewa an yi wa Logan duka kuma an yi masa fyade a ranar 11 ga watan Fabirairu, yayin da yake rufe bukukuwan da aka yi a Tahrir Square bayan murabus din [[Hosni Mubarak]]. 60 Minutes ta watsa wata hira da ita game da shi a ranar 1 ga Mayu 2011; ta ce tana magana ne saboda yaduwar Cin zarafin jima'i a Masar, kuma don karya shiru game da cin zarafin mata 'yan jarida ba sa son bayar da rahoto idan ya hana su yin ayyukansu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 May 2011 |title=Lara Logan breaks her silence |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bO12X1nhzzk |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200424095225/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bO12X1nhzzk |archive-date=24 April 2020 |access-date=3 May 2020 |website=YouTube}}</ref><ref name="CBSMay1a">{{Cite web |date=May 1, 2011 |title=Lara Logan breaks her silence |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2011/04/28/60minutes/main20058368.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114044000/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2011/04/28/60minutes/main20058368.shtml |archive-date=November 14, 2013 |website=[[60 Minutes]] |publisher=[[CBS]]}}</ref><ref name="CBSMay1b">{{Cite web |date=1 May 2011 |title=After the assault: Lara Logan comes home |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/after-the-assault-lara-logan-comes-home/ |website=[[60 Minutes]] |publisher=[[CBS]]}}</ref> [[Fayil:Gen. Petraeus visits 'Warriors' DVIDS81032.jpg|thumb|Lara Logan]] Ta ce lamarin ya shafi maza 200 zuwa 300 kuma ya dauki kimanin minti 25. Ta kasance tana ba da rahoton bukukuwan na sa'a guda ba tare da wani abin da ya faru ba lokacin da batirin kyamararta ya gaza. Ɗaya daga cikin ma'aikatan CBS na Masar ya ba da shawarar su tafi, yana gaya mata daga baya ya ji taron suna yin maganganun jima'i game da ita. Ta ji hannayenta suna taɓa ta, kuma ana iya jin ta tana ihu "dakatar", kamar yadda kyamarar ta mutu. Ɗaya daga cikin taron ya yi ihu cewa ita Bayahude ce ta Isra'ila, da'awar da CBS ta ce, ko da yake karya ne, "wasan da man fetur ne". Ta ce sun tsage tufafinta kuma, a cikin maganarta, sun yi mata fyade da hannayensu, yayin da suke daukar hotuna da wayoyin salula. Sun fara jan jikinta a wurare daban-daban, suna jan gashin kanta sosai ta ce kamar suna ƙoƙarin cire gashin kanta. An ja ta a filin zuwa inda aka dakatar da taron ta hanyar shinge, kusa da inda ƙungiyar mata ke sansani. Wata mace da ke sanye da Chador ta sanya hannunta a kusa da Logan, sauran kuma sun rufe matsayi a kusa da ita, yayin da wasu maza da ke tare da mata suka jefa ruwa ga taron. Wani rukuni na sojoji sun bayyana, suka kori taron da sanduna, kuma daya daga cikinsu ya jefa Logan a kafaɗarsa. Daga baya ta ce tana tunanin tana mutuwa a lokacin harin. An dawo da ita Amurka washegari, inda ta kwashe kwanaki hudu a asibiti.<ref name="CBSMay1a">{{Cite web |date=May 1, 2011 |title=Lara Logan breaks her silence |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2011/04/28/60minutes/main20058368.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114044000/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2011/04/28/60minutes/main20058368.shtml |archive-date=November 14, 2013 |website=[[60 Minutes]] |publisher=[[CBS]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20131114044000/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2011/04/28/60minutes/main20058368.shtml "Lara Logan breaks her silence"]. ''[[Minti 60|60 Minutes]]''. [[CBS]]. 1 May 2011. Archived from [http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2011/04/28/60minutes/main20058368.shtml the original] on 14 November 2013.</cite></ref><ref name="CBSMay1b">{{Cite web |date=1 May 2011 |title=After the assault: Lara Logan comes home |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/after-the-assault-lara-logan-comes-home/ |website=[[60 Minutes]] |publisher=[[CBS]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.cbsnews.com/news/after-the-assault-lara-logan-comes-home/ "After the assault: Lara Logan comes home"]. ''[[Minti 60|60 Minutes]]''. [[CBS]]. 1 May 2011.</cite></ref> Shugaba [[Barack Obama]] ne ya tuntube ta lokacin da ta isa gida. CBS ta ce ba a san ainihin maharan ba, kuma ba zai yiwu a gurfanar da kowa ba<ref name="CBSMay1b" /> === Sharhi game da Afghanistan da Libya === A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2012, Logan ta ba da jawabi a gaban abincin rana na shekara-shekara na Ƙungiyar Gwamnati mafi Kyau inda ta soki maganganun Gwamnatin Obama game da Yaƙi a Afghanistan da sauran rikice-rikice a duniyar Larabawa. Musamman, Logan ya soki ikirarin gwamnati cewa [[Taliban]] na raunana a Afghanistan, yana kiran irin wannan ikirarin "babban karya" da aka yi don shirya kawo karshen aikin soja na Amurka a wannan kasar. Ta kuma bayyana cewa tana fatan Amurka za ta "ramako" daidai ga Harin Benghazi na 2012, inda aka kai hari kan ma'aikatan diflomasiyyar Amurka kuma aka kashe su a [[Libya]]. === Benghazi ya ba da rahoton kurakurai === A ranar 8 ga Nuwamba 2013, Logan ya tafi CBS This Morning don neman gafara saboda rahoton ''Minti 60'' mara kyau game da harin Benghazi, wanda aka watsa a ranar 27 ga Oktoba. Ta nuna cewa bincike ya gano cewa tushen yawancin rahotonta ba daidai ba ne kuma ya zargi Dylan Davies, manajan jami'an tsaro na gida a Ofishin Jakadancin Amurka a Benghazi. Logan ya ce ya yi ƙarya game da bayanai kuma ya nace cewa sun bincika amincinsa kuma sun dogara da abubuwa kamar hotuna da takardun da ya bayar. A baya, Logan ya ce sun koyi cewa labarin da Davies ya fada bai dace da abin da ya gaya wa masu binciken tarayya ba. "Kun san abu mafi muhimmanci ga kowane mutum a minti 60 shine gaskiya, "ta ce a cikin neman gafara a cikin shirin ''Minti 60''"Kuma a yau gaskiyar ita ce mun yi kuskure. Kuma wannan shi ne ah ... wannan abin takaici ne ga kowane ɗan jarida. Wannan abin takaici a gare ni. " Logan ya ci gaba da ƙarawa, "Babu wanda yake son yarda da cewa sun yi kuskure. Ammah idan ka yi, dole ne ka tashi tsaye ka ɗauki alhakin - kuma dole ne ka ce ba daidai ba ne. "<ref>{{Cite web |last=Guthrie |first=Marisa |date=November 8, 2013 |title=Lara Logan Apologizes For '60 Minutes' Benghazi Report on 'CBS This Morning |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/60-minutes-benghazi-report-lara-654610 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211160255/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/60-minutes-benghazi-report-lara-654610 |archive-date=11 February 2020 |access-date=16 April 2020 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp; A ranar 26 ga Nuwamba Shekara ta à2013, an tilasta wa Logan ya yi hutu saboda kurakurai a cikin rahoton Benghazi. Al Ortiz, babban darakta na Standards and Practices na CBS News, ya rubuta a cikin wata sanarwa, "Logan ta yi jawabi inda ta dauki matsayi mai karfi na jama'a tana jayayya cewa Gwamnatin Amurka tana nuna rashin amincewa da barazanar daga [[Al-Qaeda|Al Qaeda]], kuma tana kira ga matakan da Amurka ta dauka don mayar da martani ga harin Benghazi. Daga hangen nesa na CBS News Standards, akwai rikici wajen daukar matsayi na jama'ar game da yadda gwamnati ke kula da Benghazi da Al Qaeda. Daga baya ta kai karar New York Magazine kan dala miliyan 25 saboda rahotonsu game da sakamakon.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 19, 2019 |title=Ex-'60 Minutes' reporter Lara Logan sues New York magazine over Benghazi retraction |url=https://www.syracuse.com/us-news/2019/12/ex-60-minutes-reporter-lara-logan-sues-new-york-magazine-over-benghazi-retraction.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512025909/https://www.syracuse.com/us-news/2019/12/ex-60-minutes-reporter-lara-logan-sues-new-york-magazine-over-benghazi-retraction.html |archive-date=12 May 2022 |access-date=March 28, 2022 |website=syracuse |language=en |agency=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref> An kori karar da nuna bambanci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Docket for Logan v. Hagan, 1:19-cv-01208 - CourtListener.com |url=https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/16584679/logan-v-hagan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328220404/https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/16584679/logan-v-hagan/ |archive-date=28 March 2022 |access-date=2022-03-28 |website=CourtListener |language=en-us}}</ref> === Sharhi kan kafafen yada labarai === [[Fayil:Tiffany Trump, Ivanka Trump, and Lara Trump at Inaugural parade 01-20-17.jpg|thumb|Lara Logan]] Bayan barin CBS News, Logan ta fara sukar kafofin watsa labarai, wanda ta ce tana da nuna bambanci.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Atkinson |first=Claire |date=April 9, 2019 |title=Former CBS News correspondent Lara Logan adds to Sinclair Broadcasting's national ambitions |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/all/former-cbs-news-correspondent-lara-logan-adds-sinclair-broadcasting-s-n992766 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411023952/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/all/former-cbs-news-correspondent-lara-logan-adds-sinclair-broadcasting-s-n992766 |archive-date=11 April 2019 |access-date=April 10, 2019 |website=[[NBC News]] |language=en}}</ref> Ta bayyana 'yan jarida a matsayin "masu gwagwarmayar siyasa" da "masu yada labarai" a kan Shugaba [[Donald Trump]].Ta ce yin waɗannan maganganun yayi kama da "kisan kai na sana'a". Ba da daɗewa ba, ta shiga kungiyar Sinclair Broadcast Group, ƙungiyar kafofin watsa labarai ta dama.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Barr |first=Jeremy |date=9 April 2019 |title=Former CBS News Reporter Lara Logan Joining Sinclair |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/lara-logan-joining-sinclair-broadcast-group-1200424 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410232103/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/lara-logan-joining-sinclair-broadcast-group-1200424 |archive-date=10 April 2019 |access-date=2019-04-10 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |language=en}}</ref> Tun daga wannan lokacin, Logan ya wallafa ra'ayoyin makirci na dama, kamar yin hasashen cewa wakilin Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez ya lashe zaben ta zuwa ofis saboda wasu makircin da ba a bayyana ba wanda ba a san su ba Logan ya yi imanin Masu gwagwarmayar adawa da iko. === 2020 Fox News jerin === A Shekarar 2020, Fox News ta hayar da Logan don yin jerin shirye-shirye da ake kira Lara Logan has No Agenda . Jaridar ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' ta lura cewa "Duk da taken 'Babu Agenda', Logan yana shirin komawa cikin batun nuna bambanci ga kafofin watsa labarai".<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date=6 January 2020 |title=Combative Lara Logan gets ready for a comeback on Fox News streaming service |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/business/story/2020-01-06/combative-lara-logan-gets-ready-for-a-comeback-on-fox-news-streaming-service |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220324061058/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/business/story/2020-01-06/combative-lara-logan-gets-ready-for-a-comeback-on-fox-news-streaming-service |archive-date=24 March 2022 |access-date=2020-01-13 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]] |language=en}}</ref> ==== Da'awar game da antifa ==== A ranar 31 ga Mayu 2020, Logan ta wallafa hoto a shafinta na Twitter, wanda ta yi iƙirarin jagorar koyar da rikici ne. Hoton a zahiri ya kasance sabon abu ne wanda ya faru da tashin hankali na Baltimore na 2015. A ranar 1 ga Yuni, Logan ya wallafa barazanar da shafin [[Twitter]] na @ANTIFA_US ya yi. Asusun ya zama karya kuma yana da alaƙa da Identity Evropa, ƙungiyar fararen ƙasa. Bayan an soki shi saboda sanya wayo, Logan ya yi iƙirarin cewa akwai kamfen don "hallaka" ta, gami da Media Matters for America. A ranar 4 ga Yuni 2020, Logan ya bayyana a kan ''Hannity'' don da'awar cewa antifa yana barin "pallets of bricks" a wuraren zanga-zangar a cikin ƙoƙari na tayar da tashin hankali da hallaka. Masu binciken gaskiya sun gano cewa da'awar tubali da aka bari a wuraren zanga-zangar ba su da tushe, kuma hotunan da aka gabatar a matsayin shaidar wannan aikin an dauki su ne a wuraren gine-gine na yau da kullun. Babu wani da ya ba da rahoton ganin motocin antifa suna barin tubali na tubali. Bayan haka, Logan ya inganta tweet na ban dariya na 5 Yuni wanda ya haɗa antifa zuwa juggalos da kuma "tsarin matsayi". Logan a maimakon haka ya mayar da hankali kan ɓangaren tweet wanda ya ambaci "tsarin umarni na gargajiya" kuma ya yi jayayya cewa masu tawaye suna da tsarin ƙungiya. ==== Cutar AIDS da ka'idojin makirci na COVID-19 ==== A watan Satumbar 2021, Logan ya zargi gwamnatin [[Joe Biden|Biden]] da "ɓoye shaidu" na tasirin da ake zaton rigakafin COVID-19 ya haifar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Goldblatt |first=Daniel |date=2021-09-11 |title=Lara Logan Accuses Biden Administration of 'Hiding Evidence' of COVID-19 Vaccine Side Effects (Video) |url=https://www.thewrap.com/lara-logan-accuses-biden-administration-of-hiding-evidence-of-covid-19-vaccine-side-effects-video/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330110854/https://www.thewrap.com/lara-logan-accuses-biden-administration-of-hiding-evidence-of-covid-19-vaccine-side-effects-video/ |archive-date=30 March 2023 |access-date=2023-10-24 |website=[[TheWrap]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Ta kuma ba da labarin ƙarya game da matukan jirgin saman Sojojin Sama na Amurka 27 da suka yi murabus kan umarnin rigakafin COVID-19 daga Real Raw News, Shafin yanar gizon labarai na karya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dale |first=Daniel |author-link=Daniel Dale |date=2021-09-11 |title=Fact-checking the false but viral story about F-22 pilots resigning after a vaccination text from the secretary of defense |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/09/10/politics/fact-check-f-22-pilots-quit-vaccine-secretary-of-defense/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221016062803/https://www.cnn.com/2021/09/10/politics/fact-check-f-22-pilots-quit-vaccine-secretary-of-defense/index.html |archive-date=16 October 2022 |access-date=2023-10-24 |website=[[CNN]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=McCarthy |first=Bill |date=2021-09-27 |title=PolitiFact investigation: A look behind Real Raw News' sensational (and fabricated) headlines |url=https://www.poynter.org/fact-checking/2021/a-look-behind-real-raw-news-sensational-and-fabricated-headlines/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231023101106/https://www.poynter.org/fact-checking/2021/a-look-behind-real-raw-news-sensational-and-fabricated-headlines/ |archive-date=23 October 2023 |access-date=2023-10-22 |website=[[Poynter Institute]] |language=en-US}}</ref> A watan Nuwamba da Disamba na 2021, Logan ya inganta ƙarya da ka'idojin makirci game da [[Kanjamau|Cutar kanjamau]] da [[Koronavirus 2019|COVID-19]]. Ta raba labaran da suka kalubalanci yarjejeniyar kimiyya cewa cutar kanjamau tana haifar da cutar kanjamaun daji. Ta kwatanta darektan NIAID Anthony Fauci da masanin kimiyya na Nazi Josef Mengele . A lokacin tattaunawa game da Bambancin SARS-CoV-2 Omicron, ta ce: "Saboda haka a wannan lokacin, abin da kuka gani a kan Dokta Fauci, wannan shine abin da mutane ke fada mini, cewa ba ya wakiltar kimiyya a gare su. Yana wakiltar Josef Mengele, Dokta Josef Mengele na Nazi wanda ya yi gwaje-gwaje a kan Yahudawa a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu da kuma a sansanonin, kuma ina magana game da mutane a duk faɗin duniya suna faɗin wannan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pengelly |first=Martin |date=November 30, 2021 |title=Outrage as Fox News commentator likens Anthony Fauci to Nazi doctor |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/nov/30/anthony-fauci-josef-mengele-fox-news |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130152707/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/nov/30/anthony-fauci-josef-mengele-fox-news |archive-date=30 November 2021 |access-date=November 30, 2021 |website=[[The Guardian]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Darcy |first=Oliver |date=November 30, 2021 |title=Anti-Defamation League and Auschwitz Museum condemn Fox host for comparing Fauci to Nazi doctor who performed medical experiments at death camp |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/11/30/media/lara-logan-fauci-auschwitz-museum-anti-defamation-league/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130202934/https://www.cnn.com/2021/11/30/media/lara-logan-fauci-auschwitz-museum-anti-defamation-league/index.html |archive-date=30 November 2021 |access-date=November 30, 2021 |website=[[CNN]]}}</ref> Yawancin shahararrun kungiyoyin Yahudawa, ciki har da Anti-Defamation League da Gidan Tarihi na Auschwitz, sun yi Allah wadai da maganganunta.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Darcy |first=Oliver |date=November 30, 2021 |title=Anti-Defamation League and Auschwitz Museum condemn Fox host for comparing Fauci to Nazi doctor who performed medical experiments at death camp |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/11/30/media/lara-logan-fauci-auschwitz-museum-anti-defamation-league/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130202934/https://www.cnn.com/2021/11/30/media/lara-logan-fauci-auschwitz-museum-anti-defamation-league/index.html |archive-date=30 November 2021 |access-date=November 30, 2021 |website=[[CNN]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFDarcy2021">Darcy, Oliver (30 November 2021). [https://www.cnn.com/2021/11/30/media/lara-logan-fauci-auschwitz-museum-anti-defamation-league/index.html "Anti-Defamation League and Auschwitz Museum condemn Fox host for comparing Fauci to Nazi doctor who performed medical experiments at death camp"]. ''[[CNN]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20211130202934/https://www.cnn.com/2021/11/30/media/lara-logan-fauci-auschwitz-museum-anti-defamation-league/index.html Archived] from the original on 30 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> Logan daga baya ya sake mayar da martani game da Gidan Tarihi na Auschwitz. A lokacin wata hira da aka yi da MSNBC a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2021, Fauci ta kira maganganun Logan "absolutely ridiculious and disgusting", kuma ta soki Fox News saboda rashin daukar mataki na horo a kanta. United Talent Agency ta bar Logan a matsayin abokin ciniki jim kadan bayan da ta yi tsokaci a Mengele. [[Fayil:General Schwartz on 60 Minutes.jpg|thumb|Lara Logan]] Tun lokacin da ta yi sharhi, Logan ba ta bayyana a matsayin baƙo a kan Fox News ba, kuma babu wani sabon abubuwan Lara Logan Has No Agenda. A watan Maris na shekara ta 2022, Logan ta ce Fox ta "dumped" ta.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Pengelly |first=Martin |date=April 9, 2022 |title=Lara Logan, who compared Fauci to Mengele, says Fox News pushed her out |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2022/apr/09/lara-logan-fox-news-mengele-fauci-remark |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409072343/https://www.theguardian.com/media/2022/apr/09/lara-logan-fox-news-mengele-fauci-remark |archive-date=9 April 2022 |access-date=April 9, 2022 |website=[[The Guardian]] |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFPengelly2022">Pengelly, Martin (9 April 2022). [https://www.theguardian.com/media/2022/apr/09/lara-logan-fox-news-mengele-fauci-remark "Lara Logan, who compared Fauci to Mengele, says Fox News pushed her out"]. ''[[The Guardian]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220409072343/https://www.theguardian.com/media/2022/apr/09/lara-logan-fox-news-mengele-fauci-remark Archived] from the original on 9 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> === Rashin mamayewar Rasha a Ukraine === A lokacin mamayewar Rasha ta 2022 a Ukraine, Logan a cikin bayyanarta ta talabijin ta haɗa shugaban Ukraine [[Volodymyr Zelensky|Volodymyr Zelenskyy]] da ayyukan "Shaidan, sihiri", ya kira shi "puppet" kuma ya yi iƙirarin cewa an "zaɓi Zelenskyay [...], ba a jefa kuri'a ba". Ta yaba da Shugaba [[Vladimir Putin]] na Rasha saboda "ba zai tsaya ba yayin da masu fafutukar duniya suka mamaye duniya" kuma ta zargi Ukrainians da kasancewa "nazis na ainihi". Maganganun Logan sun sami yabo kuma farfagandar gwamnatin Rasha ta karɓa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 15, 2022 |title=Fox Nation host Lara Logan links President Zelensky's entertainment career to the occult, and claims the entire Ukrainian military has Nazi links |url=https://www.mediamatters.org/russias-invasion-ukraine/fox-nation-host-lara-logan-links-president-zelenskys-entertainment-career |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220610144133/https://www.mediamatters.org/russias-invasion-ukraine/fox-nation-host-lara-logan-links-president-zelenskys-entertainment-career |archive-date=10 June 2022 |access-date=March 23, 2022 |publisher=[[Media Matters for America]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Moran |first=Lee |date=March 22, 2022 |title=Russia Uses Lara Logan's Rant About Ukraine, Zelenskyy As Propaganda On Twitter |url=https://sg.news.yahoo.com/russia-uses-lara-logans-rant-072552926.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322232803/https://sg.news.yahoo.com/russia-uses-lara-logans-rant-072552926.html |archive-date=22 March 2022 |access-date=March 23, 2022 |website=[[Yahoo News]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Oganesyan |first=Natalie |date=March 21, 2022 |title=Russian Officials Endorse Lara Logan's Comments Linking Ukrainian Soldiers to Nazis and Occultism |url=https://www.thewrap.com/lara-logan-ukraine-nazi-comments-endorsed-kremlin/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322232804/https://www.thewrap.com/lara-logan-ukraine-nazi-comments-endorsed-kremlin/ |archive-date=22 March 2022 |access-date=March 23, 2022 |website=[[The Wrap]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Thomas |first=Jake |date=March 21, 2022 |title=Logan Praised by Russia as 'Real America's Voice' as Schwarzenegger Shunned |url=https://www.newsweek.com/logan-praised-russia-real-americas-voice-schwarzenegger-shunned-1690289 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512025908/https://www.newsweek.com/logan-praised-russia-real-americas-voice-schwarzenegger-shunned-1690289 |archive-date=12 May 2022 |access-date=March 23, 2022 |website=[[Newsweek]]}}</ref> === Tattaunawa game da Darwin da iyalin Rothschild === A watan Maris na shekara ta 2022, Logan ya yi iƙirarin ba tare da wata hujja ba cewa dangin Rothschild sun yi amfani da [[Charles Darwin]] don ƙirƙirar ka'idarsa ta juyin halitta.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 28, 2022 |title=Fox Nation host Lara Logan claims that Darwinism is a plot from "the Rothschilds" |url=https://www.mediamatters.org/lara-logan/fox-nation-host-lara-logan-claims-darwinism-plot-rothschilds |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328164426/https://www.mediamatters.org/lara-logan/fox-nation-host-lara-logan-claims-darwinism-plot-rothschilds |archive-date=28 March 2022 |access-date=March 28, 2022 |website=[[Media Matters for America]] |language=en}}</ref> Ta kuma inganta da'awar cewa dangin Rothschild, wanda aka saba amfani da shi a cikin ra'ayoyin makirci na adawa da Yahudawa, sun kirkiro [[Yaƙin basasar Amurka]] da kisan gillar [[Abraham Lincoln|Ibrahim Lincoln]] da [[John F. Kennedy]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hananoki |first=Eric |date=March 28, 2022 |title=Fox Nation host Lara Logan shares conspiracy theories about "Putin's purge of the Rothschild money changers," Jewish people masterminding U.S. Civil War |url=https://www.mediamatters.org/lara-logan/fox-nation-host-lara-logan-shares-conspiracy-theories-about-putins-purge-rothschild |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328190329/https://www.mediamatters.org/lara-logan/fox-nation-host-lara-logan-shares-conspiracy-theories-about-putins-purge-rothschild |archive-date=28 March 2022 |access-date=March 28, 2022 |website=[[Media Matters for America]] |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == [[Fayil:130318-A-YI554-773 (8574075085).jpg|thumb|Lara Logan]] A shekara ta 1998, Logan ya auri Jason Siemon, Ba'amurke daga [[Iowa]] da ke buga wasan [[Kwallon kwando|Kwando]] a Burtaniya; auren ya ƙare da saki a shekara ta 2008. A wannan shekarar, ta auri Joseph Burkett, dan kwangila na tsaro na gwamnatin Amurka daga Texas. Wannan ita ce auren na biyu ga duka biyun. Ma'auratan sun zauna a Washington, DC, tare da 'ya'yansu biyu da 'yar Burkett daga aurensa na baya. [./Lara_Logan#cite_note-fishbowldc-63 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><nowiki>[4]</nowiki></span>] A shekara ta 2015, sun koma Fredericksburg, Texas, garin Burkett.<ref name="theatlantic">{{Cite web |last=Plott Calabro |first=Elaina |date=12 June 2023 |title=A Star Reporter's Break With Reality |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2023/07/lara-logan-60-minutes-correspondent-conspiracy-theories/674168/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727150458/https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2023/07/lara-logan-60-minutes-correspondent-conspiracy-theories/674168/ |archive-date=27 July 2023 |access-date=24 October 2023 |publisher=[[The Atlantic]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFPlott_Calabro2023">Plott Calabro, Elaina (12 June 2023). [https://web.archive.org/web/20230727150458/https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2023/07/lara-logan-60-minutes-correspondent-conspiracy-theories/674168/ "A Star Reporter's Break With Reality"]. [[Tekun Atlantika|The Atlantic]]. Archived from [https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2023/07/lara-logan-60-minutes-correspondent-conspiracy-theories/674168/ the original] on 27 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> == Kyaututtuka == * Mata na Amurka a Rediyo da Talabijin Gracie Award, 2004 <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 November 2016 |title=2004 Gracies Gala Winners |url=https://allwomeninmedia.org/gracies/2004-gracies-winners/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407083705/https://allwomeninmedia.org/gracies/2004-gracies-winners/ |archive-date=7 April 2022 |access-date=5 December 2021 |publisher=Alliance for Media in Women}}</ref> * Kyautar David Kaplan, Ƙungiyar 'Yan Jarida ta Ƙasashen Waje, 2006 <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 1, 2007 |title=2006 OPC Award Winners |url=https://opcofamerica.org/2006-opc-award-winners/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210130085547/https://opcofamerica.org/2006-opc-award-winners/ |archive-date=30 January 2021 |access-date=6 December 2021 |publisher=Overseas Press Club of America}}</ref> * Kyautar David Bloom, Rediyo da Talabijin 'Association, 2007 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Award Winners |url=http://rtcacapitolhill.org/upcoming-2013-rtca-executive-committee-election/awards/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407083705/http://rtcacapitolhill.org/upcoming-2013-rtca-executive-committee-election/awards/ |archive-date=7 April 2022 |access-date=6 December 2021 |publisher=Radio and Television Correspondents' Association}}</ref> * Kyautar Daniel Pearl, 2011 * Kyautar 'Yancin Labarai ta Ƙungiyar Labarai ta Kasa, 2011 == Dubi kuma == * Mata a cikin aikin jarida == Nassoshi == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == {{Commonscat}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20180826031531/https://www.cbsnews.com/team/lara-logan/ Bayanan martaba a CBS News (an adana shi)] * {{IMDb name|1022561}} * Bayyanawaa kanC-SPAN * [https://americasfuture.net Makomar Amurka] {{60 Minutes}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Logan, Lara}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 20x7hu2rn2r5y8j1t2oz88qxbea93xx 884700 884610 2026-07-18T15:49:50Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 884700 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Data box}} [[Fayil:Lara Logan in Iraq.jpg|thumb|Lara logan a kasar iran]] [[Fayil:Lara Logan with CBS's "60 Minutes", sits with U.S. Army Sgt. 1st Class Chris Corbin assigned to the 7th Special Forces Group (Airborne), before conducting an interview at Eglin Base Air Force Base, Fla., March 130318-A-YI554-773.jpg|thumb|Lara Logan qajen daukar shiri]]  {{Infobox person|name=Lara Logan|image=Lara Logan crop.jpg|alt=photograph|caption=Logan in 2013|birth_date={{Birth date and age|1971|03|29|df=yes}}|birth_place=[[Durban]], [[South Africa]]|death_date=|death_place=|education=Degree in commerce, 1992|alma_mater=[[University of Natal]], Durban|occupation=Journalist, since 1988|employer=[[CBS News]] chief foreign affairs correspondent (2006–2018)|spouse={{Plainlist| * {{Marriage|Jason Siemon | 1998|2008|end=div.}} * {{Marriage|Joseph Burkett | 2008}} }}|website={{url|laralogan.com}}}}'''Lara Logan''' (an haife ta a ranar 29 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1971) 'yar jaridar talabijin da rediyo ce ta Afirka ta Kudu kuma mai ba da labari ga me da yaki. Ayyukan Logan sun fara ne a Afirka ta Kudu tare da kungiyoyin labarai daban-daban a cikin shekarun 1990. Bayanan ta ya tashi ne saboda bayar da rahoto game da mamayar Amurka a Afganistan a shekara ta 2001. An hayar ta a matsayin wakilin CBS News a shekara ta 2002, daga ƙarshe ta zama Babban Wakilin Harkokin Waje. A Shekara ta 2013, wani labarin Logan a kan Harin Benghazi na Shekarar 2012 ya haifar da babbar gardama saboda kurakurai na gaskiya kuma an janye shi, wanda ya haifar da hutu. Logan ya bar CBS a shekarar 2018. Bayan ta tashi daga CBS, Logan ta fara yin da'awar da yawa a kan ra'ayoyin makirci daban-daban game da batutuwa kamar kwayar cutar AIDS ko dangin Rothschild. A shekarar 2019, ta shiga Sinclair Broadcast Group, kamfanin watsa labarai mai ra'ayin mazan jiya. A watan Janairun Shekara ta 2020, ta shiga Fox Nation, sabis na biyan kuɗi wanda Fox News ke gudanarwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Battaglio |first=Stephen |date=January 6, 2020 |title=A combative Lara Logan plans a comeback on Fox News' streaming service. Can she succeed? |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/business/story/2020-01-06/combative-lara-logan-gets-ready-for-a-comeback-on-fox-news-streaming-service |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220324061058/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/business/story/2020-01-06/combative-lara-logan-gets-ready-for-a-comeback-on-fox-news-streaming-service |archive-date=24 March 2022 |access-date=June 9, 2020 |language=en-US}}</ref> A watan Maris na shekara ta 2022, ta ce cibiyar sadarwa ta "dumped".<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Pengelly |first=Martin |date=April 9, 2022 |title=Lara Logan, who compared Fauci to Mengele, says Fox News pushed her out |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2022/apr/09/lara-logan-fox-news-mengele-fauci-remark |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409072343/https://www.theguardian.com/media/2022/apr/09/lara-logan-fox-news-mengele-fauci-remark |archive-date=9 April 2022 |access-date=April 9, 2022 |website=[[The Guardian]] |language=en}}</ref> Tun daga watan Yunin Shekara ta 2022, Logan ya kasance memba na kwamitin Amurka ta gaba, wata ƙungiya mai ra'ayin mazan jiya da tsohon jami'in Gwamnatin Trump Michael Flynn ke jagoranta.<ref name="pr2022">{{Cite web |date=1 June 2022 |title=Award-Winning Investigative Journalist Lara Logan Joins America's Future Board of Directors |url=https://www.americasfuture.net/press-releases/press-release-award-winning-investigative-journalist-lara-logan-joins-americas-future-board-of-directors/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323163959/https://www.americasfuture.net/press-releases/press-release-award-winning-investigative-journalist-lara-logan-joins-americas-future-board-of-directors/ |archive-date=23 March 2023 |access-date=24 March 2023 |publisher=America's Future |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="leaders2023">{{Cite web |title=Leadership |url=https://www.americasfuture.net/leadership/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320013422/https://www.americasfuture.net/leadership/ |archive-date=20 March 2023 |access-date=24 March 2023 |publisher=America's Future |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news |date=7 September 2022 |title=Former Trump adviser Michael Flynn 'at the center' of new movement based on conspiracies and Christian nationalism |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/former-trump-adviser-michael-flynn-at-the-center-of-new-movement-based-on-conspiracies-and-christian-nationalism |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909024846/https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/former-trump-adviser-michael-flynn-at-the-center-of-new-movement-based-on-conspiracies-and-christian-nationalism |archive-date=9 September 2023 |access-date=14 September 2023 |work=PBS NewsHour |language=en-us}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Logan a [[Durban|Durban, Afirka ta Kudu]], <ref name="bio" /> kuma ta halarci makarantar sakandare a Kwalejin 'yan mata ta Durban. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lara Logan |url=http://www.nndb.com/people/796/000048652 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080821172516/http://www.nndb.com/people/796/000048652/ |archive-date=21 August 2008 |access-date=20 June 2008 |publisher=NNDb}}</ref> Ta kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Natal da ke Durban a Shekarar 1992 tare da digiri a harkokin kasuwanci. Ta sami difloma a cikin harshen Faransanci, al'adu da tarihi a Alliance Française a Paris. A duk makarantar sakandare da kwaleji, Logan ya yi aiki a matsayin samfurin wanka.<ref name="theatlantic">{{Cite web |last=Plott Calabro |first=Elaina |date=12 June 2023 |title=A Star Reporter's Break With Reality |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2023/07/lara-logan-60-minutes-correspondent-conspiracy-theories/674168/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727150458/https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2023/07/lara-logan-60-minutes-correspondent-conspiracy-theories/674168/ |archive-date=27 July 2023 |access-date=24 October 2023 |publisher=[[The Atlantic]]}}</ref> == Ayyuka == [[File:General_Schwartz_on_60_Minutes.jpg|left|thumb|250x250px|Logan yana hira da Janar Norton A. Schwartz, Afrilu Shekarar 2009]] Logan ta yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da labarai ga Sunday Tribune a Durban a lokacin karatunta A shekara ta (1988 Zuwa 1989), sannan ga Daily News na birnin A (1990-1992). A shekara ta 1992, ta shiga gidan talabijin na Reuters a Afirka, da farko a matsayin babban furodusa. Bayan shekaru hudu ta shiga aikin jarida mai zaman kansa, ta sami aiki a matsayin mai ba da rahoto da edita / furodusa tare da ITN da Fox / SKY, CBS News, ABC News (a London), NBC, da Tarayyar watsa shirye-shiryen Turai. Ta yi aiki ga [[CNN]], tana ba da rahoto game da abubuwan da suka faru kamar fashewar bam a ofishin jakadancin Amurka a [[Nairobi]] da [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] a 1998, rikici a [[Ireland ta Arewa|Arewacin Ireland]], da Yaƙin Kosovo . <ref name="bio">{{Cite web |date=2 December 2002 |title=Lara Logan |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2002/12/02/60II/main531421.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130719081011/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2002/12/02/60ii/main531421.shtml |archive-date=19 July 2013 |access-date=16 April 2020 |website=[[CBS News]]}}</ref> An hayar Logan a Shekara ta 2000 ta GMTV Breakfast Talabijin (a Burtaniya) a matsayin mai ba da labari; ta kuma yi aiki tare da CBS News Radio a matsayin mai zaman kansa. Kwanaki bayan hare-haren 11 ga Satumba, ta nemi wani magatakarda a Ofishin Jakadancin Rasha a London ya ba ta biza don tafiya zuwa [[Afghanistan]]. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2001, yayin da take Afghanistan tana aiki ga GMTV, ta shiga kungiyar Northern Alliance da ke da goyon bayan Amurka da Burtaniya kuma ta yi hira da kwamandan su, Janar Babajan, a Bagram Air Base . <ref name="NYT112305">{{Cite web |last=Steinberg |first=Jacques |author-link=The Gatekeepers |date=23 November 2005 |title=War Zone "It Girl" Has a Big Future at CBS News |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/11/23/arts/television/23loga.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015182513/http://www.nytimes.com/2005/11/23/arts/television/23loga.html |archive-date=15 October 2012 |access-date=22 February 2017 |website=The New York Times}}</ref> CBS News ta ba ta cikakken matsayi a matsayin wakilin a shekara ta 2002. Ta shafe yawancin shekaru hudu masu zuwa tana bayar da rahoto daga fagen fama, gami da yankunan yaki a Afghanistan da Iraki, sau da yawa suna tare da Sojojin Amurka. Amma ta kuma yi hira da sanannun mutane da masu bincike kamar Robert Ballard, wanda ya gano fashewar RMS Titanic . <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 June 2010 |title=Bob Ballard, The Great Explorer |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/bob-ballard-the-great-explorer-10-06-2010/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110015403/http://www.cbsnews.com/news/bob-ballard-the-great-explorer-10-06-2010/ |archive-date=10 January 2017 |access-date=9 January 2017 |website=CBS, 60 Minutes}}</ref> Yawancin rahotonta na Minti 60 ne na II. Ta kuma kasance mai ba da gudummawa na yau da kullun ga CBS Evening News, The Early Show da Face the Nation . A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2006, CBS News ta nada Logan a matsayin babban wakilin harkokin kasashen waje.<ref name="bio">{{Cite web |date=2 December 2002 |title=Lara Logan |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2002/12/02/60II/main531421.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130719081011/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2002/12/02/60ii/main531421.shtml |archive-date=19 July 2013 |access-date=16 April 2020 |website=[[CBS News]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2002/12/02/60II/main531421.shtml "Lara Logan"]. ''[[Labaran CBS|CBS News]]''. 2 December 2002. [https://web.archive.org/web/20130719081011/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2002/12/02/60ii/main531421.shtml Archived] from the original on 19 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Logan ya bar CBS News a watan Agustan A Shekarar 2018. <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 25, 2019 |title=Back in the Spotlight, Lara Logan Wants to Keep Reporting: "I'm Not Done Yet" |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/lara-logan-back-spotlight-wants-keep-reporting-q-a-1189865 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190304021721/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/lara-logan-back-spotlight-wants-keep-reporting-q-a-1189865 |archive-date=4 March 2019 |access-date=March 3, 2019 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |language=en}}</ref> A shekara mai zuwa, ta shiga kungiyar Sinclair Broadcast Group na wucin gadi, a matsayin mai ba da rahoto a kan iyakar Amurka da Mexico. A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2022, an dakatar da Logan daga gidan talabijin na dama Newsmax saboda abin da cibiyar sadarwa ta bayyana a matsayin "maganganun da ba a yarda da su ba" yayin wata hira inda ta ce "yankin [Amurka-Mexico] shine hanyar Shaidan na karɓar iko da duniya ta hanyar duk waɗannan mutanen da ke cikinsa da bayinsa ... Kun san, waɗanda suke son mu ci kwari, kwari kuma yayin da suke cin jinin yara?" [[Fayil:Lara Logan in Iraq.jpg|thumb|Lara Logan]] Yayinda take gabatar da Pizzagate da QAnon conspiracy theorist Liz Crokin a wani taron Fabrairu 2024, Logan ta gaya wa masu sauraro cewa ta fahimci cewa Pizzagare "duka gaskiya ne". === Haifa Street fada === A ƙarshen watan Janairun Shekara ta 2007, Logan ya gabatar da rahoton fada a kan titin Haifa a [[Bagdaza|Bagadaza]], amma CBS Evening News ba ta gudanar da rahoton ba, tana ɗaukar shi "mai ƙarfi". <ref name="MCO">{{Cite web |title=Helping Lara Logan |url=http://www.mediachannel.org/wordpress/2007/01/24/helping-lara-logan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100521231504/http://mediachannel.org/wordpress/2007/01/24/helping-lara-logan/ |archive-date=21 May 2010 |access-date=1 February 2007 |publisher=Mediachannel.org}}</ref> Don juyar da shawarar, Logan ya sami goyon bayan jama'a, yana neman mutane su kalli labarin kuma su ba da hanyar haɗi ga yawancin abokansu da sanannunsu kamar yadda zai yiwu, suna cewa, "Ya kamata a gani". === Sukar Michael Hastings === An soki Logan a watan Yunin Shekarar 2010 saboda maganganunta game da wani ɗan jarida, Michael Hastings, da ra'ayinta cewa 'yan jarida da suka shiga soja bai kamata su rubuta game da ba'a da suke ji ba. Wani labarin da Hastings ya yi a cikin Rolling Stone a wannan watan ya nakalto Janar Stanley A. McChrystal da ma'aikatansa - maganganun da Hastings ta ji yayin tafiya tare da McChrystal - yana sukar Mataimakin Shugaban Amurka [[Joe Biden]] da sauran jami'ai, bayan haka Shugaba [[Barack Obama]] ya kori McChrytal a matsayin kwamandansa a Afghanistan. Logan ya gaya wa CNN cewa rahoton Hastings ya keta yarjejeniyar da ba a bayyana ba tsakanin manema labarai da ke tafiya tare da ma'aikatan soja kada su ba da rahoton maganganun da ke tsakanin su.<ref name="CNN062710">{{Cite web |last=Kurtz |first=Howard |author-link=Howard Kurtz |date=27 June 2010 |title=Interview With Michael Hastings; Interview With Lara Logan |url=http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/1006/27/rs.01.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100701052019/http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/1006/27/rs.01.html |archive-date=1 July 2010 |access-date=30 June 2010 |website=[[CNN]]}}</ref> Da yake ambaton sanarwa, "Ina nufin, tambayar ita ce, da gaske, abin da Janar McChrystal da mataimakansa ke yi shi ne mai ban tsoro, cewa sun cancanci kawo ƙarshen aiki kamar na McChrystal? Ina nufin, Michael Hastings bai taɓa yin hidima ga ƙasarsa kamar yadda McChrytal yake ba. Tsohon wakilin soja na CNN Jamie McIntyre ya ce abin da suka yi ya kasance mai ban tsoro da cewa ba lallai ne ya karfafa mafi munin bayanin 'ya' na' yan jarida da suka tafi' a kansu da manyan jami' na soja.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McIntyre |first=Jamie |author-link=Jamie McIntyre |date=30 June 2010 |title=Lara Logan's Friendly Misfire |url=http://www.lineofdeparture.com/2010/06/30/lara-logans-friendly-misfire |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104033236/http://www.lineofdeparture.com/2010/06/30/lara-logans-friendly-misfire |archive-date=4 January 2012 |publisher=Line of Departure}}</ref> Glenn Greenwald, yana yin sharhi game da abin da ya faru ga ''Salon'', ya rubuta cewa ɓangaren Logan misali ne na abin da aikin jarida ya "ƙazanta". Greenwald ta ce Logan ta yi rahoto mai ƙarfin zuciya a tsawon shekaru, amma ta zo ta ga kanta a matsayin wani ɓangare na gwamnati da soja. === Rahoto daga Masar da cin zarafin mata === Sojojin Masar sun kama Logan da ma'aikatanta na CBS kuma sun tsare su na dare daya a ranar 3 ga Fabrairu 2011, yayin da suke rufe Juyin Juya Halin Masar. Ta ce an rufe ma'aikatan idanu kuma an ɗaure su da bindiga, kuma an yi wa direban su duka. An shawarce su da su bar kasar, amma daga baya aka sake su.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kamer |first=Foster |date=11 February 2011 |title=Lara Logan's Egypt Interrogation Tell-All |url=http://www.esquire.com/blogs/politics/lara-logan-egypt-5219471 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105085341/http://www.esquire.com/blogs/politics/lara-logan-egypt-5219471 |archive-date=5 November 2013 |access-date=15 February 2011}}</ref> A ranar 15 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2011, CBS News ta fitar da wata sanarwa cewa an yi wa Logan duka kuma an yi masa fyade a ranar 11 ga watan Fabirairu, yayin da yake rufe bukukuwan da aka yi a Tahrir Square bayan murabus din [[Hosni Mubarak]]. 60 Minutes ta watsa wata hira da ita game da shi a ranar 1 ga Mayu 2011; ta ce tana magana ne saboda yaduwar Cin zarafin jima'i a Masar, kuma don karya shiru game da cin zarafin mata 'yan jarida ba sa son bayar da rahoto idan ya hana su yin ayyukansu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 May 2011 |title=Lara Logan breaks her silence |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bO12X1nhzzk |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200424095225/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bO12X1nhzzk |archive-date=24 April 2020 |access-date=3 May 2020 |website=YouTube}}</ref><ref name="CBSMay1a">{{Cite web |date=May 1, 2011 |title=Lara Logan breaks her silence |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2011/04/28/60minutes/main20058368.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114044000/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2011/04/28/60minutes/main20058368.shtml |archive-date=November 14, 2013 |website=[[60 Minutes]] |publisher=[[CBS]]}}</ref><ref name="CBSMay1b">{{Cite web |date=1 May 2011 |title=After the assault: Lara Logan comes home |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/after-the-assault-lara-logan-comes-home/ |website=[[60 Minutes]] |publisher=[[CBS]]}}</ref> [[Fayil:Gen. Petraeus visits 'Warriors' DVIDS81032.jpg|thumb|Lara Logan]] Ta ce lamarin ya shafi maza 200 zuwa 300 kuma ya dauki kimanin minti 25. Ta kasance tana ba da rahoton bukukuwan na sa'a guda ba tare da wani abin da ya faru ba lokacin da batirin kyamararta ya gaza. Ɗaya daga cikin ma'aikatan CBS na Masar ya ba da shawarar su tafi, yana gaya mata daga baya ya ji taron suna yin maganganun jima'i game da ita. Ta ji hannayenta suna taɓa ta, kuma ana iya jin ta tana ihu "dakatar", kamar yadda kyamarar ta mutu. Ɗaya daga cikin taron ya yi ihu cewa ita Bayahude ce ta Isra'ila, da'awar da CBS ta ce, ko da yake karya ne, "wasan da man fetur ne". Ta ce sun tsage tufafinta kuma, a cikin maganarta, sun yi mata fyade da hannayensu, yayin da suke daukar hotuna da wayoyin salula. Sun fara jan jikinta a wurare daban-daban, suna jan gashin kanta sosai ta ce kamar suna ƙoƙarin cire gashin kanta. An ja ta a filin zuwa inda aka dakatar da taron ta hanyar shinge, kusa da inda ƙungiyar mata ke sansani. Wata mace da ke sanye da Chador ta sanya hannunta a kusa da Logan, sauran kuma sun rufe matsayi a kusa da ita, yayin da wasu maza da ke tare da mata suka jefa ruwa ga taron. Wani rukuni na sojoji sun bayyana, suka kori taron da sanduna, kuma daya daga cikinsu ya jefa Logan a kafaɗarsa. Daga baya ta ce tana tunanin tana mutuwa a lokacin harin. An dawo da ita Amurka washegari, inda ta kwashe kwanaki hudu a asibiti.<ref name="CBSMay1a">{{Cite web |date=May 1, 2011 |title=Lara Logan breaks her silence |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2011/04/28/60minutes/main20058368.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114044000/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2011/04/28/60minutes/main20058368.shtml |archive-date=November 14, 2013 |website=[[60 Minutes]] |publisher=[[CBS]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20131114044000/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2011/04/28/60minutes/main20058368.shtml "Lara Logan breaks her silence"]. ''[[Minti 60|60 Minutes]]''. [[CBS]]. 1 May 2011. Archived from [http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2011/04/28/60minutes/main20058368.shtml the original] on 14 November 2013.</cite></ref><ref name="CBSMay1b">{{Cite web |date=1 May 2011 |title=After the assault: Lara Logan comes home |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/after-the-assault-lara-logan-comes-home/ |website=[[60 Minutes]] |publisher=[[CBS]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.cbsnews.com/news/after-the-assault-lara-logan-comes-home/ "After the assault: Lara Logan comes home"]. ''[[Minti 60|60 Minutes]]''. [[CBS]]. 1 May 2011.</cite></ref> Shugaba [[Barack Obama]] ne ya tuntube ta lokacin da ta isa gida. CBS ta ce ba a san ainihin maharan ba, kuma ba zai yiwu a gurfanar da kowa ba<ref name="CBSMay1b" /> === Sharhi game da Afghanistan da Libya === A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2012, Logan ta ba da jawabi a gaban abincin rana na shekara-shekara na Ƙungiyar Gwamnati mafi Kyau inda ta soki maganganun Gwamnatin Obama game da Yaƙi a Afghanistan da sauran rikice-rikice a duniyar Larabawa. Musamman, Logan ya soki ikirarin gwamnati cewa [[Taliban]] na raunana a Afghanistan, yana kiran irin wannan ikirarin "babban karya" da aka yi don shirya kawo karshen aikin soja na Amurka a wannan kasar. Ta kuma bayyana cewa tana fatan Amurka za ta "ramako" daidai ga Harin Benghazi na 2012, inda aka kai hari kan ma'aikatan diflomasiyyar Amurka kuma aka kashe su a [[Libya]]. === Benghazi ya ba da rahoton kurakurai === A ranar 8 ga Nuwamba 2013, Logan ya tafi CBS This Morning don neman gafara saboda rahoton ''Minti 60'' mara kyau game da harin Benghazi, wanda aka watsa a ranar 27 ga Oktoba. Ta nuna cewa bincike ya gano cewa tushen yawancin rahotonta ba daidai ba ne kuma ya zargi Dylan Davies, manajan jami'an tsaro na gida a Ofishin Jakadancin Amurka a Benghazi. Logan ya ce ya yi ƙarya game da bayanai kuma ya nace cewa sun bincika amincinsa kuma sun dogara da abubuwa kamar hotuna da takardun da ya bayar. A baya, Logan ya ce sun koyi cewa labarin da Davies ya fada bai dace da abin da ya gaya wa masu binciken tarayya ba. "Kun san abu mafi muhimmanci ga kowane mutum a minti 60 shine gaskiya, "ta ce a cikin neman gafara a cikin shirin ''Minti 60''"Kuma a yau gaskiyar ita ce mun yi kuskure. Kuma wannan shi ne ah ... wannan abin takaici ne ga kowane ɗan jarida. Wannan abin takaici a gare ni. " Logan ya ci gaba da ƙarawa, "Babu wanda yake son yarda da cewa sun yi kuskure. Ammah idan ka yi, dole ne ka tashi tsaye ka ɗauki alhakin - kuma dole ne ka ce ba daidai ba ne. "<ref>{{Cite web |last=Guthrie |first=Marisa |date=November 8, 2013 |title=Lara Logan Apologizes For '60 Minutes' Benghazi Report on 'CBS This Morning |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/60-minutes-benghazi-report-lara-654610 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211160255/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/60-minutes-benghazi-report-lara-654610 |archive-date=11 February 2020 |access-date=16 April 2020 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp; A ranar 26 ga Nuwamba Shekara ta à2013, an tilasta wa Logan ya yi hutu saboda kurakurai a cikin rahoton Benghazi. Al Ortiz, babban darakta na Standards and Practices na CBS News, ya rubuta a cikin wata sanarwa, "Logan ta yi jawabi inda ta dauki matsayi mai karfi na jama'a tana jayayya cewa Gwamnatin Amurka tana nuna rashin amincewa da barazanar daga [[Al-Qaeda|Al Qaeda]], kuma tana kira ga matakan da Amurka ta dauka don mayar da martani ga harin Benghazi. Daga hangen nesa na CBS News Standards, akwai rikici wajen daukar matsayi na jama'ar game da yadda gwamnati ke kula da Benghazi da Al Qaeda. Daga baya ta kai karar New York Magazine kan dala miliyan 25 saboda rahotonsu game da sakamakon.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 19, 2019 |title=Ex-'60 Minutes' reporter Lara Logan sues New York magazine over Benghazi retraction |url=https://www.syracuse.com/us-news/2019/12/ex-60-minutes-reporter-lara-logan-sues-new-york-magazine-over-benghazi-retraction.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512025909/https://www.syracuse.com/us-news/2019/12/ex-60-minutes-reporter-lara-logan-sues-new-york-magazine-over-benghazi-retraction.html |archive-date=12 May 2022 |access-date=March 28, 2022 |website=syracuse |language=en |agency=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref> An kori karar da nuna bambanci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Docket for Logan v. Hagan, 1:19-cv-01208 - CourtListener.com |url=https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/16584679/logan-v-hagan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328220404/https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/16584679/logan-v-hagan/ |archive-date=28 March 2022 |access-date=2022-03-28 |website=CourtListener |language=en-us}}</ref> === Sharhi kan kafafen yada labarai === [[Fayil:Tiffany Trump, Ivanka Trump, and Lara Trump at Inaugural parade 01-20-17.jpg|thumb|Lara Logan]] Bayan barin CBS News, Logan ta fara sukar kafofin watsa labarai, wanda ta ce tana da nuna bambanci.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Atkinson |first=Claire |date=April 9, 2019 |title=Former CBS News correspondent Lara Logan adds to Sinclair Broadcasting's national ambitions |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/all/former-cbs-news-correspondent-lara-logan-adds-sinclair-broadcasting-s-n992766 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411023952/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/all/former-cbs-news-correspondent-lara-logan-adds-sinclair-broadcasting-s-n992766 |archive-date=11 April 2019 |access-date=April 10, 2019 |website=[[NBC News]] |language=en}}</ref> Ta bayyana 'yan jarida a matsayin "masu gwagwarmayar siyasa" da "masu yada labarai" a kan Shugaba [[Donald Trump]].Ta ce yin waɗannan maganganun yayi kama da "kisan kai na sana'a". Ba da daɗewa ba, ta shiga kungiyar Sinclair Broadcast Group, ƙungiyar kafofin watsa labarai ta dama.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Barr |first=Jeremy |date=9 April 2019 |title=Former CBS News Reporter Lara Logan Joining Sinclair |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/lara-logan-joining-sinclair-broadcast-group-1200424 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410232103/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/lara-logan-joining-sinclair-broadcast-group-1200424 |archive-date=10 April 2019 |access-date=2019-04-10 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |language=en}}</ref> Tun daga wannan lokacin, Logan ya wallafa ra'ayoyin makirci na dama, kamar yin hasashen cewa wakilin Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez ya lashe zaben ta zuwa ofis saboda wasu makircin da ba a bayyana ba wanda ba a san su ba Logan ya yi imanin Masu gwagwarmayar adawa da iko. === 2020 Fox News jerin === A Shekarar 2020, Fox News ta hayar da Logan don yin jerin shirye-shirye da ake kira Lara Logan has No Agenda . Jaridar ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' ta lura cewa "Duk da taken 'Babu Agenda', Logan yana shirin komawa cikin batun nuna bambanci ga kafofin watsa labarai".<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date=6 January 2020 |title=Combative Lara Logan gets ready for a comeback on Fox News streaming service |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/business/story/2020-01-06/combative-lara-logan-gets-ready-for-a-comeback-on-fox-news-streaming-service |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220324061058/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/business/story/2020-01-06/combative-lara-logan-gets-ready-for-a-comeback-on-fox-news-streaming-service |archive-date=24 March 2022 |access-date=2020-01-13 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]] |language=en}}</ref> ==== Da'awar game da antifa ==== A ranar 31 ga Mayu Acikin Shekarar 2020, Logan ta wallafa hoto a shafinta na Twitter, wanda ta yi iƙirarin jagorar koyar da rikici ne. Hoton a zahiri ya kasance sabon abu ne wanda ya faru da tashin hankali na Baltimore na 2015. A ranar 1 ga Yuni, Logan ya wallafa barazanar da shafin [[Twitter]] na @ANTIFA_US ya yi. Asusun ya zama karya kuma yana da alaƙa da Identity Evropa, ƙungiyar fararen ƙasa. Bayan an soki shi saboda sanya wayo, Logan ya yi iƙirarin cewa akwai kamfen don "hallaka" ta, gami da Media Matters for America. A ranar 4 ga Yuni Shekarar 2020, Logan ya bayyana a kan ''Hannity'' don da'awar cewa antifa yana barin "pallets of bricks" a wuraren zanga-zangar a cikin ƙoƙari na tayar da tashin hankali da hallaka. Masu binciken gaskiya sun gano cewa da'awar tubali da aka bari a wuraren zanga-zangar ba su da tushe, kuma hotunan da aka gabatar a matsayin shaidar wannan aikin an dauki su ne a wuraren gine-gine na yau da kullun. Babu wani da ya ba da rahoton ganin motocin antifa suna barin tubali na tubali. Bayan haka, Logan ya inganta tweet na ban dariya na 5 Yuni wanda ya haɗa antifa zuwa juggalos da kuma "tsarin matsayi". Logan a maimakon haka ya mayar da hankali kan ɓangaren tweet wanda ya ambaci "tsarin umarni na gargajiya" kuma ya yi jayayya cewa masu tawaye suna da tsarin ƙungiya. ==== Cutar AIDS da ka'idojin makirci na COVID-19 ==== A watan Satumbar Shekarar 2021, Logan ya zargi gwamnatin [[Joe Biden|Biden]] da "ɓoye shaidu" na tasirin da ake zaton rigakafin COVID-19 ya haifar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Goldblatt |first=Daniel |date=2021-09-11 |title=Lara Logan Accuses Biden Administration of 'Hiding Evidence' of COVID-19 Vaccine Side Effects (Video) |url=https://www.thewrap.com/lara-logan-accuses-biden-administration-of-hiding-evidence-of-covid-19-vaccine-side-effects-video/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330110854/https://www.thewrap.com/lara-logan-accuses-biden-administration-of-hiding-evidence-of-covid-19-vaccine-side-effects-video/ |archive-date=30 March 2023 |access-date=2023-10-24 |website=[[TheWrap]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Ta kuma ba da labarin ƙarya game da matukan jirgin saman Sojojin Sama na Amurka 27 da suka yi murabus kan umarnin rigakafin COVID-19 daga Real Raw News, Shafin yanar gizon labarai na karya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dale |first=Daniel |author-link=Daniel Dale |date=2021-09-11 |title=Fact-checking the false but viral story about F-22 pilots resigning after a vaccination text from the secretary of defense |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/09/10/politics/fact-check-f-22-pilots-quit-vaccine-secretary-of-defense/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221016062803/https://www.cnn.com/2021/09/10/politics/fact-check-f-22-pilots-quit-vaccine-secretary-of-defense/index.html |archive-date=16 October 2022 |access-date=2023-10-24 |website=[[CNN]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=McCarthy |first=Bill |date=2021-09-27 |title=PolitiFact investigation: A look behind Real Raw News' sensational (and fabricated) headlines |url=https://www.poynter.org/fact-checking/2021/a-look-behind-real-raw-news-sensational-and-fabricated-headlines/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231023101106/https://www.poynter.org/fact-checking/2021/a-look-behind-real-raw-news-sensational-and-fabricated-headlines/ |archive-date=23 October 2023 |access-date=2023-10-22 |website=[[Poynter Institute]] |language=en-US}}</ref> A watan Nuwamba da Disamba na 2021, Logan ya inganta ƙarya da ka'idojin makirci game da [[Kanjamau|Cutar kanjamau]] da [[Koronavirus 2019|COVID-19]]. Ta raba labaran da suka kalubalanci yarjejeniyar kimiyya cewa cutar kanjamau tana haifar da cutar kanjamaun daji. Ta kwatanta darektan NIAID Anthony Fauci da masanin kimiyya na Nazi Josef Mengele . A lokacin tattaunawa game da Bambancin SARS-CoV-2 Omicron, ta ce: "Saboda haka a wannan lokacin, abin da kuka gani a kan Dokta Fauci, wannan shine abin da mutane ke fada mini, cewa ba ya wakiltar kimiyya a gare su. Yana wakiltar Josef Mengele, Dokta Josef Mengele na Nazi wanda ya yi gwaje-gwaje a kan Yahudawa a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu da kuma a sansanonin, kuma ina magana game da mutane a duk faɗin duniya suna faɗin wannan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pengelly |first=Martin |date=November 30, 2021 |title=Outrage as Fox News commentator likens Anthony Fauci to Nazi doctor |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/nov/30/anthony-fauci-josef-mengele-fox-news |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130152707/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/nov/30/anthony-fauci-josef-mengele-fox-news |archive-date=30 November 2021 |access-date=November 30, 2021 |website=[[The Guardian]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Darcy |first=Oliver |date=November 30, 2021 |title=Anti-Defamation League and Auschwitz Museum condemn Fox host for comparing Fauci to Nazi doctor who performed medical experiments at death camp |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/11/30/media/lara-logan-fauci-auschwitz-museum-anti-defamation-league/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130202934/https://www.cnn.com/2021/11/30/media/lara-logan-fauci-auschwitz-museum-anti-defamation-league/index.html |archive-date=30 November 2021 |access-date=November 30, 2021 |website=[[CNN]]}}</ref> Yawancin shahararrun kungiyoyin Yahudawa, ciki har da Anti-Defamation League da Gidan Tarihi na Auschwitz, sun yi Allah wadai da maganganunta.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Darcy |first=Oliver |date=November 30, 2021 |title=Anti-Defamation League and Auschwitz Museum condemn Fox host for comparing Fauci to Nazi doctor who performed medical experiments at death camp |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/11/30/media/lara-logan-fauci-auschwitz-museum-anti-defamation-league/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130202934/https://www.cnn.com/2021/11/30/media/lara-logan-fauci-auschwitz-museum-anti-defamation-league/index.html |archive-date=30 November 2021 |access-date=November 30, 2021 |website=[[CNN]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFDarcy2021">Darcy, Oliver (30 November 2021). [https://www.cnn.com/2021/11/30/media/lara-logan-fauci-auschwitz-museum-anti-defamation-league/index.html "Anti-Defamation League and Auschwitz Museum condemn Fox host for comparing Fauci to Nazi doctor who performed medical experiments at death camp"]. ''[[CNN]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20211130202934/https://www.cnn.com/2021/11/30/media/lara-logan-fauci-auschwitz-museum-anti-defamation-league/index.html Archived] from the original on 30 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> Logan daga baya ya sake mayar da martani game da Gidan Tarihi na Auschwitz. A lokacin wata hira da aka yi da MSNBC a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2021, Fauci ta kira maganganun Logan "absolutely ridiculious and disgusting", kuma ta soki Fox News saboda rashin daukar mataki na horo a kanta. United Talent Agency ta bar Logan a matsayin abokin ciniki jim kadan bayan da ta yi tsokaci a Mengele. [[Fayil:General Schwartz on 60 Minutes.jpg|thumb|Lara Logan]] Tun lokacin da ta yi sharhi, Logan ba ta bayyana a matsayin baƙo a kan Fox News ba, kuma babu wani sabon abubuwan Lara Logan Has No Agenda. A watan Maris na shekara ta 2022, Logan ta ce Fox ta "dumped" ta.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Pengelly |first=Martin |date=April 9, 2022 |title=Lara Logan, who compared Fauci to Mengele, says Fox News pushed her out |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2022/apr/09/lara-logan-fox-news-mengele-fauci-remark |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409072343/https://www.theguardian.com/media/2022/apr/09/lara-logan-fox-news-mengele-fauci-remark |archive-date=9 April 2022 |access-date=April 9, 2022 |website=[[The Guardian]] |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFPengelly2022">Pengelly, Martin (9 April 2022). [https://www.theguardian.com/media/2022/apr/09/lara-logan-fox-news-mengele-fauci-remark "Lara Logan, who compared Fauci to Mengele, says Fox News pushed her out"]. ''[[The Guardian]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220409072343/https://www.theguardian.com/media/2022/apr/09/lara-logan-fox-news-mengele-fauci-remark Archived] from the original on 9 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> === Rashin mamayewar Rasha a Ukraine === A lokacin mamayewar Rasha ta 2022 a Ukraine, Logan a cikin bayyanarta ta talabijin ta haɗa shugaban Ukraine [[Volodymyr Zelensky|Volodymyr Zelenskyy]] da ayyukan "Shaidan, sihiri", ya kira shi "puppet" kuma ya yi iƙirarin cewa an "zaɓi Zelenskyay [...], ba a jefa kuri'a ba". Ta yaba da Shugaba [[Vladimir Putin]] na Rasha saboda "ba zai tsaya ba yayin da masu fafutukar duniya suka mamaye duniya" kuma ta zargi Ukrainians da kasancewa "nazis na ainihi". Maganganun Logan sun sami yabo kuma farfagandar gwamnatin Rasha ta karɓa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 15, 2022 |title=Fox Nation host Lara Logan links President Zelensky's entertainment career to the occult, and claims the entire Ukrainian military has Nazi links |url=https://www.mediamatters.org/russias-invasion-ukraine/fox-nation-host-lara-logan-links-president-zelenskys-entertainment-career |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220610144133/https://www.mediamatters.org/russias-invasion-ukraine/fox-nation-host-lara-logan-links-president-zelenskys-entertainment-career |archive-date=10 June 2022 |access-date=March 23, 2022 |publisher=[[Media Matters for America]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Moran |first=Lee |date=March 22, 2022 |title=Russia Uses Lara Logan's Rant About Ukraine, Zelenskyy As Propaganda On Twitter |url=https://sg.news.yahoo.com/russia-uses-lara-logans-rant-072552926.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322232803/https://sg.news.yahoo.com/russia-uses-lara-logans-rant-072552926.html |archive-date=22 March 2022 |access-date=March 23, 2022 |website=[[Yahoo News]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Oganesyan |first=Natalie |date=March 21, 2022 |title=Russian Officials Endorse Lara Logan's Comments Linking Ukrainian Soldiers to Nazis and Occultism |url=https://www.thewrap.com/lara-logan-ukraine-nazi-comments-endorsed-kremlin/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322232804/https://www.thewrap.com/lara-logan-ukraine-nazi-comments-endorsed-kremlin/ |archive-date=22 March 2022 |access-date=March 23, 2022 |website=[[The Wrap]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Thomas |first=Jake |date=March 21, 2022 |title=Logan Praised by Russia as 'Real America's Voice' as Schwarzenegger Shunned |url=https://www.newsweek.com/logan-praised-russia-real-americas-voice-schwarzenegger-shunned-1690289 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512025908/https://www.newsweek.com/logan-praised-russia-real-americas-voice-schwarzenegger-shunned-1690289 |archive-date=12 May 2022 |access-date=March 23, 2022 |website=[[Newsweek]]}}</ref> === Tattaunawa game da Darwin da iyalin Rothschild === A watan Maris na shekara ta 2022, Logan ya yi iƙirarin ba tare da wata hujja ba cewa dangin Rothschild sun yi amfani da [[Charles Darwin]] don ƙirƙirar ka'idarsa ta juyin halitta.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 28, 2022 |title=Fox Nation host Lara Logan claims that Darwinism is a plot from "the Rothschilds" |url=https://www.mediamatters.org/lara-logan/fox-nation-host-lara-logan-claims-darwinism-plot-rothschilds |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328164426/https://www.mediamatters.org/lara-logan/fox-nation-host-lara-logan-claims-darwinism-plot-rothschilds |archive-date=28 March 2022 |access-date=March 28, 2022 |website=[[Media Matters for America]] |language=en}}</ref> Ta kuma inganta da'awar cewa dangin Rothschild, wanda aka saba amfani da shi a cikin ra'ayoyin makirci na adawa da Yahudawa, sun kirkiro [[Yaƙin basasar Amurka]] da kisan gillar [[Abraham Lincoln|Ibrahim Lincoln]] da [[John F. Kennedy]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hananoki |first=Eric |date=March 28, 2022 |title=Fox Nation host Lara Logan shares conspiracy theories about "Putin's purge of the Rothschild money changers," Jewish people masterminding U.S. Civil War |url=https://www.mediamatters.org/lara-logan/fox-nation-host-lara-logan-shares-conspiracy-theories-about-putins-purge-rothschild |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328190329/https://www.mediamatters.org/lara-logan/fox-nation-host-lara-logan-shares-conspiracy-theories-about-putins-purge-rothschild |archive-date=28 March 2022 |access-date=March 28, 2022 |website=[[Media Matters for America]] |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == [[Fayil:130318-A-YI554-773 (8574075085).jpg|thumb|Lara Logan]] A shekara ta 1998, Logan ya auri Jason Siemon, Ba'amurke daga [[Iowa]] da ke buga wasan [[Kwallon kwando|Kwando]] a Burtaniya; auren ya ƙare da saki a shekara ta 2008. A wannan shekarar, ta auri Joseph Burkett, dan kwangila na tsaro na gwamnatin Amurka daga Texas. Wannan ita ce auren na biyu ga duka biyun. Ma'auratan sun zauna a Washington, DC, tare da 'ya'yansu biyu da 'yar Burkett daga aurensa na baya. [./Lara_Logan#cite_note-fishbowldc-63 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><nowiki>[4]</nowiki></span>] A shekara ta 2015, sun koma Fredericksburg, Texas, garin Burkett.<ref name="theatlantic">{{Cite web |last=Plott Calabro |first=Elaina |date=12 June 2023 |title=A Star Reporter's Break With Reality |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2023/07/lara-logan-60-minutes-correspondent-conspiracy-theories/674168/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727150458/https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2023/07/lara-logan-60-minutes-correspondent-conspiracy-theories/674168/ |archive-date=27 July 2023 |access-date=24 October 2023 |publisher=[[The Atlantic]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFPlott_Calabro2023">Plott Calabro, Elaina (12 June 2023). [https://web.archive.org/web/20230727150458/https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2023/07/lara-logan-60-minutes-correspondent-conspiracy-theories/674168/ "A Star Reporter's Break With Reality"]. [[Tekun Atlantika|The Atlantic]]. Archived from [https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2023/07/lara-logan-60-minutes-correspondent-conspiracy-theories/674168/ the original] on 27 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> == Kyaututtuka == * Mata na Amurka a Rediyo da Talabijin Gracie Award, 2004 <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 November 2016 |title=2004 Gracies Gala Winners |url=https://allwomeninmedia.org/gracies/2004-gracies-winners/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407083705/https://allwomeninmedia.org/gracies/2004-gracies-winners/ |archive-date=7 April 2022 |access-date=5 December 2021 |publisher=Alliance for Media in Women}}</ref> * Kyautar David Kaplan, Ƙungiyar 'Yan Jarida ta Ƙasashen Waje, 2006 <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 1, 2007 |title=2006 OPC Award Winners |url=https://opcofamerica.org/2006-opc-award-winners/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210130085547/https://opcofamerica.org/2006-opc-award-winners/ |archive-date=30 January 2021 |access-date=6 December 2021 |publisher=Overseas Press Club of America}}</ref> * Kyautar David Bloom, Rediyo da Talabijin 'Association, 2007 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Award Winners |url=http://rtcacapitolhill.org/upcoming-2013-rtca-executive-committee-election/awards/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407083705/http://rtcacapitolhill.org/upcoming-2013-rtca-executive-committee-election/awards/ |archive-date=7 April 2022 |access-date=6 December 2021 |publisher=Radio and Television Correspondents' Association}}</ref> * Kyautar Daniel Pearl, 2011 * Kyautar 'Yancin Labarai ta Ƙungiyar Labarai ta Kasa, 2011 == Dubi kuma == * Mata a cikin aikin jarida == Nassoshi == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == {{Commonscat}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20180826031531/https://www.cbsnews.com/team/lara-logan/ Bayanan martaba a CBS News (an adana shi)] * {{IMDb name|1022561}} * Bayyanawaa kanC-SPAN * [https://americasfuture.net Makomar Amurka] {{60 Minutes}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Logan, Lara}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] o5bxso9880mbnqmrp39zmwmbz4tq4rv 884701 884700 2026-07-18T15:51:56Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 884701 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Data box}} [[Fayil:Lara Logan in Iraq.jpg|thumb|Lara logan a kasar iran]] [[Fayil:Lara Logan with CBS's "60 Minutes", sits with U.S. Army Sgt. 1st Class Chris Corbin assigned to the 7th Special Forces Group (Airborne), before conducting an interview at Eglin Base Air Force Base, Fla., March 130318-A-YI554-773.jpg|thumb|Lara Logan qajen daukar shiri]]  {{Infobox person|name=Lara Logan|image=Lara Logan crop.jpg|alt=photograph|caption=Logan in 2013|birth_date={{Birth date and age|1971|03|29|df=yes}}|birth_place=[[Durban]], [[South Africa]]|death_date=|death_place=|education=Degree in commerce, 1992|alma_mater=[[University of Natal]], Durban|occupation=Journalist, since 1988|employer=[[CBS News]] chief foreign affairs correspondent (2006–2018)|spouse={{Plainlist| * {{Marriage|Jason Siemon | 1998|2008|end=div.}} * {{Marriage|Joseph Burkett | 2008}} }}|website={{url|laralogan.com}}}}'''Lara Logan''' (an haife ta a ranar 29 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1971) 'yar jaridar talabijin da rediyo ce ta Afirka ta Kudu kuma mai ba da labari ga me da yaki. Ayyukan Logan sun fara ne a Afirka ta Kudu tare da kungiyoyin labarai daban-daban a cikin shekarun 1990. Bayanan ta ya tashi ne saboda bayar da rahoto game da mamayar Amurka a Afganistan a shekara ta 2001. An hayar ta a matsayin wakilin CBS News a shekara ta 2002, daga ƙarshe ta zama Babban Wakilin Harkokin Waje. A Shekara ta 2013, wani labarin Logan a kan Harin Benghazi na Shekarar 2012 ya haifar da babbar gardama saboda kurakurai na gaskiya kuma an janye shi, wanda ya haifar da hutu. Logan ya bar CBS a shekarar 2018. Bayan ta tashi daga CBS, Logan ta fara yin da'awar da yawa a kan ra'ayoyin makirci daban-daban game da batutuwa kamar kwayar cutar AIDS ko dangin Rothschild. A shekarar 2019, ta shiga Sinclair Broadcast Group, kamfanin watsa labarai mai ra'ayin mazan jiya. A watan Janairun Shekara ta 2020, ta shiga Fox Nation, sabis na biyan kuɗi wanda Fox News ke gudanarwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Battaglio |first=Stephen |date=January 6, 2020 |title=A combative Lara Logan plans a comeback on Fox News' streaming service. Can she succeed? |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/business/story/2020-01-06/combative-lara-logan-gets-ready-for-a-comeback-on-fox-news-streaming-service |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220324061058/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/business/story/2020-01-06/combative-lara-logan-gets-ready-for-a-comeback-on-fox-news-streaming-service |archive-date=24 March 2022 |access-date=June 9, 2020 |language=en-US}}</ref> A watan Maris na shekara ta 2022, ta ce cibiyar sadarwa ta "dumped".<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Pengelly |first=Martin |date=April 9, 2022 |title=Lara Logan, who compared Fauci to Mengele, says Fox News pushed her out |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2022/apr/09/lara-logan-fox-news-mengele-fauci-remark |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409072343/https://www.theguardian.com/media/2022/apr/09/lara-logan-fox-news-mengele-fauci-remark |archive-date=9 April 2022 |access-date=April 9, 2022 |website=[[The Guardian]] |language=en}}</ref> Tun daga watan Yunin Shekara ta 2022, Logan ya kasance memba na kwamitin Amurka ta gaba, wata ƙungiya mai ra'ayin mazan jiya da tsohon jami'in Gwamnatin Trump Michael Flynn ke jagoranta.<ref name="pr2022">{{Cite web |date=1 June 2022 |title=Award-Winning Investigative Journalist Lara Logan Joins America's Future Board of Directors |url=https://www.americasfuture.net/press-releases/press-release-award-winning-investigative-journalist-lara-logan-joins-americas-future-board-of-directors/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323163959/https://www.americasfuture.net/press-releases/press-release-award-winning-investigative-journalist-lara-logan-joins-americas-future-board-of-directors/ |archive-date=23 March 2023 |access-date=24 March 2023 |publisher=America's Future |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="leaders2023">{{Cite web |title=Leadership |url=https://www.americasfuture.net/leadership/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320013422/https://www.americasfuture.net/leadership/ |archive-date=20 March 2023 |access-date=24 March 2023 |publisher=America's Future |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news |date=7 September 2022 |title=Former Trump adviser Michael Flynn 'at the center' of new movement based on conspiracies and Christian nationalism |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/former-trump-adviser-michael-flynn-at-the-center-of-new-movement-based-on-conspiracies-and-christian-nationalism |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909024846/https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/former-trump-adviser-michael-flynn-at-the-center-of-new-movement-based-on-conspiracies-and-christian-nationalism |archive-date=9 September 2023 |access-date=14 September 2023 |work=PBS NewsHour |language=en-us}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Logan a [[Durban|Durban, Afirka ta Kudu]], <ref name="bio" /> kuma ta halarci makarantar sakandare a Kwalejin 'yan mata ta Durban. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lara Logan |url=http://www.nndb.com/people/796/000048652 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080821172516/http://www.nndb.com/people/796/000048652/ |archive-date=21 August 2008 |access-date=20 June 2008 |publisher=NNDb}}</ref> Ta kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Natal da ke Durban a Shekarar 1992 tare da digiri a harkokin kasuwanci. Ta sami difloma a cikin harshen Faransanci, al'adu da tarihi a Alliance Française a Paris. A duk makarantar sakandare da kwaleji, Logan ya yi aiki a matsayin samfurin wanka.<ref name="theatlantic">{{Cite web |last=Plott Calabro |first=Elaina |date=12 June 2023 |title=A Star Reporter's Break With Reality |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2023/07/lara-logan-60-minutes-correspondent-conspiracy-theories/674168/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727150458/https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2023/07/lara-logan-60-minutes-correspondent-conspiracy-theories/674168/ |archive-date=27 July 2023 |access-date=24 October 2023 |publisher=[[The Atlantic]]}}</ref> == Ayyuka == [[File:General_Schwartz_on_60_Minutes.jpg|left|thumb|250x250px|Logan yana hira da Janar Norton A. Schwartz, Afrilu Shekarar 2009]] Logan ta yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da labarai ga Sunday Tribune a Durban a lokacin karatunta A shekara ta (1988 Zuwa 1989), sannan ga Daily News na birnin A (1990-1992). A shekara ta 1992, ta shiga gidan talabijin na Reuters a Afirka, da farko a matsayin babban furodusa. Bayan shekaru hudu ta shiga aikin jarida mai zaman kansa, ta sami aiki a matsayin mai ba da rahoto da edita / furodusa tare da ITN da Fox / SKY, CBS News, ABC News (a London), NBC, da Tarayyar watsa shirye-shiryen Turai. Ta yi aiki ga [[CNN]], tana ba da rahoto game da abubuwan da suka faru kamar fashewar bam a ofishin jakadancin Amurka a [[Nairobi]] da [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] a 1998, rikici a [[Ireland ta Arewa|Arewacin Ireland]], da Yaƙin Kosovo . <ref name="bio">{{Cite web |date=2 December 2002 |title=Lara Logan |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2002/12/02/60II/main531421.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130719081011/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2002/12/02/60ii/main531421.shtml |archive-date=19 July 2013 |access-date=16 April 2020 |website=[[CBS News]]}}</ref> An hayar Logan a Shekara ta 2000 ta GMTV Breakfast Talabijin (a Burtaniya) a matsayin mai ba da labari; ta kuma yi aiki tare da CBS News Radio a matsayin mai zaman kansa. Kwanaki bayan hare-haren 11 ga Satumba, ta nemi wani magatakarda a Ofishin Jakadancin Rasha a London ya ba ta biza don tafiya zuwa [[Afghanistan]]. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2001, yayin da take Afghanistan tana aiki ga GMTV, ta shiga kungiyar Northern Alliance da ke da goyon bayan Amurka da Burtaniya kuma ta yi hira da kwamandan su, Janar Babajan, a Bagram Air Base . <ref name="NYT112305">{{Cite web |last=Steinberg |first=Jacques |author-link=The Gatekeepers |date=23 November 2005 |title=War Zone "It Girl" Has a Big Future at CBS News |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/11/23/arts/television/23loga.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015182513/http://www.nytimes.com/2005/11/23/arts/television/23loga.html |archive-date=15 October 2012 |access-date=22 February 2017 |website=The New York Times}}</ref> CBS News ta ba ta cikakken matsayi a matsayin wakilin a shekara ta 2002. Ta shafe yawancin shekaru hudu masu zuwa tana bayar da rahoto daga fagen fama, gami da yankunan yaki a Afghanistan da Iraki, sau da yawa suna tare da Sojojin Amurka. Amma ta kuma yi hira da sanannun mutane da masu bincike kamar Robert Ballard, wanda ya gano fashewar RMS Titanic . <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 June 2010 |title=Bob Ballard, The Great Explorer |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/bob-ballard-the-great-explorer-10-06-2010/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110015403/http://www.cbsnews.com/news/bob-ballard-the-great-explorer-10-06-2010/ |archive-date=10 January 2017 |access-date=9 January 2017 |website=CBS, 60 Minutes}}</ref> Yawancin rahotonta na Minti 60 ne na II. Ta kuma kasance mai ba da gudummawa na yau da kullun ga CBS Evening News, The Early Show da Face the Nation . A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2006, CBS News ta nada Logan a matsayin babban wakilin harkokin kasashen waje.<ref name="bio">{{Cite web |date=2 December 2002 |title=Lara Logan |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2002/12/02/60II/main531421.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130719081011/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2002/12/02/60ii/main531421.shtml |archive-date=19 July 2013 |access-date=16 April 2020 |website=[[CBS News]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2002/12/02/60II/main531421.shtml "Lara Logan"]. ''[[Labaran CBS|CBS News]]''. 2 December 2002. [https://web.archive.org/web/20130719081011/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2002/12/02/60ii/main531421.shtml Archived] from the original on 19 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Logan ya bar CBS News a watan Agustan A Shekarar 2018. <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 25, 2019 |title=Back in the Spotlight, Lara Logan Wants to Keep Reporting: "I'm Not Done Yet" |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/lara-logan-back-spotlight-wants-keep-reporting-q-a-1189865 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190304021721/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/lara-logan-back-spotlight-wants-keep-reporting-q-a-1189865 |archive-date=4 March 2019 |access-date=March 3, 2019 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |language=en}}</ref> A shekara mai zuwa, ta shiga kungiyar Sinclair Broadcast Group na wucin gadi, a matsayin mai ba da rahoto a kan iyakar Amurka da Mexico. A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2022, an dakatar da Logan daga gidan talabijin na dama Newsmax saboda abin da cibiyar sadarwa ta bayyana a matsayin "maganganun da ba a yarda da su ba" yayin wata hira inda ta ce "yankin [Amurka-Mexico] shine hanyar Shaidan na karɓar iko da duniya ta hanyar duk waɗannan mutanen da ke cikinsa da bayinsa ... Kun san, waɗanda suke son mu ci kwari, kwari kuma yayin da suke cin jinin yara?" [[Fayil:Lara Logan in Iraq.jpg|thumb|Lara Logan]] Yayinda take gabatar da Pizzagate da QAnon conspiracy theorist Liz Crokin a wani taron Fabrairu 2024, Logan ta gaya wa masu sauraro cewa ta fahimci cewa Pizzagare "duka gaskiya ne". === Haifa Street fada === A ƙarshen watan Janairun Shekara ta 2007, Logan ya gabatar da rahoton fada a kan titin Haifa a [[Bagdaza|Bagadaza]], amma CBS Evening News ba ta gudanar da rahoton ba, tana ɗaukar shi "mai ƙarfi". <ref name="MCO">{{Cite web |title=Helping Lara Logan |url=http://www.mediachannel.org/wordpress/2007/01/24/helping-lara-logan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100521231504/http://mediachannel.org/wordpress/2007/01/24/helping-lara-logan/ |archive-date=21 May 2010 |access-date=1 February 2007 |publisher=Mediachannel.org}}</ref> Don juyar da shawarar, Logan ya sami goyon bayan jama'a, yana neman mutane su kalli labarin kuma su ba da hanyar haɗi ga yawancin abokansu da sanannunsu kamar yadda zai yiwu, suna cewa, "Ya kamata a gani". === Sukar Michael Hastings === An soki Logan a watan Yunin Shekarar 2010 saboda maganganunta game da wani ɗan jarida, Michael Hastings, da ra'ayinta cewa 'yan jarida da suka shiga soja bai kamata su rubuta game da ba'a da suke ji ba. Wani labarin da Hastings ya yi a cikin Rolling Stone a wannan watan ya nakalto Janar Stanley A. McChrystal da ma'aikatansa - maganganun da Hastings ta ji yayin tafiya tare da McChrystal - yana sukar Mataimakin Shugaban Amurka [[Joe Biden]] da sauran jami'ai, bayan haka Shugaba [[Barack Obama]] ya kori McChrytal a matsayin kwamandansa a Afghanistan. Logan ya gaya wa CNN cewa rahoton Hastings ya keta yarjejeniyar da ba a bayyana ba tsakanin manema labarai da ke tafiya tare da ma'aikatan soja kada su ba da rahoton maganganun da ke tsakanin su.<ref name="CNN062710">{{Cite web |last=Kurtz |first=Howard |author-link=Howard Kurtz |date=27 June 2010 |title=Interview With Michael Hastings; Interview With Lara Logan |url=http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/1006/27/rs.01.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100701052019/http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/1006/27/rs.01.html |archive-date=1 July 2010 |access-date=30 June 2010 |website=[[CNN]]}}</ref> Da yake ambaton sanarwa, "Ina nufin, tambayar ita ce, da gaske, abin da Janar McChrystal da mataimakansa ke yi shi ne mai ban tsoro, cewa sun cancanci kawo ƙarshen aiki kamar na McChrystal? Ina nufin, Michael Hastings bai taɓa yin hidima ga ƙasarsa kamar yadda McChrytal yake ba. Tsohon wakilin soja na CNN Jamie McIntyre ya ce abin da suka yi ya kasance mai ban tsoro da cewa ba lallai ne ya karfafa mafi munin bayanin 'ya' na' yan jarida da suka tafi' a kansu da manyan jami' na soja.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McIntyre |first=Jamie |author-link=Jamie McIntyre |date=30 June 2010 |title=Lara Logan's Friendly Misfire |url=http://www.lineofdeparture.com/2010/06/30/lara-logans-friendly-misfire |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104033236/http://www.lineofdeparture.com/2010/06/30/lara-logans-friendly-misfire |archive-date=4 January 2012 |publisher=Line of Departure}}</ref> Glenn Greenwald, yana yin sharhi game da abin da ya faru ga ''Salon'', ya rubuta cewa ɓangaren Logan misali ne na abin da aikin jarida ya "ƙazanta". Greenwald ta ce Logan ta yi rahoto mai ƙarfin zuciya a tsawon shekaru, ammah ta zo ta ga kanta a matsayin wani ɓangare na gwamnati da soja. === Rahoto daga Masar da cin zarafin mata === Sojojin Masar sun kama Logan da ma'aikatanta na CBS kuma sun tsare su na dare daya a ranar 3 ga Fabrairu 2011, yayin da suke rufe Juyin Juya Halin Masar. Ta ce an rufe ma'aikatan idanu kuma an ɗaure su da bindiga, kuma an yi wa direban su duka. An shawarce su da su bar ƙasar, ammah daga baya aka sake su.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kamer |first=Foster |date=11 February 2011 |title=Lara Logan's Egypt Interrogation Tell-All |url=http://www.esquire.com/blogs/politics/lara-logan-egypt-5219471 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105085341/http://www.esquire.com/blogs/politics/lara-logan-egypt-5219471 |archive-date=5 November 2013 |access-date=15 February 2011}}</ref> A ranar 15 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2011, CBS News ta fitar da wata sanarwa cewa an yi wa Logan duka kuma an yi masa fyade a ranar 11 ga watan Fabirairu, yayin da yake rufe bukukuwan da aka yi a Tahrir Square bayan murabus din [[Hosni Mubarak]]. 60 Minutes ta watsa wata hira da ita game da shi a ranar 1 ga Mayu 2011; ta ce tana magana ne saboda yaduwar Cin zarafin jima'i a Masar, kuma don karya shiru game da cin zarafin mata 'yan jarida ba sa son bayar da rahoto idan ya hana su yin ayyukansu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 May 2011 |title=Lara Logan breaks her silence |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bO12X1nhzzk |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200424095225/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bO12X1nhzzk |archive-date=24 April 2020 |access-date=3 May 2020 |website=YouTube}}</ref><ref name="CBSMay1a">{{Cite web |date=May 1, 2011 |title=Lara Logan breaks her silence |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2011/04/28/60minutes/main20058368.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114044000/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2011/04/28/60minutes/main20058368.shtml |archive-date=November 14, 2013 |website=[[60 Minutes]] |publisher=[[CBS]]}}</ref><ref name="CBSMay1b">{{Cite web |date=1 May 2011 |title=After the assault: Lara Logan comes home |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/after-the-assault-lara-logan-comes-home/ |website=[[60 Minutes]] |publisher=[[CBS]]}}</ref> [[Fayil:Gen. Petraeus visits 'Warriors' DVIDS81032.jpg|thumb|Lara Logan]] Ta ce lamarin ya shafi maza 200 zuwa 300 kuma ya dauki kimanin minti 25. Ta kasance tana ba da rahoton bukukuwan na sa'a guda ba tare da wani abin da ya faru ba lokacin da batirin kyamararta ya gaza. Ɗaya daga cikin ma'aikatan CBS na Masar ya ba da shawarar su tafi, yana gaya mata daga baya ya ji taron suna yin maganganun jima'i game da ita. Ta ji hannayenta suna taɓa ta, kuma ana iya jin ta tana ihu "dakatar", kamar yadda kyamarar ta mutu. Ɗaya daga cikin taron ya yi ihu cewa ita Bayahude ce ta Isra'ila, da'awar da CBS ta ce, ko da yake karya ne, "wasan da man fetur ne". Ta ce sun tsage tufafinta kuma, a cikin maganarta, sun yi mata fyade da hannayensu, yayin da suke daukar hotuna da wayoyin salula. Sun fara jan jikinta a wurare daban-daban, suna jan gashin kanta sosai ta ce kamar suna ƙoƙarin cire gashin kanta. An ja ta a filin zuwa inda aka dakatar da taron ta hanyar shinge, kusa da inda ƙungiyar mata ke sansani. Wata mace da ke sanye da Chador ta sanya hannunta a kusa da Logan, sauran kuma sun rufe matsayi a kusa da ita, yayin da wasu maza da ke tare da mata suka jefa ruwa ga taron. Wani rukuni na sojoji sun bayyana, suka kori taron da sanduna, kuma daya daga cikinsu ya jefa Logan a kafaɗarsa. Daga baya ta ce tana tunanin tana mutuwa a lokacin harin. An dawo da ita Amurka washegari, inda ta kwashe kwanaki hudu a asibiti.<ref name="CBSMay1a">{{Cite web |date=May 1, 2011 |title=Lara Logan breaks her silence |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2011/04/28/60minutes/main20058368.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114044000/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2011/04/28/60minutes/main20058368.shtml |archive-date=November 14, 2013 |website=[[60 Minutes]] |publisher=[[CBS]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20131114044000/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2011/04/28/60minutes/main20058368.shtml "Lara Logan breaks her silence"]. ''[[Minti 60|60 Minutes]]''. [[CBS]]. 1 May 2011. Archived from [http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2011/04/28/60minutes/main20058368.shtml the original] on 14 November 2013.</cite></ref><ref name="CBSMay1b">{{Cite web |date=1 May 2011 |title=After the assault: Lara Logan comes home |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/after-the-assault-lara-logan-comes-home/ |website=[[60 Minutes]] |publisher=[[CBS]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.cbsnews.com/news/after-the-assault-lara-logan-comes-home/ "After the assault: Lara Logan comes home"]. ''[[Minti 60|60 Minutes]]''. [[CBS]]. 1 May 2011.</cite></ref> Shugaba [[Barack Obama]] ne ya tuntube ta lokacin da ta isa gida. CBS ta ce ba a san ainihin maharan ba, kuma ba zai yiwu a gurfanar da kowa ba<ref name="CBSMay1b" /> === Sharhi game da Afghanistan da Libya === A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2012, Logan ta ba da jawabi a gaban abincin rana na shekara-shekara na Ƙungiyar Gwamnati mafi Kyau inda ta soki maganganun Gwamnatin Obama game da Yaƙi a Afghanistan da sauran rikice-rikice a duniyar Larabawa. Musamman, Logan ya soki ikirarin gwamnati cewa [[Taliban]] na raunana a Afghanistan, yana kiran irin wannan ikirarin "babban karya" da aka yi don shirya kawo karshen aikin soja na Amurka a wannan kasar. Ta kuma bayyana cewa tana fatan Amurka za ta "ramako" daidai ga Harin Benghazi na 2012, inda aka kai hari kan ma'aikatan diflomasiyyar Amurka kuma aka kashe su a [[Libya]]. === Benghazi ya ba da rahoton kurakurai === A ranar 8 ga Nuwamba 2013, Logan ya tafi CBS This Morning don neman gafara saboda rahoton ''Minti 60'' mara kyau game da harin Benghazi, wanda aka watsa a ranar 27 ga Oktoba. Ta nuna cewa bincike ya gano cewa tushen yawancin rahotonta ba daidai ba ne kuma ya zargi Dylan Davies, manajan jami'an tsaro na gida a Ofishin Jakadancin Amurka a Benghazi. Logan ya ce ya yi ƙarya game da bayanai kuma ya nace cewa sun bincika amincinsa kuma sun dogara da abubuwa kamar hotuna da takardun da ya bayar. A baya, Logan ya ce sun koyi cewa labarin da Davies ya fada bai dace da abin da ya gaya wa masu binciken tarayya ba. "Kun san abu mafi muhimmanci ga kowane mutum a minti 60 shine gaskiya, "ta ce a cikin neman gafara a cikin shirin ''Minti 60''"Kuma a yau gaskiyar ita ce mun yi kuskure. Kuma wannan shi ne ah ... wannan abin takaici ne ga kowane ɗan jarida. Wannan abin takaici a gare ni. " Logan ya ci gaba da ƙarawa, "Babu wanda yake son yarda da cewa sun yi kuskure. Ammah idan ka yi, dole ne ka tashi tsaye ka ɗauki alhakin - kuma dole ne ka ce ba daidai ba ne. "<ref>{{Cite web |last=Guthrie |first=Marisa |date=November 8, 2013 |title=Lara Logan Apologizes For '60 Minutes' Benghazi Report on 'CBS This Morning |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/60-minutes-benghazi-report-lara-654610 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211160255/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/60-minutes-benghazi-report-lara-654610 |archive-date=11 February 2020 |access-date=16 April 2020 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp; A ranar 26 ga Nuwamba Shekara ta à2013, an tilasta wa Logan ya yi hutu saboda kurakurai a cikin rahoton Benghazi. Al Ortiz, babban darakta na Standards and Practices na CBS News, ya rubuta a cikin wata sanarwa, "Logan ta yi jawabi inda ta dauki matsayi mai karfi na jama'a tana jayayya cewa Gwamnatin Amurka tana nuna rashin amincewa da barazanar daga [[Al-Qaeda|Al Qaeda]], kuma tana kira ga matakan da Amurka ta dauka don mayar da martani ga harin Benghazi. Daga hangen nesa na CBS News Standards, akwai rikici wajen daukar matsayi na jama'ar game da yadda gwamnati ke kula da Benghazi da Al Qaeda. Daga baya ta kai karar New York Magazine kan dala miliyan 25 saboda rahotonsu game da sakamakon.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 19, 2019 |title=Ex-'60 Minutes' reporter Lara Logan sues New York magazine over Benghazi retraction |url=https://www.syracuse.com/us-news/2019/12/ex-60-minutes-reporter-lara-logan-sues-new-york-magazine-over-benghazi-retraction.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512025909/https://www.syracuse.com/us-news/2019/12/ex-60-minutes-reporter-lara-logan-sues-new-york-magazine-over-benghazi-retraction.html |archive-date=12 May 2022 |access-date=March 28, 2022 |website=syracuse |language=en |agency=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref> An kori karar da nuna bambanci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Docket for Logan v. Hagan, 1:19-cv-01208 - CourtListener.com |url=https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/16584679/logan-v-hagan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328220404/https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/16584679/logan-v-hagan/ |archive-date=28 March 2022 |access-date=2022-03-28 |website=CourtListener |language=en-us}}</ref> === Sharhi kan kafafen yada labarai === [[Fayil:Tiffany Trump, Ivanka Trump, and Lara Trump at Inaugural parade 01-20-17.jpg|thumb|Lara Logan]] Bayan barin CBS News, Logan ta fara sukar kafofin watsa labarai, wanda ta ce tana da nuna bambanci.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Atkinson |first=Claire |date=April 9, 2019 |title=Former CBS News correspondent Lara Logan adds to Sinclair Broadcasting's national ambitions |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/all/former-cbs-news-correspondent-lara-logan-adds-sinclair-broadcasting-s-n992766 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411023952/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/all/former-cbs-news-correspondent-lara-logan-adds-sinclair-broadcasting-s-n992766 |archive-date=11 April 2019 |access-date=April 10, 2019 |website=[[NBC News]] |language=en}}</ref> Ta bayyana 'yan jarida a matsayin "masu gwagwarmayar siyasa" da "masu yada labarai" a kan Shugaba [[Donald Trump]].Ta ce yin waɗannan maganganun yayi kama da "kisan kai na sana'a". Ba da daɗewa ba, ta shiga kungiyar Sinclair Broadcast Group, ƙungiyar kafofin watsa labarai ta dama.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Barr |first=Jeremy |date=9 April 2019 |title=Former CBS News Reporter Lara Logan Joining Sinclair |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/lara-logan-joining-sinclair-broadcast-group-1200424 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410232103/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/lara-logan-joining-sinclair-broadcast-group-1200424 |archive-date=10 April 2019 |access-date=2019-04-10 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |language=en}}</ref> Tun daga wannan lokacin, Logan ya wallafa ra'ayoyin makirci na dama, kamar yin hasashen cewa wakilin Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez ya lashe zaben ta zuwa ofis saboda wasu makircin da ba a bayyana ba wanda ba a san su ba Logan ya yi imanin Masu gwagwarmayar adawa da iko. === 2020 Fox News jerin === A Shekarar 2020, Fox News ta hayar da Logan don yin jerin shirye-shirye da ake kira Lara Logan has No Agenda . Jaridar ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' ta lura cewa "Duk da taken 'Babu Agenda', Logan yana shirin komawa cikin batun nuna bambanci ga kafofin watsa labarai".<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date=6 January 2020 |title=Combative Lara Logan gets ready for a comeback on Fox News streaming service |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/business/story/2020-01-06/combative-lara-logan-gets-ready-for-a-comeback-on-fox-news-streaming-service |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220324061058/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/business/story/2020-01-06/combative-lara-logan-gets-ready-for-a-comeback-on-fox-news-streaming-service |archive-date=24 March 2022 |access-date=2020-01-13 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]] |language=en}}</ref> ==== Da'awar game da antifa ==== A ranar 31 ga Mayu Acikin Shekarar 2020, Logan ta wallafa hoto a shafinta na Twitter, wanda ta yi iƙirarin jagorar koyar da rikici ne. Hoton a zahiri ya kasance sabon abu ne wanda ya faru da tashin hankali na Baltimore na 2015. A ranar 1 ga Yuni, Logan ya wallafa barazanar da shafin [[Twitter]] na @ANTIFA_US ya yi. Asusun ya zama karya kuma yana da alaƙa da Identity Evropa, ƙungiyar fararen ƙasa. Bayan an soki shi saboda sanya wayo, Logan ya yi iƙirarin cewa akwai kamfen don "hallaka" ta, gami da Media Matters for America. A ranar 4 ga Yuni Shekarar 2020, Logan ya bayyana a kan ''Hannity'' don da'awar cewa antifa yana barin "pallets of bricks" a wuraren zanga-zangar a cikin ƙoƙari na tayar da tashin hankali da hallaka. Masu binciken gaskiya sun gano cewa da'awar tubali da aka bari a wuraren zanga-zangar ba su da tushe, kuma hotunan da aka gabatar a matsayin shaidar wannan aikin an dauki su ne a wuraren gine-gine na yau da kullun. Babu wani da ya ba da rahoton ganin motocin antifa suna barin tubali na tubali. Bayan haka, Logan ya inganta tweet na ban dariya na 5 Yuni wanda ya haɗa antifa zuwa juggalos da kuma "tsarin matsayi". Logan a maimakon haka ya mayar da hankali kan ɓangaren tweet wanda ya ambaci "tsarin umarni na gargajiya" kuma ya yi jayayya cewa masu tawaye suna da tsarin ƙungiya. ==== Cutar AIDS da ka'idojin makirci na COVID-19 ==== A watan Satumbar Shekarar 2021, Logan ya zargi gwamnatin [[Joe Biden|Biden]] da "ɓoye shaidu" na tasirin da ake zaton rigakafin COVID-19 ya haifar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Goldblatt |first=Daniel |date=2021-09-11 |title=Lara Logan Accuses Biden Administration of 'Hiding Evidence' of COVID-19 Vaccine Side Effects (Video) |url=https://www.thewrap.com/lara-logan-accuses-biden-administration-of-hiding-evidence-of-covid-19-vaccine-side-effects-video/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330110854/https://www.thewrap.com/lara-logan-accuses-biden-administration-of-hiding-evidence-of-covid-19-vaccine-side-effects-video/ |archive-date=30 March 2023 |access-date=2023-10-24 |website=[[TheWrap]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Ta kuma ba da labarin ƙarya game da matukan jirgin saman Sojojin Sama na Amurka 27 da suka yi murabus kan umarnin rigakafin COVID-19 daga Real Raw News, Shafin yanar gizon labarai na karya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dale |first=Daniel |author-link=Daniel Dale |date=2021-09-11 |title=Fact-checking the false but viral story about F-22 pilots resigning after a vaccination text from the secretary of defense |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/09/10/politics/fact-check-f-22-pilots-quit-vaccine-secretary-of-defense/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221016062803/https://www.cnn.com/2021/09/10/politics/fact-check-f-22-pilots-quit-vaccine-secretary-of-defense/index.html |archive-date=16 October 2022 |access-date=2023-10-24 |website=[[CNN]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=McCarthy |first=Bill |date=2021-09-27 |title=PolitiFact investigation: A look behind Real Raw News' sensational (and fabricated) headlines |url=https://www.poynter.org/fact-checking/2021/a-look-behind-real-raw-news-sensational-and-fabricated-headlines/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231023101106/https://www.poynter.org/fact-checking/2021/a-look-behind-real-raw-news-sensational-and-fabricated-headlines/ |archive-date=23 October 2023 |access-date=2023-10-22 |website=[[Poynter Institute]] |language=en-US}}</ref> A watan Nuwamba da Disamba na 2021, Logan ya inganta ƙarya da ka'idojin makirci game da [[Kanjamau|Cutar kanjamau]] da [[Koronavirus 2019|COVID-19]]. Ta raba labaran da suka kalubalanci yarjejeniyar kimiyya cewa cutar kanjamau tana haifar da cutar kanjamaun daji. Ta kwatanta darektan NIAID Anthony Fauci da masanin kimiyya na Nazi Josef Mengele . A lokacin tattaunawa game da Bambancin SARS-CoV-2 Omicron, ta ce: "Saboda haka a wannan lokacin, abin da kuka gani a kan Dokta Fauci, wannan shine abin da mutane ke fada mini, cewa ba ya wakiltar kimiyya a gare su. Yana wakiltar Josef Mengele, Dokta Josef Mengele na Nazi wanda ya yi gwaje-gwaje a kan Yahudawa a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu da kuma a sansanonin, kuma ina magana game da mutane a duk faɗin duniya suna faɗin wannan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pengelly |first=Martin |date=November 30, 2021 |title=Outrage as Fox News commentator likens Anthony Fauci to Nazi doctor |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/nov/30/anthony-fauci-josef-mengele-fox-news |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130152707/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/nov/30/anthony-fauci-josef-mengele-fox-news |archive-date=30 November 2021 |access-date=November 30, 2021 |website=[[The Guardian]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Darcy |first=Oliver |date=November 30, 2021 |title=Anti-Defamation League and Auschwitz Museum condemn Fox host for comparing Fauci to Nazi doctor who performed medical experiments at death camp |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/11/30/media/lara-logan-fauci-auschwitz-museum-anti-defamation-league/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130202934/https://www.cnn.com/2021/11/30/media/lara-logan-fauci-auschwitz-museum-anti-defamation-league/index.html |archive-date=30 November 2021 |access-date=November 30, 2021 |website=[[CNN]]}}</ref> Yawancin shahararrun kungiyoyin Yahudawa, ciki har da Anti-Defamation League da Gidan Tarihi na Auschwitz, sun yi Allah wadai da maganganunta.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Darcy |first=Oliver |date=November 30, 2021 |title=Anti-Defamation League and Auschwitz Museum condemn Fox host for comparing Fauci to Nazi doctor who performed medical experiments at death camp |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/11/30/media/lara-logan-fauci-auschwitz-museum-anti-defamation-league/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130202934/https://www.cnn.com/2021/11/30/media/lara-logan-fauci-auschwitz-museum-anti-defamation-league/index.html |archive-date=30 November 2021 |access-date=November 30, 2021 |website=[[CNN]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFDarcy2021">Darcy, Oliver (30 November 2021). [https://www.cnn.com/2021/11/30/media/lara-logan-fauci-auschwitz-museum-anti-defamation-league/index.html "Anti-Defamation League and Auschwitz Museum condemn Fox host for comparing Fauci to Nazi doctor who performed medical experiments at death camp"]. ''[[CNN]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20211130202934/https://www.cnn.com/2021/11/30/media/lara-logan-fauci-auschwitz-museum-anti-defamation-league/index.html Archived] from the original on 30 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> Logan daga baya ya sake mayar da martani game da Gidan Tarihi na Auschwitz. A lokacin wata hira da aka yi da MSNBC a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2021, Fauci ta kira maganganun Logan "absolutely ridiculious and disgusting", kuma ta soki Fox News saboda rashin daukar mataki na horo a kanta. United Talent Agency ta bar Logan a matsayin abokin ciniki jim kadan bayan da ta yi tsokaci a Mengele. [[Fayil:General Schwartz on 60 Minutes.jpg|thumb|Lara Logan]] Tun lokacin da ta yi sharhi, Logan ba ta bayyana a matsayin baƙo a kan Fox News ba, kuma babu wani sabon abubuwan Lara Logan Has No Agenda. A watan Maris na shekara ta 2022, Logan ta ce Fox ta "dumped" ta.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Pengelly |first=Martin |date=April 9, 2022 |title=Lara Logan, who compared Fauci to Mengele, says Fox News pushed her out |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2022/apr/09/lara-logan-fox-news-mengele-fauci-remark |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409072343/https://www.theguardian.com/media/2022/apr/09/lara-logan-fox-news-mengele-fauci-remark |archive-date=9 April 2022 |access-date=April 9, 2022 |website=[[The Guardian]] |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFPengelly2022">Pengelly, Martin (9 April 2022). [https://www.theguardian.com/media/2022/apr/09/lara-logan-fox-news-mengele-fauci-remark "Lara Logan, who compared Fauci to Mengele, says Fox News pushed her out"]. ''[[The Guardian]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220409072343/https://www.theguardian.com/media/2022/apr/09/lara-logan-fox-news-mengele-fauci-remark Archived] from the original on 9 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> === Rashin mamayewar Rasha a Ukraine === A lokacin mamayewar Rasha ta 2022 a Ukraine, Logan a cikin bayyanarta ta talabijin ta haɗa shugaban Ukraine [[Volodymyr Zelensky|Volodymyr Zelenskyy]] da ayyukan "Shaidan, sihiri", ya kira shi "puppet" kuma ya yi iƙirarin cewa an "zaɓi Zelenskyay [...], ba a jefa kuri'a ba". Ta yaba da Shugaba [[Vladimir Putin]] na Rasha saboda "ba zai tsaya ba yayin da masu fafutukar duniya suka mamaye duniya" kuma ta zargi Ukrainians da kasancewa "nazis na ainihi". Maganganun Logan sun sami yabo kuma farfagandar gwamnatin Rasha ta karɓa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 15, 2022 |title=Fox Nation host Lara Logan links President Zelensky's entertainment career to the occult, and claims the entire Ukrainian military has Nazi links |url=https://www.mediamatters.org/russias-invasion-ukraine/fox-nation-host-lara-logan-links-president-zelenskys-entertainment-career |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220610144133/https://www.mediamatters.org/russias-invasion-ukraine/fox-nation-host-lara-logan-links-president-zelenskys-entertainment-career |archive-date=10 June 2022 |access-date=March 23, 2022 |publisher=[[Media Matters for America]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Moran |first=Lee |date=March 22, 2022 |title=Russia Uses Lara Logan's Rant About Ukraine, Zelenskyy As Propaganda On Twitter |url=https://sg.news.yahoo.com/russia-uses-lara-logans-rant-072552926.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322232803/https://sg.news.yahoo.com/russia-uses-lara-logans-rant-072552926.html |archive-date=22 March 2022 |access-date=March 23, 2022 |website=[[Yahoo News]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Oganesyan |first=Natalie |date=March 21, 2022 |title=Russian Officials Endorse Lara Logan's Comments Linking Ukrainian Soldiers to Nazis and Occultism |url=https://www.thewrap.com/lara-logan-ukraine-nazi-comments-endorsed-kremlin/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322232804/https://www.thewrap.com/lara-logan-ukraine-nazi-comments-endorsed-kremlin/ |archive-date=22 March 2022 |access-date=March 23, 2022 |website=[[The Wrap]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Thomas |first=Jake |date=March 21, 2022 |title=Logan Praised by Russia as 'Real America's Voice' as Schwarzenegger Shunned |url=https://www.newsweek.com/logan-praised-russia-real-americas-voice-schwarzenegger-shunned-1690289 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512025908/https://www.newsweek.com/logan-praised-russia-real-americas-voice-schwarzenegger-shunned-1690289 |archive-date=12 May 2022 |access-date=March 23, 2022 |website=[[Newsweek]]}}</ref> === Tattaunawa game da Darwin da iyalin Rothschild === A watan Maris na shekara ta 2022, Logan ya yi iƙirarin ba tare da wata hujja ba cewa dangin Rothschild sun yi amfani da [[Charles Darwin]] don ƙirƙirar ka'idarsa ta juyin halitta.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 28, 2022 |title=Fox Nation host Lara Logan claims that Darwinism is a plot from "the Rothschilds" |url=https://www.mediamatters.org/lara-logan/fox-nation-host-lara-logan-claims-darwinism-plot-rothschilds |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328164426/https://www.mediamatters.org/lara-logan/fox-nation-host-lara-logan-claims-darwinism-plot-rothschilds |archive-date=28 March 2022 |access-date=March 28, 2022 |website=[[Media Matters for America]] |language=en}}</ref> Ta kuma inganta da'awar cewa dangin Rothschild, wanda aka saba amfani da shi a cikin ra'ayoyin makirci na adawa da Yahudawa, sun kirkiro [[Yaƙin basasar Amurka]] da kisan gillar [[Abraham Lincoln|Ibrahim Lincoln]] da [[John F. Kennedy]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hananoki |first=Eric |date=March 28, 2022 |title=Fox Nation host Lara Logan shares conspiracy theories about "Putin's purge of the Rothschild money changers," Jewish people masterminding U.S. Civil War |url=https://www.mediamatters.org/lara-logan/fox-nation-host-lara-logan-shares-conspiracy-theories-about-putins-purge-rothschild |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328190329/https://www.mediamatters.org/lara-logan/fox-nation-host-lara-logan-shares-conspiracy-theories-about-putins-purge-rothschild |archive-date=28 March 2022 |access-date=March 28, 2022 |website=[[Media Matters for America]] |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == [[Fayil:130318-A-YI554-773 (8574075085).jpg|thumb|Lara Logan]] A shekara ta 1998, Logan ya auri Jason Siemon, Ba'amurke daga [[Iowa]] da ke buga wasan [[Kwallon kwando|Kwando]] a Burtaniya; auren ya ƙare da saki a shekara ta 2008. A wannan shekarar, ta auri Joseph Burkett, dan kwangila na tsaro na gwamnatin Amurka daga Texas. Wannan ita ce auren na biyu ga duka biyun. Ma'auratan sun zauna a Washington, DC, tare da 'ya'yansu biyu da 'yar Burkett daga aurensa na baya. [./Lara_Logan#cite_note-fishbowldc-63 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><nowiki>[4]</nowiki></span>] A shekara ta 2015, sun koma Fredericksburg, Texas, garin Burkett.<ref name="theatlantic">{{Cite web |last=Plott Calabro |first=Elaina |date=12 June 2023 |title=A Star Reporter's Break With Reality |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2023/07/lara-logan-60-minutes-correspondent-conspiracy-theories/674168/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727150458/https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2023/07/lara-logan-60-minutes-correspondent-conspiracy-theories/674168/ |archive-date=27 July 2023 |access-date=24 October 2023 |publisher=[[The Atlantic]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFPlott_Calabro2023">Plott Calabro, Elaina (12 June 2023). [https://web.archive.org/web/20230727150458/https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2023/07/lara-logan-60-minutes-correspondent-conspiracy-theories/674168/ "A Star Reporter's Break With Reality"]. [[Tekun Atlantika|The Atlantic]]. Archived from [https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2023/07/lara-logan-60-minutes-correspondent-conspiracy-theories/674168/ the original] on 27 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> == Kyaututtuka == * Mata na Amurka a Rediyo da Talabijin Gracie Award, 2004 <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 November 2016 |title=2004 Gracies Gala Winners |url=https://allwomeninmedia.org/gracies/2004-gracies-winners/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407083705/https://allwomeninmedia.org/gracies/2004-gracies-winners/ |archive-date=7 April 2022 |access-date=5 December 2021 |publisher=Alliance for Media in Women}}</ref> * Kyautar David Kaplan, Ƙungiyar 'Yan Jarida ta Ƙasashen Waje, 2006 <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 1, 2007 |title=2006 OPC Award Winners |url=https://opcofamerica.org/2006-opc-award-winners/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210130085547/https://opcofamerica.org/2006-opc-award-winners/ |archive-date=30 January 2021 |access-date=6 December 2021 |publisher=Overseas Press Club of America}}</ref> * Kyautar David Bloom, Rediyo da Talabijin 'Association, 2007 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Award Winners |url=http://rtcacapitolhill.org/upcoming-2013-rtca-executive-committee-election/awards/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407083705/http://rtcacapitolhill.org/upcoming-2013-rtca-executive-committee-election/awards/ |archive-date=7 April 2022 |access-date=6 December 2021 |publisher=Radio and Television Correspondents' Association}}</ref> * Kyautar Daniel Pearl, 2011 * Kyautar 'Yancin Labarai ta Ƙungiyar Labarai ta Kasa, 2011 == Dubi kuma == * Mata a cikin aikin jarida == Nassoshi == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == {{Commonscat}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20180826031531/https://www.cbsnews.com/team/lara-logan/ Bayanan martaba a CBS News (an adana shi)] * {{IMDb name|1022561}} * Bayyanawaa kanC-SPAN * [https://americasfuture.net Makomar Amurka] {{60 Minutes}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Logan, Lara}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 6ouu24hx1o4xxbktzakriyaprwt6ssn 884702 884701 2026-07-18T15:52:57Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 884702 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Data box}} [[Fayil:Lara Logan in Iraq.jpg|thumb|Lara logan a kasar iran]] [[Fayil:Lara Logan with CBS's "60 Minutes", sits with U.S. Army Sgt. 1st Class Chris Corbin assigned to the 7th Special Forces Group (Airborne), before conducting an interview at Eglin Base Air Force Base, Fla., March 130318-A-YI554-773.jpg|thumb|Lara Logan qajen daukar shiri]]  {{Infobox person|name=Lara Logan|image=Lara Logan crop.jpg|alt=photograph|caption=Logan in 2013|birth_date={{Birth date and age|1971|03|29|df=yes}}|birth_place=[[Durban]], [[South Africa]]|death_date=|death_place=|education=Degree in commerce, 1992|alma_mater=[[University of Natal]], Durban|occupation=Journalist, since 1988|employer=[[CBS News]] chief foreign affairs correspondent (2006–2018)|spouse={{Plainlist| * {{Marriage|Jason Siemon | 1998|2008|end=div.}} * {{Marriage|Joseph Burkett | 2008}} }}|website={{url|laralogan.com}}}}'''Lara Logan''' (an haife ta a ranar 29 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1971) 'yar jaridar talabijin da rediyo ce ta Afirka ta Kudu kuma mai ba da labari ga me da yaki. Ayyukan Logan sun fara ne a Afirka ta Kudu tare da kungiyoyin labarai daban-daban a cikin shekarun 1990. Bayanan ta ya tashi ne saboda bayar da rahoto game da mamayar Amurka a Afganistan a shekara ta 2001. An hayar ta a matsayin wakilin CBS News a shekara ta 2002, daga ƙarshe ta zama Babban Wakilin Harkokin Waje. A Shekara ta 2013, wani labarin Logan a kan Harin Benghazi na Shekarar 2012 ya haifar da babbar gardama saboda kurakurai na gaskiya kuma an janye shi, wanda ya haifar da hutu. Logan ya bar CBS a shekarar 2018. Bayan ta tashi daga CBS, Logan ta fara yin da'awar da yawa a kan ra'ayoyin makirci daban-daban game da batutuwa kamar kwayar cutar AIDS ko dangin Rothschild. A shekarar 2019, ta shiga Sinclair Broadcast Group, kamfanin watsa labarai mai ra'ayin mazan jiya. A watan Janairun Shekara ta 2020, ta shiga Fox Nation, sabis na biyan kuɗi wanda Fox News ke gudanarwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Battaglio |first=Stephen |date=January 6, 2020 |title=A combative Lara Logan plans a comeback on Fox News' streaming service. Can she succeed? |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/business/story/2020-01-06/combative-lara-logan-gets-ready-for-a-comeback-on-fox-news-streaming-service |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220324061058/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/business/story/2020-01-06/combative-lara-logan-gets-ready-for-a-comeback-on-fox-news-streaming-service |archive-date=24 March 2022 |access-date=June 9, 2020 |language=en-US}}</ref> A watan Maris na shekara ta 2022, ta ce cibiyar sadarwa ta "dumped".<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Pengelly |first=Martin |date=April 9, 2022 |title=Lara Logan, who compared Fauci to Mengele, says Fox News pushed her out |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2022/apr/09/lara-logan-fox-news-mengele-fauci-remark |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409072343/https://www.theguardian.com/media/2022/apr/09/lara-logan-fox-news-mengele-fauci-remark |archive-date=9 April 2022 |access-date=April 9, 2022 |website=[[The Guardian]] |language=en}}</ref> Tun daga watan Yunin Shekara ta 2022, Logan ya kasance memba na kwamitin Amurka ta gaba, wata ƙungiya mai ra'ayin mazan jiya da tsohon jami'in Gwamnatin Trump Michael Flynn ke jagoranta.<ref name="pr2022">{{Cite web |date=1 June 2022 |title=Award-Winning Investigative Journalist Lara Logan Joins America's Future Board of Directors |url=https://www.americasfuture.net/press-releases/press-release-award-winning-investigative-journalist-lara-logan-joins-americas-future-board-of-directors/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323163959/https://www.americasfuture.net/press-releases/press-release-award-winning-investigative-journalist-lara-logan-joins-americas-future-board-of-directors/ |archive-date=23 March 2023 |access-date=24 March 2023 |publisher=America's Future |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="leaders2023">{{Cite web |title=Leadership |url=https://www.americasfuture.net/leadership/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320013422/https://www.americasfuture.net/leadership/ |archive-date=20 March 2023 |access-date=24 March 2023 |publisher=America's Future |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news |date=7 September 2022 |title=Former Trump adviser Michael Flynn 'at the center' of new movement based on conspiracies and Christian nationalism |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/former-trump-adviser-michael-flynn-at-the-center-of-new-movement-based-on-conspiracies-and-christian-nationalism |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909024846/https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/former-trump-adviser-michael-flynn-at-the-center-of-new-movement-based-on-conspiracies-and-christian-nationalism |archive-date=9 September 2023 |access-date=14 September 2023 |work=PBS NewsHour |language=en-us}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Logan a [[Durban|Durban, Afirka ta Kudu]], <ref name="bio" /> kuma ta halarci makarantar sakandare a Kwalejin 'yan mata ta Durban. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lara Logan |url=http://www.nndb.com/people/796/000048652 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080821172516/http://www.nndb.com/people/796/000048652/ |archive-date=21 August 2008 |access-date=20 June 2008 |publisher=NNDb}}</ref> Ta kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Natal da ke Durban a Shekarar 1992 tare da digiri a harkokin kasuwanci. Ta sami difloma a cikin harshen Faransanci, al'adu da tarihi a Alliance Française a Paris. A duk makarantar sakandare da kwaleji, Logan ya yi aiki a matsayin samfurin wanka.<ref name="theatlantic">{{Cite web |last=Plott Calabro |first=Elaina |date=12 June 2023 |title=A Star Reporter's Break With Reality |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2023/07/lara-logan-60-minutes-correspondent-conspiracy-theories/674168/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727150458/https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2023/07/lara-logan-60-minutes-correspondent-conspiracy-theories/674168/ |archive-date=27 July 2023 |access-date=24 October 2023 |publisher=[[The Atlantic]]}}</ref> == Ayyuka == [[File:General_Schwartz_on_60_Minutes.jpg|left|thumb|250x250px|Logan yana hira da Janar Norton A. Schwartz, Afrilu Shekarar 2009]] Logan ta yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da labarai ga Sunday Tribune a Durban a lokacin karatunta A shekara ta (1988 Zuwa 1989), sannan ga Daily News na birnin A (1990-1992). A shekara ta 1992, ta shiga gidan talabijin na Reuters a Afirka, da farko a matsayin babban furodusa. Bayan shekaru hudu ta shiga aikin jarida mai zaman kansa, ta sami aiki a matsayin mai ba da rahoto da edita / furodusa tare da ITN da Fox / SKY, CBS News, ABC News (a London), NBC, da Tarayyar watsa shirye-shiryen Turai. Ta yi aiki ga [[CNN]], tana ba da rahoto game da abubuwan da suka faru kamar fashewar bam a ofishin jakadancin Amurka a [[Nairobi]] da [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] a 1998, rikici a [[Ireland ta Arewa|Arewacin Ireland]], da Yaƙin Kosovo . <ref name="bio">{{Cite web |date=2 December 2002 |title=Lara Logan |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2002/12/02/60II/main531421.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130719081011/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2002/12/02/60ii/main531421.shtml |archive-date=19 July 2013 |access-date=16 April 2020 |website=[[CBS News]]}}</ref> An hayar Logan a Shekara ta 2000 ta GMTV Breakfast Talabijin (a Burtaniya) a matsayin mai ba da labari; ta kuma yi aiki tare da CBS News Radio a matsayin mai zaman kansa. Kwanaki bayan hare-haren 11 ga Satumba, ta nemi wani magatakarda a Ofishin Jakadancin Rasha a London ya ba ta biza don tafiya zuwa [[Afghanistan]]. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2001, yayin da take Afghanistan tana aiki ga GMTV, ta shiga kungiyar Northern Alliance da ke da goyon bayan Amurka da Burtaniya kuma ta yi hira da kwamandan su, Janar Babajan, a Bagram Air Base . <ref name="NYT112305">{{Cite web |last=Steinberg |first=Jacques |author-link=The Gatekeepers |date=23 November 2005 |title=War Zone "It Girl" Has a Big Future at CBS News |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/11/23/arts/television/23loga.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015182513/http://www.nytimes.com/2005/11/23/arts/television/23loga.html |archive-date=15 October 2012 |access-date=22 February 2017 |website=The New York Times}}</ref> CBS News ta ba ta cikakken matsayi a matsayin wakilin a shekara ta 2002. Ta shafe yawancin shekaru hudu masu zuwa tana bayar da rahoto daga fagen fama, gami da yankunan yaki a Afghanistan da Iraki, sau da yawa suna tare da Sojojin Amurka. Amma ta kuma yi hira da sanannun mutane da masu bincike kamar Robert Ballard, wanda ya gano fashewar RMS Titanic . <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 June 2010 |title=Bob Ballard, The Great Explorer |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/bob-ballard-the-great-explorer-10-06-2010/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110015403/http://www.cbsnews.com/news/bob-ballard-the-great-explorer-10-06-2010/ |archive-date=10 January 2017 |access-date=9 January 2017 |website=CBS, 60 Minutes}}</ref> Yawancin rahotonta na Minti 60 ne na II. Ta kuma kasance mai ba da gudummawa na yau da kullun ga CBS Evening News, The Early Show da Face the Nation . A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2006, CBS News ta nada Logan a matsayin babban wakilin harkokin kasashen waje.<ref name="bio">{{Cite web |date=2 December 2002 |title=Lara Logan |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2002/12/02/60II/main531421.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130719081011/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2002/12/02/60ii/main531421.shtml |archive-date=19 July 2013 |access-date=16 April 2020 |website=[[CBS News]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2002/12/02/60II/main531421.shtml "Lara Logan"]. ''[[Labaran CBS|CBS News]]''. 2 December 2002. [https://web.archive.org/web/20130719081011/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2002/12/02/60ii/main531421.shtml Archived] from the original on 19 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Logan ya bar CBS News a watan Agustan A Shekarar 2018. <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 25, 2019 |title=Back in the Spotlight, Lara Logan Wants to Keep Reporting: "I'm Not Done Yet" |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/lara-logan-back-spotlight-wants-keep-reporting-q-a-1189865 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190304021721/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/lara-logan-back-spotlight-wants-keep-reporting-q-a-1189865 |archive-date=4 March 2019 |access-date=March 3, 2019 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |language=en}}</ref> A shekara mai zuwa, ta shiga kungiyar Sinclair Broadcast Group na wucin gadi, a matsayin mai ba da rahoto a kan iyakar Amurka da Mexico. A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2022, an dakatar da Logan daga gidan talabijin na dama Newsmax saboda abin da cibiyar sadarwa ta bayyana a matsayin "maganganun da ba a yarda da su ba" yayin wata hira inda ta ce "yankin [Amurka-Mexico] shine hanyar Shaidan na karɓar iko da duniya ta hanyar duk waɗannan mutanen da ke cikinsa da bayinsa ... Kun san, waɗanda suke son mu ci kwari, kwari kuma yayin da suke cin jinin yara?" [[Fayil:Lara Logan in Iraq.jpg|thumb|Lara Logan]] Yayinda take gabatar da Pizzagate da QAnon conspiracy theorist Liz Crokin a wani taron Fabrairu 2024, Logan ta gaya wa masu sauraro cewa ta fahimci cewa Pizzagare "duka gaskiya ne". === Haifa Street fada === A ƙarshen watan Janairun Shekara ta 2007, Logan ya gabatar da rahoton fada a kan titin Haifa a [[Bagdaza|Bagadaza]], amma CBS Evening News ba ta gudanar da rahoton ba, tana ɗaukar shi "mai ƙarfi". <ref name="MCO">{{Cite web |title=Helping Lara Logan |url=http://www.mediachannel.org/wordpress/2007/01/24/helping-lara-logan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100521231504/http://mediachannel.org/wordpress/2007/01/24/helping-lara-logan/ |archive-date=21 May 2010 |access-date=1 February 2007 |publisher=Mediachannel.org}}</ref> Don juyar da shawarar, Logan ya sami goyon bayan jama'a, yana neman mutane su kalli labarin kuma su ba da hanyar haɗi ga yawancin abokansu da sanannunsu kamar yadda zai yiwu, suna cewa, "Ya kamata a gani". === Sukar Michael Hastings === An soki Logan a watan Yunin Shekarar 2010 saboda maganganunta game da wani ɗan jarida, Michael Hastings, da ra'ayinta cewa 'yan jarida da suka shiga soja bai kamata su rubuta game da ba'a da suke ji ba. Wani labarin da Hastings ya yi a cikin Rolling Stone a wannan watan ya nakalto Janar Stanley A. McChrystal da ma'aikatansa - maganganun da Hastings ta ji yayin tafiya tare da McChrystal - yana sukar Mataimakin Shugaban Amurka [[Joe Biden]] da sauran jami'ai, bayan haka Shugaba [[Barack Obama]] ya kori McChrytal a matsayin kwamandansa a Afghanistan. Logan ya gaya wa CNN cewa rahoton Hastings ya keta yarjejeniyar da ba a bayyana ba tsakanin manema labarai da ke tafiya tare da ma'aikatan soja kada su ba da rahoton maganganun da ke tsakanin su.<ref name="CNN062710">{{Cite web |last=Kurtz |first=Howard |author-link=Howard Kurtz |date=27 June 2010 |title=Interview With Michael Hastings; Interview With Lara Logan |url=http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/1006/27/rs.01.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100701052019/http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/1006/27/rs.01.html |archive-date=1 July 2010 |access-date=30 June 2010 |website=[[CNN]]}}</ref> Da yake ambaton sanarwa, "Ina nufin, tambayar ita ce, da gaske, abin da Janar McChrystal da mataimakansa ke yi shi ne mai ban tsoro, cewa sun cancanci kawo ƙarshen aiki kamar na McChrystal? Ina nufin, Michael Hastings bai taɓa yin hidima ga ƙasarsa kamar yadda McChrytal yake ba. Tsohon wakilin soja na CNN Jamie McIntyre ya ce abin da suka yi ya kasance mai ban tsoro da cewa ba lallai ne ya karfafa mafi munin bayanin 'ya' na' yan jarida da suka tafi' a kansu da manyan jami' na soja.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McIntyre |first=Jamie |author-link=Jamie McIntyre |date=30 June 2010 |title=Lara Logan's Friendly Misfire |url=http://www.lineofdeparture.com/2010/06/30/lara-logans-friendly-misfire |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104033236/http://www.lineofdeparture.com/2010/06/30/lara-logans-friendly-misfire |archive-date=4 January 2012 |publisher=Line of Departure}}</ref> Glenn Greenwald, yana yin sharhi game da abin da ya faru ga ''Salon'', ya rubuta cewa ɓangaren Logan misali ne na abin da aikin jarida ya "ƙazanta". Greenwald ta ce Logan ta yi rahoto mai ƙarfin zuciya a tsawon shekaru, ammah ta zo ta ga kanta a matsayin wani ɓangare na gwamnati da soja. === Rahoto daga Masar da cin zarafin mata === Sojojin Masar sun kama Logan da ma'aikatanta na CBS kuma sun tsare su na dare daya a ranar 3 ga Fabrairu 2011, yayin da suke rufe Juyin Juya Halin Masar. Ta ce an rufe ma'aikatan idanu kuma an ɗaure su da bindiga, kuma an yi wa direban su duka. An shawarce su da su bar ƙasar, ammah daga baya aka sake su.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kamer |first=Foster |date=11 February 2011 |title=Lara Logan's Egypt Interrogation Tell-All |url=http://www.esquire.com/blogs/politics/lara-logan-egypt-5219471 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105085341/http://www.esquire.com/blogs/politics/lara-logan-egypt-5219471 |archive-date=5 November 2013 |access-date=15 February 2011}}</ref> A ranar 15 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2011, CBS News ta fitar da wata sanarwa cewa an yi wa Logan duka kuma an yi masa fyade a ranar 11 ga watan Fabirairu, yayin da yake rufe bukukuwan da aka yi a Tahrir Square bayan murabus din [[Hosni Mubarak]]. 60 Minutes ta watsa wata hira da ita game da shi a ranar 1 ga Mayu 2011; ta ce tana magana ne saboda yaduwar Cin zarafin jima'i a Masar, kuma don karya shiru game da cin zarafin mata 'yan jarida ba sa son bayar da rahoto idan ya hana su yin ayyukansu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 May 2011 |title=Lara Logan breaks her silence |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bO12X1nhzzk |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200424095225/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bO12X1nhzzk |archive-date=24 April 2020 |access-date=3 May 2020 |website=YouTube}}</ref><ref name="CBSMay1a">{{Cite web |date=May 1, 2011 |title=Lara Logan breaks her silence |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2011/04/28/60minutes/main20058368.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114044000/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2011/04/28/60minutes/main20058368.shtml |archive-date=November 14, 2013 |website=[[60 Minutes]] |publisher=[[CBS]]}}</ref><ref name="CBSMay1b">{{Cite web |date=1 May 2011 |title=After the assault: Lara Logan comes home |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/after-the-assault-lara-logan-comes-home/ |website=[[60 Minutes]] |publisher=[[CBS]]}}</ref> [[Fayil:Gen. Petraeus visits 'Warriors' DVIDS81032.jpg|thumb|Lara Logan]] Ta ce lamarin ya shafi maza 200 zuwa 300 kuma ya dauki kimanin minti 25. Ta kasance tana ba da rahoton bukukuwan na sa'a guda ba tare da wani abin da ya faru ba lokacin da batirin kyamararta ya gaza. Ɗaya daga cikin ma'aikatan CBS na Masar ya ba da shawarar su tafi, yana gaya mata daga baya ya ji taron suna yin maganganun jima'i game da ita. Ta ji hannayenta suna taɓa ta, kuma ana iya jin ta tana ihu "dakatar", kamar yadda kyamarar ta mutu. Ɗaya daga cikin taron ya yi ihu cewa ita Bayahude ce ta Isra'ila, da'awar da CBS ta ce, ko da yake karya ne, "wasan da man fetur ne". Ta ce sun tsage tufafinta kuma, a cikin maganarta, sun yi mata fyade da hannayensu, yayin da suke daukar hotuna da wayoyin salula. Sun fara jan jikinta a wurare daban-daban, suna jan gashin kanta sosai ta ce kamar suna ƙoƙarin cire gashin kanta. An ja ta a filin zuwa inda aka dakatar da taron ta hanyar shinge, kusa da inda ƙungiyar mata ke sansani. Wata mace da ke sanye da Chador ta sanya hannunta a kusa da Logan, sauran kuma sun rufe matsayi a kusa da ita, yayin da wasu maza da ke tare da mata suka jefa ruwa ga taron. Wani rukuni na sojoji sun bayyana, suka kori taron da sanduna, kuma daya daga cikinsu ya jefa Logan a kafaɗarsa. Daga baya ta ce tana tunanin tana mutuwa a lokacin harin. An dawo da ita Amurka washegari, inda ta kwashe kwanaki hudu a asibiti.<ref name="CBSMay1a">{{Cite web |date=May 1, 2011 |title=Lara Logan breaks her silence |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2011/04/28/60minutes/main20058368.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114044000/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2011/04/28/60minutes/main20058368.shtml |archive-date=November 14, 2013 |website=[[60 Minutes]] |publisher=[[CBS]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20131114044000/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2011/04/28/60minutes/main20058368.shtml "Lara Logan breaks her silence"]. ''[[Minti 60|60 Minutes]]''. [[CBS]]. 1 May 2011. Archived from [http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2011/04/28/60minutes/main20058368.shtml the original] on 14 November 2013.</cite></ref><ref name="CBSMay1b">{{Cite web |date=1 May 2011 |title=After the assault: Lara Logan comes home |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/after-the-assault-lara-logan-comes-home/ |website=[[60 Minutes]] |publisher=[[CBS]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.cbsnews.com/news/after-the-assault-lara-logan-comes-home/ "After the assault: Lara Logan comes home"]. ''[[Minti 60|60 Minutes]]''. [[CBS]]. 1 May 2011.</cite></ref> Shugaba [[Barack Obama]] ne ya tuntube ta lokacin da ta isa gida. CBS ta ce ba a san ainihin maharan ba, kuma ba zai yiwu a gurfanar da kowa ba<ref name="CBSMay1b" /> === Sharhi game da Afghanistan da Libya === A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2012, Logan ta ba da jawabi a gaban abincin rana na shekara-shekara na Ƙungiyar Gwamnati mafi Kyau inda ta soki maganganun Gwamnatin Obama game da Yaƙi a Afghanistan da sauran rikice-rikice a duniyar Larabawa. Musamman, Logan ya soki ikirarin gwamnati cewa [[Taliban]] na raunana a Afghanistan, yana kiran irin wannan ikirarin "babban karya" da aka yi don shirya kawo karshen aikin soja na Amurka a wannan kasar. Ta kuma bayyana cewa tana fatan Amurka za ta "ramako" daidai ga Harin Benghazi na 2012, inda aka kai hari kan ma'aikatan diflomasiyyar Amurka kuma aka kashe su a [[Libya]]. === Benghazi ya ba da rahoton kurakurai === A ranar 8 ga Nuwamba Shekara ta 2013, Logan ya tafi CBS This Morning don neman gafara saboda rahoton ''Minti 60'' mara kyau game da harin Benghazi, wanda aka watsa a ranar 27 ga Oktoba. Ta nuna cewa bincike ya gano cewa tushen yawancin rahotonta ba daidai ba ne kuma ya zargi Dylan Davies, manajan jami'an tsaro na gida a Ofishin Jakadancin Amurka a Benghazi. Logan ya ce ya yi ƙarya game da bayanai kuma ya nace cewa sun bincika amincinsa kuma sun dogara da abubuwa kamar hotuna da takardun da ya bayar. A baya, Logan ya ce sun koyi cewa labarin da Davies ya fada bai dace da abin da ya gaya wa masu binciken tarayya ba. "Kun san abu mafi muhimmanci ga kowane mutum a minti 60 shine gaskiya, "ta ce a cikin neman gafara a cikin shirin ''Minti 60''"Kuma a yau gaskiyar ita ce mun yi kuskure. Kuma wannan shi ne ah ... wannan abin takaici ne ga kowane ɗan jarida. Wannan abin takaici a gare ni. " Logan ya ci gaba da ƙarawa, "Babu wanda yake son yarda da cewa sun yi kuskure. Ammah idan ka yi, dole ne ka tashi tsaye ka ɗauki alhakin - kuma dole ne ka ce ba daidai ba ne. "<ref>{{Cite web |last=Guthrie |first=Marisa |date=November 8, 2013 |title=Lara Logan Apologizes For '60 Minutes' Benghazi Report on 'CBS This Morning |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/60-minutes-benghazi-report-lara-654610 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211160255/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/60-minutes-benghazi-report-lara-654610 |archive-date=11 February 2020 |access-date=16 April 2020 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp; A ranar 26 ga Nuwamba Shekara ta à2013, an tilasta wa Logan ya yi hutu saboda kurakurai a cikin rahoton Benghazi. Al Ortiz, babban darakta na Standards and Practices na CBS News, ya rubuta a cikin wata sanarwa, "Logan ta yi jawabi inda ta dauki matsayi mai karfi na jama'a tana jayayya cewa Gwamnatin Amurka tana nuna rashin amincewa da barazanar daga [[Al-Qaeda|Al Qaeda]], kuma tana kira ga matakan da Amurka ta dauka don mayar da martani ga harin Benghazi. Daga hangen nesa na CBS News Standards, akwai rikici wajen daukar matsayi na jama'ar game da yadda gwamnati ke kula da Benghazi da Al Qaeda. Daga baya ta kai karar New York Magazine kan dala miliyan 25 saboda rahotonsu game da sakamakon.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 19, 2019 |title=Ex-'60 Minutes' reporter Lara Logan sues New York magazine over Benghazi retraction |url=https://www.syracuse.com/us-news/2019/12/ex-60-minutes-reporter-lara-logan-sues-new-york-magazine-over-benghazi-retraction.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512025909/https://www.syracuse.com/us-news/2019/12/ex-60-minutes-reporter-lara-logan-sues-new-york-magazine-over-benghazi-retraction.html |archive-date=12 May 2022 |access-date=March 28, 2022 |website=syracuse |language=en |agency=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref> An kori karar da nuna bambanci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Docket for Logan v. Hagan, 1:19-cv-01208 - CourtListener.com |url=https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/16584679/logan-v-hagan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328220404/https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/16584679/logan-v-hagan/ |archive-date=28 March 2022 |access-date=2022-03-28 |website=CourtListener |language=en-us}}</ref> === Sharhi kan kafafen yada labarai === [[Fayil:Tiffany Trump, Ivanka Trump, and Lara Trump at Inaugural parade 01-20-17.jpg|thumb|Lara Logan]] Bayan barin CBS News, Logan ta fara sukar kafofin watsa labarai, wanda ta ce tana da nuna bambanci.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Atkinson |first=Claire |date=April 9, 2019 |title=Former CBS News correspondent Lara Logan adds to Sinclair Broadcasting's national ambitions |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/all/former-cbs-news-correspondent-lara-logan-adds-sinclair-broadcasting-s-n992766 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411023952/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/all/former-cbs-news-correspondent-lara-logan-adds-sinclair-broadcasting-s-n992766 |archive-date=11 April 2019 |access-date=April 10, 2019 |website=[[NBC News]] |language=en}}</ref> Ta bayyana 'yan jarida a matsayin "masu gwagwarmayar siyasa" da "masu yada labarai" a kan Shugaba [[Donald Trump]].Ta ce yin waɗannan maganganun yayi kama da "kisan kai na sana'a". Ba da daɗewa ba, ta shiga kungiyar Sinclair Broadcast Group, ƙungiyar kafofin watsa labarai ta dama.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Barr |first=Jeremy |date=9 April 2019 |title=Former CBS News Reporter Lara Logan Joining Sinclair |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/lara-logan-joining-sinclair-broadcast-group-1200424 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410232103/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/lara-logan-joining-sinclair-broadcast-group-1200424 |archive-date=10 April 2019 |access-date=2019-04-10 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |language=en}}</ref> Tun daga wannan lokacin, Logan ya wallafa ra'ayoyin makirci na dama, kamar yin hasashen cewa wakilin Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez ya lashe zaben ta zuwa ofis saboda wasu makircin da ba a bayyana ba wanda ba a san su ba Logan ya yi imanin Masu gwagwarmayar adawa da iko. === 2020 Fox News jerin === A Shekarar 2020, Fox News ta hayar da Logan don yin jerin shirye-shirye da ake kira Lara Logan has No Agenda . Jaridar ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' ta lura cewa "Duk da taken 'Babu Agenda', Logan yana shirin komawa cikin batun nuna bambanci ga kafofin watsa labarai".<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date=6 January 2020 |title=Combative Lara Logan gets ready for a comeback on Fox News streaming service |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/business/story/2020-01-06/combative-lara-logan-gets-ready-for-a-comeback-on-fox-news-streaming-service |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220324061058/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/business/story/2020-01-06/combative-lara-logan-gets-ready-for-a-comeback-on-fox-news-streaming-service |archive-date=24 March 2022 |access-date=2020-01-13 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]] |language=en}}</ref> ==== Da'awar game da antifa ==== A ranar 31 ga Mayu Acikin Shekarar 2020, Logan ta wallafa hoto a shafinta na Twitter, wanda ta yi iƙirarin jagorar koyar da rikici ne. Hoton a zahiri ya kasance sabon abu ne wanda ya faru da tashin hankali na Baltimore na 2015. A ranar 1 ga Yuni, Logan ya wallafa barazanar da shafin [[Twitter]] na @ANTIFA_US ya yi. Asusun ya zama karya kuma yana da alaƙa da Identity Evropa, ƙungiyar fararen ƙasa. Bayan an soki shi saboda sanya wayo, Logan ya yi iƙirarin cewa akwai kamfen don "hallaka" ta, gami da Media Matters for America. A ranar 4 ga Yuni Shekarar 2020, Logan ya bayyana a kan ''Hannity'' don da'awar cewa antifa yana barin "pallets of bricks" a wuraren zanga-zangar a cikin ƙoƙari na tayar da tashin hankali da hallaka. Masu binciken gaskiya sun gano cewa da'awar tubali da aka bari a wuraren zanga-zangar ba su da tushe, kuma hotunan da aka gabatar a matsayin shaidar wannan aikin an dauki su ne a wuraren gine-gine na yau da kullun. Babu wani da ya ba da rahoton ganin motocin antifa suna barin tubali na tubali. Bayan haka, Logan ya inganta tweet na ban dariya na 5 Yuni wanda ya haɗa antifa zuwa juggalos da kuma "tsarin matsayi". Logan a maimakon haka ya mayar da hankali kan ɓangaren tweet wanda ya ambaci "tsarin umarni na gargajiya" kuma ya yi jayayya cewa masu tawaye suna da tsarin ƙungiya. ==== Cutar AIDS da ka'idojin makirci na COVID-19 ==== A watan Satumbar Shekarar 2021, Logan ya zargi gwamnatin [[Joe Biden|Biden]] da "ɓoye shaidu" na tasirin da ake zaton rigakafin COVID-19 ya haifar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Goldblatt |first=Daniel |date=2021-09-11 |title=Lara Logan Accuses Biden Administration of 'Hiding Evidence' of COVID-19 Vaccine Side Effects (Video) |url=https://www.thewrap.com/lara-logan-accuses-biden-administration-of-hiding-evidence-of-covid-19-vaccine-side-effects-video/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330110854/https://www.thewrap.com/lara-logan-accuses-biden-administration-of-hiding-evidence-of-covid-19-vaccine-side-effects-video/ |archive-date=30 March 2023 |access-date=2023-10-24 |website=[[TheWrap]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Ta kuma ba da labarin ƙarya game da matukan jirgin saman Sojojin Sama na Amurka 27 da suka yi murabus kan umarnin rigakafin COVID-19 daga Real Raw News, Shafin yanar gizon labarai na karya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dale |first=Daniel |author-link=Daniel Dale |date=2021-09-11 |title=Fact-checking the false but viral story about F-22 pilots resigning after a vaccination text from the secretary of defense |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/09/10/politics/fact-check-f-22-pilots-quit-vaccine-secretary-of-defense/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221016062803/https://www.cnn.com/2021/09/10/politics/fact-check-f-22-pilots-quit-vaccine-secretary-of-defense/index.html |archive-date=16 October 2022 |access-date=2023-10-24 |website=[[CNN]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=McCarthy |first=Bill |date=2021-09-27 |title=PolitiFact investigation: A look behind Real Raw News' sensational (and fabricated) headlines |url=https://www.poynter.org/fact-checking/2021/a-look-behind-real-raw-news-sensational-and-fabricated-headlines/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231023101106/https://www.poynter.org/fact-checking/2021/a-look-behind-real-raw-news-sensational-and-fabricated-headlines/ |archive-date=23 October 2023 |access-date=2023-10-22 |website=[[Poynter Institute]] |language=en-US}}</ref> A watan Nuwamba da Disamba na 2021, Logan ya inganta ƙarya da ka'idojin makirci game da [[Kanjamau|Cutar kanjamau]] da [[Koronavirus 2019|COVID-19]]. Ta raba labaran da suka kalubalanci yarjejeniyar kimiyya cewa cutar kanjamau tana haifar da cutar kanjamaun daji. Ta kwatanta darektan NIAID Anthony Fauci da masanin kimiyya na Nazi Josef Mengele . A lokacin tattaunawa game da Bambancin SARS-CoV-2 Omicron, ta ce: "Saboda haka a wannan lokacin, abin da kuka gani a kan Dokta Fauci, wannan shine abin da mutane ke fada mini, cewa ba ya wakiltar kimiyya a gare su. Yana wakiltar Josef Mengele, Dokta Josef Mengele na Nazi wanda ya yi gwaje-gwaje a kan Yahudawa a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu da kuma a sansanonin, kuma ina magana game da mutane a duk faɗin duniya suna faɗin wannan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pengelly |first=Martin |date=November 30, 2021 |title=Outrage as Fox News commentator likens Anthony Fauci to Nazi doctor |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/nov/30/anthony-fauci-josef-mengele-fox-news |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130152707/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/nov/30/anthony-fauci-josef-mengele-fox-news |archive-date=30 November 2021 |access-date=November 30, 2021 |website=[[The Guardian]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Darcy |first=Oliver |date=November 30, 2021 |title=Anti-Defamation League and Auschwitz Museum condemn Fox host for comparing Fauci to Nazi doctor who performed medical experiments at death camp |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/11/30/media/lara-logan-fauci-auschwitz-museum-anti-defamation-league/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130202934/https://www.cnn.com/2021/11/30/media/lara-logan-fauci-auschwitz-museum-anti-defamation-league/index.html |archive-date=30 November 2021 |access-date=November 30, 2021 |website=[[CNN]]}}</ref> Yawancin shahararrun kungiyoyin Yahudawa, ciki har da Anti-Defamation League da Gidan Tarihi na Auschwitz, sun yi Allah wadai da maganganunta.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Darcy |first=Oliver |date=November 30, 2021 |title=Anti-Defamation League and Auschwitz Museum condemn Fox host for comparing Fauci to Nazi doctor who performed medical experiments at death camp |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/11/30/media/lara-logan-fauci-auschwitz-museum-anti-defamation-league/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130202934/https://www.cnn.com/2021/11/30/media/lara-logan-fauci-auschwitz-museum-anti-defamation-league/index.html |archive-date=30 November 2021 |access-date=November 30, 2021 |website=[[CNN]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFDarcy2021">Darcy, Oliver (30 November 2021). [https://www.cnn.com/2021/11/30/media/lara-logan-fauci-auschwitz-museum-anti-defamation-league/index.html "Anti-Defamation League and Auschwitz Museum condemn Fox host for comparing Fauci to Nazi doctor who performed medical experiments at death camp"]. ''[[CNN]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20211130202934/https://www.cnn.com/2021/11/30/media/lara-logan-fauci-auschwitz-museum-anti-defamation-league/index.html Archived] from the original on 30 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> Logan daga baya ya sake mayar da martani game da Gidan Tarihi na Auschwitz. A lokacin wata hira da aka yi da MSNBC a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2021, Fauci ta kira maganganun Logan "absolutely ridiculious and disgusting", kuma ta soki Fox News saboda rashin daukar mataki na horo a kanta. United Talent Agency ta bar Logan a matsayin abokin ciniki jim kadan bayan da ta yi tsokaci a Mengele. [[Fayil:General Schwartz on 60 Minutes.jpg|thumb|Lara Logan]] Tun lokacin da ta yi sharhi, Logan ba ta bayyana a matsayin baƙo a kan Fox News ba, kuma babu wani sabon abubuwan Lara Logan Has No Agenda. A watan Maris na shekara ta 2022, Logan ta ce Fox ta "dumped" ta.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Pengelly |first=Martin |date=April 9, 2022 |title=Lara Logan, who compared Fauci to Mengele, says Fox News pushed her out |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2022/apr/09/lara-logan-fox-news-mengele-fauci-remark |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409072343/https://www.theguardian.com/media/2022/apr/09/lara-logan-fox-news-mengele-fauci-remark |archive-date=9 April 2022 |access-date=April 9, 2022 |website=[[The Guardian]] |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFPengelly2022">Pengelly, Martin (9 April 2022). [https://www.theguardian.com/media/2022/apr/09/lara-logan-fox-news-mengele-fauci-remark "Lara Logan, who compared Fauci to Mengele, says Fox News pushed her out"]. ''[[The Guardian]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220409072343/https://www.theguardian.com/media/2022/apr/09/lara-logan-fox-news-mengele-fauci-remark Archived] from the original on 9 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> === Rashin mamayewar Rasha a Ukraine === A lokacin mamayewar Rasha ta 2022 a Ukraine, Logan a cikin bayyanarta ta talabijin ta haɗa shugaban Ukraine [[Volodymyr Zelensky|Volodymyr Zelenskyy]] da ayyukan "Shaidan, sihiri", ya kira shi "puppet" kuma ya yi iƙirarin cewa an "zaɓi Zelenskyay [...], ba a jefa kuri'a ba". Ta yaba da Shugaba [[Vladimir Putin]] na Rasha saboda "ba zai tsaya ba yayin da masu fafutukar duniya suka mamaye duniya" kuma ta zargi Ukrainians da kasancewa "nazis na ainihi". Maganganun Logan sun sami yabo kuma farfagandar gwamnatin Rasha ta karɓa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 15, 2022 |title=Fox Nation host Lara Logan links President Zelensky's entertainment career to the occult, and claims the entire Ukrainian military has Nazi links |url=https://www.mediamatters.org/russias-invasion-ukraine/fox-nation-host-lara-logan-links-president-zelenskys-entertainment-career |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220610144133/https://www.mediamatters.org/russias-invasion-ukraine/fox-nation-host-lara-logan-links-president-zelenskys-entertainment-career |archive-date=10 June 2022 |access-date=March 23, 2022 |publisher=[[Media Matters for America]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Moran |first=Lee |date=March 22, 2022 |title=Russia Uses Lara Logan's Rant About Ukraine, Zelenskyy As Propaganda On Twitter |url=https://sg.news.yahoo.com/russia-uses-lara-logans-rant-072552926.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322232803/https://sg.news.yahoo.com/russia-uses-lara-logans-rant-072552926.html |archive-date=22 March 2022 |access-date=March 23, 2022 |website=[[Yahoo News]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Oganesyan |first=Natalie |date=March 21, 2022 |title=Russian Officials Endorse Lara Logan's Comments Linking Ukrainian Soldiers to Nazis and Occultism |url=https://www.thewrap.com/lara-logan-ukraine-nazi-comments-endorsed-kremlin/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322232804/https://www.thewrap.com/lara-logan-ukraine-nazi-comments-endorsed-kremlin/ |archive-date=22 March 2022 |access-date=March 23, 2022 |website=[[The Wrap]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Thomas |first=Jake |date=March 21, 2022 |title=Logan Praised by Russia as 'Real America's Voice' as Schwarzenegger Shunned |url=https://www.newsweek.com/logan-praised-russia-real-americas-voice-schwarzenegger-shunned-1690289 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512025908/https://www.newsweek.com/logan-praised-russia-real-americas-voice-schwarzenegger-shunned-1690289 |archive-date=12 May 2022 |access-date=March 23, 2022 |website=[[Newsweek]]}}</ref> === Tattaunawa game da Darwin da iyalin Rothschild === A watan Maris na shekara ta 2022, Logan ya yi iƙirarin ba tare da wata hujja ba cewa dangin Rothschild sun yi amfani da [[Charles Darwin]] don ƙirƙirar ka'idarsa ta juyin halitta.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 28, 2022 |title=Fox Nation host Lara Logan claims that Darwinism is a plot from "the Rothschilds" |url=https://www.mediamatters.org/lara-logan/fox-nation-host-lara-logan-claims-darwinism-plot-rothschilds |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328164426/https://www.mediamatters.org/lara-logan/fox-nation-host-lara-logan-claims-darwinism-plot-rothschilds |archive-date=28 March 2022 |access-date=March 28, 2022 |website=[[Media Matters for America]] |language=en}}</ref> Ta kuma inganta da'awar cewa dangin Rothschild, wanda aka saba amfani da shi a cikin ra'ayoyin makirci na adawa da Yahudawa, sun kirkiro [[Yaƙin basasar Amurka]] da kisan gillar [[Abraham Lincoln|Ibrahim Lincoln]] da [[John F. Kennedy]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hananoki |first=Eric |date=March 28, 2022 |title=Fox Nation host Lara Logan shares conspiracy theories about "Putin's purge of the Rothschild money changers," Jewish people masterminding U.S. Civil War |url=https://www.mediamatters.org/lara-logan/fox-nation-host-lara-logan-shares-conspiracy-theories-about-putins-purge-rothschild |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328190329/https://www.mediamatters.org/lara-logan/fox-nation-host-lara-logan-shares-conspiracy-theories-about-putins-purge-rothschild |archive-date=28 March 2022 |access-date=March 28, 2022 |website=[[Media Matters for America]] |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == [[Fayil:130318-A-YI554-773 (8574075085).jpg|thumb|Lara Logan]] A shekara ta 1998, Logan ya auri Jason Siemon, Ba'amurke daga [[Iowa]] da ke buga wasan [[Kwallon kwando|Kwando]] a Burtaniya; auren ya ƙare da saki a shekara ta 2008. A wannan shekarar, ta auri Joseph Burkett, dan kwangila na tsaro na gwamnatin Amurka daga Texas. Wannan ita ce auren na biyu ga duka biyun. Ma'auratan sun zauna a Washington, DC, tare da 'ya'yansu biyu da 'yar Burkett daga aurensa na baya. [./Lara_Logan#cite_note-fishbowldc-63 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><nowiki>[4]</nowiki></span>] A shekara ta 2015, sun koma Fredericksburg, Texas, garin Burkett.<ref name="theatlantic">{{Cite web |last=Plott Calabro |first=Elaina |date=12 June 2023 |title=A Star Reporter's Break With Reality |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2023/07/lara-logan-60-minutes-correspondent-conspiracy-theories/674168/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727150458/https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2023/07/lara-logan-60-minutes-correspondent-conspiracy-theories/674168/ |archive-date=27 July 2023 |access-date=24 October 2023 |publisher=[[The Atlantic]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFPlott_Calabro2023">Plott Calabro, Elaina (12 June 2023). [https://web.archive.org/web/20230727150458/https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2023/07/lara-logan-60-minutes-correspondent-conspiracy-theories/674168/ "A Star Reporter's Break With Reality"]. [[Tekun Atlantika|The Atlantic]]. Archived from [https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2023/07/lara-logan-60-minutes-correspondent-conspiracy-theories/674168/ the original] on 27 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> == Kyaututtuka == * Mata na Amurka a Rediyo da Talabijin Gracie Award, 2004 <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 November 2016 |title=2004 Gracies Gala Winners |url=https://allwomeninmedia.org/gracies/2004-gracies-winners/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407083705/https://allwomeninmedia.org/gracies/2004-gracies-winners/ |archive-date=7 April 2022 |access-date=5 December 2021 |publisher=Alliance for Media in Women}}</ref> * Kyautar David Kaplan, Ƙungiyar 'Yan Jarida ta Ƙasashen Waje, 2006 <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 1, 2007 |title=2006 OPC Award Winners |url=https://opcofamerica.org/2006-opc-award-winners/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210130085547/https://opcofamerica.org/2006-opc-award-winners/ |archive-date=30 January 2021 |access-date=6 December 2021 |publisher=Overseas Press Club of America}}</ref> * Kyautar David Bloom, Rediyo da Talabijin 'Association, 2007 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Award Winners |url=http://rtcacapitolhill.org/upcoming-2013-rtca-executive-committee-election/awards/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407083705/http://rtcacapitolhill.org/upcoming-2013-rtca-executive-committee-election/awards/ |archive-date=7 April 2022 |access-date=6 December 2021 |publisher=Radio and Television Correspondents' Association}}</ref> * Kyautar Daniel Pearl, 2011 * Kyautar 'Yancin Labarai ta Ƙungiyar Labarai ta Kasa, 2011 == Dubi kuma == * Mata a cikin aikin jarida == Nassoshi == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == {{Commonscat}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20180826031531/https://www.cbsnews.com/team/lara-logan/ Bayanan martaba a CBS News (an adana shi)] * {{IMDb name|1022561}} * Bayyanawaa kanC-SPAN * [https://americasfuture.net Makomar Amurka] {{60 Minutes}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Logan, Lara}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 3oiwp6zpqpcdek3z3dnqujbmwqwzkbb 884703 884702 2026-07-18T15:53:45Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 884703 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Data box}} [[Fayil:Lara Logan in Iraq.jpg|thumb|Lara logan a kasar iran]] [[Fayil:Lara Logan with CBS's "60 Minutes", sits with U.S. Army Sgt. 1st Class Chris Corbin assigned to the 7th Special Forces Group (Airborne), before conducting an interview at Eglin Base Air Force Base, Fla., March 130318-A-YI554-773.jpg|thumb|Lara Logan qajen daukar shiri]]  {{Infobox person|name=Lara Logan|image=Lara Logan crop.jpg|alt=photograph|caption=Logan in 2013|birth_date={{Birth date and age|1971|03|29|df=yes}}|birth_place=[[Durban]], [[South Africa]]|death_date=|death_place=|education=Degree in commerce, 1992|alma_mater=[[University of Natal]], Durban|occupation=Journalist, since 1988|employer=[[CBS News]] chief foreign affairs correspondent (2006–2018)|spouse={{Plainlist| * {{Marriage|Jason Siemon | 1998|2008|end=div.}} * {{Marriage|Joseph Burkett | 2008}} }}|website={{url|laralogan.com}}}}'''Lara Logan''' (an haife ta a ranar 29 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1971) 'yar jaridar talabijin da rediyo ce ta Afirka ta Kudu kuma mai ba da labari ga me da yaki. Ayyukan Logan sun fara ne a Afirka ta Kudu tare da kungiyoyin labarai daban-daban a cikin shekarun 1990. Bayanan ta ya tashi ne saboda bayar da rahoto game da mamayar Amurka a Afganistan a shekara ta 2001. An hayar ta a matsayin wakilin CBS News a shekara ta 2002, daga ƙarshe ta zama Babban Wakilin Harkokin Waje. A Shekara ta 2013, wani labarin Logan a kan Harin Benghazi na Shekarar 2012 ya haifar da babbar gardama saboda kurakurai na gaskiya kuma an janye shi, wanda ya haifar da hutu. Logan ya bar CBS a shekarar 2018. Bayan ta tashi daga CBS, Logan ta fara yin da'awar da yawa a kan ra'ayoyin makirci daban-daban game da batutuwa kamar kwayar cutar AIDS ko dangin Rothschild. A shekarar 2019, ta shiga Sinclair Broadcast Group, kamfanin watsa labarai mai ra'ayin mazan jiya. A watan Janairun Shekara ta 2020, ta shiga Fox Nation, sabis na biyan kuɗi wanda Fox News ke gudanarwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Battaglio |first=Stephen |date=January 6, 2020 |title=A combative Lara Logan plans a comeback on Fox News' streaming service. Can she succeed? |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/business/story/2020-01-06/combative-lara-logan-gets-ready-for-a-comeback-on-fox-news-streaming-service |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220324061058/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/business/story/2020-01-06/combative-lara-logan-gets-ready-for-a-comeback-on-fox-news-streaming-service |archive-date=24 March 2022 |access-date=June 9, 2020 |language=en-US}}</ref> A watan Maris na shekara ta 2022, ta ce cibiyar sadarwa ta "dumped".<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Pengelly |first=Martin |date=April 9, 2022 |title=Lara Logan, who compared Fauci to Mengele, says Fox News pushed her out |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2022/apr/09/lara-logan-fox-news-mengele-fauci-remark |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409072343/https://www.theguardian.com/media/2022/apr/09/lara-logan-fox-news-mengele-fauci-remark |archive-date=9 April 2022 |access-date=April 9, 2022 |website=[[The Guardian]] |language=en}}</ref> Tun daga watan Yunin Shekara ta 2022, Logan ya kasance memba na kwamitin Amurka ta gaba, wata ƙungiya mai ra'ayin mazan jiya da tsohon jami'in Gwamnatin Trump Michael Flynn ke jagoranta.<ref name="pr2022">{{Cite web |date=1 June 2022 |title=Award-Winning Investigative Journalist Lara Logan Joins America's Future Board of Directors |url=https://www.americasfuture.net/press-releases/press-release-award-winning-investigative-journalist-lara-logan-joins-americas-future-board-of-directors/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323163959/https://www.americasfuture.net/press-releases/press-release-award-winning-investigative-journalist-lara-logan-joins-americas-future-board-of-directors/ |archive-date=23 March 2023 |access-date=24 March 2023 |publisher=America's Future |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="leaders2023">{{Cite web |title=Leadership |url=https://www.americasfuture.net/leadership/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320013422/https://www.americasfuture.net/leadership/ |archive-date=20 March 2023 |access-date=24 March 2023 |publisher=America's Future |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news |date=7 September 2022 |title=Former Trump adviser Michael Flynn 'at the center' of new movement based on conspiracies and Christian nationalism |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/former-trump-adviser-michael-flynn-at-the-center-of-new-movement-based-on-conspiracies-and-christian-nationalism |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909024846/https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/former-trump-adviser-michael-flynn-at-the-center-of-new-movement-based-on-conspiracies-and-christian-nationalism |archive-date=9 September 2023 |access-date=14 September 2023 |work=PBS NewsHour |language=en-us}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Logan a [[Durban|Durban, Afirka ta Kudu]], <ref name="bio" /> kuma ta halarci makarantar sakandare a Kwalejin 'yan mata ta Durban. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lara Logan |url=http://www.nndb.com/people/796/000048652 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080821172516/http://www.nndb.com/people/796/000048652/ |archive-date=21 August 2008 |access-date=20 June 2008 |publisher=NNDb}}</ref> Ta kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Natal da ke Durban a Shekarar 1992 tare da digiri a harkokin kasuwanci. Ta sami difloma a cikin harshen Faransanci, al'adu da tarihi a Alliance Française a Paris. A duk makarantar sakandare da kwaleji, Logan ya yi aiki a matsayin samfurin wanka.<ref name="theatlantic">{{Cite web |last=Plott Calabro |first=Elaina |date=12 June 2023 |title=A Star Reporter's Break With Reality |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2023/07/lara-logan-60-minutes-correspondent-conspiracy-theories/674168/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727150458/https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2023/07/lara-logan-60-minutes-correspondent-conspiracy-theories/674168/ |archive-date=27 July 2023 |access-date=24 October 2023 |publisher=[[The Atlantic]]}}</ref> == Ayyuka == [[File:General_Schwartz_on_60_Minutes.jpg|left|thumb|250x250px|Logan yana hira da Janar Norton A. Schwartz, Afrilu Shekarar 2009]] Logan ta yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da labarai ga Sunday Tribune a Durban a lokacin karatunta A shekara ta (1988 Zuwa 1989), sannan ga Daily News na birnin A (1990-1992). A shekara ta 1992, ta shiga gidan talabijin na Reuters a Afirka, da farko a matsayin babban furodusa. Bayan shekaru hudu ta shiga aikin jarida mai zaman kansa, ta sami aiki a matsayin mai ba da rahoto da edita / furodusa tare da ITN da Fox / SKY, CBS News, ABC News (a London), NBC, da Tarayyar watsa shirye-shiryen Turai. Ta yi aiki ga [[CNN]], tana ba da rahoto game da abubuwan da suka faru kamar fashewar bam a ofishin jakadancin Amurka a [[Nairobi]] da [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] a 1998, rikici a [[Ireland ta Arewa|Arewacin Ireland]], da Yaƙin Kosovo . <ref name="bio">{{Cite web |date=2 December 2002 |title=Lara Logan |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2002/12/02/60II/main531421.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130719081011/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2002/12/02/60ii/main531421.shtml |archive-date=19 July 2013 |access-date=16 April 2020 |website=[[CBS News]]}}</ref> An hayar Logan a Shekara ta 2000 ta GMTV Breakfast Talabijin (a Burtaniya) a matsayin mai ba da labari; ta kuma yi aiki tare da CBS News Radio a matsayin mai zaman kansa. Kwanaki bayan hare-haren 11 ga Satumba, ta nemi wani magatakarda a Ofishin Jakadancin Rasha a London ya ba ta biza don tafiya zuwa [[Afghanistan]]. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2001, yayin da take Afghanistan tana aiki ga GMTV, ta shiga kungiyar Northern Alliance da ke da goyon bayan Amurka da Burtaniya kuma ta yi hira da kwamandan su, Janar Babajan, a Bagram Air Base . <ref name="NYT112305">{{Cite web |last=Steinberg |first=Jacques |author-link=The Gatekeepers |date=23 November 2005 |title=War Zone "It Girl" Has a Big Future at CBS News |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/11/23/arts/television/23loga.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015182513/http://www.nytimes.com/2005/11/23/arts/television/23loga.html |archive-date=15 October 2012 |access-date=22 February 2017 |website=The New York Times}}</ref> CBS News ta ba ta cikakken matsayi a matsayin wakilin a shekara ta 2002. Ta shafe yawancin shekaru hudu masu zuwa tana bayar da rahoto daga fagen fama, gami da yankunan yaki a Afghanistan da Iraki, sau da yawa suna tare da Sojojin Amurka. Amma ta kuma yi hira da sanannun mutane da masu bincike kamar Robert Ballard, wanda ya gano fashewar RMS Titanic . <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 June 2010 |title=Bob Ballard, The Great Explorer |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/bob-ballard-the-great-explorer-10-06-2010/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110015403/http://www.cbsnews.com/news/bob-ballard-the-great-explorer-10-06-2010/ |archive-date=10 January 2017 |access-date=9 January 2017 |website=CBS, 60 Minutes}}</ref> Yawancin rahotonta na Minti 60 ne na II. Ta kuma kasance mai ba da gudummawa na yau da kullun ga CBS Evening News, The Early Show da Face the Nation . A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2006, CBS News ta nada Logan a matsayin babban wakilin harkokin kasashen waje.<ref name="bio">{{Cite web |date=2 December 2002 |title=Lara Logan |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2002/12/02/60II/main531421.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130719081011/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2002/12/02/60ii/main531421.shtml |archive-date=19 July 2013 |access-date=16 April 2020 |website=[[CBS News]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2002/12/02/60II/main531421.shtml "Lara Logan"]. ''[[Labaran CBS|CBS News]]''. 2 December 2002. [https://web.archive.org/web/20130719081011/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2002/12/02/60ii/main531421.shtml Archived] from the original on 19 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Logan ya bar CBS News a watan Agustan A Shekarar 2018. <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 25, 2019 |title=Back in the Spotlight, Lara Logan Wants to Keep Reporting: "I'm Not Done Yet" |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/lara-logan-back-spotlight-wants-keep-reporting-q-a-1189865 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190304021721/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/lara-logan-back-spotlight-wants-keep-reporting-q-a-1189865 |archive-date=4 March 2019 |access-date=March 3, 2019 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |language=en}}</ref> A shekara mai zuwa, ta shiga kungiyar Sinclair Broadcast Group na wucin gadi, a matsayin mai ba da rahoto a kan iyakar Amurka da Mexico. A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2022, an dakatar da Logan daga gidan talabijin na dama Newsmax saboda abin da cibiyar sadarwa ta bayyana a matsayin "maganganun da ba a yarda da su ba" yayin wata hira inda ta ce "yankin [Amurka-Mexico] shine hanyar Shaidan na karɓar iko da duniya ta hanyar duk waɗannan mutanen da ke cikinsa da bayinsa ... Kun san, waɗanda suke son mu ci kwari, kwari kuma yayin da suke cin jinin yara?" [[Fayil:Lara Logan in Iraq.jpg|thumb|Lara Logan]] Yayinda take gabatar da Pizzagate da QAnon conspiracy theorist Liz Crokin a wani taron Fabrairu 2024, Logan ta gaya wa masu sauraro cewa ta fahimci cewa Pizzagare "duka gaskiya ne". === Haifa Street fada === A ƙarshen watan Janairun Shekara ta 2007, Logan ya gabatar da rahoton fada a kan titin Haifa a [[Bagdaza|Bagadaza]], amma CBS Evening News ba ta gudanar da rahoton ba, tana ɗaukar shi "mai ƙarfi". <ref name="MCO">{{Cite web |title=Helping Lara Logan |url=http://www.mediachannel.org/wordpress/2007/01/24/helping-lara-logan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100521231504/http://mediachannel.org/wordpress/2007/01/24/helping-lara-logan/ |archive-date=21 May 2010 |access-date=1 February 2007 |publisher=Mediachannel.org}}</ref> Don juyar da shawarar, Logan ya sami goyon bayan jama'a, yana neman mutane su kalli labarin kuma su ba da hanyar haɗi ga yawancin abokansu da sanannunsu kamar yadda zai yiwu, suna cewa, "Ya kamata a gani". === Sukar Michael Hastings === An soki Logan a watan Yunin Shekarar 2010 saboda maganganunta game da wani ɗan jarida, Michael Hastings, da ra'ayinta cewa 'yan jarida da suka shiga soja bai kamata su rubuta game da ba'a da suke ji ba. Wani labarin da Hastings ya yi a cikin Rolling Stone a wannan watan ya nakalto Janar Stanley A. McChrystal da ma'aikatansa - maganganun da Hastings ta ji yayin tafiya tare da McChrystal - yana sukar Mataimakin Shugaban Amurka [[Joe Biden]] da sauran jami'ai, bayan haka Shugaba [[Barack Obama]] ya kori McChrytal a matsayin kwamandansa a Afghanistan. Logan ya gaya wa CNN cewa rahoton Hastings ya keta yarjejeniyar da ba a bayyana ba tsakanin manema labarai da ke tafiya tare da ma'aikatan soja kada su ba da rahoton maganganun da ke tsakanin su.<ref name="CNN062710">{{Cite web |last=Kurtz |first=Howard |author-link=Howard Kurtz |date=27 June 2010 |title=Interview With Michael Hastings; Interview With Lara Logan |url=http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/1006/27/rs.01.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100701052019/http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/1006/27/rs.01.html |archive-date=1 July 2010 |access-date=30 June 2010 |website=[[CNN]]}}</ref> Da yake ambaton sanarwa, "Ina nufin, tambayar ita ce, da gaske, abin da Janar McChrystal da mataimakansa ke yi shi ne mai ban tsoro, cewa sun cancanci kawo ƙarshen aiki kamar na McChrystal? Ina nufin, Michael Hastings bai taɓa yin hidima ga ƙasarsa kamar yadda McChrytal yake ba. Tsohon wakilin soja na CNN Jamie McIntyre ya ce abin da suka yi ya kasance mai ban tsoro da cewa ba lallai ne ya karfafa mafi munin bayanin 'ya' na' yan jarida da suka tafi' a kansu da manyan jami' na soja.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McIntyre |first=Jamie |author-link=Jamie McIntyre |date=30 June 2010 |title=Lara Logan's Friendly Misfire |url=http://www.lineofdeparture.com/2010/06/30/lara-logans-friendly-misfire |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104033236/http://www.lineofdeparture.com/2010/06/30/lara-logans-friendly-misfire |archive-date=4 January 2012 |publisher=Line of Departure}}</ref> Glenn Greenwald, yana yin sharhi game da abin da ya faru ga ''Salon'', ya rubuta cewa ɓangaren Logan misali ne na abin da aikin jarida ya "ƙazanta". Greenwald ta ce Logan ta yi rahoto mai ƙarfin zuciya a tsawon shekaru, ammah ta zo ta ga kanta a matsayin wani ɓangare na gwamnati da soja. === Rahoto daga Masar da cin zarafin mata === Sojojin Masar sun kama Logan da ma'aikatanta na CBS kuma sun tsare su na dare daya a ranar 3 ga Fabrairu 2011, yayin da suke rufe Juyin Juya Halin Masar. Ta ce an rufe ma'aikatan idanu kuma an ɗaure su da bindiga, kuma an yi wa direban su duka. An shawarce su da su bar ƙasar, ammah daga baya aka sake su.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kamer |first=Foster |date=11 February 2011 |title=Lara Logan's Egypt Interrogation Tell-All |url=http://www.esquire.com/blogs/politics/lara-logan-egypt-5219471 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105085341/http://www.esquire.com/blogs/politics/lara-logan-egypt-5219471 |archive-date=5 November 2013 |access-date=15 February 2011}}</ref> A ranar 15 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2011, CBS News ta fitar da wata sanarwa cewa an yi wa Logan duka kuma an yi masa fyade a ranar 11 ga watan Fabirairu, yayin da yake rufe bukukuwan da aka yi a Tahrir Square bayan murabus din [[Hosni Mubarak]]. 60 Minutes ta watsa wata hira da ita game da shi a ranar 1 ga Mayu 2011; ta ce tana magana ne saboda yaduwar Cin zarafin jima'i a Masar, kuma don karya shiru game da cin zarafin mata 'yan jarida ba sa son bayar da rahoto idan ya hana su yin ayyukansu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 May 2011 |title=Lara Logan breaks her silence |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bO12X1nhzzk |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200424095225/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bO12X1nhzzk |archive-date=24 April 2020 |access-date=3 May 2020 |website=YouTube}}</ref><ref name="CBSMay1a">{{Cite web |date=May 1, 2011 |title=Lara Logan breaks her silence |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2011/04/28/60minutes/main20058368.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114044000/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2011/04/28/60minutes/main20058368.shtml |archive-date=November 14, 2013 |website=[[60 Minutes]] |publisher=[[CBS]]}}</ref><ref name="CBSMay1b">{{Cite web |date=1 May 2011 |title=After the assault: Lara Logan comes home |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/after-the-assault-lara-logan-comes-home/ |website=[[60 Minutes]] |publisher=[[CBS]]}}</ref> [[Fayil:Gen. Petraeus visits 'Warriors' DVIDS81032.jpg|thumb|Lara Logan]] Ta ce lamarin ya shafi maza 200 zuwa 300 kuma ya dauki kimanin minti 25. Ta kasance tana ba da rahoton bukukuwan na sa'a guda ba tare da wani abin da ya faru ba lokacin da batirin kyamararta ya gaza. Ɗaya daga cikin ma'aikatan CBS na Masar ya ba da shawarar su tafi, yana gaya mata daga baya ya ji taron suna yin maganganun jima'i ga me da ita. Ta ji hannayenta suna taɓa ta, kuma ana iya jin ta tana ihu "dakatar", kamar yadda kyamarar ta mutu. Ɗaya daga cikin taron ya yi ihu cewa ita Bayahude ce ta Isra'ila, da'awar da CBS ta ce, ko da yake karya ne, "wasan da man fetur ne". Ta ce sun tsage tufafinta kuma, a cikin maganarta, sun yi mata fyade da hannayensu, yayin da suke daukar hotuna da wayoyin salula. Sun fara jan jikinta a wurare daban-daban, suna jan gashin kanta sosai ta ce kamar suna ƙoƙarin cire gashin kanta. An ja ta a filin zuwa inda aka dakatar da taron ta hanyar shinge, kusa da inda ƙungiyar mata ke sansani. Wata mace da ke sanye da Chador ta sanya hannunta a kusa da Logan, sauran kuma sun rufe matsayi a kusa da ita, yayin da wasu maza da ke tare da mata suka jefa ruwa ga taron. Wani rukuni na sojoji sun bayyana, suka kori taron da sanduna, kuma daya daga cikinsu ya jefa Logan a kafaɗarsa. Daga baya ta ce tana tunanin tana mutuwa a lokacin harin. An dawo da ita Amurka washegari, inda ta kwashe kwanaki hudu a asibiti.<ref name="CBSMay1a">{{Cite web |date=May 1, 2011 |title=Lara Logan breaks her silence |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2011/04/28/60minutes/main20058368.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114044000/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2011/04/28/60minutes/main20058368.shtml |archive-date=November 14, 2013 |website=[[60 Minutes]] |publisher=[[CBS]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20131114044000/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2011/04/28/60minutes/main20058368.shtml "Lara Logan breaks her silence"]. ''[[Minti 60|60 Minutes]]''. [[CBS]]. 1 May 2011. Archived from [http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2011/04/28/60minutes/main20058368.shtml the original] on 14 November 2013.</cite></ref><ref name="CBSMay1b">{{Cite web |date=1 May 2011 |title=After the assault: Lara Logan comes home |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/after-the-assault-lara-logan-comes-home/ |website=[[60 Minutes]] |publisher=[[CBS]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.cbsnews.com/news/after-the-assault-lara-logan-comes-home/ "After the assault: Lara Logan comes home"]. ''[[Minti 60|60 Minutes]]''. [[CBS]]. 1 May 2011.</cite></ref> Shugaba [[Barack Obama]] ne ya tuntube ta lokacin da ta isa gida. CBS ta ce ba a san ainihin maharan ba, kuma ba zai yiwu a gurfanar da kowa ba<ref name="CBSMay1b" /> === Sharhi game da Afghanistan da Libya === A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2012, Logan ta ba da jawabi a gaban abincin rana na shekara-shekara na Ƙungiyar Gwamnati mafi Kyau inda ta soki maganganun Gwamnatin Obama game da Yaƙi a Afghanistan da sauran rikice-rikice a duniyar Larabawa. Musamman, Logan ya soki ikirarin gwamnati cewa [[Taliban]] na raunana a Afghanistan, yana kiran irin wannan ikirarin "babban karya" da aka yi don shirya kawo karshen aikin soja na Amurka a wannan kasar. Ta kuma bayyana cewa tana fatan Amurka za ta "ramako" daidai ga Harin Benghazi na 2012, inda aka kai hari kan ma'aikatan diflomasiyyar Amurka kuma aka kashe su a [[Libya]]. === Benghazi ya ba da rahoton kurakurai === A ranar 8 ga Nuwamba Shekara ta 2013, Logan ya tafi CBS This Morning don neman gafara saboda rahoton ''Minti 60'' mara kyau game da harin Benghazi, wanda aka watsa a ranar 27 ga Oktoba. Ta nuna cewa bincike ya gano cewa tushen yawancin rahotonta ba daidai ba ne kuma ya zargi Dylan Davies, manajan jami'an tsaro na gida a Ofishin Jakadancin Amurka a Benghazi. Logan ya ce ya yi ƙarya game da bayanai kuma ya nace cewa sun bincika amincinsa kuma sun dogara da abubuwa kamar hotuna da takardun da ya bayar. A baya, Logan ya ce sun koyi cewa labarin da Davies ya fada bai dace da abin da ya gaya wa masu binciken tarayya ba. "Kun san abu mafi muhimmanci ga kowane mutum a minti 60 shine gaskiya, "ta ce a cikin neman gafara a cikin shirin ''Minti 60''"Kuma a yau gaskiyar ita ce mun yi kuskure. Kuma wannan shi ne ah ... wannan abin takaici ne ga kowane ɗan jarida. Wannan abin takaici a gare ni. " Logan ya ci gaba da ƙarawa, "Babu wanda yake son yarda da cewa sun yi kuskure. Ammah idan ka yi, dole ne ka tashi tsaye ka ɗauki alhakin - kuma dole ne ka ce ba daidai ba ne. "<ref>{{Cite web |last=Guthrie |first=Marisa |date=November 8, 2013 |title=Lara Logan Apologizes For '60 Minutes' Benghazi Report on 'CBS This Morning |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/60-minutes-benghazi-report-lara-654610 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211160255/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/60-minutes-benghazi-report-lara-654610 |archive-date=11 February 2020 |access-date=16 April 2020 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp; A ranar 26 ga Nuwamba Shekara ta à2013, an tilasta wa Logan ya yi hutu saboda kurakurai a cikin rahoton Benghazi. Al Ortiz, babban darakta na Standards and Practices na CBS News, ya rubuta a cikin wata sanarwa, "Logan ta yi jawabi inda ta dauki matsayi mai karfi na jama'a tana jayayya cewa Gwamnatin Amurka tana nuna rashin amincewa da barazanar daga [[Al-Qaeda|Al Qaeda]], kuma tana kira ga matakan da Amurka ta dauka don mayar da martani ga harin Benghazi. Daga hangen nesa na CBS News Standards, akwai rikici wajen daukar matsayi na jama'ar game da yadda gwamnati ke kula da Benghazi da Al Qaeda. Daga baya ta kai karar New York Magazine kan dala miliyan 25 saboda rahotonsu game da sakamakon.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 19, 2019 |title=Ex-'60 Minutes' reporter Lara Logan sues New York magazine over Benghazi retraction |url=https://www.syracuse.com/us-news/2019/12/ex-60-minutes-reporter-lara-logan-sues-new-york-magazine-over-benghazi-retraction.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512025909/https://www.syracuse.com/us-news/2019/12/ex-60-minutes-reporter-lara-logan-sues-new-york-magazine-over-benghazi-retraction.html |archive-date=12 May 2022 |access-date=March 28, 2022 |website=syracuse |language=en |agency=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref> An kori karar da nuna bambanci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Docket for Logan v. Hagan, 1:19-cv-01208 - CourtListener.com |url=https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/16584679/logan-v-hagan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328220404/https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/16584679/logan-v-hagan/ |archive-date=28 March 2022 |access-date=2022-03-28 |website=CourtListener |language=en-us}}</ref> === Sharhi kan kafafen yada labarai === [[Fayil:Tiffany Trump, Ivanka Trump, and Lara Trump at Inaugural parade 01-20-17.jpg|thumb|Lara Logan]] Bayan barin CBS News, Logan ta fara sukar kafofin watsa labarai, wanda ta ce tana da nuna bambanci.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Atkinson |first=Claire |date=April 9, 2019 |title=Former CBS News correspondent Lara Logan adds to Sinclair Broadcasting's national ambitions |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/all/former-cbs-news-correspondent-lara-logan-adds-sinclair-broadcasting-s-n992766 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411023952/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/all/former-cbs-news-correspondent-lara-logan-adds-sinclair-broadcasting-s-n992766 |archive-date=11 April 2019 |access-date=April 10, 2019 |website=[[NBC News]] |language=en}}</ref> Ta bayyana 'yan jarida a matsayin "masu gwagwarmayar siyasa" da "masu yada labarai" a kan Shugaba [[Donald Trump]].Ta ce yin waɗannan maganganun yayi kama da "kisan kai na sana'a". Ba da daɗewa ba, ta shiga kungiyar Sinclair Broadcast Group, ƙungiyar kafofin watsa labarai ta dama.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Barr |first=Jeremy |date=9 April 2019 |title=Former CBS News Reporter Lara Logan Joining Sinclair |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/lara-logan-joining-sinclair-broadcast-group-1200424 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410232103/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/lara-logan-joining-sinclair-broadcast-group-1200424 |archive-date=10 April 2019 |access-date=2019-04-10 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |language=en}}</ref> Tun daga wannan lokacin, Logan ya wallafa ra'ayoyin makirci na dama, kamar yin hasashen cewa wakilin Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez ya lashe zaben ta zuwa ofis saboda wasu makircin da ba a bayyana ba wanda ba a san su ba Logan ya yi imanin Masu gwagwarmayar adawa da iko. === 2020 Fox News jerin === A Shekarar 2020, Fox News ta hayar da Logan don yin jerin shirye-shirye da ake kira Lara Logan has No Agenda . Jaridar ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' ta lura cewa "Duk da taken 'Babu Agenda', Logan yana shirin komawa cikin batun nuna bambanci ga kafofin watsa labarai".<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date=6 January 2020 |title=Combative Lara Logan gets ready for a comeback on Fox News streaming service |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/business/story/2020-01-06/combative-lara-logan-gets-ready-for-a-comeback-on-fox-news-streaming-service |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220324061058/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/business/story/2020-01-06/combative-lara-logan-gets-ready-for-a-comeback-on-fox-news-streaming-service |archive-date=24 March 2022 |access-date=2020-01-13 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]] |language=en}}</ref> ==== Da'awar game da antifa ==== A ranar 31 ga Mayu Acikin Shekarar 2020, Logan ta wallafa hoto a shafinta na Twitter, wanda ta yi iƙirarin jagorar koyar da rikici ne. Hoton a zahiri ya kasance sabon abu ne wanda ya faru da tashin hankali na Baltimore na 2015. A ranar 1 ga Yuni, Logan ya wallafa barazanar da shafin [[Twitter]] na @ANTIFA_US ya yi. Asusun ya zama karya kuma yana da alaƙa da Identity Evropa, ƙungiyar fararen ƙasa. Bayan an soki shi saboda sanya wayo, Logan ya yi iƙirarin cewa akwai kamfen don "hallaka" ta, gami da Media Matters for America. A ranar 4 ga Yuni Shekarar 2020, Logan ya bayyana a kan ''Hannity'' don da'awar cewa antifa yana barin "pallets of bricks" a wuraren zanga-zangar a cikin ƙoƙari na tayar da tashin hankali da hallaka. Masu binciken gaskiya sun gano cewa da'awar tubali da aka bari a wuraren zanga-zangar ba su da tushe, kuma hotunan da aka gabatar a matsayin shaidar wannan aikin an dauki su ne a wuraren gine-gine na yau da kullun. Babu wani da ya ba da rahoton ganin motocin antifa suna barin tubali na tubali. Bayan haka, Logan ya inganta tweet na ban dariya na 5 Yuni wanda ya haɗa antifa zuwa juggalos da kuma "tsarin matsayi". Logan a maimakon haka ya mayar da hankali kan ɓangaren tweet wanda ya ambaci "tsarin umarni na gargajiya" kuma ya yi jayayya cewa masu tawaye suna da tsarin ƙungiya. ==== Cutar AIDS da ka'idojin makirci na COVID-19 ==== A watan Satumbar Shekarar 2021, Logan ya zargi gwamnatin [[Joe Biden|Biden]] da "ɓoye shaidu" na tasirin da ake zaton rigakafin COVID-19 ya haifar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Goldblatt |first=Daniel |date=2021-09-11 |title=Lara Logan Accuses Biden Administration of 'Hiding Evidence' of COVID-19 Vaccine Side Effects (Video) |url=https://www.thewrap.com/lara-logan-accuses-biden-administration-of-hiding-evidence-of-covid-19-vaccine-side-effects-video/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330110854/https://www.thewrap.com/lara-logan-accuses-biden-administration-of-hiding-evidence-of-covid-19-vaccine-side-effects-video/ |archive-date=30 March 2023 |access-date=2023-10-24 |website=[[TheWrap]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Ta kuma ba da labarin ƙarya game da matukan jirgin saman Sojojin Sama na Amurka 27 da suka yi murabus kan umarnin rigakafin COVID-19 daga Real Raw News, Shafin yanar gizon labarai na karya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dale |first=Daniel |author-link=Daniel Dale |date=2021-09-11 |title=Fact-checking the false but viral story about F-22 pilots resigning after a vaccination text from the secretary of defense |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/09/10/politics/fact-check-f-22-pilots-quit-vaccine-secretary-of-defense/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221016062803/https://www.cnn.com/2021/09/10/politics/fact-check-f-22-pilots-quit-vaccine-secretary-of-defense/index.html |archive-date=16 October 2022 |access-date=2023-10-24 |website=[[CNN]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=McCarthy |first=Bill |date=2021-09-27 |title=PolitiFact investigation: A look behind Real Raw News' sensational (and fabricated) headlines |url=https://www.poynter.org/fact-checking/2021/a-look-behind-real-raw-news-sensational-and-fabricated-headlines/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231023101106/https://www.poynter.org/fact-checking/2021/a-look-behind-real-raw-news-sensational-and-fabricated-headlines/ |archive-date=23 October 2023 |access-date=2023-10-22 |website=[[Poynter Institute]] |language=en-US}}</ref> A watan Nuwamba da Disamba na 2021, Logan ya inganta ƙarya da ka'idojin makirci game da [[Kanjamau|Cutar kanjamau]] da [[Koronavirus 2019|COVID-19]]. Ta raba labaran da suka kalubalanci yarjejeniyar kimiyya cewa cutar kanjamau tana haifar da cutar kanjamaun daji. Ta kwatanta darektan NIAID Anthony Fauci da masanin kimiyya na Nazi Josef Mengele . A lokacin tattaunawa game da Bambancin SARS-CoV-2 Omicron, ta ce: "Saboda haka a wannan lokacin, abin da kuka gani a kan Dokta Fauci, wannan shine abin da mutane ke fada mini, cewa ba ya wakiltar kimiyya a gare su. Yana wakiltar Josef Mengele, Dokta Josef Mengele na Nazi wanda ya yi gwaje-gwaje a kan Yahudawa a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu da kuma a sansanonin, kuma ina magana game da mutane a duk faɗin duniya suna faɗin wannan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pengelly |first=Martin |date=November 30, 2021 |title=Outrage as Fox News commentator likens Anthony Fauci to Nazi doctor |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/nov/30/anthony-fauci-josef-mengele-fox-news |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130152707/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/nov/30/anthony-fauci-josef-mengele-fox-news |archive-date=30 November 2021 |access-date=November 30, 2021 |website=[[The Guardian]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Darcy |first=Oliver |date=November 30, 2021 |title=Anti-Defamation League and Auschwitz Museum condemn Fox host for comparing Fauci to Nazi doctor who performed medical experiments at death camp |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/11/30/media/lara-logan-fauci-auschwitz-museum-anti-defamation-league/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130202934/https://www.cnn.com/2021/11/30/media/lara-logan-fauci-auschwitz-museum-anti-defamation-league/index.html |archive-date=30 November 2021 |access-date=November 30, 2021 |website=[[CNN]]}}</ref> Yawancin shahararrun kungiyoyin Yahudawa, ciki har da Anti-Defamation League da Gidan Tarihi na Auschwitz, sun yi Allah wadai da maganganunta.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Darcy |first=Oliver |date=November 30, 2021 |title=Anti-Defamation League and Auschwitz Museum condemn Fox host for comparing Fauci to Nazi doctor who performed medical experiments at death camp |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/11/30/media/lara-logan-fauci-auschwitz-museum-anti-defamation-league/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130202934/https://www.cnn.com/2021/11/30/media/lara-logan-fauci-auschwitz-museum-anti-defamation-league/index.html |archive-date=30 November 2021 |access-date=November 30, 2021 |website=[[CNN]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFDarcy2021">Darcy, Oliver (30 November 2021). [https://www.cnn.com/2021/11/30/media/lara-logan-fauci-auschwitz-museum-anti-defamation-league/index.html "Anti-Defamation League and Auschwitz Museum condemn Fox host for comparing Fauci to Nazi doctor who performed medical experiments at death camp"]. ''[[CNN]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20211130202934/https://www.cnn.com/2021/11/30/media/lara-logan-fauci-auschwitz-museum-anti-defamation-league/index.html Archived] from the original on 30 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> Logan daga baya ya sake mayar da martani game da Gidan Tarihi na Auschwitz. A lokacin wata hira da aka yi da MSNBC a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2021, Fauci ta kira maganganun Logan "absolutely ridiculious and disgusting", kuma ta soki Fox News saboda rashin daukar mataki na horo a kanta. United Talent Agency ta bar Logan a matsayin abokin ciniki jim kadan bayan da ta yi tsokaci a Mengele. [[Fayil:General Schwartz on 60 Minutes.jpg|thumb|Lara Logan]] Tun lokacin da ta yi sharhi, Logan ba ta bayyana a matsayin baƙo a kan Fox News ba, kuma babu wani sabon abubuwan Lara Logan Has No Agenda. A watan Maris na shekara ta 2022, Logan ta ce Fox ta "dumped" ta.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Pengelly |first=Martin |date=April 9, 2022 |title=Lara Logan, who compared Fauci to Mengele, says Fox News pushed her out |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2022/apr/09/lara-logan-fox-news-mengele-fauci-remark |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409072343/https://www.theguardian.com/media/2022/apr/09/lara-logan-fox-news-mengele-fauci-remark |archive-date=9 April 2022 |access-date=April 9, 2022 |website=[[The Guardian]] |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFPengelly2022">Pengelly, Martin (9 April 2022). [https://www.theguardian.com/media/2022/apr/09/lara-logan-fox-news-mengele-fauci-remark "Lara Logan, who compared Fauci to Mengele, says Fox News pushed her out"]. ''[[The Guardian]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220409072343/https://www.theguardian.com/media/2022/apr/09/lara-logan-fox-news-mengele-fauci-remark Archived] from the original on 9 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> === Rashin mamayewar Rasha a Ukraine === A lokacin mamayewar Rasha ta 2022 a Ukraine, Logan a cikin bayyanarta ta talabijin ta haɗa shugaban Ukraine [[Volodymyr Zelensky|Volodymyr Zelenskyy]] da ayyukan "Shaidan, sihiri", ya kira shi "puppet" kuma ya yi iƙirarin cewa an "zaɓi Zelenskyay [...], ba a jefa kuri'a ba". Ta yaba da Shugaba [[Vladimir Putin]] na Rasha saboda "ba zai tsaya ba yayin da masu fafutukar duniya suka mamaye duniya" kuma ta zargi Ukrainians da kasancewa "nazis na ainihi". Maganganun Logan sun sami yabo kuma farfagandar gwamnatin Rasha ta karɓa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 15, 2022 |title=Fox Nation host Lara Logan links President Zelensky's entertainment career to the occult, and claims the entire Ukrainian military has Nazi links |url=https://www.mediamatters.org/russias-invasion-ukraine/fox-nation-host-lara-logan-links-president-zelenskys-entertainment-career |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220610144133/https://www.mediamatters.org/russias-invasion-ukraine/fox-nation-host-lara-logan-links-president-zelenskys-entertainment-career |archive-date=10 June 2022 |access-date=March 23, 2022 |publisher=[[Media Matters for America]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Moran |first=Lee |date=March 22, 2022 |title=Russia Uses Lara Logan's Rant About Ukraine, Zelenskyy As Propaganda On Twitter |url=https://sg.news.yahoo.com/russia-uses-lara-logans-rant-072552926.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322232803/https://sg.news.yahoo.com/russia-uses-lara-logans-rant-072552926.html |archive-date=22 March 2022 |access-date=March 23, 2022 |website=[[Yahoo News]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Oganesyan |first=Natalie |date=March 21, 2022 |title=Russian Officials Endorse Lara Logan's Comments Linking Ukrainian Soldiers to Nazis and Occultism |url=https://www.thewrap.com/lara-logan-ukraine-nazi-comments-endorsed-kremlin/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322232804/https://www.thewrap.com/lara-logan-ukraine-nazi-comments-endorsed-kremlin/ |archive-date=22 March 2022 |access-date=March 23, 2022 |website=[[The Wrap]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Thomas |first=Jake |date=March 21, 2022 |title=Logan Praised by Russia as 'Real America's Voice' as Schwarzenegger Shunned |url=https://www.newsweek.com/logan-praised-russia-real-americas-voice-schwarzenegger-shunned-1690289 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512025908/https://www.newsweek.com/logan-praised-russia-real-americas-voice-schwarzenegger-shunned-1690289 |archive-date=12 May 2022 |access-date=March 23, 2022 |website=[[Newsweek]]}}</ref> === Tattaunawa game da Darwin da iyalin Rothschild === A watan Maris na shekara ta 2022, Logan ya yi iƙirarin ba tare da wata hujja ba cewa dangin Rothschild sun yi amfani da [[Charles Darwin]] don ƙirƙirar ka'idarsa ta juyin halitta.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 28, 2022 |title=Fox Nation host Lara Logan claims that Darwinism is a plot from "the Rothschilds" |url=https://www.mediamatters.org/lara-logan/fox-nation-host-lara-logan-claims-darwinism-plot-rothschilds |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328164426/https://www.mediamatters.org/lara-logan/fox-nation-host-lara-logan-claims-darwinism-plot-rothschilds |archive-date=28 March 2022 |access-date=March 28, 2022 |website=[[Media Matters for America]] |language=en}}</ref> Ta kuma inganta da'awar cewa dangin Rothschild, wanda aka saba amfani da shi a cikin ra'ayoyin makirci na adawa da Yahudawa, sun kirkiro [[Yaƙin basasar Amurka]] da kisan gillar [[Abraham Lincoln|Ibrahim Lincoln]] da [[John F. Kennedy]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hananoki |first=Eric |date=March 28, 2022 |title=Fox Nation host Lara Logan shares conspiracy theories about "Putin's purge of the Rothschild money changers," Jewish people masterminding U.S. Civil War |url=https://www.mediamatters.org/lara-logan/fox-nation-host-lara-logan-shares-conspiracy-theories-about-putins-purge-rothschild |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328190329/https://www.mediamatters.org/lara-logan/fox-nation-host-lara-logan-shares-conspiracy-theories-about-putins-purge-rothschild |archive-date=28 March 2022 |access-date=March 28, 2022 |website=[[Media Matters for America]] |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == [[Fayil:130318-A-YI554-773 (8574075085).jpg|thumb|Lara Logan]] A shekara ta 1998, Logan ya auri Jason Siemon, Ba'amurke daga [[Iowa]] da ke buga wasan [[Kwallon kwando|Kwando]] a Burtaniya; auren ya ƙare da saki a shekara ta 2008. A wannan shekarar, ta auri Joseph Burkett, dan kwangila na tsaro na gwamnatin Amurka daga Texas. Wannan ita ce auren na biyu ga duka biyun. Ma'auratan sun zauna a Washington, DC, tare da 'ya'yansu biyu da 'yar Burkett daga aurensa na baya. [./Lara_Logan#cite_note-fishbowldc-63 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><nowiki>[4]</nowiki></span>] A shekara ta 2015, sun koma Fredericksburg, Texas, garin Burkett.<ref name="theatlantic">{{Cite web |last=Plott Calabro |first=Elaina |date=12 June 2023 |title=A Star Reporter's Break With Reality |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2023/07/lara-logan-60-minutes-correspondent-conspiracy-theories/674168/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727150458/https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2023/07/lara-logan-60-minutes-correspondent-conspiracy-theories/674168/ |archive-date=27 July 2023 |access-date=24 October 2023 |publisher=[[The Atlantic]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFPlott_Calabro2023">Plott Calabro, Elaina (12 June 2023). [https://web.archive.org/web/20230727150458/https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2023/07/lara-logan-60-minutes-correspondent-conspiracy-theories/674168/ "A Star Reporter's Break With Reality"]. [[Tekun Atlantika|The Atlantic]]. Archived from [https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2023/07/lara-logan-60-minutes-correspondent-conspiracy-theories/674168/ the original] on 27 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> == Kyaututtuka == * Mata na Amurka a Rediyo da Talabijin Gracie Award, 2004 <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 November 2016 |title=2004 Gracies Gala Winners |url=https://allwomeninmedia.org/gracies/2004-gracies-winners/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407083705/https://allwomeninmedia.org/gracies/2004-gracies-winners/ |archive-date=7 April 2022 |access-date=5 December 2021 |publisher=Alliance for Media in Women}}</ref> * Kyautar David Kaplan, Ƙungiyar 'Yan Jarida ta Ƙasashen Waje, 2006 <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 1, 2007 |title=2006 OPC Award Winners |url=https://opcofamerica.org/2006-opc-award-winners/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210130085547/https://opcofamerica.org/2006-opc-award-winners/ |archive-date=30 January 2021 |access-date=6 December 2021 |publisher=Overseas Press Club of America}}</ref> * Kyautar David Bloom, Rediyo da Talabijin 'Association, 2007 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Award Winners |url=http://rtcacapitolhill.org/upcoming-2013-rtca-executive-committee-election/awards/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407083705/http://rtcacapitolhill.org/upcoming-2013-rtca-executive-committee-election/awards/ |archive-date=7 April 2022 |access-date=6 December 2021 |publisher=Radio and Television Correspondents' Association}}</ref> * Kyautar Daniel Pearl, 2011 * Kyautar 'Yancin Labarai ta Ƙungiyar Labarai ta Kasa, 2011 == Dubi kuma == * Mata a cikin aikin jarida == Nassoshi == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == {{Commonscat}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20180826031531/https://www.cbsnews.com/team/lara-logan/ Bayanan martaba a CBS News (an adana shi)] * {{IMDb name|1022561}} * Bayyanawaa kanC-SPAN * [https://americasfuture.net Makomar Amurka] {{60 Minutes}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Logan, Lara}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] kqiptvjf9k0rig9fiehifrzal5n7woy 884704 884703 2026-07-18T15:55:29Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 884704 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Data box}} [[Fayil:Lara Logan in Iraq.jpg|thumb|Lara logan a kasar iran]] [[Fayil:Lara Logan with CBS's "60 Minutes", sits with U.S. Army Sgt. 1st Class Chris Corbin assigned to the 7th Special Forces Group (Airborne), before conducting an interview at Eglin Base Air Force Base, Fla., March 130318-A-YI554-773.jpg|thumb|Lara Logan qajen daukar shiri]]  {{Infobox person|name=Lara Logan|image=Lara Logan crop.jpg|alt=photograph|caption=Logan in 2013|birth_date={{Birth date and age|1971|03|29|df=yes}}|birth_place=[[Durban]], [[South Africa]]|death_date=|death_place=|education=Degree in commerce, 1992|alma_mater=[[University of Natal]], Durban|occupation=Journalist, since 1988|employer=[[CBS News]] chief foreign affairs correspondent (2006–2018)|spouse={{Plainlist| * {{Marriage|Jason Siemon | 1998|2008|end=div.}} * {{Marriage|Joseph Burkett | 2008}} }}|website={{url|laralogan.com}}}}'''Lara Logan''' (an haife ta a ranar 29 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1971) 'yar jaridar talabijin da rediyo ce ta Afirka ta Kudu kuma mai ba da labari ga me da yaki. Ayyukan Logan sun fara ne a Afirka ta Kudu tare da kungiyoyin labarai daban-daban a cikin shekarun 1990. Bayanan ta ya tashi ne saboda bayar da rahoto game da mamayar Amurka a Afganistan a shekara ta 2001. An hayar ta a matsayin wakilin CBS News a shekara ta 2002, daga ƙarshe ta zama Babban Wakilin Harkokin Waje. A Shekara ta 2013, wani labarin Logan a kan Harin Benghazi na Shekarar 2012 ya haifar da babbar gardama saboda kurakurai na gaskiya kuma an janye shi, wanda ya haifar da hutu. Logan ya bar CBS a shekarar 2018. Bayan ta tashi daga CBS, Logan ta fara yin da'awar da yawa a kan ra'ayoyin makirci daban-daban game da batutuwa kamar kwayar cutar AIDS ko dangin Rothschild. A shekarar 2019, ta shiga Sinclair Broadcast Group, kamfanin watsa labarai mai ra'ayin mazan jiya. A watan Janairun Shekara ta 2020, ta shiga Fox Nation, sabis na biyan kuɗi wanda Fox News ke gudanarwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Battaglio |first=Stephen |date=January 6, 2020 |title=A combative Lara Logan plans a comeback on Fox News' streaming service. Can she succeed? |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/business/story/2020-01-06/combative-lara-logan-gets-ready-for-a-comeback-on-fox-news-streaming-service |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220324061058/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/business/story/2020-01-06/combative-lara-logan-gets-ready-for-a-comeback-on-fox-news-streaming-service |archive-date=24 March 2022 |access-date=June 9, 2020 |language=en-US}}</ref> A watan Maris na shekara ta 2022, ta ce cibiyar sadarwa ta "dumped".<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Pengelly |first=Martin |date=April 9, 2022 |title=Lara Logan, who compared Fauci to Mengele, says Fox News pushed her out |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2022/apr/09/lara-logan-fox-news-mengele-fauci-remark |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409072343/https://www.theguardian.com/media/2022/apr/09/lara-logan-fox-news-mengele-fauci-remark |archive-date=9 April 2022 |access-date=April 9, 2022 |website=[[The Guardian]] |language=en}}</ref> Tun daga watan Yunin Shekara ta 2022, Logan ya kasance memba na kwamitin Amurka ta gaba, wata ƙungiya mai ra'ayin mazan jiya da tsohon jami'in Gwamnatin Trump Michael Flynn ke jagoranta.<ref name="pr2022">{{Cite web |date=1 June 2022 |title=Award-Winning Investigative Journalist Lara Logan Joins America's Future Board of Directors |url=https://www.americasfuture.net/press-releases/press-release-award-winning-investigative-journalist-lara-logan-joins-americas-future-board-of-directors/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323163959/https://www.americasfuture.net/press-releases/press-release-award-winning-investigative-journalist-lara-logan-joins-americas-future-board-of-directors/ |archive-date=23 March 2023 |access-date=24 March 2023 |publisher=America's Future |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="leaders2023">{{Cite web |title=Leadership |url=https://www.americasfuture.net/leadership/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320013422/https://www.americasfuture.net/leadership/ |archive-date=20 March 2023 |access-date=24 March 2023 |publisher=America's Future |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news |date=7 September 2022 |title=Former Trump adviser Michael Flynn 'at the center' of new movement based on conspiracies and Christian nationalism |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/former-trump-adviser-michael-flynn-at-the-center-of-new-movement-based-on-conspiracies-and-christian-nationalism |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909024846/https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/former-trump-adviser-michael-flynn-at-the-center-of-new-movement-based-on-conspiracies-and-christian-nationalism |archive-date=9 September 2023 |access-date=14 September 2023 |work=PBS NewsHour |language=en-us}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Logan a [[Durban|Durban, Afirka ta Kudu]], <ref name="bio" /> kuma ta halarci makarantar sakandare a Kwalejin 'yan mata ta Durban. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lara Logan |url=http://www.nndb.com/people/796/000048652 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080821172516/http://www.nndb.com/people/796/000048652/ |archive-date=21 August 2008 |access-date=20 June 2008 |publisher=NNDb}}</ref> Ta kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Natal da ke Durban a Shekarar 1992 tare da digiri a harkokin kasuwanci. Ta sami difloma a cikin harshen Faransanci, al'adu da tarihi a Alliance Française a Paris. A duk makarantar sakandare da kwaleji, Logan ya yi aiki a matsayin samfurin wanka.<ref name="theatlantic">{{Cite web |last=Plott Calabro |first=Elaina |date=12 June 2023 |title=A Star Reporter's Break With Reality |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2023/07/lara-logan-60-minutes-correspondent-conspiracy-theories/674168/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727150458/https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2023/07/lara-logan-60-minutes-correspondent-conspiracy-theories/674168/ |archive-date=27 July 2023 |access-date=24 October 2023 |publisher=[[The Atlantic]]}}</ref> == Ayyuka == [[File:General_Schwartz_on_60_Minutes.jpg|left|thumb|250x250px|Logan yana hira da Janar Norton A. Schwartz, Afrilu Shekarar 2009]] Logan ta yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da labarai ga Sunday Tribune a Durban a lokacin karatunta A shekara ta (1988 Zuwa 1989), sannan ga Daily News na birnin A (1990-1992). A shekara ta 1992, ta shiga gidan talabijin na Reuters a Afirka, da farko a matsayin babban furodusa. Bayan shekaru hudu ta shiga aikin jarida mai zaman kansa, ta sami aiki a matsayin mai ba da rahoto da edita / furodusa tare da ITN da Fox / SKY, CBS News, ABC News (a London), NBC, da Tarayyar watsa shirye-shiryen Turai. Ta yi aiki ga [[CNN]], tana ba da rahoto game da abubuwan da suka faru kamar fashewar bam a ofishin jakadancin Amurka a [[Nairobi]] da [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] a 1998, rikici a [[Ireland ta Arewa|Arewacin Ireland]], da Yaƙin Kosovo . <ref name="bio">{{Cite web |date=2 December 2002 |title=Lara Logan |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2002/12/02/60II/main531421.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130719081011/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2002/12/02/60ii/main531421.shtml |archive-date=19 July 2013 |access-date=16 April 2020 |website=[[CBS News]]}}</ref> An hayar Logan a Shekara ta 2000 ta GMTV Breakfast Talabijin (a Burtaniya) a matsayin mai ba da labari; ta kuma yi aiki tare da CBS News Radio a matsayin mai zaman kansa. Kwanaki bayan hare-haren 11 ga Satumba, ta nemi wani magatakarda a Ofishin Jakadancin Rasha a London ya ba ta biza don tafiya zuwa [[Afghanistan]]. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2001, yayin da take Afghanistan tana aiki ga GMTV, ta shiga kungiyar Northern Alliance da ke da goyon bayan Amurka da Burtaniya kuma ta yi hira da kwamandan su, Janar Babajan, a Bagram Air Base . <ref name="NYT112305">{{Cite web |last=Steinberg |first=Jacques |author-link=The Gatekeepers |date=23 November 2005 |title=War Zone "It Girl" Has a Big Future at CBS News |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/11/23/arts/television/23loga.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015182513/http://www.nytimes.com/2005/11/23/arts/television/23loga.html |archive-date=15 October 2012 |access-date=22 February 2017 |website=The New York Times}}</ref> CBS News ta ba ta cikakken matsayi a matsayin wakilin a shekara ta 2002. Ta shafe yawancin shekaru hudu masu zuwa tana bayar da rahoto daga fagen fama, gami da yankunan yaki a Afghanistan da Iraki, sau da yawa suna tare da Sojojin Amurka. Amma ta kuma yi hira da sanannun mutane da masu bincike kamar Robert Ballard, wanda ya gano fashewar RMS Titanic . <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 June 2010 |title=Bob Ballard, The Great Explorer |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/bob-ballard-the-great-explorer-10-06-2010/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110015403/http://www.cbsnews.com/news/bob-ballard-the-great-explorer-10-06-2010/ |archive-date=10 January 2017 |access-date=9 January 2017 |website=CBS, 60 Minutes}}</ref> Yawancin rahotonta na Minti 60 ne na II. Ta kuma kasance mai ba da gudummawa na yau da kullun ga CBS Evening News, The Early Show da Face the Nation . A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2006, CBS News ta nada Logan a matsayin babban wakilin harkokin kasashen waje.<ref name="bio">{{Cite web |date=2 December 2002 |title=Lara Logan |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2002/12/02/60II/main531421.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130719081011/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2002/12/02/60ii/main531421.shtml |archive-date=19 July 2013 |access-date=16 April 2020 |website=[[CBS News]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2002/12/02/60II/main531421.shtml "Lara Logan"]. ''[[Labaran CBS|CBS News]]''. 2 December 2002. [https://web.archive.org/web/20130719081011/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2002/12/02/60ii/main531421.shtml Archived] from the original on 19 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Logan ya bar CBS News a watan Agustan A Shekarar 2018. <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 25, 2019 |title=Back in the Spotlight, Lara Logan Wants to Keep Reporting: "I'm Not Done Yet" |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/lara-logan-back-spotlight-wants-keep-reporting-q-a-1189865 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190304021721/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/lara-logan-back-spotlight-wants-keep-reporting-q-a-1189865 |archive-date=4 March 2019 |access-date=March 3, 2019 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |language=en}}</ref> A shekara mai zuwa, ta shiga kungiyar Sinclair Broadcast Group na wucin gadi, a matsayin mai ba da rahoto a kan iyakar Amurka da Mexico. A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2022, an dakatar da Logan daga gidan talabijin na dama Newsmax saboda abin da cibiyar sadarwa ta bayyana a matsayin "maganganun da ba a yarda da su ba" yayin wata hira inda ta ce "yankin [Amurka-Mexico] shine hanyar Shaidan na karɓar iko da duniya ta hanyar duk waɗannan mutanen da ke cikinsa da bayinsa ... Kun san, waɗanda suke son mu ci kwari, kwari kuma yayin da suke cin jinin yara?" [[Fayil:Lara Logan in Iraq.jpg|thumb|Lara Logan]] Yayinda take gabatar da Pizzagate da QAnon conspiracy theorist Liz Crokin a wani taron Fabrairu 2024, Logan ta gaya wa masu sauraro cewa ta fahimci cewa Pizzagare "duka gaskiya ne". === Haifa Street fada === A ƙarshen watan Janairun Shekara ta 2007, Logan ya gabatar da rahoton fada a kan titin Haifa a [[Bagdaza|Bagadaza]], amma CBS Evening News ba ta gudanar da rahoton ba, tana ɗaukar shi "mai ƙarfi". <ref name="MCO">{{Cite web |title=Helping Lara Logan |url=http://www.mediachannel.org/wordpress/2007/01/24/helping-lara-logan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100521231504/http://mediachannel.org/wordpress/2007/01/24/helping-lara-logan/ |archive-date=21 May 2010 |access-date=1 February 2007 |publisher=Mediachannel.org}}</ref> Don juyar da shawarar, Logan ya sami goyon bayan jama'a, yana neman mutane su kalli labarin kuma su ba da hanyar haɗi ga yawancin abokansu da sanannunsu kamar yadda zai yiwu, suna cewa, "Ya kamata a gani". === Sukar Michael Hastings === An soki Logan a watan Yunin Shekarar 2010 saboda maganganunta game da wani ɗan jarida, Michael Hastings, da ra'ayinta cewa 'yan jarida da suka shiga soja bai kamata su rubuta game da ba'a da suke ji ba. Wani labarin da Hastings ya yi a cikin Rolling Stone a wannan watan ya nakalto Janar Stanley A. McChrystal da ma'aikatansa - maganganun da Hastings ta ji yayin tafiya tare da McChrystal - yana sukar Mataimakin Shugaban Amurka [[Joe Biden]] da sauran jami'ai, bayan haka Shugaba [[Barack Obama]] ya kori McChrytal a matsayin kwamandansa a Afghanistan. Logan ya gaya wa CNN cewa rahoton Hastings ya keta yarjejeniyar da ba a bayyana ba tsakanin manema labarai da ke tafiya tare da ma'aikatan soja kada su ba da rahoton maganganun da ke tsakanin su.<ref name="CNN062710">{{Cite web |last=Kurtz |first=Howard |author-link=Howard Kurtz |date=27 June 2010 |title=Interview With Michael Hastings; Interview With Lara Logan |url=http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/1006/27/rs.01.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100701052019/http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/1006/27/rs.01.html |archive-date=1 July 2010 |access-date=30 June 2010 |website=[[CNN]]}}</ref> Da yake ambaton sanarwa, "Ina nufin, tambayar ita ce, da gaske, abin da Janar McChrystal da mataimakansa ke yi shi ne mai ban tsoro, cewa sun cancanci kawo ƙarshen aiki kamar na McChrystal? Ina nufin, Michael Hastings bai taɓa yin hidima ga ƙasarsa kamar yadda McChrytal yake ba. Tsohon wakilin soja na CNN Jamie McIntyre ya ce abin da suka yi ya kasance mai ban tsoro da cewa ba lallai ne ya karfafa mafi munin bayanin 'ya' na' yan jarida da suka tafi' a kansu da manyan jami' na soja.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McIntyre |first=Jamie |author-link=Jamie McIntyre |date=30 June 2010 |title=Lara Logan's Friendly Misfire |url=http://www.lineofdeparture.com/2010/06/30/lara-logans-friendly-misfire |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104033236/http://www.lineofdeparture.com/2010/06/30/lara-logans-friendly-misfire |archive-date=4 January 2012 |publisher=Line of Departure}}</ref> Glenn Greenwald, yana yin sharhi game da abin da ya faru ga ''Salon'', ya rubuta cewa ɓangaren Logan misali ne na abin da aikin jarida ya "ƙazanta". Greenwald ta ce Logan ta yi rahoto mai ƙarfin zuciya a tsawon shekaru, ammah ta zo ta ga kanta a matsayin wani ɓangare na gwamnati da soja. === Rahoto daga Masar da cin zarafin mata === Sojojin Masar sun kama Logan da ma'aikatanta na CBS kuma sun tsare su na dare daya a ranar 3 ga Fabrairu 2011, yayin da suke rufe Juyin Juya Halin Masar. Ta ce an rufe ma'aikatan idanu kuma an ɗaure su da bindiga, kuma an yi wa direban su duka. An shawarce su da su bar ƙasar, ammah daga baya aka sake su.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kamer |first=Foster |date=11 February 2011 |title=Lara Logan's Egypt Interrogation Tell-All |url=http://www.esquire.com/blogs/politics/lara-logan-egypt-5219471 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105085341/http://www.esquire.com/blogs/politics/lara-logan-egypt-5219471 |archive-date=5 November 2013 |access-date=15 February 2011}}</ref> A ranar 15 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2011, CBS News ta fitar da wata sanarwa cewa an yi wa Logan duka kuma an yi masa fyade a ranar 11 ga watan Fabirairu, yayin da yake rufe bukukuwan da aka yi a Tahrir Square bayan murabus din [[Hosni Mubarak]]. 60 Minutes ta watsa wata hira da ita game da shi a ranar 1 ga Mayu 2011; ta ce tana magana ne saboda yaduwar Cin zarafin jima'i a Masar, kuma don karya shiru game da cin zarafin mata 'yan jarida ba sa son bayar da rahoto idan ya hana su yin ayyukansu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 May 2011 |title=Lara Logan breaks her silence |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bO12X1nhzzk |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200424095225/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bO12X1nhzzk |archive-date=24 April 2020 |access-date=3 May 2020 |website=YouTube}}</ref><ref name="CBSMay1a">{{Cite web |date=May 1, 2011 |title=Lara Logan breaks her silence |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2011/04/28/60minutes/main20058368.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114044000/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2011/04/28/60minutes/main20058368.shtml |archive-date=November 14, 2013 |website=[[60 Minutes]] |publisher=[[CBS]]}}</ref><ref name="CBSMay1b">{{Cite web |date=1 May 2011 |title=After the assault: Lara Logan comes home |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/after-the-assault-lara-logan-comes-home/ |website=[[60 Minutes]] |publisher=[[CBS]]}}</ref> [[Fayil:Gen. Petraeus visits 'Warriors' DVIDS81032.jpg|thumb|Lara Logan]] Ta ce lamarin ya shafi maza 200 zuwa 300 kuma ya dauki kimanin minti 25. Ta kasance tana ba da rahoton bukukuwan na sa'a guda ba tare da wani abin da ya faru ba lokacin da batirin kyamararta ya gaza. Ɗaya daga cikin ma'aikatan CBS na Masar ya ba da shawarar su tafi, yana gaya mata daga baya ya ji taron suna yin maganganun jima'i ga me da ita. Ta ji hannayenta suna taɓa ta, kuma ana iya jin ta tana ihu "dakatar", kamar yadda kyamarar ta mutu. Ɗaya daga cikin taron ya yi ihu cewa ita Bayahude ce ta Isra'ila, da'awar da CBS ta ce, ko da yake karya ne, "wasan da man fetur ne". Ta ce sun tsage tufafinta kuma, a cikin maganarta, sun yi mata fyade da hannayensu, yayin da suke daukar hotuna da wayoyin salula. Sun fara jan jikinta a wurare daban-daban, suna jan gashin kanta sosai ta ce kamar suna ƙoƙarin cire gashin kanta. An ja ta a filin zuwa inda aka dakatar da taron ta hanyar shinge, kusa da inda ƙungiyar mata ke sansani. Wata mace da ke sanye da Chador ta sanya hannunta a kusa da Logan, sauran kuma sun rufe matsayi a kusa da ita, yayin da wasu maza da ke tare da mata suka jefa ruwa ga taron. Wani rukuni na sojoji sun bayyana, suka kori taron da sanduna, kuma daya daga cikinsu ya jefa Logan a kafaɗarsa. Daga baya ta ce tana tunanin tana mutuwa a lokacin harin. An dawo da ita Amurka washegari, inda ta kwashe kwanaki hudu a asibiti.<ref name="CBSMay1a">{{Cite web |date=May 1, 2011 |title=Lara Logan breaks her silence |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2011/04/28/60minutes/main20058368.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114044000/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2011/04/28/60minutes/main20058368.shtml |archive-date=November 14, 2013 |website=[[60 Minutes]] |publisher=[[CBS]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20131114044000/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2011/04/28/60minutes/main20058368.shtml "Lara Logan breaks her silence"]. ''[[Minti 60|60 Minutes]]''. [[CBS]]. 1 May 2011. Archived from [http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2011/04/28/60minutes/main20058368.shtml the original] on 14 November 2013.</cite></ref><ref name="CBSMay1b">{{Cite web |date=1 May 2011 |title=After the assault: Lara Logan comes home |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/after-the-assault-lara-logan-comes-home/ |website=[[60 Minutes]] |publisher=[[CBS]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.cbsnews.com/news/after-the-assault-lara-logan-comes-home/ "After the assault: Lara Logan comes home"]. ''[[Minti 60|60 Minutes]]''. [[CBS]]. 1 May 2011.</cite></ref> Shugaba [[Barack Obama]] ne ya tuntube ta lokacin da ta isa gida. CBS ta ce ba a san ainihin maharan ba, kuma ba zai yiwu a gurfanar da kowa ba<ref name="CBSMay1b" /> === Sharhi game da Afghanistan da Libya === A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2012, Logan ta ba da jawabi a gaban abincin rana na shekara-shekara na Ƙungiyar Gwamnati mafi Kyau inda ta soki maganganun Gwamnatin Obama game da Yaƙi a Afghanistan da sauran rikice-rikice a duniyar Larabawa. Musamman, Logan ya soki ikirarin gwamnati cewa [[Taliban]] na raunana a Afghanistan, yana kiran irin wannan ikirarin "babban karya" da aka yi don shirya kawo karshen aikin soja na Amurka a wannan kasar. Ta kuma bayyana cewa tana fatan Amurka za ta "ramako" daidai ga Harin Benghazi na 2012, inda aka kai hari kan ma'aikatan diflomasiyyar Amurka kuma aka kashe su a [[Libya]]. === Benghazi ya ba da rahoton kurakurai === A ranar 8 ga Nuwamba Shekara ta 2013, Logan ya tafi CBS This Morning don neman gafara saboda rahoton ''Minti 60'' mara kyau game da harin Benghazi, wanda aka watsa a ranar 27 ga Oktoba. Ta nuna cewa bincike ya gano cewa tushen yawancin rahotonta ba daidai ba ne kuma ya zargi Dylan Davies, manajan jami'an tsaro na gida a Ofishin Jakadancin Amurka a Benghazi. Logan ya ce ya yi ƙarya game da bayanai kuma ya nace cewa sun bincika amincinsa kuma sun dogara da abubuwa kamar hotuna da takardun da ya bayar. A baya, Logan ya ce sun koyi cewa labarin da Davies ya fada bai dace da abin da ya gaya wa masu binciken tarayya ba. "Kun san abu mafi muhimmanci ga kowane mutum a minti 60 shine gaskiya, "ta ce a cikin neman gafara a cikin shirin ''Minti 60''"Kuma a yau gaskiyar ita ce mun yi kuskure. Kuma wannan shi ne ah ... wannan abin takaici ne ga kowane ɗan jarida. Wannan abin takaici a gare ni. " Logan ya ci gaba da ƙarawa, "Babu wanda yake son yarda da cewa sun yi kuskure. Ammah idan ka yi, dole ne ka tashi tsaye ka ɗauki alhakin - kuma dole ne ka ce ba daidai ba ne. "<ref>{{Cite web |last=Guthrie |first=Marisa |date=November 8, 2013 |title=Lara Logan Apologizes For '60 Minutes' Benghazi Report on 'CBS This Morning |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/60-minutes-benghazi-report-lara-654610 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211160255/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/60-minutes-benghazi-report-lara-654610 |archive-date=11 February 2020 |access-date=16 April 2020 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp; A ranar 26 ga Nuwamba Shekara ta à2013, an tilasta wa Logan ya yi hutu saboda kurakurai a cikin rahoton Benghazi. Al Ortiz, babban darakta na Standards and Practices na CBS News, ya rubuta a cikin wata sanarwa, "Logan ta yi jawabi inda ta dauki matsayi mai karfi na jama'a tana jayayya cewa Gwamnatin Amurka tana nuna rashin amincewa da barazanar daga [[Al-Qaeda|Al Qaeda]], kuma tana kira ga matakan da Amurka ta dauka don mayar da martani ga harin Benghazi. Daga hangen nesa na CBS News Standards, akwai rikici wajen daukar matsayi na jama'ar game da yadda gwamnati ke kula da Benghazi da Al Qaeda. Daga baya ta kai karar New York Magazine kan dala miliyan 25 saboda rahotonsu game da sakamakon.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 19, 2019 |title=Ex-'60 Minutes' reporter Lara Logan sues New York magazine over Benghazi retraction |url=https://www.syracuse.com/us-news/2019/12/ex-60-minutes-reporter-lara-logan-sues-new-york-magazine-over-benghazi-retraction.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512025909/https://www.syracuse.com/us-news/2019/12/ex-60-minutes-reporter-lara-logan-sues-new-york-magazine-over-benghazi-retraction.html |archive-date=12 May 2022 |access-date=March 28, 2022 |website=syracuse |language=en |agency=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref> An kori karar da nuna bambanci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Docket for Logan v. Hagan, 1:19-cv-01208 - CourtListener.com |url=https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/16584679/logan-v-hagan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328220404/https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/16584679/logan-v-hagan/ |archive-date=28 March 2022 |access-date=2022-03-28 |website=CourtListener |language=en-us}}</ref> === Sharhi kan kafafen yada labarai === [[Fayil:Tiffany Trump, Ivanka Trump, and Lara Trump at Inaugural parade 01-20-17.jpg|thumb|Lara Logan]] Bayan barin CBS News, Logan ta fara sukar kafofin watsa labarai, wanda ta ce tana da nuna bambanci.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Atkinson |first=Claire |date=April 9, 2019 |title=Former CBS News correspondent Lara Logan adds to Sinclair Broadcasting's national ambitions |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/all/former-cbs-news-correspondent-lara-logan-adds-sinclair-broadcasting-s-n992766 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411023952/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/all/former-cbs-news-correspondent-lara-logan-adds-sinclair-broadcasting-s-n992766 |archive-date=11 April 2019 |access-date=April 10, 2019 |website=[[NBC News]] |language=en}}</ref> Ta bayyana 'yan jarida a matsayin "masu gwagwarmayar siyasa" da "masu yada labarai" a kan Shugaba [[Donald Trump]].Ta ce yin waɗannan maganganun yayi kama da "kisan kai na sana'a". Ba da daɗewa ba, ta shiga kungiyar Sinclair Broadcast Group, ƙungiyar kafofin watsa labarai ta dama.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Barr |first=Jeremy |date=9 April 2019 |title=Former CBS News Reporter Lara Logan Joining Sinclair |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/lara-logan-joining-sinclair-broadcast-group-1200424 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410232103/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/lara-logan-joining-sinclair-broadcast-group-1200424 |archive-date=10 April 2019 |access-date=2019-04-10 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |language=en}}</ref> Tun daga wannan lokacin, Logan ya wallafa ra'ayoyin makirci na dama, kamar yin hasashen cewa wakilin Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez ya lashe zaben ta zuwa ofis saboda wasu makircin da ba a bayyana ba wanda ba a san su ba Logan ya yi imanin Masu gwagwarmayar adawa da iko. === 2020 Fox News jerin === A Shekarar 2020, Fox News ta hayar da Logan don yin jerin shirye-shirye da ake kira Lara Logan has No Agenda . Jaridar ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' ta lura cewa "Duk da taken 'Babu Agenda', Logan yana shirin komawa cikin batun nuna bambanci ga kafofin watsa labarai".<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date=6 January 2020 |title=Combative Lara Logan gets ready for a comeback on Fox News streaming service |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/business/story/2020-01-06/combative-lara-logan-gets-ready-for-a-comeback-on-fox-news-streaming-service |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220324061058/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/business/story/2020-01-06/combative-lara-logan-gets-ready-for-a-comeback-on-fox-news-streaming-service |archive-date=24 March 2022 |access-date=2020-01-13 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]] |language=en}}</ref> ==== Da'awar game da antifa ==== A ranar 31 ga Mayu Acikin Shekarar 2020, Logan ta wallafa hoto a shafinta na Twitter, wanda ta yi iƙirarin jagorar koyar da rikici ne. Hoton a zahiri ya kasance sabon abu ne wanda ya faru da tashin hankali na Baltimore na 2015. A ranar 1 ga Yuni, Logan ya wallafa barazanar da shafin [[Twitter]] na @ANTIFA_US ya yi. Asusun ya zama karya kuma yana da alaƙa da Identity Evropa, ƙungiyar fararen ƙasa. Bayan an soki shi saboda sanya wayo, Logan ya yi iƙirarin cewa akwai kamfen don "hallaka" ta, gami da Media Matters for America. A ranar 4 ga Yuni Shekarar 2020, Logan ya bayyana a kan ''Hannity'' don da'awar cewa antifa yana barin "pallets of bricks" a wuraren zanga-zangar a cikin ƙoƙari na tayar da tashin hankali da hallaka. Masu binciken gaskiya sun gano cewa da'awar tubali da aka bari a wuraren zanga-zangar ba su da tushe, kuma hotunan da aka gabatar a matsayin shaidar wannan aikin an dauki su ne a wuraren gine-gine na yau da kullun. Babu wani da ya ba da rahoton ganin motocin antifa suna barin tubali na tubali. Bayan haka, Logan ya inganta tweet na ban dariya na 5 Yuni wanda ya haɗa antifa zuwa juggalos da kuma "tsarin matsayi". Logan a maimakon haka ya mayar da hankali kan ɓangaren tweet wanda ya ambaci "tsarin umarni na gargajiya" kuma ya yi jayayya cewa masu tawaye suna da tsarin ƙungiya. ==== Cutar AIDS da ka'idojin makirci na COVID-19 ==== A watan Satumbar Shekarar 2021, Logan ya zargi gwamnatin [[Joe Biden|Biden]] da "ɓoye shaidu" na tasirin da ake zaton rigakafin COVID-19 ya haifar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Goldblatt |first=Daniel |date=2021-09-11 |title=Lara Logan Accuses Biden Administration of 'Hiding Evidence' of COVID-19 Vaccine Side Effects (Video) |url=https://www.thewrap.com/lara-logan-accuses-biden-administration-of-hiding-evidence-of-covid-19-vaccine-side-effects-video/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330110854/https://www.thewrap.com/lara-logan-accuses-biden-administration-of-hiding-evidence-of-covid-19-vaccine-side-effects-video/ |archive-date=30 March 2023 |access-date=2023-10-24 |website=[[TheWrap]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Ta kuma ba da labarin ƙarya game da matukan jirgin saman Sojojin Sama na Amurka 27 da suka yi murabus kan umarnin rigakafin COVID-19 daga Real Raw News, Shafin yanar gizon labarai na karya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dale |first=Daniel |author-link=Daniel Dale |date=2021-09-11 |title=Fact-checking the false but viral story about F-22 pilots resigning after a vaccination text from the secretary of defense |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/09/10/politics/fact-check-f-22-pilots-quit-vaccine-secretary-of-defense/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221016062803/https://www.cnn.com/2021/09/10/politics/fact-check-f-22-pilots-quit-vaccine-secretary-of-defense/index.html |archive-date=16 October 2022 |access-date=2023-10-24 |website=[[CNN]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=McCarthy |first=Bill |date=2021-09-27 |title=PolitiFact investigation: A look behind Real Raw News' sensational (and fabricated) headlines |url=https://www.poynter.org/fact-checking/2021/a-look-behind-real-raw-news-sensational-and-fabricated-headlines/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231023101106/https://www.poynter.org/fact-checking/2021/a-look-behind-real-raw-news-sensational-and-fabricated-headlines/ |archive-date=23 October 2023 |access-date=2023-10-22 |website=[[Poynter Institute]] |language=en-US}}</ref> A watan Nuwamba da Disamba na Shekarar 2021, Logan ya inganta ƙarya da ka'idojin makirci game da [[Kanjamau|Cutar kanjamau]] da [[Koronavirus 2019|COVID-19]]. Ta raba labaran da suka kalubalanci yarjejeniyar kimiyya cewa cutar ƙanjamau tana haifar da cutar kanjamaun daji. Ta kwatanta darektan NIAID Anthony Fauci da masanin kimiyya na Nazi Josef Mengele . A lokacin tattaunawa game da Bambancin SARS-CoV-2 Omicron, ta ce: "Saboda haka a wannan lokacin, abin da kuka gani a kan Dokta Fauci, wannan shine abin da mutane ke fada mini, cewa ba ya wakiltar kimiyya a gare su. Yana wakiltar Josef Mengele, Dokta Josef Mengele na Nazi wanda ya yi gwaje-gwaje a kan Yahudawa a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu da kuma a sansanonin, kuma ina magana game da mutane a duk faɗin duniya suna faɗin wannan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pengelly |first=Martin |date=November 30, 2021 |title=Outrage as Fox News commentator likens Anthony Fauci to Nazi doctor |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/nov/30/anthony-fauci-josef-mengele-fox-news |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130152707/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/nov/30/anthony-fauci-josef-mengele-fox-news |archive-date=30 November 2021 |access-date=November 30, 2021 |website=[[The Guardian]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Darcy |first=Oliver |date=November 30, 2021 |title=Anti-Defamation League and Auschwitz Museum condemn Fox host for comparing Fauci to Nazi doctor who performed medical experiments at death camp |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/11/30/media/lara-logan-fauci-auschwitz-museum-anti-defamation-league/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130202934/https://www.cnn.com/2021/11/30/media/lara-logan-fauci-auschwitz-museum-anti-defamation-league/index.html |archive-date=30 November 2021 |access-date=November 30, 2021 |website=[[CNN]]}}</ref> Yawancin shahararrun kungiyoyin Yahudawa, ciki har da Anti-Defamation League da Gidan Tarihi na Auschwitz, sun yi Allah wadai da maganganunta.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Darcy |first=Oliver |date=November 30, 2021 |title=Anti-Defamation League and Auschwitz Museum condemn Fox host for comparing Fauci to Nazi doctor who performed medical experiments at death camp |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/11/30/media/lara-logan-fauci-auschwitz-museum-anti-defamation-league/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130202934/https://www.cnn.com/2021/11/30/media/lara-logan-fauci-auschwitz-museum-anti-defamation-league/index.html |archive-date=30 November 2021 |access-date=November 30, 2021 |website=[[CNN]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFDarcy2021">Darcy, Oliver (30 November 2021). [https://www.cnn.com/2021/11/30/media/lara-logan-fauci-auschwitz-museum-anti-defamation-league/index.html "Anti-Defamation League and Auschwitz Museum condemn Fox host for comparing Fauci to Nazi doctor who performed medical experiments at death camp"]. ''[[CNN]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20211130202934/https://www.cnn.com/2021/11/30/media/lara-logan-fauci-auschwitz-museum-anti-defamation-league/index.html Archived] from the original on 30 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> Logan daga baya ya sake mayar da martani game da Gidan Tarihi na Auschwitz. A lokacin wata hira da aka yi da MSNBC a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2021, Fauci ta kira maganganun Logan "absolutely ridiculious and disgusting", kuma ta soki Fox News saboda rashin daukar mataki na horo a kanta. United Talent Agency ta bar Logan a matsayin abokin ciniki jim kadan bayan da ta yi tsokaci a Mengele. [[Fayil:General Schwartz on 60 Minutes.jpg|thumb|Lara Logan]] Tun lokacin da ta yi sharhi, Logan ba ta bayyana a matsayin baƙo a kan Fox News ba, kuma babu wani sabon abubuwan Lara Logan Has No Agenda. A watan Maris na shekara ta 2022, Logan ta ce Fox ta "dumped" ta.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Pengelly |first=Martin |date=April 9, 2022 |title=Lara Logan, who compared Fauci to Mengele, says Fox News pushed her out |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2022/apr/09/lara-logan-fox-news-mengele-fauci-remark |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409072343/https://www.theguardian.com/media/2022/apr/09/lara-logan-fox-news-mengele-fauci-remark |archive-date=9 April 2022 |access-date=April 9, 2022 |website=[[The Guardian]] |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFPengelly2022">Pengelly, Martin (9 April 2022). [https://www.theguardian.com/media/2022/apr/09/lara-logan-fox-news-mengele-fauci-remark "Lara Logan, who compared Fauci to Mengele, says Fox News pushed her out"]. ''[[The Guardian]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220409072343/https://www.theguardian.com/media/2022/apr/09/lara-logan-fox-news-mengele-fauci-remark Archived] from the original on 9 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> === Rashin mamayewar Rasha a Ukraine === A lokacin mamayewar Rasha ta 2022 a Ukraine, Logan a cikin bayyanarta ta talabijin ta haɗa shugaban Ukraine [[Volodymyr Zelensky|Volodymyr Zelenskyy]] da ayyukan "Shaidan, sihiri", ya kira shi "puppet" kuma ya yi iƙirarin cewa an "zaɓi Zelenskyay [...], ba a jefa kuri'a ba". Ta yaba da Shugaba [[Vladimir Putin]] na Rasha saboda "ba zai tsaya ba yayin da masu fafutukar duniya suka mamaye duniya" kuma ta zargi Ukrainians da kasancewa "nazis na ainihi". Maganganun Logan sun sami yabo kuma farfagandar gwamnatin Rasha ta karɓa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 15, 2022 |title=Fox Nation host Lara Logan links President Zelensky's entertainment career to the occult, and claims the entire Ukrainian military has Nazi links |url=https://www.mediamatters.org/russias-invasion-ukraine/fox-nation-host-lara-logan-links-president-zelenskys-entertainment-career |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220610144133/https://www.mediamatters.org/russias-invasion-ukraine/fox-nation-host-lara-logan-links-president-zelenskys-entertainment-career |archive-date=10 June 2022 |access-date=March 23, 2022 |publisher=[[Media Matters for America]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Moran |first=Lee |date=March 22, 2022 |title=Russia Uses Lara Logan's Rant About Ukraine, Zelenskyy As Propaganda On Twitter |url=https://sg.news.yahoo.com/russia-uses-lara-logans-rant-072552926.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322232803/https://sg.news.yahoo.com/russia-uses-lara-logans-rant-072552926.html |archive-date=22 March 2022 |access-date=March 23, 2022 |website=[[Yahoo News]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Oganesyan |first=Natalie |date=March 21, 2022 |title=Russian Officials Endorse Lara Logan's Comments Linking Ukrainian Soldiers to Nazis and Occultism |url=https://www.thewrap.com/lara-logan-ukraine-nazi-comments-endorsed-kremlin/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322232804/https://www.thewrap.com/lara-logan-ukraine-nazi-comments-endorsed-kremlin/ |archive-date=22 March 2022 |access-date=March 23, 2022 |website=[[The Wrap]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Thomas |first=Jake |date=March 21, 2022 |title=Logan Praised by Russia as 'Real America's Voice' as Schwarzenegger Shunned |url=https://www.newsweek.com/logan-praised-russia-real-americas-voice-schwarzenegger-shunned-1690289 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512025908/https://www.newsweek.com/logan-praised-russia-real-americas-voice-schwarzenegger-shunned-1690289 |archive-date=12 May 2022 |access-date=March 23, 2022 |website=[[Newsweek]]}}</ref> === Tattaunawa game da Darwin da iyalin Rothschild === A watan Maris na shekara ta 2022, Logan ya yi iƙirarin ba tare da wata hujja ba cewa dangin Rothschild sun yi amfani da [[Charles Darwin]] don ƙirƙirar ka'idarsa ta juyin halitta.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 28, 2022 |title=Fox Nation host Lara Logan claims that Darwinism is a plot from "the Rothschilds" |url=https://www.mediamatters.org/lara-logan/fox-nation-host-lara-logan-claims-darwinism-plot-rothschilds |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328164426/https://www.mediamatters.org/lara-logan/fox-nation-host-lara-logan-claims-darwinism-plot-rothschilds |archive-date=28 March 2022 |access-date=March 28, 2022 |website=[[Media Matters for America]] |language=en}}</ref> Ta kuma inganta da'awar cewa dangin Rothschild, wanda aka saba amfani da shi a cikin ra'ayoyin makirci na adawa da Yahudawa, sun kirkiro [[Yaƙin basasar Amurka]] da kisan gillar [[Abraham Lincoln|Ibrahim Lincoln]] da [[John F. Kennedy]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hananoki |first=Eric |date=March 28, 2022 |title=Fox Nation host Lara Logan shares conspiracy theories about "Putin's purge of the Rothschild money changers," Jewish people masterminding U.S. Civil War |url=https://www.mediamatters.org/lara-logan/fox-nation-host-lara-logan-shares-conspiracy-theories-about-putins-purge-rothschild |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328190329/https://www.mediamatters.org/lara-logan/fox-nation-host-lara-logan-shares-conspiracy-theories-about-putins-purge-rothschild |archive-date=28 March 2022 |access-date=March 28, 2022 |website=[[Media Matters for America]] |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == [[Fayil:130318-A-YI554-773 (8574075085).jpg|thumb|Lara Logan]] A shekara ta 1998, Logan ya auri Jason Siemon, Ba'amurke daga [[Iowa]] da ke buga wasan [[Kwallon kwando|Kwando]] a Burtaniya; auren ya ƙare da saki a shekara ta 2008. A wannan shekarar, ta auri Joseph Burkett, dan kwangila na tsaro na gwamnatin Amurka daga Texas. Wannan ita ce auren na biyu ga duka biyun. Ma'auratan sun zauna a Washington, DC, tare da 'ya'yansu biyu da 'yar Burkett daga aurensa na baya. [./Lara_Logan#cite_note-fishbowldc-63 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><nowiki>[4]</nowiki></span>] A shekara ta 2015, sun koma Fredericksburg, Texas, garin Burkett.<ref name="theatlantic">{{Cite web |last=Plott Calabro |first=Elaina |date=12 June 2023 |title=A Star Reporter's Break With Reality |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2023/07/lara-logan-60-minutes-correspondent-conspiracy-theories/674168/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727150458/https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2023/07/lara-logan-60-minutes-correspondent-conspiracy-theories/674168/ |archive-date=27 July 2023 |access-date=24 October 2023 |publisher=[[The Atlantic]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFPlott_Calabro2023">Plott Calabro, Elaina (12 June 2023). [https://web.archive.org/web/20230727150458/https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2023/07/lara-logan-60-minutes-correspondent-conspiracy-theories/674168/ "A Star Reporter's Break With Reality"]. [[Tekun Atlantika|The Atlantic]]. Archived from [https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2023/07/lara-logan-60-minutes-correspondent-conspiracy-theories/674168/ the original] on 27 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> == Kyaututtuka == * Mata na Amurka a Rediyo da Talabijin Gracie Award, 2004 <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 November 2016 |title=2004 Gracies Gala Winners |url=https://allwomeninmedia.org/gracies/2004-gracies-winners/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407083705/https://allwomeninmedia.org/gracies/2004-gracies-winners/ |archive-date=7 April 2022 |access-date=5 December 2021 |publisher=Alliance for Media in Women}}</ref> * Kyautar David Kaplan, Ƙungiyar 'Yan Jarida ta Ƙasashen Waje, 2006 <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 1, 2007 |title=2006 OPC Award Winners |url=https://opcofamerica.org/2006-opc-award-winners/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210130085547/https://opcofamerica.org/2006-opc-award-winners/ |archive-date=30 January 2021 |access-date=6 December 2021 |publisher=Overseas Press Club of America}}</ref> * Kyautar David Bloom, Rediyo da Talabijin 'Association, 2007 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Award Winners |url=http://rtcacapitolhill.org/upcoming-2013-rtca-executive-committee-election/awards/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407083705/http://rtcacapitolhill.org/upcoming-2013-rtca-executive-committee-election/awards/ |archive-date=7 April 2022 |access-date=6 December 2021 |publisher=Radio and Television Correspondents' Association}}</ref> * Kyautar Daniel Pearl, 2011 * Kyautar 'Yancin Labarai ta Ƙungiyar Labarai ta Kasa, 2011 == Dubi kuma == * Mata a cikin aikin jarida == Nassoshi == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == {{Commonscat}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20180826031531/https://www.cbsnews.com/team/lara-logan/ Bayanan martaba a CBS News (an adana shi)] * {{IMDb name|1022561}} * Bayyanawaa kanC-SPAN * [https://americasfuture.net Makomar Amurka] {{60 Minutes}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Logan, Lara}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] de6vhqullza8wflztd8ac1miarrk2xz 884705 884704 2026-07-18T15:59:07Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 884705 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Data box}} [[Fayil:Lara Logan in Iraq.jpg|thumb|Lara logan a kasar iran]] [[Fayil:Lara Logan with CBS's "60 Minutes", sits with U.S. Army Sgt. 1st Class Chris Corbin assigned to the 7th Special Forces Group (Airborne), before conducting an interview at Eglin Base Air Force Base, Fla., March 130318-A-YI554-773.jpg|thumb|Lara Logan qajen daukar shiri]]  {{Infobox person|name=Lara Logan|image=Lara Logan crop.jpg|alt=photograph|caption=Logan in 2013|birth_date={{Birth date and age|1971|03|29|df=yes}}|birth_place=[[Durban]], [[South Africa]]|death_date=|death_place=|education=Degree in commerce, 1992|alma_mater=[[University of Natal]], Durban|occupation=Journalist, since 1988|employer=[[CBS News]] chief foreign affairs correspondent (2006–2018)|spouse={{Plainlist| * {{Marriage|Jason Siemon | 1998|2008|end=div.}} * {{Marriage|Joseph Burkett | 2008}} }}|website={{url|laralogan.com}}}}'''Lara Logan''' (an haife ta a ranar 29 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1971) 'yar jaridar talabijin da rediyo ce ta Afirka ta Kudu kuma mai ba da labari ga me da yaki. Ayyukan Logan sun fara ne a Afirka ta Kudu tare da kungiyoyin labarai daban-daban a cikin shekarun 1990. Bayanan ta ya tashi ne saboda bayar da rahoto game da mamayar Amurka a Afganistan a shekara ta 2001. An hayar ta a matsayin wakilin CBS News a shekara ta 2002, daga ƙarshe ta zama Babban Wakilin Harkokin Waje. A Shekara ta 2013, wani labarin Logan a kan Harin Benghazi na Shekarar 2012 ya haifar da babbar gardama saboda kurakurai na gaskiya kuma an janye shi, wanda ya haifar da hutu. Logan ya bar CBS a shekarar 2018. Bayan ta tashi daga CBS, Logan ta fara yin da'awar da yawa a kan ra'ayoyin makirci daban-daban game da batutuwa kamar kwayar cutar AIDS ko dangin Rothschild. A shekarar 2019, ta shiga Sinclair Broadcast Group, kamfanin watsa labarai mai ra'ayin mazan jiya. A watan Janairun Shekara ta 2020, ta shiga Fox Nation, sabis na biyan kuɗi wanda Fox News ke gudanarwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Battaglio |first=Stephen |date=January 6, 2020 |title=A combative Lara Logan plans a comeback on Fox News' streaming service. Can she succeed? |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/business/story/2020-01-06/combative-lara-logan-gets-ready-for-a-comeback-on-fox-news-streaming-service |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220324061058/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/business/story/2020-01-06/combative-lara-logan-gets-ready-for-a-comeback-on-fox-news-streaming-service |archive-date=24 March 2022 |access-date=June 9, 2020 |language=en-US}}</ref> A watan Maris na shekara ta 2022, ta ce cibiyar sadarwa ta "dumped".<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Pengelly |first=Martin |date=April 9, 2022 |title=Lara Logan, who compared Fauci to Mengele, says Fox News pushed her out |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2022/apr/09/lara-logan-fox-news-mengele-fauci-remark |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409072343/https://www.theguardian.com/media/2022/apr/09/lara-logan-fox-news-mengele-fauci-remark |archive-date=9 April 2022 |access-date=April 9, 2022 |website=[[The Guardian]] |language=en}}</ref> Tun daga watan Yunin Shekara ta 2022, Logan ya kasance memba na kwamitin Amurka ta gaba, wata ƙungiya mai ra'ayin mazan jiya da tsohon jami'in Gwamnatin Trump Michael Flynn ke jagoranta.<ref name="pr2022">{{Cite web |date=1 June 2022 |title=Award-Winning Investigative Journalist Lara Logan Joins America's Future Board of Directors |url=https://www.americasfuture.net/press-releases/press-release-award-winning-investigative-journalist-lara-logan-joins-americas-future-board-of-directors/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323163959/https://www.americasfuture.net/press-releases/press-release-award-winning-investigative-journalist-lara-logan-joins-americas-future-board-of-directors/ |archive-date=23 March 2023 |access-date=24 March 2023 |publisher=America's Future |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="leaders2023">{{Cite web |title=Leadership |url=https://www.americasfuture.net/leadership/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320013422/https://www.americasfuture.net/leadership/ |archive-date=20 March 2023 |access-date=24 March 2023 |publisher=America's Future |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news |date=7 September 2022 |title=Former Trump adviser Michael Flynn 'at the center' of new movement based on conspiracies and Christian nationalism |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/former-trump-adviser-michael-flynn-at-the-center-of-new-movement-based-on-conspiracies-and-christian-nationalism |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909024846/https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/former-trump-adviser-michael-flynn-at-the-center-of-new-movement-based-on-conspiracies-and-christian-nationalism |archive-date=9 September 2023 |access-date=14 September 2023 |work=PBS NewsHour |language=en-us}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Logan a [[Durban|Durban, Afirka ta Kudu]], <ref name="bio" /> kuma ta halarci makarantar sakandare a Kwalejin 'yan mata ta Durban. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lara Logan |url=http://www.nndb.com/people/796/000048652 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080821172516/http://www.nndb.com/people/796/000048652/ |archive-date=21 August 2008 |access-date=20 June 2008 |publisher=NNDb}}</ref> Ta kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Natal da ke Durban a Shekarar 1992 tare da digiri a harkokin kasuwanci. Ta sami difloma a cikin harshen Faransanci, al'adu da tarihi a Alliance Française a Paris. A duk makarantar sakandare da kwaleji, Logan ya yi aiki a matsayin samfurin wanka.<ref name="theatlantic">{{Cite web |last=Plott Calabro |first=Elaina |date=12 June 2023 |title=A Star Reporter's Break With Reality |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2023/07/lara-logan-60-minutes-correspondent-conspiracy-theories/674168/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727150458/https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2023/07/lara-logan-60-minutes-correspondent-conspiracy-theories/674168/ |archive-date=27 July 2023 |access-date=24 October 2023 |publisher=[[The Atlantic]]}}</ref> == Ayyuka == [[File:General_Schwartz_on_60_Minutes.jpg|left|thumb|250x250px|Logan yana hira da Janar Norton A. Schwartz, Afrilu Shekarar 2009]] Logan ta yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da labarai ga Sunday Tribune a Durban a lokacin karatunta A shekara ta (1988 Zuwa 1989), sannan ga Daily News na birnin A (1990-1992). A shekara ta 1992, ta shiga gidan talabijin na Reuters a Afirka, da farko a matsayin babban furodusa. Bayan shekaru hudu ta shiga aikin jarida mai zaman kansa, ta sami aiki a matsayin mai ba da rahoto da edita / furodusa tare da ITN da Fox / SKY, CBS News, ABC News (a London), NBC, da Tarayyar watsa shirye-shiryen Turai. Ta yi aiki ga [[CNN]], tana ba da rahoto game da abubuwan da suka faru kamar fashewar bam a ofishin jakadancin Amurka a [[Nairobi]] da [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] a 1998, rikici a [[Ireland ta Arewa|Arewacin Ireland]], da Yaƙin Kosovo . <ref name="bio">{{Cite web |date=2 December 2002 |title=Lara Logan |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2002/12/02/60II/main531421.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130719081011/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2002/12/02/60ii/main531421.shtml |archive-date=19 July 2013 |access-date=16 April 2020 |website=[[CBS News]]}}</ref> An hayar Logan a Shekara ta 2000 ta GMTV Breakfast Talabijin (a Burtaniya) a matsayin mai ba da labari; ta kuma yi aiki tare da CBS News Radio a matsayin mai zaman kansa. Kwanaki bayan hare-haren 11 ga Satumba, ta nemi wani magatakarda a Ofishin Jakadancin Rasha a London ya ba ta biza don tafiya zuwa [[Afghanistan]]. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2001, yayin da take Afghanistan tana aiki ga GMTV, ta shiga kungiyar Northern Alliance da ke da goyon bayan Amurka da Burtaniya kuma ta yi hira da kwamandan su, Janar Babajan, a Bagram Air Base . <ref name="NYT112305">{{Cite web |last=Steinberg |first=Jacques |author-link=The Gatekeepers |date=23 November 2005 |title=War Zone "It Girl" Has a Big Future at CBS News |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/11/23/arts/television/23loga.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015182513/http://www.nytimes.com/2005/11/23/arts/television/23loga.html |archive-date=15 October 2012 |access-date=22 February 2017 |website=The New York Times}}</ref> CBS News ta ba ta cikakken matsayi a matsayin wakilin a shekara ta 2002. Ta shafe yawancin shekaru hudu masu zuwa tana bayar da rahoto daga fagen fama, gami da yankunan yaki a Afghanistan da Iraki, sau da yawa suna tare da Sojojin Amurka. Amma ta kuma yi hira da sanannun mutane da masu bincike kamar Robert Ballard, wanda ya gano fashewar RMS Titanic . <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 June 2010 |title=Bob Ballard, The Great Explorer |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/bob-ballard-the-great-explorer-10-06-2010/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110015403/http://www.cbsnews.com/news/bob-ballard-the-great-explorer-10-06-2010/ |archive-date=10 January 2017 |access-date=9 January 2017 |website=CBS, 60 Minutes}}</ref> Yawancin rahotonta na Minti 60 ne na II. Ta kuma kasance mai ba da gudummawa na yau da kullun ga CBS Evening News, The Early Show da Face the Nation . A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2006, CBS News ta nada Logan a matsayin babban wakilin harkokin kasashen waje.<ref name="bio">{{Cite web |date=2 December 2002 |title=Lara Logan |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2002/12/02/60II/main531421.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130719081011/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2002/12/02/60ii/main531421.shtml |archive-date=19 July 2013 |access-date=16 April 2020 |website=[[CBS News]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2002/12/02/60II/main531421.shtml "Lara Logan"]. ''[[Labaran CBS|CBS News]]''. 2 December 2002. [https://web.archive.org/web/20130719081011/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2002/12/02/60ii/main531421.shtml Archived] from the original on 19 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Logan ya bar CBS News a watan Agustan A Shekarar 2018. <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 25, 2019 |title=Back in the Spotlight, Lara Logan Wants to Keep Reporting: "I'm Not Done Yet" |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/lara-logan-back-spotlight-wants-keep-reporting-q-a-1189865 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190304021721/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/lara-logan-back-spotlight-wants-keep-reporting-q-a-1189865 |archive-date=4 March 2019 |access-date=March 3, 2019 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |language=en}}</ref> A shekara mai zuwa, ta shiga kungiyar Sinclair Broadcast Group na wucin gadi, a matsayin mai ba da rahoto a kan iyakar Amurka da Mexico. A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2022, an dakatar da Logan daga gidan talabijin na dama Newsmax saboda abin da cibiyar sadarwa ta bayyana a matsayin "maganganun da ba a yarda da su ba" yayin wata hira inda ta ce "yankin [Amurka-Mexico] shine hanyar Shaidan na karɓar iko da duniya ta hanyar duk waɗannan mutanen da ke cikinsa da bayinsa ... Kun san, waɗanda suke son mu ci kwari, kwari kuma yayin da suke cin jinin yara?" [[Fayil:Lara Logan in Iraq.jpg|thumb|Lara Logan]] Yayinda take gabatar da Pizzagate da QAnon conspiracy theorist Liz Crokin a wani taron Fabrairu 2024, Logan ta gaya wa masu sauraro cewa ta fahimci cewa Pizzagare "duka gaskiya ne". === Haifa Street fada === A ƙarshen watan Janairun Shekara ta 2007, Logan ya gabatar da rahoton fada a kan titin Haifa a [[Bagdaza|Bagadaza]], amma CBS Evening News ba ta gudanar da rahoton ba, tana ɗaukar shi "mai ƙarfi". <ref name="MCO">{{Cite web |title=Helping Lara Logan |url=http://www.mediachannel.org/wordpress/2007/01/24/helping-lara-logan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100521231504/http://mediachannel.org/wordpress/2007/01/24/helping-lara-logan/ |archive-date=21 May 2010 |access-date=1 February 2007 |publisher=Mediachannel.org}}</ref> Don juyar da shawarar, Logan ya sami goyon bayan jama'a, yana neman mutane su kalli labarin kuma su ba da hanyar haɗi ga yawancin abokansu da sanannunsu kamar yadda zai yiwu, suna cewa, "Ya kamata a gani". === Sukar Michael Hastings === An soki Logan a watan Yunin Shekarar 2010 saboda maganganunta game da wani ɗan jarida, Michael Hastings, da ra'ayinta cewa 'yan jarida da suka shiga soja bai kamata su rubuta game da ba'a da suke ji ba. Wani labarin da Hastings ya yi a cikin Rolling Stone a wannan watan ya nakalto Janar Stanley A. McChrystal da ma'aikatansa - maganganun da Hastings ta ji yayin tafiya tare da McChrystal - yana sukar Mataimakin Shugaban Amurka [[Joe Biden]] da sauran jami'ai, bayan haka Shugaba [[Barack Obama]] ya kori McChrytal a matsayin kwamandansa a Afghanistan. Logan ya gaya wa CNN cewa rahoton Hastings ya keta yarjejeniyar da ba a bayyana ba tsakanin manema labarai da ke tafiya tare da ma'aikatan soja kada su ba da rahoton maganganun da ke tsakanin su.<ref name="CNN062710">{{Cite web |last=Kurtz |first=Howard |author-link=Howard Kurtz |date=27 June 2010 |title=Interview With Michael Hastings; Interview With Lara Logan |url=http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/1006/27/rs.01.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100701052019/http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/1006/27/rs.01.html |archive-date=1 July 2010 |access-date=30 June 2010 |website=[[CNN]]}}</ref> Da yake ambaton sanarwa, "Ina nufin, tambayar ita ce, da gaske, abin da Janar McChrystal da mataimakansa ke yi shi ne mai ban tsoro, cewa sun cancanci kawo ƙarshen aiki kamar na McChrystal? Ina nufin, Michael Hastings bai taɓa yin hidima ga ƙasarsa kamar yadda McChrytal yake ba. Tsohon wakilin soja na CNN Jamie McIntyre ya ce abin da suka yi ya kasance mai ban tsoro da cewa ba lallai ne ya karfafa mafi munin bayanin 'ya' na' yan jarida da suka tafi' a kansu da manyan jami' na soja.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McIntyre |first=Jamie |author-link=Jamie McIntyre |date=30 June 2010 |title=Lara Logan's Friendly Misfire |url=http://www.lineofdeparture.com/2010/06/30/lara-logans-friendly-misfire |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104033236/http://www.lineofdeparture.com/2010/06/30/lara-logans-friendly-misfire |archive-date=4 January 2012 |publisher=Line of Departure}}</ref> Glenn Greenwald, yana yin sharhi game da abin da ya faru ga ''Salon'', ya rubuta cewa ɓangaren Logan misali ne na abin da aikin jarida ya "ƙazanta". Greenwald ta ce Logan ta yi rahoto mai ƙarfin zuciya a tsawon shekaru, ammah ta zo ta ga kanta a matsayin wani ɓangare na gwamnati da soja. === Rahoto daga Masar da cin zarafin mata === Sojojin Masar sun kama Logan da ma'aikatanta na CBS kuma sun tsare su na dare daya a ranar 3 ga Fabrairu 2011, yayin da suke rufe Juyin Juya Halin Masar. Ta ce an rufe ma'aikatan idanu kuma an ɗaure su da bindiga, kuma an yi wa direban su duka. An shawarce su da su bar ƙasar, ammah daga baya aka sake su.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kamer |first=Foster |date=11 February 2011 |title=Lara Logan's Egypt Interrogation Tell-All |url=http://www.esquire.com/blogs/politics/lara-logan-egypt-5219471 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105085341/http://www.esquire.com/blogs/politics/lara-logan-egypt-5219471 |archive-date=5 November 2013 |access-date=15 February 2011}}</ref> A ranar 15 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2011, CBS News ta fitar da wata sanarwa cewa an yi wa Logan duka kuma an yi masa fyade a ranar 11 ga watan Fabirairu, yayin da yake rufe bukukuwan da aka yi a Tahrir Square bayan murabus din [[Hosni Mubarak]]. 60 Minutes ta watsa wata hira da ita game da shi a ranar 1 ga Mayu 2011; ta ce tana magana ne saboda yaduwar Cin zarafin jima'i a Masar, kuma don karya shiru game da cin zarafin mata 'yan jarida ba sa son bayar da rahoto idan ya hana su yin ayyukansu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 May 2011 |title=Lara Logan breaks her silence |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bO12X1nhzzk |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200424095225/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bO12X1nhzzk |archive-date=24 April 2020 |access-date=3 May 2020 |website=YouTube}}</ref><ref name="CBSMay1a">{{Cite web |date=May 1, 2011 |title=Lara Logan breaks her silence |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2011/04/28/60minutes/main20058368.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114044000/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2011/04/28/60minutes/main20058368.shtml |archive-date=November 14, 2013 |website=[[60 Minutes]] |publisher=[[CBS]]}}</ref><ref name="CBSMay1b">{{Cite web |date=1 May 2011 |title=After the assault: Lara Logan comes home |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/after-the-assault-lara-logan-comes-home/ |website=[[60 Minutes]] |publisher=[[CBS]]}}</ref> [[Fayil:Gen. Petraeus visits 'Warriors' DVIDS81032.jpg|thumb|Lara Logan]] Ta ce lamarin ya shafi maza 200 zuwa 300 kuma ya dauki kimanin minti 25. Ta kasance tana ba da rahoton bukukuwan na sa'a guda ba tare da wani abin da ya faru ba lokacin da batirin kyamararta ya gaza. Ɗaya daga cikin ma'aikatan CBS na Masar ya ba da shawarar su tafi, yana gaya mata daga baya ya ji taron suna yin maganganun jima'i ga me da ita. Ta ji hannayenta suna taɓa ta, kuma ana iya jin ta tana ihu "dakatar", kamar yadda kyamarar ta mutu. Ɗaya daga cikin taron ya yi ihu cewa ita Bayahude ce ta Isra'ila, da'awar da CBS ta ce, ko da yake karya ne, "wasan da man fetur ne". Ta ce sun tsage tufafinta kuma, a cikin maganarta, sun yi mata fyade da hannayensu, yayin da suke daukar hotuna da wayoyin salula. Sun fara jan jikinta a wurare daban-daban, suna jan gashin kanta sosai ta ce kamar suna ƙoƙarin cire gashin kanta. An ja ta a filin zuwa inda aka dakatar da taron ta hanyar shinge, kusa da inda ƙungiyar mata ke sansani. Wata mace da ke sanye da Chador ta sanya hannunta a kusa da Logan, sauran kuma sun rufe matsayi a kusa da ita, yayin da wasu maza da ke tare da mata suka jefa ruwa ga taron. Wani rukuni na sojoji sun bayyana, suka kori taron da sanduna, kuma daya daga cikinsu ya jefa Logan a kafaɗarsa. Daga baya ta ce tana tunanin tana mutuwa a lokacin harin. An dawo da ita Amurka washegari, inda ta kwashe kwanaki hudu a asibiti.<ref name="CBSMay1a">{{Cite web |date=May 1, 2011 |title=Lara Logan breaks her silence |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2011/04/28/60minutes/main20058368.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114044000/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2011/04/28/60minutes/main20058368.shtml |archive-date=November 14, 2013 |website=[[60 Minutes]] |publisher=[[CBS]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20131114044000/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2011/04/28/60minutes/main20058368.shtml "Lara Logan breaks her silence"]. ''[[Minti 60|60 Minutes]]''. [[CBS]]. 1 May 2011. Archived from [http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2011/04/28/60minutes/main20058368.shtml the original] on 14 November 2013.</cite></ref><ref name="CBSMay1b">{{Cite web |date=1 May 2011 |title=After the assault: Lara Logan comes home |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/after-the-assault-lara-logan-comes-home/ |website=[[60 Minutes]] |publisher=[[CBS]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.cbsnews.com/news/after-the-assault-lara-logan-comes-home/ "After the assault: Lara Logan comes home"]. ''[[Minti 60|60 Minutes]]''. [[CBS]]. 1 May 2011.</cite></ref> Shugaba [[Barack Obama]] ne ya tuntube ta lokacin da ta isa gida. CBS ta ce ba a san ainihin maharan ba, kuma ba zai yiwu a gurfanar da kowa ba<ref name="CBSMay1b" /> === Sharhi game da Afghanistan da Libya === A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2012, Logan ta ba da jawabi a gaban abincin rana na shekara-shekara na Ƙungiyar Gwamnati mafi Kyau inda ta soki maganganun Gwamnatin Obama game da Yaƙi a Afghanistan da sauran rikice-rikice a duniyar Larabawa. Musamman, Logan ya soki ikirarin gwamnati cewa [[Taliban]] na raunana a Afghanistan, yana kiran irin wannan ikirarin "babban karya" da aka yi don shirya kawo karshen aikin soja na Amurka a wannan kasar. Ta kuma bayyana cewa tana fatan Amurka za ta "ramako" daidai ga Harin Benghazi na 2012, inda aka kai hari kan ma'aikatan diflomasiyyar Amurka kuma aka kashe su a [[Libya]]. === Benghazi ya ba da rahoton kurakurai === A ranar 8 ga Nuwamba Shekara ta 2013, Logan ya tafi CBS This Morning don neman gafara saboda rahoton ''Minti 60'' mara kyau game da harin Benghazi, wanda aka watsa a ranar 27 ga Oktoba. Ta nuna cewa bincike ya gano cewa tushen yawancin rahotonta ba daidai ba ne kuma ya zargi Dylan Davies, manajan jami'an tsaro na gida a Ofishin Jakadancin Amurka a Benghazi. Logan ya ce ya yi ƙarya game da bayanai kuma ya nace cewa sun bincika amincinsa kuma sun dogara da abubuwa kamar hotuna da takardun da ya bayar. A baya, Logan ya ce sun koyi cewa labarin da Davies ya fada bai dace da abin da ya gaya wa masu binciken tarayya ba. "Kun san abu mafi muhimmanci ga kowane mutum a minti 60 shine gaskiya, "ta ce a cikin neman gafara a cikin shirin ''Minti 60''"Kuma a yau gaskiyar ita ce mun yi kuskure. Kuma wannan shi ne ah ... wannan abin takaici ne ga kowane ɗan jarida. Wannan abin takaici a gare ni. " Logan ya ci gaba da ƙarawa, "Babu wanda yake son yarda da cewa sun yi kuskure. Ammah idan ka yi, dole ne ka tashi tsaye ka ɗauki alhakin - kuma dole ne ka ce ba daidai ba ne. "<ref>{{Cite web |last=Guthrie |first=Marisa |date=November 8, 2013 |title=Lara Logan Apologizes For '60 Minutes' Benghazi Report on 'CBS This Morning |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/60-minutes-benghazi-report-lara-654610 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211160255/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/60-minutes-benghazi-report-lara-654610 |archive-date=11 February 2020 |access-date=16 April 2020 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp; A ranar 26 ga Nuwamba Shekara ta à2013, an tilasta wa Logan ya yi hutu saboda kurakurai a cikin rahoton Benghazi. Al Ortiz, babban darakta na Standards and Practices na CBS News, ya rubuta a cikin wata sanarwa, "Logan ta yi jawabi inda ta dauki matsayi mai karfi na jama'a tana jayayya cewa Gwamnatin Amurka tana nuna rashin amincewa da barazanar daga [[Al-Qaeda|Al Qaeda]], kuma tana kira ga matakan da Amurka ta dauka don mayar da martani ga harin Benghazi. Daga hangen nesa na CBS News Standards, akwai rikici wajen daukar matsayi na jama'ar game da yadda gwamnati ke kula da Benghazi da Al Qaeda. Daga baya ta kai karar New York Magazine kan dala miliyan 25 saboda rahotonsu game da sakamakon.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 19, 2019 |title=Ex-'60 Minutes' reporter Lara Logan sues New York magazine over Benghazi retraction |url=https://www.syracuse.com/us-news/2019/12/ex-60-minutes-reporter-lara-logan-sues-new-york-magazine-over-benghazi-retraction.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512025909/https://www.syracuse.com/us-news/2019/12/ex-60-minutes-reporter-lara-logan-sues-new-york-magazine-over-benghazi-retraction.html |archive-date=12 May 2022 |access-date=March 28, 2022 |website=syracuse |language=en |agency=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref> An kori karar da nuna bambanci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Docket for Logan v. Hagan, 1:19-cv-01208 - CourtListener.com |url=https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/16584679/logan-v-hagan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328220404/https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/16584679/logan-v-hagan/ |archive-date=28 March 2022 |access-date=2022-03-28 |website=CourtListener |language=en-us}}</ref> === Sharhi kan kafafen yada labarai === [[Fayil:Tiffany Trump, Ivanka Trump, and Lara Trump at Inaugural parade 01-20-17.jpg|thumb|Lara Logan]] Bayan barin CBS News, Logan ta fara sukar kafofin watsa labarai, wanda ta ce tana da nuna bambanci.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Atkinson |first=Claire |date=April 9, 2019 |title=Former CBS News correspondent Lara Logan adds to Sinclair Broadcasting's national ambitions |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/all/former-cbs-news-correspondent-lara-logan-adds-sinclair-broadcasting-s-n992766 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411023952/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/all/former-cbs-news-correspondent-lara-logan-adds-sinclair-broadcasting-s-n992766 |archive-date=11 April 2019 |access-date=April 10, 2019 |website=[[NBC News]] |language=en}}</ref> Ta bayyana 'yan jarida a matsayin "masu gwagwarmayar siyasa" da "masu yada labarai" a kan Shugaba [[Donald Trump]].Ta ce yin waɗannan maganganun yayi kama da "kisan kai na sana'a". Ba da daɗewa ba, ta shiga kungiyar Sinclair Broadcast Group, ƙungiyar kafofin watsa labarai ta dama.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Barr |first=Jeremy |date=9 April 2019 |title=Former CBS News Reporter Lara Logan Joining Sinclair |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/lara-logan-joining-sinclair-broadcast-group-1200424 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410232103/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/lara-logan-joining-sinclair-broadcast-group-1200424 |archive-date=10 April 2019 |access-date=2019-04-10 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |language=en}}</ref> Tun daga wannan lokacin, Logan ya wallafa ra'ayoyin makirci na dama, kamar yin hasashen cewa wakilin Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez ya lashe zaben ta zuwa ofis saboda wasu makircin da ba a bayyana ba wanda ba a san su ba Logan ya yi imanin Masu gwagwarmayar adawa da iko. === 2020 Fox News jerin === A Shekarar 2020, Fox News ta hayar da Logan don yin jerin shirye-shirye da ake kira Lara Logan has No Agenda . Jaridar ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' ta lura cewa "Duk da taken 'Babu Agenda', Logan yana shirin komawa cikin batun nuna bambanci ga kafofin watsa labarai".<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date=6 January 2020 |title=Combative Lara Logan gets ready for a comeback on Fox News streaming service |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/business/story/2020-01-06/combative-lara-logan-gets-ready-for-a-comeback-on-fox-news-streaming-service |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220324061058/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/business/story/2020-01-06/combative-lara-logan-gets-ready-for-a-comeback-on-fox-news-streaming-service |archive-date=24 March 2022 |access-date=2020-01-13 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]] |language=en}}</ref> ==== Da'awar game da antifa ==== A ranar 31 ga Mayu Acikin Shekarar 2020, Logan ta wallafa hoto a shafinta na Twitter, wanda ta yi iƙirarin jagorar koyar da rikici ne. Hoton a zahiri ya kasance sabon abu ne wanda ya faru da tashin hankali na Baltimore na 2015. A ranar 1 ga Yuni, Logan ya wallafa barazanar da shafin [[Twitter]] na @ANTIFA_US ya yi. Asusun ya zama karya kuma yana da alaƙa da Identity Evropa, ƙungiyar fararen ƙasa. Bayan an soki shi saboda sanya wayo, Logan ya yi iƙirarin cewa akwai kamfen don "hallaka" ta, gami da Media Matters for America. A ranar 4 ga Yuni Shekarar 2020, Logan ya bayyana a kan ''Hannity'' don da'awar cewa antifa yana barin "pallets of bricks" a wuraren zanga-zangar a cikin ƙoƙari na tayar da tashin hankali da hallaka. Masu binciken gaskiya sun gano cewa da'awar tubali da aka bari a wuraren zanga-zangar ba su da tushe, kuma hotunan da aka gabatar a matsayin shaidar wannan aikin an dauki su ne a wuraren gine-gine na yau da kullun. Babu wani da ya ba da rahoton ganin motocin antifa suna barin tubali na tubali. Bayan haka, Logan ya inganta tweet na ban dariya na 5 Yuni wanda ya haɗa antifa zuwa juggalos da kuma "tsarin matsayi". Logan a maimakon haka ya mayar da hankali kan ɓangaren tweet wanda ya ambaci "tsarin umarni na gargajiya" kuma ya yi jayayya cewa masu tawaye suna da tsarin ƙungiya. ==== Cutar AIDS da ka'idojin makirci na COVID-19 ==== A watan Satumbar Shekarar 2021, Logan ya zargi gwamnatin [[Joe Biden|Biden]] da "ɓoye shaidu" na tasirin da ake zaton rigakafin COVID-19 ya haifar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Goldblatt |first=Daniel |date=2021-09-11 |title=Lara Logan Accuses Biden Administration of 'Hiding Evidence' of COVID-19 Vaccine Side Effects (Video) |url=https://www.thewrap.com/lara-logan-accuses-biden-administration-of-hiding-evidence-of-covid-19-vaccine-side-effects-video/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330110854/https://www.thewrap.com/lara-logan-accuses-biden-administration-of-hiding-evidence-of-covid-19-vaccine-side-effects-video/ |archive-date=30 March 2023 |access-date=2023-10-24 |website=[[TheWrap]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Ta kuma ba da labarin ƙarya game da matukan jirgin saman Sojojin Sama na Amurka 27 da suka yi murabus kan umarnin rigakafin COVID-19 daga Real Raw News, Shafin yanar gizon labarai na karya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dale |first=Daniel |author-link=Daniel Dale |date=2021-09-11 |title=Fact-checking the false but viral story about F-22 pilots resigning after a vaccination text from the secretary of defense |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/09/10/politics/fact-check-f-22-pilots-quit-vaccine-secretary-of-defense/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221016062803/https://www.cnn.com/2021/09/10/politics/fact-check-f-22-pilots-quit-vaccine-secretary-of-defense/index.html |archive-date=16 October 2022 |access-date=2023-10-24 |website=[[CNN]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=McCarthy |first=Bill |date=2021-09-27 |title=PolitiFact investigation: A look behind Real Raw News' sensational (and fabricated) headlines |url=https://www.poynter.org/fact-checking/2021/a-look-behind-real-raw-news-sensational-and-fabricated-headlines/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231023101106/https://www.poynter.org/fact-checking/2021/a-look-behind-real-raw-news-sensational-and-fabricated-headlines/ |archive-date=23 October 2023 |access-date=2023-10-22 |website=[[Poynter Institute]] |language=en-US}}</ref> A watan Nuwamba da Disamba na Shekarar 2021, Logan ya inganta ƙarya da ka'idojin makirci game da [[jjanjamau|Cutar ƙanjamau]] da [[Koronavirus 2019|COVID-19]]. Ta raba labaran da suka ƙalubalanci yarjejeniyar kimiyya cewa cutar ƙanjamau tana haifar da cutar ƙanjamaun daji. Ta kwatanta darektan NIAID Anthony Fauci da masanin kimiyya na Nazi Josef Mengele . A lokacin tattaunawa game da Bambancin SARS-CoV-2 Omicron, ta ce: "Saboda haka a wannan lokacin, abin da kuka gani a kan Dokta Fauci, wannan shine abin da mutane ke fada mini, cewa ba ya wakiltar kimiyya a gare su. Yana wakiltar Josef Mengele, Dokta Josef Mengele na Nazi wanda ya yi gwaje-gwaje a kan Yahudawa a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu da kuma a sansanonin, kuma ina magana game da mutane a duk faɗin duniya suna faɗin wannan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pengelly |first=Martin |date=November 30, 2021 |title=Outrage as Fox News commentator likens Anthony Fauci to Nazi doctor |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/nov/30/anthony-fauci-josef-mengele-fox-news |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130152707/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/nov/30/anthony-fauci-josef-mengele-fox-news |archive-date=30 November 2021 |access-date=November 30, 2021 |website=[[The Guardian]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Darcy |first=Oliver |date=November 30, 2021 |title=Anti-Defamation League and Auschwitz Museum condemn Fox host for comparing Fauci to Nazi doctor who performed medical experiments at death camp |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/11/30/media/lara-logan-fauci-auschwitz-museum-anti-defamation-league/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130202934/https://www.cnn.com/2021/11/30/media/lara-logan-fauci-auschwitz-museum-anti-defamation-league/index.html |archive-date=30 November 2021 |access-date=November 30, 2021 |website=[[CNN]]}}</ref> Yawancin shahararrun kungiyoyin Yahudawa, ciki har da Anti-Defamation League da Gidan Tarihi na Auschwitz, sun yi Allah wadai da maganganunta.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Darcy |first=Oliver |date=November 30, 2021 |title=Anti-Defamation League and Auschwitz Museum condemn Fox host for comparing Fauci to Nazi doctor who performed medical experiments at death camp |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/11/30/media/lara-logan-fauci-auschwitz-museum-anti-defamation-league/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130202934/https://www.cnn.com/2021/11/30/media/lara-logan-fauci-auschwitz-museum-anti-defamation-league/index.html |archive-date=30 November 2021 |access-date=November 30, 2021 |website=[[CNN]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFDarcy2021">Darcy, Oliver (30 November 2021). [https://www.cnn.com/2021/11/30/media/lara-logan-fauci-auschwitz-museum-anti-defamation-league/index.html "Anti-Defamation League and Auschwitz Museum condemn Fox host for comparing Fauci to Nazi doctor who performed medical experiments at death camp"]. ''[[CNN]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20211130202934/https://www.cnn.com/2021/11/30/media/lara-logan-fauci-auschwitz-museum-anti-defamation-league/index.html Archived] from the original on 30 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> Logan daga baya ya sake mayar da martani game da Gidan Tarihi na Auschwitz. A lokacin wata hira da aka yi da MSNBC a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2021, Fauci ta kira maganganun Logan "absolutely ridiculious and disgusting", kuma ta soki Fox News saboda rashin daukar mataki na horo a kanta. United Talent Agency ta bar Logan a matsayin abokin ciniki jim kadan bayan da ta yi tsokaci a Mengele. [[Fayil:General Schwartz on 60 Minutes.jpg|thumb|Lara Logan]] Tun lokacin da ta yi sharhi, Logan ba ta bayyana a matsayin baƙo a kan Fox News ba, kuma babu wani sabon abubuwan Lara Logan Has No Agenda. A watan Maris na shekara ta 2022, Logan ta ce Fox ta "dumped" ta.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Pengelly |first=Martin |date=April 9, 2022 |title=Lara Logan, who compared Fauci to Mengele, says Fox News pushed her out |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2022/apr/09/lara-logan-fox-news-mengele-fauci-remark |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409072343/https://www.theguardian.com/media/2022/apr/09/lara-logan-fox-news-mengele-fauci-remark |archive-date=9 April 2022 |access-date=April 9, 2022 |website=[[The Guardian]] |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFPengelly2022">Pengelly, Martin (9 April 2022). [https://www.theguardian.com/media/2022/apr/09/lara-logan-fox-news-mengele-fauci-remark "Lara Logan, who compared Fauci to Mengele, says Fox News pushed her out"]. ''[[The Guardian]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220409072343/https://www.theguardian.com/media/2022/apr/09/lara-logan-fox-news-mengele-fauci-remark Archived] from the original on 9 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> === Rashin mamayewar Rasha a Ukraine === A lokacin mamayewar Rasha ta 2022 a Ukraine, Logan a cikin bayyanarta ta talabijin ta haɗa shugaban Ukraine [[Volodymyr Zelensky|Volodymyr Zelenskyy]] da ayyukan "Shaidan, sihiri", ya kira shi "puppet" kuma ya yi iƙirarin cewa an "zaɓi Zelenskyay [...], ba a jefa kuri'a ba". Ta yaba da Shugaba [[Vladimir Putin]] na Rasha saboda "ba zai tsaya ba yayin da masu fafutukar duniya suka mamaye duniya" kuma ta zargi Ukrainians da kasancewa "nazis na ainihi". Maganganun Logan sun sami yabo kuma farfagandar gwamnatin Rasha ta karɓa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 15, 2022 |title=Fox Nation host Lara Logan links President Zelensky's entertainment career to the occult, and claims the entire Ukrainian military has Nazi links |url=https://www.mediamatters.org/russias-invasion-ukraine/fox-nation-host-lara-logan-links-president-zelenskys-entertainment-career |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220610144133/https://www.mediamatters.org/russias-invasion-ukraine/fox-nation-host-lara-logan-links-president-zelenskys-entertainment-career |archive-date=10 June 2022 |access-date=March 23, 2022 |publisher=[[Media Matters for America]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Moran |first=Lee |date=March 22, 2022 |title=Russia Uses Lara Logan's Rant About Ukraine, Zelenskyy As Propaganda On Twitter |url=https://sg.news.yahoo.com/russia-uses-lara-logans-rant-072552926.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322232803/https://sg.news.yahoo.com/russia-uses-lara-logans-rant-072552926.html |archive-date=22 March 2022 |access-date=March 23, 2022 |website=[[Yahoo News]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Oganesyan |first=Natalie |date=March 21, 2022 |title=Russian Officials Endorse Lara Logan's Comments Linking Ukrainian Soldiers to Nazis and Occultism |url=https://www.thewrap.com/lara-logan-ukraine-nazi-comments-endorsed-kremlin/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322232804/https://www.thewrap.com/lara-logan-ukraine-nazi-comments-endorsed-kremlin/ |archive-date=22 March 2022 |access-date=March 23, 2022 |website=[[The Wrap]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Thomas |first=Jake |date=March 21, 2022 |title=Logan Praised by Russia as 'Real America's Voice' as Schwarzenegger Shunned |url=https://www.newsweek.com/logan-praised-russia-real-americas-voice-schwarzenegger-shunned-1690289 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512025908/https://www.newsweek.com/logan-praised-russia-real-americas-voice-schwarzenegger-shunned-1690289 |archive-date=12 May 2022 |access-date=March 23, 2022 |website=[[Newsweek]]}}</ref> === Tattaunawa game da Darwin da iyalin Rothschild === A watan Maris na shekara ta 2022, Logan ya yi iƙirarin ba tare da wata hujja ba cewa dangin Rothschild sun yi amfani da [[Charles Darwin]] don ƙirƙirar ka'idarsa ta juyin halitta.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 28, 2022 |title=Fox Nation host Lara Logan claims that Darwinism is a plot from "the Rothschilds" |url=https://www.mediamatters.org/lara-logan/fox-nation-host-lara-logan-claims-darwinism-plot-rothschilds |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328164426/https://www.mediamatters.org/lara-logan/fox-nation-host-lara-logan-claims-darwinism-plot-rothschilds |archive-date=28 March 2022 |access-date=March 28, 2022 |website=[[Media Matters for America]] |language=en}}</ref> Ta kuma inganta da'awar cewa dangin Rothschild, wanda aka saba amfani da shi a cikin ra'ayoyin makirci na adawa da Yahudawa, sun kirkiro [[Yaƙin basasar Amurka]] da kisan gillar [[Abraham Lincoln|Ibrahim Lincoln]] da [[John F. Kennedy]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hananoki |first=Eric |date=March 28, 2022 |title=Fox Nation host Lara Logan shares conspiracy theories about "Putin's purge of the Rothschild money changers," Jewish people masterminding U.S. Civil War |url=https://www.mediamatters.org/lara-logan/fox-nation-host-lara-logan-shares-conspiracy-theories-about-putins-purge-rothschild |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328190329/https://www.mediamatters.org/lara-logan/fox-nation-host-lara-logan-shares-conspiracy-theories-about-putins-purge-rothschild |archive-date=28 March 2022 |access-date=March 28, 2022 |website=[[Media Matters for America]] |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == [[Fayil:130318-A-YI554-773 (8574075085).jpg|thumb|Lara Logan]] A shekara ta 1998, Logan ya auri Jason Siemon, Ba'amurke daga [[Iowa]] da ke buga wasan [[Kwallon kwando|Kwando]] a Burtaniya; auren ya ƙare da saki a shekara ta 2008. A wannan shekarar, ta auri Joseph Burkett, dan kwangila na tsaro na gwamnatin Amurka daga Texas. Wannan ita ce auren na biyu ga duka biyun. Ma'auratan sun zauna a Washington, DC, tare da 'ya'yansu biyu da 'yar Burkett daga aurensa na baya. [./Lara_Logan#cite_note-fishbowldc-63 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><nowiki>[4]</nowiki></span>] A shekara ta 2015, sun koma Fredericksburg, Texas, garin Burkett.<ref name="theatlantic">{{Cite web |last=Plott Calabro |first=Elaina |date=12 June 2023 |title=A Star Reporter's Break With Reality |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2023/07/lara-logan-60-minutes-correspondent-conspiracy-theories/674168/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727150458/https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2023/07/lara-logan-60-minutes-correspondent-conspiracy-theories/674168/ |archive-date=27 July 2023 |access-date=24 October 2023 |publisher=[[The Atlantic]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFPlott_Calabro2023">Plott Calabro, Elaina (12 June 2023). [https://web.archive.org/web/20230727150458/https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2023/07/lara-logan-60-minutes-correspondent-conspiracy-theories/674168/ "A Star Reporter's Break With Reality"]. [[Tekun Atlantika|The Atlantic]]. Archived from [https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2023/07/lara-logan-60-minutes-correspondent-conspiracy-theories/674168/ the original] on 27 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> == Kyaututtuka == * Mata na Amurka a Rediyo da Talabijin Gracie Award, 2004 <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 November 2016 |title=2004 Gracies Gala Winners |url=https://allwomeninmedia.org/gracies/2004-gracies-winners/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407083705/https://allwomeninmedia.org/gracies/2004-gracies-winners/ |archive-date=7 April 2022 |access-date=5 December 2021 |publisher=Alliance for Media in Women}}</ref> * Kyautar David Kaplan, Ƙungiyar 'Yan Jarida ta Ƙasashen Waje, 2006 <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 1, 2007 |title=2006 OPC Award Winners |url=https://opcofamerica.org/2006-opc-award-winners/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210130085547/https://opcofamerica.org/2006-opc-award-winners/ |archive-date=30 January 2021 |access-date=6 December 2021 |publisher=Overseas Press Club of America}}</ref> * Kyautar David Bloom, Rediyo da Talabijin 'Association, 2007 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Award Winners |url=http://rtcacapitolhill.org/upcoming-2013-rtca-executive-committee-election/awards/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407083705/http://rtcacapitolhill.org/upcoming-2013-rtca-executive-committee-election/awards/ |archive-date=7 April 2022 |access-date=6 December 2021 |publisher=Radio and Television Correspondents' Association}}</ref> * Kyautar Daniel Pearl, 2011 * Kyautar 'Yancin Labarai ta Ƙungiyar Labarai ta Kasa, 2011 == Dubi kuma == * Mata a cikin aikin jarida == Nassoshi == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == {{Commonscat}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20180826031531/https://www.cbsnews.com/team/lara-logan/ Bayanan martaba a CBS News (an adana shi)] * {{IMDb name|1022561}} * Bayyanawaa kanC-SPAN * [https://americasfuture.net Makomar Amurka] {{60 Minutes}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Logan, Lara}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 0iwld46ettkb1hquzommjp7xkc7ocq3 884706 884705 2026-07-18T16:13:30Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 884706 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Data box}} [[Fayil:Lara Logan in Iraq.jpg|thumb|Lara logan a kasar iran]] [[Fayil:Lara Logan with CBS's "60 Minutes", sits with U.S. Army Sgt. 1st Class Chris Corbin assigned to the 7th Special Forces Group (Airborne), before conducting an interview at Eglin Base Air Force Base, Fla., March 130318-A-YI554-773.jpg|thumb|Lara Logan qajen daukar shiri]]  {{Infobox person|name=Lara Logan|image=Lara Logan crop.jpg|alt=photograph|caption=Logan in 2013|birth_date={{Birth date and age|1971|03|29|df=yes}}|birth_place=[[Durban]], [[South Africa]]|death_date=|death_place=|education=Degree in commerce, 1992|alma_mater=[[University of Natal]], Durban|occupation=Journalist, since 1988|employer=[[CBS News]] chief foreign affairs correspondent (2006–2018)|spouse={{Plainlist| * {{Marriage|Jason Siemon | 1998|2008|end=div.}} * {{Marriage|Joseph Burkett | 2008}} }}|website={{url|laralogan.com}}}}'''Lara Logan''' (an haife ta a ranar 29 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1971) 'yar jaridar talabijin da rediyo ce ta Afirka ta Kudu kuma mai ba da labari ga me da yaki. Ayyukan Logan sun fara ne a Afirka ta Kudu tare da kungiyoyin labarai daban-daban a cikin shekarun 1990. Bayanan ta ya tashi ne saboda bayar da rahoto game da mamayar Amurka a Afganistan a shekara ta 2001. An hayar ta a matsayin wakilin CBS News a shekara ta 2002, daga ƙarshe ta zama Babban Wakilin Harkokin Waje. A Shekara ta 2013, wani labarin Logan a kan Harin Benghazi na Shekarar 2012 ya haifar da babbar gardama saboda kurakurai na gaskiya kuma an janye shi, wanda ya haifar da hutu. Logan ya bar CBS a shekarar 2018. Bayan ta tashi daga CBS, Logan ta fara yin da'awar da yawa a kan ra'ayoyin makirci daban-daban game da batutuwa kamar kwayar cutar AIDS ko dangin Rothschild. A shekarar 2019, ta shiga Sinclair Broadcast Group, kamfanin watsa labarai mai ra'ayin mazan jiya. A watan Janairun Shekara ta 2020, ta shiga Fox Nation, sabis na biyan kuɗi wanda Fox News ke gudanarwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Battaglio |first=Stephen |date=January 6, 2020 |title=A combative Lara Logan plans a comeback on Fox News' streaming service. Can she succeed? |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/business/story/2020-01-06/combative-lara-logan-gets-ready-for-a-comeback-on-fox-news-streaming-service |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220324061058/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/business/story/2020-01-06/combative-lara-logan-gets-ready-for-a-comeback-on-fox-news-streaming-service |archive-date=24 March 2022 |access-date=June 9, 2020 |language=en-US}}</ref> A watan Maris na shekara ta 2022, ta ce cibiyar sadarwa ta "dumped".<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Pengelly |first=Martin |date=April 9, 2022 |title=Lara Logan, who compared Fauci to Mengele, says Fox News pushed her out |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2022/apr/09/lara-logan-fox-news-mengele-fauci-remark |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409072343/https://www.theguardian.com/media/2022/apr/09/lara-logan-fox-news-mengele-fauci-remark |archive-date=9 April 2022 |access-date=April 9, 2022 |website=[[The Guardian]] |language=en}}</ref> Tun daga watan Yunin Shekara ta 2022, Logan ya kasance memba na kwamitin Amurka ta gaba, wata ƙungiya mai ra'ayin mazan jiya da tsohon jami'in Gwamnatin Trump Michael Flynn ke jagoranta.<ref name="pr2022">{{Cite web |date=1 June 2022 |title=Award-Winning Investigative Journalist Lara Logan Joins America's Future Board of Directors |url=https://www.americasfuture.net/press-releases/press-release-award-winning-investigative-journalist-lara-logan-joins-americas-future-board-of-directors/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323163959/https://www.americasfuture.net/press-releases/press-release-award-winning-investigative-journalist-lara-logan-joins-americas-future-board-of-directors/ |archive-date=23 March 2023 |access-date=24 March 2023 |publisher=America's Future |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="leaders2023">{{Cite web |title=Leadership |url=https://www.americasfuture.net/leadership/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320013422/https://www.americasfuture.net/leadership/ |archive-date=20 March 2023 |access-date=24 March 2023 |publisher=America's Future |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news |date=7 September 2022 |title=Former Trump adviser Michael Flynn 'at the center' of new movement based on conspiracies and Christian nationalism |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/former-trump-adviser-michael-flynn-at-the-center-of-new-movement-based-on-conspiracies-and-christian-nationalism |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909024846/https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/former-trump-adviser-michael-flynn-at-the-center-of-new-movement-based-on-conspiracies-and-christian-nationalism |archive-date=9 September 2023 |access-date=14 September 2023 |work=PBS NewsHour |language=en-us}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Logan a [[Durban|Durban, Afirka ta Kudu]], <ref name="bio" /> kuma ta halarci makarantar sakandare a Kwalejin 'yan mata ta Durban. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lara Logan |url=http://www.nndb.com/people/796/000048652 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080821172516/http://www.nndb.com/people/796/000048652/ |archive-date=21 August 2008 |access-date=20 June 2008 |publisher=NNDb}}</ref> Ta kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Natal da ke Durban a Shekarar 1992 tare da digiri a harkokin kasuwanci. Ta sami difloma a cikin harshen Faransanci, al'adu da tarihi a Alliance Française a Paris. A duk makarantar sakandare da kwaleji, Logan ya yi aiki a matsayin samfurin wanka.<ref name="theatlantic">{{Cite web |last=Plott Calabro |first=Elaina |date=12 June 2023 |title=A Star Reporter's Break With Reality |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2023/07/lara-logan-60-minutes-correspondent-conspiracy-theories/674168/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727150458/https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2023/07/lara-logan-60-minutes-correspondent-conspiracy-theories/674168/ |archive-date=27 July 2023 |access-date=24 October 2023 |publisher=[[The Atlantic]]}}</ref> == Ayyuka == [[File:General_Schwartz_on_60_Minutes.jpg|left|thumb|250x250px|Logan yana hira da Janar Norton A. Schwartz, Afrilu Shekarar 2009]] Logan ta yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da labarai ga Sunday Tribune a Durban a lokacin karatunta A shekara ta (1988 Zuwa 1989), sannan ga Daily News na birnin A (1990-1992). A shekara ta 1992, ta shiga gidan talabijin na Reuters a Afirka, da farko a matsayin babban furodusa. Bayan shekaru hudu ta shiga aikin jarida mai zaman kansa, ta sami aiki a matsayin mai ba da rahoto da edita / furodusa tare da ITN da Fox / SKY, CBS News, ABC News (a London), NBC, da Tarayyar watsa shirye-shiryen Turai. Ta yi aiki ga [[CNN]], tana ba da rahoto game da abubuwan da suka faru kamar fashewar bam a ofishin jakadancin Amurka a [[Nairobi]] da [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] a 1998, rikici a [[Ireland ta Arewa|Arewacin Ireland]], da Yaƙin Kosovo . <ref name="bio">{{Cite web |date=2 December 2002 |title=Lara Logan |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2002/12/02/60II/main531421.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130719081011/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2002/12/02/60ii/main531421.shtml |archive-date=19 July 2013 |access-date=16 April 2020 |website=[[CBS News]]}}</ref> An hayar Logan a Shekara ta 2000 ta GMTV Breakfast Talabijin (a Burtaniya) a matsayin mai ba da labari; ta kuma yi aiki tare da CBS News Radio a matsayin mai zaman kansa. Kwanaki bayan hare-haren 11 ga Satumba, ta nemi wani magatakarda a Ofishin Jakadancin Rasha a London ya ba ta biza don tafiya zuwa [[Afghanistan]]. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2001, yayin da take Afghanistan tana aiki ga GMTV, ta shiga kungiyar Northern Alliance da ke da goyon bayan Amurka da Burtaniya kuma ta yi hira da kwamandan su, Janar Babajan, a Bagram Air Base . <ref name="NYT112305">{{Cite web |last=Steinberg |first=Jacques |author-link=The Gatekeepers |date=23 November 2005 |title=War Zone "It Girl" Has a Big Future at CBS News |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/11/23/arts/television/23loga.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015182513/http://www.nytimes.com/2005/11/23/arts/television/23loga.html |archive-date=15 October 2012 |access-date=22 February 2017 |website=The New York Times}}</ref> CBS News ta ba ta cikakken matsayi a matsayin wakilin a shekara ta 2002. Ta shafe yawancin shekaru hudu masu zuwa tana bayar da rahoto daga fagen fama, gami da yankunan yaki a Afghanistan da Iraki, sau da yawa suna tare da Sojojin Amurka. Amma ta kuma yi hira da sanannun mutane da masu bincike kamar Robert Ballard, wanda ya gano fashewar RMS Titanic . <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 June 2010 |title=Bob Ballard, The Great Explorer |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/bob-ballard-the-great-explorer-10-06-2010/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110015403/http://www.cbsnews.com/news/bob-ballard-the-great-explorer-10-06-2010/ |archive-date=10 January 2017 |access-date=9 January 2017 |website=CBS, 60 Minutes}}</ref> Yawancin rahotonta na Minti 60 ne na II. Ta kuma kasance mai ba da gudummawa na yau da kullun ga CBS Evening News, The Early Show da Face the Nation . A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2006, CBS News ta nada Logan a matsayin babban wakilin harkokin kasashen waje.<ref name="bio">{{Cite web |date=2 December 2002 |title=Lara Logan |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2002/12/02/60II/main531421.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130719081011/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2002/12/02/60ii/main531421.shtml |archive-date=19 July 2013 |access-date=16 April 2020 |website=[[CBS News]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2002/12/02/60II/main531421.shtml "Lara Logan"]. ''[[Labaran CBS|CBS News]]''. 2 December 2002. [https://web.archive.org/web/20130719081011/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2002/12/02/60ii/main531421.shtml Archived] from the original on 19 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Logan ya bar CBS News a watan Agustan A Shekarar 2018. <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 25, 2019 |title=Back in the Spotlight, Lara Logan Wants to Keep Reporting: "I'm Not Done Yet" |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/lara-logan-back-spotlight-wants-keep-reporting-q-a-1189865 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190304021721/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/lara-logan-back-spotlight-wants-keep-reporting-q-a-1189865 |archive-date=4 March 2019 |access-date=March 3, 2019 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |language=en}}</ref> A shekara mai zuwa, ta shiga kungiyar Sinclair Broadcast Group na wucin gadi, a matsayin mai ba da rahoto a kan iyakar Amurka da Mexico. A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2022, an dakatar da Logan daga gidan talabijin na dama Newsmax saboda abin da cibiyar sadarwa ta bayyana a matsayin "maganganun da ba a yarda da su ba" yayin wata hira inda ta ce "yankin [Amurka-Mexico] shine hanyar Shaidan na karɓar iko da duniya ta hanyar duk waɗannan mutanen da ke cikinsa da bayinsa ... Kun san, waɗanda suke son mu ci kwari, kwari kuma yayin da suke cin jinin yara?" [[Fayil:Lara Logan in Iraq.jpg|thumb|Lara Logan]] Yayinda take gabatar da Pizzagate da QAnon conspiracy theorist Liz Crokin a wani taron Fabrairu 2024, Logan ta gaya wa masu sauraro cewa ta fahimci cewa Pizzagare "duka gaskiya ne". === Haifa Street fada === A ƙarshen watan Janairun Shekara ta 2007, Logan ya gabatar da rahoton fada a kan titin Haifa a [[Bagdaza|Bagadaza]], amma CBS Evening News ba ta gudanar da rahoton ba, tana ɗaukar shi "mai ƙarfi". <ref name="MCO">{{Cite web |title=Helping Lara Logan |url=http://www.mediachannel.org/wordpress/2007/01/24/helping-lara-logan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100521231504/http://mediachannel.org/wordpress/2007/01/24/helping-lara-logan/ |archive-date=21 May 2010 |access-date=1 February 2007 |publisher=Mediachannel.org}}</ref> Don juyar da shawarar, Logan ya sami goyon bayan jama'a, yana neman mutane su kalli labarin kuma su ba da hanyar haɗi ga yawancin abokansu da sanannunsu kamar yadda zai yiwu, suna cewa, "Ya kamata a gani". === Sukar Michael Hastings === An soki Logan a watan Yunin Shekarar 2010 saboda maganganunta game da wani ɗan jarida, Michael Hastings, da ra'ayinta cewa 'yan jarida da suka shiga soja bai kamata su rubuta game da ba'a da suke ji ba. Wani labarin da Hastings ya yi a cikin Rolling Stone a wannan watan ya nakalto Janar Stanley A. McChrystal da ma'aikatansa - maganganun da Hastings ta ji yayin tafiya tare da McChrystal - yana sukar Mataimakin Shugaban Amurka [[Joe Biden]] da sauran jami'ai, bayan haka Shugaba [[Barack Obama]] ya kori McChrytal a matsayin kwamandansa a Afganistan. Logan ya gaya wa CNN cewa rahoton Hastings ya keta yarjejeniyar da ba a bayyana ba tsakanin manema labarai da ke tafiya tare da ma'aikatan soja kada su ba da rahoton maganganun da ke tsakanin su.<ref name="CNN062710">{{Cite web |last=Kurtz |first=Howard |author-link=Howard Kurtz |date=27 June 2010 |title=Interview With Michael Hastings; Interview With Lara Logan |url=http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/1006/27/rs.01.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100701052019/http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/1006/27/rs.01.html |archive-date=1 July 2010 |access-date=30 June 2010 |website=[[CNN]]}}</ref> Da yake ambaton sanarwa, "Ina nufin, tambayar ita ce, da gaske, abin da Janar McChrystal da mataimakansa ke yi shi ne mai ban tsoro, cewa sun cancanci kawo ƙarshen aiki kamar na McChrystal? Ina nufin, Michael Hastings bai taɓa yin hidima ga ƙasarsa kamar yadda McChrytal yake ba. Tsohon wakilin soja na CNN Jamie McIntyre ya ce abin da suka yi ya kasance mai ban tsoro da cewa ba lallai ne ya karfafa mafi munin bayanin 'ya' na' yan jarida da suka tafi' a kansu da manyan jami' na soja.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McIntyre |first=Jamie |author-link=Jamie McIntyre |date=30 June 2010 |title=Lara Logan's Friendly Misfire |url=http://www.lineofdeparture.com/2010/06/30/lara-logans-friendly-misfire |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104033236/http://www.lineofdeparture.com/2010/06/30/lara-logans-friendly-misfire |archive-date=4 January 2012 |publisher=Line of Departure}}</ref> Glenn Greenwald, yana yin sharhi game da abin da ya faru ga ''Salon'', ya rubuta cewa ɓangaren Logan misali ne na abin da aikin jarida ya "ƙazanta". Greenwald ta ce Logan ta yi rahoto mai ƙarfin zuciya a tsawon shekaru, ammah ta zo ta ga kanta a matsayin wani ɓangare na gwamnati da soja. === Rahoto daga Masar da cin zarafin mata === Sojojin Masar sun kama Logan da ma'aikatanta na CBS kuma sun tsare su na dare daya a ranar 3 ga Fabrairu Shekara ta 2011, yayin da suke rufe Juyin Juya Halin Masar. Ta ce an rufe ma'aikatan idanu kuma an ɗaure su da bindiga, kuma an yi wa direban su duka. An shawarce su da su bar ƙasar, ammah daga baya aka sake su.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kamer |first=Foster |date=11 February 2011 |title=Lara Logan's Egypt Interrogation Tell-All |url=http://www.esquire.com/blogs/politics/lara-logan-egypt-5219471 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105085341/http://www.esquire.com/blogs/politics/lara-logan-egypt-5219471 |archive-date=5 November 2013 |access-date=15 February 2011}}</ref> A ranar 15 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2011, CBS News ta fitar da wata sanarwa cewa an yi wa Logan duka kuma an yi masa fyade a ranar 11 ga watan Fabirairu, yayin da yake rufe bukukuwan da aka yi a Tahrir Square bayan murabus din [[Hosni Mubarak]]. 60 Minutes ta watsa wata hira da ita game da shi a ranar 1 ga Mayu 2011; ta ce tana magana ne saboda yaduwar Cin zarafin jima'i a Masar, kuma don karya shiru game da cin zarafin mata 'yan jarida ba sa son bayar da rahoto idan ya hana su yin ayyukansu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 May 2011 |title=Lara Logan breaks her silence |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bO12X1nhzzk |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200424095225/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bO12X1nhzzk |archive-date=24 April 2020 |access-date=3 May 2020 |website=YouTube}}</ref><ref name="CBSMay1a">{{Cite web |date=May 1, 2011 |title=Lara Logan breaks her silence |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2011/04/28/60minutes/main20058368.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114044000/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2011/04/28/60minutes/main20058368.shtml |archive-date=November 14, 2013 |website=[[60 Minutes]] |publisher=[[CBS]]}}</ref><ref name="CBSMay1b">{{Cite web |date=1 May 2011 |title=After the assault: Lara Logan comes home |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/after-the-assault-lara-logan-comes-home/ |website=[[60 Minutes]] |publisher=[[CBS]]}}</ref> [[Fayil:Gen. Petraeus visits 'Warriors' DVIDS81032.jpg|thumb|Lara Logan]] Ta ce lamarin ya shafi maza 200 zuwa 300 kuma ya dauki kimanin minti 25. Ta kasance tana ba da rahoton bukukuwan na sa'a guda ba tare da wani abin da ya faru ba lokacin da batirin kyamararta ya gaza. Ɗaya daga cikin ma'aikatan CBS na Masar ya ba da shawarar su tafi, yana gaya mata daga baya ya ji taron suna yin maganganun jima'i ga me da ita. Ta ji hannayenta suna taɓa ta, kuma ana iya jin ta tana ihu "dakatar", kamar yadda kyamarar ta mutu. Ɗaya daga cikin taron ya yi ihu cewa ita Bayahude ce ta Isra'ila, da'awar da CBS ta ce, ko da yake karya ne, "wasan da man fetur ne". Ta ce sun tsage tufafinta kuma, a cikin maganarta, sun yi mata fyade da hannayensu, yayin da suke daukar hotuna da wayoyin salula. Sun fara jan jikinta a wurare daban-daban, suna jan gashin kanta sosai ta ce kamar suna ƙoƙarin cire gashin kanta. An ja ta a filin zuwa inda aka dakatar da taron ta hanyar shinge, kusa da inda ƙungiyar mata ke sansani. Wata mace da ke sanye da Chador ta sanya hannunta a kusa da Logan, sauran kuma sun rufe matsayi a kusa da ita, yayin da wasu maza da ke tare da mata suka jefa ruwa ga taron. Wani rukuni na sojoji sun bayyana, suka kori taron da sanduna, kuma daya daga cikinsu ya jefa Logan a kafaɗarsa. Daga baya ta ce tana tunanin tana mutuwa a lokacin harin. An dawo da ita Amurka washegari, inda ta kwashe kwanaki hudu a asibiti.<ref name="CBSMay1a">{{Cite web |date=May 1, 2011 |title=Lara Logan breaks her silence |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2011/04/28/60minutes/main20058368.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114044000/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2011/04/28/60minutes/main20058368.shtml |archive-date=November 14, 2013 |website=[[60 Minutes]] |publisher=[[CBS]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20131114044000/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2011/04/28/60minutes/main20058368.shtml "Lara Logan breaks her silence"]. ''[[Minti 60|60 Minutes]]''. [[CBS]]. 1 May 2011. Archived from [http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2011/04/28/60minutes/main20058368.shtml the original] on 14 November 2013.</cite></ref><ref name="CBSMay1b">{{Cite web |date=1 May 2011 |title=After the assault: Lara Logan comes home |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/after-the-assault-lara-logan-comes-home/ |website=[[60 Minutes]] |publisher=[[CBS]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.cbsnews.com/news/after-the-assault-lara-logan-comes-home/ "After the assault: Lara Logan comes home"]. ''[[Minti 60|60 Minutes]]''. [[CBS]]. 1 May 2011.</cite></ref> Shugaba [[Barack Obama]] ne ya tuntube ta lokacin da ta isa gida. CBS ta ce ba a san ainihin maharan ba, kuma ba zai yiwu a gurfanar da kowa ba<ref name="CBSMay1b" /> === Sharhi game da Afghanistan da Libya === A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2012, Logan ta ba da jawabi a gaban abincin rana na shekara-shekara na Ƙungiyar Gwamnati mafi Kyau inda ta soki maganganun Gwamnatin Obama game da Yaƙi a Afghanistan da sauran rikice-rikice a duniyar Larabawa. Musamman, Logan ya soki ikirarin gwamnati cewa [[Taliban]] na raunana a Afghanistan, yana kiran irin wannan ikirarin "babban karya" da aka yi don shirya kawo karshen aikin soja na Amurka a wannan kasar. Ta kuma bayyana cewa tana fatan Amurka za ta "ramako" daidai ga Harin Benghazi na 2012, inda aka kai hari kan ma'aikatan diflomasiyyar Amurka kuma aka kashe su a [[Libya]]. === Benghazi ya ba da rahoton kurakurai === A ranar 8 ga Nuwamba Shekara ta 2013, Logan ya tafi CBS This Morning don neman gafara saboda rahoton ''Minti 60'' mara kyau game da harin Benghazi, wanda aka watsa a ranar 27 ga Oktoba. Ta nuna cewa bincike ya gano cewa tushen yawancin rahotonta ba daidai ba ne kuma ya zargi Dylan Davies, manajan jami'an tsaro na gida a Ofishin Jakadancin Amurka a Benghazi. Logan ya ce ya yi ƙarya game da bayanai kuma ya nace cewa sun bincika amincinsa kuma sun dogara da abubuwa kamar hotuna da takardun da ya bayar. A baya, Logan ya ce sun koyi cewa labarin da Davies ya fada bai dace da abin da ya gaya wa masu binciken tarayya ba. "Kun san abu mafi muhimmanci ga kowane mutum a minti 60 shine gaskiya, "ta ce a cikin neman gafara a cikin shirin ''Minti 60''"Kuma a yau gaskiyar ita ce mun yi kuskure. Kuma wannan shi ne ah ... wannan abin takaici ne ga kowane ɗan jarida. Wannan abin takaici a gare ni. " Logan ya ci gaba da ƙarawa, "Babu wanda yake son yarda da cewa sun yi kuskure. Ammah idan ka yi, dole ne ka tashi tsaye ka ɗauki alhakin - kuma dole ne ka ce ba daidai ba ne. "<ref>{{Cite web |last=Guthrie |first=Marisa |date=November 8, 2013 |title=Lara Logan Apologizes For '60 Minutes' Benghazi Report on 'CBS This Morning |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/60-minutes-benghazi-report-lara-654610 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211160255/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/60-minutes-benghazi-report-lara-654610 |archive-date=11 February 2020 |access-date=16 April 2020 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp; A ranar 26 ga Nuwamba Shekara ta à2013, an tilasta wa Logan ya yi hutu saboda kurakurai a cikin rahoton Benghazi. Al Ortiz, babban darakta na Standards and Practices na CBS News, ya rubuta a cikin wata sanarwa, "Logan ta yi jawabi inda ta dauki matsayi mai karfi na jama'a tana jayayya cewa Gwamnatin Amurka tana nuna rashin amincewa da barazanar daga [[Al-Qaeda|Al Qaeda]], kuma tana kira ga matakan da Amurka ta dauka don mayar da martani ga harin Benghazi. Daga hangen nesa na CBS News Standards, akwai rikici wajen daukar matsayi na jama'ar game da yadda gwamnati ke kula da Benghazi da Al Qaeda. Daga baya ta kai karar New York Magazine kan dala miliyan 25 saboda rahotonsu game da sakamakon.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 19, 2019 |title=Ex-'60 Minutes' reporter Lara Logan sues New York magazine over Benghazi retraction |url=https://www.syracuse.com/us-news/2019/12/ex-60-minutes-reporter-lara-logan-sues-new-york-magazine-over-benghazi-retraction.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512025909/https://www.syracuse.com/us-news/2019/12/ex-60-minutes-reporter-lara-logan-sues-new-york-magazine-over-benghazi-retraction.html |archive-date=12 May 2022 |access-date=March 28, 2022 |website=syracuse |language=en |agency=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref> An kori karar da nuna bambanci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Docket for Logan v. Hagan, 1:19-cv-01208 - CourtListener.com |url=https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/16584679/logan-v-hagan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328220404/https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/16584679/logan-v-hagan/ |archive-date=28 March 2022 |access-date=2022-03-28 |website=CourtListener |language=en-us}}</ref> === Sharhi kan kafafen yada labarai === [[Fayil:Tiffany Trump, Ivanka Trump, and Lara Trump at Inaugural parade 01-20-17.jpg|thumb|Lara Logan]] Bayan barin CBS News, Logan ta fara sukar kafofin watsa labarai, wanda ta ce tana da nuna bambanci.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Atkinson |first=Claire |date=April 9, 2019 |title=Former CBS News correspondent Lara Logan adds to Sinclair Broadcasting's national ambitions |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/all/former-cbs-news-correspondent-lara-logan-adds-sinclair-broadcasting-s-n992766 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411023952/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/all/former-cbs-news-correspondent-lara-logan-adds-sinclair-broadcasting-s-n992766 |archive-date=11 April 2019 |access-date=April 10, 2019 |website=[[NBC News]] |language=en}}</ref> Ta bayyana 'yan jarida a matsayin "masu gwagwarmayar siyasa" da "masu yada labarai" a kan Shugaba [[Donald Trump]].Ta ce yin waɗannan maganganun yayi kama da "kisan kai na sana'a". Ba da daɗewa ba, ta shiga kungiyar Sinclair Broadcast Group, ƙungiyar kafofin watsa labarai ta dama.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Barr |first=Jeremy |date=9 April 2019 |title=Former CBS News Reporter Lara Logan Joining Sinclair |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/lara-logan-joining-sinclair-broadcast-group-1200424 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410232103/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/lara-logan-joining-sinclair-broadcast-group-1200424 |archive-date=10 April 2019 |access-date=2019-04-10 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |language=en}}</ref> Tun daga wannan lokacin, Logan ya wallafa ra'ayoyin makirci na dama, kamar yin hasashen cewa wakilin Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez ya lashe zaben ta zuwa ofis saboda wasu makircin da ba a bayyana ba wanda ba a san su ba Logan ya yi imanin Masu gwagwarmayar adawa da iko. === 2020 Fox News jerin === A Shekarar 2020, Fox News ta hayar da Logan don yin jerin shirye-shirye da ake kira Lara Logan has No Agenda . Jaridar ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' ta lura cewa "Duk da taken 'Babu Agenda', Logan yana shirin komawa cikin batun nuna bambanci ga kafofin watsa labarai".<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date=6 January 2020 |title=Combative Lara Logan gets ready for a comeback on Fox News streaming service |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/business/story/2020-01-06/combative-lara-logan-gets-ready-for-a-comeback-on-fox-news-streaming-service |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220324061058/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/business/story/2020-01-06/combative-lara-logan-gets-ready-for-a-comeback-on-fox-news-streaming-service |archive-date=24 March 2022 |access-date=2020-01-13 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]] |language=en}}</ref> ==== Da'awar game da antifa ==== A ranar 31 ga Mayu Acikin Shekarar 2020, Logan ta wallafa hoto a shafinta na Twitter, wanda ta yi iƙirarin jagorar koyar da rikici ne. Hoton a zahiri ya kasance sabon abu ne wanda ya faru da tashin hankali na Baltimore na 2015. A ranar 1 ga Yuni, Logan ya wallafa barazanar da shafin [[Twitter]] na @ANTIFA_US ya yi. Asusun ya zama karya kuma yana da alaƙa da Identity Evropa, ƙungiyar fararen ƙasa. Bayan an soki shi saboda sanya wayo, Logan ya yi iƙirarin cewa akwai kamfen don "hallaka" ta, gami da Media Matters for America. A ranar 4 ga Yuni Shekarar 2020, Logan ya bayyana a kan ''Hannity'' don da'awar cewa antifa yana barin "pallets of bricks" a wuraren zanga-zangar a cikin ƙoƙari na tayar da tashin hankali da hallaka. Masu binciken gaskiya sun gano cewa da'awar tubali da aka bari a wuraren zanga-zangar ba su da tushe, kuma hotunan da aka gabatar a matsayin shaidar wannan aikin an dauki su ne a wuraren gine-gine na yau da kullun. Babu wani da ya ba da rahoton ganin motocin antifa suna barin tubali na tubali. Bayan haka, Logan ya inganta tweet na ban dariya na 5 Yuni wanda ya haɗa antifa zuwa juggalos da kuma "tsarin matsayi". Logan a maimakon haka ya mayar da hankali kan ɓangaren tweet wanda ya ambaci "tsarin umarni na gargajiya" kuma ya yi jayayya cewa masu tawaye suna da tsarin ƙungiya. ==== Cutar AIDS da ka'idojin makirci na COVID-19 ==== A watan Satumbar Shekarar 2021, Logan ya zargi gwamnatin [[Joe Biden|Biden]] da "ɓoye shaidu" na tasirin da ake zaton rigakafin COVID-19 ya haifar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Goldblatt |first=Daniel |date=2021-09-11 |title=Lara Logan Accuses Biden Administration of 'Hiding Evidence' of COVID-19 Vaccine Side Effects (Video) |url=https://www.thewrap.com/lara-logan-accuses-biden-administration-of-hiding-evidence-of-covid-19-vaccine-side-effects-video/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330110854/https://www.thewrap.com/lara-logan-accuses-biden-administration-of-hiding-evidence-of-covid-19-vaccine-side-effects-video/ |archive-date=30 March 2023 |access-date=2023-10-24 |website=[[TheWrap]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Ta kuma ba da labarin ƙarya game da matukan jirgin saman Sojojin Sama na Amurka 27 da suka yi murabus kan umarnin rigakafin COVID-19 daga Real Raw News, Shafin yanar gizon labarai na karya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dale |first=Daniel |author-link=Daniel Dale |date=2021-09-11 |title=Fact-checking the false but viral story about F-22 pilots resigning after a vaccination text from the secretary of defense |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/09/10/politics/fact-check-f-22-pilots-quit-vaccine-secretary-of-defense/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221016062803/https://www.cnn.com/2021/09/10/politics/fact-check-f-22-pilots-quit-vaccine-secretary-of-defense/index.html |archive-date=16 October 2022 |access-date=2023-10-24 |website=[[CNN]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=McCarthy |first=Bill |date=2021-09-27 |title=PolitiFact investigation: A look behind Real Raw News' sensational (and fabricated) headlines |url=https://www.poynter.org/fact-checking/2021/a-look-behind-real-raw-news-sensational-and-fabricated-headlines/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231023101106/https://www.poynter.org/fact-checking/2021/a-look-behind-real-raw-news-sensational-and-fabricated-headlines/ |archive-date=23 October 2023 |access-date=2023-10-22 |website=[[Poynter Institute]] |language=en-US}}</ref> A watan Nuwamba da Disamba na Shekarar 2021, Logan ya inganta ƙarya da ka'idojin makirci game da [[jjanjamau|Cutar ƙanjamau]] da [[Koronavirus 2019|COVID-19]]. Ta raba labaran da suka ƙalubalanci yarjejeniyar kimiyya cewa cutar ƙanjamau tana haifar da cutar ƙanjamaun daji. Ta kwatanta darektan NIAID Anthony Fauci da masanin kimiyya na Nazi Josef Mengele . A lokacin tattaunawa game da Bambancin SARS-CoV-2 Omicron, ta ce: "Saboda haka a wannan lokacin, abin da kuka gani a kan Dokta Fauci, wannan shine abin da mutane ke fada mini, cewa ba ya wakiltar kimiyya a gare su. Yana wakiltar Josef Mengele, Dokta Josef Mengele na Nazi wanda ya yi gwaje-gwaje a kan Yahudawa a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu da kuma a sansanonin, kuma ina magana game da mutane a duk faɗin duniya suna faɗin wannan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pengelly |first=Martin |date=November 30, 2021 |title=Outrage as Fox News commentator likens Anthony Fauci to Nazi doctor |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/nov/30/anthony-fauci-josef-mengele-fox-news |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130152707/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/nov/30/anthony-fauci-josef-mengele-fox-news |archive-date=30 November 2021 |access-date=November 30, 2021 |website=[[The Guardian]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Darcy |first=Oliver |date=November 30, 2021 |title=Anti-Defamation League and Auschwitz Museum condemn Fox host for comparing Fauci to Nazi doctor who performed medical experiments at death camp |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/11/30/media/lara-logan-fauci-auschwitz-museum-anti-defamation-league/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130202934/https://www.cnn.com/2021/11/30/media/lara-logan-fauci-auschwitz-museum-anti-defamation-league/index.html |archive-date=30 November 2021 |access-date=November 30, 2021 |website=[[CNN]]}}</ref> Yawancin shahararrun kungiyoyin Yahudawa, ciki har da Anti-Defamation League da Gidan Tarihi na Auschwitz, sun yi Allah wadai da maganganunta.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Darcy |first=Oliver |date=November 30, 2021 |title=Anti-Defamation League and Auschwitz Museum condemn Fox host for comparing Fauci to Nazi doctor who performed medical experiments at death camp |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/11/30/media/lara-logan-fauci-auschwitz-museum-anti-defamation-league/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130202934/https://www.cnn.com/2021/11/30/media/lara-logan-fauci-auschwitz-museum-anti-defamation-league/index.html |archive-date=30 November 2021 |access-date=November 30, 2021 |website=[[CNN]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFDarcy2021">Darcy, Oliver (30 November 2021). [https://www.cnn.com/2021/11/30/media/lara-logan-fauci-auschwitz-museum-anti-defamation-league/index.html "Anti-Defamation League and Auschwitz Museum condemn Fox host for comparing Fauci to Nazi doctor who performed medical experiments at death camp"]. ''[[CNN]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20211130202934/https://www.cnn.com/2021/11/30/media/lara-logan-fauci-auschwitz-museum-anti-defamation-league/index.html Archived] from the original on 30 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> Logan daga baya ya sake mayar da martani game da Gidan Tarihi na Auschwitz. A lokacin wata hira da aka yi da MSNBC a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2021, Fauci ta kira maganganun Logan "absolutely ridiculious and disgusting", kuma ta soki Fox News saboda rashin daukar mataki na horo a kanta. United Talent Agency ta bar Logan a matsayin abokin ciniki jim kadan bayan da ta yi tsokaci a Mengele. [[Fayil:General Schwartz on 60 Minutes.jpg|thumb|Lara Logan]] Tun lokacin da ta yi sharhi, Logan ba ta bayyana a matsayin baƙo a kan Fox News ba, kuma babu wani sabon abubuwan Lara Logan Has No Agenda. A watan Maris na shekara ta 2022, Logan ta ce Fox ta "dumped" ta.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Pengelly |first=Martin |date=April 9, 2022 |title=Lara Logan, who compared Fauci to Mengele, says Fox News pushed her out |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2022/apr/09/lara-logan-fox-news-mengele-fauci-remark |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409072343/https://www.theguardian.com/media/2022/apr/09/lara-logan-fox-news-mengele-fauci-remark |archive-date=9 April 2022 |access-date=April 9, 2022 |website=[[The Guardian]] |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFPengelly2022">Pengelly, Martin (9 April 2022). [https://www.theguardian.com/media/2022/apr/09/lara-logan-fox-news-mengele-fauci-remark "Lara Logan, who compared Fauci to Mengele, says Fox News pushed her out"]. ''[[The Guardian]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220409072343/https://www.theguardian.com/media/2022/apr/09/lara-logan-fox-news-mengele-fauci-remark Archived] from the original on 9 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> === Rashin mamayewar Rasha a Ukraine === A lokacin mamayewar Rasha ta 2022 a Ukraine, Logan a cikin bayyanarta ta talabijin ta haɗa shugaban Ukraine [[Volodymyr Zelensky|Volodymyr Zelenskyy]] da ayyukan "Shaidan, sihiri", ya kira shi "puppet" kuma ya yi iƙirarin cewa an "zaɓi Zelenskyay [...], ba a jefa kuri'a ba". Ta yaba da Shugaba [[Vladimir Putin]] na Rasha saboda "ba zai tsaya ba yayin da masu fafutukar duniya suka mamaye duniya" kuma ta zargi Ukrainians da kasancewa "nazis na ainihi". Maganganun Logan sun sami yabo kuma farfagandar gwamnatin Rasha ta karɓa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 15, 2022 |title=Fox Nation host Lara Logan links President Zelensky's entertainment career to the occult, and claims the entire Ukrainian military has Nazi links |url=https://www.mediamatters.org/russias-invasion-ukraine/fox-nation-host-lara-logan-links-president-zelenskys-entertainment-career |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220610144133/https://www.mediamatters.org/russias-invasion-ukraine/fox-nation-host-lara-logan-links-president-zelenskys-entertainment-career |archive-date=10 June 2022 |access-date=March 23, 2022 |publisher=[[Media Matters for America]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Moran |first=Lee |date=March 22, 2022 |title=Russia Uses Lara Logan's Rant About Ukraine, Zelenskyy As Propaganda On Twitter |url=https://sg.news.yahoo.com/russia-uses-lara-logans-rant-072552926.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322232803/https://sg.news.yahoo.com/russia-uses-lara-logans-rant-072552926.html |archive-date=22 March 2022 |access-date=March 23, 2022 |website=[[Yahoo News]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Oganesyan |first=Natalie |date=March 21, 2022 |title=Russian Officials Endorse Lara Logan's Comments Linking Ukrainian Soldiers to Nazis and Occultism |url=https://www.thewrap.com/lara-logan-ukraine-nazi-comments-endorsed-kremlin/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322232804/https://www.thewrap.com/lara-logan-ukraine-nazi-comments-endorsed-kremlin/ |archive-date=22 March 2022 |access-date=March 23, 2022 |website=[[The Wrap]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Thomas |first=Jake |date=March 21, 2022 |title=Logan Praised by Russia as 'Real America's Voice' as Schwarzenegger Shunned |url=https://www.newsweek.com/logan-praised-russia-real-americas-voice-schwarzenegger-shunned-1690289 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512025908/https://www.newsweek.com/logan-praised-russia-real-americas-voice-schwarzenegger-shunned-1690289 |archive-date=12 May 2022 |access-date=March 23, 2022 |website=[[Newsweek]]}}</ref> === Tattaunawa game da Darwin da iyalin Rothschild === A watan Maris na shekara ta 2022, Logan ya yi iƙirarin ba tare da wata hujja ba cewa dangin Rothschild sun yi amfani da [[Charles Darwin]] don ƙirƙirar ka'idarsa ta juyin halitta.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 28, 2022 |title=Fox Nation host Lara Logan claims that Darwinism is a plot from "the Rothschilds" |url=https://www.mediamatters.org/lara-logan/fox-nation-host-lara-logan-claims-darwinism-plot-rothschilds |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328164426/https://www.mediamatters.org/lara-logan/fox-nation-host-lara-logan-claims-darwinism-plot-rothschilds |archive-date=28 March 2022 |access-date=March 28, 2022 |website=[[Media Matters for America]] |language=en}}</ref> Ta kuma inganta da'awar cewa dangin Rothschild, wanda aka saba amfani da shi a cikin ra'ayoyin makirci na adawa da Yahudawa, sun kirkiro [[Yaƙin basasar Amurka]] da kisan gillar [[Abraham Lincoln|Ibrahim Lincoln]] da [[John F. Kennedy]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hananoki |first=Eric |date=March 28, 2022 |title=Fox Nation host Lara Logan shares conspiracy theories about "Putin's purge of the Rothschild money changers," Jewish people masterminding U.S. Civil War |url=https://www.mediamatters.org/lara-logan/fox-nation-host-lara-logan-shares-conspiracy-theories-about-putins-purge-rothschild |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328190329/https://www.mediamatters.org/lara-logan/fox-nation-host-lara-logan-shares-conspiracy-theories-about-putins-purge-rothschild |archive-date=28 March 2022 |access-date=March 28, 2022 |website=[[Media Matters for America]] |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == [[Fayil:130318-A-YI554-773 (8574075085).jpg|thumb|Lara Logan]] A shekara ta 1998, Logan ya auri Jason Siemon, Ba'amurke daga [[Iowa]] da ke buga wasan [[Kwallon kwando|Kwando]] a Burtaniya; auren ya ƙare da saki a shekara ta 2008. A wannan shekarar, ta auri Joseph Burkett, dan kwangila na tsaro na gwamnatin Amurka daga Texas. Wannan ita ce auren na biyu ga duka biyun. Ma'auratan sun zauna a Washington, DC, tare da 'ya'yansu biyu da 'yar Burkett daga aurensa na baya. [./Lara_Logan#cite_note-fishbowldc-63 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><nowiki>[4]</nowiki></span>] A shekara ta 2015, sun koma Fredericksburg, Texas, garin Burkett.<ref name="theatlantic">{{Cite web |last=Plott Calabro |first=Elaina |date=12 June 2023 |title=A Star Reporter's Break With Reality |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2023/07/lara-logan-60-minutes-correspondent-conspiracy-theories/674168/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727150458/https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2023/07/lara-logan-60-minutes-correspondent-conspiracy-theories/674168/ |archive-date=27 July 2023 |access-date=24 October 2023 |publisher=[[The Atlantic]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFPlott_Calabro2023">Plott Calabro, Elaina (12 June 2023). [https://web.archive.org/web/20230727150458/https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2023/07/lara-logan-60-minutes-correspondent-conspiracy-theories/674168/ "A Star Reporter's Break With Reality"]. [[Tekun Atlantika|The Atlantic]]. Archived from [https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2023/07/lara-logan-60-minutes-correspondent-conspiracy-theories/674168/ the original] on 27 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> == Kyaututtuka == * Mata na Amurka a Rediyo da Talabijin Gracie Award, 2004 <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 November 2016 |title=2004 Gracies Gala Winners |url=https://allwomeninmedia.org/gracies/2004-gracies-winners/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407083705/https://allwomeninmedia.org/gracies/2004-gracies-winners/ |archive-date=7 April 2022 |access-date=5 December 2021 |publisher=Alliance for Media in Women}}</ref> * Kyautar David Kaplan, Ƙungiyar 'Yan Jarida ta Ƙasashen Waje, 2006 <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 1, 2007 |title=2006 OPC Award Winners |url=https://opcofamerica.org/2006-opc-award-winners/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210130085547/https://opcofamerica.org/2006-opc-award-winners/ |archive-date=30 January 2021 |access-date=6 December 2021 |publisher=Overseas Press Club of America}}</ref> * Kyautar David Bloom, Rediyo da Talabijin 'Association, 2007 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Award Winners |url=http://rtcacapitolhill.org/upcoming-2013-rtca-executive-committee-election/awards/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407083705/http://rtcacapitolhill.org/upcoming-2013-rtca-executive-committee-election/awards/ |archive-date=7 April 2022 |access-date=6 December 2021 |publisher=Radio and Television Correspondents' Association}}</ref> * Kyautar Daniel Pearl, 2011 * Kyautar 'Yancin Labarai ta Ƙungiyar Labarai ta Kasa, 2011 == Dubi kuma == * Mata a cikin aikin jarida == Nassoshi == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == {{Commonscat}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20180826031531/https://www.cbsnews.com/team/lara-logan/ Bayanan martaba a CBS News (an adana shi)] * {{IMDb name|1022561}} * Bayyanawaa kanC-SPAN * [https://americasfuture.net Makomar Amurka] {{60 Minutes}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Logan, Lara}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] nol8na51denxrj5busl3n0gkg22hpwf 884707 884706 2026-07-18T16:14:58Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 884707 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Data box}} [[Fayil:Lara Logan in Iraq.jpg|thumb|Lara logan a kasar iran]] [[Fayil:Lara Logan with CBS's "60 Minutes", sits with U.S. Army Sgt. 1st Class Chris Corbin assigned to the 7th Special Forces Group (Airborne), before conducting an interview at Eglin Base Air Force Base, Fla., March 130318-A-YI554-773.jpg|thumb|Lara Logan qajen daukar shiri]]  {{Infobox person|name=Lara Logan|image=Lara Logan crop.jpg|alt=photograph|caption=Logan in 2013|birth_date={{Birth date and age|1971|03|29|df=yes}}|birth_place=[[Durban]], [[South Africa]]|death_date=|death_place=|education=Degree in commerce, 1992|alma_mater=[[University of Natal]], Durban|occupation=Journalist, since 1988|employer=[[CBS News]] chief foreign affairs correspondent (2006–2018)|spouse={{Plainlist| * {{Marriage|Jason Siemon | 1998|2008|end=div.}} * {{Marriage|Joseph Burkett | 2008}} }}|website={{url|laralogan.com}}}}'''Lara Logan''' (an haife ta a ranar 29 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1971) 'yar jaridar talabijin da rediyo ce ta Afirka ta Kudu kuma mai ba da labari ga me da yaki. Ayyukan Logan sun fara ne a Afirka ta Kudu tare da kungiyoyin labarai daban-daban a cikin shekarun 1990. Bayanan ta ya tashi ne saboda bayar da rahoto game da mamayar Amurka a Afganistan a shekara ta 2001. An hayar ta a matsayin wakilin CBS News a shekara ta 2002, daga ƙarshe ta zama Babban Wakilin Harkokin Waje. A Shekara ta 2013, wani labarin Logan a kan Harin Benghazi na Shekarar 2012 ya haifar da babbar gardama saboda kurakurai na gaskiya kuma an janye shi, wanda ya haifar da hutu. Logan ya bar CBS a shekarar 2018. Bayan ta tashi daga CBS, Logan ta fara yin da'awar da yawa a kan ra'ayoyin makirci daban-daban game da batutuwa kamar kwayar cutar AIDS ko dangin Rothschild. A shekarar 2019, ta shiga Sinclair Broadcast Group, kamfanin watsa labarai mai ra'ayin mazan jiya. A watan Janairun Shekara ta 2020, ta shiga Fox Nation, sabis na biyan kuɗi wanda Fox News ke gudanarwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Battaglio |first=Stephen |date=January 6, 2020 |title=A combative Lara Logan plans a comeback on Fox News' streaming service. Can she succeed? |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/business/story/2020-01-06/combative-lara-logan-gets-ready-for-a-comeback-on-fox-news-streaming-service |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220324061058/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/business/story/2020-01-06/combative-lara-logan-gets-ready-for-a-comeback-on-fox-news-streaming-service |archive-date=24 March 2022 |access-date=June 9, 2020 |language=en-US}}</ref> A watan Maris na shekara ta 2022, ta ce cibiyar sadarwa ta "dumped".<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Pengelly |first=Martin |date=April 9, 2022 |title=Lara Logan, who compared Fauci to Mengele, says Fox News pushed her out |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2022/apr/09/lara-logan-fox-news-mengele-fauci-remark |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409072343/https://www.theguardian.com/media/2022/apr/09/lara-logan-fox-news-mengele-fauci-remark |archive-date=9 April 2022 |access-date=April 9, 2022 |website=[[The Guardian]] |language=en}}</ref> Tun daga watan Yunin Shekara ta 2022, Logan ya kasance memba na kwamitin Amurka ta gaba, wata ƙungiya mai ra'ayin mazan jiya da tsohon jami'in Gwamnatin Trump Michael Flynn ke jagoranta.<ref name="pr2022">{{Cite web |date=1 June 2022 |title=Award-Winning Investigative Journalist Lara Logan Joins America's Future Board of Directors |url=https://www.americasfuture.net/press-releases/press-release-award-winning-investigative-journalist-lara-logan-joins-americas-future-board-of-directors/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323163959/https://www.americasfuture.net/press-releases/press-release-award-winning-investigative-journalist-lara-logan-joins-americas-future-board-of-directors/ |archive-date=23 March 2023 |access-date=24 March 2023 |publisher=America's Future |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="leaders2023">{{Cite web |title=Leadership |url=https://www.americasfuture.net/leadership/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320013422/https://www.americasfuture.net/leadership/ |archive-date=20 March 2023 |access-date=24 March 2023 |publisher=America's Future |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news |date=7 September 2022 |title=Former Trump adviser Michael Flynn 'at the center' of new movement based on conspiracies and Christian nationalism |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/former-trump-adviser-michael-flynn-at-the-center-of-new-movement-based-on-conspiracies-and-christian-nationalism |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909024846/https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/former-trump-adviser-michael-flynn-at-the-center-of-new-movement-based-on-conspiracies-and-christian-nationalism |archive-date=9 September 2023 |access-date=14 September 2023 |work=PBS NewsHour |language=en-us}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Logan a [[Durban|Durban, Afirka ta Kudu]], <ref name="bio" /> kuma ta halarci makarantar sakandare a Kwalejin 'yan mata ta Durban. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lara Logan |url=http://www.nndb.com/people/796/000048652 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080821172516/http://www.nndb.com/people/796/000048652/ |archive-date=21 August 2008 |access-date=20 June 2008 |publisher=NNDb}}</ref> Ta kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Natal da ke Durban a Shekarar 1992 tare da digiri a harkokin kasuwanci. Ta sami difloma a cikin harshen Faransanci, al'adu da tarihi a Alliance Française a Paris. A duk makarantar sakandare da kwaleji, Logan ya yi aiki a matsayin samfurin wanka.<ref name="theatlantic">{{Cite web |last=Plott Calabro |first=Elaina |date=12 June 2023 |title=A Star Reporter's Break With Reality |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2023/07/lara-logan-60-minutes-correspondent-conspiracy-theories/674168/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727150458/https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2023/07/lara-logan-60-minutes-correspondent-conspiracy-theories/674168/ |archive-date=27 July 2023 |access-date=24 October 2023 |publisher=[[The Atlantic]]}}</ref> == Ayyuka == [[File:General_Schwartz_on_60_Minutes.jpg|left|thumb|250x250px|Logan yana hira da Janar Norton A. Schwartz, Afrilu Shekarar 2009]] Logan ta yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da labarai ga Sunday Tribune a Durban a lokacin karatunta A shekara ta (1988 Zuwa 1989), sannan ga Daily News na birnin A (1990-1992). A shekara ta 1992, ta shiga gidan talabijin na Reuters a Afirka, da farko a matsayin babban furodusa. Bayan shekaru hudu ta shiga aikin jarida mai zaman kansa, ta sami aiki a matsayin mai ba da rahoto da edita / furodusa tare da ITN da Fox / SKY, CBS News, ABC News (a London), NBC, da Tarayyar watsa shirye-shiryen Turai. Ta yi aiki ga [[CNN]], tana ba da rahoto game da abubuwan da suka faru kamar fashewar bam a ofishin jakadancin Amurka a [[Nairobi]] da [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] a 1998, rikici a [[Ireland ta Arewa|Arewacin Ireland]], da Yaƙin Kosovo . <ref name="bio">{{Cite web |date=2 December 2002 |title=Lara Logan |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2002/12/02/60II/main531421.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130719081011/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2002/12/02/60ii/main531421.shtml |archive-date=19 July 2013 |access-date=16 April 2020 |website=[[CBS News]]}}</ref> An hayar Logan a Shekara ta 2000 ta GMTV Breakfast Talabijin (a Burtaniya) a matsayin mai ba da labari; ta kuma yi aiki tare da CBS News Radio a matsayin mai zaman kansa. Kwanaki bayan hare-haren 11 ga Satumba, ta nemi wani magatakarda a Ofishin Jakadancin Rasha a London ya ba ta biza don tafiya zuwa [[Afghanistan]]. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2001, yayin da take Afghanistan tana aiki ga GMTV, ta shiga kungiyar Northern Alliance da ke da goyon bayan Amurka da Burtaniya kuma ta yi hira da kwamandan su, Janar Babajan, a Bagram Air Base . <ref name="NYT112305">{{Cite web |last=Steinberg |first=Jacques |author-link=The Gatekeepers |date=23 November 2005 |title=War Zone "It Girl" Has a Big Future at CBS News |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/11/23/arts/television/23loga.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015182513/http://www.nytimes.com/2005/11/23/arts/television/23loga.html |archive-date=15 October 2012 |access-date=22 February 2017 |website=The New York Times}}</ref> CBS News ta ba ta cikakken matsayi a matsayin wakilin a shekara ta 2002. Ta shafe yawancin shekaru hudu masu zuwa tana bayar da rahoto daga fagen fama, gami da yankunan yaki a Afghanistan da Iraki, sau da yawa suna tare da Sojojin Amurka. Amma ta kuma yi hira da sanannun mutane da masu bincike kamar Robert Ballard, wanda ya gano fashewar RMS Titanic . <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 June 2010 |title=Bob Ballard, The Great Explorer |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/bob-ballard-the-great-explorer-10-06-2010/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110015403/http://www.cbsnews.com/news/bob-ballard-the-great-explorer-10-06-2010/ |archive-date=10 January 2017 |access-date=9 January 2017 |website=CBS, 60 Minutes}}</ref> Yawancin rahotonta na Minti 60 ne na II. Ta kuma kasance mai ba da gudummawa na yau da kullun ga CBS Evening News, The Early Show da Face the Nation . A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2006, CBS News ta nada Logan a matsayin babban wakilin harkokin kasashen waje.<ref name="bio">{{Cite web |date=2 December 2002 |title=Lara Logan |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2002/12/02/60II/main531421.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130719081011/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2002/12/02/60ii/main531421.shtml |archive-date=19 July 2013 |access-date=16 April 2020 |website=[[CBS News]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2002/12/02/60II/main531421.shtml "Lara Logan"]. ''[[Labaran CBS|CBS News]]''. 2 December 2002. [https://web.archive.org/web/20130719081011/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2002/12/02/60ii/main531421.shtml Archived] from the original on 19 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Logan ya bar CBS News a watan Agustan A Shekarar 2018. <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 25, 2019 |title=Back in the Spotlight, Lara Logan Wants to Keep Reporting: "I'm Not Done Yet" |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/lara-logan-back-spotlight-wants-keep-reporting-q-a-1189865 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190304021721/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/lara-logan-back-spotlight-wants-keep-reporting-q-a-1189865 |archive-date=4 March 2019 |access-date=March 3, 2019 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |language=en}}</ref> A shekara mai zuwa, ta shiga kungiyar Sinclair Broadcast Group na wucin gadi, a matsayin mai ba da rahoto a kan iyakar Amurka da Mexico. A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2022, an dakatar da Logan daga gidan talabijin na dama Newsmax saboda abin da cibiyar sadarwa ta bayyana a matsayin "maganganun da ba a yarda da su ba" yayin wata hira inda ta ce "yankin [Amurka-Mexico] shine hanyar Shaidan na karɓar iko da duniya ta hanyar duk waɗannan mutanen da ke cikinsa da bayinsa ... Kun san, waɗanda suke son mu ci kwari, kwari kuma yayin da suke cin jinin yara?" [[Fayil:Lara Logan in Iraq.jpg|thumb|Lara Logan]] Yayinda take gabatar da Pizzagate da QAnon conspiracy theorist Liz Crokin a wani taron Fabrairu 2024, Logan ta gaya wa masu sauraro cewa ta fahimci cewa Pizzagare "duka gaskiya ne". === Haifa Street fada === A ƙarshen watan Janairun Shekara ta 2007, Logan ya gabatar da rahoton fada a kan titin Haifa a [[Bagdaza|Bagadaza]], amma CBS Evening News ba ta gudanar da rahoton ba, tana ɗaukar shi "mai ƙarfi". <ref name="MCO">{{Cite web |title=Helping Lara Logan |url=http://www.mediachannel.org/wordpress/2007/01/24/helping-lara-logan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100521231504/http://mediachannel.org/wordpress/2007/01/24/helping-lara-logan/ |archive-date=21 May 2010 |access-date=1 February 2007 |publisher=Mediachannel.org}}</ref> Don juyar da shawarar, Logan ya sami goyon bayan jama'a, yana neman mutane su kalli labarin kuma su ba da hanyar haɗi ga yawancin abokansu da sanannunsu kamar yadda zai yiwu, suna cewa, "Ya kamata a gani". === Sukar Michael Hastings === An soki Logan a watan Yunin Shekarar 2010 saboda maganganunta game da wani ɗan jarida, Michael Hastings, da ra'ayinta cewa 'yan jarida da suka shiga soja bai kamata su rubuta game da ba'a da suke ji ba. Wani labarin da Hastings ya yi a cikin Rolling Stone a wannan watan ya nakalto Janar Stanley A. McChrystal da ma'aikatansa - maganganun da Hastings ta ji yayin tafiya tare da McChrystal - yana sukar Mataimakin Shugaban Amurka [[Joe Biden]] da sauran jami'ai, bayan haka Shugaba [[Barack Obama]] ya kori McChrytal a matsayin kwamandansa a Afganistan. Logan ya gaya wa CNN cewa rahoton Hastings ya keta yarjejeniyar da ba a bayyana ba tsakanin manema labarai da ke tafiya tare da ma'aikatan soja kada su ba da rahoton maganganun da ke tsakanin su.<ref name="CNN062710">{{Cite web |last=Kurtz |first=Howard |author-link=Howard Kurtz |date=27 June 2010 |title=Interview With Michael Hastings; Interview With Lara Logan |url=http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/1006/27/rs.01.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100701052019/http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/1006/27/rs.01.html |archive-date=1 July 2010 |access-date=30 June 2010 |website=[[CNN]]}}</ref> Da yake ambaton sanarwa, "Ina nufin, tambayar ita ce, da gaske, abin da Janar McChrystal da mataimakansa ke yi shi ne mai ban tsoro, cewa sun cancanci kawo ƙarshen aiki kamar na McChrystal? Ina nufin, Michael Hastings bai taɓa yin hidima ga ƙasarsa kamar yadda McChrytal yake ba. Tsohon wakilin soja na CNN Jamie McIntyre ya ce abin da suka yi ya kasance mai ban tsoro da cewa ba lallai ne ya karfafa mafi munin bayanin 'ya' na' yan jarida da suka tafi' a kansu da manyan jami' na soja.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McIntyre |first=Jamie |author-link=Jamie McIntyre |date=30 June 2010 |title=Lara Logan's Friendly Misfire |url=http://www.lineofdeparture.com/2010/06/30/lara-logans-friendly-misfire |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104033236/http://www.lineofdeparture.com/2010/06/30/lara-logans-friendly-misfire |archive-date=4 January 2012 |publisher=Line of Departure}}</ref> Glenn Greenwald, yana yin sharhi game da abin da ya faru ga ''Salon'', ya rubuta cewa ɓangaren Logan misali ne na abin da aikin jarida ya "ƙazanta". Greenwald ta ce Logan ta yi rahoto mai ƙarfin zuciya a tsawon shekaru, ammah ta zo ta ga kanta a matsayin wani ɓangare na gwamnati da soja. === Rahoto daga Masar da cin zarafin mata === Sojojin Masar sun kama Logan da ma'aikatanta na CBS kuma sun tsare su na dare daya a ranar 3 ga Fabrairu Shekara ta 2011, yayin da suke rufe Juyin Juya Halin Masar. Ta ce an rufe ma'aikatan idanu kuma an ɗaure su da bindiga, kuma an yi wa direban su duka. An shawarce su da su bar ƙasar, ammah daga baya aka sake su.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kamer |first=Foster |date=11 February 2011 |title=Lara Logan's Egypt Interrogation Tell-All |url=http://www.esquire.com/blogs/politics/lara-logan-egypt-5219471 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105085341/http://www.esquire.com/blogs/politics/lara-logan-egypt-5219471 |archive-date=5 November 2013 |access-date=15 February 2011}}</ref> A ranar 15 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2011, CBS News ta fitar da wata sanarwa cewa an yi wa Logan duka kuma an yi masa fyade a ranar 11 ga watan Fabirairu, yayin da yake rufe bukukuwan da aka yi a Tahrir Square bayan murabus din [[Hosni Mubarak]]. 60 Minutes ta watsa wata hira da ita game da shi a ranar 1 ga Mayu 2011; ta ce tana magana ne saboda yaduwar Cin zarafin jima'i a Masar, kuma don karya shiru game da cin zarafin mata 'yan jarida ba sa son bayar da rahoto idan ya hana su yin ayyukansu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 May 2011 |title=Lara Logan breaks her silence |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bO12X1nhzzk |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200424095225/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bO12X1nhzzk |archive-date=24 April 2020 |access-date=3 May 2020 |website=YouTube}}</ref><ref name="CBSMay1a">{{Cite web |date=May 1, 2011 |title=Lara Logan breaks her silence |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2011/04/28/60minutes/main20058368.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114044000/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2011/04/28/60minutes/main20058368.shtml |archive-date=November 14, 2013 |website=[[60 Minutes]] |publisher=[[CBS]]}}</ref><ref name="CBSMay1b">{{Cite web |date=1 May 2011 |title=After the assault: Lara Logan comes home |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/after-the-assault-lara-logan-comes-home/ |website=[[60 Minutes]] |publisher=[[CBS]]}}</ref> [[Fayil:Gen. Petraeus visits 'Warriors' DVIDS81032.jpg|thumb|Lara Logan]] Ta ce lamarin ya shafi maza 200 zuwa 300 kuma ya dauki kimanin minti 25. Ta kasance tana ba da rahoton bukukuwan na sa'a guda ba tare da wani abin da ya faru ba lokacin da batirin kyamararta ya gaza. Ɗaya daga cikin ma'aikatan CBS na Masar ya ba da shawarar su tafi, yana gaya mata daga baya ya ji taron suna yin maganganun jima'i ga me da ita. Ta ji hannayenta suna taɓa ta, kuma ana iya jin ta tana ihu "dakatar", kamar yadda kyamarar ta mutu. Ɗaya daga cikin taron ya yi ihu cewa ita Bayahude ce ta Isra'ila, da'awar da CBS ta ce, ko da yake karya ne, "wasan da man fetur ne". Ta ce sun tsage tufafinta kuma, a cikin maganarta, sun yi mata fyade da hannayensu, yayin da suke daukar hotuna da wayoyin salula. Sun fara jan jikinta a wurare daban-daban, suna jan gashin kanta sosai ta ce kamar suna ƙoƙarin cire gashin kanta. An ja ta a filin zuwa inda aka dakatar da taron ta hanyar shinge, kusa da inda ƙungiyar mata ke sansani. Wata mace da ke sanye da Chador ta sanya hannunta a kusa da Logan, sauran kuma sun rufe matsayi a kusa da ita, yayin da wasu maza da ke tare da mata suka jefa ruwa ga taron. Wani rukuni na sojoji sun bayyana, suka kori taron da sanduna, kuma daya daga cikinsu ya jefa Logan a kafaɗarsa. Daga baya ta ce tana tunanin tana mutuwa a lokacin harin. An dawo da ita Amurka washegari, inda ta kwashe kwanaki hudu a asibiti.<ref name="CBSMay1a">{{Cite web |date=May 1, 2011 |title=Lara Logan breaks her silence |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2011/04/28/60minutes/main20058368.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114044000/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2011/04/28/60minutes/main20058368.shtml |archive-date=November 14, 2013 |website=[[60 Minutes]] |publisher=[[CBS]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20131114044000/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2011/04/28/60minutes/main20058368.shtml "Lara Logan breaks her silence"]. ''[[Minti 60|60 Minutes]]''. [[CBS]]. 1 May 2011. Archived from [http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2011/04/28/60minutes/main20058368.shtml the original] on 14 November 2013.</cite></ref><ref name="CBSMay1b">{{Cite web |date=1 May 2011 |title=After the assault: Lara Logan comes home |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/after-the-assault-lara-logan-comes-home/ |website=[[60 Minutes]] |publisher=[[CBS]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.cbsnews.com/news/after-the-assault-lara-logan-comes-home/ "After the assault: Lara Logan comes home"]. ''[[Minti 60|60 Minutes]]''. [[CBS]]. 1 May 2011.</cite></ref> Shugaba [[Barack Obama]] ne ya tuntube ta lokacin da ta isa gida. CBS ta ce ba a san ainihin maharan ba, kuma ba zai yiwu a gurfanar da kowa ba<ref name="CBSMay1b" /> === Sharhi game da Afghanistan da Libya === A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2012, Logan ta ba da jawabi a gaban abincin rana na shekara-shekara na Ƙungiyar Gwamnati mafi Kyau inda ta soki maganganun Gwamnatin Obama game da Yaƙi a Afganistan da sauran rikice-rikice a duniyar Larabawa. Musamman, Logan ya soki ikirarin gwamnati cewa [[Taliban]] na raunana a Afghanistan, yana kiran irin wannan ikirarin "babban karya" da aka yi don shirya kawo karshen aikin soja na Amurka a wannan kasar. Ta kuma bayyana cewa tana fatan Amurka za ta "ramako" daidai ga Harin Benghazi na shekarar 2012, inda aka kai hari kan ma'aikatan diflomasiyyar Amurka kuma aka kashe su a [[Libya]]. === Benghazi ya ba da rahoton kurakurai === A ranar 8 ga Nuwamba Shekara ta 2013, Logan ya tafi CBS This Morning don neman gafara saboda rahoton ''Minti 60'' mara kyau game da harin Benghazi, wanda aka watsa a ranar 27 ga Oktoba. Ta nuna cewa bincike ya gano cewa tushen yawancin rahotonta ba daidai ba ne kuma ya zargi Dylan Davies, manajan jami'an tsaro na gida a Ofishin Jakadancin Amurka a Benghazi. Logan ya ce ya yi ƙarya game da bayanai kuma ya nace cewa sun bincika amincinsa kuma sun dogara da abubuwa kamar hotuna da takardun da ya bayar. A baya, Logan ya ce sun koyi cewa labarin da Davies ya fada bai dace da abin da ya gaya wa masu binciken tarayya ba. "Kun san abu mafi muhimmanci ga kowane mutum a minti 60 shine gaskiya, "ta ce a cikin neman gafara a cikin shirin ''Minti 60''"Kuma a yau gaskiyar ita ce mun yi kuskure. Kuma wannan shi ne ah ... wannan abin takaici ne ga kowane ɗan jarida. Wannan abin takaici a gare ni. " Logan ya ci gaba da ƙarawa, "Babu wanda yake son yarda da cewa sun yi kuskure. Ammah idan ka yi, dole ne ka tashi tsaye ka ɗauki alhakin - kuma dole ne ka ce ba daidai ba ne. "<ref>{{Cite web |last=Guthrie |first=Marisa |date=November 8, 2013 |title=Lara Logan Apologizes For '60 Minutes' Benghazi Report on 'CBS This Morning |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/60-minutes-benghazi-report-lara-654610 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211160255/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/60-minutes-benghazi-report-lara-654610 |archive-date=11 February 2020 |access-date=16 April 2020 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp; A ranar 26 ga Nuwamba Shekara ta à2013, an tilasta wa Logan ya yi hutu saboda kurakurai a cikin rahoton Benghazi. Al Ortiz, babban darakta na Standards and Practices na CBS News, ya rubuta a cikin wata sanarwa, "Logan ta yi jawabi inda ta dauki matsayi mai karfi na jama'a tana jayayya cewa Gwamnatin Amurka tana nuna rashin amincewa da barazanar daga [[Al-Qaeda|Al Qaeda]], kuma tana kira ga matakan da Amurka ta dauka don mayar da martani ga harin Benghazi. Daga hangen nesa na CBS News Standards, akwai rikici wajen daukar matsayi na jama'ar game da yadda gwamnati ke kula da Benghazi da Al Qaeda. Daga baya ta kai karar New York Magazine kan dala miliyan 25 saboda rahotonsu game da sakamakon.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 19, 2019 |title=Ex-'60 Minutes' reporter Lara Logan sues New York magazine over Benghazi retraction |url=https://www.syracuse.com/us-news/2019/12/ex-60-minutes-reporter-lara-logan-sues-new-york-magazine-over-benghazi-retraction.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512025909/https://www.syracuse.com/us-news/2019/12/ex-60-minutes-reporter-lara-logan-sues-new-york-magazine-over-benghazi-retraction.html |archive-date=12 May 2022 |access-date=March 28, 2022 |website=syracuse |language=en |agency=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref> An kori karar da nuna bambanci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Docket for Logan v. Hagan, 1:19-cv-01208 - CourtListener.com |url=https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/16584679/logan-v-hagan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328220404/https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/16584679/logan-v-hagan/ |archive-date=28 March 2022 |access-date=2022-03-28 |website=CourtListener |language=en-us}}</ref> === Sharhi kan kafafen yada labarai === [[Fayil:Tiffany Trump, Ivanka Trump, and Lara Trump at Inaugural parade 01-20-17.jpg|thumb|Lara Logan]] Bayan barin CBS News, Logan ta fara sukar kafofin watsa labarai, wanda ta ce tana da nuna bambanci.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Atkinson |first=Claire |date=April 9, 2019 |title=Former CBS News correspondent Lara Logan adds to Sinclair Broadcasting's national ambitions |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/all/former-cbs-news-correspondent-lara-logan-adds-sinclair-broadcasting-s-n992766 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411023952/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/all/former-cbs-news-correspondent-lara-logan-adds-sinclair-broadcasting-s-n992766 |archive-date=11 April 2019 |access-date=April 10, 2019 |website=[[NBC News]] |language=en}}</ref> Ta bayyana 'yan jarida a matsayin "masu gwagwarmayar siyasa" da "masu yada labarai" a kan Shugaba [[Donald Trump]].Ta ce yin waɗannan maganganun yayi kama da "kisan kai na sana'a". Ba da daɗewa ba, ta shiga kungiyar Sinclair Broadcast Group, ƙungiyar kafofin watsa labarai ta dama.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Barr |first=Jeremy |date=9 April 2019 |title=Former CBS News Reporter Lara Logan Joining Sinclair |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/lara-logan-joining-sinclair-broadcast-group-1200424 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410232103/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/lara-logan-joining-sinclair-broadcast-group-1200424 |archive-date=10 April 2019 |access-date=2019-04-10 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |language=en}}</ref> Tun daga wannan lokacin, Logan ya wallafa ra'ayoyin makirci na dama, kamar yin hasashen cewa wakilin Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez ya lashe zaben ta zuwa ofis saboda wasu makircin da ba a bayyana ba wanda ba a san su ba Logan ya yi imanin Masu gwagwarmayar adawa da iko. === 2020 Fox News jerin === A Shekarar 2020, Fox News ta hayar da Logan don yin jerin shirye-shirye da ake kira Lara Logan has No Agenda . Jaridar ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' ta lura cewa "Duk da taken 'Babu Agenda', Logan yana shirin komawa cikin batun nuna bambanci ga kafofin watsa labarai".<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date=6 January 2020 |title=Combative Lara Logan gets ready for a comeback on Fox News streaming service |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/business/story/2020-01-06/combative-lara-logan-gets-ready-for-a-comeback-on-fox-news-streaming-service |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220324061058/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/business/story/2020-01-06/combative-lara-logan-gets-ready-for-a-comeback-on-fox-news-streaming-service |archive-date=24 March 2022 |access-date=2020-01-13 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]] |language=en}}</ref> ==== Da'awar game da antifa ==== A ranar 31 ga Mayu Acikin Shekarar 2020, Logan ta wallafa hoto a shafinta na Twitter, wanda ta yi iƙirarin jagorar koyar da rikici ne. Hoton a zahiri ya kasance sabon abu ne wanda ya faru da tashin hankali na Baltimore na 2015. A ranar 1 ga Yuni, Logan ya wallafa barazanar da shafin [[Twitter]] na @ANTIFA_US ya yi. Asusun ya zama karya kuma yana da alaƙa da Identity Evropa, ƙungiyar fararen ƙasa. Bayan an soki shi saboda sanya wayo, Logan ya yi iƙirarin cewa akwai kamfen don "hallaka" ta, gami da Media Matters for America. A ranar 4 ga Yuni Shekarar 2020, Logan ya bayyana a kan ''Hannity'' don da'awar cewa antifa yana barin "pallets of bricks" a wuraren zanga-zangar a cikin ƙoƙari na tayar da tashin hankali da hallaka. Masu binciken gaskiya sun gano cewa da'awar tubali da aka bari a wuraren zanga-zangar ba su da tushe, kuma hotunan da aka gabatar a matsayin shaidar wannan aikin an dauki su ne a wuraren gine-gine na yau da kullun. Babu wani da ya ba da rahoton ganin motocin antifa suna barin tubali na tubali. Bayan haka, Logan ya inganta tweet na ban dariya na 5 Yuni wanda ya haɗa antifa zuwa juggalos da kuma "tsarin matsayi". Logan a maimakon haka ya mayar da hankali kan ɓangaren tweet wanda ya ambaci "tsarin umarni na gargajiya" kuma ya yi jayayya cewa masu tawaye suna da tsarin ƙungiya. ==== Cutar AIDS da ka'idojin makirci na COVID-19 ==== A watan Satumbar Shekarar 2021, Logan ya zargi gwamnatin [[Joe Biden|Biden]] da "ɓoye shaidu" na tasirin da ake zaton rigakafin COVID-19 ya haifar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Goldblatt |first=Daniel |date=2021-09-11 |title=Lara Logan Accuses Biden Administration of 'Hiding Evidence' of COVID-19 Vaccine Side Effects (Video) |url=https://www.thewrap.com/lara-logan-accuses-biden-administration-of-hiding-evidence-of-covid-19-vaccine-side-effects-video/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330110854/https://www.thewrap.com/lara-logan-accuses-biden-administration-of-hiding-evidence-of-covid-19-vaccine-side-effects-video/ |archive-date=30 March 2023 |access-date=2023-10-24 |website=[[TheWrap]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Ta kuma ba da labarin ƙarya game da matukan jirgin saman Sojojin Sama na Amurka 27 da suka yi murabus kan umarnin rigakafin COVID-19 daga Real Raw News, Shafin yanar gizon labarai na karya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dale |first=Daniel |author-link=Daniel Dale |date=2021-09-11 |title=Fact-checking the false but viral story about F-22 pilots resigning after a vaccination text from the secretary of defense |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/09/10/politics/fact-check-f-22-pilots-quit-vaccine-secretary-of-defense/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221016062803/https://www.cnn.com/2021/09/10/politics/fact-check-f-22-pilots-quit-vaccine-secretary-of-defense/index.html |archive-date=16 October 2022 |access-date=2023-10-24 |website=[[CNN]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=McCarthy |first=Bill |date=2021-09-27 |title=PolitiFact investigation: A look behind Real Raw News' sensational (and fabricated) headlines |url=https://www.poynter.org/fact-checking/2021/a-look-behind-real-raw-news-sensational-and-fabricated-headlines/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231023101106/https://www.poynter.org/fact-checking/2021/a-look-behind-real-raw-news-sensational-and-fabricated-headlines/ |archive-date=23 October 2023 |access-date=2023-10-22 |website=[[Poynter Institute]] |language=en-US}}</ref> A watan Nuwamba da Disamba na Shekarar 2021, Logan ya inganta ƙarya da ka'idojin makirci game da [[jjanjamau|Cutar ƙanjamau]] da [[Koronavirus 2019|COVID-19]]. Ta raba labaran da suka ƙalubalanci yarjejeniyar kimiyya cewa cutar ƙanjamau tana haifar da cutar ƙanjamaun daji. Ta kwatanta darektan NIAID Anthony Fauci da masanin kimiyya na Nazi Josef Mengele . A lokacin tattaunawa game da Bambancin SARS-CoV-2 Omicron, ta ce: "Saboda haka a wannan lokacin, abin da kuka gani a kan Dokta Fauci, wannan shine abin da mutane ke fada mini, cewa ba ya wakiltar kimiyya a gare su. Yana wakiltar Josef Mengele, Dokta Josef Mengele na Nazi wanda ya yi gwaje-gwaje a kan Yahudawa a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu da kuma a sansanonin, kuma ina magana game da mutane a duk faɗin duniya suna faɗin wannan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pengelly |first=Martin |date=November 30, 2021 |title=Outrage as Fox News commentator likens Anthony Fauci to Nazi doctor |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/nov/30/anthony-fauci-josef-mengele-fox-news |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130152707/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/nov/30/anthony-fauci-josef-mengele-fox-news |archive-date=30 November 2021 |access-date=November 30, 2021 |website=[[The Guardian]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Darcy |first=Oliver |date=November 30, 2021 |title=Anti-Defamation League and Auschwitz Museum condemn Fox host for comparing Fauci to Nazi doctor who performed medical experiments at death camp |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/11/30/media/lara-logan-fauci-auschwitz-museum-anti-defamation-league/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130202934/https://www.cnn.com/2021/11/30/media/lara-logan-fauci-auschwitz-museum-anti-defamation-league/index.html |archive-date=30 November 2021 |access-date=November 30, 2021 |website=[[CNN]]}}</ref> Yawancin shahararrun kungiyoyin Yahudawa, ciki har da Anti-Defamation League da Gidan Tarihi na Auschwitz, sun yi Allah wadai da maganganunta.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Darcy |first=Oliver |date=November 30, 2021 |title=Anti-Defamation League and Auschwitz Museum condemn Fox host for comparing Fauci to Nazi doctor who performed medical experiments at death camp |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/11/30/media/lara-logan-fauci-auschwitz-museum-anti-defamation-league/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130202934/https://www.cnn.com/2021/11/30/media/lara-logan-fauci-auschwitz-museum-anti-defamation-league/index.html |archive-date=30 November 2021 |access-date=November 30, 2021 |website=[[CNN]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFDarcy2021">Darcy, Oliver (30 November 2021). [https://www.cnn.com/2021/11/30/media/lara-logan-fauci-auschwitz-museum-anti-defamation-league/index.html "Anti-Defamation League and Auschwitz Museum condemn Fox host for comparing Fauci to Nazi doctor who performed medical experiments at death camp"]. ''[[CNN]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20211130202934/https://www.cnn.com/2021/11/30/media/lara-logan-fauci-auschwitz-museum-anti-defamation-league/index.html Archived] from the original on 30 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> Logan daga baya ya sake mayar da martani game da Gidan Tarihi na Auschwitz. A lokacin wata hira da aka yi da MSNBC a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2021, Fauci ta kira maganganun Logan "absolutely ridiculious and disgusting", kuma ta soki Fox News saboda rashin daukar mataki na horo a kanta. United Talent Agency ta bar Logan a matsayin abokin ciniki jim kadan bayan da ta yi tsokaci a Mengele. [[Fayil:General Schwartz on 60 Minutes.jpg|thumb|Lara Logan]] Tun lokacin da ta yi sharhi, Logan ba ta bayyana a matsayin baƙo a kan Fox News ba, kuma babu wani sabon abubuwan Lara Logan Has No Agenda. A watan Maris na shekara ta 2022, Logan ta ce Fox ta "dumped" ta.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Pengelly |first=Martin |date=April 9, 2022 |title=Lara Logan, who compared Fauci to Mengele, says Fox News pushed her out |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2022/apr/09/lara-logan-fox-news-mengele-fauci-remark |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409072343/https://www.theguardian.com/media/2022/apr/09/lara-logan-fox-news-mengele-fauci-remark |archive-date=9 April 2022 |access-date=April 9, 2022 |website=[[The Guardian]] |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFPengelly2022">Pengelly, Martin (9 April 2022). [https://www.theguardian.com/media/2022/apr/09/lara-logan-fox-news-mengele-fauci-remark "Lara Logan, who compared Fauci to Mengele, says Fox News pushed her out"]. ''[[The Guardian]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220409072343/https://www.theguardian.com/media/2022/apr/09/lara-logan-fox-news-mengele-fauci-remark Archived] from the original on 9 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> === Rashin mamayewar Rasha a Ukraine === A lokacin mamayewar Rasha ta 2022 a Ukraine, Logan a cikin bayyanarta ta talabijin ta haɗa shugaban Ukraine [[Volodymyr Zelensky|Volodymyr Zelenskyy]] da ayyukan "Shaidan, sihiri", ya kira shi "puppet" kuma ya yi iƙirarin cewa an "zaɓi Zelenskyay [...], ba a jefa kuri'a ba". Ta yaba da Shugaba [[Vladimir Putin]] na Rasha saboda "ba zai tsaya ba yayin da masu fafutukar duniya suka mamaye duniya" kuma ta zargi Ukrainians da kasancewa "nazis na ainihi". Maganganun Logan sun sami yabo kuma farfagandar gwamnatin Rasha ta karɓa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 15, 2022 |title=Fox Nation host Lara Logan links President Zelensky's entertainment career to the occult, and claims the entire Ukrainian military has Nazi links |url=https://www.mediamatters.org/russias-invasion-ukraine/fox-nation-host-lara-logan-links-president-zelenskys-entertainment-career |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220610144133/https://www.mediamatters.org/russias-invasion-ukraine/fox-nation-host-lara-logan-links-president-zelenskys-entertainment-career |archive-date=10 June 2022 |access-date=March 23, 2022 |publisher=[[Media Matters for America]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Moran |first=Lee |date=March 22, 2022 |title=Russia Uses Lara Logan's Rant About Ukraine, Zelenskyy As Propaganda On Twitter |url=https://sg.news.yahoo.com/russia-uses-lara-logans-rant-072552926.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322232803/https://sg.news.yahoo.com/russia-uses-lara-logans-rant-072552926.html |archive-date=22 March 2022 |access-date=March 23, 2022 |website=[[Yahoo News]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Oganesyan |first=Natalie |date=March 21, 2022 |title=Russian Officials Endorse Lara Logan's Comments Linking Ukrainian Soldiers to Nazis and Occultism |url=https://www.thewrap.com/lara-logan-ukraine-nazi-comments-endorsed-kremlin/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322232804/https://www.thewrap.com/lara-logan-ukraine-nazi-comments-endorsed-kremlin/ |archive-date=22 March 2022 |access-date=March 23, 2022 |website=[[The Wrap]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Thomas |first=Jake |date=March 21, 2022 |title=Logan Praised by Russia as 'Real America's Voice' as Schwarzenegger Shunned |url=https://www.newsweek.com/logan-praised-russia-real-americas-voice-schwarzenegger-shunned-1690289 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512025908/https://www.newsweek.com/logan-praised-russia-real-americas-voice-schwarzenegger-shunned-1690289 |archive-date=12 May 2022 |access-date=March 23, 2022 |website=[[Newsweek]]}}</ref> === Tattaunawa game da Darwin da iyalin Rothschild === A watan Maris na shekara ta 2022, Logan ya yi iƙirarin ba tare da wata hujja ba cewa dangin Rothschild sun yi amfani da [[Charles Darwin]] don ƙirƙirar ka'idarsa ta juyin halitta.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 28, 2022 |title=Fox Nation host Lara Logan claims that Darwinism is a plot from "the Rothschilds" |url=https://www.mediamatters.org/lara-logan/fox-nation-host-lara-logan-claims-darwinism-plot-rothschilds |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328164426/https://www.mediamatters.org/lara-logan/fox-nation-host-lara-logan-claims-darwinism-plot-rothschilds |archive-date=28 March 2022 |access-date=March 28, 2022 |website=[[Media Matters for America]] |language=en}}</ref> Ta kuma inganta da'awar cewa dangin Rothschild, wanda aka saba amfani da shi a cikin ra'ayoyin makirci na adawa da Yahudawa, sun kirkiro [[Yaƙin basasar Amurka]] da kisan gillar [[Abraham Lincoln|Ibrahim Lincoln]] da [[John F. Kennedy]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hananoki |first=Eric |date=March 28, 2022 |title=Fox Nation host Lara Logan shares conspiracy theories about "Putin's purge of the Rothschild money changers," Jewish people masterminding U.S. Civil War |url=https://www.mediamatters.org/lara-logan/fox-nation-host-lara-logan-shares-conspiracy-theories-about-putins-purge-rothschild |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328190329/https://www.mediamatters.org/lara-logan/fox-nation-host-lara-logan-shares-conspiracy-theories-about-putins-purge-rothschild |archive-date=28 March 2022 |access-date=March 28, 2022 |website=[[Media Matters for America]] |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == [[Fayil:130318-A-YI554-773 (8574075085).jpg|thumb|Lara Logan]] A shekara ta 1998, Logan ya auri Jason Siemon, Ba'amurke daga [[Iowa]] da ke buga wasan [[Kwallon kwando|Kwando]] a Burtaniya; auren ya ƙare da saki a shekara ta 2008. A wannan shekarar, ta auri Joseph Burkett, dan kwangila na tsaro na gwamnatin Amurka daga Texas. Wannan ita ce auren na biyu ga duka biyun. Ma'auratan sun zauna a Washington, DC, tare da 'ya'yansu biyu da 'yar Burkett daga aurensa na baya. [./Lara_Logan#cite_note-fishbowldc-63 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><nowiki>[4]</nowiki></span>] A shekara ta 2015, sun koma Fredericksburg, Texas, garin Burkett.<ref name="theatlantic">{{Cite web |last=Plott Calabro |first=Elaina |date=12 June 2023 |title=A Star Reporter's Break With Reality |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2023/07/lara-logan-60-minutes-correspondent-conspiracy-theories/674168/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727150458/https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2023/07/lara-logan-60-minutes-correspondent-conspiracy-theories/674168/ |archive-date=27 July 2023 |access-date=24 October 2023 |publisher=[[The Atlantic]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFPlott_Calabro2023">Plott Calabro, Elaina (12 June 2023). [https://web.archive.org/web/20230727150458/https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2023/07/lara-logan-60-minutes-correspondent-conspiracy-theories/674168/ "A Star Reporter's Break With Reality"]. [[Tekun Atlantika|The Atlantic]]. Archived from [https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2023/07/lara-logan-60-minutes-correspondent-conspiracy-theories/674168/ the original] on 27 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> == Kyaututtuka == * Mata na Amurka a Rediyo da Talabijin Gracie Award, 2004 <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 November 2016 |title=2004 Gracies Gala Winners |url=https://allwomeninmedia.org/gracies/2004-gracies-winners/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407083705/https://allwomeninmedia.org/gracies/2004-gracies-winners/ |archive-date=7 April 2022 |access-date=5 December 2021 |publisher=Alliance for Media in Women}}</ref> * Kyautar David Kaplan, Ƙungiyar 'Yan Jarida ta Ƙasashen Waje, 2006 <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 1, 2007 |title=2006 OPC Award Winners |url=https://opcofamerica.org/2006-opc-award-winners/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210130085547/https://opcofamerica.org/2006-opc-award-winners/ |archive-date=30 January 2021 |access-date=6 December 2021 |publisher=Overseas Press Club of America}}</ref> * Kyautar David Bloom, Rediyo da Talabijin 'Association, 2007 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Award Winners |url=http://rtcacapitolhill.org/upcoming-2013-rtca-executive-committee-election/awards/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407083705/http://rtcacapitolhill.org/upcoming-2013-rtca-executive-committee-election/awards/ |archive-date=7 April 2022 |access-date=6 December 2021 |publisher=Radio and Television Correspondents' Association}}</ref> * Kyautar Daniel Pearl, 2011 * Kyautar 'Yancin Labarai ta Ƙungiyar Labarai ta Kasa, 2011 == Dubi kuma == * Mata a cikin aikin jarida == Nassoshi == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == {{Commonscat}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20180826031531/https://www.cbsnews.com/team/lara-logan/ Bayanan martaba a CBS News (an adana shi)] * {{IMDb name|1022561}} * Bayyanawaa kanC-SPAN * [https://americasfuture.net Makomar Amurka] {{60 Minutes}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Logan, Lara}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 19rjkq5c25nll88qabx7hk7h0kyy02z 0 85780 884808 851315 2026-07-19T08:35:06Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 884808 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   [[Fayil:Castle_Bravo_Blast.jpg|thumb|Yaƙin nukiliya alama ce ta yau da kullun kuma jigon mafi yawan abubuwan da suka faru na Yaƙin Duniya na III. &nbsp;Irin wannan rikici an yi la'akari da shi don haifar da ko kusa da halakawar ɗan adam.]] '''Yaƙin Duniya na I''' ('''WWIII''' ko '''WW3'''), wanda aka fi sani da '''Yaƙin Duniya na Uku''', rikici ne na duniya na gaba wanda ya biyo bayan Yaƙin Duniya Na shekara ta alif (1914 zuwa-1918) da [[Yaƙin Duniya na II]] a shekara ta alif 1939-1945). An yi la'akari da cewa irin wannan yaƙin zai shafi dukkan manyan kasashen duniya, kamar waɗanda suka riga shi, da kuma amfani da [[makaman nukiliya]] ko wasu makamai na hallaka jama'a, don haka ya wuce rikice-rikicen da suka gabata a cikin yanki, lalacewa, da asarar rai. Tun lokacin da Manhattan [[Project]] ya ci gaba da makaman nukiliya a shekara ta alif 1945 da kuma amfani da su ta [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] a cikin bama-Bamai na nukiliya na Hiroshima da Nagasaki a ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na II, haɗarin apocalypse na nukiliyar da ke haifar da lalacewa mai yawa da yiwuwar [[Yanayin tashin duniya|rushewar wayewa]] ko halaka bil'adama ya zama jigon gama gari a cikin hasashe da fiction game da Yaƙin Duniya III. Tare da zuwan [[Cold War|Yaƙin Cold]] (1947-1991) da yaduwar makaman [[nukiliya]] zuwa [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]], wanda wasu kasashe da yawa suka biyo baya, haɗarin yakin duniya na uku ya tashi. A lokacin Yakin Cold, sojoji da ma'aikatan farar hula a duk duniya sun yi tsammanin yiwuwar kuma sun shirya hakan, tare da abubuwan da suka faru daga yaƙin gargajiya zuwa iyakantaccen ko gaba ɗaya Yaƙin nukiliya. An kirkiro ka'idar dabarun tabbatar da lalacewa, wanda ya nuna cewa cikakken rikici na nukiliya zai hallaka dukkan bangarorin da ke cikin rikici. Shugabannin Amurka da Soviet sun yi aiki don kauce wa irin wannan sakamako, kodayake kira da yawa na kusa, wanda ya haifar da fasaha mara kyau, kuskuren ɗan adam ko rashin sadarwa, har yanzu ya faru, yana jaddada buƙatar hanawa daga bangarorin biyu. == Magana ==   Mujallar Time ta kasance mai karɓar farko, idan ba mai farawa ba, na kalmar "Yaƙin Duniya na III". {{Spaces}}Amfani na farko ya bayyana a cikin fitowar 3 ga Nuwamba 1941 (kafin harin Japan a kan Pearl Harbor a ranar 7 ga Disamba 1941) a ƙarƙashin sashin "Hamaloli na Kasa" kuma mai taken "Yaƙin Duniya na III?" game da ɗan gudun hijirar Nazi Hermann Rauschning, wanda ya isa Amurka. {{Spaces}}A cikin fitowar ta 22 ga Maris 1943, a ƙarƙashin sashin "Labaran Kasashen Waje", ''Lokaci'' ya sake amfani da wannan taken "Yaƙin Duniya na III?" game da maganganun Mataimakin Shugaban Amurka na ''Lokaci'' Henry A. Wallace: "Za mu yanke shawara a wani lokaci a 1943 ko 1944 ... ko mu dasa tsaba na Yaƙin Duniya na Uku. " Lokaci ya ci gaba da samun ko ambaton labaran "Yaƙin duniya na III" don sauran shekaru goma da gaba: 1944, 1945, 1946 ("yaƙin ƙwayoyin cuta da 1948. {{Spaces}}{{Spaces}}{{Spaces}}''Lokaci'' ya ci gaba da amfani da wannan kalmar, alal misali, a cikin littafin 2015 mai taken "Wannan shine Abin da Yaƙin Duniya na III Zai Kamata". == Shirye-shiryen Soja == Masu dabarun soja sun yi amfani da wasannin yaƙi don shirya don yanayin yaƙi daban-daban da kuma ƙayyade dabarun da suka fi dacewa. An yi amfani da wasannin yaƙi don Yaƙin Duniya na I da Yaƙin Duniya ya II . === Aikin da ba za a iya tsammani ba ===   Firayim Ministan Burtaniya [[Winston Churchill]] ya damu da cewa, tare da girman sojojin Soviet Red Army da aka tura a Tsakiyar Turai da Gabashin Turai a Ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na II<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwbg">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki> da rashin amintaccen shugaban Soviet [[Joseph Stalin]], akwai babbar barazana ga Yammacin Turai. A cikin Afrilu-Mayu 1945, Sojojin Burtaniya sun haɓaka Operation Unthinkable, wanda ake zaton shine yanayin farko na Yaƙin Duniya na Uku. Babban burinta shine "ta tilasta wa Rasha nufin Amurka da [[Daular Biritaniya|Daular Burtaniya]]".<ref>{{Cite web |last=British War Cabinet, Joint Planning Staff, Public Record Office, CAB 120/691/109040 / 002 |date=11 August 1945 |title=Operation Unthinkable: 'Russia: Threat to Western Civilization' |url=http://www.history.neu.edu/PRO2/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080706093010/http://www.history.neu.edu/PRO2/ <!--Added by H3llBot--> |archive-date=6 July 2008 |access-date=28 June 2008 |publisher=Department of History, Northeastern University |format=online photocopy}}</ref> Kwamitin Shugabannin Ma'aikata na Burtaniya sun ki amincewa da shirin a matsayin wanda ba zai yiwu ba a soja. === Aikin Dropshot === {{Clear}}Operation Dropshot shine shirin gaggawa na Amurka na 1950 don yiwuwar yaki da [[Makaman nukiliya|nukiliya]] da na al'ada tare da [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]] a cikin wuraren wasan kwaikwayo na Yammacin Turai da Asiya. Kodayake labarin ya yi amfani da makaman nukiliya, ba a sa ran su taka muhimmiyar rawa ba. A lokacin da Makaman nukiliya na Amurka sun iyakance a girman, galibi a Amurka, kuma sun dogara da bama-bamai don isar da su. Dropshot ya haɗa da bayanan manufa waɗanda za su yi amfani da bama-Bamai na nukiliya 300 da bama-mamai masu fashewa 29,000 a kan manufofi 200 a cikin birane da garuruwa 100 don share kashi 85% na damar masana'antar Tarayyar Soviet a cikin bugun jini ɗaya. Tsakanin 75 da 100 daga cikin makaman nukiliya 300 an yi niyya ne don lalata jirgin yaki na Soviet a ƙasa. An tsara labarin ne kafin ci gaban makamai masu linzami na intercontinental. An kuma tsara shi kafin Shugaban Amurka [[John F. Kennedy]] da Sakataren Tsaro Robert McNamara su canza shirin Yakin Nukiliya na Amurka daga shirin yajin aiki na 'kisan birni' zuwa shirin "counterforce" (wanda aka fi mayar da hankali ga sojojin). Makaman nukiliya a wannan lokacin ba su da isasshen daidaito don kai hari kan sansanin sojan ruwa ba tare da lalata birnin da ke kusa da shi ba, don haka manufar amfani da su ita ce ta lalata ikon masana'antar abokan gaba don lalata tattalin arzikin yaƙi. === Haɗin gwiwar Burtaniya da Ireland === Jamhuriyar Ireland ta fara shirin yiwuwar yakin nukiliya a ƙarshen shekarun 1940. Za a kafa hadin gwiwa tsakanin Ingila da Ireland a yayin WWIII, inda za su raba bayanan yanayi, sarrafa kayan aiki don kewayawa, da daidaita sabis na watsa shirye-shiryen Wartime wanda zai faru bayan harin nukiliya. <ref name="auto3">{{Cite journal |last=Kennedy |first=Michael |date=2017 |title=ENVISAGING THE UNTHINKABLE: PLANNING FOR ARMAGEDDON IN 1950s IRELAND |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/90005263 |url-status=live |journal=History Ireland |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=36–39 |issn=0791-8224 |jstor=90005263 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220502180344/https://www.jstor.org/stable/90005263 |archive-date=2 May 2022 |access-date=2 May 2022}}</ref> Operation Sandstone a Ireland wani babban aikin soja ne na sirri na Burtaniya da Ireland.<ref name="auto3" /> Sojojin jihohin biyu sun fara binciken bakin teku na Burtaniya da Ireland tare daga 1948 zuwa 1955. Wannan buƙata ce daga Amurka don gano wuraren da suka dace don saukowa ga Amurka a yayin nasarar mamayewar Soviet.<ref name="auto3" /><ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |last=Archives |first=The National |date=2020-04-03 |title=The National Archives - Operation Sandstone: Surveying Britain's Cold War beaches |url=https://blog.nationalarchives.gov.uk/operation-sandstone-surveying-britains-cold-war-beaches/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127004120/https://blog.nationalarchives.gov.uk/operation-sandstone-surveying-britains-cold-war-beaches/ |archive-date=27 November 2020 |access-date=2022-05-02 |website=The National Archives blog |language=en-GB}}</ref> A shekara ta 1953, hadin gwiwar ta amince da raba bayanai game da yanayin yaƙi da kuma kwashe fararen hula daga Burtaniya zuwa Ireland.<ref name="auto3" /> Operation Sandstone na Ireland ya ƙare a shekarar 1966.<ref name="auto2" /> === Ayyuka na Grand Slam, Longstep, da Mainbrace === {{Clear}}A watan Janairun 1950, Majalisar Arewacin Atlantic ta amince da dabarun soja na [[NATO]] na hanawa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lord Ismay |title=Chapter 3 – The Pace Quickens |url=http://www.nato.int/archives/1st5years/chapters/3.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140313154306/http://www.nato.int/archives/1st5years/chapters/3.htm |archive-date=13 March 2014 |access-date=19 September 2011 |website=NATO the first five years 1949–1954 |publisher=[[NATO]]}}</ref> Shirye-shiryen soja na NATO ya sake sabuntawa bayan barkewar Yaƙin Koriya a farkon shekarun 1950, wanda ya sa NATO ta kafa "dakarun karkashin umarni na tsakiya, wanda ya isa ya hana tashin hankali da kuma tabbatar da tsaron Yammacin Turai". An kafa rundunar Allied Command Europe a karkashin Janar na Sojoji Dwight D. Eisenhower, Sojojin Amurka, a ranar 2 ga Afrilu 1951 . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Chapter 4 – The Pace Quickens |url=http://www.nato.int/archives/1st5years/chapters/4.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227094811/http://www.nato.int/archives/1st5years/chapters/4.htm |archive-date=27 December 2013 |access-date=19 September 2011 |website=NATO the first five years 1949–1954 |publisher=[[NATO]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=X |author-link=George F. Kennan |date=July 1947 |title=The Sources of Soviet Conduct |journal=[[Foreign Affairs]] |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=575–576 |doi=10.2307/20030065 |issn=0015-7120 |jstor=20030065}}</ref> Kungiyar Tsaro ta Yamma Turai a baya ta gudanar da Exercise Verity, wani motsa jiki na 1949 wanda ya shafi hare-haren jiragen ruwa da hare-harun jirgin ruwa. Ayyukan Mainbrace sun haɗu da jiragen ruwa 200 da ma'aikata sama da 50,000 don horar da tsaron [[Denmark]] da [[Norway]] daga harin Soviet a 1952. Wannan shi ne karo na farko da aka yi amfani da shi a NATO. Babban Kwamandan Allied Atlantic Admiral Lynde D. McCormick, Sojojin Ruwa na Amurka, da Babban Kwamandan Sojojin Turai Janar Matthew B. Ridgeway, Sojoji na Amurka, ne suka ba da umarnin aikin tare a lokacin kaka na 1952. Amurka, Ingila, [[Kanada]], Faransa, Denmark, Norway, [[Portugal]], [[Holand|Netherlands]], da [[Beljik|Belgium]] sun shiga. Atisayen Grand Slam da Longstep atisayen sojan ruwa ne da aka gudanar a cikin Tekun Bahar Rum a shekarar 1952 don gudanar da aikin korar makiya da ke mamaye da karfin tuwo. Ya ƙunshi jiragen ruwa sama da 170 da jiragen sama 700 a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Admiral Robert B. Carney . Babban kwamandan motsa jiki, Carney ya taƙaita nasarorin da aka samu na Exercise Grand Slam da cewa: "Mun nuna cewa manyan kwamandojin dukkan iko guda huɗu za su iya samun nasarar gudanar da aikin haɗakarwa tare da sarrafa shi yadda ya kamata a matsayin ƙungiya mai aiki. Tarayyar Soviet ta kira darussan "aikin yaki" ta NATO, tare da yin la'akari da shiga [[Norway]] da Denmark kuma sun shirya don ayyukan soja a Yankin Soviet.<ref name="Time2">''Time'', 29 September 1952</ref><ref name="Sidney">"NATO Ships Enter Baltic Sea" – ''Sydney Morning Herald'', p. 2</ref> === Exercise Strikeback ===   Exercise Strikeback babban aikin sojan ruwa ne na NATO wanda aka gudanar a shekara ta 1957, yana kwaikwayon martani ga harin Soviet a kan NATO. Wannan motsa jiki ya kunshi jiragen yaki sama da 200, jirgin sama 650, da ma'aikata 75,000 daga Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Amurka, Rundunar Soja ta Burtaniya, Rundunar Ruwa ta Kanada, Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Faransa, Rundunar Roya ta Netherlands, da Rundunar Sojojin Ruwa ta Royal Norway. A matsayin mafi girman aikin sojan ruwa na zaman lafiya har zuwa wannan lokacin, mai sharhi na soja Hanson W. Baldwin na The New York Times ya bayyana shi a matsayin "wanda ya zama mafi karfi da aka tara tun lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. === Jarabawar Ƙarfafawa ===   [[Fayil:USS_Hawes_(FFG-53),_USS_William_H._Standley_(CG-32)_and_USS_Guadalcanal_(LPH-7)_escort_tanker_Gas_King_in_the_Persian_Gullf_on_21_October_1987_(6432283).jpg|thumb|Idan aka kunna, Operation Reforger zai kunshi manyan motoci kamar wannan daga Operation Earnest Will a 1987, kodayake ya fi girma. Duk da yake dakarun za su iya tashi a fadin Tekun Atlantika, kayan aiki masu nauyi da ƙarfafa makamai dole ne su zo ta teku.]] Exercise RE (daga sake juyawa na FORces zuwa GER) wani motsa jiki ne na shekara-shekara da NATO ta gudanar a lokacin Yakin Cold . Duk da yake sojojin Amurka za a iya tashi cikin sauƙi a fadin Tekun Atlantika, kayan aiki masu nauyi da ƙarfafa makamai dole ne su zo ta teku kuma a isar da su zuwa shafukan POMCUS (An riga an tsara su zuwa rukunin rukunin). [1] Wadannan darussan sun gwada Amurka da kuma iyawar hadin gwiwa don aiwatar da karfafawa ta duniya.[1] Karfafawa a kan lokaci wani bangare ne mai mahimmanci na darussan karfafawa na NATO. Amurka ta buƙaci samun damar aika da ƙungiyoyin sojoji masu aiki zuwa Turai a cikin kwanaki goma a matsayin wani ɓangare na turawar NATO a lokacin yaƙi.Baya ga kimanta iyawar Amurka, Reforger ya kuma sa ido kan ma'aikata, wurare, da kayan aiki na ƙasashen Turai da ke taka muhimmiyar rawa a kokarin ƙarfafawa. An yi amfani da wannan motsa jiki ne don tabbatar da cewa NATO na iya tura sojoji zuwa Jamus ta Yamma da sauri idan akwai rikici tare da Yarjejeniyar Warsaw. Yarjejeniyar Warsaw ta fi NATO yawa a duk lokacin Yakin Cold a cikin dakarun al'ada, kuma musamman a cikin tankuna da motocin makamai. Sabili da haka, a yayin mamayewar Soviet, don kada a koma ga hare-haren nukiliya, dole ne a sake dawo da makamai na Yarjejeniyar Warsaw da sauri kuma a maye gurbin su. Reforger ba kawai nuna ƙarfi ba ne. A yayin rikici, zai zama ainihin shirin don ƙarfafa kasancewar NATO a Turai. A wannan yanayin, ana kiransa Operation Reforger . Manufofin siyasa na Reforger sune inganta tsawo da kuma inganta hadin kan NATO.[1] Muhimman abubuwan da ke cikin Reforger sun haɗa da Rundunar Sojan Sama, Rundunar Sojojin Sojan Sama ta Sojan Sama. === Kwanaki Bakwai zuwa Kogin Rhine ===   [[Fayil:Probable_Axes_of_Attack.jpg|thumb|Harin Yarjejeniyar Warsaw zai zo ta hanyar manyan hanyoyi uku ta Yammacin Jamus.]] Kwanaki Bakwai zuwa Kogin Rhine wani aikin kwaikwayo ne na soja na sirri wanda Yarjejeniyar Warsaw ta kirkira a shekarar 1979. Ya fara ne da zaton cewa NATO za ta kaddamar da harin nukiliya a kwarin kogin Vistula a cikin wani lamari na farko, wanda zai haifar da mutuwar fararen hula na Poland miliyan biyu.[1] A mayar da martani, za a gudanar da yunkurin yaki na Soviet a kan Jamus ta Yamma, Belgium, Netherlands da Denmark, tare da sojojin Warsaw Pact da suka mamaye Jamus ta Yankin kuma suna da niyyar tsayawa a Kogin Rhine a rana ta bakwai. Sauran tsare-tsaren USSR sun tsaya ne kawai bayan sun isa iyakar Faransa a rana ta tara. Kowane jihohin Yarjejeniyar Warsaw an sanya su ne kawai sashi na hoto na dabarun; a wannan yanayin, ana sa ran sojojin Poland za su je har zuwa Jamus. Shirin Kwanaki Bakwai zuwa Rhine ya yi la'akari da cewa Poland da Jamus za su lalace ta hanyar musayar nukiliya kuma yawan sojoji za su mutu daga cutar radiation. An kiyasta cewa NATO za ta harba makaman nukiliya a bayan layin Soviet masu ci gaba don yanke layin samar da su kuma ta haka ne su rage ci gaban su. Duk da yake wannan shirin ya ɗauka cewa NATO za ta yi amfani da makaman nukiliya don tura duk wani mamayewar Warsaw Pact, bai haɗa da hare-haren nukiliya a Faransa ko Ingila ba. Jaridu sun yi hasashen lokacin da aka bayyana wannan shirin, cewa ba za a buga Faransa da Burtaniya ba don samun su don hana amfani da makaman nukiliyar su. === Kwarewar Mai Fitarwa === {{Clear}} [[Fayil:Reagan_and_Gordievsky.jpg|thumb|Tsohon shugaban Amurka [[Ronald Reagan]] da wakilin Soviet biyu Oleg Gordievsky, wanda daga baya ya gaya wa Yamma yadda kusanci da aikin Able Archer 83 ya kawo Soviets don ba da umarni na FarkoFarko na Farko]] Exercise Able Archer wani motsa jiki ne na shekara-shekara na Kwamandan Turai na Amurka wanda ke aiwatar da umarni da hanyoyin sarrafawa, tare da jaddada sauyawa daga ayyukan al'ada kawai zuwa ayyukan sinadarai, nukiliya, da na al'ada a lokacin yaƙi. "Able Archer 83" wani aiki ne na kwana biyar na [[NATO|Kungiyar Yarjejeniyar Arewacin Atlantic]] (NATO) wanda ya fara a ranar 7 ga Nuwamba 1983, wanda ya mamaye Yammacin Turai, wanda ke tsakiya a Babban Hedikwatar Allied Powers Europe (SHAPE) a Casteau, arewacin birnin Mons. Ayyukan Able Archer sun yi kama da lokacin rikice-rikice, wanda ya kai ga Harin nukiliya.<ref name="Fischer Conundrum">{{Cite web |last=Benjamin B. Fischer |date=17 March 2007 |title=A Cold War Conundrum: The 1983 Soviet War Scare |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/a-cold-war-conundrum/source.htm#HEADING1-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114024850/https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/a-cold-war-conundrum/source.htm |archive-date=14 January 2009 |access-date=13 January 2009 |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]}}</ref> Halin da ya dace na aikin 1983, tare da lalacewar dangantaka da ke tsakanin Amurka da Tarayyar Soviet da kuma zuwan makaman nukiliya na Pershing II a Turai, ya jagoranci wasu mambobin Politburo da sojoji suyi imani cewa Able Archer 83 ya kasance makirci ne na yaki, yana rufe shirye-shiryen kai hari na farko na nukiliya.<ref name="Fischer Conundrum">{{Cite web |last=Benjamin B. Fischer |date=17 March 2007 |title=A Cold War Conundrum: The 1983 Soviet War Scare |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/a-cold-war-conundrum/source.htm#HEADING1-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114024850/https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/a-cold-war-conundrum/source.htm |archive-date=14 January 2009 |access-date=13 January 2009 |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]}}</ref><ref>Andrew and Gordievsky, ''Comrade Kryucvcov's Instructions'', 85–7.</ref><ref name="Fischer Reversal 123,31">Beth Fischer, ''Reagan Reversal'', 123, 131.</ref><ref name="Pry Scare 37–9">Pry, ''War Scare'', 37–9.</ref> A mayar da martani, Soviets sun shirya sojojin nukiliyar su kuma sun sanya rundunonin iska a Gabashin Jamus da [[Tarihin Poland (1945-1989)|Poland]] a faɗake.<ref>Oberdorfer, ''A New Era'', 66.</ref><ref name="SNIE 84">''SNIE 11–10–84'' "Implications of Recent Soviet Military-Political Activities" Central Intelligence Agency, 18 May 1984.</ref>Wannan "1983 war fear" da yawa masana tarihi sunyi la'akari da shi a matsayin mafi kusa da duniya ta zo ga nukiliya tun lokacin Cuban Missile Crisis na 1962. Barazanar yaƙin nukiliya ya ƙare tare da kammala aikin a ranar 11 ga Nuwamba. <ref>Andrew and Gordievsky, ''Comrade Kryucvcov's Instructions'', 87–8.</ref><ref name="Pry Scare 43–4">Pry, ''War Scare'', 43–4.</ref> === Shirye-shiryen Tsaro === Shugaban Amurka Ronald Reagan ne ya gabatar da shirin Tsaro na dabarun (SDI) a ranar 23 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1983. [1] A ƙarshen shugabancin, dalilai da yawa (wanda ya haɗa da kallon fim din 1983 The Day After da jin ta hanyar mai sauya sheka na Soviet cewa Able Archer 83 kusan ya haifar da hari na farko na Rasha) ya juya Reagan kan manufar yaƙin nukiliya mai cin nasara, kuma ya fara ganin makaman nukiliya a matsayin "Katin daji" fiye da dabarun hanawa. Kodayake daga baya ya yi imani da Yarjejeniyar kawar da makamai a hankali yana rage haɗarin makaman nukiliya ta hanyar rage yawan su da matsayin faɗakarwa, ya kuma yi imanin cewa mafita ta fasaha na iya ba da damar harbe ICBMs masu shigowa, don haka ya sa Amurka ba za a iya fuskantar hari na farko ba. Koyaya, USSR ta ga manufar SDI a matsayin babbar barazana, tunda tura tsarin zai ba Amurka damar kaddamar da babban hari na farko a Tarayyar Soviet ba tare da tsoron ramuwar gayya ba. Manufar SDI ita ce amfani da tsarin ƙasa da sararin samaniya don kare Amurka daga hari da makamai masu linzami na nukiliya. Shirin ya mayar da hankali kan kariya ta dabarun maimakon ka'idar kuskuren dabarun da ta gabata na tabbatar da juna (MAD). An kafa Strategic Defense Initiative Organization (SDIO) a cikin 1984 a cikin Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Amurka don kula da Strategic Defense Program. === Kasuwancin nukiliya na NATO === [[Fayil:Operation_Upshot_test.ogv|thumb|Misali na gwajin makamashin nukiliya a Amurka]] Shirye-shiryen aiki na NATO don Yaƙin Duniya na Uku sun haɗa da abokan NATO waɗanda ba su da makaman nukiliya, ta amfani da makaman Nukiliya da Amurka ta bayar a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin yaki na NATO, a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Babban Kwamandan NATO. [[Fayil:Overzicht_op_Museumplein_met_spandoek_The_Dutch_disease_is_better_for_peace_o,_Bestanddeelnr_253-8627.jpg|thumb|zanga-zangar da aka yi a [[Amsterdam]] game da tseren makaman nukiliya tsakanin Amurka / NATO da Tarayyar Soviet, 1981]] Daga cikin iko uku na nukiliya a NATO (Faransa, Ingila, da Amurka) Amurka ce kawai ta samar da makamai don raba nukiliya. Ya zuwa Nuwamba , [[Beljik|Belgium]], Jamus, Italiya, Netherlands da [[Turkiyya]] har yanzu suna karbar bakuncin makaman nukiliya na Amurka a matsayin wani ɓangare na manufofin raba nukiliya ta NATO.<ref name="RUSI-2010">{{Citation|last1=amp}}</ref> Kanada ta dauki bakuncin makamai har zuwa 1984, <ref name="RUSI-2010" /> da [[Girka (ƙasa)|Girka]] har zuwa 2001. Har ila yau, Ƙasar Ingila ta karɓi Makaman nukiliya na Amurka kamar bindigogi na nukiliya da Makamai masu linzami har zuwa 1992, duk da cewa Burtaniya ƙasa ce ta makaman nukliya a kanta; waɗannan galibi an tura su a [[Jamus]]. A lokacin zaman lafiya, makaman nukiliya da aka adana a cikin ƙasashe marasa nukiliya suna ƙarƙashin kulawar 'yan saman Amurka kodayake a baya wasu bindigogi da tsarin makamai masu linzami sun kasance ƙarƙashin kulawar Sojojin Amurka; lambobin da ake buƙata don fashe su suna ƙarƙashin ikon Amurka. Idan akwai yaƙi, za a ɗora makamai a kan jiragen yaƙi na ƙasashe masu shiga. Makamai suna ƙarƙashin kulawa da iko na USAF Munitions Support Squadrons da ke kan manyan sansanonin aiki na NATO waɗanda ke aiki tare da sojojin kasar da ke karbar bakuncin. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2005, bam din nukiliya na B61 180 na makaman nukiliya 480 na Amurka da aka yi imanin cewa an tura su a Turai sun fada karkashin tsarin raba nukiliya. Ana adana makamai a cikin wani ajiya a cikin [[Gidan jirgin sama mai ƙarfi|mafaka na jirgin sama]], ta amfani da USAF WS3 Weapon Storage and Security System. Jiragen yaki da aka yi amfani da su sune F-16 Fighting Falcons da [[Panavia Tornado|Panavia Tornados]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hans M. Kristensen |date=5 October 2007 |title=U.S. Nuclear Weapons in Europe After the Cold War |url=http://www.nukestrat.com/pubs/Brief_Italy2007.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120202112109/http://www.nukestrat.com/pubs/Brief_Italy2007.pdf |archive-date=2 February 2012 |access-date=10 August 2013 |publisher=Federation of American Scientists}}</ref> == Tarihin kusa == Tare da fara tseren makamai na Cold War a cikin shekarun 1950, yakin apocalyptic tsakanin Amurka da Tarayyar Soviet ya zama ainihin yiwuwar. A lokacin Yakin Cold (1947-1991), an bayyana abubuwan da suka faru na soja da yawa kamar yadda suka kusa da yiwuwar haifar da Yaƙin Duniya na III. Ko da bayan ƙarshen Yakin Cold da rushewar Tarayyar Soviet a cikin 1991, an bayyana wasu abubuwan da suka faru bayan haka a matsayin kira na kusa. === Yaƙin Koriya: 25 Yuni 1950 - 27 Yuli 1953&nbsp; === Yaƙin Koriya yaƙi ne tsakanin hadin gwiwa guda biyu da ke yaƙi don iko da Yankin Koriya: hadin gwiwar kwaminisanci da ta haɗa da [[Koriya ta Arewa]], Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin, da [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]], da kuma hadin gwiwarsa ta jari-hujja da ta haɗa ti [[Koriya ta Kudu]], Amurka da Kwamandan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Mutane da yawa sun yi imanin cewa rikici zai iya zama babban yaki tsakanin kasashen uku, Amurka, USSR, da China. Wakilin yaki na CBS News Bill Downs ya rubuta a 1951, "Ga zuciyata, amsar ita ce: Ee, Koriya ita ce farkon Yaƙin Duniya na III. Saukowa mai kyau a Inchon da ƙoƙarin hadin gwiwar Sojojin Amurka tare da Allies na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun ba mu nasara a Koriya. Amma wannan shine kawai yaƙin farko a cikin babban gwagwarmayar kasa da kasa wanda yanzu ke mamaye Gabas ta Tsakiya da dukan duniya. " Downs daga baya ya sake maimaita wannan imani a kan ABC Evening News yayin da yake bayar da rahoto game da labarin game da Lamarin USS Pueblo a shekarar 1968.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Downs |first=Bill |date=25 January 1968 |title=The USS Pueblo incident |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-KBxiX_9_Kk |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140615095207/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-KBxiX_9_Kk |archive-date=15 June 2014 |access-date=8 November 2013 |website=ABC Evening News |publisher=ABC}}</ref> {{Spaces}}Sakataren Gwamnati Dean Acheson daga baya ya yarda cewa Gwamnatin Truman ta damu game da karuwar rikici kuma Janar Douglas MacArthur ya gargadi shi cewa shiga tsakani da Amurka ke jagoranta ya yi barazanar martani na Soviet. === Rikicin Berlin: 4 Yuni - 9 Nuwamba 1961 === Rikicin Berlin na 1961 ya kasance rikici ne na siyasa da soja tsakanin Amurka da Tarayyar Soviet a Checkpoint Charlie tare da tankuna da sojoji da yawa na Amurka da Soviet / Gabashin Jamus a tsaye a juna kawai 100 yadudduka a kowane bangare na checkpoint. Dalilin da ya sa aka yi jayayya shi ne matsayin sana'a na babban birnin Jamus, [[Berlin]], da kuma Bayan yakin duniya na biyu Jamus. Rikicin Berlin ya fara ne lokacin da USSR ta kaddamar da wani ultimatum da ke buƙatar janyewar dukkan sojoji daga Berlin, gami da sojojin Yamma a Berlin ta Yamma. Rikicin ya ƙare a cikin rabuwa da birnin tare da gina Ginin Berlin na Gabashin Jamus. Wannan tsayayya ta ƙare cikin lumana a ranar 28 ga Oktoba biyo bayan fahimtar Amurka da Soviet don janye tankuna da rage tashin hankali. === Rikicin Makami Mai Girma na Cuba: 15-29 Oktoba 1962 === [[Fayil:Soviet_b-59_submarine.jpg|thumb|Wani jirgin saman saman Amurka mai suna HSS-1 Seabat yana tashi a kan jirgin ruwa na Soviet ''B-59'', wanda sojojin Amurka suka tilasta masa zuwa saman a cikin Caribbean kusa da Cuba. B-59 yana da torpedo na nukiliya a cikin jirgin, kuma ana buƙatar maɓallan jami'ai uku don amfani da shi. Ɗaya daga cikin rashin amincewarsu ne kawai ya hana jirgin ruwa daga kai hari kan rundunar Amurka da ke kusa, wani hasken da zai iya haifar da Yaƙin Duniya na Uku (28-29 Oktoba 1962).]] Rikicin Makami mai linzami na Cuban, gwagwarmaya game da ajiye makamai masu linzami na nukiliya na Soviet a Cuba don mayar da martani ga mamayewar Bay of Pigs, an dauke shi mafi kusa da musayar nukiliya, wanda zai iya haifar da yakin duniya na uku. Rikicin ya kai kololuwa a ranar 27 ga Oktoba, tare da manyan abubuwan da suka faru guda uku a rana ɗaya: * Mafi mahimmancin abin da ya faru ya faru ne lokacin da jirgin ruwa na Soviet ya kusan kaddamar da torpedo mai kwakwalwa don mayar da martani ga cewa Amurka ta yi niyya da shi a cikin ruwan kasa da kasa, tare da mayar da martiri na kaddamarwar nukiliya na Soviet kawai ya hana shi daga jami'in Sojan Ruwa na Soviet Vasily Arkhipov. * Harbi jirgin leken asiri na Lockheed U-2 wanda Rudolf Anderson ya tuka yayin da yake keta sararin samaniya na Cuban. * Kusan tsayar da wani U-2 wanda ya ɓace cikin sararin samaniya na Soviet a kan Siberia, wanda ya sa Soviets su yi imani cewa wannan na iya zama jagora na bama-bamai na Amurka. Duk da abin da mutane da yawa suka yi imanin cewa shine mafi kusa da duniya ya zo ga rikici na nukiliya, a duk lokacin da aka yi tsayayya, Doomsday Clock, wanda Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists ke gudanarwa don kimanta yadda ƙarshen duniya, ko Doomsday, yake, tare da tsakar dare shine apocalypse, ya kasance a cikin minti bakwai zuwa tsakar dare. An bayyana wannan ne saboda taƙaitaccen rikicin tun lokacin da aka saka idanu kan abubuwan da suka fi dacewa kamar jagorancin kasashe, rikice-rikice, yaƙe-yaƙe, da rikice-rikicen siyasa, da kuma martani na al'ummomi ga abubuwan da aka ambata. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists yanzu ya yaba da ci gaban siyasa wanda ya haifar da rikicin makami mai linzami na Cuban tare da inganta kwanciyar hankali na duniya. Bulletin ya nuna cewa rikice-rikice da lokutan da za su iya ƙaruwa, an sanya su da ƙarfi saboda manyan dalilai guda biyu: # Layin zafi na Washington zuwa Moscow ya haifar da matsalar sadarwa tsakanin [[White House|Fadar White House]] da Kremlin a lokacin rikicin. Wannan ya ba shugabannin manyan makaman nukiliya guda biyu damar tuntuɓar juna a ainihin lokacin, yana da mahimmanci lokacin da seconds zasu iya hana musayar nukiliya. # Dalili na biyu ya haifar da wani bangare saboda martani na duniya game da yadda Amurka da USSR suka zo kusa da yakin duniya na uku a lokacin rikici. {{Spaces}}Yayin da jama'a suka fara saka idanu kan batutuwan da suka shafi makaman nukiliya, sabili da haka don tara goyon baya ga dalilin da ya sa ba ya yaduwa, an sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar haramtacciyar gwajin 1963. Har zuwa yau wannan yarjejeniyar ta sanya hannu ta kasashe 126 duka, tare da sanannun ban da Faransa da China. Dukkanin wadannan kasashe suna cikin matakan farko na shirye-shiryen nukiliya a lokacin sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar farko, kuma dukansu biyu sun nemi damar nukiliya mai zaman kanta daga abokansu. Wannan Yarjejeniyar haramta gwajin ta hana Gwajin makaman nukiliya da suka fashe a cikin [[Sararin Samaniya na Duniya|yanayi]], ta iyakance gwajin makaman Nukiliya zuwa ƙasa da ƙarƙashin ruwa, ta rage raguwa da tasiri a kan muhalli, kuma daga baya ta sa agogon Doomsday ya ragu da minti biyar, ya isa jimlar minti goma sha biyu zuwa tsakar dare.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 October 2012 |title=Remembering the Cuban Missile Crisis |url=https://thebulletin.org/remembering-cuban-missile-crisis |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201052807/https://thebulletin.org/remembering-cuban-missile-crisis |archive-date=1 February 2018 |access-date=10 March 2018 |website=thebulletin.org}}</ref> Har zuwa wannan lokacin, an fashe bama-bamai na nukiliya sama da 1000, kuma damuwa game da tasirin dogon lokaci da gajeren lokaci ga duniyar ya zama abin damuwa ga masana kimiyya. === Rikicin kan iyakar Sin da Soviet: 2 Maris - 11 Satumba 1969 === Rikicin kan iyakar Sin da Soviet ya kasance yakin basasa na watanni bakwai da ba a bayyana ba tsakanin [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]] da [[Sin|China]] a lokacin da aka raba Sin da Soviet a shekarar 1969. Mafi tsanani daga cikin wadannan rikice-rikicen kan iyaka, wanda ya kawo manyan Jihohin kwaminisanci biyu a duniya zuwa bakin yaƙi, ya faru ne a watan Maris na shekara ta 1969 a kusa da Tsibirin Zhenbao (Damansky) a kan Kogin Ussuri (Wusuli) , kusa da Manchuria. Rikicin ya haifar da tsagaita wuta, tare da komawa ga halin da ake ciki. Masu sukar sun nuna cewa harin da kasar Sin ta kai a Zhenbao ya kasance don hana duk wani mamayewar Soviet na gaba; cewa ta hanyar kashe wasu Soviets, kasar Sin ta nuna cewa ba za a iya 'matsawa' ba; kuma Mao yana so ya koya musu 'darkoki mai zafi'. Dangantakar kasar Sin da USSR ta kasance mai laushi bayan rikici, duk da tattaunawar kan iyaka, wanda ya fara a shekarar 1969 kuma ya ci gaba ba tare da kammala ba har tsawon shekaru goma. A cikin gida, barazanar yaki da rikice-rikicen kan iyaka ya haifar ya kaddamar da sabon mataki a cikin [[Cultural Revolution|Juyin Juya Halin Al'adu]]; na cikakken soja na kasar Sin. Taron Kasa na 9 na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta kasar Sin, wanda aka gudanar bayan Lamarin tsibirin Zhenbao, ya tabbatar da Ministan Tsaro Lin Biao a matsayin magajin [[Mao Zedong]]. Bayan abubuwan da suka faru a shekarar 1969, Tarayyar Soviet ta kara kara yawan sojojin ta a kan iyakar Sin da Soviet, da kuma Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Mongolia. === Rikicin Yakin Yom Kippur: 6-25 Oktoba 1973 === Yakin Yom Kippur, wanda aka fi sani da Yakin Ramadan, ko Yakin Oktoba, ya fara ne da mamayewa mai ban mamaki na Yankunan da Isra'ila ta mamaye ta hadin gwiwar kasashe Larabawa, tare da taimakon Tarayyar Soviet. Isra'ila ta samu nasarar mayar da martani tare da taimakon Amurka. Rikicin ya karu tsakanin manyan kasashe biyu: Sojojin sojan ruwa na Amurka da Soviet sun kusa harbi juna a cikin Bahar Rum. Admiral Daniel J. Murphy na Amurka na shida Fleet ya yi la'akari da damar da rundunar Soviet ke ƙoƙarin kai hari na farko a kan rundunarsa a kashi 40 cikin dari. Pentagon ta sauya matsayin Defcon daga 4 zuwa 3. {{Spaces}}{{Spaces}}An tura manyan kasashe zuwa gefen yaƙi, amma tashin hankali ya ragu tare da tsagaita wuta da aka kawo a ƙarƙashin UNSC 339.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 October 2013 |title=Erol Araf: 'Incalculable consequences' |url=http://news.nationalpost.com/full-comment/erol-araf-incalculable-consequences |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205101243/http://news.nationalpost.com/full-comment/erol-araf-incalculable-consequences |archive-date=5 February 2017 |access-date=5 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Inside the Kremlin During the Yom Kippur War By Victor Israelyan |url=http://www.psupress.org/books/titles/0-271-01489-X.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140706024838/http://www.psupress.org/books/titles/0-271-01489-X.html |archive-date=6 July 2014 |access-date=27 May 2014}}</ref> === Kuskuren kwamfuta na NORAD na 1979: 9 Nuwamba 1979 === Amurka ta yi shirye-shiryen ramuwar gayya na gaggawa bayan tsarin NORAD ya nuna cewa an kaddamar da cikakken hari na Soviet.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-11-20 |title=Norad false alarm causes uproar |url=http://www.cbc.ca/archives/categories/war-conflict/defence/norad-watching-the-skies/norad-false-alarm-causes-uproar.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141108204905/http://www.cbc.ca/archives/categories/war-conflict/defence/norad-watching-the-skies/norad-false-alarm-causes-uproar.html |archive-date=8 November 2014 |access-date=17 March 2015 |publisher=CBC Canada}}</ref> Ba a yi ƙoƙari don amfani da layin zafi na Moscow-Washington don bayyana halin da ake ciki tare da USSR ba kuma ba har sai tsarin radar na farko ya tabbatar da cewa babu irin wannan ƙaddamarwa da ya faru ba cewa NORAD ta fahimci cewa gwajin tsarin kwamfuta ya haifar da kuskuren nuni. Wani sanata a cikin kayan aikin NORAD a lokacin ya bayyana yanayin tsoro. Binciken GAO ya haifar da gina wani wurin gwaji na waje don hana irin wannan kuskuren.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Andrews |first=Evan |title=5 Cold War Close Calls |url=http://www.history.com/news/history-lists/5-cold-war-close-calls |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141231010823/http://www.history.com/news/history-lists/5-cold-war-close-calls |archive-date=31 December 2014 |access-date=17 March 2015 |publisher=The History Channel}}</ref> === Radar Soviet ta yi rashin aiki: 26 Satumba 1983 === Wani ƙararrawa na ƙarya ya faru a kan Tsarin gargadi na nukiliya na Soviet, yana nuna ƙaddamar da makamai masu linzami na Amurka LGM-30 Minuteman daga sansanoni a Amurka. Stanislav Petrov, jami'in Sojojin Tsaro na Soviet, ya hana wani hari na ramuwar gayya, wanda ya fahimci cewa tsarin bai yi aiki ba (wanda binciken da aka yi daga baya). <ref name="Baltimore Sun">{{Cite web |last=Shane |first=Scott |title=Cold War's Riskiest Moment |url=http://hnn.us/articles/1709.html#bombs9-5-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060819033034/http://hnn.us/articles/1709.html |archive-date=19 August 2006 |publisher=Baltimore Sun, 31 August 2003 (article reprinted as The Nuclear War That Almost Happened in 1983)}}</ref> === Able Archer 83 hawan: 2-11 Nuwamba 1983 === A lokacin Able Archer 83, wani motsa jiki na [[NATO]] na kwana goma wanda ke kwaikwayon lokacin rikice-rikice wanda ya kai ga harin nukiliya na DEFCON 1, wasu mambobin Politburo na [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Soviet]] da sojoji sun dauki abubuwan da suka faru a matsayin makircin yaki wanda ke ɓoye ainihin harin farko. A mayar da martani, sojoji sun shirya don daidaitaccen hari ta hanyar shirya sojojin nukiliya da sanya rundunonin iska da aka ajiye a cikin jihohin Warsaw Pact na Gabashin Jamus da [[Poland]] a karkashin babban faɗakarwa. Koyaya, shirye-shiryen Soviet don ramuwar gayya ya ƙare bayan kammala darussan Able Archer.<ref name="Fischer Conundrum">{{Cite web |last=Benjamin B. Fischer |date=17 March 2007 |title=A Cold War Conundrum: The 1983 Soviet War Scare |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/a-cold-war-conundrum/source.htm#HEADING1-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114024850/https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/a-cold-war-conundrum/source.htm |archive-date=14 January 2009 |access-date=13 January 2009 |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]}}</ref> Hadarin roket na Norway shine farkon yakin duniya na uku da ya faru bayan yakin sanyi ya ƙare. {{Spaces}}Wannan lamarin ya faru ne lokacin da tashar gargadi ta Olenegorsk ta Rasha ta yi kuskuren sa hannun radar daga rokar bincike ta Black Brant XII (wanda masana kimiyya na Norway da Amurka suka kaddamar da shi tare daga Andøya Rocket Range), kamar yadda ya zama sa hannun radar na kaddamarwar makami mai linzami na Trident SLBM. A mayar da martani, an kira Shugaban Rasha Boris Yeltsin kuma an kunna jakar nukiliya ta ''Cheget'' a karo na farko kuma kawai. Koyaya, babban kwamandan nan da nan ya sami damar tantance cewa roket din ba ya shiga sararin samaniya na Rasha, kuma nan da nan kuma ya zubar da shirye-shiryen yaki da ramuwar gayya. An ƙaddara cewa, yayin da masana kimiyya na roket suka sanar da jihohi talatin ciki har da Rasha game da ƙaddamar da gwajin, bayanin bai kai ga masu fasahar radar na Rasha ba. === Abin da ya faru a filin jirgin saman Pristina: 12 Yuni 1999 === A ranar 12 ga watan Yunin 1999, washegari bayan karshen Yaƙin Kosovo, wasu jami'an zaman lafiya na Rasha 250 sun mamaye Filin jirgin saman Pristina kafin isowar sojojin [[NATO]] kuma suna tabbatar da isowar ƙarfafawa ta iska. Babban Kwamandan Sojojin NATO na Amurka Janar Wesley Clark ya ba da umarnin yin amfani da karfi a kan Rashawa. Mike Jackson, janar na Sojojin Burtaniya wanda ya tuntubi Rasha a lokacin lamarin, ya ki aiwatar da umarnin Clark, ya san shi da cewa "Ba zan fara yakin duniya na uku a gare ku ba". Kyaftin James Blunt, babban jami'in da ke gaban ginshiƙi na NATO a cikin kai tsaye da ke dauke da makamai a kan Rasha, ya karɓi umarnin "Destroy!" daga Clark a rediyo, amma ya bi umarnin Jackson don kewaye filin jirgin sama a maimakon haka ya ce a cikin wata hira cewa ko da ba tare da sa hannun Jackson ba zai ki bin umarnin Clark. A ranar 24 ga Nuwamba 2015, a kan iyaka tsakanin Turkiyya da Siriya, Sojojin Sama na Turkiyya sun harbe jirgin saman Sukhoi na Rasha. Turks sun yi iƙirarin cewa jirgin ya keta sararin samaniya na Turkiyya, da'awar da Rasha ta musanta; jirgin yana cikin yankin a matsayin wani ɓangare na sa hannun sojojin Rasha a yakin basasar Siriya, wanda Turkiyya ta goyi bayan sojojin adawa. Wannan lamari shine lalacewar farko na jirgin saman yaki na Sojojin Sama na Rasha ko Soviet da wata kasa ta [[NATO]] ta yi tun bayan harin da aka kai a madatsar ruwan Sui-ho a lokacin yakin Koriya a 1953. <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 November 2015 |title=Turkey downing that Russian fighter jet is terrible news for the war on ISIS. |url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/the_slatest/2015/11/24/turkey_downing_that_russian_fighter_jet_is_terrible_news_for_the_war_on.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151124195329/http://www.slate.com/blogs/the_slatest/2015/11/24/turkey_downing_that_russian_fighter_jet_is_terrible_news_for_the_war_on.html |archive-date=24 November 2015 |access-date=25 November 2015 |website=Slate Magazine}}</ref> Lamarin ya haifar da kafofin watsa labarai da yawa da mutane da yawa da ke yin sharhi cewa zai iya haifar da yaƙi a duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 November 2015 |title=Don't panic: Turkey shooting down a Russian warplane won't start World War 3 |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/turkey/12013517/Dont-panic-Turkey-shooting-down-a-Russian-warplane-wont-start-World-War-3.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718120546/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/turkey/12013517/Dont-panic-Turkey-shooting-down-a-Russian-warplane-wont-start-World-War-3.html |archive-date=18 July 2023 |access-date=2023-07-18 |website=www.telegraph.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bora |first=Birce |title='Which parts of Syria should be bombed?' |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/11/26/which-parts-of-syria-should-be-bombed |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718120546/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/11/26/which-parts-of-syria-should-be-bombed |archive-date=18 July 2023 |access-date=2023-07-18 |website=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2015-11-26 |title=Turkey risks sparking world war, says Iraq's Maliki |url=https://guardian.ng/news/turkey-risks-sparking-world-war-says-iraqs-maliki/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718120546/https://guardian.ng/news/turkey-risks-sparking-world-war-says-iraqs-maliki/ |archive-date=18 July 2023 |access-date=2023-07-18 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-US}}</ref> == Abubuwan da za su iya gani a yanzu == === Harin Rasha na Ukraine: 24 Fabrairu 2022 - yanzu === [[Fayil:Destruction_of_Russian_tanks_by_Ukrainian_troops_in_Mariupol_(4).jpg|thumb|Halakar BMP-3 IFV ta Rasha da sojojin Ukraine suka yi a Mariupol a ranar 7 ga Maris 2022]] A ranar 24 ga watan Fabrairun 2022, shugaban Rasha [[Vladimir Putin]] ya ba da umarnin mamaye [[Ukraniya|Ukraine]], wanda ya nuna babban karuwar Yaƙin Rasha da Ukraine, wanda aka fara a shekarar 2014. An bayyana mamayewar a matsayin babbar rikici ta soja a Turai tun lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. &nbsp;Harin ya sami zargi na kasa da kasa, gami da sabbin takunkumin da aka ɗora wa Rasha, wanda ya haɗa da haramcin Rasha daga SWIFT da rufe mafi yawan sararin samaniya na Yammacin zuwa jiragen Rasha. Bugu da ƙari, kafin da kuma lokacin mamayewar, wasu daga cikin kasashe 32 na NATO suna ba da Ukraine da makamai da sauran tallafin kayan aiki. A duk lokacin mamayewar, manyan 'yan siyasa da yawa na Rasha, ciki har da shugaban kasar Putin, ministan harkokin waje Sergey Lavrov da shugaban jam'iyyar United Russia Dmitry Medvedev, sun yi maganganu da yawa da aka gani a matsayin barazanar amfani da makaman nukiliya, yayin da jami'ai da yawa daga Amurka da NATO, ciki har ma da shugaban Amurka [[Joe Biden]] da Sakataren Janar NATO Jens Stoltenberg, sun yi sanarwa da ke tabbatar da martani NATO a yayin da Rasha ta sake kai farmaki ga kowace kasa ta NATO ko amfani da makamai na nukiliya ta sake haifar da ita. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sauer |first=Pjotr |date=2022-09-21 |title=Putin announces partial mobilisation and threatens nuclear retaliation in escalation of Ukraine war |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/sep/21/putin-announces-partial-mobilisation-in-russia-in-escalation-of-ukraine-war |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114202406/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/sep/21/putin-announces-partial-mobilisation-in-russia-in-escalation-of-ukraine-war |archive-date=14 January 2023 |access-date=2022-09-21 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 February 2022 |title=Biden says Americans should not worry about nuclear war after Russian actions |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/27/us/politics/putin-nuclear-alert-biden-deescalation.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228011550/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/27/us/politics/putin-nuclear-alert-biden-deescalation.html |archive-date=28 February 2022 |access-date=28 February 2022 |website=[[Reuters]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Samuels |first=Brett |date=11 March 2022 |title=Biden: Direct conflict between NATO and Russia would be 'World War III' |url=https://thehill.com/policy/international/597842-biden-direct-conflict-between-nato-and-russia-would-be-world-war-iii |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325032254/https://thehill.com/policy/international/597842-biden-direct-conflict-between-nato-and-russia-would-be-world-war-iii |archive-date=25 March 2022 |access-date=11 March 2022 |website=The Hill}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-21 |title=Biden denounces Putin's 'overt' nuclear threats, urges UN allies to reject Russia's invasion of Ukraine |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/09/21/biden-denounces-putins-overt-nuclear-threats-urges-un-allies-to-reject-russias-invasion-of-ukraine.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921194052/https://www.cnbc.com/2022/09/21/biden-denounces-putins-overt-nuclear-threats-urges-un-allies-to-reject-russias-invasion-of-ukraine.html |archive-date=21 September 2022 |access-date=2022-09-21 |website=CNBC |language=en}}</ref> Yawancin abubuwan da suka faru da aka gani a matsayin kira na kusa da rikici tsakanin Rasha da NATO tun daga lokacin sun faru, wanda ya fi shahara shi ne harin makami mai linzami a ƙauyen Poland na Przewodów kusa da iyakar da Ukraine a watan Nuwamba 2022. A farkon 2023, Putin ya dakatar da shiga Rasha a New START, yarjejeniyar nukiliya ta ƙarshe tsakanin Rasha da Amurka, kuma daga baya ya sanar da shirye-shiryen shigar da makaman nukiliya na Rasha a [[Belarus]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chen |first=Heather |last2=Humayun |first2=Hira |last3=Knight |first3=Mariya |last4=Carey |first4=Andrew |last5=Gigova |first5=Radina |last6=Kostenko |first6=Maria |date=2023-03-26 |title=Russia plans to station tactical nuclear weapons in Belarus, Putin says |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/03/25/world/russia-putin-nuclear-weapons-belarus-intl-hnk/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331052514/https://www.cnn.com/2023/03/25/world/russia-putin-nuclear-weapons-belarus-intl-hnk/index.html |archive-date=31 March 2023 |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=CNN}}</ref> Masana daban-daban, masu sharhi, da sauransu sun bayyana rikicin a matsayin kira na kusa da yakin duniya na uku, yayin da wasu suka ba da shawarar akasin haka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Simhony |first=Limor |title=NATO Intervention in Ukraine Won't Spark World War III |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/04/01/nato-intervention-in-ukraine-wont-spark-world-war-iii/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007025659/https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/04/01/nato-intervention-in-ukraine-wont-spark-world-war-iii/ |archive-date=7 October 2022 |access-date=2022-10-07 |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Miller |first=Paul |date=8 March 2022 |title=Ukraine Is Not World War III |url=https://thedispatch.com/p/ukraine-is-not-world-war-iii |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007025701/https://thedispatch.com/p/ukraine-is-not-world-war-iii |archive-date=7 October 2022 |access-date=2022-10-07 |website=The Dispatch}}</ref> == Yaduwar amfani da kalmar == === Yaƙin Cold === [[Fayil:World_nuclear_weapons.png|thumb|Babban tarin [[makaman nukiliya]] tare da kewayon duniya (duhu mai launin shudi), ƙaramin tarin tare da kewar duniya (matsakaici mai launin shuɗi), ƙaramin kayan aiki tare da kewaye na yanki (mai launin shudi) ]] Yayinda dangantakar Soviet-Amurka ta karu da tashin hankali a lokacin bayan yakin duniya na biyu, tsoron cewa tashin hankali na iya karuwa zuwa yakin duniya na uku ya kasance koyaushe. {{Spaces}}{{Spaces}}Wani binciken Gallup a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1950 ya gano cewa fiye da rabin Amurkawa sun yi la'akari da yakin duniya na uku ya riga ya fara.{{Spaces}} A shekara ta 2004, mai sharhi Norman Podhoretz ya ba da shawarar cewa [[Cold War|Yaƙin Cold]], wanda ya kasance daga mika wuya ga ikon Axis har zuwa faduwar Ginin Berlin, ana iya kiransa Yakin Duniya na III. {{Spaces}}Ta hanyar lissafin Podhoretz, "Yaƙin Duniya na IV" zai zama kamfen na duniya game da Islamofascism.<ref name="Podhoretz2004">{{Cite magazine|url-status=17+}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Buckley |first=William F. Jr. |author-link=William F. Buckley Jr. |date=22 October 2007 |title=World War IV? |url=https://www.nationalreview.com/2007/09/world-war-iv-william-f-buckley-jr/ |url-status=live |journal=[[National Review]] |volume=59 |issue=19 |page=62 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806022343/https://www.nationalreview.com/2007/09/world-war-iv-william-f-buckley-jr/ |archive-date=6 August 2020 |access-date=14 June 2019}} (published online 6 September 2007)</ref>{{Spaces}} Duk da haka, yawancin masana tarihi za su yi kama da cewa Yaƙin Duniya na III dole ne ya zama "yaƙin duniya wanda manyan dakarun daga ƙasashe da yawa suka yi yaƙi" da kuma yaƙin da "ya haɗa da yawancin manyan ƙasashe na duniya". {{Spaces}}Yakin Cold ya sami sunansa daga rashin aikin da aka dauka daga bangarorin biyu. Rashin aiki ya kasance ne saboda tsoron cewa yakin nukiliya zai iya lalata bil'adama.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 September 2011 |title=American History: The Cold War |url=https://learningenglish.voanews.com/a/american-history-the-cold-war-130292758/116228.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201012146/https://learningenglish.voanews.com/a/american-history-the-cold-war-130292758/116228.html |archive-date=1 February 2022 |access-date=2022-05-02 |website=VOA |language=en}}</ref> A cikin littafinsa Secret Weapons of the Cold War, Bill Yenne ya kammala cewa yakin basasa na Superpower daga shekarun 1940 zuwa 1991, ba yakin duniya na uku ba ne.<ref>Yenne, Bill (2005). ''Secret Weapons of the Cold War.'' Berkly Book, New York</ref>{{Spaces}} === Yaƙi da ta'addanci === [[Fayil:WTC_smoking_on_9-11.jpeg|thumb|[[September 11 attacks|Hare-haren Satumba 11]]]] "Yaƙin da aka yi da ta'addanci" wanda ya fara da [[September 11 attacks|Hare-haren Satumba 11]] wasu sun yi iƙirarin cewa Yaƙin Duniya na III ne.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Micallef |first=Joseph V. |date=24 January 2017 |title=Are We Already Fighting World War III? |url=http://www.military.com/daily-news/2017/01/24/are-we-already-fighting-world-war-iii.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170416051031/http://www.military.com/daily-news/2017/01/24/are-we-already-fighting-world-war-iii.html |archive-date=16 April 2017 |access-date=15 April 2017 |website=[[Military.com]]}}</ref> Sauran sun raina irin waɗannan da'awar kamar "karkatar da [[Tarihin Amurka]]". Duk da yake akwai yarjejeniya tsakanin masana tarihi game da ma'anoni da girman yaƙe-yaƙe na duniya guda biyu, wato saboda girman duniya na tashin hankali da hallaka kansu na waɗannan yaƙe-yarƙe biyu, wasu sun yi iƙirarin cewa "Yaƙin Duniya" na iya buƙatar irin wannan yaƙe-yanayi da kisan gilla a duniya. Duk da haka, irin wannan da'awar sabon "ƙananan ƙofar tashin hankali", wanda yanzu zai iya isa ya cancanci yaƙi a matsayin "Yaƙin Duniya" bai sami irin wannan karɓa da tallafi ba kamar yadda ma'anar yaƙe-yaƙe biyu na duniya suka samu tsakanin masana tarihi. ==== Yaƙi da Daular Musulunci ==== A ranar 1 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2015, Ministan Harkokin Waje na Iraki Ibrahim al-Jaafari ya bayyana cewa yakin da aka yi da Daular Islama ya kasance "Yaƙin Duniya na III", saboda manufofin Daular Islami na Khalifanci na duniya, da kuma nasarar da ta samu wajen yada rikici ga kasashe da yawa a waje da yankin Levant. {{Spaces}}Da yake mayar da martani ga hare-haren da aka kai a birnin Paris a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2015, Sarkin Jordan Abdullah II ya bayyana cewa "Muna fuskantar yakin duniya na uku [a cikin Islama]". A cikin jawabinsa na Jihar Tarayyar a ranar 12 ga Janairun 2016, Shugaban Amurka [[Barack Obama]] ya yi gargadin cewa rahotanni da ke ba ISIL damar da ake tsammani na haifar da yakin duniya na uku na iya zama da yawa kuma ba shi da alhaki, yana mai cewa "yayin da muke mai da hankali kan hallaka ISIL, ya yi iƙirarin cewa wannan yakin duniya ne na III kawai yana wasa a hannayensu. Yawancin mayakan da ke bayan manyan motoci da kuma masu karkatarwa a cikin gidaje ko garages suna haifar da babbar haɗari ga fararen hula kuma dole ne su zama masu barazana ga rayuwarmu ta ƙasa".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Obama |first=Barak |date=13 January 2016 |title=2016 State of the Union Address |url=https://medium.com/@WhiteHouse/president-obama-s-2016-state-of-the-union-address-7c06300f9726#.6rytyu7a2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160209085124/https://medium.com/@WhiteHouse/president-obama-s-2016-state-of-the-union-address-7c06300f9726#.6rytyu7a2 |archive-date=9 February 2016 |access-date=9 February 2016 |website=The White House |publisher=government of the United States of America}}</ref>{{Spaces}} === Ƙananan yaƙe-yaƙe da yawa a matsayin "yaƙi na uku" === A cikin tambayoyin da aka rubuta da yawa a ƙarƙashin yanayi na yau da kullun, kwatanta gobarar Yaƙin Duniya na I da na II da yaƙe-yaƙe masu ƙarancin ƙarfi na ƙarni na 21, [[Francis (fafaroma)|Paparoma Francis]] ya ce, "Duniya tana cikin yaƙi saboda ta rasa zaman lafiya", kuma "watakila mutum na iya magana game da yaƙi na uku, wanda ya yi yaƙi a hankali". {{Spaces}}{{Spaces}} == Abubuwan da ba a tsammani ba == A shekara ta 1949, bayan kaddamar da makaman nukiliya a ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na II, masanin kimiyyar lissafi [[Albert Einstein]] ya ba da shawarar cewa duk wani sakamako na yiwuwar Yaƙin Duniya ya III zai zama bala'i a kan [[Wayewa|wayewar ɗan adam]] don mayar da bil'adama zuwa Zamanin Stone. &nbsp;&nbsp;Lokacin da ɗan jarida Alfred Werner ya tambaye shi irin makamai Einstein ya yi imanin cewa za a iya yaƙi da Yaƙin Duniya na III, Einstein ya yi gargadin, "Ban san da waɗanne makamai za a yi yaƙi da Yakin Duniya na III ba, amma za a yi Yaƙin Duniya yaƙi da sanduna da duwatsu". <ref name="einstein">''The New Quotable Einstein''. Alice Calaprice (2005), p. 173.</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Johnson |first=M. Alex |date=18 April 2005 |title=The culture of Einstein |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna7406337 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180208205219/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/7406337#.WmyV55OdU3g |archive-date=8 February 2018 |access-date=27 January 2018 |website=MSNBC |language=en}}</ref>{{Spaces}} Game da halakar da 'yan Adam sakamakon yaƙin nukiliya, Leslie A. White ya kalubalanci Einstein, "wannan ma za a iya shigar da shi azaman yiwuwar, kuma duk abin da za mu iya cewa idan ya zo, zai zo. Maganganun tsoro ba za su canza yanayin abubuwan da suka faru ba. " Crane Brinton ya kuma shakkar zaman lafiya na tunanin Einstein: "Malamai, masu wa'azi, malamai, har ma da 'yan siyasa suna gaya wa ƙarni mai girma cewa dole ne babu yaƙi kuma, saboda haka, babu wani abu mai hikima".<ref>Brinton, Crane, (1948). ''From Many to One: The Process of Political Integration, the Problem of World Government'', (Westport: Greenwood Press), p 4.</ref> James Burnham na Ofishin Ayyukan Dabarun (wanda ya riga ya kasance [[C.I.A|CIA]]), ya kuma yi imani da rayuwa: Ana samun bambancin makaman nukiliya a cikin cewa suna iya hallaka rayuwar ɗan adam gaba ɗaya, gami da ta hanyar yanayin yanayi da yanayin ƙasa, amma haka ba haka ba ne. Babban ka'idojin dabarun soja ba su canza ba. Yaƙin nukiliya zai bambanta da yaƙe-yaƙe na dā amma za a yanke shawarar ta hanyar haɗuwa da albarkatu, halin kirki da dabarun.<ref>Burnham, James, (1947). ''Struggle for the World'', (New York: The John Day Company), pp 26, 28-29.</ref> Wani Bayani na New England Journal of Medicine na 1998 ya gano cewa "Ko da yake mutane da yawa sun yi imanin cewa barazanar harin nukiliya ya ɓace sosai tare da ƙarshen Yakin Cold, akwai shaidu masu yawa da suka saɓa".<ref name="nejm" /> Musamman, yarjejeniyar raba juna ta Amurka da Rasha a cikin 1994 ta kasance alama ce kuma ba ta canza adadin lokacin da ake buƙata don kaddamar da hari ba. An yi imanin cewa yanayin "harin haɗari" ya kasance ƙaddamarwa ne na ramuwar gayya saboda gargadi na ƙarya, kamar abin da ya faru na 1983. <ref name="nejm">{{Cite journal |last=Forrow |first=Lachlan |last2=Blair |first2=Bruce G. |last3=Helfand |first3=Ira |last4=Lewis |first4=George |last5=Postol |first5=Theodore |last6=Sidel |first6=Victor |last7=Levy |first7=Barry S. |last8=Abrams |first8=Herbert |last9=Cassel |first9=Christine |date=30 April 1998 |title=Accidental Nuclear War — A Post–Cold War Assessment |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=338 |issue=18 |pages=1326–1332 |doi=10.1056/NEJM199804303381824 |issn=0028-4793 |pmid=9562589 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A tarihi, Yaƙin Duniya na ya faru ne ta hanyar rikici mai tsanani; Yaƙin Duniya ya faru ne da gangan. &nbsp;&nbsp;Abubuwan da aka yi la'akari da su a cikin shekarun 2010 da 2020 sun haɗa da mamayewar Rasha a Ukraine, fadada kasar Sin zuwa tsibirai da ke kusa da su, Rikicin kan iyakar Sin da Indiya, barazanar aikin soja na kasar Sin a kan Taiwan, rikice-rikicen kan iyakar Indo-Pakistan, da kuma shiga kasashen waje a yakin basasar Siriya. Sauran haɗarin da ake tsammani sune cewa yaƙin da ya shafi ko tsakanin [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudi Arabia]] da [[Iran]], [[Isra'ila]] da Iran, [[Indiya]] da [[Pakistan]], [[Ukraniya|Ukraine]] da [[Rasha]], [[Poland]] da [[Belarus]], [[Koriya ta Kudu]] da [[Koriya ta Arewa]], ko [[Taiwan]] da [[Sin|China]] na iya ƙaruwa ta hanyar kawance ko shiga cikin yaƙi tsakanin "babban iko" kamar [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], Ingila, Faransa, Jamus, Rasha, China, Japan ko kuma yaƙin da ke tsakanin hadin gwiwar soja [[NATO]] da CSTO, ko ma yiwuwar "kwamin kwamandan makaman nukiliya" wanda ba a ƙarƙashin duk wani yaƙin nukiliya ba shi da izini ba zai iya ƙaruwa ba tare da izini yaƙin da izini da izini a kaiwa ba.<ref>{{Cite book|last3=Ron Rosenbaum}}</ref> Dangane da binciken da aka sake dubawa da aka buga a cikin mujallar Nature Food a watan Agustan 2022, cikakken yakin nukiliya tsakanin Amurka da Rasha, wanda ya saki sama da Tg 150 na soot na stratospheric, na iya kashe mutane sama da biliyan biyar ta hanyar yunwa a lokacin hunturu na nukiliya. Fiye da mutane biliyan biyu na iya mutuwa daga yunwa daga karamin yaki na nukiliya (5-47 Tg) tsakanin Indiya da Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Xia |first=Lili |last2=Robock |first2=Alan |last3=Scherrer |first3=Kim |last4=Harrison |first4=Cheryl S. |last5=Bodirsky |first5=Benjamin Leon |last6=Weindl |first6=Isabelle |last7=Jägermeyr |first7=Jonas |last8=Bardeen |first8=Charles G. |last9=Toon |first9=Owen B. |last10=Heneghan |first10=Ryan |date=15 August 2022 |title=Global food insecurity and famine from the reduced crop, marine fishery and livestock production due to climate disruption from nuclear war soot injection |journal=[[Nature Food]] |volume=3 |issue=8 |pages=586–596 |doi=10.1038/s43016-022-00573-0 |pmid=37118594 |s2cid=251601831 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> A yayin yakin nukiliya tsakanin Rasha da Amurka, kashi 99% na yawan jama'a a cikin ƙasashe masu fafatawa, da Turai da China, za su mutu. Wasu al'amuran sun haɗa da haɗari saboda canje-canje masu zuwa daga sanannen halin da ake ciki. A cikin shekarun 1980s Strategic Defense Initiative ya yi ƙoƙari ya soke makaman nukiliya na USSR; wasu masu sharhi sun yi imanin cewa shirin yana "rashin daidaituwa". A cikin littafinsa Destined for War, Graham Allison yana kallon kishiyar duniya tsakanin ikon da aka kafa, Amurka, da ikon da ke tasowa, China, a matsayin misali na Thucydides Trap. Allison ya bayyana cewa a tarihi, "12 daga cikin shari'o'i 16 da suka gabata inda karuwar iko ta fuskanci ikon mulki" sun haifar da fada.<ref>Graham Allison (2017). ''Destined for War'', Scribe, p. 215</ref> A cikin 2020 da 2023, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists ya ci gaba da agogon ranar ƙarshe, yana mai da hankali a tsakanin sauran abubuwan da aka yi hasashen tasirin rikice-rikice daga makamai masu zuwa. Yakin yanar gizo shine amfani da fasaha ta wata kasa ko kungiyar kasa da kasa don kai farmaki da lalata hanyoyin sadarwa da kwamfutocin adawa. Lalacewar na iya haifar da ƙwayoyin cuta na kwamfuta ko hare-haren ƙin sabis (DoS). Hare-haren yanar gizo suna ƙara zama ruwan dare, suna barazanar tsaro ta yanar gizo kuma suna mai da shi fifiko a duniya. An sami yaduwar hare-haren da gwamnati ke tallafawa. Halin waɗannan hare-haren ya nuna yiwuwar yakin duniya na uku na yanar gizo.Manyan sojoji na duniya suna haɓaka dabarun yanar gizo, gami da hanyoyin canza tsarin umarni da sarrafa abokan gaba, tsarin gargadi na farko, dabaru, da sufuri.Harin Rasha na 2022 na Ukraine ya haifar da damuwa game da babban hari na yanar gizo, tare da Rasha da ta kaddamar da hare-haren yanar gizo don sasanta kungiyoyi a duk faɗin Ukraine. Rasha ta kaddamar da kusan hare-hare 40 masu hankali waɗanda suka lalata fayiloli har abada a cikin daruruwan tsarin a cikin ƙungiyoyi da yawa, tare da kashi 40% da nufin manyan fannoni a cikin Ukraine.Amfani da yakin yanar gizo na Rasha ya juya yakin zuwa babban yakin "haɗe-haɗe" a Ukraine. == Dubi kuma == * Yunkurin adawa da nukiliya * Gasar makamai ta wucin gadi * Yakin Cold na Ilimin Ilimin Ilimi * Gasar makaman nukiliya * Holocaust na nukiliya * Ta'addanci na nukiliya * Yaƙin Cold na Biyu * Yaƙin Duniya na III a cikin al'adun gargajiya * [[Yaƙi]] * [[Yaƙin Duniya na I]] * [[Yaƙin Duniya na II]] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] sehr7agjpu03ldtg7njk0qvo8lxm1zu 884809 884808 2026-07-19T08:40:11Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 884809 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   [[Fayil:Castle_Bravo_Blast.jpg|thumb|Yaƙin nukiliya alama ce ta yau da kullun kuma jigon mafi yawan abubuwan da suka faru na Yaƙin Duniya na III. &nbsp;Irin wannan rikici an yi la'akari da shi don haifar da ko kusa da halakawar ɗan adam.]] '''Yaƙin Duniya na I''' ('''WWIII''' ko '''WW3'''), wanda aka fi sani da '''Yaƙin Duniya na Uku''', rikici ne na duniya na gaba wanda ya biyo bayan Yaƙin Duniya Na shekara ta alif (1914 zuwa zuwa 1918) da [[Yaƙin Duniya na II]] a shekara ta alif 1939 Zuwa 1945). An yi la'akari da cewa irin wannan yaƙin zai shafi dukkan manyan ƙasashen duniya, kamar waɗanda suka riga shi, da kuma amfani da [[makaman nukiliya]] ko wasu makamai na hallaka jama'a, don haka ya wuce rikice-rikicen da suka gabata a cikin yanki, lalacewa, da asarar rai. Tun lokacin da Manhattan [[Project]] ya ci gaba da makaman nukiliya a shekara ta alif 1945 da kuma amfani da su ta [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] a cikin bama-Bamai na nukiliya na Hiroshima da Nagasaki a ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na II, haɗarin apocalypse na nukiliyar da ke haifar da lalacewa mai yawa da yiwuwar [[Yanayin tashin duniya|rushewar wayewa]] ko halaka bil'adama ya zama jigon gama gari a cikin hasashe da fiction game da Yaƙin Duniya III. Tare da zuwan [[Cold War|Yaƙin Cold]] (1947-1991) da yaduwar makaman [[nukiliya]] zuwa [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]], wanda wasu kasashe da yawa suka biyo baya, haɗarin yakin duniya na uku ya tashi. A lokacin Yakin Cold, sojoji da ma'aikatan farar hula a duk duniya sun yi tsammanin yiwuwar kuma sun shirya hakan, tare da abubuwan da suka faru daga yaƙin gargajiya zuwa iyakantaccen ko gaba ɗaya Yaƙin nukiliya. An kirkiro ka'idar dabarun tabbatar da lalacewa, wanda ya nuna cewa cikakken rikici na nukiliya zai hallaka dukkan bangarorin da ke cikin rikici. Shugabannin Amurka da Soviet sun yi aiki don kauce wa irin wannan sakamako, kodayake kira da yawa na kusa, wanda ya haifar da fasaha mara kyau, kuskuren ɗan adam ko rashin sadarwa, har yanzu ya faru, yana jaddada buƙatar hanawa daga bangarorin biyu. == Magana ==   Mujallar Time ta kasance mai karɓar farko, idan ba mai farawa ba, na kalmar "Yaƙin Duniya na III". {{Spaces}}Amfani na farko ya bayyana a cikin fitowar 3 ga Nuwamba 1941 (kafin harin Japan a kan Pearl Harbor a ranar 7 ga Disamba 1941) a ƙarƙashin sashin "Hamaloli na Kasa" kuma mai taken "Yaƙin Duniya na III?" game da ɗan gudun hijirar Nazi Hermann Rauschning, wanda ya isa Amurka. {{Spaces}}A cikin fitowar ta 22 ga Maris 1943, a ƙarƙashin sashin "Labaran Kasashen Waje", ''Lokaci'' ya sake amfani da wannan taken "Yaƙin Duniya na III?" game da maganganun Mataimakin Shugaban Amurka na ''Lokaci'' Henry A. Wallace: "Za mu yanke shawara a wani lokaci a 1943 ko 1944 ... ko mu dasa tsaba na Yaƙin Duniya na Uku. " Lokaci ya ci gaba da samun ko ambaton labaran "Yaƙin duniya na III" don sauran shekaru goma da gaba: 1944, 1945, 1946 ("yaƙin ƙwayoyin cuta da 1948. {{Spaces}}{{Spaces}}{{Spaces}}''Lokaci'' ya ci gaba da amfani da wannan kalmar, alal misali, a cikin littafin 2015 mai taken "Wannan shine Abin da Yaƙin Duniya na III Zai Kamata". == Shirye-shiryen Soja == Masu dabarun soja sun yi amfani da wasannin yaƙi don shirya don yanayin yaƙi daban-daban da kuma ƙayyade dabarun da suka fi dacewa. An yi amfani da wasannin yaƙi don Yaƙin Duniya na I da Yaƙin Duniya ya II . === Aikin da ba za a iya tsammani ba ===   Firayim Ministan Burtaniya [[Winston Churchill]] ya damu da cewa, tare da girman sojojin Soviet Red Army da aka tura a Tsakiyar Turai da Gabashin Turai a Ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na II<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwbg">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki> da rashin amintaccen shugaban Soviet [[Joseph Stalin]], akwai babbar barazana ga Yammacin Turai. A cikin Afrilu-Mayu 1945, Sojojin Burtaniya sun haɓaka Operation Unthinkable, wanda ake zaton shine yanayin farko na Yaƙin Duniya na Uku. Babban burinta shine "ta tilasta wa Rasha nufin Amurka da [[Daular Biritaniya|Daular Burtaniya]]".<ref>{{Cite web |last=British War Cabinet, Joint Planning Staff, Public Record Office, CAB 120/691/109040 / 002 |date=11 August 1945 |title=Operation Unthinkable: 'Russia: Threat to Western Civilization' |url=http://www.history.neu.edu/PRO2/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080706093010/http://www.history.neu.edu/PRO2/ <!--Added by H3llBot--> |archive-date=6 July 2008 |access-date=28 June 2008 |publisher=Department of History, Northeastern University |format=online photocopy}}</ref> Kwamitin Shugabannin Ma'aikata na Burtaniya sun ki amincewa da shirin a matsayin wanda ba zai yiwu ba a soja. === Aikin Dropshot === {{Clear}}Operation Dropshot shine shirin gaggawa na Amurka na 1950 don yiwuwar yaki da [[Makaman nukiliya|nukiliya]] da na al'ada tare da [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]] a cikin wuraren wasan kwaikwayo na Yammacin Turai da Asiya. Kodayake labarin ya yi amfani da makaman nukiliya, ba a sa ran su taka muhimmiyar rawa ba. A lokacin da Makaman nukiliya na Amurka sun iyakance a girman, galibi a Amurka, kuma sun dogara da bama-bamai don isar da su. Dropshot ya haɗa da bayanan manufa waɗanda za su yi amfani da bama-Bamai na nukiliya 300 da bama-mamai masu fashewa 29,000 a kan manufofi 200 a cikin birane da garuruwa 100 don share kashi 85% na damar masana'antar Tarayyar Soviet a cikin bugun jini ɗaya. Tsakanin 75 da 100 daga cikin makaman nukiliya 300 an yi niyya ne don lalata jirgin yaki na Soviet a ƙasa. An tsara labarin ne kafin ci gaban makamai masu linzami na intercontinental. An kuma tsara shi kafin Shugaban Amurka [[John F. Kennedy]] da Sakataren Tsaro Robert McNamara su canza shirin Yakin Nukiliya na Amurka daga shirin yajin aiki na 'kisan birni' zuwa shirin "counterforce" (wanda aka fi mayar da hankali ga sojojin). Makaman nukiliya a wannan lokacin ba su da isasshen daidaito don kai hari kan sansanin sojan ruwa ba tare da lalata birnin da ke kusa da shi ba, don haka manufar amfani da su ita ce ta lalata ikon masana'antar abokan gaba don lalata tattalin arzikin yaƙi. === Haɗin gwiwar Burtaniya da Ireland === Jamhuriyar Ireland ta fara shirin yiwuwar yakin nukiliya a ƙarshen shekarun 1940. Za a kafa hadin gwiwa tsakanin Ingila da Ireland a yayin WWIII, inda za su raba bayanan yanayi, sarrafa kayan aiki don kewayawa, da daidaita sabis na watsa shirye-shiryen Wartime wanda zai faru bayan harin nukiliya. <ref name="auto3">{{Cite journal |last=Kennedy |first=Michael |date=2017 |title=ENVISAGING THE UNTHINKABLE: PLANNING FOR ARMAGEDDON IN 1950s IRELAND |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/90005263 |url-status=live |journal=History Ireland |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=36–39 |issn=0791-8224 |jstor=90005263 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220502180344/https://www.jstor.org/stable/90005263 |archive-date=2 May 2022 |access-date=2 May 2022}}</ref> Operation Sandstone a Ireland wani babban aikin soja ne na sirri na Burtaniya da Ireland.<ref name="auto3" /> Sojojin jihohin biyu sun fara binciken bakin teku na Burtaniya da Ireland tare daga 1948 zuwa 1955. Wannan buƙata ce daga Amurka don gano wuraren da suka dace don saukowa ga Amurka a yayin nasarar mamayewar Soviet.<ref name="auto3" /><ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |last=Archives |first=The National |date=2020-04-03 |title=The National Archives - Operation Sandstone: Surveying Britain's Cold War beaches |url=https://blog.nationalarchives.gov.uk/operation-sandstone-surveying-britains-cold-war-beaches/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127004120/https://blog.nationalarchives.gov.uk/operation-sandstone-surveying-britains-cold-war-beaches/ |archive-date=27 November 2020 |access-date=2022-05-02 |website=The National Archives blog |language=en-GB}}</ref> A shekara ta 1953, hadin gwiwar ta amince da raba bayanai game da yanayin yaƙi da kuma kwashe fararen hula daga Burtaniya zuwa Ireland.<ref name="auto3" /> Operation Sandstone na Ireland ya ƙare a shekarar 1966.<ref name="auto2" /> === Ayyuka na Grand Slam, Longstep, da Mainbrace === {{Clear}}A watan Janairun 1950, Majalisar Arewacin Atlantic ta amince da dabarun soja na [[NATO]] na hanawa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lord Ismay |title=Chapter 3 – The Pace Quickens |url=http://www.nato.int/archives/1st5years/chapters/3.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140313154306/http://www.nato.int/archives/1st5years/chapters/3.htm |archive-date=13 March 2014 |access-date=19 September 2011 |website=NATO the first five years 1949–1954 |publisher=[[NATO]]}}</ref> Shirye-shiryen soja na NATO ya sake sabuntawa bayan barkewar Yaƙin Koriya a farkon shekarun 1950, wanda ya sa NATO ta kafa "dakarun karkashin umarni na tsakiya, wanda ya isa ya hana tashin hankali da kuma tabbatar da tsaron Yammacin Turai". An kafa rundunar Allied Command Europe a karkashin Janar na Sojoji Dwight D. Eisenhower, Sojojin Amurka, a ranar 2 ga Afrilu 1951 . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Chapter 4 – The Pace Quickens |url=http://www.nato.int/archives/1st5years/chapters/4.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227094811/http://www.nato.int/archives/1st5years/chapters/4.htm |archive-date=27 December 2013 |access-date=19 September 2011 |website=NATO the first five years 1949–1954 |publisher=[[NATO]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=X |author-link=George F. Kennan |date=July 1947 |title=The Sources of Soviet Conduct |journal=[[Foreign Affairs]] |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=575–576 |doi=10.2307/20030065 |issn=0015-7120 |jstor=20030065}}</ref> Kungiyar Tsaro ta Yamma Turai a baya ta gudanar da Exercise Verity, wani motsa jiki na 1949 wanda ya shafi hare-haren jiragen ruwa da hare-harun jirgin ruwa. Ayyukan Mainbrace sun haɗu da jiragen ruwa 200 da ma'aikata sama da 50,000 don horar da tsaron [[Denmark]] da [[Norway]] daga harin Soviet a 1952. Wannan shi ne karo na farko da aka yi amfani da shi a NATO. Babban Kwamandan Allied Atlantic Admiral Lynde D. McCormick, Sojojin Ruwa na Amurka, da Babban Kwamandan Sojojin Turai Janar Matthew B. Ridgeway, Sojoji na Amurka, ne suka ba da umarnin aikin tare a lokacin kaka na 1952. Amurka, Ingila, [[Kanada]], Faransa, Denmark, Norway, [[Portugal]], [[Holand|Netherlands]], da [[Beljik|Belgium]] sun shiga. Atisayen Grand Slam da Longstep atisayen sojan ruwa ne da aka gudanar a cikin Tekun Bahar Rum a shekarar 1952 don gudanar da aikin korar makiya da ke mamaye da karfin tuwo. Ya ƙunshi jiragen ruwa sama da 170 da jiragen sama 700 a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Admiral Robert B. Carney . Babban kwamandan motsa jiki, Carney ya taƙaita nasarorin da aka samu na Exercise Grand Slam da cewa: "Mun nuna cewa manyan kwamandojin dukkan iko guda huɗu za su iya samun nasarar gudanar da aikin haɗakarwa tare da sarrafa shi yadda ya kamata a matsayin ƙungiya mai aiki. Tarayyar Soviet ta kira darussan "aikin yaki" ta NATO, tare da yin la'akari da shiga [[Norway]] da Denmark kuma sun shirya don ayyukan soja a Yankin Soviet.<ref name="Time2">''Time'', 29 September 1952</ref><ref name="Sidney">"NATO Ships Enter Baltic Sea" – ''Sydney Morning Herald'', p. 2</ref> === Exercise Strikeback ===   Exercise Strikeback babban aikin sojan ruwa ne na NATO wanda aka gudanar a shekara ta 1957, yana kwaikwayon martani ga harin Soviet a kan NATO. Wannan motsa jiki ya kunshi jiragen yaki sama da 200, jirgin sama 650, da ma'aikata 75,000 daga Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Amurka, Rundunar Soja ta Burtaniya, Rundunar Ruwa ta Kanada, Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Faransa, Rundunar Roya ta Netherlands, da Rundunar Sojojin Ruwa ta Royal Norway. A matsayin mafi girman aikin sojan ruwa na zaman lafiya har zuwa wannan lokacin, mai sharhi na soja Hanson W. Baldwin na The New York Times ya bayyana shi a matsayin "wanda ya zama mafi karfi da aka tara tun lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. === Jarabawar Ƙarfafawa ===   [[Fayil:USS_Hawes_(FFG-53),_USS_William_H._Standley_(CG-32)_and_USS_Guadalcanal_(LPH-7)_escort_tanker_Gas_King_in_the_Persian_Gullf_on_21_October_1987_(6432283).jpg|thumb|Idan aka kunna, Operation Reforger zai kunshi manyan motoci kamar wannan daga Operation Earnest Will a 1987, kodayake ya fi girma. Duk da yake dakarun za su iya tashi a fadin Tekun Atlantika, kayan aiki masu nauyi da ƙarfafa makamai dole ne su zo ta teku.]] Exercise RE (daga sake juyawa na FORces zuwa GER) wani motsa jiki ne na shekara-shekara da NATO ta gudanar a lokacin Yakin Cold . Duk da yake sojojin Amurka za a iya tashi cikin sauƙi a fadin Tekun Atlantika, kayan aiki masu nauyi da ƙarfafa makamai dole ne su zo ta teku kuma a isar da su zuwa shafukan POMCUS (An riga an tsara su zuwa rukunin rukunin). [1] Wadannan darussan sun gwada Amurka da kuma iyawar hadin gwiwa don aiwatar da karfafawa ta duniya.[1] Karfafawa a kan lokaci wani bangare ne mai mahimmanci na darussan karfafawa na NATO. Amurka ta buƙaci samun damar aika da ƙungiyoyin sojoji masu aiki zuwa Turai a cikin kwanaki goma a matsayin wani ɓangare na turawar NATO a lokacin yaƙi.Baya ga kimanta iyawar Amurka, Reforger ya kuma sa ido kan ma'aikata, wurare, da kayan aiki na ƙasashen Turai da ke taka muhimmiyar rawa a kokarin ƙarfafawa. An yi amfani da wannan motsa jiki ne don tabbatar da cewa NATO na iya tura sojoji zuwa Jamus ta Yamma da sauri idan akwai rikici tare da Yarjejeniyar Warsaw. Yarjejeniyar Warsaw ta fi NATO yawa a duk lokacin Yakin Cold a cikin dakarun al'ada, kuma musamman a cikin tankuna da motocin makamai. Sabili da haka, a yayin mamayewar Soviet, don kada a koma ga hare-haren nukiliya, dole ne a sake dawo da makamai na Yarjejeniyar Warsaw da sauri kuma a maye gurbin su. Reforger ba kawai nuna ƙarfi ba ne. A yayin rikici, zai zama ainihin shirin don ƙarfafa kasancewar NATO a Turai. A wannan yanayin, ana kiransa Operation Reforger . Manufofin siyasa na Reforger sune inganta tsawo da kuma inganta hadin kan NATO.[1] Muhimman abubuwan da ke cikin Reforger sun haɗa da Rundunar Sojan Sama, Rundunar Sojojin Sojan Sama ta Sojan Sama. === Kwanaki Bakwai zuwa Kogin Rhine ===   [[Fayil:Probable_Axes_of_Attack.jpg|thumb|Harin Yarjejeniyar Warsaw zai zo ta hanyar manyan hanyoyi uku ta Yammacin Jamus.]] Kwanaki Bakwai zuwa Kogin Rhine wani aikin kwaikwayo ne na soja na sirri wanda Yarjejeniyar Warsaw ta kirkira a shekarar 1979. Ya fara ne da zaton cewa NATO za ta kaddamar da harin nukiliya a kwarin kogin Vistula a cikin wani lamari na farko, wanda zai haifar da mutuwar fararen hula na Poland miliyan biyu.[1] A mayar da martani, za a gudanar da yunkurin yaki na Soviet a kan Jamus ta Yamma, Belgium, Netherlands da Denmark, tare da sojojin Warsaw Pact da suka mamaye Jamus ta Yankin kuma suna da niyyar tsayawa a Kogin Rhine a rana ta bakwai. Sauran tsare-tsaren USSR sun tsaya ne kawai bayan sun isa iyakar Faransa a rana ta tara. Kowane jihohin Yarjejeniyar Warsaw an sanya su ne kawai sashi na hoto na dabarun; a wannan yanayin, ana sa ran sojojin Poland za su je har zuwa Jamus. Shirin Kwanaki Bakwai zuwa Rhine ya yi la'akari da cewa Poland da Jamus za su lalace ta hanyar musayar nukiliya kuma yawan sojoji za su mutu daga cutar radiation. An kiyasta cewa NATO za ta harba makaman nukiliya a bayan layin Soviet masu ci gaba don yanke layin samar da su kuma ta haka ne su rage ci gaban su. Duk da yake wannan shirin ya ɗauka cewa NATO za ta yi amfani da makaman nukiliya don tura duk wani mamayewar Warsaw Pact, bai haɗa da hare-haren nukiliya a Faransa ko Ingila ba. Jaridu sun yi hasashen lokacin da aka bayyana wannan shirin, cewa ba za a buga Faransa da Burtaniya ba don samun su don hana amfani da makaman nukiliyar su. === Kwarewar Mai Fitarwa === {{Clear}} [[Fayil:Reagan_and_Gordievsky.jpg|thumb|Tsohon shugaban Amurka [[Ronald Reagan]] da wakilin Soviet biyu Oleg Gordievsky, wanda daga baya ya gaya wa Yamma yadda kusanci da aikin Able Archer 83 ya kawo Soviets don ba da umarni na FarkoFarko na Farko]] Exercise Able Archer wani motsa jiki ne na shekara-shekara na Kwamandan Turai na Amurka wanda ke aiwatar da umarni da hanyoyin sarrafawa, tare da jaddada sauyawa daga ayyukan al'ada kawai zuwa ayyukan sinadarai, nukiliya, da na al'ada a lokacin yaƙi. "Able Archer 83" wani aiki ne na kwana biyar na [[NATO|Kungiyar Yarjejeniyar Arewacin Atlantic]] (NATO) wanda ya fara a ranar 7 ga Nuwamba 1983, wanda ya mamaye Yammacin Turai, wanda ke tsakiya a Babban Hedikwatar Allied Powers Europe (SHAPE) a Casteau, arewacin birnin Mons. Ayyukan Able Archer sun yi kama da lokacin rikice-rikice, wanda ya kai ga Harin nukiliya.<ref name="Fischer Conundrum">{{Cite web |last=Benjamin B. Fischer |date=17 March 2007 |title=A Cold War Conundrum: The 1983 Soviet War Scare |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/a-cold-war-conundrum/source.htm#HEADING1-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114024850/https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/a-cold-war-conundrum/source.htm |archive-date=14 January 2009 |access-date=13 January 2009 |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]}}</ref> Halin da ya dace na aikin 1983, tare da lalacewar dangantaka da ke tsakanin Amurka da Tarayyar Soviet da kuma zuwan makaman nukiliya na Pershing II a Turai, ya jagoranci wasu mambobin Politburo da sojoji suyi imani cewa Able Archer 83 ya kasance makirci ne na yaki, yana rufe shirye-shiryen kai hari na farko na nukiliya.<ref name="Fischer Conundrum">{{Cite web |last=Benjamin B. Fischer |date=17 March 2007 |title=A Cold War Conundrum: The 1983 Soviet War Scare |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/a-cold-war-conundrum/source.htm#HEADING1-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114024850/https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/a-cold-war-conundrum/source.htm |archive-date=14 January 2009 |access-date=13 January 2009 |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]}}</ref><ref>Andrew and Gordievsky, ''Comrade Kryucvcov's Instructions'', 85–7.</ref><ref name="Fischer Reversal 123,31">Beth Fischer, ''Reagan Reversal'', 123, 131.</ref><ref name="Pry Scare 37–9">Pry, ''War Scare'', 37–9.</ref> A mayar da martani, Soviets sun shirya sojojin nukiliyar su kuma sun sanya rundunonin iska a Gabashin Jamus da [[Tarihin Poland (1945-1989)|Poland]] a faɗake.<ref>Oberdorfer, ''A New Era'', 66.</ref><ref name="SNIE 84">''SNIE 11–10–84'' "Implications of Recent Soviet Military-Political Activities" Central Intelligence Agency, 18 May 1984.</ref>Wannan "1983 war fear" da yawa masana tarihi sunyi la'akari da shi a matsayin mafi kusa da duniya ta zo ga nukiliya tun lokacin Cuban Missile Crisis na 1962. Barazanar yaƙin nukiliya ya ƙare tare da kammala aikin a ranar 11 ga Nuwamba. <ref>Andrew and Gordievsky, ''Comrade Kryucvcov's Instructions'', 87–8.</ref><ref name="Pry Scare 43–4">Pry, ''War Scare'', 43–4.</ref> === Shirye-shiryen Tsaro === Shugaban Amurka Ronald Reagan ne ya gabatar da shirin Tsaro na dabarun (SDI) a ranar 23 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1983. [1] A ƙarshen shugabancin, dalilai da yawa (wanda ya haɗa da kallon fim din 1983 The Day After da jin ta hanyar mai sauya sheka na Soviet cewa Able Archer 83 kusan ya haifar da hari na farko na Rasha) ya juya Reagan kan manufar yaƙin nukiliya mai cin nasara, kuma ya fara ganin makaman nukiliya a matsayin "Katin daji" fiye da dabarun hanawa. Kodayake daga baya ya yi imani da Yarjejeniyar kawar da makamai a hankali yana rage haɗarin makaman nukiliya ta hanyar rage yawan su da matsayin faɗakarwa, ya kuma yi imanin cewa mafita ta fasaha na iya ba da damar harbe ICBMs masu shigowa, don haka ya sa Amurka ba za a iya fuskantar hari na farko ba. Koyaya, USSR ta ga manufar SDI a matsayin babbar barazana, tunda tura tsarin zai ba Amurka damar kaddamar da babban hari na farko a Tarayyar Soviet ba tare da tsoron ramuwar gayya ba. Manufar SDI ita ce amfani da tsarin ƙasa da sararin samaniya don kare Amurka daga hari da makamai masu linzami na nukiliya. Shirin ya mayar da hankali kan kariya ta dabarun maimakon ka'idar kuskuren dabarun da ta gabata na tabbatar da juna (MAD). An kafa Strategic Defense Initiative Organization (SDIO) a cikin 1984 a cikin Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Amurka don kula da Strategic Defense Program. === Kasuwancin nukiliya na NATO === [[Fayil:Operation_Upshot_test.ogv|thumb|Misali na gwajin makamashin nukiliya a Amurka]] Shirye-shiryen aiki na NATO don Yaƙin Duniya na Uku sun haɗa da abokan NATO waɗanda ba su da makaman nukiliya, ta amfani da makaman Nukiliya da Amurka ta bayar a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin yaki na NATO, a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Babban Kwamandan NATO. [[Fayil:Overzicht_op_Museumplein_met_spandoek_The_Dutch_disease_is_better_for_peace_o,_Bestanddeelnr_253-8627.jpg|thumb|zanga-zangar da aka yi a [[Amsterdam]] game da tseren makaman nukiliya tsakanin Amurka / NATO da Tarayyar Soviet, 1981]] Daga cikin iko uku na nukiliya a NATO (Faransa, Ingila, da Amurka) Amurka ce kawai ta samar da makamai don raba nukiliya. Ya zuwa Nuwamba , [[Beljik|Belgium]], Jamus, Italiya, Netherlands da [[Turkiyya]] har yanzu suna karbar bakuncin makaman nukiliya na Amurka a matsayin wani ɓangare na manufofin raba nukiliya ta NATO.<ref name="RUSI-2010">{{Citation|last1=amp}}</ref> Kanada ta dauki bakuncin makamai har zuwa 1984, <ref name="RUSI-2010" /> da [[Girka (ƙasa)|Girka]] har zuwa 2001. Har ila yau, Ƙasar Ingila ta karɓi Makaman nukiliya na Amurka kamar bindigogi na nukiliya da Makamai masu linzami har zuwa 1992, duk da cewa Burtaniya ƙasa ce ta makaman nukliya a kanta; waɗannan galibi an tura su a [[Jamus]]. A lokacin zaman lafiya, makaman nukiliya da aka adana a cikin ƙasashe marasa nukiliya suna ƙarƙashin kulawar 'yan saman Amurka kodayake a baya wasu bindigogi da tsarin makamai masu linzami sun kasance ƙarƙashin kulawar Sojojin Amurka; lambobin da ake buƙata don fashe su suna ƙarƙashin ikon Amurka. Idan akwai yaƙi, za a ɗora makamai a kan jiragen yaƙi na ƙasashe masu shiga. Makamai suna ƙarƙashin kulawa da iko na USAF Munitions Support Squadrons da ke kan manyan sansanonin aiki na NATO waɗanda ke aiki tare da sojojin kasar da ke karbar bakuncin. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2005, bam din nukiliya na B61 180 na makaman nukiliya 480 na Amurka da aka yi imanin cewa an tura su a Turai sun fada karkashin tsarin raba nukiliya. Ana adana makamai a cikin wani ajiya a cikin [[Gidan jirgin sama mai ƙarfi|mafaka na jirgin sama]], ta amfani da USAF WS3 Weapon Storage and Security System. Jiragen yaki da aka yi amfani da su sune F-16 Fighting Falcons da [[Panavia Tornado|Panavia Tornados]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hans M. Kristensen |date=5 October 2007 |title=U.S. Nuclear Weapons in Europe After the Cold War |url=http://www.nukestrat.com/pubs/Brief_Italy2007.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120202112109/http://www.nukestrat.com/pubs/Brief_Italy2007.pdf |archive-date=2 February 2012 |access-date=10 August 2013 |publisher=Federation of American Scientists}}</ref> == Tarihin kusa == Tare da fara tseren makamai na Cold War a cikin shekarun 1950, yakin apocalyptic tsakanin Amurka da Tarayyar Soviet ya zama ainihin yiwuwar. A lokacin Yakin Cold shekara ta (1947-1991), an bayyana abubuwan da suka faru na soja da yawa kamar yadda suka kusa da yiwuwar haifar da Yaƙin Duniya na III. Ko da bayan ƙarshen Yakin Cold da rushewar Tarayyar Soviet a cikin 1991, an bayyana wasu abubuwan da suka faru bayan haka a matsayin kira na kusa. === Yaƙin Koriya: 25 Yuni A shekarar 1950 - 27 Yuli 1953&nbsp; === Yaƙin Koriya yaƙi ne tsakanin hadin gwiwa guda biyu da ke yaƙi don iko da Yankin Koriya: hadin gwiwar kwaminisanci da ta haɗa da [[Koriya ta Arewa]], Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin, da [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]], da kuma hadin gwiwarsa ta jari-hujja da ta haɗa ti [[Koriya ta Kudu]], Amurka da Kwamandan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Mutane da yawa sun yi imanin cewa rikici zai iya zama babban yaki tsakanin kasashen uku, Amurka, USSR, da Chaina. Wakilin yaki na CBS News Bill Downs ya rubuta a 1951, "Ga zuciyata, amsar ita ce: Ee, Koriya ita ce farkon Yaƙin Duniya na III. Saukowa mai kyau a Inchon da ƙoƙarin hadin gwiwar Sojojin Amurka tare da Allies na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun ba mu nasara a Koriya. Amma wannan shine kawai yaƙin farko a cikin babban gwagwarmayar kasa da kasa wanda yanzu ke mamaye Gabas ta Tsakiya da dukan duniya. " Downs daga baya ya sake maimaita wannan imani a kan ABC Evening News yayin da yake bayar da rahoto game da labarin game da Lamarin USS Pueblo a shekarar 1968.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Downs |first=Bill |date=25 January 1968 |title=The USS Pueblo incident |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-KBxiX_9_Kk |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140615095207/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-KBxiX_9_Kk |archive-date=15 June 2014 |access-date=8 November 2013 |website=ABC Evening News |publisher=ABC}}</ref> {{Spaces}}Sakataren Gwamnati Dean Acheson daga baya ya yarda cewa Gwamnatin Truman ta damu game da karuwar rikici kuma Janar Douglas MacArthur ya gargadi shi cewa shiga tsakani da Amurka ke jagoranta ya yi barazanar martani na Soviet. === Rikicin Berlin: 4 Yuni - 9 Nuwamba 1961 === Rikicin Berlin na 1961 ya kasance rikici ne na siyasa da soja tsakanin Amurka da Tarayyar Soviet a Checkpoint Charlie tare da tankuna da sojoji da yawa na Amurka da Soviet / Gabashin Jamus a tsaye a juna kawai 100 yadudduka a kowane bangare na checkpoint. Dalilin da ya sa aka yi jayayya shi ne matsayin sana'a na babban birnin Jamus, [[Berlin]], da kuma Bayan yakin duniya na biyu Jamus. Rikicin Berlin ya fara ne lokacin da USSR ta kaddamar da wani ultimatum da ke buƙatar janyewar dukkan sojoji daga Berlin, gami da sojojin Yamma a Berlin ta Yamma. Rikicin ya ƙare a cikin rabuwa da birnin tare da gina Ginin Berlin na Gabashin Jamus. Wannan tsayayya ta ƙare cikin lumana a ranar 28 ga Oktoba biyo bayan fahimtar Amurka da Soviet don janye tankuna da rage tashin hankali. === Rikicin Makami Mai Girma na Cuba: 15-29 Oktoba 1962 === [[Fayil:Soviet_b-59_submarine.jpg|thumb|Wani jirgin saman saman Amurka mai suna HSS-1 Seabat yana tashi a kan jirgin ruwa na Soviet ''B-59'', wanda sojojin Amurka suka tilasta masa zuwa saman a cikin Caribbean kusa da Cuba. B-59 yana da torpedo na nukiliya a cikin jirgin, kuma ana buƙatar maɓallan jami'ai uku don amfani da shi. Ɗaya daga cikin rashin amincewarsu ne kawai ya hana jirgin ruwa daga kai hari kan rundunar Amurka da ke kusa, wani hasken da zai iya haifar da Yaƙin Duniya na Uku (28-29 Oktoba 1962).]] Rikicin Makami mai linzami na Cuban, gwagwarmaya game da ajiye makamai masu linzami na nukiliya na Soviet a Cuba don mayar da martani ga mamayewar Bay of Pigs, an dauke shi mafi kusa da musayar nukiliya, wanda zai iya haifar da yakin duniya na uku. Rikicin ya kai kololuwa a ranar 27 ga Oktoba, tare da manyan abubuwan da suka faru guda uku a rana ɗaya: * Mafi mahimmancin abin da ya faru ya faru ne lokacin da jirgin ruwa na Soviet ya kusan kaddamar da torpedo mai kwakwalwa don mayar da martani ga cewa Amurka ta yi niyya da shi a cikin ruwan kasa da kasa, tare da mayar da martiri na kaddamarwar nukiliya na Soviet kawai ya hana shi daga jami'in Sojan Ruwa na Soviet Vasily Arkhipov. * Harbi jirgin leken asiri na Lockheed U-2 wanda Rudolf Anderson ya tuka yayin da yake keta sararin samaniya na Cuban. * Kusan tsayar da wani U-2 wanda ya ɓace cikin sararin samaniya na Soviet a kan Siberia, wanda ya sa Soviets su yi imani cewa wannan na iya zama jagora na bama-bamai na Amurka. Duk da abin da mutane da yawa suka yi imanin cewa shine mafi kusa da duniya ya zo ga rikici na nukiliya, a duk lokacin da aka yi tsayayya, Doomsday Clock, wanda Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists ke gudanarwa don kimanta yadda ƙarshen duniya, ko Doomsday, yake, tare da tsakar dare shine apocalypse, ya kasance a cikin minti bakwai zuwa tsakar dare. An bayyana wannan ne saboda taƙaitaccen rikicin tun lokacin da aka saka idanu kan abubuwan da suka fi dacewa kamar jagorancin kasashe, rikice-rikice, yaƙe-yaƙe, da rikice-rikicen siyasa, da kuma martani na al'ummomi ga abubuwan da aka ambata. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists yanzu ya yaba da ci gaban siyasa wanda ya haifar da rikicin makami mai linzami na Cuban tare da inganta kwanciyar hankali na duniya. Bulletin ya nuna cewa rikice-rikice da lokutan da za su iya ƙaruwa, an sanya su da ƙarfi saboda manyan dalilai guda biyu: # Layin zafi na Washington zuwa Moscow ya haifar da matsalar sadarwa tsakanin [[White House|Fadar White House]] da Kremlin a lokacin rikicin. Wannan ya ba shugabannin manyan makaman nukiliya guda biyu damar tuntuɓar juna a ainihin lokacin, yana da mahimmanci lokacin da seconds zasu iya hana musayar nukiliya. # Dalili na biyu ya haifar da wani bangare saboda martani na duniya game da yadda Amurka da USSR suka zo kusa da yakin duniya na uku a lokacin rikici. {{Spaces}}Yayin da jama'a suka fara saka idanu kan batutuwan da suka shafi makaman nukiliya, sabili da haka don tara goyon baya ga dalilin da ya sa ba ya yaduwa, an sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar haramtacciyar gwajin 1963. Har zuwa yau wannan yarjejeniyar ta sanya hannu ta kasashe 126 duka, tare da sanannun ban da Faransa da China. Dukkanin wadannan kasashe suna cikin matakan farko na shirye-shiryen nukiliya a lokacin sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar farko, kuma dukansu biyu sun nemi damar nukiliya mai zaman kanta daga abokansu. Wannan Yarjejeniyar haramta gwajin ta hana Gwajin makaman nukiliya da suka fashe a cikin [[Sararin Samaniya na Duniya|yanayi]], ta iyakance gwajin makaman Nukiliya zuwa ƙasa da ƙarƙashin ruwa, ta rage raguwa da tasiri a kan muhalli, kuma daga baya ta sa agogon Doomsday ya ragu da minti biyar, ya isa jimlar minti goma sha biyu zuwa tsakar dare.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 October 2012 |title=Remembering the Cuban Missile Crisis |url=https://thebulletin.org/remembering-cuban-missile-crisis |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201052807/https://thebulletin.org/remembering-cuban-missile-crisis |archive-date=1 February 2018 |access-date=10 March 2018 |website=thebulletin.org}}</ref> Har zuwa wannan lokacin, an fashe bama-bamai na nukiliya sama da 1000, kuma damuwa game da tasirin dogon lokaci da gajeren lokaci ga duniyar ya zama abin damuwa ga masana kimiyya. === Rikicin kan iyakar Sin da Soviet: 2 Maris - 11 Satumba 1969 === Rikicin kan iyakar Sin da Soviet ya kasance yakin basasa na watanni bakwai da ba a bayyana ba tsakanin [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]] da [[Sin|China]] a lokacin da aka raba Sin da Soviet a shekarar 1969. Mafi tsanani daga cikin wadannan rikice-rikicen kan iyaka, wanda ya kawo manyan Jihohin kwaminisanci biyu a duniya zuwa bakin yaƙi, ya faru ne a watan Maris na shekara ta 1969 a kusa da Tsibirin Zhenbao (Damansky) a kan Kogin Ussuri (Wusuli) , kusa da Manchuria. Rikicin ya haifar da tsagaita wuta, tare da komawa ga halin da ake ciki. Masu sukar sun nuna cewa harin da kasar Sin ta kai a Zhenbao ya kasance don hana duk wani mamayewar Soviet na gaba; cewa ta hanyar kashe wasu Soviets, kasar Sin ta nuna cewa ba za a iya 'matsawa' ba; kuma Mao yana so ya koya musu 'darkoki mai zafi'. Dangantakar kasar Sin da USSR ta kasance mai laushi bayan rikici, duk da tattaunawar kan iyaka, wanda ya fara a shekarar 1969 kuma ya ci gaba ba tare da kammala ba har tsawon shekaru goma. A cikin gida, barazanar yaki da rikice-rikicen kan iyaka ya haifar ya kaddamar da sabon mataki a cikin [[Cultural Revolution|Juyin Juya Halin Al'adu]]; na cikakken soja na kasar Sin. Taron Kasa na 9 na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta kasar Sin, wanda aka gudanar bayan Lamarin tsibirin Zhenbao, ya tabbatar da Ministan Tsaro Lin Biao a matsayin magajin [[Mao Zedong]]. Bayan abubuwan da suka faru a shekarar 1969, Tarayyar Soviet ta kara kara yawan sojojin ta a kan iyakar Sin da Soviet, da kuma Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Mongolia. === Rikicin Yakin Yom Kippur: 6-25 Oktoba 1973 === Yakin Yom Kippur, wanda aka fi sani da Yakin Ramadan, ko Yakin Oktoba, ya fara ne da mamayewa mai ban mamaki na Yankunan da Isra'ila ta mamaye ta hadin gwiwar kasashe Larabawa, tare da taimakon Tarayyar Soviet. Isra'ila ta samu nasarar mayar da martani tare da taimakon Amurka. Rikicin ya karu tsakanin manyan kasashe biyu: Sojojin sojan ruwa na Amurka da Soviet sun kusa harbi juna a cikin Bahar Rum. Admiral Daniel J. Murphy na Amurka na shida Fleet ya yi la'akari da damar da rundunar Soviet ke ƙoƙarin kai hari na farko a kan rundunarsa a kashi 40 cikin dari. Pentagon ta sauya matsayin Defcon daga 4 zuwa 3. {{Spaces}}{{Spaces}}An tura manyan kasashe zuwa gefen yaƙi, amma tashin hankali ya ragu tare da tsagaita wuta da aka kawo a ƙarƙashin UNSC 339.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 October 2013 |title=Erol Araf: 'Incalculable consequences' |url=http://news.nationalpost.com/full-comment/erol-araf-incalculable-consequences |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205101243/http://news.nationalpost.com/full-comment/erol-araf-incalculable-consequences |archive-date=5 February 2017 |access-date=5 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Inside the Kremlin During the Yom Kippur War By Victor Israelyan |url=http://www.psupress.org/books/titles/0-271-01489-X.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140706024838/http://www.psupress.org/books/titles/0-271-01489-X.html |archive-date=6 July 2014 |access-date=27 May 2014}}</ref> === Kuskuren kwamfuta na NORAD na 1979: 9 Nuwamba 1979 === Amurka ta yi shirye-shiryen ramuwar gayya na gaggawa bayan tsarin NORAD ya nuna cewa an kaddamar da cikakken hari na Soviet.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-11-20 |title=Norad false alarm causes uproar |url=http://www.cbc.ca/archives/categories/war-conflict/defence/norad-watching-the-skies/norad-false-alarm-causes-uproar.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141108204905/http://www.cbc.ca/archives/categories/war-conflict/defence/norad-watching-the-skies/norad-false-alarm-causes-uproar.html |archive-date=8 November 2014 |access-date=17 March 2015 |publisher=CBC Canada}}</ref> Ba a yi ƙoƙari don amfani da layin zafi na Moscow-Washington don bayyana halin da ake ciki tare da USSR ba kuma ba har sai tsarin radar na farko ya tabbatar da cewa babu irin wannan ƙaddamarwa da ya faru ba cewa NORAD ta fahimci cewa gwajin tsarin kwamfuta ya haifar da kuskuren nuni. Wani sanata a cikin kayan aikin NORAD a lokacin ya bayyana yanayin tsoro. Binciken GAO ya haifar da gina wani wurin gwaji na waje don hana irin wannan kuskuren.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Andrews |first=Evan |title=5 Cold War Close Calls |url=http://www.history.com/news/history-lists/5-cold-war-close-calls |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141231010823/http://www.history.com/news/history-lists/5-cold-war-close-calls |archive-date=31 December 2014 |access-date=17 March 2015 |publisher=The History Channel}}</ref> === Radar Soviet ta yi rashin aiki: 26 Satumba 1983 === Wani ƙararrawa na ƙarya ya faru a kan Tsarin gargadi na nukiliya na Soviet, yana nuna ƙaddamar da makamai masu linzami na Amurka LGM-30 Minuteman daga sansanoni a Amurka. Stanislav Petrov, jami'in Sojojin Tsaro na Soviet, ya hana wani hari na ramuwar gayya, wanda ya fahimci cewa tsarin bai yi aiki ba (wanda binciken da aka yi daga baya). <ref name="Baltimore Sun">{{Cite web |last=Shane |first=Scott |title=Cold War's Riskiest Moment |url=http://hnn.us/articles/1709.html#bombs9-5-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060819033034/http://hnn.us/articles/1709.html |archive-date=19 August 2006 |publisher=Baltimore Sun, 31 August 2003 (article reprinted as The Nuclear War That Almost Happened in 1983)}}</ref> === Able Archer 83 hawan: 2-11 Nuwamba 1983 === A lokacin Able Archer 83, wani motsa jiki na [[NATO]] na kwana goma wanda ke kwaikwayon lokacin rikice-rikice wanda ya kai ga harin nukiliya na DEFCON 1, wasu mambobin Politburo na [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Soviet]] da sojoji sun dauki abubuwan da suka faru a matsayin makircin yaki wanda ke ɓoye ainihin harin farko. A mayar da martani, sojoji sun shirya don daidaitaccen hari ta hanyar shirya sojojin nukiliya da sanya rundunonin iska da aka ajiye a cikin jihohin Warsaw Pact na Gabashin Jamus da [[Poland]] a karkashin babban faɗakarwa. Koyaya, shirye-shiryen Soviet don ramuwar gayya ya ƙare bayan kammala darussan Able Archer.<ref name="Fischer Conundrum">{{Cite web |last=Benjamin B. Fischer |date=17 March 2007 |title=A Cold War Conundrum: The 1983 Soviet War Scare |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/a-cold-war-conundrum/source.htm#HEADING1-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114024850/https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/a-cold-war-conundrum/source.htm |archive-date=14 January 2009 |access-date=13 January 2009 |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]}}</ref> Hadarin roket na Norway shine farkon yakin duniya na uku da ya faru bayan yakin sanyi ya ƙare. {{Spaces}}Wannan lamarin ya faru ne lokacin da tashar gargadi ta Olenegorsk ta Rasha ta yi kuskuren sa hannun radar daga rokar bincike ta Black Brant XII (wanda masana kimiyya na Norway da Amurka suka kaddamar da shi tare daga Andøya Rocket Range), kamar yadda ya zama sa hannun radar na kaddamarwar makami mai linzami na Trident SLBM. A mayar da martani, an kira Shugaban Rasha Boris Yeltsin kuma an kunna jakar nukiliya ta ''Cheget'' a karo na farko kuma kawai. Koyaya, babban kwamandan nan da nan ya sami damar tantance cewa roket din ba ya shiga sararin samaniya na Rasha, kuma nan da nan kuma ya zubar da shirye-shiryen yaki da ramuwar gayya. An ƙaddara cewa, yayin da masana kimiyya na roket suka sanar da jihohi talatin ciki har da Rasha game da ƙaddamar da gwajin, bayanin bai kai ga masu fasahar radar na Rasha ba. === Abin da ya faru a filin jirgin saman Pristina: 12 Yuni 1999 === A ranar 12 ga watan Yunin 1999, washegari bayan karshen Yaƙin Kosovo, wasu jami'an zaman lafiya na Rasha 250 sun mamaye Filin jirgin saman Pristina kafin isowar sojojin [[NATO]] kuma suna tabbatar da isowar ƙarfafawa ta iska. Babban Kwamandan Sojojin NATO na Amurka Janar Wesley Clark ya ba da umarnin yin amfani da karfi a kan Rashawa. Mike Jackson, janar na Sojojin Burtaniya wanda ya tuntubi Rasha a lokacin lamarin, ya ki aiwatar da umarnin Clark, ya san shi da cewa "Ba zan fara yakin duniya na uku a gare ku ba". Kyaftin James Blunt, babban jami'in da ke gaban ginshiƙi na NATO a cikin kai tsaye da ke dauke da makamai a kan Rasha, ya karɓi umarnin "Destroy!" daga Clark a rediyo, amma ya bi umarnin Jackson don kewaye filin jirgin sama a maimakon haka ya ce a cikin wata hira cewa ko da ba tare da sa hannun Jackson ba zai ki bin umarnin Clark. A ranar 24 ga Nuwamba 2015, a kan iyaka tsakanin Turkiyya da Siriya, Sojojin Sama na Turkiyya sun harbe jirgin saman Sukhoi na Rasha. Turks sun yi iƙirarin cewa jirgin ya keta sararin samaniya na Turkiyya, da'awar da Rasha ta musanta; jirgin yana cikin yankin a matsayin wani ɓangare na sa hannun sojojin Rasha a yakin basasar Siriya, wanda Turkiyya ta goyi bayan sojojin adawa. Wannan lamari shine lalacewar farko na jirgin saman yaki na Sojojin Sama na Rasha ko Soviet da wata kasa ta [[NATO]] ta yi tun bayan harin da aka kai a madatsar ruwan Sui-ho a lokacin yakin Koriya a 1953. <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 November 2015 |title=Turkey downing that Russian fighter jet is terrible news for the war on ISIS. |url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/the_slatest/2015/11/24/turkey_downing_that_russian_fighter_jet_is_terrible_news_for_the_war_on.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151124195329/http://www.slate.com/blogs/the_slatest/2015/11/24/turkey_downing_that_russian_fighter_jet_is_terrible_news_for_the_war_on.html |archive-date=24 November 2015 |access-date=25 November 2015 |website=Slate Magazine}}</ref> Lamarin ya haifar da kafofin watsa labarai da yawa da mutane da yawa da ke yin sharhi cewa zai iya haifar da yaƙi a duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 November 2015 |title=Don't panic: Turkey shooting down a Russian warplane won't start World War 3 |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/turkey/12013517/Dont-panic-Turkey-shooting-down-a-Russian-warplane-wont-start-World-War-3.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718120546/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/turkey/12013517/Dont-panic-Turkey-shooting-down-a-Russian-warplane-wont-start-World-War-3.html |archive-date=18 July 2023 |access-date=2023-07-18 |website=www.telegraph.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bora |first=Birce |title='Which parts of Syria should be bombed?' |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/11/26/which-parts-of-syria-should-be-bombed |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718120546/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/11/26/which-parts-of-syria-should-be-bombed |archive-date=18 July 2023 |access-date=2023-07-18 |website=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2015-11-26 |title=Turkey risks sparking world war, says Iraq's Maliki |url=https://guardian.ng/news/turkey-risks-sparking-world-war-says-iraqs-maliki/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718120546/https://guardian.ng/news/turkey-risks-sparking-world-war-says-iraqs-maliki/ |archive-date=18 July 2023 |access-date=2023-07-18 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-US}}</ref> == Abubuwan da za su iya gani a yanzu == === Harin Rasha na Ukraine: 24 Fabrairu 2022 - yanzu === [[Fayil:Destruction_of_Russian_tanks_by_Ukrainian_troops_in_Mariupol_(4).jpg|thumb|Halakar BMP-3 IFV ta Rasha da sojojin Ukraine suka yi a Mariupol a ranar 7 ga Maris 2022]] A ranar 24 ga watan Fabrairun 2022, shugaban Rasha [[Vladimir Putin]] ya ba da umarnin mamaye [[Ukraniya|Ukraine]], wanda ya nuna babban karuwar Yaƙin Rasha da Ukraine, wanda aka fara a shekarar 2014. An bayyana mamayewar a matsayin babbar rikici ta soja a Turai tun lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. &nbsp;Harin ya sami zargi na kasa da kasa, gami da sabbin takunkumin da aka ɗora wa Rasha, wanda ya haɗa da haramcin Rasha daga SWIFT da rufe mafi yawan sararin samaniya na Yammacin zuwa jiragen Rasha. Bugu da ƙari, kafin da kuma lokacin mamayewar, wasu daga cikin kasashe 32 na NATO suna ba da Ukraine da makamai da sauran tallafin kayan aiki. A duk lokacin mamayewar, manyan 'yan siyasa da yawa na Rasha, ciki har da shugaban kasar Putin, ministan harkokin waje Sergey Lavrov da shugaban jam'iyyar United Russia Dmitry Medvedev, sun yi maganganu da yawa da aka gani a matsayin barazanar amfani da makaman nukiliya, yayin da jami'ai da yawa daga Amurka da NATO, ciki har ma da shugaban Amurka [[Joe Biden]] da Sakataren Janar NATO Jens Stoltenberg, sun yi sanarwa da ke tabbatar da martani NATO a yayin da Rasha ta sake kai farmaki ga kowace kasa ta NATO ko amfani da makamai na nukiliya ta sake haifar da ita. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sauer |first=Pjotr |date=2022-09-21 |title=Putin announces partial mobilisation and threatens nuclear retaliation in escalation of Ukraine war |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/sep/21/putin-announces-partial-mobilisation-in-russia-in-escalation-of-ukraine-war |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114202406/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/sep/21/putin-announces-partial-mobilisation-in-russia-in-escalation-of-ukraine-war |archive-date=14 January 2023 |access-date=2022-09-21 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 February 2022 |title=Biden says Americans should not worry about nuclear war after Russian actions |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/27/us/politics/putin-nuclear-alert-biden-deescalation.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228011550/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/27/us/politics/putin-nuclear-alert-biden-deescalation.html |archive-date=28 February 2022 |access-date=28 February 2022 |website=[[Reuters]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Samuels |first=Brett |date=11 March 2022 |title=Biden: Direct conflict between NATO and Russia would be 'World War III' |url=https://thehill.com/policy/international/597842-biden-direct-conflict-between-nato-and-russia-would-be-world-war-iii |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325032254/https://thehill.com/policy/international/597842-biden-direct-conflict-between-nato-and-russia-would-be-world-war-iii |archive-date=25 March 2022 |access-date=11 March 2022 |website=The Hill}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-21 |title=Biden denounces Putin's 'overt' nuclear threats, urges UN allies to reject Russia's invasion of Ukraine |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/09/21/biden-denounces-putins-overt-nuclear-threats-urges-un-allies-to-reject-russias-invasion-of-ukraine.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921194052/https://www.cnbc.com/2022/09/21/biden-denounces-putins-overt-nuclear-threats-urges-un-allies-to-reject-russias-invasion-of-ukraine.html |archive-date=21 September 2022 |access-date=2022-09-21 |website=CNBC |language=en}}</ref> Yawancin abubuwan da suka faru da aka gani a matsayin kira na kusa da rikici tsakanin Rasha da NATO tun daga lokacin sun faru, wanda ya fi shahara shi ne harin makami mai linzami a ƙauyen Poland na Przewodów kusa da iyakar da Ukraine a watan Nuwamba 2022. A farkon 2023, Putin ya dakatar da shiga Rasha a New START, yarjejeniyar nukiliya ta ƙarshe tsakanin Rasha da Amurka, kuma daga baya ya sanar da shirye-shiryen shigar da makaman nukiliya na Rasha a [[Belarus]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chen |first=Heather |last2=Humayun |first2=Hira |last3=Knight |first3=Mariya |last4=Carey |first4=Andrew |last5=Gigova |first5=Radina |last6=Kostenko |first6=Maria |date=2023-03-26 |title=Russia plans to station tactical nuclear weapons in Belarus, Putin says |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/03/25/world/russia-putin-nuclear-weapons-belarus-intl-hnk/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331052514/https://www.cnn.com/2023/03/25/world/russia-putin-nuclear-weapons-belarus-intl-hnk/index.html |archive-date=31 March 2023 |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=CNN}}</ref> Masana daban-daban, masu sharhi, da sauransu sun bayyana rikicin a matsayin kira na kusa da yakin duniya na uku, yayin da wasu suka ba da shawarar akasin haka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Simhony |first=Limor |title=NATO Intervention in Ukraine Won't Spark World War III |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/04/01/nato-intervention-in-ukraine-wont-spark-world-war-iii/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007025659/https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/04/01/nato-intervention-in-ukraine-wont-spark-world-war-iii/ |archive-date=7 October 2022 |access-date=2022-10-07 |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Miller |first=Paul |date=8 March 2022 |title=Ukraine Is Not World War III |url=https://thedispatch.com/p/ukraine-is-not-world-war-iii |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007025701/https://thedispatch.com/p/ukraine-is-not-world-war-iii |archive-date=7 October 2022 |access-date=2022-10-07 |website=The Dispatch}}</ref> == Yaduwar amfani da kalmar == === Yaƙin Cold === [[Fayil:World_nuclear_weapons.png|thumb|Babban tarin [[makaman nukiliya]] tare da kewayon duniya (duhu mai launin shudi), ƙaramin tarin tare da kewar duniya (matsakaici mai launin shuɗi), ƙaramin kayan aiki tare da kewaye na yanki (mai launin shudi) ]] Yayinda dangantakar Soviet-Amurka ta karu da tashin hankali a lokacin bayan yakin duniya na biyu, tsoron cewa tashin hankali na iya karuwa zuwa yakin duniya na uku ya kasance koyaushe. {{Spaces}}{{Spaces}}Wani binciken Gallup a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1950 ya gano cewa fiye da rabin Amurkawa sun yi la'akari da yakin duniya na uku ya riga ya fara.{{Spaces}} A shekara ta 2004, mai sharhi Norman Podhoretz ya ba da shawarar cewa [[Cold War|Yaƙin Cold]], wanda ya kasance daga mika wuya ga ikon Axis har zuwa faduwar Ginin Berlin, ana iya kiransa Yakin Duniya na III. {{Spaces}}Ta hanyar lissafin Podhoretz, "Yaƙin Duniya na IV" zai zama kamfen na duniya game da Islamofascism.<ref name="Podhoretz2004">{{Cite magazine|url-status=17+}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Buckley |first=William F. Jr. |author-link=William F. Buckley Jr. |date=22 October 2007 |title=World War IV? |url=https://www.nationalreview.com/2007/09/world-war-iv-william-f-buckley-jr/ |url-status=live |journal=[[National Review]] |volume=59 |issue=19 |page=62 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806022343/https://www.nationalreview.com/2007/09/world-war-iv-william-f-buckley-jr/ |archive-date=6 August 2020 |access-date=14 June 2019}} (published online 6 September 2007)</ref>{{Spaces}} Duk da haka, yawancin masana tarihi za su yi kama da cewa Yaƙin Duniya na III dole ne ya zama "yaƙin duniya wanda manyan dakarun daga ƙasashe da yawa suka yi yaƙi" da kuma yaƙin da "ya haɗa da yawancin manyan ƙasashe na duniya". {{Spaces}}Yakin Cold ya sami sunansa daga rashin aikin da aka dauka daga bangarorin biyu. Rashin aiki ya kasance ne saboda tsoron cewa yakin nukiliya zai iya lalata bil'adama.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 September 2011 |title=American History: The Cold War |url=https://learningenglish.voanews.com/a/american-history-the-cold-war-130292758/116228.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201012146/https://learningenglish.voanews.com/a/american-history-the-cold-war-130292758/116228.html |archive-date=1 February 2022 |access-date=2022-05-02 |website=VOA |language=en}}</ref> A cikin littafinsa Secret Weapons of the Cold War, Bill Yenne ya kammala cewa yakin basasa na Superpower daga shekarun 1940 zuwa 1991, ba yakin duniya na uku ba ne.<ref>Yenne, Bill (2005). ''Secret Weapons of the Cold War.'' Berkly Book, New York</ref>{{Spaces}} === Yaƙi da ta'addanci === [[Fayil:WTC_smoking_on_9-11.jpeg|thumb|[[September 11 attacks|Hare-haren Satumba 11]]]] "Yaƙin da aka yi da ta'addanci" wanda ya fara da [[September 11 attacks|Hare-haren Satumba 11]] wasu sun yi iƙirarin cewa Yaƙin Duniya na III ne.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Micallef |first=Joseph V. |date=24 January 2017 |title=Are We Already Fighting World War III? |url=http://www.military.com/daily-news/2017/01/24/are-we-already-fighting-world-war-iii.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170416051031/http://www.military.com/daily-news/2017/01/24/are-we-already-fighting-world-war-iii.html |archive-date=16 April 2017 |access-date=15 April 2017 |website=[[Military.com]]}}</ref> Sauran sun raina irin waɗannan da'awar kamar "karkatar da [[Tarihin Amurka]]". Duk da yake akwai yarjejeniya tsakanin masana tarihi game da ma'anoni da girman yaƙe-yaƙe na duniya guda biyu, wato saboda girman duniya na tashin hankali da hallaka kansu na waɗannan yaƙe-yarƙe biyu, wasu sun yi iƙirarin cewa "Yaƙin Duniya" na iya buƙatar irin wannan yaƙe-yanayi da kisan gilla a duniya. Duk da haka, irin wannan da'awar sabon "ƙananan ƙofar tashin hankali", wanda yanzu zai iya isa ya cancanci yaƙi a matsayin "Yaƙin Duniya" bai sami irin wannan karɓa da tallafi ba kamar yadda ma'anar yaƙe-yaƙe biyu na duniya suka samu tsakanin masana tarihi. ==== Yaƙi da Daular Musulunci ==== A ranar 1 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2015, Ministan Harkokin Waje na Iraki Ibrahim al-Jaafari ya bayyana cewa yakin da aka yi da Daular Islama ya kasance "Yaƙin Duniya na III", saboda manufofin Daular Islami na Khalifanci na duniya, da kuma nasarar da ta samu wajen yada rikici ga kasashe da yawa a waje da yankin Levant. {{Spaces}}Da yake mayar da martani ga hare-haren da aka kai a birnin Paris a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2015, Sarkin Jordan Abdullah II ya bayyana cewa "Muna fuskantar yakin duniya na uku [a cikin Islama]". A cikin jawabinsa na Jihar Tarayyar a ranar 12 ga Janairun 2016, Shugaban Amurka [[Barack Obama]] ya yi gargadin cewa rahotanni da ke ba ISIL damar da ake tsammani na haifar da yakin duniya na uku na iya zama da yawa kuma ba shi da alhaki, yana mai cewa "yayin da muke mai da hankali kan hallaka ISIL, ya yi iƙirarin cewa wannan yakin duniya ne na III kawai yana wasa a hannayensu. Yawancin mayakan da ke bayan manyan motoci da kuma masu karkatarwa a cikin gidaje ko garages suna haifar da babbar haɗari ga fararen hula kuma dole ne su zama masu barazana ga rayuwarmu ta ƙasa".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Obama |first=Barak |date=13 January 2016 |title=2016 State of the Union Address |url=https://medium.com/@WhiteHouse/president-obama-s-2016-state-of-the-union-address-7c06300f9726#.6rytyu7a2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160209085124/https://medium.com/@WhiteHouse/president-obama-s-2016-state-of-the-union-address-7c06300f9726#.6rytyu7a2 |archive-date=9 February 2016 |access-date=9 February 2016 |website=The White House |publisher=government of the United States of America}}</ref>{{Spaces}} === Ƙananan yaƙe-yaƙe da yawa a matsayin "yaƙi na uku" === A cikin tambayoyin da aka rubuta da yawa a ƙarƙashin yanayi na yau da kullun, kwatanta gobarar Yaƙin Duniya na I da na II da yaƙe-yaƙe masu ƙarancin ƙarfi na ƙarni na 21, [[Francis (fafaroma)|Paparoma Francis]] ya ce, "Duniya tana cikin yaƙi saboda ta rasa zaman lafiya", kuma "watakila mutum na iya magana game da yaƙi na uku, wanda ya yi yaƙi a hankali". {{Spaces}}{{Spaces}} == Abubuwan da ba a tsammani ba == A shekara ta 1949, bayan kaddamar da makaman nukiliya a ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na II, masanin kimiyyar lissafi [[Albert Einstein]] ya ba da shawarar cewa duk wani sakamako na yiwuwar Yaƙin Duniya ya III zai zama bala'i a kan [[Wayewa|wayewar ɗan adam]] don mayar da bil'adama zuwa Zamanin Stone. &nbsp;&nbsp;Lokacin da ɗan jarida Alfred Werner ya tambaye shi irin makamai Einstein ya yi imanin cewa za a iya yaƙi da Yaƙin Duniya na III, Einstein ya yi gargadin, "Ban san da waɗanne makamai za a yi yaƙi da Yakin Duniya na III ba, amma za a yi Yaƙin Duniya yaƙi da sanduna da duwatsu". <ref name="einstein">''The New Quotable Einstein''. Alice Calaprice (2005), p. 173.</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Johnson |first=M. Alex |date=18 April 2005 |title=The culture of Einstein |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna7406337 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180208205219/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/7406337#.WmyV55OdU3g |archive-date=8 February 2018 |access-date=27 January 2018 |website=MSNBC |language=en}}</ref>{{Spaces}} Game da halakar da 'yan Adam sakamakon yaƙin nukiliya, Leslie A. White ya kalubalanci Einstein, "wannan ma za a iya shigar da shi azaman yiwuwar, kuma duk abin da za mu iya cewa idan ya zo, zai zo. Maganganun tsoro ba za su canza yanayin abubuwan da suka faru ba. " Crane Brinton ya kuma shakkar zaman lafiya na tunanin Einstein: "Malamai, masu wa'azi, malamai, har ma da 'yan siyasa suna gaya wa ƙarni mai girma cewa dole ne babu yaƙi kuma, saboda haka, babu wani abu mai hikima".<ref>Brinton, Crane, (1948). ''From Many to One: The Process of Political Integration, the Problem of World Government'', (Westport: Greenwood Press), p 4.</ref> James Burnham na Ofishin Ayyukan Dabarun (wanda ya riga ya kasance [[C.I.A|CIA]]), ya kuma yi imani da rayuwa: Ana samun bambancin makaman nukiliya a cikin cewa suna iya hallaka rayuwar ɗan adam gaba ɗaya, gami da ta hanyar yanayin yanayi da yanayin ƙasa, amma haka ba haka ba ne. Babban ka'idojin dabarun soja ba su canza ba. Yaƙin nukiliya zai bambanta da yaƙe-yaƙe na dā amma za a yanke shawarar ta hanyar haɗuwa da albarkatu, halin kirki da dabarun.<ref>Burnham, James, (1947). ''Struggle for the World'', (New York: The John Day Company), pp 26, 28-29.</ref> Wani Bayani na New England Journal of Medicine na 1998 ya gano cewa "Ko da yake mutane da yawa sun yi imanin cewa barazanar harin nukiliya ya ɓace sosai tare da ƙarshen Yakin Cold, akwai shaidu masu yawa da suka saɓa".<ref name="nejm" /> Musamman, yarjejeniyar raba juna ta Amurka da Rasha a cikin 1994 ta kasance alama ce kuma ba ta canza adadin lokacin da ake buƙata don kaddamar da hari ba. An yi imanin cewa yanayin "harin haɗari" ya kasance ƙaddamarwa ne na ramuwar gayya saboda gargadi na ƙarya, kamar abin da ya faru na 1983. <ref name="nejm">{{Cite journal |last=Forrow |first=Lachlan |last2=Blair |first2=Bruce G. |last3=Helfand |first3=Ira |last4=Lewis |first4=George |last5=Postol |first5=Theodore |last6=Sidel |first6=Victor |last7=Levy |first7=Barry S. |last8=Abrams |first8=Herbert |last9=Cassel |first9=Christine |date=30 April 1998 |title=Accidental Nuclear War — A Post–Cold War Assessment |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=338 |issue=18 |pages=1326–1332 |doi=10.1056/NEJM199804303381824 |issn=0028-4793 |pmid=9562589 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A tarihi, Yaƙin Duniya na ya faru ne ta hanyar rikici mai tsanani; Yaƙin Duniya ya faru ne da gangan. &nbsp;&nbsp;Abubuwan da aka yi la'akari da su a cikin shekarun 2010 da 2020 sun haɗa da mamayewar Rasha a Ukraine, fadada kasar Sin zuwa tsibirai da ke kusa da su, Rikicin kan iyakar Sin da Indiya, barazanar aikin soja na kasar Sin a kan Taiwan, rikice-rikicen kan iyakar Indo-Pakistan, da kuma shiga kasashen waje a yakin basasar Siriya. Sauran haɗarin da ake tsammani sune cewa yaƙin da ya shafi ko tsakanin [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudi Arabia]] da [[Iran]], [[Isra'ila]] da Iran, [[Indiya]] da [[Pakistan]], [[Ukraniya|Ukraine]] da [[Rasha]], [[Poland]] da [[Belarus]], [[Koriya ta Kudu]] da [[Koriya ta Arewa]], ko [[Taiwan]] da [[Sin|China]] na iya ƙaruwa ta hanyar kawance ko shiga cikin yaƙi tsakanin "babban iko" kamar [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], Ingila, Faransa, Jamus, Rasha, China, Japan ko kuma yaƙin da ke tsakanin hadin gwiwar soja [[NATO]] da CSTO, ko ma yiwuwar "kwamin kwamandan makaman nukiliya" wanda ba a ƙarƙashin duk wani yaƙin nukiliya ba shi da izini ba zai iya ƙaruwa ba tare da izini yaƙin da izini da izini a kaiwa ba.<ref>{{Cite book|last3=Ron Rosenbaum}}</ref> Dangane da binciken da aka sake dubawa da aka buga a cikin mujallar Nature Food a watan Agustan 2022, cikakken yakin nukiliya tsakanin Amurka da Rasha, wanda ya saki sama da Tg 150 na soot na stratospheric, na iya kashe mutane sama da biliyan biyar ta hanyar yunwa a lokacin hunturu na nukiliya. Fiye da mutane biliyan biyu na iya mutuwa daga yunwa daga karamin yaki na nukiliya (5-47 Tg) tsakanin Indiya da Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Xia |first=Lili |last2=Robock |first2=Alan |last3=Scherrer |first3=Kim |last4=Harrison |first4=Cheryl S. |last5=Bodirsky |first5=Benjamin Leon |last6=Weindl |first6=Isabelle |last7=Jägermeyr |first7=Jonas |last8=Bardeen |first8=Charles G. |last9=Toon |first9=Owen B. |last10=Heneghan |first10=Ryan |date=15 August 2022 |title=Global food insecurity and famine from the reduced crop, marine fishery and livestock production due to climate disruption from nuclear war soot injection |journal=[[Nature Food]] |volume=3 |issue=8 |pages=586–596 |doi=10.1038/s43016-022-00573-0 |pmid=37118594 |s2cid=251601831 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> A yayin yakin nukiliya tsakanin Rasha da Amurka, kashi 99% na yawan jama'a a cikin ƙasashe masu fafatawa, da Turai da China, za su mutu. Wasu al'amuran sun haɗa da haɗari saboda canje-canje masu zuwa daga sanannen halin da ake ciki. A cikin shekarun 1980s Strategic Defense Initiative ya yi ƙoƙari ya soke makaman nukiliya na USSR; wasu masu sharhi sun yi imanin cewa shirin yana "rashin daidaituwa". A cikin littafinsa Destined for War, Graham Allison yana kallon kishiyar duniya tsakanin ikon da aka kafa, Amurka, da ikon da ke tasowa, China, a matsayin misali na Thucydides Trap. Allison ya bayyana cewa a tarihi, "12 daga cikin shari'o'i 16 da suka gabata inda karuwar iko ta fuskanci ikon mulki" sun haifar da fada.<ref>Graham Allison (2017). ''Destined for War'', Scribe, p. 215</ref> A cikin 2020 da 2023, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists ya ci gaba da agogon ranar ƙarshe, yana mai da hankali a tsakanin sauran abubuwan da aka yi hasashen tasirin rikice-rikice daga makamai masu zuwa. Yakin yanar gizo shine amfani da fasaha ta wata kasa ko kungiyar kasa da kasa don kai farmaki da lalata hanyoyin sadarwa da kwamfutocin adawa. Lalacewar na iya haifar da ƙwayoyin cuta na kwamfuta ko hare-haren ƙin sabis (DoS). Hare-haren yanar gizo suna ƙara zama ruwan dare, suna barazanar tsaro ta yanar gizo kuma suna mai da shi fifiko a duniya. An sami yaduwar hare-haren da gwamnati ke tallafawa. Halin waɗannan hare-haren ya nuna yiwuwar yakin duniya na uku na yanar gizo.Manyan sojoji na duniya suna haɓaka dabarun yanar gizo, gami da hanyoyin canza tsarin umarni da sarrafa abokan gaba, tsarin gargadi na farko, dabaru, da sufuri.Harin Rasha na 2022 na Ukraine ya haifar da damuwa game da babban hari na yanar gizo, tare da Rasha da ta kaddamar da hare-haren yanar gizo don sasanta kungiyoyi a duk faɗin Ukraine. Rasha ta kaddamar da kusan hare-hare 40 masu hankali waɗanda suka lalata fayiloli har abada a cikin daruruwan tsarin a cikin ƙungiyoyi da yawa, tare da kashi 40% da nufin manyan fannoni a cikin Ukraine.Amfani da yakin yanar gizo na Rasha ya juya yakin zuwa babban yakin "haɗe-haɗe" a Ukraine. == Dubi kuma == * Yunkurin adawa da nukiliya * Gasar makamai ta wucin gadi * Yakin Cold na Ilimin Ilimin Ilimi * Gasar makaman nukiliya * Holocaust na nukiliya * Ta'addanci na nukiliya * Yaƙin Cold na Biyu * Yaƙin Duniya na III a cikin al'adun gargajiya * [[Yaƙi]] * [[Yaƙin Duniya na I]] * [[Yaƙin Duniya na II]] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] lsjfeme7996p254abku6usnsqj9wh9f 884810 884809 2026-07-19T08:41:06Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 884810 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   [[Fayil:Castle_Bravo_Blast.jpg|thumb|Yaƙin nukiliya alama ce ta yau da kullun kuma jigon mafi yawan abubuwan da suka faru na Yaƙin Duniya na III. &nbsp;Irin wannan rikici an yi la'akari da shi don haifar da ko kusa da halakawar ɗan adam.]] '''Yaƙin Duniya na I''' ('''WWIII''' ko '''WW3'''), wanda aka fi sani da '''Yaƙin Duniya na Uku''', rikici ne na duniya na gaba wanda ya biyo bayan Yaƙin Duniya Na shekara ta alif (1914 zuwa zuwa 1918) da [[Yaƙin Duniya na II]] a shekara ta alif 1939 Zuwa 1945). An yi la'akari da cewa irin wannan yaƙin zai shafi dukkan manyan ƙasashen duniya, kamar waɗanda suka riga shi, da kuma amfani da [[makaman nukiliya]] ko wasu makamai na hallaka jama'a, don haka ya wuce rikice-rikicen da suka gabata a cikin yanki, lalacewa, da asarar rai. Tun lokacin da Manhattan [[Project]] ya ci gaba da makaman nukiliya a shekara ta alif 1945 da kuma amfani da su ta [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] a cikin bama-Bamai na nukiliya na Hiroshima da Nagasaki a ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na II, haɗarin apocalypse na nukiliyar da ke haifar da lalacewa mai yawa da yiwuwar [[Yanayin tashin duniya|rushewar wayewa]] ko halaka bil'adama ya zama jigon gama gari a cikin hasashe da fiction game da Yaƙin Duniya III. Tare da zuwan [[Cold War|Yaƙin Cold]] (1947-1991) da yaduwar makaman [[nukiliya]] zuwa [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]], wanda wasu kasashe da yawa suka biyo baya, haɗarin yakin duniya na uku ya tashi. A lokacin Yakin Cold, sojoji da ma'aikatan farar hula a duk duniya sun yi tsammanin yiwuwar kuma sun shirya hakan, tare da abubuwan da suka faru daga yaƙin gargajiya zuwa iyakantaccen ko gaba ɗaya Yaƙin nukiliya. An kirkiro ka'idar dabarun tabbatar da lalacewa, wanda ya nuna cewa cikakken rikici na nukiliya zai hallaka dukkan bangarorin da ke cikin rikici. Shugabannin Amurka da Soviet sun yi aiki don kauce wa irin wannan sakamako, kodayake kira da yawa na kusa, wanda ya haifar da fasaha mara kyau, kuskuren ɗan adam ko rashin sadarwa, har yanzu ya faru, yana jaddada buƙatar hanawa daga bangarorin biyu. == Magana ==   Mujallar Time ta kasance mai karɓar farko, idan ba mai farawa ba, na kalmar "Yaƙin Duniya na III". {{Spaces}}Amfani na farko ya bayyana a cikin fitowar 3 ga Nuwamba Shekara ta 1941 (kafin harin Japan a kan Pearl Harbor a ranar 7 ga Disamba 1941) a ƙarƙashin sashin "Hamaloli na Kasa" kuma mai taken "Yaƙin Duniya na III?" game da ɗan gudun hijirar Nazi Hermann Rauschning, wanda ya isa Amurka. {{Spaces}}A cikin fitowar ta 22 ga Maris 1943, a ƙarƙashin sashin "Labaran Kasashen Waje", ''Lokaci'' ya sake amfani da wannan taken "Yaƙin Duniya na III?" game da maganganun Mataimakin Shugaban Amurka na ''Lokaci'' Henry A. Wallace: "Za mu yanke shawara a wani lokaci a 1943 ko 1944 ... ko mu dasa tsaba na Yaƙin Duniya na Uku. " Lokaci ya ci gaba da samun ko ambaton labaran "Yaƙin duniya na III" don sauran shekaru goma da gaba: 1944, 1945, 1946 ("yaƙin ƙwayoyin cuta da 1948. {{Spaces}}{{Spaces}}{{Spaces}}''Lokaci'' ya ci gaba da amfani da wannan kalmar, alal misali, a cikin littafin 2015 mai taken "Wannan shine Abin da Yaƙin Duniya na III Zai Kamata". == Shirye-shiryen Soja == Masu dabarun soja sun yi amfani da wasannin yaƙi don shirya don yanayin yaƙi daban-daban da kuma ƙayyade dabarun da suka fi dacewa. An yi amfani da wasannin yaƙi don Yaƙin Duniya na I da Yaƙin Duniya ya II . === Aikin da ba za a iya tsammani ba ===   Firayim Ministan Burtaniya [[Winston Churchill]] ya damu da cewa, tare da girman sojojin Soviet Red Army da aka tura a Tsakiyar Turai da Gabashin Turai a Ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na II<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwbg">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki> da rashin amintaccen shugaban Soviet [[Joseph Stalin]], akwai babbar barazana ga Yammacin Turai. A cikin Afrilu-Mayu 1945, Sojojin Burtaniya sun haɓaka Operation Unthinkable, wanda ake zaton shine yanayin farko na Yaƙin Duniya na Uku. Babban burinta shine "ta tilasta wa Rasha nufin Amurka da [[Daular Biritaniya|Daular Burtaniya]]".<ref>{{Cite web |last=British War Cabinet, Joint Planning Staff, Public Record Office, CAB 120/691/109040 / 002 |date=11 August 1945 |title=Operation Unthinkable: 'Russia: Threat to Western Civilization' |url=http://www.history.neu.edu/PRO2/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080706093010/http://www.history.neu.edu/PRO2/ <!--Added by H3llBot--> |archive-date=6 July 2008 |access-date=28 June 2008 |publisher=Department of History, Northeastern University |format=online photocopy}}</ref> Kwamitin Shugabannin Ma'aikata na Burtaniya sun ki amincewa da shirin a matsayin wanda ba zai yiwu ba a soja. === Aikin Dropshot === {{Clear}}Operation Dropshot shine shirin gaggawa na Amurka na 1950 don yiwuwar yaki da [[Makaman nukiliya|nukiliya]] da na al'ada tare da [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]] a cikin wuraren wasan kwaikwayo na Yammacin Turai da Asiya. Kodayake labarin ya yi amfani da makaman nukiliya, ba a sa ran su taka muhimmiyar rawa ba. A lokacin da Makaman nukiliya na Amurka sun iyakance a girman, galibi a Amurka, kuma sun dogara da bama-bamai don isar da su. Dropshot ya haɗa da bayanan manufa waɗanda za su yi amfani da bama-Bamai na nukiliya 300 da bama-mamai masu fashewa 29,000 a kan manufofi 200 a cikin birane da garuruwa 100 don share kashi 85% na damar masana'antar Tarayyar Soviet a cikin bugun jini ɗaya. Tsakanin 75 da 100 daga cikin makaman nukiliya 300 an yi niyya ne don lalata jirgin yaki na Soviet a ƙasa. An tsara labarin ne kafin ci gaban makamai masu linzami na intercontinental. An kuma tsara shi kafin Shugaban Amurka [[John F. Kennedy]] da Sakataren Tsaro Robert McNamara su canza shirin Yakin Nukiliya na Amurka daga shirin yajin aiki na 'kisan birni' zuwa shirin "counterforce" (wanda aka fi mayar da hankali ga sojojin). Makaman nukiliya a wannan lokacin ba su da isasshen daidaito don kai hari kan sansanin sojan ruwa ba tare da lalata birnin da ke kusa da shi ba, don haka manufar amfani da su ita ce ta lalata ikon masana'antar abokan gaba don lalata tattalin arzikin yaƙi. === Haɗin gwiwar Burtaniya da Ireland === Jamhuriyar Ireland ta fara shirin yiwuwar yakin nukiliya a ƙarshen shekarun 1940. Za a kafa hadin gwiwa tsakanin Ingila da Ireland a yayin WWIII, inda za su raba bayanan yanayi, sarrafa kayan aiki don kewayawa, da daidaita sabis na watsa shirye-shiryen Wartime wanda zai faru bayan harin nukiliya. <ref name="auto3">{{Cite journal |last=Kennedy |first=Michael |date=2017 |title=ENVISAGING THE UNTHINKABLE: PLANNING FOR ARMAGEDDON IN 1950s IRELAND |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/90005263 |url-status=live |journal=History Ireland |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=36–39 |issn=0791-8224 |jstor=90005263 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220502180344/https://www.jstor.org/stable/90005263 |archive-date=2 May 2022 |access-date=2 May 2022}}</ref> Operation Sandstone a Ireland wani babban aikin soja ne na sirri na Burtaniya da Ireland.<ref name="auto3" /> Sojojin jihohin biyu sun fara binciken bakin teku na Burtaniya da Ireland tare daga 1948 zuwa 1955. Wannan buƙata ce daga Amurka don gano wuraren da suka dace don saukowa ga Amurka a yayin nasarar mamayewar Soviet.<ref name="auto3" /><ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |last=Archives |first=The National |date=2020-04-03 |title=The National Archives - Operation Sandstone: Surveying Britain's Cold War beaches |url=https://blog.nationalarchives.gov.uk/operation-sandstone-surveying-britains-cold-war-beaches/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127004120/https://blog.nationalarchives.gov.uk/operation-sandstone-surveying-britains-cold-war-beaches/ |archive-date=27 November 2020 |access-date=2022-05-02 |website=The National Archives blog |language=en-GB}}</ref> A shekara ta 1953, hadin gwiwar ta amince da raba bayanai game da yanayin yaƙi da kuma kwashe fararen hula daga Burtaniya zuwa Ireland.<ref name="auto3" /> Operation Sandstone na Ireland ya ƙare a shekarar 1966.<ref name="auto2" /> === Ayyuka na Grand Slam, Longstep, da Mainbrace === {{Clear}}A watan Janairun 1950, Majalisar Arewacin Atlantic ta amince da dabarun soja na [[NATO]] na hanawa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lord Ismay |title=Chapter 3 – The Pace Quickens |url=http://www.nato.int/archives/1st5years/chapters/3.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140313154306/http://www.nato.int/archives/1st5years/chapters/3.htm |archive-date=13 March 2014 |access-date=19 September 2011 |website=NATO the first five years 1949–1954 |publisher=[[NATO]]}}</ref> Shirye-shiryen soja na NATO ya sake sabuntawa bayan barkewar Yaƙin Koriya a farkon shekarun 1950, wanda ya sa NATO ta kafa "dakarun karkashin umarni na tsakiya, wanda ya isa ya hana tashin hankali da kuma tabbatar da tsaron Yammacin Turai". An kafa rundunar Allied Command Europe a karkashin Janar na Sojoji Dwight D. Eisenhower, Sojojin Amurka, a ranar 2 ga Afrilu 1951 . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Chapter 4 – The Pace Quickens |url=http://www.nato.int/archives/1st5years/chapters/4.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227094811/http://www.nato.int/archives/1st5years/chapters/4.htm |archive-date=27 December 2013 |access-date=19 September 2011 |website=NATO the first five years 1949–1954 |publisher=[[NATO]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=X |author-link=George F. Kennan |date=July 1947 |title=The Sources of Soviet Conduct |journal=[[Foreign Affairs]] |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=575–576 |doi=10.2307/20030065 |issn=0015-7120 |jstor=20030065}}</ref> Kungiyar Tsaro ta Yamma Turai a baya ta gudanar da Exercise Verity, wani motsa jiki na 1949 wanda ya shafi hare-haren jiragen ruwa da hare-harun jirgin ruwa. Ayyukan Mainbrace sun haɗu da jiragen ruwa 200 da ma'aikata sama da 50,000 don horar da tsaron [[Denmark]] da [[Norway]] daga harin Soviet a 1952. Wannan shi ne karo na farko da aka yi amfani da shi a NATO. Babban Kwamandan Allied Atlantic Admiral Lynde D. McCormick, Sojojin Ruwa na Amurka, da Babban Kwamandan Sojojin Turai Janar Matthew B. Ridgeway, Sojoji na Amurka, ne suka ba da umarnin aikin tare a lokacin kaka na 1952. Amurka, Ingila, [[Kanada]], Faransa, Denmark, Norway, [[Portugal]], [[Holand|Netherlands]], da [[Beljik|Belgium]] sun shiga. Atisayen Grand Slam da Longstep atisayen sojan ruwa ne da aka gudanar a cikin Tekun Bahar Rum a shekarar 1952 don gudanar da aikin korar makiya da ke mamaye da karfin tuwo. Ya ƙunshi jiragen ruwa sama da 170 da jiragen sama 700 a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Admiral Robert B. Carney . Babban kwamandan motsa jiki, Carney ya taƙaita nasarorin da aka samu na Exercise Grand Slam da cewa: "Mun nuna cewa manyan kwamandojin dukkan iko guda huɗu za su iya samun nasarar gudanar da aikin haɗakarwa tare da sarrafa shi yadda ya kamata a matsayin ƙungiya mai aiki. Tarayyar Soviet ta kira darussan "aikin yaki" ta NATO, tare da yin la'akari da shiga [[Norway]] da Denmark kuma sun shirya don ayyukan soja a Yankin Soviet.<ref name="Time2">''Time'', 29 September 1952</ref><ref name="Sidney">"NATO Ships Enter Baltic Sea" – ''Sydney Morning Herald'', p. 2</ref> === Exercise Strikeback ===   Exercise Strikeback babban aikin sojan ruwa ne na NATO wanda aka gudanar a shekara ta 1957, yana kwaikwayon martani ga harin Soviet a kan NATO. Wannan motsa jiki ya kunshi jiragen yaki sama da 200, jirgin sama 650, da ma'aikata 75,000 daga Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Amurka, Rundunar Soja ta Burtaniya, Rundunar Ruwa ta Kanada, Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Faransa, Rundunar Roya ta Netherlands, da Rundunar Sojojin Ruwa ta Royal Norway. A matsayin mafi girman aikin sojan ruwa na zaman lafiya har zuwa wannan lokacin, mai sharhi na soja Hanson W. Baldwin na The New York Times ya bayyana shi a matsayin "wanda ya zama mafi karfi da aka tara tun lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. === Jarabawar Ƙarfafawa ===   [[Fayil:USS_Hawes_(FFG-53),_USS_William_H._Standley_(CG-32)_and_USS_Guadalcanal_(LPH-7)_escort_tanker_Gas_King_in_the_Persian_Gullf_on_21_October_1987_(6432283).jpg|thumb|Idan aka kunna, Operation Reforger zai kunshi manyan motoci kamar wannan daga Operation Earnest Will a 1987, kodayake ya fi girma. Duk da yake dakarun za su iya tashi a fadin Tekun Atlantika, kayan aiki masu nauyi da ƙarfafa makamai dole ne su zo ta teku.]] Exercise RE (daga sake juyawa na FORces zuwa GER) wani motsa jiki ne na shekara-shekara da NATO ta gudanar a lokacin Yakin Cold . Duk da yake sojojin Amurka za a iya tashi cikin sauƙi a fadin Tekun Atlantika, kayan aiki masu nauyi da ƙarfafa makamai dole ne su zo ta teku kuma a isar da su zuwa shafukan POMCUS (An riga an tsara su zuwa rukunin rukunin). [1] Wadannan darussan sun gwada Amurka da kuma iyawar hadin gwiwa don aiwatar da karfafawa ta duniya.[1] Karfafawa a kan lokaci wani bangare ne mai mahimmanci na darussan karfafawa na NATO. Amurka ta buƙaci samun damar aika da ƙungiyoyin sojoji masu aiki zuwa Turai a cikin kwanaki goma a matsayin wani ɓangare na turawar NATO a lokacin yaƙi.Baya ga kimanta iyawar Amurka, Reforger ya kuma sa ido kan ma'aikata, wurare, da kayan aiki na ƙasashen Turai da ke taka muhimmiyar rawa a kokarin ƙarfafawa. An yi amfani da wannan motsa jiki ne don tabbatar da cewa NATO na iya tura sojoji zuwa Jamus ta Yamma da sauri idan akwai rikici tare da Yarjejeniyar Warsaw. Yarjejeniyar Warsaw ta fi NATO yawa a duk lokacin Yakin Cold a cikin dakarun al'ada, kuma musamman a cikin tankuna da motocin makamai. Sabili da haka, a yayin mamayewar Soviet, don kada a koma ga hare-haren nukiliya, dole ne a sake dawo da makamai na Yarjejeniyar Warsaw da sauri kuma a maye gurbin su. Reforger ba kawai nuna ƙarfi ba ne. A yayin rikici, zai zama ainihin shirin don ƙarfafa kasancewar NATO a Turai. A wannan yanayin, ana kiransa Operation Reforger . Manufofin siyasa na Reforger sune inganta tsawo da kuma inganta hadin kan NATO.[1] Muhimman abubuwan da ke cikin Reforger sun haɗa da Rundunar Sojan Sama, Rundunar Sojojin Sojan Sama ta Sojan Sama. === Kwanaki Bakwai zuwa Kogin Rhine ===   [[Fayil:Probable_Axes_of_Attack.jpg|thumb|Harin Yarjejeniyar Warsaw zai zo ta hanyar manyan hanyoyi uku ta Yammacin Jamus.]] Kwanaki Bakwai zuwa Kogin Rhine wani aikin kwaikwayo ne na soja na sirri wanda Yarjejeniyar Warsaw ta kirkira a shekarar 1979. Ya fara ne da zaton cewa NATO za ta kaddamar da harin nukiliya a kwarin kogin Vistula a cikin wani lamari na farko, wanda zai haifar da mutuwar fararen hula na Poland miliyan biyu.[1] A mayar da martani, za a gudanar da yunkurin yaki na Soviet a kan Jamus ta Yamma, Belgium, Netherlands da Denmark, tare da sojojin Warsaw Pact da suka mamaye Jamus ta Yankin kuma suna da niyyar tsayawa a Kogin Rhine a rana ta bakwai. Sauran tsare-tsaren USSR sun tsaya ne kawai bayan sun isa iyakar Faransa a rana ta tara. Kowane jihohin Yarjejeniyar Warsaw an sanya su ne kawai sashi na hoto na dabarun; a wannan yanayin, ana sa ran sojojin Poland za su je har zuwa Jamus. Shirin Kwanaki Bakwai zuwa Rhine ya yi la'akari da cewa Poland da Jamus za su lalace ta hanyar musayar nukiliya kuma yawan sojoji za su mutu daga cutar radiation. An kiyasta cewa NATO za ta harba makaman nukiliya a bayan layin Soviet masu ci gaba don yanke layin samar da su kuma ta haka ne su rage ci gaban su. Duk da yake wannan shirin ya ɗauka cewa NATO za ta yi amfani da makaman nukiliya don tura duk wani mamayewar Warsaw Pact, bai haɗa da hare-haren nukiliya a Faransa ko Ingila ba. Jaridu sun yi hasashen lokacin da aka bayyana wannan shirin, cewa ba za a buga Faransa da Burtaniya ba don samun su don hana amfani da makaman nukiliyar su. === Kwarewar Mai Fitarwa === {{Clear}} [[Fayil:Reagan_and_Gordievsky.jpg|thumb|Tsohon shugaban Amurka [[Ronald Reagan]] da wakilin Soviet biyu Oleg Gordievsky, wanda daga baya ya gaya wa Yamma yadda kusanci da aikin Able Archer 83 ya kawo Soviets don ba da umarni na FarkoFarko na Farko]] Exercise Able Archer wani motsa jiki ne na shekara-shekara na Kwamandan Turai na Amurka wanda ke aiwatar da umarni da hanyoyin sarrafawa, tare da jaddada sauyawa daga ayyukan al'ada kawai zuwa ayyukan sinadarai, nukiliya, da na al'ada a lokacin yaƙi. "Able Archer 83" wani aiki ne na kwana biyar na [[NATO|Kungiyar Yarjejeniyar Arewacin Atlantic]] (NATO) wanda ya fara a ranar 7 ga Nuwamba 1983, wanda ya mamaye Yammacin Turai, wanda ke tsakiya a Babban Hedikwatar Allied Powers Europe (SHAPE) a Casteau, arewacin birnin Mons. Ayyukan Able Archer sun yi kama da lokacin rikice-rikice, wanda ya kai ga Harin nukiliya.<ref name="Fischer Conundrum">{{Cite web |last=Benjamin B. Fischer |date=17 March 2007 |title=A Cold War Conundrum: The 1983 Soviet War Scare |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/a-cold-war-conundrum/source.htm#HEADING1-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114024850/https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/a-cold-war-conundrum/source.htm |archive-date=14 January 2009 |access-date=13 January 2009 |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]}}</ref> Halin da ya dace na aikin 1983, tare da lalacewar dangantaka da ke tsakanin Amurka da Tarayyar Soviet da kuma zuwan makaman nukiliya na Pershing II a Turai, ya jagoranci wasu mambobin Politburo da sojoji suyi imani cewa Able Archer 83 ya kasance makirci ne na yaki, yana rufe shirye-shiryen kai hari na farko na nukiliya.<ref name="Fischer Conundrum">{{Cite web |last=Benjamin B. Fischer |date=17 March 2007 |title=A Cold War Conundrum: The 1983 Soviet War Scare |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/a-cold-war-conundrum/source.htm#HEADING1-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114024850/https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/a-cold-war-conundrum/source.htm |archive-date=14 January 2009 |access-date=13 January 2009 |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]}}</ref><ref>Andrew and Gordievsky, ''Comrade Kryucvcov's Instructions'', 85–7.</ref><ref name="Fischer Reversal 123,31">Beth Fischer, ''Reagan Reversal'', 123, 131.</ref><ref name="Pry Scare 37–9">Pry, ''War Scare'', 37–9.</ref> A mayar da martani, Soviets sun shirya sojojin nukiliyar su kuma sun sanya rundunonin iska a Gabashin Jamus da [[Tarihin Poland (1945-1989)|Poland]] a faɗake.<ref>Oberdorfer, ''A New Era'', 66.</ref><ref name="SNIE 84">''SNIE 11–10–84'' "Implications of Recent Soviet Military-Political Activities" Central Intelligence Agency, 18 May 1984.</ref>Wannan "1983 war fear" da yawa masana tarihi sunyi la'akari da shi a matsayin mafi kusa da duniya ta zo ga nukiliya tun lokacin Cuban Missile Crisis na 1962. Barazanar yaƙin nukiliya ya ƙare tare da kammala aikin a ranar 11 ga Nuwamba. <ref>Andrew and Gordievsky, ''Comrade Kryucvcov's Instructions'', 87–8.</ref><ref name="Pry Scare 43–4">Pry, ''War Scare'', 43–4.</ref> === Shirye-shiryen Tsaro === Shugaban Amurka Ronald Reagan ne ya gabatar da shirin Tsaro na dabarun (SDI) a ranar 23 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1983. [1] A ƙarshen shugabancin, dalilai da yawa (wanda ya haɗa da kallon fim din 1983 The Day After da jin ta hanyar mai sauya sheka na Soviet cewa Able Archer 83 kusan ya haifar da hari na farko na Rasha) ya juya Reagan kan manufar yaƙin nukiliya mai cin nasara, kuma ya fara ganin makaman nukiliya a matsayin "Katin daji" fiye da dabarun hanawa. Kodayake daga baya ya yi imani da Yarjejeniyar kawar da makamai a hankali yana rage haɗarin makaman nukiliya ta hanyar rage yawan su da matsayin faɗakarwa, ya kuma yi imanin cewa mafita ta fasaha na iya ba da damar harbe ICBMs masu shigowa, don haka ya sa Amurka ba za a iya fuskantar hari na farko ba. Koyaya, USSR ta ga manufar SDI a matsayin babbar barazana, tunda tura tsarin zai ba Amurka damar kaddamar da babban hari na farko a Tarayyar Soviet ba tare da tsoron ramuwar gayya ba. Manufar SDI ita ce amfani da tsarin ƙasa da sararin samaniya don kare Amurka daga hari da makamai masu linzami na nukiliya. Shirin ya mayar da hankali kan kariya ta dabarun maimakon ka'idar kuskuren dabarun da ta gabata na tabbatar da juna (MAD). An kafa Strategic Defense Initiative Organization (SDIO) a cikin 1984 a cikin Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Amurka don kula da Strategic Defense Program. === Kasuwancin nukiliya na NATO === [[Fayil:Operation_Upshot_test.ogv|thumb|Misali na gwajin makamashin nukiliya a Amurka]] Shirye-shiryen aiki na NATO don Yaƙin Duniya na Uku sun haɗa da abokan NATO waɗanda ba su da makaman nukiliya, ta amfani da makaman Nukiliya da Amurka ta bayar a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin yaki na NATO, a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Babban Kwamandan NATO. [[Fayil:Overzicht_op_Museumplein_met_spandoek_The_Dutch_disease_is_better_for_peace_o,_Bestanddeelnr_253-8627.jpg|thumb|zanga-zangar da aka yi a [[Amsterdam]] game da tseren makaman nukiliya tsakanin Amurka / NATO da Tarayyar Soviet, 1981]] Daga cikin iko uku na nukiliya a NATO (Faransa, Ingila, da Amurka) Amurka ce kawai ta samar da makamai don raba nukiliya. Ya zuwa Nuwamba , [[Beljik|Belgium]], Jamus, Italiya, Netherlands da [[Turkiyya]] har yanzu suna karbar bakuncin makaman nukiliya na Amurka a matsayin wani ɓangare na manufofin raba nukiliya ta NATO.<ref name="RUSI-2010">{{Citation|last1=amp}}</ref> Kanada ta dauki bakuncin makamai har zuwa 1984, <ref name="RUSI-2010" /> da [[Girka (ƙasa)|Girka]] har zuwa 2001. Har ila yau, Ƙasar Ingila ta karɓi Makaman nukiliya na Amurka kamar bindigogi na nukiliya da Makamai masu linzami har zuwa 1992, duk da cewa Burtaniya ƙasa ce ta makaman nukliya a kanta; waɗannan galibi an tura su a [[Jamus]]. A lokacin zaman lafiya, makaman nukiliya da aka adana a cikin ƙasashe marasa nukiliya suna ƙarƙashin kulawar 'yan saman Amurka kodayake a baya wasu bindigogi da tsarin makamai masu linzami sun kasance ƙarƙashin kulawar Sojojin Amurka; lambobin da ake buƙata don fashe su suna ƙarƙashin ikon Amurka. Idan akwai yaƙi, za a ɗora makamai a kan jiragen yaƙi na ƙasashe masu shiga. Makamai suna ƙarƙashin kulawa da iko na USAF Munitions Support Squadrons da ke kan manyan sansanonin aiki na NATO waɗanda ke aiki tare da sojojin kasar da ke karbar bakuncin. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2005, bam din nukiliya na B61 180 na makaman nukiliya 480 na Amurka da aka yi imanin cewa an tura su a Turai sun fada karkashin tsarin raba nukiliya. Ana adana makamai a cikin wani ajiya a cikin [[Gidan jirgin sama mai ƙarfi|mafaka na jirgin sama]], ta amfani da USAF WS3 Weapon Storage and Security System. Jiragen yaki da aka yi amfani da su sune F-16 Fighting Falcons da [[Panavia Tornado|Panavia Tornados]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hans M. Kristensen |date=5 October 2007 |title=U.S. Nuclear Weapons in Europe After the Cold War |url=http://www.nukestrat.com/pubs/Brief_Italy2007.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120202112109/http://www.nukestrat.com/pubs/Brief_Italy2007.pdf |archive-date=2 February 2012 |access-date=10 August 2013 |publisher=Federation of American Scientists}}</ref> == Tarihin kusa == Tare da fara tseren makamai na Cold War a cikin shekarun 1950, yakin apocalyptic tsakanin Amurka da Tarayyar Soviet ya zama ainihin yiwuwar. A lokacin Yakin Cold shekara ta (1947-1991), an bayyana abubuwan da suka faru na soja da yawa kamar yadda suka kusa da yiwuwar haifar da Yaƙin Duniya na III. Ko da bayan ƙarshen Yakin Cold da rushewar Tarayyar Soviet a cikin 1991, an bayyana wasu abubuwan da suka faru bayan haka a matsayin kira na kusa. === Yaƙin Koriya: 25 Yuni A shekarar 1950 - 27 Yuli 1953&nbsp; === Yaƙin Koriya yaƙi ne tsakanin hadin gwiwa guda biyu da ke yaƙi don iko da Yankin Koriya: hadin gwiwar kwaminisanci da ta haɗa da [[Koriya ta Arewa]], Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin, da [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]], da kuma hadin gwiwarsa ta jari-hujja da ta haɗa ti [[Koriya ta Kudu]], Amurka da Kwamandan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Mutane da yawa sun yi imanin cewa rikici zai iya zama babban yaki tsakanin kasashen uku, Amurka, USSR, da Chaina. Wakilin yaki na CBS News Bill Downs ya rubuta a 1951, "Ga zuciyata, amsar ita ce: Ee, Koriya ita ce farkon Yaƙin Duniya na III. Saukowa mai kyau a Inchon da ƙoƙarin hadin gwiwar Sojojin Amurka tare da Allies na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun ba mu nasara a Koriya. Amma wannan shine kawai yaƙin farko a cikin babban gwagwarmayar kasa da kasa wanda yanzu ke mamaye Gabas ta Tsakiya da dukan duniya. " Downs daga baya ya sake maimaita wannan imani a kan ABC Evening News yayin da yake bayar da rahoto game da labarin game da Lamarin USS Pueblo a shekarar 1968.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Downs |first=Bill |date=25 January 1968 |title=The USS Pueblo incident |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-KBxiX_9_Kk |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140615095207/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-KBxiX_9_Kk |archive-date=15 June 2014 |access-date=8 November 2013 |website=ABC Evening News |publisher=ABC}}</ref> {{Spaces}}Sakataren Gwamnati Dean Acheson daga baya ya yarda cewa Gwamnatin Truman ta damu game da karuwar rikici kuma Janar Douglas MacArthur ya gargadi shi cewa shiga tsakani da Amurka ke jagoranta ya yi barazanar martani na Soviet. === Rikicin Berlin: 4 Yuni - 9 Nuwamba 1961 === Rikicin Berlin na 1961 ya kasance rikici ne na siyasa da soja tsakanin Amurka da Tarayyar Soviet a Checkpoint Charlie tare da tankuna da sojoji da yawa na Amurka da Soviet / Gabashin Jamus a tsaye a juna kawai 100 yadudduka a kowane bangare na checkpoint. Dalilin da ya sa aka yi jayayya shi ne matsayin sana'a na babban birnin Jamus, [[Berlin]], da kuma Bayan yakin duniya na biyu Jamus. Rikicin Berlin ya fara ne lokacin da USSR ta kaddamar da wani ultimatum da ke buƙatar janyewar dukkan sojoji daga Berlin, gami da sojojin Yamma a Berlin ta Yamma. Rikicin ya ƙare a cikin rabuwa da birnin tare da gina Ginin Berlin na Gabashin Jamus. Wannan tsayayya ta ƙare cikin lumana a ranar 28 ga Oktoba biyo bayan fahimtar Amurka da Soviet don janye tankuna da rage tashin hankali. === Rikicin Makami Mai Girma na Cuba: 15-29 Oktoba 1962 === [[Fayil:Soviet_b-59_submarine.jpg|thumb|Wani jirgin saman saman Amurka mai suna HSS-1 Seabat yana tashi a kan jirgin ruwa na Soviet ''B-59'', wanda sojojin Amurka suka tilasta masa zuwa saman a cikin Caribbean kusa da Cuba. B-59 yana da torpedo na nukiliya a cikin jirgin, kuma ana buƙatar maɓallan jami'ai uku don amfani da shi. Ɗaya daga cikin rashin amincewarsu ne kawai ya hana jirgin ruwa daga kai hari kan rundunar Amurka da ke kusa, wani hasken da zai iya haifar da Yaƙin Duniya na Uku (28-29 Oktoba 1962).]] Rikicin Makami mai linzami na Cuban, gwagwarmaya game da ajiye makamai masu linzami na nukiliya na Soviet a Cuba don mayar da martani ga mamayewar Bay of Pigs, an dauke shi mafi kusa da musayar nukiliya, wanda zai iya haifar da yakin duniya na uku. Rikicin ya kai kololuwa a ranar 27 ga Oktoba, tare da manyan abubuwan da suka faru guda uku a rana ɗaya: * Mafi mahimmancin abin da ya faru ya faru ne lokacin da jirgin ruwa na Soviet ya kusan kaddamar da torpedo mai kwakwalwa don mayar da martani ga cewa Amurka ta yi niyya da shi a cikin ruwan kasa da kasa, tare da mayar da martiri na kaddamarwar nukiliya na Soviet kawai ya hana shi daga jami'in Sojan Ruwa na Soviet Vasily Arkhipov. * Harbi jirgin leken asiri na Lockheed U-2 wanda Rudolf Anderson ya tuka yayin da yake keta sararin samaniya na Cuban. * Kusan tsayar da wani U-2 wanda ya ɓace cikin sararin samaniya na Soviet a kan Siberia, wanda ya sa Soviets su yi imani cewa wannan na iya zama jagora na bama-bamai na Amurka. Duk da abin da mutane da yawa suka yi imanin cewa shine mafi kusa da duniya ya zo ga rikici na nukiliya, a duk lokacin da aka yi tsayayya, Doomsday Clock, wanda Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists ke gudanarwa don kimanta yadda ƙarshen duniya, ko Doomsday, yake, tare da tsakar dare shine apocalypse, ya kasance a cikin minti bakwai zuwa tsakar dare. An bayyana wannan ne saboda taƙaitaccen rikicin tun lokacin da aka saka idanu kan abubuwan da suka fi dacewa kamar jagorancin kasashe, rikice-rikice, yaƙe-yaƙe, da rikice-rikicen siyasa, da kuma martani na al'ummomi ga abubuwan da aka ambata. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists yanzu ya yaba da ci gaban siyasa wanda ya haifar da rikicin makami mai linzami na Cuban tare da inganta kwanciyar hankali na duniya. Bulletin ya nuna cewa rikice-rikice da lokutan da za su iya ƙaruwa, an sanya su da ƙarfi saboda manyan dalilai guda biyu: # Layin zafi na Washington zuwa Moscow ya haifar da matsalar sadarwa tsakanin [[White House|Fadar White House]] da Kremlin a lokacin rikicin. Wannan ya ba shugabannin manyan makaman nukiliya guda biyu damar tuntuɓar juna a ainihin lokacin, yana da mahimmanci lokacin da seconds zasu iya hana musayar nukiliya. # Dalili na biyu ya haifar da wani bangare saboda martani na duniya game da yadda Amurka da USSR suka zo kusa da yakin duniya na uku a lokacin rikici. {{Spaces}}Yayin da jama'a suka fara saka idanu kan batutuwan da suka shafi makaman nukiliya, sabili da haka don tara goyon baya ga dalilin da ya sa ba ya yaduwa, an sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar haramtacciyar gwajin 1963. Har zuwa yau wannan yarjejeniyar ta sanya hannu ta kasashe 126 duka, tare da sanannun ban da Faransa da China. Dukkanin wadannan kasashe suna cikin matakan farko na shirye-shiryen nukiliya a lokacin sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar farko, kuma dukansu biyu sun nemi damar nukiliya mai zaman kanta daga abokansu. Wannan Yarjejeniyar haramta gwajin ta hana Gwajin makaman nukiliya da suka fashe a cikin [[Sararin Samaniya na Duniya|yanayi]], ta iyakance gwajin makaman Nukiliya zuwa ƙasa da ƙarƙashin ruwa, ta rage raguwa da tasiri a kan muhalli, kuma daga baya ta sa agogon Doomsday ya ragu da minti biyar, ya isa jimlar minti goma sha biyu zuwa tsakar dare.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 October 2012 |title=Remembering the Cuban Missile Crisis |url=https://thebulletin.org/remembering-cuban-missile-crisis |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201052807/https://thebulletin.org/remembering-cuban-missile-crisis |archive-date=1 February 2018 |access-date=10 March 2018 |website=thebulletin.org}}</ref> Har zuwa wannan lokacin, an fashe bama-bamai na nukiliya sama da 1000, kuma damuwa game da tasirin dogon lokaci da gajeren lokaci ga duniyar ya zama abin damuwa ga masana kimiyya. === Rikicin kan iyakar Sin da Soviet: 2 Maris - 11 Satumba 1969 === Rikicin kan iyakar Sin da Soviet ya kasance yakin basasa na watanni bakwai da ba a bayyana ba tsakanin [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]] da [[Sin|China]] a lokacin da aka raba Sin da Soviet a shekarar 1969. Mafi tsanani daga cikin wadannan rikice-rikicen kan iyaka, wanda ya kawo manyan Jihohin kwaminisanci biyu a duniya zuwa bakin yaƙi, ya faru ne a watan Maris na shekara ta 1969 a kusa da Tsibirin Zhenbao (Damansky) a kan Kogin Ussuri (Wusuli) , kusa da Manchuria. Rikicin ya haifar da tsagaita wuta, tare da komawa ga halin da ake ciki. Masu sukar sun nuna cewa harin da kasar Sin ta kai a Zhenbao ya kasance don hana duk wani mamayewar Soviet na gaba; cewa ta hanyar kashe wasu Soviets, kasar Sin ta nuna cewa ba za a iya 'matsawa' ba; kuma Mao yana so ya koya musu 'darkoki mai zafi'. Dangantakar kasar Sin da USSR ta kasance mai laushi bayan rikici, duk da tattaunawar kan iyaka, wanda ya fara a shekarar 1969 kuma ya ci gaba ba tare da kammala ba har tsawon shekaru goma. A cikin gida, barazanar yaki da rikice-rikicen kan iyaka ya haifar ya kaddamar da sabon mataki a cikin [[Cultural Revolution|Juyin Juya Halin Al'adu]]; na cikakken soja na kasar Sin. Taron Kasa na 9 na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta kasar Sin, wanda aka gudanar bayan Lamarin tsibirin Zhenbao, ya tabbatar da Ministan Tsaro Lin Biao a matsayin magajin [[Mao Zedong]]. Bayan abubuwan da suka faru a shekarar 1969, Tarayyar Soviet ta kara kara yawan sojojin ta a kan iyakar Sin da Soviet, da kuma Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Mongolia. === Rikicin Yakin Yom Kippur: 6-25 Oktoba 1973 === Yakin Yom Kippur, wanda aka fi sani da Yakin Ramadan, ko Yakin Oktoba, ya fara ne da mamayewa mai ban mamaki na Yankunan da Isra'ila ta mamaye ta hadin gwiwar kasashe Larabawa, tare da taimakon Tarayyar Soviet. Isra'ila ta samu nasarar mayar da martani tare da taimakon Amurka. Rikicin ya karu tsakanin manyan kasashe biyu: Sojojin sojan ruwa na Amurka da Soviet sun kusa harbi juna a cikin Bahar Rum. Admiral Daniel J. Murphy na Amurka na shida Fleet ya yi la'akari da damar da rundunar Soviet ke ƙoƙarin kai hari na farko a kan rundunarsa a kashi 40 cikin dari. Pentagon ta sauya matsayin Defcon daga 4 zuwa 3. {{Spaces}}{{Spaces}}An tura manyan kasashe zuwa gefen yaƙi, amma tashin hankali ya ragu tare da tsagaita wuta da aka kawo a ƙarƙashin UNSC 339.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 October 2013 |title=Erol Araf: 'Incalculable consequences' |url=http://news.nationalpost.com/full-comment/erol-araf-incalculable-consequences |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205101243/http://news.nationalpost.com/full-comment/erol-araf-incalculable-consequences |archive-date=5 February 2017 |access-date=5 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Inside the Kremlin During the Yom Kippur War By Victor Israelyan |url=http://www.psupress.org/books/titles/0-271-01489-X.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140706024838/http://www.psupress.org/books/titles/0-271-01489-X.html |archive-date=6 July 2014 |access-date=27 May 2014}}</ref> === Kuskuren kwamfuta na NORAD na 1979: 9 Nuwamba 1979 === Amurka ta yi shirye-shiryen ramuwar gayya na gaggawa bayan tsarin NORAD ya nuna cewa an kaddamar da cikakken hari na Soviet.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-11-20 |title=Norad false alarm causes uproar |url=http://www.cbc.ca/archives/categories/war-conflict/defence/norad-watching-the-skies/norad-false-alarm-causes-uproar.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141108204905/http://www.cbc.ca/archives/categories/war-conflict/defence/norad-watching-the-skies/norad-false-alarm-causes-uproar.html |archive-date=8 November 2014 |access-date=17 March 2015 |publisher=CBC Canada}}</ref> Ba a yi ƙoƙari don amfani da layin zafi na Moscow-Washington don bayyana halin da ake ciki tare da USSR ba kuma ba har sai tsarin radar na farko ya tabbatar da cewa babu irin wannan ƙaddamarwa da ya faru ba cewa NORAD ta fahimci cewa gwajin tsarin kwamfuta ya haifar da kuskuren nuni. Wani sanata a cikin kayan aikin NORAD a lokacin ya bayyana yanayin tsoro. Binciken GAO ya haifar da gina wani wurin gwaji na waje don hana irin wannan kuskuren.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Andrews |first=Evan |title=5 Cold War Close Calls |url=http://www.history.com/news/history-lists/5-cold-war-close-calls |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141231010823/http://www.history.com/news/history-lists/5-cold-war-close-calls |archive-date=31 December 2014 |access-date=17 March 2015 |publisher=The History Channel}}</ref> === Radar Soviet ta yi rashin aiki: 26 Satumba 1983 === Wani ƙararrawa na ƙarya ya faru a kan Tsarin gargadi na nukiliya na Soviet, yana nuna ƙaddamar da makamai masu linzami na Amurka LGM-30 Minuteman daga sansanoni a Amurka. Stanislav Petrov, jami'in Sojojin Tsaro na Soviet, ya hana wani hari na ramuwar gayya, wanda ya fahimci cewa tsarin bai yi aiki ba (wanda binciken da aka yi daga baya). <ref name="Baltimore Sun">{{Cite web |last=Shane |first=Scott |title=Cold War's Riskiest Moment |url=http://hnn.us/articles/1709.html#bombs9-5-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060819033034/http://hnn.us/articles/1709.html |archive-date=19 August 2006 |publisher=Baltimore Sun, 31 August 2003 (article reprinted as The Nuclear War That Almost Happened in 1983)}}</ref> === Able Archer 83 hawan: 2-11 Nuwamba 1983 === A lokacin Able Archer 83, wani motsa jiki na [[NATO]] na kwana goma wanda ke kwaikwayon lokacin rikice-rikice wanda ya kai ga harin nukiliya na DEFCON 1, wasu mambobin Politburo na [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Soviet]] da sojoji sun dauki abubuwan da suka faru a matsayin makircin yaki wanda ke ɓoye ainihin harin farko. A mayar da martani, sojoji sun shirya don daidaitaccen hari ta hanyar shirya sojojin nukiliya da sanya rundunonin iska da aka ajiye a cikin jihohin Warsaw Pact na Gabashin Jamus da [[Poland]] a karkashin babban faɗakarwa. Koyaya, shirye-shiryen Soviet don ramuwar gayya ya ƙare bayan kammala darussan Able Archer.<ref name="Fischer Conundrum">{{Cite web |last=Benjamin B. Fischer |date=17 March 2007 |title=A Cold War Conundrum: The 1983 Soviet War Scare |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/a-cold-war-conundrum/source.htm#HEADING1-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114024850/https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/a-cold-war-conundrum/source.htm |archive-date=14 January 2009 |access-date=13 January 2009 |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]}}</ref> Hadarin roket na Norway shine farkon yakin duniya na uku da ya faru bayan yakin sanyi ya ƙare. {{Spaces}}Wannan lamarin ya faru ne lokacin da tashar gargadi ta Olenegorsk ta Rasha ta yi kuskuren sa hannun radar daga rokar bincike ta Black Brant XII (wanda masana kimiyya na Norway da Amurka suka kaddamar da shi tare daga Andøya Rocket Range), kamar yadda ya zama sa hannun radar na kaddamarwar makami mai linzami na Trident SLBM. A mayar da martani, an kira Shugaban Rasha Boris Yeltsin kuma an kunna jakar nukiliya ta ''Cheget'' a karo na farko kuma kawai. Koyaya, babban kwamandan nan da nan ya sami damar tantance cewa roket din ba ya shiga sararin samaniya na Rasha, kuma nan da nan kuma ya zubar da shirye-shiryen yaki da ramuwar gayya. An ƙaddara cewa, yayin da masana kimiyya na roket suka sanar da jihohi talatin ciki har da Rasha game da ƙaddamar da gwajin, bayanin bai kai ga masu fasahar radar na Rasha ba. === Abin da ya faru a filin jirgin saman Pristina: 12 Yuni 1999 === A ranar 12 ga watan Yunin 1999, washegari bayan karshen Yaƙin Kosovo, wasu jami'an zaman lafiya na Rasha 250 sun mamaye Filin jirgin saman Pristina kafin isowar sojojin [[NATO]] kuma suna tabbatar da isowar ƙarfafawa ta iska. Babban Kwamandan Sojojin NATO na Amurka Janar Wesley Clark ya ba da umarnin yin amfani da karfi a kan Rashawa. Mike Jackson, janar na Sojojin Burtaniya wanda ya tuntubi Rasha a lokacin lamarin, ya ki aiwatar da umarnin Clark, ya san shi da cewa "Ba zan fara yakin duniya na uku a gare ku ba". Kyaftin James Blunt, babban jami'in da ke gaban ginshiƙi na NATO a cikin kai tsaye da ke dauke da makamai a kan Rasha, ya karɓi umarnin "Destroy!" daga Clark a rediyo, amma ya bi umarnin Jackson don kewaye filin jirgin sama a maimakon haka ya ce a cikin wata hira cewa ko da ba tare da sa hannun Jackson ba zai ki bin umarnin Clark. A ranar 24 ga Nuwamba 2015, a kan iyaka tsakanin Turkiyya da Siriya, Sojojin Sama na Turkiyya sun harbe jirgin saman Sukhoi na Rasha. Turks sun yi iƙirarin cewa jirgin ya keta sararin samaniya na Turkiyya, da'awar da Rasha ta musanta; jirgin yana cikin yankin a matsayin wani ɓangare na sa hannun sojojin Rasha a yakin basasar Siriya, wanda Turkiyya ta goyi bayan sojojin adawa. Wannan lamari shine lalacewar farko na jirgin saman yaki na Sojojin Sama na Rasha ko Soviet da wata kasa ta [[NATO]] ta yi tun bayan harin da aka kai a madatsar ruwan Sui-ho a lokacin yakin Koriya a 1953. <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 November 2015 |title=Turkey downing that Russian fighter jet is terrible news for the war on ISIS. |url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/the_slatest/2015/11/24/turkey_downing_that_russian_fighter_jet_is_terrible_news_for_the_war_on.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151124195329/http://www.slate.com/blogs/the_slatest/2015/11/24/turkey_downing_that_russian_fighter_jet_is_terrible_news_for_the_war_on.html |archive-date=24 November 2015 |access-date=25 November 2015 |website=Slate Magazine}}</ref> Lamarin ya haifar da kafofin watsa labarai da yawa da mutane da yawa da ke yin sharhi cewa zai iya haifar da yaƙi a duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 November 2015 |title=Don't panic: Turkey shooting down a Russian warplane won't start World War 3 |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/turkey/12013517/Dont-panic-Turkey-shooting-down-a-Russian-warplane-wont-start-World-War-3.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718120546/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/turkey/12013517/Dont-panic-Turkey-shooting-down-a-Russian-warplane-wont-start-World-War-3.html |archive-date=18 July 2023 |access-date=2023-07-18 |website=www.telegraph.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bora |first=Birce |title='Which parts of Syria should be bombed?' |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/11/26/which-parts-of-syria-should-be-bombed |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718120546/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/11/26/which-parts-of-syria-should-be-bombed |archive-date=18 July 2023 |access-date=2023-07-18 |website=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2015-11-26 |title=Turkey risks sparking world war, says Iraq's Maliki |url=https://guardian.ng/news/turkey-risks-sparking-world-war-says-iraqs-maliki/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718120546/https://guardian.ng/news/turkey-risks-sparking-world-war-says-iraqs-maliki/ |archive-date=18 July 2023 |access-date=2023-07-18 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-US}}</ref> == Abubuwan da za su iya gani a yanzu == === Harin Rasha na Ukraine: 24 Fabrairu 2022 - yanzu === [[Fayil:Destruction_of_Russian_tanks_by_Ukrainian_troops_in_Mariupol_(4).jpg|thumb|Halakar BMP-3 IFV ta Rasha da sojojin Ukraine suka yi a Mariupol a ranar 7 ga Maris 2022]] A ranar 24 ga watan Fabrairun 2022, shugaban Rasha [[Vladimir Putin]] ya ba da umarnin mamaye [[Ukraniya|Ukraine]], wanda ya nuna babban karuwar Yaƙin Rasha da Ukraine, wanda aka fara a shekarar 2014. An bayyana mamayewar a matsayin babbar rikici ta soja a Turai tun lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. &nbsp;Harin ya sami zargi na kasa da kasa, gami da sabbin takunkumin da aka ɗora wa Rasha, wanda ya haɗa da haramcin Rasha daga SWIFT da rufe mafi yawan sararin samaniya na Yammacin zuwa jiragen Rasha. Bugu da ƙari, kafin da kuma lokacin mamayewar, wasu daga cikin kasashe 32 na NATO suna ba da Ukraine da makamai da sauran tallafin kayan aiki. A duk lokacin mamayewar, manyan 'yan siyasa da yawa na Rasha, ciki har da shugaban kasar Putin, ministan harkokin waje Sergey Lavrov da shugaban jam'iyyar United Russia Dmitry Medvedev, sun yi maganganu da yawa da aka gani a matsayin barazanar amfani da makaman nukiliya, yayin da jami'ai da yawa daga Amurka da NATO, ciki har ma da shugaban Amurka [[Joe Biden]] da Sakataren Janar NATO Jens Stoltenberg, sun yi sanarwa da ke tabbatar da martani NATO a yayin da Rasha ta sake kai farmaki ga kowace kasa ta NATO ko amfani da makamai na nukiliya ta sake haifar da ita. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sauer |first=Pjotr |date=2022-09-21 |title=Putin announces partial mobilisation and threatens nuclear retaliation in escalation of Ukraine war |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/sep/21/putin-announces-partial-mobilisation-in-russia-in-escalation-of-ukraine-war |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114202406/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/sep/21/putin-announces-partial-mobilisation-in-russia-in-escalation-of-ukraine-war |archive-date=14 January 2023 |access-date=2022-09-21 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 February 2022 |title=Biden says Americans should not worry about nuclear war after Russian actions |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/27/us/politics/putin-nuclear-alert-biden-deescalation.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228011550/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/27/us/politics/putin-nuclear-alert-biden-deescalation.html |archive-date=28 February 2022 |access-date=28 February 2022 |website=[[Reuters]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Samuels |first=Brett |date=11 March 2022 |title=Biden: Direct conflict between NATO and Russia would be 'World War III' |url=https://thehill.com/policy/international/597842-biden-direct-conflict-between-nato-and-russia-would-be-world-war-iii |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325032254/https://thehill.com/policy/international/597842-biden-direct-conflict-between-nato-and-russia-would-be-world-war-iii |archive-date=25 March 2022 |access-date=11 March 2022 |website=The Hill}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-21 |title=Biden denounces Putin's 'overt' nuclear threats, urges UN allies to reject Russia's invasion of Ukraine |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/09/21/biden-denounces-putins-overt-nuclear-threats-urges-un-allies-to-reject-russias-invasion-of-ukraine.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921194052/https://www.cnbc.com/2022/09/21/biden-denounces-putins-overt-nuclear-threats-urges-un-allies-to-reject-russias-invasion-of-ukraine.html |archive-date=21 September 2022 |access-date=2022-09-21 |website=CNBC |language=en}}</ref> Yawancin abubuwan da suka faru da aka gani a matsayin kira na kusa da rikici tsakanin Rasha da NATO tun daga lokacin sun faru, wanda ya fi shahara shi ne harin makami mai linzami a ƙauyen Poland na Przewodów kusa da iyakar da Ukraine a watan Nuwamba 2022. A farkon 2023, Putin ya dakatar da shiga Rasha a New START, yarjejeniyar nukiliya ta ƙarshe tsakanin Rasha da Amurka, kuma daga baya ya sanar da shirye-shiryen shigar da makaman nukiliya na Rasha a [[Belarus]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chen |first=Heather |last2=Humayun |first2=Hira |last3=Knight |first3=Mariya |last4=Carey |first4=Andrew |last5=Gigova |first5=Radina |last6=Kostenko |first6=Maria |date=2023-03-26 |title=Russia plans to station tactical nuclear weapons in Belarus, Putin says |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/03/25/world/russia-putin-nuclear-weapons-belarus-intl-hnk/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331052514/https://www.cnn.com/2023/03/25/world/russia-putin-nuclear-weapons-belarus-intl-hnk/index.html |archive-date=31 March 2023 |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=CNN}}</ref> Masana daban-daban, masu sharhi, da sauransu sun bayyana rikicin a matsayin kira na kusa da yakin duniya na uku, yayin da wasu suka ba da shawarar akasin haka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Simhony |first=Limor |title=NATO Intervention in Ukraine Won't Spark World War III |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/04/01/nato-intervention-in-ukraine-wont-spark-world-war-iii/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007025659/https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/04/01/nato-intervention-in-ukraine-wont-spark-world-war-iii/ |archive-date=7 October 2022 |access-date=2022-10-07 |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Miller |first=Paul |date=8 March 2022 |title=Ukraine Is Not World War III |url=https://thedispatch.com/p/ukraine-is-not-world-war-iii |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007025701/https://thedispatch.com/p/ukraine-is-not-world-war-iii |archive-date=7 October 2022 |access-date=2022-10-07 |website=The Dispatch}}</ref> == Yaduwar amfani da kalmar == === Yaƙin Cold === [[Fayil:World_nuclear_weapons.png|thumb|Babban tarin [[makaman nukiliya]] tare da kewayon duniya (duhu mai launin shudi), ƙaramin tarin tare da kewar duniya (matsakaici mai launin shuɗi), ƙaramin kayan aiki tare da kewaye na yanki (mai launin shudi) ]] Yayinda dangantakar Soviet-Amurka ta karu da tashin hankali a lokacin bayan yakin duniya na biyu, tsoron cewa tashin hankali na iya karuwa zuwa yakin duniya na uku ya kasance koyaushe. {{Spaces}}{{Spaces}}Wani binciken Gallup a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1950 ya gano cewa fiye da rabin Amurkawa sun yi la'akari da yakin duniya na uku ya riga ya fara.{{Spaces}} A shekara ta 2004, mai sharhi Norman Podhoretz ya ba da shawarar cewa [[Cold War|Yaƙin Cold]], wanda ya kasance daga mika wuya ga ikon Axis har zuwa faduwar Ginin Berlin, ana iya kiransa Yakin Duniya na III. {{Spaces}}Ta hanyar lissafin Podhoretz, "Yaƙin Duniya na IV" zai zama kamfen na duniya game da Islamofascism.<ref name="Podhoretz2004">{{Cite magazine|url-status=17+}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Buckley |first=William F. Jr. |author-link=William F. Buckley Jr. |date=22 October 2007 |title=World War IV? |url=https://www.nationalreview.com/2007/09/world-war-iv-william-f-buckley-jr/ |url-status=live |journal=[[National Review]] |volume=59 |issue=19 |page=62 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806022343/https://www.nationalreview.com/2007/09/world-war-iv-william-f-buckley-jr/ |archive-date=6 August 2020 |access-date=14 June 2019}} (published online 6 September 2007)</ref>{{Spaces}} Duk da haka, yawancin masana tarihi za su yi kama da cewa Yaƙin Duniya na III dole ne ya zama "yaƙin duniya wanda manyan dakarun daga ƙasashe da yawa suka yi yaƙi" da kuma yaƙin da "ya haɗa da yawancin manyan ƙasashe na duniya". {{Spaces}}Yakin Cold ya sami sunansa daga rashin aikin da aka dauka daga bangarorin biyu. Rashin aiki ya kasance ne saboda tsoron cewa yakin nukiliya zai iya lalata bil'adama.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 September 2011 |title=American History: The Cold War |url=https://learningenglish.voanews.com/a/american-history-the-cold-war-130292758/116228.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201012146/https://learningenglish.voanews.com/a/american-history-the-cold-war-130292758/116228.html |archive-date=1 February 2022 |access-date=2022-05-02 |website=VOA |language=en}}</ref> A cikin littafinsa Secret Weapons of the Cold War, Bill Yenne ya kammala cewa yakin basasa na Superpower daga shekarun 1940 zuwa 1991, ba yakin duniya na uku ba ne.<ref>Yenne, Bill (2005). ''Secret Weapons of the Cold War.'' Berkly Book, New York</ref>{{Spaces}} === Yaƙi da ta'addanci === [[Fayil:WTC_smoking_on_9-11.jpeg|thumb|[[September 11 attacks|Hare-haren Satumba 11]]]] "Yaƙin da aka yi da ta'addanci" wanda ya fara da [[September 11 attacks|Hare-haren Satumba 11]] wasu sun yi iƙirarin cewa Yaƙin Duniya na III ne.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Micallef |first=Joseph V. |date=24 January 2017 |title=Are We Already Fighting World War III? |url=http://www.military.com/daily-news/2017/01/24/are-we-already-fighting-world-war-iii.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170416051031/http://www.military.com/daily-news/2017/01/24/are-we-already-fighting-world-war-iii.html |archive-date=16 April 2017 |access-date=15 April 2017 |website=[[Military.com]]}}</ref> Sauran sun raina irin waɗannan da'awar kamar "karkatar da [[Tarihin Amurka]]". Duk da yake akwai yarjejeniya tsakanin masana tarihi game da ma'anoni da girman yaƙe-yaƙe na duniya guda biyu, wato saboda girman duniya na tashin hankali da hallaka kansu na waɗannan yaƙe-yarƙe biyu, wasu sun yi iƙirarin cewa "Yaƙin Duniya" na iya buƙatar irin wannan yaƙe-yanayi da kisan gilla a duniya. Duk da haka, irin wannan da'awar sabon "ƙananan ƙofar tashin hankali", wanda yanzu zai iya isa ya cancanci yaƙi a matsayin "Yaƙin Duniya" bai sami irin wannan karɓa da tallafi ba kamar yadda ma'anar yaƙe-yaƙe biyu na duniya suka samu tsakanin masana tarihi. ==== Yaƙi da Daular Musulunci ==== A ranar 1 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2015, Ministan Harkokin Waje na Iraki Ibrahim al-Jaafari ya bayyana cewa yakin da aka yi da Daular Islama ya kasance "Yaƙin Duniya na III", saboda manufofin Daular Islami na Khalifanci na duniya, da kuma nasarar da ta samu wajen yada rikici ga kasashe da yawa a waje da yankin Levant. {{Spaces}}Da yake mayar da martani ga hare-haren da aka kai a birnin Paris a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2015, Sarkin Jordan Abdullah II ya bayyana cewa "Muna fuskantar yakin duniya na uku [a cikin Islama]". A cikin jawabinsa na Jihar Tarayyar a ranar 12 ga Janairun 2016, Shugaban Amurka [[Barack Obama]] ya yi gargadin cewa rahotanni da ke ba ISIL damar da ake tsammani na haifar da yakin duniya na uku na iya zama da yawa kuma ba shi da alhaki, yana mai cewa "yayin da muke mai da hankali kan hallaka ISIL, ya yi iƙirarin cewa wannan yakin duniya ne na III kawai yana wasa a hannayensu. Yawancin mayakan da ke bayan manyan motoci da kuma masu karkatarwa a cikin gidaje ko garages suna haifar da babbar haɗari ga fararen hula kuma dole ne su zama masu barazana ga rayuwarmu ta ƙasa".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Obama |first=Barak |date=13 January 2016 |title=2016 State of the Union Address |url=https://medium.com/@WhiteHouse/president-obama-s-2016-state-of-the-union-address-7c06300f9726#.6rytyu7a2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160209085124/https://medium.com/@WhiteHouse/president-obama-s-2016-state-of-the-union-address-7c06300f9726#.6rytyu7a2 |archive-date=9 February 2016 |access-date=9 February 2016 |website=The White House |publisher=government of the United States of America}}</ref>{{Spaces}} === Ƙananan yaƙe-yaƙe da yawa a matsayin "yaƙi na uku" === A cikin tambayoyin da aka rubuta da yawa a ƙarƙashin yanayi na yau da kullun, kwatanta gobarar Yaƙin Duniya na I da na II da yaƙe-yaƙe masu ƙarancin ƙarfi na ƙarni na 21, [[Francis (fafaroma)|Paparoma Francis]] ya ce, "Duniya tana cikin yaƙi saboda ta rasa zaman lafiya", kuma "watakila mutum na iya magana game da yaƙi na uku, wanda ya yi yaƙi a hankali". {{Spaces}}{{Spaces}} == Abubuwan da ba a tsammani ba == A shekara ta 1949, bayan kaddamar da makaman nukiliya a ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na II, masanin kimiyyar lissafi [[Albert Einstein]] ya ba da shawarar cewa duk wani sakamako na yiwuwar Yaƙin Duniya ya III zai zama bala'i a kan [[Wayewa|wayewar ɗan adam]] don mayar da bil'adama zuwa Zamanin Stone. &nbsp;&nbsp;Lokacin da ɗan jarida Alfred Werner ya tambaye shi irin makamai Einstein ya yi imanin cewa za a iya yaƙi da Yaƙin Duniya na III, Einstein ya yi gargadin, "Ban san da waɗanne makamai za a yi yaƙi da Yakin Duniya na III ba, amma za a yi Yaƙin Duniya yaƙi da sanduna da duwatsu". <ref name="einstein">''The New Quotable Einstein''. Alice Calaprice (2005), p. 173.</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Johnson |first=M. Alex |date=18 April 2005 |title=The culture of Einstein |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna7406337 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180208205219/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/7406337#.WmyV55OdU3g |archive-date=8 February 2018 |access-date=27 January 2018 |website=MSNBC |language=en}}</ref>{{Spaces}} Game da halakar da 'yan Adam sakamakon yaƙin nukiliya, Leslie A. White ya kalubalanci Einstein, "wannan ma za a iya shigar da shi azaman yiwuwar, kuma duk abin da za mu iya cewa idan ya zo, zai zo. Maganganun tsoro ba za su canza yanayin abubuwan da suka faru ba. " Crane Brinton ya kuma shakkar zaman lafiya na tunanin Einstein: "Malamai, masu wa'azi, malamai, har ma da 'yan siyasa suna gaya wa ƙarni mai girma cewa dole ne babu yaƙi kuma, saboda haka, babu wani abu mai hikima".<ref>Brinton, Crane, (1948). ''From Many to One: The Process of Political Integration, the Problem of World Government'', (Westport: Greenwood Press), p 4.</ref> James Burnham na Ofishin Ayyukan Dabarun (wanda ya riga ya kasance [[C.I.A|CIA]]), ya kuma yi imani da rayuwa: Ana samun bambancin makaman nukiliya a cikin cewa suna iya hallaka rayuwar ɗan adam gaba ɗaya, gami da ta hanyar yanayin yanayi da yanayin ƙasa, amma haka ba haka ba ne. Babban ka'idojin dabarun soja ba su canza ba. Yaƙin nukiliya zai bambanta da yaƙe-yaƙe na dā amma za a yanke shawarar ta hanyar haɗuwa da albarkatu, halin kirki da dabarun.<ref>Burnham, James, (1947). ''Struggle for the World'', (New York: The John Day Company), pp 26, 28-29.</ref> Wani Bayani na New England Journal of Medicine na 1998 ya gano cewa "Ko da yake mutane da yawa sun yi imanin cewa barazanar harin nukiliya ya ɓace sosai tare da ƙarshen Yakin Cold, akwai shaidu masu yawa da suka saɓa".<ref name="nejm" /> Musamman, yarjejeniyar raba juna ta Amurka da Rasha a cikin 1994 ta kasance alama ce kuma ba ta canza adadin lokacin da ake buƙata don kaddamar da hari ba. An yi imanin cewa yanayin "harin haɗari" ya kasance ƙaddamarwa ne na ramuwar gayya saboda gargadi na ƙarya, kamar abin da ya faru na 1983. <ref name="nejm">{{Cite journal |last=Forrow |first=Lachlan |last2=Blair |first2=Bruce G. |last3=Helfand |first3=Ira |last4=Lewis |first4=George |last5=Postol |first5=Theodore |last6=Sidel |first6=Victor |last7=Levy |first7=Barry S. |last8=Abrams |first8=Herbert |last9=Cassel |first9=Christine |date=30 April 1998 |title=Accidental Nuclear War — A Post–Cold War Assessment |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=338 |issue=18 |pages=1326–1332 |doi=10.1056/NEJM199804303381824 |issn=0028-4793 |pmid=9562589 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A tarihi, Yaƙin Duniya na ya faru ne ta hanyar rikici mai tsanani; Yaƙin Duniya ya faru ne da gangan. &nbsp;&nbsp;Abubuwan da aka yi la'akari da su a cikin shekarun 2010 da 2020 sun haɗa da mamayewar Rasha a Ukraine, fadada kasar Sin zuwa tsibirai da ke kusa da su, Rikicin kan iyakar Sin da Indiya, barazanar aikin soja na kasar Sin a kan Taiwan, rikice-rikicen kan iyakar Indo-Pakistan, da kuma shiga kasashen waje a yakin basasar Siriya. Sauran haɗarin da ake tsammani sune cewa yaƙin da ya shafi ko tsakanin [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudi Arabia]] da [[Iran]], [[Isra'ila]] da Iran, [[Indiya]] da [[Pakistan]], [[Ukraniya|Ukraine]] da [[Rasha]], [[Poland]] da [[Belarus]], [[Koriya ta Kudu]] da [[Koriya ta Arewa]], ko [[Taiwan]] da [[Sin|China]] na iya ƙaruwa ta hanyar kawance ko shiga cikin yaƙi tsakanin "babban iko" kamar [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], Ingila, Faransa, Jamus, Rasha, China, Japan ko kuma yaƙin da ke tsakanin hadin gwiwar soja [[NATO]] da CSTO, ko ma yiwuwar "kwamin kwamandan makaman nukiliya" wanda ba a ƙarƙashin duk wani yaƙin nukiliya ba shi da izini ba zai iya ƙaruwa ba tare da izini yaƙin da izini da izini a kaiwa ba.<ref>{{Cite book|last3=Ron Rosenbaum}}</ref> Dangane da binciken da aka sake dubawa da aka buga a cikin mujallar Nature Food a watan Agustan 2022, cikakken yakin nukiliya tsakanin Amurka da Rasha, wanda ya saki sama da Tg 150 na soot na stratospheric, na iya kashe mutane sama da biliyan biyar ta hanyar yunwa a lokacin hunturu na nukiliya. Fiye da mutane biliyan biyu na iya mutuwa daga yunwa daga karamin yaki na nukiliya (5-47 Tg) tsakanin Indiya da Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Xia |first=Lili |last2=Robock |first2=Alan |last3=Scherrer |first3=Kim |last4=Harrison |first4=Cheryl S. |last5=Bodirsky |first5=Benjamin Leon |last6=Weindl |first6=Isabelle |last7=Jägermeyr |first7=Jonas |last8=Bardeen |first8=Charles G. |last9=Toon |first9=Owen B. |last10=Heneghan |first10=Ryan |date=15 August 2022 |title=Global food insecurity and famine from the reduced crop, marine fishery and livestock production due to climate disruption from nuclear war soot injection |journal=[[Nature Food]] |volume=3 |issue=8 |pages=586–596 |doi=10.1038/s43016-022-00573-0 |pmid=37118594 |s2cid=251601831 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> A yayin yakin nukiliya tsakanin Rasha da Amurka, kashi 99% na yawan jama'a a cikin ƙasashe masu fafatawa, da Turai da China, za su mutu. Wasu al'amuran sun haɗa da haɗari saboda canje-canje masu zuwa daga sanannen halin da ake ciki. A cikin shekarun 1980s Strategic Defense Initiative ya yi ƙoƙari ya soke makaman nukiliya na USSR; wasu masu sharhi sun yi imanin cewa shirin yana "rashin daidaituwa". A cikin littafinsa Destined for War, Graham Allison yana kallon kishiyar duniya tsakanin ikon da aka kafa, Amurka, da ikon da ke tasowa, China, a matsayin misali na Thucydides Trap. Allison ya bayyana cewa a tarihi, "12 daga cikin shari'o'i 16 da suka gabata inda karuwar iko ta fuskanci ikon mulki" sun haifar da fada.<ref>Graham Allison (2017). ''Destined for War'', Scribe, p. 215</ref> A cikin 2020 da 2023, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists ya ci gaba da agogon ranar ƙarshe, yana mai da hankali a tsakanin sauran abubuwan da aka yi hasashen tasirin rikice-rikice daga makamai masu zuwa. Yakin yanar gizo shine amfani da fasaha ta wata kasa ko kungiyar kasa da kasa don kai farmaki da lalata hanyoyin sadarwa da kwamfutocin adawa. Lalacewar na iya haifar da ƙwayoyin cuta na kwamfuta ko hare-haren ƙin sabis (DoS). Hare-haren yanar gizo suna ƙara zama ruwan dare, suna barazanar tsaro ta yanar gizo kuma suna mai da shi fifiko a duniya. An sami yaduwar hare-haren da gwamnati ke tallafawa. Halin waɗannan hare-haren ya nuna yiwuwar yakin duniya na uku na yanar gizo.Manyan sojoji na duniya suna haɓaka dabarun yanar gizo, gami da hanyoyin canza tsarin umarni da sarrafa abokan gaba, tsarin gargadi na farko, dabaru, da sufuri.Harin Rasha na 2022 na Ukraine ya haifar da damuwa game da babban hari na yanar gizo, tare da Rasha da ta kaddamar da hare-haren yanar gizo don sasanta kungiyoyi a duk faɗin Ukraine. Rasha ta kaddamar da kusan hare-hare 40 masu hankali waɗanda suka lalata fayiloli har abada a cikin daruruwan tsarin a cikin ƙungiyoyi da yawa, tare da kashi 40% da nufin manyan fannoni a cikin Ukraine.Amfani da yakin yanar gizo na Rasha ya juya yakin zuwa babban yakin "haɗe-haɗe" a Ukraine. == Dubi kuma == * Yunkurin adawa da nukiliya * Gasar makamai ta wucin gadi * Yakin Cold na Ilimin Ilimin Ilimi * Gasar makaman nukiliya * Holocaust na nukiliya * Ta'addanci na nukiliya * Yaƙin Cold na Biyu * Yaƙin Duniya na III a cikin al'adun gargajiya * [[Yaƙi]] * [[Yaƙin Duniya na I]] * [[Yaƙin Duniya na II]] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] k7bjt7klpl9hbgw6vaahle29jky9ycx 884811 884810 2026-07-19T08:47:48Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 884811 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   [[Fayil:Castle_Bravo_Blast.jpg|thumb|Yaƙin nukiliya alama ce ta yau da kullun kuma jigon mafi yawan abubuwan da suka faru na Yaƙin Duniya na III. &nbsp;Irin wannan rikici an yi la'akari da shi don haifar da ko kusa da halakawar ɗan adam.]] '''Yaƙin Duniya na I''' ('''WWIII''' ko '''WW3'''), wanda aka fi sani da '''Yaƙin Duniya na Uku''', rikici ne na duniya na gaba wanda ya biyo bayan Yaƙin Duniya Na shekara ta alif (1914 zuwa zuwa 1918) da [[Yaƙin Duniya na II]] a shekara ta alif 1939 Zuwa 1945). An yi la'akari da cewa irin wannan yaƙin zai shafi dukkan manyan ƙasashen duniya, kamar waɗanda suka riga shi, da kuma amfani da [[makaman nukiliya]] ko wasu makamai na hallaka jama'a, don haka ya wuce rikice-rikicen da suka gabata a cikin yanki, lalacewa, da asarar rai. Tun lokacin da Manhattan [[Project]] ya ci gaba da makaman nukiliya a shekara ta alif 1945 da kuma amfani da su ta [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] a cikin bama-Bamai na nukiliya na Hiroshima da Nagasaki a ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na II, haɗarin apocalypse na nukiliyar da ke haifar da lalacewa mai yawa da yiwuwar [[Yanayin tashin duniya|rushewar wayewa]] ko halaka bil'adama ya zama jigon gama gari a cikin hasashe da fiction game da Yaƙin Duniya III. Tare da zuwan [[Cold War|Yaƙin Cold]] (1947-1991) da yaduwar makaman [[nukiliya]] zuwa [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]], wanda wasu kasashe da yawa suka biyo baya, haɗarin yakin duniya na uku ya tashi. A lokacin Yakin Cold, sojoji da ma'aikatan farar hula a duk duniya sun yi tsammanin yiwuwar kuma sun shirya hakan, tare da abubuwan da suka faru daga yaƙin gargajiya zuwa iyakantaccen ko gaba ɗaya Yaƙin nukiliya. An kirkiro ka'idar dabarun tabbatar da lalacewa, wanda ya nuna cewa cikakken rikici na nukiliya zai hallaka dukkan bangarorin da ke cikin rikici. Shugabannin Amurka da Soviet sun yi aiki don kauce wa irin wannan sakamako, kodayake kira da yawa na kusa, wanda ya haifar da fasaha mara kyau, kuskuren ɗan adam ko rashin sadarwa, har yanzu ya faru, yana jaddada buƙatar hanawa daga bangarorin biyu. == Magana ==   Mujallar Time ta kasance mai karɓar farko, idan ba mai farawa ba, na kalmar "Yaƙin Duniya na III". {{Spaces}}Amfani na farko ya bayyana a cikin fitowar 3 ga Nuwamba Shekara ta 1941 (kafin harin Japan a kan Pearl Harbor a ranar 7 ga Disamba 1941) a ƙarƙashin sashin "Hamaloli na Kasa" kuma mai taken "Yaƙin Duniya na III?" game da ɗan gudun hijirar Nazi Hermann Rauschning, wanda ya isa Amurka. {{Spaces}}A cikin fitowar ta 22 ga Maris 1943, a ƙarƙashin sashin "Labaran Kasashen Waje", ''Lokaci'' ya sake amfani da wannan taken "Yaƙin Duniya na III?" game da maganganun Mataimakin Shugaban Amurka na ''Lokaci'' Henry A. Wallace: "Za mu yanke shawara a wani lokaci a 1943 ko 1944 ... ko mu dasa tsaba na Yaƙin Duniya na Uku. " Lokaci ya ci gaba da samun ko ambaton labaran "Yaƙin duniya na III" don sauran shekaru goma da gaba: 1944, 1945, 1946 ("yaƙin ƙwayoyin cuta da 1948. {{Spaces}}{{Spaces}}{{Spaces}}''Lokaci'' ya ci gaba da amfani da wannan kalmar, alal misali, a cikin littafin 2015 mai taken "Wannan shine Abin da Yaƙin Duniya na III Zai Kamata". == Shirye-shiryen Soja == Masu dabarun soja sun yi amfani da wasannin yaƙi don shirya don yanayin yaƙi daban-daban da kuma ƙayyade dabarun da suka fi dacewa. An yi amfani da wasannin yaƙi don Yaƙin Duniya na I da Yaƙin Duniya ya II . === Aikin da ba za a iya tsammani ba ===   Firayim Ministan Burtaniya [[Winston Churchill]] ya damu da cewa, tare da girman sojojin Soviet Red Army da aka tura a Tsakiyar Turai da Gabashin Turai a Ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na II<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwbg">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki> da rashin amintaccen shugaban Soviet [[Joseph Stalin]], akwai babbar barazana ga Yammacin Turai. A cikin Afrilu-Mayu 1945, Sojojin Burtaniya sun haɓaka Operation Unthinkable, wanda ake zaton shine yanayin farko na Yaƙin Duniya na Uku. Babban burinta shine "ta tilasta wa Rasha nufin Amurka da [[Daular Biritaniya|Daular Burtaniya]]".<ref>{{Cite web |last=British War Cabinet, Joint Planning Staff, Public Record Office, CAB 120/691/109040 / 002 |date=11 August 1945 |title=Operation Unthinkable: 'Russia: Threat to Western Civilization' |url=http://www.history.neu.edu/PRO2/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080706093010/http://www.history.neu.edu/PRO2/ <!--Added by H3llBot--> |archive-date=6 July 2008 |access-date=28 June 2008 |publisher=Department of History, Northeastern University |format=online photocopy}}</ref> Kwamitin Shugabannin Ma'aikata na Burtaniya sun ki amincewa da shirin a matsayin wanda ba zai yiwu ba a soja. === Aikin Dropshot === {{Clear}}Operation Dropshot shi ne shirin gaggawa na Amurka na Shekarar 1950 don yiwuwar yaki da [[Makaman nukiliya|nukiliya]] da na al'ada tare da [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]] a cikin wuraren wasan kwaikwayo na Yammacin Turai da Asiya. Kodayake labarin ya yi amfani da makaman nukiliya, ba a sa ran su taka muhimmiyar rawa ba. A lokacin da Makaman nukiliya na Amurka sun iyakance a girman, galibi a Amurka, kuma sun dogara da bama-bamai don isar da su. Dropshot ya haɗa da bayanan manufa waɗanda za su yi amfani da bama-Bamai na nukiliya 300 da bama-mamai masu fashewa 29,000 a kan manufofi 200 a cikin birane da garuruwa 100 don share kashi 85% na damar masana'antar Tarayyar Soviet a cikin bugun jini ɗaya. Tsakanin 75 da 100 daga cikin makaman nukiliya 300 an yi niyya ne don lalata jirgin yaki na Soviet a ƙasa. An tsara labarin ne kafin ci gaban makamai masu linzami na intercontinental. An kuma tsara shi kafin Shugaban Amurka [[John F. Kennedy]] da Sakataren Tsaro Robert McNamara su canza shirin Yakin Nukiliya na Amurka daga shirin yajin aiki na 'kisan birni' zuwa shirin "counterforce" (wanda aka fi mayar da hankali ga sojojin). Makaman nukiliya a wannan lokacin ba su da isasshen daidaito don kai hari kan sansanin sojan ruwa ba tare da lalata birnin da ke kusa da shi ba, don haka manufar amfani da su ita ce ta lalata ikon masana'antar abokan gaba don lalata tattalin arzikin yaƙi. === Haɗin gwiwar Burtaniya da Ireland === Jamhuriyar Ireland ta fara shirin yiwuwar yakin nukiliya a ƙarshen shekarun 1940. Za a kafa hadin gwiwa tsakanin Ingila da Ireland a yayin WWIII, inda za su raba bayanan yanayi, sarrafa kayan aiki don kewayawa, da daidaita sabis na watsa shirye-shiryen Wartime wanda zai faru bayan harin nukiliya. <ref name="auto3">{{Cite journal |last=Kennedy |first=Michael |date=2017 |title=ENVISAGING THE UNTHINKABLE: PLANNING FOR ARMAGEDDON IN 1950s IRELAND |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/90005263 |url-status=live |journal=History Ireland |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=36–39 |issn=0791-8224 |jstor=90005263 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220502180344/https://www.jstor.org/stable/90005263 |archive-date=2 May 2022 |access-date=2 May 2022}}</ref> Operation Sandstone a Ireland wani babban aikin soja ne na sirri na Burtaniya da Ireland.<ref name="auto3" /> Sojojin jihohin biyu sun fara binciken bakin teku na Burtaniya da Ireland tare daga 1948 zuwa 1955. Wannan buƙata ce daga Amurka don gano wuraren da suka dace don saukowa ga Amurka a yayin nasarar mamayewar Soviet.<ref name="auto3" /><ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |last=Archives |first=The National |date=2020-04-03 |title=The National Archives - Operation Sandstone: Surveying Britain's Cold War beaches |url=https://blog.nationalarchives.gov.uk/operation-sandstone-surveying-britains-cold-war-beaches/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127004120/https://blog.nationalarchives.gov.uk/operation-sandstone-surveying-britains-cold-war-beaches/ |archive-date=27 November 2020 |access-date=2022-05-02 |website=The National Archives blog |language=en-GB}}</ref> A shekara ta 1953, hadin gwiwar ta amince da raba bayanai game da yanayin yaƙi da kuma kwashe fararen hula daga Burtaniya zuwa Ireland.<ref name="auto3" /> Operation Sandstone na Ireland ya ƙare a shekarar 1966.<ref name="auto2" /> === Ayyuka na Grand Slam, Longstep, da Mainbrace === {{Clear}}A watan Janairun 1950, Majalisar Arewacin Atlantic ta amince da dabarun soja na [[NATO]] na hanawa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lord Ismay |title=Chapter 3 – The Pace Quickens |url=http://www.nato.int/archives/1st5years/chapters/3.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140313154306/http://www.nato.int/archives/1st5years/chapters/3.htm |archive-date=13 March 2014 |access-date=19 September 2011 |website=NATO the first five years 1949–1954 |publisher=[[NATO]]}}</ref> Shirye-shiryen soja na NATO ya sake sabuntawa bayan barkewar Yaƙin Koriya a farkon shekarun 1950, wanda ya sa NATO ta kafa "dakarun karkashin umarni na tsakiya, wanda ya isa ya hana tashin hankali da kuma tabbatar da tsaron Yammacin Turai". An kafa rundunar Allied Command Europe a karkashin Janar na Sojoji Dwight D. Eisenhower, Sojojin Amurka, a ranar 2 ga Afrilu 1951 . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Chapter 4 – The Pace Quickens |url=http://www.nato.int/archives/1st5years/chapters/4.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227094811/http://www.nato.int/archives/1st5years/chapters/4.htm |archive-date=27 December 2013 |access-date=19 September 2011 |website=NATO the first five years 1949–1954 |publisher=[[NATO]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=X |author-link=George F. Kennan |date=July 1947 |title=The Sources of Soviet Conduct |journal=[[Foreign Affairs]] |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=575–576 |doi=10.2307/20030065 |issn=0015-7120 |jstor=20030065}}</ref> Kungiyar Tsaro ta Yamma Turai a baya ta gudanar da Exercise Verity, wani motsa jiki na 1949 wanda ya shafi hare-haren jiragen ruwa da hare-harun jirgin ruwa. Ayyukan Mainbrace sun haɗu da jiragen ruwa 200 da ma'aikata sama da 50,000 don horar da tsaron [[Denmark]] da [[Norway]] daga harin Soviet a 1952. Wannan shi ne karo na farko da aka yi amfani da shi a NATO. Babban Kwamandan Allied Atlantic Admiral Lynde D. McCormick, Sojojin Ruwa na Amurka, da Babban Kwamandan Sojojin Turai Janar Matthew B. Ridgeway, Sojoji na Amurka, ne suka ba da umarnin aikin tare a lokacin kaka na 1952. Amurka, Ingila, [[Kanada]], Faransa, Denmark, Norway, [[Portugal]], [[Holand|Netherlands]], da [[Beljik|Belgium]] sun shiga. Atisayen Grand Slam da Longstep atisayen sojan ruwa ne da aka gudanar a cikin Tekun Bahar Rum a shekarar 1952 don gudanar da aikin korar makiya da ke mamaye da karfin tuwo. Ya ƙunshi jiragen ruwa sama da 170 da jiragen sama 700 a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Admiral Robert B. Carney . Babban kwamandan motsa jiki, Carney ya taƙaita nasarorin da aka samu na Exercise Grand Slam da cewa: "Mun nuna cewa manyan kwamandojin dukkan iko guda huɗu za su iya samun nasarar gudanar da aikin haɗakarwa tare da sarrafa shi yadda ya kamata a matsayin ƙungiya mai aiki. Tarayyar Soviet ta kira darussan "aikin yaki" ta NATO, tare da yin la'akari da shiga [[Norway]] da Denmark kuma sun shirya don ayyukan soja a Yankin Soviet.<ref name="Time2">''Time'', 29 September 1952</ref><ref name="Sidney">"NATO Ships Enter Baltic Sea" – ''Sydney Morning Herald'', p. 2</ref> === Exercise Strikeback ===   Exercise Strikeback babban aikin sojan ruwa ne na NATO wanda aka gudanar a shekara ta 1957, yana kwaikwayon martani ga harin Soviet a kan NATO. Wannan motsa jiki ya kunshi jiragen yaki sama da 200, jirgin sama 650, da ma'aikata 75,000 daga Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Amurka, Rundunar Soja ta Burtaniya, Rundunar Ruwa ta Kanada, Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Faransa, Rundunar Roya ta Netherlands, da Rundunar Sojojin Ruwa ta Royal Norway. A matsayin mafi girman aikin sojan ruwa na zaman lafiya har zuwa wannan lokacin, mai sharhi na soja Hanson W. Baldwin na The New York Times ya bayyana shi a matsayin "wanda ya zama mafi karfi da aka tara tun lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. === Jarabawar Ƙarfafawa ===   [[Fayil:USS_Hawes_(FFG-53),_USS_William_H._Standley_(CG-32)_and_USS_Guadalcanal_(LPH-7)_escort_tanker_Gas_King_in_the_Persian_Gullf_on_21_October_1987_(6432283).jpg|thumb|Idan aka kunna, Operation Reforger zai kunshi manyan motoci kamar wannan daga Operation Earnest Will a 1987, kodayake ya fi girma. Duk da yake dakarun za su iya tashi a fadin Tekun Atlantika, kayan aiki masu nauyi da ƙarfafa makamai dole ne su zo ta teku.]] Exercise RE (daga sake juyawa na FORces zuwa GER) wani motsa jiki ne na shekara-shekara da NATO ta gudanar a lokacin Yakin Cold . Duk da yake sojojin Amurka za a iya tashi cikin sauƙi a fadin Tekun Atlantika, kayan aiki masu nauyi da ƙarfafa makamai dole ne su zo ta teku kuma a isar da su zuwa shafukan POMCUS (An riga an tsara su zuwa rukunin rukunin). [1] Wadannan darussan sun gwada Amurka da kuma iyawar hadin gwiwa don aiwatar da karfafawa ta duniya.[1] Karfafawa a kan lokaci wani bangare ne mai mahimmanci na darussan karfafawa na NATO. Amurka ta buƙaci samun damar aika da ƙungiyoyin sojoji masu aiki zuwa Turai a cikin kwanaki goma a matsayin wani ɓangare na turawar NATO a lokacin yaƙi.Baya ga kimanta iyawar Amurka, Reforger ya kuma sa ido kan ma'aikata, wurare, da kayan aiki na ƙasashen Turai da ke taka muhimmiyar rawa a kokarin ƙarfafawa. An yi amfani da wannan motsa jiki ne don tabbatar da cewa NATO na iya tura sojoji zuwa Jamus ta Yamma da sauri idan akwai rikici tare da Yarjejeniyar Warsaw. Yarjejeniyar Warsaw ta fi NATO yawa a duk lokacin Yakin Cold a cikin dakarun al'ada, kuma musamman a cikin tankuna da motocin makamai. Sabili da haka, a yayin mamayewar Soviet, don kada a koma ga hare-haren nukiliya, dole ne a sake dawo da makamai na Yarjejeniyar Warsaw da sauri kuma a maye gurbin su. Reforger ba kawai nuna ƙarfi ba ne. A yayin rikici, zai zama ainihin shirin don ƙarfafa kasancewar NATO a Turai. A wannan yanayin, ana kiransa Operation Reforger . Manufofin siyasa na Reforger sune inganta tsawo da kuma inganta hadin kan NATO.[1] Muhimman abubuwan da ke cikin Reforger sun haɗa da Rundunar Sojan Sama, Rundunar Sojojin Sojan Sama ta Sojan Sama. === Kwanaki Bakwai zuwa Kogin Rhine ===   [[Fayil:Probable_Axes_of_Attack.jpg|thumb|Harin Yarjejeniyar Warsaw zai zo ta hanyar manyan hanyoyi uku ta Yammacin Jamus.]] Kwanaki Bakwai zuwa Kogin Rhine wani aikin kwaikwayo ne na soja na sirri wanda Yarjejeniyar Warsaw ta kirkira a shekarar 1979. Ya fara ne da zaton cewa NATO za ta kaddamar da harin nukiliya a kwarin kogin Vistula a cikin wani lamari na farko, wanda zai haifar da mutuwar fararen hula na Poland miliyan biyu.[1] A mayar da martani, za a gudanar da yunkurin yaki na Soviet a kan Jamus ta Yamma, Belgium, Netherlands da Denmark, tare da sojojin Warsaw Pact da suka mamaye Jamus ta Yankin kuma suna da niyyar tsayawa a Kogin Rhine a rana ta bakwai. Sauran tsare-tsaren USSR sun tsaya ne kawai bayan sun isa iyakar Faransa a rana ta tara. Kowane jihohin Yarjejeniyar Warsaw an sanya su ne kawai sashi na hoto na dabarun; a wannan yanayin, ana sa ran sojojin Poland za su je har zuwa Jamus. Shirin Kwanaki Bakwai zuwa Rhine ya yi la'akari da cewa Poland da Jamus za su lalace ta hanyar musayar nukiliya kuma yawan sojoji za su mutu daga cutar radiation. An kiyasta cewa NATO za ta harba makaman nukiliya a bayan layin Soviet masu ci gaba don yanke layin samar da su kuma ta haka ne su rage ci gaban su. Duk da yake wannan shirin ya ɗauka cewa NATO za ta yi amfani da makaman nukiliya don tura duk wani mamayewar Warsaw Pact, bai haɗa da hare-haren nukiliya a Faransa ko Ingila ba. Jaridu sun yi hasashen lokacin da aka bayyana wannan shirin, cewa ba za a buga Faransa da Burtaniya ba don samun su don hana amfani da makaman nukiliyar su. === Kwarewar Mai Fitarwa === {{Clear}} [[Fayil:Reagan_and_Gordievsky.jpg|thumb|Tsohon shugaban Amurka [[Ronald Reagan]] da wakilin Soviet biyu Oleg Gordievsky, wanda daga baya ya gaya wa Yamma yadda kusanci da aikin Able Archer 83 ya kawo Soviets don ba da umarni na FarkoFarko na Farko]] Exercise Able Archer wani motsa jiki ne na shekara-shekara na Kwamandan Turai na Amurka wanda ke aiwatar da umarni da hanyoyin sarrafawa, tare da jaddada sauyawa daga ayyukan al'ada kawai zuwa ayyukan sinadarai, nukiliya, da na al'ada a lokacin yaƙi. "Able Archer 83" wani aiki ne na kwana biyar na [[NATO|Kungiyar Yarjejeniyar Arewacin Atlantic]] (NATO) wanda ya fara a ranar 7 ga Nuwamba 1983, wanda ya mamaye Yammacin Turai, wanda ke tsakiya a Babban Hedikwatar Allied Powers Europe (SHAPE) a Casteau, arewacin birnin Mons. Ayyukan Able Archer sun yi kama da lokacin rikice-rikice, wanda ya kai ga Harin nukiliya.<ref name="Fischer Conundrum">{{Cite web |last=Benjamin B. Fischer |date=17 March 2007 |title=A Cold War Conundrum: The 1983 Soviet War Scare |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/a-cold-war-conundrum/source.htm#HEADING1-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114024850/https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/a-cold-war-conundrum/source.htm |archive-date=14 January 2009 |access-date=13 January 2009 |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]}}</ref> Halin da ya dace na aikin 1983, tare da lalacewar dangantaka da ke tsakanin Amurka da Tarayyar Soviet da kuma zuwan makaman nukiliya na Pershing II a Turai, ya jagoranci wasu mambobin Politburo da sojoji suyi imani cewa Able Archer 83 ya kasance makirci ne na yaki, yana rufe shirye-shiryen kai hari na farko na nukiliya.<ref name="Fischer Conundrum">{{Cite web |last=Benjamin B. Fischer |date=17 March 2007 |title=A Cold War Conundrum: The 1983 Soviet War Scare |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/a-cold-war-conundrum/source.htm#HEADING1-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114024850/https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/a-cold-war-conundrum/source.htm |archive-date=14 January 2009 |access-date=13 January 2009 |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]}}</ref><ref>Andrew and Gordievsky, ''Comrade Kryucvcov's Instructions'', 85–7.</ref><ref name="Fischer Reversal 123,31">Beth Fischer, ''Reagan Reversal'', 123, 131.</ref><ref name="Pry Scare 37–9">Pry, ''War Scare'', 37–9.</ref> A mayar da martani, Soviets sun shirya sojojin nukiliyar su kuma sun sanya rundunonin iska a Gabashin Jamus da [[Tarihin Poland (1945-1989)|Poland]] a faɗake.<ref>Oberdorfer, ''A New Era'', 66.</ref><ref name="SNIE 84">''SNIE 11–10–84'' "Implications of Recent Soviet Military-Political Activities" Central Intelligence Agency, 18 May 1984.</ref>Wannan "1983 war fear" da yawa masana tarihi sunyi la'akari da shi a matsayin mafi kusa da duniya ta zo ga nukiliya tun lokacin Cuban Missile Crisis na 1962. Barazanar yaƙin nukiliya ya ƙare tare da kammala aikin a ranar 11 ga Nuwamba. <ref>Andrew and Gordievsky, ''Comrade Kryucvcov's Instructions'', 87–8.</ref><ref name="Pry Scare 43–4">Pry, ''War Scare'', 43–4.</ref> === Shirye-shiryen Tsaro === Shugaban Amurka Ronald Reagan ne ya gabatar da shirin Tsaro na dabarun (SDI) a ranar 23 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1983. [1] A ƙarshen shugabancin, dalilai da yawa (wanda ya haɗa da kallon fim din 1983 The Day After da jin ta hanyar mai sauya sheka na Soviet cewa Able Archer 83 kusan ya haifar da hari na farko na Rasha) ya juya Reagan kan manufar yaƙin nukiliya mai cin nasara, kuma ya fara ganin makaman nukiliya a matsayin "Katin daji" fiye da dabarun hanawa. Kodayake daga baya ya yi imani da Yarjejeniyar kawar da makamai a hankali yana rage haɗarin makaman nukiliya ta hanyar rage yawan su da matsayin faɗakarwa, ya kuma yi imanin cewa mafita ta fasaha na iya ba da damar harbe ICBMs masu shigowa, don haka ya sa Amurka ba za a iya fuskantar hari na farko ba. Koyaya, USSR ta ga manufar SDI a matsayin babbar barazana, tunda tura tsarin zai ba Amurka damar kaddamar da babban hari na farko a Tarayyar Soviet ba tare da tsoron ramuwar gayya ba. Manufar SDI ita ce amfani da tsarin ƙasa da sararin samaniya don kare Amurka daga hari da makamai masu linzami na nukiliya. Shirin ya mayar da hankali kan kariya ta dabarun maimakon ka'idar kuskuren dabarun da ta gabata na tabbatar da juna (MAD). An kafa Strategic Defense Initiative Organization (SDIO) a cikin 1984 a cikin Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Amurka don kula da Strategic Defense Program. === Kasuwancin nukiliya na NATO === [[Fayil:Operation_Upshot_test.ogv|thumb|Misali na gwajin makamashin nukiliya a Amurka]] Shirye-shiryen aiki na NATO don Yaƙin Duniya na Uku sun haɗa da abokan NATO waɗanda ba su da makaman nukiliya, ta amfani da makaman Nukiliya da Amurka ta bayar a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin yaki na NATO, a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Babban Kwamandan NATO. [[Fayil:Overzicht_op_Museumplein_met_spandoek_The_Dutch_disease_is_better_for_peace_o,_Bestanddeelnr_253-8627.jpg|thumb|zanga-zangar da aka yi a [[Amsterdam]] game da tseren makaman nukiliya tsakanin Amurka / NATO da Tarayyar Soviet, 1981]] Daga cikin iko uku na nukiliya a NATO (Faransa, Ingila, da Amurka) Amurka ce kawai ta samar da makamai don raba nukiliya. Ya zuwa Nuwamba , [[Beljik|Belgium]], Jamus, Italiya, Netherlands da [[Turkiyya]] har yanzu suna karbar bakuncin makaman nukiliya na Amurka a matsayin wani ɓangare na manufofin raba nukiliya ta NATO.<ref name="RUSI-2010">{{Citation|last1=amp}}</ref> Kanada ta dauki bakuncin makamai har zuwa 1984, <ref name="RUSI-2010" /> da [[Girka (ƙasa)|Girka]] har zuwa 2001. Har ila yau, Ƙasar Ingila ta karɓi Makaman nukiliya na Amurka kamar bindigogi na nukiliya da Makamai masu linzami har zuwa 1992, duk da cewa Burtaniya ƙasa ce ta makaman nukliya a kanta; waɗannan galibi an tura su a [[Jamus]]. A lokacin zaman lafiya, makaman nukiliya da aka adana a cikin ƙasashe marasa nukiliya suna ƙarƙashin kulawar 'yan saman Amurka kodayake a baya wasu bindigogi da tsarin makamai masu linzami sun kasance ƙarƙashin kulawar Sojojin Amurka; lambobin da ake buƙata don fashe su suna ƙarƙashin ikon Amurka. Idan akwai yaƙi, za a ɗora makamai a kan jiragen yaƙi na ƙasashe masu shiga. Makamai suna ƙarƙashin kulawa da iko na USAF Munitions Support Squadrons da ke kan manyan sansanonin aiki na NATO waɗanda ke aiki tare da sojojin kasar da ke karbar bakuncin. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2005, bam din nukiliya na B61 180 na makaman nukiliya 480 na Amurka da aka yi imanin cewa an tura su a Turai sun fada karkashin tsarin raba nukiliya. Ana adana makamai a cikin wani ajiya a cikin [[Gidan jirgin sama mai ƙarfi|mafaka na jirgin sama]], ta amfani da USAF WS3 Weapon Storage and Security System. Jiragen yaki da aka yi amfani da su sune F-16 Fighting Falcons da [[Panavia Tornado|Panavia Tornados]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hans M. Kristensen |date=5 October 2007 |title=U.S. Nuclear Weapons in Europe After the Cold War |url=http://www.nukestrat.com/pubs/Brief_Italy2007.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120202112109/http://www.nukestrat.com/pubs/Brief_Italy2007.pdf |archive-date=2 February 2012 |access-date=10 August 2013 |publisher=Federation of American Scientists}}</ref> == Tarihin kusa == Tare da fara tseren makamai na Cold War a cikin shekarun 1950, yakin apocalyptic tsakanin Amurka da Tarayyar Soviet ya zama ainihin yiwuwar. A lokacin Yakin Cold shekara ta (1947-1991), an bayyana abubuwan da suka faru na soja da yawa kamar yadda suka kusa da yiwuwar haifar da Yaƙin Duniya na III. Ko da bayan ƙarshen Yakin Cold da rushewar Tarayyar Soviet a cikin 1991, an bayyana wasu abubuwan da suka faru bayan haka a matsayin kira na kusa. === Yaƙin Koriya: 25 Yuni A shekarar 1950 - 27 Yuli 1953&nbsp; === Yaƙin Koriya yaƙi ne tsakanin hadin gwiwa guda biyu da ke yaƙi don iko da Yankin Koriya: hadin gwiwar kwaminisanci da ta haɗa da [[Koriya ta Arewa]], Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin, da [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]], da kuma hadin gwiwarsa ta jari-hujja da ta haɗa ti [[Koriya ta Kudu]], Amurka da Kwamandan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Mutane da yawa sun yi imanin cewa rikici zai iya zama babban yaki tsakanin kasashen uku, Amurka, USSR, da Chaina. Wakilin yaki na CBS News Bill Downs ya rubuta a 1951, "Ga zuciyata, amsar ita ce: Ee, Koriya ita ce farkon Yaƙin Duniya na III. Saukowa mai kyau a Inchon da ƙoƙarin hadin gwiwar Sojojin Amurka tare da Allies na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun ba mu nasara a Koriya. Amma wannan shine kawai yaƙin farko a cikin babban gwagwarmayar kasa da kasa wanda yanzu ke mamaye Gabas ta Tsakiya da dukan duniya. " Downs daga baya ya sake maimaita wannan imani a kan ABC Evening News yayin da yake bayar da rahoto game da labarin game da Lamarin USS Pueblo a shekarar 1968.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Downs |first=Bill |date=25 January 1968 |title=The USS Pueblo incident |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-KBxiX_9_Kk |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140615095207/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-KBxiX_9_Kk |archive-date=15 June 2014 |access-date=8 November 2013 |website=ABC Evening News |publisher=ABC}}</ref> {{Spaces}}Sakataren Gwamnati Dean Acheson daga baya ya yarda cewa Gwamnatin Truman ta damu game da karuwar rikici kuma Janar Douglas MacArthur ya gargadi shi cewa shiga tsakani da Amurka ke jagoranta ya yi barazanar martani na Soviet. === Rikicin Berlin: 4 Yuni - 9 Nuwamba 1961 === Rikicin Berlin na 1961 ya kasance rikici ne na siyasa da soja tsakanin Amurka da Tarayyar Soviet a Checkpoint Charlie tare da tankuna da sojoji da yawa na Amurka da Soviet / Gabashin Jamus a tsaye a juna kawai 100 yadudduka a kowane bangare na checkpoint. Dalilin da ya sa aka yi jayayya shi ne matsayin sana'a na babban birnin Jamus, [[Berlin]], da kuma Bayan yakin duniya na biyu Jamus. Rikicin Berlin ya fara ne lokacin da USSR ta kaddamar da wani ultimatum da ke buƙatar janyewar dukkan sojoji daga Berlin, gami da sojojin Yamma a Berlin ta Yamma. Rikicin ya ƙare a cikin rabuwa da birnin tare da gina Ginin Berlin na Gabashin Jamus. Wannan tsayayya ta ƙare cikin lumana a ranar 28 ga Oktoba biyo bayan fahimtar Amurka da Soviet don janye tankuna da rage tashin hankali. === Rikicin Makami Mai Girma na Cuba: 15-29 Oktoba 1962 === [[Fayil:Soviet_b-59_submarine.jpg|thumb|Wani jirgin saman saman Amurka mai suna HSS-1 Seabat yana tashi a kan jirgin ruwa na Soviet ''B-59'', wanda sojojin Amurka suka tilasta masa zuwa saman a cikin Caribbean kusa da Cuba. B-59 yana da torpedo na nukiliya a cikin jirgin, kuma ana buƙatar maɓallan jami'ai uku don amfani da shi. Ɗaya daga cikin rashin amincewarsu ne kawai ya hana jirgin ruwa daga kai hari kan rundunar Amurka da ke kusa, wani hasken da zai iya haifar da Yaƙin Duniya na Uku (28-29 Oktoba 1962).]] Rikicin Makami mai linzami na Cuban, gwagwarmaya game da ajiye makamai masu linzami na nukiliya na Soviet a Cuba don mayar da martani ga mamayewar Bay of Pigs, an dauke shi mafi kusa da musayar nukiliya, wanda zai iya haifar da yakin duniya na uku. Rikicin ya kai kololuwa a ranar 27 ga Oktoba, tare da manyan abubuwan da suka faru guda uku a rana ɗaya: * Mafi mahimmancin abin da ya faru ya faru ne lokacin da jirgin ruwa na Soviet ya kusan kaddamar da torpedo mai kwakwalwa don mayar da martani ga cewa Amurka ta yi niyya da shi a cikin ruwan kasa da kasa, tare da mayar da martiri na kaddamarwar nukiliya na Soviet kawai ya hana shi daga jami'in Sojan Ruwa na Soviet Vasily Arkhipov. * Harbi jirgin leken asiri na Lockheed U-2 wanda Rudolf Anderson ya tuka yayin da yake keta sararin samaniya na Cuban. * Kusan tsayar da wani U-2 wanda ya ɓace cikin sararin samaniya na Soviet a kan Siberia, wanda ya sa Soviets su yi imani cewa wannan na iya zama jagora na bama-bamai na Amurka. Duk da abin da mutane da yawa suka yi imanin cewa shine mafi kusa da duniya ya zo ga rikici na nukiliya, a duk lokacin da aka yi tsayayya, Doomsday Clock, wanda Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists ke gudanarwa don kimanta yadda ƙarshen duniya, ko Doomsday, yake, tare da tsakar dare shine apocalypse, ya kasance a cikin minti bakwai zuwa tsakar dare. An bayyana wannan ne saboda taƙaitaccen rikicin tun lokacin da aka saka idanu kan abubuwan da suka fi dacewa kamar jagorancin kasashe, rikice-rikice, yaƙe-yaƙe, da rikice-rikicen siyasa, da kuma martani na al'ummomi ga abubuwan da aka ambata. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists yanzu ya yaba da ci gaban siyasa wanda ya haifar da rikicin makami mai linzami na Cuban tare da inganta kwanciyar hankali na duniya. Bulletin ya nuna cewa rikice-rikice da lokutan da za su iya ƙaruwa, an sanya su da ƙarfi saboda manyan dalilai guda biyu: # Layin zafi na Washington zuwa Moscow ya haifar da matsalar sadarwa tsakanin [[White House|Fadar White House]] da Kremlin a lokacin rikicin. Wannan ya ba shugabannin manyan makaman nukiliya guda biyu damar tuntuɓar juna a ainihin lokacin, yana da mahimmanci lokacin da seconds zasu iya hana musayar nukiliya. # Dalili na biyu ya haifar da wani bangare saboda martani na duniya game da yadda Amurka da USSR suka zo kusa da yakin duniya na uku a lokacin rikici. {{Spaces}}Yayin da jama'a suka fara saka idanu kan batutuwan da suka shafi makaman nukiliya, sabili da haka don tara goyon baya ga dalilin da ya sa ba ya yaduwa, an sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar haramtacciyar gwajin 1963. Har zuwa yau wannan yarjejeniyar ta sanya hannu ta kasashe 126 duka, tare da sanannun ban da Faransa da China. Dukkanin wadannan kasashe suna cikin matakan farko na shirye-shiryen nukiliya a lokacin sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar farko, kuma dukansu biyu sun nemi damar nukiliya mai zaman kanta daga abokansu. Wannan Yarjejeniyar haramta gwajin ta hana Gwajin makaman nukiliya da suka fashe a cikin [[Sararin Samaniya na Duniya|yanayi]], ta iyakance gwajin makaman Nukiliya zuwa ƙasa da ƙarƙashin ruwa, ta rage raguwa da tasiri a kan muhalli, kuma daga baya ta sa agogon Doomsday ya ragu da minti biyar, ya isa jimlar minti goma sha biyu zuwa tsakar dare.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 October 2012 |title=Remembering the Cuban Missile Crisis |url=https://thebulletin.org/remembering-cuban-missile-crisis |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201052807/https://thebulletin.org/remembering-cuban-missile-crisis |archive-date=1 February 2018 |access-date=10 March 2018 |website=thebulletin.org}}</ref> Har zuwa wannan lokacin, an fashe bama-bamai na nukiliya sama da 1000, kuma damuwa game da tasirin dogon lokaci da gajeren lokaci ga duniyar ya zama abin damuwa ga masana kimiyya. === Rikicin kan iyakar Sin da Soviet: 2 Maris - 11 Satumba 1969 === Rikicin kan iyakar Sin da Soviet ya kasance yakin basasa na watanni bakwai da ba a bayyana ba tsakanin [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]] da [[Sin|China]] a lokacin da aka raba Sin da Soviet a shekarar 1969. Mafi tsanani daga cikin wadannan rikice-rikicen kan iyaka, wanda ya kawo manyan Jihohin kwaminisanci biyu a duniya zuwa bakin yaƙi, ya faru ne a watan Maris na shekara ta 1969 a kusa da Tsibirin Zhenbao (Damansky) a kan Kogin Ussuri (Wusuli) , kusa da Manchuria. Rikicin ya haifar da tsagaita wuta, tare da komawa ga halin da ake ciki. Masu sukar sun nuna cewa harin da kasar Sin ta kai a Zhenbao ya kasance don hana duk wani mamayewar Soviet na gaba; cewa ta hanyar kashe wasu Soviets, kasar Sin ta nuna cewa ba za a iya 'matsawa' ba; kuma Mao yana so ya koya musu 'darkoki mai zafi'. Dangantakar kasar Sin da USSR ta kasance mai laushi bayan rikici, duk da tattaunawar kan iyaka, wanda ya fara a shekarar 1969 kuma ya ci gaba ba tare da kammala ba har tsawon shekaru goma. A cikin gida, barazanar yaki da rikice-rikicen kan iyaka ya haifar ya kaddamar da sabon mataki a cikin [[Cultural Revolution|Juyin Juya Halin Al'adu]]; na cikakken soja na kasar Sin. Taron Kasa na 9 na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta kasar Sin, wanda aka gudanar bayan Lamarin tsibirin Zhenbao, ya tabbatar da Ministan Tsaro Lin Biao a matsayin magajin [[Mao Zedong]]. Bayan abubuwan da suka faru a shekarar 1969, Tarayyar Soviet ta kara kara yawan sojojin ta a kan iyakar Sin da Soviet, da kuma Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Mongolia. === Rikicin Yakin Yom Kippur: 6-25 Oktoba 1973 === Yakin Yom Kippur, wanda aka fi sani da Yakin Ramadan, ko Yakin Oktoba, ya fara ne da mamayewa mai ban mamaki na Yankunan da Isra'ila ta mamaye ta hadin gwiwar kasashe Larabawa, tare da taimakon Tarayyar Soviet. Isra'ila ta samu nasarar mayar da martani tare da taimakon Amurka. Rikicin ya karu tsakanin manyan kasashe biyu: Sojojin sojan ruwa na Amurka da Soviet sun kusa harbi juna a cikin Bahar Rum. Admiral Daniel J. Murphy na Amurka na shida Fleet ya yi la'akari da damar da rundunar Soviet ke ƙoƙarin kai hari na farko a kan rundunarsa a kashi 40 cikin dari. Pentagon ta sauya matsayin Defcon daga 4 zuwa 3. {{Spaces}}{{Spaces}}An tura manyan kasashe zuwa gefen yaƙi, amma tashin hankali ya ragu tare da tsagaita wuta da aka kawo a ƙarƙashin UNSC 339.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 October 2013 |title=Erol Araf: 'Incalculable consequences' |url=http://news.nationalpost.com/full-comment/erol-araf-incalculable-consequences |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205101243/http://news.nationalpost.com/full-comment/erol-araf-incalculable-consequences |archive-date=5 February 2017 |access-date=5 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Inside the Kremlin During the Yom Kippur War By Victor Israelyan |url=http://www.psupress.org/books/titles/0-271-01489-X.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140706024838/http://www.psupress.org/books/titles/0-271-01489-X.html |archive-date=6 July 2014 |access-date=27 May 2014}}</ref> === Kuskuren kwamfuta na NORAD na 1979: 9 Nuwamba 1979 === Amurka ta yi shirye-shiryen ramuwar gayya na gaggawa bayan tsarin NORAD ya nuna cewa an kaddamar da cikakken hari na Soviet.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-11-20 |title=Norad false alarm causes uproar |url=http://www.cbc.ca/archives/categories/war-conflict/defence/norad-watching-the-skies/norad-false-alarm-causes-uproar.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141108204905/http://www.cbc.ca/archives/categories/war-conflict/defence/norad-watching-the-skies/norad-false-alarm-causes-uproar.html |archive-date=8 November 2014 |access-date=17 March 2015 |publisher=CBC Canada}}</ref> Ba a yi ƙoƙari don amfani da layin zafi na Moscow-Washington don bayyana halin da ake ciki tare da USSR ba kuma ba har sai tsarin radar na farko ya tabbatar da cewa babu irin wannan ƙaddamarwa da ya faru ba cewa NORAD ta fahimci cewa gwajin tsarin kwamfuta ya haifar da kuskuren nuni. Wani sanata a cikin kayan aikin NORAD a lokacin ya bayyana yanayin tsoro. Binciken GAO ya haifar da gina wani wurin gwaji na waje don hana irin wannan kuskuren.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Andrews |first=Evan |title=5 Cold War Close Calls |url=http://www.history.com/news/history-lists/5-cold-war-close-calls |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141231010823/http://www.history.com/news/history-lists/5-cold-war-close-calls |archive-date=31 December 2014 |access-date=17 March 2015 |publisher=The History Channel}}</ref> === Radar Soviet ta yi rashin aiki: 26 Satumba 1983 === Wani ƙararrawa na ƙarya ya faru a kan Tsarin gargadi na nukiliya na Soviet, yana nuna ƙaddamar da makamai masu linzami na Amurka LGM-30 Minuteman daga sansanoni a Amurka. Stanislav Petrov, jami'in Sojojin Tsaro na Soviet, ya hana wani hari na ramuwar gayya, wanda ya fahimci cewa tsarin bai yi aiki ba (wanda binciken da aka yi daga baya). <ref name="Baltimore Sun">{{Cite web |last=Shane |first=Scott |title=Cold War's Riskiest Moment |url=http://hnn.us/articles/1709.html#bombs9-5-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060819033034/http://hnn.us/articles/1709.html |archive-date=19 August 2006 |publisher=Baltimore Sun, 31 August 2003 (article reprinted as The Nuclear War That Almost Happened in 1983)}}</ref> === Able Archer 83 hawan: 2-11 Nuwamba 1983 === A lokacin Able Archer 83, wani motsa jiki na [[NATO]] na kwana goma wanda ke kwaikwayon lokacin rikice-rikice wanda ya kai ga harin nukiliya na DEFCON 1, wasu mambobin Politburo na [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Soviet]] da sojoji sun dauki abubuwan da suka faru a matsayin makircin yaki wanda ke ɓoye ainihin harin farko. A mayar da martani, sojoji sun shirya don daidaitaccen hari ta hanyar shirya sojojin nukiliya da sanya rundunonin iska da aka ajiye a cikin jihohin Warsaw Pact na Gabashin Jamus da [[Poland]] a karkashin babban faɗakarwa. Koyaya, shirye-shiryen Soviet don ramuwar gayya ya ƙare bayan kammala darussan Able Archer.<ref name="Fischer Conundrum">{{Cite web |last=Benjamin B. Fischer |date=17 March 2007 |title=A Cold War Conundrum: The 1983 Soviet War Scare |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/a-cold-war-conundrum/source.htm#HEADING1-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114024850/https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/a-cold-war-conundrum/source.htm |archive-date=14 January 2009 |access-date=13 January 2009 |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]}}</ref> Hadarin roket na Norway shine farkon yakin duniya na uku da ya faru bayan yakin sanyi ya ƙare. {{Spaces}}Wannan lamarin ya faru ne lokacin da tashar gargadi ta Olenegorsk ta Rasha ta yi kuskuren sa hannun radar daga rokar bincike ta Black Brant XII (wanda masana kimiyya na Norway da Amurka suka kaddamar da shi tare daga Andøya Rocket Range), kamar yadda ya zama sa hannun radar na kaddamarwar makami mai linzami na Trident SLBM. A mayar da martani, an kira Shugaban Rasha Boris Yeltsin kuma an kunna jakar nukiliya ta ''Cheget'' a karo na farko kuma kawai. Koyaya, babban kwamandan nan da nan ya sami damar tantance cewa roket din ba ya shiga sararin samaniya na Rasha, kuma nan da nan kuma ya zubar da shirye-shiryen yaki da ramuwar gayya. An ƙaddara cewa, yayin da masana kimiyya na roket suka sanar da jihohi talatin ciki har da Rasha game da ƙaddamar da gwajin, bayanin bai kai ga masu fasahar radar na Rasha ba. === Abin da ya faru a filin jirgin saman Pristina: 12 Yuni 1999 === A ranar 12 ga watan Yunin 1999, washegari bayan karshen Yaƙin Kosovo, wasu jami'an zaman lafiya na Rasha 250 sun mamaye Filin jirgin saman Pristina kafin isowar sojojin [[NATO]] kuma suna tabbatar da isowar ƙarfafawa ta iska. Babban Kwamandan Sojojin NATO na Amurka Janar Wesley Clark ya ba da umarnin yin amfani da karfi a kan Rashawa. Mike Jackson, janar na Sojojin Burtaniya wanda ya tuntubi Rasha a lokacin lamarin, ya ki aiwatar da umarnin Clark, ya san shi da cewa "Ba zan fara yakin duniya na uku a gare ku ba". Kyaftin James Blunt, babban jami'in da ke gaban ginshiƙi na NATO a cikin kai tsaye da ke dauke da makamai a kan Rasha, ya karɓi umarnin "Destroy!" daga Clark a rediyo, amma ya bi umarnin Jackson don kewaye filin jirgin sama a maimakon haka ya ce a cikin wata hira cewa ko da ba tare da sa hannun Jackson ba zai ki bin umarnin Clark. A ranar 24 ga Nuwamba 2015, a kan iyaka tsakanin Turkiyya da Siriya, Sojojin Sama na Turkiyya sun harbe jirgin saman Sukhoi na Rasha. Turks sun yi iƙirarin cewa jirgin ya keta sararin samaniya na Turkiyya, da'awar da Rasha ta musanta; jirgin yana cikin yankin a matsayin wani ɓangare na sa hannun sojojin Rasha a yakin basasar Siriya, wanda Turkiyya ta goyi bayan sojojin adawa. Wannan lamari shine lalacewar farko na jirgin saman yaki na Sojojin Sama na Rasha ko Soviet da wata kasa ta [[NATO]] ta yi tun bayan harin da aka kai a madatsar ruwan Sui-ho a lokacin yakin Koriya a 1953. <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 November 2015 |title=Turkey downing that Russian fighter jet is terrible news for the war on ISIS. |url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/the_slatest/2015/11/24/turkey_downing_that_russian_fighter_jet_is_terrible_news_for_the_war_on.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151124195329/http://www.slate.com/blogs/the_slatest/2015/11/24/turkey_downing_that_russian_fighter_jet_is_terrible_news_for_the_war_on.html |archive-date=24 November 2015 |access-date=25 November 2015 |website=Slate Magazine}}</ref> Lamarin ya haifar da kafofin watsa labarai da yawa da mutane da yawa da ke yin sharhi cewa zai iya haifar da yaƙi a duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 November 2015 |title=Don't panic: Turkey shooting down a Russian warplane won't start World War 3 |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/turkey/12013517/Dont-panic-Turkey-shooting-down-a-Russian-warplane-wont-start-World-War-3.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718120546/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/turkey/12013517/Dont-panic-Turkey-shooting-down-a-Russian-warplane-wont-start-World-War-3.html |archive-date=18 July 2023 |access-date=2023-07-18 |website=www.telegraph.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bora |first=Birce |title='Which parts of Syria should be bombed?' |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/11/26/which-parts-of-syria-should-be-bombed |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718120546/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/11/26/which-parts-of-syria-should-be-bombed |archive-date=18 July 2023 |access-date=2023-07-18 |website=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2015-11-26 |title=Turkey risks sparking world war, says Iraq's Maliki |url=https://guardian.ng/news/turkey-risks-sparking-world-war-says-iraqs-maliki/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718120546/https://guardian.ng/news/turkey-risks-sparking-world-war-says-iraqs-maliki/ |archive-date=18 July 2023 |access-date=2023-07-18 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-US}}</ref> == Abubuwan da za su iya gani a yanzu == === Harin Rasha na Ukraine: 24 Fabrairu 2022 - yanzu === [[Fayil:Destruction_of_Russian_tanks_by_Ukrainian_troops_in_Mariupol_(4).jpg|thumb|Halakar BMP-3 IFV ta Rasha da sojojin Ukraine suka yi a Mariupol a ranar 7 ga Maris 2022]] A ranar 24 ga watan Fabrairun 2022, shugaban Rasha [[Vladimir Putin]] ya ba da umarnin mamaye [[Ukraniya|Ukraine]], wanda ya nuna babban karuwar Yaƙin Rasha da Ukraine, wanda aka fara a shekarar 2014. An bayyana mamayewar a matsayin babbar rikici ta soja a Turai tun lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. &nbsp;Harin ya sami zargi na kasa da kasa, gami da sabbin takunkumin da aka ɗora wa Rasha, wanda ya haɗa da haramcin Rasha daga SWIFT da rufe mafi yawan sararin samaniya na Yammacin zuwa jiragen Rasha. Bugu da ƙari, kafin da kuma lokacin mamayewar, wasu daga cikin kasashe 32 na NATO suna ba da Ukraine da makamai da sauran tallafin kayan aiki. A duk lokacin mamayewar, manyan 'yan siyasa da yawa na Rasha, ciki har da shugaban kasar Putin, ministan harkokin waje Sergey Lavrov da shugaban jam'iyyar United Russia Dmitry Medvedev, sun yi maganganu da yawa da aka gani a matsayin barazanar amfani da makaman nukiliya, yayin da jami'ai da yawa daga Amurka da NATO, ciki har ma da shugaban Amurka [[Joe Biden]] da Sakataren Janar NATO Jens Stoltenberg, sun yi sanarwa da ke tabbatar da martani NATO a yayin da Rasha ta sake kai farmaki ga kowace kasa ta NATO ko amfani da makamai na nukiliya ta sake haifar da ita. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sauer |first=Pjotr |date=2022-09-21 |title=Putin announces partial mobilisation and threatens nuclear retaliation in escalation of Ukraine war |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/sep/21/putin-announces-partial-mobilisation-in-russia-in-escalation-of-ukraine-war |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114202406/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/sep/21/putin-announces-partial-mobilisation-in-russia-in-escalation-of-ukraine-war |archive-date=14 January 2023 |access-date=2022-09-21 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 February 2022 |title=Biden says Americans should not worry about nuclear war after Russian actions |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/27/us/politics/putin-nuclear-alert-biden-deescalation.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228011550/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/27/us/politics/putin-nuclear-alert-biden-deescalation.html |archive-date=28 February 2022 |access-date=28 February 2022 |website=[[Reuters]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Samuels |first=Brett |date=11 March 2022 |title=Biden: Direct conflict between NATO and Russia would be 'World War III' |url=https://thehill.com/policy/international/597842-biden-direct-conflict-between-nato-and-russia-would-be-world-war-iii |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325032254/https://thehill.com/policy/international/597842-biden-direct-conflict-between-nato-and-russia-would-be-world-war-iii |archive-date=25 March 2022 |access-date=11 March 2022 |website=The Hill}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-21 |title=Biden denounces Putin's 'overt' nuclear threats, urges UN allies to reject Russia's invasion of Ukraine |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/09/21/biden-denounces-putins-overt-nuclear-threats-urges-un-allies-to-reject-russias-invasion-of-ukraine.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921194052/https://www.cnbc.com/2022/09/21/biden-denounces-putins-overt-nuclear-threats-urges-un-allies-to-reject-russias-invasion-of-ukraine.html |archive-date=21 September 2022 |access-date=2022-09-21 |website=CNBC |language=en}}</ref> Yawancin abubuwan da suka faru da aka gani a matsayin kira na kusa da rikici tsakanin Rasha da NATO tun daga lokacin sun faru, wanda ya fi shahara shi ne harin makami mai linzami a ƙauyen Poland na Przewodów kusa da iyakar da Ukraine a watan Nuwamba 2022. A farkon 2023, Putin ya dakatar da shiga Rasha a New START, yarjejeniyar nukiliya ta ƙarshe tsakanin Rasha da Amurka, kuma daga baya ya sanar da shirye-shiryen shigar da makaman nukiliya na Rasha a [[Belarus]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chen |first=Heather |last2=Humayun |first2=Hira |last3=Knight |first3=Mariya |last4=Carey |first4=Andrew |last5=Gigova |first5=Radina |last6=Kostenko |first6=Maria |date=2023-03-26 |title=Russia plans to station tactical nuclear weapons in Belarus, Putin says |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/03/25/world/russia-putin-nuclear-weapons-belarus-intl-hnk/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331052514/https://www.cnn.com/2023/03/25/world/russia-putin-nuclear-weapons-belarus-intl-hnk/index.html |archive-date=31 March 2023 |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=CNN}}</ref> Masana daban-daban, masu sharhi, da sauransu sun bayyana rikicin a matsayin kira na kusa da yakin duniya na uku, yayin da wasu suka ba da shawarar akasin haka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Simhony |first=Limor |title=NATO Intervention in Ukraine Won't Spark World War III |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/04/01/nato-intervention-in-ukraine-wont-spark-world-war-iii/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007025659/https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/04/01/nato-intervention-in-ukraine-wont-spark-world-war-iii/ |archive-date=7 October 2022 |access-date=2022-10-07 |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Miller |first=Paul |date=8 March 2022 |title=Ukraine Is Not World War III |url=https://thedispatch.com/p/ukraine-is-not-world-war-iii |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007025701/https://thedispatch.com/p/ukraine-is-not-world-war-iii |archive-date=7 October 2022 |access-date=2022-10-07 |website=The Dispatch}}</ref> == Yaduwar amfani da kalmar == === Yaƙin Cold === [[Fayil:World_nuclear_weapons.png|thumb|Babban tarin [[makaman nukiliya]] tare da kewayon duniya (duhu mai launin shudi), ƙaramin tarin tare da kewar duniya (matsakaici mai launin shuɗi), ƙaramin kayan aiki tare da kewaye na yanki (mai launin shudi) ]] Yayinda dangantakar Soviet-Amurka ta karu da tashin hankali a lokacin bayan yakin duniya na biyu, tsoron cewa tashin hankali na iya karuwa zuwa yakin duniya na uku ya kasance koyaushe. {{Spaces}}{{Spaces}}Wani binciken Gallup a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1950 ya gano cewa fiye da rabin Amurkawa sun yi la'akari da yakin duniya na uku ya riga ya fara.{{Spaces}} A shekara ta 2004, mai sharhi Norman Podhoretz ya ba da shawarar cewa [[Cold War|Yaƙin Cold]], wanda ya kasance daga mika wuya ga ikon Axis har zuwa faduwar Ginin Berlin, ana iya kiransa Yakin Duniya na III. {{Spaces}}Ta hanyar lissafin Podhoretz, "Yaƙin Duniya na IV" zai zama kamfen na duniya game da Islamofascism.<ref name="Podhoretz2004">{{Cite magazine|url-status=17+}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Buckley |first=William F. Jr. |author-link=William F. Buckley Jr. |date=22 October 2007 |title=World War IV? |url=https://www.nationalreview.com/2007/09/world-war-iv-william-f-buckley-jr/ |url-status=live |journal=[[National Review]] |volume=59 |issue=19 |page=62 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806022343/https://www.nationalreview.com/2007/09/world-war-iv-william-f-buckley-jr/ |archive-date=6 August 2020 |access-date=14 June 2019}} (published online 6 September 2007)</ref>{{Spaces}} Duk da haka, yawancin masana tarihi za su yi kama da cewa Yaƙin Duniya na III dole ne ya zama "yaƙin duniya wanda manyan dakarun daga ƙasashe da yawa suka yi yaƙi" da kuma yaƙin da "ya haɗa da yawancin manyan ƙasashe na duniya". {{Spaces}}Yakin Cold ya sami sunansa daga rashin aikin da aka dauka daga bangarorin biyu. Rashin aiki ya kasance ne saboda tsoron cewa yakin nukiliya zai iya lalata bil'adama.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 September 2011 |title=American History: The Cold War |url=https://learningenglish.voanews.com/a/american-history-the-cold-war-130292758/116228.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201012146/https://learningenglish.voanews.com/a/american-history-the-cold-war-130292758/116228.html |archive-date=1 February 2022 |access-date=2022-05-02 |website=VOA |language=en}}</ref> A cikin littafinsa Secret Weapons of the Cold War, Bill Yenne ya kammala cewa yakin basasa na Superpower daga shekarun 1940 zuwa 1991, ba yakin duniya na uku ba ne.<ref>Yenne, Bill (2005). ''Secret Weapons of the Cold War.'' Berkly Book, New York</ref>{{Spaces}} === Yaƙi da ta'addanci === [[Fayil:WTC_smoking_on_9-11.jpeg|thumb|[[September 11 attacks|Hare-haren Satumba 11]]]] "Yaƙin da aka yi da ta'addanci" wanda ya fara da [[September 11 attacks|Hare-haren Satumba 11]] wasu sun yi iƙirarin cewa Yaƙin Duniya na III ne.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Micallef |first=Joseph V. |date=24 January 2017 |title=Are We Already Fighting World War III? |url=http://www.military.com/daily-news/2017/01/24/are-we-already-fighting-world-war-iii.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170416051031/http://www.military.com/daily-news/2017/01/24/are-we-already-fighting-world-war-iii.html |archive-date=16 April 2017 |access-date=15 April 2017 |website=[[Military.com]]}}</ref> Sauran sun raina irin waɗannan da'awar kamar "karkatar da [[Tarihin Amurka]]". Duk da yake akwai yarjejeniya tsakanin masana tarihi game da ma'anoni da girman yaƙe-yaƙe na duniya guda biyu, wato saboda girman duniya na tashin hankali da hallaka kansu na waɗannan yaƙe-yarƙe biyu, wasu sun yi iƙirarin cewa "Yaƙin Duniya" na iya buƙatar irin wannan yaƙe-yanayi da kisan gilla a duniya. Duk da haka, irin wannan da'awar sabon "ƙananan ƙofar tashin hankali", wanda yanzu zai iya isa ya cancanci yaƙi a matsayin "Yaƙin Duniya" bai sami irin wannan karɓa da tallafi ba kamar yadda ma'anar yaƙe-yaƙe biyu na duniya suka samu tsakanin masana tarihi. ==== Yaƙi da Daular Musulunci ==== A ranar 1 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2015, Ministan Harkokin Waje na Iraki Ibrahim al-Jaafari ya bayyana cewa yakin da aka yi da Daular Islama ya kasance "Yaƙin Duniya na III", saboda manufofin Daular Islami na Khalifanci na duniya, da kuma nasarar da ta samu wajen yada rikici ga kasashe da yawa a waje da yankin Levant. {{Spaces}}Da yake mayar da martani ga hare-haren da aka kai a birnin Paris a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2015, Sarkin Jordan Abdullah II ya bayyana cewa "Muna fuskantar yakin duniya na uku [a cikin Islama]". A cikin jawabinsa na Jihar Tarayyar a ranar 12 ga Janairun 2016, Shugaban Amurka [[Barack Obama]] ya yi gargadin cewa rahotanni da ke ba ISIL damar da ake tsammani na haifar da yakin duniya na uku na iya zama da yawa kuma ba shi da alhaki, yana mai cewa "yayin da muke mai da hankali kan hallaka ISIL, ya yi iƙirarin cewa wannan yakin duniya ne na III kawai yana wasa a hannayensu. Yawancin mayakan da ke bayan manyan motoci da kuma masu karkatarwa a cikin gidaje ko garages suna haifar da babbar haɗari ga fararen hula kuma dole ne su zama masu barazana ga rayuwarmu ta ƙasa".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Obama |first=Barak |date=13 January 2016 |title=2016 State of the Union Address |url=https://medium.com/@WhiteHouse/president-obama-s-2016-state-of-the-union-address-7c06300f9726#.6rytyu7a2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160209085124/https://medium.com/@WhiteHouse/president-obama-s-2016-state-of-the-union-address-7c06300f9726#.6rytyu7a2 |archive-date=9 February 2016 |access-date=9 February 2016 |website=The White House |publisher=government of the United States of America}}</ref>{{Spaces}} === Ƙananan yaƙe-yaƙe da yawa a matsayin "yaƙi na uku" === A cikin tambayoyin da aka rubuta da yawa a ƙarƙashin yanayi na yau da kullun, kwatanta gobarar Yaƙin Duniya na I da na II da yaƙe-yaƙe masu ƙarancin ƙarfi na ƙarni na 21, [[Francis (fafaroma)|Paparoma Francis]] ya ce, "Duniya tana cikin yaƙi saboda ta rasa zaman lafiya", kuma "watakila mutum na iya magana game da yaƙi na uku, wanda ya yi yaƙi a hankali". {{Spaces}}{{Spaces}} == Abubuwan da ba a tsammani ba == A shekara ta 1949, bayan kaddamar da makaman nukiliya a ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na II, masanin kimiyyar lissafi [[Albert Einstein]] ya ba da shawarar cewa duk wani sakamako na yiwuwar Yaƙin Duniya ya III zai zama bala'i a kan [[Wayewa|wayewar ɗan adam]] don mayar da bil'adama zuwa Zamanin Stone. &nbsp;&nbsp;Lokacin da ɗan jarida Alfred Werner ya tambaye shi irin makamai Einstein ya yi imanin cewa za a iya yaƙi da Yaƙin Duniya na III, Einstein ya yi gargadin, "Ban san da waɗanne makamai za a yi yaƙi da Yakin Duniya na III ba, amma za a yi Yaƙin Duniya yaƙi da sanduna da duwatsu". <ref name="einstein">''The New Quotable Einstein''. Alice Calaprice (2005), p. 173.</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Johnson |first=M. Alex |date=18 April 2005 |title=The culture of Einstein |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna7406337 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180208205219/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/7406337#.WmyV55OdU3g |archive-date=8 February 2018 |access-date=27 January 2018 |website=MSNBC |language=en}}</ref>{{Spaces}} Game da halakar da 'yan Adam sakamakon yaƙin nukiliya, Leslie A. White ya kalubalanci Einstein, "wannan ma za a iya shigar da shi azaman yiwuwar, kuma duk abin da za mu iya cewa idan ya zo, zai zo. Maganganun tsoro ba za su canza yanayin abubuwan da suka faru ba. " Crane Brinton ya kuma shakkar zaman lafiya na tunanin Einstein: "Malamai, masu wa'azi, malamai, har ma da 'yan siyasa suna gaya wa ƙarni mai girma cewa dole ne babu yaƙi kuma, saboda haka, babu wani abu mai hikima".<ref>Brinton, Crane, (1948). ''From Many to One: The Process of Political Integration, the Problem of World Government'', (Westport: Greenwood Press), p 4.</ref> James Burnham na Ofishin Ayyukan Dabarun (wanda ya riga ya kasance [[C.I.A|CIA]]), ya kuma yi imani da rayuwa: Ana samun bambancin makaman nukiliya a cikin cewa suna iya hallaka rayuwar ɗan adam gaba ɗaya, gami da ta hanyar yanayin yanayi da yanayin ƙasa, amma haka ba haka ba ne. Babban ka'idojin dabarun soja ba su canza ba. Yaƙin nukiliya zai bambanta da yaƙe-yaƙe na dā amma za a yanke shawarar ta hanyar haɗuwa da albarkatu, halin kirki da dabarun.<ref>Burnham, James, (1947). ''Struggle for the World'', (New York: The John Day Company), pp 26, 28-29.</ref> Wani Bayani na New England Journal of Medicine na 1998 ya gano cewa "Ko da yake mutane da yawa sun yi imanin cewa barazanar harin nukiliya ya ɓace sosai tare da ƙarshen Yakin Cold, akwai shaidu masu yawa da suka saɓa".<ref name="nejm" /> Musamman, yarjejeniyar raba juna ta Amurka da Rasha a cikin 1994 ta kasance alama ce kuma ba ta canza adadin lokacin da ake buƙata don kaddamar da hari ba. An yi imanin cewa yanayin "harin haɗari" ya kasance ƙaddamarwa ne na ramuwar gayya saboda gargadi na ƙarya, kamar abin da ya faru na 1983. <ref name="nejm">{{Cite journal |last=Forrow |first=Lachlan |last2=Blair |first2=Bruce G. |last3=Helfand |first3=Ira |last4=Lewis |first4=George |last5=Postol |first5=Theodore |last6=Sidel |first6=Victor |last7=Levy |first7=Barry S. |last8=Abrams |first8=Herbert |last9=Cassel |first9=Christine |date=30 April 1998 |title=Accidental Nuclear War — A Post–Cold War Assessment |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=338 |issue=18 |pages=1326–1332 |doi=10.1056/NEJM199804303381824 |issn=0028-4793 |pmid=9562589 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A tarihi, Yaƙin Duniya na ya faru ne ta hanyar rikici mai tsanani; Yaƙin Duniya ya faru ne da gangan. &nbsp;&nbsp;Abubuwan da aka yi la'akari da su a cikin shekarun 2010 da 2020 sun haɗa da mamayewar Rasha a Ukraine, fadada kasar Sin zuwa tsibirai da ke kusa da su, Rikicin kan iyakar Sin da Indiya, barazanar aikin soja na kasar Sin a kan Taiwan, rikice-rikicen kan iyakar Indo-Pakistan, da kuma shiga kasashen waje a yakin basasar Siriya. Sauran haɗarin da ake tsammani sune cewa yaƙin da ya shafi ko tsakanin [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudi Arabia]] da [[Iran]], [[Isra'ila]] da Iran, [[Indiya]] da [[Pakistan]], [[Ukraniya|Ukraine]] da [[Rasha]], [[Poland]] da [[Belarus]], [[Koriya ta Kudu]] da [[Koriya ta Arewa]], ko [[Taiwan]] da [[Sin|China]] na iya ƙaruwa ta hanyar kawance ko shiga cikin yaƙi tsakanin "babban iko" kamar [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], Ingila, Faransa, Jamus, Rasha, China, Japan ko kuma yaƙin da ke tsakanin hadin gwiwar soja [[NATO]] da CSTO, ko ma yiwuwar "kwamin kwamandan makaman nukiliya" wanda ba a ƙarƙashin duk wani yaƙin nukiliya ba shi da izini ba zai iya ƙaruwa ba tare da izini yaƙin da izini da izini a kaiwa ba.<ref>{{Cite book|last3=Ron Rosenbaum}}</ref> Dangane da binciken da aka sake dubawa da aka buga a cikin mujallar Nature Food a watan Agustan 2022, cikakken yakin nukiliya tsakanin Amurka da Rasha, wanda ya saki sama da Tg 150 na soot na stratospheric, na iya kashe mutane sama da biliyan biyar ta hanyar yunwa a lokacin hunturu na nukiliya. Fiye da mutane biliyan biyu na iya mutuwa daga yunwa daga karamin yaki na nukiliya (5-47 Tg) tsakanin Indiya da Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Xia |first=Lili |last2=Robock |first2=Alan |last3=Scherrer |first3=Kim |last4=Harrison |first4=Cheryl S. |last5=Bodirsky |first5=Benjamin Leon |last6=Weindl |first6=Isabelle |last7=Jägermeyr |first7=Jonas |last8=Bardeen |first8=Charles G. |last9=Toon |first9=Owen B. |last10=Heneghan |first10=Ryan |date=15 August 2022 |title=Global food insecurity and famine from the reduced crop, marine fishery and livestock production due to climate disruption from nuclear war soot injection |journal=[[Nature Food]] |volume=3 |issue=8 |pages=586–596 |doi=10.1038/s43016-022-00573-0 |pmid=37118594 |s2cid=251601831 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> A yayin yakin nukiliya tsakanin Rasha da Amurka, kashi 99% na yawan jama'a a cikin ƙasashe masu fafatawa, da Turai da China, za su mutu. Wasu al'amuran sun haɗa da haɗari saboda canje-canje masu zuwa daga sanannen halin da ake ciki. A cikin shekarun 1980s Strategic Defense Initiative ya yi ƙoƙari ya soke makaman nukiliya na USSR; wasu masu sharhi sun yi imanin cewa shirin yana "rashin daidaituwa". A cikin littafinsa Destined for War, Graham Allison yana kallon kishiyar duniya tsakanin ikon da aka kafa, Amurka, da ikon da ke tasowa, China, a matsayin misali na Thucydides Trap. Allison ya bayyana cewa a tarihi, "12 daga cikin shari'o'i 16 da suka gabata inda karuwar iko ta fuskanci ikon mulki" sun haifar da fada.<ref>Graham Allison (2017). ''Destined for War'', Scribe, p. 215</ref> A cikin 2020 da 2023, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists ya ci gaba da agogon ranar ƙarshe, yana mai da hankali a tsakanin sauran abubuwan da aka yi hasashen tasirin rikice-rikice daga makamai masu zuwa. Yakin yanar gizo shine amfani da fasaha ta wata kasa ko kungiyar kasa da kasa don kai farmaki da lalata hanyoyin sadarwa da kwamfutocin adawa. Lalacewar na iya haifar da ƙwayoyin cuta na kwamfuta ko hare-haren ƙin sabis (DoS). Hare-haren yanar gizo suna ƙara zama ruwan dare, suna barazanar tsaro ta yanar gizo kuma suna mai da shi fifiko a duniya. An sami yaduwar hare-haren da gwamnati ke tallafawa. Halin waɗannan hare-haren ya nuna yiwuwar yakin duniya na uku na yanar gizo.Manyan sojoji na duniya suna haɓaka dabarun yanar gizo, gami da hanyoyin canza tsarin umarni da sarrafa abokan gaba, tsarin gargadi na farko, dabaru, da sufuri.Harin Rasha na 2022 na Ukraine ya haifar da damuwa game da babban hari na yanar gizo, tare da Rasha da ta kaddamar da hare-haren yanar gizo don sasanta kungiyoyi a duk faɗin Ukraine. Rasha ta kaddamar da kusan hare-hare 40 masu hankali waɗanda suka lalata fayiloli har abada a cikin daruruwan tsarin a cikin ƙungiyoyi da yawa, tare da kashi 40% da nufin manyan fannoni a cikin Ukraine.Amfani da yakin yanar gizo na Rasha ya juya yakin zuwa babban yakin "haɗe-haɗe" a Ukraine. == Dubi kuma == * Yunkurin adawa da nukiliya * Gasar makamai ta wucin gadi * Yakin Cold na Ilimin Ilimin Ilimi * Gasar makaman nukiliya * Holocaust na nukiliya * Ta'addanci na nukiliya * Yaƙin Cold na Biyu * Yaƙin Duniya na III a cikin al'adun gargajiya * [[Yaƙi]] * [[Yaƙin Duniya na I]] * [[Yaƙin Duniya na II]] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 4lg9lvghyjxy9o1nu0t8dne95kuewu1 884812 884811 2026-07-19T08:49:44Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 884812 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   [[Fayil:Castle_Bravo_Blast.jpg|thumb|Yaƙin nukiliya alama ce ta yau da kullun kuma jigon mafi yawan abubuwan da suka faru na Yaƙin Duniya na III. &nbsp;Irin wannan rikici an yi la'akari da shi don haifar da ko kusa da halakawar ɗan adam.]] '''Yaƙin Duniya na I''' ('''WWIII''' ko '''WW3'''), wanda aka fi sani da '''Yaƙin Duniya na Uku''', rikici ne na duniya na gaba wanda ya biyo bayan Yaƙin Duniya Na shekara ta alif (1914 zuwa zuwa 1918) da [[Yaƙin Duniya na II]] a shekara ta alif 1939 Zuwa 1945). An yi la'akari da cewa irin wannan yaƙin zai shafi dukkan manyan ƙasashen duniya, kamar waɗanda suka riga shi, da kuma amfani da [[makaman nukiliya]] ko wasu makamai na hallaka jama'a, don haka ya wuce rikice-rikicen da suka gabata a cikin yanki, lalacewa, da asarar rai. Tun lokacin da Manhattan [[Project]] ya ci gaba da makaman nukiliya a shekara ta alif 1945 da kuma amfani da su ta [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] a cikin bama-Bamai na nukiliya na Hiroshima da Nagasaki a ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na II, haɗarin apocalypse na nukiliyar da ke haifar da lalacewa mai yawa da yiwuwar [[Yanayin tashin duniya|rushewar wayewa]] ko halaka bil'adama ya zama jigon gama gari a cikin hasashe da fiction game da Yaƙin Duniya III. Tare da zuwan [[Cold War|Yaƙin Cold]] A shekara ta (1947-1991) da yaduwar makaman [[nukiliya]] zuwa [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]], wanda wasu kasashe da yawa suka biyo baya, haɗarin yakin duniya na uku ya tashi. A lokacin Yakin Cold, sojoji da ma'aikatan farar hula a duk duniya sun yi tsammanin yiwuwar kuma sun shirya hakan, tare da abubuwan da suka faru daga yaƙin gargajiya zuwa iyakantaccen ko gaba ɗaya Yaƙin nukiliya. An kirkiro ka'idar dabarun tabbatar da lalacewa, wanda ya nuna cewa cikakken rikici na nukiliya zai hallaka dukkan bangarorin da ke cikin rikici. Shugabannin Amurka da Soviet sun yi aiki don kauce wa irin wannan sakamako, kodayake kira da yawa na kusa, wanda ya haifar da fasaha mara kyau, kuskuren ɗan adam ko rashin sadarwa, har yanzu ya faru, yana jaddada buƙatar hanawa daga bangarorin biyu. == Magana ==   Mujallar Time ta kasance mai karɓar farko, idan ba mai farawa ba, na kalmar "Yaƙin Duniya na III". {{Spaces}}Amfani na farko ya bayyana a cikin fitowar 3 ga Nuwamba Shekara ta 1941 (kafin harin Japan a kan Pearl Harbor a ranar 7 ga Disamba 1941) a ƙarƙashin sashin "Hamaloli na Kasa" kuma mai taken "Yaƙin Duniya na III?" game da ɗan gudun hijirar Nazi Hermann Rauschning, wanda ya isa Amurka. {{Spaces}}A cikin fitowar ta 22 ga Maris 1943, a ƙarƙashin sashin "Labaran Kasashen Waje", ''Lokaci'' ya sake amfani da wannan taken "Yaƙin Duniya na III?" game da maganganun Mataimakin Shugaban Amurka na ''Lokaci'' Henry A. Wallace: "Za mu yanke shawara a wani lokaci a shekarar 1943 ko 1944 ... ko mu dasa tsaba na Yaƙin Duniya na Uku. " Lokaci ya ci gaba da samun ko ambaton labaran "Yaƙin duniya na III" don sauran shekaru goma da gaba: 1944, 1945, 1946 ("yaƙin ƙwayoyin cuta da 1948. {{Spaces}}{{Spaces}}{{Spaces}}''Lokaci'' ya ci gaba da amfani da wannan kalmar, alal misali, a cikin littafin 2015 mai taken "Wannan shine Abin da Yaƙin Duniya na III Zai Kamata". == Shirye-shiryen Soja == Masu dabarun soja sun yi amfani da wasannin yaƙi don shirya don yanayin yaƙi daban-daban da kuma ƙayyade dabarun da suka fi dacewa. An yi amfani da wasannin yaƙi don Yaƙin Duniya na I da Yaƙin Duniya ya II . === Aikin da ba za a iya tsammani ba ===   Firayim Ministan Burtaniya [[Winston Churchill]] ya damu da cewa, tare da girman sojojin Soviet Red Army da aka tura a Tsakiyar Turai da Gabashin Turai a Ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na II<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwbg">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki> da rashin amintaccen shugaban Soviet [[Joseph Stalin]], akwai babbar barazana ga Yammacin Turai. A cikin Afrilu-Mayu 1945, Sojojin Burtaniya sun haɓaka Operation Unthinkable, wanda ake zaton shine yanayin farko na Yaƙin Duniya na Uku. Babban burinta shine "ta tilasta wa Rasha nufin Amurka da [[Daular Biritaniya|Daular Burtaniya]]".<ref>{{Cite web |last=British War Cabinet, Joint Planning Staff, Public Record Office, CAB 120/691/109040 / 002 |date=11 August 1945 |title=Operation Unthinkable: 'Russia: Threat to Western Civilization' |url=http://www.history.neu.edu/PRO2/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080706093010/http://www.history.neu.edu/PRO2/ <!--Added by H3llBot--> |archive-date=6 July 2008 |access-date=28 June 2008 |publisher=Department of History, Northeastern University |format=online photocopy}}</ref> Kwamitin Shugabannin Ma'aikata na Burtaniya sun ki amincewa da shirin a matsayin wanda ba zai yiwu ba a soja. === Aikin Dropshot === {{Clear}}Operation Dropshot shi ne shirin gaggawa na Amurka na Shekarar 1950 don yiwuwar yaki da [[Makaman nukiliya|nukiliya]] da na al'ada tare da [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]] a cikin wuraren wasan kwaikwayo na Yammacin Turai da Asiya. Kodayake labarin ya yi amfani da makaman nukiliya, ba a sa ran su taka muhimmiyar rawa ba. A lokacin da Makaman nukiliya na Amurka sun iyakance a girman, galibi a Amurka, kuma sun dogara da bama-bamai don isar da su. Dropshot ya haɗa da bayanan manufa waɗanda za su yi amfani da bama-Bamai na nukiliya 300 da bama-mamai masu fashewa 29,000 a kan manufofi 200 a cikin birane da garuruwa 100 don share kashi 85% na damar masana'antar Tarayyar Soviet a cikin bugun jini ɗaya. Tsakanin 75 da 100 daga cikin makaman nukiliya 300 an yi niyya ne don lalata jirgin yaki na Soviet a ƙasa. An tsara labarin ne kafin ci gaban makamai masu linzami na intercontinental. An kuma tsara shi kafin Shugaban Amurka [[John F. Kennedy]] da Sakataren Tsaro Robert McNamara su canza shirin Yakin Nukiliya na Amurka daga shirin yajin aiki na 'kisan birni' zuwa shirin "counterforce" (wanda aka fi mayar da hankali ga sojojin). Makaman nukiliya a wannan lokacin ba su da isasshen daidaito don kai hari kan sansanin sojan ruwa ba tare da lalata birnin da ke kusa da shi ba, don haka manufar amfani da su ita ce ta lalata ikon masana'antar abokan gaba don lalata tattalin arzikin yaƙi. === Haɗin gwiwar Burtaniya da Ireland === Jamhuriyar Ireland ta fara shirin yiwuwar yakin nukiliya a ƙarshen shekarun 1940. Za a kafa hadin gwiwa tsakanin Ingila da Ireland a yayin WWIII, inda za su raba bayanan yanayi, sarrafa kayan aiki don kewayawa, da daidaita sabis na watsa shirye-shiryen Wartime wanda zai faru bayan harin nukiliya. <ref name="auto3">{{Cite journal |last=Kennedy |first=Michael |date=2017 |title=ENVISAGING THE UNTHINKABLE: PLANNING FOR ARMAGEDDON IN 1950s IRELAND |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/90005263 |url-status=live |journal=History Ireland |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=36–39 |issn=0791-8224 |jstor=90005263 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220502180344/https://www.jstor.org/stable/90005263 |archive-date=2 May 2022 |access-date=2 May 2022}}</ref> Operation Sandstone a Ireland wani babban aikin soja ne na sirri na Burtaniya da Ireland.<ref name="auto3" /> Sojojin jihohin biyu sun fara binciken bakin teku na Burtaniya da Ireland tare daga 1948 zuwa 1955. Wannan buƙata ce daga Amurka don gano wuraren da suka dace don saukowa ga Amurka a yayin nasarar mamayewar Soviet.<ref name="auto3" /><ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |last=Archives |first=The National |date=2020-04-03 |title=The National Archives - Operation Sandstone: Surveying Britain's Cold War beaches |url=https://blog.nationalarchives.gov.uk/operation-sandstone-surveying-britains-cold-war-beaches/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127004120/https://blog.nationalarchives.gov.uk/operation-sandstone-surveying-britains-cold-war-beaches/ |archive-date=27 November 2020 |access-date=2022-05-02 |website=The National Archives blog |language=en-GB}}</ref> A shekara ta 1953, hadin gwiwar ta amince da raba bayanai game da yanayin yaƙi da kuma kwashe fararen hula daga Burtaniya zuwa Ireland.<ref name="auto3" /> Operation Sandstone na Ireland ya ƙare a shekarar 1966.<ref name="auto2" /> === Ayyuka na Grand Slam, Longstep, da Mainbrace === {{Clear}}A watan Janairun 1950, Majalisar Arewacin Atlantic ta amince da dabarun soja na [[NATO]] na hanawa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lord Ismay |title=Chapter 3 – The Pace Quickens |url=http://www.nato.int/archives/1st5years/chapters/3.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140313154306/http://www.nato.int/archives/1st5years/chapters/3.htm |archive-date=13 March 2014 |access-date=19 September 2011 |website=NATO the first five years 1949–1954 |publisher=[[NATO]]}}</ref> Shirye-shiryen soja na NATO ya sake sabuntawa bayan barkewar Yaƙin Koriya a farkon shekarun 1950, wanda ya sa NATO ta kafa "dakarun karkashin umarni na tsakiya, wanda ya isa ya hana tashin hankali da kuma tabbatar da tsaron Yammacin Turai". An kafa rundunar Allied Command Europe a karkashin Janar na Sojoji Dwight D. Eisenhower, Sojojin Amurka, a ranar 2 ga Afrilu 1951 . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Chapter 4 – The Pace Quickens |url=http://www.nato.int/archives/1st5years/chapters/4.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227094811/http://www.nato.int/archives/1st5years/chapters/4.htm |archive-date=27 December 2013 |access-date=19 September 2011 |website=NATO the first five years 1949–1954 |publisher=[[NATO]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=X |author-link=George F. Kennan |date=July 1947 |title=The Sources of Soviet Conduct |journal=[[Foreign Affairs]] |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=575–576 |doi=10.2307/20030065 |issn=0015-7120 |jstor=20030065}}</ref> Kungiyar Tsaro ta Yamma Turai a baya ta gudanar da Exercise Verity, wani motsa jiki na 1949 wanda ya shafi hare-haren jiragen ruwa da hare-harun jirgin ruwa. Ayyukan Mainbrace sun haɗu da jiragen ruwa 200 da ma'aikata sama da 50,000 don horar da tsaron [[Denmark]] da [[Norway]] daga harin Soviet a 1952. Wannan shi ne karo na farko da aka yi amfani da shi a NATO. Babban Kwamandan Allied Atlantic Admiral Lynde D. McCormick, Sojojin Ruwa na Amurka, da Babban Kwamandan Sojojin Turai Janar Matthew B. Ridgeway, Sojoji na Amurka, ne suka ba da umarnin aikin tare a lokacin kaka na 1952. Amurka, Ingila, [[Kanada]], Faransa, Denmark, Norway, [[Portugal]], [[Holand|Netherlands]], da [[Beljik|Belgium]] sun shiga. Atisayen Grand Slam da Longstep atisayen sojan ruwa ne da aka gudanar a cikin Tekun Bahar Rum a shekarar 1952 don gudanar da aikin korar makiya da ke mamaye da karfin tuwo. Ya ƙunshi jiragen ruwa sama da 170 da jiragen sama 700 a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Admiral Robert B. Carney . Babban kwamandan motsa jiki, Carney ya taƙaita nasarorin da aka samu na Exercise Grand Slam da cewa: "Mun nuna cewa manyan kwamandojin dukkan iko guda huɗu za su iya samun nasarar gudanar da aikin haɗakarwa tare da sarrafa shi yadda ya kamata a matsayin ƙungiya mai aiki. Tarayyar Soviet ta kira darussan "aikin yaki" ta NATO, tare da yin la'akari da shiga [[Norway]] da Denmark kuma sun shirya don ayyukan soja a Yankin Soviet.<ref name="Time2">''Time'', 29 September 1952</ref><ref name="Sidney">"NATO Ships Enter Baltic Sea" – ''Sydney Morning Herald'', p. 2</ref> === Exercise Strikeback ===   Exercise Strikeback babban aikin sojan ruwa ne na NATO wanda aka gudanar a shekara ta 1957, yana kwaikwayon martani ga harin Soviet a kan NATO. Wannan motsa jiki ya kunshi jiragen yaki sama da 200, jirgin sama 650, da ma'aikata 75,000 daga Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Amurka, Rundunar Soja ta Burtaniya, Rundunar Ruwa ta Kanada, Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Faransa, Rundunar Roya ta Netherlands, da Rundunar Sojojin Ruwa ta Royal Norway. A matsayin mafi girman aikin sojan ruwa na zaman lafiya har zuwa wannan lokacin, mai sharhi na soja Hanson W. Baldwin na The New York Times ya bayyana shi a matsayin "wanda ya zama mafi karfi da aka tara tun lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. === Jarabawar Ƙarfafawa ===   [[Fayil:USS_Hawes_(FFG-53),_USS_William_H._Standley_(CG-32)_and_USS_Guadalcanal_(LPH-7)_escort_tanker_Gas_King_in_the_Persian_Gullf_on_21_October_1987_(6432283).jpg|thumb|Idan aka kunna, Operation Reforger zai kunshi manyan motoci kamar wannan daga Operation Earnest Will a 1987, kodayake ya fi girma. Duk da yake dakarun za su iya tashi a fadin Tekun Atlantika, kayan aiki masu nauyi da ƙarfafa makamai dole ne su zo ta teku.]] Exercise RE (daga sake juyawa na FORces zuwa GER) wani motsa jiki ne na shekara-shekara da NATO ta gudanar a lokacin Yakin Cold . Duk da yake sojojin Amurka za a iya tashi cikin sauƙi a fadin Tekun Atlantika, kayan aiki masu nauyi da ƙarfafa makamai dole ne su zo ta teku kuma a isar da su zuwa shafukan POMCUS (An riga an tsara su zuwa rukunin rukunin). [1] Wadannan darussan sun gwada Amurka da kuma iyawar hadin gwiwa don aiwatar da karfafawa ta duniya.[1] Karfafawa a kan lokaci wani bangare ne mai mahimmanci na darussan karfafawa na NATO. Amurka ta buƙaci samun damar aika da ƙungiyoyin sojoji masu aiki zuwa Turai a cikin kwanaki goma a matsayin wani ɓangare na turawar NATO a lokacin yaƙi.Baya ga kimanta iyawar Amurka, Reforger ya kuma sa ido kan ma'aikata, wurare, da kayan aiki na ƙasashen Turai da ke taka muhimmiyar rawa a kokarin ƙarfafawa. An yi amfani da wannan motsa jiki ne don tabbatar da cewa NATO na iya tura sojoji zuwa Jamus ta Yamma da sauri idan akwai rikici tare da Yarjejeniyar Warsaw. Yarjejeniyar Warsaw ta fi NATO yawa a duk lokacin Yakin Cold a cikin dakarun al'ada, kuma musamman a cikin tankuna da motocin makamai. Sabili da haka, a yayin mamayewar Soviet, don kada a koma ga hare-haren nukiliya, dole ne a sake dawo da makamai na Yarjejeniyar Warsaw da sauri kuma a maye gurbin su. Reforger ba kawai nuna ƙarfi ba ne. A yayin rikici, zai zama ainihin shirin don ƙarfafa kasancewar NATO a Turai. A wannan yanayin, ana kiransa Operation Reforger . Manufofin siyasa na Reforger sune inganta tsawo da kuma inganta hadin kan NATO.[1] Muhimman abubuwan da ke cikin Reforger sun haɗa da Rundunar Sojan Sama, Rundunar Sojojin Sojan Sama ta Sojan Sama. === Kwanaki Bakwai zuwa Kogin Rhine ===   [[Fayil:Probable_Axes_of_Attack.jpg|thumb|Harin Yarjejeniyar Warsaw zai zo ta hanyar manyan hanyoyi uku ta Yammacin Jamus.]] Kwanaki Bakwai zuwa Kogin Rhine wani aikin kwaikwayo ne na soja na sirri wanda Yarjejeniyar Warsaw ta kirkira a shekarar 1979. Ya fara ne da zaton cewa NATO za ta kaddamar da harin nukiliya a kwarin kogin Vistula a cikin wani lamari na farko, wanda zai haifar da mutuwar fararen hula na Poland miliyan biyu.[1] A mayar da martani, za a gudanar da yunkurin yaki na Soviet a kan Jamus ta Yamma, Belgium, Netherlands da Denmark, tare da sojojin Warsaw Pact da suka mamaye Jamus ta Yankin kuma suna da niyyar tsayawa a Kogin Rhine a rana ta bakwai. Sauran tsare-tsaren USSR sun tsaya ne kawai bayan sun isa iyakar Faransa a rana ta tara. Kowane jihohin Yarjejeniyar Warsaw an sanya su ne kawai sashi na hoto na dabarun; a wannan yanayin, ana sa ran sojojin Poland za su je har zuwa Jamus. Shirin Kwanaki Bakwai zuwa Rhine ya yi la'akari da cewa Poland da Jamus za su lalace ta hanyar musayar nukiliya kuma yawan sojoji za su mutu daga cutar radiation. An kiyasta cewa NATO za ta harba makaman nukiliya a bayan layin Soviet masu ci gaba don yanke layin samar da su kuma ta haka ne su rage ci gaban su. Duk da yake wannan shirin ya ɗauka cewa NATO za ta yi amfani da makaman nukiliya don tura duk wani mamayewar Warsaw Pact, bai haɗa da hare-haren nukiliya a Faransa ko Ingila ba. Jaridu sun yi hasashen lokacin da aka bayyana wannan shirin, cewa ba za a buga Faransa da Burtaniya ba don samun su don hana amfani da makaman nukiliyar su. === Kwarewar Mai Fitarwa === {{Clear}} [[Fayil:Reagan_and_Gordievsky.jpg|thumb|Tsohon shugaban Amurka [[Ronald Reagan]] da wakilin Soviet biyu Oleg Gordievsky, wanda daga baya ya gaya wa Yamma yadda kusanci da aikin Able Archer 83 ya kawo Soviets don ba da umarni na FarkoFarko na Farko]] Exercise Able Archer wani motsa jiki ne na shekara-shekara na Kwamandan Turai na Amurka wanda ke aiwatar da umarni da hanyoyin sarrafawa, tare da jaddada sauyawa daga ayyukan al'ada kawai zuwa ayyukan sinadarai, nukiliya, da na al'ada a lokacin yaƙi. "Able Archer 83" wani aiki ne na kwana biyar na [[NATO|Kungiyar Yarjejeniyar Arewacin Atlantic]] (NATO) wanda ya fara a ranar 7 ga Nuwamba 1983, wanda ya mamaye Yammacin Turai, wanda ke tsakiya a Babban Hedikwatar Allied Powers Europe (SHAPE) a Casteau, arewacin birnin Mons. Ayyukan Able Archer sun yi kama da lokacin rikice-rikice, wanda ya kai ga Harin nukiliya.<ref name="Fischer Conundrum">{{Cite web |last=Benjamin B. Fischer |date=17 March 2007 |title=A Cold War Conundrum: The 1983 Soviet War Scare |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/a-cold-war-conundrum/source.htm#HEADING1-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114024850/https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/a-cold-war-conundrum/source.htm |archive-date=14 January 2009 |access-date=13 January 2009 |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]}}</ref> Halin da ya dace na aikin 1983, tare da lalacewar dangantaka da ke tsakanin Amurka da Tarayyar Soviet da kuma zuwan makaman nukiliya na Pershing II a Turai, ya jagoranci wasu mambobin Politburo da sojoji suyi imani cewa Able Archer 83 ya kasance makirci ne na yaki, yana rufe shirye-shiryen kai hari na farko na nukiliya.<ref name="Fischer Conundrum">{{Cite web |last=Benjamin B. Fischer |date=17 March 2007 |title=A Cold War Conundrum: The 1983 Soviet War Scare |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/a-cold-war-conundrum/source.htm#HEADING1-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114024850/https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/a-cold-war-conundrum/source.htm |archive-date=14 January 2009 |access-date=13 January 2009 |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]}}</ref><ref>Andrew and Gordievsky, ''Comrade Kryucvcov's Instructions'', 85–7.</ref><ref name="Fischer Reversal 123,31">Beth Fischer, ''Reagan Reversal'', 123, 131.</ref><ref name="Pry Scare 37–9">Pry, ''War Scare'', 37–9.</ref> A mayar da martani, Soviets sun shirya sojojin nukiliyar su kuma sun sanya rundunonin iska a Gabashin Jamus da [[Tarihin Poland (1945-1989)|Poland]] a faɗake.<ref>Oberdorfer, ''A New Era'', 66.</ref><ref name="SNIE 84">''SNIE 11–10–84'' "Implications of Recent Soviet Military-Political Activities" Central Intelligence Agency, 18 May 1984.</ref>Wannan "1983 war fear" da yawa masana tarihi sunyi la'akari da shi a matsayin mafi kusa da duniya ta zo ga nukiliya tun lokacin Cuban Missile Crisis na 1962. Barazanar yaƙin nukiliya ya ƙare tare da kammala aikin a ranar 11 ga Nuwamba. <ref>Andrew and Gordievsky, ''Comrade Kryucvcov's Instructions'', 87–8.</ref><ref name="Pry Scare 43–4">Pry, ''War Scare'', 43–4.</ref> === Shirye-shiryen Tsaro === Shugaban Amurka Ronald Reagan ne ya gabatar da shirin Tsaro na dabarun (SDI) a ranar 23 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1983. [1] A ƙarshen shugabancin, dalilai da yawa (wanda ya haɗa da kallon fim din 1983 The Day After da jin ta hanyar mai sauya sheka na Soviet cewa Able Archer 83 kusan ya haifar da hari na farko na Rasha) ya juya Reagan kan manufar yaƙin nukiliya mai cin nasara, kuma ya fara ganin makaman nukiliya a matsayin "Katin daji" fiye da dabarun hanawa. Kodayake daga baya ya yi imani da Yarjejeniyar kawar da makamai a hankali yana rage haɗarin makaman nukiliya ta hanyar rage yawan su da matsayin faɗakarwa, ya kuma yi imanin cewa mafita ta fasaha na iya ba da damar harbe ICBMs masu shigowa, don haka ya sa Amurka ba za a iya fuskantar hari na farko ba. Koyaya, USSR ta ga manufar SDI a matsayin babbar barazana, tunda tura tsarin zai ba Amurka damar kaddamar da babban hari na farko a Tarayyar Soviet ba tare da tsoron ramuwar gayya ba. Manufar SDI ita ce amfani da tsarin ƙasa da sararin samaniya don kare Amurka daga hari da makamai masu linzami na nukiliya. Shirin ya mayar da hankali kan kariya ta dabarun maimakon ka'idar kuskuren dabarun da ta gabata na tabbatar da juna (MAD). An kafa Strategic Defense Initiative Organization (SDIO) a cikin 1984 a cikin Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Amurka don kula da Strategic Defense Program. === Kasuwancin nukiliya na NATO === [[Fayil:Operation_Upshot_test.ogv|thumb|Misali na gwajin makamashin nukiliya a Amurka]] Shirye-shiryen aiki na NATO don Yaƙin Duniya na Uku sun haɗa da abokan NATO waɗanda ba su da makaman nukiliya, ta amfani da makaman Nukiliya da Amurka ta bayar a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin yaki na NATO, a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Babban Kwamandan NATO. [[Fayil:Overzicht_op_Museumplein_met_spandoek_The_Dutch_disease_is_better_for_peace_o,_Bestanddeelnr_253-8627.jpg|thumb|zanga-zangar da aka yi a [[Amsterdam]] game da tseren makaman nukiliya tsakanin Amurka / NATO da Tarayyar Soviet, 1981]] Daga cikin iko uku na nukiliya a NATO (Faransa, Ingila, da Amurka) Amurka ce kawai ta samar da makamai don raba nukiliya. Ya zuwa Nuwamba , [[Beljik|Belgium]], Jamus, Italiya, Netherlands da [[Turkiyya]] har yanzu suna karbar bakuncin makaman nukiliya na Amurka a matsayin wani ɓangare na manufofin raba nukiliya ta NATO.<ref name="RUSI-2010">{{Citation|last1=amp}}</ref> Kanada ta dauki bakuncin makamai har zuwa 1984, <ref name="RUSI-2010" /> da [[Girka (ƙasa)|Girka]] har zuwa 2001. Har ila yau, Ƙasar Ingila ta karɓi Makaman nukiliya na Amurka kamar bindigogi na nukiliya da Makamai masu linzami har zuwa 1992, duk da cewa Burtaniya ƙasa ce ta makaman nukliya a kanta; waɗannan galibi an tura su a [[Jamus]]. A lokacin zaman lafiya, makaman nukiliya da aka adana a cikin ƙasashe marasa nukiliya suna ƙarƙashin kulawar 'yan saman Amurka kodayake a baya wasu bindigogi da tsarin makamai masu linzami sun kasance ƙarƙashin kulawar Sojojin Amurka; lambobin da ake buƙata don fashe su suna ƙarƙashin ikon Amurka. Idan akwai yaƙi, za a ɗora makamai a kan jiragen yaƙi na ƙasashe masu shiga. Makamai suna ƙarƙashin kulawa da iko na USAF Munitions Support Squadrons da ke kan manyan sansanonin aiki na NATO waɗanda ke aiki tare da sojojin kasar da ke karbar bakuncin. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2005, bam din nukiliya na B61 180 na makaman nukiliya 480 na Amurka da aka yi imanin cewa an tura su a Turai sun fada karkashin tsarin raba nukiliya. Ana adana makamai a cikin wani ajiya a cikin [[Gidan jirgin sama mai ƙarfi|mafaka na jirgin sama]], ta amfani da USAF WS3 Weapon Storage and Security System. Jiragen yaki da aka yi amfani da su sune F-16 Fighting Falcons da [[Panavia Tornado|Panavia Tornados]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hans M. Kristensen |date=5 October 2007 |title=U.S. Nuclear Weapons in Europe After the Cold War |url=http://www.nukestrat.com/pubs/Brief_Italy2007.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120202112109/http://www.nukestrat.com/pubs/Brief_Italy2007.pdf |archive-date=2 February 2012 |access-date=10 August 2013 |publisher=Federation of American Scientists}}</ref> == Tarihin kusa == Tare da fara tseren makamai na Cold War a cikin shekarun 1950, yakin apocalyptic tsakanin Amurka da Tarayyar Soviet ya zama ainihin yiwuwar. A lokacin Yakin Cold shekara ta (1947-1991), an bayyana abubuwan da suka faru na soja da yawa kamar yadda suka kusa da yiwuwar haifar da Yaƙin Duniya na III. Ko da bayan ƙarshen Yakin Cold da rushewar Tarayyar Soviet a cikin 1991, an bayyana wasu abubuwan da suka faru bayan haka a matsayin kira na kusa. === Yaƙin Koriya: 25 Yuni A shekarar 1950 - 27 Yuli 1953&nbsp; === Yaƙin Koriya yaƙi ne tsakanin hadin gwiwa guda biyu da ke yaƙi don iko da Yankin Koriya: hadin gwiwar kwaminisanci da ta haɗa da [[Koriya ta Arewa]], Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin, da [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]], da kuma hadin gwiwarsa ta jari-hujja da ta haɗa ti [[Koriya ta Kudu]], Amurka da Kwamandan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Mutane da yawa sun yi imanin cewa rikici zai iya zama babban yaki tsakanin kasashen uku, Amurka, USSR, da Chaina. Wakilin yaki na CBS News Bill Downs ya rubuta a 1951, "Ga zuciyata, amsar ita ce: Ee, Koriya ita ce farkon Yaƙin Duniya na III. Saukowa mai kyau a Inchon da ƙoƙarin hadin gwiwar Sojojin Amurka tare da Allies na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun ba mu nasara a Koriya. Amma wannan shine kawai yaƙin farko a cikin babban gwagwarmayar kasa da kasa wanda yanzu ke mamaye Gabas ta Tsakiya da dukan duniya. " Downs daga baya ya sake maimaita wannan imani a kan ABC Evening News yayin da yake bayar da rahoto game da labarin game da Lamarin USS Pueblo a shekarar 1968.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Downs |first=Bill |date=25 January 1968 |title=The USS Pueblo incident |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-KBxiX_9_Kk |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140615095207/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-KBxiX_9_Kk |archive-date=15 June 2014 |access-date=8 November 2013 |website=ABC Evening News |publisher=ABC}}</ref> {{Spaces}}Sakataren Gwamnati Dean Acheson daga baya ya yarda cewa Gwamnatin Truman ta damu game da karuwar rikici kuma Janar Douglas MacArthur ya gargadi shi cewa shiga tsakani da Amurka ke jagoranta ya yi barazanar martani na Soviet. === Rikicin Berlin: 4 Yuni - 9 Nuwamba 1961 === Rikicin Berlin na 1961 ya kasance rikici ne na siyasa da soja tsakanin Amurka da Tarayyar Soviet a Checkpoint Charlie tare da tankuna da sojoji da yawa na Amurka da Soviet / Gabashin Jamus a tsaye a juna kawai 100 yadudduka a kowane bangare na checkpoint. Dalilin da ya sa aka yi jayayya shi ne matsayin sana'a na babban birnin Jamus, [[Berlin]], da kuma Bayan yakin duniya na biyu Jamus. Rikicin Berlin ya fara ne lokacin da USSR ta kaddamar da wani ultimatum da ke buƙatar janyewar dukkan sojoji daga Berlin, gami da sojojin Yamma a Berlin ta Yamma. Rikicin ya ƙare a cikin rabuwa da birnin tare da gina Ginin Berlin na Gabashin Jamus. Wannan tsayayya ta ƙare cikin lumana a ranar 28 ga Oktoba biyo bayan fahimtar Amurka da Soviet don janye tankuna da rage tashin hankali. === Rikicin Makami Mai Girma na Cuba: 15-29 Oktoba 1962 === [[Fayil:Soviet_b-59_submarine.jpg|thumb|Wani jirgin saman saman Amurka mai suna HSS-1 Seabat yana tashi a kan jirgin ruwa na Soviet ''B-59'', wanda sojojin Amurka suka tilasta masa zuwa saman a cikin Caribbean kusa da Cuba. B-59 yana da torpedo na nukiliya a cikin jirgin, kuma ana buƙatar maɓallan jami'ai uku don amfani da shi. Ɗaya daga cikin rashin amincewarsu ne kawai ya hana jirgin ruwa daga kai hari kan rundunar Amurka da ke kusa, wani hasken da zai iya haifar da Yaƙin Duniya na Uku (28-29 Oktoba 1962).]] Rikicin Makami mai linzami na Cuban, gwagwarmaya game da ajiye makamai masu linzami na nukiliya na Soviet a Cuba don mayar da martani ga mamayewar Bay of Pigs, an dauke shi mafi kusa da musayar nukiliya, wanda zai iya haifar da yakin duniya na uku. Rikicin ya kai kololuwa a ranar 27 ga Oktoba, tare da manyan abubuwan da suka faru guda uku a rana ɗaya: * Mafi mahimmancin abin da ya faru ya faru ne lokacin da jirgin ruwa na Soviet ya kusan kaddamar da torpedo mai kwakwalwa don mayar da martani ga cewa Amurka ta yi niyya da shi a cikin ruwan kasa da kasa, tare da mayar da martiri na kaddamarwar nukiliya na Soviet kawai ya hana shi daga jami'in Sojan Ruwa na Soviet Vasily Arkhipov. * Harbi jirgin leken asiri na Lockheed U-2 wanda Rudolf Anderson ya tuka yayin da yake keta sararin samaniya na Cuban. * Kusan tsayar da wani U-2 wanda ya ɓace cikin sararin samaniya na Soviet a kan Siberia, wanda ya sa Soviets su yi imani cewa wannan na iya zama jagora na bama-bamai na Amurka. Duk da abin da mutane da yawa suka yi imanin cewa shine mafi kusa da duniya ya zo ga rikici na nukiliya, a duk lokacin da aka yi tsayayya, Doomsday Clock, wanda Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists ke gudanarwa don kimanta yadda ƙarshen duniya, ko Doomsday, yake, tare da tsakar dare shine apocalypse, ya kasance a cikin minti bakwai zuwa tsakar dare. An bayyana wannan ne saboda taƙaitaccen rikicin tun lokacin da aka saka idanu kan abubuwan da suka fi dacewa kamar jagorancin kasashe, rikice-rikice, yaƙe-yaƙe, da rikice-rikicen siyasa, da kuma martani na al'ummomi ga abubuwan da aka ambata. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists yanzu ya yaba da ci gaban siyasa wanda ya haifar da rikicin makami mai linzami na Cuban tare da inganta kwanciyar hankali na duniya. Bulletin ya nuna cewa rikice-rikice da lokutan da za su iya ƙaruwa, an sanya su da ƙarfi saboda manyan dalilai guda biyu: # Layin zafi na Washington zuwa Moscow ya haifar da matsalar sadarwa tsakanin [[White House|Fadar White House]] da Kremlin a lokacin rikicin. Wannan ya ba shugabannin manyan makaman nukiliya guda biyu damar tuntuɓar juna a ainihin lokacin, yana da mahimmanci lokacin da seconds zasu iya hana musayar nukiliya. # Dalili na biyu ya haifar da wani bangare saboda martani na duniya game da yadda Amurka da USSR suka zo kusa da yakin duniya na uku a lokacin rikici. {{Spaces}}Yayin da jama'a suka fara saka idanu kan batutuwan da suka shafi makaman nukiliya, sabili da haka don tara goyon baya ga dalilin da ya sa ba ya yaduwa, an sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar haramtacciyar gwajin 1963. Har zuwa yau wannan yarjejeniyar ta sanya hannu ta kasashe 126 duka, tare da sanannun ban da Faransa da China. Dukkanin wadannan kasashe suna cikin matakan farko na shirye-shiryen nukiliya a lokacin sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar farko, kuma dukansu biyu sun nemi damar nukiliya mai zaman kanta daga abokansu. Wannan Yarjejeniyar haramta gwajin ta hana Gwajin makaman nukiliya da suka fashe a cikin [[Sararin Samaniya na Duniya|yanayi]], ta iyakance gwajin makaman Nukiliya zuwa ƙasa da ƙarƙashin ruwa, ta rage raguwa da tasiri a kan muhalli, kuma daga baya ta sa agogon Doomsday ya ragu da minti biyar, ya isa jimlar minti goma sha biyu zuwa tsakar dare.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 October 2012 |title=Remembering the Cuban Missile Crisis |url=https://thebulletin.org/remembering-cuban-missile-crisis |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201052807/https://thebulletin.org/remembering-cuban-missile-crisis |archive-date=1 February 2018 |access-date=10 March 2018 |website=thebulletin.org}}</ref> Har zuwa wannan lokacin, an fashe bama-bamai na nukiliya sama da 1000, kuma damuwa game da tasirin dogon lokaci da gajeren lokaci ga duniyar ya zama abin damuwa ga masana kimiyya. === Rikicin kan iyakar Sin da Soviet: 2 Maris - 11 Satumba 1969 === Rikicin kan iyakar Sin da Soviet ya kasance yakin basasa na watanni bakwai da ba a bayyana ba tsakanin [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]] da [[Sin|China]] a lokacin da aka raba Sin da Soviet a shekarar 1969. Mafi tsanani daga cikin wadannan rikice-rikicen kan iyaka, wanda ya kawo manyan Jihohin kwaminisanci biyu a duniya zuwa bakin yaƙi, ya faru ne a watan Maris na shekara ta 1969 a kusa da Tsibirin Zhenbao (Damansky) a kan Kogin Ussuri (Wusuli) , kusa da Manchuria. Rikicin ya haifar da tsagaita wuta, tare da komawa ga halin da ake ciki. Masu sukar sun nuna cewa harin da kasar Sin ta kai a Zhenbao ya kasance don hana duk wani mamayewar Soviet na gaba; cewa ta hanyar kashe wasu Soviets, kasar Sin ta nuna cewa ba za a iya 'matsawa' ba; kuma Mao yana so ya koya musu 'darkoki mai zafi'. Dangantakar kasar Sin da USSR ta kasance mai laushi bayan rikici, duk da tattaunawar kan iyaka, wanda ya fara a shekarar 1969 kuma ya ci gaba ba tare da kammala ba har tsawon shekaru goma. A cikin gida, barazanar yaki da rikice-rikicen kan iyaka ya haifar ya kaddamar da sabon mataki a cikin [[Cultural Revolution|Juyin Juya Halin Al'adu]]; na cikakken soja na kasar Sin. Taron Kasa na 9 na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta kasar Sin, wanda aka gudanar bayan Lamarin tsibirin Zhenbao, ya tabbatar da Ministan Tsaro Lin Biao a matsayin magajin [[Mao Zedong]]. Bayan abubuwan da suka faru a shekarar 1969, Tarayyar Soviet ta kara kara yawan sojojin ta a kan iyakar Sin da Soviet, da kuma Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Mongolia. === Rikicin Yakin Yom Kippur: 6-25 Oktoba 1973 === Yakin Yom Kippur, wanda aka fi sani da Yakin Ramadan, ko Yakin Oktoba, ya fara ne da mamayewa mai ban mamaki na Yankunan da Isra'ila ta mamaye ta hadin gwiwar kasashe Larabawa, tare da taimakon Tarayyar Soviet. Isra'ila ta samu nasarar mayar da martani tare da taimakon Amurka. Rikicin ya karu tsakanin manyan kasashe biyu: Sojojin sojan ruwa na Amurka da Soviet sun kusa harbi juna a cikin Bahar Rum. Admiral Daniel J. Murphy na Amurka na shida Fleet ya yi la'akari da damar da rundunar Soviet ke ƙoƙarin kai hari na farko a kan rundunarsa a kashi 40 cikin dari. Pentagon ta sauya matsayin Defcon daga 4 zuwa 3. {{Spaces}}{{Spaces}}An tura manyan kasashe zuwa gefen yaƙi, amma tashin hankali ya ragu tare da tsagaita wuta da aka kawo a ƙarƙashin UNSC 339.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 October 2013 |title=Erol Araf: 'Incalculable consequences' |url=http://news.nationalpost.com/full-comment/erol-araf-incalculable-consequences |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205101243/http://news.nationalpost.com/full-comment/erol-araf-incalculable-consequences |archive-date=5 February 2017 |access-date=5 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Inside the Kremlin During the Yom Kippur War By Victor Israelyan |url=http://www.psupress.org/books/titles/0-271-01489-X.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140706024838/http://www.psupress.org/books/titles/0-271-01489-X.html |archive-date=6 July 2014 |access-date=27 May 2014}}</ref> === Kuskuren kwamfuta na NORAD na 1979: 9 Nuwamba 1979 === Amurka ta yi shirye-shiryen ramuwar gayya na gaggawa bayan tsarin NORAD ya nuna cewa an kaddamar da cikakken hari na Soviet.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-11-20 |title=Norad false alarm causes uproar |url=http://www.cbc.ca/archives/categories/war-conflict/defence/norad-watching-the-skies/norad-false-alarm-causes-uproar.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141108204905/http://www.cbc.ca/archives/categories/war-conflict/defence/norad-watching-the-skies/norad-false-alarm-causes-uproar.html |archive-date=8 November 2014 |access-date=17 March 2015 |publisher=CBC Canada}}</ref> Ba a yi ƙoƙari don amfani da layin zafi na Moscow-Washington don bayyana halin da ake ciki tare da USSR ba kuma ba har sai tsarin radar na farko ya tabbatar da cewa babu irin wannan ƙaddamarwa da ya faru ba cewa NORAD ta fahimci cewa gwajin tsarin kwamfuta ya haifar da kuskuren nuni. Wani sanata a cikin kayan aikin NORAD a lokacin ya bayyana yanayin tsoro. Binciken GAO ya haifar da gina wani wurin gwaji na waje don hana irin wannan kuskuren.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Andrews |first=Evan |title=5 Cold War Close Calls |url=http://www.history.com/news/history-lists/5-cold-war-close-calls |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141231010823/http://www.history.com/news/history-lists/5-cold-war-close-calls |archive-date=31 December 2014 |access-date=17 March 2015 |publisher=The History Channel}}</ref> === Radar Soviet ta yi rashin aiki: 26 Satumba 1983 === Wani ƙararrawa na ƙarya ya faru a kan Tsarin gargadi na nukiliya na Soviet, yana nuna ƙaddamar da makamai masu linzami na Amurka LGM-30 Minuteman daga sansanoni a Amurka. Stanislav Petrov, jami'in Sojojin Tsaro na Soviet, ya hana wani hari na ramuwar gayya, wanda ya fahimci cewa tsarin bai yi aiki ba (wanda binciken da aka yi daga baya). <ref name="Baltimore Sun">{{Cite web |last=Shane |first=Scott |title=Cold War's Riskiest Moment |url=http://hnn.us/articles/1709.html#bombs9-5-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060819033034/http://hnn.us/articles/1709.html |archive-date=19 August 2006 |publisher=Baltimore Sun, 31 August 2003 (article reprinted as The Nuclear War That Almost Happened in 1983)}}</ref> === Able Archer 83 hawan: 2-11 Nuwamba 1983 === A lokacin Able Archer 83, wani motsa jiki na [[NATO]] na kwana goma wanda ke kwaikwayon lokacin rikice-rikice wanda ya kai ga harin nukiliya na DEFCON 1, wasu mambobin Politburo na [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Soviet]] da sojoji sun dauki abubuwan da suka faru a matsayin makircin yaki wanda ke ɓoye ainihin harin farko. A mayar da martani, sojoji sun shirya don daidaitaccen hari ta hanyar shirya sojojin nukiliya da sanya rundunonin iska da aka ajiye a cikin jihohin Warsaw Pact na Gabashin Jamus da [[Poland]] a karkashin babban faɗakarwa. Koyaya, shirye-shiryen Soviet don ramuwar gayya ya ƙare bayan kammala darussan Able Archer.<ref name="Fischer Conundrum">{{Cite web |last=Benjamin B. Fischer |date=17 March 2007 |title=A Cold War Conundrum: The 1983 Soviet War Scare |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/a-cold-war-conundrum/source.htm#HEADING1-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114024850/https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/a-cold-war-conundrum/source.htm |archive-date=14 January 2009 |access-date=13 January 2009 |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]}}</ref> Hadarin roket na Norway shine farkon yakin duniya na uku da ya faru bayan yakin sanyi ya ƙare. {{Spaces}}Wannan lamarin ya faru ne lokacin da tashar gargadi ta Olenegorsk ta Rasha ta yi kuskuren sa hannun radar daga rokar bincike ta Black Brant XII (wanda masana kimiyya na Norway da Amurka suka kaddamar da shi tare daga Andøya Rocket Range), kamar yadda ya zama sa hannun radar na kaddamarwar makami mai linzami na Trident SLBM. A mayar da martani, an kira Shugaban Rasha Boris Yeltsin kuma an kunna jakar nukiliya ta ''Cheget'' a karo na farko kuma kawai. Koyaya, babban kwamandan nan da nan ya sami damar tantance cewa roket din ba ya shiga sararin samaniya na Rasha, kuma nan da nan kuma ya zubar da shirye-shiryen yaki da ramuwar gayya. An ƙaddara cewa, yayin da masana kimiyya na roket suka sanar da jihohi talatin ciki har da Rasha game da ƙaddamar da gwajin, bayanin bai kai ga masu fasahar radar na Rasha ba. === Abin da ya faru a filin jirgin saman Pristina: 12 Yuni 1999 === A ranar 12 ga watan Yunin 1999, washegari bayan karshen Yaƙin Kosovo, wasu jami'an zaman lafiya na Rasha 250 sun mamaye Filin jirgin saman Pristina kafin isowar sojojin [[NATO]] kuma suna tabbatar da isowar ƙarfafawa ta iska. Babban Kwamandan Sojojin NATO na Amurka Janar Wesley Clark ya ba da umarnin yin amfani da karfi a kan Rashawa. Mike Jackson, janar na Sojojin Burtaniya wanda ya tuntubi Rasha a lokacin lamarin, ya ki aiwatar da umarnin Clark, ya san shi da cewa "Ba zan fara yakin duniya na uku a gare ku ba". Kyaftin James Blunt, babban jami'in da ke gaban ginshiƙi na NATO a cikin kai tsaye da ke dauke da makamai a kan Rasha, ya karɓi umarnin "Destroy!" daga Clark a rediyo, amma ya bi umarnin Jackson don kewaye filin jirgin sama a maimakon haka ya ce a cikin wata hira cewa ko da ba tare da sa hannun Jackson ba zai ki bin umarnin Clark. A ranar 24 ga Nuwamba 2015, a kan iyaka tsakanin Turkiyya da Siriya, Sojojin Sama na Turkiyya sun harbe jirgin saman Sukhoi na Rasha. Turks sun yi iƙirarin cewa jirgin ya keta sararin samaniya na Turkiyya, da'awar da Rasha ta musanta; jirgin yana cikin yankin a matsayin wani ɓangare na sa hannun sojojin Rasha a yakin basasar Siriya, wanda Turkiyya ta goyi bayan sojojin adawa. Wannan lamari shine lalacewar farko na jirgin saman yaki na Sojojin Sama na Rasha ko Soviet da wata kasa ta [[NATO]] ta yi tun bayan harin da aka kai a madatsar ruwan Sui-ho a lokacin yakin Koriya a 1953. <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 November 2015 |title=Turkey downing that Russian fighter jet is terrible news for the war on ISIS. |url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/the_slatest/2015/11/24/turkey_downing_that_russian_fighter_jet_is_terrible_news_for_the_war_on.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151124195329/http://www.slate.com/blogs/the_slatest/2015/11/24/turkey_downing_that_russian_fighter_jet_is_terrible_news_for_the_war_on.html |archive-date=24 November 2015 |access-date=25 November 2015 |website=Slate Magazine}}</ref> Lamarin ya haifar da kafofin watsa labarai da yawa da mutane da yawa da ke yin sharhi cewa zai iya haifar da yaƙi a duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 November 2015 |title=Don't panic: Turkey shooting down a Russian warplane won't start World War 3 |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/turkey/12013517/Dont-panic-Turkey-shooting-down-a-Russian-warplane-wont-start-World-War-3.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718120546/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/turkey/12013517/Dont-panic-Turkey-shooting-down-a-Russian-warplane-wont-start-World-War-3.html |archive-date=18 July 2023 |access-date=2023-07-18 |website=www.telegraph.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bora |first=Birce |title='Which parts of Syria should be bombed?' |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/11/26/which-parts-of-syria-should-be-bombed |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718120546/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/11/26/which-parts-of-syria-should-be-bombed |archive-date=18 July 2023 |access-date=2023-07-18 |website=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2015-11-26 |title=Turkey risks sparking world war, says Iraq's Maliki |url=https://guardian.ng/news/turkey-risks-sparking-world-war-says-iraqs-maliki/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718120546/https://guardian.ng/news/turkey-risks-sparking-world-war-says-iraqs-maliki/ |archive-date=18 July 2023 |access-date=2023-07-18 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-US}}</ref> == Abubuwan da za su iya gani a yanzu == === Harin Rasha na Ukraine: 24 Fabrairu 2022 - yanzu === [[Fayil:Destruction_of_Russian_tanks_by_Ukrainian_troops_in_Mariupol_(4).jpg|thumb|Halakar BMP-3 IFV ta Rasha da sojojin Ukraine suka yi a Mariupol a ranar 7 ga Maris 2022]] A ranar 24 ga watan Fabrairun 2022, shugaban Rasha [[Vladimir Putin]] ya ba da umarnin mamaye [[Ukraniya|Ukraine]], wanda ya nuna babban karuwar Yaƙin Rasha da Ukraine, wanda aka fara a shekarar 2014. An bayyana mamayewar a matsayin babbar rikici ta soja a Turai tun lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. &nbsp;Harin ya sami zargi na kasa da kasa, gami da sabbin takunkumin da aka ɗora wa Rasha, wanda ya haɗa da haramcin Rasha daga SWIFT da rufe mafi yawan sararin samaniya na Yammacin zuwa jiragen Rasha. Bugu da ƙari, kafin da kuma lokacin mamayewar, wasu daga cikin kasashe 32 na NATO suna ba da Ukraine da makamai da sauran tallafin kayan aiki. A duk lokacin mamayewar, manyan 'yan siyasa da yawa na Rasha, ciki har da shugaban kasar Putin, ministan harkokin waje Sergey Lavrov da shugaban jam'iyyar United Russia Dmitry Medvedev, sun yi maganganu da yawa da aka gani a matsayin barazanar amfani da makaman nukiliya, yayin da jami'ai da yawa daga Amurka da NATO, ciki har ma da shugaban Amurka [[Joe Biden]] da Sakataren Janar NATO Jens Stoltenberg, sun yi sanarwa da ke tabbatar da martani NATO a yayin da Rasha ta sake kai farmaki ga kowace kasa ta NATO ko amfani da makamai na nukiliya ta sake haifar da ita. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sauer |first=Pjotr |date=2022-09-21 |title=Putin announces partial mobilisation and threatens nuclear retaliation in escalation of Ukraine war |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/sep/21/putin-announces-partial-mobilisation-in-russia-in-escalation-of-ukraine-war |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114202406/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/sep/21/putin-announces-partial-mobilisation-in-russia-in-escalation-of-ukraine-war |archive-date=14 January 2023 |access-date=2022-09-21 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 February 2022 |title=Biden says Americans should not worry about nuclear war after Russian actions |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/27/us/politics/putin-nuclear-alert-biden-deescalation.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228011550/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/27/us/politics/putin-nuclear-alert-biden-deescalation.html |archive-date=28 February 2022 |access-date=28 February 2022 |website=[[Reuters]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Samuels |first=Brett |date=11 March 2022 |title=Biden: Direct conflict between NATO and Russia would be 'World War III' |url=https://thehill.com/policy/international/597842-biden-direct-conflict-between-nato-and-russia-would-be-world-war-iii |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325032254/https://thehill.com/policy/international/597842-biden-direct-conflict-between-nato-and-russia-would-be-world-war-iii |archive-date=25 March 2022 |access-date=11 March 2022 |website=The Hill}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-21 |title=Biden denounces Putin's 'overt' nuclear threats, urges UN allies to reject Russia's invasion of Ukraine |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/09/21/biden-denounces-putins-overt-nuclear-threats-urges-un-allies-to-reject-russias-invasion-of-ukraine.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921194052/https://www.cnbc.com/2022/09/21/biden-denounces-putins-overt-nuclear-threats-urges-un-allies-to-reject-russias-invasion-of-ukraine.html |archive-date=21 September 2022 |access-date=2022-09-21 |website=CNBC |language=en}}</ref> Yawancin abubuwan da suka faru da aka gani a matsayin kira na kusa da rikici tsakanin Rasha da NATO tun daga lokacin sun faru, wanda ya fi shahara shi ne harin makami mai linzami a ƙauyen Poland na Przewodów kusa da iyakar da Ukraine a watan Nuwamba 2022. A farkon 2023, Putin ya dakatar da shiga Rasha a New START, yarjejeniyar nukiliya ta ƙarshe tsakanin Rasha da Amurka, kuma daga baya ya sanar da shirye-shiryen shigar da makaman nukiliya na Rasha a [[Belarus]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chen |first=Heather |last2=Humayun |first2=Hira |last3=Knight |first3=Mariya |last4=Carey |first4=Andrew |last5=Gigova |first5=Radina |last6=Kostenko |first6=Maria |date=2023-03-26 |title=Russia plans to station tactical nuclear weapons in Belarus, Putin says |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/03/25/world/russia-putin-nuclear-weapons-belarus-intl-hnk/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331052514/https://www.cnn.com/2023/03/25/world/russia-putin-nuclear-weapons-belarus-intl-hnk/index.html |archive-date=31 March 2023 |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=CNN}}</ref> Masana daban-daban, masu sharhi, da sauransu sun bayyana rikicin a matsayin kira na kusa da yakin duniya na uku, yayin da wasu suka ba da shawarar akasin haka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Simhony |first=Limor |title=NATO Intervention in Ukraine Won't Spark World War III |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/04/01/nato-intervention-in-ukraine-wont-spark-world-war-iii/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007025659/https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/04/01/nato-intervention-in-ukraine-wont-spark-world-war-iii/ |archive-date=7 October 2022 |access-date=2022-10-07 |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Miller |first=Paul |date=8 March 2022 |title=Ukraine Is Not World War III |url=https://thedispatch.com/p/ukraine-is-not-world-war-iii |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007025701/https://thedispatch.com/p/ukraine-is-not-world-war-iii |archive-date=7 October 2022 |access-date=2022-10-07 |website=The Dispatch}}</ref> == Yaduwar amfani da kalmar == === Yaƙin Cold === [[Fayil:World_nuclear_weapons.png|thumb|Babban tarin [[makaman nukiliya]] tare da kewayon duniya (duhu mai launin shudi), ƙaramin tarin tare da kewar duniya (matsakaici mai launin shuɗi), ƙaramin kayan aiki tare da kewaye na yanki (mai launin shudi) ]] Yayinda dangantakar Soviet-Amurka ta karu da tashin hankali a lokacin bayan yakin duniya na biyu, tsoron cewa tashin hankali na iya karuwa zuwa yakin duniya na uku ya kasance koyaushe. {{Spaces}}{{Spaces}}Wani binciken Gallup a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1950 ya gano cewa fiye da rabin Amurkawa sun yi la'akari da yakin duniya na uku ya riga ya fara.{{Spaces}} A shekara ta 2004, mai sharhi Norman Podhoretz ya ba da shawarar cewa [[Cold War|Yaƙin Cold]], wanda ya kasance daga mika wuya ga ikon Axis har zuwa faduwar Ginin Berlin, ana iya kiransa Yakin Duniya na III. {{Spaces}}Ta hanyar lissafin Podhoretz, "Yaƙin Duniya na IV" zai zama kamfen na duniya game da Islamofascism.<ref name="Podhoretz2004">{{Cite magazine|url-status=17+}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Buckley |first=William F. Jr. |author-link=William F. Buckley Jr. |date=22 October 2007 |title=World War IV? |url=https://www.nationalreview.com/2007/09/world-war-iv-william-f-buckley-jr/ |url-status=live |journal=[[National Review]] |volume=59 |issue=19 |page=62 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806022343/https://www.nationalreview.com/2007/09/world-war-iv-william-f-buckley-jr/ |archive-date=6 August 2020 |access-date=14 June 2019}} (published online 6 September 2007)</ref>{{Spaces}} Duk da haka, yawancin masana tarihi za su yi kama da cewa Yaƙin Duniya na III dole ne ya zama "yaƙin duniya wanda manyan dakarun daga ƙasashe da yawa suka yi yaƙi" da kuma yaƙin da "ya haɗa da yawancin manyan ƙasashe na duniya". {{Spaces}}Yakin Cold ya sami sunansa daga rashin aikin da aka dauka daga bangarorin biyu. Rashin aiki ya kasance ne saboda tsoron cewa yakin nukiliya zai iya lalata bil'adama.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 September 2011 |title=American History: The Cold War |url=https://learningenglish.voanews.com/a/american-history-the-cold-war-130292758/116228.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201012146/https://learningenglish.voanews.com/a/american-history-the-cold-war-130292758/116228.html |archive-date=1 February 2022 |access-date=2022-05-02 |website=VOA |language=en}}</ref> A cikin littafinsa Secret Weapons of the Cold War, Bill Yenne ya kammala cewa yakin basasa na Superpower daga shekarun 1940 zuwa 1991, ba yakin duniya na uku ba ne.<ref>Yenne, Bill (2005). ''Secret Weapons of the Cold War.'' Berkly Book, New York</ref>{{Spaces}} === Yaƙi da ta'addanci === [[Fayil:WTC_smoking_on_9-11.jpeg|thumb|[[September 11 attacks|Hare-haren Satumba 11]]]] "Yaƙin da aka yi da ta'addanci" wanda ya fara da [[September 11 attacks|Hare-haren Satumba 11]] wasu sun yi iƙirarin cewa Yaƙin Duniya na III ne.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Micallef |first=Joseph V. |date=24 January 2017 |title=Are We Already Fighting World War III? |url=http://www.military.com/daily-news/2017/01/24/are-we-already-fighting-world-war-iii.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170416051031/http://www.military.com/daily-news/2017/01/24/are-we-already-fighting-world-war-iii.html |archive-date=16 April 2017 |access-date=15 April 2017 |website=[[Military.com]]}}</ref> Sauran sun raina irin waɗannan da'awar kamar "karkatar da [[Tarihin Amurka]]". Duk da yake akwai yarjejeniya tsakanin masana tarihi game da ma'anoni da girman yaƙe-yaƙe na duniya guda biyu, wato saboda girman duniya na tashin hankali da hallaka kansu na waɗannan yaƙe-yarƙe biyu, wasu sun yi iƙirarin cewa "Yaƙin Duniya" na iya buƙatar irin wannan yaƙe-yanayi da kisan gilla a duniya. Duk da haka, irin wannan da'awar sabon "ƙananan ƙofar tashin hankali", wanda yanzu zai iya isa ya cancanci yaƙi a matsayin "Yaƙin Duniya" bai sami irin wannan karɓa da tallafi ba kamar yadda ma'anar yaƙe-yaƙe biyu na duniya suka samu tsakanin masana tarihi. ==== Yaƙi da Daular Musulunci ==== A ranar 1 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2015, Ministan Harkokin Waje na Iraki Ibrahim al-Jaafari ya bayyana cewa yakin da aka yi da Daular Islama ya kasance "Yaƙin Duniya na III", saboda manufofin Daular Islami na Khalifanci na duniya, da kuma nasarar da ta samu wajen yada rikici ga kasashe da yawa a waje da yankin Levant. {{Spaces}}Da yake mayar da martani ga hare-haren da aka kai a birnin Paris a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2015, Sarkin Jordan Abdullah II ya bayyana cewa "Muna fuskantar yakin duniya na uku [a cikin Islama]". A cikin jawabinsa na Jihar Tarayyar a ranar 12 ga Janairun 2016, Shugaban Amurka [[Barack Obama]] ya yi gargadin cewa rahotanni da ke ba ISIL damar da ake tsammani na haifar da yakin duniya na uku na iya zama da yawa kuma ba shi da alhaki, yana mai cewa "yayin da muke mai da hankali kan hallaka ISIL, ya yi iƙirarin cewa wannan yakin duniya ne na III kawai yana wasa a hannayensu. Yawancin mayakan da ke bayan manyan motoci da kuma masu karkatarwa a cikin gidaje ko garages suna haifar da babbar haɗari ga fararen hula kuma dole ne su zama masu barazana ga rayuwarmu ta ƙasa".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Obama |first=Barak |date=13 January 2016 |title=2016 State of the Union Address |url=https://medium.com/@WhiteHouse/president-obama-s-2016-state-of-the-union-address-7c06300f9726#.6rytyu7a2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160209085124/https://medium.com/@WhiteHouse/president-obama-s-2016-state-of-the-union-address-7c06300f9726#.6rytyu7a2 |archive-date=9 February 2016 |access-date=9 February 2016 |website=The White House |publisher=government of the United States of America}}</ref>{{Spaces}} === Ƙananan yaƙe-yaƙe da yawa a matsayin "yaƙi na uku" === A cikin tambayoyin da aka rubuta da yawa a ƙarƙashin yanayi na yau da kullun, kwatanta gobarar Yaƙin Duniya na I da na II da yaƙe-yaƙe masu ƙarancin ƙarfi na ƙarni na 21, [[Francis (fafaroma)|Paparoma Francis]] ya ce, "Duniya tana cikin yaƙi saboda ta rasa zaman lafiya", kuma "watakila mutum na iya magana game da yaƙi na uku, wanda ya yi yaƙi a hankali". {{Spaces}}{{Spaces}} == Abubuwan da ba a tsammani ba == A shekara ta 1949, bayan kaddamar da makaman nukiliya a ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na II, masanin kimiyyar lissafi [[Albert Einstein]] ya ba da shawarar cewa duk wani sakamako na yiwuwar Yaƙin Duniya ya III zai zama bala'i a kan [[Wayewa|wayewar ɗan adam]] don mayar da bil'adama zuwa Zamanin Stone. &nbsp;&nbsp;Lokacin da ɗan jarida Alfred Werner ya tambaye shi irin makamai Einstein ya yi imanin cewa za a iya yaƙi da Yaƙin Duniya na III, Einstein ya yi gargadin, "Ban san da waɗanne makamai za a yi yaƙi da Yakin Duniya na III ba, amma za a yi Yaƙin Duniya yaƙi da sanduna da duwatsu". <ref name="einstein">''The New Quotable Einstein''. Alice Calaprice (2005), p. 173.</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Johnson |first=M. Alex |date=18 April 2005 |title=The culture of Einstein |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna7406337 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180208205219/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/7406337#.WmyV55OdU3g |archive-date=8 February 2018 |access-date=27 January 2018 |website=MSNBC |language=en}}</ref>{{Spaces}} Game da halakar da 'yan Adam sakamakon yaƙin nukiliya, Leslie A. White ya kalubalanci Einstein, "wannan ma za a iya shigar da shi azaman yiwuwar, kuma duk abin da za mu iya cewa idan ya zo, zai zo. Maganganun tsoro ba za su canza yanayin abubuwan da suka faru ba. " Crane Brinton ya kuma shakkar zaman lafiya na tunanin Einstein: "Malamai, masu wa'azi, malamai, har ma da 'yan siyasa suna gaya wa ƙarni mai girma cewa dole ne babu yaƙi kuma, saboda haka, babu wani abu mai hikima".<ref>Brinton, Crane, (1948). ''From Many to One: The Process of Political Integration, the Problem of World Government'', (Westport: Greenwood Press), p 4.</ref> James Burnham na Ofishin Ayyukan Dabarun (wanda ya riga ya kasance [[C.I.A|CIA]]), ya kuma yi imani da rayuwa: Ana samun bambancin makaman nukiliya a cikin cewa suna iya hallaka rayuwar ɗan adam gaba ɗaya, gami da ta hanyar yanayin yanayi da yanayin ƙasa, amma haka ba haka ba ne. Babban ka'idojin dabarun soja ba su canza ba. Yaƙin nukiliya zai bambanta da yaƙe-yaƙe na dā amma za a yanke shawarar ta hanyar haɗuwa da albarkatu, halin kirki da dabarun.<ref>Burnham, James, (1947). ''Struggle for the World'', (New York: The John Day Company), pp 26, 28-29.</ref> Wani Bayani na New England Journal of Medicine na 1998 ya gano cewa "Ko da yake mutane da yawa sun yi imanin cewa barazanar harin nukiliya ya ɓace sosai tare da ƙarshen Yakin Cold, akwai shaidu masu yawa da suka saɓa".<ref name="nejm" /> Musamman, yarjejeniyar raba juna ta Amurka da Rasha a cikin 1994 ta kasance alama ce kuma ba ta canza adadin lokacin da ake buƙata don kaddamar da hari ba. An yi imanin cewa yanayin "harin haɗari" ya kasance ƙaddamarwa ne na ramuwar gayya saboda gargadi na ƙarya, kamar abin da ya faru na 1983. <ref name="nejm">{{Cite journal |last=Forrow |first=Lachlan |last2=Blair |first2=Bruce G. |last3=Helfand |first3=Ira |last4=Lewis |first4=George |last5=Postol |first5=Theodore |last6=Sidel |first6=Victor |last7=Levy |first7=Barry S. |last8=Abrams |first8=Herbert |last9=Cassel |first9=Christine |date=30 April 1998 |title=Accidental Nuclear War — A Post–Cold War Assessment |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=338 |issue=18 |pages=1326–1332 |doi=10.1056/NEJM199804303381824 |issn=0028-4793 |pmid=9562589 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A tarihi, Yaƙin Duniya na ya faru ne ta hanyar rikici mai tsanani; Yaƙin Duniya ya faru ne da gangan. &nbsp;&nbsp;Abubuwan da aka yi la'akari da su a cikin shekarun 2010 da 2020 sun haɗa da mamayewar Rasha a Ukraine, fadada kasar Sin zuwa tsibirai da ke kusa da su, Rikicin kan iyakar Sin da Indiya, barazanar aikin soja na kasar Sin a kan Taiwan, rikice-rikicen kan iyakar Indo-Pakistan, da kuma shiga kasashen waje a yakin basasar Siriya. Sauran haɗarin da ake tsammani sune cewa yaƙin da ya shafi ko tsakanin [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudi Arabia]] da [[Iran]], [[Isra'ila]] da Iran, [[Indiya]] da [[Pakistan]], [[Ukraniya|Ukraine]] da [[Rasha]], [[Poland]] da [[Belarus]], [[Koriya ta Kudu]] da [[Koriya ta Arewa]], ko [[Taiwan]] da [[Sin|China]] na iya ƙaruwa ta hanyar kawance ko shiga cikin yaƙi tsakanin "babban iko" kamar [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], Ingila, Faransa, Jamus, Rasha, China, Japan ko kuma yaƙin da ke tsakanin hadin gwiwar soja [[NATO]] da CSTO, ko ma yiwuwar "kwamin kwamandan makaman nukiliya" wanda ba a ƙarƙashin duk wani yaƙin nukiliya ba shi da izini ba zai iya ƙaruwa ba tare da izini yaƙin da izini da izini a kaiwa ba.<ref>{{Cite book|last3=Ron Rosenbaum}}</ref> Dangane da binciken da aka sake dubawa da aka buga a cikin mujallar Nature Food a watan Agustan 2022, cikakken yakin nukiliya tsakanin Amurka da Rasha, wanda ya saki sama da Tg 150 na soot na stratospheric, na iya kashe mutane sama da biliyan biyar ta hanyar yunwa a lokacin hunturu na nukiliya. Fiye da mutane biliyan biyu na iya mutuwa daga yunwa daga karamin yaki na nukiliya (5-47 Tg) tsakanin Indiya da Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Xia |first=Lili |last2=Robock |first2=Alan |last3=Scherrer |first3=Kim |last4=Harrison |first4=Cheryl S. |last5=Bodirsky |first5=Benjamin Leon |last6=Weindl |first6=Isabelle |last7=Jägermeyr |first7=Jonas |last8=Bardeen |first8=Charles G. |last9=Toon |first9=Owen B. |last10=Heneghan |first10=Ryan |date=15 August 2022 |title=Global food insecurity and famine from the reduced crop, marine fishery and livestock production due to climate disruption from nuclear war soot injection |journal=[[Nature Food]] |volume=3 |issue=8 |pages=586–596 |doi=10.1038/s43016-022-00573-0 |pmid=37118594 |s2cid=251601831 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> A yayin yakin nukiliya tsakanin Rasha da Amurka, kashi 99% na yawan jama'a a cikin ƙasashe masu fafatawa, da Turai da China, za su mutu. Wasu al'amuran sun haɗa da haɗari saboda canje-canje masu zuwa daga sanannen halin da ake ciki. A cikin shekarun 1980s Strategic Defense Initiative ya yi ƙoƙari ya soke makaman nukiliya na USSR; wasu masu sharhi sun yi imanin cewa shirin yana "rashin daidaituwa". A cikin littafinsa Destined for War, Graham Allison yana kallon kishiyar duniya tsakanin ikon da aka kafa, Amurka, da ikon da ke tasowa, China, a matsayin misali na Thucydides Trap. Allison ya bayyana cewa a tarihi, "12 daga cikin shari'o'i 16 da suka gabata inda karuwar iko ta fuskanci ikon mulki" sun haifar da fada.<ref>Graham Allison (2017). ''Destined for War'', Scribe, p. 215</ref> A cikin 2020 da 2023, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists ya ci gaba da agogon ranar ƙarshe, yana mai da hankali a tsakanin sauran abubuwan da aka yi hasashen tasirin rikice-rikice daga makamai masu zuwa. Yakin yanar gizo shine amfani da fasaha ta wata kasa ko kungiyar kasa da kasa don kai farmaki da lalata hanyoyin sadarwa da kwamfutocin adawa. Lalacewar na iya haifar da ƙwayoyin cuta na kwamfuta ko hare-haren ƙin sabis (DoS). Hare-haren yanar gizo suna ƙara zama ruwan dare, suna barazanar tsaro ta yanar gizo kuma suna mai da shi fifiko a duniya. An sami yaduwar hare-haren da gwamnati ke tallafawa. Halin waɗannan hare-haren ya nuna yiwuwar yakin duniya na uku na yanar gizo.Manyan sojoji na duniya suna haɓaka dabarun yanar gizo, gami da hanyoyin canza tsarin umarni da sarrafa abokan gaba, tsarin gargadi na farko, dabaru, da sufuri.Harin Rasha na 2022 na Ukraine ya haifar da damuwa game da babban hari na yanar gizo, tare da Rasha da ta kaddamar da hare-haren yanar gizo don sasanta kungiyoyi a duk faɗin Ukraine. Rasha ta kaddamar da kusan hare-hare 40 masu hankali waɗanda suka lalata fayiloli har abada a cikin daruruwan tsarin a cikin ƙungiyoyi da yawa, tare da kashi 40% da nufin manyan fannoni a cikin Ukraine.Amfani da yakin yanar gizo na Rasha ya juya yakin zuwa babban yakin "haɗe-haɗe" a Ukraine. == Dubi kuma == * Yunkurin adawa da nukiliya * Gasar makamai ta wucin gadi * Yakin Cold na Ilimin Ilimin Ilimi * Gasar makaman nukiliya * Holocaust na nukiliya * Ta'addanci na nukiliya * Yaƙin Cold na Biyu * Yaƙin Duniya na III a cikin al'adun gargajiya * [[Yaƙi]] * [[Yaƙin Duniya na I]] * [[Yaƙin Duniya na II]] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] m5gbnzlhfmhjuqszgvpe4tl7cls4nz1 884813 884812 2026-07-19T08:51:51Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 884813 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   [[Fayil:Castle_Bravo_Blast.jpg|thumb|Yaƙin nukiliya alama ce ta yau da kullun kuma jigon mafi yawan abubuwan da suka faru na Yaƙin Duniya na III. &nbsp;Irin wannan rikici an yi la'akari da shi don haifar da ko kusa da halakawar ɗan adam.]] '''Yaƙin Duniya na I''' ('''WWIII''' ko '''WW3'''), wanda aka fi sani da '''Yaƙin Duniya na Uku''', rikici ne na duniya na gaba wanda ya biyo bayan Yaƙin Duniya Na shekara ta alif (1914 zuwa zuwa 1918) da [[Yaƙin Duniya na II]] a shekara ta alif 1939 Zuwa 1945). An yi la'akari da cewa irin wannan yaƙin zai shafi dukkan manyan ƙasashen duniya, kamar waɗanda suka riga shi, da kuma amfani da [[makaman nukiliya]] ko wasu makamai na hallaka jama'a, don haka ya wuce rikice-rikicen da suka gabata a cikin yanki, lalacewa, da asarar rai. Tun lokacin da Manhattan [[Project]] ya ci gaba da makaman nukiliya a shekara ta alif 1945 da kuma amfani da su ta [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] a cikin bama-Bamai na nukiliya na Hiroshima da Nagasaki a ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na II, haɗarin apocalypse na nukiliyar da ke haifar da lalacewa mai yawa da yiwuwar [[Yanayin tashin duniya|rushewar wayewa]] ko halaka bil'adama ya zama jigon gama gari a cikin hasashe da fiction game da Yaƙin Duniya III. Tare da zuwan [[Cold War|Yaƙin Cold]] A shekara ta (1947-1991) da yaduwar makaman [[nukiliya]] zuwa [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]], wanda wasu kasashe da yawa suka biyo baya, haɗarin yakin duniya na uku ya tashi. A lokacin Yakin Cold, sojoji da ma'aikatan farar hula a duk duniya sun yi tsammanin yiwuwar kuma sun shirya hakan, tare da abubuwan da suka faru daga yaƙin gargajiya zuwa iyakantaccen ko gaba ɗaya Yaƙin nukiliya. An kirkiro ka'idar dabarun tabbatar da lalacewa, wanda ya nuna cewa cikakken rikici na nukiliya zai hallaka dukkan bangarorin da ke cikin rikici. Shugabannin Amurka da Soviet sun yi aiki don kauce wa irin wannan sakamako, kodayake kira da yawa na kusa, wanda ya haifar da fasaha mara kyau, kuskuren ɗan adam ko rashin sadarwa, har yanzu ya faru, yana jaddada buƙatar hanawa daga bangarorin biyu. == Magana ==   Mujallar Time ta kasance mai karɓar farko, idan ba mai farawa ba, na kalmar "Yaƙin Duniya na III". {{Spaces}}Amfani na farko ya bayyana a cikin fitowar 3 ga Nuwamba Shekara ta 1941 (kafin harin Japan a kan Pearl Harbor a ranar 7 ga Disamba 1941) a ƙarƙashin sashin "Hamaloli na Kasa" kuma mai taken "Yaƙin Duniya na III?" game da ɗan gudun hijirar Nazi Hermann Rauschning, wanda ya isa Amurka. {{Spaces}}A cikin fitowar ta 22 ga Maris 1943, a ƙarƙashin sashin "Labaran Kasashen Waje", ''Lokaci'' ya sake amfani da wannan taken "Yaƙin Duniya na III?" game da maganganun Mataimakin Shugaban Amurka na ''Lokaci'' Henry A. Wallace: "Za mu yanke shawara a wani lokaci a shekarar 1943 ko 1944 ... ko mu dasa tsaba na Yaƙin Duniya na Uku. " Lokaci ya ci gaba da samun ko ambaton labaran "Yaƙin duniya na III" don sauran shekaru goma da gaba: 1944, 1945, 1946 ("yaƙin ƙwayoyin cuta da 1948. {{Spaces}}{{Spaces}}{{Spaces}}''Lokaci'' ya ci gaba da amfani da wannan kalmar, alal misali, a cikin littafin 2015 mai taken "Wannan shine Abin da Yaƙin Duniya na III Zai Kamata". == Shirye-shiryen Soja == Masu dabarun soja sun yi amfani da wasannin yaƙi don shirya don yanayin yaƙi daban-daban da kuma ƙayyade dabarun da suka fi dacewa. An yi amfani da wasannin yaƙi don Yaƙin Duniya na I da Yaƙin Duniya ya II . === Aikin da ba za a iya tsammani ba ===   Firayim Ministan Burtaniya [[Winston Churchill]] ya damu da cewa, tare da girman sojojin Soviet Red Army da aka tura a Tsakiyar Turai da Gabashin Turai a Ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na II<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwbg">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki> da rashin amintaccen shugaban Soviet [[Joseph Stalin]], akwai babbar barazana ga Yammacin Turai. A cikin Afrilu-Mayu 1945, Sojojin Burtaniya sun haɓaka Operation Unthinkable, wanda ake zaton shine yanayin farko na Yaƙin Duniya na Uku. Babban burinta shine "ta tilasta wa Rasha nufin Amurka da [[Daular Biritaniya|Daular Burtaniya]]".<ref>{{Cite web |last=British War Cabinet, Joint Planning Staff, Public Record Office, CAB 120/691/109040 / 002 |date=11 August 1945 |title=Operation Unthinkable: 'Russia: Threat to Western Civilization' |url=http://www.history.neu.edu/PRO2/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080706093010/http://www.history.neu.edu/PRO2/ <!--Added by H3llBot--> |archive-date=6 July 2008 |access-date=28 June 2008 |publisher=Department of History, Northeastern University |format=online photocopy}}</ref> Kwamitin Shugabannin Ma'aikata na Burtaniya sun ki amincewa da shirin a matsayin wanda ba zai yiwu ba a soja. === Aikin Dropshot === {{Clear}}Operation Dropshot shi ne shirin gaggawa na Amurka na Shekarar 1950 don yiwuwar yaki da [[Makaman nukiliya|nukiliya]] da na al'ada tare da [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]] a cikin wuraren wasan kwaikwayo na Yammacin Turai da Asiya. Kodayake labarin ya yi amfani da makaman nukiliya, ba a sa ran su taka muhimmiyar rawa ba. A lokacin da Makaman nukiliya na Amurka sun iyakance a girman, galibi a Amurka, kuma sun dogara da bama-bamai don isar da su. Dropshot ya haɗa da bayanan manufa waɗanda za su yi amfani da bama-Bamai na nukiliya 300 da bama-mamai masu fashewa 29,000 a kan manufofi 200 a cikin birane da garuruwa 100 don share kashi 85% na damar masana'antar Tarayyar Soviet a cikin bugun jini ɗaya. Tsakanin 75 da 100 daga cikin makaman nukiliya 300 an yi niyya ne don lalata jirgin yaki na Soviet a ƙasa. An tsara labarin ne kafin ci gaban makamai masu linzami na intercontinental. An kuma tsara shi kafin Shugaban Amurka [[John F. Kennedy]] da Sakataren Tsaro Robert McNamara su canza shirin Yakin Nukiliya na Amurka daga shirin yajin aiki na 'kisan birni' zuwa shirin "counterforce" (wanda aka fi mayar da hankali ga sojojin). Makaman nukiliya a wannan lokacin ba su da isasshen daidaito don kai hari kan sansanin sojan ruwa ba tare da lalata birnin da ke kusa da shi ba, don haka manufar amfani da su ita ce ta lalata ikon masana'antar abokan gaba don lalata tattalin arzikin yaƙi. === Haɗin gwiwar Burtaniya da Ireland === Jamhuriyar Ireland ta fara shirin yiwuwar yakin nukiliya a ƙarshen shekarun 1940. Za a kafa hadin gwiwa tsakanin Ingila da Ireland a yayin WWIII, inda za su raba bayanan yanayi, sarrafa kayan aiki don kewayawa, da daidaita sabis na watsa shirye-shiryen Wartime wanda zai faru bayan harin nukiliya. <ref name="auto3">{{Cite journal |last=Kennedy |first=Michael |date=2017 |title=ENVISAGING THE UNTHINKABLE: PLANNING FOR ARMAGEDDON IN 1950s IRELAND |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/90005263 |url-status=live |journal=History Ireland |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=36–39 |issn=0791-8224 |jstor=90005263 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220502180344/https://www.jstor.org/stable/90005263 |archive-date=2 May 2022 |access-date=2 May 2022}}</ref> Operation Sandstone a Ireland wani babban aikin soja ne na sirri na Burtaniya da Ireland.<ref name="auto3" /> Sojojin jihohin biyu sun fara binciken bakin teku na Burtaniya da Ireland tare daga 1948 zuwa 1955. Wannan buƙata ce daga Amurka don gano wuraren da suka dace don saukowa ga Amurka a yayin nasarar mamayewar Soviet.<ref name="auto3" /><ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |last=Archives |first=The National |date=2020-04-03 |title=The National Archives - Operation Sandstone: Surveying Britain's Cold War beaches |url=https://blog.nationalarchives.gov.uk/operation-sandstone-surveying-britains-cold-war-beaches/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127004120/https://blog.nationalarchives.gov.uk/operation-sandstone-surveying-britains-cold-war-beaches/ |archive-date=27 November 2020 |access-date=2022-05-02 |website=The National Archives blog |language=en-GB}}</ref> A shekara ta 1953, hadin gwiwar ta amince da raba bayanai game da yanayin yaƙi da kuma kwashe fararen hula daga Burtaniya zuwa Ireland.<ref name="auto3" /> Operation Sandstone na Ireland ya ƙare a shekarar 1966.<ref name="auto2" /> === Ayyuka na Grand Slam, Longstep, da Mainbrace === {{Clear}}A watan Janairun 1950, Majalisar Arewacin Atlantic ta amince da dabarun soja na [[NATO]] na hanawa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lord Ismay |title=Chapter 3 – The Pace Quickens |url=http://www.nato.int/archives/1st5years/chapters/3.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140313154306/http://www.nato.int/archives/1st5years/chapters/3.htm |archive-date=13 March 2014 |access-date=19 September 2011 |website=NATO the first five years 1949–1954 |publisher=[[NATO]]}}</ref> Shirye-shiryen soja na NATO ya sake sabuntawa bayan barkewar Yaƙin Koriya a farkon shekarun 1950, wanda ya sa NATO ta kafa "dakarun karkashin umarni na tsakiya, wanda ya isa ya hana tashin hankali da kuma tabbatar da tsaron Yammacin Turai". An kafa rundunar Allied Command Europe a karkashin Janar na Sojoji Dwight D. Eisenhower, Sojojin Amurka, a ranar 2 ga Afrilu 1951 . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Chapter 4 – The Pace Quickens |url=http://www.nato.int/archives/1st5years/chapters/4.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227094811/http://www.nato.int/archives/1st5years/chapters/4.htm |archive-date=27 December 2013 |access-date=19 September 2011 |website=NATO the first five years 1949–1954 |publisher=[[NATO]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=X |author-link=George F. Kennan |date=July 1947 |title=The Sources of Soviet Conduct |journal=[[Foreign Affairs]] |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=575–576 |doi=10.2307/20030065 |issn=0015-7120 |jstor=20030065}}</ref> Kungiyar Tsaro ta Yamma Turai a baya ta gudanar da Exercise Verity, wani motsa jiki na 1949 wanda ya shafi hare-haren jiragen ruwa da hare-harun jirgin ruwa. Ayyukan Mainbrace sun haɗu da jiragen ruwa 200 da ma'aikata sama da 50,000 don horar da tsaron [[Denmark]] da [[Norway]] daga harin Soviet a 1952. Wannan shi ne karo na farko da aka yi amfani da shi a NATO. Babban Kwamandan Allied Atlantic Admiral Lynde D. McCormick, Sojojin Ruwa na Amurka, da Babban Kwamandan Sojojin Turai Janar Matthew B. Ridgeway, Sojoji na Amurka, ne suka ba da umarnin aikin tare a lokacin kaka na 1952. Amurka, Ingila, [[Kanada]], Faransa, Denmark, Norway, [[Portugal]], [[Holand|Netherlands]], da [[Beljik|Belgium]] sun shiga. Atisayen Grand Slam da Longstep atisayen sojan ruwa ne da aka gudanar a cikin Tekun Bahar Rum a shekarar 1952 don gudanar da aikin korar makiya da ke mamaye da karfin tuwo. Ya ƙunshi jiragen ruwa sama da 170 da jiragen sama 700 a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Admiral Robert B. Carney . Babban kwamandan motsa jiki, Carney ya taƙaita nasarorin da aka samu na Exercise Grand Slam da cewa: "Mun nuna cewa manyan kwamandojin dukkan iko guda huɗu za su iya samun nasarar gudanar da aikin haɗakarwa tare da sarrafa shi yadda ya kamata a matsayin ƙungiya mai aiki. Tarayyar Soviet ta kira darussan "aikin yaki" ta NATO, tare da yin la'akari da shiga [[Norway]] da Denmark kuma sun shirya don ayyukan soja a Yankin Soviet.<ref name="Time2">''Time'', 29 September 1952</ref><ref name="Sidney">"NATO Ships Enter Baltic Sea" – ''Sydney Morning Herald'', p. 2</ref> === Exercise Strikeback ===   Exercise Strikeback babban aikin sojan ruwa ne na NATO wanda aka gudanar a shekara ta 1957, yana kwaikwayon martani ga harin Soviet a kan NATO. Wannan motsa jiki ya kunshi jiragen yaki sama da 200, jirgin sama 650, da ma'aikata 75,000 daga Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Amurka, Rundunar Soja ta Burtaniya, Rundunar Ruwa ta Kanada, Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Faransa, Rundunar Roya ta Netherlands, da Rundunar Sojojin Ruwa ta Royal Norway. A matsayin mafi girman aikin sojan ruwa na zaman lafiya har zuwa wannan lokacin, mai sharhi na soja Hanson W. Baldwin na The New York Times ya bayyana shi a matsayin "wanda ya zama mafi karfi da aka tara tun lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. === Jarabawar Ƙarfafawa ===   [[Fayil:USS_Hawes_(FFG-53),_USS_William_H._Standley_(CG-32)_and_USS_Guadalcanal_(LPH-7)_escort_tanker_Gas_King_in_the_Persian_Gullf_on_21_October_1987_(6432283).jpg|thumb|Idan aka kunna, Operation Reforger zai kunshi manyan motoci kamar wannan daga Operation Earnest Will a 1987, kodayake ya fi girma. Duk da yake dakarun za su iya tashi a fadin Tekun Atlantika, kayan aiki masu nauyi da ƙarfafa makamai dole ne su zo ta teku.]] Exercise RE (daga sake juyawa na FORces zuwa GER) wani motsa jiki ne na shekara-shekara da NATO ta gudanar a lokacin Yakin Cold . Duk da yake sojojin Amurka za a iya tashi cikin sauƙi a fadin Tekun Atlantika, kayan aiki masu nauyi da ƙarfafa makamai dole ne su zo ta teku kuma a isar da su zuwa shafukan POMCUS (An riga an tsara su zuwa rukunin rukunin). [1] Wadannan darussan sun gwada Amurka da kuma iyawar hadin gwiwa don aiwatar da karfafawa ta duniya.[1] Karfafawa a kan lokaci wani bangare ne mai mahimmanci na darussan karfafawa na NATO. Amurka ta buƙaci samun damar aika da ƙungiyoyin sojoji masu aiki zuwa Turai a cikin kwanaki goma a matsayin wani ɓangare na turawar NATO a lokacin yaƙi.Baya ga kimanta iyawar Amurka, Reforger ya kuma sa ido kan ma'aikata, wurare, da kayan aiki na ƙasashen Turai da ke taka muhimmiyar rawa a kokarin ƙarfafawa. An yi amfani da wannan motsa jiki ne don tabbatar da cewa NATO na iya tura sojoji zuwa Jamus ta Yamma da sauri idan akwai rikici tare da Yarjejeniyar Warsaw. Yarjejeniyar Warsaw ta fi NATO yawa a duk lokacin Yakin Cold a cikin dakarun al'ada, kuma musamman a cikin tankuna da motocin makamai. Sabili da haka, a yayin mamayewar Soviet, don kada a koma ga hare-haren nukiliya, dole ne a sake dawo da makamai na Yarjejeniyar Warsaw da sauri kuma a maye gurbin su. Reforger ba kawai nuna ƙarfi ba ne. A yayin rikici, zai zama ainihin shirin don ƙarfafa kasancewar NATO a Turai. A wannan yanayin, ana kiransa Operation Reforger . Manufofin siyasa na Reforger sune inganta tsawo da kuma inganta hadin kan NATO.[1] Muhimman abubuwan da ke cikin Reforger sun haɗa da Rundunar Sojan Sama, Rundunar Sojojin Sojan Sama ta Sojan Sama. === Kwanaki Bakwai zuwa Kogin Rhine ===   [[Fayil:Probable_Axes_of_Attack.jpg|thumb|Harin Yarjejeniyar Warsaw zai zo ta hanyar manyan hanyoyi uku ta Yammacin Jamus.]] Kwanaki Bakwai zuwa Kogin Rhine wani aikin kwaikwayo ne na soja na sirri wanda Yarjejeniyar Warsaw ta kirkira a shekarar 1979. Ya fara ne da zaton cewa NATO za ta ƙaddamar da harin nukiliya a kwarin kogin Vistula a cikin wani lamari na farko, wanda zai haifar da mutuwar fararen hula na Poland miliyan biyu.[1] A mayar da martani, za a gudanar da yunkurin yaki na Soviet a kan Jamus ta Yamma, Belgium, Netherlands da Denmark, tare da sojojin Warsaw Pact da suka mamaye Jamus ta Yankin kuma suna da niyyar tsayawa a Kogin Rhine a rana ta bakwai. Sauran tsare-tsaren USSR sun tsaya ne kawai bayan sun isa iyakar Faransa a rana ta tara. Kowane jihohin Yarjejeniyar Warsaw an sanya su ne kawai sashi na hoto na dabarun; a wannan yanayin, ana sa ran sojojin Poland za su je har zuwa Jamus. Shirin Kwanaki Bakwai zuwa Rhine ya yi la'akari da cewa Poland da Jamus za su lalace ta hanyar musayar nukiliya kuma yawan sojoji za su mutu daga cutar radiation. An kiyasta cewa NATO za ta harba makaman nukiliya a bayan layin Soviet masu ci gaba don yanke layin samar da su kuma ta haka ne su rage ci gaban su. Duk da yake wannan shirin ya ɗauka cewa NATO za ta yi amfani da makaman nukiliya don tura duk wani mamayewar Warsaw Pact, bai haɗa da hare-haren nukiliya a Faransa ko Ingila ba. Jaridu sun yi hasashen lokacin da aka bayyana wannan shirin, cewa ba za a buga Faransa da Burtaniya ba don samun su don hana amfani da makaman nukiliyar su. === Kwarewar Mai Fitarwa === {{Clear}} [[Fayil:Reagan_and_Gordievsky.jpg|thumb|Tsohon shugaban Amurka [[Ronald Reagan]] da wakilin Soviet biyu Oleg Gordievsky, wanda daga baya ya gaya wa Yammah yadda kusanci da aikin Able Archer 83 ya kawo Soviets don ba da umarni na FarkoFarko na Farko]] Exercise Able Archer wani motsa jiki ne na shekara-shekara na Kwamandan Turai na Amurka wanda ke aiwatar da umarni da hanyoyin sarrafawa, tare da jaddada sauyawa daga ayyukan al'ada kawai zuwa ayyukan sinadarai, nukiliya, da na al'ada a lokacin yaƙi. "Able Archer 83" wani aiki ne na kwana biyar na [[NATO|Kungiyar Yarjejeniyar Arewacin Atlantic]] (NATO) wanda ya fara a ranar 7 ga Nuwamba 1983, wanda ya mamaye Yammacin Turai, wanda ke tsakiya a Babban Hedikwatar Allied Powers Europe (SHAPE) a Casteau, arewacin birnin Mons. Ayyukan Able Archer sun yi kama da lokacin rikice-rikice, wanda ya kai ga Harin nukiliya.<ref name="Fischer Conundrum">{{Cite web |last=Benjamin B. Fischer |date=17 March 2007 |title=A Cold War Conundrum: The 1983 Soviet War Scare |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/a-cold-war-conundrum/source.htm#HEADING1-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114024850/https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/a-cold-war-conundrum/source.htm |archive-date=14 January 2009 |access-date=13 January 2009 |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]}}</ref> Halin da ya dace na aikin 1983, tare da lalacewar dangantaka da ke tsakanin Amurka da Tarayyar Soviet da kuma zuwan makaman nukiliya na Pershing II a Turai, ya jagoranci wasu mambobin Politburo da sojoji suyi imani cewa Able Archer 83 ya kasance makirci ne na yaki, yana rufe shirye-shiryen kai hari na farko na nukiliya.<ref name="Fischer Conundrum">{{Cite web |last=Benjamin B. Fischer |date=17 March 2007 |title=A Cold War Conundrum: The 1983 Soviet War Scare |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/a-cold-war-conundrum/source.htm#HEADING1-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114024850/https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/a-cold-war-conundrum/source.htm |archive-date=14 January 2009 |access-date=13 January 2009 |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]}}</ref><ref>Andrew and Gordievsky, ''Comrade Kryucvcov's Instructions'', 85–7.</ref><ref name="Fischer Reversal 123,31">Beth Fischer, ''Reagan Reversal'', 123, 131.</ref><ref name="Pry Scare 37–9">Pry, ''War Scare'', 37–9.</ref> A mayar da martani, Soviets sun shirya sojojin nukiliyar su kuma sun sanya rundunonin iska a Gabashin Jamus da [[Tarihin Poland (1945-1989)|Poland]] a faɗake.<ref>Oberdorfer, ''A New Era'', 66.</ref><ref name="SNIE 84">''SNIE 11–10–84'' "Implications of Recent Soviet Military-Political Activities" Central Intelligence Agency, 18 May 1984.</ref>Wannan "1983 war fear" da yawa masana tarihi sunyi la'akari da shi a matsayin mafi kusa da duniya ta zo ga nukiliya tun lokacin Cuban Missile Crisis na 1962. Barazanar yaƙin nukiliya ya ƙare tare da kammala aikin a ranar 11 ga Nuwamba. <ref>Andrew and Gordievsky, ''Comrade Kryucvcov's Instructions'', 87–8.</ref><ref name="Pry Scare 43–4">Pry, ''War Scare'', 43–4.</ref> === Shirye-shiryen Tsaro === Shugaban Amurka Ronald Reagan ne ya gabatar da shirin Tsaro na dabarun (SDI) a ranar 23 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1983. [1] A ƙarshen shugabancin, dalilai da yawa (wanda ya haɗa da kallon fim din 1983 The Day After da jin ta hanyar mai sauya sheka na Soviet cewa Able Archer 83 kusan ya haifar da hari na farko na Rasha) ya juya Reagan kan manufar yaƙin nukiliya mai cin nasara, kuma ya fara ganin makaman nukiliya a matsayin "Katin daji" fiye da dabarun hanawa. Kodayake daga baya ya yi imani da Yarjejeniyar kawar da makamai a hankali yana rage haɗarin makaman nukiliya ta hanyar rage yawan su da matsayin faɗakarwa, ya kuma yi imanin cewa mafita ta fasaha na iya ba da damar harbe ICBMs masu shigowa, don haka ya sa Amurka ba za a iya fuskantar hari na farko ba. Koyaya, USSR ta ga manufar SDI a matsayin babbar barazana, tunda tura tsarin zai ba Amurka damar kaddamar da babban hari na farko a Tarayyar Soviet ba tare da tsoron ramuwar gayya ba. Manufar SDI ita ce amfani da tsarin ƙasa da sararin samaniya don kare Amurka daga hari da makamai masu linzami na nukiliya. Shirin ya mayar da hankali kan kariya ta dabarun maimakon ka'idar kuskuren dabarun da ta gabata na tabbatar da juna (MAD). An kafa Strategic Defense Initiative Organization (SDIO) a cikin 1984 a cikin Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Amurka don kula da Strategic Defense Program. === Kasuwancin nukiliya na NATO === [[Fayil:Operation_Upshot_test.ogv|thumb|Misali na gwajin makamashin nukiliya a Amurka]] Shirye-shiryen aiki na NATO don Yaƙin Duniya na Uku sun haɗa da abokan NATO waɗanda ba su da makaman nukiliya, ta amfani da makaman Nukiliya da Amurka ta bayar a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin yaki na NATO, a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Babban Kwamandan NATO. [[Fayil:Overzicht_op_Museumplein_met_spandoek_The_Dutch_disease_is_better_for_peace_o,_Bestanddeelnr_253-8627.jpg|thumb|zanga-zangar da aka yi a [[Amsterdam]] game da tseren makaman nukiliya tsakanin Amurka / NATO da Tarayyar Soviet, 1981]] Daga cikin iko uku na nukiliya a NATO (Faransa, Ingila, da Amurka) Amurka ce kawai ta samar da makamai don raba nukiliya. Ya zuwa Nuwamba , [[Beljik|Belgium]], Jamus, Italiya, Netherlands da [[Turkiyya]] har yanzu suna karbar bakuncin makaman nukiliya na Amurka a matsayin wani ɓangare na manufofin raba nukiliya ta NATO.<ref name="RUSI-2010">{{Citation|last1=amp}}</ref> Kanada ta dauki bakuncin makamai har zuwa 1984, <ref name="RUSI-2010" /> da [[Girka (ƙasa)|Girka]] har zuwa 2001. Har ila yau, Ƙasar Ingila ta karɓi Makaman nukiliya na Amurka kamar bindigogi na nukiliya da Makamai masu linzami har zuwa 1992, duk da cewa Burtaniya ƙasa ce ta makaman nukliya a kanta; waɗannan galibi an tura su a [[Jamus]]. A lokacin zaman lafiya, makaman nukiliya da aka adana a cikin ƙasashe marasa nukiliya suna ƙarƙashin kulawar 'yan saman Amurka kodayake a baya wasu bindigogi da tsarin makamai masu linzami sun kasance ƙarƙashin kulawar Sojojin Amurka; lambobin da ake buƙata don fashe su suna ƙarƙashin ikon Amurka. Idan akwai yaƙi, za a ɗora makamai a kan jiragen yaƙi na ƙasashe masu shiga. Makamai suna ƙarƙashin kulawa da iko na USAF Munitions Support Squadrons da ke kan manyan sansanonin aiki na NATO waɗanda ke aiki tare da sojojin kasar da ke karbar bakuncin. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2005, bam din nukiliya na B61 180 na makaman nukiliya 480 na Amurka da aka yi imanin cewa an tura su a Turai sun fada karkashin tsarin raba nukiliya. Ana adana makamai a cikin wani ajiya a cikin [[Gidan jirgin sama mai ƙarfi|mafaka na jirgin sama]], ta amfani da USAF WS3 Weapon Storage and Security System. Jiragen yaki da aka yi amfani da su sune F-16 Fighting Falcons da [[Panavia Tornado|Panavia Tornados]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hans M. Kristensen |date=5 October 2007 |title=U.S. Nuclear Weapons in Europe After the Cold War |url=http://www.nukestrat.com/pubs/Brief_Italy2007.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120202112109/http://www.nukestrat.com/pubs/Brief_Italy2007.pdf |archive-date=2 February 2012 |access-date=10 August 2013 |publisher=Federation of American Scientists}}</ref> == Tarihin kusa == Tare da fara tseren makamai na Cold War a cikin shekarun 1950, yakin apocalyptic tsakanin Amurka da Tarayyar Soviet ya zama ainihin yiwuwar. A lokacin Yakin Cold shekara ta (1947-1991), an bayyana abubuwan da suka faru na soja da yawa kamar yadda suka kusa da yiwuwar haifar da Yaƙin Duniya na III. Ko da bayan ƙarshen Yakin Cold da rushewar Tarayyar Soviet a cikin 1991, an bayyana wasu abubuwan da suka faru bayan haka a matsayin kira na kusa. === Yaƙin Koriya: 25 Yuni A shekarar 1950 - 27 Yuli 1953&nbsp; === Yaƙin Koriya yaƙi ne tsakanin hadin gwiwa guda biyu da ke yaƙi don iko da Yankin Koriya: hadin gwiwar kwaminisanci da ta haɗa da [[Koriya ta Arewa]], Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin, da [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]], da kuma hadin gwiwarsa ta jari-hujja da ta haɗa ti [[Koriya ta Kudu]], Amurka da Kwamandan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Mutane da yawa sun yi imanin cewa rikici zai iya zama babban yaki tsakanin kasashen uku, Amurka, USSR, da Chaina. Wakilin yaki na CBS News Bill Downs ya rubuta a 1951, "Ga zuciyata, amsar ita ce: Ee, Koriya ita ce farkon Yaƙin Duniya na III. Saukowa mai kyau a Inchon da ƙoƙarin hadin gwiwar Sojojin Amurka tare da Allies na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun ba mu nasara a Koriya. Amma wannan shine kawai yaƙin farko a cikin babban gwagwarmayar kasa da kasa wanda yanzu ke mamaye Gabas ta Tsakiya da dukan duniya. " Downs daga baya ya sake maimaita wannan imani a kan ABC Evening News yayin da yake bayar da rahoto game da labarin game da Lamarin USS Pueblo a shekarar 1968.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Downs |first=Bill |date=25 January 1968 |title=The USS Pueblo incident |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-KBxiX_9_Kk |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140615095207/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-KBxiX_9_Kk |archive-date=15 June 2014 |access-date=8 November 2013 |website=ABC Evening News |publisher=ABC}}</ref> {{Spaces}}Sakataren Gwamnati Dean Acheson daga baya ya yarda cewa Gwamnatin Truman ta damu game da karuwar rikici kuma Janar Douglas MacArthur ya gargadi shi cewa shiga tsakani da Amurka ke jagoranta ya yi barazanar martani na Soviet. === Rikicin Berlin: 4 Yuni - 9 Nuwamba 1961 === Rikicin Berlin na 1961 ya kasance rikici ne na siyasa da soja tsakanin Amurka da Tarayyar Soviet a Checkpoint Charlie tare da tankuna da sojoji da yawa na Amurka da Soviet / Gabashin Jamus a tsaye a juna kawai 100 yadudduka a kowane bangare na checkpoint. Dalilin da ya sa aka yi jayayya shi ne matsayin sana'a na babban birnin Jamus, [[Berlin]], da kuma Bayan yakin duniya na biyu Jamus. Rikicin Berlin ya fara ne lokacin da USSR ta kaddamar da wani ultimatum da ke buƙatar janyewar dukkan sojoji daga Berlin, gami da sojojin Yamma a Berlin ta Yamma. Rikicin ya ƙare a cikin rabuwa da birnin tare da gina Ginin Berlin na Gabashin Jamus. Wannan tsayayya ta ƙare cikin lumana a ranar 28 ga Oktoba biyo bayan fahimtar Amurka da Soviet don janye tankuna da rage tashin hankali. === Rikicin Makami Mai Girma na Cuba: 15-29 Oktoba 1962 === [[Fayil:Soviet_b-59_submarine.jpg|thumb|Wani jirgin saman saman Amurka mai suna HSS-1 Seabat yana tashi a kan jirgin ruwa na Soviet ''B-59'', wanda sojojin Amurka suka tilasta masa zuwa saman a cikin Caribbean kusa da Cuba. B-59 yana da torpedo na nukiliya a cikin jirgin, kuma ana buƙatar maɓallan jami'ai uku don amfani da shi. Ɗaya daga cikin rashin amincewarsu ne kawai ya hana jirgin ruwa daga kai hari kan rundunar Amurka da ke kusa, wani hasken da zai iya haifar da Yaƙin Duniya na Uku (28-29 Oktoba 1962).]] Rikicin Makami mai linzami na Cuban, gwagwarmaya game da ajiye makamai masu linzami na nukiliya na Soviet a Cuba don mayar da martani ga mamayewar Bay of Pigs, an dauke shi mafi kusa da musayar nukiliya, wanda zai iya haifar da yakin duniya na uku. Rikicin ya kai kololuwa a ranar 27 ga Oktoba, tare da manyan abubuwan da suka faru guda uku a rana ɗaya: * Mafi mahimmancin abin da ya faru ya faru ne lokacin da jirgin ruwa na Soviet ya kusan kaddamar da torpedo mai kwakwalwa don mayar da martani ga cewa Amurka ta yi niyya da shi a cikin ruwan kasa da kasa, tare da mayar da martiri na kaddamarwar nukiliya na Soviet kawai ya hana shi daga jami'in Sojan Ruwa na Soviet Vasily Arkhipov. * Harbi jirgin leken asiri na Lockheed U-2 wanda Rudolf Anderson ya tuka yayin da yake keta sararin samaniya na Cuban. * Kusan tsayar da wani U-2 wanda ya ɓace cikin sararin samaniya na Soviet a kan Siberia, wanda ya sa Soviets su yi imani cewa wannan na iya zama jagora na bama-bamai na Amurka. Duk da abin da mutane da yawa suka yi imanin cewa shine mafi kusa da duniya ya zo ga rikici na nukiliya, a duk lokacin da aka yi tsayayya, Doomsday Clock, wanda Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists ke gudanarwa don kimanta yadda ƙarshen duniya, ko Doomsday, yake, tare da tsakar dare shine apocalypse, ya kasance a cikin minti bakwai zuwa tsakar dare. An bayyana wannan ne saboda taƙaitaccen rikicin tun lokacin da aka saka idanu kan abubuwan da suka fi dacewa kamar jagorancin kasashe, rikice-rikice, yaƙe-yaƙe, da rikice-rikicen siyasa, da kuma martani na al'ummomi ga abubuwan da aka ambata. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists yanzu ya yaba da ci gaban siyasa wanda ya haifar da rikicin makami mai linzami na Cuban tare da inganta kwanciyar hankali na duniya. Bulletin ya nuna cewa rikice-rikice da lokutan da za su iya ƙaruwa, an sanya su da ƙarfi saboda manyan dalilai guda biyu: # Layin zafi na Washington zuwa Moscow ya haifar da matsalar sadarwa tsakanin [[White House|Fadar White House]] da Kremlin a lokacin rikicin. Wannan ya ba shugabannin manyan makaman nukiliya guda biyu damar tuntuɓar juna a ainihin lokacin, yana da mahimmanci lokacin da seconds zasu iya hana musayar nukiliya. # Dalili na biyu ya haifar da wani bangare saboda martani na duniya game da yadda Amurka da USSR suka zo kusa da yakin duniya na uku a lokacin rikici. {{Spaces}}Yayin da jama'a suka fara saka idanu kan batutuwan da suka shafi makaman nukiliya, sabili da haka don tara goyon baya ga dalilin da ya sa ba ya yaduwa, an sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar haramtacciyar gwajin 1963. Har zuwa yau wannan yarjejeniyar ta sanya hannu ta kasashe 126 duka, tare da sanannun ban da Faransa da China. Dukkanin wadannan kasashe suna cikin matakan farko na shirye-shiryen nukiliya a lokacin sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar farko, kuma dukansu biyu sun nemi damar nukiliya mai zaman kanta daga abokansu. Wannan Yarjejeniyar haramta gwajin ta hana Gwajin makaman nukiliya da suka fashe a cikin [[Sararin Samaniya na Duniya|yanayi]], ta iyakance gwajin makaman Nukiliya zuwa ƙasa da ƙarƙashin ruwa, ta rage raguwa da tasiri a kan muhalli, kuma daga baya ta sa agogon Doomsday ya ragu da minti biyar, ya isa jimlar minti goma sha biyu zuwa tsakar dare.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 October 2012 |title=Remembering the Cuban Missile Crisis |url=https://thebulletin.org/remembering-cuban-missile-crisis |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201052807/https://thebulletin.org/remembering-cuban-missile-crisis |archive-date=1 February 2018 |access-date=10 March 2018 |website=thebulletin.org}}</ref> Har zuwa wannan lokacin, an fashe bama-bamai na nukiliya sama da 1000, kuma damuwa game da tasirin dogon lokaci da gajeren lokaci ga duniyar ya zama abin damuwa ga masana kimiyya. === Rikicin kan iyakar Sin da Soviet: 2 Maris - 11 Satumba 1969 === Rikicin kan iyakar Sin da Soviet ya kasance yakin basasa na watanni bakwai da ba a bayyana ba tsakanin [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]] da [[Sin|China]] a lokacin da aka raba Sin da Soviet a shekarar 1969. Mafi tsanani daga cikin wadannan rikice-rikicen kan iyaka, wanda ya kawo manyan Jihohin kwaminisanci biyu a duniya zuwa bakin yaƙi, ya faru ne a watan Maris na shekara ta 1969 a kusa da Tsibirin Zhenbao (Damansky) a kan Kogin Ussuri (Wusuli) , kusa da Manchuria. Rikicin ya haifar da tsagaita wuta, tare da komawa ga halin da ake ciki. Masu sukar sun nuna cewa harin da kasar Sin ta kai a Zhenbao ya kasance don hana duk wani mamayewar Soviet na gaba; cewa ta hanyar kashe wasu Soviets, kasar Sin ta nuna cewa ba za a iya 'matsawa' ba; kuma Mao yana so ya koya musu 'darkoki mai zafi'. Dangantakar kasar Sin da USSR ta kasance mai laushi bayan rikici, duk da tattaunawar kan iyaka, wanda ya fara a shekarar 1969 kuma ya ci gaba ba tare da kammala ba har tsawon shekaru goma. A cikin gida, barazanar yaki da rikice-rikicen kan iyaka ya haifar ya kaddamar da sabon mataki a cikin [[Cultural Revolution|Juyin Juya Halin Al'adu]]; na cikakken soja na kasar Sin. Taron Kasa na 9 na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta kasar Sin, wanda aka gudanar bayan Lamarin tsibirin Zhenbao, ya tabbatar da Ministan Tsaro Lin Biao a matsayin magajin [[Mao Zedong]]. Bayan abubuwan da suka faru a shekarar 1969, Tarayyar Soviet ta kara kara yawan sojojin ta a kan iyakar Sin da Soviet, da kuma Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Mongolia. === Rikicin Yakin Yom Kippur: 6-25 Oktoba 1973 === Yakin Yom Kippur, wanda aka fi sani da Yakin Ramadan, ko Yakin Oktoba, ya fara ne da mamayewa mai ban mamaki na Yankunan da Isra'ila ta mamaye ta hadin gwiwar kasashe Larabawa, tare da taimakon Tarayyar Soviet. Isra'ila ta samu nasarar mayar da martani tare da taimakon Amurka. Rikicin ya karu tsakanin manyan kasashe biyu: Sojojin sojan ruwa na Amurka da Soviet sun kusa harbi juna a cikin Bahar Rum. Admiral Daniel J. Murphy na Amurka na shida Fleet ya yi la'akari da damar da rundunar Soviet ke ƙoƙarin kai hari na farko a kan rundunarsa a kashi 40 cikin dari. Pentagon ta sauya matsayin Defcon daga 4 zuwa 3. {{Spaces}}{{Spaces}}An tura manyan kasashe zuwa gefen yaƙi, amma tashin hankali ya ragu tare da tsagaita wuta da aka kawo a ƙarƙashin UNSC 339.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 October 2013 |title=Erol Araf: 'Incalculable consequences' |url=http://news.nationalpost.com/full-comment/erol-araf-incalculable-consequences |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205101243/http://news.nationalpost.com/full-comment/erol-araf-incalculable-consequences |archive-date=5 February 2017 |access-date=5 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Inside the Kremlin During the Yom Kippur War By Victor Israelyan |url=http://www.psupress.org/books/titles/0-271-01489-X.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140706024838/http://www.psupress.org/books/titles/0-271-01489-X.html |archive-date=6 July 2014 |access-date=27 May 2014}}</ref> === Kuskuren kwamfuta na NORAD na 1979: 9 Nuwamba 1979 === Amurka ta yi shirye-shiryen ramuwar gayya na gaggawa bayan tsarin NORAD ya nuna cewa an kaddamar da cikakken hari na Soviet.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-11-20 |title=Norad false alarm causes uproar |url=http://www.cbc.ca/archives/categories/war-conflict/defence/norad-watching-the-skies/norad-false-alarm-causes-uproar.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141108204905/http://www.cbc.ca/archives/categories/war-conflict/defence/norad-watching-the-skies/norad-false-alarm-causes-uproar.html |archive-date=8 November 2014 |access-date=17 March 2015 |publisher=CBC Canada}}</ref> Ba a yi ƙoƙari don amfani da layin zafi na Moscow-Washington don bayyana halin da ake ciki tare da USSR ba kuma ba har sai tsarin radar na farko ya tabbatar da cewa babu irin wannan ƙaddamarwa da ya faru ba cewa NORAD ta fahimci cewa gwajin tsarin kwamfuta ya haifar da kuskuren nuni. Wani sanata a cikin kayan aikin NORAD a lokacin ya bayyana yanayin tsoro. Binciken GAO ya haifar da gina wani wurin gwaji na waje don hana irin wannan kuskuren.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Andrews |first=Evan |title=5 Cold War Close Calls |url=http://www.history.com/news/history-lists/5-cold-war-close-calls |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141231010823/http://www.history.com/news/history-lists/5-cold-war-close-calls |archive-date=31 December 2014 |access-date=17 March 2015 |publisher=The History Channel}}</ref> === Radar Soviet ta yi rashin aiki: 26 Satumba 1983 === Wani ƙararrawa na ƙarya ya faru a kan Tsarin gargadi na nukiliya na Soviet, yana nuna ƙaddamar da makamai masu linzami na Amurka LGM-30 Minuteman daga sansanoni a Amurka. Stanislav Petrov, jami'in Sojojin Tsaro na Soviet, ya hana wani hari na ramuwar gayya, wanda ya fahimci cewa tsarin bai yi aiki ba (wanda binciken da aka yi daga baya). <ref name="Baltimore Sun">{{Cite web |last=Shane |first=Scott |title=Cold War's Riskiest Moment |url=http://hnn.us/articles/1709.html#bombs9-5-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060819033034/http://hnn.us/articles/1709.html |archive-date=19 August 2006 |publisher=Baltimore Sun, 31 August 2003 (article reprinted as The Nuclear War That Almost Happened in 1983)}}</ref> === Able Archer 83 hawan: 2-11 Nuwamba 1983 === A lokacin Able Archer 83, wani motsa jiki na [[NATO]] na kwana goma wanda ke kwaikwayon lokacin rikice-rikice wanda ya kai ga harin nukiliya na DEFCON 1, wasu mambobin Politburo na [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Soviet]] da sojoji sun dauki abubuwan da suka faru a matsayin makircin yaki wanda ke ɓoye ainihin harin farko. A mayar da martani, sojoji sun shirya don daidaitaccen hari ta hanyar shirya sojojin nukiliya da sanya rundunonin iska da aka ajiye a cikin jihohin Warsaw Pact na Gabashin Jamus da [[Poland]] a karkashin babban faɗakarwa. Koyaya, shirye-shiryen Soviet don ramuwar gayya ya ƙare bayan kammala darussan Able Archer.<ref name="Fischer Conundrum">{{Cite web |last=Benjamin B. Fischer |date=17 March 2007 |title=A Cold War Conundrum: The 1983 Soviet War Scare |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/a-cold-war-conundrum/source.htm#HEADING1-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114024850/https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/a-cold-war-conundrum/source.htm |archive-date=14 January 2009 |access-date=13 January 2009 |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]}}</ref> Hadarin roket na Norway shine farkon yakin duniya na uku da ya faru bayan yakin sanyi ya ƙare. {{Spaces}}Wannan lamarin ya faru ne lokacin da tashar gargadi ta Olenegorsk ta Rasha ta yi kuskuren sa hannun radar daga rokar bincike ta Black Brant XII (wanda masana kimiyya na Norway da Amurka suka kaddamar da shi tare daga Andøya Rocket Range), kamar yadda ya zama sa hannun radar na kaddamarwar makami mai linzami na Trident SLBM. A mayar da martani, an kira Shugaban Rasha Boris Yeltsin kuma an kunna jakar nukiliya ta ''Cheget'' a karo na farko kuma kawai. Koyaya, babban kwamandan nan da nan ya sami damar tantance cewa roket din ba ya shiga sararin samaniya na Rasha, kuma nan da nan kuma ya zubar da shirye-shiryen yaki da ramuwar gayya. An ƙaddara cewa, yayin da masana kimiyya na roket suka sanar da jihohi talatin ciki har da Rasha game da ƙaddamar da gwajin, bayanin bai kai ga masu fasahar radar na Rasha ba. === Abin da ya faru a filin jirgin saman Pristina: 12 Yuni 1999 === A ranar 12 ga watan Yunin 1999, washegari bayan karshen Yaƙin Kosovo, wasu jami'an zaman lafiya na Rasha 250 sun mamaye Filin jirgin saman Pristina kafin isowar sojojin [[NATO]] kuma suna tabbatar da isowar ƙarfafawa ta iska. Babban Kwamandan Sojojin NATO na Amurka Janar Wesley Clark ya ba da umarnin yin amfani da karfi a kan Rashawa. Mike Jackson, janar na Sojojin Burtaniya wanda ya tuntubi Rasha a lokacin lamarin, ya ki aiwatar da umarnin Clark, ya san shi da cewa "Ba zan fara yakin duniya na uku a gare ku ba". Kyaftin James Blunt, babban jami'in da ke gaban ginshiƙi na NATO a cikin kai tsaye da ke dauke da makamai a kan Rasha, ya karɓi umarnin "Destroy!" daga Clark a rediyo, amma ya bi umarnin Jackson don kewaye filin jirgin sama a maimakon haka ya ce a cikin wata hira cewa ko da ba tare da sa hannun Jackson ba zai ki bin umarnin Clark. A ranar 24 ga Nuwamba 2015, a kan iyaka tsakanin Turkiyya da Siriya, Sojojin Sama na Turkiyya sun harbe jirgin saman Sukhoi na Rasha. Turks sun yi iƙirarin cewa jirgin ya keta sararin samaniya na Turkiyya, da'awar da Rasha ta musanta; jirgin yana cikin yankin a matsayin wani ɓangare na sa hannun sojojin Rasha a yakin basasar Siriya, wanda Turkiyya ta goyi bayan sojojin adawa. Wannan lamari shine lalacewar farko na jirgin saman yaki na Sojojin Sama na Rasha ko Soviet da wata kasa ta [[NATO]] ta yi tun bayan harin da aka kai a madatsar ruwan Sui-ho a lokacin yakin Koriya a 1953. <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 November 2015 |title=Turkey downing that Russian fighter jet is terrible news for the war on ISIS. |url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/the_slatest/2015/11/24/turkey_downing_that_russian_fighter_jet_is_terrible_news_for_the_war_on.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151124195329/http://www.slate.com/blogs/the_slatest/2015/11/24/turkey_downing_that_russian_fighter_jet_is_terrible_news_for_the_war_on.html |archive-date=24 November 2015 |access-date=25 November 2015 |website=Slate Magazine}}</ref> Lamarin ya haifar da kafofin watsa labarai da yawa da mutane da yawa da ke yin sharhi cewa zai iya haifar da yaƙi a duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 November 2015 |title=Don't panic: Turkey shooting down a Russian warplane won't start World War 3 |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/turkey/12013517/Dont-panic-Turkey-shooting-down-a-Russian-warplane-wont-start-World-War-3.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718120546/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/turkey/12013517/Dont-panic-Turkey-shooting-down-a-Russian-warplane-wont-start-World-War-3.html |archive-date=18 July 2023 |access-date=2023-07-18 |website=www.telegraph.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bora |first=Birce |title='Which parts of Syria should be bombed?' |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/11/26/which-parts-of-syria-should-be-bombed |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718120546/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/11/26/which-parts-of-syria-should-be-bombed |archive-date=18 July 2023 |access-date=2023-07-18 |website=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2015-11-26 |title=Turkey risks sparking world war, says Iraq's Maliki |url=https://guardian.ng/news/turkey-risks-sparking-world-war-says-iraqs-maliki/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718120546/https://guardian.ng/news/turkey-risks-sparking-world-war-says-iraqs-maliki/ |archive-date=18 July 2023 |access-date=2023-07-18 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-US}}</ref> == Abubuwan da za su iya gani a yanzu == === Harin Rasha na Ukraine: 24 Fabrairu 2022 - yanzu === [[Fayil:Destruction_of_Russian_tanks_by_Ukrainian_troops_in_Mariupol_(4).jpg|thumb|Halakar BMP-3 IFV ta Rasha da sojojin Ukraine suka yi a Mariupol a ranar 7 ga Maris 2022]] A ranar 24 ga watan Fabrairun 2022, shugaban Rasha [[Vladimir Putin]] ya ba da umarnin mamaye [[Ukraniya|Ukraine]], wanda ya nuna babban karuwar Yaƙin Rasha da Ukraine, wanda aka fara a shekarar 2014. An bayyana mamayewar a matsayin babbar rikici ta soja a Turai tun lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. &nbsp;Harin ya sami zargi na kasa da kasa, gami da sabbin takunkumin da aka ɗora wa Rasha, wanda ya haɗa da haramcin Rasha daga SWIFT da rufe mafi yawan sararin samaniya na Yammacin zuwa jiragen Rasha. Bugu da ƙari, kafin da kuma lokacin mamayewar, wasu daga cikin kasashe 32 na NATO suna ba da Ukraine da makamai da sauran tallafin kayan aiki. A duk lokacin mamayewar, manyan 'yan siyasa da yawa na Rasha, ciki har da shugaban kasar Putin, ministan harkokin waje Sergey Lavrov da shugaban jam'iyyar United Russia Dmitry Medvedev, sun yi maganganu da yawa da aka gani a matsayin barazanar amfani da makaman nukiliya, yayin da jami'ai da yawa daga Amurka da NATO, ciki har ma da shugaban Amurka [[Joe Biden]] da Sakataren Janar NATO Jens Stoltenberg, sun yi sanarwa da ke tabbatar da martani NATO a yayin da Rasha ta sake kai farmaki ga kowace kasa ta NATO ko amfani da makamai na nukiliya ta sake haifar da ita. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sauer |first=Pjotr |date=2022-09-21 |title=Putin announces partial mobilisation and threatens nuclear retaliation in escalation of Ukraine war |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/sep/21/putin-announces-partial-mobilisation-in-russia-in-escalation-of-ukraine-war |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114202406/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/sep/21/putin-announces-partial-mobilisation-in-russia-in-escalation-of-ukraine-war |archive-date=14 January 2023 |access-date=2022-09-21 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 February 2022 |title=Biden says Americans should not worry about nuclear war after Russian actions |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/27/us/politics/putin-nuclear-alert-biden-deescalation.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228011550/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/27/us/politics/putin-nuclear-alert-biden-deescalation.html |archive-date=28 February 2022 |access-date=28 February 2022 |website=[[Reuters]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Samuels |first=Brett |date=11 March 2022 |title=Biden: Direct conflict between NATO and Russia would be 'World War III' |url=https://thehill.com/policy/international/597842-biden-direct-conflict-between-nato-and-russia-would-be-world-war-iii |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325032254/https://thehill.com/policy/international/597842-biden-direct-conflict-between-nato-and-russia-would-be-world-war-iii |archive-date=25 March 2022 |access-date=11 March 2022 |website=The Hill}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-21 |title=Biden denounces Putin's 'overt' nuclear threats, urges UN allies to reject Russia's invasion of Ukraine |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/09/21/biden-denounces-putins-overt-nuclear-threats-urges-un-allies-to-reject-russias-invasion-of-ukraine.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921194052/https://www.cnbc.com/2022/09/21/biden-denounces-putins-overt-nuclear-threats-urges-un-allies-to-reject-russias-invasion-of-ukraine.html |archive-date=21 September 2022 |access-date=2022-09-21 |website=CNBC |language=en}}</ref> Yawancin abubuwan da suka faru da aka gani a matsayin kira na kusa da rikici tsakanin Rasha da NATO tun daga lokacin sun faru, wanda ya fi shahara shi ne harin makami mai linzami a ƙauyen Poland na Przewodów kusa da iyakar da Ukraine a watan Nuwamba 2022. A farkon 2023, Putin ya dakatar da shiga Rasha a New START, yarjejeniyar nukiliya ta ƙarshe tsakanin Rasha da Amurka, kuma daga baya ya sanar da shirye-shiryen shigar da makaman nukiliya na Rasha a [[Belarus]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chen |first=Heather |last2=Humayun |first2=Hira |last3=Knight |first3=Mariya |last4=Carey |first4=Andrew |last5=Gigova |first5=Radina |last6=Kostenko |first6=Maria |date=2023-03-26 |title=Russia plans to station tactical nuclear weapons in Belarus, Putin says |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/03/25/world/russia-putin-nuclear-weapons-belarus-intl-hnk/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331052514/https://www.cnn.com/2023/03/25/world/russia-putin-nuclear-weapons-belarus-intl-hnk/index.html |archive-date=31 March 2023 |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=CNN}}</ref> Masana daban-daban, masu sharhi, da sauransu sun bayyana rikicin a matsayin kira na kusa da yakin duniya na uku, yayin da wasu suka ba da shawarar akasin haka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Simhony |first=Limor |title=NATO Intervention in Ukraine Won't Spark World War III |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/04/01/nato-intervention-in-ukraine-wont-spark-world-war-iii/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007025659/https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/04/01/nato-intervention-in-ukraine-wont-spark-world-war-iii/ |archive-date=7 October 2022 |access-date=2022-10-07 |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Miller |first=Paul |date=8 March 2022 |title=Ukraine Is Not World War III |url=https://thedispatch.com/p/ukraine-is-not-world-war-iii |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007025701/https://thedispatch.com/p/ukraine-is-not-world-war-iii |archive-date=7 October 2022 |access-date=2022-10-07 |website=The Dispatch}}</ref> == Yaduwar amfani da kalmar == === Yaƙin Cold === [[Fayil:World_nuclear_weapons.png|thumb|Babban tarin [[makaman nukiliya]] tare da kewayon duniya (duhu mai launin shudi), ƙaramin tarin tare da kewar duniya (matsakaici mai launin shuɗi), ƙaramin kayan aiki tare da kewaye na yanki (mai launin shudi) ]] Yayinda dangantakar Soviet-Amurka ta karu da tashin hankali a lokacin bayan yakin duniya na biyu, tsoron cewa tashin hankali na iya karuwa zuwa yakin duniya na uku ya kasance koyaushe. {{Spaces}}{{Spaces}}Wani binciken Gallup a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1950 ya gano cewa fiye da rabin Amurkawa sun yi la'akari da yakin duniya na uku ya riga ya fara.{{Spaces}} A shekara ta 2004, mai sharhi Norman Podhoretz ya ba da shawarar cewa [[Cold War|Yaƙin Cold]], wanda ya kasance daga mika wuya ga ikon Axis har zuwa faduwar Ginin Berlin, ana iya kiransa Yakin Duniya na III. {{Spaces}}Ta hanyar lissafin Podhoretz, "Yaƙin Duniya na IV" zai zama kamfen na duniya game da Islamofascism.<ref name="Podhoretz2004">{{Cite magazine|url-status=17+}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Buckley |first=William F. Jr. |author-link=William F. Buckley Jr. |date=22 October 2007 |title=World War IV? |url=https://www.nationalreview.com/2007/09/world-war-iv-william-f-buckley-jr/ |url-status=live |journal=[[National Review]] |volume=59 |issue=19 |page=62 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806022343/https://www.nationalreview.com/2007/09/world-war-iv-william-f-buckley-jr/ |archive-date=6 August 2020 |access-date=14 June 2019}} (published online 6 September 2007)</ref>{{Spaces}} Duk da haka, yawancin masana tarihi za su yi kama da cewa Yaƙin Duniya na III dole ne ya zama "yaƙin duniya wanda manyan dakarun daga ƙasashe da yawa suka yi yaƙi" da kuma yaƙin da "ya haɗa da yawancin manyan ƙasashe na duniya". {{Spaces}}Yakin Cold ya sami sunansa daga rashin aikin da aka dauka daga bangarorin biyu. Rashin aiki ya kasance ne saboda tsoron cewa yakin nukiliya zai iya lalata bil'adama.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 September 2011 |title=American History: The Cold War |url=https://learningenglish.voanews.com/a/american-history-the-cold-war-130292758/116228.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201012146/https://learningenglish.voanews.com/a/american-history-the-cold-war-130292758/116228.html |archive-date=1 February 2022 |access-date=2022-05-02 |website=VOA |language=en}}</ref> A cikin littafinsa Secret Weapons of the Cold War, Bill Yenne ya kammala cewa yakin basasa na Superpower daga shekarun 1940 zuwa 1991, ba yakin duniya na uku ba ne.<ref>Yenne, Bill (2005). ''Secret Weapons of the Cold War.'' Berkly Book, New York</ref>{{Spaces}} === Yaƙi da ta'addanci === [[Fayil:WTC_smoking_on_9-11.jpeg|thumb|[[September 11 attacks|Hare-haren Satumba 11]]]] "Yaƙin da aka yi da ta'addanci" wanda ya fara da [[September 11 attacks|Hare-haren Satumba 11]] wasu sun yi iƙirarin cewa Yaƙin Duniya na III ne.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Micallef |first=Joseph V. |date=24 January 2017 |title=Are We Already Fighting World War III? |url=http://www.military.com/daily-news/2017/01/24/are-we-already-fighting-world-war-iii.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170416051031/http://www.military.com/daily-news/2017/01/24/are-we-already-fighting-world-war-iii.html |archive-date=16 April 2017 |access-date=15 April 2017 |website=[[Military.com]]}}</ref> Sauran sun raina irin waɗannan da'awar kamar "karkatar da [[Tarihin Amurka]]". Duk da yake akwai yarjejeniya tsakanin masana tarihi game da ma'anoni da girman yaƙe-yaƙe na duniya guda biyu, wato saboda girman duniya na tashin hankali da hallaka kansu na waɗannan yaƙe-yarƙe biyu, wasu sun yi iƙirarin cewa "Yaƙin Duniya" na iya buƙatar irin wannan yaƙe-yanayi da kisan gilla a duniya. Duk da haka, irin wannan da'awar sabon "ƙananan ƙofar tashin hankali", wanda yanzu zai iya isa ya cancanci yaƙi a matsayin "Yaƙin Duniya" bai sami irin wannan karɓa da tallafi ba kamar yadda ma'anar yaƙe-yaƙe biyu na duniya suka samu tsakanin masana tarihi. ==== Yaƙi da Daular Musulunci ==== A ranar 1 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2015, Ministan Harkokin Waje na Iraki Ibrahim al-Jaafari ya bayyana cewa yakin da aka yi da Daular Islama ya kasance "Yaƙin Duniya na III", saboda manufofin Daular Islami na Khalifanci na duniya, da kuma nasarar da ta samu wajen yada rikici ga kasashe da yawa a waje da yankin Levant. {{Spaces}}Da yake mayar da martani ga hare-haren da aka kai a birnin Paris a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2015, Sarkin Jordan Abdullah II ya bayyana cewa "Muna fuskantar yakin duniya na uku [a cikin Islama]". A cikin jawabinsa na Jihar Tarayyar a ranar 12 ga Janairun 2016, Shugaban Amurka [[Barack Obama]] ya yi gargadin cewa rahotanni da ke ba ISIL damar da ake tsammani na haifar da yakin duniya na uku na iya zama da yawa kuma ba shi da alhaki, yana mai cewa "yayin da muke mai da hankali kan hallaka ISIL, ya yi iƙirarin cewa wannan yakin duniya ne na III kawai yana wasa a hannayensu. Yawancin mayakan da ke bayan manyan motoci da kuma masu karkatarwa a cikin gidaje ko garages suna haifar da babbar haɗari ga fararen hula kuma dole ne su zama masu barazana ga rayuwarmu ta ƙasa".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Obama |first=Barak |date=13 January 2016 |title=2016 State of the Union Address |url=https://medium.com/@WhiteHouse/president-obama-s-2016-state-of-the-union-address-7c06300f9726#.6rytyu7a2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160209085124/https://medium.com/@WhiteHouse/president-obama-s-2016-state-of-the-union-address-7c06300f9726#.6rytyu7a2 |archive-date=9 February 2016 |access-date=9 February 2016 |website=The White House |publisher=government of the United States of America}}</ref>{{Spaces}} === Ƙananan yaƙe-yaƙe da yawa a matsayin "yaƙi na uku" === A cikin tambayoyin da aka rubuta da yawa a ƙarƙashin yanayi na yau da kullun, kwatanta gobarar Yaƙin Duniya na I da na II da yaƙe-yaƙe masu ƙarancin ƙarfi na ƙarni na 21, [[Francis (fafaroma)|Paparoma Francis]] ya ce, "Duniya tana cikin yaƙi saboda ta rasa zaman lafiya", kuma "watakila mutum na iya magana game da yaƙi na uku, wanda ya yi yaƙi a hankali". {{Spaces}}{{Spaces}} == Abubuwan da ba a tsammani ba == A shekara ta 1949, bayan kaddamar da makaman nukiliya a ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na II, masanin kimiyyar lissafi [[Albert Einstein]] ya ba da shawarar cewa duk wani sakamako na yiwuwar Yaƙin Duniya ya III zai zama bala'i a kan [[Wayewa|wayewar ɗan adam]] don mayar da bil'adama zuwa Zamanin Stone. &nbsp;&nbsp;Lokacin da ɗan jarida Alfred Werner ya tambaye shi irin makamai Einstein ya yi imanin cewa za a iya yaƙi da Yaƙin Duniya na III, Einstein ya yi gargadin, "Ban san da waɗanne makamai za a yi yaƙi da Yakin Duniya na III ba, amma za a yi Yaƙin Duniya yaƙi da sanduna da duwatsu". <ref name="einstein">''The New Quotable Einstein''. Alice Calaprice (2005), p. 173.</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Johnson |first=M. Alex |date=18 April 2005 |title=The culture of Einstein |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna7406337 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180208205219/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/7406337#.WmyV55OdU3g |archive-date=8 February 2018 |access-date=27 January 2018 |website=MSNBC |language=en}}</ref>{{Spaces}} Game da halakar da 'yan Adam sakamakon yaƙin nukiliya, Leslie A. White ya kalubalanci Einstein, "wannan ma za a iya shigar da shi azaman yiwuwar, kuma duk abin da za mu iya cewa idan ya zo, zai zo. Maganganun tsoro ba za su canza yanayin abubuwan da suka faru ba. " Crane Brinton ya kuma shakkar zaman lafiya na tunanin Einstein: "Malamai, masu wa'azi, malamai, har ma da 'yan siyasa suna gaya wa ƙarni mai girma cewa dole ne babu yaƙi kuma, saboda haka, babu wani abu mai hikima".<ref>Brinton, Crane, (1948). ''From Many to One: The Process of Political Integration, the Problem of World Government'', (Westport: Greenwood Press), p 4.</ref> James Burnham na Ofishin Ayyukan Dabarun (wanda ya riga ya kasance [[C.I.A|CIA]]), ya kuma yi imani da rayuwa: Ana samun bambancin makaman nukiliya a cikin cewa suna iya hallaka rayuwar ɗan adam gaba ɗaya, gami da ta hanyar yanayin yanayi da yanayin ƙasa, amma haka ba haka ba ne. Babban ka'idojin dabarun soja ba su canza ba. Yaƙin nukiliya zai bambanta da yaƙe-yaƙe na dā amma za a yanke shawarar ta hanyar haɗuwa da albarkatu, halin kirki da dabarun.<ref>Burnham, James, (1947). ''Struggle for the World'', (New York: The John Day Company), pp 26, 28-29.</ref> Wani Bayani na New England Journal of Medicine na 1998 ya gano cewa "Ko da yake mutane da yawa sun yi imanin cewa barazanar harin nukiliya ya ɓace sosai tare da ƙarshen Yakin Cold, akwai shaidu masu yawa da suka saɓa".<ref name="nejm" /> Musamman, yarjejeniyar raba juna ta Amurka da Rasha a cikin 1994 ta kasance alama ce kuma ba ta canza adadin lokacin da ake buƙata don kaddamar da hari ba. An yi imanin cewa yanayin "harin haɗari" ya kasance ƙaddamarwa ne na ramuwar gayya saboda gargadi na ƙarya, kamar abin da ya faru na 1983. <ref name="nejm">{{Cite journal |last=Forrow |first=Lachlan |last2=Blair |first2=Bruce G. |last3=Helfand |first3=Ira |last4=Lewis |first4=George |last5=Postol |first5=Theodore |last6=Sidel |first6=Victor |last7=Levy |first7=Barry S. |last8=Abrams |first8=Herbert |last9=Cassel |first9=Christine |date=30 April 1998 |title=Accidental Nuclear War — A Post–Cold War Assessment |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=338 |issue=18 |pages=1326–1332 |doi=10.1056/NEJM199804303381824 |issn=0028-4793 |pmid=9562589 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A tarihi, Yaƙin Duniya na ya faru ne ta hanyar rikici mai tsanani; Yaƙin Duniya ya faru ne da gangan. &nbsp;&nbsp;Abubuwan da aka yi la'akari da su a cikin shekarun 2010 da 2020 sun haɗa da mamayewar Rasha a Ukraine, fadada kasar Sin zuwa tsibirai da ke kusa da su, Rikicin kan iyakar Sin da Indiya, barazanar aikin soja na kasar Sin a kan Taiwan, rikice-rikicen kan iyakar Indo-Pakistan, da kuma shiga kasashen waje a yakin basasar Siriya. Sauran haɗarin da ake tsammani sune cewa yaƙin da ya shafi ko tsakanin [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudi Arabia]] da [[Iran]], [[Isra'ila]] da Iran, [[Indiya]] da [[Pakistan]], [[Ukraniya|Ukraine]] da [[Rasha]], [[Poland]] da [[Belarus]], [[Koriya ta Kudu]] da [[Koriya ta Arewa]], ko [[Taiwan]] da [[Sin|China]] na iya ƙaruwa ta hanyar kawance ko shiga cikin yaƙi tsakanin "babban iko" kamar [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], Ingila, Faransa, Jamus, Rasha, China, Japan ko kuma yaƙin da ke tsakanin hadin gwiwar soja [[NATO]] da CSTO, ko ma yiwuwar "kwamin kwamandan makaman nukiliya" wanda ba a ƙarƙashin duk wani yaƙin nukiliya ba shi da izini ba zai iya ƙaruwa ba tare da izini yaƙin da izini da izini a kaiwa ba.<ref>{{Cite book|last3=Ron Rosenbaum}}</ref> Dangane da binciken da aka sake dubawa da aka buga a cikin mujallar Nature Food a watan Agustan 2022, cikakken yakin nukiliya tsakanin Amurka da Rasha, wanda ya saki sama da Tg 150 na soot na stratospheric, na iya kashe mutane sama da biliyan biyar ta hanyar yunwa a lokacin hunturu na nukiliya. Fiye da mutane biliyan biyu na iya mutuwa daga yunwa daga karamin yaki na nukiliya (5-47 Tg) tsakanin Indiya da Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Xia |first=Lili |last2=Robock |first2=Alan |last3=Scherrer |first3=Kim |last4=Harrison |first4=Cheryl S. |last5=Bodirsky |first5=Benjamin Leon |last6=Weindl |first6=Isabelle |last7=Jägermeyr |first7=Jonas |last8=Bardeen |first8=Charles G. |last9=Toon |first9=Owen B. |last10=Heneghan |first10=Ryan |date=15 August 2022 |title=Global food insecurity and famine from the reduced crop, marine fishery and livestock production due to climate disruption from nuclear war soot injection |journal=[[Nature Food]] |volume=3 |issue=8 |pages=586–596 |doi=10.1038/s43016-022-00573-0 |pmid=37118594 |s2cid=251601831 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> A yayin yakin nukiliya tsakanin Rasha da Amurka, kashi 99% na yawan jama'a a cikin ƙasashe masu fafatawa, da Turai da China, za su mutu. Wasu al'amuran sun haɗa da haɗari saboda canje-canje masu zuwa daga sanannen halin da ake ciki. A cikin shekarun 1980s Strategic Defense Initiative ya yi ƙoƙari ya soke makaman nukiliya na USSR; wasu masu sharhi sun yi imanin cewa shirin yana "rashin daidaituwa". A cikin littafinsa Destined for War, Graham Allison yana kallon kishiyar duniya tsakanin ikon da aka kafa, Amurka, da ikon da ke tasowa, China, a matsayin misali na Thucydides Trap. Allison ya bayyana cewa a tarihi, "12 daga cikin shari'o'i 16 da suka gabata inda karuwar iko ta fuskanci ikon mulki" sun haifar da fada.<ref>Graham Allison (2017). ''Destined for War'', Scribe, p. 215</ref> A cikin 2020 da 2023, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists ya ci gaba da agogon ranar ƙarshe, yana mai da hankali a tsakanin sauran abubuwan da aka yi hasashen tasirin rikice-rikice daga makamai masu zuwa. Yakin yanar gizo shine amfani da fasaha ta wata kasa ko kungiyar kasa da kasa don kai farmaki da lalata hanyoyin sadarwa da kwamfutocin adawa. Lalacewar na iya haifar da ƙwayoyin cuta na kwamfuta ko hare-haren ƙin sabis (DoS). Hare-haren yanar gizo suna ƙara zama ruwan dare, suna barazanar tsaro ta yanar gizo kuma suna mai da shi fifiko a duniya. An sami yaduwar hare-haren da gwamnati ke tallafawa. Halin waɗannan hare-haren ya nuna yiwuwar yakin duniya na uku na yanar gizo.Manyan sojoji na duniya suna haɓaka dabarun yanar gizo, gami da hanyoyin canza tsarin umarni da sarrafa abokan gaba, tsarin gargadi na farko, dabaru, da sufuri.Harin Rasha na 2022 na Ukraine ya haifar da damuwa game da babban hari na yanar gizo, tare da Rasha da ta kaddamar da hare-haren yanar gizo don sasanta kungiyoyi a duk faɗin Ukraine. Rasha ta kaddamar da kusan hare-hare 40 masu hankali waɗanda suka lalata fayiloli har abada a cikin daruruwan tsarin a cikin ƙungiyoyi da yawa, tare da kashi 40% da nufin manyan fannoni a cikin Ukraine.Amfani da yakin yanar gizo na Rasha ya juya yakin zuwa babban yakin "haɗe-haɗe" a Ukraine. == Dubi kuma == * Yunkurin adawa da nukiliya * Gasar makamai ta wucin gadi * Yakin Cold na Ilimin Ilimin Ilimi * Gasar makaman nukiliya * Holocaust na nukiliya * Ta'addanci na nukiliya * Yaƙin Cold na Biyu * Yaƙin Duniya na III a cikin al'adun gargajiya * [[Yaƙi]] * [[Yaƙin Duniya na I]] * [[Yaƙin Duniya na II]] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] spsgoh39a7crvifbsch5y8y1zptr28i 884814 884813 2026-07-19T08:53:56Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 884814 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   [[Fayil:Castle_Bravo_Blast.jpg|thumb|Yaƙin nukiliya alama ce ta yau da kullun kuma jigon mafi yawan abubuwan da suka faru na Yaƙin Duniya na III. &nbsp;Irin wannan rikici an yi la'akari da shi don haifar da ko kusa da halakawar ɗan adam.]] '''Yaƙin Duniya na I''' ('''WWIII''' ko '''WW3'''), wanda aka fi sani da '''Yaƙin Duniya na Uku''', rikici ne na duniya na gaba wanda ya biyo bayan Yaƙin Duniya Na shekara ta alif (1914 zuwa zuwa 1918) da [[Yaƙin Duniya na II]] a shekara ta alif 1939 Zuwa 1945). An yi la'akari da cewa irin wannan yaƙin zai shafi dukkan manyan ƙasashen duniya, kamar waɗanda suka riga shi, da kuma amfani da [[makaman nukiliya]] ko wasu makamai na hallaka jama'a, don haka ya wuce rikice-rikicen da suka gabata a cikin yanki, lalacewa, da asarar rai. Tun lokacin da Manhattan [[Project]] ya ci gaba da makaman nukiliya a shekara ta alif 1945 da kuma amfani da su ta [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] a cikin bama-Bamai na nukiliya na Hiroshima da Nagasaki a ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na II, haɗarin apocalypse na nukiliyar da ke haifar da lalacewa mai yawa da yiwuwar [[Yanayin tashin duniya|rushewar wayewa]] ko halaka bil'adama ya zama jigon gama gari a cikin hasashe da fiction game da Yaƙin Duniya III. Tare da zuwan [[Cold War|Yaƙin Cold]] A shekara ta (1947-1991) da yaduwar makaman [[nukiliya]] zuwa [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]], wanda wasu kasashe da yawa suka biyo baya, haɗarin yakin duniya na uku ya tashi. A lokacin Yakin Cold, sojoji da ma'aikatan farar hula a duk duniya sun yi tsammanin yiwuwar kuma sun shirya hakan, tare da abubuwan da suka faru daga yaƙin gargajiya zuwa iyakantaccen ko gaba ɗaya Yaƙin nukiliya. An kirkiro ka'idar dabarun tabbatar da lalacewa, wanda ya nuna cewa cikakken rikici na nukiliya zai hallaka dukkan bangarorin da ke cikin rikici. Shugabannin Amurka da Soviet sun yi aiki don kauce wa irin wannan sakamako, kodayake kira da yawa na kusa, wanda ya haifar da fasaha mara kyau, kuskuren ɗan adam ko rashin sadarwa, har yanzu ya faru, yana jaddada buƙatar hanawa daga bangarorin biyu. == Magana ==   Mujallar Time ta kasance mai karɓar farko, idan ba mai farawa ba, na kalmar "Yaƙin Duniya na III". {{Spaces}}Amfani na farko ya bayyana a cikin fitowar 3 ga Nuwamba Shekara ta 1941 (kafin harin Japan a kan Pearl Harbor a ranar 7 ga Disamba 1941) a ƙarƙashin sashin "Hamaloli na Kasa" kuma mai taken "Yaƙin Duniya na III?" game da ɗan gudun hijirar Nazi Hermann Rauschning, wanda ya isa Amurka. {{Spaces}}A cikin fitowar ta 22 ga Maris 1943, a ƙarƙashin sashin "Labaran Kasashen Waje", ''Lokaci'' ya sake amfani da wannan taken "Yaƙin Duniya na III?" game da maganganun Mataimakin Shugaban Amurka na ''Lokaci'' Henry A. Wallace: "Za mu yanke shawara a wani lokaci a shekarar 1943 ko 1944 ... ko mu dasa tsaba na Yaƙin Duniya na Uku. " Lokaci ya ci gaba da samun ko ambaton labaran "Yaƙin duniya na III" don sauran shekaru goma da gaba: 1944, 1945, 1946 ("yaƙin ƙwayoyin cuta da 1948. {{Spaces}}{{Spaces}}{{Spaces}}''Lokaci'' ya ci gaba da amfani da wannan kalmar, alal misali, a cikin littafin 2015 mai taken "Wannan shine Abin da Yaƙin Duniya na III Zai Kamata". == Shirye-shiryen Soja == Masu dabarun soja sun yi amfani da wasannin yaƙi don shirya don yanayin yaƙi daban-daban da kuma ƙayyade dabarun da suka fi dacewa. An yi amfani da wasannin yaƙi don Yaƙin Duniya na I da Yaƙin Duniya ya II . === Aikin da ba za a iya tsammani ba ===   Firayim Ministan Burtaniya [[Winston Churchill]] ya damu da cewa, tare da girman sojojin Soviet Red Army da aka tura a Tsakiyar Turai da Gabashin Turai a Ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na II<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwbg">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki> da rashin amintaccen shugaban Soviet [[Joseph Stalin]], akwai babbar barazana ga Yammacin Turai. A cikin Afrilu-Mayu 1945, Sojojin Burtaniya sun haɓaka Operation Unthinkable, wanda ake zaton shine yanayin farko na Yaƙin Duniya na Uku. Babban burinta shine "ta tilasta wa Rasha nufin Amurka da [[Daular Biritaniya|Daular Burtaniya]]".<ref>{{Cite web |last=British War Cabinet, Joint Planning Staff, Public Record Office, CAB 120/691/109040 / 002 |date=11 August 1945 |title=Operation Unthinkable: 'Russia: Threat to Western Civilization' |url=http://www.history.neu.edu/PRO2/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080706093010/http://www.history.neu.edu/PRO2/ <!--Added by H3llBot--> |archive-date=6 July 2008 |access-date=28 June 2008 |publisher=Department of History, Northeastern University |format=online photocopy}}</ref> Kwamitin Shugabannin Ma'aikata na Burtaniya sun ki amincewa da shirin a matsayin wanda ba zai yiwu ba a soja. === Aikin Dropshot === {{Clear}}Operation Dropshot shi ne shirin gaggawa na Amurka na Shekarar 1950 don yiwuwar yaki da [[Makaman nukiliya|nukiliya]] da na al'ada tare da [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]] a cikin wuraren wasan kwaikwayo na Yammacin Turai da Asiya. Kodayake labarin ya yi amfani da makaman nukiliya, ba a sa ran su taka muhimmiyar rawa ba. A lokacin da Makaman nukiliya na Amurka sun iyakance a girman, galibi a Amurka, kuma sun dogara da bama-bamai don isar da su. Dropshot ya haɗa da bayanan manufa waɗanda za su yi amfani da bama-Bamai na nukiliya 300 da bama-mamai masu fashewa 29,000 a kan manufofi 200 a cikin birane da garuruwa 100 don share kashi 85% na damar masana'antar Tarayyar Soviet a cikin bugun jini ɗaya. Tsakanin 75 da 100 daga cikin makaman nukiliya 300 an yi niyya ne don lalata jirgin yaki na Soviet a ƙasa. An tsara labarin ne kafin ci gaban makamai masu linzami na intercontinental. An kuma tsara shi kafin Shugaban Amurka [[John F. Kennedy]] da Sakataren Tsaro Robert McNamara su canza shirin Yakin Nukiliya na Amurka daga shirin yajin aiki na 'kisan birni' zuwa shirin "counterforce" (wanda aka fi mayar da hankali ga sojojin). Makaman nukiliya a wannan lokacin ba su da isasshen daidaito don kai hari kan sansanin sojan ruwa ba tare da lalata birnin da ke kusa da shi ba, don haka manufar amfani da su ita ce ta lalata ikon masana'antar abokan gaba don lalata tattalin arzikin yaƙi. === Haɗin gwiwar Burtaniya da Ireland === Jamhuriyar Ireland ta fara shirin yiwuwar yakin nukiliya a ƙarshen shekarun 1940. Za a kafa hadin gwiwa tsakanin Ingila da Ireland a yayin WWIII, inda za su raba bayanan yanayi, sarrafa kayan aiki don kewayawa, da daidaita sabis na watsa shirye-shiryen Wartime wanda zai faru bayan harin nukiliya. <ref name="auto3">{{Cite journal |last=Kennedy |first=Michael |date=2017 |title=ENVISAGING THE UNTHINKABLE: PLANNING FOR ARMAGEDDON IN 1950s IRELAND |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/90005263 |url-status=live |journal=History Ireland |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=36–39 |issn=0791-8224 |jstor=90005263 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220502180344/https://www.jstor.org/stable/90005263 |archive-date=2 May 2022 |access-date=2 May 2022}}</ref> Operation Sandstone a Ireland wani babban aikin soja ne na sirri na Burtaniya da Ireland.<ref name="auto3" /> Sojojin jihohin biyu sun fara binciken bakin teku na Burtaniya da Ireland tare daga 1948 zuwa 1955. Wannan buƙata ce daga Amurka don gano wuraren da suka dace don saukowa ga Amurka a yayin nasarar mamayewar Soviet.<ref name="auto3" /><ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |last=Archives |first=The National |date=2020-04-03 |title=The National Archives - Operation Sandstone: Surveying Britain's Cold War beaches |url=https://blog.nationalarchives.gov.uk/operation-sandstone-surveying-britains-cold-war-beaches/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127004120/https://blog.nationalarchives.gov.uk/operation-sandstone-surveying-britains-cold-war-beaches/ |archive-date=27 November 2020 |access-date=2022-05-02 |website=The National Archives blog |language=en-GB}}</ref> A shekara ta 1953, hadin gwiwar ta amince da raba bayanai game da yanayin yaƙi da kuma kwashe fararen hula daga Burtaniya zuwa Ireland.<ref name="auto3" /> Operation Sandstone na Ireland ya ƙare a shekarar 1966.<ref name="auto2" /> === Ayyuka na Grand Slam, Longstep, da Mainbrace === {{Clear}}A watan Janairun 1950, Majalisar Arewacin Atlantic ta amince da dabarun soja na [[NATO]] na hanawa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lord Ismay |title=Chapter 3 – The Pace Quickens |url=http://www.nato.int/archives/1st5years/chapters/3.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140313154306/http://www.nato.int/archives/1st5years/chapters/3.htm |archive-date=13 March 2014 |access-date=19 September 2011 |website=NATO the first five years 1949–1954 |publisher=[[NATO]]}}</ref> Shirye-shiryen soja na NATO ya sake sabuntawa bayan barkewar Yaƙin Koriya a farkon shekarun 1950, wanda ya sa NATO ta kafa "dakarun karkashin umarni na tsakiya, wanda ya isa ya hana tashin hankali da kuma tabbatar da tsaron Yammacin Turai". An kafa rundunar Allied Command Europe a karkashin Janar na Sojoji Dwight D. Eisenhower, Sojojin Amurka, a ranar 2 ga Afrilu 1951 . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Chapter 4 – The Pace Quickens |url=http://www.nato.int/archives/1st5years/chapters/4.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227094811/http://www.nato.int/archives/1st5years/chapters/4.htm |archive-date=27 December 2013 |access-date=19 September 2011 |website=NATO the first five years 1949–1954 |publisher=[[NATO]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=X |author-link=George F. Kennan |date=July 1947 |title=The Sources of Soviet Conduct |journal=[[Foreign Affairs]] |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=575–576 |doi=10.2307/20030065 |issn=0015-7120 |jstor=20030065}}</ref> Kungiyar Tsaro ta Yamma Turai a baya ta gudanar da Exercise Verity, wani motsa jiki na 1949 wanda ya shafi hare-haren jiragen ruwa da hare-harun jirgin ruwa. Ayyukan Mainbrace sun haɗu da jiragen ruwa 200 da ma'aikata sama da 50,000 don horar da tsaron [[Denmark]] da [[Norway]] daga harin Soviet a 1952. Wannan shi ne karo na farko da aka yi amfani da shi a NATO. Babban Kwamandan Allied Atlantic Admiral Lynde D. McCormick, Sojojin Ruwa na Amurka, da Babban Kwamandan Sojojin Turai Janar Matthew B. Ridgeway, Sojoji na Amurka, ne suka ba da umarnin aikin tare a lokacin kaka na 1952. Amurka, Ingila, [[Kanada]], Faransa, Denmark, Norway, [[Portugal]], [[Holand|Netherlands]], da [[Beljik|Belgium]] sun shiga. Atisayen Grand Slam da Longstep atisayen sojan ruwa ne da aka gudanar a cikin Tekun Bahar Rum a shekarar 1952 don gudanar da aikin korar makiya da ke mamaye da karfin tuwo. Ya ƙunshi jiragen ruwa sama da 170 da jiragen sama 700 a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Admiral Robert B. Carney . Babban kwamandan motsa jiki, Carney ya taƙaita nasarorin da aka samu na Exercise Grand Slam da cewa: "Mun nuna cewa manyan kwamandojin dukkan iko guda huɗu za su iya samun nasarar gudanar da aikin haɗakarwa tare da sarrafa shi yadda ya kamata a matsayin ƙungiya mai aiki. Tarayyar Soviet ta kira darussan "aikin yaki" ta NATO, tare da yin la'akari da shiga [[Norway]] da Denmark kuma sun shirya don ayyukan soja a Yankin Soviet.<ref name="Time2">''Time'', 29 September 1952</ref><ref name="Sidney">"NATO Ships Enter Baltic Sea" – ''Sydney Morning Herald'', p. 2</ref> === Exercise Strikeback ===   Exercise Strikeback babban aikin sojan ruwa ne na NATO wanda aka gudanar a shekara ta 1957, yana kwaikwayon martani ga harin Soviet a kan NATO. Wannan motsa jiki ya kunshi jiragen yaki sama da 200, jirgin sama 650, da ma'aikata 75,000 daga Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Amurka, Rundunar Soja ta Burtaniya, Rundunar Ruwa ta Kanada, Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Faransa, Rundunar Roya ta Netherlands, da Rundunar Sojojin Ruwa ta Royal Norway. A matsayin mafi girman aikin sojan ruwa na zaman lafiya har zuwa wannan lokacin, mai sharhi na soja Hanson W. Baldwin na The New York Times ya bayyana shi a matsayin "wanda ya zama mafi karfi da aka tara tun lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. === Jarabawar Ƙarfafawa ===   [[Fayil:USS_Hawes_(FFG-53),_USS_William_H._Standley_(CG-32)_and_USS_Guadalcanal_(LPH-7)_escort_tanker_Gas_King_in_the_Persian_Gullf_on_21_October_1987_(6432283).jpg|thumb|Idan aka kunna, Operation Reforger zai kunshi manyan motoci kamar wannan daga Operation Earnest Will a 1987, kodayake ya fi girma. Duk da yake dakarun za su iya tashi a fadin Tekun Atlantika, kayan aiki masu nauyi da ƙarfafa makamai dole ne su zo ta teku.]] Exercise RE (daga sake juyawa na FORces zuwa GER) wani motsa jiki ne na shekara-shekara da NATO ta gudanar a lokacin Yakin Cold . Duk da yake sojojin Amurka za a iya tashi cikin sauƙi a fadin Tekun Atlantika, kayan aiki masu nauyi da ƙarfafa makamai dole ne su zo ta teku kuma a isar da su zuwa shafukan POMCUS (An riga an tsara su zuwa rukunin rukunin). [1] Wadannan darussan sun gwada Amurka da kuma iyawar hadin gwiwa don aiwatar da karfafawa ta duniya.[1] Karfafawa a kan lokaci wani bangare ne mai mahimmanci na darussan karfafawa na NATO. Amurka ta buƙaci samun damar aika da ƙungiyoyin sojoji masu aiki zuwa Turai a cikin kwanaki goma a matsayin wani ɓangare na turawar NATO a lokacin yaƙi.Baya ga kimanta iyawar Amurka, Reforger ya kuma sa ido kan ma'aikata, wurare, da kayan aiki na ƙasashen Turai da ke taka muhimmiyar rawa a kokarin ƙarfafawa. An yi amfani da wannan motsa jiki ne don tabbatar da cewa NATO na iya tura sojoji zuwa Jamus ta Yamma da sauri idan akwai rikici tare da Yarjejeniyar Warsaw. Yarjejeniyar Warsaw ta fi NATO yawa a duk lokacin Yakin Cold a cikin dakarun al'ada, kuma musamman a cikin tankuna da motocin makamai. Sabili da haka, a yayin mamayewar Soviet, don kada a koma ga hare-haren nukiliya, dole ne a sake dawo da makamai na Yarjejeniyar Warsaw da sauri kuma a maye gurbin su. Reforger ba kawai nuna ƙarfi ba ne. A yayin rikici, zai zama ainihin shirin don ƙarfafa kasancewar NATO a Turai. A wannan yanayin, ana kiransa Operation Reforger . Manufofin siyasa na Reforger sune inganta tsawo da kuma inganta hadin kan NATO.[1] Muhimman abubuwan da ke cikin Reforger sun haɗa da Rundunar Sojan Sama, Rundunar Sojojin Sojan Sama ta Sojan Sama. === Kwanaki Bakwai zuwa Kogin Rhine ===   [[Fayil:Probable_Axes_of_Attack.jpg|thumb|Harin Yarjejeniyar Warsaw zai zo ta hanyar manyan hanyoyi uku ta Yammacin Jamus.]] Kwanaki Bakwai zuwa Kogin Rhine wani aikin kwaikwayo ne na soja na sirri wanda Yarjejeniyar Warsaw ta kirkira a shekarar 1979. Ya fara ne da zaton cewa NATO za ta ƙaddamar da harin nukiliya a kwarin kogin Vistula a cikin wani lamari na farko, wanda zai haifar da mutuwar fararen hula na Poland miliyan biyu.[1] A mayar da martani, za a gudanar da yunkurin yaki na Soviet a kan Jamus ta Yamma, Belgium, Netherlands da Denmark, tare da sojojin Warsaw Pact da suka mamaye Jamus ta Yankin kuma suna da niyyar tsayawa a Kogin Rhine a rana ta bakwai. Sauran tsare-tsaren USSR sun tsaya ne kawai bayan sun isa iyakar Faransa a rana ta tara. Kowane jihohin Yarjejeniyar Warsaw an sanya su ne kawai sashi na hoto na dabarun; a wannan yanayin, ana sa ran sojojin Poland za su je har zuwa Jamus. Shirin Kwanaki Bakwai zuwa Rhine ya yi la'akari da cewa Poland da Jamus za su lalace ta hanyar musayar nukiliya kuma yawan sojoji za su mutu daga cutar radiation. An kiyasta cewa NATO za ta harba makaman nukiliya a bayan layin Soviet masu ci gaba don yanke layin samar da su kuma ta haka ne su rage ci gaban su. Duk da yake wannan shirin ya ɗauka cewa NATO za ta yi amfani da makaman nukiliya don tura duk wani mamayewar Warsaw Pact, bai haɗa da hare-haren nukiliya a Faransa ko Ingila ba. Jaridu sun yi hasashen lokacin da aka bayyana wannan shirin, cewa ba za a buga Faransa da Burtaniya ba don samun su don hana amfani da makaman nukiliyar su. === Kwarewar Mai Fitarwa === {{Clear}} [[Fayil:Reagan_and_Gordievsky.jpg|thumb|Tsohon shugaban Amurka [[Ronald Reagan]] da wakilin Soviet biyu Oleg Gordievsky, wanda daga baya ya gaya wa Yammah yadda kusanci da aikin Able Archer 83 ya kawo Soviets don ba da umarni na FarkoFarko na Farko]] Exercise Able Archer wani motsa jiki ne na shekara-shekara na Kwamandan Turai na Amurka wanda ke aiwatar da umarni da hanyoyin sarrafawa, tare da jaddada sauyawa daga ayyukan al'ada kawai zuwa ayyukan sinadarai, nukiliya, da na al'ada a lokacin yaƙi. "Able Archer 83" wani aiki ne na kwana biyar na [[NATO|Kungiyar Yarjejeniyar Arewacin Atlantic]] (NATO) wanda ya fara a ranar 7 ga Nuwamba 1983, wanda ya mamaye Yammacin Turai, wanda ke tsakiya a Babban Hedikwatar Allied Powers Europe (SHAPE) a Casteau, arewacin birnin Mons. Ayyukan Able Archer sun yi kama da lokacin rikice-rikice, wanda ya kai ga Harin nukiliya.<ref name="Fischer Conundrum">{{Cite web |last=Benjamin B. Fischer |date=17 March 2007 |title=A Cold War Conundrum: The 1983 Soviet War Scare |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/a-cold-war-conundrum/source.htm#HEADING1-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114024850/https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/a-cold-war-conundrum/source.htm |archive-date=14 January 2009 |access-date=13 January 2009 |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]}}</ref> Halin da ya dace na aikin 1983, tare da lalacewar dangantaka da ke tsakanin Amurka da Tarayyar Soviet da kuma zuwan makaman nukiliya na Pershing II a Turai, ya jagoranci wasu mambobin Politburo da sojoji suyi imani cewa Able Archer 83 ya kasance makirci ne na yaki, yana rufe shirye-shiryen kai hari na farko na nukiliya.<ref name="Fischer Conundrum">{{Cite web |last=Benjamin B. Fischer |date=17 March 2007 |title=A Cold War Conundrum: The 1983 Soviet War Scare |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/a-cold-war-conundrum/source.htm#HEADING1-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114024850/https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/a-cold-war-conundrum/source.htm |archive-date=14 January 2009 |access-date=13 January 2009 |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]}}</ref><ref>Andrew and Gordievsky, ''Comrade Kryucvcov's Instructions'', 85–7.</ref><ref name="Fischer Reversal 123,31">Beth Fischer, ''Reagan Reversal'', 123, 131.</ref><ref name="Pry Scare 37–9">Pry, ''War Scare'', 37–9.</ref> A mayar da martani, Soviets sun shirya sojojin nukiliyar su kuma sun sanya rundunonin iska a Gabashin Jamus da [[Tarihin Poland (1945-1989)|Poland]] a faɗake.<ref>Oberdorfer, ''A New Era'', 66.</ref><ref name="SNIE 84">''SNIE 11–10–84'' "Implications of Recent Soviet Military-Political Activities" Central Intelligence Agency, 18 May 1984.</ref>Wannan "1983 war fear" da yawa masana tarihi sunyi la'akari da shi a matsayin mafi kusa da duniya ta zo ga nukiliya tun lokacin Cuban Missile Crisis na 1962. Barazanar yaƙin nukiliya ya ƙare tare da kammala aikin a ranar 11 ga Nuwamba. <ref>Andrew and Gordievsky, ''Comrade Kryucvcov's Instructions'', 87–8.</ref><ref name="Pry Scare 43–4">Pry, ''War Scare'', 43–4.</ref> === Shirye-shiryen Tsaro === Shugaban Amurka Ronald Reagan ne ya gabatar da shirin Tsaro na dabarun (SDI) a ranar 23 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1983. [1] A ƙarshen shugabancin, dalilai da yawa (wanda ya haɗa da kallon fim din 1983 The Day After da jin ta hanyar mai sauya sheka na Soviet cewa Able Archer 83 kusan ya haifar da hari na farko na Rasha) ya juya Reagan kan manufar yaƙin nukiliya mai cin nasara, kuma ya fara ganin makaman nukiliya a matsayin "Katin daji" fiye da dabarun hanawa. Kodayake daga baya ya yi imani da Yarjejeniyar kawar da makamai a hankali yana rage haɗarin makaman nukiliya ta hanyar rage yawan su da matsayin faɗakarwa, ya kuma yi imanin cewa mafita ta fasaha na iya ba da damar harbe ICBMs masu shigowa, don haka ya sa Amurka ba za a iya fuskantar hari na farko ba. Koyaya, USSR ta ga manufar SDI a matsayin babbar barazana, tunda tura tsarin zai ba Amurka damar kaddamar da babban hari na farko a Tarayyar Soviet ba tare da tsoron ramuwar gayya ba. Manufar SDI ita ce amfani da tsarin ƙasa da sararin samaniya don kare Amurka daga hari da makamai masu linzami na nukiliya. Shirin ya mayar da hankali kan kariya ta dabarun maimakon ka'idar kuskuren dabarun da ta gabata na tabbatar da juna (MAD). An kafa Strategic Defense Initiative Organization (SDIO) a cikin 1984 a cikin Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Amurka don kula da Strategic Defense Program. === Kasuwancin nukiliya na NATO === [[Fayil:Operation_Upshot_test.ogv|thumb|Misali na gwajin makamashin nukiliya a Amurka]] Shirye-shiryen aiki na NATO don Yaƙin Duniya na Uku sun haɗa da abokan NATO waɗanda ba su da makaman nukiliya, ta amfani da makaman Nukiliya da Amurka ta bayar a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin yaki na NATO, a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Babban Kwamandan NATO. [[Fayil:Overzicht_op_Museumplein_met_spandoek_The_Dutch_disease_is_better_for_peace_o,_Bestanddeelnr_253-8627.jpg|thumb|zanga-zangar da aka yi a [[Amsterdam]] game da tseren makaman nukiliya tsakanin Amurka / NATO da Tarayyar Soviet, 1981]] Daga cikin iko uku na nukiliya a NATO (Faransa, Ingila, da Amurka) Amurka ce kawai ta samar da makamai don raba nukiliya. Ya zuwa Nuwamba , [[Beljik|Belgium]], Jamus, Italiya, Netherlands da [[Turkiyya]] har yanzu suna karbar bakuncin makaman nukiliya na Amurka a matsayin wani ɓangare na manufofin raba nukiliya ta NATO.<ref name="RUSI-2010">{{Citation|last1=amp}}</ref> Kanada ta dauki bakuncin makamai har zuwa 1984, <ref name="RUSI-2010" /> da [[Girka (ƙasa)|Girka]] har zuwa 2001. Har ila yau, Ƙasar Ingila ta karɓi Makaman nukiliya na Amurka kamar bindigogi na nukiliya da Makamai masu linzami har zuwa 1992, duk da cewa Burtaniya ƙasa ce ta makaman nukliya a kanta; waɗannan galibi an tura su a [[Jamus]]. A lokacin zaman lafiya, makaman nukiliya da aka adana a cikin ƙasashe marasa nukiliya suna ƙarƙashin kulawar 'yan saman Amurka kodayake a baya wasu bindigogi da tsarin makamai masu linzami sun kasance ƙarƙashin kulawar Sojojin Amurka; lambobin da ake buƙata don fashe su suna ƙarƙashin ikon Amurka. Idan akwai yaƙi, za a ɗora makamai a kan jiragen yaƙi na ƙasashe masu shiga. Makamai suna ƙarƙashin kulawa da iko na USAF Munitions Support Squadrons da ke kan manyan sansanonin aiki na NATO waɗanda ke aiki tare da sojojin kasar da ke karbar bakuncin. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2005, bam din nukiliya na B61 180 na makaman nukiliya 480 na Amurka da aka yi imanin cewa an tura su a Turai sun fada karkashin tsarin raba nukiliya. Ana adana makamai a cikin wani ajiya a cikin [[Gidan jirgin sama mai ƙarfi|mafaka na jirgin sama]], ta amfani da USAF WS3 Weapon Storage and Security System. Jiragen yaki da aka yi amfani da su sune F-16 Fighting Falcons da [[Panavia Tornado|Panavia Tornados]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hans M. Kristensen |date=5 October 2007 |title=U.S. Nuclear Weapons in Europe After the Cold War |url=http://www.nukestrat.com/pubs/Brief_Italy2007.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120202112109/http://www.nukestrat.com/pubs/Brief_Italy2007.pdf |archive-date=2 February 2012 |access-date=10 August 2013 |publisher=Federation of American Scientists}}</ref> == Tarihin kusa == Tare da fara tseren makamai na Cold War a cikin shekarun 1950, yakin apocalyptic tsakanin Amurka da Tarayyar Soviet ya zama ainihin yiwuwar. A lokacin Yakin Cold shekara ta (1947 zuwa 1991), an bayyana abubuwan da suka faru na soja da yawa kamar yadda suka kusa da yiwuwar haifar da Yaƙin Duniya na III. Ko da bayan ƙarshen Yakin Cold da rushewar Tarayyar Soviet a cikin shekara ta 1991, an bayyana wasu abubuwan da suka faru bayan haka a matsayin kira na kusa. === Yaƙin Koriya: 25 Yuni A shekarar 1950 - 27 Yuli 1953&nbsp; === Yaƙin Koriya yaƙi ne tsakanin hadin gwiwa guda biyu da ke yaƙi don iko da Yankin Koriya: hadin gwiwar kwaminisanci da ta haɗa da [[Koriya ta Arewa]], Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin, da [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]], da kuma hadin gwiwarsa ta jari-hujja da ta haɗa ti [[Koriya ta Kudu]], Amurka da Kwamandan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Mutane da yawa sun yi imanin cewa rikici zai iya zama babban yaki tsakanin kasashen uku, Amurka, USSR, da Chaina. Wakilin yaki na CBS News Bill Downs ya rubuta a 1951, "Ga zuciyata, amsar ita ce: Ee, Koriya ita ce farkon Yaƙin Duniya na III. Saukowa mai kyau a Inchon da ƙoƙarin hadin gwiwar Sojojin Amurka tare da Allies na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun ba mu nasara a Koriya. Amma wannan shine kawai yaƙin farko a cikin babban gwagwarmayar kasa da kasa wanda yanzu ke mamaye Gabas ta Tsakiya da dukan duniya. " Downs daga baya ya sake maimaita wannan imani a kan ABC Evening News yayin da yake bayar da rahoto game da labarin game da Lamarin USS Pueblo a shekarar 1968.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Downs |first=Bill |date=25 January 1968 |title=The USS Pueblo incident |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-KBxiX_9_Kk |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140615095207/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-KBxiX_9_Kk |archive-date=15 June 2014 |access-date=8 November 2013 |website=ABC Evening News |publisher=ABC}}</ref> {{Spaces}}Sakataren Gwamnati Dean Acheson daga baya ya yarda cewa Gwamnatin Truman ta damu game da karuwar rikici kuma Janar Douglas MacArthur ya gargadi shi cewa shiga tsakani da Amurka ke jagoranta ya yi barazanar martani na Soviet. === Rikicin Berlin: 4 Yuni - 9 Nuwamba 1961 === Rikicin Berlin na 1961 ya kasance rikici ne na siyasa da soja tsakanin Amurka da Tarayyar Soviet a Checkpoint Charlie tare da tankuna da sojoji da yawa na Amurka da Soviet / Gabashin Jamus a tsaye a juna kawai 100 yadudduka a kowane bangare na checkpoint. Dalilin da ya sa aka yi jayayya shi ne matsayin sana'a na babban birnin Jamus, [[Berlin]], da kuma Bayan yakin duniya na biyu Jamus. Rikicin Berlin ya fara ne lokacin da USSR ta kaddamar da wani ultimatum da ke buƙatar janyewar dukkan sojoji daga Berlin, gami da sojojin Yamma a Berlin ta Yamma. Rikicin ya ƙare a cikin rabuwa da birnin tare da gina Ginin Berlin na Gabashin Jamus. Wannan tsayayya ta ƙare cikin lumana a ranar 28 ga Oktoba biyo bayan fahimtar Amurka da Soviet don janye tankuna da rage tashin hankali. === Rikicin Makami Mai Girma na Cuba: 15-29 Oktoba 1962 === [[Fayil:Soviet_b-59_submarine.jpg|thumb|Wani jirgin saman saman Amurka mai suna HSS-1 Seabat yana tashi a kan jirgin ruwa na Soviet ''B-59'', wanda sojojin Amurka suka tilasta masa zuwa saman a cikin Caribbean kusa da Cuba. B-59 yana da torpedo na nukiliya a cikin jirgin, kuma ana buƙatar maɓallan jami'ai uku don amfani da shi. Ɗaya daga cikin rashin amincewarsu ne kawai ya hana jirgin ruwa daga kai hari kan rundunar Amurka da ke kusa, wani hasken da zai iya haifar da Yaƙin Duniya na Uku (28-29 Oktoba 1962).]] Rikicin Makami mai linzami na Cuban, gwagwarmaya game da ajiye makamai masu linzami na nukiliya na Soviet a Cuba don mayar da martani ga mamayewar Bay of Pigs, an dauke shi mafi kusa da musayar nukiliya, wanda zai iya haifar da yakin duniya na uku. Rikicin ya kai kololuwa a ranar 27 ga Oktoba, tare da manyan abubuwan da suka faru guda uku a rana ɗaya: * Mafi mahimmancin abin da ya faru ya faru ne lokacin da jirgin ruwa na Soviet ya kusan kaddamar da torpedo mai kwakwalwa don mayar da martani ga cewa Amurka ta yi niyya da shi a cikin ruwan kasa da kasa, tare da mayar da martiri na kaddamarwar nukiliya na Soviet kawai ya hana shi daga jami'in Sojan Ruwa na Soviet Vasily Arkhipov. * Harbi jirgin leken asiri na Lockheed U-2 wanda Rudolf Anderson ya tuka yayin da yake keta sararin samaniya na Cuban. * Kusan tsayar da wani U-2 wanda ya ɓace cikin sararin samaniya na Soviet a kan Siberia, wanda ya sa Soviets su yi imani cewa wannan na iya zama jagora na bama-bamai na Amurka. Duk da abin da mutane da yawa suka yi imanin cewa shine mafi kusa da duniya ya zo ga rikici na nukiliya, a duk lokacin da aka yi tsayayya, Doomsday Clock, wanda Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists ke gudanarwa don kimanta yadda ƙarshen duniya, ko Doomsday, yake, tare da tsakar dare shine apocalypse, ya kasance a cikin minti bakwai zuwa tsakar dare. An bayyana wannan ne saboda taƙaitaccen rikicin tun lokacin da aka saka idanu kan abubuwan da suka fi dacewa kamar jagorancin kasashe, rikice-rikice, yaƙe-yaƙe, da rikice-rikicen siyasa, da kuma martani na al'ummomi ga abubuwan da aka ambata. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists yanzu ya yaba da ci gaban siyasa wanda ya haifar da rikicin makami mai linzami na Cuban tare da inganta kwanciyar hankali na duniya. Bulletin ya nuna cewa rikice-rikice da lokutan da za su iya ƙaruwa, an sanya su da ƙarfi saboda manyan dalilai guda biyu: # Layin zafi na Washington zuwa Moscow ya haifar da matsalar sadarwa tsakanin [[White House|Fadar White House]] da Kremlin a lokacin rikicin. Wannan ya ba shugabannin manyan makaman nukiliya guda biyu damar tuntuɓar juna a ainihin lokacin, yana da mahimmanci lokacin da seconds zasu iya hana musayar nukiliya. # Dalili na biyu ya haifar da wani bangare saboda martani na duniya game da yadda Amurka da USSR suka zo kusa da yakin duniya na uku a lokacin rikici. {{Spaces}}Yayin da jama'a suka fara saka idanu kan batutuwan da suka shafi makaman nukiliya, sabili da haka don tara goyon baya ga dalilin da ya sa ba ya yaduwa, an sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar haramtacciyar gwajin 1963. Har zuwa yau wannan yarjejeniyar ta sanya hannu ta kasashe 126 duka, tare da sanannun ban da Faransa da China. Dukkanin wadannan kasashe suna cikin matakan farko na shirye-shiryen nukiliya a lokacin sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar farko, kuma dukansu biyu sun nemi damar nukiliya mai zaman kanta daga abokansu. Wannan Yarjejeniyar haramta gwajin ta hana Gwajin makaman nukiliya da suka fashe a cikin [[Sararin Samaniya na Duniya|yanayi]], ta iyakance gwajin makaman Nukiliya zuwa ƙasa da ƙarƙashin ruwa, ta rage raguwa da tasiri a kan muhalli, kuma daga baya ta sa agogon Doomsday ya ragu da minti biyar, ya isa jimlar minti goma sha biyu zuwa tsakar dare.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 October 2012 |title=Remembering the Cuban Missile Crisis |url=https://thebulletin.org/remembering-cuban-missile-crisis |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201052807/https://thebulletin.org/remembering-cuban-missile-crisis |archive-date=1 February 2018 |access-date=10 March 2018 |website=thebulletin.org}}</ref> Har zuwa wannan lokacin, an fashe bama-bamai na nukiliya sama da 1000, kuma damuwa game da tasirin dogon lokaci da gajeren lokaci ga duniyar ya zama abin damuwa ga masana kimiyya. === Rikicin kan iyakar Sin da Soviet: 2 Maris - 11 Satumba 1969 === Rikicin kan iyakar Sin da Soviet ya kasance yakin basasa na watanni bakwai da ba a bayyana ba tsakanin [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]] da [[Sin|China]] a lokacin da aka raba Sin da Soviet a shekarar 1969. Mafi tsanani daga cikin wadannan rikice-rikicen kan iyaka, wanda ya kawo manyan Jihohin kwaminisanci biyu a duniya zuwa bakin yaƙi, ya faru ne a watan Maris na shekara ta 1969 a kusa da Tsibirin Zhenbao (Damansky) a kan Kogin Ussuri (Wusuli) , kusa da Manchuria. Rikicin ya haifar da tsagaita wuta, tare da komawa ga halin da ake ciki. Masu sukar sun nuna cewa harin da kasar Sin ta kai a Zhenbao ya kasance don hana duk wani mamayewar Soviet na gaba; cewa ta hanyar kashe wasu Soviets, kasar Sin ta nuna cewa ba za a iya 'matsawa' ba; kuma Mao yana so ya koya musu 'darkoki mai zafi'. Dangantakar kasar Sin da USSR ta kasance mai laushi bayan rikici, duk da tattaunawar kan iyaka, wanda ya fara a shekarar 1969 kuma ya ci gaba ba tare da kammala ba har tsawon shekaru goma. A cikin gida, barazanar yaki da rikice-rikicen kan iyaka ya haifar ya kaddamar da sabon mataki a cikin [[Cultural Revolution|Juyin Juya Halin Al'adu]]; na cikakken soja na kasar Sin. Taron Kasa na 9 na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta kasar Sin, wanda aka gudanar bayan Lamarin tsibirin Zhenbao, ya tabbatar da Ministan Tsaro Lin Biao a matsayin magajin [[Mao Zedong]]. Bayan abubuwan da suka faru a shekarar 1969, Tarayyar Soviet ta kara kara yawan sojojin ta a kan iyakar Sin da Soviet, da kuma Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Mongolia. === Rikicin Yakin Yom Kippur: 6-25 Oktoba 1973 === Yakin Yom Kippur, wanda aka fi sani da Yakin Ramadan, ko Yakin Oktoba, ya fara ne da mamayewa mai ban mamaki na Yankunan da Isra'ila ta mamaye ta hadin gwiwar kasashe Larabawa, tare da taimakon Tarayyar Soviet. Isra'ila ta samu nasarar mayar da martani tare da taimakon Amurka. Rikicin ya karu tsakanin manyan kasashe biyu: Sojojin sojan ruwa na Amurka da Soviet sun kusa harbi juna a cikin Bahar Rum. Admiral Daniel J. Murphy na Amurka na shida Fleet ya yi la'akari da damar da rundunar Soviet ke ƙoƙarin kai hari na farko a kan rundunarsa a kashi 40 cikin dari. Pentagon ta sauya matsayin Defcon daga 4 zuwa 3. {{Spaces}}{{Spaces}}An tura manyan kasashe zuwa gefen yaƙi, amma tashin hankali ya ragu tare da tsagaita wuta da aka kawo a ƙarƙashin UNSC 339.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 October 2013 |title=Erol Araf: 'Incalculable consequences' |url=http://news.nationalpost.com/full-comment/erol-araf-incalculable-consequences |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205101243/http://news.nationalpost.com/full-comment/erol-araf-incalculable-consequences |archive-date=5 February 2017 |access-date=5 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Inside the Kremlin During the Yom Kippur War By Victor Israelyan |url=http://www.psupress.org/books/titles/0-271-01489-X.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140706024838/http://www.psupress.org/books/titles/0-271-01489-X.html |archive-date=6 July 2014 |access-date=27 May 2014}}</ref> === Kuskuren kwamfuta na NORAD na 1979: 9 Nuwamba 1979 === Amurka ta yi shirye-shiryen ramuwar gayya na gaggawa bayan tsarin NORAD ya nuna cewa an kaddamar da cikakken hari na Soviet.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-11-20 |title=Norad false alarm causes uproar |url=http://www.cbc.ca/archives/categories/war-conflict/defence/norad-watching-the-skies/norad-false-alarm-causes-uproar.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141108204905/http://www.cbc.ca/archives/categories/war-conflict/defence/norad-watching-the-skies/norad-false-alarm-causes-uproar.html |archive-date=8 November 2014 |access-date=17 March 2015 |publisher=CBC Canada}}</ref> Ba a yi ƙoƙari don amfani da layin zafi na Moscow-Washington don bayyana halin da ake ciki tare da USSR ba kuma ba har sai tsarin radar na farko ya tabbatar da cewa babu irin wannan ƙaddamarwa da ya faru ba cewa NORAD ta fahimci cewa gwajin tsarin kwamfuta ya haifar da kuskuren nuni. Wani sanata a cikin kayan aikin NORAD a lokacin ya bayyana yanayin tsoro. Binciken GAO ya haifar da gina wani wurin gwaji na waje don hana irin wannan kuskuren.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Andrews |first=Evan |title=5 Cold War Close Calls |url=http://www.history.com/news/history-lists/5-cold-war-close-calls |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141231010823/http://www.history.com/news/history-lists/5-cold-war-close-calls |archive-date=31 December 2014 |access-date=17 March 2015 |publisher=The History Channel}}</ref> === Radar Soviet ta yi rashin aiki: 26 Satumba 1983 === Wani ƙararrawa na ƙarya ya faru a kan Tsarin gargadi na nukiliya na Soviet, yana nuna ƙaddamar da makamai masu linzami na Amurka LGM-30 Minuteman daga sansanoni a Amurka. Stanislav Petrov, jami'in Sojojin Tsaro na Soviet, ya hana wani hari na ramuwar gayya, wanda ya fahimci cewa tsarin bai yi aiki ba (wanda binciken da aka yi daga baya). <ref name="Baltimore Sun">{{Cite web |last=Shane |first=Scott |title=Cold War's Riskiest Moment |url=http://hnn.us/articles/1709.html#bombs9-5-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060819033034/http://hnn.us/articles/1709.html |archive-date=19 August 2006 |publisher=Baltimore Sun, 31 August 2003 (article reprinted as The Nuclear War That Almost Happened in 1983)}}</ref> === Able Archer 83 hawan: 2-11 Nuwamba 1983 === A lokacin Able Archer 83, wani motsa jiki na [[NATO]] na kwana goma wanda ke kwaikwayon lokacin rikice-rikice wanda ya kai ga harin nukiliya na DEFCON 1, wasu mambobin Politburo na [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Soviet]] da sojoji sun dauki abubuwan da suka faru a matsayin makircin yaki wanda ke ɓoye ainihin harin farko. A mayar da martani, sojoji sun shirya don daidaitaccen hari ta hanyar shirya sojojin nukiliya da sanya rundunonin iska da aka ajiye a cikin jihohin Warsaw Pact na Gabashin Jamus da [[Poland]] a karkashin babban faɗakarwa. Koyaya, shirye-shiryen Soviet don ramuwar gayya ya ƙare bayan kammala darussan Able Archer.<ref name="Fischer Conundrum">{{Cite web |last=Benjamin B. Fischer |date=17 March 2007 |title=A Cold War Conundrum: The 1983 Soviet War Scare |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/a-cold-war-conundrum/source.htm#HEADING1-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114024850/https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/a-cold-war-conundrum/source.htm |archive-date=14 January 2009 |access-date=13 January 2009 |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]}}</ref> Hadarin roket na Norway shine farkon yakin duniya na uku da ya faru bayan yakin sanyi ya ƙare. {{Spaces}}Wannan lamarin ya faru ne lokacin da tashar gargadi ta Olenegorsk ta Rasha ta yi kuskuren sa hannun radar daga rokar bincike ta Black Brant XII (wanda masana kimiyya na Norway da Amurka suka kaddamar da shi tare daga Andøya Rocket Range), kamar yadda ya zama sa hannun radar na kaddamarwar makami mai linzami na Trident SLBM. A mayar da martani, an kira Shugaban Rasha Boris Yeltsin kuma an kunna jakar nukiliya ta ''Cheget'' a karo na farko kuma kawai. Koyaya, babban kwamandan nan da nan ya sami damar tantance cewa roket din ba ya shiga sararin samaniya na Rasha, kuma nan da nan kuma ya zubar da shirye-shiryen yaki da ramuwar gayya. An ƙaddara cewa, yayin da masana kimiyya na roket suka sanar da jihohi talatin ciki har da Rasha game da ƙaddamar da gwajin, bayanin bai kai ga masu fasahar radar na Rasha ba. === Abin da ya faru a filin jirgin saman Pristina: 12 Yuni 1999 === A ranar 12 ga watan Yunin 1999, washegari bayan karshen Yaƙin Kosovo, wasu jami'an zaman lafiya na Rasha 250 sun mamaye Filin jirgin saman Pristina kafin isowar sojojin [[NATO]] kuma suna tabbatar da isowar ƙarfafawa ta iska. Babban Kwamandan Sojojin NATO na Amurka Janar Wesley Clark ya ba da umarnin yin amfani da karfi a kan Rashawa. Mike Jackson, janar na Sojojin Burtaniya wanda ya tuntubi Rasha a lokacin lamarin, ya ki aiwatar da umarnin Clark, ya san shi da cewa "Ba zan fara yakin duniya na uku a gare ku ba". Kyaftin James Blunt, babban jami'in da ke gaban ginshiƙi na NATO a cikin kai tsaye da ke dauke da makamai a kan Rasha, ya karɓi umarnin "Destroy!" daga Clark a rediyo, amma ya bi umarnin Jackson don kewaye filin jirgin sama a maimakon haka ya ce a cikin wata hira cewa ko da ba tare da sa hannun Jackson ba zai ki bin umarnin Clark. A ranar 24 ga Nuwamba 2015, a kan iyaka tsakanin Turkiyya da Siriya, Sojojin Sama na Turkiyya sun harbe jirgin saman Sukhoi na Rasha. Turks sun yi iƙirarin cewa jirgin ya keta sararin samaniya na Turkiyya, da'awar da Rasha ta musanta; jirgin yana cikin yankin a matsayin wani ɓangare na sa hannun sojojin Rasha a yakin basasar Siriya, wanda Turkiyya ta goyi bayan sojojin adawa. Wannan lamari shine lalacewar farko na jirgin saman yaki na Sojojin Sama na Rasha ko Soviet da wata kasa ta [[NATO]] ta yi tun bayan harin da aka kai a madatsar ruwan Sui-ho a lokacin yakin Koriya a 1953. <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 November 2015 |title=Turkey downing that Russian fighter jet is terrible news for the war on ISIS. |url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/the_slatest/2015/11/24/turkey_downing_that_russian_fighter_jet_is_terrible_news_for_the_war_on.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151124195329/http://www.slate.com/blogs/the_slatest/2015/11/24/turkey_downing_that_russian_fighter_jet_is_terrible_news_for_the_war_on.html |archive-date=24 November 2015 |access-date=25 November 2015 |website=Slate Magazine}}</ref> Lamarin ya haifar da kafofin watsa labarai da yawa da mutane da yawa da ke yin sharhi cewa zai iya haifar da yaƙi a duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 November 2015 |title=Don't panic: Turkey shooting down a Russian warplane won't start World War 3 |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/turkey/12013517/Dont-panic-Turkey-shooting-down-a-Russian-warplane-wont-start-World-War-3.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718120546/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/turkey/12013517/Dont-panic-Turkey-shooting-down-a-Russian-warplane-wont-start-World-War-3.html |archive-date=18 July 2023 |access-date=2023-07-18 |website=www.telegraph.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bora |first=Birce |title='Which parts of Syria should be bombed?' |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/11/26/which-parts-of-syria-should-be-bombed |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718120546/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/11/26/which-parts-of-syria-should-be-bombed |archive-date=18 July 2023 |access-date=2023-07-18 |website=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2015-11-26 |title=Turkey risks sparking world war, says Iraq's Maliki |url=https://guardian.ng/news/turkey-risks-sparking-world-war-says-iraqs-maliki/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718120546/https://guardian.ng/news/turkey-risks-sparking-world-war-says-iraqs-maliki/ |archive-date=18 July 2023 |access-date=2023-07-18 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-US}}</ref> == Abubuwan da za su iya gani a yanzu == === Harin Rasha na Ukraine: 24 Fabrairu 2022 - yanzu === [[Fayil:Destruction_of_Russian_tanks_by_Ukrainian_troops_in_Mariupol_(4).jpg|thumb|Halakar BMP-3 IFV ta Rasha da sojojin Ukraine suka yi a Mariupol a ranar 7 ga Maris 2022]] A ranar 24 ga watan Fabrairun 2022, shugaban Rasha [[Vladimir Putin]] ya ba da umarnin mamaye [[Ukraniya|Ukraine]], wanda ya nuna babban karuwar Yaƙin Rasha da Ukraine, wanda aka fara a shekarar 2014. An bayyana mamayewar a matsayin babbar rikici ta soja a Turai tun lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. &nbsp;Harin ya sami zargi na kasa da kasa, gami da sabbin takunkumin da aka ɗora wa Rasha, wanda ya haɗa da haramcin Rasha daga SWIFT da rufe mafi yawan sararin samaniya na Yammacin zuwa jiragen Rasha. Bugu da ƙari, kafin da kuma lokacin mamayewar, wasu daga cikin kasashe 32 na NATO suna ba da Ukraine da makamai da sauran tallafin kayan aiki. A duk lokacin mamayewar, manyan 'yan siyasa da yawa na Rasha, ciki har da shugaban kasar Putin, ministan harkokin waje Sergey Lavrov da shugaban jam'iyyar United Russia Dmitry Medvedev, sun yi maganganu da yawa da aka gani a matsayin barazanar amfani da makaman nukiliya, yayin da jami'ai da yawa daga Amurka da NATO, ciki har ma da shugaban Amurka [[Joe Biden]] da Sakataren Janar NATO Jens Stoltenberg, sun yi sanarwa da ke tabbatar da martani NATO a yayin da Rasha ta sake kai farmaki ga kowace kasa ta NATO ko amfani da makamai na nukiliya ta sake haifar da ita. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sauer |first=Pjotr |date=2022-09-21 |title=Putin announces partial mobilisation and threatens nuclear retaliation in escalation of Ukraine war |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/sep/21/putin-announces-partial-mobilisation-in-russia-in-escalation-of-ukraine-war |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114202406/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/sep/21/putin-announces-partial-mobilisation-in-russia-in-escalation-of-ukraine-war |archive-date=14 January 2023 |access-date=2022-09-21 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 February 2022 |title=Biden says Americans should not worry about nuclear war after Russian actions |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/27/us/politics/putin-nuclear-alert-biden-deescalation.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228011550/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/27/us/politics/putin-nuclear-alert-biden-deescalation.html |archive-date=28 February 2022 |access-date=28 February 2022 |website=[[Reuters]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Samuels |first=Brett |date=11 March 2022 |title=Biden: Direct conflict between NATO and Russia would be 'World War III' |url=https://thehill.com/policy/international/597842-biden-direct-conflict-between-nato-and-russia-would-be-world-war-iii |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325032254/https://thehill.com/policy/international/597842-biden-direct-conflict-between-nato-and-russia-would-be-world-war-iii |archive-date=25 March 2022 |access-date=11 March 2022 |website=The Hill}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-21 |title=Biden denounces Putin's 'overt' nuclear threats, urges UN allies to reject Russia's invasion of Ukraine |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/09/21/biden-denounces-putins-overt-nuclear-threats-urges-un-allies-to-reject-russias-invasion-of-ukraine.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921194052/https://www.cnbc.com/2022/09/21/biden-denounces-putins-overt-nuclear-threats-urges-un-allies-to-reject-russias-invasion-of-ukraine.html |archive-date=21 September 2022 |access-date=2022-09-21 |website=CNBC |language=en}}</ref> Yawancin abubuwan da suka faru da aka gani a matsayin kira na kusa da rikici tsakanin Rasha da NATO tun daga lokacin sun faru, wanda ya fi shahara shi ne harin makami mai linzami a ƙauyen Poland na Przewodów kusa da iyakar da Ukraine a watan Nuwamba 2022. A farkon 2023, Putin ya dakatar da shiga Rasha a New START, yarjejeniyar nukiliya ta ƙarshe tsakanin Rasha da Amurka, kuma daga baya ya sanar da shirye-shiryen shigar da makaman nukiliya na Rasha a [[Belarus]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chen |first=Heather |last2=Humayun |first2=Hira |last3=Knight |first3=Mariya |last4=Carey |first4=Andrew |last5=Gigova |first5=Radina |last6=Kostenko |first6=Maria |date=2023-03-26 |title=Russia plans to station tactical nuclear weapons in Belarus, Putin says |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/03/25/world/russia-putin-nuclear-weapons-belarus-intl-hnk/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331052514/https://www.cnn.com/2023/03/25/world/russia-putin-nuclear-weapons-belarus-intl-hnk/index.html |archive-date=31 March 2023 |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=CNN}}</ref> Masana daban-daban, masu sharhi, da sauransu sun bayyana rikicin a matsayin kira na kusa da yakin duniya na uku, yayin da wasu suka ba da shawarar akasin haka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Simhony |first=Limor |title=NATO Intervention in Ukraine Won't Spark World War III |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/04/01/nato-intervention-in-ukraine-wont-spark-world-war-iii/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007025659/https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/04/01/nato-intervention-in-ukraine-wont-spark-world-war-iii/ |archive-date=7 October 2022 |access-date=2022-10-07 |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Miller |first=Paul |date=8 March 2022 |title=Ukraine Is Not World War III |url=https://thedispatch.com/p/ukraine-is-not-world-war-iii |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007025701/https://thedispatch.com/p/ukraine-is-not-world-war-iii |archive-date=7 October 2022 |access-date=2022-10-07 |website=The Dispatch}}</ref> == Yaduwar amfani da kalmar == === Yaƙin Cold === [[Fayil:World_nuclear_weapons.png|thumb|Babban tarin [[makaman nukiliya]] tare da kewayon duniya (duhu mai launin shudi), ƙaramin tarin tare da kewar duniya (matsakaici mai launin shuɗi), ƙaramin kayan aiki tare da kewaye na yanki (mai launin shudi) ]] Yayinda dangantakar Soviet-Amurka ta karu da tashin hankali a lokacin bayan yakin duniya na biyu, tsoron cewa tashin hankali na iya karuwa zuwa yakin duniya na uku ya kasance koyaushe. {{Spaces}}{{Spaces}}Wani binciken Gallup a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1950 ya gano cewa fiye da rabin Amurkawa sun yi la'akari da yakin duniya na uku ya riga ya fara.{{Spaces}} A shekara ta 2004, mai sharhi Norman Podhoretz ya ba da shawarar cewa [[Cold War|Yaƙin Cold]], wanda ya kasance daga mika wuya ga ikon Axis har zuwa faduwar Ginin Berlin, ana iya kiransa Yakin Duniya na III. {{Spaces}}Ta hanyar lissafin Podhoretz, "Yaƙin Duniya na IV" zai zama kamfen na duniya game da Islamofascism.<ref name="Podhoretz2004">{{Cite magazine|url-status=17+}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Buckley |first=William F. Jr. |author-link=William F. Buckley Jr. |date=22 October 2007 |title=World War IV? |url=https://www.nationalreview.com/2007/09/world-war-iv-william-f-buckley-jr/ |url-status=live |journal=[[National Review]] |volume=59 |issue=19 |page=62 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806022343/https://www.nationalreview.com/2007/09/world-war-iv-william-f-buckley-jr/ |archive-date=6 August 2020 |access-date=14 June 2019}} (published online 6 September 2007)</ref>{{Spaces}} Duk da haka, yawancin masana tarihi za su yi kama da cewa Yaƙin Duniya na III dole ne ya zama "yaƙin duniya wanda manyan dakarun daga ƙasashe da yawa suka yi yaƙi" da kuma yaƙin da "ya haɗa da yawancin manyan ƙasashe na duniya". {{Spaces}}Yakin Cold ya sami sunansa daga rashin aikin da aka dauka daga bangarorin biyu. Rashin aiki ya kasance ne saboda tsoron cewa yakin nukiliya zai iya lalata bil'adama.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 September 2011 |title=American History: The Cold War |url=https://learningenglish.voanews.com/a/american-history-the-cold-war-130292758/116228.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201012146/https://learningenglish.voanews.com/a/american-history-the-cold-war-130292758/116228.html |archive-date=1 February 2022 |access-date=2022-05-02 |website=VOA |language=en}}</ref> A cikin littafinsa Secret Weapons of the Cold War, Bill Yenne ya kammala cewa yakin basasa na Superpower daga shekarun 1940 zuwa 1991, ba yakin duniya na uku ba ne.<ref>Yenne, Bill (2005). ''Secret Weapons of the Cold War.'' Berkly Book, New York</ref>{{Spaces}} === Yaƙi da ta'addanci === [[Fayil:WTC_smoking_on_9-11.jpeg|thumb|[[September 11 attacks|Hare-haren Satumba 11]]]] "Yaƙin da aka yi da ta'addanci" wanda ya fara da [[September 11 attacks|Hare-haren Satumba 11]] wasu sun yi iƙirarin cewa Yaƙin Duniya na III ne.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Micallef |first=Joseph V. |date=24 January 2017 |title=Are We Already Fighting World War III? |url=http://www.military.com/daily-news/2017/01/24/are-we-already-fighting-world-war-iii.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170416051031/http://www.military.com/daily-news/2017/01/24/are-we-already-fighting-world-war-iii.html |archive-date=16 April 2017 |access-date=15 April 2017 |website=[[Military.com]]}}</ref> Sauran sun raina irin waɗannan da'awar kamar "karkatar da [[Tarihin Amurka]]". Duk da yake akwai yarjejeniya tsakanin masana tarihi game da ma'anoni da girman yaƙe-yaƙe na duniya guda biyu, wato saboda girman duniya na tashin hankali da hallaka kansu na waɗannan yaƙe-yarƙe biyu, wasu sun yi iƙirarin cewa "Yaƙin Duniya" na iya buƙatar irin wannan yaƙe-yanayi da kisan gilla a duniya. Duk da haka, irin wannan da'awar sabon "ƙananan ƙofar tashin hankali", wanda yanzu zai iya isa ya cancanci yaƙi a matsayin "Yaƙin Duniya" bai sami irin wannan karɓa da tallafi ba kamar yadda ma'anar yaƙe-yaƙe biyu na duniya suka samu tsakanin masana tarihi. ==== Yaƙi da Daular Musulunci ==== A ranar 1 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2015, Ministan Harkokin Waje na Iraki Ibrahim al-Jaafari ya bayyana cewa yakin da aka yi da Daular Islama ya kasance "Yaƙin Duniya na III", saboda manufofin Daular Islami na Khalifanci na duniya, da kuma nasarar da ta samu wajen yada rikici ga kasashe da yawa a waje da yankin Levant. {{Spaces}}Da yake mayar da martani ga hare-haren da aka kai a birnin Paris a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2015, Sarkin Jordan Abdullah II ya bayyana cewa "Muna fuskantar yakin duniya na uku [a cikin Islama]". A cikin jawabinsa na Jihar Tarayyar a ranar 12 ga Janairun 2016, Shugaban Amurka [[Barack Obama]] ya yi gargadin cewa rahotanni da ke ba ISIL damar da ake tsammani na haifar da yakin duniya na uku na iya zama da yawa kuma ba shi da alhaki, yana mai cewa "yayin da muke mai da hankali kan hallaka ISIL, ya yi iƙirarin cewa wannan yakin duniya ne na III kawai yana wasa a hannayensu. Yawancin mayakan da ke bayan manyan motoci da kuma masu karkatarwa a cikin gidaje ko garages suna haifar da babbar haɗari ga fararen hula kuma dole ne su zama masu barazana ga rayuwarmu ta ƙasa".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Obama |first=Barak |date=13 January 2016 |title=2016 State of the Union Address |url=https://medium.com/@WhiteHouse/president-obama-s-2016-state-of-the-union-address-7c06300f9726#.6rytyu7a2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160209085124/https://medium.com/@WhiteHouse/president-obama-s-2016-state-of-the-union-address-7c06300f9726#.6rytyu7a2 |archive-date=9 February 2016 |access-date=9 February 2016 |website=The White House |publisher=government of the United States of America}}</ref>{{Spaces}} === Ƙananan yaƙe-yaƙe da yawa a matsayin "yaƙi na uku" === A cikin tambayoyin da aka rubuta da yawa a ƙarƙashin yanayi na yau da kullun, kwatanta gobarar Yaƙin Duniya na I da na II da yaƙe-yaƙe masu ƙarancin ƙarfi na ƙarni na 21, [[Francis (fafaroma)|Paparoma Francis]] ya ce, "Duniya tana cikin yaƙi saboda ta rasa zaman lafiya", kuma "watakila mutum na iya magana game da yaƙi na uku, wanda ya yi yaƙi a hankali". {{Spaces}}{{Spaces}} == Abubuwan da ba a tsammani ba == A shekara ta 1949, bayan kaddamar da makaman nukiliya a ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na II, masanin kimiyyar lissafi [[Albert Einstein]] ya ba da shawarar cewa duk wani sakamako na yiwuwar Yaƙin Duniya ya III zai zama bala'i a kan [[Wayewa|wayewar ɗan adam]] don mayar da bil'adama zuwa Zamanin Stone. &nbsp;&nbsp;Lokacin da ɗan jarida Alfred Werner ya tambaye shi irin makamai Einstein ya yi imanin cewa za a iya yaƙi da Yaƙin Duniya na III, Einstein ya yi gargadin, "Ban san da waɗanne makamai za a yi yaƙi da Yakin Duniya na III ba, amma za a yi Yaƙin Duniya yaƙi da sanduna da duwatsu". <ref name="einstein">''The New Quotable Einstein''. Alice Calaprice (2005), p. 173.</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Johnson |first=M. Alex |date=18 April 2005 |title=The culture of Einstein |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna7406337 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180208205219/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/7406337#.WmyV55OdU3g |archive-date=8 February 2018 |access-date=27 January 2018 |website=MSNBC |language=en}}</ref>{{Spaces}} Game da halakar da 'yan Adam sakamakon yaƙin nukiliya, Leslie A. White ya kalubalanci Einstein, "wannan ma za a iya shigar da shi azaman yiwuwar, kuma duk abin da za mu iya cewa idan ya zo, zai zo. Maganganun tsoro ba za su canza yanayin abubuwan da suka faru ba. " Crane Brinton ya kuma shakkar zaman lafiya na tunanin Einstein: "Malamai, masu wa'azi, malamai, har ma da 'yan siyasa suna gaya wa ƙarni mai girma cewa dole ne babu yaƙi kuma, saboda haka, babu wani abu mai hikima".<ref>Brinton, Crane, (1948). ''From Many to One: The Process of Political Integration, the Problem of World Government'', (Westport: Greenwood Press), p 4.</ref> James Burnham na Ofishin Ayyukan Dabarun (wanda ya riga ya kasance [[C.I.A|CIA]]), ya kuma yi imani da rayuwa: Ana samun bambancin makaman nukiliya a cikin cewa suna iya hallaka rayuwar ɗan adam gaba ɗaya, gami da ta hanyar yanayin yanayi da yanayin ƙasa, amma haka ba haka ba ne. Babban ka'idojin dabarun soja ba su canza ba. Yaƙin nukiliya zai bambanta da yaƙe-yaƙe na dā amma za a yanke shawarar ta hanyar haɗuwa da albarkatu, halin kirki da dabarun.<ref>Burnham, James, (1947). ''Struggle for the World'', (New York: The John Day Company), pp 26, 28-29.</ref> Wani Bayani na New England Journal of Medicine na 1998 ya gano cewa "Ko da yake mutane da yawa sun yi imanin cewa barazanar harin nukiliya ya ɓace sosai tare da ƙarshen Yakin Cold, akwai shaidu masu yawa da suka saɓa".<ref name="nejm" /> Musamman, yarjejeniyar raba juna ta Amurka da Rasha a cikin 1994 ta kasance alama ce kuma ba ta canza adadin lokacin da ake buƙata don kaddamar da hari ba. An yi imanin cewa yanayin "harin haɗari" ya kasance ƙaddamarwa ne na ramuwar gayya saboda gargadi na ƙarya, kamar abin da ya faru na 1983. <ref name="nejm">{{Cite journal |last=Forrow |first=Lachlan |last2=Blair |first2=Bruce G. |last3=Helfand |first3=Ira |last4=Lewis |first4=George |last5=Postol |first5=Theodore |last6=Sidel |first6=Victor |last7=Levy |first7=Barry S. |last8=Abrams |first8=Herbert |last9=Cassel |first9=Christine |date=30 April 1998 |title=Accidental Nuclear War — A Post–Cold War Assessment |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=338 |issue=18 |pages=1326–1332 |doi=10.1056/NEJM199804303381824 |issn=0028-4793 |pmid=9562589 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A tarihi, Yaƙin Duniya na ya faru ne ta hanyar rikici mai tsanani; Yaƙin Duniya ya faru ne da gangan. &nbsp;&nbsp;Abubuwan da aka yi la'akari da su a cikin shekarun 2010 da 2020 sun haɗa da mamayewar Rasha a Ukraine, fadada kasar Sin zuwa tsibirai da ke kusa da su, Rikicin kan iyakar Sin da Indiya, barazanar aikin soja na kasar Sin a kan Taiwan, rikice-rikicen kan iyakar Indo-Pakistan, da kuma shiga kasashen waje a yakin basasar Siriya. Sauran haɗarin da ake tsammani sune cewa yaƙin da ya shafi ko tsakanin [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudi Arabia]] da [[Iran]], [[Isra'ila]] da Iran, [[Indiya]] da [[Pakistan]], [[Ukraniya|Ukraine]] da [[Rasha]], [[Poland]] da [[Belarus]], [[Koriya ta Kudu]] da [[Koriya ta Arewa]], ko [[Taiwan]] da [[Sin|China]] na iya ƙaruwa ta hanyar kawance ko shiga cikin yaƙi tsakanin "babban iko" kamar [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], Ingila, Faransa, Jamus, Rasha, China, Japan ko kuma yaƙin da ke tsakanin hadin gwiwar soja [[NATO]] da CSTO, ko ma yiwuwar "kwamin kwamandan makaman nukiliya" wanda ba a ƙarƙashin duk wani yaƙin nukiliya ba shi da izini ba zai iya ƙaruwa ba tare da izini yaƙin da izini da izini a kaiwa ba.<ref>{{Cite book|last3=Ron Rosenbaum}}</ref> Dangane da binciken da aka sake dubawa da aka buga a cikin mujallar Nature Food a watan Agustan 2022, cikakken yakin nukiliya tsakanin Amurka da Rasha, wanda ya saki sama da Tg 150 na soot na stratospheric, na iya kashe mutane sama da biliyan biyar ta hanyar yunwa a lokacin hunturu na nukiliya. Fiye da mutane biliyan biyu na iya mutuwa daga yunwa daga karamin yaki na nukiliya (5-47 Tg) tsakanin Indiya da Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Xia |first=Lili |last2=Robock |first2=Alan |last3=Scherrer |first3=Kim |last4=Harrison |first4=Cheryl S. |last5=Bodirsky |first5=Benjamin Leon |last6=Weindl |first6=Isabelle |last7=Jägermeyr |first7=Jonas |last8=Bardeen |first8=Charles G. |last9=Toon |first9=Owen B. |last10=Heneghan |first10=Ryan |date=15 August 2022 |title=Global food insecurity and famine from the reduced crop, marine fishery and livestock production due to climate disruption from nuclear war soot injection |journal=[[Nature Food]] |volume=3 |issue=8 |pages=586–596 |doi=10.1038/s43016-022-00573-0 |pmid=37118594 |s2cid=251601831 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> A yayin yakin nukiliya tsakanin Rasha da Amurka, kashi 99% na yawan jama'a a cikin ƙasashe masu fafatawa, da Turai da China, za su mutu. Wasu al'amuran sun haɗa da haɗari saboda canje-canje masu zuwa daga sanannen halin da ake ciki. A cikin shekarun 1980s Strategic Defense Initiative ya yi ƙoƙari ya soke makaman nukiliya na USSR; wasu masu sharhi sun yi imanin cewa shirin yana "rashin daidaituwa". A cikin littafinsa Destined for War, Graham Allison yana kallon kishiyar duniya tsakanin ikon da aka kafa, Amurka, da ikon da ke tasowa, China, a matsayin misali na Thucydides Trap. Allison ya bayyana cewa a tarihi, "12 daga cikin shari'o'i 16 da suka gabata inda karuwar iko ta fuskanci ikon mulki" sun haifar da fada.<ref>Graham Allison (2017). ''Destined for War'', Scribe, p. 215</ref> A cikin 2020 da 2023, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists ya ci gaba da agogon ranar ƙarshe, yana mai da hankali a tsakanin sauran abubuwan da aka yi hasashen tasirin rikice-rikice daga makamai masu zuwa. Yakin yanar gizo shine amfani da fasaha ta wata kasa ko kungiyar kasa da kasa don kai farmaki da lalata hanyoyin sadarwa da kwamfutocin adawa. Lalacewar na iya haifar da ƙwayoyin cuta na kwamfuta ko hare-haren ƙin sabis (DoS). Hare-haren yanar gizo suna ƙara zama ruwan dare, suna barazanar tsaro ta yanar gizo kuma suna mai da shi fifiko a duniya. An sami yaduwar hare-haren da gwamnati ke tallafawa. Halin waɗannan hare-haren ya nuna yiwuwar yakin duniya na uku na yanar gizo.Manyan sojoji na duniya suna haɓaka dabarun yanar gizo, gami da hanyoyin canza tsarin umarni da sarrafa abokan gaba, tsarin gargadi na farko, dabaru, da sufuri.Harin Rasha na 2022 na Ukraine ya haifar da damuwa game da babban hari na yanar gizo, tare da Rasha da ta kaddamar da hare-haren yanar gizo don sasanta kungiyoyi a duk faɗin Ukraine. Rasha ta kaddamar da kusan hare-hare 40 masu hankali waɗanda suka lalata fayiloli har abada a cikin daruruwan tsarin a cikin ƙungiyoyi da yawa, tare da kashi 40% da nufin manyan fannoni a cikin Ukraine.Amfani da yakin yanar gizo na Rasha ya juya yakin zuwa babban yakin "haɗe-haɗe" a Ukraine. == Dubi kuma == * Yunkurin adawa da nukiliya * Gasar makamai ta wucin gadi * Yakin Cold na Ilimin Ilimin Ilimi * Gasar makaman nukiliya * Holocaust na nukiliya * Ta'addanci na nukiliya * Yaƙin Cold na Biyu * Yaƙin Duniya na III a cikin al'adun gargajiya * [[Yaƙi]] * [[Yaƙin Duniya na I]] * [[Yaƙin Duniya na II]] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ejtsci5zlypc55fjkzgrr3xq50uwsfs 884816 884814 2026-07-19T08:55:46Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 884816 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   [[Fayil:Castle_Bravo_Blast.jpg|thumb|Yaƙin nukiliya alama ce ta yau da kullun kuma jigon mafi yawan abubuwan da suka faru na Yaƙin Duniya na III. &nbsp;Irin wannan rikici an yi la'akari da shi don haifar da ko kusa da halakawar ɗan adam.]] '''Yaƙin Duniya na I''' ('''WWIII''' ko '''WW3'''), wanda aka fi sani da '''Yaƙin Duniya na Uku''', rikici ne na duniya na gaba wanda ya biyo bayan Yaƙin Duniya Na shekara ta alif (1914 zuwa zuwa 1918) da [[Yaƙin Duniya na II]] a shekara ta alif 1939 Zuwa 1945). An yi la'akari da cewa irin wannan yaƙin zai shafi dukkan manyan ƙasashen duniya, kamar waɗanda suka riga shi, da kuma amfani da [[makaman nukiliya]] ko wasu makamai na hallaka jama'a, don haka ya wuce rikice-rikicen da suka gabata a cikin yanki, lalacewa, da asarar rai. Tun lokacin da Manhattan [[Project]] ya ci gaba da makaman nukiliya a shekara ta alif 1945 da kuma amfani da su ta [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] a cikin bama-Bamai na nukiliya na Hiroshima da Nagasaki a ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na II, haɗarin apocalypse na nukiliyar da ke haifar da lalacewa mai yawa da yiwuwar [[Yanayin tashin duniya|rushewar wayewa]] ko halaka bil'adama ya zama jigon gama gari a cikin hasashe da fiction game da Yaƙin Duniya III. Tare da zuwan [[Cold War|Yaƙin Cold]] A shekara ta (1947-1991) da yaduwar makaman [[nukiliya]] zuwa [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]], wanda wasu kasashe da yawa suka biyo baya, haɗarin yakin duniya na uku ya tashi. A lokacin Yakin Cold, sojoji da ma'aikatan farar hula a duk duniya sun yi tsammanin yiwuwar kuma sun shirya hakan, tare da abubuwan da suka faru daga yaƙin gargajiya zuwa iyakantaccen ko gaba ɗaya Yaƙin nukiliya. An kirkiro ka'idar dabarun tabbatar da lalacewa, wanda ya nuna cewa cikakken rikici na nukiliya zai hallaka dukkan bangarorin da ke cikin rikici. Shugabannin Amurka da Soviet sun yi aiki don kauce wa irin wannan sakamako, kodayake kira da yawa na kusa, wanda ya haifar da fasaha mara kyau, kuskuren ɗan adam ko rashin sadarwa, har yanzu ya faru, yana jaddada buƙatar hanawa daga bangarorin biyu. == Magana ==   Mujallar Time ta kasance mai karɓar farko, idan ba mai farawa ba, na kalmar "Yaƙin Duniya na III". {{Spaces}}Amfani na farko ya bayyana a cikin fitowar 3 ga Nuwamba Shekara ta 1941 (kafin harin Japan a kan Pearl Harbor a ranar 7 ga Disamba 1941) a ƙarƙashin sashin "Hamaloli na Kasa" kuma mai taken "Yaƙin Duniya na III?" game da ɗan gudun hijirar Nazi Hermann Rauschning, wanda ya isa Amurka. {{Spaces}}A cikin fitowar ta 22 ga Maris 1943, a ƙarƙashin sashin "Labaran Kasashen Waje", ''Lokaci'' ya sake amfani da wannan taken "Yaƙin Duniya na III?" game da maganganun Mataimakin Shugaban Amurka na ''Lokaci'' Henry A. Wallace: "Za mu yanke shawara a wani lokaci a shekarar 1943 ko 1944 ... ko mu dasa tsaba na Yaƙin Duniya na Uku. " Lokaci ya ci gaba da samun ko ambaton labaran "Yaƙin duniya na III" don sauran shekaru goma da gaba: 1944, 1945, 1946 ("yaƙin ƙwayoyin cuta da 1948. {{Spaces}}{{Spaces}}{{Spaces}}''Lokaci'' ya ci gaba da amfani da wannan kalmar, alal misali, a cikin littafin 2015 mai taken "Wannan shine Abin da Yaƙin Duniya na III Zai Kamata". == Shirye-shiryen Soja == Masu dabarun soja sun yi amfani da wasannin yaƙi don shirya don yanayin yaƙi daban-daban da kuma ƙayyade dabarun da suka fi dacewa. An yi amfani da wasannin yaƙi don Yaƙin Duniya na I da Yaƙin Duniya ya II . === Aikin da ba za a iya tsammani ba ===   Firayim Ministan Burtaniya [[Winston Churchill]] ya damu da cewa, tare da girman sojojin Soviet Red Army da aka tura a Tsakiyar Turai da Gabashin Turai a Ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na II<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwbg">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki> da rashin amintaccen shugaban Soviet [[Joseph Stalin]], akwai babbar barazana ga Yammacin Turai. A cikin Afrilu-Mayu 1945, Sojojin Burtaniya sun haɓaka Operation Unthinkable, wanda ake zaton shine yanayin farko na Yaƙin Duniya na Uku. Babban burinta shine "ta tilasta wa Rasha nufin Amurka da [[Daular Biritaniya|Daular Burtaniya]]".<ref>{{Cite web |last=British War Cabinet, Joint Planning Staff, Public Record Office, CAB 120/691/109040 / 002 |date=11 August 1945 |title=Operation Unthinkable: 'Russia: Threat to Western Civilization' |url=http://www.history.neu.edu/PRO2/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080706093010/http://www.history.neu.edu/PRO2/ <!--Added by H3llBot--> |archive-date=6 July 2008 |access-date=28 June 2008 |publisher=Department of History, Northeastern University |format=online photocopy}}</ref> Kwamitin Shugabannin Ma'aikata na Burtaniya sun ki amincewa da shirin a matsayin wanda ba zai yiwu ba a soja. === Aikin Dropshot === {{Clear}}Operation Dropshot shi ne shirin gaggawa na Amurka na Shekarar 1950 don yiwuwar yaki da [[Makaman nukiliya|nukiliya]] da na al'ada tare da [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]] a cikin wuraren wasan kwaikwayo na Yammacin Turai da Asiya. Kodayake labarin ya yi amfani da makaman nukiliya, ba a sa ran su taka muhimmiyar rawa ba. A lokacin da Makaman nukiliya na Amurka sun iyakance a girman, galibi a Amurka, kuma sun dogara da bama-bamai don isar da su. Dropshot ya haɗa da bayanan manufa waɗanda za su yi amfani da bama-Bamai na nukiliya 300 da bama-mamai masu fashewa 29,000 a kan manufofi 200 a cikin birane da garuruwa 100 don share kashi 85% na damar masana'antar Tarayyar Soviet a cikin bugun jini ɗaya. Tsakanin 75 da 100 daga cikin makaman nukiliya 300 an yi niyya ne don lalata jirgin yaki na Soviet a ƙasa. An tsara labarin ne kafin ci gaban makamai masu linzami na intercontinental. An kuma tsara shi kafin Shugaban Amurka [[John F. Kennedy]] da Sakataren Tsaro Robert McNamara su canza shirin Yakin Nukiliya na Amurka daga shirin yajin aiki na 'kisan birni' zuwa shirin "counterforce" (wanda aka fi mayar da hankali ga sojojin). Makaman nukiliya a wannan lokacin ba su da isasshen daidaito don kai hari kan sansanin sojan ruwa ba tare da lalata birnin da ke kusa da shi ba, don haka manufar amfani da su ita ce ta lalata ikon masana'antar abokan gaba don lalata tattalin arzikin yaƙi. === Haɗin gwiwar Burtaniya da Ireland === Jamhuriyar Ireland ta fara shirin yiwuwar yakin nukiliya a ƙarshen shekarun 1940. Za a kafa hadin gwiwa tsakanin Ingila da Ireland a yayin WWIII, inda za su raba bayanan yanayi, sarrafa kayan aiki don kewayawa, da daidaita sabis na watsa shirye-shiryen Wartime wanda zai faru bayan harin nukiliya. <ref name="auto3">{{Cite journal |last=Kennedy |first=Michael |date=2017 |title=ENVISAGING THE UNTHINKABLE: PLANNING FOR ARMAGEDDON IN 1950s IRELAND |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/90005263 |url-status=live |journal=History Ireland |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=36–39 |issn=0791-8224 |jstor=90005263 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220502180344/https://www.jstor.org/stable/90005263 |archive-date=2 May 2022 |access-date=2 May 2022}}</ref> Operation Sandstone a Ireland wani babban aikin soja ne na sirri na Burtaniya da Ireland.<ref name="auto3" /> Sojojin jihohin biyu sun fara binciken bakin teku na Burtaniya da Ireland tare daga 1948 zuwa 1955. Wannan buƙata ce daga Amurka don gano wuraren da suka dace don saukowa ga Amurka a yayin nasarar mamayewar Soviet.<ref name="auto3" /><ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |last=Archives |first=The National |date=2020-04-03 |title=The National Archives - Operation Sandstone: Surveying Britain's Cold War beaches |url=https://blog.nationalarchives.gov.uk/operation-sandstone-surveying-britains-cold-war-beaches/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127004120/https://blog.nationalarchives.gov.uk/operation-sandstone-surveying-britains-cold-war-beaches/ |archive-date=27 November 2020 |access-date=2022-05-02 |website=The National Archives blog |language=en-GB}}</ref> A shekara ta 1953, hadin gwiwar ta amince da raba bayanai game da yanayin yaƙi da kuma kwashe fararen hula daga Burtaniya zuwa Ireland.<ref name="auto3" /> Operation Sandstone na Ireland ya ƙare a shekarar 1966.<ref name="auto2" /> === Ayyuka na Grand Slam, Longstep, da Mainbrace === {{Clear}}A watan Janairun 1950, Majalisar Arewacin Atlantic ta amince da dabarun soja na [[NATO]] na hanawa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lord Ismay |title=Chapter 3 – The Pace Quickens |url=http://www.nato.int/archives/1st5years/chapters/3.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140313154306/http://www.nato.int/archives/1st5years/chapters/3.htm |archive-date=13 March 2014 |access-date=19 September 2011 |website=NATO the first five years 1949–1954 |publisher=[[NATO]]}}</ref> Shirye-shiryen soja na NATO ya sake sabuntawa bayan barkewar Yaƙin Koriya a farkon shekarun 1950, wanda ya sa NATO ta kafa "dakarun karkashin umarni na tsakiya, wanda ya isa ya hana tashin hankali da kuma tabbatar da tsaron Yammacin Turai". An kafa rundunar Allied Command Europe a karkashin Janar na Sojoji Dwight D. Eisenhower, Sojojin Amurka, a ranar 2 ga Afrilu 1951 . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Chapter 4 – The Pace Quickens |url=http://www.nato.int/archives/1st5years/chapters/4.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227094811/http://www.nato.int/archives/1st5years/chapters/4.htm |archive-date=27 December 2013 |access-date=19 September 2011 |website=NATO the first five years 1949–1954 |publisher=[[NATO]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=X |author-link=George F. Kennan |date=July 1947 |title=The Sources of Soviet Conduct |journal=[[Foreign Affairs]] |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=575–576 |doi=10.2307/20030065 |issn=0015-7120 |jstor=20030065}}</ref> Kungiyar Tsaro ta Yamma Turai a baya ta gudanar da Exercise Verity, wani motsa jiki na 1949 wanda ya shafi hare-haren jiragen ruwa da hare-harun jirgin ruwa. Ayyukan Mainbrace sun haɗu da jiragen ruwa 200 da ma'aikata sama da 50,000 don horar da tsaron [[Denmark]] da [[Norway]] daga harin Soviet a 1952. Wannan shi ne karo na farko da aka yi amfani da shi a NATO. Babban Kwamandan Allied Atlantic Admiral Lynde D. McCormick, Sojojin Ruwa na Amurka, da Babban Kwamandan Sojojin Turai Janar Matthew B. Ridgeway, Sojoji na Amurka, ne suka ba da umarnin aikin tare a lokacin kaka na 1952. Amurka, Ingila, [[Kanada]], Faransa, Denmark, Norway, [[Portugal]], [[Holand|Netherlands]], da [[Beljik|Belgium]] sun shiga. Atisayen Grand Slam da Longstep atisayen sojan ruwa ne da aka gudanar a cikin Tekun Bahar Rum a shekarar 1952 don gudanar da aikin korar makiya da ke mamaye da karfin tuwo. Ya ƙunshi jiragen ruwa sama da 170 da jiragen sama 700 a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Admiral Robert B. Carney . Babban kwamandan motsa jiki, Carney ya taƙaita nasarorin da aka samu na Exercise Grand Slam da cewa: "Mun nuna cewa manyan kwamandojin dukkan iko guda huɗu za su iya samun nasarar gudanar da aikin haɗakarwa tare da sarrafa shi yadda ya kamata a matsayin ƙungiya mai aiki. Tarayyar Soviet ta kira darussan "aikin yaki" ta NATO, tare da yin la'akari da shiga [[Norway]] da Denmark kuma sun shirya don ayyukan soja a Yankin Soviet.<ref name="Time2">''Time'', 29 September 1952</ref><ref name="Sidney">"NATO Ships Enter Baltic Sea" – ''Sydney Morning Herald'', p. 2</ref> === Exercise Strikeback ===   Exercise Strikeback babban aikin sojan ruwa ne na NATO wanda aka gudanar a shekara ta 1957, yana kwaikwayon martani ga harin Soviet a kan NATO. Wannan motsa jiki ya kunshi jiragen yaki sama da 200, jirgin sama 650, da ma'aikata 75,000 daga Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Amurka, Rundunar Soja ta Burtaniya, Rundunar Ruwa ta Kanada, Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Faransa, Rundunar Roya ta Netherlands, da Rundunar Sojojin Ruwa ta Royal Norway. A matsayin mafi girman aikin sojan ruwa na zaman lafiya har zuwa wannan lokacin, mai sharhi na soja Hanson W. Baldwin na The New York Times ya bayyana shi a matsayin "wanda ya zama mafi karfi da aka tara tun lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. === Jarabawar Ƙarfafawa ===   [[Fayil:USS_Hawes_(FFG-53),_USS_William_H._Standley_(CG-32)_and_USS_Guadalcanal_(LPH-7)_escort_tanker_Gas_King_in_the_Persian_Gullf_on_21_October_1987_(6432283).jpg|thumb|Idan aka kunna, Operation Reforger zai kunshi manyan motoci kamar wannan daga Operation Earnest Will a 1987, kodayake ya fi girma. Duk da yake dakarun za su iya tashi a fadin Tekun Atlantika, kayan aiki masu nauyi da ƙarfafa makamai dole ne su zo ta teku.]] Exercise RE (daga sake juyawa na FORces zuwa GER) wani motsa jiki ne na shekara-shekara da NATO ta gudanar a lokacin Yakin Cold . Duk da yake sojojin Amurka za a iya tashi cikin sauƙi a fadin Tekun Atlantika, kayan aiki masu nauyi da ƙarfafa makamai dole ne su zo ta teku kuma a isar da su zuwa shafukan POMCUS (An riga an tsara su zuwa rukunin rukunin). [1] Wadannan darussan sun gwada Amurka da kuma iyawar hadin gwiwa don aiwatar da karfafawa ta duniya.[1] Karfafawa a kan lokaci wani bangare ne mai mahimmanci na darussan karfafawa na NATO. Amurka ta buƙaci samun damar aika da ƙungiyoyin sojoji masu aiki zuwa Turai a cikin kwanaki goma a matsayin wani ɓangare na turawar NATO a lokacin yaƙi.Baya ga kimanta iyawar Amurka, Reforger ya kuma sa ido kan ma'aikata, wurare, da kayan aiki na ƙasashen Turai da ke taka muhimmiyar rawa a kokarin ƙarfafawa. An yi amfani da wannan motsa jiki ne don tabbatar da cewa NATO na iya tura sojoji zuwa Jamus ta Yamma da sauri idan akwai rikici tare da Yarjejeniyar Warsaw. Yarjejeniyar Warsaw ta fi NATO yawa a duk lokacin Yakin Cold a cikin dakarun al'ada, kuma musamman a cikin tankuna da motocin makamai. Sabili da haka, a yayin mamayewar Soviet, don kada a koma ga hare-haren nukiliya, dole ne a sake dawo da makamai na Yarjejeniyar Warsaw da sauri kuma a maye gurbin su. Reforger ba kawai nuna ƙarfi ba ne. A yayin rikici, zai zama ainihin shirin don ƙarfafa kasancewar NATO a Turai. A wannan yanayin, ana kiransa Operation Reforger . Manufofin siyasa na Reforger sune inganta tsawo da kuma inganta hadin kan NATO.[1] Muhimman abubuwan da ke cikin Reforger sun haɗa da Rundunar Sojan Sama, Rundunar Sojojin Sojan Sama ta Sojan Sama. === Kwanaki Bakwai zuwa Kogin Rhine ===   [[Fayil:Probable_Axes_of_Attack.jpg|thumb|Harin Yarjejeniyar Warsaw zai zo ta hanyar manyan hanyoyi uku ta Yammacin Jamus.]] Kwanaki Bakwai zuwa Kogin Rhine wani aikin kwaikwayo ne na soja na sirri wanda Yarjejeniyar Warsaw ta kirkira a shekarar 1979. Ya fara ne da zaton cewa NATO za ta ƙaddamar da harin nukiliya a kwarin kogin Vistula a cikin wani lamari na farko, wanda zai haifar da mutuwar fararen hula na Poland miliyan biyu.[1] A mayar da martani, za a gudanar da yunkurin yaki na Soviet a kan Jamus ta Yamma, Belgium, Netherlands da Denmark, tare da sojojin Warsaw Pact da suka mamaye Jamus ta Yankin kuma suna da niyyar tsayawa a Kogin Rhine a rana ta bakwai. Sauran tsare-tsaren USSR sun tsaya ne kawai bayan sun isa iyakar Faransa a rana ta tara. Kowane jihohin Yarjejeniyar Warsaw an sanya su ne kawai sashi na hoto na dabarun; a wannan yanayin, ana sa ran sojojin Poland za su je har zuwa Jamus. Shirin Kwanaki Bakwai zuwa Rhine ya yi la'akari da cewa Poland da Jamus za su lalace ta hanyar musayar nukiliya kuma yawan sojoji za su mutu daga cutar radiation. An kiyasta cewa NATO za ta harba makaman nukiliya a bayan layin Soviet masu ci gaba don yanke layin samar da su kuma ta haka ne su rage ci gaban su. Duk da yake wannan shirin ya ɗauka cewa NATO za ta yi amfani da makaman nukiliya don tura duk wani mamayewar Warsaw Pact, bai haɗa da hare-haren nukiliya a Faransa ko Ingila ba. Jaridu sun yi hasashen lokacin da aka bayyana wannan shirin, cewa ba za a buga Faransa da Burtaniya ba don samun su don hana amfani da makaman nukiliyar su. === Kwarewar Mai Fitarwa === {{Clear}} [[Fayil:Reagan_and_Gordievsky.jpg|thumb|Tsohon shugaban Amurka [[Ronald Reagan]] da wakilin Soviet biyu Oleg Gordievsky, wanda daga baya ya gaya wa Yammah yadda kusanci da aikin Able Archer 83 ya kawo Soviets don ba da umarni na FarkoFarko na Farko]] Exercise Able Archer wani motsa jiki ne na shekara-shekara na Kwamandan Turai na Amurka wanda ke aiwatar da umarni da hanyoyin sarrafawa, tare da jaddada sauyawa daga ayyukan al'ada kawai zuwa ayyukan sinadarai, nukiliya, da na al'ada a lokacin yaƙi. "Able Archer 83" wani aiki ne na kwana biyar na [[NATO|Kungiyar Yarjejeniyar Arewacin Atlantic]] (NATO) wanda ya fara a ranar 7 ga Nuwamba 1983, wanda ya mamaye Yammacin Turai, wanda ke tsakiya a Babban Hedikwatar Allied Powers Europe (SHAPE) a Casteau, arewacin birnin Mons. Ayyukan Able Archer sun yi kama da lokacin rikice-rikice, wanda ya kai ga Harin nukiliya.<ref name="Fischer Conundrum">{{Cite web |last=Benjamin B. Fischer |date=17 March 2007 |title=A Cold War Conundrum: The 1983 Soviet War Scare |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/a-cold-war-conundrum/source.htm#HEADING1-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114024850/https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/a-cold-war-conundrum/source.htm |archive-date=14 January 2009 |access-date=13 January 2009 |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]}}</ref> Halin da ya dace na aikin 1983, tare da lalacewar dangantaka da ke tsakanin Amurka da Tarayyar Soviet da kuma zuwan makaman nukiliya na Pershing II a Turai, ya jagoranci wasu mambobin Politburo da sojoji suyi imani cewa Able Archer 83 ya kasance makirci ne na yaki, yana rufe shirye-shiryen kai hari na farko na nukiliya.<ref name="Fischer Conundrum">{{Cite web |last=Benjamin B. Fischer |date=17 March 2007 |title=A Cold War Conundrum: The 1983 Soviet War Scare |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/a-cold-war-conundrum/source.htm#HEADING1-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114024850/https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/a-cold-war-conundrum/source.htm |archive-date=14 January 2009 |access-date=13 January 2009 |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]}}</ref><ref>Andrew and Gordievsky, ''Comrade Kryucvcov's Instructions'', 85–7.</ref><ref name="Fischer Reversal 123,31">Beth Fischer, ''Reagan Reversal'', 123, 131.</ref><ref name="Pry Scare 37–9">Pry, ''War Scare'', 37–9.</ref> A mayar da martani, Soviets sun shirya sojojin nukiliyar su kuma sun sanya rundunonin iska a Gabashin Jamus da [[Tarihin Poland (1945-1989)|Poland]] a faɗake.<ref>Oberdorfer, ''A New Era'', 66.</ref><ref name="SNIE 84">''SNIE 11–10–84'' "Implications of Recent Soviet Military-Political Activities" Central Intelligence Agency, 18 May 1984.</ref>Wannan "1983 war fear" da yawa masana tarihi sunyi la'akari da shi a matsayin mafi kusa da duniya ta zo ga nukiliya tun lokacin Cuban Missile Crisis na 1962. Barazanar yaƙin nukiliya ya ƙare tare da kammala aikin a ranar 11 ga Nuwamba. <ref>Andrew and Gordievsky, ''Comrade Kryucvcov's Instructions'', 87–8.</ref><ref name="Pry Scare 43–4">Pry, ''War Scare'', 43–4.</ref> === Shirye-shiryen Tsaro === Shugaban Amurka Ronald Reagan ne ya gabatar da shirin Tsaro na dabarun (SDI) a ranar 23 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1983. [1] A ƙarshen shugabancin, dalilai da yawa (wanda ya haɗa da kallon fim din 1983 The Day After da jin ta hanyar mai sauya sheka na Soviet cewa Able Archer 83 kusan ya haifar da hari na farko na Rasha) ya juya Reagan kan manufar yaƙin nukiliya mai cin nasara, kuma ya fara ganin makaman nukiliya a matsayin "Katin daji" fiye da dabarun hanawa. Kodayake daga baya ya yi imani da Yarjejeniyar kawar da makamai a hankali yana rage haɗarin makaman nukiliya ta hanyar rage yawan su da matsayin faɗakarwa, ya kuma yi imanin cewa mafita ta fasaha na iya ba da damar harbe ICBMs masu shigowa, don haka ya sa Amurka ba za a iya fuskantar hari na farko ba. Koyaya, USSR ta ga manufar SDI a matsayin babbar barazana, tunda tura tsarin zai ba Amurka damar kaddamar da babban hari na farko a Tarayyar Soviet ba tare da tsoron ramuwar gayya ba. Manufar SDI ita ce amfani da tsarin ƙasa da sararin samaniya don kare Amurka daga hari da makamai masu linzami na nukiliya. Shirin ya mayar da hankali kan kariya ta dabarun maimakon ka'idar kuskuren dabarun da ta gabata na tabbatar da juna (MAD). An kafa Strategic Defense Initiative Organization (SDIO) a cikin 1984 a cikin Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Amurka don kula da Strategic Defense Program. === Kasuwancin nukiliya na NATO === [[Fayil:Operation_Upshot_test.ogv|thumb|Misali na gwajin makamashin nukiliya a Amurka]] Shirye-shiryen aiki na NATO don Yaƙin Duniya na Uku sun haɗa da abokan NATO waɗanda ba su da makaman nukiliya, ta amfani da makaman Nukiliya da Amurka ta bayar a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin yaki na NATO, a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Babban Kwamandan NATO. [[Fayil:Overzicht_op_Museumplein_met_spandoek_The_Dutch_disease_is_better_for_peace_o,_Bestanddeelnr_253-8627.jpg|thumb|zanga-zangar da aka yi a [[Amsterdam]] game da tseren makaman nukiliya tsakanin Amurka / NATO da Tarayyar Soviet, 1981]] Daga cikin iko uku na nukiliya a NATO (Faransa, Ingila, da Amurka) Amurka ce kawai ta samar da makamai don raba nukiliya. Ya zuwa Nuwamba , [[Beljik|Belgium]], Jamus, Italiya, Netherlands da [[Turkiyya]] har yanzu suna karbar bakuncin makaman nukiliya na Amurka a matsayin wani ɓangare na manufofin raba nukiliya ta NATO.<ref name="RUSI-2010">{{Citation|last1=amp}}</ref> Kanada ta dauki bakuncin makamai har zuwa 1984, <ref name="RUSI-2010" /> da [[Girka (ƙasa)|Girka]] har zuwa 2001. Har ila yau, Ƙasar Ingila ta karɓi Makaman nukiliya na Amurka kamar bindigogi na nukiliya da Makamai masu linzami har zuwa 1992, duk da cewa Burtaniya ƙasa ce ta makaman nukliya a kanta; waɗannan galibi an tura su a [[Jamus]]. A lokacin zaman lafiya, makaman nukiliya da aka adana a cikin ƙasashe marasa nukiliya suna ƙarƙashin kulawar 'yan saman Amurka kodayake a baya wasu bindigogi da tsarin makamai masu linzami sun kasance ƙarƙashin kulawar Sojojin Amurka; lambobin da ake buƙata don fashe su suna ƙarƙashin ikon Amurka. Idan akwai yaƙi, za a ɗora makamai a kan jiragen yaƙi na ƙasashe masu shiga. Makamai suna ƙarƙashin kulawa da iko na USAF Munitions Support Squadrons da ke kan manyan sansanonin aiki na NATO waɗanda ke aiki tare da sojojin kasar da ke karbar bakuncin. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2005, bam din nukiliya na B61 180 na makaman nukiliya 480 na Amurka da aka yi imanin cewa an tura su a Turai sun fada karkashin tsarin raba nukiliya. Ana adana makamai a cikin wani ajiya a cikin [[Gidan jirgin sama mai ƙarfi|mafaka na jirgin sama]], ta amfani da USAF WS3 Weapon Storage and Security System. Jiragen yaki da aka yi amfani da su sune F-16 Fighting Falcons da [[Panavia Tornado|Panavia Tornados]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hans M. Kristensen |date=5 October 2007 |title=U.S. Nuclear Weapons in Europe After the Cold War |url=http://www.nukestrat.com/pubs/Brief_Italy2007.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120202112109/http://www.nukestrat.com/pubs/Brief_Italy2007.pdf |archive-date=2 February 2012 |access-date=10 August 2013 |publisher=Federation of American Scientists}}</ref> == Tarihin kusa == Tare da fara tseren makamai na Cold War a cikin shekarun 1950, yakin apocalyptic tsakanin Amurka da Tarayyar Soviet ya zama ainihin yiwuwar. A lokacin Yakin Cold shekara ta (1947 zuwa 1991), an bayyana abubuwan da suka faru na soja da yawa kamar yadda suka kusa da yiwuwar haifar da Yaƙin Duniya na III. Ko da bayan ƙarshen Yakin Cold da rushewar Tarayyar Soviet a cikin shekara ta 1991, an bayyana wasu abubuwan da suka faru bayan haka a matsayin kira na kusa. === Yaƙin Koriya: 25 Yuni A shekarar 1950 - 27 Yuli 1953&nbsp; === Yaƙin Koriya yaƙi ne tsakanin hadin gwiwa guda biyu da ke yaƙi don iko da Yankin Koriya: hadin gwiwar kwaminisanci da ta haɗa da [[Koriya ta Arewa]], Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin, da [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]], da kuma hadin gwiwarsa ta jari-hujja da ta haɗa ti [[Koriya ta Kudu]], Amurka da Kwamandan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Mutane da yawa sun yi imanin cewa rikici zai iya zama babban yaki tsakanin kasashen uku, Amurka, USSR, da Chaina. Wakilin yaki na CBS News Bill Downs ya rubuta a 1951, "Ga zuciyata, amsar ita ce: Ee, Koriya ita ce farkon Yaƙin Duniya na III. Saukowa mai kyau a Inchon da ƙoƙarin hadin gwiwar Sojojin Amurka tare da Allies na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun ba mu nasara a Koriya. Amma wannan shine kawai yaƙin farko a cikin babban gwagwarmayar kasa da kasa wanda yanzu ke mamaye Gabas ta Tsakiya da dukan duniya. " Downs daga baya ya sake maimaita wannan imani a kan ABC Evening News yayin da yake bayar da rahoto game da labarin game da Lamarin USS Pueblo a shekarar 1968.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Downs |first=Bill |date=25 January 1968 |title=The USS Pueblo incident |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-KBxiX_9_Kk |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140615095207/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-KBxiX_9_Kk |archive-date=15 June 2014 |access-date=8 November 2013 |website=ABC Evening News |publisher=ABC}}</ref> {{Spaces}}Sakataren Gwamnati Dean Acheson daga baya ya yarda cewa Gwamnatin Truman ta damu game da karuwar rikici kuma Janar Douglas MacArthur ya gargadi shi cewa shiga tsakani da Amurka ke jagoranta ya yi barazanar martani na Soviet. === Rikicin Berlin: 4 Yuni - 9 Nuwamba 1961 === Rikicin Berlin na 1961 ya kasance rikici ne na siyasa da soja tsakanin Amurka da Tarayyar Soviet a Checkpoint Charlie tare da tankuna da sojoji da yawa na Amurka da Soviet / Gabashin Jamus a tsaye a juna kawai 100 yadudduka a kowane bangare na checkpoint. Dalilin da ya sa aka yi jayayya shi ne matsayin sana'a na babban birnin Jamus, [[Berlin]], da kuma Bayan yakin duniya na biyu Jamus. Rikicin Berlin ya fara ne lokacin da USSR ta kaddamar da wani ultimatum da ke buƙatar janyewar dukkan sojoji daga Berlin, gami da sojojin Yamma a Berlin ta Yamma. Rikicin ya ƙare a cikin rabuwa da birnin tare da gina Ginin Berlin na Gabashin Jamus. Wannan tsayayya ta ƙare cikin lumana a ranar 28 ga Oktoba biyo bayan fahimtar Amurka da Soviet don janye tankuna da rage tashin hankali. === Rikicin Makami Mai Girma na Cuba: 15-29 Oktoba 1962 === [[Fayil:Soviet_b-59_submarine.jpg|thumb|Wani jirgin saman saman Amurka mai suna HSS-1 Seabat yana tashi a kan jirgin ruwa na Soviet ''B-59'', wanda sojojin Amurka suka tilasta masa zuwa saman a cikin Caribbean kusa da Cuba. B-59 yana da torpedo na nukiliya a cikin jirgin, kuma ana buƙatar maɓallan jami'ai uku don amfani da shi. Ɗaya daga cikin rashin amincewarsu ne kawai ya hana jirgin ruwa daga kai hari kan rundunar Amurka da ke kusa, wani hasken da zai iya haifar da Yaƙin Duniya na Uku (28-29 Oktoba 1962).]] Rikicin Makami mai linzami na Cuban, gwagwarmaya game da ajiye makamai masu linzami na nukiliya na Soviet a Cuba don mayar da martani ga mamayewar Bay of Pigs, an dauke shi mafi kusa da musayar nukiliya, wanda zai iya haifar da yakin duniya na uku. Rikicin ya kai kololuwa a ranar 27 ga Oktoba, tare da manyan abubuwan da suka faru guda uku a rana ɗaya: * Mafi mahimmancin abin da ya faru ya faru ne lokacin da jirgin ruwa na Soviet ya kusan kaddamar da torpedo mai kwakwalwa don mayar da martani ga cewa Amurka ta yi niyya da shi a cikin ruwan kasa da kasa, tare da mayar da martiri na kaddamarwar nukiliya na Soviet kawai ya hana shi daga jami'in Sojan Ruwa na Soviet Vasily Arkhipov. * Harbi jirgin leken asiri na Lockheed U-2 wanda Rudolf Anderson ya tuka yayin da yake keta sararin samaniya na Cuban. * Kusan tsayar da wani U-2 wanda ya ɓace cikin sararin samaniya na Soviet a kan Siberia, wanda ya sa Soviets su yi imani cewa wannan na iya zama jagora na bama-bamai na Amurka. Duk da abin da mutane da yawa suka yi imanin cewa shine mafi kusa da duniya ya zo ga rikici na nukiliya, a duk lokacin da aka yi tsayayya, Doomsday Clock, wanda Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists ke gudanarwa don kimanta yadda ƙarshen duniya, ko Doomsday, yake, tare da tsakar dare shine apocalypse, ya kasance a cikin minti bakwai zuwa tsakar dare. An bayyana wannan ne saboda taƙaitaccen rikicin tun lokacin da aka saka idanu kan abubuwan da suka fi dacewa kamar jagorancin kasashe, rikice-rikice, yaƙe-yaƙe, da rikice-rikicen siyasa, da kuma martani na al'ummomi ga abubuwan da aka ambata. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists yanzu ya yaba da ci gaban siyasa wanda ya haifar da rikicin makami mai linzami na Cuban tare da inganta kwanciyar hankali na duniya. Bulletin ya nuna cewa rikice-rikice da lokutan da za su iya ƙaruwa, an sanya su da ƙarfi saboda manyan dalilai guda biyu: # Layin zafi na Washington zuwa Moscow ya haifar da matsalar sadarwa tsakanin [[White House|Fadar White House]] da Kremlin a lokacin rikicin. Wannan ya ba shugabannin manyan makaman nukiliya guda biyu damar tuntuɓar juna a ainihin lokacin, yana da mahimmanci lokacin da seconds zasu iya hana musayar nukiliya. # Dalili na biyu ya haifar da wani bangare saboda martani na duniya game da yadda Amurka da USSR suka zo kusa da yakin duniya na uku a lokacin rikici. {{Spaces}}Yayin da jama'a suka fara saka idanu kan batutuwan da suka shafi makaman nukiliya, sabili da haka don tara goyon baya ga dalilin da ya sa ba ya yaduwa, an sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar haramtacciyar gwajin 1963. Har zuwa yau wannan yarjejeniyar ta sanya hannu ta kasashe 126 duka, tare da sanannun ban da Faransa da China. Dukkanin wadannan kasashe suna cikin matakan farko na shirye-shiryen nukiliya a lokacin sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar farko, kuma dukansu biyu sun nemi damar nukiliya mai zaman kanta daga abokansu. Wannan Yarjejeniyar haramta gwajin ta hana Gwajin makaman nukiliya da suka fashe a cikin [[Sararin Samaniya na Duniya|yanayi]], ta iyakance gwajin makaman Nukiliya zuwa ƙasa da ƙarƙashin ruwa, ta rage raguwa da tasiri a kan muhalli, kuma daga baya ta sa agogon Doomsday ya ragu da minti biyar, ya isa jimlar minti goma sha biyu zuwa tsakar dare.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 October 2012 |title=Remembering the Cuban Missile Crisis |url=https://thebulletin.org/remembering-cuban-missile-crisis |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201052807/https://thebulletin.org/remembering-cuban-missile-crisis |archive-date=1 February 2018 |access-date=10 March 2018 |website=thebulletin.org}}</ref> Har zuwa wannan lokacin, an fashe bama-bamai na nukiliya sama da 1000, kuma damuwa game da tasirin dogon lokaci da gajeren lokaci ga duniyar ya zama abin damuwa ga masana kimiyya. === Rikicin kan iyakar Sin da Soviet: 2 Maris - 11 Satumba 1969 === Rikicin kan iyakar Sin da Soviet ya kasance yakin basasa na watanni bakwai da ba a bayyana ba tsakanin [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]] da [[Sin|China]] a lokacin da aka raba Sin da Soviet a shekarar 1969. Mafi tsanani daga cikin wadannan rikice-rikicen kan iyaka, wanda ya kawo manyan Jihohin kwaminisanci biyu a duniya zuwa bakin yaƙi, ya faru ne a watan Maris na shekara ta 1969 a kusa da Tsibirin Zhenbao (Damansky) a kan Kogin Ussuri (Wusuli) , kusa da Manchuria. Rikicin ya haifar da tsagaita wuta, tare da komawa ga halin da ake ciki. Masu sukar sun nuna cewa harin da kasar Sin ta kai a Zhenbao ya kasance don hana duk wani mamayewar Soviet na gaba; cewa ta hanyar kashe wasu Soviets, kasar Sin ta nuna cewa ba za a iya 'matsawa' ba; kuma Mao yana so ya koya musu 'darkoki mai zafi'. Dangantakar kasar Sin da USSR ta kasance mai laushi bayan rikici, duk da tattaunawar kan iyaka, wanda ya fara a shekarar 1969 kuma ya ci gaba ba tare da kammala ba har tsawon shekaru goma. A cikin gida, barazanar yaki da rikice-rikicen kan iyaka ya haifar ya kaddamar da sabon mataki a cikin [[Cultural Revolution|Juyin Juya Halin Al'adu]]; na cikakken soja na kasar Sin. Taron Kasa na 9 na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta kasar Sin, wanda aka gudanar bayan Lamarin tsibirin Zhenbao, ya tabbatar da Ministan Tsaro Lin Biao a matsayin magajin [[Mao Zedong]]. Bayan abubuwan da suka faru a shekarar 1969, Tarayyar Soviet ta kara kara yawan sojojin ta a kan iyakar Sin da Soviet, da kuma Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Mongolia. === Rikicin Yakin Yom Kippur: 6-25 Oktoba 1973 === Yakin Yom Kippur, wanda aka fi sani da Yakin Ramadan, ko Yakin Oktoba, ya fara ne da mamayewa mai ban mamaki na Yankunan da Isra'ila ta mamaye ta hadin gwiwar kasashe Larabawa, tare da taimakon Tarayyar Soviet. Isra'ila ta samu nasarar mayar da martani tare da taimakon Amurka. Rikicin ya karu tsakanin manyan kasashe biyu: Sojojin sojan ruwa na Amurka da Soviet sun kusa harbi juna a cikin Bahar Rum. Admiral Daniel J. Murphy na Amurka na shida Fleet ya yi la'akari da damar da rundunar Soviet ke ƙoƙarin kai hari na farko a kan rundunarsa a kashi 40 cikin dari. Pentagon ta sauya matsayin Defcon daga 4 zuwa 3. {{Spaces}}{{Spaces}}An tura manyan kasashe zuwa gefen yaƙi, amma tashin hankali ya ragu tare da tsagaita wuta da aka kawo a ƙarƙashin UNSC 339.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 October 2013 |title=Erol Araf: 'Incalculable consequences' |url=http://news.nationalpost.com/full-comment/erol-araf-incalculable-consequences |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205101243/http://news.nationalpost.com/full-comment/erol-araf-incalculable-consequences |archive-date=5 February 2017 |access-date=5 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Inside the Kremlin During the Yom Kippur War By Victor Israelyan |url=http://www.psupress.org/books/titles/0-271-01489-X.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140706024838/http://www.psupress.org/books/titles/0-271-01489-X.html |archive-date=6 July 2014 |access-date=27 May 2014}}</ref> === Kuskuren kwamfuta na NORAD na 1979: 9 Nuwamba 1979 === Amurka ta yi shirye-shiryen ramuwar gayya na gaggawa bayan tsarin NORAD ya nuna cewa an kaddamar da cikakken hari na Soviet.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-11-20 |title=Norad false alarm causes uproar |url=http://www.cbc.ca/archives/categories/war-conflict/defence/norad-watching-the-skies/norad-false-alarm-causes-uproar.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141108204905/http://www.cbc.ca/archives/categories/war-conflict/defence/norad-watching-the-skies/norad-false-alarm-causes-uproar.html |archive-date=8 November 2014 |access-date=17 March 2015 |publisher=CBC Canada}}</ref> Ba a yi ƙoƙari don amfani da layin zafi na Moscow-Washington don bayyana halin da ake ciki tare da USSR ba kuma ba har sai tsarin radar na farko ya tabbatar da cewa babu irin wannan ƙaddamarwa da ya faru ba cewa NORAD ta fahimci cewa gwajin tsarin kwamfuta ya haifar da kuskuren nuni. Wani sanata a cikin kayan aikin NORAD a lokacin ya bayyana yanayin tsoro. Binciken GAO ya haifar da gina wani wurin gwaji na waje don hana irin wannan kuskuren.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Andrews |first=Evan |title=5 Cold War Close Calls |url=http://www.history.com/news/history-lists/5-cold-war-close-calls |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141231010823/http://www.history.com/news/history-lists/5-cold-war-close-calls |archive-date=31 December 2014 |access-date=17 March 2015 |publisher=The History Channel}}</ref> === Radar Soviet ta yi rashin aiki: 26 Satumba 1983 === Wani ƙararrawa na ƙarya ya faru a kan Tsarin gargadi na nukiliya na Soviet, yana nuna ƙaddamar da makamai masu linzami na Amurka LGM-30 Minuteman daga sansanoni a Amurka. Stanislav Petrov, jami'in Sojojin Tsaro na Soviet, ya hana wani hari na ramuwar gayya, wanda ya fahimci cewa tsarin bai yi aiki ba (wanda binciken da aka yi daga baya). <ref name="Baltimore Sun">{{Cite web |last=Shane |first=Scott |title=Cold War's Riskiest Moment |url=http://hnn.us/articles/1709.html#bombs9-5-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060819033034/http://hnn.us/articles/1709.html |archive-date=19 August 2006 |publisher=Baltimore Sun, 31 August 2003 (article reprinted as The Nuclear War That Almost Happened in 1983)}}</ref> === Able Archer 83 hawan: 2-11 Nuwamba 1983 === A lokacin Able Archer 83, wani motsa jiki na [[NATO]] na kwana goma wanda ke kwaikwayon lokacin rikice-rikice wanda ya kai ga harin nukiliya na DEFCON 1, wasu mambobin Politburo na [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Soviet]] da sojoji sun dauki abubuwan da suka faru a matsayin makircin yaki wanda ke ɓoye ainihin harin farko. A mayar da martani, sojoji sun shirya don daidaitaccen hari ta hanyar shirya sojojin nukiliya da sanya rundunonin iska da aka ajiye a cikin jihohin Warsaw Pact na Gabashin Jamus da [[Poland]] a karkashin babban faɗakarwa. Koyaya, shirye-shiryen Soviet don ramuwar gayya ya ƙare bayan kammala darussan Able Archer.<ref name="Fischer Conundrum">{{Cite web |last=Benjamin B. Fischer |date=17 March 2007 |title=A Cold War Conundrum: The 1983 Soviet War Scare |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/a-cold-war-conundrum/source.htm#HEADING1-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114024850/https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/a-cold-war-conundrum/source.htm |archive-date=14 January 2009 |access-date=13 January 2009 |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]}}</ref> Hadarin roket na Norway shine farkon yakin duniya na uku da ya faru bayan yakin sanyi ya ƙare. {{Spaces}}Wannan lamarin ya faru ne lokacin da tashar gargadi ta Olenegorsk ta Rasha ta yi kuskuren sa hannun radar daga rokar bincike ta Black Brant XII (wanda masana kimiyya na Norway da Amurka suka kaddamar da shi tare daga Andøya Rocket Range), kamar yadda ya zama sa hannun radar na kaddamarwar makami mai linzami na Trident SLBM. A mayar da martani, an kira Shugaban Rasha Boris Yeltsin kuma an kunna jakar nukiliya ta ''Cheget'' a karo na farko kuma kawai. Koyaya, babban kwamandan nan da nan ya sami damar tantance cewa roket din ba ya shiga sararin samaniya na Rasha, kuma nan da nan kuma ya zubar da shirye-shiryen yaki da ramuwar gayya. An ƙaddara cewa, yayin da masana kimiyya na roket suka sanar da jihohi talatin ciki har da Rasha game da ƙaddamar da gwajin, bayanin bai kai ga masu fasahar radar na Rasha ba. === Abin da ya faru a filin jirgin saman Pristina: 12 Yuni 1999 === A ranar 12 ga watan Yunin 1999, washegari bayan karshen Yaƙin Kosovo, wasu jami'an zaman lafiya na Rasha 250 sun mamaye Filin jirgin saman Pristina kafin isowar sojojin [[NATO]] kuma suna tabbatar da isowar ƙarfafawa ta iska. Babban Kwamandan Sojojin NATO na Amurka Janar Wesley Clark ya ba da umarnin yin amfani da karfi a kan Rashawa. Mike Jackson, janar na Sojojin Burtaniya wanda ya tuntubi Rasha a lokacin lamarin, ya ki aiwatar da umarnin Clark, ya san shi da cewa "Ba zan fara yakin duniya na uku a gare ku ba". Kyaftin James Blunt, babban jami'in da ke gaban ginshiƙi na NATO a cikin kai tsaye da ke dauke da makamai a kan Rasha, ya karɓi umarnin "Destroy!" daga Clark a rediyo, amma ya bi umarnin Jackson don kewaye filin jirgin sama a maimakon haka ya ce a cikin wata hira cewa ko da ba tare da sa hannun Jackson ba zai ki bin umarnin Clark. A ranar 24 ga Nuwamba 2015, a kan iyaka tsakanin Turkiyya da Siriya, Sojojin Sama na Turkiyya sun harbe jirgin saman Sukhoi na Rasha. Turks sun yi iƙirarin cewa jirgin ya keta sararin samaniya na Turkiyya, da'awar da Rasha ta musanta; jirgin yana cikin yankin a matsayin wani ɓangare na sa hannun sojojin Rasha a yakin basasar Siriya, wanda Turkiyya ta goyi bayan sojojin adawa. Wannan lamari shine lalacewar farko na jirgin saman yaki na Sojojin Sama na Rasha ko Soviet da wata kasa ta [[NATO]] ta yi tun bayan harin da aka kai a madatsar ruwan Sui-ho a lokacin yakin Koriya a 1953. <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 November 2015 |title=Turkey downing that Russian fighter jet is terrible news for the war on ISIS. |url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/the_slatest/2015/11/24/turkey_downing_that_russian_fighter_jet_is_terrible_news_for_the_war_on.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151124195329/http://www.slate.com/blogs/the_slatest/2015/11/24/turkey_downing_that_russian_fighter_jet_is_terrible_news_for_the_war_on.html |archive-date=24 November 2015 |access-date=25 November 2015 |website=Slate Magazine}}</ref> Lamarin ya haifar da kafofin watsa labarai da yawa da mutane da yawa da ke yin sharhi cewa zai iya haifar da yaƙi a duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 November 2015 |title=Don't panic: Turkey shooting down a Russian warplane won't start World War 3 |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/turkey/12013517/Dont-panic-Turkey-shooting-down-a-Russian-warplane-wont-start-World-War-3.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718120546/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/turkey/12013517/Dont-panic-Turkey-shooting-down-a-Russian-warplane-wont-start-World-War-3.html |archive-date=18 July 2023 |access-date=2023-07-18 |website=www.telegraph.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bora |first=Birce |title='Which parts of Syria should be bombed?' |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/11/26/which-parts-of-syria-should-be-bombed |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718120546/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/11/26/which-parts-of-syria-should-be-bombed |archive-date=18 July 2023 |access-date=2023-07-18 |website=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2015-11-26 |title=Turkey risks sparking world war, says Iraq's Maliki |url=https://guardian.ng/news/turkey-risks-sparking-world-war-says-iraqs-maliki/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718120546/https://guardian.ng/news/turkey-risks-sparking-world-war-says-iraqs-maliki/ |archive-date=18 July 2023 |access-date=2023-07-18 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-US}}</ref> == Abubuwan da za su iya gani a yanzu == === Harin Rasha na Ukraine: 24 Fabrairu 2022 - yanzu === [[Fayil:Destruction_of_Russian_tanks_by_Ukrainian_troops_in_Mariupol_(4).jpg|thumb|Halakar BMP-3 IFV ta Rasha da sojojin Ukraine suka yi a Mariupol a ranar 7 ga Maris 2022]] A ranar 24 ga watan Fabrairun 2022, shugaban Rasha [[Vladimir Putin]] ya ba da umarnin mamaye [[Ukraniya|Ukraine]], wanda ya nuna babban karuwar Yaƙin Rasha da Ukraine, wanda aka fara a shekarar 2014. An bayyana mamayewar a matsayin babbar rikici ta soja a Turai tun lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. &nbsp;Harin ya sami zargi na kasa da kasa, gami da sabbin takunkumin da aka ɗora wa Rasha, wanda ya haɗa da haramcin Rasha daga SWIFT da rufe mafi yawan sararin samaniya na Yammacin zuwa jiragen Rasha. Bugu da ƙari, kafin da kuma lokacin mamayewar, wasu daga cikin kasashe 32 na NATO suna ba da Ukraine da makamai da sauran tallafin kayan aiki. A duk lokacin mamayewar, manyan 'yan siyasa da yawa na Rasha, ciki har da shugaban kasar Putin, ministan harkokin waje Sergey Lavrov da shugaban jam'iyyar United Russia Dmitry Medvedev, sun yi maganganu da yawa da aka gani a matsayin barazanar amfani da makaman nukiliya, yayin da jami'ai da yawa daga Amurka da NATO, ciki har ma da shugaban Amurka [[Joe Biden]] da Sakataren Janar NATO Jens Stoltenberg, sun yi sanarwa da ke tabbatar da martani NATO a yayin da Rasha ta sake kai farmaki ga kowace kasa ta NATO ko amfani da makamai na nukiliya ta sake haifar da ita. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sauer |first=Pjotr |date=2022-09-21 |title=Putin announces partial mobilisation and threatens nuclear retaliation in escalation of Ukraine war |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/sep/21/putin-announces-partial-mobilisation-in-russia-in-escalation-of-ukraine-war |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114202406/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/sep/21/putin-announces-partial-mobilisation-in-russia-in-escalation-of-ukraine-war |archive-date=14 January 2023 |access-date=2022-09-21 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 February 2022 |title=Biden says Americans should not worry about nuclear war after Russian actions |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/27/us/politics/putin-nuclear-alert-biden-deescalation.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228011550/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/27/us/politics/putin-nuclear-alert-biden-deescalation.html |archive-date=28 February 2022 |access-date=28 February 2022 |website=[[Reuters]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Samuels |first=Brett |date=11 March 2022 |title=Biden: Direct conflict between NATO and Russia would be 'World War III' |url=https://thehill.com/policy/international/597842-biden-direct-conflict-between-nato-and-russia-would-be-world-war-iii |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325032254/https://thehill.com/policy/international/597842-biden-direct-conflict-between-nato-and-russia-would-be-world-war-iii |archive-date=25 March 2022 |access-date=11 March 2022 |website=The Hill}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-21 |title=Biden denounces Putin's 'overt' nuclear threats, urges UN allies to reject Russia's invasion of Ukraine |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/09/21/biden-denounces-putins-overt-nuclear-threats-urges-un-allies-to-reject-russias-invasion-of-ukraine.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921194052/https://www.cnbc.com/2022/09/21/biden-denounces-putins-overt-nuclear-threats-urges-un-allies-to-reject-russias-invasion-of-ukraine.html |archive-date=21 September 2022 |access-date=2022-09-21 |website=CNBC |language=en}}</ref> Yawancin abubuwan da suka faru da aka gani a matsayin kira na kusa da rikici tsakanin Rasha da NATO tun daga lokacin sun faru, wanda ya fi shahara shi ne harin makami mai linzami a ƙauyen Poland na Przewodów kusa da iyakar da Ukraine a watan Nuwamba 2022. A farkon 2023, Putin ya dakatar da shiga Rasha a New START, yarjejeniyar nukiliya ta ƙarshe tsakanin Rasha da Amurka, kuma daga baya ya sanar da shirye-shiryen shigar da makaman nukiliya na Rasha a [[Belarus]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chen |first=Heather |last2=Humayun |first2=Hira |last3=Knight |first3=Mariya |last4=Carey |first4=Andrew |last5=Gigova |first5=Radina |last6=Kostenko |first6=Maria |date=2023-03-26 |title=Russia plans to station tactical nuclear weapons in Belarus, Putin says |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/03/25/world/russia-putin-nuclear-weapons-belarus-intl-hnk/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331052514/https://www.cnn.com/2023/03/25/world/russia-putin-nuclear-weapons-belarus-intl-hnk/index.html |archive-date=31 March 2023 |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=CNN}}</ref> Masana daban-daban, masu sharhi, da sauransu sun bayyana rikicin a matsayin kira na kusa da yakin duniya na uku, yayin da wasu suka ba da shawarar akasin haka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Simhony |first=Limor |title=NATO Intervention in Ukraine Won't Spark World War III |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/04/01/nato-intervention-in-ukraine-wont-spark-world-war-iii/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007025659/https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/04/01/nato-intervention-in-ukraine-wont-spark-world-war-iii/ |archive-date=7 October 2022 |access-date=2022-10-07 |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Miller |first=Paul |date=8 March 2022 |title=Ukraine Is Not World War III |url=https://thedispatch.com/p/ukraine-is-not-world-war-iii |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007025701/https://thedispatch.com/p/ukraine-is-not-world-war-iii |archive-date=7 October 2022 |access-date=2022-10-07 |website=The Dispatch}}</ref> == Yaduwar amfani da kalmar == === Yaƙin Cold === [[Fayil:World_nuclear_weapons.png|thumb|Babban tarin [[makaman nukiliya]] tare da kewayon duniya (duhu mai launin shudi), ƙaramin tarin tare da kewar duniya (matsakaici mai launin shuɗi), ƙaramin kayan aiki tare da kewaye na yanki (mai launin shudi) ]] Yayinda dangantakar Soviet-Amurka ta karu da tashin hankali a lokacin bayan yakin duniya na biyu, tsoron cewa tashin hankali na iya karuwa zuwa yakin duniya na uku ya kasance koyaushe. {{Spaces}}{{Spaces}}Wani binciken Gallup a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1950 ya gano cewa fiye da rabin Amurkawa sun yi la'akari da yakin duniya na uku ya riga ya fara.{{Spaces}} A shekara ta 2004, mai sharhi Norman Podhoretz ya ba da shawarar cewa [[Cold War|Yaƙin Cold]], wanda ya kasance daga mika wuya ga ikon Axis har zuwa faduwar Ginin Berlin, ana iya kiransa Yakin Duniya na III. {{Spaces}}Ta hanyar lissafin Podhoretz, "Yaƙin Duniya na IV" zai zama kamfen na duniya game da Islamofascism.<ref name="Podhoretz2004">{{Cite magazine|url-status=17+}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Buckley |first=William F. Jr. |author-link=William F. Buckley Jr. |date=22 October 2007 |title=World War IV? |url=https://www.nationalreview.com/2007/09/world-war-iv-william-f-buckley-jr/ |url-status=live |journal=[[National Review]] |volume=59 |issue=19 |page=62 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806022343/https://www.nationalreview.com/2007/09/world-war-iv-william-f-buckley-jr/ |archive-date=6 August 2020 |access-date=14 June 2019}} (published online 6 September 2007)</ref>{{Spaces}} Duk da haka, yawancin masana tarihi za su yi kama da cewa Yaƙin Duniya na III dole ne ya zama "yaƙin duniya wanda manyan dakarun daga ƙasashe da yawa suka yi yaƙi" da kuma yaƙin da "ya haɗa da yawancin manyan ƙasashe na duniya". {{Spaces}}Yakin Cold ya sami sunansa daga rashin aikin da aka dauka daga bangarorin biyu. Rashin aiki ya kasance ne saboda tsoron cewa yakin nukiliya zai iya lalata bil'adama.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 September 2011 |title=American History: The Cold War |url=https://learningenglish.voanews.com/a/american-history-the-cold-war-130292758/116228.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201012146/https://learningenglish.voanews.com/a/american-history-the-cold-war-130292758/116228.html |archive-date=1 February 2022 |access-date=2022-05-02 |website=VOA |language=en}}</ref> A cikin littafinsa Secret Weapons of the Cold War, Bill Yenne ya kammala cewa yakin basasa na Superpower daga shekarun 1940 zuwa 1991, ba yakin duniya na uku ba ne.<ref>Yenne, Bill (2005). ''Secret Weapons of the Cold War.'' Berkly Book, New York</ref>{{Spaces}} === Yaƙi da ta'addanci === [[Fayil:WTC_smoking_on_9-11.jpeg|thumb|[[September 11 attacks|Hare-haren Satumba 11]]]] "Yaƙin da aka yi da ta'addanci" wanda ya fara da [[September 11 attacks|Hare-haren Satumba 11]] wasu sun yi iƙirarin cewa Yaƙin Duniya na III ne.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Micallef |first=Joseph V. |date=24 January 2017 |title=Are We Already Fighting World War III? |url=http://www.military.com/daily-news/2017/01/24/are-we-already-fighting-world-war-iii.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170416051031/http://www.military.com/daily-news/2017/01/24/are-we-already-fighting-world-war-iii.html |archive-date=16 April 2017 |access-date=15 April 2017 |website=[[Military.com]]}}</ref> Sauran sun raina irin waɗannan da'awar kamar "karkatar da [[Tarihin Amurka]]". Duk da yake akwai yarjejeniya tsakanin masana tarihi game da ma'anoni da girman yaƙe-yaƙe na duniya guda biyu, wato saboda girman duniya na tashin hankali da hallaka kansu na waɗannan yaƙe-yarƙe biyu, wasu sun yi iƙirarin cewa "Yaƙin Duniya" na iya buƙatar irin wannan yaƙe-yanayi da kisan gilla a duniya. Duk da haka, irin wannan da'awar sabon "ƙananan ƙofar tashin hankali", wanda yanzu zai iya isa ya cancanci yaƙi a matsayin "Yaƙin Duniya" bai sami irin wannan karɓa da tallafi ba kamar yadda ma'anar yaƙe-yaƙe biyu na duniya suka samu tsakanin masana tarihi. ==== Yaƙi da Daular Musulunci ==== A ranar 1 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2015, Ministan Harkokin Waje na Iraki Ibrahim al-Jaafari ya bayyana cewa yakin da aka yi da Daular Islama ya kasance "Yaƙin Duniya na III", saboda manufofin Daular Islami na Khalifanci na duniya, da kuma nasarar da ta samu wajen yada rikici ga kasashe da yawa a waje da yankin Levant. {{Spaces}}Da yake mayar da martani ga hare-haren da aka kai a birnin Paris a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2015, Sarkin Jordan Abdullah II ya bayyana cewa "Muna fuskantar yakin duniya na uku [a cikin Islama]". A cikin jawabinsa na Jihar Tarayyar a ranar 12 ga Janairun 2016, Shugaban Amurka [[Barack Obama]] ya yi gargadin cewa rahotanni da ke ba ISIL damar da ake tsammani na haifar da yakin duniya na uku na iya zama da yawa kuma ba shi da alhaki, yana mai cewa "yayin da muke mai da hankali kan hallaka ISIL, ya yi iƙirarin cewa wannan yakin duniya ne na III kawai yana wasa a hannayensu. Yawancin mayakan da ke bayan manyan motoci da kuma masu karkatarwa a cikin gidaje ko garages suna haifar da babbar haɗari ga fararen hula kuma dole ne su zama masu barazana ga rayuwarmu ta ƙasa".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Obama |first=Barak |date=13 January 2016 |title=2016 State of the Union Address |url=https://medium.com/@WhiteHouse/president-obama-s-2016-state-of-the-union-address-7c06300f9726#.6rytyu7a2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160209085124/https://medium.com/@WhiteHouse/president-obama-s-2016-state-of-the-union-address-7c06300f9726#.6rytyu7a2 |archive-date=9 February 2016 |access-date=9 February 2016 |website=The White House |publisher=government of the United States of America}}</ref>{{Spaces}} === Ƙananan yaƙe-yaƙe da yawa a matsayin "yaƙi na uku" === A cikin tambayoyin da aka rubuta da yawa a ƙarƙashin yanayi na yau da kullun, kwatanta gobarar Yaƙin Duniya na I da na II da yaƙe-yaƙe masu ƙarancin ƙarfi na ƙarni na 21, [[Francis (fafaroma)|Paparoma Francis]] ya ce, "Duniya tana cikin yaƙi saboda ta rasa zaman lafiya", kuma "watakila mutum na iya magana game da yaƙi na uku, wanda ya yi yaƙi a hankali". {{Spaces}}{{Spaces}} == Abubuwan da ba a tsammani ba == A shekara ta 1949, bayan kaddamar da makaman nukiliya a ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na II, masanin kimiyyar lissafi [[Albert Einstein]] ya ba da shawarar cewa duk wani sakamako na yiwuwar Yaƙin Duniya ya III zai zama bala'i a kan [[Wayewa|wayewar ɗan adam]] don mayar da bil'adama zuwa Zamanin Stone. &nbsp;&nbsp;Lokacin da ɗan jarida Alfred Werner ya tambaye shi irin makamai Einstein ya yi imanin cewa za a iya yaƙi da Yaƙin Duniya na III, Einstein ya yi gargadin, "Ban san da waɗanne makamai za a yi yaƙi da Yakin Duniya na III ba, amma za a yi Yaƙin Duniya yaƙi da sanduna da duwatsu". <ref name="einstein">''The New Quotable Einstein''. Alice Calaprice (2005), p. 173.</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Johnson |first=M. Alex |date=18 April 2005 |title=The culture of Einstein |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna7406337 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180208205219/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/7406337#.WmyV55OdU3g |archive-date=8 February 2018 |access-date=27 January 2018 |website=MSNBC |language=en}}</ref>{{Spaces}} Game da halakar da 'yan Adam sakamakon yaƙin nukiliya, Leslie A. White ya kalubalanci Einstein, "wannan ma za a iya shigar da shi azaman yiwuwar, kuma duk abin da za mu iya cewa idan ya zo, zai zo. Maganganun tsoro ba za su canza yanayin abubuwan da suka faru ba. " Crane Brinton ya kuma shakkar zaman lafiya na tunanin Einstein: "Malamai, masu wa'azi, malamai, har ma da 'yan siyasa suna gaya wa ƙarni mai girma cewa dole ne babu yaƙi kuma, saboda haka, babu wani abu mai hikima".<ref>Brinton, Crane, (1948). ''From Many to One: The Process of Political Integration, the Problem of World Government'', (Westport: Greenwood Press), p 4.</ref> James Burnham na Ofishin Ayyukan Dabarun (wanda ya riga ya kasance [[C.I.A|CIA]]), ya kuma yi imani da rayuwa: Ana samun bambancin makaman nukiliya a cikin cewa suna iya hallaka rayuwar ɗan adam gaba ɗaya, gami da ta hanyar yanayin yanayi da yanayin ƙasa, amma haka ba haka ba ne. Babban ka'idojin dabarun soja ba su canza ba. Yaƙin nukiliya zai bambanta da yaƙe-yaƙe na dā amma za a yanke shawarar ta hanyar haɗuwa da albarkatu, halin kirki da dabarun.<ref>Burnham, James, (1947). ''Struggle for the World'', (New York: The John Day Company), pp 26, 28-29.</ref> Wani Bayani na New England Journal of Medicine na 1998 ya gano cewa "Ko da yake mutane da yawa sun yi imanin cewa barazanar harin nukiliya ya ɓace sosai tare da ƙarshen Yakin Cold, akwai shaidu masu yawa da suka saɓa".<ref name="nejm" /> Musamman, yarjejeniyar raba juna ta Amurka da Rasha a cikin 1994 ta kasance alama ce kuma ba ta canza adadin lokacin da ake buƙata don kaddamar da hari ba. An yi imanin cewa yanayin "harin haɗari" ya kasance ƙaddamarwa ne na ramuwar gayya saboda gargadi na ƙarya, kamar abin da ya faru na 1983. <ref name="nejm">{{Cite journal |last=Forrow |first=Lachlan |last2=Blair |first2=Bruce G. |last3=Helfand |first3=Ira |last4=Lewis |first4=George |last5=Postol |first5=Theodore |last6=Sidel |first6=Victor |last7=Levy |first7=Barry S. |last8=Abrams |first8=Herbert |last9=Cassel |first9=Christine |date=30 April 1998 |title=Accidental Nuclear War — A Post–Cold War Assessment |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=338 |issue=18 |pages=1326–1332 |doi=10.1056/NEJM199804303381824 |issn=0028-4793 |pmid=9562589 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A tarihi, Yaƙin Duniya na ya faru ne ta hanyar rikici mai tsanani; Yaƙin Duniya ya faru ne da gangan. &nbsp;&nbsp;Abubuwan da aka yi la'akari da su a cikin shekarun 2010 da 2020 sun haɗa da mamayewar Rasha a Ukraine, fadada kasar Sin zuwa tsibirai da ke kusa da su, Rikicin kan iyakar Sin da Indiya, barazanar aikin soja na kasar Sin a kan Taiwan, rikice-rikicen kan iyakar Indo-Pakistan, da kuma shiga kasashen waje a yakin basasar Siriya. Sauran haɗarin da ake tsammani sune cewa yaƙin da ya shafi ko tsakanin [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudi Arabia]] da [[Iran]], [[Isra'ila]] da Iran, [[Indiya]] da [[Pakistan]], [[Ukraniya|Ukraine]] da [[Rasha]], [[Poland]] da [[Belarus]], [[Koriya ta Kudu]] da [[Koriya ta Arewa]], ko [[Taiwan]] da [[Sin|China]] na iya ƙaruwa ta hanyar kawance ko shiga cikin yaƙi tsakanin "babban iko" kamar [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], Ingila, Faransa, Jamus, Rasha, China, Japan ko kuma yaƙin da ke tsakanin hadin gwiwar soja [[NATO]] da CSTO, ko ma yiwuwar "kwamin kwamandan makaman nukiliya" wanda ba a ƙarƙashin duk wani yaƙin nukiliya ba shi da izini ba zai iya ƙaruwa ba tare da izini yaƙin da izini da izini a kaiwa ba.<ref>{{Cite book|last3=Ron Rosenbaum}}</ref> Dangane da binciken da aka sake dubawa da aka buga a cikin mujallar Nature Food a watan Agustan 2022, cikakken yakin nukiliya tsakanin Amurka da Rasha, wanda ya saki sama da Tg 150 na soot na stratospheric, na iya kashe mutane sama da biliyan biyar ta hanyar yunwa a lokacin hunturu na nukiliya. Fiye da mutane biliyan biyu na iya mutuwa daga yunwa daga karamin yaki na nukiliya (5-47 Tg) tsakanin Indiya da Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Xia |first=Lili |last2=Robock |first2=Alan |last3=Scherrer |first3=Kim |last4=Harrison |first4=Cheryl S. |last5=Bodirsky |first5=Benjamin Leon |last6=Weindl |first6=Isabelle |last7=Jägermeyr |first7=Jonas |last8=Bardeen |first8=Charles G. |last9=Toon |first9=Owen B. |last10=Heneghan |first10=Ryan |date=15 August 2022 |title=Global food insecurity and famine from the reduced crop, marine fishery and livestock production due to climate disruption from nuclear war soot injection |journal=[[Nature Food]] |volume=3 |issue=8 |pages=586–596 |doi=10.1038/s43016-022-00573-0 |pmid=37118594 |s2cid=251601831 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> A yayin yakin nukiliya tsakanin Rasha da Amurka, kashi 99% na yawan jama'a a cikin ƙasashe masu fafatawa, da Turai da China, za su mutu. Wasu al'amuran sun haɗa da haɗari saboda canje-canje masu zuwa daga sanannen halin da ake ciki. A cikin shekarun 1980s Strategic Defense Initiative ya yi ƙoƙari ya soke makaman nukiliya na USSR; wasu masu sharhi sun yi imanin cewa shirin yana "rashin daidaituwa". A cikin littafinsa Destined for War, Graham Allison yana kallon kishiyar duniya tsakanin ikon da aka kafa, Amurka, da ikon da ke tasowa, China, a matsayin misali na Thucydides Trap. Allison ya bayyana cewa a tarihi, "12 daga cikin shari'o'i 16 da suka gabata inda karuwar iko ta fuskanci ikon mulki" sun haifar da fada.<ref>Graham Allison (2017). ''Destined for War'', Scribe, p. 215</ref> A cikin 2020 da 2023, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists ya ci gaba da agogon ranar ƙarshe, yana mai da hankali a tsakanin sauran abubuwan da aka yi hasashen tasirin rikice-rikice daga makamai masu zuwa. Yakin yanar gizo shine amfani da fasaha ta wata kasa ko kungiyar kasa da kasa don kai farmaki da lalata hanyoyin sadarwa da kwamfutocin adawa. Lalacewar na iya haifar da ƙwayoyin cuta na kwamfuta ko hare-haren ƙin sabis (DoS). Hare-haren yanar gizo suna ƙara zama ruwan dare, suna barazanar tsaro ta yanar gizo kuma suna mai da shi fifiko a duniya. An sami yaduwar hare-haren da gwamnati ke tallafawa. Halin waɗannan hare-haren ya nuna yiwuwar yakin duniya na uku na yanar gizo.Manyan sojoji na duniya suna haɓaka dabarun yanar gizo, gami da hanyoyin canza tsarin umarni da sarrafa abokan gaba, tsarin gargadi na farko, dabaru, da sufuri.Harin Rasha na shekara ta 2022 na Ukraine ya haifar da damuwa game da babban hari na yanar gizo, tare da Rasha da ta ƙaddamar da hare-haren yanar gizo don sasanta kungiyoyi a duk faɗin Ukraine. Rasha ta ƙaddamar da kusan hare-hare 40 masu hankali waɗanda suka lalata fayiloli har abada a cikin daruruwan tsarin a cikin ƙungiyoyi da yawa, tare da kashi 40% da nufin manyan fannoni a cikin Ukraine.Amfani da yakin yanar gizo na Rasha ya juya yakin zuwa babban yakin "haɗe-haɗe" a Ukraine. == Dubi kuma == * Yunkurin adawa da nukiliya * Gasar makamai ta wucin gadi * Yakin Cold na Ilimin Ilimin Ilimi * Gasar makaman nukiliya * Holocaust na nukiliya * Ta'addanci na nukiliya * Yaƙin Cold na Biyu * Yaƙin Duniya na III a cikin al'adun gargajiya * [[Yaƙi]] * [[Yaƙin Duniya na I]] * [[Yaƙin Duniya na II]] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 3gyjqh8skgzfdfdpkh6th8gyjfbe9vu 884819 884816 2026-07-19T08:57:29Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 884819 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   [[Fayil:Castle_Bravo_Blast.jpg|thumb|Yaƙin nukiliya alama ce ta yau da kullun kuma jigon mafi yawan abubuwan da suka faru na Yaƙin Duniya na III. &nbsp;Irin wannan rikici an yi la'akari da shi don haifar da ko kusa da halakawar ɗan adam.]] '''Yaƙin Duniya na I''' ('''WWIII''' ko '''WW3'''), wanda aka fi sani da '''Yaƙin Duniya na Uku''', rikici ne na duniya na gaba wanda ya biyo bayan Yaƙin Duniya Na shekara ta alif (1914 zuwa zuwa 1918) da [[Yaƙin Duniya na II]] a shekara ta alif 1939 Zuwa 1945). An yi la'akari da cewa irin wannan yaƙin zai shafi dukkan manyan ƙasashen duniya, kamar waɗanda suka riga shi, da kuma amfani da [[makaman nukiliya]] ko wasu makamai na hallaka jama'a, don haka ya wuce rikice-rikicen da suka gabata a cikin yanki, lalacewa, da asarar rai. Tun lokacin da Manhattan [[Project]] ya ci gaba da makaman nukiliya a shekara ta alif 1945 da kuma amfani da su ta [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] a cikin bama-Bamai na nukiliya na Hiroshima da Nagasaki a ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na II, haɗarin apocalypse na nukiliyar da ke haifar da lalacewa mai yawa da yiwuwar [[Yanayin tashin duniya|rushewar wayewa]] ko halaka bil'adama ya zama jigon gama gari a cikin hasashe da fiction game da Yaƙin Duniya III. Tare da zuwan [[Cold War|Yaƙin Cold]] A shekara ta (1947-1991) da yaduwar makaman [[nukiliya]] zuwa [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]], wanda wasu kasashe da yawa suka biyo baya, haɗarin yakin duniya na uku ya tashi. A lokacin Yakin Cold, sojoji da ma'aikatan farar hula a duk duniya sun yi tsammanin yiwuwar kuma sun shirya hakan, tare da abubuwan da suka faru daga yaƙin gargajiya zuwa iyakantaccen ko gaba ɗaya Yaƙin nukiliya. An kirkiro ka'idar dabarun tabbatar da lalacewa, wanda ya nuna cewa cikakken rikici na nukiliya zai hallaka dukkan bangarorin da ke cikin rikici. Shugabannin Amurka da Soviet sun yi aiki don kauce wa irin wannan sakamako, kodayake kira da yawa na kusa, wanda ya haifar da fasaha mara kyau, kuskuren ɗan adam ko rashin sadarwa, har yanzu ya faru, yana jaddada buƙatar hanawa daga bangarorin biyu. == Magana ==   Mujallar Time ta kasance mai karɓar farko, idan ba mai farawa ba, na kalmar "Yaƙin Duniya na III". {{Spaces}}Amfani na farko ya bayyana a cikin fitowar 3 ga Nuwamba Shekara ta 1941 (kafin harin Japan a kan Pearl Harbor a ranar 7 ga Disamba 1941) a ƙarƙashin sashin "Hamaloli na Kasa" kuma mai taken "Yaƙin Duniya na III?" game da ɗan gudun hijirar Nazi Hermann Rauschning, wanda ya isa Amurka. {{Spaces}}A cikin fitowar ta 22 ga Maris 1943, a ƙarƙashin sashin "Labaran Kasashen Waje", ''Lokaci'' ya sake amfani da wannan taken "Yaƙin Duniya na III?" game da maganganun Mataimakin Shugaban Amurka na ''Lokaci'' Henry A. Wallace: "Za mu yanke shawara a wani lokaci a shekarar 1943 ko 1944 ... ko mu dasa tsaba na Yaƙin Duniya na Uku. " Lokaci ya ci gaba da samun ko ambaton labaran "Yaƙin duniya na III" don sauran shekaru goma da gaba: 1944, 1945, 1946 ("yaƙin ƙwayoyin cuta da 1948. {{Spaces}}{{Spaces}}{{Spaces}}''Lokaci'' ya ci gaba da amfani da wannan kalmar, alal misali, a cikin littafin 2015 mai taken "Wannan shine Abin da Yaƙin Duniya na III Zai Kamata". == Shirye-shiryen Soja == Masu dabarun soja sun yi amfani da wasannin yaƙi don shirya don yanayin yaƙi daban-daban da kuma ƙayyade dabarun da suka fi dacewa. An yi amfani da wasannin yaƙi don Yaƙin Duniya na I da Yaƙin Duniya ya II . === Aikin da ba za a iya tsammani ba ===   Firayim Ministan Burtaniya [[Winston Churchill]] ya damu da cewa, tare da girman sojojin Soviet Red Army da aka tura a Tsakiyar Turai da Gabashin Turai a Ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na II<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwbg">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki> da rashin amintaccen shugaban Soviet [[Joseph Stalin]], akwai babbar barazana ga Yammacin Turai. A cikin Afrilu-Mayu 1945, Sojojin Burtaniya sun haɓaka Operation Unthinkable, wanda ake zaton shine yanayin farko na Yaƙin Duniya na Uku. Babban burinta shine "ta tilasta wa Rasha nufin Amurka da [[Daular Biritaniya|Daular Burtaniya]]".<ref>{{Cite web |last=British War Cabinet, Joint Planning Staff, Public Record Office, CAB 120/691/109040 / 002 |date=11 August 1945 |title=Operation Unthinkable: 'Russia: Threat to Western Civilization' |url=http://www.history.neu.edu/PRO2/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080706093010/http://www.history.neu.edu/PRO2/ <!--Added by H3llBot--> |archive-date=6 July 2008 |access-date=28 June 2008 |publisher=Department of History, Northeastern University |format=online photocopy}}</ref> Kwamitin Shugabannin Ma'aikata na Burtaniya sun ki amincewa da shirin a matsayin wanda ba zai yiwu ba a soja. === Aikin Dropshot === {{Clear}}Operation Dropshot shi ne shirin gaggawa na Amurka na Shekarar 1950 don yiwuwar yaki da [[Makaman nukiliya|nukiliya]] da na al'ada tare da [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]] a cikin wuraren wasan kwaikwayo na Yammacin Turai da Asiya. Kodayake labarin ya yi amfani da makaman nukiliya, ba a sa ran su taka muhimmiyar rawa ba. A lokacin da Makaman nukiliya na Amurka sun iyakance a girman, galibi a Amurka, kuma sun dogara da bama-bamai don isar da su. Dropshot ya haɗa da bayanan manufa waɗanda za su yi amfani da bama-Bamai na nukiliya 300 da bama-mamai masu fashewa 29,000 a kan manufofi 200 a cikin birane da garuruwa 100 don share kashi 85% na damar masana'antar Tarayyar Soviet a cikin bugun jini ɗaya. Tsakanin 75 da 100 daga cikin makaman nukiliya 300 an yi niyya ne don lalata jirgin yaki na Soviet a ƙasa. An tsara labarin ne kafin ci gaban makamai masu linzami na intercontinental. An kuma tsara shi kafin Shugaban Amurka [[John F. Kennedy]] da Sakataren Tsaro Robert McNamara su canza shirin Yakin Nukiliya na Amurka daga shirin yajin aiki na 'kisan birni' zuwa shirin "counterforce" (wanda aka fi mayar da hankali ga sojojin). Makaman nukiliya a wannan lokacin ba su da isasshen daidaito don kai hari kan sansanin sojan ruwa ba tare da lalata birnin da ke kusa da shi ba, don haka manufar amfani da su ita ce ta lalata ikon masana'antar abokan gaba don lalata tattalin arzikin yaƙi. === Haɗin gwiwar Burtaniya da Ireland === Jamhuriyar Ireland ta fara shirin yiwuwar yakin nukiliya a ƙarshen shekarun 1940. Za a kafa hadin gwiwa tsakanin Ingila da Ireland a yayin WWIII, inda za su raba bayanan yanayi, sarrafa kayan aiki don kewayawa, da daidaita sabis na watsa shirye-shiryen Wartime wanda zai faru bayan harin nukiliya. <ref name="auto3">{{Cite journal |last=Kennedy |first=Michael |date=2017 |title=ENVISAGING THE UNTHINKABLE: PLANNING FOR ARMAGEDDON IN 1950s IRELAND |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/90005263 |url-status=live |journal=History Ireland |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=36–39 |issn=0791-8224 |jstor=90005263 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220502180344/https://www.jstor.org/stable/90005263 |archive-date=2 May 2022 |access-date=2 May 2022}}</ref> Operation Sandstone a Ireland wani babban aikin soja ne na sirri na Burtaniya da Ireland.<ref name="auto3" /> Sojojin jihohin biyu sun fara binciken bakin teku na Burtaniya da Ireland tare daga 1948 zuwa 1955. Wannan buƙata ce daga Amurka don gano wuraren da suka dace don saukowa ga Amurka a yayin nasarar mamayewar Soviet.<ref name="auto3" /><ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |last=Archives |first=The National |date=2020-04-03 |title=The National Archives - Operation Sandstone: Surveying Britain's Cold War beaches |url=https://blog.nationalarchives.gov.uk/operation-sandstone-surveying-britains-cold-war-beaches/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127004120/https://blog.nationalarchives.gov.uk/operation-sandstone-surveying-britains-cold-war-beaches/ |archive-date=27 November 2020 |access-date=2022-05-02 |website=The National Archives blog |language=en-GB}}</ref> A shekara ta 1953, hadin gwiwar ta amince da raba bayanai game da yanayin yaƙi da kuma kwashe fararen hula daga Burtaniya zuwa Ireland.<ref name="auto3" /> Operation Sandstone na Ireland ya ƙare a shekarar 1966.<ref name="auto2" /> === Ayyuka na Grand Slam, Longstep, da Mainbrace === {{Clear}}A watan Janairun 1950, Majalisar Arewacin Atlantic ta amince da dabarun soja na [[NATO]] na hanawa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lord Ismay |title=Chapter 3 – The Pace Quickens |url=http://www.nato.int/archives/1st5years/chapters/3.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140313154306/http://www.nato.int/archives/1st5years/chapters/3.htm |archive-date=13 March 2014 |access-date=19 September 2011 |website=NATO the first five years 1949–1954 |publisher=[[NATO]]}}</ref> Shirye-shiryen soja na NATO ya sake sabuntawa bayan barkewar Yaƙin Koriya a farkon shekarun 1950, wanda ya sa NATO ta kafa "dakarun karkashin umarni na tsakiya, wanda ya isa ya hana tashin hankali da kuma tabbatar da tsaron Yammacin Turai". An kafa rundunar Allied Command Europe a karkashin Janar na Sojoji Dwight D. Eisenhower, Sojojin Amurka, a ranar 2 ga Afrilu 1951 . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Chapter 4 – The Pace Quickens |url=http://www.nato.int/archives/1st5years/chapters/4.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227094811/http://www.nato.int/archives/1st5years/chapters/4.htm |archive-date=27 December 2013 |access-date=19 September 2011 |website=NATO the first five years 1949–1954 |publisher=[[NATO]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=X |author-link=George F. Kennan |date=July 1947 |title=The Sources of Soviet Conduct |journal=[[Foreign Affairs]] |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=575–576 |doi=10.2307/20030065 |issn=0015-7120 |jstor=20030065}}</ref> Kungiyar Tsaro ta Yamma Turai a baya ta gudanar da Exercise Verity, wani motsa jiki na 1949 wanda ya shafi hare-haren jiragen ruwa da hare-harun jirgin ruwa. Ayyukan Mainbrace sun haɗu da jiragen ruwa 200 da ma'aikata sama da 50,000 don horar da tsaron [[Denmark]] da [[Norway]] daga harin Soviet a 1952. Wannan shi ne karo na farko da aka yi amfani da shi a NATO. Babban Kwamandan Allied Atlantic Admiral Lynde D. McCormick, Sojojin Ruwa na Amurka, da Babban Kwamandan Sojojin Turai Janar Matthew B. Ridgeway, Sojoji na Amurka, ne suka ba da umarnin aikin tare a lokacin kaka na 1952. Amurka, Ingila, [[Kanada]], Faransa, Denmark, Norway, [[Portugal]], [[Holand|Netherlands]], da [[Beljik|Belgium]] sun shiga. Atisayen Grand Slam da Longstep atisayen sojan ruwa ne da aka gudanar a cikin Tekun Bahar Rum a shekarar 1952 don gudanar da aikin korar makiya da ke mamaye da karfin tuwo. Ya ƙunshi jiragen ruwa sama da 170 da jiragen sama 700 a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Admiral Robert B. Carney . Babban kwamandan motsa jiki, Carney ya taƙaita nasarorin da aka samu na Exercise Grand Slam da cewa: "Mun nuna cewa manyan kwamandojin dukkan iko guda huɗu za su iya samun nasarar gudanar da aikin haɗakarwa tare da sarrafa shi yadda ya kamata a matsayin ƙungiya mai aiki. Tarayyar Soviet ta kira darussan "aikin yaki" ta NATO, tare da yin la'akari da shiga [[Norway]] da Denmark kuma sun shirya don ayyukan soja a Yankin Soviet.<ref name="Time2">''Time'', 29 September 1952</ref><ref name="Sidney">"NATO Ships Enter Baltic Sea" – ''Sydney Morning Herald'', p. 2</ref> === Exercise Strikeback ===   Exercise Strikeback babban aikin sojan ruwa ne na NATO wanda aka gudanar a shekara ta 1957, yana kwaikwayon martani ga harin Soviet a kan NATO. Wannan motsa jiki ya kunshi jiragen yaki sama da 200, jirgin sama 650, da ma'aikata 75,000 daga Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Amurka, Rundunar Soja ta Burtaniya, Rundunar Ruwa ta Kanada, Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Faransa, Rundunar Roya ta Netherlands, da Rundunar Sojojin Ruwa ta Royal Norway. A matsayin mafi girman aikin sojan ruwa na zaman lafiya har zuwa wannan lokacin, mai sharhi na soja Hanson W. Baldwin na The New York Times ya bayyana shi a matsayin "wanda ya zama mafi karfi da aka tara tun lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. === Jarabawar Ƙarfafawa ===   [[Fayil:USS_Hawes_(FFG-53),_USS_William_H._Standley_(CG-32)_and_USS_Guadalcanal_(LPH-7)_escort_tanker_Gas_King_in_the_Persian_Gullf_on_21_October_1987_(6432283).jpg|thumb|Idan aka kunna, Operation Reforger zai kunshi manyan motoci kamar wannan daga Operation Earnest Will a 1987, kodayake ya fi girma. Duk da yake dakarun za su iya tashi a fadin Tekun Atlantika, kayan aiki masu nauyi da ƙarfafa makamai dole ne su zo ta teku.]] Exercise RE (daga sake juyawa na FORces zuwa GER) wani motsa jiki ne na shekara-shekara da NATO ta gudanar a lokacin Yakin Cold . Duk da yake sojojin Amurka za a iya tashi cikin sauƙi a fadin Tekun Atlantika, kayan aiki masu nauyi da ƙarfafa makamai dole ne su zo ta teku kuma a isar da su zuwa shafukan POMCUS (An riga an tsara su zuwa rukunin rukunin). [1] Wadannan darussan sun gwada Amurka da kuma iyawar hadin gwiwa don aiwatar da karfafawa ta duniya.[1] Karfafawa a kan lokaci wani bangare ne mai mahimmanci na darussan karfafawa na NATO. Amurka ta buƙaci samun damar aika da ƙungiyoyin sojoji masu aiki zuwa Turai a cikin kwanaki goma a matsayin wani ɓangare na turawar NATO a lokacin yaƙi.Baya ga kimanta iyawar Amurka, Reforger ya kuma sa ido kan ma'aikata, wurare, da kayan aiki na ƙasashen Turai da ke taka muhimmiyar rawa a kokarin ƙarfafawa. An yi amfani da wannan motsa jiki ne don tabbatar da cewa NATO na iya tura sojoji zuwa Jamus ta Yamma da sauri idan akwai rikici tare da Yarjejeniyar Warsaw. Yarjejeniyar Warsaw ta fi NATO yawa a duk lokacin Yakin Cold a cikin dakarun al'ada, kuma musamman a cikin tankuna da motocin makamai. Sabili da haka, a yayin mamayewar Soviet, don kada a koma ga hare-haren nukiliya, dole ne a sake dawo da makamai na Yarjejeniyar Warsaw da sauri kuma a maye gurbin su. Reforger ba kawai nuna ƙarfi ba ne. A yayin rikici, zai zama ainihin shirin don ƙarfafa kasancewar NATO a Turai. A wannan yanayin, ana kiransa Operation Reforger . Manufofin siyasa na Reforger sune inganta tsawo da kuma inganta hadin kan NATO.[1] Muhimman abubuwan da ke cikin Reforger sun haɗa da Rundunar Sojan Sama, Rundunar Sojojin Sojan Sama ta Sojan Sama. === Kwanaki Bakwai zuwa Kogin Rhine ===   [[Fayil:Probable_Axes_of_Attack.jpg|thumb|Harin Yarjejeniyar Warsaw zai zo ta hanyar manyan hanyoyi uku ta Yammacin Jamus.]] Kwanaki Bakwai zuwa Kogin Rhine wani aikin kwaikwayo ne na soja na sirri wanda Yarjejeniyar Warsaw ta kirkira a shekarar 1979. Ya fara ne da zaton cewa NATO za ta ƙaddamar da harin nukiliya a kwarin kogin Vistula a cikin wani lamari na farko, wanda zai haifar da mutuwar fararen hula na Poland miliyan biyu.[1] A mayar da martani, za a gudanar da yunkurin yaki na Soviet a kan Jamus ta Yamma, Belgium, Netherlands da Denmark, tare da sojojin Warsaw Pact da suka mamaye Jamus ta Yankin kuma suna da niyyar tsayawa a Kogin Rhine a rana ta bakwai. Sauran tsare-tsaren USSR sun tsaya ne kawai bayan sun isa iyakar Faransa a rana ta tara. Kowane jihohin Yarjejeniyar Warsaw an sanya su ne kawai sashi na hoto na dabarun; a wannan yanayin, ana sa ran sojojin Poland za su je har zuwa Jamus. Shirin Kwanaki Bakwai zuwa Rhine ya yi la'akari da cewa Poland da Jamus za su lalace ta hanyar musayar nukiliya kuma yawan sojoji za su mutu daga cutar radiation. An kiyasta cewa NATO za ta harba makaman nukiliya a bayan layin Soviet masu ci gaba don yanke layin samar da su kuma ta haka ne su rage ci gaban su. Duk da yake wannan shirin ya ɗauka cewa NATO za ta yi amfani da makaman nukiliya don tura duk wani mamayewar Warsaw Pact, bai haɗa da hare-haren nukiliya a Faransa ko Ingila ba. Jaridu sun yi hasashen lokacin da aka bayyana wannan shirin, cewa ba za a buga Faransa da Burtaniya ba don samun su don hana amfani da makaman nukiliyar su. === Kwarewar Mai Fitarwa === {{Clear}} [[Fayil:Reagan_and_Gordievsky.jpg|thumb|Tsohon shugaban Amurka [[Ronald Reagan]] da wakilin Soviet biyu Oleg Gordievsky, wanda daga baya ya gaya wa Yammah yadda kusanci da aikin Able Archer 83 ya kawo Soviets don ba da umarni na FarkoFarko na Farko]] Exercise Able Archer wani motsa jiki ne na shekara-shekara na Kwamandan Turai na Amurka wanda ke aiwatar da umarni da hanyoyin sarrafawa, tare da jaddada sauyawa daga ayyukan al'ada kawai zuwa ayyukan sinadarai, nukiliya, da na al'ada a lokacin yaƙi. "Able Archer 83" wani aiki ne na kwana biyar na [[NATO|Kungiyar Yarjejeniyar Arewacin Atlantic]] (NATO) wanda ya fara a ranar 7 ga Nuwamba 1983, wanda ya mamaye Yammacin Turai, wanda ke tsakiya a Babban Hedikwatar Allied Powers Europe (SHAPE) a Casteau, arewacin birnin Mons. Ayyukan Able Archer sun yi kama da lokacin rikice-rikice, wanda ya kai ga Harin nukiliya.<ref name="Fischer Conundrum">{{Cite web |last=Benjamin B. Fischer |date=17 March 2007 |title=A Cold War Conundrum: The 1983 Soviet War Scare |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/a-cold-war-conundrum/source.htm#HEADING1-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114024850/https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/a-cold-war-conundrum/source.htm |archive-date=14 January 2009 |access-date=13 January 2009 |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]}}</ref> Halin da ya dace na aikin 1983, tare da lalacewar dangantaka da ke tsakanin Amurka da Tarayyar Soviet da kuma zuwan makaman nukiliya na Pershing II a Turai, ya jagoranci wasu mambobin Politburo da sojoji suyi imani cewa Able Archer 83 ya kasance makirci ne na yaki, yana rufe shirye-shiryen kai hari na farko na nukiliya.<ref name="Fischer Conundrum">{{Cite web |last=Benjamin B. Fischer |date=17 March 2007 |title=A Cold War Conundrum: The 1983 Soviet War Scare |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/a-cold-war-conundrum/source.htm#HEADING1-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114024850/https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/a-cold-war-conundrum/source.htm |archive-date=14 January 2009 |access-date=13 January 2009 |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]}}</ref><ref>Andrew and Gordievsky, ''Comrade Kryucvcov's Instructions'', 85–7.</ref><ref name="Fischer Reversal 123,31">Beth Fischer, ''Reagan Reversal'', 123, 131.</ref><ref name="Pry Scare 37–9">Pry, ''War Scare'', 37–9.</ref> A mayar da martani, Soviets sun shirya sojojin nukiliyar su kuma sun sanya rundunonin iska a Gabashin Jamus da [[Tarihin Poland (1945-1989)|Poland]] a faɗake.<ref>Oberdorfer, ''A New Era'', 66.</ref><ref name="SNIE 84">''SNIE 11–10–84'' "Implications of Recent Soviet Military-Political Activities" Central Intelligence Agency, 18 May 1984.</ref>Wannan "1983 war fear" da yawa masana tarihi sunyi la'akari da shi a matsayin mafi kusa da duniya ta zo ga nukiliya tun lokacin Cuban Missile Crisis na 1962. Barazanar yaƙin nukiliya ya ƙare tare da kammala aikin a ranar 11 ga Nuwamba. <ref>Andrew and Gordievsky, ''Comrade Kryucvcov's Instructions'', 87–8.</ref><ref name="Pry Scare 43–4">Pry, ''War Scare'', 43–4.</ref> === Shirye-shiryen Tsaro === Shugaban Amurka Ronald Reagan ne ya gabatar da shirin Tsaro na dabarun (SDI) a ranar 23 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1983. [1] A ƙarshen shugabancin, dalilai da yawa (wanda ya haɗa da kallon fim din 1983 The Day After da jin ta hanyar mai sauya sheka na Soviet cewa Able Archer 83 kusan ya haifar da hari na farko na Rasha) ya juya Reagan kan manufar yaƙin nukiliya mai cin nasara, kuma ya fara ganin makaman nukiliya a matsayin "Katin daji" fiye da dabarun hanawa. Kodayake daga baya ya yi imani da Yarjejeniyar kawar da makamai a hankali yana rage haɗarin makaman nukiliya ta hanyar rage yawan su da matsayin faɗakarwa, ya kuma yi imanin cewa mafita ta fasaha na iya ba da damar harbe ICBMs masu shigowa, don haka ya sa Amurka ba za a iya fuskantar hari na farko ba. Koyaya, USSR ta ga manufar SDI a matsayin babbar barazana, tunda tura tsarin zai ba Amurka damar kaddamar da babban hari na farko a Tarayyar Soviet ba tare da tsoron ramuwar gayya ba. Manufar SDI ita ce amfani da tsarin ƙasa da sararin samaniya don kare Amurka daga hari da makamai masu linzami na nukiliya. Shirin ya mayar da hankali kan kariya ta dabarun maimakon ka'idar kuskuren dabarun da ta gabata na tabbatar da juna (MAD). An kafa Strategic Defense Initiative Organization (SDIO) a cikin 1984 a cikin Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Amurka don kula da Strategic Defense Program. === Kasuwancin nukiliya na NATO === [[Fayil:Operation_Upshot_test.ogv|thumb|Misali na gwajin makamashin nukiliya a Amurka]] Shirye-shiryen aiki na NATO don Yaƙin Duniya na Uku sun haɗa da abokan NATO waɗanda ba su da makaman nukiliya, ta amfani da makaman Nukiliya da Amurka ta bayar a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin yaki na NATO, a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Babban Kwamandan NATO. [[Fayil:Overzicht_op_Museumplein_met_spandoek_The_Dutch_disease_is_better_for_peace_o,_Bestanddeelnr_253-8627.jpg|thumb|zanga-zangar da aka yi a [[Amsterdam]] game da tseren makaman nukiliya tsakanin Amurka / NATO da Tarayyar Soviet, 1981]] Daga cikin iko uku na nukiliya a NATO (Faransa, Ingila, da Amurka) Amurka ce kawai ta samar da makamai don raba nukiliya. Ya zuwa Nuwamba , [[Beljik|Belgium]], Jamus, Italiya, Netherlands da [[Turkiyya]] har yanzu suna karbar bakuncin makaman nukiliya na Amurka a matsayin wani ɓangare na manufofin raba nukiliya ta NATO.<ref name="RUSI-2010">{{Citation|last1=amp}}</ref> Kanada ta dauki bakuncin makamai har zuwa 1984, <ref name="RUSI-2010" /> da [[Girka (ƙasa)|Girka]] har zuwa 2001. Har ila yau, Ƙasar Ingila ta karɓi Makaman nukiliya na Amurka kamar bindigogi na nukiliya da Makamai masu linzami har zuwa 1992, duk da cewa Burtaniya ƙasa ce ta makaman nukliya a kanta; waɗannan galibi an tura su a [[Jamus]]. A lokacin zaman lafiya, makaman nukiliya da aka adana a cikin ƙasashe marasa nukiliya suna ƙarƙashin kulawar 'yan saman Amurka kodayake a baya wasu bindigogi da tsarin makamai masu linzami sun kasance ƙarƙashin kulawar Sojojin Amurka; lambobin da ake buƙata don fashe su suna ƙarƙashin ikon Amurka. Idan akwai yaƙi, za a ɗora makamai a kan jiragen yaƙi na ƙasashe masu shiga. Makamai suna ƙarƙashin kulawa da iko na USAF Munitions Support Squadrons da ke kan manyan sansanonin aiki na NATO waɗanda ke aiki tare da sojojin kasar da ke karbar bakuncin. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2005, bam din nukiliya na B61 180 na makaman nukiliya 480 na Amurka da aka yi imanin cewa an tura su a Turai sun fada karkashin tsarin raba nukiliya. Ana adana makamai a cikin wani ajiya a cikin [[Gidan jirgin sama mai ƙarfi|mafaka na jirgin sama]], ta amfani da USAF WS3 Weapon Storage and Security System. Jiragen yaki da aka yi amfani da su sune F-16 Fighting Falcons da [[Panavia Tornado|Panavia Tornados]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hans M. Kristensen |date=5 October 2007 |title=U.S. Nuclear Weapons in Europe After the Cold War |url=http://www.nukestrat.com/pubs/Brief_Italy2007.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120202112109/http://www.nukestrat.com/pubs/Brief_Italy2007.pdf |archive-date=2 February 2012 |access-date=10 August 2013 |publisher=Federation of American Scientists}}</ref> == Tarihin kusa == Tare da fara tseren makamai na Cold War a cikin shekarun 1950, yakin apocalyptic tsakanin Amurka da Tarayyar Soviet ya zama ainihin yiwuwar. A lokacin Yakin Cold shekara ta (1947 zuwa 1991), an bayyana abubuwan da suka faru na soja da yawa kamar yadda suka kusa da yiwuwar haifar da Yaƙin Duniya na III. Ko da bayan ƙarshen Yakin Cold da rushewar Tarayyar Soviet a cikin shekara ta 1991, an bayyana wasu abubuwan da suka faru bayan haka a matsayin kira na kusa. === Yaƙin Koriya: 25 Yuni A shekarar 1950 - 27 Yuli 1953&nbsp; === Yaƙin Koriya yaƙi ne tsakanin hadin gwiwa guda biyu da ke yaƙi don iko da Yankin Koriya: hadin gwiwar kwaminisanci da ta haɗa da [[Koriya ta Arewa]], Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin, da [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]], da kuma hadin gwiwarsa ta jari-hujja da ta haɗa ti [[Koriya ta Kudu]], Amurka da Kwamandan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Mutane da yawa sun yi imanin cewa rikici zai iya zama babban yaki tsakanin kasashen uku, Amurka, USSR, da Chaina. Wakilin yaki na CBS News Bill Downs ya rubuta a 1951, "Ga zuciyata, amsar ita ce: Ee, Koriya ita ce farkon Yaƙin Duniya na III. Saukowa mai kyau a Inchon da ƙoƙarin hadin gwiwar Sojojin Amurka tare da Allies na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun ba mu nasara a Koriya. Amma wannan shine kawai yaƙin farko a cikin babban gwagwarmayar kasa da kasa wanda yanzu ke mamaye Gabas ta Tsakiya da dukan duniya. " Downs daga baya ya sake maimaita wannan imani a kan ABC Evening News yayin da yake bayar da rahoto game da labarin game da Lamarin USS Pueblo a shekarar 1968.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Downs |first=Bill |date=25 January 1968 |title=The USS Pueblo incident |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-KBxiX_9_Kk |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140615095207/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-KBxiX_9_Kk |archive-date=15 June 2014 |access-date=8 November 2013 |website=ABC Evening News |publisher=ABC}}</ref> {{Spaces}}Sakataren Gwamnati Dean Acheson daga baya ya yarda cewa Gwamnatin Truman ta damu game da karuwar rikici kuma Janar Douglas MacArthur ya gargadi shi cewa shiga tsakani da Amurka ke jagoranta ya yi barazanar martani na Soviet. === Rikicin Berlin: 4 Yuni - 9 Nuwamba 1961 === Rikicin Berlin na 1961 ya kasance rikici ne na siyasa da soja tsakanin Amurka da Tarayyar Soviet a Checkpoint Charlie tare da tankuna da sojoji da yawa na Amurka da Soviet / Gabashin Jamus a tsaye a juna kawai 100 yadudduka a kowane bangare na checkpoint. Dalilin da ya sa aka yi jayayya shi ne matsayin sana'a na babban birnin Jamus, [[Berlin]], da kuma Bayan yakin duniya na biyu Jamus. Rikicin Berlin ya fara ne lokacin da USSR ta kaddamar da wani ultimatum da ke buƙatar janyewar dukkan sojoji daga Berlin, gami da sojojin Yamma a Berlin ta Yamma. Rikicin ya ƙare a cikin rabuwa da birnin tare da gina Ginin Berlin na Gabashin Jamus. Wannan tsayayya ta ƙare cikin lumana a ranar 28 ga Oktoba biyo bayan fahimtar Amurka da Soviet don janye tankuna da rage tashin hankali. === Rikicin Makami Mai Girma na Cuba: 15-29 Oktoba 1962 === [[Fayil:Soviet_b-59_submarine.jpg|thumb|Wani jirgin saman saman Amurka mai suna HSS-1 Seabat yana tashi a kan jirgin ruwa na Soviet ''B-59'', wanda sojojin Amurka suka tilasta masa zuwa saman a cikin Caribbean kusa da Cuba. B-59 yana da torpedo na nukiliya a cikin jirgin, kuma ana buƙatar maɓallan jami'ai uku don amfani da shi. Ɗaya daga cikin rashin amincewarsu ne kawai ya hana jirgin ruwa daga kai hari kan rundunar Amurka da ke kusa, wani hasken da zai iya haifar da Yaƙin Duniya na Uku (28-29 Oktoba 1962).]] Rikicin Makami mai linzami na Cuban, gwagwarmaya game da ajiye makamai masu linzami na nukiliya na Soviet a Cuba don mayar da martani ga mamayewar Bay of Pigs, an dauke shi mafi kusa da musayar nukiliya, wanda zai iya haifar da yakin duniya na uku. Rikicin ya kai kololuwa a ranar 27 ga Oktoba, tare da manyan abubuwan da suka faru guda uku a rana ɗaya: * Mafi mahimmancin abin da ya faru ya faru ne lokacin da jirgin ruwa na Soviet ya kusan kaddamar da torpedo mai kwakwalwa don mayar da martani ga cewa Amurka ta yi niyya da shi a cikin ruwan kasa da kasa, tare da mayar da martiri na kaddamarwar nukiliya na Soviet kawai ya hana shi daga jami'in Sojan Ruwa na Soviet Vasily Arkhipov. * Harbi jirgin leken asiri na Lockheed U-2 wanda Rudolf Anderson ya tuka yayin da yake keta sararin samaniya na Cuban. * Kusan tsayar da wani U-2 wanda ya ɓace cikin sararin samaniya na Soviet a kan Siberia, wanda ya sa Soviets su yi imani cewa wannan na iya zama jagora na bama-bamai na Amurka. Duk da abin da mutane da yawa suka yi imanin cewa shine mafi kusa da duniya ya zo ga rikici na nukiliya, a duk lokacin da aka yi tsayayya, Doomsday Clock, wanda Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists ke gudanarwa don kimanta yadda ƙarshen duniya, ko Doomsday, yake, tare da tsakar dare shine apocalypse, ya kasance a cikin minti bakwai zuwa tsakar dare. An bayyana wannan ne saboda taƙaitaccen rikicin tun lokacin da aka saka idanu kan abubuwan da suka fi dacewa kamar jagorancin kasashe, rikice-rikice, yaƙe-yaƙe, da rikice-rikicen siyasa, da kuma martani na al'ummomi ga abubuwan da aka ambata. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists yanzu ya yaba da ci gaban siyasa wanda ya haifar da rikicin makami mai linzami na Cuban tare da inganta kwanciyar hankali na duniya. Bulletin ya nuna cewa rikice-rikice da lokutan da za su iya ƙaruwa, an sanya su da ƙarfi saboda manyan dalilai guda biyu: # Layin zafi na Washington zuwa Moscow ya haifar da matsalar sadarwa tsakanin [[White House|Fadar White House]] da Kremlin a lokacin rikicin. Wannan ya ba shugabannin manyan makaman nukiliya guda biyu damar tuntuɓar juna a ainihin lokacin, yana da mahimmanci lokacin da seconds zasu iya hana musayar nukiliya. # Dalili na biyu ya haifar da wani bangare saboda martani na duniya game da yadda Amurka da USSR suka zo kusa da yakin duniya na uku a lokacin rikici. {{Spaces}}Yayin da jama'a suka fara saka idanu kan batutuwan da suka shafi makaman nukiliya, sabili da haka don tara goyon baya ga dalilin da ya sa ba ya yaduwa, an sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar haramtacciyar gwajin 1963. Har zuwa yau wannan yarjejeniyar ta sanya hannu ta kasashe 126 duka, tare da sanannun ban da Faransa da China. Dukkanin wadannan kasashe suna cikin matakan farko na shirye-shiryen nukiliya a lokacin sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar farko, kuma dukansu biyu sun nemi damar nukiliya mai zaman kanta daga abokansu. Wannan Yarjejeniyar haramta gwajin ta hana Gwajin makaman nukiliya da suka fashe a cikin [[Sararin Samaniya na Duniya|yanayi]], ta iyakance gwajin makaman Nukiliya zuwa ƙasa da ƙarƙashin ruwa, ta rage raguwa da tasiri a kan muhalli, kuma daga baya ta sa agogon Doomsday ya ragu da minti biyar, ya isa jimlar minti goma sha biyu zuwa tsakar dare.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 October 2012 |title=Remembering the Cuban Missile Crisis |url=https://thebulletin.org/remembering-cuban-missile-crisis |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201052807/https://thebulletin.org/remembering-cuban-missile-crisis |archive-date=1 February 2018 |access-date=10 March 2018 |website=thebulletin.org}}</ref> Har zuwa wannan lokacin, an fashe bama-bamai na nukiliya sama da 1000, kuma damuwa game da tasirin dogon lokaci da gajeren lokaci ga duniyar ya zama abin damuwa ga masana kimiyya. === Rikicin kan iyakar Sin da Soviet: 2 Maris - 11 Satumba 1969 === Rikicin kan iyakar Sin da Soviet ya kasance yakin basasa na watanni bakwai da ba a bayyana ba tsakanin [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]] da [[Sin|China]] a lokacin da aka raba Sin da Soviet a shekarar 1969. Mafi tsanani daga cikin wadannan rikice-rikicen kan iyaka, wanda ya kawo manyan Jihohin kwaminisanci biyu a duniya zuwa bakin yaƙi, ya faru ne a watan Maris na shekara ta 1969 a kusa da Tsibirin Zhenbao (Damansky) a kan Kogin Ussuri (Wusuli) , kusa da Manchuria. Rikicin ya haifar da tsagaita wuta, tare da komawa ga halin da ake ciki. Masu sukar sun nuna cewa harin da kasar Sin ta kai a Zhenbao ya kasance don hana duk wani mamayewar Soviet na gaba; cewa ta hanyar kashe wasu Soviets, kasar Sin ta nuna cewa ba za a iya 'matsawa' ba; kuma Mao yana so ya koya musu 'darkoki mai zafi'. Dangantakar kasar Sin da USSR ta kasance mai laushi bayan rikici, duk da tattaunawar kan iyaka, wanda ya fara a shekarar 1969 kuma ya ci gaba ba tare da kammala ba har tsawon shekaru goma. A cikin gida, barazanar yaki da rikice-rikicen kan iyaka ya haifar ya kaddamar da sabon mataki a cikin [[Cultural Revolution|Juyin Juya Halin Al'adu]]; na cikakken soja na kasar Sin. Taron Kasa na 9 na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta kasar Sin, wanda aka gudanar bayan Lamarin tsibirin Zhenbao, ya tabbatar da Ministan Tsaro Lin Biao a matsayin magajin [[Mao Zedong]]. Bayan abubuwan da suka faru a shekarar 1969, Tarayyar Soviet ta kara kara yawan sojojin ta a kan iyakar Sin da Soviet, da kuma Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Mongolia. === Rikicin Yakin Yom Kippur: 6-25 Oktoba 1973 === Yakin Yom Kippur, wanda aka fi sani da Yakin Ramadan, ko Yakin Oktoba, ya fara ne da mamayewa mai ban mamaki na Yankunan da Isra'ila ta mamaye ta hadin gwiwar kasashe Larabawa, tare da taimakon Tarayyar Soviet. Isra'ila ta samu nasarar mayar da martani tare da taimakon Amurka. Rikicin ya karu tsakanin manyan kasashe biyu: Sojojin sojan ruwa na Amurka da Soviet sun kusa harbi juna a cikin Bahar Rum. Admiral Daniel J. Murphy na Amurka na shida Fleet ya yi la'akari da damar da rundunar Soviet ke ƙoƙarin kai hari na farko a kan rundunarsa a kashi 40 cikin dari. Pentagon ta sauya matsayin Defcon daga 4 zuwa 3. {{Spaces}}{{Spaces}}An tura manyan kasashe zuwa gefen yaƙi, amma tashin hankali ya ragu tare da tsagaita wuta da aka kawo a ƙarƙashin UNSC 339.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 October 2013 |title=Erol Araf: 'Incalculable consequences' |url=http://news.nationalpost.com/full-comment/erol-araf-incalculable-consequences |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205101243/http://news.nationalpost.com/full-comment/erol-araf-incalculable-consequences |archive-date=5 February 2017 |access-date=5 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Inside the Kremlin During the Yom Kippur War By Victor Israelyan |url=http://www.psupress.org/books/titles/0-271-01489-X.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140706024838/http://www.psupress.org/books/titles/0-271-01489-X.html |archive-date=6 July 2014 |access-date=27 May 2014}}</ref> === Kuskuren kwamfuta na NORAD na 1979: 9 Nuwamba 1979 === Amurka ta yi shirye-shiryen ramuwar gayya na gaggawa bayan tsarin NORAD ya nuna cewa an kaddamar da cikakken hari na Soviet.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-11-20 |title=Norad false alarm causes uproar |url=http://www.cbc.ca/archives/categories/war-conflict/defence/norad-watching-the-skies/norad-false-alarm-causes-uproar.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141108204905/http://www.cbc.ca/archives/categories/war-conflict/defence/norad-watching-the-skies/norad-false-alarm-causes-uproar.html |archive-date=8 November 2014 |access-date=17 March 2015 |publisher=CBC Canada}}</ref> Ba a yi ƙoƙari don amfani da layin zafi na Moscow-Washington don bayyana halin da ake ciki tare da USSR ba kuma ba har sai tsarin radar na farko ya tabbatar da cewa babu irin wannan ƙaddamarwa da ya faru ba cewa NORAD ta fahimci cewa gwajin tsarin kwamfuta ya haifar da kuskuren nuni. Wani sanata a cikin kayan aikin NORAD a lokacin ya bayyana yanayin tsoro. Binciken GAO ya haifar da gina wani wurin gwaji na waje don hana irin wannan kuskuren.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Andrews |first=Evan |title=5 Cold War Close Calls |url=http://www.history.com/news/history-lists/5-cold-war-close-calls |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141231010823/http://www.history.com/news/history-lists/5-cold-war-close-calls |archive-date=31 December 2014 |access-date=17 March 2015 |publisher=The History Channel}}</ref> === Radar Soviet ta yi rashin aiki: 26 Satumba 1983 === Wani ƙararrawa na ƙarya ya faru a kan Tsarin gargadi na nukiliya na Soviet, yana nuna ƙaddamar da makamai masu linzami na Amurka LGM-30 Minuteman daga sansanoni a Amurka. Stanislav Petrov, jami'in Sojojin Tsaro na Soviet, ya hana wani hari na ramuwar gayya, wanda ya fahimci cewa tsarin bai yi aiki ba (wanda binciken da aka yi daga baya). <ref name="Baltimore Sun">{{Cite web |last=Shane |first=Scott |title=Cold War's Riskiest Moment |url=http://hnn.us/articles/1709.html#bombs9-5-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060819033034/http://hnn.us/articles/1709.html |archive-date=19 August 2006 |publisher=Baltimore Sun, 31 August 2003 (article reprinted as The Nuclear War That Almost Happened in 1983)}}</ref> === Able Archer 83 hawan: 2-11 Nuwamba 1983 === A lokacin Able Archer 83, wani motsa jiki na [[NATO]] na kwana goma wanda ke kwaikwayon lokacin rikice-rikice wanda ya kai ga harin nukiliya na DEFCON 1, wasu mambobin Politburo na [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Soviet]] da sojoji sun dauki abubuwan da suka faru a matsayin makircin yaki wanda ke ɓoye ainihin harin farko. A mayar da martani, sojoji sun shirya don daidaitaccen hari ta hanyar shirya sojojin nukiliya da sanya rundunonin iska da aka ajiye a cikin jihohin Warsaw Pact na Gabashin Jamus da [[Poland]] a karkashin babban faɗakarwa. Koyaya, shirye-shiryen Soviet don ramuwar gayya ya ƙare bayan kammala darussan Able Archer.<ref name="Fischer Conundrum">{{Cite web |last=Benjamin B. Fischer |date=17 March 2007 |title=A Cold War Conundrum: The 1983 Soviet War Scare |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/a-cold-war-conundrum/source.htm#HEADING1-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114024850/https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/a-cold-war-conundrum/source.htm |archive-date=14 January 2009 |access-date=13 January 2009 |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]}}</ref> Hadarin roket na Norway shine farkon yakin duniya na uku da ya faru bayan yakin sanyi ya ƙare. {{Spaces}}Wannan lamarin ya faru ne lokacin da tashar gargadi ta Olenegorsk ta Rasha ta yi kuskuren sa hannun radar daga rokar bincike ta Black Brant XII (wanda masana kimiyya na Norway da Amurka suka kaddamar da shi tare daga Andøya Rocket Range), kamar yadda ya zama sa hannun radar na kaddamarwar makami mai linzami na Trident SLBM. A mayar da martani, an kira Shugaban Rasha Boris Yeltsin kuma an kunna jakar nukiliya ta ''Cheget'' a karo na farko kuma kawai. Koyaya, babban kwamandan nan da nan ya sami damar tantance cewa roket din ba ya shiga sararin samaniya na Rasha, kuma nan da nan kuma ya zubar da shirye-shiryen yaki da ramuwar gayya. An ƙaddara cewa, yayin da masana kimiyya na roket suka sanar da jihohi talatin ciki har da Rasha game da ƙaddamar da gwajin, bayanin bai kai ga masu fasahar radar na Rasha ba. === Abin da ya faru a filin jirgin saman Pristina: 12 Yuni 1999 === A ranar 12 ga watan Yunin 1999, washegari bayan karshen Yaƙin Kosovo, wasu jami'an zaman lafiya na Rasha 250 sun mamaye Filin jirgin saman Pristina kafin isowar sojojin [[NATO]] kuma suna tabbatar da isowar ƙarfafawa ta iska. Babban Kwamandan Sojojin NATO na Amurka Janar Wesley Clark ya ba da umarnin yin amfani da karfi a kan Rashawa. Mike Jackson, janar na Sojojin Burtaniya wanda ya tuntubi Rasha a lokacin lamarin, ya ki aiwatar da umarnin Clark, ya san shi da cewa "Ba zan fara yakin duniya na uku a gare ku ba". Kyaftin James Blunt, babban jami'in da ke gaban ginshiƙi na NATO a cikin kai tsaye da ke dauke da makamai a kan Rasha, ya karɓi umarnin "Destroy!" daga Clark a rediyo, amma ya bi umarnin Jackson don kewaye filin jirgin sama a maimakon haka ya ce a cikin wata hira cewa ko da ba tare da sa hannun Jackson ba zai ki bin umarnin Clark. A ranar 24 ga Nuwamba 2015, a kan iyaka tsakanin Turkiyya da Siriya, Sojojin Sama na Turkiyya sun harbe jirgin saman Sukhoi na Rasha. Turks sun yi iƙirarin cewa jirgin ya keta sararin samaniya na Turkiyya, da'awar da Rasha ta musanta; jirgin yana cikin yankin a matsayin wani ɓangare na sa hannun sojojin Rasha a yakin basasar Siriya, wanda Turkiyya ta goyi bayan sojojin adawa. Wannan lamari shine lalacewar farko na jirgin saman yaki na Sojojin Sama na Rasha ko Soviet da wata kasa ta [[NATO]] ta yi tun bayan harin da aka kai a madatsar ruwan Sui-ho a lokacin yakin Koriya a 1953. <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 November 2015 |title=Turkey downing that Russian fighter jet is terrible news for the war on ISIS. |url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/the_slatest/2015/11/24/turkey_downing_that_russian_fighter_jet_is_terrible_news_for_the_war_on.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151124195329/http://www.slate.com/blogs/the_slatest/2015/11/24/turkey_downing_that_russian_fighter_jet_is_terrible_news_for_the_war_on.html |archive-date=24 November 2015 |access-date=25 November 2015 |website=Slate Magazine}}</ref> Lamarin ya haifar da kafofin watsa labarai da yawa da mutane da yawa da ke yin sharhi cewa zai iya haifar da yaƙi a duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 November 2015 |title=Don't panic: Turkey shooting down a Russian warplane won't start World War 3 |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/turkey/12013517/Dont-panic-Turkey-shooting-down-a-Russian-warplane-wont-start-World-War-3.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718120546/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/turkey/12013517/Dont-panic-Turkey-shooting-down-a-Russian-warplane-wont-start-World-War-3.html |archive-date=18 July 2023 |access-date=2023-07-18 |website=www.telegraph.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bora |first=Birce |title='Which parts of Syria should be bombed?' |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/11/26/which-parts-of-syria-should-be-bombed |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718120546/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/11/26/which-parts-of-syria-should-be-bombed |archive-date=18 July 2023 |access-date=2023-07-18 |website=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2015-11-26 |title=Turkey risks sparking world war, says Iraq's Maliki |url=https://guardian.ng/news/turkey-risks-sparking-world-war-says-iraqs-maliki/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718120546/https://guardian.ng/news/turkey-risks-sparking-world-war-says-iraqs-maliki/ |archive-date=18 July 2023 |access-date=2023-07-18 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-US}}</ref> == Abubuwan da za su iya gani a yanzu == === Harin Rasha na Ukraine: 24 Fabrairu 2022 - yanzu === [[Fayil:Destruction_of_Russian_tanks_by_Ukrainian_troops_in_Mariupol_(4).jpg|thumb|Halakar BMP-3 IFV ta Rasha da sojojin Ukraine suka yi a Mariupol a ranar 7 ga Maris 2022]] A ranar 24 ga watan Fabrairun 2022, shugaban Rasha [[Vladimir Putin]] ya ba da umarnin mamaye [[Ukraniya|Ukraine]], wanda ya nuna babban karuwar Yaƙin Rasha da Ukraine, wanda aka fara a shekarar 2014. An bayyana mamayewar a matsayin babbar rikici ta soja a Turai tun lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. &nbsp;Harin ya sami zargi na kasa da kasa, gami da sabbin takunkumin da aka ɗora wa Rasha, wanda ya haɗa da haramcin Rasha daga SWIFT da rufe mafi yawan sararin samaniya na Yammacin zuwa jiragen Rasha. Bugu da ƙari, kafin da kuma lokacin mamayewar, wasu daga cikin kasashe 32 na NATO suna ba da Ukraine da makamai da sauran tallafin kayan aiki. A duk lokacin mamayewar, manyan 'yan siyasa da yawa na Rasha, ciki har da shugaban kasar Putin, ministan harkokin waje Sergey Lavrov da shugaban jam'iyyar United Russia Dmitry Medvedev, sun yi maganganu da yawa da aka gani a matsayin barazanar amfani da makaman nukiliya, yayin da jami'ai da yawa daga Amurka da NATO, ciki har ma da shugaban Amurka [[Joe Biden]] da Sakataren Janar NATO Jens Stoltenberg, sun yi sanarwa da ke tabbatar da martani NATO a yayin da Rasha ta sake kai farmaki ga kowace kasa ta NATO ko amfani da makamai na nukiliya ta sake haifar da ita. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sauer |first=Pjotr |date=2022-09-21 |title=Putin announces partial mobilisation and threatens nuclear retaliation in escalation of Ukraine war |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/sep/21/putin-announces-partial-mobilisation-in-russia-in-escalation-of-ukraine-war |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114202406/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/sep/21/putin-announces-partial-mobilisation-in-russia-in-escalation-of-ukraine-war |archive-date=14 January 2023 |access-date=2022-09-21 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 February 2022 |title=Biden says Americans should not worry about nuclear war after Russian actions |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/27/us/politics/putin-nuclear-alert-biden-deescalation.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228011550/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/27/us/politics/putin-nuclear-alert-biden-deescalation.html |archive-date=28 February 2022 |access-date=28 February 2022 |website=[[Reuters]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Samuels |first=Brett |date=11 March 2022 |title=Biden: Direct conflict between NATO and Russia would be 'World War III' |url=https://thehill.com/policy/international/597842-biden-direct-conflict-between-nato-and-russia-would-be-world-war-iii |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325032254/https://thehill.com/policy/international/597842-biden-direct-conflict-between-nato-and-russia-would-be-world-war-iii |archive-date=25 March 2022 |access-date=11 March 2022 |website=The Hill}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-21 |title=Biden denounces Putin's 'overt' nuclear threats, urges UN allies to reject Russia's invasion of Ukraine |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/09/21/biden-denounces-putins-overt-nuclear-threats-urges-un-allies-to-reject-russias-invasion-of-ukraine.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921194052/https://www.cnbc.com/2022/09/21/biden-denounces-putins-overt-nuclear-threats-urges-un-allies-to-reject-russias-invasion-of-ukraine.html |archive-date=21 September 2022 |access-date=2022-09-21 |website=CNBC |language=en}}</ref> Yawancin abubuwan da suka faru da aka gani a matsayin kira na kusa da rikici tsakanin Rasha da NATO tun daga lokacin sun faru, wanda ya fi shahara shi ne harin makami mai linzami a ƙauyen Poland na Przewodów kusa da iyakar da Ukraine a watan Nuwamba 2022. A farkon 2023, Putin ya dakatar da shiga Rasha a New START, yarjejeniyar nukiliya ta ƙarshe tsakanin Rasha da Amurka, kuma daga baya ya sanar da shirye-shiryen shigar da makaman nukiliya na Rasha a [[Belarus]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chen |first=Heather |last2=Humayun |first2=Hira |last3=Knight |first3=Mariya |last4=Carey |first4=Andrew |last5=Gigova |first5=Radina |last6=Kostenko |first6=Maria |date=2023-03-26 |title=Russia plans to station tactical nuclear weapons in Belarus, Putin says |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/03/25/world/russia-putin-nuclear-weapons-belarus-intl-hnk/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331052514/https://www.cnn.com/2023/03/25/world/russia-putin-nuclear-weapons-belarus-intl-hnk/index.html |archive-date=31 March 2023 |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=CNN}}</ref> Masana daban-daban, masu sharhi, da sauransu sun bayyana rikicin a matsayin kira na kusa da yakin duniya na uku, yayin da wasu suka ba da shawarar akasin haka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Simhony |first=Limor |title=NATO Intervention in Ukraine Won't Spark World War III |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/04/01/nato-intervention-in-ukraine-wont-spark-world-war-iii/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007025659/https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/04/01/nato-intervention-in-ukraine-wont-spark-world-war-iii/ |archive-date=7 October 2022 |access-date=2022-10-07 |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Miller |first=Paul |date=8 March 2022 |title=Ukraine Is Not World War III |url=https://thedispatch.com/p/ukraine-is-not-world-war-iii |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007025701/https://thedispatch.com/p/ukraine-is-not-world-war-iii |archive-date=7 October 2022 |access-date=2022-10-07 |website=The Dispatch}}</ref> == Yaduwar amfani da kalmar == === Yaƙin Cold === [[Fayil:World_nuclear_weapons.png|thumb|Babban tarin [[makaman nukiliya]] tare da kewayon duniya (duhu mai launin shudi), ƙaramin tarin tare da kewar duniya (matsakaici mai launin shuɗi), ƙaramin kayan aiki tare da kewaye na yanki (mai launin shudi) ]] Yayinda dangantakar Soviet-Amurka ta karu da tashin hankali a lokacin bayan yakin duniya na biyu, tsoron cewa tashin hankali na iya karuwa zuwa yakin duniya na uku ya kasance koyaushe. {{Spaces}}{{Spaces}}Wani binciken Gallup a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1950 ya gano cewa fiye da rabin Amurkawa sun yi la'akari da yakin duniya na uku ya riga ya fara.{{Spaces}} A shekara ta 2004, mai sharhi Norman Podhoretz ya ba da shawarar cewa [[Cold War|Yaƙin Cold]], wanda ya kasance daga mika wuya ga ikon Axis har zuwa faduwar Ginin Berlin, ana iya kiransa Yakin Duniya na III. {{Spaces}}Ta hanyar lissafin Podhoretz, "Yaƙin Duniya na IV" zai zama kamfen na duniya game da Islamofascism.<ref name="Podhoretz2004">{{Cite magazine|url-status=17+}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Buckley |first=William F. Jr. |author-link=William F. Buckley Jr. |date=22 October 2007 |title=World War IV? |url=https://www.nationalreview.com/2007/09/world-war-iv-william-f-buckley-jr/ |url-status=live |journal=[[National Review]] |volume=59 |issue=19 |page=62 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806022343/https://www.nationalreview.com/2007/09/world-war-iv-william-f-buckley-jr/ |archive-date=6 August 2020 |access-date=14 June 2019}} (published online 6 September 2007)</ref>{{Spaces}} Duk da haka, yawancin masana tarihi za su yi kama da cewa Yaƙin Duniya na III dole ne ya zama "yaƙin duniya wanda manyan dakarun daga ƙasashe da yawa suka yi yaƙi" da kuma yaƙin da "ya haɗa da yawancin manyan ƙasashe na duniya". {{Spaces}}Yakin Cold ya sami sunansa daga rashin aikin da aka dauka daga bangarorin biyu. Rashin aiki ya kasance ne saboda tsoron cewa yakin nukiliya zai iya lalata bil'adama.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 September 2011 |title=American History: The Cold War |url=https://learningenglish.voanews.com/a/american-history-the-cold-war-130292758/116228.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201012146/https://learningenglish.voanews.com/a/american-history-the-cold-war-130292758/116228.html |archive-date=1 February 2022 |access-date=2022-05-02 |website=VOA |language=en}}</ref> A cikin littafinsa Secret Weapons of the Cold War, Bill Yenne ya kammala cewa yakin basasa na Superpower daga shekarun 1940 zuwa 1991, ba yakin duniya na uku ba ne.<ref>Yenne, Bill (2005). ''Secret Weapons of the Cold War.'' Berkly Book, New York</ref>{{Spaces}} === Yaƙi da ta'addanci === [[Fayil:WTC_smoking_on_9-11.jpeg|thumb|[[September 11 attacks|Hare-haren Satumba 11]]]] "Yaƙin da aka yi da ta'addanci" wanda ya fara da [[September 11 attacks|Hare-haren Satumba 11]] wasu sun yi iƙirarin cewa Yaƙin Duniya na III ne.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Micallef |first=Joseph V. |date=24 January 2017 |title=Are We Already Fighting World War III? |url=http://www.military.com/daily-news/2017/01/24/are-we-already-fighting-world-war-iii.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170416051031/http://www.military.com/daily-news/2017/01/24/are-we-already-fighting-world-war-iii.html |archive-date=16 April 2017 |access-date=15 April 2017 |website=[[Military.com]]}}</ref> Sauran sun raina irin waɗannan da'awar kamar "karkatar da [[Tarihin Amurka]]". Duk da yake akwai yarjejeniya tsakanin masana tarihi game da ma'anoni da girman yaƙe-yaƙe na duniya guda biyu, wato saboda girman duniya na tashin hankali da hallaka kansu na waɗannan yaƙe-yarƙe biyu, wasu sun yi iƙirarin cewa "Yaƙin Duniya" na iya buƙatar irin wannan yaƙe-yanayi da kisan gilla a duniya. Duk da haka, irin wannan da'awar sabon "ƙananan ƙofar tashin hankali", wanda yanzu zai iya isa ya cancanci yaƙi a matsayin "Yaƙin Duniya" bai sami irin wannan karɓa da tallafi ba kamar yadda ma'anar yaƙe-yaƙe biyu na duniya suka samu tsakanin masana tarihi. ==== Yaƙi da Daular Musulunci ==== A ranar 1 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2015, Ministan Harkokin Waje na Iraki Ibrahim al-Jaafari ya bayyana cewa yakin da aka yi da Daular Islama ya kasance "Yaƙin Duniya na III", saboda manufofin Daular Islami na Khalifanci na duniya, da kuma nasarar da ta samu wajen yada rikici ga kasashe da yawa a waje da yankin Levant. {{Spaces}}Da yake mayar da martani ga hare-haren da aka kai a birnin Paris a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2015, Sarkin Jordan Abdullah II ya bayyana cewa "Muna fuskantar yakin duniya na uku [a cikin Islama]". A cikin jawabinsa na Jihar Tarayyar a ranar 12 ga Janairun Shekarar 2016, Shugaban Amurka [[Barack Obama]] ya yi gargadin cewa rahotanni da ke ba ISIL damar da ake tsammani na haifar da yakin duniya na uku na iya zama da yawa kuma ba shi da alhaki, yana mai cewa "yayin da muke mai da hankali kan hallaka ISIL, ya yi iƙirarin cewa wannan yakin duniya ne na III kawai yana wasa a hannayensu. Yawancin mayakan da ke bayan manyan motoci da kuma masu karkatarwa a cikin gidaje ko garages suna haifar da babbar haɗari ga fararen hula kuma dole ne su zama masu barazana ga rayuwarmu ta ƙasa".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Obama |first=Barak |date=13 January 2016 |title=2016 State of the Union Address |url=https://medium.com/@WhiteHouse/president-obama-s-2016-state-of-the-union-address-7c06300f9726#.6rytyu7a2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160209085124/https://medium.com/@WhiteHouse/president-obama-s-2016-state-of-the-union-address-7c06300f9726#.6rytyu7a2 |archive-date=9 February 2016 |access-date=9 February 2016 |website=The White House |publisher=government of the United States of America}}</ref>{{Spaces}} === Ƙananan yaƙe-yaƙe da yawa a matsayin "yaƙi na uku" === A cikin tambayoyin da aka rubuta da yawa a ƙarƙashin yanayi na yau da kullun, kwatanta gobarar Yaƙin Duniya na I da na II da yaƙe-yaƙe masu ƙarancin ƙarfi na ƙarni na 21, [[Francis (fafaroma)|Paparoma Francis]] ya ce, "Duniya tana cikin yaƙi saboda ta rasa zaman lafiya", kuma "watakila mutum na iya magana game da yaƙi na uku, wanda ya yi yaƙi a hankali". {{Spaces}}{{Spaces}} == Abubuwan da ba a tsammani ba == A shekara ta 1949, bayan kaddamar da makaman nukiliya a ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na II, masanin kimiyyar lissafi [[Albert Einstein]] ya ba da shawarar cewa duk wani sakamako na yiwuwar Yaƙin Duniya ya III zai zama bala'i a kan [[Wayewa|wayewar ɗan adam]] don mayar da bil'adama zuwa Zamanin Stone. &nbsp;&nbsp;Lokacin da ɗan jarida Alfred Werner ya tambaye shi irin makamai Einstein ya yi imanin cewa za a iya yaƙi da Yaƙin Duniya na III, Einstein ya yi gargadin, "Ban san da waɗanne makamai za a yi yaƙi da Yakin Duniya na III ba, amma za a yi Yaƙin Duniya yaƙi da sanduna da duwatsu". <ref name="einstein">''The New Quotable Einstein''. Alice Calaprice (2005), p. 173.</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Johnson |first=M. Alex |date=18 April 2005 |title=The culture of Einstein |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna7406337 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180208205219/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/7406337#.WmyV55OdU3g |archive-date=8 February 2018 |access-date=27 January 2018 |website=MSNBC |language=en}}</ref>{{Spaces}} Game da halakar da 'yan Adam sakamakon yaƙin nukiliya, Leslie A. White ya kalubalanci Einstein, "wannan ma za a iya shigar da shi azaman yiwuwar, kuma duk abin da za mu iya cewa idan ya zo, zai zo. Maganganun tsoro ba za su canza yanayin abubuwan da suka faru ba. " Crane Brinton ya kuma shakkar zaman lafiya na tunanin Einstein: "Malamai, masu wa'azi, malamai, har ma da 'yan siyasa suna gaya wa ƙarni mai girma cewa dole ne babu yaƙi kuma, saboda haka, babu wani abu mai hikima".<ref>Brinton, Crane, (1948). ''From Many to One: The Process of Political Integration, the Problem of World Government'', (Westport: Greenwood Press), p 4.</ref> James Burnham na Ofishin Ayyukan Dabarun (wanda ya riga ya kasance [[C.I.A|CIA]]), ya kuma yi imani da rayuwa: Ana samun bambancin makaman nukiliya a cikin cewa suna iya hallaka rayuwar ɗan adam gaba ɗaya, gami da ta hanyar yanayin yanayi da yanayin ƙasa, amma haka ba haka ba ne. Babban ka'idojin dabarun soja ba su canza ba. Yaƙin nukiliya zai bambanta da yaƙe-yaƙe na dā amma za a yanke shawarar ta hanyar haɗuwa da albarkatu, halin kirki da dabarun.<ref>Burnham, James, (1947). ''Struggle for the World'', (New York: The John Day Company), pp 26, 28-29.</ref> Wani Bayani na New England Journal of Medicine na 1998 ya gano cewa "Ko da yake mutane da yawa sun yi imanin cewa barazanar harin nukiliya ya ɓace sosai tare da ƙarshen Yakin Cold, akwai shaidu masu yawa da suka saɓa".<ref name="nejm" /> Musamman, yarjejeniyar raba juna ta Amurka da Rasha a cikin 1994 ta kasance alama ce kuma ba ta canza adadin lokacin da ake buƙata don kaddamar da hari ba. An yi imanin cewa yanayin "harin haɗari" ya kasance ƙaddamarwa ne na ramuwar gayya saboda gargadi na ƙarya, kamar abin da ya faru na 1983. <ref name="nejm">{{Cite journal |last=Forrow |first=Lachlan |last2=Blair |first2=Bruce G. |last3=Helfand |first3=Ira |last4=Lewis |first4=George |last5=Postol |first5=Theodore |last6=Sidel |first6=Victor |last7=Levy |first7=Barry S. |last8=Abrams |first8=Herbert |last9=Cassel |first9=Christine |date=30 April 1998 |title=Accidental Nuclear War — A Post–Cold War Assessment |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=338 |issue=18 |pages=1326–1332 |doi=10.1056/NEJM199804303381824 |issn=0028-4793 |pmid=9562589 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A tarihi, Yaƙin Duniya na ya faru ne ta hanyar rikici mai tsanani; Yaƙin Duniya ya faru ne da gangan. &nbsp;&nbsp;Abubuwan da aka yi la'akari da su a cikin shekarun 2010 da 2020 sun haɗa da mamayewar Rasha a Ukraine, fadada kasar Sin zuwa tsibirai da ke kusa da su, Rikicin kan iyakar Sin da Indiya, barazanar aikin soja na kasar Sin a kan Taiwan, rikice-rikicen kan iyakar Indo-Pakistan, da kuma shiga kasashen waje a yakin basasar Siriya. Sauran haɗarin da ake tsammani sune cewa yaƙin da ya shafi ko tsakanin [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudi Arabia]] da [[Iran]], [[Isra'ila]] da Iran, [[Indiya]] da [[Pakistan]], [[Ukraniya|Ukraine]] da [[Rasha]], [[Poland]] da [[Belarus]], [[Koriya ta Kudu]] da [[Koriya ta Arewa]], ko [[Taiwan]] da [[Sin|China]] na iya ƙaruwa ta hanyar kawance ko shiga cikin yaƙi tsakanin "babban iko" kamar [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], Ingila, Faransa, Jamus, Rasha, China, Japan ko kuma yaƙin da ke tsakanin hadin gwiwar soja [[NATO]] da CSTO, ko ma yiwuwar "kwamin kwamandan makaman nukiliya" wanda ba a ƙarƙashin duk wani yaƙin nukiliya ba shi da izini ba zai iya ƙaruwa ba tare da izini yaƙin da izini da izini a kaiwa ba.<ref>{{Cite book|last3=Ron Rosenbaum}}</ref> Dangane da binciken da aka sake dubawa da aka buga a cikin mujallar Nature Food a watan Agustan 2022, cikakken yakin nukiliya tsakanin Amurka da Rasha, wanda ya saki sama da Tg 150 na soot na stratospheric, na iya kashe mutane sama da biliyan biyar ta hanyar yunwa a lokacin hunturu na nukiliya. Fiye da mutane biliyan biyu na iya mutuwa daga yunwa daga karamin yaki na nukiliya (5-47 Tg) tsakanin Indiya da Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Xia |first=Lili |last2=Robock |first2=Alan |last3=Scherrer |first3=Kim |last4=Harrison |first4=Cheryl S. |last5=Bodirsky |first5=Benjamin Leon |last6=Weindl |first6=Isabelle |last7=Jägermeyr |first7=Jonas |last8=Bardeen |first8=Charles G. |last9=Toon |first9=Owen B. |last10=Heneghan |first10=Ryan |date=15 August 2022 |title=Global food insecurity and famine from the reduced crop, marine fishery and livestock production due to climate disruption from nuclear war soot injection |journal=[[Nature Food]] |volume=3 |issue=8 |pages=586–596 |doi=10.1038/s43016-022-00573-0 |pmid=37118594 |s2cid=251601831 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> A yayin yakin nukiliya tsakanin Rasha da Amurka, kashi 99% na yawan jama'a a cikin ƙasashe masu fafatawa, da Turai da China, za su mutu. Wasu al'amuran sun haɗa da haɗari saboda canje-canje masu zuwa daga sanannen halin da ake ciki. A cikin shekarun 1980s Strategic Defense Initiative ya yi ƙoƙari ya soke makaman nukiliya na USSR; wasu masu sharhi sun yi imanin cewa shirin yana "rashin daidaituwa". A cikin littafinsa Destined for War, Graham Allison yana kallon kishiyar duniya tsakanin ikon da aka kafa, Amurka, da ikon da ke tasowa, China, a matsayin misali na Thucydides Trap. Allison ya bayyana cewa a tarihi, "12 daga cikin shari'o'i 16 da suka gabata inda karuwar iko ta fuskanci ikon mulki" sun haifar da fada.<ref>Graham Allison (2017). ''Destined for War'', Scribe, p. 215</ref> A cikin 2020 da 2023, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists ya ci gaba da agogon ranar ƙarshe, yana mai da hankali a tsakanin sauran abubuwan da aka yi hasashen tasirin rikice-rikice daga makamai masu zuwa. Yakin yanar gizo shine amfani da fasaha ta wata kasa ko kungiyar kasa da kasa don kai farmaki da lalata hanyoyin sadarwa da kwamfutocin adawa. Lalacewar na iya haifar da ƙwayoyin cuta na kwamfuta ko hare-haren ƙin sabis (DoS). Hare-haren yanar gizo suna ƙara zama ruwan dare, suna barazanar tsaro ta yanar gizo kuma suna mai da shi fifiko a duniya. An sami yaduwar hare-haren da gwamnati ke tallafawa. Halin waɗannan hare-haren ya nuna yiwuwar yakin duniya na uku na yanar gizo.Manyan sojoji na duniya suna haɓaka dabarun yanar gizo, gami da hanyoyin canza tsarin umarni da sarrafa abokan gaba, tsarin gargadi na farko, dabaru, da sufuri.Harin Rasha na shekara ta 2022 na Ukraine ya haifar da damuwa game da babban hari na yanar gizo, tare da Rasha da ta ƙaddamar da hare-haren yanar gizo don sasanta kungiyoyi a duk faɗin Ukraine. Rasha ta ƙaddamar da kusan hare-hare 40 masu hankali waɗanda suka lalata fayiloli har abada a cikin daruruwan tsarin a cikin ƙungiyoyi da yawa, tare da kashi 40% da nufin manyan fannoni a cikin Ukraine.Amfani da yakin yanar gizo na Rasha ya juya yakin zuwa babban yakin "haɗe-haɗe" a Ukraine. == Dubi kuma == * Yunkurin adawa da nukiliya * Gasar makamai ta wucin gadi * Yakin Cold na Ilimin Ilimin Ilimi * Gasar makaman nukiliya * Holocaust na nukiliya * Ta'addanci na nukiliya * Yaƙin Cold na Biyu * Yaƙin Duniya na III a cikin al'adun gargajiya * [[Yaƙi]] * [[Yaƙin Duniya na I]] * [[Yaƙin Duniya na II]] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] prvex2xa3j3gk3tfe59s092g6sbwcll 884820 884819 2026-07-19T08:58:28Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 884820 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   [[Fayil:Castle_Bravo_Blast.jpg|thumb|Yaƙin nukiliya alama ce ta yau da kullun kuma jigon mafi yawan abubuwan da suka faru na Yaƙin Duniya na III. &nbsp;Irin wannan rikici an yi la'akari da shi don haifar da ko kusa da halakawar ɗan adam.]] '''Yaƙin Duniya na I''' ('''WWIII''' ko '''WW3'''), wanda aka fi sani da '''Yaƙin Duniya na Uku''', rikici ne na duniya na gaba wanda ya biyo bayan Yaƙin Duniya Na shekara ta alif (1914 zuwa zuwa 1918) da [[Yaƙin Duniya na II]] a shekara ta alif 1939 Zuwa 1945). An yi la'akari da cewa irin wannan yaƙin zai shafi dukkan manyan ƙasashen duniya, kamar waɗanda suka riga shi, da kuma amfani da [[makaman nukiliya]] ko wasu makamai na hallaka jama'a, don haka ya wuce rikice-rikicen da suka gabata a cikin yanki, lalacewa, da asarar rai. Tun lokacin da Manhattan [[Project]] ya ci gaba da makaman nukiliya a shekara ta alif 1945 da kuma amfani da su ta [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] a cikin bama-Bamai na nukiliya na Hiroshima da Nagasaki a ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na II, haɗarin apocalypse na nukiliyar da ke haifar da lalacewa mai yawa da yiwuwar [[Yanayin tashin duniya|rushewar wayewa]] ko halaka bil'adama ya zama jigon gama gari a cikin hasashe da fiction game da Yaƙin Duniya III. Tare da zuwan [[Cold War|Yaƙin Cold]] A shekara ta (1947-1991) da yaduwar makaman [[nukiliya]] zuwa [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]], wanda wasu kasashe da yawa suka biyo baya, haɗarin yakin duniya na uku ya tashi. A lokacin Yakin Cold, sojoji da ma'aikatan farar hula a duk duniya sun yi tsammanin yiwuwar kuma sun shirya hakan, tare da abubuwan da suka faru daga yaƙin gargajiya zuwa iyakantaccen ko gaba ɗaya Yaƙin nukiliya. An ƙirƙiro ƙa'idar dabarun tabbatar da lalacewa, wanda ya nuna cewa cikakken rikici na nukiliya zai hallaka dukkan bangarorin da ke cikin rikici. Shugabannin Amurka da Soviet sun yi aiki don kauce wa irin wannan sakamako, kodayake kira da yawa na kusa, wanda ya haifar da fasaha mara kyau, kuskuren ɗan adam ko rashin sadarwa, har yanzu ya faru, yana jaddada buƙatar hanawa daga bangarorin biyu. == Magana ==   Mujallar Time ta kasance mai karɓar farko, idan ba mai farawa ba, na kalmar "Yaƙin Duniya na III". {{Spaces}}Amfani na farko ya bayyana a cikin fitowar 3 ga Nuwamba Shekara ta 1941 (kafin harin Japan a kan Pearl Harbor a ranar 7 ga Disamba 1941) a ƙarƙashin sashin "Hamaloli na Kasa" kuma mai taken "Yaƙin Duniya na III?" game da ɗan gudun hijirar Nazi Hermann Rauschning, wanda ya isa Amurka. {{Spaces}}A cikin fitowar ta 22 ga Maris 1943, a ƙarƙashin sashin "Labaran Kasashen Waje", ''Lokaci'' ya sake amfani da wannan taken "Yaƙin Duniya na III?" game da maganganun Mataimakin Shugaban Amurka na ''Lokaci'' Henry A. Wallace: "Za mu yanke shawara a wani lokaci a shekarar 1943 ko 1944 ... ko mu dasa tsaba na Yaƙin Duniya na Uku. " Lokaci ya ci gaba da samun ko ambaton labaran "Yaƙin duniya na III" don sauran shekaru goma da gaba: 1944, 1945, 1946 ("yaƙin ƙwayoyin cuta da 1948. {{Spaces}}{{Spaces}}{{Spaces}}''Lokaci'' ya ci gaba da amfani da wannan kalmar, alal misali, a cikin littafin 2015 mai taken "Wannan shine Abin da Yaƙin Duniya na III Zai Kamata". == Shirye-shiryen Soja == Masu dabarun soja sun yi amfani da wasannin yaƙi don shirya don yanayin yaƙi daban-daban da kuma ƙayyade dabarun da suka fi dacewa. An yi amfani da wasannin yaƙi don Yaƙin Duniya na I da Yaƙin Duniya ya II . === Aikin da ba za a iya tsammani ba ===   Firayim Ministan Burtaniya [[Winston Churchill]] ya damu da cewa, tare da girman sojojin Soviet Red Army da aka tura a Tsakiyar Turai da Gabashin Turai a Ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na II<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwbg">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki> da rashin amintaccen shugaban Soviet [[Joseph Stalin]], akwai babbar barazana ga Yammacin Turai. A cikin Afrilu-Mayu 1945, Sojojin Burtaniya sun haɓaka Operation Unthinkable, wanda ake zaton shine yanayin farko na Yaƙin Duniya na Uku. Babban burinta shine "ta tilasta wa Rasha nufin Amurka da [[Daular Biritaniya|Daular Burtaniya]]".<ref>{{Cite web |last=British War Cabinet, Joint Planning Staff, Public Record Office, CAB 120/691/109040 / 002 |date=11 August 1945 |title=Operation Unthinkable: 'Russia: Threat to Western Civilization' |url=http://www.history.neu.edu/PRO2/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080706093010/http://www.history.neu.edu/PRO2/ <!--Added by H3llBot--> |archive-date=6 July 2008 |access-date=28 June 2008 |publisher=Department of History, Northeastern University |format=online photocopy}}</ref> Kwamitin Shugabannin Ma'aikata na Burtaniya sun ki amincewa da shirin a matsayin wanda ba zai yiwu ba a soja. === Aikin Dropshot === {{Clear}}Operation Dropshot shi ne shirin gaggawa na Amurka na Shekarar 1950 don yiwuwar yaki da [[Makaman nukiliya|nukiliya]] da na al'ada tare da [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]] a cikin wuraren wasan kwaikwayo na Yammacin Turai da Asiya. Kodayake labarin ya yi amfani da makaman nukiliya, ba a sa ran su taka muhimmiyar rawa ba. A lokacin da Makaman nukiliya na Amurka sun iyakance a girman, galibi a Amurka, kuma sun dogara da bama-bamai don isar da su. Dropshot ya haɗa da bayanan manufa waɗanda za su yi amfani da bama-Bamai na nukiliya 300 da bama-mamai masu fashewa 29,000 a kan manufofi 200 a cikin birane da garuruwa 100 don share kashi 85% na damar masana'antar Tarayyar Soviet a cikin bugun jini ɗaya. Tsakanin 75 da 100 daga cikin makaman nukiliya 300 an yi niyya ne don lalata jirgin yaki na Soviet a ƙasa. An tsara labarin ne kafin ci gaban makamai masu linzami na intercontinental. An kuma tsara shi kafin Shugaban Amurka [[John F. Kennedy]] da Sakataren Tsaro Robert McNamara su canza shirin Yakin Nukiliya na Amurka daga shirin yajin aiki na 'kisan birni' zuwa shirin "counterforce" (wanda aka fi mayar da hankali ga sojojin). Makaman nukiliya a wannan lokacin ba su da isasshen daidaito don kai hari kan sansanin sojan ruwa ba tare da lalata birnin da ke kusa da shi ba, don haka manufar amfani da su ita ce ta lalata ikon masana'antar abokan gaba don lalata tattalin arzikin yaƙi. === Haɗin gwiwar Burtaniya da Ireland === Jamhuriyar Ireland ta fara shirin yiwuwar yakin nukiliya a ƙarshen shekarun 1940. Za a kafa hadin gwiwa tsakanin Ingila da Ireland a yayin WWIII, inda za su raba bayanan yanayi, sarrafa kayan aiki don kewayawa, da daidaita sabis na watsa shirye-shiryen Wartime wanda zai faru bayan harin nukiliya. <ref name="auto3">{{Cite journal |last=Kennedy |first=Michael |date=2017 |title=ENVISAGING THE UNTHINKABLE: PLANNING FOR ARMAGEDDON IN 1950s IRELAND |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/90005263 |url-status=live |journal=History Ireland |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=36–39 |issn=0791-8224 |jstor=90005263 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220502180344/https://www.jstor.org/stable/90005263 |archive-date=2 May 2022 |access-date=2 May 2022}}</ref> Operation Sandstone a Ireland wani babban aikin soja ne na sirri na Burtaniya da Ireland.<ref name="auto3" /> Sojojin jihohin biyu sun fara binciken bakin teku na Burtaniya da Ireland tare daga 1948 zuwa 1955. Wannan buƙata ce daga Amurka don gano wuraren da suka dace don saukowa ga Amurka a yayin nasarar mamayewar Soviet.<ref name="auto3" /><ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |last=Archives |first=The National |date=2020-04-03 |title=The National Archives - Operation Sandstone: Surveying Britain's Cold War beaches |url=https://blog.nationalarchives.gov.uk/operation-sandstone-surveying-britains-cold-war-beaches/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127004120/https://blog.nationalarchives.gov.uk/operation-sandstone-surveying-britains-cold-war-beaches/ |archive-date=27 November 2020 |access-date=2022-05-02 |website=The National Archives blog |language=en-GB}}</ref> A shekara ta 1953, hadin gwiwar ta amince da raba bayanai game da yanayin yaƙi da kuma kwashe fararen hula daga Burtaniya zuwa Ireland.<ref name="auto3" /> Operation Sandstone na Ireland ya ƙare a shekarar 1966.<ref name="auto2" /> === Ayyuka na Grand Slam, Longstep, da Mainbrace === {{Clear}}A watan Janairun 1950, Majalisar Arewacin Atlantic ta amince da dabarun soja na [[NATO]] na hanawa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lord Ismay |title=Chapter 3 – The Pace Quickens |url=http://www.nato.int/archives/1st5years/chapters/3.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140313154306/http://www.nato.int/archives/1st5years/chapters/3.htm |archive-date=13 March 2014 |access-date=19 September 2011 |website=NATO the first five years 1949–1954 |publisher=[[NATO]]}}</ref> Shirye-shiryen soja na NATO ya sake sabuntawa bayan barkewar Yaƙin Koriya a farkon shekarun 1950, wanda ya sa NATO ta kafa "dakarun karkashin umarni na tsakiya, wanda ya isa ya hana tashin hankali da kuma tabbatar da tsaron Yammacin Turai". An kafa rundunar Allied Command Europe a karkashin Janar na Sojoji Dwight D. Eisenhower, Sojojin Amurka, a ranar 2 ga Afrilu 1951 . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Chapter 4 – The Pace Quickens |url=http://www.nato.int/archives/1st5years/chapters/4.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227094811/http://www.nato.int/archives/1st5years/chapters/4.htm |archive-date=27 December 2013 |access-date=19 September 2011 |website=NATO the first five years 1949–1954 |publisher=[[NATO]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=X |author-link=George F. Kennan |date=July 1947 |title=The Sources of Soviet Conduct |journal=[[Foreign Affairs]] |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=575–576 |doi=10.2307/20030065 |issn=0015-7120 |jstor=20030065}}</ref> Kungiyar Tsaro ta Yamma Turai a baya ta gudanar da Exercise Verity, wani motsa jiki na 1949 wanda ya shafi hare-haren jiragen ruwa da hare-harun jirgin ruwa. Ayyukan Mainbrace sun haɗu da jiragen ruwa 200 da ma'aikata sama da 50,000 don horar da tsaron [[Denmark]] da [[Norway]] daga harin Soviet a 1952. Wannan shi ne karo na farko da aka yi amfani da shi a NATO. Babban Kwamandan Allied Atlantic Admiral Lynde D. McCormick, Sojojin Ruwa na Amurka, da Babban Kwamandan Sojojin Turai Janar Matthew B. Ridgeway, Sojoji na Amurka, ne suka ba da umarnin aikin tare a lokacin kaka na 1952. Amurka, Ingila, [[Kanada]], Faransa, Denmark, Norway, [[Portugal]], [[Holand|Netherlands]], da [[Beljik|Belgium]] sun shiga. Atisayen Grand Slam da Longstep atisayen sojan ruwa ne da aka gudanar a cikin Tekun Bahar Rum a shekarar 1952 don gudanar da aikin korar makiya da ke mamaye da karfin tuwo. Ya ƙunshi jiragen ruwa sama da 170 da jiragen sama 700 a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Admiral Robert B. Carney . Babban kwamandan motsa jiki, Carney ya taƙaita nasarorin da aka samu na Exercise Grand Slam da cewa: "Mun nuna cewa manyan kwamandojin dukkan iko guda huɗu za su iya samun nasarar gudanar da aikin haɗakarwa tare da sarrafa shi yadda ya kamata a matsayin ƙungiya mai aiki. Tarayyar Soviet ta kira darussan "aikin yaki" ta NATO, tare da yin la'akari da shiga [[Norway]] da Denmark kuma sun shirya don ayyukan soja a Yankin Soviet.<ref name="Time2">''Time'', 29 September 1952</ref><ref name="Sidney">"NATO Ships Enter Baltic Sea" – ''Sydney Morning Herald'', p. 2</ref> === Exercise Strikeback ===   Exercise Strikeback babban aikin sojan ruwa ne na NATO wanda aka gudanar a shekara ta 1957, yana kwaikwayon martani ga harin Soviet a kan NATO. Wannan motsa jiki ya kunshi jiragen yaki sama da 200, jirgin sama 650, da ma'aikata 75,000 daga Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Amurka, Rundunar Soja ta Burtaniya, Rundunar Ruwa ta Kanada, Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Faransa, Rundunar Roya ta Netherlands, da Rundunar Sojojin Ruwa ta Royal Norway. A matsayin mafi girman aikin sojan ruwa na zaman lafiya har zuwa wannan lokacin, mai sharhi na soja Hanson W. Baldwin na The New York Times ya bayyana shi a matsayin "wanda ya zama mafi karfi da aka tara tun lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. === Jarabawar Ƙarfafawa ===   [[Fayil:USS_Hawes_(FFG-53),_USS_William_H._Standley_(CG-32)_and_USS_Guadalcanal_(LPH-7)_escort_tanker_Gas_King_in_the_Persian_Gullf_on_21_October_1987_(6432283).jpg|thumb|Idan aka kunna, Operation Reforger zai kunshi manyan motoci kamar wannan daga Operation Earnest Will a 1987, kodayake ya fi girma. Duk da yake dakarun za su iya tashi a fadin Tekun Atlantika, kayan aiki masu nauyi da ƙarfafa makamai dole ne su zo ta teku.]] Exercise RE (daga sake juyawa na FORces zuwa GER) wani motsa jiki ne na shekara-shekara da NATO ta gudanar a lokacin Yakin Cold . Duk da yake sojojin Amurka za a iya tashi cikin sauƙi a fadin Tekun Atlantika, kayan aiki masu nauyi da ƙarfafa makamai dole ne su zo ta teku kuma a isar da su zuwa shafukan POMCUS (An riga an tsara su zuwa rukunin rukunin). [1] Wadannan darussan sun gwada Amurka da kuma iyawar hadin gwiwa don aiwatar da karfafawa ta duniya.[1] Karfafawa a kan lokaci wani bangare ne mai mahimmanci na darussan karfafawa na NATO. Amurka ta buƙaci samun damar aika da ƙungiyoyin sojoji masu aiki zuwa Turai a cikin kwanaki goma a matsayin wani ɓangare na turawar NATO a lokacin yaƙi.Baya ga kimanta iyawar Amurka, Reforger ya kuma sa ido kan ma'aikata, wurare, da kayan aiki na ƙasashen Turai da ke taka muhimmiyar rawa a kokarin ƙarfafawa. An yi amfani da wannan motsa jiki ne don tabbatar da cewa NATO na iya tura sojoji zuwa Jamus ta Yamma da sauri idan akwai rikici tare da Yarjejeniyar Warsaw. Yarjejeniyar Warsaw ta fi NATO yawa a duk lokacin Yakin Cold a cikin dakarun al'ada, kuma musamman a cikin tankuna da motocin makamai. Sabili da haka, a yayin mamayewar Soviet, don kada a koma ga hare-haren nukiliya, dole ne a sake dawo da makamai na Yarjejeniyar Warsaw da sauri kuma a maye gurbin su. Reforger ba kawai nuna ƙarfi ba ne. A yayin rikici, zai zama ainihin shirin don ƙarfafa kasancewar NATO a Turai. A wannan yanayin, ana kiransa Operation Reforger . Manufofin siyasa na Reforger sune inganta tsawo da kuma inganta hadin kan NATO.[1] Muhimman abubuwan da ke cikin Reforger sun haɗa da Rundunar Sojan Sama, Rundunar Sojojin Sojan Sama ta Sojan Sama. === Kwanaki Bakwai zuwa Kogin Rhine ===   [[Fayil:Probable_Axes_of_Attack.jpg|thumb|Harin Yarjejeniyar Warsaw zai zo ta hanyar manyan hanyoyi uku ta Yammacin Jamus.]] Kwanaki Bakwai zuwa Kogin Rhine wani aikin kwaikwayo ne na soja na sirri wanda Yarjejeniyar Warsaw ta kirkira a shekarar 1979. Ya fara ne da zaton cewa NATO za ta ƙaddamar da harin nukiliya a kwarin kogin Vistula a cikin wani lamari na farko, wanda zai haifar da mutuwar fararen hula na Poland miliyan biyu.[1] A mayar da martani, za a gudanar da yunkurin yaki na Soviet a kan Jamus ta Yamma, Belgium, Netherlands da Denmark, tare da sojojin Warsaw Pact da suka mamaye Jamus ta Yankin kuma suna da niyyar tsayawa a Kogin Rhine a rana ta bakwai. Sauran tsare-tsaren USSR sun tsaya ne kawai bayan sun isa iyakar Faransa a rana ta tara. Kowane jihohin Yarjejeniyar Warsaw an sanya su ne kawai sashi na hoto na dabarun; a wannan yanayin, ana sa ran sojojin Poland za su je har zuwa Jamus. Shirin Kwanaki Bakwai zuwa Rhine ya yi la'akari da cewa Poland da Jamus za su lalace ta hanyar musayar nukiliya kuma yawan sojoji za su mutu daga cutar radiation. An kiyasta cewa NATO za ta harba makaman nukiliya a bayan layin Soviet masu ci gaba don yanke layin samar da su kuma ta haka ne su rage ci gaban su. Duk da yake wannan shirin ya ɗauka cewa NATO za ta yi amfani da makaman nukiliya don tura duk wani mamayewar Warsaw Pact, bai haɗa da hare-haren nukiliya a Faransa ko Ingila ba. Jaridu sun yi hasashen lokacin da aka bayyana wannan shirin, cewa ba za a buga Faransa da Burtaniya ba don samun su don hana amfani da makaman nukiliyar su. === Kwarewar Mai Fitarwa === {{Clear}} [[Fayil:Reagan_and_Gordievsky.jpg|thumb|Tsohon shugaban Amurka [[Ronald Reagan]] da wakilin Soviet biyu Oleg Gordievsky, wanda daga baya ya gaya wa Yammah yadda kusanci da aikin Able Archer 83 ya kawo Soviets don ba da umarni na FarkoFarko na Farko]] Exercise Able Archer wani motsa jiki ne na shekara-shekara na Kwamandan Turai na Amurka wanda ke aiwatar da umarni da hanyoyin sarrafawa, tare da jaddada sauyawa daga ayyukan al'ada kawai zuwa ayyukan sinadarai, nukiliya, da na al'ada a lokacin yaƙi. "Able Archer 83" wani aiki ne na kwana biyar na [[NATO|Kungiyar Yarjejeniyar Arewacin Atlantic]] (NATO) wanda ya fara a ranar 7 ga Nuwamba 1983, wanda ya mamaye Yammacin Turai, wanda ke tsakiya a Babban Hedikwatar Allied Powers Europe (SHAPE) a Casteau, arewacin birnin Mons. Ayyukan Able Archer sun yi kama da lokacin rikice-rikice, wanda ya kai ga Harin nukiliya.<ref name="Fischer Conundrum">{{Cite web |last=Benjamin B. Fischer |date=17 March 2007 |title=A Cold War Conundrum: The 1983 Soviet War Scare |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/a-cold-war-conundrum/source.htm#HEADING1-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114024850/https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/a-cold-war-conundrum/source.htm |archive-date=14 January 2009 |access-date=13 January 2009 |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]}}</ref> Halin da ya dace na aikin 1983, tare da lalacewar dangantaka da ke tsakanin Amurka da Tarayyar Soviet da kuma zuwan makaman nukiliya na Pershing II a Turai, ya jagoranci wasu mambobin Politburo da sojoji suyi imani cewa Able Archer 83 ya kasance makirci ne na yaki, yana rufe shirye-shiryen kai hari na farko na nukiliya.<ref name="Fischer Conundrum">{{Cite web |last=Benjamin B. Fischer |date=17 March 2007 |title=A Cold War Conundrum: The 1983 Soviet War Scare |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/a-cold-war-conundrum/source.htm#HEADING1-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114024850/https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/a-cold-war-conundrum/source.htm |archive-date=14 January 2009 |access-date=13 January 2009 |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]}}</ref><ref>Andrew and Gordievsky, ''Comrade Kryucvcov's Instructions'', 85–7.</ref><ref name="Fischer Reversal 123,31">Beth Fischer, ''Reagan Reversal'', 123, 131.</ref><ref name="Pry Scare 37–9">Pry, ''War Scare'', 37–9.</ref> A mayar da martani, Soviets sun shirya sojojin nukiliyar su kuma sun sanya rundunonin iska a Gabashin Jamus da [[Tarihin Poland (1945-1989)|Poland]] a faɗake.<ref>Oberdorfer, ''A New Era'', 66.</ref><ref name="SNIE 84">''SNIE 11–10–84'' "Implications of Recent Soviet Military-Political Activities" Central Intelligence Agency, 18 May 1984.</ref>Wannan "1983 war fear" da yawa masana tarihi sunyi la'akari da shi a matsayin mafi kusa da duniya ta zo ga nukiliya tun lokacin Cuban Missile Crisis na 1962. Barazanar yaƙin nukiliya ya ƙare tare da kammala aikin a ranar 11 ga Nuwamba. <ref>Andrew and Gordievsky, ''Comrade Kryucvcov's Instructions'', 87–8.</ref><ref name="Pry Scare 43–4">Pry, ''War Scare'', 43–4.</ref> === Shirye-shiryen Tsaro === Shugaban Amurka Ronald Reagan ne ya gabatar da shirin Tsaro na dabarun (SDI) a ranar 23 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1983. [1] A ƙarshen shugabancin, dalilai da yawa (wanda ya haɗa da kallon fim din 1983 The Day After da jin ta hanyar mai sauya sheka na Soviet cewa Able Archer 83 kusan ya haifar da hari na farko na Rasha) ya juya Reagan kan manufar yaƙin nukiliya mai cin nasara, kuma ya fara ganin makaman nukiliya a matsayin "Katin daji" fiye da dabarun hanawa. Kodayake daga baya ya yi imani da Yarjejeniyar kawar da makamai a hankali yana rage haɗarin makaman nukiliya ta hanyar rage yawan su da matsayin faɗakarwa, ya kuma yi imanin cewa mafita ta fasaha na iya ba da damar harbe ICBMs masu shigowa, don haka ya sa Amurka ba za a iya fuskantar hari na farko ba. Koyaya, USSR ta ga manufar SDI a matsayin babbar barazana, tunda tura tsarin zai ba Amurka damar kaddamar da babban hari na farko a Tarayyar Soviet ba tare da tsoron ramuwar gayya ba. Manufar SDI ita ce amfani da tsarin ƙasa da sararin samaniya don kare Amurka daga hari da makamai masu linzami na nukiliya. Shirin ya mayar da hankali kan kariya ta dabarun maimakon ka'idar kuskuren dabarun da ta gabata na tabbatar da juna (MAD). An kafa Strategic Defense Initiative Organization (SDIO) a cikin 1984 a cikin Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Amurka don kula da Strategic Defense Program. === Kasuwancin nukiliya na NATO === [[Fayil:Operation_Upshot_test.ogv|thumb|Misali na gwajin makamashin nukiliya a Amurka]] Shirye-shiryen aiki na NATO don Yaƙin Duniya na Uku sun haɗa da abokan NATO waɗanda ba su da makaman nukiliya, ta amfani da makaman Nukiliya da Amurka ta bayar a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin yaki na NATO, a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Babban Kwamandan NATO. [[Fayil:Overzicht_op_Museumplein_met_spandoek_The_Dutch_disease_is_better_for_peace_o,_Bestanddeelnr_253-8627.jpg|thumb|zanga-zangar da aka yi a [[Amsterdam]] game da tseren makaman nukiliya tsakanin Amurka / NATO da Tarayyar Soviet, 1981]] Daga cikin iko uku na nukiliya a NATO (Faransa, Ingila, da Amurka) Amurka ce kawai ta samar da makamai don raba nukiliya. Ya zuwa Nuwamba , [[Beljik|Belgium]], Jamus, Italiya, Netherlands da [[Turkiyya]] har yanzu suna karbar bakuncin makaman nukiliya na Amurka a matsayin wani ɓangare na manufofin raba nukiliya ta NATO.<ref name="RUSI-2010">{{Citation|last1=amp}}</ref> Kanada ta dauki bakuncin makamai har zuwa 1984, <ref name="RUSI-2010" /> da [[Girka (ƙasa)|Girka]] har zuwa 2001. Har ila yau, Ƙasar Ingila ta karɓi Makaman nukiliya na Amurka kamar bindigogi na nukiliya da Makamai masu linzami har zuwa 1992, duk da cewa Burtaniya ƙasa ce ta makaman nukliya a kanta; waɗannan galibi an tura su a [[Jamus]]. A lokacin zaman lafiya, makaman nukiliya da aka adana a cikin ƙasashe marasa nukiliya suna ƙarƙashin kulawar 'yan saman Amurka kodayake a baya wasu bindigogi da tsarin makamai masu linzami sun kasance ƙarƙashin kulawar Sojojin Amurka; lambobin da ake buƙata don fashe su suna ƙarƙashin ikon Amurka. Idan akwai yaƙi, za a ɗora makamai a kan jiragen yaƙi na ƙasashe masu shiga. Makamai suna ƙarƙashin kulawa da iko na USAF Munitions Support Squadrons da ke kan manyan sansanonin aiki na NATO waɗanda ke aiki tare da sojojin kasar da ke karbar bakuncin. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2005, bam din nukiliya na B61 180 na makaman nukiliya 480 na Amurka da aka yi imanin cewa an tura su a Turai sun fada karkashin tsarin raba nukiliya. Ana adana makamai a cikin wani ajiya a cikin [[Gidan jirgin sama mai ƙarfi|mafaka na jirgin sama]], ta amfani da USAF WS3 Weapon Storage and Security System. Jiragen yaki da aka yi amfani da su sune F-16 Fighting Falcons da [[Panavia Tornado|Panavia Tornados]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hans M. Kristensen |date=5 October 2007 |title=U.S. Nuclear Weapons in Europe After the Cold War |url=http://www.nukestrat.com/pubs/Brief_Italy2007.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120202112109/http://www.nukestrat.com/pubs/Brief_Italy2007.pdf |archive-date=2 February 2012 |access-date=10 August 2013 |publisher=Federation of American Scientists}}</ref> == Tarihin kusa == Tare da fara tseren makamai na Cold War a cikin shekarun 1950, yakin apocalyptic tsakanin Amurka da Tarayyar Soviet ya zama ainihin yiwuwar. A lokacin Yakin Cold shekara ta (1947 zuwa 1991), an bayyana abubuwan da suka faru na soja da yawa kamar yadda suka kusa da yiwuwar haifar da Yaƙin Duniya na III. Ko da bayan ƙarshen Yakin Cold da rushewar Tarayyar Soviet a cikin shekara ta 1991, an bayyana wasu abubuwan da suka faru bayan haka a matsayin kira na kusa. === Yaƙin Koriya: 25 Yuni A shekarar 1950 - 27 Yuli 1953&nbsp; === Yaƙin Koriya yaƙi ne tsakanin hadin gwiwa guda biyu da ke yaƙi don iko da Yankin Koriya: hadin gwiwar kwaminisanci da ta haɗa da [[Koriya ta Arewa]], Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin, da [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]], da kuma hadin gwiwarsa ta jari-hujja da ta haɗa ti [[Koriya ta Kudu]], Amurka da Kwamandan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Mutane da yawa sun yi imanin cewa rikici zai iya zama babban yaki tsakanin kasashen uku, Amurka, USSR, da Chaina. Wakilin yaki na CBS News Bill Downs ya rubuta a 1951, "Ga zuciyata, amsar ita ce: Ee, Koriya ita ce farkon Yaƙin Duniya na III. Saukowa mai kyau a Inchon da ƙoƙarin hadin gwiwar Sojojin Amurka tare da Allies na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun ba mu nasara a Koriya. Amma wannan shine kawai yaƙin farko a cikin babban gwagwarmayar kasa da kasa wanda yanzu ke mamaye Gabas ta Tsakiya da dukan duniya. " Downs daga baya ya sake maimaita wannan imani a kan ABC Evening News yayin da yake bayar da rahoto game da labarin game da Lamarin USS Pueblo a shekarar 1968.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Downs |first=Bill |date=25 January 1968 |title=The USS Pueblo incident |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-KBxiX_9_Kk |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140615095207/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-KBxiX_9_Kk |archive-date=15 June 2014 |access-date=8 November 2013 |website=ABC Evening News |publisher=ABC}}</ref> {{Spaces}}Sakataren Gwamnati Dean Acheson daga baya ya yarda cewa Gwamnatin Truman ta damu game da karuwar rikici kuma Janar Douglas MacArthur ya gargadi shi cewa shiga tsakani da Amurka ke jagoranta ya yi barazanar martani na Soviet. === Rikicin Berlin: 4 Yuni - 9 Nuwamba 1961 === Rikicin Berlin na 1961 ya kasance rikici ne na siyasa da soja tsakanin Amurka da Tarayyar Soviet a Checkpoint Charlie tare da tankuna da sojoji da yawa na Amurka da Soviet / Gabashin Jamus a tsaye a juna kawai 100 yadudduka a kowane bangare na checkpoint. Dalilin da ya sa aka yi jayayya shi ne matsayin sana'a na babban birnin Jamus, [[Berlin]], da kuma Bayan yakin duniya na biyu Jamus. Rikicin Berlin ya fara ne lokacin da USSR ta kaddamar da wani ultimatum da ke buƙatar janyewar dukkan sojoji daga Berlin, gami da sojojin Yamma a Berlin ta Yamma. Rikicin ya ƙare a cikin rabuwa da birnin tare da gina Ginin Berlin na Gabashin Jamus. Wannan tsayayya ta ƙare cikin lumana a ranar 28 ga Oktoba biyo bayan fahimtar Amurka da Soviet don janye tankuna da rage tashin hankali. === Rikicin Makami Mai Girma na Cuba: 15-29 Oktoba 1962 === [[Fayil:Soviet_b-59_submarine.jpg|thumb|Wani jirgin saman saman Amurka mai suna HSS-1 Seabat yana tashi a kan jirgin ruwa na Soviet ''B-59'', wanda sojojin Amurka suka tilasta masa zuwa saman a cikin Caribbean kusa da Cuba. B-59 yana da torpedo na nukiliya a cikin jirgin, kuma ana buƙatar maɓallan jami'ai uku don amfani da shi. Ɗaya daga cikin rashin amincewarsu ne kawai ya hana jirgin ruwa daga kai hari kan rundunar Amurka da ke kusa, wani hasken da zai iya haifar da Yaƙin Duniya na Uku (28-29 Oktoba 1962).]] Rikicin Makami mai linzami na Cuban, gwagwarmaya game da ajiye makamai masu linzami na nukiliya na Soviet a Cuba don mayar da martani ga mamayewar Bay of Pigs, an dauke shi mafi kusa da musayar nukiliya, wanda zai iya haifar da yakin duniya na uku. Rikicin ya kai kololuwa a ranar 27 ga Oktoba, tare da manyan abubuwan da suka faru guda uku a rana ɗaya: * Mafi mahimmancin abin da ya faru ya faru ne lokacin da jirgin ruwa na Soviet ya kusan kaddamar da torpedo mai kwakwalwa don mayar da martani ga cewa Amurka ta yi niyya da shi a cikin ruwan kasa da kasa, tare da mayar da martiri na kaddamarwar nukiliya na Soviet kawai ya hana shi daga jami'in Sojan Ruwa na Soviet Vasily Arkhipov. * Harbi jirgin leken asiri na Lockheed U-2 wanda Rudolf Anderson ya tuka yayin da yake keta sararin samaniya na Cuban. * Kusan tsayar da wani U-2 wanda ya ɓace cikin sararin samaniya na Soviet a kan Siberia, wanda ya sa Soviets su yi imani cewa wannan na iya zama jagora na bama-bamai na Amurka. Duk da abin da mutane da yawa suka yi imanin cewa shine mafi kusa da duniya ya zo ga rikici na nukiliya, a duk lokacin da aka yi tsayayya, Doomsday Clock, wanda Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists ke gudanarwa don kimanta yadda ƙarshen duniya, ko Doomsday, yake, tare da tsakar dare shine apocalypse, ya kasance a cikin minti bakwai zuwa tsakar dare. An bayyana wannan ne saboda taƙaitaccen rikicin tun lokacin da aka saka idanu kan abubuwan da suka fi dacewa kamar jagorancin kasashe, rikice-rikice, yaƙe-yaƙe, da rikice-rikicen siyasa, da kuma martani na al'ummomi ga abubuwan da aka ambata. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists yanzu ya yaba da ci gaban siyasa wanda ya haifar da rikicin makami mai linzami na Cuban tare da inganta kwanciyar hankali na duniya. Bulletin ya nuna cewa rikice-rikice da lokutan da za su iya ƙaruwa, an sanya su da ƙarfi saboda manyan dalilai guda biyu: # Layin zafi na Washington zuwa Moscow ya haifar da matsalar sadarwa tsakanin [[White House|Fadar White House]] da Kremlin a lokacin rikicin. Wannan ya ba shugabannin manyan makaman nukiliya guda biyu damar tuntuɓar juna a ainihin lokacin, yana da mahimmanci lokacin da seconds zasu iya hana musayar nukiliya. # Dalili na biyu ya haifar da wani bangare saboda martani na duniya game da yadda Amurka da USSR suka zo kusa da yakin duniya na uku a lokacin rikici. {{Spaces}}Yayin da jama'a suka fara saka idanu kan batutuwan da suka shafi makaman nukiliya, sabili da haka don tara goyon baya ga dalilin da ya sa ba ya yaduwa, an sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar haramtacciyar gwajin 1963. Har zuwa yau wannan yarjejeniyar ta sanya hannu ta kasashe 126 duka, tare da sanannun ban da Faransa da China. Dukkanin wadannan kasashe suna cikin matakan farko na shirye-shiryen nukiliya a lokacin sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar farko, kuma dukansu biyu sun nemi damar nukiliya mai zaman kanta daga abokansu. Wannan Yarjejeniyar haramta gwajin ta hana Gwajin makaman nukiliya da suka fashe a cikin [[Sararin Samaniya na Duniya|yanayi]], ta iyakance gwajin makaman Nukiliya zuwa ƙasa da ƙarƙashin ruwa, ta rage raguwa da tasiri a kan muhalli, kuma daga baya ta sa agogon Doomsday ya ragu da minti biyar, ya isa jimlar minti goma sha biyu zuwa tsakar dare.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 October 2012 |title=Remembering the Cuban Missile Crisis |url=https://thebulletin.org/remembering-cuban-missile-crisis |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201052807/https://thebulletin.org/remembering-cuban-missile-crisis |archive-date=1 February 2018 |access-date=10 March 2018 |website=thebulletin.org}}</ref> Har zuwa wannan lokacin, an fashe bama-bamai na nukiliya sama da 1000, kuma damuwa game da tasirin dogon lokaci da gajeren lokaci ga duniyar ya zama abin damuwa ga masana kimiyya. === Rikicin kan iyakar Sin da Soviet: 2 Maris - 11 Satumba 1969 === Rikicin kan iyakar Sin da Soviet ya kasance yakin basasa na watanni bakwai da ba a bayyana ba tsakanin [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]] da [[Sin|China]] a lokacin da aka raba Sin da Soviet a shekarar 1969. Mafi tsanani daga cikin wadannan rikice-rikicen kan iyaka, wanda ya kawo manyan Jihohin kwaminisanci biyu a duniya zuwa bakin yaƙi, ya faru ne a watan Maris na shekara ta 1969 a kusa da Tsibirin Zhenbao (Damansky) a kan Kogin Ussuri (Wusuli) , kusa da Manchuria. Rikicin ya haifar da tsagaita wuta, tare da komawa ga halin da ake ciki. Masu sukar sun nuna cewa harin da kasar Sin ta kai a Zhenbao ya kasance don hana duk wani mamayewar Soviet na gaba; cewa ta hanyar kashe wasu Soviets, kasar Sin ta nuna cewa ba za a iya 'matsawa' ba; kuma Mao yana so ya koya musu 'darkoki mai zafi'. Dangantakar kasar Sin da USSR ta kasance mai laushi bayan rikici, duk da tattaunawar kan iyaka, wanda ya fara a shekarar 1969 kuma ya ci gaba ba tare da kammala ba har tsawon shekaru goma. A cikin gida, barazanar yaki da rikice-rikicen kan iyaka ya haifar ya kaddamar da sabon mataki a cikin [[Cultural Revolution|Juyin Juya Halin Al'adu]]; na cikakken soja na kasar Sin. Taron Kasa na 9 na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta kasar Sin, wanda aka gudanar bayan Lamarin tsibirin Zhenbao, ya tabbatar da Ministan Tsaro Lin Biao a matsayin magajin [[Mao Zedong]]. Bayan abubuwan da suka faru a shekarar 1969, Tarayyar Soviet ta kara kara yawan sojojin ta a kan iyakar Sin da Soviet, da kuma Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Mongolia. === Rikicin Yakin Yom Kippur: 6-25 Oktoba 1973 === Yakin Yom Kippur, wanda aka fi sani da Yakin Ramadan, ko Yakin Oktoba, ya fara ne da mamayewa mai ban mamaki na Yankunan da Isra'ila ta mamaye ta hadin gwiwar kasashe Larabawa, tare da taimakon Tarayyar Soviet. Isra'ila ta samu nasarar mayar da martani tare da taimakon Amurka. Rikicin ya karu tsakanin manyan kasashe biyu: Sojojin sojan ruwa na Amurka da Soviet sun kusa harbi juna a cikin Bahar Rum. Admiral Daniel J. Murphy na Amurka na shida Fleet ya yi la'akari da damar da rundunar Soviet ke ƙoƙarin kai hari na farko a kan rundunarsa a kashi 40 cikin dari. Pentagon ta sauya matsayin Defcon daga 4 zuwa 3. {{Spaces}}{{Spaces}}An tura manyan kasashe zuwa gefen yaƙi, amma tashin hankali ya ragu tare da tsagaita wuta da aka kawo a ƙarƙashin UNSC 339.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 October 2013 |title=Erol Araf: 'Incalculable consequences' |url=http://news.nationalpost.com/full-comment/erol-araf-incalculable-consequences |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205101243/http://news.nationalpost.com/full-comment/erol-araf-incalculable-consequences |archive-date=5 February 2017 |access-date=5 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Inside the Kremlin During the Yom Kippur War By Victor Israelyan |url=http://www.psupress.org/books/titles/0-271-01489-X.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140706024838/http://www.psupress.org/books/titles/0-271-01489-X.html |archive-date=6 July 2014 |access-date=27 May 2014}}</ref> === Kuskuren kwamfuta na NORAD na 1979: 9 Nuwamba 1979 === Amurka ta yi shirye-shiryen ramuwar gayya na gaggawa bayan tsarin NORAD ya nuna cewa an kaddamar da cikakken hari na Soviet.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-11-20 |title=Norad false alarm causes uproar |url=http://www.cbc.ca/archives/categories/war-conflict/defence/norad-watching-the-skies/norad-false-alarm-causes-uproar.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141108204905/http://www.cbc.ca/archives/categories/war-conflict/defence/norad-watching-the-skies/norad-false-alarm-causes-uproar.html |archive-date=8 November 2014 |access-date=17 March 2015 |publisher=CBC Canada}}</ref> Ba a yi ƙoƙari don amfani da layin zafi na Moscow-Washington don bayyana halin da ake ciki tare da USSR ba kuma ba har sai tsarin radar na farko ya tabbatar da cewa babu irin wannan ƙaddamarwa da ya faru ba cewa NORAD ta fahimci cewa gwajin tsarin kwamfuta ya haifar da kuskuren nuni. Wani sanata a cikin kayan aikin NORAD a lokacin ya bayyana yanayin tsoro. Binciken GAO ya haifar da gina wani wurin gwaji na waje don hana irin wannan kuskuren.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Andrews |first=Evan |title=5 Cold War Close Calls |url=http://www.history.com/news/history-lists/5-cold-war-close-calls |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141231010823/http://www.history.com/news/history-lists/5-cold-war-close-calls |archive-date=31 December 2014 |access-date=17 March 2015 |publisher=The History Channel}}</ref> === Radar Soviet ta yi rashin aiki: 26 Satumba 1983 === Wani ƙararrawa na ƙarya ya faru a kan Tsarin gargadi na nukiliya na Soviet, yana nuna ƙaddamar da makamai masu linzami na Amurka LGM-30 Minuteman daga sansanoni a Amurka. Stanislav Petrov, jami'in Sojojin Tsaro na Soviet, ya hana wani hari na ramuwar gayya, wanda ya fahimci cewa tsarin bai yi aiki ba (wanda binciken da aka yi daga baya). <ref name="Baltimore Sun">{{Cite web |last=Shane |first=Scott |title=Cold War's Riskiest Moment |url=http://hnn.us/articles/1709.html#bombs9-5-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060819033034/http://hnn.us/articles/1709.html |archive-date=19 August 2006 |publisher=Baltimore Sun, 31 August 2003 (article reprinted as The Nuclear War That Almost Happened in 1983)}}</ref> === Able Archer 83 hawan: 2-11 Nuwamba 1983 === A lokacin Able Archer 83, wani motsa jiki na [[NATO]] na kwana goma wanda ke kwaikwayon lokacin rikice-rikice wanda ya kai ga harin nukiliya na DEFCON 1, wasu mambobin Politburo na [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Soviet]] da sojoji sun dauki abubuwan da suka faru a matsayin makircin yaki wanda ke ɓoye ainihin harin farko. A mayar da martani, sojoji sun shirya don daidaitaccen hari ta hanyar shirya sojojin nukiliya da sanya rundunonin iska da aka ajiye a cikin jihohin Warsaw Pact na Gabashin Jamus da [[Poland]] a karkashin babban faɗakarwa. Koyaya, shirye-shiryen Soviet don ramuwar gayya ya ƙare bayan kammala darussan Able Archer.<ref name="Fischer Conundrum">{{Cite web |last=Benjamin B. Fischer |date=17 March 2007 |title=A Cold War Conundrum: The 1983 Soviet War Scare |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/a-cold-war-conundrum/source.htm#HEADING1-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114024850/https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/a-cold-war-conundrum/source.htm |archive-date=14 January 2009 |access-date=13 January 2009 |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]}}</ref> Hadarin roket na Norway shine farkon yakin duniya na uku da ya faru bayan yakin sanyi ya ƙare. {{Spaces}}Wannan lamarin ya faru ne lokacin da tashar gargadi ta Olenegorsk ta Rasha ta yi kuskuren sa hannun radar daga rokar bincike ta Black Brant XII (wanda masana kimiyya na Norway da Amurka suka kaddamar da shi tare daga Andøya Rocket Range), kamar yadda ya zama sa hannun radar na kaddamarwar makami mai linzami na Trident SLBM. A mayar da martani, an kira Shugaban Rasha Boris Yeltsin kuma an kunna jakar nukiliya ta ''Cheget'' a karo na farko kuma kawai. Koyaya, babban kwamandan nan da nan ya sami damar tantance cewa roket din ba ya shiga sararin samaniya na Rasha, kuma nan da nan kuma ya zubar da shirye-shiryen yaki da ramuwar gayya. An ƙaddara cewa, yayin da masana kimiyya na roket suka sanar da jihohi talatin ciki har da Rasha game da ƙaddamar da gwajin, bayanin bai kai ga masu fasahar radar na Rasha ba. === Abin da ya faru a filin jirgin saman Pristina: 12 Yuni 1999 === A ranar 12 ga watan Yunin 1999, washegari bayan karshen Yaƙin Kosovo, wasu jami'an zaman lafiya na Rasha 250 sun mamaye Filin jirgin saman Pristina kafin isowar sojojin [[NATO]] kuma suna tabbatar da isowar ƙarfafawa ta iska. Babban Kwamandan Sojojin NATO na Amurka Janar Wesley Clark ya ba da umarnin yin amfani da karfi a kan Rashawa. Mike Jackson, janar na Sojojin Burtaniya wanda ya tuntubi Rasha a lokacin lamarin, ya ki aiwatar da umarnin Clark, ya san shi da cewa "Ba zan fara yakin duniya na uku a gare ku ba". Kyaftin James Blunt, babban jami'in da ke gaban ginshiƙi na NATO a cikin kai tsaye da ke dauke da makamai a kan Rasha, ya karɓi umarnin "Destroy!" daga Clark a rediyo, amma ya bi umarnin Jackson don kewaye filin jirgin sama a maimakon haka ya ce a cikin wata hira cewa ko da ba tare da sa hannun Jackson ba zai ki bin umarnin Clark. A ranar 24 ga Nuwamba 2015, a kan iyaka tsakanin Turkiyya da Siriya, Sojojin Sama na Turkiyya sun harbe jirgin saman Sukhoi na Rasha. Turks sun yi iƙirarin cewa jirgin ya keta sararin samaniya na Turkiyya, da'awar da Rasha ta musanta; jirgin yana cikin yankin a matsayin wani ɓangare na sa hannun sojojin Rasha a yakin basasar Siriya, wanda Turkiyya ta goyi bayan sojojin adawa. Wannan lamari shine lalacewar farko na jirgin saman yaki na Sojojin Sama na Rasha ko Soviet da wata kasa ta [[NATO]] ta yi tun bayan harin da aka kai a madatsar ruwan Sui-ho a lokacin yakin Koriya a 1953. <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 November 2015 |title=Turkey downing that Russian fighter jet is terrible news for the war on ISIS. |url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/the_slatest/2015/11/24/turkey_downing_that_russian_fighter_jet_is_terrible_news_for_the_war_on.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151124195329/http://www.slate.com/blogs/the_slatest/2015/11/24/turkey_downing_that_russian_fighter_jet_is_terrible_news_for_the_war_on.html |archive-date=24 November 2015 |access-date=25 November 2015 |website=Slate Magazine}}</ref> Lamarin ya haifar da kafofin watsa labarai da yawa da mutane da yawa da ke yin sharhi cewa zai iya haifar da yaƙi a duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 November 2015 |title=Don't panic: Turkey shooting down a Russian warplane won't start World War 3 |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/turkey/12013517/Dont-panic-Turkey-shooting-down-a-Russian-warplane-wont-start-World-War-3.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718120546/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/turkey/12013517/Dont-panic-Turkey-shooting-down-a-Russian-warplane-wont-start-World-War-3.html |archive-date=18 July 2023 |access-date=2023-07-18 |website=www.telegraph.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bora |first=Birce |title='Which parts of Syria should be bombed?' |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/11/26/which-parts-of-syria-should-be-bombed |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718120546/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/11/26/which-parts-of-syria-should-be-bombed |archive-date=18 July 2023 |access-date=2023-07-18 |website=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2015-11-26 |title=Turkey risks sparking world war, says Iraq's Maliki |url=https://guardian.ng/news/turkey-risks-sparking-world-war-says-iraqs-maliki/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718120546/https://guardian.ng/news/turkey-risks-sparking-world-war-says-iraqs-maliki/ |archive-date=18 July 2023 |access-date=2023-07-18 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-US}}</ref> == Abubuwan da za su iya gani a yanzu == === Harin Rasha na Ukraine: 24 Fabrairu 2022 - yanzu === [[Fayil:Destruction_of_Russian_tanks_by_Ukrainian_troops_in_Mariupol_(4).jpg|thumb|Halakar BMP-3 IFV ta Rasha da sojojin Ukraine suka yi a Mariupol a ranar 7 ga Maris 2022]] A ranar 24 ga watan Fabrairun 2022, shugaban Rasha [[Vladimir Putin]] ya ba da umarnin mamaye [[Ukraniya|Ukraine]], wanda ya nuna babban karuwar Yaƙin Rasha da Ukraine, wanda aka fara a shekarar 2014. An bayyana mamayewar a matsayin babbar rikici ta soja a Turai tun lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. &nbsp;Harin ya sami zargi na kasa da kasa, gami da sabbin takunkumin da aka ɗora wa Rasha, wanda ya haɗa da haramcin Rasha daga SWIFT da rufe mafi yawan sararin samaniya na Yammacin zuwa jiragen Rasha. Bugu da ƙari, kafin da kuma lokacin mamayewar, wasu daga cikin kasashe 32 na NATO suna ba da Ukraine da makamai da sauran tallafin kayan aiki. A duk lokacin mamayewar, manyan 'yan siyasa da yawa na Rasha, ciki har da shugaban kasar Putin, ministan harkokin waje Sergey Lavrov da shugaban jam'iyyar United Russia Dmitry Medvedev, sun yi maganganu da yawa da aka gani a matsayin barazanar amfani da makaman nukiliya, yayin da jami'ai da yawa daga Amurka da NATO, ciki har ma da shugaban Amurka [[Joe Biden]] da Sakataren Janar NATO Jens Stoltenberg, sun yi sanarwa da ke tabbatar da martani NATO a yayin da Rasha ta sake kai farmaki ga kowace kasa ta NATO ko amfani da makamai na nukiliya ta sake haifar da ita. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sauer |first=Pjotr |date=2022-09-21 |title=Putin announces partial mobilisation and threatens nuclear retaliation in escalation of Ukraine war |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/sep/21/putin-announces-partial-mobilisation-in-russia-in-escalation-of-ukraine-war |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114202406/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/sep/21/putin-announces-partial-mobilisation-in-russia-in-escalation-of-ukraine-war |archive-date=14 January 2023 |access-date=2022-09-21 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 February 2022 |title=Biden says Americans should not worry about nuclear war after Russian actions |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/27/us/politics/putin-nuclear-alert-biden-deescalation.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228011550/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/27/us/politics/putin-nuclear-alert-biden-deescalation.html |archive-date=28 February 2022 |access-date=28 February 2022 |website=[[Reuters]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Samuels |first=Brett |date=11 March 2022 |title=Biden: Direct conflict between NATO and Russia would be 'World War III' |url=https://thehill.com/policy/international/597842-biden-direct-conflict-between-nato-and-russia-would-be-world-war-iii |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325032254/https://thehill.com/policy/international/597842-biden-direct-conflict-between-nato-and-russia-would-be-world-war-iii |archive-date=25 March 2022 |access-date=11 March 2022 |website=The Hill}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-21 |title=Biden denounces Putin's 'overt' nuclear threats, urges UN allies to reject Russia's invasion of Ukraine |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/09/21/biden-denounces-putins-overt-nuclear-threats-urges-un-allies-to-reject-russias-invasion-of-ukraine.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921194052/https://www.cnbc.com/2022/09/21/biden-denounces-putins-overt-nuclear-threats-urges-un-allies-to-reject-russias-invasion-of-ukraine.html |archive-date=21 September 2022 |access-date=2022-09-21 |website=CNBC |language=en}}</ref> Yawancin abubuwan da suka faru da aka gani a matsayin kira na kusa da rikici tsakanin Rasha da NATO tun daga lokacin sun faru, wanda ya fi shahara shi ne harin makami mai linzami a ƙauyen Poland na Przewodów kusa da iyakar da Ukraine a watan Nuwamba 2022. A farkon 2023, Putin ya dakatar da shiga Rasha a New START, yarjejeniyar nukiliya ta ƙarshe tsakanin Rasha da Amurka, kuma daga baya ya sanar da shirye-shiryen shigar da makaman nukiliya na Rasha a [[Belarus]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chen |first=Heather |last2=Humayun |first2=Hira |last3=Knight |first3=Mariya |last4=Carey |first4=Andrew |last5=Gigova |first5=Radina |last6=Kostenko |first6=Maria |date=2023-03-26 |title=Russia plans to station tactical nuclear weapons in Belarus, Putin says |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/03/25/world/russia-putin-nuclear-weapons-belarus-intl-hnk/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331052514/https://www.cnn.com/2023/03/25/world/russia-putin-nuclear-weapons-belarus-intl-hnk/index.html |archive-date=31 March 2023 |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=CNN}}</ref> Masana daban-daban, masu sharhi, da sauransu sun bayyana rikicin a matsayin kira na kusa da yakin duniya na uku, yayin da wasu suka ba da shawarar akasin haka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Simhony |first=Limor |title=NATO Intervention in Ukraine Won't Spark World War III |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/04/01/nato-intervention-in-ukraine-wont-spark-world-war-iii/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007025659/https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/04/01/nato-intervention-in-ukraine-wont-spark-world-war-iii/ |archive-date=7 October 2022 |access-date=2022-10-07 |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Miller |first=Paul |date=8 March 2022 |title=Ukraine Is Not World War III |url=https://thedispatch.com/p/ukraine-is-not-world-war-iii |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007025701/https://thedispatch.com/p/ukraine-is-not-world-war-iii |archive-date=7 October 2022 |access-date=2022-10-07 |website=The Dispatch}}</ref> == Yaduwar amfani da kalmar == === Yaƙin Cold === [[Fayil:World_nuclear_weapons.png|thumb|Babban tarin [[makaman nukiliya]] tare da kewayon duniya (duhu mai launin shudi), ƙaramin tarin tare da kewar duniya (matsakaici mai launin shuɗi), ƙaramin kayan aiki tare da kewaye na yanki (mai launin shudi) ]] Yayinda dangantakar Soviet-Amurka ta karu da tashin hankali a lokacin bayan yakin duniya na biyu, tsoron cewa tashin hankali na iya karuwa zuwa yakin duniya na uku ya kasance koyaushe. {{Spaces}}{{Spaces}}Wani binciken Gallup a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1950 ya gano cewa fiye da rabin Amurkawa sun yi la'akari da yakin duniya na uku ya riga ya fara.{{Spaces}} A shekara ta 2004, mai sharhi Norman Podhoretz ya ba da shawarar cewa [[Cold War|Yaƙin Cold]], wanda ya kasance daga mika wuya ga ikon Axis har zuwa faduwar Ginin Berlin, ana iya kiransa Yakin Duniya na III. {{Spaces}}Ta hanyar lissafin Podhoretz, "Yaƙin Duniya na IV" zai zama kamfen na duniya game da Islamofascism.<ref name="Podhoretz2004">{{Cite magazine|url-status=17+}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Buckley |first=William F. Jr. |author-link=William F. Buckley Jr. |date=22 October 2007 |title=World War IV? |url=https://www.nationalreview.com/2007/09/world-war-iv-william-f-buckley-jr/ |url-status=live |journal=[[National Review]] |volume=59 |issue=19 |page=62 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806022343/https://www.nationalreview.com/2007/09/world-war-iv-william-f-buckley-jr/ |archive-date=6 August 2020 |access-date=14 June 2019}} (published online 6 September 2007)</ref>{{Spaces}} Duk da haka, yawancin masana tarihi za su yi kama da cewa Yaƙin Duniya na III dole ne ya zama "yaƙin duniya wanda manyan dakarun daga ƙasashe da yawa suka yi yaƙi" da kuma yaƙin da "ya haɗa da yawancin manyan ƙasashe na duniya". {{Spaces}}Yakin Cold ya sami sunansa daga rashin aikin da aka dauka daga bangarorin biyu. Rashin aiki ya kasance ne saboda tsoron cewa yakin nukiliya zai iya lalata bil'adama.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 September 2011 |title=American History: The Cold War |url=https://learningenglish.voanews.com/a/american-history-the-cold-war-130292758/116228.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201012146/https://learningenglish.voanews.com/a/american-history-the-cold-war-130292758/116228.html |archive-date=1 February 2022 |access-date=2022-05-02 |website=VOA |language=en}}</ref> A cikin littafinsa Secret Weapons of the Cold War, Bill Yenne ya kammala cewa yakin basasa na Superpower daga shekarun 1940 zuwa 1991, ba yakin duniya na uku ba ne.<ref>Yenne, Bill (2005). ''Secret Weapons of the Cold War.'' Berkly Book, New York</ref>{{Spaces}} === Yaƙi da ta'addanci === [[Fayil:WTC_smoking_on_9-11.jpeg|thumb|[[September 11 attacks|Hare-haren Satumba 11]]]] "Yaƙin da aka yi da ta'addanci" wanda ya fara da [[September 11 attacks|Hare-haren Satumba 11]] wasu sun yi iƙirarin cewa Yaƙin Duniya na III ne.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Micallef |first=Joseph V. |date=24 January 2017 |title=Are We Already Fighting World War III? |url=http://www.military.com/daily-news/2017/01/24/are-we-already-fighting-world-war-iii.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170416051031/http://www.military.com/daily-news/2017/01/24/are-we-already-fighting-world-war-iii.html |archive-date=16 April 2017 |access-date=15 April 2017 |website=[[Military.com]]}}</ref> Sauran sun raina irin waɗannan da'awar kamar "karkatar da [[Tarihin Amurka]]". Duk da yake akwai yarjejeniya tsakanin masana tarihi game da ma'anoni da girman yaƙe-yaƙe na duniya guda biyu, wato saboda girman duniya na tashin hankali da hallaka kansu na waɗannan yaƙe-yarƙe biyu, wasu sun yi iƙirarin cewa "Yaƙin Duniya" na iya buƙatar irin wannan yaƙe-yanayi da kisan gilla a duniya. Duk da haka, irin wannan da'awar sabon "ƙananan ƙofar tashin hankali", wanda yanzu zai iya isa ya cancanci yaƙi a matsayin "Yaƙin Duniya" bai sami irin wannan karɓa da tallafi ba kamar yadda ma'anar yaƙe-yaƙe biyu na duniya suka samu tsakanin masana tarihi. ==== Yaƙi da Daular Musulunci ==== A ranar 1 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2015, Ministan Harkokin Waje na Iraki Ibrahim al-Jaafari ya bayyana cewa yakin da aka yi da Daular Islama ya kasance "Yaƙin Duniya na III", saboda manufofin Daular Islami na Khalifanci na duniya, da kuma nasarar da ta samu wajen yada rikici ga kasashe da yawa a waje da yankin Levant. {{Spaces}}Da yake mayar da martani ga hare-haren da aka kai a birnin Paris a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2015, Sarkin Jordan Abdullah II ya bayyana cewa "Muna fuskantar yakin duniya na uku [a cikin Islama]". A cikin jawabinsa na Jihar Tarayyar a ranar 12 ga Janairun Shekarar 2016, Shugaban Amurka [[Barack Obama]] ya yi gargadin cewa rahotanni da ke ba ISIL damar da ake tsammani na haifar da yakin duniya na uku na iya zama da yawa kuma ba shi da alhaki, yana mai cewa "yayin da muke mai da hankali kan hallaka ISIL, ya yi iƙirarin cewa wannan yakin duniya ne na III kawai yana wasa a hannayensu. Yawancin mayakan da ke bayan manyan motoci da kuma masu karkatarwa a cikin gidaje ko garages suna haifar da babbar haɗari ga fararen hula kuma dole ne su zama masu barazana ga rayuwarmu ta ƙasa".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Obama |first=Barak |date=13 January 2016 |title=2016 State of the Union Address |url=https://medium.com/@WhiteHouse/president-obama-s-2016-state-of-the-union-address-7c06300f9726#.6rytyu7a2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160209085124/https://medium.com/@WhiteHouse/president-obama-s-2016-state-of-the-union-address-7c06300f9726#.6rytyu7a2 |archive-date=9 February 2016 |access-date=9 February 2016 |website=The White House |publisher=government of the United States of America}}</ref>{{Spaces}} === Ƙananan yaƙe-yaƙe da yawa a matsayin "yaƙi na uku" === A cikin tambayoyin da aka rubuta da yawa a ƙarƙashin yanayi na yau da kullun, kwatanta gobarar Yaƙin Duniya na I da na II da yaƙe-yaƙe masu ƙarancin ƙarfi na ƙarni na 21, [[Francis (fafaroma)|Paparoma Francis]] ya ce, "Duniya tana cikin yaƙi saboda ta rasa zaman lafiya", kuma "watakila mutum na iya magana game da yaƙi na uku, wanda ya yi yaƙi a hankali". {{Spaces}}{{Spaces}} == Abubuwan da ba a tsammani ba == A shekara ta 1949, bayan kaddamar da makaman nukiliya a ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na II, masanin kimiyyar lissafi [[Albert Einstein]] ya ba da shawarar cewa duk wani sakamako na yiwuwar Yaƙin Duniya ya III zai zama bala'i a kan [[Wayewa|wayewar ɗan adam]] don mayar da bil'adama zuwa Zamanin Stone. &nbsp;&nbsp;Lokacin da ɗan jarida Alfred Werner ya tambaye shi irin makamai Einstein ya yi imanin cewa za a iya yaƙi da Yaƙin Duniya na III, Einstein ya yi gargadin, "Ban san da waɗanne makamai za a yi yaƙi da Yakin Duniya na III ba, amma za a yi Yaƙin Duniya yaƙi da sanduna da duwatsu". <ref name="einstein">''The New Quotable Einstein''. Alice Calaprice (2005), p. 173.</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Johnson |first=M. Alex |date=18 April 2005 |title=The culture of Einstein |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna7406337 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180208205219/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/7406337#.WmyV55OdU3g |archive-date=8 February 2018 |access-date=27 January 2018 |website=MSNBC |language=en}}</ref>{{Spaces}} Game da halakar da 'yan Adam sakamakon yaƙin nukiliya, Leslie A. White ya kalubalanci Einstein, "wannan ma za a iya shigar da shi azaman yiwuwar, kuma duk abin da za mu iya cewa idan ya zo, zai zo. Maganganun tsoro ba za su canza yanayin abubuwan da suka faru ba. " Crane Brinton ya kuma shakkar zaman lafiya na tunanin Einstein: "Malamai, masu wa'azi, malamai, har ma da 'yan siyasa suna gaya wa ƙarni mai girma cewa dole ne babu yaƙi kuma, saboda haka, babu wani abu mai hikima".<ref>Brinton, Crane, (1948). ''From Many to One: The Process of Political Integration, the Problem of World Government'', (Westport: Greenwood Press), p 4.</ref> James Burnham na Ofishin Ayyukan Dabarun (wanda ya riga ya kasance [[C.I.A|CIA]]), ya kuma yi imani da rayuwa: Ana samun bambancin makaman nukiliya a cikin cewa suna iya hallaka rayuwar ɗan adam gaba ɗaya, gami da ta hanyar yanayin yanayi da yanayin ƙasa, amma haka ba haka ba ne. Babban ka'idojin dabarun soja ba su canza ba. Yaƙin nukiliya zai bambanta da yaƙe-yaƙe na dā amma za a yanke shawarar ta hanyar haɗuwa da albarkatu, halin kirki da dabarun.<ref>Burnham, James, (1947). ''Struggle for the World'', (New York: The John Day Company), pp 26, 28-29.</ref> Wani Bayani na New England Journal of Medicine na 1998 ya gano cewa "Ko da yake mutane da yawa sun yi imanin cewa barazanar harin nukiliya ya ɓace sosai tare da ƙarshen Yakin Cold, akwai shaidu masu yawa da suka saɓa".<ref name="nejm" /> Musamman, yarjejeniyar raba juna ta Amurka da Rasha a cikin 1994 ta kasance alama ce kuma ba ta canza adadin lokacin da ake buƙata don kaddamar da hari ba. An yi imanin cewa yanayin "harin haɗari" ya kasance ƙaddamarwa ne na ramuwar gayya saboda gargadi na ƙarya, kamar abin da ya faru na 1983. <ref name="nejm">{{Cite journal |last=Forrow |first=Lachlan |last2=Blair |first2=Bruce G. |last3=Helfand |first3=Ira |last4=Lewis |first4=George |last5=Postol |first5=Theodore |last6=Sidel |first6=Victor |last7=Levy |first7=Barry S. |last8=Abrams |first8=Herbert |last9=Cassel |first9=Christine |date=30 April 1998 |title=Accidental Nuclear War — A Post–Cold War Assessment |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=338 |issue=18 |pages=1326–1332 |doi=10.1056/NEJM199804303381824 |issn=0028-4793 |pmid=9562589 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A tarihi, Yaƙin Duniya na ya faru ne ta hanyar rikici mai tsanani; Yaƙin Duniya ya faru ne da gangan. &nbsp;&nbsp;Abubuwan da aka yi la'akari da su a cikin shekarun 2010 da 2020 sun haɗa da mamayewar Rasha a Ukraine, fadada kasar Sin zuwa tsibirai da ke kusa da su, Rikicin kan iyakar Sin da Indiya, barazanar aikin soja na kasar Sin a kan Taiwan, rikice-rikicen kan iyakar Indo-Pakistan, da kuma shiga kasashen waje a yakin basasar Siriya. Sauran haɗarin da ake tsammani sune cewa yaƙin da ya shafi ko tsakanin [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudi Arabia]] da [[Iran]], [[Isra'ila]] da Iran, [[Indiya]] da [[Pakistan]], [[Ukraniya|Ukraine]] da [[Rasha]], [[Poland]] da [[Belarus]], [[Koriya ta Kudu]] da [[Koriya ta Arewa]], ko [[Taiwan]] da [[Sin|China]] na iya ƙaruwa ta hanyar kawance ko shiga cikin yaƙi tsakanin "babban iko" kamar [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], Ingila, Faransa, Jamus, Rasha, China, Japan ko kuma yaƙin da ke tsakanin hadin gwiwar soja [[NATO]] da CSTO, ko ma yiwuwar "kwamin kwamandan makaman nukiliya" wanda ba a ƙarƙashin duk wani yaƙin nukiliya ba shi da izini ba zai iya ƙaruwa ba tare da izini yaƙin da izini da izini a kaiwa ba.<ref>{{Cite book|last3=Ron Rosenbaum}}</ref> Dangane da binciken da aka sake dubawa da aka buga a cikin mujallar Nature Food a watan Agustan 2022, cikakken yakin nukiliya tsakanin Amurka da Rasha, wanda ya saki sama da Tg 150 na soot na stratospheric, na iya kashe mutane sama da biliyan biyar ta hanyar yunwa a lokacin hunturu na nukiliya. Fiye da mutane biliyan biyu na iya mutuwa daga yunwa daga karamin yaki na nukiliya (5-47 Tg) tsakanin Indiya da Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Xia |first=Lili |last2=Robock |first2=Alan |last3=Scherrer |first3=Kim |last4=Harrison |first4=Cheryl S. |last5=Bodirsky |first5=Benjamin Leon |last6=Weindl |first6=Isabelle |last7=Jägermeyr |first7=Jonas |last8=Bardeen |first8=Charles G. |last9=Toon |first9=Owen B. |last10=Heneghan |first10=Ryan |date=15 August 2022 |title=Global food insecurity and famine from the reduced crop, marine fishery and livestock production due to climate disruption from nuclear war soot injection |journal=[[Nature Food]] |volume=3 |issue=8 |pages=586–596 |doi=10.1038/s43016-022-00573-0 |pmid=37118594 |s2cid=251601831 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> A yayin yakin nukiliya tsakanin Rasha da Amurka, kashi 99% na yawan jama'a a cikin ƙasashe masu fafatawa, da Turai da China, za su mutu. Wasu al'amuran sun haɗa da haɗari saboda canje-canje masu zuwa daga sanannen halin da ake ciki. A cikin shekarun 1980s Strategic Defense Initiative ya yi ƙoƙari ya soke makaman nukiliya na USSR; wasu masu sharhi sun yi imanin cewa shirin yana "rashin daidaituwa". A cikin littafinsa Destined for War, Graham Allison yana kallon kishiyar duniya tsakanin ikon da aka kafa, Amurka, da ikon da ke tasowa, China, a matsayin misali na Thucydides Trap. Allison ya bayyana cewa a tarihi, "12 daga cikin shari'o'i 16 da suka gabata inda karuwar iko ta fuskanci ikon mulki" sun haifar da fada.<ref>Graham Allison (2017). ''Destined for War'', Scribe, p. 215</ref> A cikin 2020 da 2023, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists ya ci gaba da agogon ranar ƙarshe, yana mai da hankali a tsakanin sauran abubuwan da aka yi hasashen tasirin rikice-rikice daga makamai masu zuwa. Yakin yanar gizo shine amfani da fasaha ta wata kasa ko kungiyar kasa da kasa don kai farmaki da lalata hanyoyin sadarwa da kwamfutocin adawa. Lalacewar na iya haifar da ƙwayoyin cuta na kwamfuta ko hare-haren ƙin sabis (DoS). Hare-haren yanar gizo suna ƙara zama ruwan dare, suna barazanar tsaro ta yanar gizo kuma suna mai da shi fifiko a duniya. An sami yaduwar hare-haren da gwamnati ke tallafawa. Halin waɗannan hare-haren ya nuna yiwuwar yakin duniya na uku na yanar gizo.Manyan sojoji na duniya suna haɓaka dabarun yanar gizo, gami da hanyoyin canza tsarin umarni da sarrafa abokan gaba, tsarin gargadi na farko, dabaru, da sufuri.Harin Rasha na shekara ta 2022 na Ukraine ya haifar da damuwa game da babban hari na yanar gizo, tare da Rasha da ta ƙaddamar da hare-haren yanar gizo don sasanta kungiyoyi a duk faɗin Ukraine. Rasha ta ƙaddamar da kusan hare-hare 40 masu hankali waɗanda suka lalata fayiloli har abada a cikin daruruwan tsarin a cikin ƙungiyoyi da yawa, tare da kashi 40% da nufin manyan fannoni a cikin Ukraine.Amfani da yakin yanar gizo na Rasha ya juya yakin zuwa babban yakin "haɗe-haɗe" a Ukraine. == Dubi kuma == * Yunkurin adawa da nukiliya * Gasar makamai ta wucin gadi * Yakin Cold na Ilimin Ilimin Ilimi * Gasar makaman nukiliya * Holocaust na nukiliya * Ta'addanci na nukiliya * Yaƙin Cold na Biyu * Yaƙin Duniya na III a cikin al'adun gargajiya * [[Yaƙi]] * [[Yaƙin Duniya na I]] * [[Yaƙin Duniya na II]] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] b8cy5avrosl4c0tmcdduacuvtatlzno 0 93405 884679 590917 2026-07-18T13:51:25Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 884679 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{databox}} '''Costache''' ko '''Kostake Aristia'''({{IPA|ro|kosˈtake arisˈti.a}} ; An haifi '''Constantin Chiriacos Aristia''' ; Greek , ''Konstantinos Kyriakos Aristias'' ; transigal Cyrillic : Коⲛстантiⲛꙋ Aрistia, ''Constantinŭ Aristia'' ; a shekara ta 1800 &#x2013; 18 Afrilu 1880) ɗan Wallachian mawaƙi ne, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo kuma mai fassara, wanda kuma aka sani saboda ayyukansa na soja, malamin makaranta, kuma mai taimakon jama'a. Wani memba na mulkin mallaka na Girka, lokacin samartaka da farkon kuruciyarsa sun yi daidai da kololuwar Hellenization a duka Masarautun Danubian . Ya fara bayyana a mataki a ''[[Cișmeaua Roșie]]'' a [[Bukarest|Bucharest]], kuma ya zama mai kare Lady Rallou . An yi iƙirarin cewa ta ɗauki nauyin tafiyarsa zuwa Faransa, inda Aristia ta zama mai koyi da François-Joseph Talma . Bayan dawowarsa, Aristia ya ɗauki dalilin kishin ƙasa na Girka, yana shiga cikin Filiki Eteria kuma ya tashi da "tutar 'yanci" don Bandungiyar Tsarkakewa . Ya yi yaƙi a gaban Wallachian a lokacin Yaƙin Ɗuncin Kai na Girka, kuma mai yiwuwa ya halarta don shan kaye a Drăgășani . Ya tsere daga kasar kuma ya koma tsakanin jihohin Turai daban-daban, yana samun kariya daga Earl na Guilford, kafin ya koma Bucharest a matsayin mai koyarwa na sirri ga dangin Ghica . Aristia ta yi amfani da wannan damar don koyar da wasan kwaikwayo da wasan kwaikwayo kai tsaye, don haka ta zama ɗaya daga cikin farkon masu ba da gudummawa ga [[Theater of Romania|wasan kwaikwayo na Romanian]] . Mai tasowa a cikin fasaha da salon zamani, ya kiyaye sunansa kamar yadda Wallachians suka zo suka ƙi mulkin Girka. Ya daidaita kansa ga al'adunsu na Faransanci, da buga littattafan karatu don koyan Faransanci, da koyar da Faransanci da Girkanci na Demotic a Kwalejin Saint Sava . A ƙarƙashin ''Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Halitta'', Aristia ya haɗu da tropes Eterist da kishin ƙasa na Romania . Ya zama mabiyin Ion Heliade Rădulescu, kuma ya taimaka kafa kungiyar Philharmonic Society, wacce ta samar da sabon tsarar 'yan wasan Wallachian-ciki har da Costache Caragiale da Ioan Curie. Ya ba da gudummawa ga ƙoƙarin sabunta harshe, ko da yake nasa shawarwari a cikin wannan fanni sun sha suka sosai kuma a ƙarshe sun ƙi. Aristia ya shahara ta wurin fassararsa na Vittorio Alfieri 's ''Saul'', wanda ya ninka a matsayin mai nuna kishin ƙasa, kuma ya sami yabo saboda fassararsa na ''Iliad'' ; duk da haka, an yi masa ba'a don yabon Yarima Gheorghe Bibescu . Ya kuma ba da gudummawa ga rayuwar al'adu a cikin Masarautar Girka, inda, a cikin 1840, ya buga aikinsa kawai na wasan kwaikwayo. Aristia ya shiga cikin juyin juya halin Wallachian na 1848, lokacin da, a matsayinsa na shugaban National Guard, ya kama masu adawa da ra'ayin mazan jiya tare da kona kwafi na ''Regulamentul Organic'' a bainar jama'a. A lokacin mayar da martani, shi kansa fursuna ne na [[Daular Usmaniyya]], kuma a karshe an kore shi daga Wallachia. Ya dawo a 1851, bayan ya yi sulhu da gwamnatin masu ra'ayin mazan jiya na Barbu Dimitrie Știrbei, kuma ya kasance ɗan ƙasa na Ƙasar Ƙasar . Ya yi watsi da harkokin siyasa har tsawon rayuwarsa, yana mai da hankali kan aikinsa a Saint Sava, sannan a Jami'ar Bucharest, da kuma samar da wani nau'in ''Iliad'' . Daga cikin ayyukansa na ƙarshe da aka buga akwai fassarorin Littafi Mai Tsarki, waɗanda aka ɗauka a ƙarƙashin kwangila tare da Ƙungiyar Littafi Mai Tsarki ta Biritaniya da Ƙasashen Waje . == Tarihin Rayuwa == === Matasa === An yi imani da cewa Aristia an haife shi a [[Bukarest|Bucharest]], babban birnin Wallachia, a cikin 1800. An sake tura kwanan wata zuwa 1797 a wasu kafofin, amma dangin Aristia sun musanta cewa hakan gaskiya ne. A cikin 1952, masanin tarihin Dimitrios Economides, wanda ya yi hira da dangin Aristia, ya yi jayayya cewa an haifi Costache a [[Istanbul]], babban birnin [[Daular Usmaniyya|Daular Ottoman]], "a kusa da shekara ta 1800". A lokacin haihuwarsa, Wallachia da Moldavia ( Masu Mulkin Danubian biyu) sun kasance masu cin gashin kansu na mulkin Ottoman; rinjayen al'adun Girka da Hellenization, wanda Phanariotes ke wakilta da farko, sun kasance a "babban acme". Ko da yake masani Petre Gheorghe Bârlea ya gani a matsayin Aromaniya ta asali, Aristia da kansa ya lura cewa, a bangaren ubansa aƙalla, ya kasance "Girkanci mai kyau". Ya kwatanta dangantakarsa da Wallachia ta fuskar haɗa kai da son rai, kamar yadda mahaifinsa ya ba shi shawara: ''Fii grec și român zdravăn, fii recunoscător'' ("Ka dage a matsayin Hellenanci da Romanian, ka gode"). An nutsar da shi cikin al'adun Girkanci, har yanzu ba shi da fahimtar rubuce-rubucen Romanian har zuwa 1828. Costache ya shiga Makarantar Giriki ta Bucharest a lokacin mulkin Yarima John Caradja, Bature. Malamansa a wurin sun hada da masanin ilimin falsafa Constantin Vardalah. A cewar wani rahoto marigayi [[Octav Minar]], Aristia kuma ya yi muhawara a matsayin malamin wasan kwaikwayo bayan ya koma Bucharest, a wani lokaci kafin 1815. Dalibai na ƙarni na farko da ake zaton sun haɗa da Stephanos "Natis" Caragiale, kakan ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Romanian Ion Luca Caragiale . Kafin kammala karatunsa, Aristia da kansa ya kasance ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na filin buɗe ido a ''[[Cișmeaua Roșie]]'' . <ref name="sasu" /> Masanin kimiyya Walter Puchner, wanda ya bayyana waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru zuwa "lokacin bazara da kaka na 1817", ya yi tambaya game da daidaito na tarihin tarihi, yana mai cewa sun saba wa juna a kan cikakkun bayanai; bisa ga memoirist kuma mai bincike [[Dimitrie Papazoglu]], ''Cișmeaua'' a haƙiƙa "darekta Aristias" ne ke sarrafa shi. A wannan matakin, yin wasan kwaikwayo a Wallachia ya kasance sana'a na maza duka, kuma Aristia ta bayyana a matsayin jagorar mace, cikin ja . 'Yar Caradja, Lady Rallou ce ta dauki nauyin tawagar ''Cișmeaua'' . A cewar asusun daban-daban, basirar Aristia ta burge ta, kuma an ba da rahoton aika shi zuwa ƙasashen waje, zuwa Masarautar Faransa, don Aristia ya yi karatu a ƙarƙashin François-Joseph Talma . <ref name="sasu" /> An yi sabani da cikakkun bayanai game da wannan da'awar. Wani mai bincike [[Ioan Massoff]] ya lura cewa Aristia ba ta taɓa zama memba a ajin wasan kwaikwayo na Talma ba, sai dai kawai ɗan kallo na yau da kullun ga abubuwan da ya nuna, kuma bayan haka mai kwaikwayonsa. Puchner yayi tambaya ko wannan tafiya ta taba faruwa, tunda "babu wata shaida da ta bayyana akan zaman [Aristia] a [[Faris|Paris]]." [[Fayil:Eteria_Bucharest_1821.jpg|left|thumb|440x440px| Buga na Jamusanci na 1821, wanda ke nuna [[Sava Fochianos]] ' Arnauts, ƙarƙashin tutar da ke ɗauke da giciye, da sojojin Ottoman suka yi masa kisan kiyashi a Bucharest.]] Aristias sun haɗa kai ga dalilin kishin ƙasar Girka jim kaɗan kafin tashin hankalin Girka na 1821 . Matashi Aristia ya shiga ƙungiyar asirin Alexander Ypsilantis, Filiki Eteria, wanda sannu a hankali ya tsara balaguron kishin ƙasa a Moldavia da Wallachia. A ƙarshen 1818 da farkon 1819, wani sabon Yarima Alexandros Soutzos, ya ƙyale Aristia da tawagarsa su yi ayyukan wasan kwaikwayo na siyasa '','' wanda ke nuna "ƙiyayyar zalunci da sadaukar da kai ga uba" - daga ''La Mort de César'' da ''Mérope'', na [[Voltaire|Voltaakiires]], zuwa [[Iakovakis Rizos Neroulos|Iaskovosia]] . An gamu da su da "tafi mai yawan gaske, annashuwa da kwararowar motsin rai". Soutzos ya damu da wannan liyafar, kuma ya yanke shawarar dakatar da duk wasannin da za a iya ɗauka a matsayin sukar addini da siyasa. Ƙungiya ta yi watsi da shi, wanda ya ba da amsa kai tsaye ga gungun masu kulla makirci; sun ci gaba da wasannin motsa jiki na Voltaire da Vittorio Alfieri, har zuwa watan Mayun 1820, lokacin da Girkawa na cikin gida ke cikin shirye-shiryen juyin juya hali. Aristia yana jiran Eterists a Bucharest, wanda sojojin da ke biyayya ga Tudor Vladimirescu suka mamaye, wanda ya jagoranci juyin juya hali na Romawa . A tsakiyar Maris 1821, Girkawa a Bucharest, jagorancin Giorgakis Olympios, sun yi alkawarin tallafa wa Ypsilantis maimakon Vladimirescu. An gudanar da taron ne da babban baje kolin kishin kasar Girka a cikin garin Bucharest, wanda Constantin D. Aricescu ya yi alkawarin rubutawa a hirarsa da Aristia. Mai wasan kwaikwayo ya ɗauki "tutar 'yanci", alamar Eterist da ke nuna Constantine Mai Girma da Helena, tare da gicciye da taken " A cikin wannan, nasara "; leƙen asiri ya nuna phoenix yana tashi daga toka. Bikin ya ƙare tare da dasa tuta a ƙofar Bellu, an sanar da taron jama'a a matsayin prefiguring a nan gaba sake mamaye [[Daular Rumawa|Byzantium]] . An ba da rahoton cewa, "tutar da Mista Aristia ke ɗauke da ita" [[Sava Fochianos]] kuma ta karɓe shi daga baya, wanda ya gudu zuwa ƙungiyar Ypsilantis ' Sacred Band tare da sansanin Bucharest. A cikin Afrilu-Agusta, sojojin Ottoman sun kewaye sojojin Ypsilantis tare da murkushe su. A cewar asusun daban-daban, Aristia ya yi yaƙi tare da Ƙungiyar Tsarkaka ta Wallachia a matsayinsu na ƙarshe a Drăgășani, tare da wani ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, Spiros Drakoulis. An ji masa mummunan rauni a wannan filin daga, kafin ya sami wuri mai tsarki a cikin Daular [[Austriya]] . A ƙarshe ya zauna a cikin Papal States, inda ya ci gaba da karatunsa kuma ya saba da wasan kwaikwayo na Italiyanci. Yin wasan kwaikwayo na sadaka ga yara marasa galihu, a cikin ko kusa da 1824 ya sadu da Louis Dupré, wanda ya zana hotonsa. Har ila yau, a Roma, Aristia ya sadu da Earl na Guilford, kuma daga baya ya yi iƙirarin cewa ya sami kariya ta mahaifa. A halin yanzu, ainihin mahaifin Costache ya shiga yaƙi don Jamhuriyar Hellenic ta farko, kuma daga baya aka kashe shi a Siege na Missolonghi . Da yake komawa ƙasarsa Wallachia, Aristia ya sami aiki a matsayin mai koyarwa na sirri ga matasa ’yan iyalin Ghica —wanda ubangidansa, Grigore IV Ghica, ya hau gadon sarautar Wallachia a shekara ta 1822. Majiɓincinsa, Smărăndița Ghica, shi ma ya bukace shi da ya shirya wasannin motsa jiki a cikin harshen Girkanci a gidanta na Bucharest. Na yau da kullun sun haɗa da ɗan siyasa da mawallafin tarihi na gaba, Ion Ghica, wanda shi ma Aristia ya koyar da shi kai tsaye. A cewar Ghica, Aristia ya keɓe wa kansa muƙamai na take, yayin da Smărăndița da [[Scarlat Ghica (1812–1857)|Scarlat Ghica]] ke da ayyukan tallafi; Kayayyakinsu an gyara su daga lilin gado da tsofaffin riguna. Ghica ya kwatanta malaminsa a matsayin "almara" da "wuta" hali, lura da wucewar cewa Aristia kuma yana inganta salon zamani na yammacin yamma, ciki har da tailcoat, bayan ya watsar da duk tufafin Ottoman bayan 1822. Wannan lokacin kuma ya shaida haɗin kai na farko tsakanin Aristia da marubuci Wallachian, Ion Heliade Rădulescu . An yi wahayi zuwa ga karshen, a cikin 1825 Aristia ya samar kuma ya yi a [[Molière]] 's ''George Dandin'', yana mai da shi a matsayin ma'anar anti-Phanariote. Ya rage kawai aikin da Molière ya taɓa kawowa a kan mataki a Wallachia, duk da fassarori da yawa na sauran wasanninsa. Har ila yau, a cikin 1825, Aristia ya yi tafiya zuwa British Corfu, yana yin a cikin harshensa na Girkanci na Voltaire's ''Mahomet'' . Guilford ne ya dauki nauyin daukar nauyinsa, a karshe ya sauke karatu daga Kwalejin Ionian . A lokacin da yake can, ya shirya Alfieri's ''Oreste'', ''Agamemnon'', da ''Antigone'', Pietro Metastasio 's ''Demofoonte'', da Jean Racine 's ''Andromaque'' . <ref name="mmh174" /> Puchner ya kuma ambaci cewa Aristia a ƙarshe ta koyar da darasi a makarantar. Tattalin Arziki ya nuna cewa Aristia ya koma Bucharest a 1827, ya shiga cikin ma'aikatan Kwalejin Saint Sava a matsayin malamin Faransanci; wasu bayanan suna da shi a cikin Paris, inda Aristia ya kammala waƙar yabo na murnar Jamhuriyar Hellenic. Firmin Didot ne ya fara buga shi a shekara ta 1829. A halin yanzu, yanayin adawa da Ottoman ya sami amincewa bayan yakin Russo-Turkiyya na 1828-1829, wanda ya sanya Wallachia da Moldavia a karkashin tsarin zamani na zamani, wanda kundin tsarin mulki ''na Regulamentul Organic'' ya ayyana. An buga waƙarsa a matsayin ƙasidar da jaridar Heliade ''Curierul Romance'' ta buga, wanda hakan ya yi nuni ga ƴancin ƙasar Romania. Ɗaya daga cikin asusun na Iosif Hodoșiu ya nuna cewa Aristia ya koma ayyukansa a kan mataki a lokacin ainihin aikin, a cikin tazara bayan korar Grigore Ghica. Ya "yunƙurin tsoro" ya haɗa da nunin Alfieri's ''Bruto'' da ''Oreste'', na ƙarshe tare da CA Rosetti a matsayin Aegisthus (yana nuna "irin wannan mummunan hali wanda ya tsoratar da jama'a, har ma da malaminsa, Aristia"). === Kamfanin Philharmonic Society === [[Fayil:Emblem_of_Soțietatea_Filarmonică,_1835.svg|thumb|306x306px| Alamar Philharmonic Society, 1835]] Juyar da Aristia zuwa kishin ƙasa ta Romania, ko kuma "ƙa'idodin al'ummar ƙasar Romania", ɗan tarihi Nicolae Isar ya lura da shi a matsayin abin koyi ga ƙarni na Helenawa. Mawaƙin ya fara barazana da babban martabar al'adun Faransanci, wanda ya kawar da tasirin Girkanci: an ba da rahoton cewa ya rasa ɗalibai zuwa sabuwar makarantar Faransanci, wanda Jean Alexandre Vaillant ya kafa. Duk da haka, ya rama ta hanyar amfani da nasa adabin Faransanci. Don haka ana ba da shi a matsayin mai ba da gudummawa ga sigar Romanian na Heliade na ''Mahomet'', wanda ya bayyana a cikin 1831. Duk da ƙirƙira da ya yi, Aristia ya ci gaba da tallata ƙa'idodin "Eterist dramatic repertoire", wanda ya haɗa da ''Mahomet'' da Lord Byron 's ''Siege na Koranti'' . Daga Nuwamba 1832, shugaban makarantar Petrache Poenaru ya dauki Aristia aiki don koyar da Faransanci da Girkanci na Demotic a Saint Sava. Ya kuma ba da azuzuwan na yau da kullun a cikin wasan kwaikwayo kuma yana da jerin shirye-shiryen ɗalibai da suka shafi Rosetti da Ion Emanuel Florescu ; A lokacin wadannan, Rosetti "ya bayyana kansa a matsayin mai matukar hazaka thespian". Aristia kuma ta gano kuma ta haɓaka ɗan bala'in haifaffen Bucharest, Ioan Tudor Curie. Ya ci gaba da yin tasiri a kan salon: yawancin ɗalibai, sama da duka Curie da Costache Mihăileanu, sun yi koyi da kowane ɗabi'a na malaminsu. Saboda Aristia, tsararrun ƴan wasan kwaikwayo "waɗanda aka lalatar da su", suna sa dogon gashin kansu, kuma suna sanya wuyan "garish". Dalibai daga waɗannan shekarun sun haɗa da ɗan Natis Caragiale, Costache Caragiale, wanda ya yi muhawara a 1835 a matsayin dalibi na Curie. Kamar yadda Curie da kansa ya ruwaito, Aristia ne ya ɗauki matakin canza azuzuwan wasan kwaikwayo na yau da kullun zuwa gidan wasan kwaikwayo mafi tsari: "Shi shahararren mai zane ne, mai zane mai kyau, masanin gine-gine, mai sassaka, mawaƙi. Yana da babban ra'ayi mai ƙarfi game da kowane abu da komai. Yana son gidan wasan kwaikwayo na gargajiya; ya ci gaba ta hanyar bincike ta cikin ɗakunan karatu na waɗancan litattafai na Yahudawan Yahudawa, waɗanda suka ba da litattafai na Burume na Girkanci, waɗanda suka ba da litattafai na Yahudawa na Burume a waɗancan litattafan Girkanci. kuma daga cikin wadannan kayan tarihi na zamani ya kirkiro kayan wasan kwaikwayo, ya dinka su tare da kansa, daga kyalle mai kyau, [da] samar da ingantaccen yanayin tarihi”. Aristia ya sami ƙarfafawa daga mashawartan boyar, wanda ya ji labarin "aikin abubuwan al'ajabi" a matsayin malami, amma kuma daga Babban Gwamna na Rasha, Pavel Kiselyov . Kiselyov ya ziyarci Aristia don ya tabbata cewa taron ba na siyasa ba ne, bayan haka ya albarkaci kansa. <ref name="sibechi390" /> A 1833, Aristia ya zama na yau da kullun a cikin da'irar masu sassaucin ra'ayi, yana ganawa da almajirinsa Ghica da sauran matasa masu ilimi. Tare da Heliade, sun kafa Ƙungiyar Philharmonic. Ya shirya darussa a cikin wasan kwaikwayo da kuma bayyanawa a Makarantar Dramatic, reshe na Philharmonic Society. Wannan ita ce cibiyar koyo ta farko don ƙwararrun ƙwararrun da ta wanzu a cikin ƙasashen Balkan . Alumni sun haɗa da uku daga cikin ƴan wasan majagaba na Wallachia, Caliopi Caragiale, Ralița Mihăileanu, da Eufrosina Popescu, da mawallafin wasan kwaikwayo Dimitrie C. Ollănescu-Ascanio . Daga Nuwamba 1, 1835, Aristia da jagoransa Heliade sun kasance masu gyara na bakinta, ''Gazeta Teatrului'' . A wannan shekarar, ya kuma buga wani littafi akan nahawun Faransanci, wanda aka sake bugawa a 1839 a matsayin ''Prescurtare de grammatică françozească'' . An kafa shi sosai akan Charles Pierre Chapsal da François-Joseph-Michel Noël 's ''Nouvelle Grammaire Française'' . Ya biyo baya da jerin darussa na harshen Faransanci, gami da littafin magana da fassarar littafin tatsuniyoyi na ɗabi'a na J. Wilm. <ref name="Călinescu, p. 149" /> The Philharmonic ya sanya wasan kwaikwayo na baƙi-kawai keɓanta ga wannan ka'ida shine rahoton da aka ruwaito na [[Costache Faca]] 's ''Comodia vremii'', a cikin 1835. ''Mahomet'' ya kasance wanda aka fi so tare da jama'a-Aristia ba ta bayyana a ciki ba, amma ta yi aiki a matsayin mai faɗakarwa . A cewar Hodoșiu, Philharmonic ya sami nasara "mara ƙima" tare da wannan wasan, wanda ya tabbatar da cewa ƙungiyar za ta iya ƙidaya akan kasafin kuɗi 2,000. Sauran abubuwan samarwa sun tayar da hankali na mazan jiya, kamar yadda ya faru da ''Misanthropy da Tuba'' na Agusta von Kotzebue . Hakan ya sa Barbu Catargiu ya ba da rahoton cewa Filharmonic ya gaza a cikin aikin da ya bayyana na yin hidima a matsayin "makarantar ɗabi'a". <ref name="ihrelat" /> Aikin Aristia na gaba shine fassarar Alfieri's ''Saul'' da ''Virginia'', wanda aka fara ba da izini kuma ya samar da shi ta wannan Society. Ba a taɓa buga shi ba, amma ya zama tushen nuni a ranar 1 ga Disamba, 1836. Ya shirya, amma bai taba gudanar da bugawa ba, Molière's ''Tilas Aure'' . A cikin 1837, Aristia kuma ya buga sigarsa ta [[Homer]] 's ''Iliad'', wanda ya haɗa da ɗan gajeren tarihin marubucin. Har ila yau sigar da aka buga ta ƙunshi bayanan Aristia, tare da bayyana amsoshi ga waɗanda suka fara sukarsa, waɗanda ya kira " Thersites ". <ref name="duma233" /> Sarkin Wallachia Alexandru II Ghica ya kasance mai sha'awar aikin, kuma ya gabatar da Aristia tare da taya murna, wanda aka bayyana ga dukan talakawansa. Wani lokaci ana bayyana wannan a matsayin fassarar ''Iliad'' na farko zuwa Romanian; wasu shaidu sun nuna cewa Alecu Beldiman na Moldavia ya samar da wani ca. 1820, kusa da lokacin da [[Iordache Golescu]] shima ya rubuta juzu'i. ''Saul'' shi ne babban nasarar da Society ya samu: ya ninka a matsayin wasan kishin ƙasa, tare da saƙon da masu kallon wasan kwaikwayo suka fahimci cewa daular Rasha ta mamaye su. Wakilan Rasha sun yi fushi, kuma an dakatar da samarwa. Babban adawarsa ga Alexandru II, da koma bayan tattalin arziki, ya kawo ƙarshen ƙungiyar Philharmonic Society a farkon watanni na 1837. Almajiran Aristia sun yi ƙoƙarin yin irin wannan ayyuka, amma gabaɗaya sun kasa gina kansu na ainihin sana'o'i. Ban da sun haɗa da Costache Caragiale, wanda ya sami damar samun aiki a Botoșani a Moldavia, da Eufrosina Popescu da Ralița Mihăileanu, waɗanda ke jagorantar mata a Bucharest har zuwa ƙarshen 1870s. A watan Mayun 1837, Aristia da kansa ya yi tafiya zuwa Moldavia, tare da rakiyar Heliade a kan tafiya ta hanyar sadarwa da kuma fatan daidaita ƙoƙarin tsakanin ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun hukumomi biyu. An ɗauki misalan waƙarsa a cikin sharhin Mihail Kogălniceanu, ''Alăuta Românească'' . A gida, gwamnatin Ghica ta ci gaba da ba wa mawakin yabo. A cikin 1838, an karɓi shi cikin boyardom bayan an halicce shi ''Serdar'' ; a cikin Janairu 1836, ya auri Lucsița Mărgăritescu ta Romania. A wannan lokacin, Aristia yana zaune a wani gida a gefe ɗaya na Cocin Lutheran na Bucharest (Titin Luterană), inda kuma ya karbi bakuncin makarantar 'yan mata ta farko da jihar ta amince da ita. Surukinsa, ''Serdar'' Ioan Mărgăritescu, ya bai wa ma'auratan gonar inabin da ba a haɗa su ba na Giulești, da kadarori daban-daban da darajarsu ta kai 35,000 thaler . Costache da Lucsița ɗan fari ɗa ne, an same shi da mutuwa yana ɗan shekara uku; an haifa musu wata diya Aristia Aristia a shekara ta 1842. Makarantar wasan kwaikwayo ta Aristia, har yanzu tana da dogaro sosai ga Talma, ta kasance mai gaskiya, ko kuma “da ɗan ɗabi’a”, domin ta dogara ga canji . Duk da haka, ya ingiza almajiransa su wuce gona da iri, wanda hakan ya sa su “gaji da tsagewa” har zuwa gasa gasa. An tuna Curie don ya jagoranci ''Saul'' a watan Disamba 1837, kuma ya yi aiki tare da irin waɗannan hanyoyin da ya suma. Likitoci sun shiga tsakani don zana jini, wanda hakan ya sa Heliade ta faɗi cewa Curie ya “zubar da jininsa don girmama gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Romanian”. An ba da rahoton, wasu a kotun Ghica sun ji daɗin taron, kuma sun yi tambaya game da lafiyar "sarki" Curie. Kodayake wasan zai iya komawa cikin samarwa daga Janairu 1838, kuma ƙungiyar Caragial ta ɗauka a Moldavia, Ayyukan Heliade da Aristia sun katse ta hanyar manyan koma baya. Kamar yadda Hodoșiu ya ruwaito, “zanatar da kai kai tsaye”, wanda ke nuna kishin Alexandru II, amma kuma rikice-rikice a cikin Society kanta, ya sake kawo tsayawar aikin Aristia. Philharmonic ya daina aiki lokacin da [[Ieronimo Momolo]] ya ƙare yarjejeniyarsu a zauren gidan wasan kwaikwayo. === Baƙi na Athens da juyin juya halin 1848 ===   A shekara ta 1839, Yarima Ghica ya ƙera ƙetare siyasa ta Heliade; Magoya bayan Heliade guda biyu da har yanzu suka bayyana a bainar jama'a sune Poenaru da Aristia. A cikin waɗannan watanni, malamin makaranta mai ra'ayin mazan jiya [[Ioan Maiorescu]] ya wallafa cikakken suka game da tsarin ilimi na Wallachia, wanda ya sa Aristia ta ɗauki matakin kare kanta. A kusa da wannan lokacin, Aristia da Curie sun tafi yawon shakatawa na wasan kwaikwayo na Masarautar Girka, inda tsohon ya kafa Ƙungiyar Philodramatic. An buga littafinsa na al'adu, wanda aka yi wa mutanen Girka jawabi a ranar 25 ga Satumba 1840. Hakan ya ba shi goyon baya nan take daga wasu tsoffin 'yan Eterists da suka koma [[Athens]], ciki har da mai ba shi shawara Rizos Neroulos, da kuma daga hambararren Yarima John Caradja. Rubutun Aristia wani zargi ne na melodrama kamar yadda sarakunan kasashen waje na Sarki Otto suka fi so, yana jawo adawarsu ga ayyukansa; sun ɗaukaka abokin hamayyar Aristia, [[Theodoros Orfanidis]] . <ref name="mmh174" /> Aristia kuma troupe an san su sun yi wasa guda a Athens. Wannan shi ne ''Aristodemo'', na Vincenzo Monti, wanda shi da kansa ya fassara zuwa Girkanci; An fara ranar 24 ga Nuwamba 1840. <ref name="mmh174" /> A cewar wani labari, Aristia "ya firgita waɗancan dames na sake haifuwa Hellada tare da gaskiyar abin da ya yi, cewa wasu sun suma." Har ila yau, a cikin 1840, wani bugu a Athens ya fitar da ainihin aikin wasan kwaikwayo na Aristia, bala'i ''Αρμόδιος και Ἀριστογείτων'' (" Harmodius da Aristogeiton "). Rashin gamsuwa da tsarin mulkin Ottonia, marubucin a asirce ya furta cewa yana marmarin komawar sa tabbatacciyar komawa Wallachia, "a cikin waɗancan kyawawan Dacians ". Ya yi haka kafin Oktoba 1843, kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin babban editan jaridar Poenaru, ''Învățătorul Satului'' . Wannan ita ce bugu na farko da aka yi niyya musamman don ilimantar da manoman Wallachia, kuma makarantun karkara ne suka rarraba shi. Aristia ya gudanar da nasa ginshiƙi a cikin nau'i na "tatsuniyoyi masu ladabi", ''Datoriile omului'' ("Ayyukan Mutum"), wani lokacin wahayi ta hanyar abubuwan tarihi daga zamanin Mircea da Dattijo da Matei Basarab . Waɗannan sun canza “alƙawuran biyayya ga doka da hukuma” tare da “mahimman bayanai game da rashin adalci da cin zarafi daga waɗanda ke kan mulki.” Curie, a halin yanzu, ya zaɓi kada ya koma ƙasarsa, ya sanya hannu ga Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen waje ta Faransa ; Daga baya ya zauna a Moldavia. Waɗancan shekarun kuma sun shaida sha'awar Aristia na canjin siyasa a Wallachia: kuma a cikin 1843, ya buga ''Prințul român'' ("Yariman Romania"), wanda ya ƙunshi abubuwan jin daɗi ga Gheorghe Bibescu, wanda ya lashe zaɓen sarauta na kwanan nan . Wannan ya biyo baya a cikin 1847 da irin wannan aiki akan Marițica Bibescu, wanda aka buga a matsayin ''Doamna Maria'' ("Lady Maria"). A cikin 1845, ya kuma samar da na uku kuma ya faɗaɗa aikinsa akan nahawun Faransa. Duk da haka yana ta fama don samun abin biyan bukata. A shekara ta 1847, masu bin sa bashi sun kwashe gidajensa biyu na Bucharest, kuma Lucsița ya hana shi shiga sadakinta. <ref name="Călinescu, p. 150" /> Duk da sa hannu a cikin bautar yarima, Aristia ana tura shi cikin sansanin yana adawa da ra'ayin mazan jiya na Bibescu. Yanzu ya "haɗe gabaɗaya" a cikin ƙungiyar ƙasa ta Romania, yana fitowa a matsayin memba na ƙungiyar maƙarƙashiya mai sassaucin ra'ayi, ''Frăția'' . Masanin tarihi Mircea Birtz ya yi hasashen cewa shi ma an qaddamar da shi cikin Freemasonry na Romania, amma ya lura cewa ƙungiyar da kanta ba ta taɓa ɗaukan sa ba. A cewar masanin tarihi Dumitru Popovici, Aristia ya san yadda rashin Romaniya ya yi karo da manufofin juyin juya hali; kamar Caragiale da Cezar Bolliac, ya rama tare da "babban karimcin" da zai nuna alakar sa da mutanen gida. Mawaƙin ya kai matsayinsa na siyasa a watan Yuni 1848, tare da nasarar juyin juya halin Wallachian na ɗan lokaci. A lokacin boren na asali, ya tayar da hankali a tsakanin 'yan kasar Bucharest, yana karanta "wakokin juyin juya hali". Bayan hambarar da Bibescu, gwamnatin wucin gadi ta kafa rundunar tsaro ta kasa, kuma ta shirya takara don zabar kwamandanta. Papazoglu ya tuna cewa Aristia shine kwamandan gadi na farko, wanda Bucharest ya zaba tare da yabawa a filin Filaret. Wasu asusun sun nuna cewa Aristia ya gabatar da kansa a matsayin ɗan takara, amma ya sha kaye a hannun [[Scarlat Crețulescu]] da gwamnati ta fi so, kuma an nada shi mamba na yau da kullun na kwamitocin tsaro biyar na Bucharest. A cewar Aricescu, jama'a sun goyi bayan Aristia da Nicolae Teologu, wadanda suka taru a Filaret don nuna adawa da zaben Crețulescu. Wannan ne ya sa hukumomi suka yi musu tirjiya da shela ta karya lagon “hargitsi”; Kamar yadda Aricescu ya karanta, takardar ta tabbatar da cewa Aristia da Teologu, a matsayinsu na almajiran Heliade, ba su da hagu fiye da Rosetti da sauran "demagogues", waɗanda suka kasance mafi yawan majalisar ministocin juyin juya hali. A ranar 7 ga Yuli ( Tsohon Salon : Yuni 25), Crețulescu ya yi murabus, ya ba da kujerarsa ga Aristia. A cewar Papazoglu, dukkanin sassan rundunar tsaron kasar sun kasance a kan takarda kawai. Waɗanda suka wanzu sun haɗa da membobin ƙungiyoyin birni na yau da kullun a cikin kakin aikinsu, waɗanda ke nishadantar da jama'a da rashin horon aikin soja. A lokacin da yake jami'in juyin juya hali, Aristia da kansa ya taimaka wajen aiwatar da murkushe masu biyayya ga Bibescu. A cewar Heliade, "Constantin Aristias, wani kanal a cikin masu gadin ƙasa, wanda ya ji daɗin amincewar jama'a ya kama jagoran mai ra'ayin [[Ioan Solomon]] ". Heliade ya yi iƙirarin cewa Aristia ya ceci Sulemanu daga kusantar da ya yi, yana ba da umarnin tsare shi a kurkuku a Cernica . Wani makasudin daukar fansa na juyin juya hali shine [[Grigore Lăcusteanu]], wanda tarihinsa ya tuna da haduwa da "Aristia (har ya zuwa yanzu kocin rikon kwarya) da wani Apoloni, dauke da makamai zuwa hakora, hulunansu da gashin fuka-fukai." Lăcusteanu ya kuma yi iƙirarin cewa cikin sauƙi ya yaudari Aristia don ya bar shi ya kwana tare da abokinsa, Constantin A. Crețulescu, maimakon a kai shi kurkuku na ainihi. Ba da daɗewa ba, Aristia ya yi murabus kuma aka maye gurbinsa da Teologu. Ya ci gaba da shiga cikin Guard, yana taimaka wa sabon kwamandan da sake tsarawa. A cewar wani rikodin daga baya, Aristia kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Ma'aikatar juyin juya hali na gundumar Ilfov (wanda ya haɗa da Bucharest). ''Învățătorul Satului'', wanda Nicolae Bălcescu mai tsattsauran ra'ayi ya jagoranta daga Yuli 1848, ya ɗauki mawaƙin a ƙungiyar edita. Fiye da batutuwa uku, ya buga makalar siyasarsa mara kunya, ''Despre libertate'' ("On Liberty"). A cikin watan Satumba, juyin juya halin Musulunci da kansa ya dauki wani sabon salo mai tsauri: a wani taron jama'a a ranar 18 ga Satumba (OS: Satumba 6), an kona ''Regulamentul Organic'' da ''Arhondologia'' ( rijistar lakabi da darajoji a bainar jama'a. Aristia da Bolliac sun shiga cikin wannan taron kuma sun ba da "maganganun wuta." Kamar yadda [[Ioan Voinescu I|Kanar Voinescu]] ya ruwaito, mawallafin memoirist mai ra'ayin mazan jiya, "wani mutumin Girka, wato C. Aristia" ya shirya "parody mai ban dariya" gaba ɗaya. Voinescu muses: "Me za mu kira irin wannan aikin? Wace al'umma ce ta taba cinna wa dokokinta wuta kafin ma ta yi wa kanta wasu sababbin! [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 0y1av3i3i652pbavpqi7jjrujxa7atq 0 93748 884825 605944 2026-07-19T09:52:00Z Abdulrahman tahir shika 24962 Nayi gyara 884825 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Gail Schoettler''' ( / ʃ ɛ t lɜːr /, <ref> name="cbsnews_schoettler">{{Cite web |date=October 13, 1998 |title=Lt. Governor Gail Schoettler |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/co-gov-schoettler/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131209084703/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/co-gov-schoettler/ |archive-date=December 9, 2013 |access-date=November 25, 2019 |website=cbsnews.com}}</ref> née '''Sinton'''; an haife ta a watan Oktoba 21, 1943) yar siyasa ce kuma 'yar kasuwa Ba'amurkiya mai ritaya wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin Laftanar Gwamna na 44th na Colorado kuma 50th Ma'aji na Jihar Colorado. A zaben gwamna na 1998, Schoettler shi ne dan takarar Democrat na Gwamnan Colorado, ya sha kaye a hannun Republican Bill Owens da kuri'u 7,783 kawai. <ref> name=":0">{{Cite web |date=November 3, 1998 |title=CO Governor |url=https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=208 |access-date=November 25, 2019 |website=ourcampaigns.com}}</ref> <ref> name=":1">{{Cite web |date=November 4, 1998 |title=Colorado - Governor |url=https://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/1998/states/CO/G/index.html |access-date=November 22, 2019 |website=cnn.com}}</ref> <ref> name=":2">{{Cite web |date=November 4, 1998 |title=Owens first GOP Colorado governor in more than two decades |url=https://www.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/stories/1998/11/03/election/governors/colorado/ |access-date=November 22, 2019 |website=cnn.com}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Schoettler Gail Sinton a Los Angeles, California a ranar 21 ga Oktoba, na shekara ta 1943. Mahaifin Schoettler ma'aikacin shanu ne kuma memba na hukumar makarantar Shandon. Schoettler yana da ɗan'uwa da 'yar'uwar tagwaye. Schoettler ya girma a wurin kiwon shanu a Shandon, [[California]]. <ref> name="cogreatwomen_schoettler">{{Cite web |title=Gail Schoettler |url=https://www.cogreatwomen.org/project/gail-schoettler/ |access-date=November 21, 2019 |website=cogreatwomen.org}}</ref> <ref> name="thedenverchannel_schoettler">{{Cite web |date=March 2, 2018 |title=Gail Schoettler, Colorado Women's Hall of Fame Class of 2018 |url=https://www.thedenverchannel.com/about/community-affairs/gail-schoettler-colorado-womens-hall-of-fame-class-of-2018 |access-date=November 25, 2019 |website=thedenverchannel.com}}</ref> <ref name="cbsnews_schoettler"/> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017 |title=James Sinton |url=https://www.legacy.com/obituaries/sanluisobispo/obituary.aspx?pid=187781381 |access-date=November 25, 2019 |website=legacy.com}}</ref> A cikin shekara ta 1965, Schoettler ta sami digiri a fannin tattalin arziki daga [[Jami'ar Stanford]]. Schottler ya sami digiri na biyu da digiri na uku a tarihin Afirka daga Jami'ar California, Santa Barbara. <ref name="cogreatwomen_schoettler">{{Cite web |title=Gail Schoettler |url=https://www.cogreatwomen.org/project/gail-schoettler/ |access-date=November 21, 2019 |website=cogreatwomen.org}}</ref> <ref name="thedenverchannel_schoettler"/> <ref name="cbsnews_schoettler"/> == Sana'a == Schoettler ta zama mataimaki na bincike ga farfesa na Nazarin Afirka a Makarantar Graduate ta Jami'ar Denver na Nazarin Ƙasashen Duniya, yana samun $2.50 a sa'a. <ref name="thedenverchannel_schoettler"/> A cikin 1975, Schoettler ta haɗu kuma ya zama Shugaban Gidan Tarihi na Yara na Denver a [[Denver]], Colorado, har zuwa 1985. <ref name="cbsnews_schoettler">{{Cite web |date=October 13, 1998 |title=Lt. Governor Gail Schoettler |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/co-gov-schoettler/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131209084703/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/co-gov-schoettler/ |archive-date=December 9, 2013 |access-date=November 25, 2019 |website=cbsnews.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Children's Museum of Denver |url=http://brsarch.com/projects/childrens-museum-of-denver |access-date=November 25, 2019 |website=brsarch.com }}{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A cikin wannan shekarar, Schoettler ya kafa bankin mata na Denver. <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 27, 2018 |title=10 Inspiring Women Inducted Into the Colorado Women's Hall of Fame |url=https://www.cobizmag.com/People/10-Inspiring-Women-Inducted-Into-The-Colorado-Womens-Hall-of-Fame/ |access-date=November 21, 2019 |website=cobizmag.com}}</ref> <ref name="thedenverchannel_schoettler">{{Cite web |date=March 2, 2018 |title=Gail Schoettler, Colorado Women's Hall of Fame Class of 2018 |url=https://www.thedenverchannel.com/about/community-affairs/gail-schoettler-colorado-womens-hall-of-fame-class-of-2018 |access-date=November 25, 2019 |website=thedenverchannel.com}}</ref> === Siyasa === A cikin 1979, Schoettler ta zama memba na Hukumar Ilimi a Douglas County, Colorado . Schoettler yayi aiki har zuwa 1987. <ref name="cbsnews_schoettler"/> A cikin 1983, Schoettler ta zama Babban Darakta na Sashen Ma'aikata na Colorado, <ref name="investhernetwork">{{Cite web |title=Gail Schoettler |url=https://www.investhernetwork.org/advisory-board |access-date=November 25, 2019 |website=investhernetwork.org }}{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ranar 4 ga Nuwamba, 1986, Schottler ta zama Ma'ajin Jihar Colorado na 50. Schoettler ta doke Dick Sargent da Joseph M. Nelson da kashi 51.60% na kuri'un. <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 4, 1986 |title=CO Treasurer |url=https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=806337 |access-date=November 25, 2019 |website=ourcampaigns.com}}</ref> Ranar 6 ga Nuwamba, 1990, a matsayin mai ci, Schoettler ta ci zabe kuma ya ci gaba da zama ma'aji na Colorado. Schoettler ta doke Dick Sargent da Karen Thiessen da kashi 53.74% na kuri'un da aka kada. <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 6, 1990 |title=CO Treasurer |url=https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=28575 |access-date=November 25, 2019 |website=ourcampaigns.com}}</ref> A cikin 1994, an zaɓi Schoettler Laftanar Gwamnan Colorado a matsayin abokin takarar Roy Romer . <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 1994 |title=1994 Gubernatorial General Election Results - Colorado |url=https://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/state.php?year=1994&fips=8&off=5 |access-date=November 22, 2019 |website=uselectionatlas.org}}</ref> A ranar 3 ga Nuwamba, 1998, Schottler ta sha kaye a zaɓen a matsayin ɗan takarar Demokraɗiyya na Gwamna na Colorado . Bill Owens ta doke Schoettler da kashi 48.43% na kuri'un da aka kada. Schoettler ta sha kaye ne da kuri'u 7,783. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=November 3, 1998 |title=CO Governor |url=https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=208 |access-date=November 25, 2019 |website=ourcampaigns.com}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=November 4, 1998 |title=Colorado - Governor |url=https://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/1998/states/CO/G/index.html |access-date=November 22, 2019 |website=cnn.com}}</ref> <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=November 4, 1998 |title=Owens first GOP Colorado governor in more than two decades |url=https://www.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/stories/1998/11/03/election/governors/colorado/ |access-date=November 22, 2019 |website=cnn.com}}</ref> === Aikin bayan gwamnati === Schoettler da Judi Wagner sun kafa wata ƙungiyar mata da za ta tara kuɗi don tallafawa mata masu takara. Schoettler ya haɗu da Haɗin gwiwar Mata da Zaɓen Mata. <ref name="thedenverchannel_schoettler"/> <ref name="kamiguildner_schoettler">{{Cite web |date=2018 |title=Gail Schoettler |url=https://www.kamiguildner.com/ewr046/ |access-date=November 25, 2019 |website=kamiguildner.com}}</ref> A cikin 1999, an nada Schoettler a matsayin jakadiyar Amurka na taron sadarwa na duniya na 2000, wanda aka shirya a [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Schoettler Heads U.S. WRC-2000 Delegation |url=https://www.ntia.doc.gov/legacy/osmhome/newsletr/spring00/schoettler.htm |access-date=November 25, 2019 |website=ntia.doc.gov }}{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref name="ourcampaigns_schoettler">{{Cite web |title=Schoettler, Gail |url=https://www.ourcampaigns.com/CandidateDetail.html?CandidateID=466 |access-date=November 25, 2019 |website=ourcampaigns.com}}</ref> Schoettler shine mai eGlobalEducation, kamfanin balaguro. == Rayuwa ta sirri == A lokacin da yake da shekaru 21, Schoettler ya auri John Schoettler, masanin ilimin kasa, kuma suka koma Santa Barbara, California. A cikin 1969, Schettlers ya koma Colorado. Ma'auratan sun sake saki a cikin 1988, kuma a cikin 1990, Gail Schottler ya auri Dr. Donald Stevens, Dean na Jami'ar Colorado a Kwalejin Kasuwancin Denver. Schoettler yana da yara uku da ’ya’ya biyu, kuma {{As of|1998}} yana zaune a Parker, Colorado . <ref name="cbsnews_schoettler"/> <ref name="cogreatwomen_schoettler"/> <ref name="thedenverchannel_schoettler"/> <ref> name="ourcampaigns_schoettler">{{Cite web |title=Schoettler, Gail |url=https://www.ourcampaigns.com/CandidateDetail.html?CandidateID=466 |access-date=November 25, 2019 |website=ourcampaigns.com}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Jerin sunayen laftanar gwamnoni mata a Amurka * 1998 zaben gwamna na Colorado == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1943]] 2e1iqrzja242f0r8rismeivu2iz0k4z 0 95482 884688 619016 2026-07-18T14:08:08Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 884688 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Elina Guimarães''' (1904-1991) marubuciya ce kuma shugabar mata a [[Portugal]] a tsakiyar karni na 20. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Elina Júlia Chaves Pereira Guimarães a ranar 8 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1904 a [[Lisbon]], 'yar Alice Pereira Guemarães da Vitorino Máximo de Carvalho Guimarães ce kawai. Mahaifinta ya kasance a cikin Sojojin Portugal kuma ya rike muhimman mukamai na siyasa a lokacin Jamhuriyar Portugal ta farko, gami da, a takaice a 1925, daidai da Firayim Minista. Ta haka ne ta girma a cikin yanayin da siyasa ta mamaye kuma tun tana ƙarama ta zama mai sha'awar ayyukan siyasa, musamman ma haƙƙin mata. Bayan ta yi karatu a gida, kamar yawancin 'yan mata na manyan bourgeoisie, sannan a makarantun sakandare, ta shiga Faculty of Law na Jami'ar Lisbon, ta kammala a 1926. Ba ta taɓa yin aiki a matsayin lauya ba, kodayake ta yi aiki a kotun yara. Koyaya, iliminta game da haƙƙin mata daga ra'ayi na shari'a yana da mahimmanci ga rawar da ta taka na sanar da mata da yawa game da haƙƙoƙinsu.[1] == Rubuce-rubuce da gwagwarmaya == A shekara ta 1925, har yanzu dalibi ne a jami'a, ta shiga ƙungiyar mata, ta buga a cikin mujallar Vida Académica ƙalubalen maganganun wulakanci game da mata masu aiki da Júlio Dantas ya yi a cikin O Terceiro Sexo (jima'i na uku), inda ya ce matan da suka yi karatu ko aiki sun daina zama mata kuma sun zama jima'i na Uku. A sakamakon labarinta, [[Adelaide Cabete]] ta gayyace ta don shiga cikin Consejo Nacional das Mulheres Portuguesas (CNMP - Majalisar Mata ta Portuguese). A shekara ta 1927 ta zama babban sakatare na CNMP . A shekara ta 1928 an zabe ta mataimakiyar shugaban kwamitin CNMP kuma ta fara aiki sosai wajen jayayya da 'yancin mata su shiga siyasa da kuma' yancin mata. Labaranta, tare da jigon mata da shari'a, sau da yawa sun bayyana a cikin manema labarai, suna jayayya da haɗin kai, haƙƙin siyasa na mata da kuma samun damar mata ga sana'o'i. Ta kasance edita na mujallar CNMP, Alma feminina, a cikin 1929 da 1930, tana da alhakin "Feminist Page" a cikin mujallar Portugal Feminino, kuma ta rubuta wa jaridu da jaridu da yawa, gami da Diário de Notícias, O Primeiro de Janeiro, da mujallar shari'a Gazeta da Ordem dos Advogados (yanzu Gazeta Jurídica). A shekara ta 1928 ta auri Adelino da Palma Carlos, lauya kuma farfesa a fannin shari'a wanda zai jagoranci gwamnati ta farko bayan Juyin Juya Halin Carnation a ranar 25 ga Afrilu 1974 ya ga juyin mulkin mallaka na Estado Novo. Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya biyu. A shekara ta 1931 ta kasance daga cikin masu ilimi da masu fafutuka waɗanda suka yi zanga-zanga ga Ministan Ilimi na Jama'a game da hana haɗin kai a ilimin firamare. Ta kuma jaddada cewa duk 'yan mata ya kamata su sami irin wannan fahimtar Kimiyya, Yanayi da Tarihi kamar yadda aka koya wa yara maza. A shekara ta 1945 ta shiga Movement of Democratic Unity (Portuguese: Movimento de Unidade Democrática ko MUD), wani dandamali na shari'a na kungiyoyin da ke adawa da Estado Novo . A shekara ta 1946 an zabe ta mataimakin shugaban babban taron CNMP, lokacin da [[Maria Lamas]] ta kasance shugabar, tana rike da mukamin a shekara ta 1947, shekarar da hukumomin gwamnatin Estado Novo suka ba da umarnin rufe ta. Ta kasance fitacciyar memba na kungiyoyi da yawa na kasa da kasa, ciki har da Majalisar Mata ta Duniya da Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya don Zaɓin Mata . <ref name="MDM">{{Cite web |title=Elina Guimarães |url=https://www.mdm.org.pt/elina-guimaraes/ |access-date=23 June 2020 |website=Movimento democrático de mulheres: Mulheres de Abril |archive-date=27 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627114243/https://www.mdm.org.pt/elina-guimaraes/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="S&M">{{Cite web |title=ELINA JÚLIA CHAVES PEREIRA GUIMARÃES |url=http://silenciosememorias.blogspot.com/2010/12/229.html |access-date=23 June 2020 |website=Silêncios e Memórias}}</ref> Kimanin shekaru biyu bayan juyin juya halin Carnation na 25 ga Afrilu 1974 sabon kundin tsarin mulkin siyasa na Portugal ya fara aiki. Ya kafa daidaito tsakanin maza da mata a kowane mataki, gami da cikin iyali. Labaran da ta buga a cikin jaridu na yau da kullun tsakanin 1970 da 1975 an tattara su a cikin littafin Coisas de Mulheres (Matsalar Mata). A shekara ta 1979, Hukumar Kula da Yanayin Mata ta wallafa wani ɗan littafin da ake kira Portuguese Women Past and Present (Mulheres Portuguesas: Ontem e Hoje), wanda Guimarães ya rubuta. A shekara ta 1987, an buga shi a Turanci. A cikin wannan ɗan littafin, ta tattauna taƙaitaccen tarihin mata a Portugal. Da yake nuna rashin daidaito na jima'i a kasar a lokacin, ta lura daga baya cewa, "Na same shi abin kunya ne cewa shekaru masu tsawo na karatu sun zama dole ga mata su sami 'yancin maza waɗanda kawai zasu iya karatu da rubutu". Elina Guimarães ta mutu a ranar 26 ga Yuni 1991, a Lisbon. A ranar 26 ga Afrilu 1985, an sanya ta Jami'in Order of Liberty (Portuguese: Ordem da Liberdade), wani tsari na farar hula na Portugal da aka bayar don hidimomi ga hanyar dimokuradiyya da 'yanci. An kirkiro Order a shekara ta 1976, bayan juyin juya halin Carnation . Elina Guimarães na ɗaya daga cikin mata bakwai da Shugaba Ramalho Eanes da kansa ya zaɓa don yin ado, "don misalinta da aikinta a fannonin sa hannu don nuna aikin mata a cikin al'ummar Portugal". == Littattafai == Jerin labaran jarida da mujallar da sauran wallafe-wallafen da Elina Guimarães ya wallafa, wanda ke samuwa a shafin yanar gizon ɗakin karatu na Ƙungiyar Bar ta Portugal, ya kai kusan abubuwa 400. Littattafan da suka fi muhimmanci a ƙasa sun kasance: <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bibliografia da Dra. Elina Guimarães |url=https://www.oa.pt/cd/Conteudos/Artigos/detalhe_artigo.aspx?sidc=58102&idc=58658&idsc=58658&ida=24080 |access-date=23 June 2020 |website=Ordem dos Advogados: A Biblioteca}}</ref> * Laifuka Biyu (1930) * ''Ya Ikon Uwa'' (1933) * ''Yanayin Mata a Portugal'' (1938) * ''Yanayin Shari'a na Mata a cikin Dokar Iyali a gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya'' (1962) * ''Abubuwan Mata'' (tattara, 1975) * Mata na Fotigal: A yau da kullun (1978) * ''Mata na Portuguese: A baya da yanzu'' (1987) * ''Shekaru Bakwai na Mata'' (1991) == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}  [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1991]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1904]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] c8frfp1r1d2qmji3dglfe7ffeior8ju 0 95687 884681 822070 2026-07-18T13:59:43Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 884681 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Laura L. Carstensen''' ita ce Fairleigh S. Dickinson Jr. Farfesa a cikin Manufofin Jama'a kuma farfesa a fannin [[Ilimin halin dan Adam|ilimin halayyar dan adam]] a [[Jami'ar Stanford]], inda ta kasance darakta mai kafa Cibiyar Stanford a kan Longevity <ref> name="Stanford Profiles">{{Cite web |title=Laura Carstensen |url=https://profiles.stanford.edu/laura-carstensen |access-date=10 July 2015 |website=Stanford Profiles}}</ref> kuma babban mai bincike na Stanford Life-span Development Laboratory. <ref>{{Cite web |title=People |url=http://psych.stanford.edu/~lifespan/people.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150919021646/http://psych.stanford.edu/~lifespan/people.htm |archive-date=19 September 2015 |access-date=10 July 2015 |website=Stanford Life-span Development Lab}}</ref> Carstensen an fi saninsa a cikin ilimi don Ka'idar zabin zamantakewar zamantakewa, wanda ya haskaka canje-canje na ci gaba a cikin abubuwan da aka fi so na zamantakewa, kwarewar motsin rai da sarrafa fahimta daga farkon balaga zuwa tsufa.<ref> name="AmPsych99">{{Cite journal |last=Carstensen |first=L. L. |last2=Isaacowitz |first2=D. |last3=Charles |first3=S. T. |date=1999 |title=Taking time seriously: A theory of socioemotional selectivity |journal=American Psychologist |volume=54 |issue=3 |pages=165–181 |doi=10.1037/0003-066X.54.3.165 |pmid=10199217}}</ref> Ta hanyar nazarin ka'idodin ka'idar zabin zamantakewar zamantakewa, Carstensen da abokan aikinta (musamman Mara Mather) sun gano kuma sun haɓaka tushen ra'ayi na tasirin tasiri.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mather |first=M. |last2=Carstensen |first2=L. L. |date=2005 |title=Aging and motivated cognition: The positivity effect in attention and memory |journal=Trends in Cognitive Sciences |volume=9 |issue=10 |pages=496–502 |doi=10.1016/j.tics.2005.08.005 |pmid=16154382 |s2cid=17433910}}</ref> == Tarihin rayuwa == An haifi Carstensen a Philadelphia, [[Pennsylvania]] kuma ta shafe mafi yawan yarinta a Rochester, New York. Ta kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Rochester a shekarar 1978 kuma ta sami Ph.D. a fannin ilimin halayyar dan adam daga Jami'an [[West Virginia]] a shekarar 1983. Ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar farfesa a fannin ilimin halayyar dan adam a Jami'ar Indiana daga 1983 zuwa 1987, sannan ta shiga sashen ilimin halayya na Jami'ar Stanford a 1987. Baya ga rawar da ta taka a matsayin farfesa a fannin ilimin halayyar dan adam, ta yi aiki a matsayin darakta na Barbara D. Finberg na Cibiyar Clayman don Binciken Jima'i daga 1997 zuwa 2001 da kuma shugaban sashen ilimin halayya daga 2004 zuwa 2006. Tare da Thomas Rando, Carstensen ta kafa Cibiyar Stanford a kan Longevity a cikin 2007, inda a halin yanzu take aiki a matsayin darakta. Carstensen an dauke shi jagora ne game da tsawon rai. Rubutun ta da ra'ayoyin ra'ayi sun bayyana a cikin [[New York Times]], Time Magazine, da The [[Boston]] Globe. An kalli jawabin ta na TED fiye da sau miliyan ɗaya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 2011 |title=Laura Carstensen: Older people are happier |url=http://www.ted.com/talks/laura_carstensen_older_people_are_happier?language=en |access-date=August 4, 2015 |publisher=TED (conference)}}</ref> A shekara ta 2011 ta wallafa A Long Bright Future: Farin Ciki, Lafiya da Tsaron Kudi a cikin Zamanin Ƙarin Tsawon Rayuwa. == Kyaututtuka da aka zaɓa == * Kyautar Kleemeier, Cibiyar Nazarin Girma ta Amurka (2014) <ref name="Stanford Profiles">{{Cite web |title=Laura Carstensen |url=https://profiles.stanford.edu/laura-carstensen |access-date=10 July 2015 |website=Stanford Profiles}}</ref> * Kyautar Mai Kyau, Cibiyar Nazarin Girma ta Amurka (2014) <ref name="Stanford Profiles" /> * Kyautar Jagora, Ƙungiyar Psychological ta Amirka (Division 20) (2010) <ref name="Stanford Profiles" /> * Guggenheim Fellow, Guggenheim Foundation (2003) <ref name="Stanford Profiles" /> * Kalish Innovative Publication Award, Gerontological Society of America (1993) <ref name="Stanford Profiles" /> == Gudummawar bincike == === Ka'idar zabin zamantakewar jama'a === Carstensen da farko ya tsara ka'idar zabin zamantakewar zamantakewa (SST) a farkon shekarun 1990. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Carstensen |first=L. L. |year=1992 |title=Social and emotional patterns in adulthood: Support for socioemotional selectivity theory |journal=Psychology and Aging |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=331–338 |doi=10.1037/0882-7974.7.3.331 |pmid=1388852}}</ref> SST ka'idar motsawa ce ta rayuwa wacce ta nuna cewa mutane suna ba da fifiko ga manufofi masu ma'ana lokacin da aka hana lokaci. A cewar SST, mutanen da ke da sararin samaniya mai zurfi suna iya ba da fifiko ga bincike da fadada sararin samaniya, neman sabbin dangantaka da ke alkawarin fa'idodi na dogon lokaci. Sabanin haka, yayin da yanayin lokaci ke girma, mutane masu iyaka suna ba da fifiko ga manufofi masu ma'ana waɗanda zasu iya haifar da jin daɗin motsin rai.<ref> name="AmPsych99">{{Cite journal |last=Carstensen |first=L. L. |last2=Isaacowitz |first2=D. |last3=Charles |first3=S. T. |date=1999 |title=Taking time seriously: A theory of socioemotional selectivity |journal=American Psychologist |volume=54 |issue=3 |pages=165–181 |doi=10.1037/0003-066X.54.3.165 |pmid=10199217}}</ref><ref> name="psych&age02">{{Cite journal |last=Lang |first=F. R. |last2=Carstensen |first2=L. L. |year=2002 |title=Time counts: Future time perspective, goals and social relationships |journal=Psychology and Aging |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=125–139 |doi=10.1037/0882-7974.17.1.125 |pmid=11931281}}</ref> Sakamakon haka, mutanen da ke da iyakantaccen lokaci suna da ƙananan hanyoyin sadarwar zamantakewa da aka zaɓa da kyau kuma suna jin daɗin jin daɗi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=English |first=T. |last2=Carstensen |first2=L. L. |date=2014 |title=Selective narrowing of social networks across adulthood is associated with improved emotional experience in daily life |journal=International Journal of Behavioral Development |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=195–202 |doi=10.1177/0165025413515404 |pmc=4045107 |pmid=24910483}}</ref> === Sakamakon sakamako mai kyau === Carstensen yana da alhakin ganowa da haɓaka tushen ra'ayi don tasirin tabbatacce, yanayin da ke da alaƙa da shekaru a cikin sarrafa hankali wanda ke da kyau akan bayanan da ba su da kyau a hankali da ƙwaƙwalwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Reed |first=A. E. |last2=Carstensen |first2=L. L. |date=2012 |title=The Theory Behind the Age-Related Positivity Effect |journal=Frontiers in Psychology |volume=3 |page=339 |doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00339 |pmc=3459016 |pmid=23060825 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Binciken meta-analysis na nazarin 100 na tasirin tabbatacce ya gano cewa wannan tasirin ya fi girma a cikin binciken da ya haɗa da kwatancen shekaru masu yawa kuma ba ya hana sarrafa hankali.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Reed |first=A. E. |last2=Chan |first2=L. |last3=Mikels |first3=J. A. |date=2014 |title=Meta-analysis of the age-related positivity effect: age differences in preferences for positive over negative information |journal=Psychology and Aging |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=1–15 |doi=10.1037/a0035194 |pmid=24660792}}</ref> === Tsarin hangen nesa na gaba === Carstensen da Frieder Lang ne suka haɓaka ma'auni na lokaci na gaba (FTP).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Carstensen |first=L. L. |last2=Lang |first2=F. R. |date=1996 |title=Future Time Perspective Scale |journal=Unpublished Manuscript}}</ref> Sikeli na FTP ya haɗa da abubuwa goma da aka amsa ta hanyar nuna yarjejeniya a kan sikelin Likert mai maki 7 (daga 1 = rashin gaskiya, zuwa 7 = gaskiya sosai). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Notthoff |first=N. |last2=Carstensen |first2=L. L. |date=2014 |title=Positive messaging promotes walking in older adults |journal=Psychology and Aging |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=329–341 |doi=10.1037/a0036748 |pmc=4069032 |pmid=24956001}}</ref> Abubuwa uku na ƙarshe na sikelin hangen nesa na gaba (#s 8-10) an sake su. Lokacin da aka zira kwallaye, masu bincike suna lissafin matsakaicin maki na mahalarta. Binciken da ya gabata ya nuna alaƙar layi tsakanin shekarun lokaci da sararin lokaci. Ƙarfin dangantakar ya bambanta a matsayin aikin shekarun da ke cikin samfurin: kusan koyaushe, dangantakar tana da kyau, tare da manyan maki da ke nuna sararin samaniya na dogon lokaci.<ref name="psych&age02">{{Cite journal |last=Lang |first=F. R. |last2=Carstensen |first2=L. L. |year=2002 |title=Time counts: Future time perspective, goals and social relationships |journal=Psychology and Aging |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=125–139 |doi=10.1037/0882-7974.17.1.125 |pmid=11931281}}</ref> == Littattafan da aka zaɓa == * {{Cite journal |last=Carstensen |first=L. L. |last2=Isaacowitz |first2=D. |last3=Charles |first3=S. T. |date=1999 |title=Taking time seriously: A theory of socioemotional selectivity |url= |journal=American Psychologist |volume=54 |issue=3 |pages=165–181 |bibcode= |doi=10.1037/0003-066X.54.3.165 |pmid=10199217}} * {{Cite journal |last=Lang |first=F. R. |last2=Carstensen |first2=L. L. |date=2002 |title=Time counts: Future time perspective, goals and social relationships |url= |journal=Psychology and Aging |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=125–139 |bibcode= |doi=10.1037/0882-7974.17.1.125 |pmid=11931281}} * {{Cite journal |last=Mather |first=M. |last2=Carstensen |first2=L. L. |date=2005 |title=Aging and motivated cognition: The positivity effect in attention and memory |url= |journal=Trends in Cognitive Sciences |volume=9 |issue=10 |pages=496–502 |bibcode= |doi=10.1016/j.tics.2005.08.005 |pmid=16154382 |s2cid=17433910}} * {{Cite journal |last=Carstensen |first=L. L. |date=2006 |title=The influence of a sense of time on human development |url= |journal=Science |volume=312 |issue=5782 |pages=1913–1915 |bibcode=2006Sci...312.1913C |doi=10.1126/science.1127488 |pmc=2790864 |pmid=16809530}} * {{Cite journal |last=Carstensen |first=L. L. |last2=Turan |first2=B. |last3=Scheibe |first3=S. |last4=Ram |first4=N. |last5=Ersner-Hershfield |first5=H. |last6=Samanez-Larkin |first6=G. |last7=Brooks |first7=K. |last8=Nesselroad |first8=J. R. |date=2011 |title=Emotional experience improves with age: Evidence based on over 10 years of experience sampling |url= |journal=Psychology and Aging |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=21–33 |bibcode= |doi=10.1037/a0021285 |pmc=3217179 |pmid=20973600}} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] e9mi8yc7y2fvj6a9uglgta830832i7p 0 96992 884719 604705 2026-07-18T20:52:55Z Pretty Fulani 44366 884719 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} A tsawon tarihin kasar '''[[Aljeriya]]''' a matsayin kasa mai cin gashin kanta, ana samun rikici tsakanin masu rajin kare hakkin mata da masu ra'ayin mazan jiya game da matsayin mata a kasar Aljeriya<ref>[2]Bordat, Stephanie Willman; Kouzzi, Saida (2023), Wing, Adrien K.; Kassim, Hisham A. (eds.), "Postponing Equality in the Algerian Family Code", Family Law and Gender in the Middle East and North Africa: Change and Stasis since the Arab Spring, Cambridge University Press, pp. 78–92, doi:10.1017/9781139151719.005, <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-107-02352-9</nowiki>, archived from the original on 2024-05-21, retrieved 2023-05-18</ref>.  Dokar Iyali ta Aljeriya ta 1984 ta kafa wasu nau'ikan rashin daidaiton jinsi da wariya ga mata.<ref>[2]Bordat, Stephanie Willman; Kouzzi, Saida (2023), Wing, Adrien K.; Kassim, Hisham A. (eds.), "Postponing Equality in the Algerian Family Code", Family Law and Gender in the Middle East and North Africa: Change and Stasis since the Arab Spring, Cambridge University Press, pp. 78–92, doi:10.1017/9781139151719.005, <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-107-02352-9</nowiki>, archived from the original on 2024-05-21, retrieved 2023-05-18</ref> An aiwatar da wasu gyare-gyare na ci gaba a cikin 2005 gyare-gyaren dokar, amma har yanzu mata ba su da daidaito a karkashin dokar Aljeriya.<ref>[2]Bordat, Stephanie Willman; Kouzzi, Saida (2023), Wing, Adrien K.; Kassim, Hisham A. (eds.), "Postponing Equality in the Algerian Family Code", Family Law and Gender in the Middle East and North Africa: Change and Stasis since the Arab Spring, Cambridge University Press, pp. 78–92, doi:10.1017/9781139151719.005, <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-107-02352-9</nowiki>, archived from the original on 2024-05-21, retrieved 2023-05-18</ref> == Asali == Aljeriya kasa ce da ke arewacin Afirka a gabar tekun Bahar Rum.  Bayan tsawaita mulkin Faransa, Aljeriya ta sami 'yencin kai daga Faransa a shekara ta 1962. Yaƙin basasar Aljeriya (1991-2002) ya yi mummunan tasiri a rayuwar mata.  Kashi 99% na al’ummar Larabawa-Berber ne, haka nan kashi 99% na al’ummar musulmi ne, galibinsu ‘yan Sunna ne<ref>[3]"Algeria". The World Factbook. 22 March 2023. Archived from the original on 4 January 2021. Retrieved 24 January 2021.</ref>.  A kasar Aljeriya, kamar sauran yankunan MENA, a al'adance ana daukar mata a matsayin mai kula da gida, duk da haka, mata su ne kashi 65% na wadanda suka kammala jami'a a Aljeriya, kuma su ne suka fi kowa ilimi.  Aljeriya kuma tana da kyakkyawar al'adar girmama dangi, har ma da wasu 'yan ƙasa masu sassaucin ra'ayi.<ref>[4]Metz, Helen Chapin (1993). Men and Women. Archived from the original on 2023-03-21. Retrieved 2023-03-21.</ref> == Manazarta == s8dcpw06s303c48bwn4f6pqv0n7nqty 0 99134 884686 666525 2026-07-18T14:05:41Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 884686 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Catherine Apalat''' (an haife ta a ranar 28 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1981) 'yar jaridar [[Uganda]] ce, mai rubutun ra'ayin yanar gizo, mai shirya fina-finai kuma har yanzu mai daukar hoto a kungiyar mata ta Uganda Media Association (UMWA). Ya zuwa watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2013, Apalat shine Manajan Shirye-shiryen Mama FM, gidan rediyo na al'umma a karkashin UMWA.<ref> name=":1">{{Cite web |title=UGANDA MEDIA WOMEN'S ASSOCIATION & MAMA FM |url=https://www.umwamamafm.co.ug/ |access-date=2020-06-26 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Tarihi da ilimi == An haifi Apalat a Tororo ga David Livingstone Ongadi malamin makarantar firamare da Grace Onyadi kwararren masaniyar sadarwa. Apalat ta halarci Rock View don makarantar firamare a 1994 kafin ta shiga Tororo Girls da Our Lady of Gayaza don makarantar sakandare (1995-2000). Apalat ta shiga [[Jami'ar Makerere]] kuma ta kammala karatu tare da digiri na farko a cikin Sadarwar Jama'a a shekara ta 2005. == Ayyuka == Apalat ya yi aiki tare da Sashen Fim na Sadarwar Jama'a na Jami'ar Makerere a shekara ta 2002. Apalat ya samar da wasan kwaikwayo na minti goma (10) mai taken "Salongo's Gift" da "Portrait of an artist". Apalat ya shiga Top Radio kuma ya yi aiki tare da Sashen Bayar da Labarai, yana samar da labarai, gyarawa da ƙwarewa a cikin rahoton aikata laifuka a shekara ta 2003. Apalat ta shiga Great Lakes Film Production a 2005-2006 inda ta yi aiki a matsayin marubuciyar rubutun da kuma ma'aikatan fim din ci gaba. Daga 2007 zuwa yau, Apalat kuma yana aiki a matsayin furodusa kuma mai daukar hoto don har yanzu daukar hoto tare da Jarida ta Ƙungiyar Mata ta Uganda Media (The Other Voice) da Grass Root Women Empowerment Network (GWEN) Magazine da sauransu. Apalat ya yi aiki a matsayin ɗan takarar musayar Fredskorpset (FK) ([[Norway]] Peace Corp) tare da Kwalejin Aikin Jarida da Sadarwar Jama'a (CJMC FM) a cikin 2011, [[Nepal]]. Ma'aikatar Sadarwa ta Nepali, Nepal ta amince da gudummawar Apalat wajen nuna al'adun gargajiya da al'adun Afirka daban-daban ta hanyar fina-finai a cikin bikin fina-finai na Nepal na farko na Afirka a watan Mayu 2011. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nepal Film Festival |first=Nepal Film Festival |date= |title=Media Coverage - Nepal Africa Film Festival |url=https://www.nepalafricafilmfestival.com.np/media/2011.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160326225226/http://nepalafricafilmfestival.com.np/media/2011.html |archive-date=2016-03-26 |access-date=2020-06-25 |website=www.nepalafricafilmfestival.com.np}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-01-18 |title=Faces of FK media women |url=https://umwablog.wordpress.com/2013/01/18/faces-of-fk-media-women/ |access-date=2020-06-25 |website=Uganda Media Women's Association |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gallery - Nepal Africa Film Festival |url=https://www.nepalafricafilmfestival.com.np/gallery/2011.html |access-date=2020-06-25 |website=www.nepalafricafilmfestival.com.np |archive-date=2020-06-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625135524/https://www.nepalafricafilmfestival.com.np/gallery/2011.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya zuwa watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2013, Apalat shine Daraktan Shirin Mama Fm, Tashar Rediyo ta Al'umma a Uganda . <ref> name=":1">{{Cite web |title=UGANDA MEDIA WOMEN'S ASSOCIATION & MAMA FM |url=https://www.umwamamafm.co.ug/ |access-date=2020-06-26 |language=en-US}}</ref> Apalat ya yi aiki tare da ma'aikatan rediyo don tabbatar da cewa aikin rediyo yana bin samar da shirye-shiryen da suka shafi jinsi, saƙonnin ganowa da wasan kwaikwayo. == Bincike == Apalat ta shiga cikin ayyukan bincike da yawa ciki har da "Tushen Ganyen Mata a Fasaha a cikin 2013, Binciken Masu sauraro ga Masu sauraron Mama FM a cikin 2014 da The Global Media Monitoring Project (GMMP) a cikin 2015 tare da Uganda Media Women's Association . == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1981]] jmhcqljtot9heaet2saz21fzpp76fxc 0 101089 884687 624083 2026-07-18T14:06:57Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 884687 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Flag_of_Ghezo_of_Dahomey.svg|thumb|Fadar sarauta ta Ghezo]] '''Ghezo''', wanda kuma aka rubuta '''Gezo''', shi ne Sarkin Dahomey ( [[Benin|Jamhuriyar Benin]] ta yau) daga 1818 zuwa 1858. Ghezo ya maye gurbin ɗan'uwansa Adandozan (wanda ya yi mulki daga 1797 zuwa 1818) a matsayin sarki ta hanyar juyin mulki tare da taimakon ɗan kasuwan bawa na [[Brazil]] Francisco Félix de Sousa . Ya yi sarauta a kan masarautar a lokacin tashin hankali, wanda [[Daular Biritaniya|Birtaniyya]] ta rufe tashar jiragen ruwa na Dahomey don dakatar da [[Kasuwancin bayi na Atlantika|cinikin bayi na Atlantic]] . Ghezo ya kawo karshen matsayin Dahomey ga [[Masarautar Oyo|Daular Oyo]]. Bayan haka, ya magance babbar rashin amincewar cikin gida, da kuma matsin lamba daga Daular Burtaniya, don kawo karshen cinikin bayi. Ya yi alkawarin kawo karshen cinikin bayi a shekara ta 1852, amma ya ci gaba da kokarin bayi a shekara de 1857. An kashe Ghezo a shekara ta 1858, kuma dansa Glele ya zama sabon sarki. == Samun iko == [[Fayil:Symbole_de_Guezo_roi_du_Dahomey_au_mur_de_la_place_Goho_à_Abomey_au_Bénin.jpg|thumb|Alamar Guezo a wurin goho]] Ghezo ɗa ne da aka haifa da sunan Gakpe ga Sarki Agonglo kuma ƙaramin ɗan'uwa ne ga Adandozan . Lokacin da Agonglo ya mutu, akwai gwagwarmayar maye tsakanin 'ya'yansa maza kafin a naɗa Adandozan. Wata al'adar baki wacce ta samo asali a lokacin mulkin Ghezo, don kawar da Adandozan daga tarihin hukuma, ta ce an kira Adandozan ne kawai mai mulki kuma ya ki ya sauka ga Ghezo lokacin da ya tsufa.<ref name="Bay" /> Masana tarihi suna shakkar wannan. Bayani game da shekarun karshe na gwamnatin Adandozan yana da iyaka sosai, yana ba da ɗan fahimta game da halin da ake ciki wanda ya haifar da mulkin Ghezo. Abin da aka sani shi ne cewa a kusa da 1818, Adandozan ya ɗaure Francisco Félix na Sousa, mai iko dan kasuwar bayi na Afirka da Brazil, lokacin da ya bukaci a biya kuɗin da aka ba Adandozan. Tare da taimakon, an ruwaito, na Nicola d'Olveira, ɗan matar Afro-Dutch na Agonglo, de Sousa ya tsere daga ɗaurin kurkuku kuma ya koma Grand-Popo. Yayinda yake gudun hijira, de Sousa ya aika da kyauta da kuɗi ga Ghezo wanda Ghezo ya yi amfani da shi don kafa goyon baya ga ƙalubalen kursiyin. A cikin Al'adun shekara-shekara na 1818, an ce Ghezo ya bayyana yana riƙe da drum din yaƙi a fadar. Bayan ganin wannan, ''Migan'' da ''Mehu'' (firayim ministoci) sun cire takalma na sarauta daga Adandozan kuma sun kira Ghezo sarki. Wataƙila gwagwarmayar farko ta fi tashin hankali fiye da yadda wannan labarin ya fada. A cewar wasu fassarori, ba a kira Ghezo mai mulki a wannan lokacin ba, amma a maimakon haka an kira shi mai mulki har sai dan Adandozan Dakpo ya isa ya yi mulki. Labarin ya ce wannan fahimtar ta kasance har zuwa 1838, lokacin da Ghezo ya kira ɗansa, sarki na gaba Glele, a matsayin yarima. A wannan lokacin Dakpo da Adandozan sun jagoranci ɗan gajeren gwagwarmaya a cikin fadar. Yaƙin ya haifar da wuta wanda ya ƙone wani ɓangare na fadar kuma ya kashe Dakpo, ya sa Ghezo ya zama sarki na Dahomey. == Dokar == [[Fayil:FORBES(1851)_p2.322_PROCESSION_OF_THE_KINGS_WEALTH,_EK-BAH-TONG-EK-BEH.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Gudanar da dukiyar Sarki Ghezo, wanda Frederick E. Forbes ya zana a 1851.]] An bayyana mulkin Ghezo ta hanyar wasu muhimman nasarorin soja, rashin amincewa da gida, da kuma sauya tattalin arzikin cinikin bayi. Sau da yawa ana tunawa da mulkin Ghezo a matsayin daya daga cikin mafi muhimmanci dangane da sake fasalin da canji ga tsarin siyasa na masarautar (ko da yake wasu daga cikin wannan suna ba da sauye-sauyen da suka faru a ƙarƙashin Adandozan ga Ghezo a cikin ɓangaren share mulkin Adandozan). Baya ga nasarorin soja, rashin amincewa da gida, da cinikin bayi, an kuma yaba wa Ghezo da fadada zane-zane sosai da kuma ba da matsayi na sarauta ga masu sana'a da yawa don komawa babban birnin Abomey. === Yaduwar Soja === [[Fayil:Dahomey_amazon2.jpg|thumb|Dahomey Amazons ya zama wani muhimmin bangare na soja a karkashin Ghezo]] Nasarar da ya fi samu a soja ita ce a kan [[Masarautar Oyo|Daular Oyo]] da ta ragu a 1823. <ref name="Law-1986">{{Cite journal |last=Law |first=Robin |year=1986 |title=Dahomey and the Slave Trade: Reflections on the Historiography of the Rise of Dahomey |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=237–267 |doi=10.1017/s0021853700036665 |s2cid=165754199}}</ref> Tun daga shekara ta 1730, Dahomey ta ba da haraji na shekara-shekara ga daular Oyo kuma wasu daga cikin manufofin tattalin arziki da na soja sun kasance karkashin ikon Oyo. Koyaya, daular Oyo ta raunana sosai a cikin shekaru 30 da suka gabata kuma, tare da tashiwar jihadi na Islama zuwa arewa a cikin Khalifancin Sokoto, daular ba ta iya samun haraji daga Dahomey ba. A farkon shekarun 1820, Ghezo ya ki biyan harajin shekara-shekara ga Oyo. Oyo da Dahomey sun yi yaƙi da ƙaramin yaƙi a farkon shekarun 1820. Rikicin ya karu a shekara ta 1823 lokacin da Oyo ya aika da jakada don neman haraji kuma Ghezo ya kashe shi. Oyo ta mayar da martani ta hanyar shirya rundunar da ta kunshi [[Mutanen Mahi|Mahi]] da sauran dakarun yankin don kai hari Dahomey. Ghezo ya kayar da wadannan dakarun a wani yaki kusa da Paouinnan . Daga nan sai Oyo ya aika da babbar runduna wacce ta kasance 4,000, gami da sojan doki, kuma suka kafa sansani kusa da ƙauyen Kpaloko. Ghezo ya kayar da wannan rundunar ta hanyar shirya wani hari na dare wanda ya haifar da mutuwar shugaban Oyo, Ajanaku, kuma ya sa sojojin Oyo su koma baya.<ref name="Law-1977" /> Kodayake nasarorin da aka samu a kan Oyo suna da mahimmanci, wasu ayyukan soja a farkon shekarun mulkin Ghezo ba su da tasiri sosai. Ya sha wahala ga [[Mutanen Mahi]] a arewacin Dahomey kuma bai iya samun isasshen mutane don biyan bukatun bayi ba, wanda ya kai shi ga sayar da 'yan ƙasa na Dahomey, wani yanke shawara mara kyau.<ref name="Law-1997">{{Cite journal |last=Law |first=Robin |year=1997 |title=The Politics of Commercial Transition: Factional Conflict in Dahomey in the Context of the Ending of the Atlantic Slave Trade |url=http://dspace.stir.ac.uk/bitstream/1893/280/1/politics-of-commercial-transition.pdf |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=213–233 |doi=10.1017/s0021853796006846 |s2cid=15681629 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Tare da ci gaba da rage ikon Oyo a yankin, Ghezo ya sami damar fadada soja a kan Mahi da mutanen [[Harsuna Gbe|Gbe]] zuwa kudu maso yammacin Dahomey bayan tsakiyar shekarun 1820. Bayan nasarori a waɗannan yankuna, Ghezo ya mayar da hankali ga ikon soja a yankin da ke tsakanin daular Oyo da Dahomey kuma ya kasance makasudin manyan hare-haren bayi. Bayan wasu gagarumin nasarori a wannan yanki ta Dahomey, an kafa birnin [[Abeokuta]] a matsayin mafaka mai aminci ga mutane su kasance 'yanci daga mamayar bayi a wuri mai sauƙin karewa.<ref name="Bay" /><ref name="Yoder">{{Cite journal |last=Yoder |first=John C. |year=1974 |title=Fly and Elephant Parties: Political Polarization in Dahomey, 1840-1870 |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=417–432 |doi=10.1017/s0021853700013566 |s2cid=162286376}}</ref> A cikin shekarun 1840, Abeokuta ya zama babban iko a yankin kuma yaƙe-yaƙe tsakanin Abeokuta da Dahomey sun zama na yau da kullun. A cikin 1849-50, a karkashin jagorancin Gwamnan Burtaniya William Winniett, jami'in sojan ruwa na Burtaniya Frederick E. Forbes ya tafi tafi tafiye-tafiye biyu zuwa kotun Sarki Ghezo "a cikin ƙoƙari mara nasara don shawo kansa ya kawo karshen shiga cikin cinikin bayi". A shekara ta 1851, Ghezo ya shirya hari kai tsaye a birnin Abeokuta, amma bai yi nasara ba. Ghezo ya dakatar da manyan ayyukan soja lokacin da ya kawo karshen cinikin bayi (1852). Koyaya, a shekara ta 1858, wata ƙungiya mai ra'ayin mazan jiya ta matsa wa Ghezo don sake fara manyan ayyukan soja tare da kai hari kan Abeokuta.<ref name="Law-1997">{{Cite journal |last=Law |first=Robin |year=1997 |title=The Politics of Commercial Transition: Factional Conflict in Dahomey in the Context of the Ending of the Atlantic Slave Trade |url=http://dspace.stir.ac.uk/bitstream/1893/280/1/politics-of-commercial-transition.pdf |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=213–233 |doi=10.1017/s0021853796006846 |s2cid=15681629 |hdl-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFLaw1997">Law, Robin (1997). [http://dspace.stir.ac.uk/bitstream/1893/280/1/politics-of-commercial-transition.pdf "The Politics of Commercial Transition: Factional Conflict in Dahomey in the Context of the Ending of the Atlantic Slave Trade"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''The Journal of African History''. '''38''' (2): <span class="nowrap">213–</span>233. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1017/s0021853796006846|10.1017/s0021853796006846]]. [[Hdl (identifier)|hdl]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[hdl:1893/280|1893/280]]</span>. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15681629 15681629].</cite></ref> Yana yiwuwa cewa wannan sabuntawar yaƙi tsakanin jihohin biyu ya haifar da mutuwar Ghezo, tare da wasu asusun da ke nuna cewa Abeokuta ya biya don kisan Ghezo (wasu asusun ba su yarda ba). <ref name="Yoder">{{Cite journal |last=Yoder |first=John C. |year=1974 |title=Fly and Elephant Parties: Political Polarization in Dahomey, 1840-1870 |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=417–432 |doi=10.1017/s0021853700013566 |s2cid=162286376}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFYoder1974">Yoder, John C. (1974). "Fly and Elephant Parties: Political Polarization in Dahomey, 1840-1870". ''The Journal of African History''. '''15''' (3): <span class="nowrap">417–</span>432. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1017/s0021853700013566|10.1017/s0021853700013566]]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162286376 162286376].</cite></ref> An yaba wa Ghezo tare da kafa Mino a matsayin ainihin rundunar yaƙi. Kodayake mace mai tsaron sarki ta wanzu ga sarakuna da yawa, ana cewa Ghezo sau da yawa a matsayin sarki wanda ya canza su zuwa rundunar yaƙi.<ref name="Alpern">{{Cite journal |last=Alpern |first=Stanley B. |year=1998 |title=On the Origins of the Amazons of Dahomey |journal=History in Africa |volume=25 |pages=9–25 |doi=10.2307/3172178 |jstor=3172178 |s2cid=162412301}}</ref> Masanin tarihi Edna Bay ya yi jayayya cewa wannan na iya zama sakamakon buƙatar samun goyon bayan mata masu tsaron fadar bayan sun yi tsayayya da juyin mulkin Ghezo a kan Adandozan. Ghezo ya yi wannan ta hanyar ɗaga matsayin masu tsaron mata, yana ba su kayan aiki, yana ba musu ƙarin makamai, da kuma sanya su wani muhimmin bangare na manufofin yaƙi. ==Rashin amincewar cikin gida == Rashin amincewar cikin gida ya kasance babbar matsala a tsawon mulkin Ghezo tare da runduna daban-daban da ke adawa da mulkinsa. Da farko dai bayan juyin mulkin da aka yi wa Adandozan, Ghezo ya samu goyon baya daga wasu mutane daban-daban da suka taimaka wajen kawo shi kan karagar mulki. Ko da yake da farko ya gabatar da kansa a matsayin wanda zai iya mayar da ayyukan soja ga Dahomey, wanda ya ce Adandozan ya kasa yi, asarar farko a mulkinsa ga Mahi ya sa shi rashin farin ciki. Har ma an ruwaito cewa a cikin 1825, ya yi tayin mayar da Adandozan kan karagar mulki amma Adandozan ya ki, yana fatan za a yi boren jama'a ga Ghezo.<ref name=Law-1997 /> Don tabbatar da goyon bayan mutane daban-daban, Ghezo ya ba da dama daga cikinsu mukamai masu mahimmanci. Don samun goyon bayan sauran sarakuna, ya nada biyu daga cikin 'yan'uwansa a matsayin '' Migan '' da '' Mehu '' kuma ya canza su zuwa matsayin gado wanda za su iya ba da 'ya'yansu. son).<ref name=Law-1997 /> A matsayin alama na yajin aiki ga gadon Adandozan, Ghezo ya nada Agontime nasa ''[[Kpojito]] '' (ko sarauniya-uwa, matsayi mai mahimmanci a cikin Masarautar Dahomey). Agontime ta kasance matar Agonglo, wani lokaci tana da'awar ita ce mahaifiyar Ghezo, wanda aka sayar da shi bauta a lokacin da Adandozan ya hau kan mulki saboda ta goyi bayan kishiya ga karagar mulki.<ref name=Bay /> In [[São Luís, Maranhão|São Luís]], a jihar [[Maranhão]] , [[Maranhão]] , [Minas] da Minas [Minsa], da ta samu (da) da Cause of Minas. muhimmin haikali wanda ya samo asali [[Tambor de Mina]], [[addinin Afro-Amurka | Addinin Afro-Brazil]], wanda ya kafa ƙungiyar magabatan gidan sarauta (voduns). Lokacin da kawo karshen cinikin bayi ya zama batu mai mahimmanci a cikin 1840s da 1850s, an sami ƙungiyoyi biyu daban-daban waɗanda masanin tarihi John C. Yoder ya kira '' Giwa '' da '' Fly '' jam'iyyun.Jarida ta Tarihin Afirka bukatar kawo karshen cinikin bayi kuma manyan jami'ai da wakilan de Sousa sun goyi bayansu. Bangaren Fly, sabanin haka, ya goyi bayan kawo karshen cinikin bayi da kuma biyan bukatun Birtaniyya.<ref name=Yoder /> Kungiyar Fly ta kara karfi tare da shingen shingen jiragen ruwa na Burtaniya na 1852 kuma a karshe Ghezo ya amince da kawo karshen cinikin bayi; duk da haka, ƙungiyar giwaye da muradin dangin de Souza sun kasance masu mahimmanci har tsawon mulkinsa.<ref name=Yoder /> Tarihin Robin Law ya yi imanin cewa ƙwararrun ƙungiyoyin da Ghezo ya haɓaka a 1856 lokacin da ya rage cinikin bayi. A waccan shekarar, wani bangare na sake dawo da cinikin bayi, wanda ''Migan'' da ''Yovogan'' (gwamnan Whydah) ke jagoranta, wanda ya tura Ghezo zuwa ga ci gaba da cinikin bayi a 1857.<ref name=Law-1997 /> Ɗaya daga cikin ƙarin hanyar da Ghezo ya ci gaba da tallafa wa cikin gida ita ce ta hanyar tsawaita zagayowar bikin a cikin 1850 tare da ƙari ga [[Annual Customs of Dahomey | Annual Customs]] ciki har da bikin cinikin dabino, na bikin ƙarewa ga masarautar Oyo, da kuma wanda aka sadaukar da shi ga Ghezo da kansa (amma ga lokacin da ya kasance basarake). ==Cinikin Bayi== Lokacin da Sarki Ghezo ya hau karagar mulki a shekarar 1818, ya fuskanci manyan kalubale guda biyu nan take: Masarautar Dahomey tana cikin rikicin siyasa, kuma ba ta da kwanciyar tattalin arziki.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Adeyinka |first=Augustus A. |date=1974 |title=King Gezo of Dahomey, 1818-1858: A Reassessment of a West African Monarch in the Nineteenth Century |journal=African Studies Review |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=541–548|doi=10.2307/523800 |jstor=523800 |s2cid=144269135 }}</ref> Da fari, dole ne ya samu 'yancin kai ta fuskar siyasa ta hanyar kawar da ikon da daular Yarbawa ta Oyo ke da shi akan Dahomey tun daga shekarar 1748. Abu na biyu, yana bukatar farfado da tattalin arzikin Dahomey.<ref name=":0" /> Dukkanin wadannan manufofin guda biyu sun dogara ne akan kasuwancin bayi. Sarki Ghezo ya aiwatar da sabbin dabarun soja, wanda hakan ya basu damar fuskantar daular Oyo da karfi, wadda ita ma babbar abokiyar gasa ce a kasuwancin bayi.<ref name=":0" /> Haka kuma, ya kafa wasu ka’idoji dangane da yadda Dahomey ke shiga kasuwancin bayi. A karkashin mulkinsa, ba za a ci gaba da sayar da mutanen Dahomey ba, kamar yadda aka yi a zamanin dan uwansa Adandozan. Maimakon haka, Dahomey za ta mayar da hankali kan kama mutane daga yankunan abokan gaba da kuma sayar da su.<ref name=":0" /> A yayin da bukatar bayi ta karu a Brazil a shekarar 1830, Birtaniya ta fara yakin kawar da kasuwancin bayi a Afirka.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Holly |title=How Britain is facing up to its hidden slavery history |url=https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20200205-how-britain-is-facing-up-to-its-secret-slavery-history |access-date=2022-09-22 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en}}</ref> Gwamnatin Birtaniya ta fara matsin lamba sosai ga Sarki Ghezo a cikin shekarun 1840s domin ya dakatar da kasuwancin bayi a Dahomey.<ref name=":0" /> Sarki Ghezo ya amsa wannan roko da cewa ba zai iya dakatar da kasuwancin bayi ba saboda matsin lamba daga cikin gida.<ref name="Law-1997" /> Ghezo ya kara da cewa: <blockquote>Kasuwancin bayi shi ne ginshikin rayuwar mutanena. Shi ne tushen da kuma alfaharin dukiyarsu... uwa na lullubar jaririnta da wakar nasara akan abokin gaba da aka mayar da shi bawa.<ref name="Martin">{{cite book |last1=Meredith |first1=Martin |title=The Fortunes of Africa |date=2014 |publisher=PublicAffairs |location=New York |isbn=9781610396356 |pages=193}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The Story of Africa • Slavery |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/9chapter2.shtml |access-date=24 September 2022 |work=BBC |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011223090507/https://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/9chapter2.shtml |archive-date=23 December 2001 |language=en |quote=King Gezo said in the 1840s he would do anything the British wanted him to do apart from giving up slave trade: The slave trade is the ruling principle of my people. It is the source and the glory of their wealth…the mother lulls the child to sleep with notes of triumph over an enemy reduced to slavery…}}</ref></blockquote> Ya kuma bayyana wa Birtaniya cewa daukacin yankin ya dogara da kasuwancin bayi na [[Tekun Atalanta|tekun Atlantika]] wajen samun riba, don haka dakatar da shi cikin kwana daya zai kawo rugujewar masarautarsa tare da haddasa rudani.<ref name=":0" /> Sarki William Dappa Pepple na Bonny da Kosoko su ma sun dauki irin wannan matsayi game da rokon Birtaniya.<ref name=":0" /> Madadin haka, Sarki Ghezo ya ba da shawarar fadada kasuwancin man kwakwa,<ref name="Law-1997" /> wanda, a cewar tarihici Augustus Adeyinka, hakan zai kai ga dakatar da kasuwancin bayi a hankali.<ref name=":0" /> Sai dai, samar da man kwakwa a Dahomey na dogara ne da bayi na cikin gida. Gocewar goyon bayan gida na Sarki Ghezo ya sauya, musamman bayan raguwar karfin Francisco Felix de Sousa da kuma mutuwarsa a shekarar 1849. Daga shekarar 1850, Sarki Ghezo ya kusa shiga yaki da Egbas na Abeokuta, sabon babban birnin Yarbawa da ya taso bayan rushewar Daular Oyo. Egbas, wadanda ba su shiga cinikin bayi ba, sun mayar da hankali wajen zama cibiyar kasuwancin man kwakwa ta yankin; matsayin da Sarki Ghezo ke bukata domin karkatar da Masarautar Dahomey daga cinikin bayi. Egbas sun samu rinjaye ta hanyar karbar Turawa, ciki har da mishanoni da ‘yan kasuwa, a Abeokuta. Wannan dabarar ta ba su damar samun sabbin bindigogi da makamai da Amazons na Dahomey ba su da su a lokacin. Cike da kishi da tsoron tasirin da Turawan Ingila ke dashi ga Egba, da kuma yadda suke karbar kayan alatu daga Birtaniya, Sarki Ghezo ya yanke shawarar daukar mataki. A wannan shekarar, ya shaida wa Konsul Beecroft da Kwamanda Forbes cewa yana shirin kai hari a Abeokuta, kuma idan Birtaniya ba ta taimaka wajen kawo karshen kasuwancin man kwakwa a Abeokuta ta hanyar kwashe babban birnin ba, Dahomey za ta dauki Birtaniya a matsayin abokiyar gaba. Matsalar wannan bukata kuwa ita ce Abeokuta da Badagry sun zama cibiyoyin mishanonin Birtaniya, wadanda ke kokarin "wayar da kan" mutanen Yarbawa. Saboda haka, Birtaniya ta mara wa Egba baya, lamarin da ya raunana ikon Sarki Ghezo da Masarautar Dahomey wajen cin moriyar kasuwancin man kwakwa kuma ya bar su ba da wata hanya ba don dakatar da cinikin bayi face rusa masarautar gaba daya. Saboda rashin yawan soja da makamai, Sarki Ghezo ya hada kai da Sarki Kosoko, Oba na Legas. Sun tsara yadda Dahomey za ta kai hari a Abeokuta yayin da Legas za ta kai hari a Badagry lokaci guda. A watan Maris na shekarar 1851, aka aiwatar da wannan hari, sai dai Egba tare da goyon bayan Birtaniya suka yi nasara. Wannan hari ya zama sananne da suna Yakin Abeokuta. Bayan shan kaye da Dahomey ta yi a hannun Abeokuta, da kuma kakabawa da Birtaniya ta yi da takunkumin rufe tashoshin jiragen ruwa na Dahomey, Sarki Ghezo ya nemi gwamnatin Birtaniya tare da tayin kawo karshen cinikin bayi nan take idan Birtaniya za ta biya diyyar kudin da Dahomey ta rasa daga cinikin bayi, kamar yadda Birtaniya ta yi wa masu bayi a turakun Caribbean lokacin da suka saki bayi. Bayan da suka ki amincewa da tayinsa, Sarki Ghezo ya ci gaba da cinikin bayi, domin kasuwancin man kwakwa bai sake samun riba ba. A watan Janairu na shekarar 1852, matsin lamba daga Birtaniya ya tilasta wa Ghezo sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya (tare da ‘yan majalisar ''Migan'' da ''Mehu'') da Birtaniya. Yarjejeniyar ta tanadi cewa Ghezo zai kawo karshen cinikin bayi daga Dahomey. Birtaniya ta yi imanin cewa Ghezo bai aiwatar da wannan yarjejeniya ba, ko da yake shi yana ganin ya cika ta ta hanyar dakatar da cinikin bayi daga tashoshin Dahomey kodayake ya ci gaba da barin bayi su fita daga wasu tashoshi a fadin kasar. Raguwar cinikin bayi ta kawo wasu sauye-sauye a shekarun karshe na mulkin Ghezo. Ya rage yawan yaki da kamun bayi a masarautar sosai, kuma a shekarar 1853 ya shaida wa Birtaniya cewa ya rage yawan hadayar mutane a lokacin bikin shekara-shekara na Dahomey (mai yiyuwa ya daina yanka fursunonin yaki gaba daya, sai dai wadanda aka same su da laifi ne kadai). Sai dai a cikin shekarar 1857 da 1858, Ghezo ya canza ra’ayi gaba daya inda ya nuna husuma ga Birtaniya; ya farfado da cinikin bayi ta tashar Whydah, sannan a 1858, Dahomey ta sake kai hari a Abeokuta. Wannan shawarar kai hari da farko Sarki Ghezo ya hana ta, amma matsin lamba daga cikin gida ya sa aka aiwatar da harin. == Mutuwa da gado == Cikakken bayanin mutuwar Ghezo ya bambanta dangane da tushen tarihi. An yi iƙirarin cewa akwai wani annabci da aka yi a farkon shekarun 1850 cewa idan Ghezo ya kai hari birnin Ekpo da ke ƙarƙashin Abeokuta, zai mutu sakamakon haka. Wannan na iya bayyana irin tsayin daka da ya yi a yakin da aka yi musu a shekara ta 1858[6]. Ko da kuwa, ya mutu ba da daɗewa ba bayan yaƙin neman zaɓe a 1859. An ba da shawarar dalilai daban-daban na mutuwa, ciki har da guba da limaman Dahomey suka yi bacin rai a ƙarshen sadaukarwar ɗan adam, ƙumburi, ko mutuwa a yaƙi. Sai dai mai yiyuwa ne wani maharbi da makiyansa suka hayar daga Abeokuta ya kashe shi. A cikin shekaru na ƙarshe na rayuwarsa, magajinsa Glele ya zama shugaban ƙungiyar da ke son dawo da cinikin bayi. Glele shi ne magaji na hukuma, amma ba shi ne ɗan fari ba; an ƙalubalanci shi a ƙoƙarinsa na yin mulki amma ƙungiyar masu ra'ayin mazan jiya sun goyi bayansa[1]. Yawancin gyare-gyaren da Ghezo ya yi, Glele ya raunana shi, wanda ya fara cinikin bayi, yaƙe-yaƙe, da sadaukarwar ɗan adam zuwa wani lokaci. == A cikin shahararrun al'adu == An nuna Ghezo a cikin littafin labari na Flash don 'Yanci! George MacDonald Fraser, da kuma a cikin littafin Frank Yerby na 1971, The Dahomean. An kuma ambace shi a cikin littafin tarihin Segu na Maryse Condé, wanda ya lura da annabcin cewa zai mutu da ƙananan yara. An ambaci Sarki Gezo a cikin littafin Anni Domingo na 2021 Breaking the Maafa Chain, wanda Sojojin ruwa na Masarautar suka ceci wani matashin bawa daga sadaukarwa a masarautarsa. A cikin fim ɗin Band of Angels na 1957, tsohon ɗan kasuwa Hamish Bond (Clark Gable) ya ba da labaru game da cin zarafin Ghezo, yana nufin tushen cinikin bayi a Dahomey. A yau, wani babban sansanin sojojin kasar Benin da ke [[Cotonou]] yana sunan 'Camp Ghezo' bayan tsohon sarki. Jarumi John Boyega ya nuna wani almara na Ghezo a cikin 2022 na tarihin tarihin Amurka The Woman King.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/john-boyega-cast-viola-davis-the-woman-king-1235017535/|title=John Boyega Joins Viola Davis in Historical Drama ''The Woman King'' (Exclusive)|date=September 21, 2021|first=Borys|last=Kit|website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921223135/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/john-boyega-cast-viola-davis-the-woman-king-1235017535/|archive-date=September 21, 2021|url-status=live|access-date=December 2, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2021/11/sony-dates-tristar-viola-davis-pic-the-woman-king-moves-affirms-george-foreman-biopic-to-2023-1234869067/|title=Sony Dates TriStar Viola Davis Pic ''The Woman King''; Moves Affirm's George Foreman Biopic To 2023|date=November 5, 2021|first=Anthony|last=D'Alessandro|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|access-date=November 5, 2021|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211109203410/https://deadline.com/2021/11/sony-dates-tristar-viola-davis-pic-the-woman-king-moves-affirms-george-foreman-biopic-to-2023-1234869067/|archive-date=November 9, 2021}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Ƴan Afirka da suka mallaki bayi]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] q1r6hll9ne4uecz6ukohif2gfe9rac9 0 102708 884664 642398 2026-07-18T13:38:11Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 884664 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Maktar''' ko '''Makthar''' ([[Larabci]]|مكثر), wanda aka fi sani da wasu sunaye daban-daban a lokacin zamanin da, gari ne kuma wuri ne na tarihin ƙasa a [[Siliana Governorate]], [[Tunisia]].<ref>Claude Lepelley: ''Les cités de l'Afrique romaine''. 1981, Bd. 2, shafuffuka 289–295.</ref> [[Abzinawa|Berber]] [[Numidia|Numidians]] ne suka kafa Maktar a matsayin wurin tsaro da [[Tsohon Carthage|faɗaɗawar Carthaginian]] . A ƙarshen Yaƙin Punic na Uku, yawancin 'yan gudun hijirar Punic ne suka zaunar da shi bayan halakar [[Tsohon Carthage|Carthage]] na Romawa a cikin 146.{{Spaces}}BC A karkashin mulkin Romawa, ta sami matsayin birni na kyauta a ƙarƙashin [[Julius Caesar|Julius Kaisar]] a cikin 46{{Spaces}}BC kuma ya zama mulkin mallaka na Romawa a AD{{Spaces}}146. Ya zama wani yanki na lardin Byzacena kuma ya kasance wurin zama na bishop na Kirista. A karkashin Rumawa da [[Daular Rumawa|Rumawa]], ta canza matsayinta na farko don yin aiki a matsayin gidan tsaro daga hare-haren Berber na gida. Garin ya tsira daga [[Mulkin umayyad a arewacin afrika|mamayar musulmi]] amma kabilar Banu Hilal suka lalata su a ranar 11 ga watan{{Spaces}}karni kafin a sake kafawa. Garin na yanzu yana da yawan jama'a 13,576 a cikin 2014. == Sunan == Carthaginians sun rubuta sunan garin daban-daban kamar  ( Punic ),  ( Punic ), kuma  ( Punic ). [ 4 ] Romawa sun yi amfani da sunan a matsayin '''Mactaris''', wanda ya zama Colonia Aelia Aurelia Mactaris a kan girmansa zuwa matsayin mulkin mallaka. Daga baya aka sanya wannan suna a matsayin Maktar. == Yanayin ƙasa == Tana kusa da kilomita {{Convert|140|km|0}} (87 kudu maso yammacin [[Tunis]] da kilomita {{Convert|60|km|0}} (37 Kudu maso gabashin El Kef. Garin na zamani yana kan tudu a kusa da {{Convert|900|m|ft|0}} sama da matakin teku. Yana zaune a wancan gefen kwarin daga rushewar Romawa kuma an san shi da ra'ayoyinsa masu kyau. Garin yana da yanayi na nahiyar, tare da hunturu mai sanyi da lokacin rani mai dumi da kuma dusar ƙanƙara a wasu lokuta a cikin watanni na Janairu da Fabrairu. == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Maktar_in_the_Atlas_archéologique_de_la_Tunisie.jpg|thumb|Maktar a cikin Atlas archaeological na Tunisia''Tarihin Archaeological na Tunisia'']] [[Fayil:Maktar_plan_ruines.jpg|right|thumb|Shirin Maktar]] A cikin karni na 3 BC, Numidians sun gina katanga mai mahimmanci a wurin, waɗanda aka zaɓa don sarrafa hanyoyin kasuwanci tsakanin Sbeitla, Kairouan, da El Kef . Kafa ya girma cikin sauri, kuma ƙarƙashin [[Masinissa|Masinisa]] ya haɓaka zuwa babbar cibiyar [[Numidia]] . Bayan faduwar Carthage a cikin 146{{Spaces}}BC, yawancin 'yan gudun hijirar Punic sun yi tururuwa zuwa Maktar, suna kawo al'adu da fasaha. Gine-gine, ƙungiyoyin jama'a, da harshe sun sami tasiri sosai daga Carthaginians. Da farko, aikin Romawa ya riƙe gwamnatin Punic da gudanarwa ta hanyar tsarin majistare na ''sufetes'', <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ilẹvbare |first=J.A. |date=June 1974 |title=The Impact of the Carthaginians and the Romans on the Administrative System of the Maghreb Part I |journal=Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=187–197 |jstor=41857007}}</ref> yayin da baƙi na Romawa suka kasance a cikin {{Lang|la|pagus}} daban (pagus). Mactaris ya girma ya zama ɗayan biranen da suka fi arziki a lardin a matsayin wurin wucewa don hatsi, mai, dabbobi, da masana'antu tsakanin [[Tsohon Carthage|Carthage]], Sufetula, [[Dougga|Thugga]], da [[Tebessa]]. A karkashin Trajan (97-117), an yi amfani da birnin. Birnin ya sami kundin tsarin mulkin Romawa da matsayin mulkin mallaka, inda aka ba duk mazauna zama ɗan ƙasar Romawa ta atomatik. Matsalar ƙarni na uku, wanda ya haifar da faduwar Daular Romawa, ya kuma shafi Maktar. An dakatar da raguwar na ɗan lokaci a ƙarƙashin Diocletian (284-305). A ƙarshen zamanin d ̄ a an kafa diocese na Mactaris na Cocin Roman, kuma ana iya ganin kiristanci na birnin a cikin gina majami'u da yawa. An ambaci birnin a cikin karni na 5 Notitia provinciarum da civitatum Africae da Peutinger Map . Maktar ya tsira daga mamayewar Vandals kuma ya zama muhimmiyar sansanin Byzantine. Maktar ya tsira daga mamayar musulmai, amma mummunan hari na Beni Hilal a cikin 1050 ya haifar da cikakkiyar lalacewa da watsi da shafin. == Archaeology == [[Fayil:Maktar_Punic_grand_dedicatory_inscription.jpg|thumb|Ɗaya daga cikin rubutun Maktar - harshen Punic "babban rubutun keɓewa"]] An rubuta rubuce-rubuce da yawa a cikin rushewar. An fara tono kayan tarihi na Faransa a shekara ta 1914, kuma an ci gaba daga shekara ta 1944 a babban sikelin. Kodayake ba a tono su ba, rushewar da aka tono har zuwa yanzu, musamman na wanka mai zafi da Schola na Juvenes, suna nuna wannan a matsayin ɗayan manyan wuraren tarihi a [[Tunisiya|Tunisia]]. === Tsarin da ya gabata === Shafin yana da megaliths da yawa, manyan slabs da aka yi amfani da su a cikin binne ashen. Binciken da Mansour Ghaki ya yi na ɗakin binnewa ya gano yumbu da yawa na asali daban-daban, na gida da na shigo da su, tun daga farkon karni na uku BC. Shafin ya haɗa da misali na pyramid na mausoleum na Punic, mai kama da mausoleum nke Atban a [[Dougga]] (Thugga). Bugu da kari, masu binciken tarihi sun tono wani filin jama'a na zamanin Numidian wanda ake zaton shi ne cibiyar addini ta birnin saboda kasancewar temples, wanda daga baya ya zama haikalin Augustus da Roma. Haikalin Hathor Miskar sananne ne saboda yawan binciken da aka yi a can, koda kuwa ba a kiyaye ragowar ba. A tsakiyar masallacin, masu binciken tarihi sun sami bagade wanda aka rubuta a kusan 100 BC.{{Spaces}} Gwamnatin Tunisiya ta haɗa shafin a cikin shawararta ta 2012 don ƙara wasu abubuwan tunawa na pre-Islamic zuwa Jerin Tarihin Duniya na [[UNESCO|Unesco]]. ===Filin Taro na Trajan=== Wannan fili mai siffar murabba’i da aka shinfida da duwatsu an tsara shi kusan shekara ta 116 AD a ƙarƙashin mulkin Trajan a matsayin fili na taro ga al’ummar Romawa lokacin da aka ba wa manyan mutanen gari izinin zama ‘yan ƙasa Romawa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://db.edcs.eu/epigr/epi_einzel.php?s_sprache=de&p_belegstelle=CIL+08%2C+11798&r_sortierung=Belegstelle|title = Epigraphik Datenbank}}</ref> (Ƴan asalin ƙasar suna da nasu filin taron da ke nisan mita 50 zuwa kudu maso yamma.) Portico ya kewaye filin, kuma ɓangaren kudu har yanzu yana da babban ƙofa mai girma da kyau, wato Babban Ƙofar Trajan. ===Babban Ruwan Wanka=== Babban Ruwan Wanka na daga cikin mafiya daɗewa kuma mafi kyau a Afirka ta Arewa. Ganuwar dakin sanyi (frigidarium) na tashi har zuwa mita 15. An gina ginin a kusa da shekara ta 200 AD kuma an kawata shi da furanni na gabas a saman ginshiƙai da kuma fili mai kyalli na mozaik. ===Makarantar Matasa (Scholia Juvenum)=== An gina wannan ginin kusan shekara ta 200 AD a matsayin wurin taro na ƙungiyar matasa, wani irin rundunar matasa da ke da alhakin tsaro da kuma karɓar haraji musamman. A Maktar, ƙungiyar ta ƙunshi kusan mambobi 70, kuma kamar yadda lamarin yake a wasu garuruwan yankin Romawa, sun taka rawa mai muhimmanci na ɗan wani lokaci. Shiga cikin wannan ƙungiya mai tsari na da mahimmanci don samun ci gaba a cikin soji. Manhajar makarantar ta haɗa da atisayen soja, wasanni, da kuma darussa irin su kudi, siyasa da al’adu. A ƙarshe, ƙungiyar ta fara samun ƙarfi sosai, domin masu kuɗi a garuruwan yankin na amfani da ita wajen kalubalantar ikon gwamnatin tsakiya. A shekara ta 238, Sarkin Roma Gordian I ya shiga wannan ƙungiya da kansa. Sarki Diocletian ya gyara makarantar. A zamanin Kiristanci, ginin da ake kira Basilica ya zama coci, inda aka yi amfani da akwatin gawar Punic daga makabartar kusa da wurin a matsayin bagadi. <gallery> file:Arc de Trajan, Makthar.jpg|Babban Ƙofar Trajan file:Forum et arc.JPG|Filin Taro da Ƙofar Trajan file:Amphithéâtre romain 3.jpg|Amfiteyata file:Makthar grands thermes sud.jpg|Ruwan Wanka file:MaktarSchola.jpg|Makarantar Matasa file:Makthar basilique Rutilius annexes.jpg|Basilika na Rutilius file:Makthar basilique musée.jpg|Basilika </gallery> ==Bishopric== Ko da yake majami’ar Romawa ta daina aiki gaba ɗaya da zuwan mayaƙan Musulmi, wurin bishop ɗin ya ci gaba da kasancewa a matsayin coci mai suna ba tare da iko kai tsaye ba (titular see) a cikin Cocin Katolika ta Romawa, kuma tun daga shekara ta 1514, an samu bishops guda 20 da suka rike wannan matsayin.<ref>[http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/former/t1056.htm Titular Episcopal See of Mactaris] a GCatholic.org.</ref> Bishop ɗin yanzu shine Pedro Dulay Arigo.<ref>[http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/d2m10.html Mactaris], a catholic-hierarchy.org</ref> An san bishops guda shida daga zamanin da,<ref>Toulotte, ''Géographie de l'Afrique chrétienne, Byzacène et Tripolitaine'' (Montreuil-sur-Mer 1894), shafuffuka 127–133.</ref> ciki har da: * Marcus na Mactaris<ref>Philip Schaff, ''Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers: First Series'', Volume IV "St. Augustine" (Cosimo, Inc., 1 Mayu 2007)[https://books.google.com/books?id=0TNuMmj9IIIC&dq=Bishop+of+Mactaris&pg=PA499 shafi 500].</ref> yana da rai a shekara ta 325. * Comparitor yana da rai a shekara ta 411 (Donatist) * Adelfius yana da rai a shekara ta 484 (Katolika) * Germanus<ref>an san shi ne kawai daga rubutun da ke cikin Basilica a Maktar.</ref> * Rutilius * Victor karni na 6<ref>Brent D. Shaw, ''Bringing in the Sheaves: Economy and Metaphor in the Roman World'' (Jami'ar Toronto Press, 2013) [https://books.google.com/books?id=q4d95bTa-ZgC&dq=Bishop+of+Mactaris&pg=PA56 shafi 56].</ref> == Al'adu == A kowace shekara, birnin na gudanar da wani biki mai suna "Bikin Makaris," wanda ke bunkasa tattalin arzikin yankin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=Festival international de Maktaris : Madha à l'ouverture, Bouchnak à la clôture |url=https://realites.com.tn/fr/festival-international-de-maktaris-madha-a-l-ouverture-bouchnak-a-la-cloture/#:~:text=Culture-,Festival%20international%20de%20Maktaris%20%3A%20Madha%20%C3%A0%20l,ouverture%2C%20Bouchnak%20%C3%A0%20la%20cl%C3%B4ture&text=La%20d%C3%A9l%C3%A9gation%20de%20Makthar%20dans,du%20manque%20de%20ressources%20financi%C3%A8res.}}</ref> == Yawan mutane == {| class="wikitable" |+2014 Census (Municipal)<ref>{{citeweb |title=التعداد العام للسكان والسكنى 2014 |url=https://ins.tn/sites/default/files/publication/pdf/RGPH%202014-V1_0.pdf |accessdate=2025-05-22 |website=ins.tn |language=ar}}</ref> !Gidaje !Iyalai !Maza !Mata !Jimilla |- |3842 |3359 |6572 |6970 |13542 |} == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} ===Bibiyar Tarihi=== * {{citation |last=Ghaki |first=Mansour |contribution=Toponymie et Onomastique Libyques: L'Apport de l'Écriture Punique/Néopunique |contribution-url=https://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/50105050/Toponymie_et_onomastique_Lapport_de_lecriture_punique_neopunique.pdf |pages=65–71 |date=2015 |location=Naples |publisher=Unior |editor=Anna Maria di Tolla |display-editors=0 |title=La Lingua nella Vita e la Vita della Lingua: Itinerari e Percorsi degli Studi Berberi |series=Studi Africanistici: Quaderni di Studi Berberi e Libico-Berberi |number=4 |isbn=978-88-6719-125-3 |issn=2283-5636 |access-date=2018-11-02 |archive-date=2020-04-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200428044658/https://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/50105050/Toponymie_et_onomastique_Lapport_de_lecriture_punique_neopunique.pdf |url-status=dead }}. {{in lang|fr}} == Mahaɗa == {{Commons category|Maktar}} * [http://lexicorient.com/tunisia/maktar.htm Lexicorient] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191024120841/http://lexicorient.com/tunisia/maktar.htm |date=2019-10-24 }} [[Rukuni:CS1 Faransanci-language sources (fr)]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] cnoh1ka8tz1b08aknr7g1ae3y8vkpdx 0 102730 884668 665346 2026-07-18T13:43:12Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 884668 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox biography vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;" |<div class="fn">Rachel Rossin</div> |- class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="5616" data-file-type="bitmap" data-file-width="3744" decoding="async" height="375" resource="./File:Artist_Rachel_Rossin_in_Kiasma2.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Artist_Rachel_Rossin_in_Kiasma2.jpg/250px-Artist_Rachel_Rossin_in_Kiasma2.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Artist_Rachel_Rossin_in_Kiasma2.jpg/500px-Artist_Rachel_Rossin_in_Kiasma2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Artist_Rachel_Rossin_in_Kiasma2.jpg/500px-Artist_Rachel_Rossin_in_Kiasma2.jpg 2x" width="250" | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Artist_Rachel_Rossin_in_Kiasma2.jpg|frameless]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Haihuwa | class="infobox-data" | 1987<br /><br /><br /><br /><div class="birthplace" style="display:inline"> [[West Palm Beach, Florida]]</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Dan kasa | class="infobox-data category" | [[United States|Ba'amurke]] |} '''Rachel Rossin''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1987, West Palm Beach, [[Florida]] ) mai watsa labarai ce, da kuma fasaha da yawa da ke zaune a [[New York (birni)|birnin New York]] . == Rayuwa ta sirri == Lokacin da Rossin ta kasance 16, mahaifiyarta ta kawo ta zuwa gidan kayan tarihi na Whitney na Art American inda ta sha'awar [[kiki Smith]] 's wax Figures. Rossin ta bayyana cewa baje kolin ya yi tasiri sosai a cikin sana'arta, tana mai cewa "Na ƙi su kuma na ƙaunace su saboda sun kasance masu banƙyama da tausayi. Waɗannan abubuwan sun ci gaba da fafatawa suna jujjuya juna a gaban zuciyata. " <ref>{{Cite web |last=Herriman |first=Kat |title=30 under 30: Rachel Rossin |url=http://www.culturedmag.com/rachel-rossin/ |access-date=17 March 2017 |website=CULTURED MAG}}</ref> == Sana'a == === Solo Aiki === A cikin shekara ta 2015, nunin Rossin, ''N = 7 / Wake a Heat of Collapse'', dake ''SIGNAL'' a [[New York (birni)|New York, New York]], wani nau'i ne na gaskiya na gaskiya wanda ke amfani da tsarin wasan kwaikwayo na gefe don ƙirƙirar ƙwarewa, Oculus Rift - kwarewa. Bugu da ƙari, a cikin shekara ta 2015, Rosin ya riƙe aikinta, ''tsari na substrate'', a Elliott Leverglick Gallery. ''Tsammani na substrate substrate'' yana nufin Layer Layer a cikin 3D Hoto. Ta kuma ƙirƙira zane-zanen iska na yau da kullun na en plein, wanda sannan aka sake yin tunani a cikin software na zahiri na CAD . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Shelter of a Limping Substrate |url=https://www.artsy.net/show/elliott-levenglick-gallery-shelter-of-a-limping-substrate |access-date=16 March 2017 |website=Artsy}}</ref> Daga Oktoban shekarar 15-Nuwamba 14, 2015, Rachel ta gudanar da aikinta, ''Lossy'', a ZieherSmith, wani zane-zane na zamani a [[New York (birni)|birnin New York]] . A cikin kalmomin Rossin: "Baje kolin ya nuna cewa dangantakarmu da gaskiya ba ta {{Sic|comprised|of|hide=y}} wani keɓantacce kuma na gaske ba to amma ya fi kama da gradient tsakanin su biyu - tare da yawancin rayuwarmu ta zamani ana rayuwa a cikin aikin hopping daga allo zuwa allo. Daga Disamba 9, 2016-Janairu 15, 2017, nunin, ''My Little Green Leaf'' da aka gudanar tare da haɗin gwiwar Art a Gaba ɗaya da ''kim?'' ''Cibiyar fasaha ta zamani'' a [[Riga|Riga, Latvia]] . Wurin shigarwa yana haɗawa da masu kallo ƙwarewar ma'amala tare da gaskiyar kama-da-wane da sarari na zahiri. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Barlow |first=Anne |title=Rachel Rossin My Little Green Leaf |url=http://www.artingeneral.org/exhibitions/628 |access-date=15 March 2017 |website=Art in General |archive-date=17 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217192648/http://artingeneral.org/exhibitions/628 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin shekarar 2017, ta yi debuted wani yanki ''Sky is a Gap'', inda ta zana daki-sikelin kama-da-wane gaskiyar shigarwa don matsar da 3D lokaci da kuma fashewa da mai amfani ta motsi. === Aikin rukuni === Daga Janairun shekara ta 19, 2017-Maris 3, 2017 Rossin ya shiga cikin 'The Unframed World' da ke ''HeK (Gidan Basel na lantarki)'' a Basel, [[Switzerland]] . Wannan nunin rukunin ya gabatar da hanyoyi daban-daban wajen amfani da gaskiya ta zahiri azaman hanyar fasaha. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sauerländer |first=Tina |title=The Unframed World |url=http://www.hek.ch/en/program/events-en/event/the-unframed-world.html |access-date=17 March 2017 |website=The Hek |archive-date=30 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170130165215/http://www.hek.ch/en/program/events-en/event/the-unframed-world.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Daga Maris 17, 2017-Mayu 31, 2017 Rossin yana aiki tare da wasu masu fasaha a ''Chi K11 Art Museum'' a [[Shanghai|Shanghai, China]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Cornell |first=Laura |title=After Us |url=http://www.k11artfoundation.org/en/programme/after-us/ |access-date=17 March 2017 |website=k11 Art Foundation}}</ref> Rossin zai halarci nunin rukuni na 'ARS17' a Kiasma dake [[Helsinki|Helsinki, Finland]] daga Maris 31, 2017 - Janairu 14, 2018. Wannan nunin zai gabatar da masu fasaha na ƙasa da ƙasa da ke aiki a ƙarƙashin taken juyin dijital. <ref>{{Cite web |title=ARS17 |url=http://www.kiasma.fi/en/exhibitions-events/ars-17/ |website=Kiasma}}</ref> A cikin shekara ta 2018, Rachel Rossin ya yi aiki tare da Cecilia Salama a kan sabon nunin kantin sayar da kayayyaki ta hanyar Mayu a takalman Melissa, wani kamfani na takalmin rubberized Brazilian. Ana kunna yanki na bidiyo na Rossin akan manyan allo masu ƙima waɗanda suka ƙunshi harabar kantin Melissa . == Wakilin rumbun hotuna == Rachel Rossin tana wakiltar Magenta Plains a New York, NY. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Magenta Plains {{!}} Rachel Rossin |url=https://magentaplains.com/artists/rachel-rossin |access-date=2025-02-12 |website=magentaplains.com}}</ref> A cikin 2021, Magenta Plains ya gabatar da nunin solo na farko na aikin Rossin, ''Boohoo Stamina'' wanda ya nuna zane-zanen multimedia kwanan nan. Dawn Chan ya sake nazarin ''Boohoo Stamina'' na New York Times, yana rubuta "Matsayin Rossin yana da ban mamaki. A wasu lokuta, abubuwan da ta tsara suna haifar da hangen nesa, zane-zanen zane-zane na ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Romanian-American Hedda Sterne, zuwa sakamako mai ban tsoro. A wasu lokuta, Rossin ko ta yaya ya sami alamun buroshi don yin kwafi da pixelated ji na duniya na kama-da-wane Plains ya nuna ''Scry'', gabatarwar solo na zane-zanen watsa labarai da shigarwa mafi girma. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Magenta Plains {{!}} Rachel Rossin |url=https://magentaplains.com/exhibitions/rachel-rossin-scry |access-date=2025-02-12 |website=magentaplains.com}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka da Zumunci == * ''Haɗin kai a Gaskiyar Gaskiya a New Museum's Incubator New Inc (2015-2016)'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=RACHEL ROSSIN / rachelrossin.com |url=http://www.newinc.org/rachel-rossin/ |access-date=3 May 2017 |publisher=New York Museum |archive-date=18 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150618235705/http://www.newinc.org/rachel-rossin/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * ''Kate Spade & Co Foundation Grant (2015)'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=My Little Green Leaf |url=https://www.artsy.net/show/art-in-general-my-little-green-leaf |access-date=3 May 2017 |website=Artsy.net}}</ref> * ''Mujallar Al'ada '30 ƙarƙashin 35' (2016)'' * ''Forbes '30 Under 30' a cikin Art & Salo (2017)'' == Tarin Jama'a == * Whitney Museum of Art, New York, NY * Norton Museum of Art, West Palm Beach, FL * Tarin Borusan, [[Istanbul]], TR * Rhizome and The New Museum, "First Look", New York, NY * Zabludowicz Collection, London, UK * Beth Rudin Dewoody Collection, The Bunker, West Palm Beach, FL * Tarin Stolbun, Houston, TX <ref>{{Cite web |title=Magenta Plains {{!}} Bio |url=https://magentaplains.com/artists/rachel-rossin/bio |access-date=2025-02-12 |website=magentaplains.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.grassfiretransform.com/2016Jan-Rossin.pdf Rachel Rossin] - Artforum review (PDF) [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1987]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] tgg4dwr37acu4o0wromwchxm0u3btej 0 104546 884683 660064 2026-07-18T14:02:38Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 884683 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Taron Dakar''' (wanda aka fi sani da '''Tattaunawar Dakar''' da Dakar Initiative) wani taro ne na tarihi tsakanin mambobin Cibiyar Nazarin Demokradiyya a Afirka ta Kudu (IDASA) da [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] ta Afirka (ANC). An gudanar da shi a [[Dakar]], [[Senegal]] tsakanin 9 da 12 ga Yuli 1987. Taron ya tattauna batutuwa kamar dabarun kawo canji na asali a [[Afirka ta Kudu]], hadin kan kasa, tsarin gwamnati da makomar tattalin arziki a Afirka ta kudu mai 'yanci. Wakilan IDASA daga Afirka ta Kudu, sun halarci taron a cikin ikon kansu kuma daga baya gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu za ta yi Allah wadai da su saboda ganawa da kungiyar da aka haramta. Sakamakon kai tsaye na gaba na taron shine tattaunawar gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu da [[Nelson Mandela]] da kuma ganawarsa da [[P. W. Botha]] a shekarar 1989. == Tarihi == Frederik van Zyl Slabbert, memba na 'yan adawa ya yi murabus daga Jam'iyyar Tarayyar Progressive da majalisar dokokin Afirka ta Kudu a watan Janairun 1986, yana bayyana shi a matsayin mara amfani kuma zai bincika wasu hanyoyin tattaunawa tsakanin fararen da baƙar fata na Afirka ta Kudu. Dokta Alex Boraine ma zai tafi tare da shi. Van Zyl Slabbert da Boraine za su kafa Cibiyar Nazarin Jam'iyyar Democrat a Afirka ta Kudu (IDASA), wata kungiya mai zaman kanta da ke da niyyar inganta dimokuradiyya a Afirka ta hanyar magana da mutane na dukkan kabilu a ciki da waje. Slabbert, a cikin sadarwa tare da [[Thabo Mbeki]], memba na Majalisar Dattijai ta Kasa ta ANC, ya tattauna canjin halin da wasu daga cikin 'yan [[Al'ummar Afrikaner|Afrikaner]] suka yi game da Afrikaner Nationalism da Apartheid.<ref name="Last" /> Daga cikin waɗannan tattaunawar da tarurruka, an samar da ra'ayi don yiwuwar ganawa tsakanin su da ANC.<ref name="Last" /> Wannan zai zama canji daga 'yan adawa masu sassaucin ra'ayi na White da ke ƙoƙarin tilasta canjin siyasa daga cikin tsarin majalisa, zuwa ga ƙwararrun Afrikaner da ke daukar mataki kai tsaye wajen tsara jagorancin Afirka ta Kudu na gaba. Daga baya a 1986, Slabbert da Breyten Breytenbach sun hadu a [[Gorée|Tsibirin Gorée]] na Dakar a Senegal kuma sun yanke shawarar cewa birnin ya zama wurin taron.<ref name="UP01">{{Cite web |last=Giliomee, Hermann |title=True Confessions, End Papers and the Dakar conference: A review of the political arguments |url=http://www.letterkunde.up.ac.za/argief/46_2/03%20Giliomee%2003.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013235532/http://www.letterkunde.up.ac.za/argief/46_2/03%20Giliomee%2003.pdf |archive-date=13 October 2016 |access-date=1 August 2016 |publisher=University of Pretoria}}</ref> Kashi ɗaya bisa uku na farashin taron ya sami kuɗi daga Gidauniyar Friedrich Naumann ta Jamus <ref name="UP01" /> kuma George Soros ya ba da ƙarin tallafi, wanda duk da haka yana da shakku cewa taron zai cimma wani abu ga Afirka ta Kudu.<ref name="naumann">{{Cite web |last=Razum |first=Jordi |date=June 29, 2021 |title=Der liberale Beitrag zur Überwindung der Apartheid |url=https://www.freiheit.org/de/subsahara-afrika/der-liberale-beitrag-zur-ueberwindung-der-apartheid |access-date=September 1, 2023 |website=Friedrich-Naumann-Stiftung |publisher=Friedrich-Naumann-Stiftung für die Freiheit}}</ref> Breytenbach daga nan ya kusanci Danielle Mitterrand, matar shugaban Faransa wacce ke jagorantar Gidauniyar Faransa-Libertés kuma wacce ta saba da Abdou Diouf, Shugaban Senegal, kuma ta nemi ta yi roƙo tare da shi don ba da damar wakilan Afirka ta Kudu su shiga Senegal kuma su tabbatar da tsaron taron. <ref name="UP01" /> [[African Jurists' Association|Kungiyar Masu Shari'a ta Afirka]] za ta taka rawar gani a cikin kungiyar taron. A ranar 3 ga watan Yunin 1987, fiye da wata daya kafin ranar farawa, 'yan jaridar Afirka ta Kudu sun sami labarin taron da aka gabatar kuma sun buga labaru game da ƙungiyar' yan Afirka ta Kudu waɗanda za su yi taro da ANC.<ref name="UP01" /> Baya ga kokarin da mutanen Afirka ta Kudu kamar su Frederik van Zyl Slabbert da Alex Boraine suka yi, 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na kasa da kasa sun taka rawar gani wajen tallafawa tattaunawa tsakanin' yan Afirka ta Kudu da ANC. A cewar Dokta Klaus von der Ropp, tushe na siyasa na Jamus, musamman Gidauniyar Friedrich Naumann, sun taimaka wajen ƙarfafawa da sauƙaƙe irin waɗannan musayar, suna nuna sha'awar duniya don warware rikicin wariyar launin fata na Afirka ta Kudu ta hanyar da ba ta da tashin hankali. Wakilan IDASA da Slabbert ya gayyace su da kansa sun kunshi wakilai 61 tare da akalla rabin da suka kunshi malaman Afrikaner, malamai, 'yan jarida, masu zane-zane, daraktoci, marubutan da masu sana'a kuma kungiyar tana da masu magana da Afrikaans, 'yan kasuwa goma masu magana da Ingilishi da malamai da kuma malaman Jamus uku da ke aiki a Afirka ta Kudu.<ref name="UP01"/> Wakilan Afirka ta Kudu sun halarci su masu zaman kansu kuma ba su wakilci kungiyoyin da suka yi aiki ba. Wakilan ANC goma sha bakwai za su jagoranci Thabo Mbeki a matsayinsa na Darakta na Bayanai na ANC da wasu mambobi hudu na Kwamitin Zartarwa na Kasa na ANC yayin da sauran goma sha biyu suka hada da mambobin ANC da ke zaune a [[Zambiya|Zambia]], Scandinavia, Burtaniya, Ireland, Amurka da Afirka ta Yamma.<ref name="DISA01">{{Cite web |last=Savage, Michael |title=Dakar Dialogue |url=http://www.disa.ukzn.ac.za/webpages/DC/resep87.4/resep87.4.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822192739/http://www.disa.ukzn.ac.za/webpages/DC/resep87.4/resep87.4.pdf |archive-date=22 August 2016 |access-date=31 July 2016 |publisher=University of KwaZulu-Natal}}</ref>{{Rp|4}} Wakilan IDASA sun tashi zuwa Dakar daga [[Landan]] kuma an sadu da su a filin jirgin sama ta hanyar Shugaban Yarjejeniyar Senegal a cikin VIP lounge sannan kuma masu tuka babur suka raka su zuwa otal din su inda taron zai gudana kuma wakilan ANC sun sadu da su.<ref name="DISA01"/>: 4 A lokacin taron, wakilai za su halarci liyafa a fadar shugaban kasa da kuma gidan Ministan Ilimi. Taron ya fara ne a ranar 9 ga Yuli kuma zai ƙare a ranar 12 ga Yuli.<ref name="DISA01" /> : 4 {{Rp|4}} == Taro == An bude taron ne ta Shugaban ƙasa Abdou Diouf, tare da halartar ministocinsa da mambobin diflomasiyya, sannan Danielle Mitterrand ta gabatar da jawabi.<ref name=DISA01/>{{rp|5}} Bayan haka, wakilan suka koma otal da wurin taron.<ref name=DISA01/>{{rp|5}} An amince da batutuwa guda huɗu da za a tattauna tun kafin taron, kuma wakilan sun riga sun gabatar da takardunsu waɗanda ANC ta duba, kuma zata ba da amsa bayan gabatarwar.<ref name=DISA01/>{{rp|5}} Wadannan batutuwa sun haɗa da dabarun kawo sauyi a Afirka ta Kudu, haɗin kan ƙasa, tsarin gwamnati da makomar tattalin arziki a Afirka ta Kudu mai 'yanci.<ref name=DISA01/>{{rp|4}} Haka kuma an tattauna wasu batutuwa a hukumance da suka shafi gwagwarmayar makami, tashin hankali, tattaunawa, dimokuraɗiyyar jam’iyyu, dokar haƙƙin ɗan Adam, makomar harshen Afrikaans da al’adunsa, makomar tattalin arziki, adalcin rabon dukiya da sauran muhimman batutuwa.<ref name=DISA01/>{{rp|5}} A cikin gabatarwarsu, wakilan sun bayyana damuwarsu kan tashin hankali a Afirka ta Kudu da tasirinsa ga fararen hula, yayin da mambobin ANC suka bayyana dalilin da ya sa suka fara amfani da makami bayan duk wata hanyar lumana ta gaza wajen kawo sauyin siyasa na wariyar launi a ƙasar. Sun ce kai hare-hare kan fararen hula ba manufofinsu ba ne, kuma ba koyaushe suke da ikon sarrafa dakarunsu a ƙasar ba.<ref name=DISA01/>{{rp|5}} A yayin tattaunawa, ya bayyana cewa ANC na da niyyar shiga tattaunawa da gwamnati amma sai an cika wasu sharuɗɗa kamar sakin fursunonin siyasa da cire haramcin kungiyoyin da aka haramta a ƙasar.<ref name=DISA01/>{{rp|5}} Game da dimokuraɗiyyar jam’iyyu, ANC ta nuna aniyarta ta tabbatar da ‘yancin jam’iyyu a sabon tsarin siyasar Afirka ta Kudu, inda za a haramta wariyar launin fata da mulkin kama-karya.<ref name=DISA01/>{{rp|5}} Ta bayyana cewa ƙungiyoyin da suka yi adawa da wariyar launin fata za su iya ballewa su kafa nasu ƙungiyoyin domin bayyana ra’ayinsu da akidunsu.<ref name=DISA01/>{{rp|6}} A yayin tattaunawa kan dokar haƙƙin ɗan Adam, ANC ta ce ba ta da matsala da kafa irin wannan doka, amma ba za ta amince da wani ƙayyadadden fifiko ba a ciki. Ta kuma tabbatar da cewa za a kare harshen Afrikaans da al’adunsa tare da tabbatar da kariyar gado da al’adar kowace ƙungiya ta jama’a.<ref name=DISA01/>{{rp|6}} Game da makomar tattalin arzikin Afirka ta Kudu, ANC ta ce har yanzu tana bin tsarin Freedom Charter, kuma dole ne a sami ɗan matakin ƙasa da wasu harkoki don daidaita rashin daidaiton tattalin arziki da rarraba dukiya. Koyaya, ba za a aiwatar da hakan nan take ba sai an yi shawarwari tsakanin ‘yan kasuwa da sabuwar gwamnati.<ref name=DISA01/>{{rp|6}} Lafiya, gidaje da ilimi su ne wuraren da ANC za ta mayar da hankali sosai.<ref name=DISA01/>{{rp|6}} Bayan manyan batutuwa na tattaunawa da sasanci, taron ya kuma tattauna da tsare-tsaren da suka shafi mulki bayan zamanin wariyar launin fata, ciki har da tsarin sabon ƙasa mai dimokuraɗiyya da muhimmancin haɗa kowa da kowa a tattalin arziki. Dr. von der Ropp ya lura cewa musayar ra’ayoyi ta nuna akwai matsaloli da kuma fahimta a tsakanin sassa daban-daban, inda wasu daga cikin ‘yan Afrikaner suka nemi tabbatar da haƙƙin ‘yan tsiraru, yayin da wakilan ANC suka dage akan buƙatar sauyi mai zurfi.<ref name="ropp1987"></ref> A ƙarshen taron, mahalarta suka fitar da sanarwa wadda ta bayyana cewa a shirye suke da warware rikicin ta hanyar tattaunawa, amma babbar matsala ita ce rashin shirin gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu na shiga tattaunawa, da kuma damuwar wakilai game da yawan tashin hankali mara iyaka a ƙasar.<ref name=Last/> Bayan haka, an shirya balaguro da jirgin ruwa zuwa tsibirin Gorée, inda suka ziyarci Maison des Esclaves da gidan kayan tarihin da ke tunawa da cinikin bayi da Turawan Holland suka yi a Yammacin Afirka.<ref name="Voel">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8lr1FloqLZsC&q=breytenbach+dakar&pg=PA73 | title=Voëlvry: The Movement that Rocked South Africa | publisher=Zebra | author=Hopkins, Pat | year=2006 | pages=239 | isbn=9781770071209 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Wadanda suka halarta == Ƙungiyar da ta fito daga Afirka ta Kudu ta ƙunshi mutane 61, ciki har da masana, marubuta, da ‘yan siyasa da dama daga cikin su 'yan Afrikaner ne. Wakilan sun haɗa da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da Afrikaner Broederbond, wata ƙungiya mai asiri amma mai tasiri tsakanin 'yan Afrikaner. Pieter de Lange, tsohon shugaban Broederbond, ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin farkon masu neman a fara tattaunawa da ANC daga cikin gida. A cewar Dr. von der Ropp, waɗanda suka halarci taron sun ɗauki babban haɗarin siyasa da na kai wajen shiga hulɗa da wata ƙungiya da aka haramta, kuma halartar su ya nuna sauyin matsayi daga cikin al’ummar Afrikaner dangane da tsarin wariyar launin fata.<ref name="ropp1987"></ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Savage |first=Michael |date=May 2014 |title=Trekking Outward. A Chronology of Meetings between South Africans and the ANC in Exile 1983–2000 |url=https://open.uct.ac.za/bitstream/item/6844/savage_trekking_outward_2014-05.pdf?sequence=1 |website=University of Cape Town }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === ANC === * Thabo Mbeki * Kader Asmal * Selwyn Gross * Pallo Jordan * Brigitte Mabandla * Lindiwe Mabuza * Penuell Maduna * Mac Maharaj * Francis Melli * Reggie Mbono * Alfred Nzo * Tom Sebina * Essop Pahad * Albie Sachs * Tony Trew * Steve Tshwete === IDASA === * Frederick Van Zyl Slabbert * Dr. Alex Boraine * Farfesa Andre Du Toit - masani kan siyasa daga Jami’ar Stellenbosch * Farfesa Jaap Durand - masani * Jakes Gerwel - masani * Farfesa Lourens Du Plessis - daga Jami’ar Potchefstroom * Abraham Viljoen - ɗan’uwa ga Constand Viljoen * Tommy Bedford - tsohon kyaftin ɗin ƙungiyar rugby * Andre Brink - marubuci * Breyten Breytenbach - mawaki * Leon Louw - darektan Free Market Foundation * Lawrence Schlemmer * Christo Nel * Theuns Eloff - masani * Hermann Giliomee * Riaan de Villiers * Revel Fox - mai tsara gine-gine * Grethe Fox - jaruma * Manie van Rensburg - daraktan fina-finai * Max du Preez - ɗan jarida === Wasu === * Abdou Diouf - Shugaban Senegal * Boris Rubenovich Asoyan - Jakadan [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]] zuwa Lesotho<ref name="ropp">{{cite journal |last1=Baron von der Ropp |first1=Klaus |date=1989-07-01 |title=Two years after Dakar, the dialogue continues |url=https://africanquestions.org/articles/two-years-after-dakar-the-dialogue-continues-july-1989-85 |journal=Democracy in Action |issue=July 1989 |pages=14–15 |doi= |publisher=Institute for a Democratic Alternative for South Africa |publication-place=Cape Town |access-date=2024-10-06}}</ref><ref name="cambridge">{{cite web |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-modern-african-studies/article/abs/soviet-policy-in-subsaharan-africa-the-final-phase/954BB04B4929EA292C54876F55830863 |title=Soviet Policy in Sub-Saharan Africa: the Final Phase |last=Webber |first=Mark |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=2008-11-11 |website=cambridge.org |access-date=2024-10-06}}</ref> * Danielle Mitterrand - Matar Shugaban Faransa * Dr. Klaus Baron von der Ropp - daga German Institute for International and Security Affairs<ref name="naumann"></ref><ref name="ropp1987"></ref><ref name="ropp"></ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=About Dr. Klaus Frhr. von der Ropp, Political Observer and Consultant on Southern African Issues |url=https://africanquestions.org/about-dr-klaus-freiherr-von-der-ropp/ |access-date=2023-08-11 |website=africanquestions.org}}</ref> * Vladimir Igorevich Tikhomirov - ƙwararren jakadan Soviet a kan yankin Kudu na Afirka<ref name="ropp"></ref> * Vasily Grigoryevich Solodovnikov - masanin tattalin arziki daga Soviet kuma tsohon jakada a Zambiya<ref name="ropp"></ref> == Kammalawa == A ƙarshen taron, ƙungiyoyin biyu suka bar Senegal zuwa wata ziyara a Burkina Faso da Ghana.<ref name="NYT02">{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/07/16/world/dakar-journal-for-60-afrikaners-a-long-trek-into-the-future.html | title=Dakar Journal; For 60 Afrikaners, a Long Trek Into the Future | work=The New York Times | date=16 July 1987 | access-date=31 July 2016 | author=Battersby, John D.}}</ref> Wakilai arba’in daga Afirka ta Kudu sun dawo gida a ranar 21 ga Yuli 1987 kuma suka ci karo da masu zanga-zanga dari daga cikin Ƙungiyar Ƙin Juriya ta Afrikaner (''Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging'') ƙarƙashin jagorancin Eugene Terre Blanche.<ref name="NYT01">{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/07/22/world/south-african-delegation-is-met-by-protests.html | title=South African Delegation Is Met by Protests | work=The New York Times | date=22 July 1987 | access-date=31 July 2016 | author=Battersby, John D.}}</ref> Alluna sun zargi wakilan da zama 'yan cin amana, 'yan gurguzu da 'yan ta'adda.<ref name=Voel/> Babu taron manema labarai da wakilan suka gudanar, domin 'yan sanda sun hana shi kuma an fitar da su ta wani ƙofa na baya daga Filin Jirgin Sama na Jan Smuts.<ref name=NYT01/> Frederick Van Zyl Slabbert da Dr. Alex Boraine sun dawo Afirka ta Kudu a ranar 31 ga Yuli.<ref name=NYT01/> Jam’iyyar National Party mai mulki ta soki tattaunawar, tana nuna damuwa kan sahihancin da taron ya bai wa ANC. Haka kuma, Hukumar Gidan Rediyo da Talabijin ta Afirka ta Kudu (SABC) da jaridun Afrikaner sun kasance masu suka.<ref name=NYT01/> An ce jaridun Turanci sun nuna rashin ƙwazo da sanyi kan taron.<ref name=Voel/> Wasu jami’an gwamnati sun bayyana a sirrance cewa suna ganin taron zai hana nasarar ƙudirin gwamnati na ciki.<ref name=NYT01/> A ƙarshe, taron ya karya ƙaƙƙarfan rufi kuma ya sa ya zama abin karɓa ga gwamnati Afrikaner ta tattauna nan gaba da ANC, haka kuma ANC ta fahimci Afrikaner.<ref name=Voel/> An gudanar da wasu taruka na gaba inda 'yan kasuwa daga Afirka ta Kudu suka gana da ANC, ɗaliban Jami’ar Stellenbosch suka gana a [[Lusaka]], sannan IDASA ta shirya wasu tarukan a Jamus, Amurka, Faransa, Zambia da Zimbabwe.<ref name=Voel/> Ko da yake taron Dakar ba na hukuma ba ne, ya taimaka wajen gina amana da ƙarfafa ci gaba da tattaunawa. Dr. von der Ropp ya bayyana cewa taron ya ba da gudunmawa kai tsaye ga tattaunawar matakin ƙoli, ciki har da ganawa ta bincike tsakanin Nelson Mandela da gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu a ƙarshen shekarun 1980. Haka kuma, taron ya rinƙa tasiri a harkokin siyasa na cikin gida inda mutanen da ke sha’awar sauyi suka ƙara duba yiwuwar dorewar tsarin wariyar launin fata.<ref name="ropp1987"></ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} 1ngwxjxm7upcew57m7dr9eqxjinjpzv 0 108644 884780 678221 2026-07-19T08:11:04Z BnHamid 12586 884780 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Holocene_Temperature_Variations.png|thumb|Bambancin Yanayin Yanayi na Holocene]] Piora Oscillations lokuta ne biyu na sanyi a cikin tarihin [[Climate|yanayi]] na Alpine na Holocene Epoch . Rashin zamanta ya bambanta tsakanin marubutan kuma babu wata hanyar zamani a halin yanzu. Matsayin sararin samaniya na canjin ba a bayyane yake ba; Bugu da ƙari, ba ya bayyana a matsayin babban, ko ma mai ganewa, taron a cikin sake fasalin zafin jiki. == Binciken farko == An sanya sunan abin da ya faru ne bayan Val Piora ko Piora Valley a Switzerland, inda aka fara gano shi; wasu daga cikin shaidu masu ban mamaki na Piora Oscillation sun fito ne daga yankin [[Alps]]. == Dubi kuma == * Abubuwan da suka faru * Taron shekara ta 4.2 * Bølling-Allerød dumama * Lokacin zafi na Afirka * Tsohon Peron == Bayani == {{Reflist}} == Manazarta == * {{Cite journal |last=Baronia |first=Carlo |last2=Orombelli, Giuseppe |year=1996 |title=The Alpine "Iceman" and Holocene Climatic Change |journal=Quaternary Research |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=78–83 |bibcode=1996QuRes..46...78B |doi=10.1006/qres.1996.0046 |s2cid=128772817}} *   * {{Cite journal |last=Caseldine |first=C. |last2=Thompson |first2=G. |last3=Langdon |first3=C. |last4=Hendon |first4=D. |year=2005 |title=Evidence for an extreme climatic event on Achill Island, Co. Mayo, Ireland around 5200–5100 cal. yr BP |journal=Journal of Quaternary Science |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=169–178 |bibcode=2005JQS....20..169C |doi=10.1002/jqs.901 |s2cid=140619228}} * {{Cite journal |last=Hou |first=Mei |last2=Wu |first2=Wen Xiang |date=5 December 2020 |title=A review of 6000-5000 cal BP climatic anomalies in China |journal=Quaternary International |volume=571 |pages=58–72 |doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2020.12.004 |issn=1040-6182 |doi-access=free}} *   * {{Cite journal |last=Magny |first=Michel |last2=Haas, Jean Nicolas |year=2004 |title=A major widespread climatic change around 5300 cal. yr BP at the time of the Alpine Iceman |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/227538423 |journal=Journal of Quaternary Science |volume=19 |issue=5 |pages=423–430 |bibcode=2004JQS....19..423M |doi=10.1002/jqs.850 |s2cid=128697360}} *   * {{Cite journal |last=Wick |first=Lucia |last2=Tinner, Willy |year=1997 |title=Vegetation Changes and Timberline Fluctuations in the Central Alps as Indicators of Holocene Climatic Oscillations |journal=Arctic and Alpine Research |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=445–458 |doi=10.2307/1551992 |jstor=1551992}} ahgpd2vomlmkdbdn70gc3ho04fxkp8t 0 110531 884680 798572 2026-07-18T13:53:01Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|1 */ 884680 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox event|image=Iranian girl with EB.jpg|caption=An Iranian girl with EB sores around her neck}} Takunkumin Amurka a kan Iran ya sami mummunar tasirin jin kai a kan al'ummar Iran. Saboda yanayin takunkumin, haƙƙin 'yan Iran na kiwon lafiya, ilimi, da sauran fannoni na' yancin ɗan adam sun sami mummunar tasiri. Takunkumin sakandare na Amurka ya haifar da "mafi girman kai" daga wasu kamfanoni.<ref name="UN">{{Cite web |date=19 October 2021 |title=Over-compliance with US sanctions hurting Iran's 'butterfly kids' |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2021/10/1103392 |access-date=25 June 2022 |website=UN News |language=en |archive-date=25 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220625060441/https://news.un.org/en/story/2021/10/1103392 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Sanctions sun yi tasiri a rayuwar mutane ban da wadatar kwayoyi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Baradaran-Seyed |first=Zahra |last2=Majdzadeh |first2=Reza |date=11 May 2013 |title=Economic sanctions strangle Iranians' health, not just drug supply |url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(13)61024-7/fulltext |journal=The Lancet |language=English |volume=381 |issue=9878 |pages=1626 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61024-7 |pmid=23663950 |s2cid=205969378 |url-access=subscription |access-date=28 July 2022}}</ref> An ruwaito mutane da yawa sun mutu sakamakon takunkumin fiye da Yaƙin Amurka da Iraki a Iran.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gorji |first=Ali |date=2014 |title=Sanctions against Iran: The Impact on Health Services |journal=Iranian Journal of Public Health |volume=42 |issue=3 |pages=381–382 |pmc=4419179 |pmid=25988101}}</ref> Yara da ke fama da epidermolysis bullosa, wanda aka fi sani da yara masu kama da malam buɗe ido, haemophilics da mutanen da ke fama le [[Kanjamau|cutar kanjamau]] suna daga cikin kungiyoyin da suka fi fama da cutar. Har ila yau, takunkumin Amurka ya hana ikon Iran na yaki da barkewar cutar COVID-19. == Takunkumin Amurka a kan Iran ==   Tun daga shekara ta 1979, Amurka ta sanya takunkumi daban-daban kan tattalin arziki, kasuwanci, kimiyya da kuma soja a kan Iran. Takunkumin Amurka a kan Iran ya haɗa da takunkumin cinikayya da Amurka ta yi da kasar, da kuma haramta sayar da jirgin sama da sassan gyare-gyare ga kamfanonin jirgin sama na Iran. == Abubuwan jin kai == [[Takunkumin tattalin arziki|takunkumi]] Amurka a kan Iran yana tare da mummunan tasirin jin kai.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Moret |first=Erica S. |date=2 January 2015 |title=Humanitarian impacts of economic sanctions on Iran and Syria |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09662839.2014.893427 |journal=European Security |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=120–140 |doi=10.1080/09662839.2014.893427 |s2cid=154734762 |url-access=subscription |access-date=23 June 2022}}</ref> Dangane da dokar kasa da kasa, dole ne Amurka ta tantance tasirin takunkumin da ta yi a kan 'yancin Iran kuma ta magance duk wani keta doka da takunkumin ya haifar. Saboda babbar hanyar sadarwa ta takunkumin Amurka, bankunan da kamfanoni sun janye daga cinikin jin kai tare da Iran, suna barin 'yan Iran da ke fama da cututtuka masu wuya ko masu tsanani ba su iya samun magani da jiyya da ake buƙata ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 October 2019 |title=Iran: Sanctions Threatening Health |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/10/29/iran-sanctions-threatening-health |access-date=23 June 2022 |website=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}</ref> A cewar Alena Douhan, mai ba da rahoto na musamman na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan matakan tilastawa, kungiyoyin da suka hada da "[mutane masu] cututtuka masu tsanani, nakasassu, 'yan gudun hijirar Afghanistan, gidajen da mata ke jagoranta da yara" suna da mummunar tasiri daga matakan. Ta kara da cewa "sanctions sun kara tsananta yanayin jin kai a Iran". == Abubuwan kiwon lafiya da magunguna == {{Reflist|30em}} Magunguna da kayan aikin kiwon lafiya ba su fada ƙarƙashin takunkumin kasa da kasa ba, amma Iran tana fuskantar karancin magunguna don maganin cututtuka 30 - gami da [[Sankara|ciwon daji]], matsalolin zuciya da numfashi, Talasemia da [[Sclerosis da yawa|Multiple sclerosis]] (MS) - saboda ba a yarda ta yi amfani da tsarin biyan kuɗi na kasa da kasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Iran Sanctions Result In Shortages of Cancer Drugs, Heart Medicine |url=http://payvand.com/news/12/may/1062.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121211095114/http://payvand.com/news/12/may/1062.html |archive-date=11 December 2012 |access-date=7 December 2012}}</ref> Dangane da binciken da Cibiyar Nazarin Kasa da Kasa ta Woodrow Wilson ta yi, shigo da miyagun ƙwayoyi zuwa Iran daga Amurka da Turai ya ragu da kusan kashi 30% a shekarar 2012. A cikin 2013, Guardian ya bayyana cewa sama da marasa lafiya 85,000 na ciwon daji suna buƙatar nau'ikan chemotherapy da radiotherapy. Gwamnatocin Yammacin Turai sun kafa keɓancewa a cikin tsarin takunkumi don tabbatar da cewa muhimman magunguna zasu iya wucewa, amma waɗannan keɓancewa suna cikin rikici tare da ƙuntatawa na banki da iyakoki akan sunadarai "amfani biyu" waɗanda zasu iya samun aikin likita da na soja. === Yaran butterfly === [[Fayil:Epidermolysis_bullosa_In_Iran_02.jpg|thumb|Yaro mai cutar EB, daga kudancin Lardin Kerman, [[Iran]].]] epidermolysis bullosa (EB) mummunan yanayi ne na fata wanda ke haifar da raunuka masu zafi kuma galibi ana ganinsa a cikin yara, waɗanda ake kira "yara butterfly" saboda launin fata.<ref name="UN"/> Rashin fata ga waɗanda ke da EB ya zama mai raɗaɗi sosai cewa marasa lafiya galibi suna kwatanta fatarsu da ƙonewa ta uku. Da yake magana da Aljazeera, wani mai haƙuri na EB na Iran ya kwatanta ciwo tare da "ruwa mai tafasa, saukowa ta hanyar saukowa a kan fatarka. " <ref name="UN"/> Duk da wannan, Mölnlycke Health Care, wani kamfani na Sweden wanda ke ƙera, ''Mepilex'' mai shan kumfa, <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Gadzo |first=Mersiha |title=Iranians with rare disease dying under US sanctions |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/5/28/iranians-with-epidermolysis-bullosa-dying-under-us-sanctions |access-date=2022-07-01 |website=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref> bandages wanda aka ce shine mafi inganci ga yanayin su, ya yanke shawarar dakatar da jigilar kayayyaki zuwa Iran saboda tsoron takunkumi na biyu sakamakon wuce gona da iri.<ref name="TT">{{Cite web |last=Bakhtiari |first=Faranak |date=2019-12-22 |title=EB patients, the most oppressed victims of U.S. sanctions |url=https://www.tehrantimes.com/news/443297/EB-patients-the-most-oppressed-victims-of-U-S-sanctions |access-date=2022-07-01 |website=Tehran Times |language=en}}</ref> Cibiyar Shari'ar Laifuka ta Duniya ta Iran (ICICL), da ke zaune a The [[Hague]], ta bayyana a cikin 2021 cewa kimanin marasa lafiya 30 na Iran da ke fama da EB - galibi yara - sun mutu tun lokacin da Mölnlycke ya daina sayar da kayan raunin ga Iran.<ref name=":0" /> Dangane da binciken da EB Home, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta ta Iran ta taimaka wajen samar da marasa lafiya na EB na Iran tare da tufafin Sweden, kamfanin Molnlycke ya bayyana a watan Maris na 2019 cewa saboda Takunkumin Amurka "ya yanke shawarar kada ya gudanar da wani kasuwanci da ke da alaƙa da Iran a halin yanzu".<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":0" /> A ranar 19 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2019, jakadan Iran a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, [./Majid_Takht-R&#x3C;i&#x20;id= Ava" id="mwhQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Majid Takht-Ravanchi">Majid Takht Ravanchi], ya yi jawabi ga Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Dinkinobho kuma ya ambaci wata yarinya mai shekaru biyu, Ava wacce ta mutu saboda cutar EB, a cikin maganganunsa:   === Haemophilia === Kimanin mutane 40,000 da ke fama da haemophilic ba su iya samun magungunan zubar da jini ba, kuma an jinkirta ayyukan haemophiliya saboda haɗarin da karancin ya haifar. Wani matashi mai cutar haemophilic ya mutu daga rashin lafiyarsa sakamakon karancin magunguna da takunkumin ya haifar. === HIV / AIDS === Kimanin 'yan Iran 73,000 da ke fama da cutar kanjamau / AIDS suna da iyakacin samun magungunan da suke buƙata don su kasance lafiya. Dakatar da maganin cutar kanjamau saboda rashin magungunan rigakafin retroviral na iya haifar da kwayar cutar kanjamaun cutar kanjamaan HIV ta canza, wanda ke haifar da nau'ikan kwayar cutar HIV masu tsayayya, yana mai da wuya a magance ta. Magungunan HIV, suna da mahimmanci don sarrafa kamuwa da kwayar cutar HIV ta hanyar kawar da kwayar cuta ta HIV. Magungunan HIV na iya kula da ƙididdigar ƙwayoyin cuta da ba za a iya ganowa ba, yana sa ba zai yiwu kwayar cutar ta sake maimaitawa ba kuma ta watsa wa wasu ta hanyar jima'i, ƙarin jini, allura ko shayarwa. Wannan yana da mahimmanci don hana yaduwar cutar kanjamau da rage yaduwar annobar a duniya (Undectable = Untransmittable). === Rashin jinin jini === Kungiyar da ke wakiltar 'yan Iran 8,000 da ke da thalassemia, rikicewar jini, ta ba da rahoton cewa membobinta sun fara mutuwa saboda rashin magani mai mahimmanci, deferoxamine, wanda ake buƙata don daidaita abun cikin baƙin ƙarfe na jini. Bugu da kari, Iran ba ta iya siyan kayan aikin kiwon lafiya kamar autoclaves ba, waɗanda ake buƙata don ƙirƙirar magunguna da yawa, tunda wasu daga cikin manyan kamfanonin magunguna na Yammacin Turai sun ki gudanar da kasuwanci tare da ƙasar. Magunguna na musamman kamar maganin da ke da jini mai laushi Rivaroxaban, wanda ake siyarwa a ƙarƙashin sunan Xarelto, ya zama da wahala a samu da sayen a Iran saboda takunkumin Amurka. Ana amfani da magungunan da ke da ƙarancin jini kamar Xarelto don taimakawa hana hawan jini ga marasa lafiya masu haɗari. === A lokacin annobar COVID-19 === A lokacin annobar COVID-19, China, United Kingdom, Group of 77, da masana sun bukaci Amurka da ta sauƙaƙa takunkumi a kan Iran don taimakawa wajen yaki da karuwar barkewar coronavirus. "Babu wata shakka cewa ikon Iran na amsawa ga sabon coronavirus ya sami cikas daga takunkumin tattalin arziki na gwamnatin Trump, kuma yawan wadanda suka mutu yana iya zama mafi girma fiye da yadda zai kasance a sakamakon haka, Cibiyar Nazarin Tattalin Arziki da Manufofin (CEPR) Co-direkta Mark Weisbrot ya ce. Ya kara da cewa babu wata shakka cewa takunkumin ya hana ikon Iran na hana barkewar cutar, wanda ya haifar da karin cututtuka da yiwuwar yaduwar kwayar cutar a waje da iyakokin kasar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 March 2020 |title=US Government Should Immediately Lift Economic Sanctions to Avoid Causing More Deaths From Pandemic, Economists Say |url=https://cepr.net/press-release/us-government-should-immediately-lift-economic-sanctions-to-avoid-causing-more-deaths-from-pandemic-economists-say/ |access-date=21 March 2020 |website=Center for Economic and Policy Research |language=en-US}}</ref> Gudanar da rikicin COVID-19 a Iran ya zama mafi rikitarwa sakamakon sakamakon sakamakon takunkumin.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Takian |first=Amirhossein |last2=Raoofi |first2=Azam |last3=Kazempour-Ardebili |first3=Sara |date=March 2020 |title=COVID-19 battle during the toughest sanctions against Iran |journal=The Lancet |volume=395 |issue=10229 |pages=1035–1036 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30668-1 |issn=0140-6736 |pmc=7138170 |pmid=32199073}}</ref> [[Sa-ido akan Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|Human Rights Watch]] ta fitar da wata sanarwa a ranar 6 ga Afrilu, 2020, inda ta bukaci Amurka da ta sauƙaƙa takunkumi a kan Iran don Iran ta sami damar "samun amfani da mahimman albarkatun jin kai a lokacin [[Murar Mashaƙo 2019|annobar]] [coronavirus].<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 April 2020 |title=Human Rights Watch Urges US to Ease Sanctions on Iran Amidst Growing Pandemic |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/science-health_coronavirus-outbreak_human-rights-watch-urges-us-ease-sanctions-iran-amidst-growing/6187075.html |access-date=6 April 2020 |website=VOA News}}</ref> Bloomberg ya ruwaito a watan Oktoba 2020 cewa takunkumin Amurka ya hana jigilar allurar rigakafin mura miliyan 2. [[Kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross da Red Crescent ta kasa da kasa|Red Crescent Society]] of Iran ta ba da rahoton cewa tsananin takunkumin tattalin arziki ya sa Bankin Shahr na cikin gida ya zama mara kuɗi, don haka ya dakatar da muhimmiyar kaya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 October 2020 |title=Iran Says U.S. Sanctions Halted Delivery of 2 Million Flu Vaccines |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-10-14/iran-says-u-s-sanctions-halted-delivery-of-two-million-flu-jabs |access-date=25 June 2022 |website=Bloomberg.com |language=en}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Yakin matsa lamba mafi girma == manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] fmkeykf69i1m1hssg4y5f8yl4gucrva 0 110532 884699 879089 2026-07-18T14:53:42Z ~2026-40331-14 47089 884699 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Image:LGBT Ensign of Pakistan.svg|thumb|Sake yin tutar Pakistan bisa ga tutocin 'yan luwadi na duniya]] [[Image:Transgender Pakistani Pride Ensign.png|thumb|Tutar kare hakkin masu canza jinsi ta Pakistan.]] Yin jima'i na jinsi ɗaya ba bisa ka'ida ba ne a [[Pakistan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pakistan {{!}} Outright International |url=https://outrightinternational.org/our-work/asia/pakistan |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=outrightinternational.org |language=en}}</ref> Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, da queer mutane a Pakistan suna fuskantar matsalolin shari'a da zamantakewa da tsanantawa idan aka kwatanta da mutanen da ba LGBTQ ba. Dokar Shari'a ta Pakistan ta 1860, wacce aka samo asali ne a karkashin mulkin Burtaniya, ta haramta sodomy tare da yiwuwar hukuncin ɗaurin kurkuku daga shekaru biyu zuwa hukuncin rai da rai da tarar. Duk da haramtacciyar haramtacciya, ayyukan luwadi ne kawai hukumomi ke gurfanar da su a wasu lokuta, amma wani lokacin ana amfani da su don barazana da cin zarafin masu luwadi a karkashin barazanar gurfanar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Country policy and information note: Sexual orientation and gender identity and expression, Pakistan, April 2022 (accessible) |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/pakistan-country-policy-and-information-notes/country-policy-and-information-note-sexual-orientation-and-gender-identity-and-expression-pakistan-april-2022-accessible--2 |access-date=2024-04-15 |website=GOV.UK |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Country profile: Pakistan |url=https://www.humandignitytrust.org/country-profile/pakistan/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230101183738/https://www.humandignitytrust.org/country-profile/pakistan/ |archive-date=1 January 2023 |access-date=2023-02-13 |website=Human Dignity Trust}}</ref> Ana amfani da wasu ka'idojin ɗabi'a da tsari na jama'a a cikin Dokar Shari'a don yin niyya ga 'yan Pakistan LGBTQ. Wani babbar matsala na iya zama 'yan sanda masu tsaro da kashe-kashen da kungiyoyin Islama da ta'addanci suka yi.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Terrorists in Pakistan targeting LGBTQ community |url=https://www.modbee.com/opinion/article84283982.html |website=The Modesto Bee}}</ref> 'Yan sanda na iya yin aiki ba bisa ka'ida ba kuma su kama mutane na LGBTQ duk da cewa doka ta bayyana akasin haka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Country policy and information note: Sexual orientation and gender identity and expression, Pakistan, April 2022 (accessible) |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/pakistan-country-policy-and-information-notes/country-policy-and-information-note-sexual-orientation-and-gender-identity-and-expression-pakistan-april-2022-accessible--2 |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=GOV.UK |language=en}}</ref> Nuna bambanci da rashin amincewa da al'ummar LGBTQ da kuma lalacewar zamantakewar da ke tattare da ita, wanda zai iya haifar da tsangwama da tashin hankali, ya sa ya zama da wahala ga mutanen LGBTQ su sami dangantaka mai ɗorewa. Duk da haka, al'ummar LGBTQ har yanzu suna iya yin hulɗa, tsarawa, kwanan wata, har ma - a lokuta masu wuya - suna zaune tare a matsayin ma'aurata, idan an yi su galibi a asirce. Ba a ba da izinin auren jinsi ɗaya ko ƙungiyoyin jama'a a ƙarƙashin dokar yanzu kuma ba a taɓa kawo su cikin tattaunawar siyasa ba, tare da kama mutanen da suka shiga auren jinsi ɗaya kuma ana gurfanar da su. Pakistan ba ta da dokokin kare hakkin bil'adama don hana nuna bambanci ko cin zarafi bisa ga yanayin Jima'i. A cikin wani hukunci na tarihi na shekara ta 2009, Kotun Koli ta Pakistan ta yanke hukunci a cikin goyon bayan 'yancin farar hula ga' yan asalin jinsi, kuma ƙarin hukunce-hukuncen kotu sun tabbatar da kara waɗannan haƙƙoƙin. Majalisar dokokin Pakistan ta zartar da Dokar Transgender Persons (Kariya ta Hakki), 2018, wanda ya kafa kariya mai zurfi ga mutanen da suka canza jinsi. == Aiwatar da doka == Sashe na 377 na Dokar Shari'a ta Pakistan (PPC) ya bayyana 'haɗin jiki game da tsari na yanayi', kamar yadda za'a iya hukunta shi da tarar da / ko ɗaurin kurkuku na tsawon shekaru 2 zuwa rai. Wannan ba ya haifar da hukunci ko gurfanar da shi a kotunan shari'a, amma wani lokacin 'yan sanda sun yi amfani da shi azaman hanyar cire cin hanci ko fa'idodi na jima'i a ƙarƙashin barazanar gurfanar, musamman a kan maza masu luwadi da mata masu canza launin fata, waɗanda kuma zasu iya fuskantar cin zarafi, wulakanci, da tashin hankali daga' yan sanda, gami da cin zarafin jima'i.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Country policy and information note: Sexual orientation and gender identity and expression, Pakistan, April 2022 (accessible) |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/pakistan-country-policy-and-information-notes/country-policy-and-information-note-sexual-orientation-and-gender-identity-and-expression-pakistan-april-2022-accessible--2 |access-date=2024-04-22 |website=GOV.UK |language=en}}</ref> [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] ta lura cewa an kama masu luwadi a cikin shekaru uku da suka gabata a cikin 2018, 2019 da 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=HIV/AIDS |first=Joint United Nations Programme on |last2=Pakistan |first2=Government of |date=2018-01-01 |title=Country progress report - Pakistan Global AIDS Monitoring 2018 |url=https://www.ecoi.net/en/document/1441173.html |access-date=2024-04-22 |website=www.ecoi.net |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=HIV/AIDS |first=Joint United Nations Programme on |date=2020-01-01 |title=Country progress report - Pakistan; Global AIDS Monitoring 2020 |url=https://www.ecoi.net/en/document/2038364.html |access-date=2024-04-22 |website=www.ecoi.net |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=HIV/AIDS |first=Joint United Nations Programme on |date=2019-01-01 |title=Country progress report - Pakistan; Global AIDS Monitoring 2019 |url=https://www.ecoi.net/en/document/2024673.html |access-date=2024-04-22 |website=www.coi.net |language=en}}</ref> Laifin Zina a cikin Dokar Hudood ya aikata laifuka a duk wani nau'i na shiga cikin jima'i a waje da aure. Shari'ar Shari'a tana ɗauke da hukunci mai tsanani ga luwadi daga ɗaurin kurkuku na shekaru 2-10 ko na rai, ko na bulala 100 ko dutse har zuwa mutuwa idan mutumin ya yi aure.<ref>{{Cite web |last=HIV/AIDS |first=Joint United Nations Programme on |date=2020-01-01 |title=Country progress report - Pakistan; Global AIDS Monitoring 2020 |url=https://www.ecoi.net/en/document/2038364.html |access-date=2024-04-22 |website=www.ecoi.net |language=en}}</ref> IRB ta lura cewa saboda bukatun hujja, hukunci a karkashin Shari'ar Shari'a ba su da yawa, amma tsoro ya kasance mai girma.<ref name="Canada">{{Cite web |last=Canada |first=Immigration and Refugee Board of |date=2018-06-05 |title=Responses to Information Requests |url=https://www.irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/country-information/rir/Pages/index.aspx?doc=457702&pls=1 |access-date=2024-04-22 |website=www.irb-cisr.gc.ca |language=en}}</ref> IGLA ta lura cewa kodayake hukuncin kisa ya kasance zaɓi, ba shi da wata shaida cewa an taɓa aiwatar da hukuncin kisa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=State-Sponsored Homophobia report 2019 |url=https://ilga.org/resources/state-sponsored-homophobia-report-2019/ |access-date=2024-04-22 |website=ILGA World |language=en-UK}}</ref> Dokar 2018 Transgender Persons (Kariya ta Hakki) (Dokar TPPR) tana ba da izini ga mutanen da suka canza jinsi. Duk da haka mutane da yawa sun lura cewa ana ci gaba da kama mutanen da ba bisa ka'ida ba kuma waɗanda aka gano su a matsayin wani jinsi ana bi da su a matsayin masu adawa da jinsi.<ref name="Canada">{{Cite web |last=Canada |first=Immigration and Refugee Board of |date=2018-06-05 |title=Responses to Information Requests |url=https://www.irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/country-information/rir/Pages/index.aspx?doc=457702&pls=1 |access-date=2024-04-22 |website=www.irb-cisr.gc.ca |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="1" id="CITEREFCanada2018">Canada, Immigration and Refugee Board of (5 June 2018). </cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Daudpota |first=Shazeya |date=2020-08-13 |title=Justice for Julie Khan: Arrested in an alleged fabricated case |url=https://www.incpak.com/national/justice-for-julie-khan/ |access-date=2024-04-22 |website=INCPak |language=en-US}}</ref> Saboda rashin kariya ta nuna bambanci da yaduwar homophobia tsakanin hukumomi, LGBTQ gabaɗaya ba sa son buɗewa game da jima'i saboda suna iya fuskantar cin zarafi kamar auren tilas, kisan girmamawa, wulakanci, nuna bambanci ga al'umma da cin zarafi. Suna damuwa cewa idan an san jima'i, ana iya fallasa su ga tashin hankali ko zamba.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Country policy and information note: Sexual orientation and gender identity and expression, Pakistan, April 2022 (accessible) |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/pakistan-country-policy-and-information-notes/country-policy-and-information-note-sexual-orientation-and-gender-identity-and-expression-pakistan-april-2022-accessible--2 |access-date=2024-04-22 |website=GOV.UK |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="1">[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/pakistan-country-policy-and-information-notes/country-policy-and-information-note-sexual-orientation-and-gender-identity-and-expression-pakistan-april-2022-accessible--2 "Country policy and information note: Sexual orientation and gender identity and expression, Pakistan, April 2022 (accessible)"]. </cite></ref> Mutumin da ke rayuwa a bayyane a matsayin LGBTQ na iya kasancewa cikin haɗarin magani daga 'yan wasan da ba na gwamnati ba kamar kungiyoyin Islama da kungiyoyin ta'addanci.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Country policy and information note: Sexual orientation and gender identity and expression, Pakistan, April 2022 (accessible) |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/pakistan-country-policy-and-information-notes/country-policy-and-information-note-sexual-orientation-and-gender-identity-and-expression-pakistan-april-2022-accessible--2 |access-date=2024-04-22 |website=GOV.UK |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="1">[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/pakistan-country-policy-and-information-notes/country-policy-and-information-note-sexual-orientation-and-gender-identity-and-expression-pakistan-april-2022-accessible--2 "Country policy and information note: Sexual orientation and gender identity and expression, Pakistan, April 2022 (accessible)"]. </cite></ref> == Shari'a ta jima'i na jinsi ɗaya == Dokar Pakistan cakuda ne na Dokar Burtaniya da dokar Islama. Sashe na Dokar Shari'a wanda ke aikata laifuka na jima'i guda ɗaya ya gaji daga mulkin mallaka na Raj na Burtaniya; an kafa shi a ranar 6 ga Oktoba 1860 kuma ya fara aiki a ranar 1 ga Janairu 1862. Lord Macaulay ne ya rubuta shi, wanda ake kira Indian Penal Code 1860, ya sanya ayyukan jima'i na maza ba bisa ka'ida ba a karkashin dokar Burtaniya ta "Unnatural Offences". Bayan da Pakistan ta sami 'yancin kai a 1947, Majalisar ta riƙe Dokar Shari'a, kawai ta canza taken zuwa Dokar Shari'ar Pakistan (Dokar XLV ta 1860). A cikin Dokar Shari'a, Mataki na 377 ("Laifuka marasa kyau") ya ce: "Duk wanda ya yi jima'i da son rai ba tare da tsari na yanayi ba tare da kowane mutum, mace ko dabba, za a hukunta shi da ɗaurin kurkuku ... na wa'adin da ba zai kasance ƙasa da shekaru biyu ko fiye da shekaru goma ba, kuma zai kasance da alhakin tarar".<ref name="ppc xlv">{{Cite web |title=Pakistan Penal Code (Act XLV of 1860) |url=http://www.pakistani.org/pakistan/legislation/1860/actXLVof1860.html |access-date=12 February 2014 |website=Pakistani Legislation}}</ref> Wataƙila yankin da ke kunshe da Pakistan ya sami rinjaye daga dabi'un homophobic a wani lokaci da ya gabata fiye da sauran yankunan Asiya kamar Indosphere da Sinosphere. Shaida daga ayyukan wallafe-wallafen da zane-zane da suka shafi [[Zoroastra|Zoroastrian]], Buddha da Islama sun nuna cewa an raina jima'i ba tare da jima'i da jima'in ba ko kuma an hana shi tun aƙalla 250 BC. A tarihi a kusa da 250 BC, a lokacin Daular Parthian, an rubuta rubutun Zoroastarian Vendidad. Ya ƙunshi tanadi waɗanda suke wani ɓangare na ka'idar jima'i da ke inganta jima'i na haihuwa wanda aka fassara don hana jima'i iri ɗaya a matsayin zunubi. Tsohon sharhin kan wannan nassi ya nuna cewa ana iya kashe wadanda ke yin sodomy ba tare da izini daga babban firist ba.<ref name="ZoroTenents">{{Cite web |last=Ervad Behramshah Hormusji Bharda |date=1990 |title=The Importance of Vendidad in the Zarathushti Religion |url=http://tenets.zoroastrianism.com/vndimp33.html |access-date=January 3, 2015 |website=tenets.zoroastrianism.com}}</ref><ref name="Frashogard">{{Cite web |last=Ervad Marzban Hathiram |title=Significance and Philosophy of the Vendidad |url=http://www.frashogard.com/wp-content/uploads/2007/09/the-vendidad-part-3.pdf |access-date=January 3, 2015 |website=frashogard.com}}</ref><ref name="HI">{{Cite web |title=Ranghaya, Sixteenth Vendidad Nation & Western Aryan Lands |url=http://www.heritageinstitute.com/zoroastrianism/ranghaya/index.htm |access-date=January 3, 2015 |website=heritageinstitute.com |publisher=Heritage Institute}}</ref> Aiwatar da dokokin da ke adawa da luwadi ba a tilasta su ba amma har yanzu suna faruwa. A shekara ta 2014 wani mutumin Pakistan ya nemi mafaka a [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]] saboda tsoron da za a ɗaure shi saboda luwadi a Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-01-02 |title=Gay man faces possible jail term in Pakistan after deportation |url=https://www.abc.net.au/listen/programs/am/gay-man-faces-possible-jail-term-in-pakistan-after/5183010 |access-date=2024-04-15 |website=ABC listen |language=en-AU}}</ref> A farkon 2023 an kama mutane da yawa saboda shiga cikin batsa na ɗan luwaɗi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-06 |title=Pakistan makes dozens of arrests over same-sex, pornographic {{as written|acti|vties [sic]}} |url=https://en.dailypakistan.com.pk/06-Jan-2023/pakistan-makes-dozens-of-arrests-over-same-sex-pornographic-activties |access-date=2024-04-15 |website=Daily Pakistan Global |language=en}}</ref> Matsalar da ta fi girma na iya zama sa ido kan 'yan sanda da kashe-kashen da kungiyoyin Islama da ta'addanci suka yi.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Terrorists in Pakistan targeting LGBTQ community |url=https://www.modbee.com/opinion/article84283982.html |website=The Modesto Bee}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="1">[https://www.modbee.com/opinion/article84283982.html "Terrorists in Pakistan targeting LGBTQ community"]. </cite></ref> A matsayin wani ɓangare na Musulunci a Pakistan a ƙarƙashin [[Muhammad Zia'ul-Haq|Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq]], an kafa Dokokin Hudud a cikin 1979, suna ba da horo mai tsanani don zina, fasikanci, shan barasa da sodomy. Dangane da rahoton shekara-shekara na Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka na 2021 game da ayyukan kare hakkin dan adam a Pakistan, ba a aiwatar da Dokokin Hudood ba "tun lokacin da aka ɗaga dokar soja a shekarar 1985", kuma babu sanannun shari'o'in da ake amfani da shi ga halayyar jima'i. Babu wani sanannen kisa da aka yi don aikin ɗan luwaɗi. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ir7jwfisim6l2pb17v6rj7i9ejc2xmr 0 123057 884667 746908 2026-07-18T13:39:01Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 884667 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''kisan Natalia Mariel Melmann''', daliba mai shekaru 15 na [[Argentina]], ya faru ne a ranar 4 ga Fabrairu 2001, a Miramar, [[Buenos Aires]] . <ref name="wksu">{{Cite web |date=2022-06-30 |title=Families of murdered women and trans Argentinians ensure their voices are not silenced |url=https://www.wksu.org/npr-news/npr-news/2022-06-30/families-of-murdered-women-and-trans-argentinians-ensure-their-voices-are-not-silenced |access-date=2022-09-22 |website=WKSU |language=en}}</ref> An sami jami'an 'yan sanda biyar da laifin sace ta, azabtarwa, fyade da kisan kai.<ref name="wksu" /> Rikicin shari'ar ya sami kulawa ta kasa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Por Mariana Fernández Camacho |first= |date=4 February 2021 |title=A 20 años del femicidio de Natalia Melmann, el dolor de su papá: "Habrá justicia cuando condenen a todos los asesinos de mi hija" |url=https://www.infobae.com/sociedad/2021/02/04/a-20-anos-del-femicidio-de-natalia-melmann-el-dolor-de-su-papa-habra-justicia-cuando-condenen-a-todos-los-asesinos-de-mi-hija/ |access-date=2022-09-09 |website=infobae |language=es-ES}}</ref> == Abubuwan da suka faru == Gustavo Daniel "El Gallo" Fernández, tsohon fursuna mai shekaru 30 da ke da alaƙa da 'yan sanda na Miramar, ya sace ta. Jami'an 'yan sanda ne suka dauke ta daga Miramar, daga baya aka kira ta Corporals Ricardo Alfredo Suárez, Ricardo Anselmini da First Sergeant Óscar Alberto Echenique, zuwa wani gida a gefen birnin. A can za a azabtar da ita, fyade, kuma a ƙarshe an kashe ta da takalmin takalma. Binciken jikin ya haifar da fushi a cikin jama'ar yankin. Bugu da ƙari ga gaskiyar cewa 'yan sanda suna da hannu a cikin shari'ar, garin ya amsa. Mutane 6,000 sun jajjefe ofishin 'yan sanda, kusan sun lalata ginin gaba daya.<ref name="tiempo">{{Cite web |last=Tiempo |first=Diario El |title=Natalia Melmann: a 20 años de un crimen que no termina de cerrar las heridas |url=https://www.diarioeltiempo.com.ar/nota-natalia-melmann-a-20-anos-de-un-crimen-que-no-termina-de-cerrar-las-heridas-169538 |access-date=2022-09-09 |website=www.diarioeltiempo.com.ar}}</ref> == Shari'a == A watan Satumbar 2002, an fara shari'ar da aka yi wa Suárez, Anselmini da Echenique, inda aka same su da laifi kuma aka yanke musu hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai. A nasa bangaren, an yanke wa Fernández hukuncin shekaru 25 a kurkuku saboda laifin satar mutane, kodayake an kara shekaru ga hukuncinsa saboda wani laifi da ya gabata.[1] == Bayanan kafofin watsa labarai == A cikin 2018, 'yar jarida Constanza Marina Sagula ta yi fim na minti 42 wanda ke nuna gwagwarmayar dangin Melmann da abokai bayan kisan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Por Mariana Fernández Camacho |first= |date=4 February 2021 |title=A 20 años del femicidio de Natalia Melmann, el dolor de su papá: "Habrá justicia cuando condenen a todos los asesinos de mi hija" |url=https://www.infobae.com/sociedad/2021/02/04/a-20-anos-del-femicidio-de-natalia-melmann-el-dolor-de-su-papa-habra-justicia-cuando-condenen-a-todos-los-asesinos-de-mi-hija/ |access-date=2022-09-09 |website=infobae |language=es-ES}}</ref> == Manazarta == r02brh18li0g16nmk2wwfvqfzo7hlgp 0 123539 884691 748859 2026-07-18T14:10:34Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 884691 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} A yammacin 17 ga Satumba 2021, an kashe '''Sabina Nessa''', wata mace mai shekaru 28 a kudu maso gabashin [[Landan]]. An gano jikinta washegari a Cator Park, Greenwich, bayan an doke shi kuma An maƙure shi. '''Koci Selamaj''', wani mutumin da aka haifa a Albanian da ke zaune a Eastbourne, East Sussex, ya yi ikirarin aikata laifin kisan kai ta yi a watan Fabrairun 2022 kuma an yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai a watan Afrilu 2022. == Tarihi == Sabina Nessa (an haife ta a 1992/1993) ta girma ne a [[Bedfordshire]]" id="mwHA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Sandy, Bedfordshire">Sandy, Bedfordshire, Ingila, tare da 'yar'uwarta.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sharman |first=Laura |date=25 September 2021 |title=Sabina Nessa hoped to start a new life in Dubai before brutal murder, friend claims |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/uk/sabina-nessa-murder-dubai-kidbrooke-b957257.html |journal=Evening Standard |access-date=20 October 2021}}</ref> Ta kammala karatu a fannin zamantakewa daga Jami'ar Greenwich a shekarar 2014 kafin ta sami PGCE daga Jami'an Bedfordshire a shekarar 2020. <ref name="GSU 2021">{{Cite web |title=Officer Statement on the Death of Sabina Nessa |url=https://www.greenwichsu.co.uk/news/article/6001/Officer-Statement-on-the-Death-of-Sabina-Nessa/ |access-date=26 September 2021 |website=Greenwich Students' Union}}</ref> Ta kasance malama a [[Makarantar Firamare]] ta Rushey Green a Lewisham, Kudu maso Gabashin London, kuma tana da niyyar yin wani lokaci tana koyarwa a [[Haɗaɗɗiyar Daular Larabawa|Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa]]. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sharman |first=Laura |date=25 September 2021 |title=Sabina Nessa hoped to start a new life in Dubai before brutal murder, friend claims |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/uk/sabina-nessa-murder-dubai-kidbrooke-b957257.html |journal=Evening Standard |access-date=20 October 2021}}</ref> Tana da shekaru 28 a lokacin mutuwarta. Koci Selamaj (an haife shi a shekara ta 1985) <ref name="CPS charges">{{Cite web |title=CPS London authorises murder charge in Sabina Nessa case {{!}} The Crown Prosecution Service |url=https://www.cps.gov.uk/london-north/news/london-authorises-murder-charge-sabina-nessa-case |access-date=26 February 2022 |website=www.cps.gov.uk |publisher=Crown Prosecution Service}}</ref> ɗan ƙasar Albanian ne, kuma ya yi aiki a garage kuma a matsayin direban isar da kaya. A lokacin kisan Nessa, Selamaj tana zaune a Eastbourne, Gabashin Sussex . == Abin da ya faru == A ranar 17 ga Satumba 2021, Selamaj ya shiga Otal din Grand a Eastbourne, bayan ya yi rajistar zama na dare daya a farkon wannan makon. Daga nan sai ya tuka Nissan Micra zuwa London, kuma an gan shi a CCTV a ƙafa a Cator Park, Kidbrooke, Greenwich a karfe 20:00 BST. Da karfe 20:30, Nessa ta bar gidanta a Astell Road, Kidbrooke a kan tafiya ta minti biyar don saduwa da aboki a mashaya na Depot a ƙauyen Kidbrooke, kusa da Tashar jirgin kasa ta Kidbrooke. <ref name="Child 2021">{{Cite web |last=Child |first=David |title=Sabina Nessa: London murder reignites fears over women's safety |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/9/24/london-murder-reignites-uk-debate-about-womens-safety |access-date=25 September 2021 |website=www.aljazeera.com}}</ref> Yayinda Nessa ke tafiya ta hanyar Cator Park, Selamaj ya buge ta ba tare da sanin komai ba tare da kayan aiki ba, wanda ake zaton shi triangle ne na zirga-zirga, kafin ya ja ta cikin bishiyoyi inda ake zargin an maƙure ta. An ga Selamaj a karfe 21:00 kafin ya bar London.<ref name="BBC 60514855" /> A kan hanyar komawa Eastbourne, Selamaj ya tsaya kusa da Tunbridge Wells, Kent, inda ya zubar da triangle na zirga-zirga a cikin Kogin Teise. Ya isa otal din da ke Eastbourne jim kadan bayan 00:00 a ranar 18 ga Satumba.<ref name="Pennink 2022" /> Kodayake Nessa ba ta isa mashaya ba, ba a ba da rahoton bacewarta ba. Da karfe 17:30 a ranar 18 ga Satumba, wani mai tafiya da kare ya sami jikin Nessa a ƙarƙashin ciyayi a wurin shakatawa.<ref name="Davis 2021">{{Cite web |last=Davis |first=Barney |date=22 September 2021 |title=Sabina Nessa: Campaigners say 'male violence is killing us' |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/london/sabina-nessa-vigil-murder-kidbrooke-latest-male-women-violence-b956690.html |access-date=25 September 2021 |website=www.standard.co.uk}}</ref> == Shari'a == A ranar 23 ga watan Satumba, 'yan sanda a Lewisham sun kama wani mutum mai shekaru 38 bisa zargin kisan kai. Kwanaki uku bayan haka, an kama Selamaj a Eastbourne, kuma bisa zargin kisan kai.<ref name="Howie 2021" /> An gano shi ta hanyar hotunan CCTV na harin. An tuhumi Selamaj da kisan kai a ranar 27 ga Satumba, kuma ya bayyana a Old Bailey na Tsakiyar London ta hanyar bidiyo daga HM Prison Wormwood Scrubs a White City, West London, a ranar 30 ga Satumba. Kotun ta ji cewa yayin da Selamaj ya buge Nessa akai-akai da kayan aiki, caji post mortem bai kammala ba game da dalilin mutuwa.<ref name="BBC 58748885" /> A ranar 16 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2021, Selamaj ya yi ikirarin cewa ba shi da laifi game da kisan kai, yayin da ya yarda cewa shi ne ke da alhakin mutuwar Nessa. An shirya sauraron shari'a a ranar 25 ga Fabrairu 2022, kuma an shirya shari'ar da za ta dauki kimanin makonni biyu a watan Yunin 2022. A ranar 25 ga watan Fabrairun 2022, Selamaj ya yi ikirarin aikata kisan kai a farkon shari'arsa a Old Bailey. A ranar 7 ga Afrilu, an yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai tare da mafi ƙarancin shekaru 36. Wannan jumlar tana nufin ba zai cancanci a yi la'akari da shi ba har zuwa 30 ga Afrilu 2057 . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sharman |first=Laura |date=25 September 2021 |title=Sabina Nessa hoped to start a new life in Dubai before brutal murder, friend claims |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/uk/sabina-nessa-murder-dubai-kidbrooke-b957257.html |journal=Evening Standard |access-date=20 October 2021}}</ref> Selamaj bai kasance a kotu ba don jin hukuncinsa. == Halin da aka yi == Ba a fara bayar da rahoton kisan Nessa a ko'ina a cikin kafofin watsa labarai ba, kuma 'yar jarida Katrina Mirpuri ta kirkiro wani sakon kwayar cuta a kan Instagram, tana kiran rashin kulawar kafofin watsa labarai <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sharman |first=Laura |date=25 September 2021 |title=Sabina Nessa hoped to start a new life in Dubai before brutal murder, friend claims |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/uk/sabina-nessa-murder-dubai-kidbrooke-b957257.html |journal=Evening Standard |access-date=20 October 2021}}</ref> wanda daga ƙarshe ya jagoranci ɗaukar hoto na kafofin watsa labarai <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sharman |first=Laura |date=25 September 2021 |title=Sabina Nessa hoped to start a new life in Dubai before brutal murder, friend claims |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/uk/sabina-nessa-murder-dubai-kidbrooke-b957257.html |journal=Evening Standard |access-date=20 October 2021}}</ref> kuma ya kawo ƙarin matsin lamba don aiki don magance tashin hankali ga mata a London.<ref name="Child 2021">{{Cite web |last=Child |first=David |title=Sabina Nessa: London murder reignites fears over women's safety |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/9/24/london-murder-reignites-uk-debate-about-womens-safety |access-date=25 September 2021 |website=www.aljazeera.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFChild">Child, David. [https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/9/24/london-murder-reignites-uk-debate-about-womens-safety "Sabina Nessa: London murder reignites fears over women's safety"]. ''www.aljazeera.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> Magajin garin London [[Sadiq Khan]] ya bayyana tashin hankali a kan mata a matsayin " annoba" ta kasa. An kwatanta kisan ta da na Bibaa Henry da Nicole Smallman a watan Yunin 2020 da Sarah Everard a watan Maris na 2021. Kamar yadda ya faru da Henry da Smallman, mutuwar Nessa ta haifar da damuwa cewa har yanzu 'yan sanda ba su da mahimmanci ga kashe-kashen mata masu launin fata.[1][2] 'Yar'uwar Nessa, Jebina Yasmin [[Musulunci|Islam]], ta ce yayin da Clive Efford MP ta goyi bayan iyalinta, wasu manyan jami'an sun kasance "marasa amfani".[3] Ta ba da shawarar cewa Priti Patel ba ta da goyon baya kuma ta yi amfani da sunan Nessa don tallatawa, tana cewa "Ba ku ma damu da tambayar [abin da iyalin ke ciki] tun bayan mutuwar 'yar'uwata. Rashin goyon baya daga kanka kuma [[Boris Johnson]] kawai ya nuna yadda 'babban' yake magance tashin hankali na namiji a gare ku maza". Musulunci ta koka game da rashin goyon baya ga iyalinta saboda kabilansu.[4] Dame Vera Baird ta halarci bikin Nessa a Landan kuma ta yi sharhi cewa ana buƙatar canjin al'umma kuma dole ne 'yan sanda su yi ƙarin. Har ila yau, a cikin halartar taron London akwai [[Zarah Sultana]], Mandu Reid, Rabin Khan da Apsana Begum.<ref name="Beecham 2021">{{Cite web |last=Beecham |first=Amy |date=25 September 2021 |title=Sabina Nessa: powerful responses and images from candlelit vigil |url=https://www.stylist.co.uk/news/sabina-nessa-vigil-powerful-reactions/569010 |access-date=4 October 2021 |website=Stylist |language=en}}</ref> An shimfiɗa furanni a madadin Duchess na Cambridge . A cikin 2022, an zaɓi Islama a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin ''Mata 100'' na [[BBC]] don kamfen ɗin ta don inganta lafiyar mata. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sharman |first=Laura |date=25 September 2021 |title=Sabina Nessa hoped to start a new life in Dubai before brutal murder, friend claims |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/uk/sabina-nessa-murder-dubai-kidbrooke-b957257.html |journal=Evening Standard |access-date=20 October 2021}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] msupmd181n0786kemsq1hzyifvjkgqx 0 123691 884670 795166 2026-07-18T13:45:18Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 884670 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mary Kostakidis''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1954) 'yar jarida ce kuma mai sharhi kan siyasa a [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]]. Ita ce tsohuwar mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen ''SBS World News Australia'' na tsawon mako kuma ta kasance fuskar SBS tsawon shekaru ashirin. Aikin jarida nata ya shafi batutuwan siyasa, dimokuradiyya da 'yancin manema labarai. Sharhinta ya shafi fannoni da suka hada da Gabas ta Tsakiya, tsaron kasa, AUKUS, China da gazawar manyan kafofin watsa labarai. Kafafen watsa labarai masu zaman kansu ne ke buga ayyukanta, ciki har da mujallar manufofin jama'a ta Pearls and Irritations, kuma ta yi amfani da Twitter/X sosai don bayar da rahoto dalla-dalla kan shari'o'in kotu a lokaci guda, ciki har da sauraron shaidun da aka shigar a Burtaniya na tsawon makonni hudu na Julian Assange da kuma daukaka kara daga baya. == Rayuwar farko == An haife ta a Veria, Girka, kuma iyalinta sun yi ƙaura zuwa Ostiraliya shekaru biyu bayan haka. Kostakidis ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta 'Yan Mata ta Fort Street, da Jami'ar [[Sydney]], inda ta yi karatun Girka ta zamani, falsafa, Faransanci, Jamusanci da Italiyanci . Ta kasance memba ta farko da ta kafa jami'ar kuma shugabar farko ta ƙungiyar Girka ta SUGS. Ta kammala karatun Difloma na Ilimi . An ba Kostakidis tallafin karatu na gaba da digiri don yin karatu a Jami'ar [[Aristotle]] ta Thessaloniki da ke Girka. [1] Kafin ta shiga SBS, Kostakidis ta yi aiki a matsayin malami a Jami'ar Sydney, a matsayin jami'ar bincike a Sashen Lafiya da Matasa da Ayyukan Al'umma a New South Wales da kuma a matsayin mai fassara a kotu da kuma editan fassara. Ta kuma dauki nauyin shirye-shirye a tashoshin ABC Radio 2BL da Classic FM. <ref name="sbsaboutmk">{{Cite web |title=Mary Kostakidis |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/mary-kostakidis |access-date=30 September 2020 |website=SBS News |language=en |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110185048/https://www.sbs.com.au/news/mary-kostakidis |url-status=dead }}</ref> A lokacin da aka ba ta aikin fassara a kan abin da ake kira "Shari'ar Makircin Girka" a ƙarshen shekarun 1970, ta shirya wani kwas na canza addini ga masu fassara Girka a Hukumar Harkokin Ƙabila ta NSW tare da haɗin gwiwar Sashen Girka na Zamani na Jami'ar Sydney, don sauƙaƙe sauyawa daga Katharevousa zuwa Girkanci na demotic ko na harshe ta yadda waɗanda ake tuhuma a cikin shari'ar za su iya fahimtar harshen da ake amfani da shi. Bayan wasu shekaru, Girka ta kuma ɗauki harshen a matsayin harshen duk takardun hukuma. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2020)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> == Mai wasan kwaikwayo == Kostakidis ta fito a wani shirin talabijin na yara mai suna ''Five Times Dizzy'' a shekarar 1986 tare da Rebekah Elmaloglou . Ta kuma fito a fina-finan ''Jindabyne'' da ''Look Both Ways'' a matsayin mai karanta labarai. == Sana'a == Kostakidis memba ce a cikin ƙungiyar gudanarwa da ta kafa kuma ta ƙirƙiro gidan talabijin na SBS a shekarar 1980 kuma ta gabatar da babban labaranta na Duniya na tsawon shekaru 20, ta yi murabus a shekarar 2007. <ref name="age210807">{{Cite web |last=Wellings |first=Susan |date=21 August 2007 |title=Mary walks out on SBS |url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/tv--radio/news-icon-mary-kostakidis-walks-out-on-sbs/2007/08/21/1187462232788.html |access-date=18 April 2016 |publisher=[[The Age]]}}</ref> Naɗe-naɗenta na kwamitin gudanarwa da kwamitin gudanarwa a cikin kusan shekaru 30 a SBS kuma daga baya ta nuna jajircewarta ga adalci da fasaha. Ta yi aiki a matsayin memba na Hukumar Gidauniyar Fred Hollows, Hukumar Wasan Kwaikwayo ta Sydney, Majalisar Laburare ta Ƙasa ta Ostiraliya, Hukumar Gidauniyar ResMed, Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na Gidauniyar Zaman Lafiya ta Sydney, Jami'ar Sydney, Gidauniyar Freilich ta ANU, da Gidauniyar Sirri. Ita tsohuwar Shugaba ce ta Gidauniyar Zaman Lafiya ta Sydney. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1954]] 42g49qlst67ohvz73jqn6jc4va07v3y 0 125069 884791 753245 2026-07-19T08:20:35Z BnHamid 12586 BnHamid moved page [[Mai kisan Aljanu: Kimetsu no Yaiba kakar 1]] to [[Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba (fim - Kashi na 1)]] 753245 wikitext text/x-wiki Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Japan wanda ya samo asali ne daga jerin manga na Koyoharu Gotouge na wannan sunan. An sanar da jerin shirye-shiryen anime da Ufotable ta samar a cikin Weekly Shōnen Jump a ranar 4 ga Yuni, 2018. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ressler |first=Karen |date=June 3, 2018 |title=Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba Manga Gets TV Anime by ufotable |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2018-06-03/demon-slayer-kimetsu-no-yaiba-manga-gets-tv-anime-by-ufotable/.132272 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614020652/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2018-06-03/demon-slayer-kimetsu-no-yaiba-manga-gets-tv-anime-by-ufotable/.132272 |archive-date=June 14, 2018 |access-date=June 3, 2018 |website=[[Anime News Network]]}}</ref> Lokacin farko, wanda aka fi sani da Tanjiro Kamado, Unwavering Resolve Arc, ya daidaita kundin farko bakwai (surori 1-54) na manga kuma an watsa shi daga Afrilu 6 zuwa Satumba 28, 2019, a kan Tokyo MX, GTV, GYT, BS11, da sauran cibiyoyin sadarwa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Pineda |first=Rafael Antonio |date=August 3, 2018 |title=Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba Anime Premieres in Spring |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/daily-briefs/2018-08-03/demon-slayer-kimetsu-no-yaiba-anime-premieres-in-spring/.135042 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190511090001/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/daily-briefs/2018-08-03/demon-slayer-kimetsu-no-yaiba-anime-premieres-in-spring/.135042 |archive-date=May 11, 2019 |access-date=August 3, 2018 |website=[[Anime News Network]]}}</ref>{{Efn|{{Nihongo||立志編|Risshi-hen}}}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hodgkins |first=Crystalyn |date=February 28, 2019 |title=Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba Anime Premieres on April 6 |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2019-02-28/demon-slayer-kimetsu-no-yaiba-anime-premieres-on-april-6/.144005 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191208160246/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/daily-briefs/2019-02-28/demon-slayer-kimetsu-no-yaiba-anime-premieres-on-april-6/.144005 |archive-date=December 8, 2019 |access-date=February 28, 2019 |website=[[Anime News Network]]}}</ref> Haruo Sotozaki ya ba da umarnin wasan kwaikwayo tare da rubutun ma'aikatan Ufotable. Yuki Kajiura da Go Shiina sun kirkiro kiɗa, kuma Akira Matsushima shine mai tsara halayen. Hikaru Kondo shine furodusa.<ref name="staff">{{Cite web |last=Hodgkins |first=Crystalyn |date=November 24, 2018 |title=Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba Anime Reveals Staff, More Cast |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2018-11-24/demon-slayer-kimetsu-no-yaiba-anime-reveals-staff-more-cast/.139916 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321034022/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2018-11-24/demon-slayer-kimetsu-no-yaiba-anime-reveals-staff-more-cast/.139916 |archive-date=March 21, 2019 |access-date=November 24, 2018 |website=[[Anime News Network]]}}</ref> ''Mai kisan aljanu: Kimetsu no Yaiba'' an saita shi a duniya a lokacin Zamanin Taishō na Japan, inda bil'adama ke rayuwa a asirce kuma ke fada da barazanar aljanu: mutane masu canzawa waɗanda ke da ikon allahntaka kamar ingantaccen ƙarfi, saurin sake farfadowa, da ikon musamman da ake kira "Jinin Aljanu". Labarin ya biyo bayan wani matashi, Tanjiro Kamado, wanda ke ƙoƙari ya zama "Mai Kashe Aljanu" bayan an kashe iyalinsa kuma ƙanwarsa, Nezuko, ta zama aljani. Taken buɗewa shine "" na Lisa, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ressler |first=Karen |date=June 3, 2018 |title=Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba Manga Gets TV Anime by ufotable |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2018-06-03/demon-slayer-kimetsu-no-yaiba-manga-gets-tv-anime-by-ufotable/.132272 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614020652/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2018-06-03/demon-slayer-kimetsu-no-yaiba-manga-gets-tv-anime-by-ufotable/.132272 |archive-date=June 14, 2018 |access-date=June 3, 2018 |website=[[Anime News Network]]}}</ref> yayin da taken ƙarshe shine "daga gefen" ta FictionJunction feat. Lisa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pineda |first=Rafael Antonio |date=August 3, 2018 |title=Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba Anime Premieres in Spring |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/daily-briefs/2018-08-03/demon-slayer-kimetsu-no-yaiba-anime-premieres-in-spring/.135042 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190511090001/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/daily-briefs/2018-08-03/demon-slayer-kimetsu-no-yaiba-anime-premieres-in-spring/.135042 |archive-date=May 11, 2019 |access-date=August 3, 2018 |website=[[Anime News Network]]}}</ref> Taken ƙarshe na fasalin 19 shine "" ([[[[[[[]]]]]]]:[[[[[[;[[[[[[_]]]]]]) na Go Shiina tare da Nami Nakagawa . Aniplex na Amurka ya ba da lasisi ga jerin kuma ya watsa shi a kan Crunchyroll, Hulu, da Funimation . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ressler |first=Karen |date=June 3, 2018 |title=Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba Manga Gets TV Anime by ufotable |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2018-06-03/demon-slayer-kimetsu-no-yaiba-manga-gets-tv-anime-by-ufotable/.132272 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614020652/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2018-06-03/demon-slayer-kimetsu-no-yaiba-manga-gets-tv-anime-by-ufotable/.132272 |archive-date=June 14, 2018 |access-date=June 3, 2018 |website=[[Anime News Network]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pineda |first=Rafael Antonio |date=August 3, 2018 |title=Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba Anime Premieres in Spring |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/daily-briefs/2018-08-03/demon-slayer-kimetsu-no-yaiba-anime-premieres-in-spring/.135042 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190511090001/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/daily-briefs/2018-08-03/demon-slayer-kimetsu-no-yaiba-anime-premieres-in-spring/.135042 |archive-date=May 11, 2019 |access-date=August 3, 2018 |website=[[Anime News Network]]}}</ref> AnimeLab ta watsa jerin a Australia da New Zealand.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hodgkins |first=Crystalyn |date=February 28, 2019 |title=Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba Anime Premieres on April 6 |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2019-02-28/demon-slayer-kimetsu-no-yaiba-anime-premieres-on-april-6/.144005 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191208160246/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/daily-briefs/2019-02-28/demon-slayer-kimetsu-no-yaiba-anime-premieres-on-april-6/.144005 |archive-date=December 8, 2019 |access-date=February 28, 2019 |website=[[Anime News Network]]}}</ref> Lokacin farko ya gudana na 26 episodes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ressler |first=Karen |date=June 3, 2018 |title=Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba Manga Gets TV Anime by ufotable |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2018-06-03/demon-slayer-kimetsu-no-yaiba-manga-gets-tv-anime-by-ufotable/.132272 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614020652/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2018-06-03/demon-slayer-kimetsu-no-yaiba-manga-gets-tv-anime-by-ufotable/.132272 |archive-date=June 14, 2018 |access-date=June 3, 2018 |website=[[Anime News Network]]}}</ref> Kafin watsawa, abubuwan farko biyar da aka nuna a wasan kwaikwayo a Japan na makonni biyu daga Maris 29, 2019, a ƙarƙashin taken Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba - Sibling's Bond . [1] Aniplex na Amurka ya nuna fim din a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Aratani a Los Angeles a ranar 31 ga Maris, 2019. [2] Madman Entertainment ta hanyar AnimeLab ta nuna fim din a zaɓaɓɓun gidajen wasan kwaikwayo a Ostiraliya a ranar 2 ga Afrilu, 2019. [3] A watan Yulin 2019, an ba da sanarwar cewa dub din Ingilishi zai fara ne a kan shirin shirye-shiryen Toonami na Adult Swim. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ressler |first=Karen |date=June 3, 2018 |title=Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba Manga Gets TV Anime by ufotable |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2018-06-03/demon-slayer-kimetsu-no-yaiba-manga-gets-tv-anime-by-ufotable/.132272 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614020652/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2018-06-03/demon-slayer-kimetsu-no-yaiba-manga-gets-tv-anime-by-ufotable/.132272 |archive-date=June 14, 2018 |access-date=June 3, 2018 |website=[[Anime News Network]]}}</ref> Ya gudana daga 13 ga Oktoba, 2019, zuwa 3 ga Mayu, 2020. <ref name="toonami1st">{{Cite web |last=Pineda |first=Rafael Antonio |date=September 12, 2019 |title=Toonami Premieres Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba Anime on October 12 |url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2019-09-12/toonami-premieres-demon-slayer-kimetsu-no-yaiba-anime-on-october-12/.151037 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190913204945/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2019-09-12/toonami-premieres-demon-slayer-kimetsu-no-yaiba-anime-on-october-12/.151037 |archive-date=September 13, 2019 |access-date=September 13, 2019 |website=[[Anime News Network]]}}</ref> [b] == Abubuwan da suka faru == {{Episode table}} == Manazarta == rcptpd8hnkorh8gg33o9htgx2j5a2qn 884793 884791 2026-07-19T08:21:00Z BnHamid 12586 884793 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Japan wanda ya samo asali ne daga jerin manga na Koyoharu Gotouge na wannan sunan. An sanar da jerin shirye-shiryen anime da Ufotable ta samar a cikin Weekly Shōnen Jump a ranar 4 ga Yuni, 2018. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ressler |first=Karen |date=June 3, 2018 |title=Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba Manga Gets TV Anime by ufotable |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2018-06-03/demon-slayer-kimetsu-no-yaiba-manga-gets-tv-anime-by-ufotable/.132272 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614020652/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2018-06-03/demon-slayer-kimetsu-no-yaiba-manga-gets-tv-anime-by-ufotable/.132272 |archive-date=June 14, 2018 |access-date=June 3, 2018 |website=[[Anime News Network]]}}</ref> Lokacin farko, wanda aka fi sani da Tanjiro Kamado, Unwavering Resolve Arc, ya daidaita kundin farko bakwai (surori 1-54) na manga kuma an watsa shi daga Afrilu 6 zuwa Satumba 28, 2019, a kan Tokyo MX, GTV, GYT, BS11, da sauran cibiyoyin sadarwa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Pineda |first=Rafael Antonio |date=August 3, 2018 |title=Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba Anime Premieres in Spring |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/daily-briefs/2018-08-03/demon-slayer-kimetsu-no-yaiba-anime-premieres-in-spring/.135042 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190511090001/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/daily-briefs/2018-08-03/demon-slayer-kimetsu-no-yaiba-anime-premieres-in-spring/.135042 |archive-date=May 11, 2019 |access-date=August 3, 2018 |website=[[Anime News Network]]}}</ref>{{Efn|{{Nihongo||立志編|Risshi-hen}}}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hodgkins |first=Crystalyn |date=February 28, 2019 |title=Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba Anime Premieres on April 6 |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2019-02-28/demon-slayer-kimetsu-no-yaiba-anime-premieres-on-april-6/.144005 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191208160246/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/daily-briefs/2019-02-28/demon-slayer-kimetsu-no-yaiba-anime-premieres-on-april-6/.144005 |archive-date=December 8, 2019 |access-date=February 28, 2019 |website=[[Anime News Network]]}}</ref> Haruo Sotozaki ya ba da umarnin wasan kwaikwayo tare da rubutun ma'aikatan Ufotable. Yuki Kajiura da Go Shiina sun kirkiro kiɗa, kuma Akira Matsushima shine mai tsara halayen. Hikaru Kondo shine furodusa.<ref name="staff">{{Cite web |last=Hodgkins |first=Crystalyn |date=November 24, 2018 |title=Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba Anime Reveals Staff, More Cast |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2018-11-24/demon-slayer-kimetsu-no-yaiba-anime-reveals-staff-more-cast/.139916 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321034022/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2018-11-24/demon-slayer-kimetsu-no-yaiba-anime-reveals-staff-more-cast/.139916 |archive-date=March 21, 2019 |access-date=November 24, 2018 |website=[[Anime News Network]]}}</ref> ''Mai kisan aljanu: Kimetsu no Yaiba'' an saita shi a duniya a lokacin Zamanin Taishō na Japan, inda bil'adama ke rayuwa a asirce kuma ke fada da barazanar aljanu: mutane masu canzawa waɗanda ke da ikon allahntaka kamar ingantaccen ƙarfi, saurin sake farfadowa, da ikon musamman da ake kira "Jinin Aljanu". Labarin ya biyo bayan wani matashi, Tanjiro Kamado, wanda ke ƙoƙari ya zama "Mai Kashe Aljanu" bayan an kashe iyalinsa kuma ƙanwarsa, Nezuko, ta zama aljani. Taken buɗewa shine "" na Lisa, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ressler |first=Karen |date=June 3, 2018 |title=Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba Manga Gets TV Anime by ufotable |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2018-06-03/demon-slayer-kimetsu-no-yaiba-manga-gets-tv-anime-by-ufotable/.132272 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614020652/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2018-06-03/demon-slayer-kimetsu-no-yaiba-manga-gets-tv-anime-by-ufotable/.132272 |archive-date=June 14, 2018 |access-date=June 3, 2018 |website=[[Anime News Network]]}}</ref> yayin da taken ƙarshe shine "daga gefen" ta FictionJunction feat. Lisa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pineda |first=Rafael Antonio |date=August 3, 2018 |title=Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba Anime Premieres in Spring |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/daily-briefs/2018-08-03/demon-slayer-kimetsu-no-yaiba-anime-premieres-in-spring/.135042 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190511090001/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/daily-briefs/2018-08-03/demon-slayer-kimetsu-no-yaiba-anime-premieres-in-spring/.135042 |archive-date=May 11, 2019 |access-date=August 3, 2018 |website=[[Anime News Network]]}}</ref> Taken ƙarshe na fasalin 19 shine "" ([[[[[[[]]]]]]]:[[[[[[;[[[[[[_]]]]]]) na Go Shiina tare da Nami Nakagawa . Aniplex na Amurka ya ba da lasisi ga jerin kuma ya watsa shi a kan Crunchyroll, Hulu, da Funimation . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ressler |first=Karen |date=June 3, 2018 |title=Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba Manga Gets TV Anime by ufotable |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2018-06-03/demon-slayer-kimetsu-no-yaiba-manga-gets-tv-anime-by-ufotable/.132272 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614020652/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2018-06-03/demon-slayer-kimetsu-no-yaiba-manga-gets-tv-anime-by-ufotable/.132272 |archive-date=June 14, 2018 |access-date=June 3, 2018 |website=[[Anime News Network]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pineda |first=Rafael Antonio |date=August 3, 2018 |title=Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba Anime Premieres in Spring |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/daily-briefs/2018-08-03/demon-slayer-kimetsu-no-yaiba-anime-premieres-in-spring/.135042 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190511090001/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/daily-briefs/2018-08-03/demon-slayer-kimetsu-no-yaiba-anime-premieres-in-spring/.135042 |archive-date=May 11, 2019 |access-date=August 3, 2018 |website=[[Anime News Network]]}}</ref> AnimeLab ta watsa jerin a Australia da New Zealand.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hodgkins |first=Crystalyn |date=February 28, 2019 |title=Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba Anime Premieres on April 6 |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2019-02-28/demon-slayer-kimetsu-no-yaiba-anime-premieres-on-april-6/.144005 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191208160246/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/daily-briefs/2019-02-28/demon-slayer-kimetsu-no-yaiba-anime-premieres-on-april-6/.144005 |archive-date=December 8, 2019 |access-date=February 28, 2019 |website=[[Anime News Network]]}}</ref> Lokacin farko ya gudana na 26 episodes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ressler |first=Karen |date=June 3, 2018 |title=Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba Manga Gets TV Anime by ufotable |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2018-06-03/demon-slayer-kimetsu-no-yaiba-manga-gets-tv-anime-by-ufotable/.132272 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614020652/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2018-06-03/demon-slayer-kimetsu-no-yaiba-manga-gets-tv-anime-by-ufotable/.132272 |archive-date=June 14, 2018 |access-date=June 3, 2018 |website=[[Anime News Network]]}}</ref> Kafin watsawa, abubuwan farko biyar da aka nuna a wasan kwaikwayo a Japan na makonni biyu daga Maris 29, 2019, a ƙarƙashin taken Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba - Sibling's Bond . [1] Aniplex na Amurka ya nuna fim din a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Aratani a Los Angeles a ranar 31 ga Maris, 2019. [2] Madman Entertainment ta hanyar AnimeLab ta nuna fim din a zaɓaɓɓun gidajen wasan kwaikwayo a Ostiraliya a ranar 2 ga Afrilu, 2019. [3] A watan Yulin 2019, an ba da sanarwar cewa dub din Ingilishi zai fara ne a kan shirin shirye-shiryen Toonami na Adult Swim. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ressler |first=Karen |date=June 3, 2018 |title=Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba Manga Gets TV Anime by ufotable |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2018-06-03/demon-slayer-kimetsu-no-yaiba-manga-gets-tv-anime-by-ufotable/.132272 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614020652/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2018-06-03/demon-slayer-kimetsu-no-yaiba-manga-gets-tv-anime-by-ufotable/.132272 |archive-date=June 14, 2018 |access-date=June 3, 2018 |website=[[Anime News Network]]}}</ref> Ya gudana daga 13 ga Oktoba, 2019, zuwa 3 ga Mayu, 2020. <ref name="toonami1st">{{Cite web |last=Pineda |first=Rafael Antonio |date=September 12, 2019 |title=Toonami Premieres Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba Anime on October 12 |url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2019-09-12/toonami-premieres-demon-slayer-kimetsu-no-yaiba-anime-on-october-12/.151037 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190913204945/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2019-09-12/toonami-premieres-demon-slayer-kimetsu-no-yaiba-anime-on-october-12/.151037 |archive-date=September 13, 2019 |access-date=September 13, 2019 |website=[[Anime News Network]]}}</ref> [b] == Abubuwan da suka faru == {{Episode table}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Fim]] tw2lqg3k9l3kvanlel8v0x0opckmy06 884794 884793 2026-07-19T08:21:27Z BnHamid 12586 /* Manazarta */ 884794 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Japan wanda ya samo asali ne daga jerin manga na Koyoharu Gotouge na wannan sunan. An sanar da jerin shirye-shiryen anime da Ufotable ta samar a cikin Weekly Shōnen Jump a ranar 4 ga Yuni, 2018. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ressler |first=Karen |date=June 3, 2018 |title=Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba Manga Gets TV Anime by ufotable |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2018-06-03/demon-slayer-kimetsu-no-yaiba-manga-gets-tv-anime-by-ufotable/.132272 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614020652/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2018-06-03/demon-slayer-kimetsu-no-yaiba-manga-gets-tv-anime-by-ufotable/.132272 |archive-date=June 14, 2018 |access-date=June 3, 2018 |website=[[Anime News Network]]}}</ref> Lokacin farko, wanda aka fi sani da Tanjiro Kamado, Unwavering Resolve Arc, ya daidaita kundin farko bakwai (surori 1-54) na manga kuma an watsa shi daga Afrilu 6 zuwa Satumba 28, 2019, a kan Tokyo MX, GTV, GYT, BS11, da sauran cibiyoyin sadarwa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Pineda |first=Rafael Antonio |date=August 3, 2018 |title=Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba Anime Premieres in Spring |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/daily-briefs/2018-08-03/demon-slayer-kimetsu-no-yaiba-anime-premieres-in-spring/.135042 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190511090001/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/daily-briefs/2018-08-03/demon-slayer-kimetsu-no-yaiba-anime-premieres-in-spring/.135042 |archive-date=May 11, 2019 |access-date=August 3, 2018 |website=[[Anime News Network]]}}</ref>{{Efn|{{Nihongo||立志編|Risshi-hen}}}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hodgkins |first=Crystalyn |date=February 28, 2019 |title=Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba Anime Premieres on April 6 |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2019-02-28/demon-slayer-kimetsu-no-yaiba-anime-premieres-on-april-6/.144005 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191208160246/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/daily-briefs/2019-02-28/demon-slayer-kimetsu-no-yaiba-anime-premieres-on-april-6/.144005 |archive-date=December 8, 2019 |access-date=February 28, 2019 |website=[[Anime News Network]]}}</ref> Haruo Sotozaki ya ba da umarnin wasan kwaikwayo tare da rubutun ma'aikatan Ufotable. Yuki Kajiura da Go Shiina sun kirkiro kiɗa, kuma Akira Matsushima shine mai tsara halayen. Hikaru Kondo shine furodusa.<ref name="staff">{{Cite web |last=Hodgkins |first=Crystalyn |date=November 24, 2018 |title=Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba Anime Reveals Staff, More Cast |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2018-11-24/demon-slayer-kimetsu-no-yaiba-anime-reveals-staff-more-cast/.139916 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321034022/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2018-11-24/demon-slayer-kimetsu-no-yaiba-anime-reveals-staff-more-cast/.139916 |archive-date=March 21, 2019 |access-date=November 24, 2018 |website=[[Anime News Network]]}}</ref> ''Mai kisan aljanu: Kimetsu no Yaiba'' an saita shi a duniya a lokacin Zamanin Taishō na Japan, inda bil'adama ke rayuwa a asirce kuma ke fada da barazanar aljanu: mutane masu canzawa waɗanda ke da ikon allahntaka kamar ingantaccen ƙarfi, saurin sake farfadowa, da ikon musamman da ake kira "Jinin Aljanu". Labarin ya biyo bayan wani matashi, Tanjiro Kamado, wanda ke ƙoƙari ya zama "Mai Kashe Aljanu" bayan an kashe iyalinsa kuma ƙanwarsa, Nezuko, ta zama aljani. Taken buɗewa shine "" na Lisa, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ressler |first=Karen |date=June 3, 2018 |title=Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba Manga Gets TV Anime by ufotable |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2018-06-03/demon-slayer-kimetsu-no-yaiba-manga-gets-tv-anime-by-ufotable/.132272 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614020652/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2018-06-03/demon-slayer-kimetsu-no-yaiba-manga-gets-tv-anime-by-ufotable/.132272 |archive-date=June 14, 2018 |access-date=June 3, 2018 |website=[[Anime News Network]]}}</ref> yayin da taken ƙarshe shine "daga gefen" ta FictionJunction feat. Lisa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pineda |first=Rafael Antonio |date=August 3, 2018 |title=Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba Anime Premieres in Spring |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/daily-briefs/2018-08-03/demon-slayer-kimetsu-no-yaiba-anime-premieres-in-spring/.135042 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190511090001/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/daily-briefs/2018-08-03/demon-slayer-kimetsu-no-yaiba-anime-premieres-in-spring/.135042 |archive-date=May 11, 2019 |access-date=August 3, 2018 |website=[[Anime News Network]]}}</ref> Taken ƙarshe na fasalin 19 shine "" ([[[[[[[]]]]]]]:[[[[[[;[[[[[[_]]]]]]) na Go Shiina tare da Nami Nakagawa . Aniplex na Amurka ya ba da lasisi ga jerin kuma ya watsa shi a kan Crunchyroll, Hulu, da Funimation . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ressler |first=Karen |date=June 3, 2018 |title=Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba Manga Gets TV Anime by ufotable |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2018-06-03/demon-slayer-kimetsu-no-yaiba-manga-gets-tv-anime-by-ufotable/.132272 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614020652/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2018-06-03/demon-slayer-kimetsu-no-yaiba-manga-gets-tv-anime-by-ufotable/.132272 |archive-date=June 14, 2018 |access-date=June 3, 2018 |website=[[Anime News Network]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pineda |first=Rafael Antonio |date=August 3, 2018 |title=Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba Anime Premieres in Spring |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/daily-briefs/2018-08-03/demon-slayer-kimetsu-no-yaiba-anime-premieres-in-spring/.135042 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190511090001/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/daily-briefs/2018-08-03/demon-slayer-kimetsu-no-yaiba-anime-premieres-in-spring/.135042 |archive-date=May 11, 2019 |access-date=August 3, 2018 |website=[[Anime News Network]]}}</ref> AnimeLab ta watsa jerin a Australia da New Zealand.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hodgkins |first=Crystalyn |date=February 28, 2019 |title=Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba Anime Premieres on April 6 |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2019-02-28/demon-slayer-kimetsu-no-yaiba-anime-premieres-on-april-6/.144005 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191208160246/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/daily-briefs/2019-02-28/demon-slayer-kimetsu-no-yaiba-anime-premieres-on-april-6/.144005 |archive-date=December 8, 2019 |access-date=February 28, 2019 |website=[[Anime News Network]]}}</ref> Lokacin farko ya gudana na 26 episodes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ressler |first=Karen |date=June 3, 2018 |title=Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba Manga Gets TV Anime by ufotable |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2018-06-03/demon-slayer-kimetsu-no-yaiba-manga-gets-tv-anime-by-ufotable/.132272 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614020652/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2018-06-03/demon-slayer-kimetsu-no-yaiba-manga-gets-tv-anime-by-ufotable/.132272 |archive-date=June 14, 2018 |access-date=June 3, 2018 |website=[[Anime News Network]]}}</ref> Kafin watsawa, abubuwan farko biyar da aka nuna a wasan kwaikwayo a Japan na makonni biyu daga Maris 29, 2019, a ƙarƙashin taken Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba - Sibling's Bond . [1] Aniplex na Amurka ya nuna fim din a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Aratani a Los Angeles a ranar 31 ga Maris, 2019. [2] Madman Entertainment ta hanyar AnimeLab ta nuna fim din a zaɓaɓɓun gidajen wasan kwaikwayo a Ostiraliya a ranar 2 ga Afrilu, 2019. [3] A watan Yulin 2019, an ba da sanarwar cewa dub din Ingilishi zai fara ne a kan shirin shirye-shiryen Toonami na Adult Swim. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ressler |first=Karen |date=June 3, 2018 |title=Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba Manga Gets TV Anime by ufotable |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2018-06-03/demon-slayer-kimetsu-no-yaiba-manga-gets-tv-anime-by-ufotable/.132272 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614020652/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2018-06-03/demon-slayer-kimetsu-no-yaiba-manga-gets-tv-anime-by-ufotable/.132272 |archive-date=June 14, 2018 |access-date=June 3, 2018 |website=[[Anime News Network]]}}</ref> Ya gudana daga 13 ga Oktoba, 2019, zuwa 3 ga Mayu, 2020. <ref name="toonami1st">{{Cite web |last=Pineda |first=Rafael Antonio |date=September 12, 2019 |title=Toonami Premieres Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba Anime on October 12 |url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2019-09-12/toonami-premieres-demon-slayer-kimetsu-no-yaiba-anime-on-october-12/.151037 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190913204945/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2019-09-12/toonami-premieres-demon-slayer-kimetsu-no-yaiba-anime-on-october-12/.151037 |archive-date=September 13, 2019 |access-date=September 13, 2019 |website=[[Anime News Network]]}}</ref> [b] == Abubuwan da suka faru == {{Episode table}} ==Bayanan Kula== {{Notelist}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Fim]] kzr2enfmpbc7ofez960253pcb8xcn94 884801 884794 2026-07-19T08:25:52Z BnHamid 12586 BnHamid moved page [[Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba (fim - Kashi na 1)]] to [[Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba (fim - Zango na 1)]] 884794 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Japan wanda ya samo asali ne daga jerin manga na Koyoharu Gotouge na wannan sunan. An sanar da jerin shirye-shiryen anime da Ufotable ta samar a cikin Weekly Shōnen Jump a ranar 4 ga Yuni, 2018. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ressler |first=Karen |date=June 3, 2018 |title=Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba Manga Gets TV Anime by ufotable |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2018-06-03/demon-slayer-kimetsu-no-yaiba-manga-gets-tv-anime-by-ufotable/.132272 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614020652/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2018-06-03/demon-slayer-kimetsu-no-yaiba-manga-gets-tv-anime-by-ufotable/.132272 |archive-date=June 14, 2018 |access-date=June 3, 2018 |website=[[Anime News Network]]}}</ref> Lokacin farko, wanda aka fi sani da Tanjiro Kamado, Unwavering Resolve Arc, ya daidaita kundin farko bakwai (surori 1-54) na manga kuma an watsa shi daga Afrilu 6 zuwa Satumba 28, 2019, a kan Tokyo MX, GTV, GYT, BS11, da sauran cibiyoyin sadarwa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Pineda |first=Rafael Antonio |date=August 3, 2018 |title=Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba Anime Premieres in Spring |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/daily-briefs/2018-08-03/demon-slayer-kimetsu-no-yaiba-anime-premieres-in-spring/.135042 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190511090001/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/daily-briefs/2018-08-03/demon-slayer-kimetsu-no-yaiba-anime-premieres-in-spring/.135042 |archive-date=May 11, 2019 |access-date=August 3, 2018 |website=[[Anime News Network]]}}</ref>{{Efn|{{Nihongo||立志編|Risshi-hen}}}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hodgkins |first=Crystalyn |date=February 28, 2019 |title=Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba Anime Premieres on April 6 |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2019-02-28/demon-slayer-kimetsu-no-yaiba-anime-premieres-on-april-6/.144005 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191208160246/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/daily-briefs/2019-02-28/demon-slayer-kimetsu-no-yaiba-anime-premieres-on-april-6/.144005 |archive-date=December 8, 2019 |access-date=February 28, 2019 |website=[[Anime News Network]]}}</ref> Haruo Sotozaki ya ba da umarnin wasan kwaikwayo tare da rubutun ma'aikatan Ufotable. Yuki Kajiura da Go Shiina sun kirkiro kiɗa, kuma Akira Matsushima shine mai tsara halayen. Hikaru Kondo shine furodusa.<ref name="staff">{{Cite web |last=Hodgkins |first=Crystalyn |date=November 24, 2018 |title=Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba Anime Reveals Staff, More Cast |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2018-11-24/demon-slayer-kimetsu-no-yaiba-anime-reveals-staff-more-cast/.139916 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321034022/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2018-11-24/demon-slayer-kimetsu-no-yaiba-anime-reveals-staff-more-cast/.139916 |archive-date=March 21, 2019 |access-date=November 24, 2018 |website=[[Anime News Network]]}}</ref> ''Mai kisan aljanu: Kimetsu no Yaiba'' an saita shi a duniya a lokacin Zamanin Taishō na Japan, inda bil'adama ke rayuwa a asirce kuma ke fada da barazanar aljanu: mutane masu canzawa waɗanda ke da ikon allahntaka kamar ingantaccen ƙarfi, saurin sake farfadowa, da ikon musamman da ake kira "Jinin Aljanu". Labarin ya biyo bayan wani matashi, Tanjiro Kamado, wanda ke ƙoƙari ya zama "Mai Kashe Aljanu" bayan an kashe iyalinsa kuma ƙanwarsa, Nezuko, ta zama aljani. Taken buɗewa shine "" na Lisa, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ressler |first=Karen |date=June 3, 2018 |title=Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba Manga Gets TV Anime by ufotable |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2018-06-03/demon-slayer-kimetsu-no-yaiba-manga-gets-tv-anime-by-ufotable/.132272 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614020652/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2018-06-03/demon-slayer-kimetsu-no-yaiba-manga-gets-tv-anime-by-ufotable/.132272 |archive-date=June 14, 2018 |access-date=June 3, 2018 |website=[[Anime News Network]]}}</ref> yayin da taken ƙarshe shine "daga gefen" ta FictionJunction feat. Lisa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pineda |first=Rafael Antonio |date=August 3, 2018 |title=Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba Anime Premieres in Spring |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/daily-briefs/2018-08-03/demon-slayer-kimetsu-no-yaiba-anime-premieres-in-spring/.135042 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190511090001/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/daily-briefs/2018-08-03/demon-slayer-kimetsu-no-yaiba-anime-premieres-in-spring/.135042 |archive-date=May 11, 2019 |access-date=August 3, 2018 |website=[[Anime News Network]]}}</ref> Taken ƙarshe na fasalin 19 shine "" ([[[[[[[]]]]]]]:[[[[[[;[[[[[[_]]]]]]) na Go Shiina tare da Nami Nakagawa . Aniplex na Amurka ya ba da lasisi ga jerin kuma ya watsa shi a kan Crunchyroll, Hulu, da Funimation . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ressler |first=Karen |date=June 3, 2018 |title=Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba Manga Gets TV Anime by ufotable |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2018-06-03/demon-slayer-kimetsu-no-yaiba-manga-gets-tv-anime-by-ufotable/.132272 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614020652/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2018-06-03/demon-slayer-kimetsu-no-yaiba-manga-gets-tv-anime-by-ufotable/.132272 |archive-date=June 14, 2018 |access-date=June 3, 2018 |website=[[Anime News Network]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pineda |first=Rafael Antonio |date=August 3, 2018 |title=Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba Anime Premieres in Spring |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/daily-briefs/2018-08-03/demon-slayer-kimetsu-no-yaiba-anime-premieres-in-spring/.135042 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190511090001/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/daily-briefs/2018-08-03/demon-slayer-kimetsu-no-yaiba-anime-premieres-in-spring/.135042 |archive-date=May 11, 2019 |access-date=August 3, 2018 |website=[[Anime News Network]]}}</ref> AnimeLab ta watsa jerin a Australia da New Zealand.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hodgkins |first=Crystalyn |date=February 28, 2019 |title=Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba Anime Premieres on April 6 |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2019-02-28/demon-slayer-kimetsu-no-yaiba-anime-premieres-on-april-6/.144005 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191208160246/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/daily-briefs/2019-02-28/demon-slayer-kimetsu-no-yaiba-anime-premieres-on-april-6/.144005 |archive-date=December 8, 2019 |access-date=February 28, 2019 |website=[[Anime News Network]]}}</ref> Lokacin farko ya gudana na 26 episodes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ressler |first=Karen |date=June 3, 2018 |title=Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba Manga Gets TV Anime by ufotable |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2018-06-03/demon-slayer-kimetsu-no-yaiba-manga-gets-tv-anime-by-ufotable/.132272 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614020652/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2018-06-03/demon-slayer-kimetsu-no-yaiba-manga-gets-tv-anime-by-ufotable/.132272 |archive-date=June 14, 2018 |access-date=June 3, 2018 |website=[[Anime News Network]]}}</ref> Kafin watsawa, abubuwan farko biyar da aka nuna a wasan kwaikwayo a Japan na makonni biyu daga Maris 29, 2019, a ƙarƙashin taken Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba - Sibling's Bond . [1] Aniplex na Amurka ya nuna fim din a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Aratani a Los Angeles a ranar 31 ga Maris, 2019. [2] Madman Entertainment ta hanyar AnimeLab ta nuna fim din a zaɓaɓɓun gidajen wasan kwaikwayo a Ostiraliya a ranar 2 ga Afrilu, 2019. [3] A watan Yulin 2019, an ba da sanarwar cewa dub din Ingilishi zai fara ne a kan shirin shirye-shiryen Toonami na Adult Swim. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ressler |first=Karen |date=June 3, 2018 |title=Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba Manga Gets TV Anime by ufotable |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2018-06-03/demon-slayer-kimetsu-no-yaiba-manga-gets-tv-anime-by-ufotable/.132272 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614020652/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2018-06-03/demon-slayer-kimetsu-no-yaiba-manga-gets-tv-anime-by-ufotable/.132272 |archive-date=June 14, 2018 |access-date=June 3, 2018 |website=[[Anime News Network]]}}</ref> Ya gudana daga 13 ga Oktoba, 2019, zuwa 3 ga Mayu, 2020. <ref name="toonami1st">{{Cite web |last=Pineda |first=Rafael Antonio |date=September 12, 2019 |title=Toonami Premieres Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba Anime on October 12 |url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2019-09-12/toonami-premieres-demon-slayer-kimetsu-no-yaiba-anime-on-october-12/.151037 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190913204945/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2019-09-12/toonami-premieres-demon-slayer-kimetsu-no-yaiba-anime-on-october-12/.151037 |archive-date=September 13, 2019 |access-date=September 13, 2019 |website=[[Anime News Network]]}}</ref> [b] == Abubuwan da suka faru == {{Episode table}} ==Bayanan Kula== {{Notelist}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Fim]] kzr2enfmpbc7ofez960253pcb8xcn94 0 127049 884674 783090 2026-07-18T13:48:35Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 884674 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''George Adrian Hewett''' <ref>{{Cite web |date=2013 |title=PAC Chronicle 2013 |url=https://pac.edu.au/uploads/Publications/PAC-Chronicle/PAC-Chronicle-2013-WEB.pdf |access-date=14 August 2023 |publisher=[[Prince Alfred College]]}}</ref> (an haife shi a ranar 29 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 1995) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Australiya wanda ke buga wa Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Carlton a cikin Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Australiya (AFL), bayan da aka fara rubuta shi zuwa [[Sydney]] Swans . An fara shi a Port Broughton. An tsara shi tare da zaɓi 32 a cikin Shirin AFL na 2013 ta Sydney.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Senior Players List |url=http://www.sydneyswans.com.au/player-profile/george-hewett |access-date=29 March 2016 |website=Sydney Swans |archive-date=29 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329140049/http://www.sydneyswans.com.au/player-profile/george-hewett |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya halarci Kwalejin Prince Alfred kuma ya kammala a shekarar 2013. == Rayuwa ta farko == George Hewett ya girma ne a Port Broughton, wani karamin gari na Kudancin [[Asturaliya|Australia]] wanda ke arewacin yankin Yorke a gabashin gabar Spencer Gulf. Tana da nisan kilomita 170 a arewa maso yammacin Adelaide, da kilomita 56 a kudancin Port Pirie. Zai fara kwallon kafa tare da ƙaramin kulob din Broughton Mundoora Eagles a gasar Arewacin Yankin. Daga nan ya kasance wani ɓangare na 2011 North Adelaide Macca's Cup Under 16 firaministan tawagar da David Tiller ya horar. Hewett ya buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na farko na 18 ga Kwalejin Prince Alfred kuma ya kasance memba na ƙungiyar 'yan kasa da shekaru 18 ta Kudu ta Australiya a shekarar 2013.[1] == Ayyukan AFL == === Sydney Swans (2014-2021) === Hewett ne Sydney Swans suka tsara shi tare da zabin su na biyu da na talatin da biyu gaba ɗaya. Bayan ya kasance daya daga cikin 'yan wasa mafi ƙanƙanta a cikin shekara ta farko. , Hewett ya shafe shekaru biyu na farko a jerin Sydney a kungiyar Swans NEAFL kafin ya fara bugawa a zagaye na farko na kakar AFL ta 2016 a kan Collingwood.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Senior Players List |url=http://www.sydneyswans.com.au/player-profile/george-hewett |access-date=29 March 2016 |website=Sydney Swans |archive-date=29 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329140049/http://www.sydneyswans.com.au/player-profile/george-hewett |url-status=dead }}</ref> An tsara shi a matsayin dan wasan tsakiya, Hewett ya shiga cikin layin gaba don inganta damarsa na babban zabin, ba zai iya shiga cikin rukunin tsakiya na Swans ba. Zai buga dukkan wasanni sai dai biyu a wannan shekarar, gami da babban wasan karshe. Ayyukansa mafi kyau sun kasance a kan [[Brisbane]] a zagaye na shida, inda ya zira kwallaye uku a kwata na farko.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013 |title=PAC Chronicle 2013 |url=https://pac.edu.au/uploads/Publications/PAC-Chronicle/PAC-Chronicle-2013-WEB.pdf |access-date=14 August 2023 |publisher=[[Prince Alfred College]]}}</ref> A ranar 1 ga Yuni, an ba Hewett lada tare da tsawaita kwangilar shekaru biyu wanda zai gan shi a kulob din har zuwa 2018. A cikin kakar AFL ta 2017, Hewett ya fara buga karin minti na tsakiya kuma an ba shi aiki mafi yawan makonni ya zama tagger na Swans. Hewett yana da rawar gani a zagaye na goma sha biyu lokacin da ya ci gaba da mulki Norm Smith Medalist, Jason Johannisen, zuwa kakar wasa mai laushi tara da aka samu. A cikin 2018 AFL Season, Hewett ya kai wasan AFL hamsin da ya yi da Port Adelaide a zagaye na biyu.[undefined] Ya yi watsi da 20 yayin da Sydney ta sha kashi a Port Adelaide.[2] A ƙarshen shekara Hewett ya sanya hannu kan wani kwangilar shekaru biyu wanda zai ci gaba da shi a kulob din har zuwa ƙarshen 2020. Shugaban kwallon kafa na Sydney Tom Harley ya yaba wa matashin tsakiyar filin kuma an nakalto shi yana cewa, "Gaskiyar cewa George bai fara ba har sai shekara ta uku tare da Swans kyauta ce ga halinsa da juriya, shi amintacce ne kuma mai daraja a cikin ƙungiyar wasa".[1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1995]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 220ceqyskwu0wd6ixrbct3lmz21nh98 0 128628 884781 763192 2026-07-19T08:11:31Z BnHamid 12586 884781 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Paul Gustav Emil Löbe''' (14 Disamba 1875 - 3 Agusta 1967) ɗan siyasan Jamus ne na Jam'iyyar Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD), memba kuma shugaban Reichstag na Jamhuriyar Weimar, kuma memba na Bundestag na Jamus ta Yamma . Ya mutu a Bonn a shekarar 1967. == Yaron yaro a lokacin yakin duniya na == Löbe ya kasance memba na SPD tun daga shekara ta 1895. A shekara ta 1898 ya kafa kungiyar SPD ta Ilmenau a Thuringia . A shekara ta 1899 ya zama shugaban SPD a gundumar tsakiyar Silesia wanda ya hada da Breslau kuma an zabe shi a gwamnatin birnin Breslau a shekara ta 1904. Tsakanin hukuncin ɗaurin kurkuku guda biyu na watanni da yawa, Löbe ya yi alkawarin aure ga Clara Schaller (1879-1964), 'yar asalin Liegnitz, kuma ya auri ta a shekara ta 1901. Suna da ɗa ɗaya. Saboda cutar huhu da ta hana shi yin rubutu, Löbe bai shiga yakin duniya na ba. == Jamhuriyar Weimar == [[Fayil:Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-10562,_Paul_Löbe.jpg|left|thumb|Löbe a kan hanyarsa zuwa Reichstag, Oktoba 1930]] Tsakanin 1904 da 1919 Löbe ya kasance a cikin majalisar birni ta Breslau kuma daga 1915 zuwa 1920 memba na majalisar dokokin lardin ({{Lang|de|Landtag}}) na Silesia . A lokacin Juyin Juya Halin Jamus na 1918-1919 Löbe ya ki shiga Majalisar Wakilai ta Jama'a, kungiya ta wucin gadi a karkashin Friedrich Ebert (SPD) wacce ta jagoranci kasar a lokacin watanni masu rikitarwa bayan yakin, saboda ya ji kansa "har yanzu bai isa ya shirya irin wannan aikin ba".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Paul Löbe |url=http://www.fes.de/archiv/adsd_neu/inhalt/nachlass/nachlass_l/loebe-pa.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806101831/http://www.fes.de/archiv/adsd_neu/inhalt/nachlass/nachlass_l/loebe-pa.htm |archive-date=6 August 2017 |access-date=28 April 2022 |website=Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung: Archiv der sozialen Demokratie}}</ref> A cikin zaben Janairu 1919, na farko a Jamus tare da cikakken izini ga mata da maza, an zabi Löbe a Majalisar Dokokin Weimar, ƙungiyar 'yan majalisa da ta rubuta kundin tsarin mulkin Jamhuriyar Weimar kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin Reichstag na wucin gadi na Jamus. A watan Yunin 1919 ya zama daya daga cikin mataimakan shugaban majalisa. Ya kasance memba na Reichstag daga Jamhuriyar Weimar ta farko da ke zaune a 1920 har zuwa 1933. A shekara ta 1921 ya kuma zama memba na Majalisar Jiha ta Prussian ({{Lang|de|Staatsrat}}). Daga 1920 zuwa 1924 (lokacin zabe na farko) kuma daga 1925 zuwa 1932 (lokacin zaben na uku zuwa na biyar) ya kasance shugaban Reichstag, matsayin da ke da alhakin kiyayewa da shirya mulkin kai na Reichstag. A cikin 1919 da 1920 ya yi ƙoƙari ya cimma fahimtar juna tare da ɓangaren matsakaici na Jam'iyyar Social Democratic Party (USPD), mai adawa da yaƙi kuma mafi kusantar hagu na SPD wanda ya rabu a 1917; ya koma SPD a 1922. Bayan Ebert ya mutu a 1925, Löbe ya ki amincewa da tayin jam'iyyarsa na tsaya takara a matsayin dan takarar SPD a Zaben shugaban kasa da mai ra'ayin mazan jiya Paul von Hindenburg wanda ya lashe a zagaye na biyu. Löbe ya ga matsayinsa ya kasance a cikin majalisa. Daga 1932 zuwa 1933 (lokacin zabe na 7) ya kasance mataimakin shugaban Reichstag. A cikin aikinsa a matsayin shugaban Reichstag, musamman bayan Oktoba 1930, Löbe ya fuskanci rikice-rikice sau da yawa a lokacin zaman Reichstag، mafi yawansu sun fito ne daga Nazis da Jam'iyyar Kwaminis (KPD). Löbe ya sadu da ƙalubalen tare da cakuda haƙuri da tsananin aiwatar da tsari a kan mataimakan mutum.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Paul Löbe |url=http://www.fes.de/archiv/adsd_neu/inhalt/nachlass/nachlass_l/loebe-pa.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806101831/http://www.fes.de/archiv/adsd_neu/inhalt/nachlass/nachlass_l/loebe-pa.htm |archive-date=6 August 2017 |access-date=28 April 2022 |website=Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung: Archiv der sozialen Demokratie}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Paul Löbe |url=http://www.fes.de/archiv/adsd_neu/inhalt/nachlass/nachlass_l/loebe-pa.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806101831/http://www.fes.de/archiv/adsd_neu/inhalt/nachlass/nachlass_l/loebe-pa.htm |archive-date=6 August 2017 |access-date=28 April 2022 |website=Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung: Archiv der sozialen Demokratie}}</ref> A madadin SPD, ya yi magana don amincewa da karɓar Poland. A shekara ta 1927 ya tafi [[Wosaa|Warsaw]] da Lodz don tattaunawa da 'yan siyasa na Poland. Ya gaya musu cewa bai kamata kasashen biyu su sake yin yaƙi da juna a siyasa ba amma ya kamata su hada kai a tattalin arziki. Ya ba da shawarar tattaunawa kan batutuwan kan iyaka da ake jayayya da su wanda Reich na Jamus zai iya ba da yarjejeniyar kasuwanci. A Lodz, duk da haka, inda aka gayyaci Löbe zuwa bikin tunawa da 'yan jam'iyyar Social Democrats na yankin, 'yan kasar Poland sun nuna adawa da ziyararsa. Har ila yau, mutanen da ke cikin jagorancin Warsaw da ya yi magana da su ba su amsa shawararsa ba. Bayan tafiyar ya koka game da rashin son yin sulhu a bangaren Poland. Yayin da fasahar rediyo ta ci gaba, tambayar yadda ya kamata a watsa shirye-shiryen Reichstag a rediyo ta taso sau da yawa. A cikin jawabinsa na rediyo na 12 Yuni 1930, Löbe ya ba da shawarar jinkirta "sake watsa shirye-shirye na musamman masu muhimmanci" wanda duk masu magana da jam'iyya za su bayyana kusan tsawon lokaci ɗaya, amma mafi yawan Majalisar Dattawa ta Reichstag, jikin da ke hulɗa da batutuwan tsari, sun yi adawa da shi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Paul Löbe |url=http://www.fes.de/archiv/adsd_neu/inhalt/nachlass/nachlass_l/loebe-pa.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806101831/http://www.fes.de/archiv/adsd_neu/inhalt/nachlass/nachlass_l/loebe-pa.htm |archive-date=6 August 2017 |access-date=28 April 2022 |website=Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung: Archiv der sozialen Demokratie}}</ref> A lokacin Weimar Löbe ya kasance mai aiki a cikin kungiyoyi da yawa a waje da majalisa. Daga 1921 zuwa 1933 ya kasance shugaban kungiyar Austro-German People's League, wanda ya ba da shawarar haɗa Austria da Jamusanci.[1] Ya kasance tare da 'yan siyasa kamar Firayim Minista na Faransa Aristide Briand, shugaban Czech Edvard Beneš, Austrian Ignaz Seipel da kuma shugaban Jamus ta Yamma Konrad Adenauer a cikin Tarayyar Turai, wanda aka kafa a 1922. Löbe ya kasance shugaban reshen Jamus na wani lokaci. Ya kasance memba na Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold (Reich banner black-red-gold), ƙungiyar jam'iyyun da aka kafa a 1924 don kare dimokuradiyya ta majalisa a Jamhuriyar Weimar . A cikin 1932 da 1933 ya kasance editan jaridar SPD ta Vorwärts . == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} aizcyyj9aq0u5qsi2vlwhkomba1wsc3 0 129614 884784 765608 2026-07-19T08:15:22Z BnHamid 12586 884784 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gennaro Ruggiero''' (an haife shi a ranar 4 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2000) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Italiya wanda ke buga wa AS Melfi a matakin biyar na Eccellenza . <ref>{{Soccerway|gennaro-ruggiero/477621|accessdate=28 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=RUGGIERO GENNARO |url=https://www.tuttocalciatori.net/index.php?mod=cc1&par=29049&cl=9 |access-date=26 November 2021 |publisher=TuttoCalciatori |language=it}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Dan wasan tsakiya na tsakiya, kuma samfurin sanannen kungiyar matasa ta [[Napoli|Naples]] Mariano Keller, 'yan kallo na Palermo sun hango shi sannan suka sanya hannu a shekarar 2014. Ya fara buga wasan Jerin A na farko yana da shekaru 17 a ranar 14 ga Mayu 2017, yana buga dukkan wasan gida da Genoa, kuma ya zama dan wasan kwallon kafa na uku da aka haifa daga shekara ta 2000 don yin wasa a saman jirgin Italiya (bayan Moise Kean da [[Pietro Pellegri]]). An ba da rancensa ga Torino don kakar 2017-18 amma ya kasa yin kowane bayyanar farko a lokacin kakar kuma ya bayyana ne kawai ga ƙungiyar U-19 ta Granata' kafin ya koma Palermo, kuma a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar Under-19. [1] Bayan wani lokaci guda tare da kungiyar Jerin D ta Livorno, kungiyar Jerin D ta Nola ta sanya hannu a matsayin canja wurin kyauta a watan Nuwamba 2020. A ranar 7 ga watan Agustan 2021, ya koma San Giorgio, wani kulob din Serie D daga yankin Campania. An sake shi a ƙarshen kakar, bayan San Giorgio ya ninka bayan da aka sake shi zuwa Eccellenza. Bayan ya buga daga Janairu zuwa Yuni 2023 ga 'yan wasan Serie D Real Agro Aversa, an sanar da Ruggiero a ranar 31 ga watan Agusta 2023 a matsayin sabon sa hannun kulob din Jerin C Juve Stabia har zuwa karshen kakar.<ref>{{Soccerway|gennaro-ruggiero/477621|accessdate=28 May 2017}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 2000]] 1vjziazsjxv68mho9ld3zd8ceqz8md5 0 129615 884669 785301 2026-07-18T13:44:33Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 884669 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Fernando De Rosa''' (7 ga Oktoba 1908 - Oktoba 1936) dalibi ne na Italiya wanda ya yi ƙoƙari ya kashe Umberto Yarima na Piedmont, daga baya Umberto na biyu na Italiya a Brussels a ranar 24 ga Oktoba 1929. An haifi De Rosa a [[Milano|Milan]] kuma ya yi karatun shari'a a [[Torino|Turin]] kafin ya tsere daga Italiya zuwa Faransa don kauce wa ɗaurin kurkuku saboda ra'ayoyinsa na siyasa. Ya kasance a Paris na kimanin shekara guda, yana karatun shari'a a Jami'ar Paris kuma yana rubutu don mujallar adawa da fascist.{{Spaces}}{{Spaced en dash}} A watan Oktoba 1929, De Rosa ya yi tafiya zuwa Brussels kuma ya harbe shi a kan Yarima Umberto II na Italiya a cikin yunkurin kisan kai. An rasa harbi kuma an kama De Rosa nan da nan. Shari'arsa ta zama babban abin da ya faru na siyasa, kuma kodayake an yafe shi da laifin yunkurin kisan kai, an ba shi hukuncin shekaru biyar a kurkuku. Wannan jumla ta haifar da rikice-rikicen siyasa a Italiya da kuma ɗan gajeren rikice-rikice a dangantakar Belgium da Italiya. A watan Maris na shekara ta 1932, an gafarta wa De Rosa bisa bukatar Yarima Umberto kuma an sake shi, bayan ya yi kasa da rabin hukuncinsa. Ya sanar da niyyar komawa Paris kuma ya ci gaba da karatunsa na shari'a, amma ya ƙare a [[Ispaniya|Spain]], inda aka kama shi saboda shiga cikin tashin hankali na gurguzu a 1934. Ya mutu a watan Oktoba 1936 yayin da yake fada a Yaƙin basasar Spain . == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi De Rosa a ranar 7 ga Oktoba 1908 a Milan a matsayin Fernando Lencioni, kuma an bar shi a asibiti a can ta hanyar mai juna biyu. Wata iyali ta yankin ce ta karbe shi kuma ta girma a matsayin ɗansu, ta canza sunansa zuwa De Rosa a 1918. Ya zauna a Milan har zuwa 1922 ko 1923, lokacin da ya tafi karatu a Turin, daga ƙarshe ya shiga shirin shari'a a can. A cikin 1928, yana tsoron cewa mulkin Mussolini zai ɗaure shi saboda ra'ayoyinsa na siyasa, ya haye [[Alps]] a kan kan skis zuwa Faransa. Bayan ya isa Faransa, 'yan sanda na Faransa sun kama shi, amma bayan ya bayyana yanayinsa, an ba shi katin shaida na Faransa kuma an ba shi izinin zama a kasar. Daga nan sai ya koma [[Faris|Paris]] inda ya rubuta wa wata mujallar adawa da fascist kuma ya yi karatun shari'a a Jami'ar Paris. Yayinda yake a Paris, ra'ayoyin siyasa na De Rosa sun zama masu tsattsauran ra'ayi. Ya zama mai kwaminisanci kuma ya bayyana kansa memba na Ƙungiyar ta Biyu ta Duniya. == Yunkurin kisan kai == [[Fayil:Umberto4.jpg|right|thumb|Yarima Umberto]] A watan Oktoba 1929, De Rosa ya yi tafiya daga Paris zuwa Brussels (daga baya ya ba da maganganu masu rikitarwa game da ainihin ranar ga 'yan sanda) dauke da bindiga, kuma yana shirin harba Umberto II, sannan Yarima na Italiya. De Rosa ya kai kusan ƙafa goma sha biyu daga Yarima Umberto, wanda ke ziyartar Kabarin Sojan da ba a sani ba na Belgium, sannan ya harbe harbi daya daga bindigarsa; duk da haka, ya zame kamar yadda yake harbi harbi, wanda ya ɓace. Bayan harbi, bindigar De Rosa ta makale, ta hana shi harbi wani, kuma wani dan sanda na Belgium ya mamaye shi da sauri. De Rosa ya gaya wa 'yan sanda cewa kafin ya harbe shi, ya yi ihu "Long Live Matteoti!" dangane da Giacomo Matteotti, wani dan gurguzu na Italiya wanda jam'iyyar fascist ta kashe, amma wasu shaidu sun bayyana cewa ya yi ihu da "Down with Mussolini!" Bayan yunkurin kisan kai, taron ya yi fushi, yana ihu "Mutuwa ga mai kisan kai" kuma an kafa taron kisan kai da manufar kashe De Rosa. 'Yan sanda, duk da haka, sun dauke De Rosa bayan gwagwarmaya da taron. Gwagwarmayar ta bar De Rosa "ya yi rauni sosai ... har ya zama ba tare da sanin komai ba", amma ya isa ofishin 'yan sanda ba tare da samun rauni na dindindin ba. A cewar bayanan kafofin watsa labarai, Yarima Umberto ya ji harbe-harbe, "amma ya juya kansa," yana ci gaba da shirin da aka shirya a kabarin, sannan ya sake nazarin mai tsaron girmamawa na Belgium, kuma ya ci gaba da zamaninsa. Mutanen Belgium sun yi fushi sosai da taron kuma Sarki Albert nan da nan ya ziyarci Yarima Umberto a Ofishin Jakadancin Italiya, inda yake zaune, don ya nemi gafara kuma ya taya yarima murna game da sa'arsa mai kyau wajen tserewa daga yunkurin.<ref name="NYT" /> == Bincike da shari'a == Bayan kama shi, 'yan sanda sun tambayi De Rosa da sauri game da ayyukansa. Ya shaida cewa ya yi aiki shi kaɗai kuma yana shirin kashe ko dai Mussolini ko memba na gidan sarauta na Italiya na ɗan lokaci. Muradinsa na kashe daya daga cikinsu ya samo asali ne daga imani mai karfi na adawa da fascist. Ya gaya wa majistare mai bincike ba tare da gafara ba: "Na yi nadama da ya rasa shi. Ban iya sake yin harbi ba saboda bindigar ta ta makale. " <ref name="Irish" /> Ko da yake 'yan sanda sun yi imanin cewa De Rosa ya yi aiki shi kaɗai, sun sami ragowar wasika a cikin dakin da yake zaune, wanda ya haifar da hasashe cewa wasu kungiyoyi sun sanya shi ga yunkurin, kuma sun kama wani ɗalibin Italiyanci wanda ya kasance a Kabarin Sojan da ba a lokacin yunkurin. [[Fayil:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-39998-0427,_Paul-Henri_Spaak.jpg|left|thumb|Paul-Henri Spaak, ɗaya daga cikin lauyoyin De Rosa]] A ranar 25 ga Satumba 1930 ne aka fara shari'ar De Rosa a Brussels. A cikin shari'ar, Paul-Henri Spaak ne ya wakilce shi, daga baya Firayim Minista na Belgium kuma kwararre ne a kare masu tsattsauran ra'ayi na siyasa, da [[Paul De Bock]], sanannen marubuci da lauya na Belgium.<ref>{{cite news |date=October 25, 1929 |title=De Rosa's Activities |work=The Times |page=14}}</ref> Shari'ar ta fara ne da wata sanarwa daga De Rosa, wanda "ya fi kama da wa'azi game da fascism," yana sa saita sautin siyasa wanda zai ci gaba a duk lokacin da ake gudanar da shi.<ref name="trial" /> Ta hanyar karewa, De Rosa ya yi iƙirarin cewa "ya harbe shi da gangan a cikin iska" maimakon Yarima Umberto, kuma an yi niyyar harbinsa ne don share taron kafin harbi na biyu wanda zai kashe yarima. Ya bayyana cewa bayan harbi na farko, "hatarsa ta fashe kuma ya ji ba zato ba tsammani" don haka ya kwantar da bindigar maimakon sake harbi. De Rosa ya sake jaddada cewa ya yi aiki shi kaɗai, kuma babu wani daga cikin kungiyoyin masu adawa da Fascist da ya kasance da hannu a cikin shirin harin. Ranar ta biyu ta shari'ar De Rosa ta kasance mai matukar siyasa. Francesco Nitti, tsohon Firayim Minista na Italiya kuma mai tsananin adawa da fascism, ya ba da shaida a madadin De Rosa yana kiransa "mutum mai gaskiya, mai matsakaici, mai aminci, kuma mai ilimi sosai" kuma ya kare ayyukan De Rosa ta hanyar kai hari kan fascism. Shaidarsa ba ta da ban sha'awa kamar na Louis de Brouckere, Sanata na Belgium, wanda ya ba da shaida cewa gwamnatin Italiya tana "shirya don yaƙi a bangarorin biyu na iyakar [[Albaniya|Albania]] da kuma tare da Alps. " Sauran manyan mutanen Belgium da Italiya sun ba da shaida, a matsayin wani ɓangare na dabarar "don nuna cewa zamanin Fascist ya murkushe 'yanci a Italiya kuma cewa wani mataki kamar yadda de Rosa' ya kamata a bayyana shi ta hanyar tasirin irin wannan zalunci zai iya samu". A cikin maganganunsu na ƙarshe, De Rosa ya yi ƙoƙarin cewa " [[Fayil:Procès_de_De_Rosa,_25-9-30_(Photo_Reportage_(belge))_-_btv1b53235010t.jpg|thumb|De Rosa a shari'a]] A mayar da martani ga tsananin siyasa na shari'ar, mai gabatar da kara ya bukaci juriya da suyi la'akari da batun ko de Rosa ya yi ƙoƙari ya kashe Umberto (ba tare da al'amuran siyasa ba), kuma ya bukaci "harin hukunci".[1] Bayan rabin sa'a na tattaunawa, juriya ta dawo da hukunci mai laifi, amma ta yanke wa De Rosa hukuncin shekaru biyar kawai a kurkuku. Labarin ya sami gaisuwa ta hanyar "ƙuntatawa" nan da nan a Italiya, inda jama'a da gwamnati suka yi fatan karin lokaci.[2] Bayan ya koyi game da hukuncin da aka yi da kuma abubuwan da ke cikin shari'ar, Benito Mussolini ya kasance "ba shi da gamsuwa sosai ... cewa ya ba da shawarar tunatar da jakadan Italiya daga Brussels".[3] == Gafartawa da kuma rayuwarsa ta baya == A ranar 16 ga Maris 1932, bayan De Rosa ya yi kusan rabin hukuncinsa na shekaru biyar, Sarki Albert ya gafarta masa bisa bukatar Yarima Umberto. An yafe shi washegari kuma ya sanar da cewa zai koma Paris don ci gaba da karatunsa na shari'a. Ba da daɗewa ba, duk da haka, ya shiga Spain inda aka kama shi a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1934, saboda shiga cikin tashin hankali na Socialist a [[Madrid]]. Bayan an sake shi, ya shiga rundunar gurguzu a Yaƙin basasar Spain . Ya mutu a watan Oktoba 1936 a cikin fada kusa da Madrid . == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] t4hcvutgncwms31iuldgc3uz9occlq9 0 130535 884774 767834 2026-07-19T08:06:12Z BnHamid 12586 884774 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''David McLaughlin''' ɗan siyasan Kanada ne. Ya kasance Shugaban Ma'aikata ga Firayim Minista [[Brian Mulroney]] a 1993. == Ayyuka == Dan asalin New Brunswick, ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin minista sannan kuma shugaban ma'aikata ga Firayim Minista Bernard Lord daga nasarar da ya samu a Zaben 1999 har zuwa bayan Zaben 2003. Daga shekara ta 2003 zuwa shekara ta 2005 ya kasance mataimakin minista na Hukumar Demokradiyya ta Shari'a, kwamishinan sarauta da ke da alhakin sake nazarin tsarin siyasa a New Brunswick. McLaughlin ya shiga cikin manyan yanke shawara da yawa a cikin gwamnatin Ubangiji. Bayan kammala aikin a shekara ta 2005, an sanya McLaughlin mataimakin minista a Ofishin Majalisar Zartarwa ba tare da wani takamaiman rawar manufofi ba amma a maimakon haka an ba da shi ga Majalisar Tarayya a kan aro don kula da binciken su game da rashin daidaituwa na kasafin kudi. A shekara ta 2006, an nada shi shugaban ma'aikata ga Ministan Kudi na tarayya Jim Flaherty a sabuwar gwamnatin Jam'iyyar Conservative ta Kanada. '''Rahoton Kudin tafiye-tafiye''' A cikin 2017 a Manitoba, McLaughlin ya yi aiki a matsayin "darakta na wucin gadi na sadarwa da alaƙar masu ruwa da tsaki" da kuma "mai ba da shawara kan sauyin yanayi" ga ofishin Firayim Minista Brian Pallister. Rikici ya tashi bayan ya zama sananne cewa tare da albashin shekara-shekara na $ 133,375, McLaughlin ya yi ikirarin kusan $ 60,000 a cikin kuɗin tafiye-tafiye, galibi don otal-otal a Winnipeg da kuma jiragen sama zuwa da daga Ottawa. Kodayake McLaughlin ya lissafa kudaden a matsayin "aikin canjin yanayi / tarurruka," ko "sadarwa da alaƙar masu ruwa da tsaki," Firayim Minista Pallister, yayin da yake kwatanta McLauglin a matsayin "masanin girmamawa na duniya kan canjin yanayi ci gaba mai ɗorewa, "ya ce an biya kudaden "don taimakawa [McLaughlin] ci gaba da hulɗa da 'ya'yansa biyu da matarsa. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} {{S-start}} {{S-off}} {{Succession box|title=[[Chief of Staff to the Prime Minister (Canada)|Chief of Staff]] of the [[Office of the Prime Minister (Canada)|Prime Minister's Office]]}} {{S-end}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] fnogu6iz50djha82stc8mraik1s9cuq 884775 884774 2026-07-19T08:07:48Z BnHamid 12586 Sanya manazarta 884775 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''David McLaughlin''' ɗan siyasan Kanada ne. Ya kasance Shugaban Ma'aikata ga Firayim Minista [[Brian Mulroney]] a 1993. == Ayyuka == Dan asalin New Brunswick, ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin minista sannan kuma shugaban ma'aikata ga Firayim Minista Bernard Lord daga nasarar da ya samu a Zaben 1999 har zuwa bayan Zaben 2003. Daga shekara ta 2003 zuwa shekara ta 2005 ya kasance mataimakin minista na Hukumar Demokradiyya ta Shari'a, kwamishinan sarauta da ke da alhakin sake nazarin tsarin siyasa a New Brunswick. McLaughlin ya shiga cikin manyan yanke shawara da yawa a cikin gwamnatin Ubangiji. Bayan kammala aikin a shekara ta 2005, an sanya McLaughlin mataimakin minista a Ofishin Majalisar Zartarwa ba tare da wani takamaiman rawar manufofi ba amma a maimakon haka an ba da shi ga Majalisar Tarayya a kan aro don kula da binciken su game da rashin daidaituwa na kasafin kudi. A shekara ta 2006, an nada shi shugaban ma'aikata ga Ministan Kudi na tarayya Jim Flaherty a sabuwar gwamnatin Jam'iyyar Conservative ta Kanada. '''Rahoton Kudin tafiye-tafiye''' A cikin 2017 a Manitoba, McLaughlin ya yi aiki a matsayin "darakta na wucin gadi na sadarwa da alaƙar masu ruwa da tsaki" da kuma "mai ba da shawara kan sauyin yanayi" ga ofishin Firayim Minista Brian Pallister. Rikici ya tashi bayan ya zama sananne cewa tare da albashin shekara-shekara na $ 133,375, McLaughlin ya yi ikirarin kusan $ 60,000 a cikin kuɗin tafiye-tafiye, galibi don otal-otal a Winnipeg da kuma jiragen sama zuwa da daga Ottawa. Kodayake McLaughlin ya lissafa kudaden a matsayin "aikin canjin yanayi / tarurruka," ko "sadarwa da alaƙar masu ruwa da tsaki," Firayim Minista Pallister, yayin da yake kwatanta McLauglin a matsayin "masanin girmamawa na duniya kan canjin yanayi ci gaba mai ɗorewa, "ya ce an biya kudaden "don taimakawa [McLaughlin] ci gaba da hulɗa da 'ya'yansa biyu da matarsa.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.winnipegfreepress.com/local/ndp-questions-climate-advisers-60000-flight-expenses-450717733.html|title=NDP questions climate adviser's $60,000 flight expenses|last=KUSCH|first=NICK MARTIN AND LARRY|date=2017-10-13|work=Winnipeg Free Press|access-date=2017-10-13}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} {{S-start}} {{S-off}} {{Succession box|title=[[Chief of Staff to the Prime Minister (Canada)|Chief of Staff]] of the [[Office of the Prime Minister (Canada)|Prime Minister's Office]]}} {{S-end}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 5x11hom0qv4n4cz2rajxnc0cszhfhik 884776 884775 2026-07-19T08:08:43Z BnHamid 12586 884776 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''David McLaughlin''' ɗan siyasan Kanada ne. Ya kasance Shugaban Ma'aikata ga Firayim Minista [[Brian Mulroney]] a 1993.<ref>PM's chief of staff hands in resignation". Toronto Star. 29 April 1993. p. 12. Retrieved 24 April 2011.</ref> == Ayyuka == Dan asalin New Brunswick, ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin minista sannan kuma shugaban ma'aikata ga Firayim Minista Bernard Lord daga nasarar da ya samu a Zaben 1999 har zuwa bayan Zaben 2003. Daga shekara ta 2003 zuwa shekara ta 2005 ya kasance mataimakin minista na Hukumar Demokradiyya ta Shari'a, kwamishinan sarauta da ke da alhakin sake nazarin tsarin siyasa a New Brunswick. McLaughlin ya shiga cikin manyan yanke shawara da yawa a cikin gwamnatin Ubangiji. Bayan kammala aikin a shekara ta 2005, an sanya McLaughlin mataimakin minista a Ofishin Majalisar Zartarwa ba tare da wani takamaiman rawar manufofi ba amma a maimakon haka an ba da shi ga Majalisar Tarayya a kan aro don kula da binciken su game da rashin daidaituwa na kasafin kudi. A shekara ta 2006, an nada shi shugaban ma'aikata ga Ministan Kudi na tarayya Jim Flaherty a sabuwar gwamnatin Jam'iyyar Conservative ta Kanada. '''Rahoton Kudin tafiye-tafiye''' A cikin 2017 a Manitoba, McLaughlin ya yi aiki a matsayin "darakta na wucin gadi na sadarwa da alaƙar masu ruwa da tsaki" da kuma "mai ba da shawara kan sauyin yanayi" ga ofishin Firayim Minista Brian Pallister. Rikici ya tashi bayan ya zama sananne cewa tare da albashin shekara-shekara na $ 133,375, McLaughlin ya yi ikirarin kusan $ 60,000 a cikin kuɗin tafiye-tafiye, galibi don otal-otal a Winnipeg da kuma jiragen sama zuwa da daga Ottawa. Kodayake McLaughlin ya lissafa kudaden a matsayin "aikin canjin yanayi / tarurruka," ko "sadarwa da alaƙar masu ruwa da tsaki," Firayim Minista Pallister, yayin da yake kwatanta McLauglin a matsayin "masanin girmamawa na duniya kan canjin yanayi ci gaba mai ɗorewa, "ya ce an biya kudaden "don taimakawa [McLaughlin] ci gaba da hulɗa da 'ya'yansa biyu da matarsa.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.winnipegfreepress.com/local/ndp-questions-climate-advisers-60000-flight-expenses-450717733.html|title=NDP questions climate adviser's $60,000 flight expenses|last=KUSCH|first=NICK MARTIN AND LARRY|date=2017-10-13|work=Winnipeg Free Press|access-date=2017-10-13}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} {{S-start}} {{S-off}} {{Succession box|title=[[Chief of Staff to the Prime Minister (Canada)|Chief of Staff]] of the [[Office of the Prime Minister (Canada)|Prime Minister's Office]]}} {{S-end}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 3vmeqpg9l5ocm77v6pq8d4gpj4xslq1 0 132560 884752 772362 2026-07-19T07:39:04Z BnHamid 12586 884752 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Al Jamiatul Ashrafia''' (Urdu) [[Makarantar Islamiyya|Madrasa]] ce ta [[Mabiya Sunnah|Sunni]] a Indiya. Tana cikin Mubarakpur a cikin Jihar Arewacin Indiya, [[Uttar Pradesh]] . == Tarihi == Ya fara ne a matsayin madrasa da ake kira ''Misbah al-Ulum'' a cikin 1898 a garin Mubarakpur na abin da ke Birtaniya Indiya a lokacin. An kira shi 'Ashrafia' bayan [[Ali Hussain Ashrafi|Syed Shah Ali Hussain Ashraf Kichauchhvi]] . Bayan gwagwarmaya na shekaru da yawa da kuma motsa wurare sau da yawa, an gina sabon gini ta amfani da kudaden da Hafiz Abd al-Aziz Muradabadi ya tara. Wannan shi ne shafin yanar gizon da yanzu ake kira Dar al-Ulum Ahl-i Sunnat ko Misbah al-Uum. Da yake fahimtar cewa shafin yana karuwa sosai, Hafiz Abd al-Aziz ya shirya taron ilimi a watan Mayu 1972 don tattauna game da motsa Ashrafia zuwa babban harabar. Masana ƙungiyar Barelvi kamar su Mustafa Raza Khan ɗan [[Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi|Ahmad Raza Khan]] tare da Maulana Syed Ale Mustafa Quadri Barkati <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Al Jamiatul Ashrafia: An Introduction |url=http://www.aljamiatulashrafia.in/aljamiatul-ashrafia.php?lang=EN |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200116143349/http://aljamiatulashrafia.in/aljamiatul-ashrafia.php?lang=EN |archive-date=16 January 2020 |access-date=31 May 2020 |website=www.aljamiatulashrafia.in}}</ref> da Arshadul Qadri sun kafa dutsen tushe tare da manufar sanya shi jami'a ga Sunni Hanafi Islama a cikin 1972 a wani shafin da ke wajen birnin Azamgarh. Manyan mutane kamar su Allama Ziaul Mustafa Razvi Qadri, Allama Arshadul Qaudri, Allam Mumtaz Ahmad Ashraful Qadri, Mufti Abdul Mannan, Maulana Shafi, Qari Yehya da Qamaruzzaman Azmi sun yi aiki tare da [[Shah Abdul Azeez Muradabadi|Abd al-Aziz Muradabadi]] don tara kudaden da ake buƙata don gina ma'aikatar.<ref>[[Al Jamiatul Ashrafia#Sanyal08|Sanyal 2008]]: 33.</ref> == Game da ma'aikatar == Jamia tana da dalibai da yawa 5000 a cibiyoyin ilimi na addini tare da mambobi 256 da ma'aikata. Baya ga su akwai sama da yara maza da mata 6000 a cibiyoyin ilimi daban-daban na Jamia. Ana kiran tsofaffin ɗalibai 'Misbahi' bisa ga tsohon sunansa 'Misbahul Uloom'. "<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Al Jamiatul Ashrafia: An Introduction |url=http://www.aljamiatulashrafia.in/aljamiatul-ashrafia.php?lang=EN |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200116143349/http://aljamiatulashrafia.in/aljamiatul-ashrafia.php?lang=EN |archive-date=16 January 2020 |access-date=31 May 2020 |website=www.aljamiatulashrafia.in}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.aljamiatulashrafia.in/aljamiatul-ashrafia.php?lang=EN "Al Jamiatul Ashrafia: An Introduction"]. ''www.aljamiatulashrafia.in''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200116143349/http://aljamiatulashrafia.in/aljamiatul-ashrafia.php?lang=EN Archived] from the original on 16 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Mohammad Shahid Raza Khan, tsohon jami'in Al Jamiatul Ashrafia ya cancanci jarrabawar ma'aikatan gwamnati ta Indiya a shekarar 2019 . <ref>[[Al Jamiatul Ashrafia#Sanyal08|Sanyal 2008]]: 32.</ref><ref>[[Al Jamiatul Ashrafia#Sanyal08|Sanyal 2008]]: 33.</ref> == Kasancewa == Jami'o'i daban-daban sun amince da digirin kammala karatu da kuma bayan kammala karatun Al Jamiatul Ashrafia, ciki har da Jami'ar Urdu ta Ƙasa ta Maulana Azad da ke Hyderabad, <ref>[[Al Jamiatul Ashrafia#Sanyal08|Sanyal 2008]]: 32.</ref> Jami'ar Jawaharlal Nehru (JNU), <ref>[[Al Jamiatul Ashrafia#Sanyal08|Sanyal 2008]]: 33.</ref> Jami'ar Jamia Millia Islamia, <ref>[[Al Jamiatul Ashrafia#Sanyal08|Sanyal 2008]]: 32.</ref> da Jami'ar Musulmi ta Aligarh . <ref>[[Al Jamiatul Ashrafia#Sanyal08|Sanyal 2008]]: 33.</ref> == Kafa Hukumar Sunni == A cikin 1992, a karkashin Al Jamiatul Ashrafia, Mobarakpur, an kafa hukumar shari'a a matsayin kungiyar Mufti. [ana yanayi hujja] [citation need] == Dubi kuma == * Jerin cibiyoyin ilimi na Islama * Karwan-I-Islami * Jamia Nizamia * Jamiatur Raza * [[Musulunci a Indiya]] * [[Al-Jame-atul-Islamia]] * Manzar-e-Islam == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} oqxhftdzujykog9vikvu9k0zv1gx7rh 0 133610 884768 774480 2026-07-19T08:03:24Z BnHamid 12586 884768 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Margaret Chant-Papandreou''' (Girkanci: Μαργαρίτα Τσαντ-Ππαναδρέου; an haife ta a ranar 30 ga Satumba, 1923) 'yar gwagwarmayar Girka ce, marubuciya, marubuciya kuma marubuciya wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin uwargidan Girka daga 1981 zuwa 1989, a matsayin matar Firayim Minista Andreas Papandreou . Daga cikin 'ya'yanta akwai Firayim Minista na Girka George Papandreou (2009-2011), da kuma memba na Majalisar Tarayyar Turai Nikos Papandreou . Chant-Papandreou muhimmiyar mahalarta ce a cikin gwagwarmayar kare hakkin mata, yayin da ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kirkirar, fadadawa da inganta dokokin da suka inganta matsayin shari'a da zamantakewar mata na Girka, kamar kawar da ma'aikatar sadaki (1982), <ref name="LAT Obituary" /> [[Ƙungiyoyin haƙƙin zubar da ciki|Halatta zubar da ciki]] (1986), halatta auren farar da aure ta hanyar yardar juna, yiwuwar mata su riƙe sunayensu bayan aurensu da samun daidaito da kuma samun hakkoki tare da miji a kula da 'ya'yansu.<ref name="LAT Obituary">{{Cite web |last=Hendrix |first=Kathleen |date=1989-08-03 |title=After a Greek Tragedy : Her Life as a Political Wife Over, Margaret Papandreou Bounces Back to Lifelong Causes |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-08-03-vw-1041-story.html |access-date=2023-05-10 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref> == Tarihin rayuwa == An haifi Chant-Papandreou a Oak Park, Illinois, a ranar 30 ga Satumba, 1923, babba cikin 'yan'uwa mata biyar. Ta fara karatun aikin jarida sannan ta yi digiri na biyu a fannin kiwon lafiyar jama'a a Minnesota" id="mwKg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="University of Minnesota">Jami'ar Minnesota, inda ta sadu da mijinta na gaba Andreas Papandreou a shekarar 1948. Daga baya iyalin suka koma Elmhurst, Illinois. Iyayenta sun fito ne daga Ingila kuma mahaifiyarta ta fito ne daga Switzerland. Ta auri Andreas Papandreou a shekarar 1951. Da farko sun zauna a Minnesota kuma daga baya a California, inda Andreas Papandreou ya kasance Shugaban Sashen Tattalin Arziki a Jami'ar California, Berkeley . Ta kasance Shugabar ƙungiya Mata ta Girka na tsawon shekaru 8, kungiyar mata mai zaman kanta ta Girka. Ita ce kuma marubuci littattafai da yawa kuma marubuciya.[1][2][3] Tare da Andreas Papandreou tana da 'ya'ya hudu, George, Sofia, Nikos da Andrikos Papandreou . A shekara ta 1989, Chant-Papandreou ya amince da ba da saki don Andreas Papandreou ya auri Dimitra Liani.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Patakis |first=Stefanos |date=2024-07-04 |title=Papandreou, Margarita |url=https://www.patakis.gr/persons/49454/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%AD%CE%BF%CF%85-%CE%9C%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%AF%CF%84%CE%B1/ |access-date=2024-07-04 |website=Patakis Publishers}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1923]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ll9bvd1srtt06z3bc26yd5leutjvcam 0 133630 884786 774512 2026-07-19T08:16:33Z BnHamid 12586 884786 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Léon Gautier''' MBE (27 ga Oktoba 1922 - 3 ga Yuli 2023) ya kasance sojan Faransa ne a lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Travadon |first=Nathalie |date=2014-08-24 |title=Le vétéran Léon Gautier décoré par Manuel Valls |url=https://www.ouest-france.fr/normandie/ouistreham-14150/le-veteran-leon-gautier-decore-par-manuel-valls-2778803 |website=[[Ouest-France]] |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 June 2014 |title=Le jour le plus long de Léon Gautier, membre du commando Kieffer |url=https://www.lavoixdunord.fr/art/france-monde/le-jour-le-plus-long-de-leon-gautier-membre-du-commando-kieffer-ia0b0n2191356 |website=La Voix du Nord |language=fr}}</ref> == Tarihin rayuwa == === Rayuwa ta farko da aikin soja === An haifi Gautier a Rennes, Brittany, a Faransa, a ranar 27 ga Oktoba 1922 . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Travadon |first=Nathalie |date=2014-08-24 |title=Le vétéran Léon Gautier décoré par Manuel Valls |url=https://www.ouest-france.fr/normandie/ouistreham-14150/le-veteran-leon-gautier-decore-par-manuel-valls-2778803 |website=[[Ouest-France]] |language=fr}}</ref> A farkon [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]], yana aiki a matsayin mai horar da motoci. Ya shiga cikin Sojojin Ruwa na Faransa 'Yanci da shekaru 17, kuma ya shiga cikin tsaron tashar jiragen ruwa ta Cherbourg da bakin Vire a Normandy a matsayin [[Artillery|mai bindiga]] a kan jirgin yaki na Courbet . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Travadon |first=Nathalie |date=2014-08-24 |title=Le vétéran Léon Gautier décoré par Manuel Valls |url=https://www.ouest-france.fr/normandie/ouistreham-14150/le-veteran-leon-gautier-decore-par-manuel-valls-2778803 |website=[[Ouest-France]] |language=fr}}</ref> Ya gudu zuwa Ƙasar Ingila kafin mamayar Nazi a Faransa. Bayan ya koyi game da Free France a 1940, ya yanke shawarar shiga Charles de Gaulle kuma ya shiga cikin fareti na 14 ga Yuli 1940 a London tare da Free French Naval Forces . Gautier ya kuma yi aiki a kan jirgin ruwa na Gallois kuma a matsayin mai bindiga a kan jirgin ruwan ''Surcouf'', wanda ke aiki a Afirka da Gabas ta Tsakiya. Ya yi yaƙi tare da 1st Bataillon de Fusiliers Marins Commandos, karkashin jagorancin Lieutenant-Commander Philippe Kieffer, a Kongo, Siriya, da Lebanon kafin ya shiga cikin mamayewar Normandy, inda aka kashe fiye da rabin ƙungiyarsa.[1] Daga baya ya ji rauni a idonsa, wanda ya kai shi ga samun iyakantaccen shiga cikin sauran yakin. === Bayan yakin === Bayan yaƙin, Gautier ya zama mai fafutukar zaman lafiya, yana kiran yaƙi "ƙazantarwa" wanda "ya ƙare tare da gwauraye da marayu".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Travadon |first=Nathalie |date=2014-08-24 |title=Le vétéran Léon Gautier décoré par Manuel Valls |url=https://www.ouest-france.fr/normandie/ouistreham-14150/le-veteran-leon-gautier-decore-par-manuel-valls-2778803 |website=[[Ouest-France]] |language=fr}}</ref> Ya yi aiki a matsayin mai buga kwallo a Ƙasar Ingila na tsawon shekaru bakwai, kafin ya koma Kamaru da Najeriya na wasu shekaru bakwai. Daga baya ya zauna a garin Norman na Ouistreham a shekarar 1992. Ya zama shugaban reshen Faransa na Association of Commandos . Ya ci gaba da abota da tsohon sojan Jamus, Johannes Borner, tare da abokantakarsu ta zama batun littafin Jean-Charles Stasi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Travadon |first=Nathalie |date=2014-08-24 |title=Le vétéran Léon Gautier décoré par Manuel Valls |url=https://www.ouest-france.fr/normandie/ouistreham-14150/le-veteran-leon-gautier-decore-par-manuel-valls-2778803 |website=[[Ouest-France]] |language=fr}}</ref> A watan Yunin 2019, Gautier ya shiga cikin bikin cika shekaru 75 na D-Day inda ya haɗu da ɗan'uwan D-Day na Faransa Jacques Lewis . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Travadon |first=Nathalie |date=2014-08-24 |title=Le vétéran Léon Gautier décoré par Manuel Valls |url=https://www.ouest-france.fr/normandie/ouistreham-14150/le-veteran-leon-gautier-decore-par-manuel-valls-2778803 |website=[[Ouest-France]] |language=fr}}</ref> == Rayuwa da mutuwarsa == Gautier ya auri Dorothy Banks, wanda ya sadu da ita yayin da yake aiki a Ingila a watan Satumbar 1943, har zuwa mutuwarta a shekarar 2016. Suna da 'ya'ya mata biyu.<ref name=":1" /> Ya mutu a ranar 3 ga Yulin 2023, yana da shekaru 100, bayan an kwantar da shi a asibiti a [[Caen]] saboda kamuwa da cutar huhu.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Rousset |first=Margaux |date=3 July 2023 |title=Léon Gautier, le dernier survivant français du Débarquement en Normandie, est mort |url=https://actu.fr/normandie/ouistreham_14488/leon-gautier-le-dernier-survivant-francais-du-debarquement-en-normandie-est-mort_59808143.html |website=actu.fr |language=fr}}</ref> Da yake mayar da martani ga mutuwarsa, shugaban Faransa [[Emmanuel Macron]] ya bayyana Gautier kamar yadda ya "haɗa kyawawan halaye na jarumi da na mai zaman lafiya". == Daraja == Gautier memba ne na Order of the British Empire kuma Babban Jami'in Legion of Honour . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Travadon |first=Nathalie |date=2014-08-24 |title=Le vétéran Léon Gautier décoré par Manuel Valls |url=https://www.ouest-france.fr/normandie/ouistreham-14150/le-veteran-leon-gautier-decore-par-manuel-valls-2778803 |website=[[Ouest-France]] |language=fr}}</ref> An kuma ba shi lambar yabo ta Médaille militaire, Croix de Guerre 1939-1945 (tare da ambato 2), Medal na Resistance, Cross na Volunteer Combatant, da lambar yabo ta tunawa don aikin sa kai a Free France.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 June 2014 |title=Le jour le plus long de Léon Gautier, membre du commando Kieffer |url=https://www.lavoixdunord.fr/art/france-monde/le-jour-le-plus-long-de-leon-gautier-membre-du-commando-kieffer-ia0b0n2191356 |website=La Voix du Nord |language=fr}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2023]] mbolnmheuoltrl908jr3flx20yduv6i 0 134317 884753 775823 2026-07-19T07:52:44Z BnHamid 12586 884753 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sofia Bembou''' (Girkanci: ; 10 Fabrairu 1910 - 10 Maris 1978), wanda aka fi sani da '''Sofia Vembo''' ({{Lang|el|Σοφία Βέμπο}}), babbar mawaƙiya ce kuma 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta Girka mai aiki daga lokacin yakin basasa zuwa farkon shekarun bayan yaƙi da shekarun 1950. Ta zama sananniya saboda rawar da ta yi na waƙoƙin kishin ƙasa a lokacin Yaƙin Girka da Italiya, lokacin da aka ba ta suna "Songstress of Victory". == Tarihin rayuwa == [[Fayil:Φόρεμα_της_Σοφίας_Βέμπο.jpg|thumb|Kayan wasan kwaikwayo na Vempo daga bayyanarta na wasan kwaikwayo (Tarin Gidan Tarihin Yaƙi na Athens) ]] An haifi Sofia Bembo a Gallipoli, Gabashin Thrace, Turkiyya, kuma ta yi yarinta a Istanbul. Bayan musayar yawan jama'a ta 1923, iyalinta suka koma Tsaritsani a Girka, inda mahaifinta ya zama ma'aikacin taba, sannan daga baya zuwa Volos.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Λιαβας |first=Λαμπρος |date=2022-04-04 |title=Ο θάνατος της Σοφίας Βέμπο |url=https://www.kathimerini.gr/society/561790696/o-thanatos-tis-sofias-vempo/ |access-date=2024-06-25 |website=Η ΚΑΘΗΜΕΡΙΝΗ |language=greek}}</ref> Ta fara aikinta a Thessaloniki a farkon shekarun 1930.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Λιαβας |first=Λαμπρος |date=2022-04-04 |title=Ο θάνατος της Σοφίας Βέμπο |url=https://www.kathimerini.gr/society/561790696/o-thanatos-tis-sofias-vempo/ |access-date=2024-06-25 |website=Η ΚΑΘΗΜΕΡΙΝΗ |language=greek}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-10-26 |title=H «τραγουδίστρια της νίκης» Σοφία Βέμπο |url=https://www.in.gr/2016/10/26/life/music/h-tragoydistria-tis-nikis-sofia-bempo/ |access-date=2024-06-25 |website=in.gr |language=el}}</ref> A cikin hunturu na 1933, mai gudanar da gidan wasan kwaikwayo Fotis Samartzis na gidan wasan kwaikwayo na ''Kentrikon'' ya hayar ta don sake dubawa "Parrot 1933".<ref name=":1" /> Daga nan sai ta fara yin rikodin waƙoƙin soyayya ga kamfanin Columbia, ta sami shahara saboda muryarta mai sauti. Sunanta, duk da haka, ya tashi bayan harin Italiya a kan Girka a ranar 28 ga Oktoba 1940, lokacin da rawar da ta yi na waƙoƙin kishin ƙasa da na satirical ya zama babban wahayi ga sojoji masu yaƙi da kuma mutane da yawa waɗanda da sauri ta zama jarumiyar jama'a. Bayan mamayewar Jamus da mamaye kasar a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1941, an kai ta [[Gabas ta Tsakiya]], inda ta ci gaba da yin aiki ga sojojin Girka da ke gudun hijira. Bayan yakin, a 1949, ta sami gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kanta, "Vembo Theatre", a unguwar Metaxourgeio ta Athens. A shekara ta 1957, ta auri ƙaunatacciyar ƙaunatacciya Mimis Traiforos . A cikin shekarun 1960, ta fara yin aiki kaɗan, kafin a ƙarshe ta yi ritaya a farkon shekarun 1970. A shekara ta 1973, a lokacin tashin hankali na Athens Polytechnic, ta ba da mafaka ga ɗaliban da sojojin tsaro na Junta suka tsananta musu.[1] Ta mutu a ranar 11 ga Maris 1978. [2] Saboda rawar da ta taka a yakin da kuma kokarin da ta yi a lokacin Axis occupation, an ba ta matsayi na Major a cikin Sojojin Girka. == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi !Bayani |- |1938 |''Na yi wa yarinya'' |Sofia Nakou | |- |1955 |''Stella'' |Maria | |- |1959 |''Stournara 288'' |Misis Eugenia - 'Jenny Blanche' | (aikin fim na ƙarshe) |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1910]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] otx91oxbfl8ejplb6eq12yuo9rocvq8 0 134594 884754 776377 2026-07-19T07:53:09Z BnHamid 12586 884754 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Randall Robinson''' (an haife shi a ranar 19 ga watan Agusta, 1946, a Los Angeles, California) ɗan fim ne na Amurka. Shi tsohon shugaban kungiyar Operating Cameramen ne kuma mai wallafa da kuma editan Operating Camerown Magazine. A matsayinsa na mai daukar hoto mai zaman kansa ya ji daɗin aiki mai cin nasara na dogon lokaci yana aiki ga manyan ɗakunan fina-finai a Hollywood a kan fina-fakkaatu, talabijin da tallace-tallace. Robinson ita ce mataimakiyar kyamara ta farko ta gwajin filin ga mai kirkiro Garrett Brown da ƙungiyar ƙirar Cinema Products da ke haɓaka Steadicam a kan fim ɗin Bound for Glory (1976). Abin da ya shigar ya jagoranci tawagar don bunkasa ci gaba da yawa, kamar farantin ma'auni da bin mayar da hankali. Yayinda yake shirye-shiryen hoton, Robinson ya yi aiki tare da mai daukar hoto Haskell Wexler a kan ƙirar don ƙirar ruwan tabarau na gaba na farko na BNC da kuma samfurin ruwan tabarau mai zurfi na Blimped don kyamarar Arriflex 35BL. A watan Yulin 1982 an sanya shi a matsayin mataimakin mai daukar hoto na farko ga fim din mai saukar ungulu mai suna Twilight Zone: The Movie . Wanda ya tsira a cikin hadarin, ya zama babban shaida a shari'ar darektan John Landis . Randall ya kasance mai tasiri wajen magance batutuwan tsaro a kan fina-finai, wanda ya jagoranci Society of Operating Cameramen don bayar da jagororin 13, wanda aka gabatar wa Daraktocin Guild of America kuma yanzu sun zama dokoki a duk masana'antar. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1946]] l5xd39h3sd9hwbgmkhr11p2bjy3pdea 884755 884754 2026-07-19T07:54:00Z BnHamid 12586 Added external links 884755 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Randall Robinson''' (an haife shi a ranar 19 ga watan Agusta, 1946, a Los Angeles, California) ɗan fim ne na Amurka. Shi tsohon shugaban kungiyar Operating Cameramen ne kuma mai wallafa da kuma editan Operating Camerown Magazine. A matsayinsa na mai daukar hoto mai zaman kansa ya ji daɗin aiki mai cin nasara na dogon lokaci yana aiki ga manyan ɗakunan fina-finai a Hollywood a kan fina-fakkaatu, talabijin da tallace-tallace. Robinson ita ce mataimakiyar kyamara ta farko ta gwajin filin ga mai kirkiro Garrett Brown da ƙungiyar ƙirar Cinema Products da ke haɓaka Steadicam a kan fim ɗin Bound for Glory (1976). Abin da ya shigar ya jagoranci tawagar don bunkasa ci gaba da yawa, kamar farantin ma'auni da bin mayar da hankali. Yayinda yake shirye-shiryen hoton, Robinson ya yi aiki tare da mai daukar hoto Haskell Wexler a kan ƙirar don ƙirar ruwan tabarau na gaba na farko na BNC da kuma samfurin ruwan tabarau mai zurfi na Blimped don kyamarar Arriflex 35BL. A watan Yulin 1982 an sanya shi a matsayin mataimakin mai daukar hoto na farko ga fim din mai saukar ungulu mai suna Twilight Zone: The Movie . Wanda ya tsira a cikin hadarin, ya zama babban shaida a shari'ar darektan John Landis . Randall ya kasance mai tasiri wajen magance batutuwan tsaro a kan fina-finai, wanda ya jagoranci Society of Operating Cameramen don bayar da jagororin 13, wanda aka gabatar wa Daraktocin Guild of America kuma yanzu sun zama dokoki a duk masana'antar. ==Hanyoyin haɗi na waje== {{Reflist}} *{{IMDb name|id=1557314|name=Randall Robinson}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20071028231559/http://www.soc.org/opcam/mg04_s94.html Cover Design] *{{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091027051152/http://www.geocities.com/steadicamjr/bnd4gly.gif |date=October 27, 2009 |title=First Steadicam 1975 }} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20070930204605/http://www.crimelibrary.com/notorious_murders/not_guilty/twilight_zone/ Twilight Zone Tragedy] *[https://www.ntsb.gov/ntsb/brief.asp?ev_id=20020917X03516&key=1 Helicopter accident report] {{DEFAULTSORT:Robinson, Randall}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1946]] o29mtklhjv7mky0wb0grduqk4tmjy9m 0 134886 884758 776891 2026-07-19T07:55:40Z BnHamid 12586 884758 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Bouena Sarfatty''', mai suna Bouena Sar fatty Garfinkle (15 ga Nuwamba 1916 - 23 ga Yulin 1997) ya kasance Bayahude ne na yakin duniya na biyu, marubucin ayoyi, kuma sanannen ma'aikaci. == Rayuwa == An haife ta ne a Thessaloniki (sa'an nan Salonica) a arewacin Girka.<ref name="cohen">{{Cite web |last=Cohen |first=Judith |date=October 2010 |title=Garfinkle, Bouena Sarfatty |url=http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopedia-of-jews-in-the-islamic-world/garfinkle-bouena-sarfatty-SIM_000674?s.num=1&s.au=%22Judith+Cohen%22 |access-date=31 December 2017 |website=Encyclopedia of Jews in the Islamic World}} ''Free preview only''</ref><ref name="melammed-jwa">{{Cite web |last=Melammed |first=Renée Levine |title=Bouena Sarfatty Garfinkle |url=https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/sarfatty-garfinkle-bouena |access-date=31 December 2017 |website=Jewish Women's Archive}}</ref> Yayinda take budurwa Sarfatty tana da ilimi sosai. Ta yi karatun kayan ado a [[Marseille]], kuma tana iya Faransanci, Girkanci da Ladino. Ta kasance wani ɓangare na babban al'umma na Salonica, ana gabatar da ita a matsayin mai farawa.<ref name="melammed-jwa" /> Bayan da Nazis suka mamaye Salonica a shekara ta 1941 ta ba da gudummawa tare da Red Cross, kuma ta ɗauki sakonni tsakanin samari a sansanonin aiki da iyalansu. Ta fadi tare da Vital Hasson, shugaban masu haɗin gwiwar Yahudawa. Ta yi alkawarin yin aure amma an harbe saurayinta a ranar bikin aurensu bayan Hasson ya sanar da Nazis cewa ya tsere daga ƙungiyar ma'aikatansa.<ref name="melammed-jwa" /> Nazis sun tsare Sarfatty a kurkukun su na Pablo Mela, amma ya tsere tare da taimakon wani dan jam'iyya wanda ya yi kama da jami'in Jamus: daga baya aka kama wannan dan jam'iyyar, aka azabtar da shi kuma aka kashe shi. Sarfatty ya shiga cikin 'yan tawaye, ya ɗauki sunan '''Maria (Maritsa) Serafamidou''', wanda ake zaton daga Komotini a Thrace. Ta yi aiki tare da su a lokacin sauran yakin, kuma daga baya aka yi fim, a Girka, game da nasarorin da ta samu. A shekara ta 1945 ta koma Salonica don aiki a matsayin mai kula da abinci ga sansanonin 'yan gudun hijira amma kuma, a karkashin rufi, don shirya sufuri zuwa Falasdinu ga Yahudawa da suka tsira.<ref name="melammed-jwa" /> A shekara ta 1946 ta auri Max Garfinkle wanda ta yi aiki tare da shi a Salonica; bayan ɗan gajeren zama a kibbutz dinsa a Isra'ila sun koma [[Montréal|Montreal]], Kanada, a shekara ta 1947. Ta mutu a can a ranar 23 ga Yuli 1997, ta bar ɗa da jikoki huɗu.<ref name="melammed-jwa">{{Cite web |last=Melammed |first=Renée Levine |title=Bouena Sarfatty Garfinkle |url=https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/sarfatty-garfinkle-bouena |access-date=31 December 2017 |website=Jewish Women's Archive}}</ref> == Kyauta == A cikin 2013 Renee Levine Melammed ta buga An Ode to Salonica: the Ladino verses of Bouena Sarfatty (Indiana University Press: ), tare da fassarorin Sarfatty's 500 coplas ko gajerun ayoyi da ke nuna rayuwar Sephardic a Salonica. [1] [2][3] ISBN 9780253007094 Tarin waƙoƙin Sephardic ya zama wani ɓangare na taken rubutun PhD "The Ladino Song in the 20th Century: A Study of the Collections of Emily Sene and Bouena Sarfatty-Garfinkle" na Rivka Havassy a Jami'ar Bar-Ilan a 2007. [1] Masanin ilimin kabilanci Judith R. Cohen ta yi amfani da Sarfatty a matsayin tushen farko don bincikenta kan waƙoƙin Yahudawa-Spanish (Ladino) na al'ummar 'yan gudun hijirar Sephardic a Montreal.[2] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1997]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 19k0wp4hklmgtsmsqx58y9kipwi1agh 0 135512 884773 778023 2026-07-19T08:05:30Z BnHamid 12586 884773 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{fassara}} [[Fayil:Oe_kenzaburo_japaninstitut_koeln_041108.jpg|thumb|Ōe a Japanisches Kulturinstitut a [[Köln|Cologne]] a kan Afrilu 11, 2008]] Kenzaburō Ōe (大江 健三郎, Ōe Kenzaburō; 31 January 1935 – 3 March 2023) was a Japanese writer and a major figure in contemporary [[Japanese literature]]. His novels, short stories and essays, strongly influenced by French and American literature and [[literary theory]], deal with political, social and philosophical issues, including [[Makaman nukiliya|nuclear weapons]], [[Makamashin nukiliya|nuclear power]], [[Anticonformism|social non-conformism]], and [[Imanin wanzuwa|existentialism]]. Ōe was awarded the [[1994 Nobel Prize in Literature]] for creating "an imagined world, where life and myth condense to form a disconcerting picture of the human predicament today". == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Ōe a Ōse , wani ƙauye da ke Uchiko, Ehime Prefecture, a [[Shikoku]] . Shi ne na uku cikin yara bakwai, ya girma yana sauraron kakarsa, mai ba da labarin tatsuniyoyi da almara, wacce kuma ta ba da labarin tarihin bore biyu a yankin kafin da kuma bayan Maido da Meiji . <ref name="The Nobel Prize">{{Cite web |title=Kenzburo Oe – Biographical |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/1994/oe/biographical/ |access-date=14 March 2023 |website=The Nobel Prize}}</ref> <ref name="weston" /> Mahaifinsa, Kōtare Ōe, yana da kasuwancin cire haushi; ana amfani da haushin don yin kuɗin takarda. <ref name="weston" /> Bayan mahaifinsa ya mutu a [[Yakin Pacific|Yaƙin Pacific]] a 1944, mahaifiyarsa, Koseki, ta zama babbar mai jan hankalin karatunsa, tana saye masa littattafai ciki har da ''Kasadar Huckleberry Finn'' da ''The Wonderful Adventures of Nils'', waɗanda suka yi tasiri a kansa. <ref name="The Nobel Prize" /> Ōe ya sami shekaru goma na farko na karatunsa a makarantun gwamnati na gida. [1] Ya fara makaranta a lokacin da sojoji suka mamaye Japan ; a cikin aji, an tilasta masa ya furta amincinsa ga Sarki Hirohito, wanda malaminsa ya yi iƙirarin cewa allah ne. [2] Bayan yaƙin, ya fahimci cewa an koya masa ƙarya kuma ya ji kamar an ci amanarsa. Wannan jin daɗin cin amana daga baya ya bayyana a cikin rubutunsa. Ōe ya yi makarantar sakandare a Matsuyama daga 1951 zuwa 1953, inda ya yi fice a matsayin ɗalibi. <ref name="The Georgia Review 1995">{{Cite journal |date=Spring 1995 |title=[Introduction] Kenzaburo Ōe |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41401647 |journal=The Georgia Review |volume=49 |issue=1 |pages=331–334 |jstor=41401647}}</ref> Yana da shekaru 18, ya yi tafiyarsa ta farko zuwa Tokyo, inda ya yi karatu a wata makarantar shiryawa ( ''[[Yobiko|yobikō]]'' ) na tsawon shekara ɗaya. <ref name="The Georgia Review 1995" /> <ref name="The Nobel Prize">{{Cite web |title=Kenzburo Oe – Biographical |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/1994/oe/biographical/ |access-date=14 March 2023 |website=The Nobel Prize}}</ref> A shekara mai zuwa, ya fara karatun Adabin Faransanci a Jami'ar Tokyo tare da Farfesa Kazuo Watanabe, ƙwararre kan François Rabelais . <ref name="The Nobel Prize">{{Cite web |title=Kenzburo Oe – Biographical |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/1994/oe/biographical/ |access-date=14 March 2023 |website=The Nobel Prize}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/1994/oe/biographical/ "Kenzburo Oe – Biographical"]. ''The Nobel Prize''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> == Sana'a == Ōe ya fara buga labarai a shekarar 1957, yayin da yake ɗalibi, rubuce-rubucen zamani a Faransa da Amurka sun yi tasiri sosai a kansa. <ref name="The Nobel Prize">{{Cite web |title=Kenzburo Oe – Biographical |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/1994/oe/biographical/ |access-date=14 March 2023 |website=The Nobel Prize}}</ref> Rubuce-rubucen Jean-Paul Sartre sun yi masa tasiri musamman. <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 March 2005 |title=In the forest of the soul: Oe Kenzaburo at 70 |url=https://apjjf.org/maya-jaggi/1742/article |access-date=14 December 2024 |website=Asia-Pacific Journal}}</ref> Aikinsa na farko da aka buga shi ne "Lavish are the Dead", wani ɗan gajeren labari da aka rubuta a Tokyo a lokacin mamayar Amurka, wanda ya bayyana a mujallar adabi ta ''Bungakukai'' . Ayyukansa na farko an tsara su ne a yanayin jami'arsa. A shekarar 1958, an ba shi lambar yabo ta Akutagawa mai daraja. Aikin ya shafi wani baƙar fata mai suna GI da matasan Japan suka kafa, kuma daga baya aka mayar da shi fim, ''The Catch'' na Nagisa Oshima a shekarar 1961. Wani littafin farko, wanda daga baya aka fassara shi da ''Nip the Buds, Shoot the Kids'', ya mayar da hankali kan ƙananan yara da ke rayuwa a cikin sauye-sauyen Arcadian na yarintar [[Shikoku]] ta Ōe a karkara. <ref name="wilson12" /> Ōe ya gano waɗannan siffofin yara a matsayin mallakar " allahn yaro " na Jung da Kerényi, wanda ke da alaƙa da watsi, hermaphrodism, rashin cin nasara, da alaƙa da farko da ƙarshe. Halaye biyu na farko suna nan a cikin waɗannan labaran farko, yayin da siffofin biyu na ƙarshe suka bayyana a cikin labaran 'ɗan wawa' waɗanda suka bayyana bayan haihuwar ɗansa Hikari. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2023]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1935]] g54uzq4td1sddqufrpl84flb64cstmd 0 135533 884785 778049 2026-07-19T08:16:01Z BnHamid 12586 884785 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Jerome Frederic Green''' (15 ga Afrilu, 1928 - 23 ga Maris, 2023) ɗan jaridar wasanni ne kuma marubuci ɗan Amurka. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Muskovitz |first=Alan |date=March 21, 2022 |title=The Dean of Super Bowls: Catching Up With Legendary Sportswriter Jerry Green |url=https://thejewishnews.com/2022/03/21/the-dean-of-super-bowls-catching-up-with-legendary-sportswriter-jerry-green/ |access-date=October 1, 2022 |website=thejewishnews.com |publisher=The Jewish News}}</ref> Ya kasance marubuci a ma'aikatan Associated Press daga 1956 zuwa 1963 da kuma ''jaridar Detroit News'' daga 1963 zuwa 2004. An shigar da shi cikin ƙungiyar kwararru a fannin ƙwallon ƙafa a shekarar 2005 da kuma ƙungiyar Michigan Sports Hall of Fame a shekarar 2003. Shi ne kawai marubucin wasanni da ya yi sharhi kan kowanne daga cikin manyan gasannin Super Bowl guda 56 na farko, daga 1967 zuwa 2022. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Shea |first=Bill |title=Jerry Green: A Super Bowl pressbox institution still going at age 90 |url=https://www.crainsdetroit.com/sports/jerry-green-super-bowl-pressbox-institution-still-going-age-90 |access-date=June 29, 2019 |website=crainsdetroit.com |publisher=Crain Communications, Inc.}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Green |first=Jerry |title=Jerry Green: For 54th Super Bowl, I'm last man standing |url=https://www.detroitnews.com/story/sports/nfl/lions/2020/01/30/jerry-green-54th-super-bowl-im-last-man-standing/2853742001/ |access-date=March 9, 2020 |website=detroitnews.com |publisher=The Detroit News}}</ref> <ref name="Shea">{{Cite web |last=Shea |first=Bill |date=February 10, 2023 |title=The man who covered every Super Bowl: Jerry Green and the end of an epic run |url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/4168821/2023/02/10/super-bowl-jerry-green/ |url-access=subscription |access-date=February 11, 2023 |publisher=The Athletic |language=en}}</ref> == Mai rahoto == Green ya fara aikinsa na bayar da rahoto a New York a shekarar 1952, a ''jaridar New York Journal-American'', kafin ya shiga rundunar sojojin ruwa ta Amurka a shekara mai zuwa. Bayan dawowarsa, ya kasance marubucin wasanni na Associated Press daga 1956 zuwa 1963, lokacin da ''jaridar Detroit News'' ta dauke shi aiki. Ya kasance ma'aikacin marubucin wasanni na ''The Detroit News'' na tsawon shekaru 41 daga 1963 har zuwa lokacin da ya yi ritaya a 2004. Ya yi aikin wasan baseball, kwallon kafa, kwando, hockey, da sauran wasanni a jaridar. Bayan ya kuma yi aikin jaridar Detroit Lions ta 1957 a matsayin matashin ɗan jarida tare da Associated Press, Green ya yi iƙirarin cewa shi ne "marubucin wasanni na ƙarshe da ya tsira a Detroit wanda ya yi aikin gasar Tigers, Red Wings, Pistons da Lions". Ko bayan ya yi ritaya daga bayar da rahotanni akai-akai, Green ya ci gaba da kasancewa tare da jaridar a matsayin marubuci. An san shi da labaran Super Bowl, a matsayin marubucin wasanni kaɗai da ya rubuta kowace Super Bowl daga Super Bowl I a 1967 zuwa Super Bowl LVI a 2022. Green bai halarci gasar Super Bowl LVII a shekarar 2023 ba, saboda rashin lafiya da ke tattare da cutar rashin lafiya ta zuciya da jijiyoyin jini (idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis), da sauran cututtuka. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Muskovitz |first=Alan |date=March 21, 2022 |title=The Dean of Super Bowls: Catching Up With Legendary Sportswriter Jerry Green |url=https://thejewishnews.com/2022/03/21/the-dean-of-super-bowls-catching-up-with-legendary-sportswriter-jerry-green/ |access-date=October 1, 2022 |website=thejewishnews.com |publisher=The Jewish News}}</ref> Duk da haka, ya ci gaba da rubutu har zuwa jim kaɗan kafin mutuwarsa a wata mai zuwa. <ref name="Shea2" /> == Marubuci == Green ya buga littattafai da dama, ciki har da tarihin Super Bowl, Detroit Lions, Detroit Pistons, da kuma ƙwallon ƙafa ta Michigan Wolverines, da kuma littattafan kakar wasa ɗaya kan ƙungiyar gasar zakarun duniya ta Detroit Tigers ta 1968 da kuma ƙungiyar gasar zakarun Super Bowl ta Denver Broncos ta 1998. Littattafan Green sun haɗa da: * "Shekarar Damisa: Littafin Tarihin Zakarun Duniya na Detroit," Jerry Green (Coward-McCann, 1969). * "Detroit Lions," Jerry Green (Macmillan, 1973) * "The Detroit Pistons: Kama Zamani Mai Kyau," Jerry Green (Bonus Books, 1991) * "Tarihin Super Bowl: Marubucin Wasanni Ya Yi Tunani Kan Shekaru 30 Na Farko Na Wasan Amurka," Jerry Green (Masters Press, 1995) * "Mafi kyawun lokutan tarihi a Detroit Red Wings," Joe Falls, Jerry Green, Vartan Kupelian (Masters Press, 1997) * "Mile High Miracle: Elway da Broncos, Zakarun Super Bowl a Ƙarshe," Jerry Green (Masters Press, 1999) * "Sun Sami Nasara: Ƙungiyar Detroit Tigers ta Kullum," Detroit News (Sports Publishing LLC, 2001) * "Jami'ar Michigan Football Vault: Tarihin Wolverines," Jerry Green (Whitman Pub Llc, 2008) ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2023]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1928]] cv6ey37f4cw0y04a4pe56gjr6wkqfxh 0 137595 884788 781796 2026-07-19T08:17:31Z BnHamid 12586 884788 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Damaskinos Papandreou''' (an haife shi '''Vasileos Papandreou''', Βασίλειος Παπανδρέου; 23 ga Fabrairu, 1936, a Thermo, Aetolia-Acarnania - 5 ga Nuwamba, 2011, a [[Geneva]]) shi ne bishop na babban birni Orthodox na [[Edirne|Adrianople]] daga 2003 har zuwa mutuwarsa. Kafin wannan ya kasance babban birni na Trajanopolis daga 1970, an ɗaukaka shi zuwa babban birni mai aiki a 1975, kuma an zabe shi a matsayin babban birni ya farko na Switzerland a 1982. [1] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2011]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1936]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] hligp63ioq7l4gykg5s4anu2rmn4em8 884789 884788 2026-07-19T08:18:13Z BnHamid 12586 884789 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Damaskinos Papandreou''' (an haife shi '''Vasileos Papandreou''', Βασίλειος Παπανδρέου; 23 ga Fabrairu, 1936, a Thermo, Aetolia-Acarnania - 5 ga Nuwamba, 2011, a [[Geneva]]) shi ne bishop na babban birni Orthodox na [[Edirne|Adrianople]] daga 2003 har zuwa mutuwarsa. Kafin wannan ya kasance babban birni na Trajanopolis daga 1970, an ɗaukaka shi zuwa babban birni mai aiki a 1975, kuma an zabe shi a matsayin babban birni ya farko na Switzerland a 1982.<ref>[http://users.sch.gr/markmarkou/2011/koim2011.htm#13 Profile (Greek)]</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2011]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1936]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 2wvxeq085gapxcigq88w4r4ub1lfbad 0 140956 884787 796455 2026-07-19T08:17:11Z BnHamid 12586 884787 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Abu Zayd Abd al-Rahman Mohammed al-Jadiri''' (Arabic: عبد الرحمن الجدري) (born in [[Ameknas|Meknes]], in 1375 and died in [[Fas|Fez]], probably in 1416) was the {{Transl|ar|[[muwaqqit]]}} (time-keeper) at the [[Jami'ar al-Karaouine|Qarawiyyin]] Mosque.{{Sfn|Sarton|1931}} Ya rubutun wani rubutu game da ƙaddamar da lokacin rana da dare, {{Transl|ar|urzija}} (abin da aka tsara) a cikin surori 26 da ayoyi 335, mai taken {{Transl|ar|Raudat al-azhar fl 'ilm waqt al-lail wal-nahar}} (1391/2), da kuma kalandar da ta dace da latitude na Fez, Tanbllt mii al-afliím 'ala ya/:tduthu ji ayim al-'iim . {{Sfn|Calvo|2004}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Tushen == * {{Cite journal |last=Calvo |first=Emilia |date=2004 |title=Two Treatises on Miqat from the Maghrib (14th and 15th Centuries A.D.) |url=http://www.raco.cat/index.php/Suhayl/article/view/199641/267001 |journal=Suhayl |location=Barcelona |volume=4 |pages=159{{ndash}}206 |issn=1576-9372}} 95mpesqxmz7yytkl4xlt8ao6buwyp8t 0 141396 884772 797730 2026-07-19T08:04:54Z BnHamid 12586 884772 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tarihin Musulmi na tarihin Indiya''' sune tarihin game da tarihin yankin Indiya da aka rubuta daga hangen nesa na Musulmi. Tarihin da aka rubuta a Larabci ko [[Farisawa|Farisa]] sune tushe masu mahimmanci ga tarihin Indiya. Wannan jerin jerin lokuta ne na manyan tarihin, marubutan da yankin da suka rufe. {| class="wikitable" !# !Tarihi !Mawallafin !Ranar !Mai mulki !Yankin !Haɗin kai |- |1 |Futûhu'l-Buldãn |al-Bilãdhurî | -893 |Mai mulki |Seistan, Samarkand, Debal, Multan, Kandahar |Haɗin kai |- |2 |[[Tarihin Annabawa da Sarakuna|Tãrîkh-i-Tabarî]] |[[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Abu Ja'far Muhammad bin Jarîr a-Tabarî]] |839-922 |Mai mulki |Beykund (Khurasan) Samariya, Balkh, Kabul |Haɗin kai |- |3 |Tãrîkhu'l-Hind |Abu Rîhan Muhammad bin Ahmad al-Bîrûnî |970- |Mai mulki |Multan, Thanesar |Haɗin kai |- |4 |Kitãbu'l-Yam Christopher |Abu Nasr Muhammad ibn Muhammad al Jabbãru'l-'Utbî | -1020 |Samanid 'Abd al-Malik I |Lamghan, Narain, Nardin, Thanesar, Mathura, Kanauj |Haɗin kai |- |5 |Tabaqat-i Nasiri |Minhaj-i-Siraj |1193-1259 |Nasiruddin Mahmud |Mamluk Sultanate | |- |6 |Baharistan-i-Ghaibi |Mirza Nathan |1605-1627 |Musulunci Khan I |Bengal, [[Bihar]], [[Odisha|Orissa]] | |- |7 |Tuhfat Ul Mujahideen |Zainuddin Makhdoom na II |1498-1583 |Mai mulki |Malabar da Kudancin Canara |Haɗin kai |} == Dubi kuma == [[Musulunci a Indiya]] == Bayani == Kwanakin kwanan wata sananne ne ko kimanta kwanan watan. "r" yana nuna kwanan wata ga mai mulki. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} swqta4d4z7mzls4670kevv9myht9t8y 0 144320 884766 806546 2026-07-19T08:02:34Z BnHamid 12586 884766 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Dame Susan Elizabeth Ion''' (/ˈi.ɒn/; <ref>{{Cite web |title=Woman's Hour Power List, Woman's Hour – Dame Sue Ion |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/profiles/36rCGwCR8ylPNSLmJH5Nk6k/dame-sue-ion |access-date=2015-09-23 |website=BBC Radio 4}}</ref> née '''Burrows'''; an haife ta 3 Fabrairu 1955) injiniya ce ta Burtaniya kuma ƙwararren mai ba da shawara kan masana'antar [[makamashin nukiliya]]. <ref name="womanshour">{{Cite web |title=BBC Radio 4 – Woman's Hour, Woman's Hour Power List – Dame Sue Ion |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01qj7jd/profiles/sue-ion |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130425041726/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01qj7jd/profiles/sue-ion |archive-date=25 April 2013 |access-date=2014-10-14}}</ref> An zabi Ion a matsayin memba na Kwalejin Injiniya ta Kasa a shekarar 2012 don gudummawa ga ci gaban man fetur na nukiliya. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haife ta ne a ranar 3 ga Fabrairu 1955 a Cumbria, <ref name="Pitman, Jenny (April 2013)">{{Cite web |last=Pitman |first=Jenny |date=5 April 2013 |title=Woman's Hour: Jenny Pitman; Sue Ion goes back to school |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01rlsv0 |access-date=2015-08-31 |publisher=BBC}}</ref> 'yar Lawrence James Burrows ce, jami'in tsarawa na British Rail, da Doris Burrows (née Cherry), sakatariya. Ion ta yi karatu a makarantar Penwortham Girls Grammar School kusa da Preston, Lancashire a wannan shekarar da Nancy Rothwell . Yayinda take budurwa, tana jin daɗin kimiyya, wanda iyayenta suka karfafa ta hanyar barin ta yi gwaje-gwaje na sunadarai a cikin kicin iyali. A makaranta, ta dauki matsayin jagora a matsayin Shugaba daga 1972 zuwa 1973 kuma mataimakiyar jagorar ƙungiyar mawaƙa. A shekara ta 16, Ion ta lashe littafi game da makamashi na atomatik a matsayin kyauta ga matakan O-matakanta a kimiyya, wanda ya taimaka mata ta yi sha'awar batun. Ta tuna, "Lokacin da nake makaranta ... ya bambanta sosai. An ba ku kowane ƙarfafawa da zai yiwu don yin batutuwan kimiyya idan kuna da sha'awar su". <ref name="Pitman, Jenny (April 2013)">{{Cite web |last=Pitman |first=Jenny |date=5 April 2013 |title=Woman's Hour: Jenny Pitman; Sue Ion goes back to school |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01rlsv0 |access-date=2015-08-31 |publisher=BBC}}</ref> Ion ta ci gaba da karatun Kimiyya ta Kayan aiki a Kwalejin Imperial ta London, inda ta sami digiri na farko a shekara ta 1976, sannan kuma ta sami PhD a fannin Kayan Kayan Kimiyyar Kayan Kudancin Kayan Kadan a shekara ta 1979, wanda FJ Humphreys da SH White suka kula da shi. Ta koyar a wata makarantar da ke cikin gari a Landan yayin kammala digirin digirin ta kuma ta yi amfani da kayan aiki daga dakunan gwaje-gwaje na kwaleji a cikin darussanta don taimakawa dalibai su zama masu sha'awar masana'antar. "Inda babu hangen nesa ... mutane suna hallaka", in ji ta. == Ayyuka da bincike == [[Fayil:Dame_Sue_Ion_at_QED_Question_Explore_Discover_conference_2015_01.jpg|right|thumb|A Taron QED na 2015 a Manchester]] A shekara ta 1979, an fara hayar Ion a matsayin jami'in fasaha a British Nuclear Fuels (BNFL). A lokacin, ita da wata mace ita ce kawai mata da ke aiki a sashen injiniyan sinadarai. A shekara ta 1992, an kara ta zuwa Babban Darakta na Fasaha, matsayin da Ion ya rike a cikin kungiyar har zuwa shekara ta 2006. A wannan lokacin, ana kallon makamashi na nukiliya ko na nukiliyar a matsayin tushen makamashi mai mahimmanci, tare da masana'antar kwal da ke akwai, da kuma wani bangare mai mahimmanci na sake gina Birtaniya bayan yakin. Ya kasance, a cewar Ion, masana'antu mai ban sha'awa tare da shirin bincike da ci gaba mai ƙarfi da kuma manyan fata. Kamar yadda ta gaya wa Jim Al-Khalili a cikin wata hira ta 2013 ga BBC Radio Four, "Babu wani abu da ya canza ra'ayina game da hakan". A matsayinsa na darektan fasaha na BNFL, Ion ya rike kujerar Majalisar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta [[Tony Blair]] kuma an yaba da shi da shawo kan Blair don canza manufofin gwamnatin Labour game da makamashin nukiliya. Ayyukan Ion, tare da David King, sun ɗauki kimanin shekaru 10 na ilimantar da jami'an gwamnati don yin la'akari da shaidar kimiyya da ke kewaye da batutuwan makamashin nukiliya da makamashi mai sabuntawa don sanar da manufofi. Ta taimaka wajen ba da shawara ga Gordon Brown kan manufofin makamashi na dogon lokaci.[1] An zabi Ion a matsayin Fellow na Royal Academy of Engineering (FREng) a 1996 kuma ya kasance mataimakin shugaban kasa daga 2002 zuwa 2008. <ref name="WES">{{Cite web |title=Sue Ion |url=http://www.wes.org.uk/content/sue-ion |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925010639/http://www.wes.org.uk/content/sue-ion |archive-date=25 September 2015 |access-date=2015-09-20 |publisher=WES}}</ref> A shekara ta 2006, an nada Ion a matsayin farfesa mai ziyara na Kwalejin Imperial <ref name="Pitman, Jenny (April 2013)">{{Cite web |last=Pitman |first=Jenny |date=5 April 2013 |title=Woman's Hour: Jenny Pitman; Sue Ion goes back to school |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01rlsv0 |access-date=2015-08-31 |publisher=BBC}}</ref> kuma an shigar da shi cikin Fellowship na kwalejin a shekara ta 2005.<ref name="Imperial College (October 2005)">{{Cite web |date=26 October 2005 |title=Imperial College London bestows its highest honours in Commemoration Day ceremony |url=http://www.imperial.ac.uk/college.asp?P=6989 |access-date=2015-09-18 |website=Imperial.ak.uk |publisher=Imperial College London}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1955]] [[Rukuni:Articles with hAudio microformats]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] jkp8fmuvccm0rqjwayhzj09cx3bu8u5 0 146108 884676 813959 2026-07-18T13:49:27Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 884676 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Jeanne Dambendzet''' (an haife ta a ranar 1 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1943 <ref name="Who">{{Cite web |title=Africa Intelligence : l'information exclusive sur l'Afrique |url=https://www.africaintelligence.fr/ |access-date=2025-07-24 |website=Africa Intelligence |language=fr}}</ref>) 'yar siyasar Kongo ce. Ta yi aiki a gwamnatin Congo-Brazzaville daga 1989 zuwa 1991 kuma daga 1997 zuwa 2009. Tun daga shekara ta 2009 ta kasance Mataimakin Shugaban [[Economic and Social Council of the Republic of the Congo|Majalisar Tattalin Arziki da Jama'a]], wata hukuma ta jihar. Ita memba ce ta Jam'iyyar Kwadago [[Jamhuriyar Kwango|'Yan Kongo]] (PCT) kuma ta kasance Babban Sakatariyar Ƙungiyar Mata ta Kongo, ƙungiyar mata ta PCT, tun 2013. == Tarihi da farkon aikin siyasa == An haifi Dambendzet a Franceville, wanda ke kudu maso gabashin [[Gabon]] . <ref name="Who"/> Tana da alaƙa da Shugaba Denis Sassou Nguesso (shi ne dan uwan mahaifiyarta na farko) kuma biyun sun san juna tun suna yara. Ta zama malama kuma ta kasance mai fafutuka a cikin ƙungiyar malamai; ita ma ta kafa ƙungiyar Revolutionary Union of Congolese Women (URFC). <ref name="JA">François Soudan, [http://www.jeuneafrique.com/jeune_afrique/article_jeune_afrique.asp?art_cle=LIN27076ladamuossas0 "La dame de fer de Sassou"], ''Jeune Afrique'', 27 July 1999 {{In lang|fr}}.</ref> Daga 1977 zuwa 1980, ta kasance wakilin URFC a Tarayyar Demokradiyyar Mata ta Duniya; daga baya, ta kasance Wakilin Dindindin na Tarayyar Dimokradiy ta Mata a [[UNESCO]] daga 1980 <ref name="Who" /> zuwa 1984. <ref name="JA" /> A Taron Taron Tattalin Arziki na Uku na PCT, wanda aka gudanar a ranar 27-31 ga Yuli 1984, an zabi Dambendzet a cikin Kwamitin Tsakiya na PCT mai mambobi 75. <ref>Rémy Bazenguissa-Ganga, ''Les voies du politique au Congo: essai de sociologie historique'' (1997), Karthala Editions, page 278 {{In lang|fr}}.</ref> An kuma sanya ta jagorantar nazarin da sashen bincike na PCT.<ref name="JA"/> A ranar 13 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1989, an nada ta a gwamnatin Kongo a matsayin Ministan Kwadago da Tsaron Jama'a, tana riƙe da wannan mukamin har sai mulkin PCT ya ƙare a shekara ta 1991. <ref>Bazenguissa-Ganga, ''Les voies du politique au Congo: essai de sociologie historique'', page 296 {{In lang|fr}}.</ref><ref name="Who"/> == Ayyukan siyasa tun farkon shekarun 1990 == Dambendzet ya kasance mai aminci ga Sassou Nguesso a lokacin shugabancin Pascal Lissouba (1992-1997) kuma ya yi aiki sosai a madadinsa a lokacin yakin basasa na Yuni-Oktoba 1997. <ref name="JA"/> Bayan nasarar sojojin Sassou Nguesso, an sake nada Dambendzet a gwamnati a matsayin Ministan Ayyukan Jama'a da Gyaran Gudanarwa a ranar 2 ga Nuwamba 1997; <ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=ADwOAQAAMAAJ&q=%22pierre+passy%22 ''Marchés tropicaux et méditerranéens'', issues 2,704&#x2013;2,720] (1997), page 2,429 {{In lang|fr}}.</ref> an fadada fayil dinta don hada da ci gaban mata a ranar 12 ga Janairun 1999.<ref>Paul Soni-Benga, [https://books.google.com/books?id=S3Z1AAAAMAAJ&q=%22pierre+mpassi%22 ''Les dessous de la guerre du Congo-Brazzaville''] (1998), L'Harmattan, page 275 {{In lang|fr}}.</ref><ref>"Le nouveau gouvernement du Congo", ''Les Dépêches de Brazzaville'', 13 January 1999 {{In lang|fr}}. {{Cite web |title=Bulletin 13 janvier 1999 |url=http://www.brazzaville-adiac.com/depeches/archives/actualites/199901/19990113_01.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029204609/http://www.brazzaville-adiac.com/depeches/archives/actualites/199901/19990113_01.htm |archive-date=29 October 2013 |access-date=2013-10-29}}</ref> A cikin zaben 'yan majalisa na Mayu 2002, an zabi Dambendzet a Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa a matsayin dan takarar PCT a mazabar [[Ngoko, Congo|Ngogo]], wanda ke cikin Yankin Cuvette; ta sami kashi 55.43% na kuri'un kuma ta lashe kujerar a zagaye na farko.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110708092250/http://www.brazzaville-adiac.com/index.php?action=depeche&dep_id=936&oldaction=liste&regpay_id=0&them_id=0&cat_id=1&ss_cat_id=0&LISTE_FROM=60&select_month=06&select_year=2002 "Elections législatives : les 51 élus du premier tour"], ''Les Dépêches de Brazzaville'', 5 June 2002 {{In lang|fr}}.</ref> Bayan zaben, an tura ta zuwa mukamin Ministan Noma, Kiwon dabbobi, Kifi, da Ci gaban Mata a ranar 18 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2002; ta kasance a wannan mukamin a cikin gwamnatin da ake kira a ranar 7 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2005, kodayake an rage fayilinta zuwa noma, kiwon dabbobi. <ref>"La composition du nouveau gouvernement congolais", ''Les Dépêches de Brazzaville'', 19 August 2002 {{In lang|fr}}. {{Cite web |title=Les Dépêches de Brazzaville |url=http://www.brazzaville-adiac.com/index.php?action=depeche&dep_id=1420&oldaction=liste&regpay_id=0&them_id=0&cat_id=0&ss_cat_id=0&LISTE_FROM=60&select_month=0&select_year=0 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120528210822/http://www.brazzaville-adiac.com/index.php?action=depeche&dep_id=1420&oldaction=liste&regpay_id=0&them_id=0&cat_id=0&ss_cat_id=0&LISTE_FROM=60&select_month=0&select_year=0 |archive-date=28 May 2012 |access-date=2012-05-28}}</ref><ref>"Le président Denis Sassou Nguesso remanie le gouvernement congolais", ''Les Dépêches de Brazzaville'', 8 January 2005 {{In lang|fr}}. {{Cite web |title=Les Dépêches de Brazzaville |url=http://www.brazzaville-adiac.com/index.php?action=depeche&dep_id=7698&oldaction=liste&regpay_id=0&them_id=0&cat_id=0&ss_cat_id=0&LISTE_FROM=0&select_month=0&select_year=0 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120528210546/http://www.brazzaville-adiac.com/index.php?action=depeche&dep_id=7698&oldaction=liste&regpay_id=0&them_id=0&cat_id=0&ss_cat_id=0&LISTE_FROM=0&select_month=0&select_year=0 |archive-date=28 May 2012 |access-date=2014-05-12}}</ref> An kara rage fayil dinta zuwa noma da kiwon dabbobi a ranar 3 ga Maris 2007. <ref>{{Cite web |title=allAfrica.com: Congo-Brazzaville: Remaniement du gouvernement « Mvouba » (Page 1 of 2) |url=http://fr.allafrica.com/stories/200703050660.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080213040345/http://fr.allafrica.com/stories/200703050660.html |archive-date=2008-02-13 |access-date=2025-07-24 |website=fr.allafrica.com}}</ref> A cikin zaben 'yan majalisa na 2007, an sake zabar Dambendzet a Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa a matsayin dan takarar PCT a Ngogo; ta lashe kujerar a zagaye na farko tare da kashi 67.58% na kuri'un.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120226063341/http://www.brazzaville-adiac.com/index.php?action=depeche&dep_id=17017&oldaction=liste&regpay_id=0&them_id=0&cat_id=&ss_cat_id=0&LISTE_FROM=0&select_month=0&select_year=0 "Elections législatives : les 44 élus du premier tour"], ''Les Dépêches de Brazzaville'', 2 July 2007 {{In lang|fr}}.</ref> Daga baya aka tura ta zuwa mukamin Ministan Kasuwanci, Amfani, da Sayarwa a ranar 30 ga Disamba 2007. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Panapress |date=2007-12-31 |title=Formation d'un nouveau gouvernement au Congo |url=https://www.afrik.com/formation-d-un-nouveau-gouvernement-au-congo |access-date=2025-07-24 |website=Afrik |language=fr-FR}}</ref> Dambendzet ya rarraba tebur ga 'yan kasuwa da masu siyarwa a kasuwar Bourreau a [[Brazzaville]] a ranar 22 ga watan Agusta 2009. Ta bayyana cewa daya daga cikin ayyukan ma'aikatarta shine sabunta kasuwanni kuma sayar da kayayyaki daga ƙasa matsala ce ta kiwon lafiyar jama'a. A cewar Dambendzet, za a rarraba ƙarin tebur a wasu kasuwanni don taimakawa kasuwanni su cika ka'idojin kiwon lafiyar jama'a.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Les Dépêches de Brazzaville |url=http://www.brazzaville-adiac.com/index.php?action=depeche&dep_id=32142&oldaction=liste&regpay_id=0&them_id=0&cat_id=&ss_cat_id=0&LISTE_FROM=0&select_month=0&select_year=0 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326015628/http://www.brazzaville-adiac.com/index.php?action=depeche&dep_id=32142&oldaction=liste&regpay_id=0&them_id=0&cat_id=&ss_cat_id=0&LISTE_FROM=0&select_month=0&select_year=0 |archive-date=2012-03-26 |access-date=2025-07-24 |website=www.brazzaville-adiac.com}}</ref> An sallami Dambendzet daga gwamnati a ranar 15 ga Satumba 2009 [1] sannan Sassou Nguesso ya nada shi a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Majalisar Tattalin Arziki da Jama'a a ranar 18 ga Satumba 2009. [2] Ta sadu da Claudine Munari, wanda ya gaje ta a matsayin Ministan Kasuwanci, a ranar 24 ga Satumba don tattauna batutuwan da ma'aikatar ke fuskanta, musamman Yarjejeniyar Haɗin Kai ta Tattalin Arziki tare da Tarayyar Turai. Ta kuma tattauna batutuwan kasuwanci na cikin gida, kamar hauhawar farashin abinci. Munari ta ce za ta ci gaba da tuntuɓar Dambendzet lokacin da ake buƙata.[3] A matsayinsa na Mataimakin Shugaban Majalisar Tattalin Arziki da Jama'a, Dambendzet ya sadu da Florent Ntsiba, Ministan Kwadago da Tsaron Jama'a a ranar 13 ga Nuwamba 2009 don tattauna hadin kai tsakanin Majalisar da gwamnati kan manufofi, gami da wadanda suka shafi aiki, horo, albashi, da fensho. Ta ce Majalisar za ta sanar da damuwar da sha'awar mutane ga ma'aikatu masu dacewa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Les Dépêches de Brazzaville |url=http://www.brazzaville-adiac.com/index.php?action=depeche&dep_id=34403&oldaction=liste&regpay_id=0&them_id=0&cat_id=&ss_cat_id=0&LISTE_FROM=0&select_month=0&select_year=0 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326015739/http://www.brazzaville-adiac.com/index.php?action=depeche&dep_id=34403&oldaction=liste&regpay_id=0&them_id=0&cat_id=&ss_cat_id=0&LISTE_FROM=0&select_month=0&select_year=0 |archive-date=2012-03-26 |access-date=2025-07-24 |website=www.brazzaville-adiac.com}}</ref> A Taron Taron Tattalin Arziki na shida na PCT, wanda aka gudanar a watan Yulin 2011, an zabi Dambendzet a Ofishin Siyasa na PCT mai mambobi 51. <ref>{{Cite web |last=KIHINDOU |first=Freddy |title=Denis Sassou Nguesso aux congressistes du P.c.t : «Les élections ne se gagnent pas dans les bureaux. Elles se gagnent sur le terrain» |url=http://www.lasemaineafricaine.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1331:denis-sassou-nguesso-aux-congressistes-du-pct-lles-elections-ne-se-gagnent-pas-dans-les-bureaux-elles-se-gagnent-sur-le-terrainr&catid=4:national&Itemid=3 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317080029/http://www.lasemaineafricaine.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1331:denis-sassou-nguesso-aux-congressistes-du-pct-lles-elections-ne-se-gagnent-pas-dans-les-bureaux-elles-se-gagnent-sur-le-terrainr&catid=4:national&Itemid=3 |archive-date=2012-03-17 |access-date=2025-07-24 |website=www.lasemaineafricaine.com |language=fr-fr}}</ref> A watan Agustan shekara ta 2013, a taron kundin tsarin mulki na Kungiyar Mata ta Kongo (OFC), sabuwar kungiyar mata ta PCT, an sanya Dambendzet a matsayin Babban Sakataren Kasa na OFC. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Vie des partis : Jeanne Dambendzet secrétaire exécutive nationale de l’Organisation des femmes du Congo {{!}} adiac-congo.com : toute l'actualité du Bassin du Congo |url=https://www.adiac-congo.com/content/vie-des-partis-jeanne-dambendzet-secretaire-executive-nationale-de-lorganisation-des-femmes |access-date=2025-07-24 |website=www.adiac-congo.com}}</ref> A lokacin yakin neman zabe na [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|kananan hukumomi]] na Satumba 2014, an tura Dambendzet zuwa Sashen Cuvette don yin yakin neman zabe ga 'yan takarar PCT a can.<ref>{{Cite web |last=KIHINDOU |first=Freddy |title=lasemaineafricaine - Elections locales : Véritable marathon de Pierre Ngolo, pour soutenir les candidats du P.c.t |url=http://www.lasemaineafricaine.net/index.php/national/10009-elections-locales-veritable-marathon-de-pierre-ngolo-pour-soutenir-les-candidats-du-p-c-t |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190706142841/http://www.lasemaineafricaine.net/index.php/national/10009-elections-locales-veritable-marathon-de-pierre-ngolo-pour-soutenir-les-candidats-du-p-c-t |archive-date=2019-07-06 |access-date=2025-07-24 |website=www.lasemaineafricaine.net |language=fr-fr}}</ref> A matsayinta na marubuciya da edita, ta yi aiki tare da Scholastique Dianzinga a kan kundin La place et le rôle des femmes dans la société congolaise, 1960-2010, wanda ya hada da gudummawa daga {{Interlanguage link|Thereze Gamassa|fr}} da sauransu.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=africain |first=l'horizon |date=2023-10-05 |title=Témoignage : Elise-Thérèse Gamassa, une femme battante qui a marqué l’histoire de son pays |url=https://www.lhorizonafricain.com/temoignage-elise-therese-gamassa-une-femme-battante-qui-a-marque-lhistoire-de-son-pays/ |access-date=2025-01-11 |website=lhorizonafricain |language=fr-FR |archive-date=2025-01-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250111223756/https://www.lhorizonafricain.com/temoignage-elise-therese-gamassa-une-femme-battante-qui-a-marque-lhistoire-de-son-pays/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1943]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] p39bjr0ulz0vsbymsqyau8molsiwbqg 0 149166 884671 837944 2026-07-18T13:46:03Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 884671 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Wagner Aparecido Coradin Junior''' (an haife shi a ranar 3 ga Oktoba 1989), wanda aka fi sani da '''Wagner Coradin''' ko kuma kawai '''Wagner''', [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na ƙasar [[Brazil]] wanda ke buga wasa a matsayin [[Mai tsaran raga|mai tsaron gida]] ga Sergipe . == Aikin kulob == An haife shi a Barretos, [[São Paulo]], Wagner ya kammala karatun matasa na Mirassol . Ya fara buga wasansa na farko a Copa Paulista a 2009 tare da kulob din, kafin ya koma Corinthians Alagoano a kan aro na 2010 Campeonato Alagoano . A watan Maris na 2010, Wagner ya rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar aro zuwa União São João, amma bayan ya kasa buga wasa ko da na minti ɗaya a ƙungiyar, an ba shi aro ga Independent de Limeira a watan Yuni. Daga baya ya koma ƙasar waje, inda ya shiga Destroyers a gasar Liga Nacional B ; a wannan kakar, ƙungiyar ta kai zagayen share fage na ci gaba/faɗuwa, amma ta kasa cimma nasara yayin da ya ci kwallo ɗaya a wasan da ya gabata. [1] Wagner ya bar Destroyers a watan Disamba na 2012, kuma ya koma ƙasarsa tare da Grêmio Barueri a Série C. Ya sanya hannu a Nacional-AM kafin kakar wasa ta 2014, kafin ya koma ƙasarsa ta haihuwa tare da Olímpia . <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 September 2014 |title=Segundona: Por trás de Wagner Coradin há um multicampeão. Entenda! |trans-title=''Segundona'': Behind Wagner Coradin there is a multichampion goalkeeper. Understand! |url=https://www.futebolinterior.com.br/segundona-por-tras-de-wagner-coradin-ha-um-multicampeao-entenda/ |access-date=3 December 2022 |publisher=Futebol Interior |language=pt-BR}}</ref> Wagner ya koma Nacional a ranar 6 ga Disamba 2014, <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 December 2014 |title=De volta ao Nacional-AM, goleiro Wagner revela: "Aguardava ansioso" |trans-title=Back to Nacional-AM, goalkeeper Wagner reveals: "I was waiting anxious" |url=https://ge.globo.com/am/noticia/2014/12/de-volta-ao-nacional-am-goleiro-wagner-revela-aguardava-ansioso.html |access-date=3 December 2022 |publisher=[[Grupo Globo|ge]] |language=pt-BR}}</ref> amma galibi zaɓi ne na madadin. An gabatar da shi a Ituano a ranar 17 ga Disamba 2015, <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 December 2015 |title=Ituano se apresenta com novidades para 2016 |trans-title=Ituano is presented with news for 2016 |url=https://www.itu.com.br/futebol/noticia/ituano-se-apresenta-com-novidades-para-2016-20151217 |access-date=3 December 2022 |publisher=Itu |language=pt-BR}}</ref> koyaushe yana zama zaɓi na biyu a cikin shekaru uku da ya yi a kulob ɗin. A ranar 8 ga Nuwamba, 2018, an sanar da Wagner a Campinense don kamfen ɗin 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 November 2018 |title=Campinense anuncia as primeiras contratações para 2019 |trans-title=Campinense announce the first signings for 2019 |url=https://pbesportes.net/2018/11/08/campinense-anuncia-as-primeiras-contratacoes-para-2019/ |access-date=3 December 2022 |publisher=PB Esportes.net |language=pt-BR}}</ref> Ya sami shahara a ƙasa a wasan Campeonato Paraibano da Botafogo-PB, yayin da ya durƙusa don a yi masa hira da ɗan jarida mai ƙarancin motsi da ƙaramin tsayi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 March 2019 |title=Repórter com deficiência se surpreende após foto com goleiro viralizar nas redes sociais |trans-title=Reporter with disability is surprised after picture with goalkeeper went viral in the social media |url=https://ge.globo.com/pb/futebol/noticia/reporter-com-deficiencia-chama-atencao-em-cobertura-esportiva-e-foto-com-goleiro-ajoelhado-viraliza.ghtml |access-date=3 December 2022 |publisher=[[Grupo Globo|ge]] |language=pt-BR}}</ref> A ranar 11 ga Oktoba, 2019, Wagner ya amince da kwangila da ABC, <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 October 2019 |title=Clube do Povo acerta contratação de goleiro e volante |trans-title=''Clube do Povo'' sign goalkeeper and defensive midfielder |url=https://abcfc.com.br/comunicacao/noticias/clube-do-povo-acerta-contratacao-de-goleiro-e-volante/ |access-date=3 December 2022 |publisher=ABC FC |language=pt-BR}}</ref> amma ya koma Ferroviária a ranar 24 ga Janairu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 January 2010 |title=Ferroviária confirma atacante e contrata mais um goleiro para o Paulistão |trans-title=Ferroviária confirm forward and sign another goalkeeper for the ''Paulistão'' |url=https://rciararaquara.com.br/ferroviaria/ferroviaria-confirma-atacante-e-contrata-mais-um-goleiro-para-o-paulistao/ |access-date=3 December 2022 |publisher=RCI Araraquara |language=pt-BR}}</ref> A matsayin madadin Saulo, ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar zuwa [[Portugal]] a ranar 7 ga Disamba, 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 December 2021 |title=Portuguesa contrata dois novos goleiros para a temporada de 2022 |trans-title=Portuguesa sign two new goalkeepers for the 2022 season |url=http://portuguesa.com.br/site/portuguesa-contrata-dois-novos-goleiros-para-a-temporada-de-2022/ |access-date=3 December 2022 |publisher=Associação Portuguesa de Desportos |language=pt-BR |archive-date=7 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207204342/http://portuguesa.com.br/site/portuguesa-contrata-dois-novos-goleiros-para-a-temporada-de-2022/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wagner ya ciyar da sihirinsa a ''Lusa'' a matsayin zaɓi na biyu a bayan Thomazella, ya lashe 2022 Campeonato Paulista Série A2 . == Ƙididdigar aiki == {{Updated|3 December 2022}}<ref>{{Soccerway|wagner-aparecido-coradin-junior/123541|Wagner|accessdate=3 December 2022}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1989]] t4zsevff8g7c7i2obtx647ltzmkqe6j 0 149857 884763 832236 2026-07-19T07:58:24Z BnHamid 12586 884763 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Grezelder Jeffrey''' ɗan siyasa ne a Malawi . Ta kasance 'yar majalisa ta jam'iyyar Democratic Progressive Party da ta zama Sakatare Janar. A shekara ta 2024 ta shiga jam'iyyar Malawi Congress Party kuma an sake zabar ta a shekara ta 2025 a mazabar Nkhotakota Chia . == Rayuwa == An zabe ta a matsayin memba na Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa don mazabar Gundumar Nkhotakota a tsakiyar Malawi . Ta zama Sakatare Janar na jam'iyyar kuma ta lashe zaben fidda gwani ba tare da hamayya ba <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-11-17 |title=DPP SG Griselda wins primaries unopposed |url=https://www.maravipost.com/dpp-sg-griselda-wins-primaries-unopposed/ |access-date=2025-02-04 |website=The Maravi Post |language=en-US}}</ref> amma ta rasa wannan kujerar a shekarar 2019. <ref name="lostseat">{{Cite web |date=2019-05-22 |title=DPP secretary general Wa Jeffrey falls in poll: MCP wins seat |url=https://www.nyasatimes.com/dpp-secretary-general-wa-jeffrey-falls-in-poll-mcp-wins-seat/ |access-date=2025-02-04 |website=www.nyasatimes.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> A lokacin zaben ta ce bai kamata mutane su zabi [[Ulema Msungama]] ba. Ta yi masa tsegumi ta hanyar cewa ya yi wa dan uwansa fyade. A cikin 2021 ta kasance a cikin babban kotun tana kuka da nadama kafin alƙalin ya dakatar da kotun don su iya yin sulhu daga kotu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-24 |title=Grezelder Jeffrey cries in court to seek Msungama's forgiveness |url=https://www.nyasatimes.com/grezelder-jeffrey-cries-in-court-to-seek-msungamas-forgiveness/ |access-date=2025-02-04 |website=www.nyasatimes.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> A ƙarshen 2023 ta sanar da cewa za a gudanar da taron Majalisar Gudanarwa ta DPP a ranar 6 ga Disamba. Ana buƙatar wannan saboda akwai umarnin kotu da ke buƙatar irin wannan taron don ƙirƙirar zabe. Yanayin ya zama mai rikitarwa lokacin da mai magana da yawun DPP, Shadric Namalomba, ya fitar da wata sanarwa mai sabawa. Namalomba ya yi iƙirarin cewa duk mukaman DPP sun dace da lokacinmu kuma Jeffrey shine (kuma ba) Sakatare Janar ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-02 |title=Confusion as DPP spokesperson Namalomba 'fires' party CEO Grezelder Jeffrey |url=https://www.nyasatimes.com/confusion-as-dpp-spokesperson-namalomba-fires-party-ceo-grezelder-jeffrey/ |access-date=2025-02-04 |website=www.nyasatimes.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> A farkon shekara ta 2024 ta kasance mataimakiyar shugaban yankin tsakiya kuma an kira ta a gaban taron horo na jam'iyyarta bayan an zarge ta, tare da wasu ciki har da [[Cecilia Chazama]], da shirya taron da ba a ba da izini ba. Ba ta halarci ba.<ref name="slap">{{Cite web |date=2024-01-18 |title=DPP ponders Grezelder Jeffrey's fate |url=https://times.mw/dpp-ponders-grezelder-jeffreys-fate/ |access-date=2025-02-04 |website=The Times Group |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Jean Kalilani]] ta jagoranci kwamitin horo amma ba su matsa don azabtar da ita da sauri ba kuma wannan ya haifar da hasashe a cikin kafofin watsa labarai.<ref>{{Cite web |last=NyasaAuthor1 |date=2024-01-18 |title=Will DPP expel Jeffrey for failing to appear before disciplinary committee? |url=https://www.nyasatimes.com/will-dpp-expel-jeffrey-for-failing-to-appear-before-disciplinary-committee/ |access-date=2025-02-04 |website=www.nyasatimes.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> A shekara ta 2024, ta bar Jam'iyyar Democrat Progressive Party don shiga Jam'iyyar Malawi Congress Party . <ref name="joinmcp">{{Cite web |date=2024-09-15 |title=Former DPP Secretary General Grezelder Jeffrey plotting to join MCP at Lilongwe Rally |url=https://www.malawianatimes.com/2024/09/15/former-dpp-secretary-general-grezelder-jeffrey-plotting-to-join-mcp-at-lilongwe-rally/ |access-date=2025-02-04 |website=Malawiana Times |language=en-US}}</ref> Jeffrey ta bayyana tafiyarta zuwa MCP kamar aure. Aure da ta yi da DPP ya ƙare kuma tana komawa "ga mahaifinta".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-15 |title=Former DPP SG Grezelder Jeffrey, Dr. Ntaba, others join ruling party |url=https://malawifreedomnetwork.com/2024/09/15/former-dpp-sg-grezelder-jeffrey-dr-ntaba-others-join-ruling-party/?srsltid=AfmBOooFDL5CEvPb3p6Sq63SJkZA1I7qXNCCnlO9KWBGKW1YEw2laxEA#gsc.tab=0 |access-date=2025-02-04 |website=Malawi Freedom Network |language=en-US}}</ref> An zabe ta a mazabar Nkhotakota Chia tare da kuri'u 10,441 a zaben 2025. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] dye52t10y21it1iv38j4rlqakn7w9sq 0 149872 884689 859501 2026-07-18T14:08:58Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 884689 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ivan Lendrić''' (an haife shi a ranar 8 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1991) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Croatia wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsakiya na ƙungiyar Croatia Hrvatski Dragovoljac . == Ayyukan kulob din == An haife shi a Split, Lendrić ya tashi ta hanyar Hajduk Split Academy . A cikin kakar 2009-10, lokacinsa na karshe na matasa, Lendrić ya kasance babban mai zira kwallaye a gasar makarantar Croatian kuma an zabe shi dan wasan matasa mafi kyau ta hanyar wasanni na yau da kullun na Croatia ''Sportske novosti'' . He turned professional in July 2010, but failed to break into the first team under coach Stanko Poklepović so he was loaned to Bosnian Premier League club Zrinjski Mostar.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2014}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2014)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> While at Zrinjski, Lendrić became top scorer in the 2010–11 Bosnian championship with 16 goals. A lokacin rani na shekara ta 2011, ya dawo daga rance kuma ya shiga tawagar farko a karkashin kocin Krasimir Balakov . A kakar wasa ta farko tare da Hajduk, ya zira kwallaye hudu a wasanni goma sha tara, yana wasa mafi yawa a matsayin mai maye gurbin. A watan Yunin 2012, Lendrić ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru uku tare da kulob din Belgium Zulte Waregem . Bayan wani matsakaiciyar nasara a Zulte Waregem, Lokomotiva ta yanke shawarar dawo da dan wasan zuwa 1. HNL a cikin yarjejeniyar Yuro 500,000. A watan Janairun shekara ta 2014, an dakatar da kwangilarsa tare da Lokomotiva bayan wasanni shida na farko kuma babu burin A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2014, Lenrić ya sanya hannu tare da kungiyar kwallon kafa ta biyu ta Austrian Kapfenberger SV, inda ya zira kwallaye biyar a wasanni goma sha biyar. A ranar 30 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2014, Lendrić ya sanya hannu tare da kungiyar Italiya ta FC Südtirol . A shekarar 2015, Lendrić ya buga wa Celje, Milsami Orhei, da PAE Kerkyra wasa. A ranar 5 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2016, Lendrić ya shiga kungiyar Željezničar ta Premier League ta Bosnia. Željezničar ya gama kakar 2016-17 a matsayin mai cin gaba, tare da Lendrić ya zama babban mai zira kwallaye a gasar tare da kwallaye 19. Lendrić daga nan ya koma kulob din Ligue 2 na Faransa [[RC Lens|Lens]] don kudin € 300,000 a watan Yulin 2017, kuma ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru uku.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 July 2017 |title=Ivan Lendrić za 300.000 eura prešao iz Želje u francuski Lens |url=http://nap.ba/new/vijest.php?id=37106 |access-date=24 July 2018 |website=www.nap.ba |language=hr |archive-date=24 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180724213322/http://nap.ba/new/vijest.php?id=37106 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bayan kakar wasa daya tare da Lens, an dakatar da kwangilarsa a watan Yunin 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 June 2018 |title=Officiel: Ivan Lendric résilie son contrat avec le RC Lens |url=http://www.madeinlens.com/actualite-rclens/saison-2017-2018/transferts/44305-officiel-ivan-lendric-resilie-son-contrat-avec-le-rc-lens.html |access-date=24 July 2018 |website=Made In Lens |language=fr}}</ref> A ranar 8 ga watan Agustan 2018, Lendrić ya sanya hannu tare da kulob din [[Sloveniya|Slovenia]] Olimpija Ljubljana . Ya zira kwallaye na farko kuma kawai ga kulob din a karon farko a wasan kofin a ranar 29 ga watan Satumba a kan Triglav Kranj . A ranar 4 ga Disamba 2018, bayan watanni hudu kawai a Olimpija, Lendrić ya bar kulob din. A ranar 21 ga Yuni 2019, Lendrić ya koma [[Bosnia da Herzegovina]] kuma ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru biyu tare da Zrinjski Mostar, kulob din da ya buga a kakar 2010-11. <ref>{{Cite web |last=K.H. |date=21 June 2019 |title=Ivan Lendrić novi igrač Zrinjskog, Plemići stvaraju moćan tim |url=https://www.klix.ba/sport/nogomet/ivan-lendric-novi-igrac-zrinjskog-plemici-stvaraju-mocan-tim/190621054 |access-date=21 June 2019 |publisher=Klix.ba |language=bs}}</ref> Ya fara bugawa Zrinjski kwallo ta farko tun daga shekara ta 2011 a ranar 11 ga watan Yulin 2019, a wasan da ya ci Akademija Pandev 3-0 a zagaye na farko na UEFA Europa League na 2019-20. <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 July 2019 |title=Zrinjski zakoračio ka drugom kolu kvalifikacija za Evropsku ligu |url=https://sport1.oslobodjenje.ba/evropska-takmicenja/zrinjski-zakoracio-ka-drugom-kolu-kvalifikacija-za-evropsku-ligu/160210 |access-date=11 July 2019 |publisher=Sport1.ba |language=bs}}</ref> Lendrić ya fara buga wasan farko a Zrinjski bayan shekaru tara a ranar 21 ga watan Yulin 2019, a wasan da aka yi da Sarajevo da ci 1-0.<ref>{{Cite web |last=K.H. |date=21 July 2019 |title=Sarajevo pobjedom protiv Zrinjskog započelo odbranu titule prvaka BiH |url=https://www.klix.ba/sport/nogomet/sarajevo-pobjedom-protiv-zrinjskog-zapocelo-odbranu-titule-prvaka-bih/190721062 |access-date=21 July 2019 |publisher=Klix.ba |language=bs}}</ref> Ya zira kwallaye na farko a gasar tun lokacin da ya dawo Zrinjski a ranar 24 ga watan Agusta 2019, a cikin nasarar da ya samu a gida 4-0 a kan Borac Banja Luka . <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2019 |title=Zrinjski za šest minuta razbio Borac |url=https://www.klix.ba/sport/nogomet/zrinjski-za-sest-minuta-razbio-borac/190824084 |access-date=24 August 2019 |publisher=Klix.ba |language=bs}}</ref> A ranar 10 ga Disamba 2019, Lendrić ya yanke shawarar dakatar da kwangilarsa tare da Zrinjski kuma ya bar kulob din.<ref>{{Cite web |last=A. Lendo |date=10 December 2019 |title=Ivan Lendrić više nije igrač HŠK Zrinjski! |url=https://sportsport.ba/fudbal/ivan-lendric-vise-nije-igrac-hsk-zrinjski/344050 |access-date=10 December 2019 |publisher=sportsport.ba |language=bs}}</ref> Shekaru biyu da rabi bayan barin Željezničar, a ranar 7 ga Janairun 2020, ya koma kulob din [[Sarajevo]], ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekara daya da rabi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=F.Z. |date=7 January 2020 |title=Lendrić: Ovo je moj klub, volim igrati na Grbavici, Željin dres poseban je motiv |url=https://www.klix.ba/sport/nogomet/lendric-ovo-je-moj-klub-volim-igrati-na-grbavici-zeljin-dres-poseban-je-motiv/200107110 |access-date=7 January 2020 |publisher=Klix.ba |language=bs}}</ref> Ya buga wasan sa na farko bayan ya dawo Željezničar a ranar 22 ga watan Fabrairun 2020, wasan 0-0 da aka yi da Radnik Bijeljina a ranar 22 de Fabrairu 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |last=E.B. |date=22 February 2020 |title=Radnik i Željezničar remizirali u izuzetno dosadnom meču u Bijeljini |url=https://www.klix.ba/sport/nogomet/radnik-i-zeljeznicar-remizirali-u-izuzetno-dosadnom-mecu-u-bijeljini/200222058 |access-date=22 February 2020 |publisher=Klix.ba |language=bs}}</ref> Goal na farko da ya zira tun lokacin da ya dawo kulob din ya kasance a cikin nasara 3-0 a kan Zvijezda 09 a ranar 29 ga Fabrairu 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |last=N.K. |date=29 February 2020 |title=Željezničar uvjerljivo savladao Zvijezdu 09 i bodovno se izjednačio sa Sarajevom |url=https://www.klix.ba/sport/nogomet/zeljeznicar-uvjerljivo-savladao-zvijezdu-09-i-bodovno-se-izjednacio-sa-sarajevom/200229073 |access-date=29 February 2020 |publisher=Klix.ba |language=bs}}</ref> Lendrić ya bar Željezničar a watan Mayu 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |last=D.B. |date=31 May 2021 |title=Ivan Lendrić napustio Željezničar |url=https://www.klix.ba/sport/nogomet/ivan-lendric-napustio-zeljeznicar/210531134 |access-date=31 May 2021 |publisher=Klix.ba |language=bs}}</ref> A kasa da kasa, Lendrić ya wakilci Croatia a duk matakan matasa kuma ya kasance daga cikin tawagar da aka kira don gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA U-20 ta 2011 ta hanyar kocin Ivica Grnja, inda ya zira kwallaye a nasarar Croatia 5-2 da [[Ƙungiyar kwallon kafa ta Maza ta Najeriya ta 'yan kasa da shekaru 20|Najeriya]]. == Kididdigar aiki == === Kungiyar === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;font-size:90%" |- |+Bayyanawa da burin kulob din, kakar wasa da gasa ! rowspan="2" |Kungiyar ! rowspan="2" |Lokacin ! colspan="3" |Ƙungiyar ! colspan="2" |Kofin ! colspan="2" |Kofin League ! colspan="2" |Yankin nahiyar ! colspan="2" |Sauran ! colspan="2" |Jimillar |- !Rarraba !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- |Hajduk Rarraba |2010–11 |1. HNL |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 |- |Zrinjski Mostar (lambar) |2010–11 |Gasar Firimiya ta Bosnia |28 |16 |1 |1 | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |29 |17 |- |Hajduk Rarraba |2011–12 |1. HNL |19 |4 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |20 |4 |- | rowspan="3" |Zulte Waregem |2012–13 |Belgian Pro League |20 |2 |3 |1 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |23 |3 |- |2013–14 |Belgian Pro League |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !20 !2 !3 !1 ! colspan="2" |- !0 !0 ! colspan="2" |- !23 !3 |- |Jirgin ƙasa |2013–14 |1. HNL |6 |2 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |6 |2 |- |Kapfenberger SV |2013–14 |Ƙungiyar Farko ta Austriya |15 |5 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |15 |5 |- |Südtirol |2014–15 |Lega Pro |14 |4 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |14 |4 |- |Celje |2014–15 |PrvaLiga na Slovenia |16 |2 |3 |1 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |19 |3 |- |Milsami Orhei |2015–16 |Divizia Națională |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 |- |Kerkyra |2015–16 |Kungiyar kwallon kafa |2 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |3 |0 |- | rowspan="4" |Željezničar |2015–16 |Gasar Firimiya ta Bosnia |12 |7 |3 |2 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |15 |9 |- |2016–17 |Gasar Firimiya ta Bosnia |32 |19 |3 |1 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |35 |20 |- |2017–18 |Gasar Firimiya ta Bosnia |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |2 |2 | colspan="2" | - |2 |2 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !44 !26 !6 !3 ! colspan="2" |- !2 !2 ! colspan="2" |- !52 !31 |- |[[RC Lens|Lens]] |2017–18 |Ligue 2 |9 |2 |1 |3 |1 |1 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |11 |6 |- |Lens na II |2017–18 |Gasar Cin Kofin Kasa ta 2 |1 |2 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |1 |2 |- |Olimpija Ljubljana |2018–19 |PrvaLiga na Slovenia |5 |0 |2 |2 | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |7 |2 |- |Hermannstadt |2018–19 |Lig I |10 |2 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |2{{Efn|Appearances in [[2018–19 Liga I#Liga I play-off|2018–19 Liga I play-off]]}} |0 |13 |2 |- |Zrinjski Mostar |2019–20 |Gasar Firimiya ta Bosnia |16 |3 |2 |3 | colspan="2" | - |6 |0 | colspan="2" | - |24 |6 |- | rowspan="3" |Željezničar |2019–20 |Gasar Firimiya ta Bosnia |3 |1 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |3 |1 |- |2020–21 |Gasar Firimiya ta Bosnia |24 |6 |2 |0 | colspan="2" | - |1 |1 | colspan="2" | - |27 |7 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !27 !7 !2 !0 ! colspan="2" |- !1 !1 ! colspan="2" |- !30 !8 |- ! colspan="3" |Cikakken aikinsa !232 !77 !23 !14 !1 !1 !9 !3 !2 !0 !267 !95 |} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1991]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ==manazarta== <references /> gj3dqafutxyjyjb7qqata4hposuvni5 0 150125 884769 832988 2026-07-19T08:04:01Z BnHamid 12586 BnHamid moved page [[Raphael Cavalcante Veiga]] to [[Raphael Veiga]] 832988 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Raphael-Veiga-Juventude-jun24-4.jpg|thumb]] {{Infobox kwallon kafa | suna = Raphael Veiga | cikakken_suna = Raphael Cavalcante Veiga | ranar_haihuwa = 19 ga Fabrairu, 1995 | wurin_haihuwa = São Paulo, Brazil | tsawo = 1.76 m | matsayi = Dan wasan tsakiya mai kai hari (Attacking midfielder) | kungiya = Palmeiras | lambar_riga = 23 }} '''Raphael Cavalcante Veiga''' (an haife shi 19 Fabrairu 1995) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Brazil wanda yake taka leda a kungiyar [[SE Palmeiras|Palmeiras]] a gasar Serie A ta Brazil. An fi saninsa da kwarewa a buga tsakiya, zura kwallaye daga nesa, da kuma iya sarrafa wasan daga gaba.<ref name="transfermarkt">Bayanan yan wasa daga Transfermarkt</ref> == Rayuwar farko == Raphael Veiga ya taso a birnin São Paulo inda ya fara sha’awar ƙwallon ƙafa tun yana yaro. Ya shiga makarantar koyon ƙwallon ƙafa ta Coritiba inda ya fara samun horo na musamman kafin daga baya ya fara buga wasa a matakin matasa. <ref name="biography">Bayanan tarihin rayuwa daga bayanan kulob da rahotanni na wasanni</ref> == Aikin kulob == Veiga ya fara aikinsa na kwararru a kungiyar Coritiba kafin ya koma [[SE Palmeiras|Palmeiras]] a 2017. A farkon zuwansa, bai samu damar buga wasa sosai ba, amma daga baya ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan ‘yan wasan kungiyar. A Palmeiras, ya taimaka wajen lashe manyan kofuna ciki har da Copa Libertadores da Campeonato Brasileiro Série A. Ya shahara wajen zura kwallaye a muhimman wasanni da kuma yin passes masu muhimmanci ga abokan wasansa. <ref name="clubstats">Rahotannin wasannin Palmeiras da kididdigar Serie A</ref> == Aikin kasa == Raphael Veiga ya samu kiran shiga tawagar kasar Brazil a wasu lokuta, inda ya buga wasanni na sada zumunta da kuma wasannin cancantar gasar kasa da kasa. Duk da cewa ba koyaushe yake cikin jerin ‘yan wasan farko ba, ana ganin yana daga cikin ‘yan wasan da ke da damar shiga manyan gasa a nan gaba. <ref name="cbf">Bayanan Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Brazil (CBF)</ref> == Salon wasa == Veiga dan wasa ne mai taka leda a matsayin attacking midfielder. Yana da: * Kyakkyawan kallo a filin wasa * Iya zura kwallo daga nesa * Kyakkyawan free kicks * Daidaito wajen bayar da passes Wannan ya sa ake ganin sa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin fitattun ‘yan wasan tsakiya a Brazil. <ref name="analysis">Nazarin masana wasanni da masu sharhi</ref> == Nasarori == Tare da Palmeiras, Raphael Veiga ya lashe: * Copa Libertadores * Campeonato Brasileiro Série A * Campeonato Paulista Wadannan nasarori sun ƙara masa suna a duniya baki ɗaya. <ref name="honours">Bayanan tarihin kofuna na Palmeiras</ref> == Manazarta == <references /> hu4iyozy77s040kh36eitg3nlqsogqn 884771 884769 2026-07-19T08:04:27Z BnHamid 12586 884771 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Raphael-Veiga-Juventude-jun24-4.jpg|thumb]] '''Raphael Cavalcante Veiga''' (an haife shi 19 Fabrairu 1995) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Brazil wanda yake taka leda a kungiyar [[SE Palmeiras|Palmeiras]] a gasar Serie A ta Brazil. An fi saninsa da kwarewa a buga tsakiya, zura kwallaye daga nesa, da kuma iya sarrafa wasan daga gaba.<ref name="transfermarkt">Bayanan yan wasa daga Transfermarkt</ref> == Rayuwar farko == Raphael Veiga ya taso a birnin São Paulo inda ya fara sha’awar ƙwallon ƙafa tun yana yaro. Ya shiga makarantar koyon ƙwallon ƙafa ta Coritiba inda ya fara samun horo na musamman kafin daga baya ya fara buga wasa a matakin matasa. <ref name="biography">Bayanan tarihin rayuwa daga bayanan kulob da rahotanni na wasanni</ref> == Aikin kulob == Veiga ya fara aikinsa na kwararru a kungiyar Coritiba kafin ya koma [[SE Palmeiras|Palmeiras]] a 2017. A farkon zuwansa, bai samu damar buga wasa sosai ba, amma daga baya ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan ‘yan wasan kungiyar. A Palmeiras, ya taimaka wajen lashe manyan kofuna ciki har da Copa Libertadores da Campeonato Brasileiro Série A. Ya shahara wajen zura kwallaye a muhimman wasanni da kuma yin passes masu muhimmanci ga abokan wasansa. <ref name="clubstats">Rahotannin wasannin Palmeiras da kididdigar Serie A</ref> == Aikin kasa == Raphael Veiga ya samu kiran shiga tawagar kasar Brazil a wasu lokuta, inda ya buga wasanni na sada zumunta da kuma wasannin cancantar gasar kasa da kasa. Duk da cewa ba koyaushe yake cikin jerin ‘yan wasan farko ba, ana ganin yana daga cikin ‘yan wasan da ke da damar shiga manyan gasa a nan gaba. <ref name="cbf">Bayanan Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Brazil (CBF)</ref> == Salon wasa == Veiga dan wasa ne mai taka leda a matsayin attacking midfielder. Yana da: * Kyakkyawan kallo a filin wasa * Iya zura kwallo daga nesa * Kyakkyawan free kicks * Daidaito wajen bayar da passes Wannan ya sa ake ganin sa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin fitattun ‘yan wasan tsakiya a Brazil. <ref name="analysis">Nazarin masana wasanni da masu sharhi</ref> == Nasarori == Tare da Palmeiras, Raphael Veiga ya lashe: * Copa Libertadores * Campeonato Brasileiro Série A * Campeonato Paulista Wadannan nasarori sun ƙara masa suna a duniya baki ɗaya. <ref name="honours">Bayanan tarihin kofuna na Palmeiras</ref> == Manazarta == <references /> [[Category:Haifaffun 1995]] jvwzgmuyjdljte6d910di41plo15iox 0 150150 884764 833037 2026-07-19T07:59:09Z BnHamid 12586 884764 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Loide Lucky Shoopala Kasingo''' (born 17 February 1954) is a [[Namibiya|Namibian]] politician and prominent trade unionist. A member of the [[SWAPO|South West Africa People's Organization]] (SWAPO), Kasingo has been a member of the National Assembly of Namibia since 1996 and was a deputy minister from 1996 to 2005. She has served as Deputy Speaker of Parliament since 2010. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haife shi a Yankin Oshikoto a shekara ta 1954, Kasingo ya yi karatu a [[Ongwediva High School|Makarantar Sakandare ta Ongwediva]] a Ongwediva. Daga nan sai ta koma [[Jami'ar Limpopo|Jami'ar Arewa]] a [[Afirka ta Kudu]], inda ta kammala karatu tare da digiri na farko a fannin shari'a a shekarar 1978. Bayan ya dauki darussan daban-daban a cikin Gudanar da Kasuwanci a Afirka ta Kudu daga 1983 zuwa 1984, an tura Kasingo zuwa [[Torino|Turin]], [[Italiya]] don horo a Kungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya (ILO). A shekara ta 1987, ta sami difloma a fannin Horar da Hanyar ga Masu Koyarwa na Kwadago daga ILO . == Ayyuka == Kasingo ya zama sananne a matsayin babban mutum a ƙarshen shekarun 1980 a matsayin wani ɓangare na Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Namibiya ta Kasa, ƙungiyar kwadago mai alaƙa da SWAPO. Daga 1989 zuwa 1985, ta kasance malamiyar karatu da rubutu ga Shirin Nazarin Namibia da Majalisar Ikklisiyoyi a Namibia . Bayan samun 'yancin kai a 1990, Kasingo ya ci gaba a matsayin babban memba na NUNW a ayyuka daban-daban. Lokacin da Shugaba [[Sam Nujoma]] ya zaba ta don maye gurbin [[Ben Ulenga]] a Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa kuma a matsayin Mataimakin Ministan Karamar Hukumar da Gwamnatin Yankin da Gidaje. Kasingo ya kasance mai gabatar da kara daga 1990 zuwa 1996 na Ma'aikatar Shari'a a kotunan [[Windhoek]] . Daga 2000 zuwa 2005, ta kasance Mataimakin Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida. baya zaben Hifikepunye Pohamba a shekara ta 2004, an cire Kasingo a matsayin mataimakin minista. Duk da saukar da ita, ta kasance ta goma sha ɗaya a cikin jerin sunayen 'yan takarar SWAPO na Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa, kusan tabbatar mata da matsayi a jikin, duk da cewa a matsayin mai baya. Kasingo ya kasance Mataimakin Shugaban Majalisar tun shekara ta 2010. Ta kuma kasance mataimakiyar shugaban [[Majalisar Dokokin Afirka]] tun watan Mayu na shekara ta 2012. == Kyaututtuka == Kasingo ya sami lambar yabo ta The Most Brilliant Order of the Sun na aji na biyu don aikinsa na musamman sama da kiran aiki, a watan Agustan 2024 daga Shugaba Nangolo Mbumba . <ref>{{Cite web |title=President Mbumba confers national honours {{!}} nbc |url=https://www.nbcnews.na/node/107062 |access-date=2024-08-25 |website=www.nbcnews.na}}</ref> A watan Satumbar 2011, an nada Kasingo farfesa mai daraja a Jami'ar Jilin da ke kasar Sin. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1954]] davzski2roddp4pc7fjzuejxrt1htwp 884765 884764 2026-07-19T08:02:05Z BnHamid 12586 Fassara 884765 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Loide Lucky Shoopala Kasingo''' (an haife ta a ranar 17 ga Fabrairu, 1954) 'yar siyasa ce 'yar ƙasar Namibia kuma fitacciyar 'yar ƙungiyar kwadago. Kasingo, 'yar ƙungiyar [[SWAPO|jama'ar Afirka ta Kudu maso Yammacin Afirka]] (SWAPO), ta kasance memba a Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa ta Namibia tun daga 1996 kuma ta kasance mataimakiyar minista daga 1996 zuwa 2005. Ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar shugaban majalisar dokoki tun daga 2010. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haife shi a Yankin Oshikoto a shekara ta 1954, Kasingo ya yi karatu a [[Ongwediva High School|Makarantar Sakandare ta Ongwediva]] a Ongwediva. Daga nan sai ta koma [[Jami'ar Limpopo|Jami'ar Arewa]] a [[Afirka ta Kudu]], inda ta kammala karatu tare da digiri na farko a fannin shari'a a shekarar 1978. Bayan ya dauki darussan daban-daban a cikin Gudanar da Kasuwanci a Afirka ta Kudu daga 1983 zuwa 1984, an tura Kasingo zuwa [[Torino|Turin]], [[Italiya]] don horo a Kungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya (ILO). A shekara ta 1987, ta sami difloma a fannin Horar da Hanyar ga Masu Koyarwa na Kwadago daga ILO . == Ayyuka == Kasingo ya zama sananne a matsayin babban mutum a ƙarshen shekarun 1980 a matsayin wani ɓangare na Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Namibiya ta Kasa, ƙungiyar kwadago mai alaƙa da SWAPO. Daga 1989 zuwa 1985, ta kasance malamiyar karatu da rubutu ga Shirin Nazarin Namibia da Majalisar Ikklisiyoyi a Namibia . Bayan samun 'yancin kai a 1990, Kasingo ya ci gaba a matsayin babban memba na NUNW a ayyuka daban-daban. Lokacin da Shugaba [[Sam Nujoma]] ya zaba ta don maye gurbin [[Ben Ulenga]] a Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa kuma a matsayin Mataimakin Ministan Karamar Hukumar da Gwamnatin Yankin da Gidaje. Kasingo ya kasance mai gabatar da kara daga 1990 zuwa 1996 na Ma'aikatar Shari'a a kotunan [[Windhoek]] . Daga 2000 zuwa 2005, ta kasance Mataimakin Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida. baya zaben Hifikepunye Pohamba a shekara ta 2004, an cire Kasingo a matsayin mataimakin minista. Duk da saukar da ita, ta kasance ta goma sha ɗaya a cikin jerin sunayen 'yan takarar SWAPO na Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa, kusan tabbatar mata da matsayi a jikin, duk da cewa a matsayin mai baya. Kasingo ya kasance Mataimakin Shugaban Majalisar tun shekara ta 2010. Ta kuma kasance mataimakiyar shugaban [[Majalisar Dokokin Afirka]] tun watan Mayu na shekara ta 2012. == Kyaututtuka == Kasingo ya sami lambar yabo ta The Most Brilliant Order of the Sun na aji na biyu don aikinsa na musamman sama da kiran aiki, a watan Agustan 2024 daga Shugaba Nangolo Mbumba . <ref>{{Cite web |title=President Mbumba confers national honours {{!}} nbc |url=https://www.nbcnews.na/node/107062 |access-date=2024-08-25 |website=www.nbcnews.na}}</ref> A watan Satumbar 2011, an nada Kasingo farfesa mai daraja a Jami'ar Jilin da ke kasar Sin. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1954]] 7eljwctjs7en3715qwtt7oa4eqk3bh3 0 150448 884757 833869 2026-07-19T07:55:13Z BnHamid 12586 884757 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Leonardo Spinazzola 01 (cropped).JPG|thumb]] '''Leonardo Spinazzola''' ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Italiya wanda ke taka leda a matsayin baya na hagu ko wing-back. An san shi da saurin gudu, ƙwarewar kai hari daga gefe, da kuma iya tsayawa tsayin daka wajen kare baya. Ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a manyan kulob-kulob na Italiya da kuma tawagar ƙasar Italiya. <ref>BBC Sport. Profile: Leonardo Spinazzola</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Spinazzola a ranar 25 ga Maris 1993 a garin Foligno, cikin yankin Umbria na ƙasar Italiya. Tun yana ƙarami ya fara nuna sha’awar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, inda ya shiga makarantar koyon ƙwallon ƙafa ta Siena kafin daga baya ya shiga tsarin Juventus. A matakin matasa, an rika ganin cewa yana da ƙwarewa ta musamman wajen gudu da kuma kai hari daga gefen fili. <ref>UEFA Youth Development Reports</ref> == Fara aikinsa na ƙwararru == Spinazzola ya fara aikinsa na ƙwararru ne da kulob ɗin Juventus, amma an fi ba shi dama ta hanyar aro zuwa wasu kulob-kulob domin samun ƙwarewa. Ya taka leda a kulob-kulob kamar Empoli, Virtus Lanciano, da Atalanta, inda ya nuna ci gaba sosai a matsayin mai kai hari daga baya. Wannan ya taimaka masa wajen zama ɗan wasa mai cikakken gogewa a Serie A. <ref>Serie A Official Records</ref> == Aikinsa a Juventus == Bayan dawowarsa Juventus, Spinazzola ya samu damar shiga babban tawagar kulob ɗin. Kodayake bai samu damar zama gwarzo na dindindin ba saboda gasa mai tsanani a cikin tawagar, ya kasance muhimmin ɗan wasa mai sauya wasa (squad rotation player). A Juventus ya koyi dabarun zamani na wasan wing-back da kuma tsarin kariya mai tsari. <ref>Juventus FC Official History</ref> == AS Roma == A shekarar 2019, Spinazzola ya koma AS Roma a wani musayar ‘yan wasa. A Roma ne ya fara nuna cikakkiyar ƙwarewarsa, inda ya zama ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun wing-backs a Serie A. A kakar 2020–2021, ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin ‘yan wasan da suka fi yin tasiri a Roma kafin rauni ya hana shi ci gaba da taka leda na wani lokaci. <ref>AS Roma Club Reports 2021</ref> == Rauni da dawowa == A lokacin Gasar UEFA Euro 2020, Spinazzola ya samu mummunan rauni na tendon Achilles yayin wasa da Belgium a wasan quarter-final. Wannan rauni ya hana shi buga wasa na watanni da dama. Duk da haka, ya yi aikin gyara sosai kuma ya dawo filin wasa bayan jinya mai tsawo, abin da ya nuna ƙarfin hali da juriya. <ref>UEFA Euro 2020 Medical Reports</ref> == Tawagar ƙasar Italiya == Spinazzola ya kasance muhimmin ɗan wasa a tawagar ƙasar Italiya. Ya taka rawa a nasarar Italiya na lashe UEFA Euro 2020, inda ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin fitattun ‘yan wasa kafin raunin da ya samu. Gudun sa da kai hari daga gefe sun taimaka wajen inganta tsarin wasan Italiya a karkashin koci Roberto Mancini. <ref>UEFA Official Euro 2020 Review</ref> == Salon wasa == Spinazzola yana taka leda a matsayin wing-back ko full-back mai kai hari. Yana da saurin gudu sosai, iya dribbling, da kuma iya yin crosses masu inganci zuwa cikin akwatin abokan hamayya. Haka kuma yana da ƙwarewa wajen dawo da ƙwallo da kuma taimakawa wajen kare baya. Wannan haɗin gwiwar kai hari da kariya ya sa ya zama ɗaya daga cikin mafi ƙwararrun ‘yan wasan gefen fili a Italiya. <ref>Sky Sports Analysis</ref> == Nasarori == UEFA European Championship: 2020 (Italiya) Serie A Champion (tare da Juventus) Coppa Italia Winner == Kammalawa == Leonardo Spinazzola ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin fitattun ‘yan wasan baya na zamani a ƙwallon ƙafa. Duk da raunin da ya fuskanta, ya ci gaba da kasancewa abin koyi wajen juriya da ƙwazo a wasanni. Tasirinsa a kulob-kulob da tawagar ƙasa ya nuna muhimmancinsa a tarihin ƙwallon ƙafa na Italiya. <ref>ESPN Football Archives</ref> =Manazarta= {{Reflist}} 51plkjlecpm1pcnordm1z1c0up6d43x 0 151122 884750 835628 2026-07-19T07:36:21Z BnHamid 12586 884750 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:AliTuran.JPG|thumb]] '''Ali Turan''' ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar [[Turkiyya]] wanda aka haifa a ranar 6 ga Satumba, 1983 a birnin Kayseri. Ya yi suna ne a matsayin mai tsaron baya kuma ya buga wa kungiyoyi daban-daban a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Turkiyya, musamman Kayserispor da Konyaspor.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Turan |title=Ali Turan |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-14}}</ref> Ali Turan ya fara taka leda tun yana matashi a ƙungiyar Ağırnasşimşekspor kafin daga baya ya koma makarantar horas da ‘yan wasa ta Kayserispor a shekara ta 2000. Bayan ya nuna ƙwarewa sosai wajen tsaron baya, an ɗaga shi zuwa babban rukuni na Kayserispor a shekara ta 2002.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Turan |title=Ali Turan career history |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-14}}</ref> A lokacin da yake taka leda a Kayserispor, Ali Turan ya zama ɗaya daga cikin fitattun masu tsaron baya a ƙasar Turkiyya. Kocin kungiyar a lokacin, Ertuğrul Sağlam, ya ba shi damar buga wasanni masu yawa inda ya nuna ƙarfin jiki da kwarewar jagoranci a baya. Wannan ya sa ya zama kyaftin ɗin ƙungiyar a wasu lokuta.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Turan |title=Ali Turan at Kayserispor |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-14}}</ref> A kakar wasan 2006–07, an bayar da Ali Turan aro zuwa Kayseri Erciyesspor domin samun ƙarin damar taka leda. Duk da cewa zaman aron bai daɗe ba, ya taimaka masa wajen ƙara gogewa a gasar Super Lig ta Turkiyya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Turan |title=Ali Turan loan spell |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-14}}</ref> A shekara ta 2010, Ali Turan ya rattaba hannu da babbar kungiyar Galatasaray bayan ƙarewar kwantiraginsa da Kayserispor. Sauyin nasa zuwa Galatasaray ya jawo cece-kuce saboda yadda magoya bayan Kayserispor suka nuna rashin jin daɗinsu game da tafiyarsa. Duk da haka, ya ci gaba da taka leda a matakin koli na ƙwallon ƙafa a Turkiyya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Turan |title=Transfer to Galatasaray |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-14}}</ref> Bayan ya bar Galatasaray a shekara ta 2011, Ali Turan ya koma Antalyaspor inda ya rattaba hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru uku. A Antalyaspor ya samu damar buga wasanni akai-akai kafin daga baya ya koma Konyaspor a shekara ta 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Turan |title=Ali Turan at Antalyaspor |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-14}}</ref> Lokacin da yake Konyaspor ne Ali Turan ya samu ɗaya daga cikin manyan nasarorinsa a harkar ƙwallon ƙafa. Ya taimaka wa ƙungiyar wajen lashe Kofin Turkiyya na shekarar 2016–17 da kuma Turkish Super Cup ta shekarar 2017. Wannan nasara ta sanya Konyaspor cikin manyan kungiyoyin ƙasar a wancan lokaci.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Turan |title=Honours of Ali Turan |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-14}}</ref> A matakin ƙasa da ƙasa kuwa, Ali Turan ya wakilci tawagar matasa ta ƙasar Turkiyya wato Turkey U21 tsakanin shekarun 2004 zuwa 2005. Ya buga wasanni takwas tare da zura kwallaye uku duk da kasancewarsa mai tsaron baya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Turan |title=International career of Ali Turan |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-14}}</ref> Ali Turan ya shahara da ƙarfin tsaro, iya bugun kai, da kuma jagoranci a filin wasa. Duk da cewa bai kasance mai yawan zura kwallaye ba, ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin amintattun masu tsaron baya da suka taka rawa a gasar Super Lig ta Turkiyya tsawon shekaru masu yawa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Turan |title=Ali Turan player profile |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-14}}</ref> == Nasarori == === Kayserispor === * Kofin Turkiyya: 2008 === Konyaspor === * Kofin Turkiyya: 2016–17 * Turkish Super Cup: 2017<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Turan |title=Ali Turan honours |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-14}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin waje == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Turan Ali Turan a Wikipedia ta Turanci] caq93cjbt7q1jo8ynlxk8eyjsnmuter 0 151791 884751 838060 2026-07-19T07:37:19Z BnHamid 12586 884751 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mimisen Agatha Julia Iyorhe Calvin-Onwuka''' (an haife ta ranar 2 ga Maris, 1984 a Jihar Benue, Najeriya) tsohuwar alƙaliyar wasa ce ta ƙwallon ƙafa daga Najeriya wadda ta yi suna a matakin duniya a matsayin mataimakiyar alƙaliya. Ta kasance cikin jerin alƙalan wasa na FIFA daga shekarar 2012 zuwa 2023, inda ta jagoranci wasanni daban-daban na nahiyar Afirka da kuma na duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimisen_Iyorhe |title=Mimisen Iyorhe |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://dailytrust.com/the-rise-of-female-referees-in-nigerian-football/ |title=The rise of female referees in Nigerian football |website=Daily Trust |date=2026 |access-date=2026-05-20}}</ref> Iyorhe ta fara samun karɓuwa sosai bayan ta shiga cikin manyan gasannin CAF da FIFA. Ta kasance cikin jami’an wasa na gasar '''2018 Women’s Africa Cup of Nations''' da aka gudanar a Ghana, inda ta nuna ƙwarewa da kwarewar gudanar da wasa a babban mataki.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://leadership.ng/wafcon-2022-caf-appoints-madu-iyorhe-others-as-referees/ |title=WAFCON 2022: CAF Appoints Madu, Iyorhe, Others As Referees |website=Leadership Newspaper |date=2022-06-17 |access-date=2026-05-20}}</ref> A shekarar 2021, Mimisen Iyorhe ta kafa tarihi bayan kasancewa cikin rukuni na farko na mata alƙalan wasa da suka jagoranci wasan maza a gasar '''African Nations Championship (CHAN)''' ta CAF a Kamaru. Wannan ya zama wani babban mataki a tarihin ƙwallon ƙafar Afirka saboda shi ne karo na farko da mata suka yi irin wannan aiki a gasar maza ta CAF.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thecable.ng/nigerias-iyorhe-listed-among-referees-for-maiden-caf-women-champions-league-final/ |title=Nigeria’s Iyorhe listed among referees for maiden CAF Women’s Champions League final |website=TheCable |date=2021-11-19 |access-date=2026-05-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimisen_Iyorhe |title=Mimisen Iyorhe |website=German Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-20}}</ref> Ta kuma shiga cikin tawagar jami’an wasa da suka jagoranci wasan ƙarshe na farko a tarihin '''CAF Women’s Champions League''' a shekarar 2021 tsakanin ƙungiyoyin Hasaacas Ladies ta Ghana da Mamelodi Sundowns Ladies ta Afirka ta Kudu a birnin Alkahira na ƙasar Masar.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thecable.ng/nigerias-iyorhe-listed-among-referees-for-maiden-caf-women-champions-league-final/ |title=Nigeria’s Iyorhe listed among referees for maiden CAF Women’s Champions League final |website=TheCable |date=2021-11-19 |access-date=2026-05-20}}</ref> A shekarar 2022, Iyorhe ta kasance Mataimakiyar Alƙali ta ɗaya (Assistant Referee One) a wasan ƙarshe na '''Women’s Africa Cup of Nations (WAFCON)''' tsakanin Afirka ta Kudu da Morocco. Wannan nasara ta sa Hukumar Ƙwallon Ƙafa ta Najeriya (NFF) ta yaba mata tare da bayyana ta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan mata alƙalan wasa daga Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/07/nff-hails-mimi-calvin-onwuka-madu-on-wafcon-feats/ |title=NFF hails Mimi Calvin-Onwuka, Madu on WAFCON feats |website=Vanguard News |date=2022-07-20 |access-date=2026-05-20}}</ref> Bayan haka, FIFA ta zaɓi Mimisen Iyorhe cikin jami’an wasan da suka gudanar da '''FIFA U-20 Women’s World Cup''' na shekarar 2022 da aka gudanar a Costa Rica. Wannan ya ƙara tabbatar da matsayinta a cikin manyan alƙalan wasa mata na Afirka.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://thesun.ng/fifau20wwc-mimisen-iyorhe-makes-officiating-team/ |title=FIFAU20WWC: Mimisen Iyorhe makes officiating team |website=The Sun Nigeria |date=2022-05-28 |access-date=2026-05-20}}</ref> Baya ga aikin alƙalanci, Mimisen ta kafa wata manhaja mai suna '''#GirlsThatRef''' domin tallafawa matasa mata masu sha’awar zama alƙalan wasa da kuma ƙarfafa su wajen neman ilimi da sana’a. Ta kuma shiga shirin '''Global Sports Mentoring Program''' na gwamnatin Amurka domin inganta shugabanci da daidaiton jinsi a harkokin wasanni.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://owosports.com.ng/global-sports-mentoring-programme-fifa-referee-mimisen-hails-us-mission-in-nigeria/ |title=Global Sports Mentoring Programme: FIFA Referee Mimisen Hails US Mission In Nigeria |website=OwoSports |date=2021-11-18 |access-date=2026-05-20}}</ref> A watan Janairu na shekarar 2023, Mimisen Iyorhe Calvin-Onwuka ta sanar da yin ritaya daga aikin alƙalancin wasa bayan shekaru sama da goma tana aiki a matakin FIFA. Ritayarta ta zo ne bayan ta kafa tarihi da dama a wasan ƙwallon ƙafar Afirka, musamman wajen buɗe ƙofa ga mata a wasannin maza.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://sportsration.com/mimisen-iyorhe-retires-from-active-refereeing/ |title=Mimisen Iyorhe retires from active Refereeing |website=SportsRation |date=2023-01-20 |access-date=2026-05-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://sportingtribune.com/nigerias-most-recognised-football-referees/ |title=Nigeria’s most recognised football referees |website=Sporting Tribune |date=2025-10-30 |access-date=2026-05-20}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Nigeria Football Federation]] * [[Confederation of African Football]] * [[FIFA]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} fee37ln7qrmrucla1y8fvhrch13u6jy 0 151908 884782 838786 2026-07-19T08:12:14Z BnHamid 12586 884782 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Olawale Adeolu Fawole''' ɗan Najeriya ne mai aikin alkalancin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, musamman a fannin wasan ƙwallon ƙafar rairayin bakin teku (Beach Soccer). An san shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin alkalan Najeriya da Hukumar Ƙwallon Ƙafa ta Duniya (FIFA) da kuma Hukumar Ƙwallon Ƙafa ta Afirka (CAF) suka amince da su domin jagorantar wasannin ƙasa da ƙasa.<ref>{{cite web |title=FIFA Releases Nigeria’s 2026 International Referees List |url=https://von.gov.ng/fifa-releases-nigerias-2026-international-referees-list/ |website=Voice of Nigeria |date=3 January 2026 |access-date=21 May 2026}}</ref> == Aiki == Fawole ya kasance cikin jerin alkalan wasan ƙwallon ƙafar rairayin bakin teku na Najeriya da FIFA ta amince da su domin gudanar da wasannin ƙasa da ƙasa. Rahotanni sun nuna cewa yana cikin jerin alkalan Beach Soccer na Najeriya tun daga shekarar 2016.<ref>{{cite web |title=NFF to decorate 30 referees with FIFA badges for 2025 |url=https://businessday.ng/sports/article/nff-to-decorate-30-referees-with-fifa-badges-for-2025/ |website=BusinessDay Nigeria |date=26 February 2025 |access-date=21 May 2026}}</ref> A shekarar 2022, FIFA ta sanya sunan Olawale Adeolu Fawole cikin alkalan wasan Beach Soccer guda huɗu daga Najeriya da za su jagoranci wasannin duniya na wannan rukuni. Wannan ya ƙara tabbatar da matsayinsa a cikin manyan alkalan Beach Soccer na Najeriya.<ref>{{cite web |title=Four Nigerians in 2022 FIFA Beach Soccer Referee list |url=https://beachsoccer.ng/four-nigerians-in-2022-fifa-beach-soccer-referee-list/ |website=Beach Soccer Nigeria |date=1 February 2022 |access-date=21 May 2026}}</ref> A shekarar 2024, FIFA ta sake saka sunansa cikin jerin alkalan Najeriya da aka amince da su domin gudanar da wasannin ƙasa da ƙasa. Ya kasance cikin rukuni na alkalan Beach Soccer tare da Ogunmuyiwa Jelili, Olajide Olayinka da Rabiu Ahmad.<ref>{{cite web |title=FIFA places 11 Nigerian referees, 11 assistant referees on 2024 international lists |url=https://www.completesports.com/fifa-places-11-nigerian-referees-11-assistant-referees-on-2024-international-lists/ |website=Complete Sports |date=14 December 2023 |access-date=21 May 2026}}</ref> A shekarar 2026, an sake tabbatar da sunan Fawole cikin jerin alkalan Najeriya da FIFA ta amince da su. Rahotanni daga kafofin wasanni na Najeriya sun bayyana cewa ci gaba da kasancewarsa cikin wannan jerin yana nuna gogewarsa da kuma amincewar da hukumomin ƙwallon ƙafa suke da ita a kansa.<ref>{{cite web |title=FIFA clears 30 Nigerian referees for International duty in 2026 |url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2026/01/02/fifa-clears-30-nigerian-referees-for-international-duty-in-2026/ |website=P.M. News Nigeria |date=2 January 2026 |access-date=21 May 2026}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Nigeria Football Federation]] * [[FIFA]] * [[Beach soccer]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Alƙalan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Najeriya]] [[Category:Mutanen da suke raye]] [[Category:Ƴan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Najeriya]] 4sanhrt1556v42drj4fjdlp7m0l4exm 0 152011 884795 839121 2026-07-19T08:22:15Z BnHamid 12586 884795 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Paula Alberthine Kooper''' (an haife ta a ranar 12 ga watan Satumbar shekara ta 1977) 'yar siyasar Namibia ce daga [[SWAPO]] .<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026 |title=Kooper, Alberthine Paula |url=https://www.parliament.na/dt_team/paula-kooper-3/ |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=Parliament of the Republic of Namibia |language=en-US}}</ref> Ta kasance memba na Majalisar Namibia tun daga shekarar 2017 lokacin da Shugaban kasa ya nada ta ta hanyar Majalisar Dokoki ta 6.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-08-24 |title=Kooper replaces Swartbooi in parliament |url=https://www.namibian.com.na/kooper-replaces-swartbooi-in-parliament/ |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=The Namibian |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Paula Kooper sworn in as Swapo Member of Parliament {{!}} nbc |url=https://nbcnews.na/news/paula-kooper-sworn-swapo-member-parliament.11277 |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=nbcnews.na}}</ref> Ita ce Mataimakin Babban Whip na jam'iyyarta ta SWAPO . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025 |title=Kooper, Alberthine Paula |url=https://www.parliament.na/dt_team/paula-kooper-3/ |access-date=4 Feb 2026 |website=Namibian Parliament}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Jerin mambobin Majalisar Dokokin Namibia ta 7 * Jerin mambobin Majalisar Dokokin Namibia ta 8 == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1977]] kl6z15zifqc05bux6ugrhvfkl9g9ri3 0 153923 884756 844710 2026-07-19T07:54:25Z BnHamid 12586 884756 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mojisola Lasbat Meranda''' (an haife ta a ranar 16 ga watan Agustan shekarar 1980) 'yar siyasar Najeriya ce wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar kakakin majalisar dokokin jihar Legas tun daga watan Maris na shekara ta 2025. Ta taba aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar kakakin daga watan Yunin shekarar 2023 zuwa watan Janairu 2025, kuma a matsayin kakakin daga watan Janairu zuwa Maris na shekarar 2025, biyo bayan tsigewar [[Mudashiru Obasa]] kan zargin mummunar hali da cin zarafin mukamin a watan Janairu, da kuma dawo da shi a watan Maris.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-13 |title=Obasa impeached: Lagos House of Assembly impeach Mudashiru Obasa, appoint Mojisola Meranda as new Speaker |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/articles/cew52274ly5o |access-date=2025-01-13 |website=BBC News Pidgin}}</ref> Ta kasance 'yar majalisa da ke wakiltar mazabar [[Apapa]] I tun watan Yunin 2015. A ranar 3 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2025, makonni shida da kasan cewarta Kakaki, Meranda ta yi murabus daga ofishinta kuma an sake zabar ta a matsayin Mataimakiyar Shugaban Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Legas, yayin da aka sake dawo da Obasa a matsayin Kakakin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Oyero |first=Kayode |date=2025-03-03 |title=Meranda Resigns As Lagos Speaker, Re-Elected Deputy Speaker |url=https://www.channelstv.com/2025/03/03/breaking-mojisola-meranda-resigns-as-lagos-speaker/ |access-date=2025-03-03 |website=Channels Television |language=en}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1980]] [[Rukuni:Ƴan siyasan Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] eez9925qe4h44r9wko5eb3iynleu2sv 0 154152 884767 845192 2026-07-19T08:03:02Z BnHamid 12586 884767 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Mosediq Adeniji Kazeem | image = | caption = Mosediq Adeniji Kazeem | birth_date = 19 April 1965 | birth_place = Lagos, Nigeria | nationality = Nigerian | occupation = Lawyer, Politician | education = University of Lagos<br>University of Strathclyde | alma_mater = University of Lagos | known_for = Attorney-General and Commissioner for Justice of Lagos State | title = Senior Advocate of Nigeria (SAN) | term_start = 2015 | term_end = 2019 | predecessor = Adeola Ipaye | successor = Moyosore Onigbanjo }} '''Mosediq Adeniji Kazeem''' SAN lauya ne ɗan Najeriya, masanin harkokin shari'a kuma tsohon Babban Lauyan Jihar Legas (Attorney-General) kuma Kwamishinan Shari'a na Jihar Legas daga shekarar 2015 zuwa 2019. Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin fitattun lauyoyin Najeriya masu matsayi na ''Senior Advocate of Nigeria (SAN)'', kuma ya yi fice wajen gyaran tsarin shari'a da gudanar da harkokin adalci a Jihar Legas.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Attorney-General of Lagos State – Mosediq Adeniji Kazeem |url=https://lawnigeria.com/elections-government/2018/08/22/attorney-general-of-lagos-state-mosediq-adeniji-kazeem/ |publisher=Law Nigeria |access-date=2026-06-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Past Attorney Generals |url=https://lagosstatemoj.org/past-attorney-generals/ |publisher=Lagos State Ministry of Justice |access-date=2026-06-02}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Mosediq Adeniji Kazeem a ranar 19 ga Afrilu, 1965 a birnin Legas. Ya fito ne daga fitacciyar iyalin Adeniji-Adele ta Legas. Mahaifinsa shi ne Marigayi Mai Shari'a Boonyamin Oladiran Kazeem, wanda ya taba zama Solicitor-General na Tarayyar Najeriya kuma alkalin Kotun Koli ta Najeriya. Mahaifiyarsa kuwa ita ce Princess Jemilat Adetoun Kazeem, 'yar gidan sarautar Adeniji-Adele na Legas.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Attorney-General of Lagos State – Mosediq Adeniji Kazeem |url=https://lawnigeria.com/elections-government/2018/08/22/attorney-general-of-lagos-state-mosediq-adeniji-kazeem/ |publisher=Law Nigeria |access-date=2026-06-02}}</ref> Ya yi karatun firamare a St. Saviour's School da ke Ebute Metta a Legas, sannan ya halarci Federal Government College Warri da Federal Government College Lagos domin karatun sakandare. Daga bisani ya shiga Jami'ar Legas inda ya samu digiri na farko a fannin Kimiyyar Siyasa (Political Science) a shekarar 1986 tare da lambar yabo ta musamman a fannin Comparative Political Systems.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Attorney-General of Lagos State – Mosediq Adeniji Kazeem |url=https://lawnigeria.com/elections-government/2018/08/22/attorney-general-of-lagos-state-mosediq-adeniji-kazeem/ |publisher=Law Nigeria |access-date=2026-06-02}}</ref> Bayan kammala hidimar kasa (NYSC) a Cibiyar Nazarin Harkokin Kasa da Kasa ta Najeriya (Nigerian Institute of International Affairs), ya koma Jami'ar Legas domin nazarin harkokin shari'a. Ya kammala digirin lauya (LL.B) a shekarar 1990 tare da lambar yabo ta musamman a fannin Dokokin Kasa da Kasa (International Law), sannan aka kira shi zuwa Bar na Najeriya a shekarar 1991. Haka kuma ya samu digirin digirgir na biyu (LL.M) a fannin Information Technology and Telecommunications Law daga Jami'ar Strathclyde da ke Glasgow, Scotland.<ref>{{Cite news |title='Awaiting trial and pretrial detainees have reduced in Lagos' |url=https://guardian.ng/features/awaiting-trial-and-pretrial-detainees-have-reduced-in-lagos/ |publisher=The Guardian Nigeria |date=2019-05-14 |access-date=2026-06-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Attorney-General of Lagos State – Mosediq Adeniji Kazeem |url=https://lawnigeria.com/elections-government/2018/08/22/attorney-general-of-lagos-state-mosediq-adeniji-kazeem/ |publisher=Law Nigeria |access-date=2026-06-02}}</ref> == Aikin lauya == Kazeem ya fara aikinsa a shekarar 1991 a kamfanin masu ba da shawara na kasa da kasa na Arthur Andersen, wanda daga baya ya zama KPMG Professional Services. Ya yi aiki a sashen haraji da harkokin kasuwanci har zuwa matakin Senior Associate kafin ya bar kamfanin a shekarar 1996.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Attorney-General of Lagos State – Mosediq Adeniji Kazeem |url=https://lawnigeria.com/elections-government/2018/08/22/attorney-general-of-lagos-state-mosediq-adeniji-kazeem/ |publisher=Law Nigeria |access-date=2026-06-02}}</ref> A shekarar 1996 ya kafa kamfanin lauyoyi na '''Adeniji Kazeem & Co''', wanda ke da ofisoshi a Legas da Abuja. Kamfanin ya mayar da hankali kan shari'o'in kotu, sasanci (ADR), dokokin fasahar sadarwa (ICT Law), mallakar fasaha (Intellectual Property), dokokin kasuwanci da kuma ayyukan sakataren kamfanoni ga gwamnati da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu.<ref>{{Cite news |title='Awaiting trial and pretrial detainees have reduced in Lagos' |url=https://guardian.ng/features/awaiting-trial-and-pretrial-detainees-have-reduced-in-lagos/ |publisher=The Guardian Nigeria |date=2019-05-14 |access-date=2026-06-02}}</ref> == Babban Lauyan Jihar Legas == A shekarar 2015, Gwamnan Jihar Legas, Akinwunmi Ambode, ya naɗa Mosediq Adeniji Kazeem a matsayin Babban Lauyan Jihar Legas kuma Kwamishinan Shari'a. A lokacin mulkinsa ya jagoranci shirye-shiryen gyaran tsarin shari'a, rage cunkoson masu jiran shari'a a gidajen yari, da kuma ƙarfafa hanyoyin gudanar da adalci cikin sauri da gaskiya.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Lagos AG receives report of committee on administration of justice |url=https://guardian.ng/features/lagos-ag-receives-report-of-committee-on-administration-of-justice/ |publisher=The Guardian Nigeria |date=2017-04-11 |access-date=2026-06-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title='Awaiting trial and pretrial detainees have reduced in Lagos' |url=https://guardian.ng/features/awaiting-trial-and-pretrial-detainees-have-reduced-in-lagos/ |publisher=The Guardian Nigeria |date=2019-05-14 |access-date=2026-06-02}}</ref> A matsayinsa na Babban Lauya, ya kasance babban jami'in shari'a na jihar, inda ya kula da sassa daban-daban na Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Legas tare da ba da shawara kan harkokin doka ga gwamnati da hukumominta. Ya bar mukamin ne a shekarar 2019 bayan karewar wa'adin gwamnatin Ambode.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Attorney-General of Lagos State – Mosediq Adeniji Kazeem |url=https://lawnigeria.com/elections-government/2018/08/22/attorney-general-of-lagos-state-mosediq-adeniji-kazeem/ |publisher=Law Nigeria |access-date=2026-06-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Past Attorney Generals |url=https://lagosstatemoj.org/past-attorney-generals/ |publisher=Lagos State Ministry of Justice |access-date=2026-06-02}}</ref> == Gudummawa ga harkokin shari'a == Bayan kammala aikinsa a gwamnati, Kazeem ya ci gaba da shiga muhawara da tattaunawa kan gyaran harkokin shari'a a Najeriya. Ya bayyana cewa bangaren shari'a a Najeriya na bukatar karin tallafi da kariya domin tabbatar da cikakken 'yancin kai da ingancin aiki ga alkalai da sauran masu ruwa da tsaki a harkar adalci.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Judiciary is underfunded, maligned, says Kazeem |url=https://guardian.ng/features/judiciary-is-underfunded-maligned-says-kazeem/ |publisher=The Guardian Nigeria |date=2020-06-16 |access-date=2026-06-02}}</ref> == Sauran mukamai == Kazeem marubuci ne kuma ya wallafa littafin ''Electronic Contract Formation and the Nigerian Initiatives''. Haka kuma memba ne na kungiyoyi da dama na lauyoyi na kasa da kasa ciki har da International Bar Association da International Trademark Association. Ya kuma taba zama shugaban kungiyar Isale Eko Descendants' Union, wata kungiya mai kula da al'adu da tarihin yankin Isale-Eko na Legas.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Attorney-General of Lagos State – Mosediq Adeniji Kazeem |url=https://lawnigeria.com/elections-government/2018/08/22/attorney-general-of-lagos-state-mosediq-adeniji-kazeem/ |publisher=Law Nigeria |access-date=2026-06-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Ex-Lagos Attorney-General, Kazeem, takes over as Chairman of IDU |url=https://nationaldailyng.com/ex-lagos-attorney-general-kazeem-takes-over-as-chairman-of-idu/ |publisher=National Daily |date=2023-06-25 |access-date=2026-06-02}}</ref> A watan Afrilu na shekarar 2025, an zaɓe shi a matsayin Shugaban Ƙungiyar Ansar-Ud-Deen Society ta Najeriya da ma duniya baki ɗaya, bayan kammala wa'adin shugaban da ya gabace shi. Ya bayyana aniyarsa ta inganta ayyukan kungiyar tare da amfani da hanyoyin sadarwa na zamani wajen yada manufofinta.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Former Attorney-General emerges Ansar-Ud-Deen National President |url=https://muslimnews.com.ng/2025/04/21/former-attorney-general-emerges-ansar-ud-deen-national-president/ |publisher=Muslim News Nigeria |date=2025-04-21 |access-date=2026-06-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Ex-Lagos Attorney-General, Kazeem, emerges Ansar-ud-Deen National President |url=https://thesun.ng/ex-lagos-attorney-general-kazeem-emerges-ansar-ud-deen-national-president/ |publisher=The Sun Nigeria |date=2025-04-20 |access-date=2026-06-02}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category: Lauyoyin Najeriya]] av7qmisn01nliqk6ao3118eowt1aavb 0 154536 884797 846219 2026-07-19T08:23:52Z BnHamid 12586 884797 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Bidemi Ifedunni Ademola-Bello | image = | caption = Bidemi Ifedunni Ademola-Bello | nationality = Nigerian | citizenship = Nigeria | occupation = Lawyer | alma mater = Nigerian Law School | known_for = Legal Practice, Corporate Law, International Legal Affairs | years_active = c. 2007–present | employer = Adedeji & Owotomo, LLP | title = Managing Partner }} '''Bidemi Ifedunni Ademola-Bello''' lauya ne ɗan Najeriya wanda ya shahara a fannin harkokin shari'a, musamman a fannoni kamar dokokin kasuwanci, bankuna, inshora, makamashi, sufurin jiragen ruwa da jiragen sama, fasahar sadarwa, harkokin zuba jari da hulɗar gwamnati. Ya yi fiye da shekaru goma sha bakwai yana aiki a harkar lauya a matakin cikin gida da na ƙasa da ƙasa. A shekarar 2025 an naɗa shi a matsayin Manajan Abokin Hulɗa (Managing Partner) na kamfanin lauyoyi na Adedeji & Owotomo, LLP.<ref>{{cite news |title=Adedeji & Owotomo, LLP appoints Bidemi Bello as Managing Partner |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/adedeji-owotomo-llp-appoints-bidemi-bello-as-managing-partner/ |work=Tribune Online |date=8 January 2025 |access-date=3 June 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Law firm appoints Bidemi Bello as Managing Partner |url=https://leadership.ng/law-firm-appoints-bidemi-bello-as-managing-partner/ |work=Leadership Newspaper |date=2025 |access-date=3 June 2026}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == Bayanan da aka wallafa game da rayuwar farko da karatunsa ba su da yawa a kafafen yaɗa labarai. Duk da haka, an tabbatar da cewa ya samu horon lauya a Najeriya kuma ya shiga aikin shari'a tun kusan shekarar 2007, wanda ya ba shi damar gina gogewa a fannoni daban-daban na doka da shari'a a cikin ƙasar da kuma wajen ta.<ref>{{cite news |title=Law firm gets managing partner |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/law-firm-gets-managing-partner/ |work=The Nation |date=14 January 2025 |access-date=3 June 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Adedeji & Owotomo, LLP appoints Bidemi Bello as Managing Partner |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/adedeji-owotomo-llp-appoints-bidemi-bello-as-managing-partner/ |work=Tribune Online |date=8 January 2025 |access-date=3 June 2026}}</ref> == Aikin lauya == A tsawon aikinsa, Ademola-Bello ya yi aiki a wasu fitattun kamfanonin lauyoyi a Lagos, ciki har da Kola Awodein & Co., S. B. Joseph & Co., da Olajide Oyewole LLP. A waɗannan wurare ya samu gogewa a fannoni masu yawa da suka haɗa da dokokin kasuwanci, harkokin banki, dokokin iyali, dokokin tsarin mulki, dokokin gudanarwa da kuma dokokin cinikayya na ƙasa da ƙasa.<ref>{{cite news |title=Law firm appoints Bidemi Bello as Managing Partner |url=https://leadership.ng/law-firm-appoints-bidemi-bello-as-managing-partner/ |work=Leadership Newspaper |date=2025 |access-date=3 June 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Law firm gets managing partner |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/law-firm-gets-managing-partner/ |work=The Nation |date=14 January 2025 |access-date=3 June 2026}}</ref> A shekarar 2017, yayin da yake Babban Abokin Hulɗa (Senior Associate) a kamfanin Olajide Oyewole LLP, ya halarci taron ''ICC Africa Regional Arbitration Conference'' da aka gudanar a Lagos. Taron ya mayar da hankali kan rawar sasanci (arbitration) wajen bunƙasa tattalin arzikin Afirka.<ref>{{cite web |title=2nd ICC Africa Regional Arbitration Conference |url=https://www.dlapiperafrica.com/en/nigeria/insights/2018/2nd-icc-africa-regional-arbitration-conference.html |publisher=DLA Piper Africa |date=7 June 2018 |access-date=3 June 2026}}</ref> Haka kuma, ya kasance baƙo mai bincike (Visiting Professional) a kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta duniya ta '''International Criminal Court (ICC)''' da ke birnin Hague na ƙasar Netherlands. Wannan dama ta ƙara masa gogewa a harkokin shari'ar ƙasa da ƙasa da kuma dokokin manyan laifuka.<ref>{{cite news |title=Adedeji & Owotomo, LLP appoints Bidemi Bello as Managing Partner |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/adedeji-owotomo-llp-appoints-bidemi-bello-as-managing-partner/ |work=Tribune Online |date=8 January 2025 |access-date=3 June 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Law firm appoints Bidemi Bello as Managing Partner |url=https://leadership.ng/law-firm-appoints-bidemi-bello-as-managing-partner/ |work=Leadership Newspaper |date=2025 |access-date=3 June 2026}}</ref> == Adedeji & Owotomo LLP == Ademola-Bello ya shiga kamfanin lauyoyi na Adedeji & Owotomo LLP inda ya fara riƙe muƙamin shugaban sashen shari'a (Head of Chambers) kafin daga bisani ya zama abokin hulɗa (Partner). A watan Janairun shekarar 2025, kamfanin ya sanar da naɗa shi a matsayin sabon Manajan Abokin Hulɗa (Managing Partner), inda aka ba shi alhakin tsara manufofin kamfanin, jagorantar ma'aikata da ƙarfafa dangantaka da kwastomomi.<ref>{{cite news |title=Adedeji & Owotomo, LLP appoints Bidemi Bello as Managing Partner |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/adedeji-owotomo-llp-appoints-bidemi-bello-as-managing-partner/ |work=Tribune Online |date=8 January 2025 |access-date=3 June 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Law firm gets managing partner |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/law-firm-gets-managing-partner/ |work=The Nation |date=14 January 2025 |access-date=3 June 2026}}</ref> Kamfanin ya bayyana cewa ƙwarewarsa a fannoni daban-daban na doka da kuma gogewarsa wajen gudanar da harkokin kasuwanci sun sanya ya dace da jagorantar sabon matakin bunƙasar kamfanin. Shi ma ya bayyana cewa zai yi aiki tare da sauran lauyoyin kamfanin domin ci gaba da samar da sabbin hanyoyin warware matsalolin shari'a da suka dace da bukatun kwastomomi.<ref>{{cite news |title=Law firm appoints Bidemi Bello as Managing Partner |url=https://leadership.ng/law-firm-appoints-bidemi-bello-as-managing-partner/ |work=Leadership Newspaper |date=2025 |access-date=3 June 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Adedeji & Owotomo, LLP appoints Bidemi Bello as Managing Partner |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/adedeji-owotomo-llp-appoints-bidemi-bello-as-managing-partner/ |work=Tribune Online |date=8 January 2025 |access-date=3 June 2026}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Lawyers in Nigeria]] * [[International Criminal Court]] * [[Legal profession in Nigeria]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category: Lauyoyin Najeriya]] [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[Category: Mutanen Najeriya]] fbbt98bo6ab590kmglhdy2e2ork6jt9 0 155072 884762 847753 2026-07-19T07:57:55Z BnHamid 12586 884762 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Elele Chinatu Casmir | honorific_suffix = SAN | nationality = Nigerian | occupation = Lawyer | known_for = Legal Practice and Senior Advocate of Nigeria | alma_mater = Nigerian Law School | profession = Legal Practitioner | citizenship = Nigeria }} '''Elele Chinatu Casmir''' lauya ne ɗan Najeriya wanda ya yi suna a fannin shari'a ta hanyar gudanar da aikinsa a matsayin mai kare haƙƙin jama'a da kuma wakiltar abokan hulɗarsa a kotuna daban-daban na ƙasar. Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin fitattun lauyoyin Najeriya da suka samu karɓuwa a cikin harkokin shari'a, musamman a fannin aikin lauya mai zaman kansa. An san shi da shiga cikin muhimman shari'o'i da suka shafi siyasa da harkokin mulki a Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite news |title=IKPEAZU'S TAX FORGERY SUIT: CJ petitioned over alleged illegal communication |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/03/ikpeazus-tax-forgery-suit-cj-petitioned-alleged-illegal-communication/ |work=Vanguard News |date=2016-03-20}}</ref> == Sana'a == Elele Chinatu Casmir ya dade yana gudanar da aikin lauya a Najeriya, inda ya samu kwarewa a fannoni daban-daban na doka. Sunansa ya fito fili a cikin jerin lauyoyin da Hukumar '''Legal Practitioners' Privileges Committee (LPPC)''' ta tantance domin ba su lambar girma ta '''Senior Advocate of Nigeria (SAN)''' a shekarar 2024. Wannan matsayi shi ne mafi girman matsayi da lauya mai aiki zai iya samu a Najeriya, kuma ana ba shi ne ga lauyoyin da suka nuna ƙwarewa da nagarta a aikin shari'a.<ref>{{Cite news |title=LPPC Shortlists Tinubu’s Lawyer, 98 Others for SAN Rank |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/2024/07/03/lppc-shortlists-tinubus-lawyer-98-others-for-san-rank/ |work=THISDAY |date=2024-07-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=LPPC Shortlists 98 Lawyers For SAN Rank |url=https://leadership.ng/lppc-shortlists-98-lawyers-for-san-rank/ |work=Leadership Newspaper |date=2024-07-03}}</ref> Bayan tantancewar da LPPC ta yi, an amince da Elele Chinatu Casmir a cikin sabbin lauyoyi 87 da aka ɗaga zuwa matsayin '''Senior Advocate of Nigeria (SAN)'''. An rantsar da sabbin SAN ɗin ne a harabar Kotun Ƙoli ta Najeriya a farkon shekarar shari'a ta 2024/2025, abin da ya tabbatar da matsayin sa a cikin manyan lauyoyin ƙasar.<ref>{{Cite news |title=87 New SANs Sworn in Yesterday |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/2024/10/01/87-new-sans-sworn-in-yesterday/ |work=THISDAY |date=2024-10-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=CJN to swear in 87 new SANs Monday |url=https://voiceoflibertyng.com/cjn-to-swear-in-87-new-sans-monday/ |work=Voice of Liberty |date=2024-09-29}}</ref> == Matsayin SAN == Matsayin '''Senior Advocate of Nigeria (SAN)''' wata babbar lambar yabo ce ta ƙwararrun lauyoyi a Najeriya, mai kama da matsayin King's Counsel (KC) a Birtaniya. Samun wannan matsayi yana nuna cewa Elele Chinatu Casmir ya kai wani mataki na musamman a fannin shari'a, bayan shekaru masu yawa na aiki da kuma nuna ƙwarewa a gaban kotuna. Sunansa ya bayyana a cikin jerin sunayen waɗanda LPPC ta tantance kuma daga bisani ta amince da su a shekarar 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |title=87 lawyers emerge Senior Advocates of Nigeria (full list) |url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2024/08/03/87-lawyers-emerge-senior-advocates-of-nigeria-full-list/ |work=P.M. News |date=2024-08-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Supreme Court shortlists 98 Lawyers as new Senior advocates of Nigeria |url=https://thetraffic.ng/supreme-court-shortlists-98-lawyers-as-new-senior-advocates-of-nigeria/ |work=The Traffic NG |date=2024-07-03}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Senior Advocate of Nigeria]] * [[Nigerian Bar Association]] * [[Legal Practitioners' Privileges Committee]] == Manazarta == {{reflist}} [[Category: Lauyoyin Najeriya]] lnlvfruhobq6ipfnwmaaikopbnjxc8q 0 155234 884777 848288 2026-07-19T08:09:12Z BnHamid 12586 884777 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kogin Anseba''' ( Tigrinya , Tigre ) wani yanki ne na kogin Barka a [[Eritrea]] mai tsawon kilomita 346. Yana tashi a tsaunukan Eritrea a wajen [[Asmara]] kuma yana gudana a arewa maso yamma ta hanyar Keren . Yana haɗuwa da Kogin Barka kusa da kan iyaka da [[Sudan]]. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Koguna]] ap6ad5jsbrzzi5b8lsvf4txdqcpcbb7 0 155528 884685 880411 2026-07-18T14:04:44Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 884685 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Clear}} {{Authority control}}{{Clear}}<gallery mode="packed"> Fayil:Late_Western_Zhou_Jade_Necklace.jpg|Necklace, Late Zhou dynasty (c.1046 to 256 BC), [[Sin|China]] Fayil:Tiffany_Opal_Necklace.jpg|Tiffany Opal Necklace Fayil:Minoan_gold_necklace_archmus_Heraklion.jpg|Minoan Gold Necklace (Archmus Heraklion) Fayil:Napoleon-diamond-necklace.jpg|Napoleonic-era Diamond Necklace Fayil:Post_Emerald_Necklace_01.jpg|Emerald Necklace Fayil:Egyptian_carnelian_necklace.JPG|Carnelian, Limestone, and Quartz Egyptian necklace Fayil:Ancient_Byzantine_gold_necklace_(Met).jpg|Gold Ancient Byzantine Necklace with Pendants Fayil:KHM_Wien_VIIb_133_-_Golden_Vandal_necklace,_c._300_AD.jpg|Gold and Glass Vandal necklace, c. AD 300 Fayil:Getty_Villa_-_Necklace_with_relief_pendant_-_83.AM.225(1).jpg|Necklace with Relief Pendant Fayil:KHM_Wien_VIIa_2_-_Silver_necklace,_600-650_AD.jpg|Silver necklace, c. AD 600-650 Fayil:Beads_from_a_Necklace_MET_dp30573.jpg|Frankish Glass Bead Necklace Fayil:Necklace_MET_ES1799.jpg|Gold and Platinum Necklace Fayil:Necklace_with_Pendant_Crosses_MET_dp30693.jpg|Byzantine Christian cross necklace Fayil:Necklace_MET_2014.294_d.jpg|German Metal Necklace Fayil:Sea_necklace.jpg|Necklace made from crochet lace, pearls, and sterling silver. Fayil:Necklace_MET_DT5736.jpg|Gold and Platinum French Necklace Fayil:Glass_necklace_BM_WA_133334.jpg|Glass Necklace Fayil:Rosaline_Pearl_Necklace.jpg|Rosaline Pearl Necklace Fayil:Dirce_Repossi_White_Gold_and_Diamonds_Necklace.jpg|Dirce Repossi White Gold and Diamonds Necklace Fayil:Roman_-_Necklace_with_Pendant_Coins_-_Walters_571600.jpg|Gold Roman Necklace with Pendant Coins and Braided Chain- Walters 571600 Fayil:Uranium-glass-necklace.jpg|Uranium glass necklace, circa 1940/1950. Uranium glass glows bright green under ultraviolet light. </gallery> [[Fayil:Dasaneh_girls.JPG|thumb|Daasanach girls wearing necklaces]] Wani wuyan wuyan kayan ado ne wanda ake sawa a wuyan. Wataƙila '''wuyan wuyan wuyansa''' na ɗaya daga cikin nau'ikan kayan ado na farko da mutane suka sa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Davenport |first=Cyril |year=1902 |title=Journal of the Society for Arts, Vol. 50, no. 2595 |journal=The Journal of the Society of Arts |volume=50 |issue=2595 |pages=769–780 |jstor=41335652}}</ref> Sau da yawa suna yin bikin, [[addini]], sihiri, ko dalilai na jana'iza kuma ana amfani da su azaman alamun wadata da matsayi, saboda yawanci ana yin su da ƙarfe da duwatsu masu daraja. Babban bangare na wuyan hannu shine band, sarkar, ko igiya da ke kewaye da wuyan. Wadannan galibi ana fassara su a cikin karafa masu daraja kamar [[Zinare|zinariya]], azurfa, da platinum. Sau da yawa wuyan wuyan wuyansa suna da ƙarin haɗe-haɗe da aka dakatar ko saka a cikin wuyan wuya kanta. Wadannan haɗe-haɗe yawanci sun haɗa da pendants, lockets, amulet, giciye, da kayan aiki masu daraja da masu mahimmanci kamar lu'u-lu'u, lu'u'u, rubies, emeralds, garnets, da sapphires. Ana yin su da nau'ikan kayan aiki daban-daban kuma ana amfani da su don abubuwa da yawa kuma wani lokacin ana rarraba su azaman tufafi. == Gwargwadon tarihi == [[Fayil:Neolithic_talc_necklace_-_PRE.2009.0.237.1.IMG_1833-black.jpg|left|thumb|200x200px|Neolith Talc Necklace]] === Kayan wuyan da suka gabata === Mutanen da suka gabata galibi suna amfani da kayan halitta kamar gashin tsuntsaye, ƙashi, harsashi, da kayan [[shuka]] don ƙirƙirar ƙwallo. Shaidar farkon wuyan wuyan [[Upper Paleolithic]] da aka yi a kudancin Afirka da gabashin Afirka ya samo asali ne daga 50,000 BP.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McKie |first=McKie |date=16 January 2022 |title=Trail of African bling reveals 50,000-year-old social network |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2022/jan/16/trail-of-african-bling-reveals-50000-year-old-social-network |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220116075302/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2022/jan/16/trail-of-african-bling-reveals-50000-year-old-social-network |archive-date=16 January 2022 |access-date=16 January 2022 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref> A lokacin Bronze Age kayan ado na ƙarfe sun maye gurbin kayan ado na karfe. An fara nuna wuyan hannu a cikin mutum-mutumi da fasaha na Tsohon Gabas ta Tsakiya, kuma an kirkiro wuyan hannu na farko da aka yi da ƙarfe masu daraja tare da duwatsu a Turai. === Al'adda gargajiya === [[Fayil:Broad_Collar_of_Wah_MET_DP307898.jpg|thumb|Kayan kwalliya mai laushi na Masar na jami'in daular 12 Wah daga kabarinsa na Theban]] A Tsohon Mesopotamiya, ana amfani da hatimi na cylinder kuma ana sawa a matsayin kayan ado.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cylinder seal and modern impression: hunting scene {{!}} Work of Art {{!}} Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History {{!}} The Metropolitan Museum of Art |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/41.160.192/ |access-date=7 November 2017 |website=The Met's Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History}}</ref> A Tsohon Babila, ana yin ƙwallo da Carnelian, lapis lazuli, Agate, da [[Zinare|zinariya]], wanda kuma aka sanya shi cikin sarkar zinariya. [[Sumer|Tsohon Sumerians]] sun kirkiro ƙuƙwalwa da Beads daga zinariya, azurfa, lapis lazuli da carnelian.<ref name="Tait 1986" /> A tsohuwar Misira, an sa nau'ikan wuyan wuyan wuya daban-daban. Tsohon Masarawa na zamani sun sa ƙuƙwalwar kayan halitta ko kayan ado masu daraja don addini, bikin, da dalilai na jana'iza.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Model collar of Hapiankhtifi {{!}} Work of Art {{!}} Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History {{!}} The Metropolitan Museum of Art |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/12.183.16/ |access-date=7 November 2017 |website=The Met's Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History}}</ref> Wadannan ƙuƙwalwar sau da yawa ana yin ado da su da ƙananan, gilashi, tukwane, da kuma beads. Ana kuma haɗa beads da aka yi daga abubuwa masu daraja da kayan da ke da daraja don ƙirƙirar ƙwallo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Necklace of Gold Ball Beads {{!}} Work of Art {{!}} Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History {{!}} The Metropolitan Museum of Art |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/40.3.17/ |access-date=7 November 2017 |website=The Met's Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History}}</ref> Zinariya da aka tsara a cikin tsire-tsire masu salo, dabba, da siffofin kwari sun zama ruwan dare. An kuma juya Amulets zuwa wuyan hannu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Egyptian Amulets Essay Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History The Metropolitan Museum of Art |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/egam/hd_egam.htm |archive-date= |access-date=7 November 2017 |website=The Met's Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History}}</ref> A Tsohon tsibirin tsibirin tsibiri duk ɗalibai ne ke sawa; manoma suna sa duwatsu a kan zaren flax yayin da masu arziki ke sa beads na agate, lu'u-lu'u, carnelian, amethyst, da dutse mai lu'u.<ref name="Bigelow 1979" /> An kuma sa pendants da aka siffanta a cikin tsuntsaye, dabbobi, da mutane, ban da takalma.<ref name="Bigelow 1979" /> [[Fayil:Greek_-_Necklace_with_Butterfly_Pendant_-_Walters_57386.jpg|left|thumb|Wani wuyan wuyan Girkanci mai launi da aka yi da maciji Krishna Roy]] A Tsohon Girka, ana amfani da ƙwallo na [[Zinare|Zinariya]] da aka kirkira tare da repoussé da wayoyin zinariya.<ref name="Bigelow 1979">{{Cite book}}</ref> Sau da yawa ana yin ado da waɗannan ƙwallo tare da rosettes masu launin shudi ko kore, siffofin dabbobi, ko siffofin tukunya waɗanda galibi ana ba da cikakken bayani tare da gefuna.<ref name="Bigelow 1979" /> Har ila yau, ya zama ruwan dare a sa dogon sarƙoƙi na zinariya tare da cameos da aka dakatar da su da ƙananan kwantena na turare.<ref name="Bigelow 1979" /> An gabatar da sabbin abubuwa a zamanin Hellenistic; an ba da izinin duwatsu masu launi don ɓangarorin poly-chromatic, kuma an rataye ƙwanƙolin kawunan dabba da masu kama da mashi ko bud daga sarƙoƙi. Tsohon Etruscans sun yi amfani da granulation don ƙirƙirar beads na zinariya wanda aka ɗaure shi da gilashi da beads na faience don ƙirƙirar ƙuƙwalwa masu launi.<ref name="Tait 1986" /> A cikin Tsohon Roma, ƙwallo suna daga cikin nau'ikan kayan ado da yawa da Romawa suka sa. Sau da yawa ana yin ado da ƙwallo na zinariya da azurfa tare da abubuwa masu daraja na Ƙarshen waje kamar amber, lu'u-lu'u, amethyst, Safir, da lu'u'u-ulu'u.<ref name="The Met's Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History 2017">{{Cite web |title=Luxury Arts of Rome {{!}} Essay {{!}} Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History {{!}} The Metropolitan Museum of Art |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luxu/hd_luxu.htm |access-date=7 November 2017 |website=The Met's Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History}}</ref> Bugu da kari, ana amfani da igiyoyin lu'ulu'u, faranti na zinariya da aka saka tare da enamel, da duwatsu masu haske da aka saita a cikin filigree na zinariya. Yawancin manyan wuyan wuyan wuyansa da kayan da suka yi wa wuyan wuyar wuyan wuya sun shigo da su daga Gabas ta Tsakiya.Kusan Gabas. [[Fayil:Necklace_with_Pendant_Cross_MET_40502.jpg|thumb|185x185px|Ƙarƙashin gicciye na Kirista na Byzantine]] A baya daga baya a daular, bayan hare-haren barbarawa, kayan ado masu launuka da haske suka fara shahara. A zamanin Daular Biyzantiyum, ana yawan amfani da igiyoyi na lu'ulu'u da sarkoki na zinari da aka kawata, amma sabbin hanyoyi kamar amfani da '''niello''' (wani irin baƙin sinadari da ake amfani da shi wajen kawata zinariya) sun ba da damar yin sarkoki da duwatsu masu daraja waɗanda ke bayyana sosai da haske. A farkon zamanin Biyzantiyum, an fara karkata zuwa kayan ado na Kiristanci waɗanda ke nuna alamomin sabuwar addinin Kirista. === Jerin lokaci na ƙwallo na Turai da ba na gargajiya ba === 2000 BC - AD 400: amulet na tagulla da aka yi da murjani sun zama ruwan dare. A cikin Celtic da Gallic Turai, ƙwallo mafi mashahuri shine ƙarfe mai nauyi, wanda aka yi sau da yawa daga tagulla, amma wani lokacin daga azurfa, zinariya, ko gilashi ko beads na amber. [[Fayil:Torque_à_tampons_Somme-Suippe_Musée_Saint-Remi_120208.jpg|left|thumb|Bronze-century 4 BC buffer-type torc daga Faransa&nbsp;]] '''AD 400 - 1300''': Ƙungiyoyin [[Bagidaje|barbarians]] na farko na Turai sun fi son ƙuƙwalwar zinariya mai faɗi, mai rikitarwa ba kamar ƙuƙwalwa ba. Ƙabilun Jamusanci galibi suna sa zinariya da azurfa tare da cikakkun bayanai kuma an saka su da gilashi mai launi da duwatsu masu daraja, musamman garnet. Ƙungiyoyin Anglo-Saxon da Scandinavian sun yi aiki galibi a cikin azurfa, saboda rashi na zinariya, da kuma siffofin dabbobi da siffofin dabba a cikin zoben wuyansa. A cikin zamanin Gothic ƙwallo ba a saba gani ba, kodayake akwai wasu bayanan lu'u-lu'u, ruby, da lu'u'u-lub'u.<ref name="Gregorietti 1969" /> Ba har sai da aka karɓi ƙananan wuyan wuyan wuyansa daga baya a [[Zamanin Tsakiya]] ba ne ƙwallo ya zama ruwan dare. 1400-1500: A lokacin [[Renaissance]] ya kasance mai kyau ga maza su sa sarƙoƙi da yawa, takardu, da pendants a wuyansu, kuma a ƙarshen karni na 15 maza mafi arziki za su sa manyan, kafadu da ke rufe wuyan da aka yi da lu'u-lu'u. Mata galibi suna sa abubuwa masu sauki, kamar sarƙoƙi na zinariya, ko lu'u-lu'u. A ƙarshen lokacin, mafi girma, mafi ƙanƙanta kayan ado sun zama ruwan dare a tsakanin masu arziki, musamman a Italiya.<ref name="Gregorietti 1969" /> 1500-1600: Ana amfani da igiyoyi masu tsawo da sarƙoƙi tare da duwatsu masu daraja. A ƙarshen rabin karni, an haɗa kayan ado na halitta, kamar murjani da lu'u-lu'u, tare da enamel da karafa don ƙirƙirar abubuwan da suka dace.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pendant in the Form of Neptune and a Sea Monster {{!}} Work of Art {{!}} Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History {{!}} The Metropolitan Museum of Art |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/1982.60.378/ |access-date=8 November 2017 |website=The Met's Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History}}</ref> Kyakkyawan kayan ado, kayan ado na cameo da aka tsara da kyau sun shahara. Chokers, na ƙarshe da aka saba sawa a zamanin d ̄ a, suma sun sake farfadowa a wannan lokacin. 1600-1700: Maza kalilan ne a zamanin [[Baroque]] suka sa kayan ado, kuma ga mata ƙwallo ba su da ƙwarewa, sau da yawa lu'u-lu'u masu sauƙi ko kuma an haɗa su da kyau da kuma kyawawan igiyoyin ƙarfe tare da ƙananan duwatsu. Daga baya a cikin karni, bayan kirkirar sabbin dabarun yankan lu'u-lu'u, an ba da fifiko ga kayan ado da kansu a karon farko, ba saitunan su ba; ya zama ruwan dare ga kayan ado a sanya su a cikin layin baƙar fata. Har ila yau, ƙananan abubuwa sun karu da shahara, kuma galibi ana sanya su cikin [[Hoto (Portrait)|hoton]] ko makullin.<ref name="Tait 1986" /> 1700-1800: Har yanzu ana amfani da hotunan hoto, kuma a cikin saitunan kayan ado masu ban sha'awa. Sabbin masu arziki sun yi farin ciki da kayan ado, kuma sabbin duwatsu masu kama da zinariya sun ba su damar samun damar yin amfani da ƙwallo na lokacin.<ref name="Tait 1986" /> A farkon karni, salon da ya fi dacewa shine layin velvet tare da pendants da aka dakatar da kuma wuyan wuyan rivière, jere ɗaya na manyan duwatsu masu daraja.<ref name="Tait 1986" /> A tsakiyar ƙarni mai launi, ƙuƙwalwa ƙuƙwalwa da aka yi da ainihin kayan ado na kwaikwayon sun shahara, kuma ƙarshen ƙarni ya ga sake farfadowa na neo-Classical.<ref name="Tait 1986" /> A cikin Age of Enlightenment riguna sau da yawa suna nuna wuyan wuyan wuyansa wanda mata ke nunawa da layin wuyan wuya maimakon wuyan gargajiya, amma wasu mata sun sa chokers da aka saka da rubies da lu'u-lu'u. An gabatar da lu'ulu'u na tsaba a Amurka a lokacin Tarayyar Tarayya, wanda ya haifar da karuwar lu'ulu-lu'u.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Necklace {{!}} Work of Art {{!}} Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History {{!}} The Metropolitan Museum of Art |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/2003.350.2/ |access-date=9 November 2017 |website=The Met's Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History}}</ref> '''1800-1870:''' Ƙananan wuyan kayan ado na kotu na gaye a wannan lokacin ya haifar da amfani da manyan sarƙoƙi da aka kafa tare da kayan ado masu daraja. A cikin kotun [[Napoleon]] cewa tsohon salon Girka ya kasance na gaye, kuma mata suna sanya lu'u-lu'u na lu'u-lu'u ko sarƙoƙi na zinariya tare da ramuka da kayan ado. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Parure: tiara, necklace, and brooch {{!}} Luigi Saulini, John Gibson {{!}} 40.20.55a-c {{!}} Work of Art {{!}} Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History {{!}} The Metropolitan Museum of Art |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/40.20.55a-c/ |access-date=8 November 2017 |website=The Met's Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History}}</ref> A cikin [[Romanticism|lokacin Romantic]] sarƙaƙƙiya sun kasance masu ban sha'awa: an yi ado da kayan ado mai ma'ana, abin wuya mai lu'u-lu'u tare da madaidaicin pendants na lu'u-lu'u da kuma rosettes na duwatsu masu daraja tare da iyakokin lu'u-lu'u. <ref name="Bigelow 1979" /> Har ila yau, ya zama ruwan dare don sa kayan ado na ado da aka makala a wuyan wuyansa. <ref name="Bigelow 1979" /> An yi wasu ƙullun don a wargaje su kuma a sake daidaita su zuwa guntun wuyan wuyan wuyan wuyan hannu, [https://www.anuradhaartjewellery.com/blog/gauhar-khan-wedding-look-out-amazing-jewellery-costume-inspiration/ tsintsiya], da abin wuya. <ref name="Gregorietti 1969" /> Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwaƙwalwa na Ƙaƙwalwa na Ƙaƙwal na Ƙaƙwal na Ƙaƙwal na Ƙaƙwal na Ƙaƙwal ) da aka yi daga Ingila ya nuna kullun, layi na tsaye da kuma babban taimako na cathedrals. <ref name="Gregorietti 1969" /> Empress Eugénie ta shahara bare kayan kwalliya tare da sarƙaƙƙiya masu yawa akan makogwaro, kafadu, da ƙirji. <ref name="Bigelow 1979" /> Har ila yau, akwai sha'awar zamanin da; An sake yin kayan ado na mosaic da sarƙoƙi na Roman da Girkanci. Kayan ado da injina da aka yi da lantarki sun ba da izinin kwararar abin wuyan kwaikwayo mara tsada. <ref name="Gregorietti 1969" /> 1870-1910: Zamanin Edwardian ya ga sake farfado da ƙwallo na lu'u-lu'u, ban da salon ƙwallo-ƙwallo na kare da aka yi da zinariya ko platinum tare da lu'u'u-ulu'u, emeralds, ko rubies. Motsi na Art Nouveau ya yi wahayi zuwa ga alamomi, zane-zane tare da kayan halitta da dabbobi. Abubuwan da aka yi amfani da su - gilashi, porcelain, tagulla, hauren giwa, mahaifiyar lu'u-lu'u, ƙaho, da enamel - ba a yi amfani da ita ba don darajar su, amma don bayyanar su. <ref name="Tait 1986" /> 1910-1970: Chanel ya shahara da kayan ado na kayan ado, kuma igiyoyin gilashin gilashi sun zama ruwan dare. Motsi na Art Deco ya haifar da kayan ado masu yawa, waɗanda suka haɗu da nau'ikan lu'u-lu'u da ƙarfe. A cikin shekarun 1960 an sa kayan ado na kayan ado a ko'ina, wanda ya haifar da yanayi, sauye-sauye na ƙwallo da sauran kayan ado. Kyakkyawan kayan ado da aka saba da su a wannan lokacin sun haɗa da ƙuƙwalwar azurfa ta ƙuƙwalwa ko ƙuƙwan ƙuƙwasawa ta ƙuɓɓugar azurfa, da ƙuɓɓuka masu daraja da aka saita a cikin platinum ko ƙuɓɓukan zinariya waɗanda aka yi wahayi zuwa gare su a lokacin Daular Faransa.<ref name="Bigelow 1979" /> Beads na soyayya (wani igiya na dutse ko gilashi) da ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwa (yawanci ana yin su da igiyoyin fata ko sarƙoƙi na ƙarfe tare da ƙuɓɓugar ƙarfe) sun zama sanannun kuma maza ne suka sa su.<ref name="Bigelow 1979" /> == Gabashin Asiya == === China === ==== Chaozhu ==== {{Reflist}}{{Authority control}}A cikin Daular Qing [[Sin|China]], ƙwallo na kotu da ake kira Chinese-language romanization" typeof="mw:Transclusion">chaozhu (Sinanci: 朝珠), sarakunan daular Qing da sauran mambobin gidan sarauta ne suka sa shi. Kayan kwalliya na kotu ya samo asali ne daga rosary na Buddha wanda Dalai Lama ya aiko a 1643 ga sarki na farko na daular Qing. Wannan wuyan ya ƙunshi ƙananan beads 108, tare da manyan beads 4 na duwatsu daban-daban don nuna alamar yanayi 4, kuma an sanya shi tsakanin kungiyoyi na beads 27. Har ila yau, ƙwallo yana da amfani kamar yadda za'a iya amfani dashi don lissafin lissafi ba tare da abacus ba. {{Reflist}} ==== Mugun da ke da maɓallin kulle mai tsawo ==== [[Fayil:2021657_200354_Museon.jpg|thumb|168x168px|Kayan kwalliya na kasar Sin tare da kulle na tsawon rai]] A kasar Sin, akwai al'ada ta sanya wuyan wuyan wuyansa tare da maɓallin kulle na tsawon lokaci. Wadannan kayan kwalliya a wasu lokuta ana ɗaure su a wuyan yara ta hanyar firistocin Buddha ko Taoist.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ancient Chinese Lock Charms |url=https://primaltrek.com/locks.html |access-date=30 August 2022 |website=primaltrek.com}}</ref> An san da {{Transl|zh|changmingsuo}} (lit. 'kulle na tsawon rayuwa') kuma muhimmiyar nau'i ce ta amulet ga yara na dubban shekaru a al'adun kasar Sin. Dangane da imanin kasar Sin, {{Transl|zh|changmingsuo}} yana kare yara daga mugayen ruhohi da rashin sa'a ta hanyar kulle ran wanda ke ɗauke da shi da rayuwarsa a cikin kulle.<ref name="ChinaFetching.com 2022">{{Cite web |title=Chinese Pendant Accessories {{!}} ChinaFetching |url=https://www.chinafetching.com/tradition-of-china-pendant |access-date=30 August 2022 |website=ChinaFetching.com |language=en}}</ref> Sau da yawa ana yin changmingsuo da kayan daraja, kamar zinariya, azurfa, da jade, kuma suna da kalmomi masu kyau da aka [[sassaƙa]] a kai.<ref name="ChinaFetching.com 2022" /> Ana ci gaba da sanya wannan nau'in wuyan a kasar Sin ta yanzu.{{Authority control}} ==== Yingluo ==== [[Fayil:同心湖のほとりで写真を写す漢服愛好家ふたり.jpg|thumb|Yarinya da ke sanye da Hanfu da salon zamani, lu'u-lu'u {{Transl|zh|yingluo}} (hagu), 2021]] '''Yingluo''' (Harshen Sin: 璎珞 a sauƙaƙe; 瓔珞 a na gargajiya) wata irin abin wuya ce da aka fi kama da zobba ko sarka mai kyau, wanda asalinta na da tushe daga kayan ado na addinin Buddah da ake nunawa a cikin fasahar addinin Buddah (misali: cikin mutum-mutumi da zane-zane) a kasar Sin. Asalin ''yingluo'' yana da tushe ne daga tsohuwar kasar '''Indiya''', inda ake da irin wannan kayan ado mai suna ''keyūra'' a matsayin samfurin farko. An fara shigo da zane-zanen ''keyūra'' zuwa kasar Sin ne tare da zuwan '''addinin Buddah'''. Zane-zanen ''yingluo'' da aka samu a kasar Sin, misali a '''Dunhuang''', sun samo salo da siffofi iri-iri waɗanda suka nuna hadewar al’adun ƙetare (wato marasa asalin Sin) da kuma al’adun asalin kasar Sin, sakamakon yanayin musamman na gabar ƙasar. ''Yingluo'' ta canza daga kasancewa kayan ado na fasahar addinin Buddah zuwa sarka ta gaske da ake sawa a jiki a zamanin '''daular Tang'''. Daga nan ta zama sarka ta gargajiya da ake amfani da ita a cikin al’umar Sinawa tsawon ƙarni da dama. Yanzu ma har yanzu ana ci gaba da sa ''yingluo'', musamman a matsayin wani nau’in kayan ado da ake haɗawa da '''Hanfu''' (tufafin gargajiyar Sinawa) daga lokacin da aka fara '''Gwagwarmayar Hanfu'''. ''Yingluo'' tana zuwa cikin siffofi, salo, da kayan aiki masu yawa daban-daban.{{Authority control}} == Oceania == === Tasmania === ==== Gilashin kwalliya ==== Mata 'yan asalin Tasmania suna yin ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwa daga ƙuƙwanƙwalwar magajin gari (''Phasianotrochus irisodontes'') aƙalla shekaru 2,600, tare da wasu manyan tarin a gidajen tarihi. Ci gaba da aikin yana fuskantar barazanar rage wadata, kuma mace ta Palawa ta shida Lola Greeno ta damu da cewa aikin zai mutu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trans |first=Jeppe |date=9 August 2020 |title=Fears Indigenous Tasmanian necklaces could become lost art |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-08-09/traditional-aboriginal-shell-necklace-making-under-threat/12537904 |access-date=11 August 2020 |website=ABC News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Greeno |first=Aunty Lolo |date=26 May 2020 |title=Tasmanian Aboriginal shell necklaces |url=https://australian.museum/learn/first-nations/tasmanian-aboriginal-shell-necklaces/ |access-date=12 August 2020 |website=The Australian Museum}}</ref> == Tsawon wuyan wuyan == Ana rarraba wuyan hannu ta tsawon: [[Fayil:Chain_length.jpg|thumb|Hoton tsawon wuyan hannu]] ; Ƙarƙashin ƙwallo : Kimanin 30~33 centimeters (12~13-inch) tsawo kuma yana zaune a wuyansa. ; Mai cin abinci : Kusan kusa, gajere, 35~41 centimeters (14~16 in) tsawo. ; Yarima mai wuyan wuyan wuyar wuyan wuya : 45~50 centimeters (18~20 in) tsawo. ; Kayan kwalliya na safe : 56~58 centimeters (22~23 in) tsawo. ; Kayan kwalliya na opera : 75~90 centimeters (30~35 in) tsawo kuma yana zaune a ƙirjin. ; Ɗauki na igiya : Duk wani abu da ya fi tsayi fiye da tsawon opera. ; Kayan kwalliya : Bambanci mai tsawo a kan igiya, ba tare da ɗaurewa ba, sau da yawa ana sawa sau da yawa a wuyan. == Gidan wasan kwaikwayo == {{Authority control}} == Irin waɗannan abubuwa == [[Fayil:Cowon_iAUDIO_T2.jpg|thumb|mai kunna sauti na dijital (DAP) wanda aka tsara don a sa shi a wuyansa]] '''Kayan ado na kirji''' kayan ado ne waɗanda ake amfani da su kamar ƙwallo, kamar su reimiro, da tsoffin kayan ado na Masar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Pectoral Ornament |url=https://philamuseum.org/collection/object/327238 |access-date=11 July 2024 |website=[[Philadelphia Museum of Art]] |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Pectoral Ornament with Dotted Decoration |url=https://art.thewalters.org/detail/613/pectoral-with-dotted-decoration/ |access-date=11 July 2024 |website=[[Walters Art Museum]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pectoral Ornament |url=https://peabody.harvard.edu/media-gallery/detail/1423883/1122768 |access-date=11 July 2024 |website=[[Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology|Peabody Museum]] |archive-date=11 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240711065641/https://peabody.harvard.edu/media-gallery/detail/1423883/1122768 |url-status=dead }}</ref> .Abubuwan da ba kayan ado ba, alal misali lanyards, don riƙe lambobin da katunan, suna kama da wuyan wuyan kuma ana sawa a wuyan. == Dubi kuma == * Gidan ƙwallo na giciye * Mai cin abinci * Ƙarƙashin ƙwallo * Sashin Figaro * Sashin kayan ado * Livery collar * Locket * Beads na soyayya * A lokacin * Tushen * Ruwan Usekh == Ƙarin karantawa == * Kyautar Shekaru 7,000 ed. Hugh Tait .{{ISBN|0-8109-8103-3}} * Kyautar ta hanyar Zamanin Guido Gregorietti. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/0-8281-0007-1|<bdi>0-8281-0007-1</bdi>]].{{ISBN|0-8281-0007-1}} * Shekaru 20,000 na Fashion: Tarihin Costume da kayan ado na Francois Boucher . [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/0-8109-1693-2|<bdi>0-8109-1693-2</bdi>]].{{ISBN|0-8109-1693-2}} == Manazarta == {{Clear}}{{Authority control}}{{Clear}}{{Authority control}} 4cmuv2ngakn5dmleq3odyp0wksopu6q 0 157217 884783 856366 2026-07-19T08:14:23Z BnHamid 12586 884783 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Upington''' (Khoekhoe) wani gari ne da aka kafa a 1873 kuma yana cikin lardin [[Cape Colony|Cape]]" id="mwOQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Northern Cape">Arewacin Cape na [[Afirka ta Kudu]], a bakin [[Kogin Orange]] . Da farko an kira garin Olyvenhoutsdrift ('Gwanin itace mai'), saboda yawan itatuwan itacen zaitun a yankin, amma daga baya aka sake masa suna bayan Sir Thomas Upington, Babban Lauyan sannan Firayim Minista na Cape. Ya samo asali ne a matsayin tashar mishan da aka kafa a 1871 kuma Reverend Christiaan Schröder ne ke gudanar da shi. Tashar mishan yanzu tana da gidan kayan gargajiya na Kalahari Orange. Gidan kayan gargajiya kuma gida ne na mutum-mutumi na jaki, wanda ya fahimci babban gudummawar da wannan dabba ta bayar ga ci gaban yankin a lokacin kwanakin farko na karni na 19.  Tsawon Upington yana da ƙafa 2,742 (mita 835). Ita ce babbar cibiyar da ta fi kusa da [[Augrabies Falls]] (watakila mafi girma a cikin magudanan ruwa na Afirka ta Kudu) da kuma Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park. Yankin yana da busasshiyar ƙasa amma ƙasa tana da kyau kuma ana shuka amfanin gona kamar 'ya'yan itace a cikin filayen ban ruwa. Yankin ya fi sananne ne saboda ruwan inabi mai inganci, ruwan inabi da ruwan inabi, waɗanda ake nomawa a kan filayen ambaliyar ruwa na Kogin Orange. == Upington 26 == A ranar 13 ga Nuwamba 1985, an kashe wani dan sanda baƙar fata bayan wani tashin hankali a wani taron siyasa a Paballelo, wani gari baƙar fata a wajen Upington. An tuhumi mutane ashirin da shida da kisan, daga cikinsu an yanke wa ashirin da biyar hukunci kan kisan kai bisa ga manufar kowa, kuma an yanke wa daya hukunci kan yunkurin kisan kai. An yanke wa goma sha huɗu hukuncin kisa, kodayake daga baya aka soke hukuncin kisa a kan roko.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Upington 26 |url=http://sabctrc.saha.org.za/glossary/upington_26.htm?tab=victims |access-date=4 September 2020 |website=Truth Commission Special Report |publisher=[[SABC]]}}</ref> A shekara ta 2011, [[Hazel Jenkins]], Firayim Minista na Arewacin Cape ta kaddamar da wani abin tunawa don girmama Upington 26.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 March 2011 |title=Premier Hazel Jenkins and MEC Pauline Williams to unveil the Memorial in honour of the Upington 26 |url=https://www.gov.za/premier-hazel-jenkins-and-mec-pauline-williams-unveil-memorial-honour-upington-26 |website=South African Government}}</ref> A cikin 2014, an yi fim din Australiya A Common Purpose game da shari'ar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Common Purpose |url=http://icarusfilms.com/if-purp |access-date=4 September 2020 |website=Icarus Films}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=O'Hara |first=Marguerite |date=2013 |title=A Common Purpose - Study Guide |url=https://www.roninfilms.com.au/get/files/14550.pdf |publisher=[[Australian Teachers of Media]]}}</ref> == Masana'antar ruwan inabi == Kungiyar da aka fi sani da Orange River Cellars ce ke samar da shahararrun ruwan inabi na Upington. Kungiyar tana da ɗakunan ajiya shida a yankin (dukansu a bakin kogin Orange) a Upington, [[Kanoneiland]], Grootdrink, Kakamas, Keimoes da Groblershoop. Ana fitar da ruwan inabi, a tsakanin sauran, zuwa Turai da Amurka. == Sufuri == [[Fayil:Station_Upington_W2.JPG|left|thumb|Jirgin fasinja a tashar Upington]] Filin jirgin saman Upington ya shirya zirga-zirgar jiragen sama da SA Airlink ta bayar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=flyairlink |url=https://www.flyairlink.com |access-date=20 March 2023 |website=flyairlink}}</ref> Saboda haɗuwa da tsawo da zafin jiki, ɗaya daga cikin titunan filin jirgin sama yana da tsawon mita 4,900 (na huɗu mafi tsawo a duniya), kuma ta haka ne ya ba da damar Boeing 747 da sauran manyan jiragen sama su yi amfani da filin jirgin sama ba tare da iyakancewa akan nauyin tashi ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Upington |url=http://worldaerodata.com/wad.cgi?id=SF69746&sch=FAUP |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120719030940/http://worldaerodata.com/wad.cgi?id=SF69746&sch=FAUP |archive-date=19 July 2012 |access-date=2008-03-26 |website=World Aero Data |publisher=Aviation Networks, Inc.}}</ref> [[Fayil:Nelson_Mandela_drive_in_the_upington_cbd_(cropped).jpg|left|thumb|Nelson Mandela Drive a cikin Upington CBD]] A farkon rabin karni na 20, akwai sabis na jirgin fasinja daga Cape Town zuwa Upington. Har zuwa shekarun 1950, layin dogo mai ƙanƙanta (ma'auni mai ƙafa biyu) ya gudana daga Upington zuwa Kakamas da Keimoes, garuruwa biyu da ke kusa. Jiragen kasa suna dauke da fasinjoji da kaya, galibi ana bushe 'ya'yan itace. Layin zuwa Kakamas har yanzu ana amfani dashi a lokacin girbi na inabi na Nuwamba 2010. <ref>{{Cite web |title=FLOOD AT UPINGTON {{!}} Railways Africa |url=http://www.railwaysafrica.com/blog/2011/01/flood-at-upington/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403203949/http://www.railwaysafrica.com/blog/2011/01/flood-at-upington/ |archive-date=3 April 2012}}</ref> == Cibiyoyin jama'a == Akwai dakunan karatu guda huɗu da ke hidimtawa al'umma a Upington, viz, Rosedale Library, Upington Library, Korrek11] da Forum Library.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Library Directory |url=https://www.nlsa.ac.za/nlsa_2020/directory/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230511114932/https://www.nlsa.ac.za/nlsa_2020/directory/ |archive-date=May 11, 2023 |access-date=2 June 2023 |website=Library Directory |publisher=[[National Library of South Africa]] |language=en}}</ref> == Yanayin ƙasa da yanayi == Upington yana gefen arewacin kogin Orange kuma yana kewaye da gonakin inabin ban ruwa.[1] Watan da ya fi zafi a shekara shi ne Janairu, tare da matsakaita yanayin zafi na yau da kullun daga 36 °C (97 °F) zuwa 20 °C (68 °F), yayin da a cikin watan Yuli mafi sanyi yanayin zafi ke tsakanin 21 °C (70 °F) da 4 °C (39 °F). Hakanan watan da ya fi bushewa a shekara, Yuli ana ganin matsakaicin ruwan sama na milimita 2 kacal (0.079 in), yayin da watan Maris mafi tsananin sanyi yana ganin milimita 37 (1.5 in). An lura Upington a matsayin wuri mafi rana a duniya tsawon watanni uku na shekara, daga Nuwamba zuwa Janairu.[2] Upington yana da Yanayin hamada mai zafi ([[Rarrabawar yanayi na Köppen|BWh]]) tare da dogon lokaci, lokacin zafi da gajeren lokaci, hunturu mai sauƙi. Ruwan sama ya karu a ƙarshen lokacin rani. == Shahararrun 'yan asalin ƙasar da mazauna == * Chris Brink - masanin lissafi, mataimakin shugaban Jami'ar Newcastle a Ingila, mataimakan shugaban kuma shugaban Jami'an Stellenbosch[[Jami'ar Stellenbosch]] * [[Ruben Cloete]] - ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙasa ta Afirka ta Kudu[[Tawagar Kwallon kafar Afirka ta Kudu|Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Afirka ta Kudu]] * [[Alice Krige]] - 'yar wasan kwaikwayo * Tiaan Strauss - dan wasan kungiyar rugby na Lardin Yamma da na Afirka ta Kudu da na kungiyoyin kungiyar rugby ta Australiya * Shaleen Surtie-Richards - 'yar wasan kwaikwayo * Christo Wiese - ɗan kasuwa * Cobus Wiese - ɗan wasan ƙungiyar rugby * Jasper Wiese - dan wasan Kungiyar Rugby ta Afirka ta Kudu == Hotuna== <gallery> Fayil:Upingtonrunw.jpg|4900 m airport runway Fayil:Golfcourseupt.jpg|Golf course Fayil:Upingtonriver.jpg|View from "Die Eiland" holiday resort </gallery> == Wasanni == Upington tana da kulob din kwallon kafa mai suna Upington City FC. == Dubi kuma == * Vastrap, tsohuwar filin gwajin makaman nukiliya na Afirka ta Kudu. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == {{Authority control}}{{Climate chart|Upington|20|36|24|20|34|35|18|32|37|13|28|26|8|24|10|5|21|4|4|21|2|6|23|4|9|27|4|13|30|9|16|33|17|19|35|17}}{{Weather box}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060214083441/http://africa.cwsurf.de/UpingtonGeneral.htm Ƙarin bayani game da Filin jirgin saman Upington] * [http://www.owk.co.za Gidan Ruwan Ruwan Ruyan Ruwan Ruyin Ruwan Ruwar Ruwan Ruwak] * Upington Business Directory An adana shi * Kashe ƙasar da aka yi amfani da ita ta hanyar wariyar launin fata a Gordonia: Labarin Tunawa game da Dokar Ƙasar 'Yan asalin 1913 An adana shi [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] c7pj1nvd6cw8kp7lzhrs7opabfyf56z 0 158584 884761 860820 2026-07-19T07:57:21Z BnHamid 12586 Replaced content with "{{Databox}} '''Tetraphenylporphine sulfonate''' wakili ne na trypanocidal. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}" 884761 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tetraphenylporphine sulfonate''' wakili ne na trypanocidal. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} cc9b7b4vmwx1m8ptxuz6cdhbv71kvz1 0 158746 884760 861624 2026-07-19T07:56:50Z BnHamid 12586 884760 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Phanquinone''' wani fili ne na kwayoyin halitta tare da tsari . An samo shi ne ta hanyar oxidation na 4,7-phenanthroline.  An bincika shi a matsayin wakili na antiprotozoal da kuma aikinsa na kashe ƙwayoyin cuta . <ref name="pmid6236746">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Mett H, Gyr K, Zak O, Vosbeck K |date=July 1984 |title=Duodeno-pancreatic secretions enhance bactericidal activity of antimicrobial drugs |url= |journal=Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=35–8 |doi=10.1128/aac.26.1.35 |pmc=179912 |pmid=6236746}}</ref> Yana da babban rawar da yake takawa a matsayin ligand a cikin ilmin sunadarai.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Eckert |first=Timothy S. |last2=Bruice |first2=Thomas C. |date=1983 |title=Chemical properties of phenanthrolinequinones and the mechanism of amine oxidation by o-quinones of medium redox potentials |journal=Journal of the American Chemical Society |volume=105 |issue=13 |pages=4431–4441 |bibcode=1983JAChS.105.4431E |doi=10.1021/ja00351a049}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ksenofontov |first=Vadim |last2=Gaspar |first2=Ana B. |last3=Niel |first3=Virginie |last4=Reiman |first4=Sergey |last5=Real |first5=José A. |last6=Gütlich |first6=Philipp |date=2004 |title=On the Nature of the Plateau in Two-Step Dinuclear Spin-Crossover Complexes |journal=Chemistry – A European Journal |volume=10 |issue=5 |pages=1291–1298 |doi=10.1002/chem.200305275 |pmid=15007819}}</ref> == Abubuwan da suka danganci == * 1,10-Phenanthroline-5,6-dione == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] qsx7p2hjavnulcc1wkx4ofzsns06ayr 0 159187 884759 863493 2026-07-19T07:56:12Z BnHamid 12586 884759 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Isolation Stories wani karamin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin ne na Burtaniya game da mutanen da ke rayuwa ta hanyar annobar COVID-19 wanda aka fara watsawa a kan ITV a cikin dare huɗu a jere daga 4 ga Mayu zuwa 7 ga Mayu 2020 . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gaffney |first=Sarah |title=CASTING REVEALED FOR NEW ITV DRAMAS, ISOLATION STORIES, REFLECTING LIFE IN LOCKDOWN |url=https://www.itvstudios.com/casting-revealed-for-new-itv-dramas-isolation-stories-reflecting-life-in-lockdown |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712150453/https://www.itvstudios.com/casting-revealed-for-new-itv-dramas-isolation-stories-reflecting-life-in-lockdown |archive-date=12 July 2021 |access-date=12 July 2021 |publisher=ITV Studios}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kanter |first=Jake |date=30 April 2020 |title='Isolation Stories': How BAFTA-Winner Jeff Pope Made An ITV Drama Series During Lockdown |url=https://deadline.com/2020/04/isolation-stories-itv-interview-1202920977/ |publisher=Deadline}}</ref> == Abubuwan da suka faru == * Mel (bayyanawa 4 Mayu 2020) tare da [[Sheridan Smith]] - wanda Gaby Chiappe ya rubuta <ref>{{Cite web |last=Youngs |first=Ian |date=4 May 2020 |title=How socially distanced stars are still making TV dramas in a crisis |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-52501156 |publisher=BBC News}}</ref> * ''Ron & Russell'' (bayyanawa 5 Mayu 2020) tare da Michael Jibson - wanda Jeff Pope ya rubutaJeff Paparoma * Mike & Rochelle (bayyanawa 6 Mayu 2020) tare da Angela Griffin - wanda William Ivory ya rubuta * ''Karen'' (bayyanawa 7 Mayu 2020) tare da David Threlfall - wanda Neil McKay ya rubuta <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mangan |first=Lucy |date=4 May 2020 |title=Isolation Stories review – powerful snapshots of lockdown life |url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2020/may/04/isolation-stories-review-powerful-snapshots-of-lockdown-life |website=The Guardian}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 6n40qihu33giqxxb3bseqkah9or03oy 0 159427 884798 864920 2026-07-19T08:24:40Z BnHamid 12586 884798 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Samuel_Armstrong_Lane._Lithograph_by_R._J._Lane_after_T._Lew_Wellcome_V0003353.jpg|thumb|Samuel Armstrong Lane. Litograph na Richard James Lane.]] '''Samuel Armstrong Lane''' FRCS (1802 - 2 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1892) ya kasance Likitan tiyata na Ingila, mai ba da shawara ga Asibitin St Mary. A cikin 1840 yayin da yake aiki a London Ingila, Samuel Armstrong Lane, tare da taimakon mai ba da shawara Dr. Blundell, ya yi nasarar farko ta zubar da jini a cikin ƙoƙari na magance haemophilia. A shekara ta 1843 an zabe shi daya daga cikin 'yan asalin 300 na Royal College of SurgeonsFellow na Royal College of Surgeons == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * http://livesonline.rcseng.ac.uk/biogs/E002474b.htm * {{Cite journal |year=1892 |title=Samuel Armstrong Lane, F.R.C.S |journal=British Medical Journal |volume=2 |issue=1650 |pages=390–391 |doi=10.1136/bmj.2.1650.390-a |pmc=2420827}} * http://www.bloodbook.com/trans-history.html {{Commons category-inline}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 71miy7sfajosv72ext25qqigylfe1ph 0 159573 884796 865741 2026-07-19T08:22:45Z BnHamid 12586 884796 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Halin Much-Holzmann shine farkon yunƙuri na gwajin serological don gano cutar dementia praecox, yanayin tabin hankali tun farkon ƙarni na ashirin wanda tun lokacin da kalmar schizophrenia ta maye gurbinsa. Mafarin wannan gwajin, Much da Holzmann na Eppendorf, sun nuna cewa sera daga marasa lafiya da dementia praecox sun kare jajayen ƙwayoyin jini daga hemolysis wanda dafin cobra ke haifarwa[1] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} icbxx36qd5ek2zk3wkgp5xop9vynf0r 0 160018 884749 869714 2026-07-19T07:35:48Z BnHamid 12586 884749 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Zeebrugge''' (wanda kuma ake kira '''Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Bruges''' ko '''Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Bruges''' ) babban akwati ne, manyan kaya, sabbin [[Vehicle|motoci]] da tashar jiragen ruwa ta fasinjoji a Tekun Arewa . Tashar jiragen ruwa tana cikin gundumar Bruges, Yammacin Flanders a Yankin Flemish na [[Beljik|Belgium]], tana kula da sama da tan miliyan 50 na kaya a kowace shekara. <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 December 2010 |title=Zeebrugge cargo throughput rises by 11% &#124; Port of Zeebrugge |url=http://www.portofzeebrugge.be/en/node/788 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110823182704/http://www.portofzeebrugge.be/en/node/788 |archive-date=23 August 2011 |access-date=6 March 2017 |website=Portofzeebrugge.be}}</ref> Hukumar tashar jiragen ruwa ta MBZ ( ''Maatschappij van de Brugse Zeehaven'' - fassara: 'Kamfanin Bruges Seaport'), wani kamfani mai cin gashin kansa wanda dokokin gwamnati ke kula da shi, birnin Bruges shine babban mai hannun jari. == Tarihi == [[Fayil:20190224_Zeebrugge_IMG_5571_by_sebaso.jpg|thumb|Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Zeebrugge]] [[Fayil:Zeebrugge_Cruise_Terminal_R03.jpg|thumb|Tashar jirgin ruwa na Zeebrugge]] Zeebrugge tashar jiragen ruwa ce mai fuskoki da yawa wadda ke kula da nau'ikan ciniki iri-iri: kayan aiki na na'urori (tireloli da kwantena ), sabbin motoci, kayan da aka saba amfani da su, kayan da ake amfani da su a manyan kaya, busassun kaya da ruwa da iskar gas. Daga tashar jiragen ruwa ta jigilar kaya kawai, Zeebrugge ta rikide zuwa cibiyar rarrabawa a Turai. Tashar jiragen ruwa ta zama babbar tashar jiragen ruwa ta Turai tun lokacin da aka gudanar da manyan ayyukan ci gaba a tsakanin shekarun 1972 zuwa 1985. Tun daga lokacin, jimillar tan ya ninka. Tun daga shekarar 2008, Bruges-Zeebrugge tana ɗaya daga cikin tashoshin jiragen ruwa mafi sauri da ke bunƙasa tsakanin Le Havre da [[Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Hamburg|Hamburg]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Invest in Flanders |url=http://www.investinflanders.com/en/infrastructure/ports/zeebrugge/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110831131319/http://www.investinflanders.com/en/infrastructure/ports/zeebrugge/ |archive-date=31 August 2011 |access-date=6 March 2017 |website=Investinflanders.com}}</ref> Ita ce babbar tashar jiragen ruwa ta RoRo a Turai, tana da mita miliyan 12.5 a shekarar 2010, kuma ita ce tashar jiragen ruwa mafi girma a duniya don shigo da sabbin motoci da fitar da su, tare da na'urori sama da miliyan 1.6 da aka sarrafa a shekarar 2010 (kashi 24.5% ƙasa da na shekarar 2008 saboda rikicin tattalin arziki). Ita ce kuma babbar tashar jiragen ruwa ta Turai don samar da iskar gas mai tsafta (LNG), <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 July 2011 |title=WINGAS GmbH & Co. KG: Zeebrugge |url=http://www.wingas.de/zeebrugge.html?&L=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719114425/http://www.wingas.de/zeebrugge.html?&L=1 |archive-date=19 July 2011}}</ref> tana karɓar iskar gas daga filin iskar gas na Troll ta hanyar {{Convert|814|km|mi nmi}} doguwar Zeepipe a ƙarƙashin Tekun Arewa . Ana kuma isar da LNG a cikin manyan jiragen ruwa na iskar gas daga asali daban-daban, kamar Afirka, Ostiraliya ko Gabas ta Tsakiya. Zeebrugge yana ɗaya daga cikin mahimman tashoshin jiragen ruwa a Turai don jigilar kaya a cikin kwantena, yana sarrafa sama da TEUs miliyan 2.5 a cikin 2010. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} oqf3le1qi2o5miu40ok7i17z27kniaw 0 160045 884826 869867 2026-07-19T09:54:55Z Abdulrahman tahir shika 24962 Nayi gyara 884826 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Chinedu Benjamin Obidigwe''' ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne. Ya yi aiki a matsayin memba wanda ke wakiltar Majalisa ta Anambra ta Gabas / Anambra ta Yamma a Majalisar Wakilai.<ref name=":0">https://citizensciencenigeria.org/public-offices/persons/chinedu-benjamin-obidigwe</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Chinedu Obidigwe an haife shi a shekara ta 1979 kuma ya fito ne daga yankin Aguleri dake karamar hukuma ta jahar Anambra ta Gabas a [[Anambra|Jihar Anambra]]. Iyayensa sune Mr. da Mrs. Obidigwe Adumaka daga Isiokwe, Mkpunado Aguleri. Sun kasance manoma. Chinedu yana da Takardar shaidar barin makaranta ta farko (FSLC) da NECO.<ref name=":0" />.Makarantar firamare ta kasance a Makarantar Firamare ta Al'umma, Ojor a yankin [[Uzo-Uwani|Uzouwani]] na [[Enugu (jiha)|Jihar Enugu]]. Ya yi makarantar sakandare a Makarantar Sakandare ta Uba Joseph, Aguleri. Daga baya ya tafi Makarantar Sakandare ta Omor kuma ya kammala karatun sakandare a Makarantar Sakandaren Olo, Yankin Gwamnatin [[Ezeagu]] Jihar Enugu. Ya kasance malami mai sa kai bayan makarantar sakandare kafin ya tafi [[Jami'ar Jihar Ebonyi]]. Yana da digiri na farko na Kimiyya ta Laboratory na Kiwon Lafiya, (BMLS).<ref name=":0" />. == Ayyukan siyasa == Cif Chinedu Obidigwe ya kasance Babban Mai ba da shawara na Musamman (SSA) ga Gwamna [[Willie Obiano]] kan batutuwan siyasa a Jihar Anambra.<ref name=":0" /><ref>https://inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/2019-GENERAL-ELECTIONS-FINAL-LIST-OF-CANDIDATES-FOR-HOUSE-OF-REPRESENTATIVES-1.pdf</ref> Kafin wannan lokacin, an sanya shi Shugaban rikon kwarya na karamar hukumar Anambra ta Gabas a watan Yunin 2012.<ref>https://thenationonlineng.net/community-honours-obianos-man/</ref><ref>https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/02/obidigwe-twisting-factsll-not-help-system-obigwe/</ref> Ya gaji Peter Madubueze kuma an zabe shi a shekarar 2019 zuwa Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa wanda ke wakiltar Majalisa ta Tarayya ta Anambra ta Gabas / Anambra ta Yamma a karkashin All Progressive Grand Alliance (APGA).<ref>https://thenationonlineng.net/obiano-ll-earn-second-term-performance/?__cf_chl_tk=WroI1V_lsO25DkHp8UEKG2l.qRJMvF.rH5ZeZjo5Gbs-1781864390-1.0.1.1-myEcTuB6m6xdybB7vdI5HHlgnPXQivB0H_em.KPXVhg</ref>Ya yi aiki a cikin Kwamitin Majalisar kan Muhalli a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban.<ref>https://www.environewsnigeria.com/flooding-lawmaker-calls-for-establishment-of-national-ecological-intervention-commission/</ref>. Hon. Chinedu wani motsi a cikin gidan yana neman gwamnatin tarayya da ta "tsare da gaggawa" yawan jama'ar kasar. "A cewarsa, "da sauri yana sarrafa ci gaban yawan jama'a tare da manufofi da ake buƙata don gyara yawan jama'ar nan gaba; da kuma samun amincewa daga majalisar dokoki ta ƙasa kafin ya lalata tanadin ƙasar". Shugaban majalisar, [[Femi Gbajabiamila]] ne ya amince da wannan yunkuri kuma ya jefa kuri'a.<ref>https://www.thecable.ng/reps-to-fg-take-urgent-steps-to-control-nigerias-population-growth/</ref> An ayyana Chinedu a matsayin mai nasara a zaben Fabrairu 2019 a ofishin INEC a Otuocha, Yankin Karamar Hukumar Anambra ta Gabas ta Jihar Anambra ta Jami'in da ya dawo, Farfesa Josephat Ogbuagu. An lissafa sunansa a cikin jerin zaɓaɓɓun membobin majalisar wakilai ta 9.<ref>https://placng.org/i/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Elected-Members-of-the-House-of-Representatives-9th-National-Assembly.pdf</ref>.Sakamakon ya sanar da cewa Obidigwe ya samu kuri'u 28,657 don doke sauran masu takara, Anichebe Nwoye na Jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party wanda ya zira kwallaye 9, 574 da Mista Paul Chukwuma na All Progressives Congress wanda ya zira kwai 4,926.<ref>https://theeagleonline.com.ng/obidigwe-apga-candidate-declared-winner-of-anambra-east-anambra-west-fed-constituency/</ref> Zaben da ya sanya Chinedu Obidigwe ya zama mai nasara a ranar 23 ga Fabrairu, 2019 an ki amincewa da shi kuma jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) ta kai shi kotu. Ernest Nwoye na [[Peoples Democratic Party|Jam'iyyar Demokradiyya ta Jama'a]] ne ya kai karar a kotu a kan karar, mai suna EPT / AN / HR/03/2019, wanda Nwoye, CC Ofoegbunam, Maduka Onwuemena, Chikezie Onyinye-Iheazor da Ifeanyi Ifediba suka gabatar. Rahoton ya bayyana cewa "Obidigwe ya yi ƙarya game da shekarunsa tare da kwanakin haihuwa daban-daban guda huɗu, wato: 12 ga Oktoba, 1981; 26 ga Oktoba, 1979; 29 ga Satumba, 1979; da 26 ga Satumba a shekara ta 1979, iliminsa da aikinsa. " Har ila yau ya bayyana cewa" "Obidgwe a lokacin ma'aikacin gwamnati ne wanda aka hana shi yin takara ta hanyar sashi na 66 (f) na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Tarayyar Najeriya (CFRN) na 1999 (kamar yadda aka gyara) sabili da haka bai cancanci yin takara ba".<ref>https://theeagleonline.com.ng/pdp-prays-tribunal-to-nullify-apgas-victory-in-anambra-house-of-reps-election/</ref> Har ila yau, an lura cewa a cikin 2021 All Progressives Grand Alliance (APGA), ya kori mambobi shida na jam'iyyarsa. Wadannan sun hada da, Chinedu Obidigwe, Hamman Buba Ghide, Sylvester Ezeokenwa, Adamu Danjuma Musa, Cif Uchenna Okogbuo da Ifeanyi Mbaeri. A cewar mukaddashin shugaban kasa, "an kori shugabannin jam'iyyar saboda zargin da ake yi na adawa da jam'iyya da mummunar mummunar hali"<ref>https://theeagleonline.com.ng/apga-sacks-two-factional-chairmen-six-others-names-replacement/</ref> Don haka, ya kasance tsohon memba na Majalisar wanda ke wakiltar Majalisa ta Gabas da Yammacin Tarayya.<ref>https://anambrapeople.com.ng/2026/05/12/ex-lawmaker-obidigwe-denies-claim-of-making-soludo-governor-in-2021/</ref>Koyaya, an zabi tsohon memba na majalisar a zaben fidda gwani ta All Progressives Grand Alliance (APGA) don Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa a cikin 2027 a matsayin dan takarar wakiltar Majalisa ta Tarayya ta Gabas da Yamma.<ref>https://newtelegraphng.com/electoral-act-amendment-not-targeted-at-anyone-says-obidigwe/</ref> An ce ya kafa Majalisar Matasan United Anam­bra (U-AYA) da Majalisar Mata ta United Anam­br (U-aWA), ƙungiyoyin siyasa na asali.<ref>https://independent.ng/pdp-has-no-right-to-contest-anambra-guber-election-again-obidigwe/</ref> Don haka, shi ne Shugaban kasa na Majalisar Matasan United Anambra (UAYA). An ce ya kai ƙungiyarsa zuwa Alex Ekwueme Square, Awka a lokacin gwamnatin Gwamna Obiano don nuna hadin kai da ci gaba.<ref>https://independent.ng/pdp-has-no-right-to-contest-anambra-guber-election-again-obidigwe/</ref> == Zargi == Chinedu Anaukwu ya zarge shi da kai hari a shekarar 2023. Ya kai hari ga 'yan uwansa da yawa.<ref>https://punchng.com/anambra-man-accuses-federal-lawmaker-of-assault/?amp</ref> Mista Chinedu Anaukwu ne ya ba da rahoton shari'ar, wanda ya bayyana cewa tsohon memba na Majalisar Wakilai daga Jihar Anambra, Chinedu Obidigwe, ya doke shi saboda neman lissafi game da aikinsa a matsayin dan majalisa. A cewar Mista Anaukwu, "yara maza ba su yi farin ciki game da shi ba, kuma wata rana ya kusantar da ni da 'yan fashi sama da 13 kuma ya umarce su da su kashe ni. Sun buge ni har sai na rasa sani. " An kai karar zuwa Babban Kotun Otuocha, Yankin Karamar Hukumar Anambra ta Gabas, inda lauyan Anaukwu, Cif Gozie Obi, SAN, "ya janye tuhumar da aka yi wa masu tuhuma na biyu da na biyar a cikin lamarin, wadanda aka gano a matsayin mataimakan Obidigwe wadanda suka shiga harin. "Mista Anaukwu ya nemi diyya N200 miliyan saboda wahalar da ya samu, da kuma tabbatar da tsohon wakilin.<ref>https://dailypost.ng/2025/07/09/ex-house-of-reps-member-dragged-to-court-for-beating-man-who-demanded-accountability/</ref><ref>https://www.legit.ng/politics/1516157-2023-tension-seast-reps-member-beats-kinsman-stupor-allegedly-supporting-political-opponent/</ref> A wani ci gaba a cikin 2021, labarai sun nuna cewa an gano bindigogi daban-daban a gidan Cif Chinedu Obidigwe. Koyaya, ya musanta da'awar yana cewa, "ya san doka kuma ba a ba shi lasisi don ɗaukar bindigogi ba, kuma saboda haka ba zai taɓa yin hakan ba. " Rundunar 'yan sanda ta Yankin 13, ta kuma bayyana cewa "labaran karya ne kuma mara kyau"<ref>https://apexnewsexclusive.com/rep-chinedu-obidigwe-speaks-on-alleged-discovery-of-guns-in-his-house/</ref><ref>https://www.legit.ng/politics/1440455-anambra-guber-rep-member-intercepted-54-ak-47-rifles-lawmaker-opens-video/</ref> == Kyaututtuka == Hon. Chinedu an ba shi "kyautar kyawawan halaye a cikin sabis na al'umma" daga Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Birni ta Jihar Anambra (ASATU) a cikin 2019 na kyautar sabis na shekara-shekara a Awka.<ref>https://thesun.ng/anambra-honours-illustrious-sons-daughters/</ref><ref>https://tribuneonlineng.com/ohaneze-lauds-obiano-on-relationship-with-south-east-traditional-rulers/</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1979]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] jzs6c3kvk0zlr3kf95jnjzatd3t59dn 0 160407 884790 872750 2026-07-19T08:19:00Z BnHamid 12586 884790 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''H5N3''' wani nau'i ne na nau'in Influenza A (wani lokacin ana kiransa kwayar cutar tsuntsaye). == Tarihi == An gano H5N3 a [[Kebek (lardi)|Quebec]] a watan Agustan shekara ta 2005 <ref>{{Cite web |title=H5N2 H5N3 and H5N9 Detected in Quebec and British Columbia |url=http://www.recombinomics.com/News/11190504/H5_LPAI_Quebec_British_Columbia.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303235632/http://www.recombinomics.com/News/11190504/H5_LPAI_Quebec_British_Columbia.html |archive-date=2016-03-03 |access-date=2007-11-12}}</ref> kuma a [[Sweden]] a watan Oktoba shekara ta 2005. <ref>{{Cite web |title=EINet - |url=http://depts.washington.edu/einet/?a=printArticle&print=1031}}</ref> An gano kwayar cuta H5N3 a wani gona a La Garnache, [[Faransa]] a ƙarshen Janairu 2009. An gano tsuntsaye casa'in sun mutu tsakanin 29 ga Janairun 2009 da 31 ga Janairu 2009. Sauran tsuntsaye 4,932 an kashe su a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |date=2 February 2009 |title=Immediate notification report |url=http://web.oie.int/wahis/reports/en_imm_0000007764_20090204_184843.pdf |access-date=13 August 2020 |website=World Organisation for Animal Health}}</ref> A [[Jamus]], a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2013, an kashe tsuntsaye 102 da kaji 28 a wani gona a Blumberg saboda zargin kamuwa da mura. Samfurori sun nuna cewa tsuntsayen sun kamu da kwayar cutar H5N3.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gesell |first=Sina |date=December 3, 2013 |title=Avian influenza on ostrich farm: what does a veterinarian say? |url=https://www-badische--zeitung-de.translate.goog/suedwest-1/gefluegelpest-auf-straussenfarm-was-sagt-ein-veterinaer--77973407.html?_x_tr_sl=de&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=nui |access-date=October 16, 2021 |website=Badische Zeitung}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ckbgmemzhvkekx9k4b5c5x9ta7owkd3 0 160427 884778 872912 2026-07-19T08:10:10Z BnHamid 12586 884778 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Helicobacter salomonis (H. salomonis) wani nau'in halitta ne a cikin kwayar cutar Helicobacter na kwayoyin cutar gram-korau.[1] Helicobacter pylori shine mafi kyawun sanannun nau'in Helicobacter da farko saboda mutanen da suka kamu da ita na iya haifar da cututtuka na gastrointestinal kamar kumburin ciki, gyambon ciki, ulcers duodenal, ciwon daji na ciki na nau'in nonlymphoma, da nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan lymphomass na extranodal marginal zone, misali. na ciki, ƙananan hanji, manyan hanji, da dubura. Har ila yau, H. pylori yana da alaƙa da haɓakar ciwon daji na bile duct kuma yana da alaƙa da wasu nau'o'in cututtuka daban-daban, duk da cewa rawar da yake takawa wajen ci gaban da yawa daga cikin sauran cututtuka yana buƙatar ƙarin bincike. Mutanen da suka kamu da H. salomonis na iya samun wasu cututtukan ciki iri ɗaya kamar kumburin ciki, gyambon ciki, [3] ciwon duodenal ulcer, [4] ciwon daji wanda ba lymphomas ba, da kuma extranodal marginal B cell lymphomas na ciki[3]. Sauran wadanda ba H. pylori Helicobacter jinsunan da aka san suna da alaƙa da waɗannan cututtuka na ciki sune Helicobacter bizzozeronii, Helicobacter suis, Helicobacter felis, da Helicobacter heilmannii s.s. Saboda ƙungiyoyin cututtukan su, waɗannan nau'ikan Helicobacter guda huɗu tare da H. salomonis galibi suna rukuni tare kuma ana kiran su Helicobacter heilmannii sensu lato. [ana yanayi hujja] [citation need] Ana gano kwayoyin cutar Helicobacter salomonis a cikin ciki na rundunoninsu na halitta - kuliyoyi, karnuka, da zomaye. Rahotanni sun nuna cewa mutane, ciki har da yara, [1] suna kamuwa da wannan kwayar cutar ta hanyar kusanci da daya daga cikin wadannan dabbobi: Yana da mahimmanci don tantance H. salomonis da sauran Helicobacter heilmannii sensu lato cututtuka a cikin marasa lafiya tare da cututtukan da aka ambata na sama na gastrointestinal fili, ciki har da musamman extranodal marginal zone lymphoma na ciki, saboda wasu daga cikinsu an yi nasarar bi da su kuma an warkar da su ta hanyar amfani da magungunan ƙwayoyin cuta (misali amoxicillin, clarithromycin, ko metron [3) a cikin famfo, da kuma metron [3]. clarithromycin, da proton famfo inhibitor[2]) wanda aka yi wa maganin ƙwayoyin cuta.[2] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 2y18quralsvxtq1hxyjvy4jzypdb1fq 884779 884778 2026-07-19T08:10:24Z BnHamid 12586 884779 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Gyara mukala}} Helicobacter salomonis (H. salomonis) wani nau'in halitta ne a cikin kwayar cutar Helicobacter na kwayoyin cutar gram-korau.[1] Helicobacter pylori shine mafi kyawun sanannun nau'in Helicobacter da farko saboda mutanen da suka kamu da ita na iya haifar da cututtuka na gastrointestinal kamar kumburin ciki, gyambon ciki, ulcers duodenal, ciwon daji na ciki na nau'in nonlymphoma, da nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan lymphomass na extranodal marginal zone, misali. na ciki, ƙananan hanji, manyan hanji, da dubura. Har ila yau, H. pylori yana da alaƙa da haɓakar ciwon daji na bile duct kuma yana da alaƙa da wasu nau'o'in cututtuka daban-daban, duk da cewa rawar da yake takawa wajen ci gaban da yawa daga cikin sauran cututtuka yana buƙatar ƙarin bincike. Mutanen da suka kamu da H. salomonis na iya samun wasu cututtukan ciki iri ɗaya kamar kumburin ciki, gyambon ciki, [3] ciwon duodenal ulcer, [4] ciwon daji wanda ba lymphomas ba, da kuma extranodal marginal B cell lymphomas na ciki[3]. Sauran wadanda ba H. pylori Helicobacter jinsunan da aka san suna da alaƙa da waɗannan cututtuka na ciki sune Helicobacter bizzozeronii, Helicobacter suis, Helicobacter felis, da Helicobacter heilmannii s.s. Saboda ƙungiyoyin cututtukan su, waɗannan nau'ikan Helicobacter guda huɗu tare da H. salomonis galibi suna rukuni tare kuma ana kiran su Helicobacter heilmannii sensu lato. [ana yanayi hujja] [citation need] Ana gano kwayoyin cutar Helicobacter salomonis a cikin ciki na rundunoninsu na halitta - kuliyoyi, karnuka, da zomaye. Rahotanni sun nuna cewa mutane, ciki har da yara, [1] suna kamuwa da wannan kwayar cutar ta hanyar kusanci da daya daga cikin wadannan dabbobi: Yana da mahimmanci don tantance H. salomonis da sauran Helicobacter heilmannii sensu lato cututtuka a cikin marasa lafiya tare da cututtukan da aka ambata na sama na gastrointestinal fili, ciki har da musamman extranodal marginal zone lymphoma na ciki, saboda wasu daga cikinsu an yi nasarar bi da su kuma an warkar da su ta hanyar amfani da magungunan ƙwayoyin cuta (misali amoxicillin, clarithromycin, ko metron [3) a cikin famfo, da kuma metron [3]. clarithromycin, da proton famfo inhibitor[2]) wanda aka yi wa maganin ƙwayoyin cuta.[2] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 5js0oklem8ifsphjs3mnpmane4hwy2x 0 160937 884684 879235 2026-07-18T14:03:43Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 884684 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mirlind Daku''' ( ; an haife shi a ranar 1 ga Janairu 1998) ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne wanda ke buga wasa a matsayin ɗan gaba a ƙungiyar Rubin Kazan ta Rasha da kuma ƙungiyar ƙasa ta [[Albaniya|Albania]] . Daku ya fara aikinsa na babban matsayi tare da Hajvalia, inda ya fara buga wasa a Kosovo Superleague kafin ya koma Llapi a shekarar 2017, inda kwarewarsa ta kai shi ƙasar waje zuwa Osijek a shekarar 2018. Daga baya ya yi zaman aro a Kukësi, Ballkani da [[NŠ Mura|Mura]], musamman ma ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan 'yan wasan da suka fi zura kwallaye a gasar Slovenia ta PrvaLiga . Tun bayan da ya koma Rubin Kazan a shekarar 2023, Daku ya kafa kansa a matsayin babban ɗan wasan kai hari a gasar Premier ta Rasha . A matakin ƙasa da ƙasa, ya wakilci ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Kosovo a shekarun 2020 da 2021, kafin ya sauya sheƙa zuwa Albania a shekarar 2023. Bayan fara buga wasa, Daku ya zama ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasan Albania na yau da kullun a lokacin gasar neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin Turai ta UEFA Euro 2024, inda ya ba da gudummawa ga cancantar ƙungiyar, sannan daga baya ya fara bugawa a wani babban gasa ta ƙasa da ƙasa a gasar cin kofin Turai ta UEFA Euro 2024 . == Aikin kulob == === Farkon aikinta a Hajvalia === Daku ya fara buga ƙwallon ƙafa ta matasa a ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙungiyoyi biyu a garinsu, Gjilani, inda daga baya ya koma Hajvalia, wata ƙungiya da ke kusa da Pristina, inda aka gan shi yana ƙuruciya saboda ƙwarewarsa ta fasaha da kuma yadda yake kammala wasa. Tun daga tsarin matasa na Hajvalia, ya ci gaba da sauri ta cikin jerin 'yan wasan ƙungiyar kuma ya fara horo da manyan 'yan wasan ƙungiyar tun yana matashi. Ayyukansa na farko a gasar matasa sun sa ya zama ɗaya daga cikin matasan 'yan wasan gaba mafi kyau a tsarin Kosovar. A lokacin kakar wasa ta 2016-17, Daku ya fara buga wasa a babbar ƙungiyar Hajvalia a gasar Kosovo Superleague, inda ya yi wasanni uku kafin matsalolin kuɗi na ƙungiyar suka haifar da ficewar 'yan wasa da dama. Duk da ƙarancin damarmaki a matakin manya, an san shi da yawan aikinsa da kuma motsa jiki a waje da ƙwallon, wanda ya jawo hankalin ma'aikatan leƙen asiri na Llapi . A ƙarshen shekarar 2016, Daku ya riga ya zira kwallaye da yawa a ƙungiyar matasa ta Hajvalia kuma ya fara jawo hankali daga sauran ƙungiyoyin Superleague. Ayyukansa a ƙarshe sun sa ya koma Llapi a watan Janairun 2017, inda ya sanya hannu kan kwangilarsa ta farko ta ƙwararru ta dogon lokaci. <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 March 2023 |title=Mirlind Daku: From his first career steps… |url=https://shkodrasport.com/mirlind-daku-nga-hapat-e-pare-te-karrieres-te-mundesia-per-tu-veshur-kuqezi/ |publisher=Shkodra Sport |language=en-sq}}</ref> === Llapi === A ranar 24 ga Janairu 2017, Daku ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyar da kulob din Kosovo Superleague Llapi . Ya fara buga wa Llapi wasa a ranar 18 ga Fabrairu 2017 a zagaye na biyar na Kosovar Cup da Feronikeli, inda ya maye gurbin Berat Hyseni a minti na 95, sannan ya ci kwallo ta biyu a wasan da suka yi rashin nasara a waje da ci 4-2 bayan bugun fanareti . A farkon kakarsa ta farko da ƙungiyar, Daku ya kafa kansa cikin sauri a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin matasan 'yan wasan gaba mafi kyau a Kosovo Superleague, wanda aka san shi da saurinsa, motsinsa mai wayo, da kuma kammala wasansa na asibiti. Tsakanin 2017 da 2018, ya buga wasanni kusan 45 kuma ya zira kwallaye 23 a duk gasannin da ya buga wa Llapi, wanda hakan ya taimaka wa ƙungiyar ta ci gaba da fafatawa don samun matsayi mafi girma a teburin gasar. A lokacin kakar wasa ta 2017-18, Daku ya ji daɗin kakar wasa mai ban mamaki, inda ya zira kwallaye 17 a gasar kuma ya kare a cikin manyan 'yan wasan Superleague. <ref>{{Cite web |title=First Division Clubs in Europe 2018/19 – Kosovo Top Scorers |url=https://editorial.uefa.com/resources/0249-0f842e04cad1-7fc8332b4532-1000/first_division_clubs_in_europe_2018_19.pdf |access-date=5 October 2025 |publisher=UEFA |language=en}}</ref> Kwallayensa sun taimaka wa Llapi samun matsayi na uku a gasar kuma ya cancanci shiga gasar Kosovar Cup. Godiya ga rawar da ya taka, kafofin watsa labarai na gida sun san shi sosai a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasan da za su iya kai hari mafi ban sha'awa a ƙwallon ƙafa ta Kosovar. Wasan da Daku ya yi a Llapi ya jawo hankalin ƙungiyoyi da dama a ƙasashen waje, kuma salon cin kwallayensa na yau da kullun ya haifar da kiransa na farko zuwa ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 21 ta Kosovo . A shekarun baya, lokacin da Daku ya koma ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa kamar Osijek da Rubin Kazan, Llapi ya amfana da kuɗi ta hanyar yarjejeniyar sayar da 'yan wasa, wanda aka ruwaito yana samun kusan €180,000 daga canja wurinsa zuwa gasar Premier ta Rasha. === Osijek === A ranar 20 ga Yuli, 2018, Daku ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru huɗu da Osijek, ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙungiyoyi a gasar cin kofin Croatia ta farko, a cikin abin da aka bayyana a matsayin babban ci gaba ga ɗan wasan Kosovar Superleague. Da isowarsa, an tura Daku zuwa ƙungiyar ajiyar ƙungiyar, Osijek II, inda yake fafatawa a gasar cin kofin Croatia ta biyu . Ya fara buga wasa a ranar 25 ga Agusta, 2018 a wasan da suka tashi 2-2 da Šibenik, inda ya fara wasan kuma ya buga mintuna 71 kafin a sauya shi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Šibenik vs. Osijek II 2–2 |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2018/08/25/croatia/2-hnl/hnk-sibenik/osijek-ii/2858256/ |access-date=25 August 2018 |website=Soccerway}}</ref> Kwanaki takwas bayan haka, ya zura ƙwallonsa ta farko ga Osijek II a wasan da suka doke Sesvete da ci 1-0 a gida, wanda hakan ya tabbatar da nasarar farko da ƙungiyar ta samu a kakar wasa ta bana. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Osijek II vs. Sesvete 1–0 |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2018/09/02/croatia/2-hnl/osijek-ii/nk-radnik-sesvete/2858265/ |access-date=2 September 2018 |website=Soccerway}}</ref> A cikin kakar wasa ta farko, Daku ya saba da babban matsayi na gasa, yana taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba na tsakiya amma wani lokacin ana tura shi a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba mai tallafawa. An yaba masa a gasar Croatia ta biyu saboda ƙarfinsa da kuma jajircewarsa, kodayake ya fuskanci ƙalubale sosai wajen samun gurbin farawa daga ƙwararrun 'yan wasan gaba na ƙungiyar. A ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2018-19, Daku ya buga wasanni 18 a gasar da kuma kwallaye 5 a raga ga Osijek II. Daidaito mai kyau, daidaiton aikinsa da kuma ɗabi'ar aiki ya sa aka yi la'akari da haɓaka shi zuwa sansanin horo na ƙungiyar farko, inda ma'aikatan horarwa na Osijek suka nuna shi a matsayin ɗan wasa mai ƙarfin gwiwa na dogon lokaci. <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 June 2023 |title=Rok je prošao, Mirlind Daku se vraća u Osijek |url=https://slobodnadalmacija.hr/sport/domaci-nogomet/rok-je-prosao-mirlind-daku-se-vraca-u-osijek/ |publisher=Slobodna Dalmacija |language=hr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Osijeku se ponavlja bizarna situacija... |url=https://sportske.jutarnji.hr/sn/nogomet/hnl/klubovi/osijek/osijeku-se-ponavlja-bizarna-situacija-najefikasniji-bjelicin-igrac-puni-mreze-ali-u-drugom-dresu-15232861 |publisher=Sportske Novosti |language=hr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Osijek reveal they could sell Mura’s top scorer… |url=https://footballplanet.si/news/osijek-reveal-they-could-sell-muras-top-scorer-mirlind-daku-was-of-interest-to-many-in-europe-and-in-mls/ |publisher=Football Planet |language=en}}</ref> ==== Lamuni a Kukësi ==== A ranar 24 ga Yuli 2019, Daku ya koma ƙungiyar Kategoria Superiore Kukësi a matsayin aro na tsawon kakar wasa. Ya fara buga wasa a gasar cin kofin Albania a ranar 18 ga Agusta 2019 a gasar cin kofin Albania ta 2019 da Partizani Tirana, inda ya maye gurbin Vasil Shkurtaj a minti na 66. Wata guda bayan haka, Daku ya zura ƙwallonsa ta farko a ƙungiyar a wasansa na shida, inda ya yi nasara a kan Shkumbini a waje da ci 3-1 a zagaye na farko na gasar cin kofin Albania . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Shkumbini Peqin vs. Kukësi 1–3 |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2019/09/18/albania/cup/ks-shkumbini-peqin/ks-perparimi-kukes/3162340/ |access-date=18 September 2019 |website=Soccerway}}</ref> A lokacin hutun rabin kakar wasa, Daku ya taka rawar gani a gasar lig da kofin saboda fafatawar da 'yan wasan gaba suka yi kamar Vasil Shkurtaj da [[Patrick friday Eze|Patrick Friday Eze]] . Ta amfani da damar aro don samun ƙwarewa a manyan ƙungiyoyin Albania, ya buga wasanni 10 jimilla kuma ya zira kwallaye ɗaya a duk gasa kafin ya koma Osijek. ==== Aron kuɗi a Ballkani ==== A ranar 11 ga Janairun 2020, an ba Daku aro ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Kosovo Superleague Ballkani har zuwa ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2019-20 . Ya fara buga wasa a ranar 29 ga Fabrairun 2020 a wasan da suka tashi 0-0 da Prishtina, inda ya maye gurbin Artur Magani a minti na 59. Duk da cewa kakar wasa ta tsaya cak jim kaɗan bayan an dakatar da ita saboda annobar COVID-19, Daku ya kafa kansa cikin sauri a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin kai hari na Ballkani. Ya zira kwallaye masu mahimmanci da dama bayan sake fara gasar, wanda ya taimaka wa ƙungiyar ta fafata don lashe gasar. A ƙarshen kakar wasa, ya zira kwallaye 9 a wasanni 17 a dukkan gasa. Ƙarfin aikinsa a Ballkani ya nuna wani sauyi a rayuwarsa, wanda ya jawo hankalin ƙungiyoyin cikin gida da na ƙasashen waje kuma ya sa aka sake kiransa zuwa NK Osijek a kakar wasa mai zuwa. ==== Dawowa daga aro a matsayin ɗan wasa na farko a ƙungiyar ==== Bayan wasanni biyu na aro a Kosovo da Albania, Daku ya koma babbar ƙungiyar Osijek kafin gasar cin kofin Croatia ta 2021-22 . A ranar 8 ga Agusta 2021, ya fara buga wasa a ƙungiyar farko a wasan da suka yi nasara a kan Hrvatski Dragovoljac a waje da ci 2-1, inda ya maye gurbin Antonio Mance a minti na 78. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hrvatski Dragovoljac vs. Osijek 1–2 |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2021/08/08/croatia/1-hnl/nk-hrvatski-dragovoljac/nk-osijek/3513747/ |access-date=8 August 2021 |website=Soccerway}}</ref> Washegari, Daku ya sanya hannu kan sabuwar kwangilar shekaru huɗu tare da Osijek, wanda hakan ya tabbatar da ci gaba da zama babban ɗan wasan ƙungiyar na dogon lokaci. <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 August 2021 |title=Daku produžio ugovor |trans-title=Daku extended his contract |url=https://nk-osijek.hr/vijesti/30289/daku-produzio-ugovor/ |publisher=[[NK Osijek]] |language=hr}}</ref> Bayan kwana uku, ya fara buga wasa a nahiyar Turai a zagaye na uku na cancantar shiga gasar da ƙungiyar CSKA Sofia ta [[Bulgeriya|Bulgaria]], inda ya buga wasa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Yevhen Cheberko a zagaye na biyu na gasar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Osijek vs. CSKA Sofia 1–1 |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2021/08/12/europe/uefa-europa-conference-league/nk-osijek/pfc-cska-sofia/3568714/ |access-date=12 August 2021 |website=Soccerway}}</ref> A ranar 15 ga Satumba 2021, ya zura ƙwallonsa ta farko a ƙungiyar farko a wasan da suka yi nasara a kan Bednja Beletinec a waje da ci 3-0 a zagaye na farko na gasar cin kofin Croatia . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bednja vs. Osijek 0–3 |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2021/09/15/croatia/hr-nogometni-cup/bednja/nk-osijek/3630575/ |access-date=15 September 2021 |website=Soccerway}}</ref> A ranar 19 ga Satumba, 2021, Daku ya fito daga benci ya zira kwallaye biyu a wasan da Osijek ya yi nasara da ci 3-2, wanda hakan ya taimaka wa kungiyar ta sami maki uku a wasan lig mai cike da takaddama. Ya kuma nuna natsuwa a wasannin knockout: a wasan Kofin Croatia da Slaven Belupo, ya shiga daga minti na 72 kuma ya zira kwallon da ta kai Osijek zuwa wasan kusa da na karshe. A kakar wasa ta 2021-22 ta Gasar Cin Kofin Croatia, Daku ya buga wasanni 12 ga Osijek, inda ya zira kwallaye 3 a gasar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mirlind Daku statistics 2021-22 Osijek |url=https://fbref.com/en/players/a04adf33/Mirlind-Daku |access-date=6 October 2025 |publisher=FBref}}</ref> Duk da cewa bai fara wasa akai-akai ba, tsawaita kwantiraginsa har zuwa bazara ta 2024 ya nuna imanin da kulob din ke da shi game da damar da yake da ita na dogon lokaci. <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 August 2021 |title=Daku produžio ugovor |trans-title=Daku extended his contract |url=https://nk-osijek.hr/vijesti/30289/daku-produzio-ugovor/ |publisher=[[NK Osijek]] |language=hr}}</ref> ==== Aron kuɗi a Mura ==== A ranar 7 ga Fabrairu 2022, an ba Daku aro ga ƙungiyar [[NŠ Mura|Mura]] ta Slovenia ta PrvaLiga har zuwa ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2021-22 . <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 February 2022 |title=Mirlind Daku je čarno-bejli! |trans-title=Mirlind Daku is black and white! |url=https://www.nsmura.si/news/mirlind-daku-je-carno-bejli |publisher=[[NŠ Mura]] |language=sl |access-date=6 July 2026 |archive-date=14 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220414022434/https://nsmura.si/news/mirlind-daku-je-carno-bejli |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bayan kwana shida, ya fara buga wasa da Bravo bayan an sanya shi a cikin jerin 'yan wasan farko, inda ya taimaka wajen taimakawa 'yan wasa biyu a wasan da suka tashi 2-2 a gida. <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 February 2022 |title=Končnica tekme odnesla dva gola prednosti in zmago |trans-title=The final minutes of the match took away two goals advantage and a victory |url=https://www.nsmura.si/news/koncnica-tekme-odnesla-dva-gola-prednosti-in-zmago |access-date=15 February 2022 |publisher=[[NŠ Mura]] |language=sl}}</ref> Daku ya saba da ƙwallon ƙafa ta Slovenia cikin sauri, inda ya zama ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasan kai hari mafi tasiri na Mura a rabin lokaci na biyu na kakar wasa. Ya zira kwallaye biyar a wasanni goma sha shida na gasar, ya taimaka wa ƙungiyar ta kammala rabin farko a teburin gasar. Bayan ƙarfin da ya nuna, Mura ya sanar a watan Yunin 2022 cewa za a tsawaita aro na Daku zuwa wani kakar wasa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=R. Š. |date=21 June 2022 |title=Daku ponovno v črno-belem, iz Fazanerije strupene puščice uperili proti Koutru |trans-title=Daku again in black and white, Fazanerija’s deadly arrows aimed towards Koper |url=https://snportal.si/slovenska-tekmovanja/prva-liga/daku-ponovno-v-crno-belem-iz-fazanerije-strupene-puscice-uperili-proti-koutru/ |access-date=24 June 2022 |website=Slovenski nogometni portal |language=sl-SI}}</ref> A kakar wasa ta biyu a Slovenia, Daku ya kafa kansa a matsayin daya daga cikin 'yan wasan gaba mafi hazaka a gasar. Ya kasance cikin 'yan wasan farko kuma ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a wasan kai hari na Mura. A ranar 27 ga Agusta 2022, ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a kakar wasa a wasan da suka doke Gorica da ci 3-1 a gida. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mura vs. Gorica 3–1 |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2022/08/27/slovenia/1-snl/mura/gorica/3828834/ |access-date=27 August 2022 |website=Soccerway}}</ref> Daku ya ci gaba da nuna kwazo a duk tsawon kakar wasa, inda ya samu kwallaye da dama da kuma kwallaye masu kyau. A karshen kakar wasa, ya zura kwallaye 20 a wasanni 36 da ya buga a gasar, <ref name="Soccerway">{{Soccerway|mirlind-daka/459512}}</ref> ya kammala a matsayin wanda ya fi zura kwallaye a gasar kuma ya samu karbuwa sosai saboda rawar da ya taka. Nasarorin da ya samu sun jawo hankalin ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙasashen waje, inda rahotannin kafofin watsa labarai suka danganta shi da yiwuwar komawa Croatia da Hungary. === Rubin Kazan === A ranar 11 ga Yuli 2023, Daku ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru uku da kulob din Rubin Kazan na gasar Premier ta Rasha . <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 July 2023 |title="Рубин" объявил о переходе Мирлинда Даку |trans-title=Rubin announced the transfer of Mirlind Daku |url=https://sport.tatar-inform.ru/news/rubin-obyavil-o-perexode-mirlinda-daku-5884926 |access-date=11 July 2023 |website=sport.tatar-inform.ru |language=ru-RU}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 July 2023 |title=Новичок "Рубина" Даку выберет игровой номер по результатам голосования болельщиков |trans-title=New Rubin player Daku will choose his number by fan voting |url=https://sport.business-gazeta.ru/news/285990 |access-date=11 July 2023 |website=sport.business-gazeta.ru |language=ru}}</ref> Ya fara buga wasa a hukumance a Rubin a ranar 22 ga Yuli 2023 a wasan lig da Lokomotiv Moscow, inda ya buga wasa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a rabin na biyu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lokomotiv Moscow vs. Rubin Kazan 2–1 |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2023/07/22/russia/premier-league/lokomotiv-moscow/rubin-kazan/4094925/ |access-date=22 July 2023 |website=Soccerway}}</ref> A ranar 13 ga Agusta 2023, Daku ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a kungiyar a wasan da suka doke Fakel Voronezh da ci 2-0 a gida. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rubin Kazan vs. Fakel 2–0 |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2023/08/13/russia/premier-league/rubin-kazan/fakel/4094945/ |access-date=13 August 2023 |website=Soccerway}}</ref> A tsawon kakar wasa ta 2023-24, Daku ya zama ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasan gaba mafiya ƙarfin kai hari na Rubin, wanda aka san shi da ƙarfin aikinsa da kuma iya kammalawa. Ya ƙare kakar wasa da kwallaye 9 da kuma taimakawa wajen zura ƙwallo 5 a dukkan gasannin da suka fafata, wanda hakan ya taimaka wa ƙungiyar ta kammala a tsakiyar teburi a kakar wasa ta farko da ta fara komawa saman teburi. A ranar 13 ga Yuli, 2025, bayan nasarar kamfen ɗin farko da ci gaba da ci gaba, an tsawaita kwangilar Daku har zuwa Yuni 2029, wanda ke nuna amincewar da kulob ɗin ya daɗe yana da shi ga ci gabansa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 July 2025 |title=Мирлинд Даку продлил контракт с "Рубином" до 2029 года |trans-title=Mirlind Daku extended his contract with Rubin until 2029 |url=https://www.rubin-kazan.ru/news/mirlind-daku-prodlil-kontrakt-s-rubinom-do-2029-goda/ |access-date=13 August 2025 |publisher=FC Rubin Kazan |language=ru}}</ref> A kakar wasa ta 2024-25, Daku ya zama ɗaya daga cikin fitattun 'yan wasan Rubin Kazan. Ya kammala kakar wasa a matsayin wanda ya fi zura kwallaye a ƙungiyar da kwallaye 15 sannan ya taimaka mata da kwallaye 6 a dukkan gasannin da suka gabata, wanda hakan ya tabbatar da matsayinsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasan gaba mafi inganci a gasar. Daga cikin lokutan da ya fi shahara akwai nasarar da ya samu a minti na ƙarshe a kan Akron Tolyatti a gasar lig ta 2-1 a watan Agusta na 2024, wanda ya jawo yabo daga kafofin watsa labarai na gida da magoya baya saboda natsuwarsa a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba. A ranar 21 ga Satumba 2024, Daku ya jagoranci Rubin Kazan a karon farko a wasan League da CSKA Moscow, inda ya jagoranci ƙungiyarsa zuwa kunnen doki 1-1. Wani muhimmin wasa ya faru ne a watan Mayun 2025, lokacin da ya zura kwallo a raga a wasan da suka tashi 2-2 da CSKA Moscow a gida, wanda hakan ya ba shi kyautar gwarzon ɗan wasa, sannan ya ƙara tabbatar da kansa a matsayin ɗan wasan da ya fi yin fice a ƙungiyar. Saboda dagewarsa da kuma ɗabi'ar aikinsa, Daku ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a harin Rubin, inda ya taimaka wa ƙungiyar ta samu nasarar kammala wasanta na tsakiya a kakar wasa ta biyu a jere a gasar Firimiya ta Rasha. A kakar wasa ta 2025-26, Daku ya kafa kansa a matsayin babban ɗan wasan gaba na Rubin Kazan. A farkon watan Oktoba na 2025, ya buga wasanni 10 a gasar, duk a matsayin ɗan wasa na farko, inda ya zira kwallaye 8 kuma ya yi bugun ƙwallo 26 a raga. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mirlind Daku Player Stats 2025–26 |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/player/_/id/293400/mirlind-daku |access-date=6 October 2025 |publisher=ESPN |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 28 ga Satumba, 2025, ya zura kwallaye biyu a wasan da suka doke Akron Tolyatti da ci 3-0 a gida, wanda hakan ya ba shi kyautar gwarzon dan wasa, sannan ya kara karfafa sunansa a matsayin daya daga cikin 'yan wasan gaba mafi inganci a gasar. Kwarewarsa mai kyau ya sanya shi cikin manyan 'yan wasan da suka fi zura kwallaye a gasar Firimiya ta Rasha, inda kafofin watsa labarai na cikin gida suka nuna ingantaccen kammala wasansa, motsinsa a waje da ƙwallon, da kuma yawan aikinsa a matsayin muhimman abubuwan da suka taimaka wa Rubin ya samu nasara a farkon kakar wasa. == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == === Kosovo === A ranar 21 ga Maris 2017, Daku ya sami kiran farko na ƙasashen waje daga ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 21 ta Kosovo don shiga gasar cin kofin Turai ta 'yan ƙasa da shekara 21 ta UEFA da Jamhuriyar Ireland . <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 March 2017 |title=Lista e futbollistëve të Përfaqësueses U21 |trans-title=List of the players of the national U21 team |url=http://www.ffk-kosova.com/federata/?p=17931 |publisher=[[Football Federation of Kosovo]] |language=sq}}</ref> Ya fara buga wasa a ranar 9 ga Nuwamba 2017 a wasan da Isra'ila ta sha kashi a gida da ci 0-4, inda ya buga wasa a minti na 54 a madadin Ardit Gashi . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kosovo U21 vs. Israel U21 0–4 |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2017/11/09/europe/uefa-u21-championship/kosovo-u21/israel-under-21/2429814/ |access-date=9 November 2017 |website=Soccerway}}</ref> A ranar 22 ga Janairu 2018, an kira shi a karon farko zuwa ƙungiyar manyan 'yan wasan ƙasa ta Kosovo kafin wasan sada zumunci da Azerbaijan, kodayake an soke wasan bayan an raba ƙungiyoyi biyu a cikin rukuni ɗaya na UEFA Nations League . <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 January 2018 |title=Friendly match canceled |url=http://www.affa.az/index.php/news/friendly-match-cancelled/61160 |publisher=[[Association of Football Federations of Azerbaijan]] |quote=According to the results of the UEFA Nations League draws held in Lausanne, Switzerland today, it was defined that Azerbaijan and Kosovo national teams will compete in the same group. Thereby, the match planned to be held between these teams in Antalya, Turkey on February 2 was canceled. Both football federations' officials met after the draw ceremony and reached a mutual agreement in this regard}}</ref> Daga ƙarshe Daku ya fara buga wasa a babbar ƙungiyar Kosovo a ranar 11 ga Nuwamba 2020 a wasan sada zumunci da Albania, inda ya buga wasa a minti na 84 a madadin Florent Hadergjonaj . === Albaniya === A watan Yunin 2023, Daku ya sami fasfo na Albania, wanda hakan ya sa ya cancanci wakiltar ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Albania . <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 June 2023 |title=FOTO/ Një alternativë më shumë për Sylvinhon, lojtari dardan merr pasaportën shqiptare |trans-title=Another alternative for Sylvinho, the Dardanian player obtains the Albanian passport |url=https://top-channel.tv/2023/06/23/nje-alternative-me-shume-per-sylvinhon-lojtari-dardan-merr-pasaporten-shqiptare/ |access-date=25 June 2023 |publisher=[[Top Channel]] |language=sq}}</ref> A ranar 1 ga Satumba, 2023, ya sami kiran farko daga Albania don wasannin cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin Turai ta UEFA da Jamhuriyar Czech da [[Poland]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 September 2023 |title=Kualifikueset e Euro 2024 / Sylvinho zbardh listën me emrat e 25 lojtarëve për sfidat me Çekinë & Poloninë |trans-title=Euro 2024 Qualifiers / Sylvinho releases the list of the 25 players for the matches against Czechia and Poland |url=https://fshf.org/sq/kualifikueset-e-euro-2024-sylvinho-zbardh-listen-me-emrat-e-25-lojtareve-per-sfidat-me-cekine-polonine/ |access-date=1 September 2023 |publisher=[[Albanian Football Association]] |language=sq}}</ref> Ya fara buga wasa a ranar 7 ga Satumba a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da Jamhuriyar Czech, inda ya buga wasa a rabin lokaci na biyu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Czech Republic vs Albania, 7 September 2023 |url=https://eu-football.info/_match.php?id=18386 |access-date=10 September 2023 |website=EU-Football.info |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 September 2023 |title=EURO 2024/ Shqipëria barazon me Çekinë në Pragë |url=https://fshf.org/sq/euro-2024-shqiperia-barazon-me-cekine-ne-prage/ |access-date=8 September 2023 |language=sq}}</ref> Bayan kwana uku, ya zura ƙwallonsa ta farko ta ƙasa da ƙasa a wasan da suka doke Poland da ci 2-0 a gida, inda ya samu ƙwallo da bugun farko jim kaɗan bayan ya shigo a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa a minti na 62. <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 September 2023 |title=Albania 2–0 Poland |url=https://www.uefa.com/european-qualifiers/match/2036414/ |access-date=12 September 2025 |website=UEFA.com |publisher=Union of European Football Associations}}</ref> Daku ya buga wasanni uku a jere yayin da Albania ta kammala a saman rukuninsu a karon farko a tarihi, inda ta tara maki 15—daidai da Jamhuriyar Czech amma tana kan gaba a tarihin kai-da-kai—don haka ta cancanci shiga gasar ƙarshe ta Gasar Cin Kofin Turai a karo na biyu kacal. <ref>{{Cite web |title=UEFA Euro 2024 qualifying Group E standings |url=https://www.uefa.com/european-qualifiers/standings/#grp-2006669 |access-date=7 October 2025 |publisher=UEFA}}</ref> A ranar 8 ga Yuni 2024, an saka shi cikin tawagar 'yan wasa 26 na Albania don gasar UEFA Euro 2024. Ya buga wasansa na farko a gasar a ranar 19 ga Yuni, a wasan da suka tashi 2-2 da Croatia a filin wasa na Volksparkstadion . Daku ya shiga wasan da aka maye gurbinsa a makare yayin da Albania ke kan gaba da ci 1-2, wanda hakan ya sa Klaus Gjasula ya zura kwallon da ta ba shi damar rama kwallo a lokacin da aka dakatar da wasan. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Croatia 2–2 Albania: UEFA Euro 2024 match report |url=https://www.uefa.com/euro2024/match/2036160--croatia-vs-albania/ |access-date=7 October 2025 |publisher=UEFA}}</ref> Bayan kammala wasan, an dauki bidiyon Daku - wanda ya nuna motsin rai bayan sakamakon tarihi - yana jagorantar magoya baya a cikin wakokin cin zarafi da aka yi wa [[Masadoiniya ta Arewa|Arewacin Macedonia]] da [[Serbiya|Serbia]] yayin da yake amfani da megaphone . Daga baya Daku ya nemi afuwa ga abin da ya aikata, amma UEFA ta dakatar da shi na wasanni biyu bayan an sake duba shi. A lokacin yakin neman shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2026 (UEFA), Daku ya buga wasanni kadan a rukunin K, musamman a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa, wanda hakan ya dauki 'yan mintuna kadan. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mirlind Daku – International Matches 2025/26 |url=https://www.worldfootball.net/person/pe511723/mirlind-daku/co588/fifa-wc-qualifiers-europe/se83885/2025-2026/international-matches/ |access-date=3 April 2026 |website=WorldFootball.net}}</ref> Albania ta samu damar shiga gasar share fagen shiga gasar a karon farko a tarihinta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=European Qualifiers standings |url=https://www.fifa.com/en/tournaments/mens/worldcup/canadamexicousa2026/qualifiers/uefa/standings |access-date=3 April 2026 |publisher=FIFA}}</ref> == Ƙididdigar aiki == === Kulob === {{Updated|match played 17 May 2026}}<ref name="Soccerway" /><ref>{{GSA player|mirlind-daku/221103}}</ref><ref name="NFT" >{{NFT|80272}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+Appearances and goals by club, season and competition ! rowspan="2" |Club ! rowspan="2" |Season ! colspan="3" |League ! colspan="2" |Cup ! colspan="2" |Europe ! colspan="2" |Other ! colspan="2" |Total |- !Division !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals |- |Hajvalia |2016–17 |Kosovo Superleague |3 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |3 |0 |- | rowspan="3" |Llapi |2016–17 |Kosovo Superleague |15 |6 |4 |1 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |19 |7 |- |2017–18 |Kosovo Superleague |30 |17 |3 |3 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |33 |20 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !45 !23 !7 !4 ! colspan="2" |— ! colspan="2" |— !52 !27 |- |Osijek II |2018–19 |Croatian Second League |15 |2 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |15 |2 |- |Kukësi (loan) |2019–20 |Kategoria Superiore |13 |1 |2 |1 | colspan="2" |— |1{{Efn|Appearance in [[Albanian Supercup]]}} |0 |16 |2 |- | rowspan="3" |Ballkani (loan) |2019–20 |Kosovo Superleague |8 |4 |3 |1 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |11 |5 |- |2020–21 |Kosovo Superleague |34 |31 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |35 |31 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !42 !35 !4 !1 ! colspan="2" |— ! colspan="2" |— !46 !36 |- |Osijek |2021–22 |Croatian First League |12 |3 |3 |1 |1{{Efn|Appearances in [[UEFA Europa Conference League]]}} |0 | colspan="2" |— |16 |4 |- | rowspan="3" |[[NŠ Mura|Mura]] (loan) |2021–22 |Slovenian PrvaLiga |16 |5 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |16 |5 |- |2022–23 |Slovenian PrvaLiga |33 |19 |2 |2 |3[b] |2 | colspan="2" |— |38 |23 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !49 !24 !2 !2 !3 !2 ! colspan="2" |— !54 !28 |- | rowspan="4" |Rubin Kazan |2023–24 |Russian Premier League |28 |10 |5 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |33 |10 |- |2024–25 |Russian Premier League |26 |15 |3 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |29 |15 |- |2025–26 |Russian Premier League |24 |10 |5 |1 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |29 |11 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !78 !35 !13 !1 ! colspan="2" |— ! colspan="2" |— !91 !36 |- ! colspan="3" |Career total !257 !123 !31 !10 !4 !2 !1 !0 !293 !135 |} {{Notelist}} === Na Ƙasa da Ƙasa === {{Updated|match played 6 June 2026}}<ref>{{EU-Football.info|31203}}</ref><ref name="NFT" /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Bayyanar da kwallayen da ƙungiyar ƙasa ta samu da kuma shekarar da ta gabata ! Tawagar ƙasa ! Shekara ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye |- | rowspan="4" | Kosovo |- | 2020 | 1 | 0 |- | 2021 | 4 | 0 |- ! Jimilla ! 5 ! 0 |- | rowspan="6" | Albaniya |- | 2023 | 5 | 1 |- | 2024 | 4 | 0 |- | 2025 | 6 | 0 |- | 2026 | 2 | 0 |- ! Jimilla ! 17 ! 1 |- ! colspan="2" | Jimillar aiki ! 22 ! 1 |} : ''Sakamakon maki da sakamakon sun fara nuna adadin kwallayen da Albania ta ci, ginshiƙin maki yana nuna maki bayan kowace ƙwallo da Daku ta ci.'' {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Jerin kwallayen da Mirlind Daku ya ci a wasannin kasa da kasa ! scope="col" | A'a. ! scope="col" | Kwanan wata ! scope="col" | Wuri ! scope="col" | Abokin hamayya ! scope="col" | Ci ! scope="col" | Sakamako ! scope="col" | Gasar |- | align="center" | 1 | 10 Satumba 2023 | Arena Kombëtare, [[Tirana]], Albania |{{Fb|POL}} | align="center" | 2–0 | align="center" | 2–0 | Wasannin neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin Turai ta 2024 a UEFA |} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == {{FC Rubin Kazan squad}}{{Albania squad UEFA Euro 2024}}{{Football Superleague of Kosovo top scorers}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1998]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} e8pni4be4mus2z4csc7qqqjxzs8ivza 0 161166 884649 879774 2026-07-18T13:24:59Z Arcdanumma047 38699 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1361867352|Flexible learning]]" 884649 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Koyo mai sassauƙa''' ƙa'ida ce ta aiki a fannin ilimi, wanda ya shafi ƙara sassauci a cikin buƙatun, lokaci da wurin karatu, koyarwa, kimantawa da takaddun shaida Koyo mai sassauƙa ba ta takaita ga koyon kan layi ba: yana iya haɗawa da zaɓuɓɓuka game da lokacin, inda da yadda ake koyo, gami da nau'ikan karatu na ɗan lokaci, nesa, na wurin aiki da kuma na fuska da fuska. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Flexible learning |url=https://connect.unevoc.unesco.org/home/TVETipedia%2BGlossary/lang%3De/show%3Dterm/term%3Dflexible%2Blearning |access-date=30 June 2026 |website=TVETipedia Glossary |publisher=UNESCO-UNEVOC}}</ref> Collis da Moonen sun bayyana koyo mai sassauƙa a matsayin hanya mafi fa'ida ta fahimtar canje-canje a cikin koyo, koyarwa, tallafin ilimi, tsarin cibiyoyi da amfani da fasaha. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Collis |first=Betty |last2=Moonen |first2=Jef |date=2002 |title=Flexible learning in a digital world |journal=Open Learning |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=217–230 |doi=10.1080/0268051022000048228}}</ref> == Tarihi == Koyo mai sassauƙa ya sami ci gaba mai mahimmanci a [[New Zealand]] da [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]] a ƙarshen shekarun 90 da farkon shekarun 2000, tare da saka hannun jari a cikin koyon yanar gizo . == Duba kuma == * [[Haɗin ilmantarwa|Blended learning]] * Flipped learning * [[Koyon M|M-learning]] * [[Koyon cibiyar sadarwa|Networked learning]] * Distance education * Virtual education * [[Jami'ar kan layi|Virtual university]] == Manazarta == tumu89urmsv3b87ayl2dkb1ixlcfzqq 884650 884649 2026-07-18T13:25:21Z Arcdanumma047 38699 884650 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Koyo mai sassauƙa''' ƙa'ida ce ta aiki a fannin ilimi, wanda ya shafi ƙara sassauci a cikin buƙatun, lokaci da wurin karatu, koyarwa, kimantawa da takaddun shaida Koyo mai sassauƙa ba ta takaita ga koyon kan layi ba: yana iya haɗawa da zaɓuɓɓuka game da lokacin, inda da yadda ake koyo, gami da nau'ikan karatu na ɗan lokaci, nesa, na wurin aiki da kuma na fuska da fuska. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Flexible learning |url=https://connect.unevoc.unesco.org/home/TVETipedia%2BGlossary/lang%3De/show%3Dterm/term%3Dflexible%2Blearning |access-date=30 June 2026 |website=TVETipedia Glossary |publisher=UNESCO-UNEVOC}}</ref> Collis da Moonen sun bayyana koyo mai sassauƙa a matsayin hanya mafi fa'ida ta fahimtar canje-canje a cikin koyo, koyarwa, tallafin ilimi, tsarin cibiyoyi da amfani da fasaha. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Collis |first=Betty |last2=Moonen |first2=Jef |date=2002 |title=Flexible learning in a digital world |journal=Open Learning |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=217–230 |doi=10.1080/0268051022000048228}}</ref> == Tarihi == Koyo mai sassauƙa ya sami ci gaba mai mahimmanci a [[New Zealand]] da [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]] a ƙarshen shekarun 90 da farkon shekarun 2000, tare da saka hannun jari a cikin koyon yanar gizo . == Duba kuma == * [[Haɗin ilmantarwa|Blended learning]] * Flipped learning * [[Koyon M|M-learning]] * [[Koyon cibiyar sadarwa|Networked learning]] * Distance education * Virtual education * [[Jami'ar kan layi|Virtual university]] == Manazarta == s4gb6ru1dvqe6j9m10f8xqfhqrg47yd 0 161804 884613 884536 2026-07-18T12:45:13Z A Sulaiman Z 13085 884613 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox|2}} Jun to Ai (純と愛) jerin wasan kwaikwayo ne na gidan talabijin na Japan. An fara halarta a ranar 1 ga Oktoba, 2012, kuma an watsa shi har zuwa Maris 30, 2013.<ref name="TG">{{Cite web |date=2012-03-21 |title=Natsuna lands starring role in NHK morning drama "Jun to Ai" |url=http://www.tokyograph.com/news/natsuna-lands-starring-role-in-nhk-morning-drama-jun-to-ai/ |access-date=2012-09-30 |website=Tokyograph}}</ref> Shi ne na 87[[NHK]] [[Asadora]]. == Bayani game da shi == Jun Kanō ta girma ne a Miyakojima, inda kakanta ya gudanar da wani karamin otal wanda ya yi wahayi zuwa ga burin rayuwarta na ƙirƙirar otal wanda zai zama "ƙasar sihiri" ga mutane. Sau da yawa tana fada da mahaifinta Zenkō, Jun ta tafi Osaka don kwaleji kuma daga ƙarshe ta sami aiki a Otal din Osaki Plaza, inda sau da yawa ta shiga matsala saboda hanyoyin da ba na al'ada ba. A Osaka ta sadu da wani saurayi mai ban mamaki, Itoshi, wanda ba zai iya kallon mutane kai tsaye ba saboda ya ce zai iya karanta tunanin mutane. Da farko ya same shi mai ban mamaki, Jun daga ƙarshe ya janyo hankalin Itoshi, wanda shi kansa ya ƙaunaci Jun, duk da cewa sunanta ya tunatar da shi game da ɗan'uwansa ɗan tagwaye Jun. Su biyu sun yi aure a kan ƙin mahaifiyarsa Taeko, lauya mai iko wanda ke mulkin iyalinta da ƙanƙanta, ƙafar ƙarfe. Taeko ne wanda ke taimaka wa wani kamfani na kasashen waje ya karɓi Otal din Osaki, ya lalata mafarkin Jun na wannan otal ɗin. Ganin cewa mahaifinta yana shirin sayar da otal din Miyakojima, Jun da Itoshi sun koma Okinawa, amma sun kasa hana sayarwa. Da yake baƙin ciki, Jun ya koma Osaka kuma ba zato ba tsammani ya ƙare a Otal din Satoya, wani gidan baƙi mai banƙyama amma mai abokantaka wanda ke ba da abinci ga mutane daga Okinawa. Jun ta yanke shawarar sanya Satoya "ƙasar sihiri" amma dole ne ta fuskanci matsaloli da yawa a hanya. Bayan ta taimaka wajen kawo dan uwanta Tadashi da budurwarsa ta Filipina Mariya tare, dole ne ta gyara aurensu lokacin da Tadashi ke da alaƙa. Ta taimaka wa Taeko lokacin da ta sami ciwon zuciya a Satoya. Lokacin da mahaifiyarta Harumi ta fara nuna alamun [[Cutar Alzheimer]], Jun da Itoshi suna ƙoƙarin kula da ita duk da ayyukan mahaifin Jun wanda ba shi da kulawa. Zenkō, duk da haka, ya mutu yana ƙoƙarin ceton Harumi lokacin da ta faɗi cikin teku. Wani rikici ya taso lokacin da Sato, mai mallakar Satoya, ba zato ba tsammani ta bayyana cewa za ta rufe otal ɗin, kawai lokacin da ƙungiyar mazaunanta ta girma ta dogara da ita. Jun ya shawo kanta ta ci gaba da buɗewa, ta tara waɗanda ke kewaye da ita, kowannensu ya gano ƙwarewa ta musamman da za su iya ba da gudummawa ga masaukin. Lokacin da Satoya ya ƙone a cikin wuta, duk da haka, abin mamaki ga Jun yana da yawa. Da yake tunanin cewa duk wani otal da take aiki a ciki ba ya da kyau, sai ta bayyana cewa ta bar mafarkinta kuma ba za ta sake taɓa otal ba. Yanayin tunaninta kusan ya haifar da saki tare da Itoshi. Ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin mazaunan Satoya, duk da haka, ya zama sanannen mai zanen kaya wanda ke da gidan da ya lalace a kan Miyakojima wanda ta ba da damar barin Jun ya zama masauki. Mutanen Satoya sun matsa musu, wadanda suka yi alkawarin taimakawa, Jun da Itoshi sun tafi Miyakojima tare da iyalinta don sake gina gidan. Abubuwa ba sa tafiya a hankali. Lokacin da aka yi yawancin gyare-gyare kuma an yi mafi yawan shirye-shiryen, an gano Itoshi da ciwon ƙwaƙwalwa kuma dole ne a yi masa tiyata. Yayinda ya tsira daga aikin, ya kasance a cikin coma. Abokansa, ciki har da mazaunan Satoya da ma'aikatan Otal din Osaki, sun zo gidan baƙi don ba da ƙarfafawa. Kamar dai yadda yake gab da buɗewa, Jun ta bayyana niyyar ci gaba da fada, ta yi imani da mu'ujiza ga Jun da kuma damar da za ta haifar da "ƙasar sihiri" a gidan baƙi. A cikin lokutan ƙarshe na wasan kwaikwayon, hannayen Itoshi suna motsawa kuma suna riƙe da hannun Jun. Ko ya farka ko a'a ba a san shi ba. == Yan Shiri == * Natsuna a matsayin Jun Kanō (daga baya Machida) * Shunsuke Kazama a matsayin Itoshi Machida, mijinta * Tetsuya Takeda a matsayin Zenkō Kanō, mahaifin Jun * Aiko Morishita a matsayin Harumi Kanō, mahaifiyar Jun * Susumu Taira a matsayin Kōji Maeda, kakan Jun * Mokomichi Hayami a matsayin Tadashi Kanō, ɗan'uwan Jun * Maryjun Takahashi a matsayin Mariya, matar Tadashi * Shu Watanabe a matsayin Tsuyoshi Kanō, ɗan'uwan Jun * Hiroshi Tachi a matsayin Shinichirō Ōsaki, shugaban Otal din Osaki Plaza * Yō Yoshida a matsayin Fujiko Kirino, mai kula da Jun a otal ɗin * [[Henry Fowler (actor)|Henry Fowler]] a matsayin Mista Fowler, baƙo a otal ɗin * Yū Shirota a matsayin Yasuzaku Mizuno, mai kula da otal * Mayumi Wakamura a matsayin Taeko Machida, mahaifiyar Itoshi * Rei Okamoto a matsayin Makoto Machida, 'yar'uwar Itoshi * Kimiko Ni a matsayin Sato Uehara, mai mallakar Otal din Satoya * Yōji Tanaka a matsayin Shinobu Aida, mai dafa abinci na Satoya == Karɓuwa == ''Jun zuwa Ai'' ya sami matsakaicin 17.1% don jerin. Ita ce mafi ƙasƙanci ga Asadora a cikin shekaru uku.<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:「純と愛」視聴率全話平均１７・１％ |url=http://www.daily.co.jp/gossip/2013/04/02/0005865694.shtml |access-date=2 April 2013 |website=Daily Sports |language=Japanese}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * Shafin yanar gizon hukuma (a cikin Jafananci) * {{IMDb title|2284141}} {{S-start}} {{S-bef|before=''[[Umechan Sensei]]''}} {{S-ttl|title=[[Asadora]]|years=1 October 2012 – 30 March 2013}} {{S-aft|after=''[[Amachan]]''}} {{S-end}} k5qsxc28uqzv9p2qn55xoku68cbv5zz 0 161807 884598 2026-07-18T11:59:51Z Pretty Fulani 44366 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1161840469|School of Artillery (South Africa)]]" 884598 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Makarantar''' Makamai ita ce makarantar horar da manyan bindigogi ta musamman ta rundunar sojin Afirka ta Kudu == Tarihi == === Asalin === Kafin kafa makarantar harba bindigogi ta Afirka ta Kudu a shekarar 1934[1], akwai cibiyoyin horar da manyan bindigogi da dama a baya. An kafa na farko a Cape a watan Agusta na shekarar 1786 tare da Lt. Louis-Michel Thibault, wanda daga baya aka fi sani da mai zane, a matsayin shugaban 'Makarantar Sojoji'. Bai daɗe yana aiki ba. Kusan shekaru ɗari bayan haka Capt W E Giles, Royal Artillery, ya gabatar da makarantar bindigogi a cikin takardar da aka gabatar wa Gwamnatin Kolonial ta Cape a watan Maris na shekara ta 1880. Ba a yarda da shi ba. === Makarantar Gunnery === A ranar 14 ga Satumba 1912 lokacin da za a kafa rundunonin biyar na SA Mounted Rifles, an bude Makarantar Gunnery a Auckland Park, [[Johannesburg]], a cikin layin Transvaal Horse Artillery. Manufarta ita ce horar da jami'ai da NCO don batir na dindindin guda uku na farko da za a kafa. Makarantar ta rufe lokacin da yaƙin ya ɓarke a shekara ta 1914 bayan an kammala darussan biyu kawai. === Gidan Horar da Artillery === Cibiyar horar da bindigogi ta gaba ita ce Artillery Training Depot, wanda aka kafa a Wynberg Camp, Cape Town, a watan Agustan 1915 don horar da batirin bindigogi da suka yi yaƙi a [[Gabashin Afirka]], kuma daga baya a [[Falasdinu]]. === Kafa rundunar sojan bindigogi === An kafa rundunar Sojojin Afirka ta Kudu ta hanyar shelar a ranar 1 ga Satumba 1934 don haɗa dukkan sassan dindindin da na Citizen Force kuma a ranar 7 ga Satumba batir ɗin biyu sun rasa matsayin batir ɗin su kuma an kafa su a cikin Artillery Training Depot, dauke da makamai tare da 4.5 inch howitzers, 18-pdrs da 3.7 inch howitzors. Ma'aikatan Depot suna da alhakin horar da duk masu karbar makamai da dukkan rukunin makamai, ban da Cape Field Artillery (CFA), wanda shine alhakin Cape Command Training Depot. === Makarantar Artillery === A watan Agustan 1935 an shirya Artillery Training Depot a matsayin hedkwatar Depot tare da batura uku. Kuma a ranar 24 ga Oktoba 1936 an canza taken zuwa na 'Artillery School'. An ayyana yakin ne a ranar 6 ga Satumba 1939 kuma ba tare da wani yanki da ya dace ba kusa da [[Pretoria]] don horar da bindiga, Makarantar ta koma Potchefstroom. A lokacin da Makarantar ta kasance a Potchefstroom ta sami sauye-sauye daban-daban na sanyawa kuma ta zama ƙungiyar Citizen Force lokacin da aka canza sunanta zuwa Artillery and Armoured Corps Training School (V), Artillery na Afirka ta Kudu daga 1 ga Janairu 1944. Lokacin da yaƙin ya ƙare an sake kafa shi a ranar 14 ga Yuni 1946 a matsayin ƙungiyar dindindin da aka sani da ''Makarantar Artillery da Armour'' . An ajiye shi a cikin babban sansanin amma lokacin da aka kafa 4 Field Training Regiment a 1953 Makarantar ta koma tsohon sansanin Sojojin Sama na SA a ƙarƙashin Hospital Hill. An tura horo na makamai zuwa [[Bloemfontein]] a shekara ta 1964, kuma makarantar ta zama wani bangare daban da aka sani kawai da ''Makarantar Artillery'' a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu 1964, sunan da ta riƙe tun daga lokacin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Englebrecht |first=Leon |date=1 February 2013 |title=South Africa (Order of Battle) |url=http://www.defenceweb.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=29273:south-africa&catid=119:african-militaries&Itemid=255 |access-date=27 October 2014 |website=defenceweb.co.za |publisher=DefenceWeb}}</ref> It was awarded the freedom of Potchefstroom on 10 March 1978.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2015}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2015)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Horarwa == Makarantar tana gudanar da horo mai zuwa: Umarni na asali wanda ya haɗa da: haƙa rami, aminci, aikin ɗora bututun ƙarfe, hanyoyin aiki ga kowane matsayi na ma'aikata. Ana ba wa ɗalibai ilimin tsarin manyan bindigogi daban-daban, ilimi a fannonin da ake lura da su wajen kashe gobara, alkiblar wuta, da kuma yadda za su kula da gyara. Koyarwa mai zurfi ya haɗa da: hakowa, aminci, da aiki har zuwa matakin batir. Ana ba wa ɗalibai ilimin ƙarfin motsa jiki, samun manufa, bincike, da kuma adawa da wuta. Har ila yau an haɗa su da matsalolin bindigogi na filin, jagorancin wuta, wuta da aka lura, da ayyukan batirin harbi. An horar da jami'ai don sarrafa ayyukan da ake gudanarwa na kashe gobara, siyan abubuwan da ake nufi, da kuma tura su, a fannin kula da tallafi, kulawa da hanyoyin samar da kayayyaki, da kuma sadarwa/lantarki. Daga ƙarshe ana iya amfani da jami'ai a matsayin kwamandoji, jami'an tallafawa gobara, ko jami'an kula da gobara. Horar da malamai: Dalibai na iya zama malamai a cikin kansu bayan wani lokaci a cikin Formation. == Sashe na Makarantar == Wadannan sassan Makarantar Artillery suna karkashin jagorancin Babban Malamai ko manyan jami'ai na matakin SO1 a matsayin Lieutenant Colonel ban da Support Wing wanda ke karkashin jagorancin Major: * Gunnery Wing (koyarwar jami'ai) * Regimental Training Wing (sauran matsayi horo) * Horarwa da Bincike Wing (dukan mai kula da horo da tabbacin inganci) * Gudanarwa da Na biyu a cikin Kwamandan (aikin ma'aikata ciki har da ma'aikata, dabaru, kudi) * Tallafin Tallafi (tsaro, leken asiri, kwata-kwata, kula da tushe, chaplaincy, OHS da RHQ) == Kayan aiki == === Artillery na al'ada === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Bambanci !Bayyanawa !Ta yaya !Hoton |- |'''G1 Howitzer''' |25 fam, babban fashewa, anti tank da hayaki |Tsarin Burtaniya{{Flag|United Kingdom}} |[[Fayil:SANDF_G1_Cannon.jpg|100x100px|SANDF G1 Cannon]] |- |'''G2 Howitzer''' |5.5 inch matsakaiciyar bindiga, babban fashewa |Tsarin Burtaniya{{Flag|United Kingdom}} |[[Fayil:SANDF_G2_Cannon.jpg|200x200px|SANDF G2 Cannon]] |- |'''G4 Howitzer''' |155mm, babban fashewa |Tsarin , tsayawa har sai G5 cannon ya shiga aiki{{Flag|Israel}} |[[Fayil:SANDF_G4_Cannon.jpg|230x230px|SANDF G4 Cannon]] |- |'''G5 Howitzer''' |155mm, babban fashewa, Samil 100 Gun tractor |Tsarin {{Flag|South Africa}} |[[Fayil:G5_with_Samil_100_Gun_tractor.jpg|700x700px|G5 with Samil 100 Gun tractor]] |- |'''G6 Howitzer''' |155mm, mai fashewa mai ƙarfi, mai sarrafa kansa |Tsarin {{Flag|South Africa}} |[[Fayil:SANDF_G6_Rhino.jpg|330x330px|SANDF G6 Rhino]] |- |} === Tsarin Rocket Launcher da yawa === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Bambanci !Bayyanawa !Ta yaya !Hoton |- |'''Valkiri MRLS''' |Rocket MLRS na 127mm |Tsarin Unimog chassis, pre fragmented warhead, 24 launch tubes{{Flag|South Africa}} |[[Fayil:Valkiri_multiple_rocket_launcher_system.jpg|180x180px|Valkiri multiple rocket launcher system]] |- |'''Bateleur MRLS''' |U |Tsarin Kennael chassis, pre fragmented warhead, 40 launch tubes{{Flag|South Africa}} |[[Fayil:Bateleur_Multiple_Rocket_Launcher.jpg|300x300px|Bateleur Multiple Rocket Launcher]] |- |} === Motar Jirgin Sama mara matuka === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Bambanci !Bayyanawa !Ta yaya !Hoton |- |'''Tsuntsu UAV''' |Motar jirgin sama mara matuka |Tsarin . An yi amfani da shi don sayen manufa, gano fashewar harbi da gyaran wuta don tallafawa Towed da Self Propelled Gun Howitzer Systems.<ref name="para_Vult">{{Cite web |date=2012 |title=The Vulture UAV |url=http://www.paramountgroup.biz/unmanned-aerial-vehicles/vulture.html |access-date=2015-04-01 |website=Paramount Group}}</ref>{{Flag|South Africa}} |[[Fayil:Vulture_Launcher_Samil_100.jpg|400x400px|Vulture Launcher Samil 100]] |- |} == Alamar == === Alamar da ta gabata === [[Fayil:SADF_era_School_of_Artillery_Insignia.jpg|center|thumb|700x700px|Makarantar Artillery Insignia ta zamanin SADF]] === Alamar tufafi ta yanzu === ==== Jagoran Gunner ====   An ba da lambar yabo ta Master Gunner ga yawancin mutanen da ke aiki a Makarantar. Wannan jerin sun hada da akalla Jami'ai biyu, Jami'ai Masu Koyarwa tara (OI), hudu a cikin mukamin SO1 Training & Evaluation, Kwamandan Sojoji daya, uku na biyu (2IC) da Kwamandojin Batir hudu. {| class="wikitable" |+Jagoran Gunner |- style="vertical-align:top;" |{{Badge Display|Gunner|100px}} |} ==== Alamun ƙwarewa ==== {| class="wikitable" |+Alamun ƙwarewa |- style="vertical-align:top;" |{{Badge Display|GunnerGen|100px}} |{{Badge Display|ArtyNo1|100px}} |} == Makarantar Jagoran Artillery ta SA == {{Post-start|caption=|float=}} {{Post-header|post-name=Commanding Officers}} {{Post-member|from-date=10 December 1963|post-incumbent=Cmdt [[Hendrik Greyvenstein|H.J. Greyvenstein]] UKLGSC{{efn|[[Royal School of Artillery|United Kingdom Long Gunnery Staff Course]]}}|to-date=2 October 1966}} {{Post-member|from-date=3 October 1966|post-incumbent=Cmdt [[Constand Viljoen|C.L. Viljoen]]{{efn|Later General [[Constand Viljoen]] {{post-nominals|country=ZAR|SSA|SD|SOE|SM|MMM|MP}} {{ndash}} Chief of the [[South African National Defence Force|SADF]]}}|to-date=31 January 1968}} {{Post-member|from-date=1 February 1968|post-incumbent=Cmdt [[Shorty Brown|R.F. Brown]]|to-date=18 December 1968}} {{Post-member|from-date=19 December 1968|post-incumbent=Col [[Johan Potgieter|J.D. Potgieter]] {{post-nominals|country=ZAR|SM}}|to-date=29 August 1969}} {{Post-member|from-date=30 August 1969|post-incumbent=Col R.F. Brown|to-date=30 April 1970}} {{Post-member|from-date=1 May 1970|post-incumbent=Col [[Frans van den Berg|F.E.C. van den Berg]] UKLGSC|to-date=14 August 1973}} {{Post-member|from-date=15 August 1973|post-incumbent=Col [[Koos Bisschoff|J.J. Bisschoff]]|to-date=29 February 1976}} {{Post-member|from-date=1 March 1976|post-incumbent=Col [[Paul Lombard (general)|P.M. Lombard]] UKLGSC|to-date=7 January 1980}} {{Post-member|from-date=8 January 1980|post-incumbent=Col C.F. Wentzel|to-date=31 December 1982}} {{Post-member|from-date=1 January 1983|post-incumbent=Col [[Koos Laubscher|J.A. Laubscher]]|to-date=8 January 1987}} {{Post-member|from-date=9 January 1987|post-incumbent=Col [[Jakes Jacobs|J.G. Jacobs]]|to-date=3 January 1991}} {{Post-member|from-date=4 January 1991|post-incumbent=Col [[Maarten Schalekamp|M.A. Schalekamp]] {{post-nominals|country=ZAR|SM|MMM}}|to-date=30 April 1995}} {{Post-member|from-date=1 May 1995|post-incumbent=Col [[Theuns Coetzee|T.J. Coetzee]] {{post-nominals|country=ZAR|HC|MMM}}|to-date=31 December 1998}} {{Post-member|from-date=1 January 1999|post-incumbent=Col P. Franken {{post-nominals|country=ZAR|MMM}}|to-date=1 January 2002}} {{Post-member|from-date=1 February 2002|post-incumbent=Col [[Khaya Makina|K. Makina]]|to-date=1 December 2004}} {{Post-member|from-date=1 January 2005|post-incumbent=Col [[Thulani Zungu|T. Zungu]]|to-date=31 March 2008}} {{Post-member|from-date=1 April 2008|post-incumbent=Col [[Dawid Schoonwinkel|D.B.J. Schoonwinkel]]|to-date=2020-3-31}} {{Post-member|from-date=1 June 2021|post-incumbent=Col S.T.J. Johnson|to-date=incumbent}} {{Post-header|post-name=Regimental Sergeants Major}} {{Post-member|from-date=4 January 1957|post-incumbent=WO1 J.J.D. Nortjé|to-date=2 July 1967}} {{Post-member|from-date=6 July 1967|post-incumbent=WO1 A.P. Van Den Berg|to-date=30 June 1969}} {{Post-member|from-date=1 July 1969|post-incumbent=WO1 J.D. Kruger|to-date=31 December 1969}} {{Post-member|from-date=1 January 1970|post-incumbent=WO1 J.H.J. Willemse {{post-nominals|country=ZAR|PMM}}|to-date=12 May 1974}} {{Post-member|from-date=13 May 1974|post-incumbent=WO1 Mark T. Terwin|to-date=31 December 1977}} {{Post-member|from-date=1 January 1978|post-incumbent=WO1 Albert E. Hook|to-date=6 December 1980}} {{Post-member|from-date=7 December 1980|post-incumbent=WO1 Dirk J. Venter|to-date=31 December 1982}} {{Post-member|from-date=1 January 1983|post-incumbent=WO1 Willem J. Van Coller|to-date=28 February 1984}} {{Post-member|from-date=29 February 1984|post-incumbent=WO1 Cas J. Badenhorst|to-date=30 April 1987}} {{Post-member|from-date=1 May 1987|post-incumbent=WO1 Ally E. Hook (Jnr.)|to-date=3 January 1991}} {{Post-member|from-date=4 January 1991|post-incumbent=WO1 W.H. Steve Collins|to-date=31 December 1994}} {{Post-member|from-date=4 January 1995|post-incumbent=WO1 John A. Boulter {{post-nominals|country=ZAR|PMM|MMM}}|to-date=31 December 1998}} {{Post-member|from-date=1 January 1999|post-incumbent=WO1 J. Frik Krüger|to-date=31 December 2000}} {{Post-member|from-date=1 January 2001|post-incumbent=WO1 X.S. Siphunzi|to-date=11 July 2003}} {{Post-member|from-date=11 July 2003|post-incumbent=WO1 Jaques Niemand {{post-nominals|country=ZAR|MMM}}|to-date=9 January 2005}} {{Post-member|from-date=10 January 2005|post-incumbent=WO1 Percy E. Petersen|to-date=1 November 2008}} {{Post-member|from-date=1 November 2008|post-incumbent=MWO M.P. "Strambo" Mokoena|to-date=n.d}} {{Post-member|from-date=n.d.|post-incumbent=MWO J. Bernie van Zyl {{post-nominals|country=ZAR|MMM}}|to-date=n.d}} {{End}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] th61dulx179w07jyxnt703kzn59qn7a 884599 884598 2026-07-18T12:00:17Z Pretty Fulani 44366 884599 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} '''Makarantar''' Makamai ita ce makarantar horar da manyan bindigogi ta musamman ta rundunar sojin Afirka ta Kudu == Tarihi == === Asalin === Kafin kafa makarantar harba bindigogi ta Afirka ta Kudu a shekarar 1934[1], akwai cibiyoyin horar da manyan bindigogi da dama a baya. An kafa na farko a Cape a watan Agusta na shekarar 1786 tare da Lt. Louis-Michel Thibault, wanda daga baya aka fi sani da mai zane, a matsayin shugaban 'Makarantar Sojoji'. Bai daɗe yana aiki ba. Kusan shekaru ɗari bayan haka Capt W E Giles, Royal Artillery, ya gabatar da makarantar bindigogi a cikin takardar da aka gabatar wa Gwamnatin Kolonial ta Cape a watan Maris na shekara ta 1880. Ba a yarda da shi ba. === Makarantar Gunnery === A ranar 14 ga Satumba 1912 lokacin da za a kafa rundunonin biyar na SA Mounted Rifles, an bude Makarantar Gunnery a Auckland Park, [[Johannesburg]], a cikin layin Transvaal Horse Artillery. Manufarta ita ce horar da jami'ai da NCO don batir na dindindin guda uku na farko da za a kafa. Makarantar ta rufe lokacin da yaƙin ya ɓarke a shekara ta 1914 bayan an kammala darussan biyu kawai. === Gidan Horar da Artillery === Cibiyar horar da bindigogi ta gaba ita ce Artillery Training Depot, wanda aka kafa a Wynberg Camp, Cape Town, a watan Agustan 1915 don horar da batirin bindigogi da suka yi yaƙi a [[Gabashin Afirka]], kuma daga baya a [[Falasdinu]]. === Kafa rundunar sojan bindigogi === An kafa rundunar Sojojin Afirka ta Kudu ta hanyar shelar a ranar 1 ga Satumba 1934 don haɗa dukkan sassan dindindin da na Citizen Force kuma a ranar 7 ga Satumba batir ɗin biyu sun rasa matsayin batir ɗin su kuma an kafa su a cikin Artillery Training Depot, dauke da makamai tare da 4.5 inch howitzers, 18-pdrs da 3.7 inch howitzors. Ma'aikatan Depot suna da alhakin horar da duk masu karbar makamai da dukkan rukunin makamai, ban da Cape Field Artillery (CFA), wanda shine alhakin Cape Command Training Depot. === Makarantar Artillery === A watan Agustan 1935 an shirya Artillery Training Depot a matsayin hedkwatar Depot tare da batura uku. Kuma a ranar 24 ga Oktoba 1936 an canza taken zuwa na 'Artillery School'. An ayyana yakin ne a ranar 6 ga Satumba 1939 kuma ba tare da wani yanki da ya dace ba kusa da [[Pretoria]] don horar da bindiga, Makarantar ta koma Potchefstroom. A lokacin da Makarantar ta kasance a Potchefstroom ta sami sauye-sauye daban-daban na sanyawa kuma ta zama ƙungiyar Citizen Force lokacin da aka canza sunanta zuwa Artillery and Armoured Corps Training School (V), Artillery na Afirka ta Kudu daga 1 ga Janairu 1944. Lokacin da yaƙin ya ƙare an sake kafa shi a ranar 14 ga Yuni 1946 a matsayin ƙungiyar dindindin da aka sani da ''Makarantar Artillery da Armour'' . An ajiye shi a cikin babban sansanin amma lokacin da aka kafa 4 Field Training Regiment a 1953 Makarantar ta koma tsohon sansanin Sojojin Sama na SA a ƙarƙashin Hospital Hill. An tura horo na makamai zuwa [[Bloemfontein]] a shekara ta 1964, kuma makarantar ta zama wani bangare daban da aka sani kawai da ''Makarantar Artillery'' a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu 1964, sunan da ta riƙe tun daga lokacin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Englebrecht |first=Leon |date=1 February 2013 |title=South Africa (Order of Battle) |url=http://www.defenceweb.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=29273:south-africa&catid=119:african-militaries&Itemid=255 |access-date=27 October 2014 |website=defenceweb.co.za |publisher=DefenceWeb}}</ref> It was awarded the freedom of Potchefstroom on 10 March 1978.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2015}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2015)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Horarwa == Makarantar tana gudanar da horo mai zuwa: Umarni na asali wanda ya haɗa da: haƙa rami, aminci, aikin ɗora bututun ƙarfe, hanyoyin aiki ga kowane matsayi na ma'aikata. Ana ba wa ɗalibai ilimin tsarin manyan bindigogi daban-daban, ilimi a fannonin da ake lura da su wajen kashe gobara, alkiblar wuta, da kuma yadda za su kula da gyara. Koyarwa mai zurfi ya haɗa da: hakowa, aminci, da aiki har zuwa matakin batir. Ana ba wa ɗalibai ilimin ƙarfin motsa jiki, samun manufa, bincike, da kuma adawa da wuta. Har ila yau an haɗa su da matsalolin bindigogi na filin, jagorancin wuta, wuta da aka lura, da ayyukan batirin harbi. An horar da jami'ai don sarrafa ayyukan da ake gudanarwa na kashe gobara, siyan abubuwan da ake nufi, da kuma tura su, a fannin kula da tallafi, kulawa da hanyoyin samar da kayayyaki, da kuma sadarwa/lantarki. Daga ƙarshe ana iya amfani da jami'ai a matsayin kwamandoji, jami'an tallafawa gobara, ko jami'an kula da gobara. Horar da malamai: Dalibai na iya zama malamai a cikin kansu bayan wani lokaci a cikin Formation. == Sashe na Makarantar == Wadannan sassan Makarantar Artillery suna karkashin jagorancin Babban Malamai ko manyan jami'ai na matakin SO1 a matsayin Lieutenant Colonel ban da Support Wing wanda ke karkashin jagorancin Major: * Gunnery Wing (koyarwar jami'ai) * Regimental Training Wing (sauran matsayi horo) * Horarwa da Bincike Wing (dukan mai kula da horo da tabbacin inganci) * Gudanarwa da Na biyu a cikin Kwamandan (aikin ma'aikata ciki har da ma'aikata, dabaru, kudi) * Tallafin Tallafi (tsaro, leken asiri, kwata-kwata, kula da tushe, chaplaincy, OHS da RHQ) == Kayan aiki == === Artillery na al'ada === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Bambanci !Bayyanawa !Ta yaya !Hoton |- |'''G1 Howitzer''' |25 fam, babban fashewa, anti tank da hayaki |Tsarin Burtaniya{{Flag|United Kingdom}} |[[Fayil:SANDF_G1_Cannon.jpg|100x100px|SANDF G1 Cannon]] |- |'''G2 Howitzer''' |5.5 inch matsakaiciyar bindiga, babban fashewa |Tsarin Burtaniya{{Flag|United Kingdom}} |[[Fayil:SANDF_G2_Cannon.jpg|200x200px|SANDF G2 Cannon]] |- |'''G4 Howitzer''' |155mm, babban fashewa |Tsarin , tsayawa har sai G5 cannon ya shiga aiki{{Flag|Israel}} |[[Fayil:SANDF_G4_Cannon.jpg|230x230px|SANDF G4 Cannon]] |- |'''G5 Howitzer''' |155mm, babban fashewa, Samil 100 Gun tractor |Tsarin {{Flag|South Africa}} |[[Fayil:G5_with_Samil_100_Gun_tractor.jpg|700x700px|G5 with Samil 100 Gun tractor]] |- |'''G6 Howitzer''' |155mm, mai fashewa mai ƙarfi, mai sarrafa kansa |Tsarin {{Flag|South Africa}} |[[Fayil:SANDF_G6_Rhino.jpg|330x330px|SANDF G6 Rhino]] |- |} === Tsarin Rocket Launcher da yawa === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Bambanci !Bayyanawa !Ta yaya !Hoton |- |'''Valkiri MRLS''' |Rocket MLRS na 127mm |Tsarin Unimog chassis, pre fragmented warhead, 24 launch tubes{{Flag|South Africa}} |[[Fayil:Valkiri_multiple_rocket_launcher_system.jpg|180x180px|Valkiri multiple rocket launcher system]] |- |'''Bateleur MRLS''' |U |Tsarin Kennael chassis, pre fragmented warhead, 40 launch tubes{{Flag|South Africa}} |[[Fayil:Bateleur_Multiple_Rocket_Launcher.jpg|300x300px|Bateleur Multiple Rocket Launcher]] |- |} === Motar Jirgin Sama mara matuka === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Bambanci !Bayyanawa !Ta yaya !Hoton |- |'''Tsuntsu UAV''' |Motar jirgin sama mara matuka |Tsarin . An yi amfani da shi don sayen manufa, gano fashewar harbi da gyaran wuta don tallafawa Towed da Self Propelled Gun Howitzer Systems.<ref name="para_Vult">{{Cite web |date=2012 |title=The Vulture UAV |url=http://www.paramountgroup.biz/unmanned-aerial-vehicles/vulture.html |access-date=2015-04-01 |website=Paramount Group}}</ref>{{Flag|South Africa}} |[[Fayil:Vulture_Launcher_Samil_100.jpg|400x400px|Vulture Launcher Samil 100]] |- |} == Alamar == === Alamar da ta gabata === [[Fayil:SADF_era_School_of_Artillery_Insignia.jpg|center|thumb|700x700px|Makarantar Artillery Insignia ta zamanin SADF]] === Alamar tufafi ta yanzu === ==== Jagoran Gunner ====   An ba da lambar yabo ta Master Gunner ga yawancin mutanen da ke aiki a Makarantar. Wannan jerin sun hada da akalla Jami'ai biyu, Jami'ai Masu Koyarwa tara (OI), hudu a cikin mukamin SO1 Training & Evaluation, Kwamandan Sojoji daya, uku na biyu (2IC) da Kwamandojin Batir hudu. {| class="wikitable" |+Jagoran Gunner |- style="vertical-align:top;" |{{Badge Display|Gunner|100px}} |} ==== Alamun ƙwarewa ==== {| class="wikitable" |+Alamun ƙwarewa |- style="vertical-align:top;" |{{Badge Display|GunnerGen|100px}} |{{Badge Display|ArtyNo1|100px}} |} == Makarantar Jagoran Artillery ta SA == {{Post-start|caption=|float=}} {{Post-header|post-name=Commanding Officers}} {{Post-member|from-date=10 December 1963|post-incumbent=Cmdt [[Hendrik Greyvenstein|H.J. Greyvenstein]] UKLGSC{{efn|[[Royal School of Artillery|United Kingdom Long Gunnery Staff Course]]}}|to-date=2 October 1966}} {{Post-member|from-date=3 October 1966|post-incumbent=Cmdt [[Constand Viljoen|C.L. Viljoen]]{{efn|Later General [[Constand Viljoen]] {{post-nominals|country=ZAR|SSA|SD|SOE|SM|MMM|MP}} {{ndash}} Chief of the [[South African National Defence Force|SADF]]}}|to-date=31 January 1968}} {{Post-member|from-date=1 February 1968|post-incumbent=Cmdt [[Shorty Brown|R.F. Brown]]|to-date=18 December 1968}} {{Post-member|from-date=19 December 1968|post-incumbent=Col [[Johan Potgieter|J.D. Potgieter]] {{post-nominals|country=ZAR|SM}}|to-date=29 August 1969}} {{Post-member|from-date=30 August 1969|post-incumbent=Col R.F. Brown|to-date=30 April 1970}} {{Post-member|from-date=1 May 1970|post-incumbent=Col [[Frans van den Berg|F.E.C. van den Berg]] UKLGSC|to-date=14 August 1973}} {{Post-member|from-date=15 August 1973|post-incumbent=Col [[Koos Bisschoff|J.J. Bisschoff]]|to-date=29 February 1976}} {{Post-member|from-date=1 March 1976|post-incumbent=Col [[Paul Lombard (general)|P.M. Lombard]] UKLGSC|to-date=7 January 1980}} {{Post-member|from-date=8 January 1980|post-incumbent=Col C.F. Wentzel|to-date=31 December 1982}} {{Post-member|from-date=1 January 1983|post-incumbent=Col [[Koos Laubscher|J.A. Laubscher]]|to-date=8 January 1987}} {{Post-member|from-date=9 January 1987|post-incumbent=Col [[Jakes Jacobs|J.G. Jacobs]]|to-date=3 January 1991}} {{Post-member|from-date=4 January 1991|post-incumbent=Col [[Maarten Schalekamp|M.A. Schalekamp]] {{post-nominals|country=ZAR|SM|MMM}}|to-date=30 April 1995}} {{Post-member|from-date=1 May 1995|post-incumbent=Col [[Theuns Coetzee|T.J. Coetzee]] {{post-nominals|country=ZAR|HC|MMM}}|to-date=31 December 1998}} {{Post-member|from-date=1 January 1999|post-incumbent=Col P. Franken {{post-nominals|country=ZAR|MMM}}|to-date=1 January 2002}} {{Post-member|from-date=1 February 2002|post-incumbent=Col [[Khaya Makina|K. Makina]]|to-date=1 December 2004}} {{Post-member|from-date=1 January 2005|post-incumbent=Col [[Thulani Zungu|T. Zungu]]|to-date=31 March 2008}} {{Post-member|from-date=1 April 2008|post-incumbent=Col [[Dawid Schoonwinkel|D.B.J. Schoonwinkel]]|to-date=2020-3-31}} {{Post-member|from-date=1 June 2021|post-incumbent=Col S.T.J. Johnson|to-date=incumbent}} {{Post-header|post-name=Regimental Sergeants Major}} {{Post-member|from-date=4 January 1957|post-incumbent=WO1 J.J.D. Nortjé|to-date=2 July 1967}} {{Post-member|from-date=6 July 1967|post-incumbent=WO1 A.P. Van Den Berg|to-date=30 June 1969}} {{Post-member|from-date=1 July 1969|post-incumbent=WO1 J.D. Kruger|to-date=31 December 1969}} {{Post-member|from-date=1 January 1970|post-incumbent=WO1 J.H.J. Willemse {{post-nominals|country=ZAR|PMM}}|to-date=12 May 1974}} {{Post-member|from-date=13 May 1974|post-incumbent=WO1 Mark T. Terwin|to-date=31 December 1977}} {{Post-member|from-date=1 January 1978|post-incumbent=WO1 Albert E. Hook|to-date=6 December 1980}} {{Post-member|from-date=7 December 1980|post-incumbent=WO1 Dirk J. Venter|to-date=31 December 1982}} {{Post-member|from-date=1 January 1983|post-incumbent=WO1 Willem J. Van Coller|to-date=28 February 1984}} {{Post-member|from-date=29 February 1984|post-incumbent=WO1 Cas J. Badenhorst|to-date=30 April 1987}} {{Post-member|from-date=1 May 1987|post-incumbent=WO1 Ally E. Hook (Jnr.)|to-date=3 January 1991}} {{Post-member|from-date=4 January 1991|post-incumbent=WO1 W.H. Steve Collins|to-date=31 December 1994}} {{Post-member|from-date=4 January 1995|post-incumbent=WO1 John A. Boulter {{post-nominals|country=ZAR|PMM|MMM}}|to-date=31 December 1998}} {{Post-member|from-date=1 January 1999|post-incumbent=WO1 J. Frik Krüger|to-date=31 December 2000}} {{Post-member|from-date=1 January 2001|post-incumbent=WO1 X.S. Siphunzi|to-date=11 July 2003}} {{Post-member|from-date=11 July 2003|post-incumbent=WO1 Jaques Niemand {{post-nominals|country=ZAR|MMM}}|to-date=9 January 2005}} {{Post-member|from-date=10 January 2005|post-incumbent=WO1 Percy E. Petersen|to-date=1 November 2008}} {{Post-member|from-date=1 November 2008|post-incumbent=MWO M.P. "Strambo" Mokoena|to-date=n.d}} {{Post-member|from-date=n.d.|post-incumbent=MWO J. Bernie van Zyl {{post-nominals|country=ZAR|MMM}}|to-date=n.d}} {{End}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] t9se0f62myg75w2rmdiqldqurtfpx67 0 161808 884600 2026-07-18T12:01:41Z Hamza tambura 47078 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1304944850|Xiuhuaxie]]" 884600 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{Transl|zh|Xiuhuaxie}}''' ( Chinese ), wanda kuma aka sani da '''takalman kasar Sin''', <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Embroidered Shoes: Making a Comeback |url=http://en.chinaculture.org/library/2008-01/28/content_46962.htm |access-date=2022-07-31 |website=en.chinaculture.org |pages=1–2}}</ref> '''takalman da aka yi wa ado irin na kasar Sin''', <ref name=":4" /> da '''takalman kasar Sin''', sanannu ne a cikin nau'in ''takalman gargajiya na kasar Sin'' (中国布鞋; ); {{Transl|zh|xiuhuaxie}} suna da tushe sosai a cikin al'adun kasar Sin kuma an san su da amfani da kayan dinki na kasar Sin masu kyau da launuka don ƙirƙirar tsari a kan takalman (gami da murfin takalma daga warkarwa zuwa yatsa, tafin takalman, har ma da madaurin takalma). <ref name=":4" /> Aikin hannu na gargajiya na yin {{Transl|zh|xiuhuaxie}} asalin kasar Sin ne, wanda mutanen kasar Sin suka kirkira tun zamanin da, kuma ya hada al'adun takalman kasar Sin da fasahar dinki na kasar Sin. <ref name=":4" /> Ana kyautata zaton wannan sana'a ta samo asali ne a lokacin bazara da kaka kimanin shekaru 2600 da suka gabata a lardin Shanxi ; daga baya matan kasar Sin suka mika wannan sana'a ta gargajiya daga tsara zuwa tsara. <ref name=":4" /> A zamanin yau, ana ci gaba da amfani da {{Transl|zh|xiuhuaxie}} a matsayin wani nau'in [[Takalmi|takalma]] a {{Transl|zh|[[Hanfu]]}}, kuma ana amfani da shi azaman takalman aure na gargajiya na kasar Sin . Ƙananan kabilu a kasar Sin suma suna da nasu salon {{Transl|zh|xiuhuaxie}} da kuma al'adun gargajiya nasu a kusa da waɗannan takalman. == Muhimmancin al'adu da al'ada == Rarrabawar zamantakewar al'ada ta aiki a tsohuwar kasar Sin ta dogara ne akan manufar nángēng nǚzhī (男耕女织; <nowiki>''</nowiki>, <nowiki>''</nowiki>); ra'ayin da ya wanzu tun lokacin da aka maye gurbin al'ummar matrilineal na tsohuwar kasar China da patrilineal.<ref name=":42">{{Cite web |title=Embroidered Shoes: Making a Comeback |url=http://en.chinaculture.org/library/2008-01/28/content_46962.htm |access-date=2022-07-31 |website=en.chinaculture.org |pages=1–2}}</ref> Takalma na zane na kasar Sin, wanda shine [[Slipper]] mai ado, yana da tarihin sama da shekaru 3000; kuma, kodayake takalma na zane ba su da yawa a cikin birane na kasar Sin a zamanin yau, wannan nau'in takalma ya kasance muhimmin bangare na kasar Sin tare da Confucianism da Buddha. Kayan kwalliya na kasar Sin sun nuna kuma sun bayyana canje-canje masu mahimmanci a cikin ra'ayoyin kyakkyawa, al'adun al'adu, ɗabi'a da ɗabi'ar mutanen kasar Sin a cikin dubban shekaru.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Embroidered Shoes: Making a Comeback |url=http://en.chinaculture.org/library/2008-01/28/content_46962.htm |access-date=2022-07-31 |website=en.chinaculture.org |pages=1–2}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://en.chinaculture.org/library/2008-01/28/content_46962.htm "Embroidered Shoes: Making a Comeback"]. ''en.chinaculture.org''. pp.&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">1–</span>2<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-31</span></span>.</cite></ref> Hakazalika, xiuhuaxie kuma yana nuna kyawawan abubuwan kasar Sin ta hanyar amfani da kyawawan alamu a cikin murfin takalma. Alamu na asali na kayan ado sun kasance furanni, tsuntsaye, dabbobi, shimfidar wuri, da adadi daga wasan kwaikwayo na gargajiya na kasar Sin; ana iya yin ado da alamomi masu kyau irin su tsaba na lotus, wanda ke nuna alamar haihuwar yaro, pomegranate wanda ke nuna alamun 'ya'ya da yawa, da kuma lóngfēifèngwǔ (龙飞化舞; <nowiki>''</nowiki>), wanda alama ce ta farin cikin aure. == Manazarta == cu4sgl3w51rz2sikbtdf7i55insrayj 884603 884600 2026-07-18T12:03:33Z Hamza tambura 47078 884603 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''{{Transl|zh|Xiuhuaxie}}''' ( Chinese ), wanda kuma aka sani da '''takalman kasar Sin''', <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Embroidered Shoes: Making a Comeback |url=http://en.chinaculture.org/library/2008-01/28/content_46962.htm |access-date=2022-07-31 |website=en.chinaculture.org |pages=1–2}}</ref> '''takalman da aka yi wa ado irin na kasar Sin''', <ref name=":4" /> da '''takalman kasar Sin''', sanannu ne a cikin nau'in ''takalman gargajiya na kasar Sin'' (中国布鞋; ); {{Transl|zh|xiuhuaxie}} suna da tushe sosai a cikin al'adun kasar Sin kuma an san su da amfani da kayan dinki na kasar Sin masu kyau da launuka don ƙirƙirar tsari a kan takalman (gami da murfin takalma daga warkarwa zuwa yatsa, tafin takalman, har ma da madaurin takalma). <ref name=":4" /> Aikin hannu na gargajiya na yin {{Transl|zh|xiuhuaxie}} asalin kasar Sin ne, wanda mutanen kasar Sin suka kirkira tun zamanin da, kuma ya hada al'adun takalman kasar Sin da fasahar dinki na kasar Sin. <ref name=":4" /> Ana kyautata zaton wannan sana'a ta samo asali ne a lokacin bazara da kaka kimanin shekaru 2600 da suka gabata a lardin Shanxi ; daga baya matan kasar Sin suka mika wannan sana'a ta gargajiya daga tsara zuwa tsara. <ref name=":4" /> A zamanin yau, ana ci gaba da amfani da {{Transl|zh|xiuhuaxie}} a matsayin wani nau'in [[Takalmi|takalma]] a {{Transl|zh|[[Hanfu]]}}, kuma ana amfani da shi azaman takalman aure na gargajiya na kasar Sin . Ƙananan kabilu a kasar Sin suma suna da nasu salon {{Transl|zh|xiuhuaxie}} da kuma al'adun gargajiya nasu a kusa da waɗannan takalman. == Muhimmancin al'adu da al'ada == Rarrabawar zamantakewar al'ada ta aiki a tsohuwar kasar Sin ta dogara ne akan manufar nángēng nǚzhī (男耕女织; <nowiki>''</nowiki>, <nowiki>''</nowiki>); ra'ayin da ya wanzu tun lokacin da aka maye gurbin al'ummar matrilineal na tsohuwar kasar China da patrilineal.<ref name=":42">{{Cite web |title=Embroidered Shoes: Making a Comeback |url=http://en.chinaculture.org/library/2008-01/28/content_46962.htm |access-date=2022-07-31 |website=en.chinaculture.org |pages=1–2}}</ref> Takalma na zane na kasar Sin, wanda shine [[Slipper]] mai ado, yana da tarihin sama da shekaru 3000; kuma, kodayake takalma na zane ba su da yawa a cikin birane na kasar Sin a zamanin yau, wannan nau'in takalma ya kasance muhimmin bangare na kasar Sin tare da Confucianism da Buddha. Kayan kwalliya na kasar Sin sun nuna kuma sun bayyana canje-canje masu mahimmanci a cikin ra'ayoyin kyakkyawa, al'adun al'adu, ɗabi'a da ɗabi'ar mutanen kasar Sin a cikin dubban shekaru.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Embroidered Shoes: Making a Comeback |url=http://en.chinaculture.org/library/2008-01/28/content_46962.htm |access-date=2022-07-31 |website=en.chinaculture.org |pages=1–2}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://en.chinaculture.org/library/2008-01/28/content_46962.htm "Embroidered Shoes: Making a Comeback"]. ''en.chinaculture.org''. pp.&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">1–</span>2<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-31</span></span>.</cite></ref> Hakazalika, xiuhuaxie kuma yana nuna kyawawan abubuwan kasar Sin ta hanyar amfani da kyawawan alamu a cikin murfin takalma. Alamu na asali na kayan ado sun kasance furanni, tsuntsaye, dabbobi, shimfidar wuri, da adadi daga wasan kwaikwayo na gargajiya na kasar Sin; ana iya yin ado da alamomi masu kyau irin su tsaba na lotus, wanda ke nuna alamar haihuwar yaro, pomegranate wanda ke nuna alamun 'ya'ya da yawa, da kuma lóngfēifèngwǔ (龙飞化舞; <nowiki>''</nowiki>), wanda alama ce ta farin cikin aure. == Manazarta == 9tbyy05dvcp7vhfh0k2png73qb1a9zz 0 161809 884601 2026-07-18T12:01:44Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1363791623|Ife Olujuyigbe]]" 884601 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ifeoluwa "Ife" Olujuyigbe''' mai shirya fina-finai ne na Najeriya, marubuci kuma darektan da ke aiki a [[Sinima a Najeriya|Nollywood]] . An san ta da samarwa da rubuce-rubuce tare da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na FilmTrybe na Legas, da kuma kyaututtuka a fina-finai ciki har da Ile Owo (House of Money), ''Obara'm'', ''Egun'' da Reel Love . A cikin 2023 ta sami lambar yabo ta Afirka ta gaba don Fim. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Olujuyigbe a [[Jos]], Jihar Plateau, kuma daga baya ta koma tare da iyalinta zuwa kudu maso yammacin Najeriya. A karfafawar iyayenta, ta yi karatun Injiniyan Chemical a [[Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo]], Ile-Ife, kuma ta yi aiki a takaice a bangaren kamfanoni da mai da gas kafin ta koma fim na cikakken lokaci. == Ayyuka == Olujuyigbe ya fara rubuta fiction da sake nazarin fina-finai na Nollywood a matsayin mai sukar, gami da dandalin True Nollywood Stories, kafin ya shiga fim. Ta horar da manyan darussan a Kwalejin Fim ta Legas kuma ta bayyana furodusa [[Jáde Osiberu|Jade Osiberu]] a matsayin mai ba da shawara na farko. Ta yi aiki sosai tare da FilmTrybe, ɗakin studio wanda darektan [[Kayode Kasum]] ya kafa, a cikin rawar da ta haɗa da rubutun allo, samarwa da kuma ba da umarni. Ayyukanta na samarwa da haɗin gwiwar sun haɗa da Ile Owo (House of Money) (2022) da ''Obara'm'' (2022), dukansu an sake su akan [[Netflix]], da ''Egun'' (2023), fitowar fim ɗin da aka samar tare da haɗin gwiwa tsakanin FilmTrybe, Singularity Media da FilmOne Entertainment. Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin manajan samarwa a kan The Trade (2023), wanda aka saki a kan Amazon Prime Video . A matsayinta na marubuciya, kyaututtuka sun haɗa da jerin shirye-shiryen RedTV Lokacin da muke yin aure? , fasalin Reel Love (2025), da lakabi kamar What About Us? da Abubuwan da ke da Fuka-fuki. Ta ce jagorantar ita ce rawar da ta fi sha'awarta, kuma a cikin 2025 ta fitar da wakar farko, "Soul Cry". == Sanarwa == Olujuyigbe ta sami lambar yabo ta Afirka ta gaba don Fim a kyautar ta 17, wanda aka gudanar a watan Oktoba 2023 a Legas. Ta kuma sami gabatarwa a Afirka Magic Viewers' Choice Awards dangane da jerin Lokacin da muke Married? A cikin 2026 ta fito ne daga BusinessDay tsakanin mata da aka gano a matsayin masu tsara makomar masana'antar fina-finai ta Najeriya. == Hotunan da aka zaɓa == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi !Bayani |- |2022 |Ile Owo (''Gidan Kudi'') |Mataimakin mai samarwa |Netflix |- |2022 |''Obara'm'' |Mataimakin mai samarwa |Netflix |- |2023 |''Egun'' |Mai gabatarwa |Fitar da fina-finai |- |2023 |''Kasuwanci'' |Manajan samarwa |Amazon Firayim Bidiyo |- |2023 |''Yaushe Muna Yin Aure?'' |Marubuci |Jerin RedTV |- |2025 |''Ƙaunar Gaskiya'' |Marubuci |Fitar da fina-finai |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] sckqo3wfe1yqfwoi0qz8aqf1ulljh9f 884602 884601 2026-07-18T12:03:31Z Pharouqenr 25549 884602 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ifeoluwa "Ife" Olujuyigbe''' mai shirya fina-finai ne na Najeriya, marubuci kuma darektan da ke aiki a [[Sinima a Najeriya|Nollywood]] . An san ta da samarwa da rubuce-rubuce tare da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na FilmTrybe na Legas, da kuma kyaututtuka a fina-finai ciki har da Ile Owo (House of Money), ''Obara'm'', ''Egun'' da Reel Love . A cikin 2023 ta sami lambar yabo ta Afirka ta gaba don Fim. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Olujuyigbe a [[Jos]], Jihar Plateau, kuma daga baya ta koma tare da iyalinta zuwa kudu maso yammacin Najeriya. A karfafawar iyayenta, ta yi karatun Injiniyan Chemical a [[Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo]], Ile-Ife, kuma ta yi aiki a takaice a bangaren kamfanoni da mai da gas kafin ta koma fim na cikakken lokaci. == Ayyuka == Olujuyigbe ya fara rubuta fiction da sake nazarin fina-finai na Nollywood a matsayin mai sukar, gami da dandalin True Nollywood Stories, kafin ya shiga fim. Ta horar da manyan darussan a Kwalejin Fim ta Legas kuma ta bayyana furodusa [[Jáde Osiberu|Jade Osiberu]] a matsayin mai ba da shawara na farko. Ta yi aiki sosai tare da FilmTrybe, ɗakin studio wanda darektan [[Kayode Kasum]] ya kafa, a cikin rawar da ta haɗa da rubutun allo, samarwa da kuma ba da umarni. Ayyukanta na samarwa da haɗin gwiwar sun haɗa da Ile Owo (House of Money) (2022) da ''Obara'm'' (2022), dukansu an sake su akan [[Netflix]], da ''Egun'' (2023), fitowar fim ɗin da aka samar tare da haɗin gwiwa tsakanin FilmTrybe, Singularity Media da FilmOne Entertainment. Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin manajan samarwa a kan The Trade (2023), wanda aka saki a kan Amazon Prime Video . A matsayinta na marubuciya, kyaututtuka sun haɗa da jerin shirye-shiryen RedTV Lokacin da muke yin aure? , fasalin Reel Love (2025), da lakabi kamar What About Us? da Abubuwan da ke da Fuka-fuki. Ta ce jagorantar ita ce rawar da ta fi sha'awarta, kuma a cikin 2025 ta fitar da wakar farko, "Soul Cry". == Sanarwa == Olujuyigbe ta sami lambar yabo ta Afirka ta gaba don Fim a kyautar ta 17, wanda aka gudanar a watan Oktoba 2023 a Legas. Ta kuma sami gabatarwa a Afirka Magic Viewers' Choice Awards dangane da jerin Lokacin da muke Married? A cikin 2026 ta fito ne daga BusinessDay tsakanin mata da aka gano a matsayin masu tsara makomar masana'antar fina-finai ta Najeriya. == Hotunan da aka zaɓa == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi !Bayani |- |2022 |Ile Owo (''Gidan Kudi'') |Mataimakin mai samarwa |Netflix |- |2022 |''Obara'm'' |Mataimakin mai samarwa |Netflix |- |2023 |''Egun'' |Mai gabatarwa |Fitar da fina-finai |- |2023 |''Kasuwanci'' |Manajan samarwa |Amazon Firayim Bidiyo |- |2023 |''Yaushe Muna Yin Aure?'' |Marubuci |Jerin RedTV |- |2025 |''Ƙaunar Gaskiya'' |Marubuci |Fitar da fina-finai |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 0dfsfqqq39zs7hg0k8e6yckn37bt5o2 0 161810 884607 2026-07-18T12:10:52Z Hamza tambura 47078 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1285383614|Tiger-head shoes]]" 884607 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Child's_shoes,_China,_Shanghai,_Qing_dynasty,_1800s_AD_-_Östasiatiska_museet,_Stockholm_-_DSC09539.JPG|thumb|Takalmin kai na tiger, daular Qing, 1800s AD]] '''Takalman kai na Tiger''' ( {{Lang-zh|}} ) misali ne na [[Chinese folk art|sana'ar gargajiya ta gargajiya ta ƙasar Sin]] da ake amfani da ita a matsayin takalma ga yara. Sunansu ya fito ne daga hular yatsu, wadda take kama da kan damisa. A Arewacin ƙasar Sin, mutane suna kiransu '''takalman kan kuliyoyi''' . A al'adun ƙasar Sin, ana ɗaukar damisa a matsayin abin farin ciki; mutane suna yin ado da kan da saman takalman da zane-zanen kan damisa ko na damisa, da fatan 'ya'yansu za su yi ƙarfi da kuzari kamar damisa. Haka kuma, ana tunanin hoton da ke nuna siffar kan damisa yana korar mugayen ruhohi don kare 'ya'yansu daga cututtuka da bala'o'i. Aiki ne mai rikitarwa don yin takalman kan damisa, akwai ayyukan dinki da yawa masu laushi kamar dinki, ko saƙa kawai a kan takalman. [[takalmi|Mace mai laushi]] (ɓangaren saman takalmin) galibi ana yin su da ja da rawaya, kuma mazauna wurin suna yin su da launin ja da rawaya, kuma mazauna wurin suna yin su da launuka masu haske. yawanci suna amfani da layuka masu kauri don zana layin baki, gira, hanci da idanun damisar don bayyana ikonta ta hanyar da aka wuce gona da iri. <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=邯郸县风俗文化 &#124; 米胖 |url=http://travel.mipang.com/bible/51583 |access-date=2012-06-05 |publisher=Travel.mipang.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=虎头鞋官方网站-民间手工艺品（非物质文化遗产-虎头鞋） - Powered by ECShop |url=http://www.hutouxie.cn/ |access-date=2012-06-05 |publisher=Hutouxie.cn}}</ref> Ba a san asalin takalman kai ba, amma akwai tatsuniyoyi da yawa game da su. Takalma na kai-takarda suna da alama ta hanyar fitar da mugayen ruhohi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-01-26 |title=虎头鞋的寓意和传说 浏览文章 大鹏新闻网 |url=http://www.dpcm.cn/html/zhuanti/linshi_gongyi/20100126/8c3f72d2d88aa103.htm |access-date=2012-06-05 |publisher=Dpcm.cn}}</ref> Wadannan suna daya daga cikin tatsuniyoyi: Tun da daɗewa, akwai wata mace da ke da hannu masu basira da hankali. Tana da baiwa sosai a cikin zane-zane, don haka ɗanta koyaushe yana da kyau. Wata dare, wani dodon ya zo ƙauyen kuma ya kama dukkan yaran da ke wurin sai dai ɗanta. Tun daga wannan lokacin mutane sun fara fahimtar cewa takalman da yaron ya sa an yi musu ado da kan damisa a gaba wanda ya tsoratar da dodon, don haka ya bar yaron lafiya. Saboda haka, mutane sun fara yin koyi da wannan al'ada.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=虎头鞋里的故事 |url=http://d.g.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical_kxzy201010009.aspx |access-date=2012-06-05 |publisher=D.g.wanfangdata.com.cn}}</ref> Takalman kai na Tiger sun shahara a Arewacin China, musamman a lardunan Hebei, Henan, Shanxi, Shandong, Shanxi. Yankuna daban-daban sun samar da hanyoyi daban-daban na yin takalma na kai. A kudancin lardin Hebei, an fi sanannun nau'in kayan ado.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-04-20 |title=虎头鞋[邯郸市丛台教育网(丛台区文教体局)&#93; |url=http://www.ctjyw.com.cn/shyyd/ArticleShow.asp?ArticleID=2880 |access-date=2012-07-01 |publisher=Ctjyw.com.cn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-10-20 |title=大学生用虎头鞋创业 年收50多万元(图文)-虎头鞋,鞋,布鞋-制鞋行业-hc360慧聪网 |url=http://info.shoes.hc360.com/2009/10/20105956078-2.shtml |access-date=2012-07-01 |publisher=Info.shoes.hc360.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=申罡 |date=2012-03-07 |title=武香环："虎头鞋"绣出致富路_中国人物 |url=http://news.china.com.cn/txt/2012-03/07/content_24832608.htm |access-date=2012-07-01 |publisher=News.china.com.cn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=永年县"虎头鞋"俏销(图)-河北新闻-河北新闻网 |url=http://zhuanti.hebnews.cn/2012/2012-01/16/content_2491993.htm |access-date=2012-07-01 |publisher=Zhuanti.hebnews.cn}}</ref> A cikin al'adun kasar Sin, ana ganin damisa a matsayin mai ƙarfi da ƙarfi tare da taken "sarkin dabbobi". Don haka, lokacin da aka ambaci shi, mutane za su ji ikon da tsoro. A sakamakon haka, maganganun da suka damisa, kamar kukan damisa (Sinanci: 虎ː; : ), bayyanarsa mai ban tsoro (Sinansi: 虎威; ), da kuma kalmar "mai ƙarfi kamar damisa" (Sinancin: 虎有气) sun kasance, tare da bautar halitta. Lokacin da yaro yake girma, zai fuskanci jerin hatsarori ko ma bala'o'i da yanayi ko al'umma suka haifar. Wadannan hatsarori da bala'o'i suna buƙatar cin nasara, don yaron ya girma lafiya. Saboda haka, ana sa ran ya zama mai girman kai, mai daraja, kuma mai ƙarfi kamar damisa, kuma yana da dukkan halaye na ciki na damisa. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ke tattare da wannan fata shine yin ado da alamu na kawunan damisa a kan yatsun takalma da na sama. == Manazarta == 1dww4j12vte4bb6uls8llfppgdafqcn 884609 884607 2026-07-18T12:12:25Z Hamza tambura 47078 884609 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Child's_shoes,_China,_Shanghai,_Qing_dynasty,_1800s_AD_-_Östasiatiska_museet,_Stockholm_-_DSC09539.JPG|thumb|Takalmin kai na tiger, daular Qing, 1800s AD]] '''Takalman kai na Tiger''' ( {{Lang-zh|}} ) misali ne na [[Chinese folk art|sana'ar gargajiya ta gargajiya ta ƙasar Sin]] da ake amfani da ita a matsayin takalma ga yara. Sunansu ya fito ne daga hular yatsu, wadda take kama da kan damisa. A Arewacin ƙasar Sin, mutane suna kiransu '''takalman kan kuliyoyi''' . A al'adun ƙasar Sin, ana ɗaukar damisa a matsayin abin farin ciki; mutane suna yin ado da kan da saman takalman da zane-zanen kan damisa ko na damisa, da fatan 'ya'yansu za su yi ƙarfi da kuzari kamar damisa. Haka kuma, ana tunanin hoton da ke nuna siffar kan damisa yana korar mugayen ruhohi don kare 'ya'yansu daga cututtuka da bala'o'i. Aiki ne mai rikitarwa don yin takalman kan damisa, akwai ayyukan dinki da yawa masu laushi kamar dinki, ko saƙa kawai a kan takalman. [[takalmi|Mace mai laushi]] (ɓangaren saman takalmin) galibi ana yin su da ja da rawaya, kuma mazauna wurin suna yin su da launin ja da rawaya, kuma mazauna wurin suna yin su da launuka masu haske. yawanci suna amfani da layuka masu kauri don zana layin baki, gira, hanci da idanun damisar don bayyana ikonta ta hanyar da aka wuce gona da iri. <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=邯郸县风俗文化 &#124; 米胖 |url=http://travel.mipang.com/bible/51583 |access-date=2012-06-05 |publisher=Travel.mipang.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=虎头鞋官方网站-民间手工艺品（非物质文化遗产-虎头鞋） - Powered by ECShop |url=http://www.hutouxie.cn/ |access-date=2012-06-05 |publisher=Hutouxie.cn}}</ref> Ba a san asalin takalman kai ba, amma akwai tatsuniyoyi da yawa game da su. Takalma na kai-takarda suna da alama ta hanyar fitar da mugayen ruhohi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-01-26 |title=虎头鞋的寓意和传说 浏览文章 大鹏新闻网 |url=http://www.dpcm.cn/html/zhuanti/linshi_gongyi/20100126/8c3f72d2d88aa103.htm |access-date=2012-06-05 |publisher=Dpcm.cn}}</ref> Wadannan suna daya daga cikin tatsuniyoyi: Tun da daɗewa, akwai wata mace da ke da hannu masu basira da hankali. Tana da baiwa sosai a cikin zane-zane, don haka ɗanta koyaushe yana da kyau. Wata dare, wani dodon ya zo ƙauyen kuma ya kama dukkan yaran da ke wurin sai dai ɗanta. Tun daga wannan lokacin mutane sun fara fahimtar cewa takalman da yaron ya sa an yi musu ado da kan damisa a gaba wanda ya tsoratar da dodon, don haka ya bar yaron lafiya. Saboda haka, mutane sun fara yin koyi da wannan al'ada.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=虎头鞋里的故事 |url=http://d.g.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical_kxzy201010009.aspx |access-date=2012-06-05 |publisher=D.g.wanfangdata.com.cn}}</ref> Takalman kai na Tiger sun shahara a Arewacin China, musamman a lardunan Hebei, Henan, Shanxi, Shandong, Shanxi. Yankuna daban-daban sun samar da hanyoyi daban-daban na yin takalma na kai. A kudancin lardin Hebei, an fi sanannun nau'in kayan ado.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-04-20 |title=虎头鞋[邯郸市丛台教育网(丛台区文教体局)&#93; |url=http://www.ctjyw.com.cn/shyyd/ArticleShow.asp?ArticleID=2880 |access-date=2012-07-01 |publisher=Ctjyw.com.cn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-10-20 |title=大学生用虎头鞋创业 年收50多万元(图文)-虎头鞋,鞋,布鞋-制鞋行业-hc360慧聪网 |url=http://info.shoes.hc360.com/2009/10/20105956078-2.shtml |access-date=2012-07-01 |publisher=Info.shoes.hc360.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=申罡 |date=2012-03-07 |title=武香环："虎头鞋"绣出致富路_中国人物 |url=http://news.china.com.cn/txt/2012-03/07/content_24832608.htm |access-date=2012-07-01 |publisher=News.china.com.cn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=永年县"虎头鞋"俏销(图)-河北新闻-河北新闻网 |url=http://zhuanti.hebnews.cn/2012/2012-01/16/content_2491993.htm |access-date=2012-07-01 |publisher=Zhuanti.hebnews.cn}}</ref> A cikin al'adun kasar Sin, ana ganin damisa a matsayin mai ƙarfi da ƙarfi tare da taken "sarkin dabbobi". Don haka, lokacin da aka ambaci shi, mutane za su ji ikon da tsoro. A sakamakon haka, maganganun da suka damisa, kamar kukan damisa (Sinanci: 虎ː; : ), bayyanarsa mai ban tsoro (Sinansi: 虎威; ), da kuma kalmar "mai ƙarfi kamar damisa" (Sinancin: 虎有气) sun kasance, tare da bautar halitta. Lokacin da yaro yake girma, zai fuskanci jerin hatsarori ko ma bala'o'i da yanayi ko al'umma suka haifar. Wadannan hatsarori da bala'o'i suna buƙatar cin nasara, don yaron ya girma lafiya. Saboda haka, ana sa ran ya zama mai girman kai, mai daraja, kuma mai ƙarfi kamar damisa, kuma yana da dukkan halaye na ciki na damisa. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ke tattare da wannan fata shine yin ado da alamu na kawunan damisa a kan yatsun takalma da na sama. == Manazarta == 7wookrrx4o95hofaw57ly3eled0qkl3 3 161811 884612 2026-07-18T12:40:37Z Cabayi 8435 Cabayi moved page [[Tattaunawar user:Asbazukassg]] to [[Tattaunawar user:Asbssg]]: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/Asbazukassg|Asbazukassg]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/Asbssg|Asbssg]]" 884612 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Tattaunawar user:Asbssg]] k7yg49405tydwxjprtgtvtf85ewku25 0 161812 884614 2026-07-18T12:46:09Z Abusule dankofa 24259 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1361663526|Phyllis Chesler]]" 884614 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Phyllis Chesler''' (an haife ta a ranar 1 ga Oktoba, 1940) marubuciya ce 'yar Amurka, mai ilimin halayyar ɗan adam, kuma farfesa ce ta ƙwazo a fannin [[Ilimin halin dan Adam|ilimin halayyar]] ɗan adam da nazarin mata a Kwalejin Staten Island ( CUNY ). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Chesler |first=Phyllis |date=10 February 2020 |title=Macmillan Publishers |url=https://us.macmillan.com/author/phyllischesler/ |website=Macmillan Publishers}}</ref> Ita shahararriyar masaniyar ilimin halayyar ɗan adam ce ta biyu kuma marubuciyar littattafai 20, gami da mafi kyawun siyarwa ''kamar Women and Madness'' (1972), ''With Child: A Diary of Motherhood'' (1979), da ''An American Bride in Kabul: A Memoir'' (2013). Chesler ta yi rubutu sosai game da batutuwa kamar [[jinsi]], rashin lafiyar kwakwalwa, [[saki]] da kula da yara, maye, rashin lafiyar mata ta biyu, batsa, [[karuwanci]], [[jima'i tsakanin dangi]], da [[cin zarafin mata]] . Chesler ya rubuta ayyuka da dama kan batutuwa kamar nuna wariya ga Yahudawa, [[Mata a musulunchi|mata a Musulunci]], da kuma [[Kashewa da girmamawa|girmama mutane]] . Chesler ya yi jayayya cewa masana da yawa na Yamma, ciki har da masu ra'ayin hagu da masu ra'ayin mata, sun yi watsi da dabi'un Yamma da sunan [[Dangantakar Al'adu|ra'ayin al'adu daban-daban]], kuma wannan ya haifar da kawance da masu ra'ayin Musulunci, karuwar nuna wa Yahudawa kiyayya, da kuma watsi da mata Musulmi da tsirarun addinai a [[Duniyar Musulunci|kasashen da Musulmai suka fi rinjaye]] . == Rayuwa ta sirri == Chesler ita ce babba cikin yara uku da aka rene a cikin wani iyali Yahudawa masu aiki a Brooklyn, New York . Ta halarci Makarantar Ibrananci tun tana da shekaru shida har ta kammala karatunta a Makarantar Sakandare ta Marshalliah Hebrew, wani shiri na bayan makaranta don nazarin Torah, tana da shekaru 14. A lokacin ƙuruciya, ta kasance memba na ƙungiyar matasa ta Socialist-Zionist HaShomer Hatzair, daga baya kuma ƙungiyar matasa ta Zionist mai tsattsauran ra'ayi [[Ain Harod|ta Ain Harod]] . Duk da rashin amincewar iyayenta, ta ci gaba da yin tawaye ga tarbiyyar addininta. Ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta New Utrecht, inda ta kasance editan littafin shekara da kuma mujallar adabi. Ta sami cikakken tallafin karatu a Kwalejin Bard, inda ta haɗu da Ali, wani mutum Musulmi ɗan asalin ƙasar Yamma daga [[Afghanistan]], ɗan iyayensa Musulmi masu ibada. Sun yi aure a wani bikin farar hula a shekarar 1961 a Jihar New York, kuma suka ziyarci [[Kabul]], a cikin babban gidan surukinta mai aure da yawa. Ta yaba da wannan gogewar da ta samu da kuma ƙarfafa mata gwiwa wajen zama mai fafutukar kare hakkin mata. A cewar Chesler, matsalolinta sun fara ne tun lokacin da ta isa Afghanistan. Hukumomin Afghanistan sun tilasta mata mika fasfo ɗinta na Amurka, kuma ta ƙare da zama fursuna ta intanet a gidan surukanta. Chesler ya bayyana wannan a matsayin yadda ake yi wa matan ƙasashen waje. Wasu sun rubuta wannan lamari. Ta ba da rahoton cewa ofishin jakadancin Amurka ya ƙi taimaka mata ta bar ƙasar. Bayan watanni biyar, ta kamu da [[Ciwon Hanta|cutar hepatitis]] kuma ta yi rashin lafiya mai tsanani. A wannan lokacin, surukinta ya amince ya bar ta ta koma Amurka da biza ta wucin gadi. Bayan dawowarta, ta kammala zangon karatunta na ƙarshe kuma ta kammala karatunta na Bard College, ta fara karatun digiri na uku, ta yi aiki a dakin gwaje-gwaje na binciken kwakwalwa na E. Roy John, ta buga bincike a mujallar ''Kimiyya'' <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chesler |first=P. |date=November 1969 |title=Maternal Influence in Learning by Observation in Kittens |journal=Science |volume=166 |issue=3907 |pages=901–903 |bibcode=1969Sci...166..901C |doi=10.1126/science.166.3907.901 |pmid=5345208 |s2cid=683297}}</ref> sannan ta sami gurbin karatu a fannin ilimin halittar jiki a Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya ta New York da ke Asibitin Flower Fifth Avenue. Daga baya ta sami digiri na uku a fannin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam a shekarar 1969 a Makarantar New School for Social Research kuma ta fara aiki a matsayin farfesa, marubuci, da kuma mai ilimin halayyar ɗan adam a fannin aikin sirri. Chesler ta sami takardar soke takardar aurenta daga mijinta na farko kuma ta auri wani Ba’amurke ɗan Isra’ila, wanda ita ma ta sake shi daga baya. Tana da ɗa ɗaya. Ta bayyana dangantakarsu, ciki, haihuwa, da kuma shekararta ta farko a matsayin uwa a cikin ''littafin With Child: A Diary of Motherhood'' . A cikin bugu na 1998, ɗanta ya rubuta gabatarwar littafin. == Sana'a == === Masanin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam === A shekarar 1969, Chesler ta kafa ƙungiyar mata a fannin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam . [1] A shekarar 1972, ta buga mujallar Women and Madness, wadda take ɗauke da taken "cewa akwai matakai biyu na lafiyar kwakwalwa da rashin lafiya kuma galibi ana yi wa mata lakabi da aikin jinsi, launin fata, aji, ko fifikon jima'i". Littafin ya sayar da fiye da kwafi miliyan 3 a duk duniya. [2] Littafin ya sami bita a shafin farko na jaridar New York Times ta Adrienne Rich, wacce ta bayyana shi a matsayin "mai ƙarfi, sauri, hazaka, mai kawo cece-kuce ... gudummawa ta farko ga haɓaka tunanin tabin hankali da ayyukan mata". An shawarci Chesler da lauyoyi, masana ilimin halayyar ɗan adam da kuma likitocin tabin hankali kan batutuwa daban-daban, ciki har da jima'i tsakanin majiyyaci da mai ilimin hanyoyin kwantar da hankali, fyaɗe, jima'i tsakanin dangi, cin zarafin gida, tsarewa, kisan gillar girmamawa, da kuma cin zarafin mata a gidajen yari da cibiyoyin tabin hankali. Tsawon shekaru da yawa ta ci gaba da yin ƙaramin aikin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam kuma a shekarar 1997 ta koyar da wani kwas a fannin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam a Kwalejin John Jay . <ref name="CV">{{Cite web |title=Curriculum Vitae: Phyllis Chesler, PH.D. |url=http://www.phyllis-chesler.com/cv.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903083719/http://www.phyllis-chesler.com/cv.pdf |archive-date=2011-09-03 |access-date=2011-07-12}}</ref> ] A shekarar 1997, ita ce kaɗai ƙwararriyar shaida a cikin ƙarar da aka shigar a kotu a Nebraska a madadin marasa lafiyar tabin hankali mata waɗanda aka ci zarafinsu ta hanyar jima'i, ta jiki, ta lafiya, da ta hankali. A shekarar 1998, ta koyar da wani kwas a fannin Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam da Nazarin Mata a Jami'ar Brandeis . <ref name="CV" /> Daga 2008 zuwa 2012, Chesler ta gabatar da takardun shaida na kotu a shari'o'in da 'yan mata da mata suka gudu aka kashe su aka kuma nemi mafaka a Amurka. [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1940]] fy61q1pr4icvs9bj2yqa7g4ufj4e2iz 884615 884614 2026-07-18T12:46:52Z Abusule dankofa 24259 884615 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Phyllis Chesler''' (an haife ta a ranar 1 ga Oktoba, 1940) marubuciya ce 'yar Amurka, mai ilimin halayyar ɗan adam, kuma farfesa ce ta ƙwazo a fannin [[Ilimin halin dan Adam|ilimin halayyar]] ɗan adam da nazarin mata a Kwalejin Staten Island ( CUNY ). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Chesler |first=Phyllis |date=10 February 2020 |title=Macmillan Publishers |url=https://us.macmillan.com/author/phyllischesler/ |website=Macmillan Publishers}}</ref> Ita shahararriyar masaniyar ilimin halayyar ɗan adam ce ta biyu kuma marubuciyar littattafai 20, gami da mafi kyawun siyarwa ''kamar Women and Madness'' (1972), ''With Child: A Diary of Motherhood'' (1979), da ''An American Bride in Kabul: A Memoir'' (2013). Chesler ta yi rubutu sosai game da batutuwa kamar [[jinsi]], rashin lafiyar kwakwalwa, [[saki]] da kula da yara, maye, rashin lafiyar mata ta biyu, batsa, [[karuwanci]], [[jima'i tsakanin dangi]], da [[cin zarafin mata]] . Chesler ya rubuta ayyuka da dama kan batutuwa kamar nuna wariya ga Yahudawa, [[Mata a musulunchi|mata a Musulunci]], da kuma [[Kashewa da girmamawa|girmama mutane]] . Chesler ya yi jayayya cewa masana da yawa na Yamma, ciki har da masu ra'ayin hagu da masu ra'ayin mata, sun yi watsi da dabi'un Yamma da sunan [[Dangantakar Al'adu|ra'ayin al'adu daban-daban]], kuma wannan ya haifar da kawance da masu ra'ayin Musulunci, karuwar nuna wa Yahudawa kiyayya, da kuma watsi da mata Musulmi da tsirarun addinai a [[Duniyar Musulunci|kasashen da Musulmai suka fi rinjaye]] . == Rayuwa ta sirri == Chesler ita ce babba cikin yara uku da aka rene a cikin wani iyali Yahudawa masu aiki a Brooklyn, New York . Ta halarci Makarantar Ibrananci tun tana da shekaru shida har ta kammala karatunta a Makarantar Sakandare ta Marshalliah Hebrew, wani shiri na bayan makaranta don nazarin Torah, tana da shekaru 14. A lokacin ƙuruciya, ta kasance memba na ƙungiyar matasa ta Socialist-Zionist HaShomer Hatzair, daga baya kuma ƙungiyar matasa ta Zionist mai tsattsauran ra'ayi [[Ain Harod|ta Ain Harod]] . Duk da rashin amincewar iyayenta, ta ci gaba da yin tawaye ga tarbiyyar addininta. Ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta New Utrecht, inda ta kasance editan littafin shekara da kuma mujallar adabi. Ta sami cikakken tallafin karatu a Kwalejin Bard, inda ta haɗu da Ali, wani mutum Musulmi ɗan asalin ƙasar Yamma daga [[Afghanistan]], ɗan iyayensa Musulmi masu ibada. Sun yi aure a wani bikin farar hula a shekarar 1961 a Jihar New York, kuma suka ziyarci [[Kabul]], a cikin babban gidan surukinta mai aure da yawa. Ta yaba da wannan gogewar da ta samu da kuma ƙarfafa mata gwiwa wajen zama mai fafutukar kare hakkin mata. A cewar Chesler, matsalolinta sun fara ne tun lokacin da ta isa Afghanistan. Hukumomin Afghanistan sun tilasta mata mika fasfo ɗinta na Amurka, kuma ta ƙare da zama fursuna ta intanet a gidan surukanta. Chesler ya bayyana wannan a matsayin yadda ake yi wa matan ƙasashen waje. Wasu sun rubuta wannan lamari. Ta ba da rahoton cewa ofishin jakadancin Amurka ya ƙi taimaka mata ta bar ƙasar. Bayan watanni biyar, ta kamu da [[Ciwon Hanta|cutar hepatitis]] kuma ta yi rashin lafiya mai tsanani. A wannan lokacin, surukinta ya amince ya bar ta ta koma Amurka da biza ta wucin gadi. Bayan dawowarta, ta kammala zangon karatunta na ƙarshe kuma ta kammala karatunta na Bard College, ta fara karatun digiri na uku, ta yi aiki a dakin gwaje-gwaje na binciken kwakwalwa na E. Roy John, ta buga bincike a mujallar ''Kimiyya'' <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chesler |first=P. |date=November 1969 |title=Maternal Influence in Learning by Observation in Kittens |journal=Science |volume=166 |issue=3907 |pages=901–903 |bibcode=1969Sci...166..901C |doi=10.1126/science.166.3907.901 |pmid=5345208 |s2cid=683297}}</ref> sannan ta sami gurbin karatu a fannin ilimin halittar jiki a Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya ta New York da ke Asibitin Flower Fifth Avenue. Daga baya ta sami digiri na uku a fannin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam a shekarar 1969 a Makarantar New School for Social Research kuma ta fara aiki a matsayin farfesa, marubuci, da kuma mai ilimin halayyar ɗan adam a fannin aikin sirri. Chesler ta sami takardar soke takardar aurenta daga mijinta na farko kuma ta auri wani Ba’amurke ɗan Isra’ila, wanda ita ma ta sake shi daga baya. Tana da ɗa ɗaya. Ta bayyana dangantakarsu, ciki, haihuwa, da kuma shekararta ta farko a matsayin uwa a cikin ''littafin With Child: A Diary of Motherhood'' . A cikin bugu na 1998, ɗanta ya rubuta gabatarwar littafin. == Sana'a == === Masanin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam === A shekarar 1969, Chesler ta kafa ƙungiyar mata a fannin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam . [1] A shekarar 1972, ta buga mujallar Women and Madness, wadda take ɗauke da taken "cewa akwai matakai biyu na lafiyar kwakwalwa da rashin lafiya kuma galibi ana yi wa mata lakabi da aikin jinsi, launin fata, aji, ko fifikon jima'i". Littafin ya sayar da fiye da kwafi miliyan 3 a duk duniya. [2] Littafin ya sami bita a shafin farko na jaridar New York Times ta Adrienne Rich, wacce ta bayyana shi a matsayin "mai ƙarfi, sauri, hazaka, mai kawo cece-kuce ... gudummawa ta farko ga haɓaka tunanin tabin hankali da ayyukan mata". An shawarci Chesler da lauyoyi, masana ilimin halayyar ɗan adam da kuma likitocin tabin hankali kan batutuwa daban-daban, ciki har da jima'i tsakanin majiyyaci da mai ilimin hanyoyin kwantar da hankali, fyaɗe, jima'i tsakanin dangi, cin zarafin gida, tsarewa, kisan gillar girmamawa, da kuma cin zarafin mata a gidajen yari da cibiyoyin tabin hankali. Tsawon shekaru da yawa ta ci gaba da yin ƙaramin aikin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam kuma a shekarar 1997 ta koyar da wani kwas a fannin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam a Kwalejin John Jay . <ref name="CV">{{Cite web |title=Curriculum Vitae: Phyllis Chesler, PH.D. |url=http://www.phyllis-chesler.com/cv.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903083719/http://www.phyllis-chesler.com/cv.pdf |archive-date=2011-09-03 |access-date=2011-07-12}}</ref> ] A shekarar 1997, ita ce kaɗai ƙwararriyar shaida a cikin ƙarar da aka shigar a kotu a Nebraska a madadin marasa lafiyar tabin hankali mata waɗanda aka ci zarafinsu ta hanyar jima'i, ta jiki, ta lafiya, da ta hankali. A shekarar 1998, ta koyar da wani kwas a fannin Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam da Nazarin Mata a Jami'ar Brandeis . <ref name="CV" /> Daga 2008 zuwa 2012, Chesler ta gabatar da takardun shaida na kotu a shari'o'in da 'yan mata da mata suka gudu aka kashe su aka kuma nemi mafaka a Amurka. [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1940]] ===manazarta=== evdua9lh9py44jds8a1z49wxm78q5ar 0 161813 884616 2026-07-18T12:48:36Z A Sulaiman Z 13085 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357251803|Ozubulu]]" 884616 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ozubulu''' listenⓘ babban gari ne a [[Anambra|Jihar Anambra]], [[Najeriya]] . Shi ne hedkwatar karamar hukumar [[Ekwusigo]]. Garin yana da ofishin gidan waya na hukuma.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Post Offices- with map of LGA |url=http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121126042849/http://www.nipost.gov.ng/postcode.aspx |archive-date=2012-11-26 |access-date=2009-10-20 |publisher=NIPOST}}</ref> Garuruwan da ke makwabtaka da ita sune [[Nnewi]], [[Ukpor]], Ihembosi, Okija, [[Ogbaru]], Atani da Oraifite . Addinin asali shine Omenana; bauta wa gumaka na kakanninmu. Bayan mulkin mallaka daga Turawan Ingila, mutane da yawa sun koma Kiristanci, amma mutane da yawa suna girmama Omenana.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2026}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2026)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Garin yana da manyan al'ummomi huɗu: Amakwa, Egbema, Eziora, da Nza . == Yanayi == A Ozubulu, lokacin ruwan sama yana da dumi, mai zalunci, kuma yana da duhu. Mutane suna da matukar damuwa a aikin gona a wannan lokacin. Lokacin fari yana da zafi, mai laushi, kuma yana da wani ɓangare na girgije. A cikin shekara, zafin jiki yawanci ya bambanta daga 67 ° F zuwa 88 ° F, kuma yana da wuya a kasa da 59 ° F ko sama da 91 ° F.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ozubulu Climate, Weather By Month, Average Temperature (Nigeria) - Weather Spark |url=https://weatherspark.com/y/52914/Average-Weather-in-Ozubulu-Nigeria-Year-Round |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=weatherspark.com |language=en}}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; == Shahararrun mutane == * [[Zubby Michael]], ɗan wasan kwaikwayo kuma mai shirya fim. * [[Kenneth Ifekudu]] ɗan kasuwa ne na OFR. * Jerome Udoji CFR, CMG, Lauyan, masanin tattalin arziki, mai ba da agaji da marubuci. * Chukwuma Mathias Nwafor CON sanata wakiltar yankin Sanata na Anambra ta Kudu 1992. * Vincent Ikeotuonye. Gidan reps. memba a cikin 60s. * Mai girma Peter Ifeanyi Uzokwe. Gidan reps. memba. * DR Nnaeto Orazulike. Kasuwancin Mogul. * Hon. Uchenna Clement Eleodim intu MHR * Cif Oscar Udoji tsohon shugaban CPC da shugaban APC kuma ɗan Cif Jerome Udoji, babban ɗan Najeriya. * Archbishop Jude Thaddeus Okoro Apostolic Nuncio ga Paparoma. * Bishop Martin Uzoukwu Bishop na Minna Diocese. * Alloysius Ikegwuonu Wani babban dan kasuwa ne. * Arthur Chinyelu Unegbe, babban jami'in soja na Jamhuriyar farko wanda ya kasance Quarter Master Janar wanda ke kula da Amoury na Najeriya a cikin shekarun 1960 kafin masu makircin juyin mulki su kashe shi a 1966 Coup De Tat . == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} a3xf4hkcrx3412tr5ahlgrtibme3g9w 884618 884616 2026-07-18T12:49:10Z A Sulaiman Z 13085 884618 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ozubulu''' listenⓘ babban gari ne a [[Anambra|Jihar Anambra]], [[Najeriya]] . Shi ne hedkwatar karamar hukumar [[Ekwusigo]]. Garin yana da ofishin gidan waya na hukuma.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Post Offices- with map of LGA |url=http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121126042849/http://www.nipost.gov.ng/postcode.aspx |archive-date=2012-11-26 |access-date=2009-10-20 |publisher=NIPOST}}</ref> Garuruwan da ke makwabtaka da ita sune [[Nnewi]], [[Ukpor]], Ihembosi, Okija, [[Ogbaru]], Atani da Oraifite . Addinin asali shine Omenana; bauta wa gumaka na kakanninmu. Bayan mulkin mallaka daga Turawan Ingila, mutane da yawa sun koma Kiristanci, amma mutane da yawa suna girmama Omenana.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2026}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2026)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Garin yana da manyan al'ummomi huɗu: Amakwa, Egbema, Eziora, da Nza . == Yanayi == A Ozubulu, lokacin ruwan sama yana da dumi, mai zalunci, kuma yana da duhu. Mutane suna da matukar damuwa a aikin gona a wannan lokacin. Lokacin fari yana da zafi, mai laushi, kuma yana da wani ɓangare na girgije. A cikin shekara, zafin jiki yawanci ya bambanta daga 67 ° F zuwa 88 ° F, kuma yana da wuya a kasa da 59 ° F ko sama da 91 ° F.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ozubulu Climate, Weather By Month, Average Temperature (Nigeria) - Weather Spark |url=https://weatherspark.com/y/52914/Average-Weather-in-Ozubulu-Nigeria-Year-Round |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=weatherspark.com |language=en}}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; == Shahararrun mutane == * [[Zubby Michael]], ɗan wasan kwaikwayo kuma mai shirya fim. * [[Kenneth Ifekudu]] ɗan kasuwa ne na OFR. * Jerome Udoji CFR, CMG, Lauyan, masanin tattalin arziki, mai ba da agaji da marubuci. * Chukwuma Mathias Nwafor CON sanata wakiltar yankin Sanata na Anambra ta Kudu 1992. * Vincent Ikeotuonye. Gidan reps. memba a cikin 60s. * Mai girma Peter Ifeanyi Uzokwe. Gidan reps. memba. * DR Nnaeto Orazulike. Kasuwancin Mogul. * Hon. Uchenna Clement Eleodim intu MHR * Cif Oscar Udoji tsohon shugaban CPC da shugaban APC kuma ɗan Cif Jerome Udoji, babban ɗan Najeriya. * Archbishop Jude Thaddeus Okoro Apostolic Nuncio ga Paparoma. * Bishop Martin Uzoukwu Bishop na Minna Diocese. * Alloysius Ikegwuonu Wani babban dan kasuwa ne. * Arthur Chinyelu Unegbe, babban jami'in soja na Jamhuriyar farko wanda ya kasance Quarter Master Janar wanda ke kula da Amoury na Najeriya a cikin shekarun 1960 kafin masu makircin juyin mulki su kashe shi a 1966 Coup De Tat . == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} iqsq6f3zz7a6dk0unxf9l3b2gj4rywj 884620 884618 2026-07-18T12:50:16Z A Sulaiman Z 13085 884620 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ozubulu''' listenⓘ babban gari ne a [[Anambra|Jihar Anambra]], [[Najeriya]] . Shi ne hedkwatar karamar hukumar [[Ekwusigo]]. Garin yana da ofishin gidan waya na hukuma.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Post Offices- with map of LGA |url=http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121126042849/http://www.nipost.gov.ng/postcode.aspx |archive-date=2012-11-26 |access-date=2009-10-20 |publisher=NIPOST}}</ref> Garuruwan da ke makwabtaka da ita sune [[Nnewi]], [[Ukpor]], Ihembosi, Okija, [[Ogbaru]], Atani da Oraifite . Addinin asali shine Omenana; bauta wa gumaka na kakanninmu. Bayan mulkin mallaka daga Turawan Ingila, mutane da yawa sun koma Kiristanci, amma mutane da yawa suna girmama Omenana.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2026}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2026)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Garin yana da manyan al'ummomi huɗu: Amakwa, Egbema, Eziora, da Nza .<ref>[https://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/08/drug-war-spills-anambra-church-35-killed-scores-injured/amp/ Ozubulu massacre news]</ref> == Yanayi == A Ozubulu, lokacin ruwan sama yana da dumi, mai zalunci, kuma yana da duhu. Mutane suna da matukar damuwa a aikin gona a wannan lokacin. Lokacin fari yana da zafi, mai laushi, kuma yana da wani ɓangare na girgije. A cikin shekara, zafin jiki yawanci ya bambanta daga 67 ° F zuwa 88 ° F, kuma yana da wuya a kasa da 59 ° F ko sama da 91 ° F.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ozubulu Climate, Weather By Month, Average Temperature (Nigeria) - Weather Spark |url=https://weatherspark.com/y/52914/Average-Weather-in-Ozubulu-Nigeria-Year-Round |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=weatherspark.com |language=en}}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; == Shahararrun mutane == * [[Zubby Michael]], ɗan wasan kwaikwayo kuma mai shirya fim. * [[Kenneth Ifekudu]] ɗan kasuwa ne na OFR. * Jerome Udoji CFR, CMG, Lauyan, masanin tattalin arziki, mai ba da agaji da marubuci. * Chukwuma Mathias Nwafor CON sanata wakiltar yankin Sanata na Anambra ta Kudu 1992. * Vincent Ikeotuonye. Gidan reps. memba a cikin 60s. * Mai girma Peter Ifeanyi Uzokwe. Gidan reps. memba. * DR Nnaeto Orazulike. Kasuwancin Mogul. * Hon. Uchenna Clement Eleodim intu MHR * Cif Oscar Udoji tsohon shugaban CPC da shugaban APC kuma ɗan Cif Jerome Udoji, babban ɗan Najeriya. * Archbishop Jude Thaddeus Okoro Apostolic Nuncio ga Paparoma. * Bishop Martin Uzoukwu Bishop na Minna Diocese. * Alloysius Ikegwuonu Wani babban dan kasuwa ne. * Arthur Chinyelu Unegbe, babban jami'in soja na Jamhuriyar farko wanda ya kasance Quarter Master Janar wanda ke kula da Amoury na Najeriya a cikin shekarun 1960 kafin masu makircin juyin mulki su kashe shi a 1966 Coup De Tat . == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} knh5nbhp6rh2uepefgqfpwqg4thwcva 884621 884620 2026-07-18T12:50:57Z A Sulaiman Z 13085 884621 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ozubulu''' babban gari ne a [[Anambra|Jihar Anambra]], [[Najeriya]] . Shi ne hedkwatar karamar hukumar [[Ekwusigo]]. Garin yana da ofishin gidan waya na hukuma.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Post Offices- with map of LGA |url=http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121126042849/http://www.nipost.gov.ng/postcode.aspx |archive-date=2012-11-26 |access-date=2009-10-20 |publisher=NIPOST}}</ref> Garuruwan da ke makwabtaka da ita sune [[Nnewi]], [[Ukpor]], Ihembosi, Okija, [[Ogbaru]], Atani da Oraifite . Addinin asali shine Omenana; bauta wa gumaka na kakanninmu. Bayan mulkin mallaka daga Turawan Ingila, mutane da yawa sun koma Kiristanci, amma mutane da yawa suna girmama Omenana. Garin yana da manyan al'ummomi huɗu: Amakwa, Egbema, Eziora, da Nza .<ref>[https://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/08/drug-war-spills-anambra-church-35-killed-scores-injured/amp/ Ozubulu massacre news]</ref> == Yanayi == A Ozubulu, lokacin ruwan sama yana da dumi, mai zalunci, kuma yana da duhu. Mutane suna da matukar damuwa a aikin gona a wannan lokacin. Lokacin fari yana da zafi, mai laushi, kuma yana da wani ɓangare na girgije. A cikin shekara, zafin jiki yawanci ya bambanta daga 67 ° F zuwa 88 ° F, kuma yana da wuya a kasa da 59 ° F ko sama da 91 ° F.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ozubulu Climate, Weather By Month, Average Temperature (Nigeria) - Weather Spark |url=https://weatherspark.com/y/52914/Average-Weather-in-Ozubulu-Nigeria-Year-Round |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=weatherspark.com |language=en}}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; == Shahararrun mutane == * [[Zubby Michael]], ɗan wasan kwaikwayo kuma mai shirya fim. * [[Kenneth Ifekudu]] ɗan kasuwa ne na OFR. * Jerome Udoji CFR, CMG, Lauyan, masanin tattalin arziki, mai ba da agaji da marubuci. * Chukwuma Mathias Nwafor CON sanata wakiltar yankin Sanata na Anambra ta Kudu 1992. * Vincent Ikeotuonye. Gidan reps. memba a cikin 60s. * Mai girma Peter Ifeanyi Uzokwe. Gidan reps. memba. * DR Nnaeto Orazulike. Kasuwancin Mogul. * Hon. Uchenna Clement Eleodim intu MHR * Cif Oscar Udoji tsohon shugaban CPC da shugaban APC kuma ɗan Cif Jerome Udoji, babban ɗan Najeriya. * Archbishop Jude Thaddeus Okoro Apostolic Nuncio ga Paparoma. * Bishop Martin Uzoukwu Bishop na Minna Diocese. * Alloysius Ikegwuonu Wani babban dan kasuwa ne. * Arthur Chinyelu Unegbe, babban jami'in soja na Jamhuriyar farko wanda ya kasance Quarter Master Janar wanda ke kula da Amoury na Najeriya a cikin shekarun 1960 kafin masu makircin juyin mulki su kashe shi a 1966 Coup De Tat . == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} lwvn5zlkkk081jg41vzgs44u3amypkn 884623 884621 2026-07-18T12:52:37Z A Sulaiman Z 13085 884623 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ozubulu''' {{Audio|LL-Q33578 (ibo)-Chinwoke 01-Ozubulu.wav|saurara|help=no}} babban gari ne a [[Anambra|Jihar Anambra]], [[Najeriya]] . Shi ne hedkwatar karamar hukumar [[Ekwusigo]]. Garin yana da ofishin gidan waya na hukuma.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Post Offices- with map of LGA |url=http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121126042849/http://www.nipost.gov.ng/postcode.aspx |archive-date=2012-11-26 |access-date=2009-10-20 |publisher=NIPOST}}</ref> Garuruwan da ke makwabtaka da ita sune [[Nnewi]], [[Ukpor]], Ihembosi, Okija, [[Ogbaru]], Atani da Oraifite . Addinin asali shine Omenana; bauta wa gumaka na kakanninmu. Bayan mulkin mallaka daga Turawan Ingila, mutane da yawa sun koma Kiristanci, amma mutane da yawa suna girmama Omenana. Garin yana da manyan al'ummomi huɗu: Amakwa, Egbema, Eziora, da Nza .<ref>[https://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/08/drug-war-spills-anambra-church-35-killed-scores-injured/amp/ Ozubulu massacre news]</ref> == Yanayi == A Ozubulu, lokacin ruwan sama yana da dumi, mai zalunci, kuma yana da duhu. Mutane suna da matukar damuwa a aikin gona a wannan lokacin. Lokacin fari yana da zafi, mai laushi, kuma yana da wani ɓangare na girgije. A cikin shekara, zafin jiki yawanci ya bambanta daga 67 ° F zuwa 88 ° F, kuma yana da wuya a kasa da 59 ° F ko sama da 91 ° F.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ozubulu Climate, Weather By Month, Average Temperature (Nigeria) - Weather Spark |url=https://weatherspark.com/y/52914/Average-Weather-in-Ozubulu-Nigeria-Year-Round |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=weatherspark.com |language=en}}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; == Shahararrun mutane == * [[Zubby Michael]], ɗan wasan kwaikwayo kuma mai shirya fim. * [[Kenneth Ifekudu]] ɗan kasuwa ne na OFR. * Jerome Udoji CFR, CMG, Lauyan, masanin tattalin arziki, mai ba da agaji da marubuci. * Chukwuma Mathias Nwafor CON sanata wakiltar yankin Sanata na Anambra ta Kudu 1992. * Vincent Ikeotuonye. Gidan reps. memba a cikin 60s. * Mai girma Peter Ifeanyi Uzokwe. Gidan reps. memba. * DR Nnaeto Orazulike. Kasuwancin Mogul. * Hon. Uchenna Clement Eleodim intu MHR * Cif Oscar Udoji tsohon shugaban CPC da shugaban APC kuma ɗan Cif Jerome Udoji, babban ɗan Najeriya. * Archbishop Jude Thaddeus Okoro Apostolic Nuncio ga Paparoma. * Bishop Martin Uzoukwu Bishop na Minna Diocese. * Alloysius Ikegwuonu Wani babban dan kasuwa ne. * Arthur Chinyelu Unegbe, babban jami'in soja na Jamhuriyar farko wanda ya kasance Quarter Master Janar wanda ke kula da Amoury na Najeriya a cikin shekarun 1960 kafin masu makircin juyin mulki su kashe shi a 1966 Coup De Tat . == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 4bjkl7op2mgxfyzuln6u9wqw2fvjzv2 0 161814 884617 2026-07-18T12:49:01Z Abusule dankofa 24259 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1363963787|Phyllis]]" 884617 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Women_of_distinction_-_Phillis_Wheatley.jpg|right|thumb|Phillis Wheatley (1753–1784), mawaƙin Amurka ɗan Afirka.]] [[Fayil:Phyllis_Rankin01_(cropped).JPG|right|thumb|Fitacciyar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta Amurka Phyllis Rankin (1874–1934).]] [[Fayil:Thomas_Cooper_Gotch_-_My_Crown_And_Sceptre_1891.jpg|right|thumb|Phyllis Marion Gotch (1882–1963), ta tsaya don hoton 1892 mai taken ''My Crown and Scepter'' na mahaifinta Thomas Cooper Gotch .]] [[Fayil:Phylllis_Haver_(1922_still).jpg|right|thumb|American actress Phyllis Haver (1899–1960) in 1922.]] [[File:Phyllis_McCarthy00.jpg|right|thumb|Phyllis McCarthy, mai kiwon dabbobin Rhodesian Ridgeback ta Afirka ta Kudu (1903-1986).]] [[Fayil:Phyllis_Diller_by_Allan_Warren.jpg|right|thumb|Fitacciyar 'yar wasan barkwanci 'yar Amurka Phyllis Diller (1917–2012).]] [[Fayil:P._D._James_1984.jpg|right|thumb|Marubucin wani labari mai ban mamaki na Birtaniya PD James (1920–2014) wanda aka ɗauki hotonsa a shekarar 1984.]] [[Fayil:Activist_Phyllis_Schafly_wearing_a_"Stop_ERA"_badge,_demonstrating_with_other_women_against_the_Equal_Rights_Amendment_in_front_of_the_White_House,_Washington,_D.C._(42219314092)_(cropped_2).jpg|right|thumb|Mai fafutukar ra'ayin mazan jiya kuma lauya 'yar Amurka [[Phyllis Schlafly]] (1924–2016), wacce aka ɗauki hotonta a shekarar 1977.]] '''Phyllis''' ko '''Phillis''' suna ne na mata wanda asalinsa Girkanci ne, ma'ana ''ganye'' . Phyllis ƙarama ce a cikin tatsuniyoyin Girkawa wadda ta kashe kanta cikin damuwa lokacin da Demophon na Athens bai dawo gare ta ba, kuma alloli suka canza ta zuwa itacen almond . Phillida, Phyllicia, da Phyllida duk nau'ikan suna ne. <ref>{{Cite book|last3=}}</ref> == Amfani == Sunan ya kasance ana amfani da shi a zamanin yau tun ƙarni na 17 lokacin da, sau da yawa ana rubuta shi da Phillis, mawakan Ingila John Wilmot, Earl na 2 na Rochester, da Matthew Prior, wataƙila an ɗauko shi daga wanda ake zargin uwargidan Aristotle ne, ko wasu misalai na gargajiya. Mawakiyar Ba'amurke 'yar Afirka Phillis Wheatley (1753–1784), wacce aka kama ta aka bauta a Amurka kuma daga baya aka 'yantar da ita, bayinta suka sanya mata suna Phillis bayan jirgin bayi da ta isa. Phillis sanannen suna ne ga mata tsakanin matan da aka bautar a Amurka. A cikin rubutun Phyllis, sunan ya shahara a ƙarshen shekarun 1800 bayan shahararriyar marubuciyar Irish Margaret Wolfe Hungerford ta yi amfani da shi don jarumar littafin soyayyarta na 1877 Phyllis, Duchess . Sunan Phyllis yana cikin manyan sunaye 1,000 ga jarirai 'yan mata a Amurka a 1880 kuma an ƙara amfani da shi a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 da farkon ƙarni na 20. Shahararriyar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta Amurka Phyllis Haver (1899–1960) ita ma ta ɗaga martabar sunan. Phyllis tana cikin manyan sunaye 100 na 'yan matan Amurka a shekarar 1915 kuma ta sami karɓuwa sosai a shekarar 1929 a matsayin suna na 24 mafi shahara ga 'yan matan Amurka. Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan sunaye 1,000 na 'yan matan Amurka har zuwa 1950 sannan aka ƙi amfani da su. Sunan ya kuma shahara a ƙasashen Anglosphere, kamar Ostiraliya, Kanada, New Zealand, da Burtaniya, a farkon ƙarni na 20. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Meaning, origin and history of the name Phyllis |url=https://www.behindthename.com/name/phyllis}}</ref> == Halayen tatsuniyoyi da na almara == * Taken labarin Phyllis da Aristotle a cikin tatsuniyar zamanin da * Phyllis (tatsuniya), matar Demophon, sarkin Athens * Phyllis (allahn kogi) * Phyllis, matar Ereuthalion * Phyllis, mahaifiyar Trojan Alcaeus, ta yi fice a == Mata == * Phyllis Ackerman (1893–1977), American art historian, interior designer and author * Phyllis B. Acosta (1933–2018), American public health researcher * Phyllis Adams (born c. 1964 or 1965), American soprano vocalist and flight attendant * Phyllis Allen (1861–1938), American vaudeville and silent screen comedian * Phyllis Shand Allfrey (1908–1986), West Indian writer, socialist activist, newspaper editor, and politician * Phyllis Arkle (1910–1997), English author of children's books * Phyllis Margery Anderson (1901–1957), Australian pathologist * Phyllis Aronoff, Canadian literary translator * Phyllis Avery (1922–2011), American actress * Phyllis A. Balch (1930–2004), American nutritionist and author * Phyllis Baldino (born 1956), American visual artist * Phyllis Barber (born 1943), American writer * Phyllis Bardeau (1934–2023), American Seneca author, educator, and lexicographer * Phyllis Barnhart (1922–2008), American animator and cel painter * Phyllis Barry (1908–1954), English film actress * Phyllis Bartholomew (1914–2002), English long jumper * Phyllis Battelle (1922–2005), American journalist * Phyllis Bedells (1893-–1985), British ballerina and dance teacher * Phyllis Bennis (born 1951), American Jewish writer, activist, and political commentator * Phyllis Bentley (1894–1977), English novelist * Phyllis Berman (born 1942), American co-founder of the Riverside Language Program in New York City * Phyllis Drummond Bethune (1899–1982), New Zealand artist * Phyllis Bird (born 1934), American feminist scholar in biblical hermeneutics * Phyllis Birkby (1932–1994), American architect * Phyllis Blackwell (born 1957), American professional tennis player * [[Phyllis Blakeley]] (1922–1986), Canadian historian, biographer and archivist * Phyllis Blythe (1912–2001), British actress known as Jenny Laird * Phyllis Pray Bober (1920–2002), American art historian, scholar, and author * Phyllis Bolds (1932–2018), American physicist * Phyllis Bone (1894–1972), Scottish sculptor * Phyllis Bookout (1935–1964), American baseball player * Phyllis Borzi, American government official * Phyllis Bottome (1884–1963), British novelist and short story writer * Phyllis Boyens (1947–2009), American folk singer and actress * Phyllis Bramson (born 1941), American artist * Phyllis Brooks (1915–1995), American actress and model * Phyllis Calvert (1915–2002), British actress * Phyllis Campbell (1894–?), Australian-born World War I nurse and writer * Phyllis Cook Carlisle (1912–1954), Canadian architect * Phyllis Carlson, American baseball player * Phyllis Chan (born 1991), Canadian badminton player * Phyllis Chase (c. 1897–c. 1977), English illustrator * [[Phyllis Chemutai]] (born 1962), Ugandan politician * Phyllis Chen (born 1978), American composer, sound artist, and pianist * Phyllis Chesler (born 1940), American writer, psychotherapist, and professor * [[Phyllis Christian|Phyllis M. Christian]] (born 1956), Ghanaian lawyer and consultant * Phyllis Cilento (1894–1987), Australian doctor and medical journalist * Phyllis Clare (1905–1947), British actress * Phyllis Cleveland, American politician * Phyllis Coard (1943–2020), Jamaican-Grenadian revolutionary and politician * [[Phyllis Coates]], stage name of American actress Gypsie Ann Evarts Stell (born 1927) * Phyllis Covell (1895–1982), British tennis player * Phyllis Crane (1914–1982), Canadian-born American film actress * Phyllis Mae Dailey (1919–1976), first African American woman United States Navy nurse and officer * Phyllis Dalton (1925–2025), British costume designer * Phyllis Danaher (1908–1991), Australian dancer, teacher of dance and choreographer * Phyllis Dare (1890–1975), English actress and singer * Phyllis Davis (1940–2013), American actress * Phyllis Worthy Dawkins (born 1953), American academic administrator * Phyllis Dawson (born 1957), American Olympic equestrian * Phyllis Dewar (1916–1961), Canadian Olympic swimmer * Phyllis Diller (1917–2012), American actress/comedian * Phyllis Dillon (1944–2004), Jamaican rocksteady and reggae singer * Phyllis Dixey (1914–1964), English singer, actress, dancer, and impresario * Phyllis Draper (1907-2000), American paleoecologist * Phyllis Duganne (1899–1976), American writer * Phyllis Duguid (1904–1993), Australian teacher and Aboriginal rights and women's activist * Phyllis Edness (1930–before 2007), Bermudian Olympic sprinter * Phyllis Eisenstein (1946–2020), American writer * Phyllis Ellis (born 1959), Canadian hockey player, actor, and director * Phyllis M. Faber (1928–2023), American environmental activist and agriculture botanist * Phyllis Faria (1924–2018), Indian politician * Phyllis Fox (1923–2017), American mathematician, electrical engineer and computer scientist * [[Phyllis Francis]] (born 1992), American track and field athlete * Phyllis Fraser, stage name of American socialite, writer, publisher, and actress Helen Brown Nichols (1916–2006) * Phyllis Frelich (1944–2014), American Deaf actress * Phyllis Friend (1922–2013), British nurse and nursing officer * Phyllis Frost (1917–2004), Australian welfare worker and philanthropist * Phyllis Frye (born 1948), American judge * Phyllis Gardner (British writer) (1890–1939), British writer, artist, and noted breeder of Irish Wolfhounds * Phyllis Gardner (clinical pharmacologist) (born 1950), American physician and professor * Phyllis Gates (1925–2006), American secretary and interior decorator, former wife of actor Rock Hudson * Phyllis George (1949–2020), American businesswoman, actress, and sportscaster * Phyllis Gilmore (1945–2021), American politician * Phyllis Ginger (1907–2005), British artist and illustrator * Phyllis Goodhart Gordan (1913–1994), American scholar, collector, and philanthropist * Phyllis Gordon (1889–1964), American actress * Phyllis Marion Gotch (1882–1963), British artist model, singer, author, and community activist * [[Phyllis Gotlieb]] (1926–2009), Canadian writer * Phyllis E. Grann (born 1937), American publisher and editor * [[Phyllis Green]], American artist and educator * Phyllis Greenacre (1894–1989), American psychoanalyst and physician * Phyllis Grosskurth (1924–2015), Canadian academic, writer, and literary critic * Phyllis Guthardt (1929–2023), New Zealand Methodist minister and women's leader * Phyllis Haislip (born 1944), American author and historian * Phyllis J. Hamilton (born 1952), American judge * Phyllis Harding (1907–1992), British Olympic swimmer * Phyllis Harmon (1916–2016), American bicycle enthusiast * Phyllis Hartnoll (1906–1997), British poet, author and editor * Phyllis Haslam (1913–1991), Indian-Canadian swimmer and social worker * Phyllis Haver (1899–1960), American actress * Phyllis Hetzel (1918–2011), British civil servant and university administrator * Phyllis Hill (1920–1993), American dancer and actress * Phyllis Gomda Hsi (1938–2023), Taiwanese vocalist and music educator * Phyllis Hyman (1949–1995), American jazz singer * Phylis Lee Isley, birth name of Jennifer Jones (1919–2009), American film actress * Phyllis Jacobson (1922–2010), American socialist * P. D. James (1920–2014), English crime fiction writer * [[Phylis Jepkemoi]], Kenyan politician * Phyllis Joffe (c. 1943 or 1944-2002), American radio and television producer, journalist, and educator * Phyllis Johnson (1886–1967), British Olympic figure skater * Phyllis T. Johnson (born 1926), American parasitologist, virologist, and marine biologist * Phyllis Kaberry (1910–1977), Australian anthropologist * Phyllis Kahn (born 1937), American politician * Phyllis Ann Karr (born 1944), American author * Phyllis Kennedy (1914–1998), American film actress * Phyllis Gutiérrez Kenney (1936–2025), American politician * Phyllis Kernick (1924–2009), American politician * Phyllis Margaret Tookey Kerridge (1901–1940), British chemist and physiologist * Phyllis Kind (1933–2018), American art dealer * Phyllis Kipp (died 1984), American politician * Phyllis Mudford King (1905–2006), English tennis player * Phyllis King, British poet and children's author * Phyllis Kirk (1927–2006), American actress * Phyllis Konstam (1907–1976), English film actress * Phyllis Krasilovsky (1926–2014), American writer of children's books * Phyllis A. Kravitch (1920–2017), American judge * Phyllis Kyomuhendo, Ugandan entrepreneur * Phyllis La Fond, American singer * Phyllis Lambert (born 1927), Canadian architect and philanthropist * Phyllis Lamphere (1922–2018), American politician and civic activist * [[Phyllis Latour]] (1921–2023), South African-born agent of the British Special Operations Executive in France during the Second World War * Phyllis Louise Lawrence (1868–1912), British philanthropist * Phyllis Lightbourn-Jones (born 1928), Bermudian Olympic sprinter and long jumper * Phyllis Litoff (1938–2002), American singer, jazz impresario, and artistic director * Phyllis Logan (born 1956), Scottish actress * Phyllis Love (1925–2011), American actress * Phyllis Lyon (1924–2020), American lesbian rights activist * Phyllis Stadler Lyon, American former field hockey player * Phyllis Marshall (1921–1996), Canadian singer and actress * Phyllis Matthewman (1896–1979), British writer of children's books * Phyllis McAlpine (1941–1998), Canadian geneticist * Phyllis McCarthy (1903–1986), South African breeder of and authority on Rhodesian Ridgeback dogs * Phyllis McDonagh (1900–1978), Australian film producer, production designer, and journalist * Phyllis McGinley (1905–1978), American author * Phyllis McGuire (1931–2020), American singer * Phyllis McKie, Canadian historian and photographer * Phyllis W. McQuaid (1928–2023), American politician * Phyllis Moen (born 1942), American sociologist * Phyllis Morris (actress) (1894–1982), English dramatist, children's writer and actress * Phyllis Morris (furniture designer) (1925–1988), American furniture designer * Phyllis Morse (born 1934), American archaeologist * Phyllis Digby Morton (1901–1984), British fashion journalist and editor * Phyllis Munday (1894–1990), Canadian mountaineer, explorer, naturalist and humanitarian * Phyllis Murphy (1924–2025), Australian architect * Phyllis Nagy (born 1962), American screenwriter/director * Phyllis Reynolds Naylor (born 1933), American writer * [[Phyllis Ndlovu]] (died 2022), Zimbabwean politician * Phyllis Neilson-Terry (1892–1977), English actress * Phyllis Nelson (1950–1998), American singer * Phyllis Newman (1933–2019), American actress * Phyllis Nicol (1908–1999), British athlete * Phyllis Mary Nicol (1903–1964), Australian physics professor * Phyllis Nicolson (1917–1968), British mathematician and physicist * [[Phyllis Ntantala-Jordan]] (1920–2016), South African political activist and author * Phyllis E. Oakley (1934–2022), American diplomat * Phyllis O'Donnell (1937–2024), Australian surfer * [[Phyllis Omido]] (born c. 1978), Kenyan environmentalist * Phyll Opoku-Gyimah (born 1974), British political activist * Phyllis Osei, Ghanaian police officer * [[Phyllis Paul]] (1903–1973), English novelist * Phyllis Pearsall (1906–1996), British creator of the ''A to Z'' map of London * Phyllis Piddington (1910–2001), Australian writer * Phyllis Tilson Piotrow (born 1933), American academic * Phyllis Povah (1893–1975), American actress * Phyllis Quek (born 1972), Malaysian-based Singaporean actress * Phyllis Randall (born c. 1964 or 1965), American politician and mental-health therapist * Phyllis Rankin (1874–1934), American actress and singer * Phyllis Rappeport (1929–2020), American pianist, teacher, and chamber musician * Phyllis Reeve (born 1938), Fijian born Canadian librarian and marina operator * Phyllis Richmond (1921–1997), American librarian and historian of science * Phyllis Roberts (1916–?), British sculptor and painter * Phyllis Rose (born 1942), American literary critic, essayist, biographer, and educator * Phyllis Rountree (1911–1994), Australian microbiologist and bacteriologist * Phyllis Rutledge (1932–2015), American politician * [[Phyllis Ryan]] (1895–1983), Irish chemist and nationalist, the second wife of President of Ireland Seán T. O'Kelly * Phyllis Satterthwaite (1886–1962), British tennis player * [[Phyllis Schlafly]] (1924–2016), American writer and conservative activist * Phyllis Schneck, American executive and cybersecurity professional * Phyllis Schneider, Canadian developmental psycholinguist * Phyllis Sellick (1911–2007), British pianist and teacher * Phyllis Shannaw (1901–1988), English actress * Phyllis Sheffield (1916–2015), American photographer * Phyllis Sinclair, Canadian Cree folk singer-songwriter * Phyllis Sjöström (1888–1964), British-born opera singer * Phyllis Smith (born 1949), American actress and casting director * Phyllis Somerville (1943–2020), American actress * Phyllis A. Spiegel, American Episcopal bishop * Phyllis Spira (1943–2008), South African ballet dancer * Phyllis Stabeno, American physical oceanographer * Phyllis Stanley (1914–1992), British actress * Phyllis Stern (1925–2014), American registered nurse, college professor and nursing theorist * Phyllis Yvonne Stickney (born 1957), American actress and comedian * Phyllis Taloikwai, senior government official in the Solomon Islands * Phyllis Tate (1911–1987), English composer * Phyllis Terrell (1898–1989), American suffragist and civil rights activist * Phyllis Thaxter (1919–2012), American actress * Phyllis D. Thompson (born 1952), American judge * Phyllis Treigle (born 1960), American soprano * Phyllis Trible (born 1932), American feminist biblical scholar * Phyllis Tuchman (born 1947), American art historian, critic and author * Phyllis Wallbank (1918–2020), British educationalist * Phyllis Webb (1927–2021), Canadian poet and broadcaster * Phyllis Webstad (born 1967), Canadian author and activist * Phyllis Weliver, American academic * Phillis Wheatley (1753–1784), first African-American published poet * Phyllis A. Whitney (1903–2008), American mystery writer * Phyllis Williams (1905–1993), New Zealand singer and horsewoman * [[Phyllis J. Wilson]], American military officer * Phyllis Wise, American biomedical researcher and academic * Phyllis Wylie (1911–2012), English amateur golfer * Phyllis Yaffe (born 1949), Canadian politician and media executive * Phyllis Brett Young (1914–1996), Canadian novelist * [[Phyllis Young]] American Lakota/Dakota activist * Phyllis Zagano (born 1947), American author and academic * [[Phyllis Zee]], American neurologist * Phyllis Zimmerman (1934–2012), American composer, choral conductor, and music educator * Phyllis Zouzounis, American winemaker fk0tlatkrcnjvm72b08ud0dcdokespl 884619 884617 2026-07-18T12:49:52Z Abusule dankofa 24259 884619 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Women_of_distinction_-_Phillis_Wheatley.jpg|right|thumb|Phillis Wheatley (1753–1784), mawaƙin Amurka ɗan Afirka.]] [[Fayil:Phyllis_Rankin01_(cropped).JPG|right|thumb|Fitacciyar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta Amurka Phyllis Rankin (1874–1934).]] [[Fayil:Thomas_Cooper_Gotch_-_My_Crown_And_Sceptre_1891.jpg|right|thumb|Phyllis Marion Gotch (1882–1963), ta tsaya don hoton 1892 mai taken ''My Crown and Scepter'' na mahaifinta Thomas Cooper Gotch .]] [[Fayil:Phylllis_Haver_(1922_still).jpg|right|thumb|American actress Phyllis Haver (1899–1960) in 1922.]] [[File:Phyllis_McCarthy00.jpg|right|thumb|Phyllis McCarthy, mai kiwon dabbobin Rhodesian Ridgeback ta Afirka ta Kudu (1903-1986).]] [[Fayil:Phyllis_Diller_by_Allan_Warren.jpg|right|thumb|Fitacciyar 'yar wasan barkwanci 'yar Amurka Phyllis Diller (1917–2012).]] [[Fayil:P._D._James_1984.jpg|right|thumb|Marubucin wani labari mai ban mamaki na Birtaniya PD James (1920–2014) wanda aka ɗauki hotonsa a shekarar 1984.]] [[Fayil:Activist_Phyllis_Schafly_wearing_a_"Stop_ERA"_badge,_demonstrating_with_other_women_against_the_Equal_Rights_Amendment_in_front_of_the_White_House,_Washington,_D.C._(42219314092)_(cropped_2).jpg|right|thumb|Mai fafutukar ra'ayin mazan jiya kuma lauya 'yar Amurka [[Phyllis Schlafly]] (1924–2016), wacce aka ɗauki hotonta a shekarar 1977.]] '''Phyllis''' ko '''Phillis''' suna ne na mata wanda asalinsa Girkanci ne, ma'ana ''ganye'' . Phyllis ƙarama ce a cikin tatsuniyoyin Girkawa wadda ta kashe kanta cikin damuwa lokacin da Demophon na Athens bai dawo gare ta ba, kuma alloli suka canza ta zuwa itacen almond . Phillida, Phyllicia, da Phyllida duk nau'ikan suna ne. <ref>{{Cite book|last3=}}</ref> == Amfani == Sunan ya kasance ana amfani da shi a zamanin yau tun ƙarni na 17 lokacin da, sau da yawa ana rubuta shi da Phillis, mawakan Ingila John Wilmot, Earl na 2 na Rochester, da Matthew Prior, wataƙila an ɗauko shi daga wanda ake zargin uwargidan Aristotle ne, ko wasu misalai na gargajiya. Mawakiyar Ba'amurke 'yar Afirka Phillis Wheatley (1753–1784), wacce aka kama ta aka bauta a Amurka kuma daga baya aka 'yantar da ita, bayinta suka sanya mata suna Phillis bayan jirgin bayi da ta isa. Phillis sanannen suna ne ga mata tsakanin matan da aka bautar a Amurka. A cikin rubutun Phyllis, sunan ya shahara a ƙarshen shekarun 1800 bayan shahararriyar marubuciyar Irish Margaret Wolfe Hungerford ta yi amfani da shi don jarumar littafin soyayyarta na 1877 Phyllis, Duchess . Sunan Phyllis yana cikin manyan sunaye 1,000 ga jarirai 'yan mata a Amurka a 1880 kuma an ƙara amfani da shi a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 da farkon ƙarni na 20. Shahararriyar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta Amurka Phyllis Haver (1899–1960) ita ma ta ɗaga martabar sunan. Phyllis tana cikin manyan sunaye 100 na 'yan matan Amurka a shekarar 1915 kuma ta sami karɓuwa sosai a shekarar 1929 a matsayin suna na 24 mafi shahara ga 'yan matan Amurka. Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan sunaye 1,000 na 'yan matan Amurka har zuwa 1950 sannan aka ƙi amfani da su. Sunan ya kuma shahara a ƙasashen Anglosphere, kamar Ostiraliya, Kanada, New Zealand, da Burtaniya, a farkon ƙarni na 20. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Meaning, origin and history of the name Phyllis |url=https://www.behindthename.com/name/phyllis}}</ref> == Halayen tatsuniyoyi da na almara == * Taken labarin Phyllis da Aristotle a cikin tatsuniyar zamanin da * Phyllis (tatsuniya), matar Demophon, sarkin Athens * Phyllis (allahn kogi) * Phyllis, matar Ereuthalion * Phyllis, mahaifiyar Trojan Alcaeus, ta yi fice a == Mata == * Phyllis Ackerman (1893–1977), American art historian, interior designer and author * Phyllis B. Acosta (1933–2018), American public health researcher * Phyllis Adams (born c. 1964 or 1965), American soprano vocalist and flight attendant * Phyllis Allen (1861–1938), American vaudeville and silent screen comedian * Phyllis Shand Allfrey (1908–1986), West Indian writer, socialist activist, newspaper editor, and politician * Phyllis Arkle (1910–1997), English author of children's books * Phyllis Margery Anderson (1901–1957), Australian pathologist * Phyllis Aronoff, Canadian literary translator * Phyllis Avery (1922–2011), American actress * Phyllis A. Balch (1930–2004), American nutritionist and author * Phyllis Baldino (born 1956), American visual artist * Phyllis Barber (born 1943), American writer * Phyllis Bardeau (1934–2023), American Seneca author, educator, and lexicographer * Phyllis Barnhart (1922–2008), American animator and cel painter * Phyllis Barry (1908–1954), English film actress * Phyllis Bartholomew (1914–2002), English long jumper * Phyllis Battelle (1922–2005), American journalist * Phyllis Bedells (1893-–1985), British ballerina and dance teacher * Phyllis Bennis (born 1951), American Jewish writer, activist, and political commentator * Phyllis Bentley (1894–1977), English novelist * Phyllis Berman (born 1942), American co-founder of the Riverside Language Program in New York City * Phyllis Drummond Bethune (1899–1982), New Zealand artist * Phyllis Bird (born 1934), American feminist scholar in biblical hermeneutics * Phyllis Birkby (1932–1994), American architect * Phyllis Blackwell (born 1957), American professional tennis player * [[Phyllis Blakeley]] (1922–1986), Canadian historian, biographer and archivist * Phyllis Blythe (1912–2001), British actress known as Jenny Laird * Phyllis Pray Bober (1920–2002), American art historian, scholar, and author * Phyllis Bolds (1932–2018), American physicist * Phyllis Bone (1894–1972), Scottish sculptor * Phyllis Bookout (1935–1964), American baseball player * Phyllis Borzi, American government official * Phyllis Bottome (1884–1963), British novelist and short story writer * Phyllis Boyens (1947–2009), American folk singer and actress * Phyllis Bramson (born 1941), American artist * Phyllis Brooks (1915–1995), American actress and model * Phyllis Calvert (1915–2002), British actress * Phyllis Campbell (1894–?), Australian-born World War I nurse and writer * Phyllis Cook Carlisle (1912–1954), Canadian architect * Phyllis Carlson, American baseball player * Phyllis Chan (born 1991), Canadian badminton player * Phyllis Chase (c. 1897–c. 1977), English illustrator * [[Phyllis Chemutai]] (born 1962), Ugandan politician * Phyllis Chen (born 1978), American composer, sound artist, and pianist * Phyllis Chesler (born 1940), American writer, psychotherapist, and professor * [[Phyllis Christian|Phyllis M. Christian]] (born 1956), Ghanaian lawyer and consultant * Phyllis Cilento (1894–1987), Australian doctor and medical journalist * Phyllis Clare (1905–1947), British actress * Phyllis Cleveland, American politician * Phyllis Coard (1943–2020), Jamaican-Grenadian revolutionary and politician * [[Phyllis Coates]], stage name of American actress Gypsie Ann Evarts Stell (born 1927) * Phyllis Covell (1895–1982), British tennis player * Phyllis Crane (1914–1982), Canadian-born American film actress * Phyllis Mae Dailey (1919–1976), first African American woman United States Navy nurse and officer * Phyllis Dalton (1925–2025), British costume designer * Phyllis Danaher (1908–1991), Australian dancer, teacher of dance and choreographer * Phyllis Dare (1890–1975), English actress and singer * Phyllis Davis (1940–2013), American actress * Phyllis Worthy Dawkins (born 1953), American academic administrator * Phyllis Dawson (born 1957), American Olympic equestrian * Phyllis Dewar (1916–1961), Canadian Olympic swimmer * Phyllis Diller (1917–2012), American actress/comedian * Phyllis Dillon (1944–2004), Jamaican rocksteady and reggae singer * Phyllis Dixey (1914–1964), English singer, actress, dancer, and impresario * Phyllis Draper (1907-2000), American paleoecologist * Phyllis Duganne (1899–1976), American writer * Phyllis Duguid (1904–1993), Australian teacher and Aboriginal rights and women's activist * Phyllis Edness (1930–before 2007), Bermudian Olympic sprinter * Phyllis Eisenstein (1946–2020), American writer * Phyllis Ellis (born 1959), Canadian hockey player, actor, and director * Phyllis M. Faber (1928–2023), American environmental activist and agriculture botanist * Phyllis Faria (1924–2018), Indian politician * Phyllis Fox (1923–2017), American mathematician, electrical engineer and computer scientist * [[Phyllis Francis]] (born 1992), American track and field athlete * Phyllis Fraser, stage name of American socialite, writer, publisher, and actress Helen Brown Nichols (1916–2006) * Phyllis Frelich (1944–2014), American Deaf actress * Phyllis Friend (1922–2013), British nurse and nursing officer * Phyllis Frost (1917–2004), Australian welfare worker and philanthropist * Phyllis Frye (born 1948), American judge * Phyllis Gardner (British writer) (1890–1939), British writer, artist, and noted breeder of Irish Wolfhounds * Phyllis Gardner (clinical pharmacologist) (born 1950), American physician and professor * Phyllis Gates (1925–2006), American secretary and interior decorator, former wife of actor Rock Hudson * Phyllis George (1949–2020), American businesswoman, actress, and sportscaster * Phyllis Gilmore (1945–2021), American politician * Phyllis Ginger (1907–2005), British artist and illustrator * Phyllis Goodhart Gordan (1913–1994), American scholar, collector, and philanthropist * Phyllis Gordon (1889–1964), American actress * Phyllis Marion Gotch (1882–1963), British artist model, singer, author, and community activist * [[Phyllis Gotlieb]] (1926–2009), Canadian writer * Phyllis E. Grann (born 1937), American publisher and editor * [[Phyllis Green]], American artist and educator * Phyllis Greenacre (1894–1989), American psychoanalyst and physician * Phyllis Grosskurth (1924–2015), Canadian academic, writer, and literary critic * Phyllis Guthardt (1929–2023), New Zealand Methodist minister and women's leader * Phyllis Haislip (born 1944), American author and historian * Phyllis J. Hamilton (born 1952), American judge * Phyllis Harding (1907–1992), British Olympic swimmer * Phyllis Harmon (1916–2016), American bicycle enthusiast * Phyllis Hartnoll (1906–1997), British poet, author and editor * Phyllis Haslam (1913–1991), Indian-Canadian swimmer and social worker * Phyllis Haver (1899–1960), American actress * Phyllis Hetzel (1918–2011), British civil servant and university administrator * Phyllis Hill (1920–1993), American dancer and actress * Phyllis Gomda Hsi (1938–2023), Taiwanese vocalist and music educator * Phyllis Hyman (1949–1995), American jazz singer * Phylis Lee Isley, birth name of Jennifer Jones (1919–2009), American film actress * Phyllis Jacobson (1922–2010), American socialist * P. D. James (1920–2014), English crime fiction writer * [[Phylis Jepkemoi]], Kenyan politician * Phyllis Joffe (c. 1943 or 1944-2002), American radio and television producer, journalist, and educator * Phyllis Johnson (1886–1967), British Olympic figure skater * Phyllis T. Johnson (born 1926), American parasitologist, virologist, and marine biologist * Phyllis Kaberry (1910–1977), Australian anthropologist * Phyllis Kahn (born 1937), American politician * Phyllis Ann Karr (born 1944), American author * Phyllis Kennedy (1914–1998), American film actress * Phyllis Gutiérrez Kenney (1936–2025), American politician * Phyllis Kernick (1924–2009), American politician * Phyllis Margaret Tookey Kerridge (1901–1940), British chemist and physiologist * Phyllis Kind (1933–2018), American art dealer * Phyllis Kipp (died 1984), American politician * Phyllis Mudford King (1905–2006), English tennis player * Phyllis King, British poet and children's author * Phyllis Kirk (1927–2006), American actress * Phyllis Konstam (1907–1976), English film actress * Phyllis Krasilovsky (1926–2014), American writer of children's books * Phyllis A. Kravitch (1920–2017), American judge * Phyllis Kyomuhendo, Ugandan entrepreneur * Phyllis La Fond, American singer * Phyllis Lambert (born 1927), Canadian architect and philanthropist * Phyllis Lamphere (1922–2018), American politician and civic activist * [[Phyllis Latour]] (1921–2023), South African-born agent of the British Special Operations Executive in France during the Second World War * Phyllis Louise Lawrence (1868–1912), British philanthropist * Phyllis Lightbourn-Jones (born 1928), Bermudian Olympic sprinter and long jumper * Phyllis Litoff (1938–2002), American singer, jazz impresario, and artistic director * Phyllis Logan (born 1956), Scottish actress * Phyllis Love (1925–2011), American actress * Phyllis Lyon (1924–2020), American lesbian rights activist * Phyllis Stadler Lyon, American former field hockey player * Phyllis Marshall (1921–1996), Canadian singer and actress * Phyllis Matthewman (1896–1979), British writer of children's books * Phyllis McAlpine (1941–1998), Canadian geneticist * Phyllis McCarthy (1903–1986), South African breeder of and authority on Rhodesian Ridgeback dogs * Phyllis McDonagh (1900–1978), Australian film producer, production designer, and journalist * Phyllis McGinley (1905–1978), American author * Phyllis McGuire (1931–2020), American singer * Phyllis McKie, Canadian historian and photographer * Phyllis W. McQuaid (1928–2023), American politician * Phyllis Moen (born 1942), American sociologist * Phyllis Morris (actress) (1894–1982), English dramatist, children's writer and actress * Phyllis Morris (furniture designer) (1925–1988), American furniture designer * Phyllis Morse (born 1934), American archaeologist * Phyllis Digby Morton (1901–1984), British fashion journalist and editor * Phyllis Munday (1894–1990), Canadian mountaineer, explorer, naturalist and humanitarian * Phyllis Murphy (1924–2025), Australian architect * Phyllis Nagy (born 1962), American screenwriter/director * Phyllis Reynolds Naylor (born 1933), American writer * [[Phyllis Ndlovu]] (died 2022), Zimbabwean politician * Phyllis Neilson-Terry (1892–1977), English actress * Phyllis Nelson (1950–1998), American singer * Phyllis Newman (1933–2019), American actress * Phyllis Nicol (1908–1999), British athlete * Phyllis Mary Nicol (1903–1964), Australian physics professor * Phyllis Nicolson (1917–1968), British mathematician and physicist * [[Phyllis Ntantala-Jordan]] (1920–2016), South African political activist and author * Phyllis E. Oakley (1934–2022), American diplomat * Phyllis O'Donnell (1937–2024), Australian surfer * [[Phyllis Omido]] (born c. 1978), Kenyan environmentalist * Phyll Opoku-Gyimah (born 1974), British political activist * Phyllis Osei, Ghanaian police officer * [[Phyllis Paul]] (1903–1973), English novelist * Phyllis Pearsall (1906–1996), British creator of the ''A to Z'' map of London * Phyllis Piddington (1910–2001), Australian writer * Phyllis Tilson Piotrow (born 1933), American academic * Phyllis Povah (1893–1975), American actress * Phyllis Quek (born 1972), Malaysian-based Singaporean actress * Phyllis Randall (born c. 1964 or 1965), American politician and mental-health therapist * Phyllis Rankin (1874–1934), American actress and singer * Phyllis Rappeport (1929–2020), American pianist, teacher, and chamber musician * Phyllis Reeve (born 1938), Fijian born Canadian librarian and marina operator * Phyllis Richmond (1921–1997), American librarian and historian of science * Phyllis Roberts (1916–?), British sculptor and painter * Phyllis Rose (born 1942), American literary critic, essayist, biographer, and educator * Phyllis Rountree (1911–1994), Australian microbiologist and bacteriologist * Phyllis Rutledge (1932–2015), American politician * [[Phyllis Ryan]] (1895–1983), Irish chemist and nationalist, the second wife of President of Ireland Seán T. O'Kelly * Phyllis Satterthwaite (1886–1962), British tennis player * [[Phyllis Schlafly]] (1924–2016), American writer and conservative activist * Phyllis Schneck, American executive and cybersecurity professional * Phyllis Schneider, Canadian developmental psycholinguist * Phyllis Sellick (1911–2007), British pianist and teacher * Phyllis Shannaw (1901–1988), English actress * Phyllis Sheffield (1916–2015), American photographer * Phyllis Sinclair, Canadian Cree folk singer-songwriter * Phyllis Sjöström (1888–1964), British-born opera singer * Phyllis Smith (born 1949), American actress and casting director * Phyllis Somerville (1943–2020), American actress * Phyllis A. Spiegel, American Episcopal bishop * Phyllis Spira (1943–2008), South African ballet dancer * Phyllis Stabeno, American physical oceanographer * Phyllis Stanley (1914–1992), British actress * Phyllis Stern (1925–2014), American registered nurse, college professor and nursing theorist * Phyllis Yvonne Stickney (born 1957), American actress and comedian * Phyllis Taloikwai, senior government official in the Solomon Islands * Phyllis Tate (1911–1987), English composer * Phyllis Terrell (1898–1989), American suffragist and civil rights activist * Phyllis Thaxter (1919–2012), American actress * Phyllis D. Thompson (born 1952), American judge * Phyllis Treigle (born 1960), American soprano * Phyllis Trible (born 1932), American feminist biblical scholar * Phyllis Tuchman (born 1947), American art historian, critic and author * Phyllis Wallbank (1918–2020), British educationalist * Phyllis Webb (1927–2021), Canadian poet and broadcaster * Phyllis Webstad (born 1967), Canadian author and activist * Phyllis Weliver, American academic * Phillis Wheatley (1753–1784), first African-American published poet * Phyllis A. Whitney (1903–2008), American mystery writer * Phyllis Williams (1905–1993), New Zealand singer and horsewoman * [[Phyllis J. Wilson]], American military officer * Phyllis Wise, American biomedical researcher and academic * Phyllis Wylie (1911–2012), English amateur golfer * Phyllis Yaffe (born 1949), Canadian politician and media executive * Phyllis Brett Young (1914–1996), Canadian novelist * [[Phyllis Young]] American Lakota/Dakota activist * Phyllis Zagano (born 1947), American author and academic * [[Phyllis Zee]], American neurologist * Phyllis Zimmerman (1934–2012), American composer, choral conductor, and music educator * Phyllis Zouzounis, American winemaker ===manazarta=== 82rkgljk7b9aysszo4d3bx6tuf4fh5f 0 161815 884622 2026-07-18T12:52:25Z Abusule dankofa 24259 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1364618939|Phyllis Diller]]" 884622 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Phyllis Ada Diller''' (née '''Driver''' ; 17 ga Yuli, 1917 - 20 ga Agusta, 2012) 'Yar wasan barkwanci ce 'yar Amurka, 'yar wasan kwaikwayo, marubuciya, mawaƙiya kuma mai zane-zane, an san ta da halayenta na musamman a matakin mataki, wanda aka siffanta shi da barkwancinta mai ɓata wa kanta rai, gashinta na yau da kullun da tufafi, da kuma dariya mai cike da dariya. Diller contributed to more than 40 films, beginning with ''Splendor in the Grass'' (1961). She appeared in many television series, featuring in numerous cameos as well as her own short-lived sitcom and variety show. Some of her credits include ''Night Gallery'', ''The Muppet Show'', ''CHiPs'', ''[[The Love Boat]]'', ''Cybill'' and ''Boston Legal'', plus 11 seasons of ''The Bold and the Beautiful''. Her voice-acting roles included the monster's wife in ''Mad Monster Party?'', the Queen in ''A Bug's Life'', Granny Neutron in ''[[The Adventures of Jimmy Neutron, Boy Genius|The Adventures of Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius]]'', and Thelma Griffin in ''Family Guy''. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Diller a matsayin Phyllis Ada Driver a Lima, Ohio a ranar 17 ga Yuli, 1917, ɗa ɗaya tilo ga Perry Marcus Driver, <ref name="famousfolks/phyllisd" /> wakilin inshora, da Frances Ada (née Romshe). <ref name="famousfolks/phyllisd" /> Tana da zuri'ar Jamus da Irish (an canza sunan mai suna "Direba" daga "Treiber" tsararraki da yawa a baya). An rene ta a Methodist amma ta kasance mai rashin yarda da Allah a duk tsawon rayuwa, har ma a lokacin ƙuruciya. Mahaifinta da mahaifiyarta sun girmi yawancinsu lokacin da aka haife ta (55 da 36, bi da bi) kuma Diller ta halarci jana'iza da yawa yayin da take girma. Bayyanar mutuwa a ƙaramar yarinya ya sa ta fara fahimtar rayuwa kuma daga baya ta fahimci cewa barkwancinta wani nau'i ne na magani. Diller ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Tsakiya ta Lima, inda ta gano tun tana ƙarama tana da kyaututtukan barkwanci. Daga baya, Diller ta lura, "Ni ƙwararre ne koyaushe—ko da ina ƙarama. Ni ɗalibi ne cikakke, mai natsuwa, mai himma a aji. Amma a waje da aji, na ji dariyata." Diller ta yi karatun piano na tsawon shekaru uku <ref name="interviews.televisionacademy/diller-95">{{Cite web |date=October 27, 2017 |title=Phyllis Diller Turns 95! |url=https://interviews.televisionacademy.com/news/phyllis-diller-turns-95 |access-date=August 16, 2023 |website=Television Academy Interviews |language=en}}</ref> a Sherwood Music Conservatory na Kwalejin Columbia ta Chicago, amma ta yanke shawarar kin yin aiki a kiɗa bayan ta ji malamanta da masu ba ta shawara suna wasa da ƙwarewa fiye da yadda ta zata, ta kuma koma Kwalejin Bluffton inda ta yi karatun [[adabi]], [[tarihi]], [[Ilimin halin dan Adam|ilimin halayyar ɗan adam]] da [[falsafa]] . == Sana'a == === Shekarun 1930-1950 === A shekarar 1939, ta haɗu da Sherwood Diller, ɗan'uwan wani abokin karatunta a Bluffton, <ref name="interviews.televisionacademy/diller-95">{{Cite web |date=October 27, 2017 |title=Phyllis Diller Turns 95! |url=https://interviews.televisionacademy.com/news/phyllis-diller-turns-95 |access-date=August 16, 2023 |website=Television Academy Interviews |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://interviews.televisionacademy.com/news/phyllis-diller-turns-95 "Phyllis Diller Turns 95!"]. </cite></ref> yi aure a Bluffton a ranar 4 ga Nuwamba, 1939. Diller ba ta kammala jami'a ba kuma galibi ma'aikaciyar gida ce, tana kula da 'ya'yansu biyar (ɗaya na shida ya mutu tun yana ƙarami). <ref name="famousfolks/phyllisd" /> A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, Sherwood ya yi aiki a Kamfanin Bomber na Willow Run B-24, a Ypsilanti Charter Township, Michigan . A shekarar 1945, an mayar da Sherwood Diller zuwa Tashar Jiragen Sama ta Sojojin Ruwa Alameda <ref name="vpnavy/nats_history">{{Cite web |title=Naval Air Transport Service History Summary Page |url=https://www.vpnavy.com/nats_history.html |access-date=August 15, 2023 |website=VPNAVY .com |publisher=VP Patrol Squadron}}</ref> Alameda, California, inda ya kasance mai duba. Diller ta fara aiki a matsayin editan mata a wata ƙaramar jarida, da kuma mai rubuta talla ga wani shagon sayar da kayayyaki na Oakland. A shekarar 1952, Diller ta fara aiki a fannin watsa shirye-shirye a gidan rediyon KROW da ke Oakland, California . A watan Nuwamba na wannan shekarar, ta dauki wasu shirye-shirye da dama na minti 15 na ''Phyllis Dillis, mai shirya fina-finai na Homely Friendmaker'' — sanye da riga mai kyau don bayar da "shawara" ga masu shirya fina-finai na gida. Shirin mai tsawon minti 15 shiri ne na ''Bay Area Radio-Television'', wanda Jim Baker na ABC ya jagoranta don talabijin. <ref name="tralfaz/mrs-fang" /> Diller ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai rubuta kwafi kuma, daga baya, darektan tallatawa da tallatawa a gidan rediyon KSFO da ke San Francisco, da kuma mawakin wani shirin talabijin na bitar kiɗa mai suna ''Pop Club'', wanda Don Sherwood ya shirya. <ref name="YouTube=8xNgmaKBVyE">{{YouTube|8xNgmaKBVyE|Phyllis Diller on Pop Club - April 23, 1955}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Greg |date=March 1, 2010 |title=Phyllis Diller in the News: Pyllis Diller: April 23, 1955 |url=https://phyllisdilleralameda.blogspot.com/2010/03/pyllis-dillers-first-television.html}}</ref> === Mai zane === Diller, wacce ta koyar da kanta, ta fara zane a shekarar 1963. Ta yi aiki a fannin acrylics, watercolors, da mai a tsawon shekarun 1970 kuma ta cika gidanta na Brentwood, California da hotunanta da kuma hotunanta na baya. A shekarar 2003, tana da shekaru 86, ta gudanar da bikin "faretin fasaha" na farko, inda ta sayar da zane-zanenta tare da kayanta na dandamali da kayan ado na kayan ado. == Rayuwa ta sirri == Diller ta yaba wa yawancin nasararta ga wani littafi mai ƙarfafa gwiwa, ''The Magic of Believing'' (1948) na Claude M. Bristol, wanda ya ba ta kwarin gwiwa a farkon aikinta. <ref name="legacy/159314611">{{Cite web |title=Phyllis Diller Obituary (2012) - Saint Louis, MO - St. Louis Post-Dispatch |url=https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/stltoday/name/phyllis-diller-obituary?pid=159314611 |access-date=August 16, 2023 |website=Legacy.com}}</ref> Ta yi aure kuma ta sake ta sau biyu. Tana da 'ya'ya shida tare da mijinta na farko Sherwood Anderson Diller, kuma ta rayu fiye da 'ya'yanta biyu da suka manyanta. Mijin Diller na biyu shi ne jarumi Warde Donovan, wanda ta aura a ranar 7 ga Oktoba, 1965. Ta shigar da ƙarar saki bayan watanni uku, bayan ta gano cewa Donovan yana da sha'awar maza da mata kuma yana shan giya, amma sun sulhunta a ranar da aka tsara sakin. Ma'auratan sun rabu a shekarar 1975. [1] Robert P. Hastings shine abokin zamanta daga 1985 har zuwa mutuwarsa a ranar 23 ga Mayu, 1996. [2] A wata hira da aka yi da ita a shekarar 2000, ta kira shi da ƙaunar rayuwarta, tana mai cewa yana yaba mata saboda kasancewarta mutum mai zaman kansa. [3] Halin "Fang", mijin da ta ambata a cikin aikinta, ya samo asali ne daga ɗaukar abubuwan da ke cikin fim ɗin barkwanci mai suna The Lockhorns Diller ta nuna kanta a matsayin mai girki mai ban tsoro a cikin ayyukanta na tsayawa, amma an san ta a matsayin ƙwararriyar mai girki. Ta ba da lasisin girke-girkenta na barkono kuma ta sayar da shi a duk faɗin ƙasar a matsayin "Phyllis Diller Chili". <ref>{{Cite web |title=Phyllis Diller gets the last laugh |url=https://ew.com/article/2005/05/09/phyllis-diller-gets-last-laugh/ |website=EW.com}}</ref> Diller ta yi magana a fili game da tiyatar filastik ɗinta, jerin hanyoyin da aka fara yi tun tana da shekaru 55, kuma ta rubuta cewa an yi mata tiyata sau 15. An yi mata tiyatar tiyatar ''20/20'' a ranar 12 ga Fabrairu, 1993. == Rashin lafiya da mutuwa == A shekarar 1997, yayin da take cika shekaru 80 da haihuwa, Diller ta fara fama da cututtuka daban-daban. A shekarar 1999, zuciyarta ta tsaya cak a lokacin da take asibiti. An sanya mata na'urar rage kiba amma ta samu mummunan tasirin miyagun kwayoyi kuma ta shanye. Ta hanyar motsa jiki, ta sami damar sake tafiya. Tana gab da cika shekaru 90, Diller ta yi ritaya daga wasannin barkwanci na tsaye. A ranar 11 ga Yuli, 2007, ''USA Today'' ta ba da rahoton cewa ta karye bayanta kuma dole ta soke fitowa a shirin ''The Tonight Show'', inda ta shirya bikin cika shekaru 90 da haihuwa. A ranar 15 ga Mayu, 2012, Diller ta gudanar da hirarta ta ƙarshe tana karɓar kyautar "Lifetime Achievement" daga garinsu na Lima, Ohio, a matsayin wani ɓangare na wani taron masu barkwanci. Diller ta mutu a gida a unguwar Brentwood da ke Los Angeles a ranar 20 ga Agusta, 2012, tana da shekaru 95, sakamakon [[Gazawar zuciya|bugun zuciya]] . An kona ta, kuma an watsar da tokarta a teku. [[Rukuni:Matattun 2012]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1917]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 8jx9n6c0nsxccwg6oh37p9eapfrjzd0 884624 884622 2026-07-18T12:53:06Z Abusule dankofa 24259 884624 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   '''Phyllis Ada Diller''' (née '''Driver''' ; 17 ga Yuli, 1917 - 20 ga Agusta, 2012) 'Yar wasan barkwanci ce 'yar Amurka, 'yar wasan kwaikwayo, marubuciya, mawaƙiya kuma mai zane-zane, an san ta da halayenta na musamman a matakin mataki, wanda aka siffanta shi da barkwancinta mai ɓata wa kanta rai, gashinta na yau da kullun da tufafi, da kuma dariya mai cike da dariya. Diller contributed to more than 40 films, beginning with ''Splendor in the Grass'' (1961). She appeared in many television series, featuring in numerous cameos as well as her own short-lived sitcom and variety show. Some of her credits include ''Night Gallery'', ''The Muppet Show'', ''CHiPs'', ''[[The Love Boat]]'', ''Cybill'' and ''Boston Legal'', plus 11 seasons of ''The Bold and the Beautiful''. Her voice-acting roles included the monster's wife in ''Mad Monster Party?'', the Queen in ''A Bug's Life'', Granny Neutron in ''[[The Adventures of Jimmy Neutron, Boy Genius|The Adventures of Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius]]'', and Thelma Griffin in ''Family Guy''. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Diller a matsayin Phyllis Ada Driver a Lima, Ohio a ranar 17 ga Yuli, 1917, ɗa ɗaya tilo ga Perry Marcus Driver, <ref name="famousfolks/phyllisd" /> wakilin inshora, da Frances Ada (née Romshe). <ref name="famousfolks/phyllisd" /> Tana da zuri'ar Jamus da Irish (an canza sunan mai suna "Direba" daga "Treiber" tsararraki da yawa a baya). An rene ta a Methodist amma ta kasance mai rashin yarda da Allah a duk tsawon rayuwa, har ma a lokacin ƙuruciya. Mahaifinta da mahaifiyarta sun girmi yawancinsu lokacin da aka haife ta (55 da 36, bi da bi) kuma Diller ta halarci jana'iza da yawa yayin da take girma. Bayyanar mutuwa a ƙaramar yarinya ya sa ta fara fahimtar rayuwa kuma daga baya ta fahimci cewa barkwancinta wani nau'i ne na magani. Diller ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Tsakiya ta Lima, inda ta gano tun tana ƙarama tana da kyaututtukan barkwanci. Daga baya, Diller ta lura, "Ni ƙwararre ne koyaushe—ko da ina ƙarama. Ni ɗalibi ne cikakke, mai natsuwa, mai himma a aji. Amma a waje da aji, na ji dariyata." Diller ta yi karatun piano na tsawon shekaru uku <ref name="interviews.televisionacademy/diller-95">{{Cite web |date=October 27, 2017 |title=Phyllis Diller Turns 95! |url=https://interviews.televisionacademy.com/news/phyllis-diller-turns-95 |access-date=August 16, 2023 |website=Television Academy Interviews |language=en}}</ref> a Sherwood Music Conservatory na Kwalejin Columbia ta Chicago, amma ta yanke shawarar kin yin aiki a kiɗa bayan ta ji malamanta da masu ba ta shawara suna wasa da ƙwarewa fiye da yadda ta zata, ta kuma koma Kwalejin Bluffton inda ta yi karatun [[adabi]], [[tarihi]], [[Ilimin halin dan Adam|ilimin halayyar ɗan adam]] da [[falsafa]] . == Sana'a == === Shekarun 1930-1950 === A shekarar 1939, ta haɗu da Sherwood Diller, ɗan'uwan wani abokin karatunta a Bluffton, <ref name="interviews.televisionacademy/diller-95">{{Cite web |date=October 27, 2017 |title=Phyllis Diller Turns 95! |url=https://interviews.televisionacademy.com/news/phyllis-diller-turns-95 |access-date=August 16, 2023 |website=Television Academy Interviews |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://interviews.televisionacademy.com/news/phyllis-diller-turns-95 "Phyllis Diller Turns 95!"]. </cite></ref> yi aure a Bluffton a ranar 4 ga Nuwamba, 1939. Diller ba ta kammala jami'a ba kuma galibi ma'aikaciyar gida ce, tana kula da 'ya'yansu biyar (ɗaya na shida ya mutu tun yana ƙarami). <ref name="famousfolks/phyllisd" /> A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, Sherwood ya yi aiki a Kamfanin Bomber na Willow Run B-24, a Ypsilanti Charter Township, Michigan . A shekarar 1945, an mayar da Sherwood Diller zuwa Tashar Jiragen Sama ta Sojojin Ruwa Alameda <ref name="vpnavy/nats_history">{{Cite web |title=Naval Air Transport Service History Summary Page |url=https://www.vpnavy.com/nats_history.html |access-date=August 15, 2023 |website=VPNAVY .com |publisher=VP Patrol Squadron}}</ref> Alameda, California, inda ya kasance mai duba. Diller ta fara aiki a matsayin editan mata a wata ƙaramar jarida, da kuma mai rubuta talla ga wani shagon sayar da kayayyaki na Oakland. A shekarar 1952, Diller ta fara aiki a fannin watsa shirye-shirye a gidan rediyon KROW da ke Oakland, California . A watan Nuwamba na wannan shekarar, ta dauki wasu shirye-shirye da dama na minti 15 na ''Phyllis Dillis, mai shirya fina-finai na Homely Friendmaker'' — sanye da riga mai kyau don bayar da "shawara" ga masu shirya fina-finai na gida. Shirin mai tsawon minti 15 shiri ne na ''Bay Area Radio-Television'', wanda Jim Baker na ABC ya jagoranta don talabijin. <ref name="tralfaz/mrs-fang" /> Diller ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai rubuta kwafi kuma, daga baya, darektan tallatawa da tallatawa a gidan rediyon KSFO da ke San Francisco, da kuma mawakin wani shirin talabijin na bitar kiɗa mai suna ''Pop Club'', wanda Don Sherwood ya shirya. <ref name="YouTube=8xNgmaKBVyE">{{YouTube|8xNgmaKBVyE|Phyllis Diller on Pop Club - April 23, 1955}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Greg |date=March 1, 2010 |title=Phyllis Diller in the News: Pyllis Diller: April 23, 1955 |url=https://phyllisdilleralameda.blogspot.com/2010/03/pyllis-dillers-first-television.html}}</ref> === Mai zane === Diller, wacce ta koyar da kanta, ta fara zane a shekarar 1963. Ta yi aiki a fannin acrylics, watercolors, da mai a tsawon shekarun 1970 kuma ta cika gidanta na Brentwood, California da hotunanta da kuma hotunanta na baya. A shekarar 2003, tana da shekaru 86, ta gudanar da bikin "faretin fasaha" na farko, inda ta sayar da zane-zanenta tare da kayanta na dandamali da kayan ado na kayan ado. == Rayuwa ta sirri == Diller ta yaba wa yawancin nasararta ga wani littafi mai ƙarfafa gwiwa, ''The Magic of Believing'' (1948) na Claude M. Bristol, wanda ya ba ta kwarin gwiwa a farkon aikinta. <ref name="legacy/159314611">{{Cite web |title=Phyllis Diller Obituary (2012) - Saint Louis, MO - St. Louis Post-Dispatch |url=https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/stltoday/name/phyllis-diller-obituary?pid=159314611 |access-date=August 16, 2023 |website=Legacy.com}}</ref> Ta yi aure kuma ta sake ta sau biyu. Tana da 'ya'ya shida tare da mijinta na farko Sherwood Anderson Diller, kuma ta rayu fiye da 'ya'yanta biyu da suka manyanta. Mijin Diller na biyu shi ne jarumi Warde Donovan, wanda ta aura a ranar 7 ga Oktoba, 1965. Ta shigar da ƙarar saki bayan watanni uku, bayan ta gano cewa Donovan yana da sha'awar maza da mata kuma yana shan giya, amma sun sulhunta a ranar da aka tsara sakin. Ma'auratan sun rabu a shekarar 1975. [1] Robert P. Hastings shine abokin zamanta daga 1985 har zuwa mutuwarsa a ranar 23 ga Mayu, 1996. [2] A wata hira da aka yi da ita a shekarar 2000, ta kira shi da ƙaunar rayuwarta, tana mai cewa yana yaba mata saboda kasancewarta mutum mai zaman kansa. [3] Halin "Fang", mijin da ta ambata a cikin aikinta, ya samo asali ne daga ɗaukar abubuwan da ke cikin fim ɗin barkwanci mai suna The Lockhorns Diller ta nuna kanta a matsayin mai girki mai ban tsoro a cikin ayyukanta na tsayawa, amma an san ta a matsayin ƙwararriyar mai girki. Ta ba da lasisin girke-girkenta na barkono kuma ta sayar da shi a duk faɗin ƙasar a matsayin "Phyllis Diller Chili". <ref>{{Cite web |title=Phyllis Diller gets the last laugh |url=https://ew.com/article/2005/05/09/phyllis-diller-gets-last-laugh/ |website=EW.com}}</ref> Diller ta yi magana a fili game da tiyatar filastik ɗinta, jerin hanyoyin da aka fara yi tun tana da shekaru 55, kuma ta rubuta cewa an yi mata tiyata sau 15. An yi mata tiyatar tiyatar ''20/20'' a ranar 12 ga Fabrairu, 1993. == Rashin lafiya da mutuwa == A shekarar 1997, yayin da take cika shekaru 80 da haihuwa, Diller ta fara fama da cututtuka daban-daban. A shekarar 1999, zuciyarta ta tsaya cak a lokacin da take asibiti. An sanya mata na'urar rage kiba amma ta samu mummunan tasirin miyagun kwayoyi kuma ta shanye. Ta hanyar motsa jiki, ta sami damar sake tafiya. Tana gab da cika shekaru 90, Diller ta yi ritaya daga wasannin barkwanci na tsaye. A ranar 11 ga Yuli, 2007, ''USA Today'' ta ba da rahoton cewa ta karye bayanta kuma dole ta soke fitowa a shirin ''The Tonight Show'', inda ta shirya bikin cika shekaru 90 da haihuwa. A ranar 15 ga Mayu, 2012, Diller ta gudanar da hirarta ta ƙarshe tana karɓar kyautar "Lifetime Achievement" daga garinsu na Lima, Ohio, a matsayin wani ɓangare na wani taron masu barkwanci. Diller ta mutu a gida a unguwar Brentwood da ke Los Angeles a ranar 20 ga Agusta, 2012, tana da shekaru 95, sakamakon [[Gazawar zuciya|bugun zuciya]] . An kona ta, kuma an watsar da tokarta a teku. [[Rukuni:Matattun 2012]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1917]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ===manazarta=== ai6jaxc6n48sj6gwg455znksbj4rv5h 0 161816 884625 2026-07-18T12:54:21Z Abusule dankofa 24259 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355865539|Phyllis Kennedy]]" 884625 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Phyllis Kennedy''' (16 ga Yuni, 1914 &#x2013; 29 ga Disamba, 1998) 'yar wasan fina-finai ce ta Amurka. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haife ta a ranar 16 ga Yuni, 1914, a [[Detroit]], [[Michigan]] . Bayan [[Kammala karatun digiri|kammala karatunta]] na sakandare a 1932, ta sami aiki a matsayin mai tallata tufafi a wani shagon kayan gargajiya na gida. A lokacin da take yin tallan kayan kawa, ɗaya daga cikin abokanta ta ba ta shawarar ta gwada aikinta a wasan kwaikwayo. Ta fara aikinta na wasan kwaikwayo a dandalin New York a wani ƙaramin matsayi a cikin wani shiri na ''Jane Eyre'' a 1935. Ba da daɗewa ba, ta yanke shawarar gwada hannunta a masana'antar fim. A kusan 1935, ta karya mata gwiwa yayin da take rawa a wani shiri a [[Denver]] kuma aka gaya mata cewa ba za ta sake yin rawa ba. Bayan shekaru biyu, ta sami damar sake yin rawa. == Shekarun Hollywood == Ginger Rogers ta lura da Kennedy lokacin da ta yi rawar mawaka a cikin ''"Shall We Dance?"'' Ta yi wasu raye-rayen barkwanci ga Rogers a wajen wasan kwaikwayo, wanda hakan ya burge ɗayar jarumar. Wannan dangantaka ta sa aka sanya ta a matsayin mai hidima a cikin ''Stage Door'' tare da Rogers da Katharine Hepburn ''.'' <ref name=":0" /> Daga ƙarshe aka sanya ta a cikin RKO Radio . Daga nan ta fara samun rawar a cikin fina-finai suna taka rawar bayi marasa hankali; musamman a cikin fina-finai kamar ''Vivacious Lady'' (1938), ''Mother Carey's Chickens'' (1938), ''Love Affair'' (1939), ''East Side of Heaven'' (1939), da ''Anne of Windy Poplars'' (1940). Tun daga shekarun 1940, Kennedy ta fito a fina-finai sama da ashirin duk da cewa yawancin rawar da ta taka a fina-finan ba a ba ta lambar yabo ba. A shekarun baya-bayan nan ta fito a shirye-shirye kamar Lucy-Desi Comedy Hour, The Missourians, da The Lone Ranger . Ta kuma fito a matsayin Cockney mara lambar yabo a fim ɗin My Fair Lady (1964). Fitowarta ta ƙarshe a fim ɗin Finian Rainbow a shekarar 1968 a cikin rawar da ba a ba ta lambar yabo ba. == Shekarun baya da rayuwar mutum == An watsar da gawar Kennedy a cikin Lambun Furanni a Makabartar Tunawa da Kauyen Westwood . [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1998]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1914]] bajcrvece0sy7h389o3mdvfm4ml9iva 884626 884625 2026-07-18T12:55:10Z Abusule dankofa 24259 884626 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Phyllis Kennedy''' (16 ga Yuni, 1914 &#x2013; 29 ga Disamba, 1998) 'yar wasan fina-finai ce ta Amurka. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haife ta a ranar 16 ga Yuni, 1914, a [[Detroit]], [[Michigan]] . Bayan [[Kammala karatun digiri|kammala karatunta]] na sakandare a 1932, ta sami aiki a matsayin mai tallata tufafi a wani shagon kayan gargajiya na gida. A lokacin da take yin tallan kayan kawa, ɗaya daga cikin abokanta ta ba ta shawarar ta gwada aikinta a wasan kwaikwayo. Ta fara aikinta na wasan kwaikwayo a dandalin New York a wani ƙaramin matsayi a cikin wani shiri na ''Jane Eyre'' a 1935. Ba da daɗewa ba, ta yanke shawarar gwada hannunta a masana'antar fim. A kusan 1935, ta karya mata gwiwa yayin da take rawa a wani shiri a [[Denver]] kuma aka gaya mata cewa ba za ta sake yin rawa ba. Bayan shekaru biyu, ta sami damar sake yin rawa. == Shekarun Hollywood == Ginger Rogers ta lura da Kennedy lokacin da ta yi rawar mawaka a cikin ''"Shall We Dance?"'' Ta yi wasu raye-rayen barkwanci ga Rogers a wajen wasan kwaikwayo, wanda hakan ya burge ɗayar jarumar. Wannan dangantaka ta sa aka sanya ta a matsayin mai hidima a cikin ''Stage Door'' tare da Rogers da Katharine Hepburn ''.'' <ref name=":0" /> Daga ƙarshe aka sanya ta a cikin RKO Radio . Daga nan ta fara samun rawar a cikin fina-finai suna taka rawar bayi marasa hankali; musamman a cikin fina-finai kamar ''Vivacious Lady'' (1938), ''Mother Carey's Chickens'' (1938), ''Love Affair'' (1939), ''East Side of Heaven'' (1939), da ''Anne of Windy Poplars'' (1940). Tun daga shekarun 1940, Kennedy ta fito a fina-finai sama da ashirin duk da cewa yawancin rawar da ta taka a fina-finan ba a ba ta lambar yabo ba. A shekarun baya-bayan nan ta fito a shirye-shirye kamar Lucy-Desi Comedy Hour, The Missourians, da The Lone Ranger . Ta kuma fito a matsayin Cockney mara lambar yabo a fim ɗin My Fair Lady (1964). Fitowarta ta ƙarshe a fim ɗin Finian Rainbow a shekarar 1968 a cikin rawar da ba a ba ta lambar yabo ba. == Shekarun baya da rayuwar mutum == An watsar da gawar Kennedy a cikin Lambun Furanni a Makabartar Tunawa da Kauyen Westwood . [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1998]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1914]] ===manazarta=== r02tubgkuta77oeef9wh6diakmvlnmu 0 161817 884627 2026-07-18T12:57:14Z Abusule dankofa 24259 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1363297316|Phyllis Kinney]]" 884627 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Phyllis Kinney''' (4 ga Yuli, 1922 - 29 ga Yuni, 2026) mawaƙiya ce 'yar Amurka da Wales, mai tattarawa da kuma masanin tarihi wacce ta kasance babbar ƙwararriya a fannin kiɗan gargajiya na Welsh . Ta yi karatu a Makarantar Juilliard kuma ta kasance mai waƙar soprano tare da Kamfanin Carl Rosa Opera a shekarun 1940. Bayan ta haɗu da mijinta Meredydd Evans, Kinney ta nutsar da kanta cikin al'adun Wales . Ta hanyar rubuce-rubucenta, bincike da wasan kwaikwayo, Kinney ta taimaka wajen adanawa da haɓaka kiɗan gargajiya na Wales. Taskar tarihin Kinney da Evans yanzu wani ɓangare ne na Taskar Tarihin Kiɗa na Welsh a Laburaren Ƙasa na Wales . == Rayuwa da aiki == An haifi Kinney a Pontiac, Michigan, a ranar 4 ga Yuli, 1922. <ref name="kinney">{{Cite web |last=Nia Mai |first=Daniel |last2=Rheolwr |first2=Rhaglen |date=March 23, 2020 |title=Phyllis Kinney. The musician from Michigan |url=https://blog.library.wales/phyllis-kinney-the-musician-from-michigan/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216005515/https://blog.library.wales/phyllis-kinney-the-musician-from-michigan/ |archive-date=December 16, 2023 |access-date=August 21, 2022 |website=Llyfrgell Genedlaethol Cymru}}</ref> Bayan kammala karatunta a Makarantar Sakandare ta Pontiac, Kinney ta yi rajista a Kwalejin Jihar Michigan da ke East Lansing . <ref name="kinney" /> A can, Gomer Llewelyn Jones, 'yar Wales wadda ta ƙaura zuwa Amurka a 1934 ta koyar da ita kiɗa <ref name="lansing">{{Cite journal |date=December 5, 1942 |title=Historical club hears Welsh song portrayal |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/206617427/?terms=%22phyllis%20kinney%22&match=1 |journal=Lansing State Journal |page=6 |access-date=February 22, 2023}}</ref> <ref name="legacy">{{Cite web |last=Tems |first=Mick |date=April 14, 2015 |title=Merêd: Let's celebrate the legacy that he left |url=http://folk.wales/magazine/?p=443 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925111226/http://folk.wales/magazine/?p=443 |archive-date=September 25, 2022 |access-date=August 21, 2022 |website=FolkWales}}</ref> Jones ta jawo sha'awar kiɗan Welsh a Kinney, wadda daga baya ta ce "ba ta taɓa jin labarin Wales ba" kafin ta haɗu da shi. <ref name="legacy" /> <ref name="menai">{{Cite journal |last=Richards |first=Robert |date=June 2, 1964 |title=From Michigan to make a home by Menai |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/908330316/?terms=%22meredydd%20evans%22&match=1 |journal=Liverpool Daily Post |page=5 |access-date=February 22, 2023}}</ref> A shekarar 1942, Kinney tana yin wasan kwaikwayo a bainar jama'a na waƙoƙin Welsh, tare da taimakon Jones a piano. <ref name="lansing" /> Jones ta yi la'akari da waƙoƙin soprano nata don kawo "fahimtar halayen mutanen Welsh" ga masu sauraro a Michigan. <ref name="lansing" /> <ref name="lecturetopic">{{Cite journal |date=March 20, 1941 |title=South America lecture topic |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/204124706/?terms=%22phyllis%20kinney%22&match=1 |journal=Lansing State Journal |volume=20 |access-date=February 22, 2023}}</ref> Kinney ta kammala karatunta a 1943 kuma ta sami gurbin karatu a Makarantar Juilliard da ke [[New York (birni)|birnin New York]] . <ref name="kinney" /> A shekarar 1947, Kinney ta zama jagora a ƙungiyar Carl Rosa Opera Company . Tare da kamfanin, ta yi rangadin Birtaniya a watan Maris na wannan shekarar. A lokacin da ta sauka a Bangor, Wales, Kinney ta haɗu da Meredydd Evans, wani mawaƙin gargajiya na Wales wanda memba ne na ƙungiyar Triawd y Coleg mai farin jini . <ref name="kinney">{{Cite web |last=Nia Mai |first=Daniel |last2=Rheolwr |first2=Rhaglen |date=March 23, 2020 |title=Phyllis Kinney. The musician from Michigan |url=https://blog.library.wales/phyllis-kinney-the-musician-from-michigan/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216005515/https://blog.library.wales/phyllis-kinney-the-musician-from-michigan/ |archive-date=December 16, 2023 |access-date=August 21, 2022 |website=Llyfrgell Genedlaethol Cymru}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNia_MaiRheolwr2020">Nia Mai, Daniel; Rheolwr, Rhaglen (March 23, 2020). [https://web.archive.org/web/20231216005515/https://blog.library.wales/phyllis-kinney-the-musician-from-michigan/ "Phyllis Kinney. The musician from Michigan"]. ''Llyfrgell Genedlaethol Cymru''. Archived from [https://blog.library.wales/phyllis-kinney-the-musician-from-michigan/ the original] on December 16, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 21,</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Kinney ta koyi magana, karatu da rubutu a Welsh, kuma ta gabatar da Evans ga waƙoƙin gargajiya daga ko'ina cikin duniya. <ref name="legacy">{{Cite web |last=Tems |first=Mick |date=April 14, 2015 |title=Merêd: Let's celebrate the legacy that he left |url=http://folk.wales/magazine/?p=443 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925111226/http://folk.wales/magazine/?p=443 |archive-date=September 25, 2022 |access-date=August 21, 2022 |website=FolkWales}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFTems2015">Tems, Mick (April 14, 2015). [http://folk.wales/magazine/?p=443 "Merêd: Let's celebrate the legacy that he left"]. ''FolkWales''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220925111226/http://folk.wales/magazine/?p=443 Archived] from the original on September 25, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 21,</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="menai">{{Cite journal |last=Richards |first=Robert |date=June 2, 1964 |title=From Michigan to make a home by Menai |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/908330316/?terms=%22meredydd%20evans%22&match=1 |journal=Liverpool Daily Post |page=5 |access-date=February 22, 2023}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRichards1964">Richards, Robert (June 2, 1964). [https://www.newspapers.com/image/908330316/?terms=%22meredydd%20evans%22&match=1 "From Michigan to make a home by Menai"]. ''Liverpool Daily Post'': 5<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 22,</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> Ma'auratan sun yi aure a ranar 10 ga Afrilu, 1948, kuma sun haifi 'ya mace, Eluned, a shekarar 1949. <ref name="arwel">{{Cite web |last=Jones |first=R. Arwel |title=EVANS, MEREDYDD ('MERÊD') (1919–2015), campaigner, musician, philosopher and television producer |url=https://biography.wales/article/s12-EVAN-MER-1919#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=13&manifest=https%3A%2F%2Fdamsssl.llgc.org.uk%2Fiiif%2F2.0%2F1491650%2Fmanifest.json&xywh=-264%2C1096%2C2462%2C2124 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703202910/https://biography.wales/article/s12-EVAN-MER-1919#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=13&manifest=https%3A%2F%2Fdamsssl.llgc.org.uk%2Fiiif%2F2.0%2F1491650%2Fmanifest.json&xywh=-264%2C1096%2C2462%2C2124 |archive-date=July 3, 2022 |access-date=August 25, 2022 |website=Y Bywgraffiadur Cymreig}}</ref> A shekarun 1980, Kinney da Evans sun zauna a Cwmystwyth, inda suka ba da gudummawa ga al'umma kuma suka koyar da Welsh ga maƙwabtansu da ba sa jin yaren Welsh; a cewar mai rubuta tarihin rayuwa R. Arwel Jones, gidan ma'auratan ya zama "abin sha'awa ga mutanen kowane zamani, daga ko'ina cikin Wales da duniya waɗanda za su yi tururuwa zuwa can don jin daɗin haɗin gwiwa da kuma amfana daga karimcin ilimi na ma'auratan". <ref name="arwel">{{Cite web |last=Jones |first=R. Arwel |title=EVANS, MEREDYDD ('MERÊD') (1919–2015), campaigner, musician, philosopher and television producer |url=https://biography.wales/article/s12-EVAN-MER-1919#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=13&manifest=https%3A%2F%2Fdamsssl.llgc.org.uk%2Fiiif%2F2.0%2F1491650%2Fmanifest.json&xywh=-264%2C1096%2C2462%2C2124 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703202910/https://biography.wales/article/s12-EVAN-MER-1919#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=13&manifest=https%3A%2F%2Fdamsssl.llgc.org.uk%2Fiiif%2F2.0%2F1491650%2Fmanifest.json&xywh=-264%2C1096%2C2462%2C2124 |archive-date=July 3, 2022 |access-date=August 25, 2022 |website=Y Bywgraffiadur Cymreig}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFJones">Jones, R. Arwel. [https://biography.wales/article/s12-EVAN-MER-1919#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=13&manifest=https%3A%2F%2Fdamsssl.llgc.org.uk%2Fiiif%2F2.0%2F1491650%2Fmanifest.json&xywh=-264%2C1096%2C2462%2C2124 "EVANS, MEREDYDD ('MERÊD') (1919–2015), campaigner, musician, philosopher and television producer"]. ''Y Bywgraffiadur Cymreig''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220703202910/https://biography.wales/article/s12-EVAN-MER-1919#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=13&manifest=https%3A%2F%2Fdamsssl.llgc.org.uk%2Fiiif%2F2.0%2F1491650%2Fmanifest.json&xywh=-264%2C1096%2C2462%2C2124 Archived] from the original on July 3, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 25,</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Ganin cewa gidansu yana kusa da Laburaren Ƙasa na Wales, Aberystwyth ya ba ma'auratan damar sadaukar da ritayarsu don nazarin tarihin waƙoƙin gargajiya da waƙoƙin gargajiya, kuma bincikensu ya bayyana akai-akai a ''Canu Gwerin'', mujallar Welsh Folk Song Society. <ref name="arwel" /> Jami'ar Wales ta ba Kinney digirin girmamawa na M Mus a shekarar 1991 kuma ta zama abokiyar girmamawa ta Jami'ar Bangor tare da mijinta a shekarar 1997. <ref name="kinney">{{Cite web |last=Nia Mai |first=Daniel |last2=Rheolwr |first2=Rhaglen |date=March 23, 2020 |title=Phyllis Kinney. The musician from Michigan |url=https://blog.library.wales/phyllis-kinney-the-musician-from-michigan/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216005515/https://blog.library.wales/phyllis-kinney-the-musician-from-michigan/ |archive-date=December 16, 2023 |access-date=August 21, 2022 |website=Llyfrgell Genedlaethol Cymru}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNia_MaiRheolwr2020">Nia Mai, Daniel; Rheolwr, Rhaglen (March 23, 2020). [https://web.archive.org/web/20231216005515/https://blog.library.wales/phyllis-kinney-the-musician-from-michigan/ "Phyllis Kinney. The musician from Michigan"]. ''Llyfrgell Genedlaethol Cymru''. Archived from [https://blog.library.wales/phyllis-kinney-the-musician-from-michigan/ the original] on December 16, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 21,</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> A watan Afrilun 2007, Jami'ar Wales ta buga wani kundin ''Festschrift'' ga Evans da Kinney, "tarin rubuce-rubuce masu magana da harsuna biyu masu cikakken harshe na waƙoƙin Welsh da waƙoƙin gargajiya daga manyan masana da masana kiɗa na Wales" don murnar gudummawar da suka bayar "ba wai kawai ga kiɗan gargajiya na Welsh ba har ma ga al'ada da harshen Wales." <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bearers of Song |url=http://www.bangor.ac.uk/news/full.php?Id=204 |access-date=July 17, 2008 |publisher=Bangor University}}</ref> A shekarar 2011, Jami'ar Wales Press ta buga littafin ƙarshe na Kinney zuwa yanzu, Welsh Traditional Music, wani babban tarihi da nazari kan al'adun kayan kida da na murya na Wales [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2026]] ey6354bglccikbevm4tuim0n05jscqr 884628 884627 2026-07-18T12:57:53Z Abusule dankofa 24259 884628 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Phyllis Kinney''' (4 ga Yuli, 1922 - 29 ga Yuni, 2026) mawaƙiya ce 'yar Amurka da Wales, mai tattarawa da kuma masanin tarihi wacce ta kasance babbar ƙwararriya a fannin kiɗan gargajiya na Welsh . Ta yi karatu a Makarantar Juilliard kuma ta kasance mai waƙar soprano tare da Kamfanin Carl Rosa Opera a shekarun 1940. Bayan ta haɗu da mijinta Meredydd Evans, Kinney ta nutsar da kanta cikin al'adun Wales . Ta hanyar rubuce-rubucenta, bincike da wasan kwaikwayo, Kinney ta taimaka wajen adanawa da haɓaka kiɗan gargajiya na Wales. Taskar tarihin Kinney da Evans yanzu wani ɓangare ne na Taskar Tarihin Kiɗa na Welsh a Laburaren Ƙasa na Wales . == Rayuwa da aiki == An haifi Kinney a Pontiac, Michigan, a ranar 4 ga Yuli, 1922. <ref name="kinney">{{Cite web |last=Nia Mai |first=Daniel |last2=Rheolwr |first2=Rhaglen |date=March 23, 2020 |title=Phyllis Kinney. The musician from Michigan |url=https://blog.library.wales/phyllis-kinney-the-musician-from-michigan/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216005515/https://blog.library.wales/phyllis-kinney-the-musician-from-michigan/ |archive-date=December 16, 2023 |access-date=August 21, 2022 |website=Llyfrgell Genedlaethol Cymru}}</ref> Bayan kammala karatunta a Makarantar Sakandare ta Pontiac, Kinney ta yi rajista a Kwalejin Jihar Michigan da ke East Lansing . <ref name="kinney" /> A can, Gomer Llewelyn Jones, 'yar Wales wadda ta ƙaura zuwa Amurka a 1934 ta koyar da ita kiɗa <ref name="lansing">{{Cite journal |date=December 5, 1942 |title=Historical club hears Welsh song portrayal |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/206617427/?terms=%22phyllis%20kinney%22&match=1 |journal=Lansing State Journal |page=6 |access-date=February 22, 2023}}</ref> <ref name="legacy">{{Cite web |last=Tems |first=Mick |date=April 14, 2015 |title=Merêd: Let's celebrate the legacy that he left |url=http://folk.wales/magazine/?p=443 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925111226/http://folk.wales/magazine/?p=443 |archive-date=September 25, 2022 |access-date=August 21, 2022 |website=FolkWales}}</ref> Jones ta jawo sha'awar kiɗan Welsh a Kinney, wadda daga baya ta ce "ba ta taɓa jin labarin Wales ba" kafin ta haɗu da shi. <ref name="legacy" /> <ref name="menai">{{Cite journal |last=Richards |first=Robert |date=June 2, 1964 |title=From Michigan to make a home by Menai |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/908330316/?terms=%22meredydd%20evans%22&match=1 |journal=Liverpool Daily Post |page=5 |access-date=February 22, 2023}}</ref> A shekarar 1942, Kinney tana yin wasan kwaikwayo a bainar jama'a na waƙoƙin Welsh, tare da taimakon Jones a piano. <ref name="lansing" /> Jones ta yi la'akari da waƙoƙin soprano nata don kawo "fahimtar halayen mutanen Welsh" ga masu sauraro a Michigan. <ref name="lansing" /> <ref name="lecturetopic">{{Cite journal |date=March 20, 1941 |title=South America lecture topic |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/204124706/?terms=%22phyllis%20kinney%22&match=1 |journal=Lansing State Journal |volume=20 |access-date=February 22, 2023}}</ref> Kinney ta kammala karatunta a 1943 kuma ta sami gurbin karatu a Makarantar Juilliard da ke [[New York (birni)|birnin New York]] . <ref name="kinney" /> A shekarar 1947, Kinney ta zama jagora a ƙungiyar Carl Rosa Opera Company . Tare da kamfanin, ta yi rangadin Birtaniya a watan Maris na wannan shekarar. A lokacin da ta sauka a Bangor, Wales, Kinney ta haɗu da Meredydd Evans, wani mawaƙin gargajiya na Wales wanda memba ne na ƙungiyar Triawd y Coleg mai farin jini . <ref name="kinney">{{Cite web |last=Nia Mai |first=Daniel |last2=Rheolwr |first2=Rhaglen |date=March 23, 2020 |title=Phyllis Kinney. The musician from Michigan |url=https://blog.library.wales/phyllis-kinney-the-musician-from-michigan/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216005515/https://blog.library.wales/phyllis-kinney-the-musician-from-michigan/ |archive-date=December 16, 2023 |access-date=August 21, 2022 |website=Llyfrgell Genedlaethol Cymru}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNia_MaiRheolwr2020">Nia Mai, Daniel; Rheolwr, Rhaglen (March 23, 2020). [https://web.archive.org/web/20231216005515/https://blog.library.wales/phyllis-kinney-the-musician-from-michigan/ "Phyllis Kinney. The musician from Michigan"]. ''Llyfrgell Genedlaethol Cymru''. Archived from [https://blog.library.wales/phyllis-kinney-the-musician-from-michigan/ the original] on December 16, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 21,</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Kinney ta koyi magana, karatu da rubutu a Welsh, kuma ta gabatar da Evans ga waƙoƙin gargajiya daga ko'ina cikin duniya. <ref name="legacy">{{Cite web |last=Tems |first=Mick |date=April 14, 2015 |title=Merêd: Let's celebrate the legacy that he left |url=http://folk.wales/magazine/?p=443 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925111226/http://folk.wales/magazine/?p=443 |archive-date=September 25, 2022 |access-date=August 21, 2022 |website=FolkWales}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFTems2015">Tems, Mick (April 14, 2015). [http://folk.wales/magazine/?p=443 "Merêd: Let's celebrate the legacy that he left"]. ''FolkWales''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220925111226/http://folk.wales/magazine/?p=443 Archived] from the original on September 25, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 21,</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="menai">{{Cite journal |last=Richards |first=Robert |date=June 2, 1964 |title=From Michigan to make a home by Menai |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/908330316/?terms=%22meredydd%20evans%22&match=1 |journal=Liverpool Daily Post |page=5 |access-date=February 22, 2023}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRichards1964">Richards, Robert (June 2, 1964). [https://www.newspapers.com/image/908330316/?terms=%22meredydd%20evans%22&match=1 "From Michigan to make a home by Menai"]. ''Liverpool Daily Post'': 5<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 22,</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> Ma'auratan sun yi aure a ranar 10 ga Afrilu, 1948, kuma sun haifi 'ya mace, Eluned, a shekarar 1949. <ref name="arwel">{{Cite web |last=Jones |first=R. Arwel |title=EVANS, MEREDYDD ('MERÊD') (1919–2015), campaigner, musician, philosopher and television producer |url=https://biography.wales/article/s12-EVAN-MER-1919#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=13&manifest=https%3A%2F%2Fdamsssl.llgc.org.uk%2Fiiif%2F2.0%2F1491650%2Fmanifest.json&xywh=-264%2C1096%2C2462%2C2124 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703202910/https://biography.wales/article/s12-EVAN-MER-1919#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=13&manifest=https%3A%2F%2Fdamsssl.llgc.org.uk%2Fiiif%2F2.0%2F1491650%2Fmanifest.json&xywh=-264%2C1096%2C2462%2C2124 |archive-date=July 3, 2022 |access-date=August 25, 2022 |website=Y Bywgraffiadur Cymreig}}</ref> A shekarun 1980, Kinney da Evans sun zauna a Cwmystwyth, inda suka ba da gudummawa ga al'umma kuma suka koyar da Welsh ga maƙwabtansu da ba sa jin yaren Welsh; a cewar mai rubuta tarihin rayuwa R. Arwel Jones, gidan ma'auratan ya zama "abin sha'awa ga mutanen kowane zamani, daga ko'ina cikin Wales da duniya waɗanda za su yi tururuwa zuwa can don jin daɗin haɗin gwiwa da kuma amfana daga karimcin ilimi na ma'auratan". <ref name="arwel">{{Cite web |last=Jones |first=R. Arwel |title=EVANS, MEREDYDD ('MERÊD') (1919–2015), campaigner, musician, philosopher and television producer |url=https://biography.wales/article/s12-EVAN-MER-1919#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=13&manifest=https%3A%2F%2Fdamsssl.llgc.org.uk%2Fiiif%2F2.0%2F1491650%2Fmanifest.json&xywh=-264%2C1096%2C2462%2C2124 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703202910/https://biography.wales/article/s12-EVAN-MER-1919#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=13&manifest=https%3A%2F%2Fdamsssl.llgc.org.uk%2Fiiif%2F2.0%2F1491650%2Fmanifest.json&xywh=-264%2C1096%2C2462%2C2124 |archive-date=July 3, 2022 |access-date=August 25, 2022 |website=Y Bywgraffiadur Cymreig}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFJones">Jones, R. Arwel. [https://biography.wales/article/s12-EVAN-MER-1919#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=13&manifest=https%3A%2F%2Fdamsssl.llgc.org.uk%2Fiiif%2F2.0%2F1491650%2Fmanifest.json&xywh=-264%2C1096%2C2462%2C2124 "EVANS, MEREDYDD ('MERÊD') (1919–2015), campaigner, musician, philosopher and television producer"]. ''Y Bywgraffiadur Cymreig''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220703202910/https://biography.wales/article/s12-EVAN-MER-1919#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=13&manifest=https%3A%2F%2Fdamsssl.llgc.org.uk%2Fiiif%2F2.0%2F1491650%2Fmanifest.json&xywh=-264%2C1096%2C2462%2C2124 Archived] from the original on July 3, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 25,</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Ganin cewa gidansu yana kusa da Laburaren Ƙasa na Wales, Aberystwyth ya ba ma'auratan damar sadaukar da ritayarsu don nazarin tarihin waƙoƙin gargajiya da waƙoƙin gargajiya, kuma bincikensu ya bayyana akai-akai a ''Canu Gwerin'', mujallar Welsh Folk Song Society. <ref name="arwel" /> Jami'ar Wales ta ba Kinney digirin girmamawa na M Mus a shekarar 1991 kuma ta zama abokiyar girmamawa ta Jami'ar Bangor tare da mijinta a shekarar 1997. <ref name="kinney">{{Cite web |last=Nia Mai |first=Daniel |last2=Rheolwr |first2=Rhaglen |date=March 23, 2020 |title=Phyllis Kinney. The musician from Michigan |url=https://blog.library.wales/phyllis-kinney-the-musician-from-michigan/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216005515/https://blog.library.wales/phyllis-kinney-the-musician-from-michigan/ |archive-date=December 16, 2023 |access-date=August 21, 2022 |website=Llyfrgell Genedlaethol Cymru}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNia_MaiRheolwr2020">Nia Mai, Daniel; Rheolwr, Rhaglen (March 23, 2020). [https://web.archive.org/web/20231216005515/https://blog.library.wales/phyllis-kinney-the-musician-from-michigan/ "Phyllis Kinney. The musician from Michigan"]. ''Llyfrgell Genedlaethol Cymru''. Archived from [https://blog.library.wales/phyllis-kinney-the-musician-from-michigan/ the original] on December 16, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 21,</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> A watan Afrilun 2007, Jami'ar Wales ta buga wani kundin ''Festschrift'' ga Evans da Kinney, "tarin rubuce-rubuce masu magana da harsuna biyu masu cikakken harshe na waƙoƙin Welsh da waƙoƙin gargajiya daga manyan masana da masana kiɗa na Wales" don murnar gudummawar da suka bayar "ba wai kawai ga kiɗan gargajiya na Welsh ba har ma ga al'ada da harshen Wales." <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bearers of Song |url=http://www.bangor.ac.uk/news/full.php?Id=204 |access-date=July 17, 2008 |publisher=Bangor University}}</ref> A shekarar 2011, Jami'ar Wales Press ta buga littafin ƙarshe na Kinney zuwa yanzu, Welsh Traditional Music, wani babban tarihi da nazari kan al'adun kayan kida da na murya na Wales [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2026]] ===manazarta=== 8qepu085rw931bmb3ceh2munn56bxn2 0 161818 884629 2026-07-18T13:13:01Z Arcdanumma047 38699 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1301471287|IMC Content Studio]]" 884629 wikitext text/x-wiki '''IMC Content Studio''' tsarin rubuce-rubuce ne na ilimi, musamman samar da abubuwan da ke cikin fannoni na ilmantarwa ta yanar gizo kamar MOOCs . Kamfanin IMC AG, wani kamfanin [[Jamus]] da ke Saarbrücken ne ya ƙirƙiro kuma ya rarraba shirin. Malaman kwaleji da jami'o'i suna amfani da [[Software|manhajar]] a fannin ilimin manya da ci gaba da ilimi, musamman a cibiyoyin horar da sana'o'i kamar [[Jami'ar kamfanoni|Jami'o'in Kamfanoni]] . <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=Margaret Snell |date=2 August 2013 |title=IMC Content Studio focuses on ease-of-use |url=http://www.elearningage.co.uk/newsDetail/13-08-02/imc_content_studio_focuses_on_ease-of-use.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150212195725/http://www.elearningage.co.uk/newsDetail/13-08-02/imc_content_studio_focuses_on_ease-of-use.aspx |archive-date=12 February 2015 |access-date=2014-12-12 |website=E.learning Age |language=en}}</ref> == Interface da aiki == Kamar yadda yake a tsarin marubuta, masu amfani ba ƙwararru ba ne a fannin software. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Birgin, Doris |date=February 11, 2011 |title=Was denkbar ist, ist auch machbar! |url=http://www.checkpoint-elearning.de/article/9051.html |access-date=2014-12-12 |website=Checkpoint E-Learning}}</ref> Saboda haka, an tsara shirye-shiryen rubuta software don su kasance masu fahimta da sauƙin fahimta. <ref name="auto" /> Haɗin IMC Content Studio yana kama da ƙirar samfuran [[Microsoft]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Author unknown |date=April 2014 |title=Corporate Learning News |url=http://www.checkpoint-elearning.com/article/13393.html |access-date=December 12, 2014 |website=Checkpoint E-Learning |language=English}}</ref> Misali ɗaya shine ribbon, wanda ake amfani da shi a Microsoft Office tun 2007 da Windows 8. Shirin yana ba da damar shigo da samfuran Microsoft PowerPoint da slides. Baya ga samar da abubuwan da za a iya amfani da su don koyon e-learning, ana iya amfani da manhajar don tsara littattafan zane-zane, littattafai masu hulɗa da gabatarwa. Baya ga abubuwan gani, shirin yana ba da zaɓi na samar da abubuwan sauti ta hanyar [[Speech synthesis|haɗa magana]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Author unknown |date=April 2014 |title=Von Alpla bis Zeiss |url=http://www.checkpoint-elearning.de/article/13301.html |access-date=14 December 2014 |website=Checkpoint E-Learning}}</ref> == Software == Manhajar ta dogara ne akan HTML 5, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Peter Williams |date=1 September 2013 |title=IMC Makes Mobile Easy |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3092982881.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150329175018/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3092982881.html |archive-date=29 March 2015 |access-date=4 December 2014 |website=E.learning Age |language=en}}</ref> wanda ke ba ta damar aiki akan kwamfutocin mutum da kuma akan kwamfutocin hannu da wayoyin komai da ruwanka. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Dahrendorf, Daniel |display-authors=etal |title=Design, Implementierung und Anwendungsfälle... |url=http://www2.informatik.uni-freiburg.de/~mschmidt/docs/delfi14.pdf |access-date=4 December 2014 |website=Design, Implementierung und Anwendungsfälle einer Corporate MOOC Software Suite |publisher=Gesellschaft für Informatik, Bonn, DeLFI Lecture Note der 12. E-Learning Fachtagung 2014}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rudolf Felser |date=1 July 2013 |title=IMC präsentiert Content Studio |url=http://www.computerwelt.at/news/karriere/aus-weiterbildung/detail/artikel/97100-imc-praesentiert-content-studio/ |access-date=4 December 2014 |website=Computerwelt}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Author unknown |date=13 July 2013 |title=IMC launches authoring software for eLearning courses |url=http://www.etrainingpedia.com/imc-launches-authoring-software-for-elearning-courses/ |access-date=14 January 2015 |website=eTrainingPedia}}</ref> Shirin ya yi daidai da ƙa'idar SCORM da hukumar Pentagon ADL ta tsara don koyon e-learning, da kuma sabbin ƙa'idojin PENS na Kwamitin AICC, waɗanda masana'antar jiragen sama ta Turai da Amurka suka haɗa kai. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Author unknown |date=19 December 2014 |title=Unternehmensmitteilung der IMC AG zum Innovation Pack 4 |url=http://www.im-c.de/aktuelles/imc/presse/pressemitteilungen/single/article/lernen-mit-kontinuitaet-open-social-und-convenient-auch-in-komplexen-unternehmenswelten/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228082032/http://www.im-c.de/aktuelles/imc/presse/pressemitteilungen/single/article/lernen-mit-kontinuitaet-open-social-und-convenient-auch-in-komplexen-unternehmenswelten/ |archive-date=2014-12-28 |access-date=2015-01-06}}</ref> Ana samun hanyar haɗin software a cikin harsuna sama da 30. Yanayin amfani ya bambanta daga horo na asali, sau da yawa tare da gwaje-gwajen zaɓi da yawa, har zuwa hadaddun MOOCs a Jami'o'in Kamfanoni. == Nassoshi == qg9unxnlbqczt0gcuuqxo2yh5roj95y 884630 884629 2026-07-18T13:13:52Z Arcdanumma047 38699 884630 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''IMC Content Studio''' tsarin rubuce-rubuce ne na ilimi, musamman samar da abubuwan da ke cikin fannoni na ilmantarwa ta yanar gizo kamar MOOCs . Kamfanin IMC AG, wani kamfanin [[Jamus]] da ke Saarbrücken ne ya ƙirƙiro kuma ya rarraba shirin. Malaman kwaleji da jami'o'i suna amfani da [[Software|manhajar]] a fannin ilimin manya da ci gaba da ilimi, musamman a cibiyoyin horar da sana'o'i kamar [[Jami'ar kamfanoni|Jami'o'in Kamfanoni]] . <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=Margaret Snell |date=2 August 2013 |title=IMC Content Studio focuses on ease-of-use |url=http://www.elearningage.co.uk/newsDetail/13-08-02/imc_content_studio_focuses_on_ease-of-use.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150212195725/http://www.elearningage.co.uk/newsDetail/13-08-02/imc_content_studio_focuses_on_ease-of-use.aspx |archive-date=12 February 2015 |access-date=2014-12-12 |website=E.learning Age |language=en}}</ref> == Interface da aiki == Kamar yadda yake a tsarin marubuta, masu amfani ba ƙwararru ba ne a fannin software. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Birgin, Doris |date=February 11, 2011 |title=Was denkbar ist, ist auch machbar! |url=http://www.checkpoint-elearning.de/article/9051.html |access-date=2014-12-12 |website=Checkpoint E-Learning}}</ref> Saboda haka, an tsara shirye-shiryen rubuta software don su kasance masu fahimta da sauƙin fahimta. <ref name="auto" /> Haɗin IMC Content Studio yana kama da ƙirar samfuran [[Microsoft]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Author unknown |date=April 2014 |title=Corporate Learning News |url=http://www.checkpoint-elearning.com/article/13393.html |access-date=December 12, 2014 |website=Checkpoint E-Learning |language=English}}</ref> Misali ɗaya shine ribbon, wanda ake amfani da shi a Microsoft Office tun 2007 da Windows 8. Shirin yana ba da damar shigo da samfuran Microsoft PowerPoint da slides. Baya ga samar da abubuwan da za a iya amfani da su don koyon e-learning, ana iya amfani da manhajar don tsara littattafan zane-zane, littattafai masu hulɗa da gabatarwa. Baya ga abubuwan gani, shirin yana ba da zaɓi na samar da abubuwan sauti ta hanyar [[Speech synthesis|haɗa magana]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Author unknown |date=April 2014 |title=Von Alpla bis Zeiss |url=http://www.checkpoint-elearning.de/article/13301.html |access-date=14 December 2014 |website=Checkpoint E-Learning}}</ref> == Software == Manhajar ta dogara ne akan HTML 5, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Peter Williams |date=1 September 2013 |title=IMC Makes Mobile Easy |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3092982881.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150329175018/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3092982881.html |archive-date=29 March 2015 |access-date=4 December 2014 |website=E.learning Age |language=en}}</ref> wanda ke ba ta damar aiki akan kwamfutocin mutum da kuma akan kwamfutocin hannu da wayoyin komai da ruwanka. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Dahrendorf, Daniel |display-authors=etal |title=Design, Implementierung und Anwendungsfälle... |url=http://www2.informatik.uni-freiburg.de/~mschmidt/docs/delfi14.pdf |access-date=4 December 2014 |website=Design, Implementierung und Anwendungsfälle einer Corporate MOOC Software Suite |publisher=Gesellschaft für Informatik, Bonn, DeLFI Lecture Note der 12. E-Learning Fachtagung 2014}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rudolf Felser |date=1 July 2013 |title=IMC präsentiert Content Studio |url=http://www.computerwelt.at/news/karriere/aus-weiterbildung/detail/artikel/97100-imc-praesentiert-content-studio/ |access-date=4 December 2014 |website=Computerwelt}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Author unknown |date=13 July 2013 |title=IMC launches authoring software for eLearning courses |url=http://www.etrainingpedia.com/imc-launches-authoring-software-for-elearning-courses/ |access-date=14 January 2015 |website=eTrainingPedia}}</ref> Shirin ya yi daidai da ƙa'idar SCORM da hukumar Pentagon ADL ta tsara don koyon e-learning, da kuma sabbin ƙa'idojin PENS na Kwamitin AICC, waɗanda masana'antar jiragen sama ta Turai da Amurka suka haɗa kai. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Author unknown |date=19 December 2014 |title=Unternehmensmitteilung der IMC AG zum Innovation Pack 4 |url=http://www.im-c.de/aktuelles/imc/presse/pressemitteilungen/single/article/lernen-mit-kontinuitaet-open-social-und-convenient-auch-in-komplexen-unternehmenswelten/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228082032/http://www.im-c.de/aktuelles/imc/presse/pressemitteilungen/single/article/lernen-mit-kontinuitaet-open-social-und-convenient-auch-in-komplexen-unternehmenswelten/ |archive-date=2014-12-28 |access-date=2015-01-06}}</ref> Ana samun hanyar haɗin software a cikin harsuna sama da 30. Yanayin amfani ya bambanta daga horo na asali, sau da yawa tare da gwaje-gwajen zaɓi da yawa, har zuwa hadaddun MOOCs a Jami'o'in Kamfanoni. == Nassoshi == nsq31orq7l5054vhebai4gukhprhlye 0 161819 884631 2026-07-18T13:13:52Z A Sulaiman Z 13085 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1340343362|Abd-al Karim]]" 884631 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Muhammad ya ba da wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na zamani bisa al'adar da wuri ba a yanzu haka dai wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na zamani bisa al'adar da wuri ba a yanzu haka dai wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na zamani bisa al'adar Abd-al Karim''' (1897-1927) ya kasance sarkin Afghanistan wanda ya yi mulki ne kawai a Lardin Kudancin daga Yuli 1924 zuwa Janairu 1925. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Abd-al Karim a shekara ta 1897. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=AFGHANISTAN |url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/states/islamic/afghanistan-barakzai.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909230033/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/states/islamic/afghanistan-barakzai.html |archive-date=9 September 2018 |access-date=2019-09-24 |website=members.iinet.net.au}}</ref> Shi ne ɗan ƙarami na Mohammad Yaqub Khan, tsohon sarki na Afghanistan wanda aka tilasta masa gudun hijira zuwa Birnin Burtaniya a 1879, kuma mahaifiyarsa, matar Herati, bautar mahaifinsa ce. <ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Nawid |first=Senzil |title=The Khost Rebellion. The Reaction of Afghan Clerical and Tribal Forces to Social Change |url=http://opar.unior.it/1317/1/Annali_1996_56_(f3)_S.Nawid.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225143356/http://opar.unior.it/1317/1/Annali_1996_56_(f3)_S.Nawid.pdf |archive-date=25 December 2018 |access-date=25 December 2018 |website=opar.unior.it}}</ref> A wani lokaci a rayuwarsa, ya auri matarsa, Saltanat (yar Ayub Khan (Emir na Afghanistan)), <ref name=":3" /> kuma a 1922, ya haifi ɗa, [1] Abdur Razzaq. <ref name="Adamec1975ft70" /> A ranar 4 ga Maris 1917 ya tsere daga Dehra Dun zuwa yankin kabilanci amma ba da daɗewa ba Birtaniya ta kama shi. == Sarkin sarakuna == A cikin 1924, an sanar da Abd-al Karim cewa tawaye na Khost yana ci gaba a Lardin Kudancin. "Akwai tawaye yanzu a Khost", in ji 'yan kabilar, "kuma lokaci ne mai kyau don ku sake dawo da ƙasar da mahaifinku ya rasa". A watan Yulin, ya haye daga Indiya ta Burtaniya zuwa Afghanistan, inda bayan kwana 2 na tafiya tare da kabilun, ya isa wani kauye da ake kira [[Nawakot]]. <ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Nawid |first=Senzil |title=The Khost Rebellion. The Reaction of Afghan Clerical and Tribal Forces to Social Change |url=http://opar.unior.it/1317/1/Annali_1996_56_(f3)_S.Nawid.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225143356/http://opar.unior.it/1317/1/Annali_1996_56_(f3)_S.Nawid.pdf |archive-date=25 December 2018 |access-date=25 December 2018 |website=opar.unior.it}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNawid">Nawid, Senzil. [https://web.archive.org/web/20181225143356/http://opar.unior.it/1317/1/Annali_1996_56_(f3)_S.Nawid.pdf "The Khost Rebellion. The Reaction of Afghan Clerical and Tribal Forces to Social Change"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''opar.unior.it''. Archived from [http://opar.unior.it/1317/1/Annali_1996_56_(f3)_S.Nawid.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 25 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> A cikin wannan ƙauyen ne Abd-al Karim ya sadu da shugaban kabilar Zadran, Burland Khan . [bayanin kula 1] Ba da daɗewa ba bayan ya isa, duk ƙauyuka za su ji labarin dawowar Abd-al Karim.<ref name=":2" /> Jama'a sun isa Nawakot don su girmama shi, kuma an kirkiro wata sanarwa a Farisa wanda ya ayyana Abd-al Karim a matsayin sabon Sarkin sarakuna, wanda aka buga shi da yatsun hannu na mutane daga kabilun daban-daban.<ref name=":2" /> Bayan ya yi shelar ga 'yan tawaye cewa zai yi mulki daidai tare da majalisa na 40 [[Ulama'u|ulama]], ya ɗauki iko da tawaye.<ref name=":12" /> A cikin tarihinsa, Habibullāh Kalakāni, wanda ya yi yaƙi a matsayin soja na Amanullah a lokacin tawaye, ya bayyana cewa Abd-al Karim ya kasa zama wahayi ga sojojin 'yan tawaye. Ya rubuta cewa "Ya yi fatan cewa sunan da ya ɗauka da ƙwaƙwalwar kakansa zai sa ƙasar ta juya zuwa gare shi kuma ta ayyana shi a matsayin mai ceto ga wanda ya nemi ya sanya sauye-sauye marasa kyau. Abdul Karim ya yi kuskure. Babu wanda ya nuna sha'awarsa sosai a gare shi. An karɓe shi da ladabi. Takobinsa a matsayin mai taimako ga sojojin 'yan tawaye, amma bai taɓa zama fiye da mutum ba". Bayan shan kashi na tawaye a watan Janairun 1925 <ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Nawid |first=Senzil |title=The Khost Rebellion. The Reaction of Afghan Clerical and Tribal Forces to Social Change |url=http://opar.unior.it/1317/1/Annali_1996_56_(f3)_S.Nawid.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225143356/http://opar.unior.it/1317/1/Annali_1996_56_(f3)_S.Nawid.pdf |archive-date=25 December 2018 |access-date=25 December 2018 |website=opar.unior.it}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNawid">Nawid, Senzil. [https://web.archive.org/web/20181225143356/http://opar.unior.it/1317/1/Annali_1996_56_(f3)_S.Nawid.pdf "The Khost Rebellion. The Reaction of Afghan Clerical and Tribal Forces to Social Change"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''opar.unior.it''. Archived from [http://opar.unior.it/1317/1/Annali_1996_56_(f3)_S.Nawid.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 25 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> ya guje wa kamawa, kuma ya gudu zuwa Indiya ta Burtaniya, inda aka tsare shi a Lahore da Benares. == Fitarwa da mutuwa == Yayinda yake gudun hijira a Biritaniya Burma, Karim ya tuba zuwa Kiristanci, abin mamaki ga al'ummar musulmi na yankin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ruttig |first=Thomas |last2=Noack |first2=David X. |date=December 2024 |title=THE KHOST REBELLION OF 1924: The Centenary of an Overlooked But Significant Episode in Afghan History |url=https://www.afghanistan-analysts.org/en/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/12/Khost-Rebellion-of-1924.pdf |access-date=2025-09-13 |publisher=Afghanistan Analysts Network}}</ref> Abd-al Karim ya mutu a [[Yangon|Rangoon]] a Birnin Burtaniya, a cikin shekara ta 1927. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=AFGHANISTAN |url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/states/islamic/afghanistan-barakzai.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909230033/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/states/islamic/afghanistan-barakzai.html |archive-date=9 September 2018 |access-date=2019-09-24 |website=members.iinet.net.au}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20180909230033/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/states/islamic/afghanistan-barakzai.html "AFGHANISTAN"]. ''members.iinet.net.au''. Archived from [http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/states/islamic/afghanistan-barakzai.html the original] on 9 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-09-24</span></span>.</cite></ref> A cewar Louis Dupree, wani wakilin Afghanistan ne ya kashe shi, <ref name=":5" /> yayin da a cewar Ludwig W. Adamec, wanda ya kashe shi dan kasar Afghanistan ne. A cewar labarin mai kula da Rhea Talley, Abd-al Karim ya kashe kansa a ranar 18 ga Fabrairu, bayan ya nuna tsoron cewa wani wakilin Afghanistan ya kashe shi. A daya daga cikin wasikun ban kwana, Abd-al Karim ya nemi a binne shi a matsayin Kirista, duk da cewa ya mutu kafin baftismarsa. Maimakon haka, lokacin da labarin mutuwarsa ya kai ga 'yan uwan Karim a Dehra Dun, an yi makoki tare da Musulmi Fatiha. Wasu daga cikin mutanen da suka halarci jana'izar Abd-al Karim sun kasance tsoffin soji na tawaye. == Bayanai ==   == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1897]] 4bj2i95o390n97pjedqceirv346ms0q 884632 884631 2026-07-18T13:14:14Z A Sulaiman Z 13085 884632 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Abd-al Karim''' (1897-1927) ya kasance sarkin Afghanistan wanda ya yi mulki ne kawai a Lardin Kudancin daga Yuli 1924 zuwa Janairu 1925. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Abd-al Karim a shekara ta 1897. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=AFGHANISTAN |url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/states/islamic/afghanistan-barakzai.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909230033/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/states/islamic/afghanistan-barakzai.html |archive-date=9 September 2018 |access-date=2019-09-24 |website=members.iinet.net.au}}</ref> Shi ne ɗan ƙarami na Mohammad Yaqub Khan, tsohon sarki na Afghanistan wanda aka tilasta masa gudun hijira zuwa Birnin Burtaniya a 1879, kuma mahaifiyarsa, matar Herati, bautar mahaifinsa ce. <ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Nawid |first=Senzil |title=The Khost Rebellion. The Reaction of Afghan Clerical and Tribal Forces to Social Change |url=http://opar.unior.it/1317/1/Annali_1996_56_(f3)_S.Nawid.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225143356/http://opar.unior.it/1317/1/Annali_1996_56_(f3)_S.Nawid.pdf |archive-date=25 December 2018 |access-date=25 December 2018 |website=opar.unior.it}}</ref> A wani lokaci a rayuwarsa, ya auri matarsa, Saltanat (yar Ayub Khan (Emir na Afghanistan)), <ref name=":3" /> kuma a 1922, ya haifi ɗa, [1] Abdur Razzaq. <ref name="Adamec1975ft70" /> A ranar 4 ga Maris 1917 ya tsere daga Dehra Dun zuwa yankin kabilanci amma ba da daɗewa ba Birtaniya ta kama shi. == Sarkin sarakuna == A cikin 1924, an sanar da Abd-al Karim cewa tawaye na Khost yana ci gaba a Lardin Kudancin. "Akwai tawaye yanzu a Khost", in ji 'yan kabilar, "kuma lokaci ne mai kyau don ku sake dawo da ƙasar da mahaifinku ya rasa". A watan Yulin, ya haye daga Indiya ta Burtaniya zuwa Afghanistan, inda bayan kwana 2 na tafiya tare da kabilun, ya isa wani kauye da ake kira [[Nawakot]]. <ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Nawid |first=Senzil |title=The Khost Rebellion. The Reaction of Afghan Clerical and Tribal Forces to Social Change |url=http://opar.unior.it/1317/1/Annali_1996_56_(f3)_S.Nawid.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225143356/http://opar.unior.it/1317/1/Annali_1996_56_(f3)_S.Nawid.pdf |archive-date=25 December 2018 |access-date=25 December 2018 |website=opar.unior.it}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNawid">Nawid, Senzil. [https://web.archive.org/web/20181225143356/http://opar.unior.it/1317/1/Annali_1996_56_(f3)_S.Nawid.pdf "The Khost Rebellion. The Reaction of Afghan Clerical and Tribal Forces to Social Change"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''opar.unior.it''. Archived from [http://opar.unior.it/1317/1/Annali_1996_56_(f3)_S.Nawid.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 25 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> A cikin wannan ƙauyen ne Abd-al Karim ya sadu da shugaban kabilar Zadran, Burland Khan . [bayanin kula 1] Ba da daɗewa ba bayan ya isa, duk ƙauyuka za su ji labarin dawowar Abd-al Karim.<ref name=":2" /> Jama'a sun isa Nawakot don su girmama shi, kuma an kirkiro wata sanarwa a Farisa wanda ya ayyana Abd-al Karim a matsayin sabon Sarkin sarakuna, wanda aka buga shi da yatsun hannu na mutane daga kabilun daban-daban.<ref name=":2" /> Bayan ya yi shelar ga 'yan tawaye cewa zai yi mulki daidai tare da majalisa na 40 [[Ulama'u|ulama]], ya ɗauki iko da tawaye.<ref name=":12" /> A cikin tarihinsa, Habibullāh Kalakāni, wanda ya yi yaƙi a matsayin soja na Amanullah a lokacin tawaye, ya bayyana cewa Abd-al Karim ya kasa zama wahayi ga sojojin 'yan tawaye. Ya rubuta cewa "Ya yi fatan cewa sunan da ya ɗauka da ƙwaƙwalwar kakansa zai sa ƙasar ta juya zuwa gare shi kuma ta ayyana shi a matsayin mai ceto ga wanda ya nemi ya sanya sauye-sauye marasa kyau. Abdul Karim ya yi kuskure. Babu wanda ya nuna sha'awarsa sosai a gare shi. An karɓe shi da ladabi. Takobinsa a matsayin mai taimako ga sojojin 'yan tawaye, amma bai taɓa zama fiye da mutum ba". Bayan shan kashi na tawaye a watan Janairun 1925 <ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Nawid |first=Senzil |title=The Khost Rebellion. The Reaction of Afghan Clerical and Tribal Forces to Social Change |url=http://opar.unior.it/1317/1/Annali_1996_56_(f3)_S.Nawid.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225143356/http://opar.unior.it/1317/1/Annali_1996_56_(f3)_S.Nawid.pdf |archive-date=25 December 2018 |access-date=25 December 2018 |website=opar.unior.it}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNawid">Nawid, Senzil. [https://web.archive.org/web/20181225143356/http://opar.unior.it/1317/1/Annali_1996_56_(f3)_S.Nawid.pdf "The Khost Rebellion. The Reaction of Afghan Clerical and Tribal Forces to Social Change"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''opar.unior.it''. Archived from [http://opar.unior.it/1317/1/Annali_1996_56_(f3)_S.Nawid.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 25 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> ya guje wa kamawa, kuma ya gudu zuwa Indiya ta Burtaniya, inda aka tsare shi a Lahore da Benares. == Fitarwa da mutuwa == Yayinda yake gudun hijira a Biritaniya Burma, Karim ya tuba zuwa Kiristanci, abin mamaki ga al'ummar musulmi na yankin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ruttig |first=Thomas |last2=Noack |first2=David X. |date=December 2024 |title=THE KHOST REBELLION OF 1924: The Centenary of an Overlooked But Significant Episode in Afghan History |url=https://www.afghanistan-analysts.org/en/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/12/Khost-Rebellion-of-1924.pdf |access-date=2025-09-13 |publisher=Afghanistan Analysts Network}}</ref> Abd-al Karim ya mutu a [[Yangon|Rangoon]] a Birnin Burtaniya, a cikin shekara ta 1927. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=AFGHANISTAN |url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/states/islamic/afghanistan-barakzai.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909230033/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/states/islamic/afghanistan-barakzai.html |archive-date=9 September 2018 |access-date=2019-09-24 |website=members.iinet.net.au}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20180909230033/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/states/islamic/afghanistan-barakzai.html "AFGHANISTAN"]. ''members.iinet.net.au''. Archived from [http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/states/islamic/afghanistan-barakzai.html the original] on 9 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-09-24</span></span>.</cite></ref> A cewar Louis Dupree, wani wakilin Afghanistan ne ya kashe shi, <ref name=":5" /> yayin da a cewar Ludwig W. Adamec, wanda ya kashe shi dan kasar Afghanistan ne. A cewar labarin mai kula da Rhea Talley, Abd-al Karim ya kashe kansa a ranar 18 ga Fabrairu, bayan ya nuna tsoron cewa wani wakilin Afghanistan ya kashe shi. A daya daga cikin wasikun ban kwana, Abd-al Karim ya nemi a binne shi a matsayin Kirista, duk da cewa ya mutu kafin baftismarsa. Maimakon haka, lokacin da labarin mutuwarsa ya kai ga 'yan uwan Karim a Dehra Dun, an yi makoki tare da Musulmi Fatiha. Wasu daga cikin mutanen da suka halarci jana'izar Abd-al Karim sun kasance tsoffin soji na tawaye. == Bayanai ==   == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1897]] 9rgzwx8b3sa8c5gt7fe9bu9a0ajg63m 884641 884632 2026-07-18T13:20:00Z A Sulaiman Z 13085 /* Sarkin sarakuna */ 884641 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Abd-al Karim''' (1897-1927) ya kasance sarkin Afghanistan wanda ya yi mulki ne kawai a Lardin Kudancin daga Yuli 1924 zuwa Janairu 1925. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Abd-al Karim a shekara ta 1897. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=AFGHANISTAN |url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/states/islamic/afghanistan-barakzai.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909230033/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/states/islamic/afghanistan-barakzai.html |archive-date=9 September 2018 |access-date=2019-09-24 |website=members.iinet.net.au}}</ref> Shi ne ɗan ƙarami na Mohammad Yaqub Khan, tsohon sarki na Afghanistan wanda aka tilasta masa gudun hijira zuwa Birnin Burtaniya a 1879, kuma mahaifiyarsa, matar Herati, bautar mahaifinsa ce. <ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Nawid |first=Senzil |title=The Khost Rebellion. The Reaction of Afghan Clerical and Tribal Forces to Social Change |url=http://opar.unior.it/1317/1/Annali_1996_56_(f3)_S.Nawid.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225143356/http://opar.unior.it/1317/1/Annali_1996_56_(f3)_S.Nawid.pdf |archive-date=25 December 2018 |access-date=25 December 2018 |website=opar.unior.it}}</ref> A wani lokaci a rayuwarsa, ya auri matarsa, Saltanat (yar Ayub Khan (Emir na Afghanistan)), <ref name=":3" /> kuma a 1922, ya haifi ɗa, [1] Abdur Razzaq. <ref name="Adamec1975ft70" /> A ranar 4 ga Maris 1917 ya tsere daga Dehra Dun zuwa yankin kabilanci amma ba da daɗewa ba Birtaniya ta kama shi. == Sarkin sarakuna == A cikin 1924, an sanar da Abd-al Karim cewa tawaye na Khost yana ci gaba a Lardin Kudancin. "Akwai tawaye yanzu a Khost", in ji 'yan kabilar, "kuma lokaci ne mai kyau don ku sake dawo da ƙasar da mahaifinku ya rasa". A watan Yulin, ya haye daga Indiya ta Burtaniya zuwa Afghanistan, inda bayan kwana 2 na tafiya tare da kabilun, ya isa wani kauye da ake kira [[Nawakot]]. <ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Nawid |first=Senzil |title=The Khost Rebellion. The Reaction of Afghan Clerical and Tribal Forces to Social Change |url=http://opar.unior.it/1317/1/Annali_1996_56_(f3)_S.Nawid.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225143356/http://opar.unior.it/1317/1/Annali_1996_56_(f3)_S.Nawid.pdf |archive-date=25 December 2018 |access-date=25 December 2018 |website=opar.unior.it}}</ref> A cikin wannan ƙauyen ne Abd-al Karim ya sadu da shugaban kabilar Zadran, Burland Khan . [bayanin kula 1] Ba da daɗewa ba bayan ya isa, duk ƙauyuka za su ji labarin dawowar Abd-al Karim.<ref name=":2" /> Jama'a sun isa Nawakot don su girmama shi, kuma an kirkiro wata sanarwa a Farisa wanda ya ayyana Abd-al Karim a matsayin sabon Sarkin sarakuna, wanda aka buga shi da yatsun hannu na mutane daga kabilun daban-daban.<ref name=":2" /> Bayan ya yi shelar ga 'yan tawaye cewa zai yi mulki daidai tare da majalisa na 40 [[Ulama'u|ulama]], ya ɗauki iko da tawaye.<ref name=":12" /> A cikin tarihinsa, Habibullāh Kalakāni, wanda ya yi yaƙi a matsayin soja na Amanullah a lokacin tawaye, ya bayyana cewa Abd-al Karim ya kasa zama wahayi ga sojojin 'yan tawaye. Ya rubuta cewa "Ya yi fatan cewa sunan da ya ɗauka da ƙwaƙwalwar kakansa zai sa ƙasar ta juya zuwa gare shi kuma ta ayyana shi a matsayin mai ceto ga wanda ya nemi ya sanya sauye-sauye marasa kyau. Abdul Karim ya yi kuskure. Babu wanda ya nuna sha'awarsa sosai a gare shi. An karɓe shi da ladabi. Takobinsa a matsayin mai taimako ga sojojin 'yan tawaye, amma bai taɓa zama fiye da mutum ba". Bayan shan kashi na tawaye a watan Janairun 1925 <ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Nawid |first=Senzil |title=The Khost Rebellion. The Reaction of Afghan Clerical and Tribal Forces to Social Change |url=http://opar.unior.it/1317/1/Annali_1996_56_(f3)_S.Nawid.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225143356/http://opar.unior.it/1317/1/Annali_1996_56_(f3)_S.Nawid.pdf |archive-date=25 December 2018 |access-date=25 December 2018 |website=opar.unior.it}}</ref> ya guje wa kamawa, kuma ya gudu zuwa Indiya ta Burtaniya, inda aka tsare shi a Lahore da Benares. == Fitarwa da mutuwa == Yayinda yake gudun hijira a Biritaniya Burma, Karim ya tuba zuwa Kiristanci, abin mamaki ga al'ummar musulmi na yankin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ruttig |first=Thomas |last2=Noack |first2=David X. |date=December 2024 |title=THE KHOST REBELLION OF 1924: The Centenary of an Overlooked But Significant Episode in Afghan History |url=https://www.afghanistan-analysts.org/en/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/12/Khost-Rebellion-of-1924.pdf |access-date=2025-09-13 |publisher=Afghanistan Analysts Network}}</ref> Abd-al Karim ya mutu a [[Yangon|Rangoon]] a Birnin Burtaniya, a cikin shekara ta 1927. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=AFGHANISTAN |url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/states/islamic/afghanistan-barakzai.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909230033/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/states/islamic/afghanistan-barakzai.html |archive-date=9 September 2018 |access-date=2019-09-24 |website=members.iinet.net.au}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20180909230033/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/states/islamic/afghanistan-barakzai.html "AFGHANISTAN"]. ''members.iinet.net.au''. Archived from [http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/states/islamic/afghanistan-barakzai.html the original] on 9 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-09-24</span></span>.</cite></ref> A cewar Louis Dupree, wani wakilin Afghanistan ne ya kashe shi, <ref name=":5" /> yayin da a cewar Ludwig W. Adamec, wanda ya kashe shi dan kasar Afghanistan ne. A cewar labarin mai kula da Rhea Talley, Abd-al Karim ya kashe kansa a ranar 18 ga Fabrairu, bayan ya nuna tsoron cewa wani wakilin Afghanistan ya kashe shi. A daya daga cikin wasikun ban kwana, Abd-al Karim ya nemi a binne shi a matsayin Kirista, duk da cewa ya mutu kafin baftismarsa. Maimakon haka, lokacin da labarin mutuwarsa ya kai ga 'yan uwan Karim a Dehra Dun, an yi makoki tare da Musulmi Fatiha. Wasu daga cikin mutanen da suka halarci jana'izar Abd-al Karim sun kasance tsoffin soji na tawaye. == Bayanai ==   == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1897]] scmy875lqhlunbc0b2ss59yyroo9nxh 884642 884641 2026-07-18T13:21:06Z A Sulaiman Z 13085 /* Fitarwa da mutuwa */ 884642 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Abd-al Karim''' (1897-1927) ya kasance sarkin Afghanistan wanda ya yi mulki ne kawai a Lardin Kudancin daga Yuli 1924 zuwa Janairu 1925. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Abd-al Karim a shekara ta 1897. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=AFGHANISTAN |url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/states/islamic/afghanistan-barakzai.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909230033/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/states/islamic/afghanistan-barakzai.html |archive-date=9 September 2018 |access-date=2019-09-24 |website=members.iinet.net.au}}</ref> Shi ne ɗan ƙarami na Mohammad Yaqub Khan, tsohon sarki na Afghanistan wanda aka tilasta masa gudun hijira zuwa Birnin Burtaniya a 1879, kuma mahaifiyarsa, matar Herati, bautar mahaifinsa ce. <ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Nawid |first=Senzil |title=The Khost Rebellion. The Reaction of Afghan Clerical and Tribal Forces to Social Change |url=http://opar.unior.it/1317/1/Annali_1996_56_(f3)_S.Nawid.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225143356/http://opar.unior.it/1317/1/Annali_1996_56_(f3)_S.Nawid.pdf |archive-date=25 December 2018 |access-date=25 December 2018 |website=opar.unior.it}}</ref> A wani lokaci a rayuwarsa, ya auri matarsa, Saltanat (yar Ayub Khan (Emir na Afghanistan)), <ref name=":3" /> kuma a 1922, ya haifi ɗa, [1] Abdur Razzaq. <ref name="Adamec1975ft70" /> A ranar 4 ga Maris 1917 ya tsere daga Dehra Dun zuwa yankin kabilanci amma ba da daɗewa ba Birtaniya ta kama shi. == Sarkin sarakuna == A cikin 1924, an sanar da Abd-al Karim cewa tawaye na Khost yana ci gaba a Lardin Kudancin. "Akwai tawaye yanzu a Khost", in ji 'yan kabilar, "kuma lokaci ne mai kyau don ku sake dawo da ƙasar da mahaifinku ya rasa". A watan Yulin, ya haye daga Indiya ta Burtaniya zuwa Afghanistan, inda bayan kwana 2 na tafiya tare da kabilun, ya isa wani kauye da ake kira [[Nawakot]]. <ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Nawid |first=Senzil |title=The Khost Rebellion. The Reaction of Afghan Clerical and Tribal Forces to Social Change |url=http://opar.unior.it/1317/1/Annali_1996_56_(f3)_S.Nawid.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225143356/http://opar.unior.it/1317/1/Annali_1996_56_(f3)_S.Nawid.pdf |archive-date=25 December 2018 |access-date=25 December 2018 |website=opar.unior.it}}</ref> A cikin wannan ƙauyen ne Abd-al Karim ya sadu da shugaban kabilar Zadran, Burland Khan . [bayanin kula 1] Ba da daɗewa ba bayan ya isa, duk ƙauyuka za su ji labarin dawowar Abd-al Karim.<ref name=":2" /> Jama'a sun isa Nawakot don su girmama shi, kuma an kirkiro wata sanarwa a Farisa wanda ya ayyana Abd-al Karim a matsayin sabon Sarkin sarakuna, wanda aka buga shi da yatsun hannu na mutane daga kabilun daban-daban.<ref name=":2" /> Bayan ya yi shelar ga 'yan tawaye cewa zai yi mulki daidai tare da majalisa na 40 [[Ulama'u|ulama]], ya ɗauki iko da tawaye.<ref name=":12" /> A cikin tarihinsa, Habibullāh Kalakāni, wanda ya yi yaƙi a matsayin soja na Amanullah a lokacin tawaye, ya bayyana cewa Abd-al Karim ya kasa zama wahayi ga sojojin 'yan tawaye. Ya rubuta cewa "Ya yi fatan cewa sunan da ya ɗauka da ƙwaƙwalwar kakansa zai sa ƙasar ta juya zuwa gare shi kuma ta ayyana shi a matsayin mai ceto ga wanda ya nemi ya sanya sauye-sauye marasa kyau. Abdul Karim ya yi kuskure. Babu wanda ya nuna sha'awarsa sosai a gare shi. An karɓe shi da ladabi. Takobinsa a matsayin mai taimako ga sojojin 'yan tawaye, amma bai taɓa zama fiye da mutum ba". Bayan shan kashi na tawaye a watan Janairun 1925 <ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Nawid |first=Senzil |title=The Khost Rebellion. The Reaction of Afghan Clerical and Tribal Forces to Social Change |url=http://opar.unior.it/1317/1/Annali_1996_56_(f3)_S.Nawid.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225143356/http://opar.unior.it/1317/1/Annali_1996_56_(f3)_S.Nawid.pdf |archive-date=25 December 2018 |access-date=25 December 2018 |website=opar.unior.it}}</ref> ya guje wa kamawa, kuma ya gudu zuwa Indiya ta Burtaniya, inda aka tsare shi a Lahore da Benares. == Fitarwa da mutuwa == Yayinda yake gudun hijira a Biritaniya Burma, Karim ya tuba zuwa Kiristanci, abin mamaki ga al'ummar musulmi na yankin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ruttig |first=Thomas |last2=Noack |first2=David X. |date=December 2024 |title=THE KHOST REBELLION OF 1924: The Centenary of an Overlooked But Significant Episode in Afghan History |url=https://www.afghanistan-analysts.org/en/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/12/Khost-Rebellion-of-1924.pdf |access-date=2025-09-13 |publisher=Afghanistan Analysts Network}}</ref> Abd-al Karim ya mutu a [[Yangon|Rangoon]] a Birnin Burtaniya, a cikin shekara ta 1927. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=AFGHANISTAN |url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/states/islamic/afghanistan-barakzai.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909230033/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/states/islamic/afghanistan-barakzai.html |archive-date=9 September 2018 |access-date=2019-09-24 |website=members.iinet.net.au}}</ref> A cewar Louis Dupree, wani wakilin Afghanistan ne ya kashe shi, <ref name=":5" /> yayin da a cewar Ludwig W. Adamec, wanda ya kashe shi dan kasar Afghanistan ne. A cewar labarin mai kula da Rhea Talley, Abd-al Karim ya kashe kansa a ranar 18 ga Fabrairu, bayan ya nuna tsoron cewa wani wakilin Afghanistan ya kashe shi. A daya daga cikin wasikun ban kwana, Abd-al Karim ya nemi a binne shi a matsayin Kirista, duk da cewa ya mutu kafin baftismarsa. Maimakon haka, lokacin da labarin mutuwarsa ya kai ga 'yan uwan Karim a Dehra Dun, an yi makoki tare da Musulmi Fatiha. Wasu daga cikin mutanen da suka halarci jana'izar Abd-al Karim sun kasance tsoffin soji na tawaye. == Bayanai ==   == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1897]] dhvhkpcohmvgxwyqm26o6nksl6dnx15 884643 884642 2026-07-18T13:21:27Z A Sulaiman Z 13085 884643 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Abd-al Karim''' (1897-1927) ya kasance sarkin Afghanistan wanda ya yi mulki ne kawai a Lardin Kudancin daga Yuli 1924 zuwa Janairu 1925. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Abd-al Karim a shekara ta 1897. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=AFGHANISTAN |url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/states/islamic/afghanistan-barakzai.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909230033/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/states/islamic/afghanistan-barakzai.html |archive-date=9 September 2018 |access-date=2019-09-24 |website=members.iinet.net.au}}</ref> Shi ne ɗan ƙarami na Mohammad Yaqub Khan, tsohon sarki na Afghanistan wanda aka tilasta masa gudun hijira zuwa Birnin Burtaniya a 1879, kuma mahaifiyarsa, matar Herati, bautar mahaifinsa ce. <ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Nawid |first=Senzil |title=The Khost Rebellion. The Reaction of Afghan Clerical and Tribal Forces to Social Change |url=http://opar.unior.it/1317/1/Annali_1996_56_(f3)_S.Nawid.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225143356/http://opar.unior.it/1317/1/Annali_1996_56_(f3)_S.Nawid.pdf |archive-date=25 December 2018 |access-date=25 December 2018 |website=opar.unior.it}}</ref> A wani lokaci a rayuwarsa, ya auri matarsa, Saltanat (yar Ayub Khan (Emir na Afghanistan)), <ref name=":3" /> kuma a 1922, ya haifi ɗa, [1] Abdur Razzaq. <ref name="Adamec1975ft70" /> A ranar 4 ga Maris 1917 ya tsere daga Dehra Dun zuwa yankin kabilanci amma ba da daɗewa ba Birtaniya ta kama shi. == Sarkin sarakuna == A cikin 1924, an sanar da Abd-al Karim cewa tawaye na Khost yana ci gaba a Lardin Kudancin. "Akwai tawaye yanzu a Khost", in ji 'yan kabilar, "kuma lokaci ne mai kyau don ku sake dawo da ƙasar da mahaifinku ya rasa". A watan Yulin, ya haye daga Indiya ta Burtaniya zuwa Afghanistan, inda bayan kwana 2 na tafiya tare da kabilun, ya isa wani kauye da ake kira [[Nawakot]]. <ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Nawid |first=Senzil |title=The Khost Rebellion. The Reaction of Afghan Clerical and Tribal Forces to Social Change |url=http://opar.unior.it/1317/1/Annali_1996_56_(f3)_S.Nawid.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225143356/http://opar.unior.it/1317/1/Annali_1996_56_(f3)_S.Nawid.pdf |archive-date=25 December 2018 |access-date=25 December 2018 |website=opar.unior.it}}</ref> A cikin wannan ƙauyen ne Abd-al Karim ya sadu da shugaban kabilar Zadran, Burland Khan . [bayanin kula 1] Ba da daɗewa ba bayan ya isa, duk ƙauyuka za su ji labarin dawowar Abd-al Karim.<ref name=":2" /> Jama'a sun isa Nawakot don su girmama shi, kuma an kirkiro wata sanarwa a Farisa wanda ya ayyana Abd-al Karim a matsayin sabon Sarkin sarakuna, wanda aka buga shi da yatsun hannu na mutane daga kabilun daban-daban.<ref name=":2" /> Bayan ya yi shelar ga 'yan tawaye cewa zai yi mulki daidai tare da majalisa na 40 [[Ulama'u|ulama]], ya ɗauki iko da tawaye.<ref name=":12" /> A cikin tarihinsa, Habibullāh Kalakāni, wanda ya yi yaƙi a matsayin soja na Amanullah a lokacin tawaye, ya bayyana cewa Abd-al Karim ya kasa zama wahayi ga sojojin 'yan tawaye. Ya rubuta cewa "Ya yi fatan cewa sunan da ya ɗauka da ƙwaƙwalwar kakansa zai sa ƙasar ta juya zuwa gare shi kuma ta ayyana shi a matsayin mai ceto ga wanda ya nemi ya sanya sauye-sauye marasa kyau. Abdul Karim ya yi kuskure. Babu wanda ya nuna sha'awarsa sosai a gare shi. An karɓe shi da ladabi. Takobinsa a matsayin mai taimako ga sojojin 'yan tawaye, amma bai taɓa zama fiye da mutum ba". Bayan shan kashi na tawaye a watan Janairun 1925 <ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Nawid |first=Senzil |title=The Khost Rebellion. The Reaction of Afghan Clerical and Tribal Forces to Social Change |url=http://opar.unior.it/1317/1/Annali_1996_56_(f3)_S.Nawid.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225143356/http://opar.unior.it/1317/1/Annali_1996_56_(f3)_S.Nawid.pdf |archive-date=25 December 2018 |access-date=25 December 2018 |website=opar.unior.it}}</ref> ya guje wa kamawa, kuma ya gudu zuwa Indiya ta Burtaniya, inda aka tsare shi a Lahore da Benares. == Fitarwa da mutuwa == Yayinda yake gudun hijira a Biritaniya Burma, Karim ya tuba zuwa Kiristanci, abin mamaki ga al'ummar musulmi na yankin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ruttig |first=Thomas |last2=Noack |first2=David X. |date=December 2024 |title=THE KHOST REBELLION OF 1924: The Centenary of an Overlooked But Significant Episode in Afghan History |url=https://www.afghanistan-analysts.org/en/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/12/Khost-Rebellion-of-1924.pdf |access-date=2025-09-13 |publisher=Afghanistan Analysts Network}}</ref> Abd-al Karim ya mutu a [[Yangon|Rangoon]] a Birnin Burtaniya, a cikin shekara ta 1927. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=AFGHANISTAN |url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/states/islamic/afghanistan-barakzai.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909230033/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/states/islamic/afghanistan-barakzai.html |archive-date=9 September 2018 |access-date=2019-09-24 |website=members.iinet.net.au}}</ref> A cewar Louis Dupree, wani wakilin Afghanistan ne ya kashe shi, <ref name=":5" /> yayin da a cewar Ludwig W. Adamec, wanda ya kashe shi dan kasar Afghanistan ne. A cewar labarin mai kula da Rhea Talley, Abd-al Karim ya kashe kansa a ranar 18 ga Fabrairu, bayan ya nuna tsoron cewa wani wakilin Afghanistan ya kashe shi. A daya daga cikin wasikun ban kwana, Abd-al Karim ya nemi a binne shi a matsayin Kirista, duk da cewa ya mutu kafin baftismarsa. Maimakon haka, lokacin da labarin mutuwarsa ya kai ga 'yan uwan Karim a Dehra Dun, an yi makoki tare da Musulmi Fatiha. Wasu daga cikin mutanen da suka halarci jana'izar Abd-al Karim sun kasance tsoffin soji na tawaye. == Bayanai ==   == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1897]] c17ei1ufw1tbvdmf5wc5hlnpopf2p9k 884646 884643 2026-07-18T13:22:40Z A Sulaiman Z 13085 /* Rayuwa ta farko */ 884646 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Abd-al Karim''' (1897-1927) ya kasance sarkin Afghanistan wanda ya yi mulki ne kawai a Lardin Kudancin daga Yuli 1924 zuwa Janairu 1925. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Abd-al Karim a shekara ta 1897. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=AFGHANISTAN |url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/states/islamic/afghanistan-barakzai.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909230033/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/states/islamic/afghanistan-barakzai.html |archive-date=9 September 2018 |access-date=2019-09-24 |website=members.iinet.net.au}}</ref> Shi ne ɗan ƙarami na Mohammad Yaqub Khan, tsohon sarki na Afghanistan wanda aka tilasta masa gudun hijira zuwa Birnin Burtaniya a 1879, kuma mahaifiyarsa, matar Herati, bautar mahaifinsa ce. <ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Nawid |first=Senzil |title=The Khost Rebellion. The Reaction of Afghan Clerical and Tribal Forces to Social Change |url=http://opar.unior.it/1317/1/Annali_1996_56_(f3)_S.Nawid.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225143356/http://opar.unior.it/1317/1/Annali_1996_56_(f3)_S.Nawid.pdf |archive-date=25 December 2018 |access-date=25 December 2018 |website=opar.unior.it}}</ref> A wani lokaci a rayuwarsa, ya auri matarsa, Saltanat (yar Ayub Khan (Emir na Afghanistan)), <ref name=":3" /> kuma a 1922, ya haifi ɗa, [1] Abdur Razzaq. <ref name="Adamec1975ft70" /> A ranar 4 ga Maris 1917 ya tsere daga Dehra Dun zuwa yankin kabilanci amma ba da daɗewa ba Birtaniya ta kama shi.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|last=Adamec|first=Ludwig W.|url=http://docshare04.docshare.tips/files/24356/243567005.pdf|title=Historical and Political Who's who of Afghanistan|date=1975|publisher=Akademische Druck- u. Verlagsanstalt|isbn=978-3-201-00921-8|page=97|language=en}}</ref> == Sarkin sarakuna == A cikin 1924, an sanar da Abd-al Karim cewa tawaye na Khost yana ci gaba a Lardin Kudancin. "Akwai tawaye yanzu a Khost", in ji 'yan kabilar, "kuma lokaci ne mai kyau don ku sake dawo da ƙasar da mahaifinku ya rasa". A watan Yulin, ya haye daga Indiya ta Burtaniya zuwa Afghanistan, inda bayan kwana 2 na tafiya tare da kabilun, ya isa wani kauye da ake kira [[Nawakot]]. <ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Nawid |first=Senzil |title=The Khost Rebellion. The Reaction of Afghan Clerical and Tribal Forces to Social Change |url=http://opar.unior.it/1317/1/Annali_1996_56_(f3)_S.Nawid.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225143356/http://opar.unior.it/1317/1/Annali_1996_56_(f3)_S.Nawid.pdf |archive-date=25 December 2018 |access-date=25 December 2018 |website=opar.unior.it}}</ref> A cikin wannan ƙauyen ne Abd-al Karim ya sadu da shugaban kabilar Zadran, Burland Khan . [bayanin kula 1] Ba da daɗewa ba bayan ya isa, duk ƙauyuka za su ji labarin dawowar Abd-al Karim.<ref name=":2" /> Jama'a sun isa Nawakot don su girmama shi, kuma an kirkiro wata sanarwa a Farisa wanda ya ayyana Abd-al Karim a matsayin sabon Sarkin sarakuna, wanda aka buga shi da yatsun hannu na mutane daga kabilun daban-daban.<ref name=":2" /> Bayan ya yi shelar ga 'yan tawaye cewa zai yi mulki daidai tare da majalisa na 40 [[Ulama'u|ulama]], ya ɗauki iko da tawaye.<ref name=":12" /> A cikin tarihinsa, Habibullāh Kalakāni, wanda ya yi yaƙi a matsayin soja na Amanullah a lokacin tawaye, ya bayyana cewa Abd-al Karim ya kasa zama wahayi ga sojojin 'yan tawaye. Ya rubuta cewa "Ya yi fatan cewa sunan da ya ɗauka da ƙwaƙwalwar kakansa zai sa ƙasar ta juya zuwa gare shi kuma ta ayyana shi a matsayin mai ceto ga wanda ya nemi ya sanya sauye-sauye marasa kyau. Abdul Karim ya yi kuskure. Babu wanda ya nuna sha'awarsa sosai a gare shi. An karɓe shi da ladabi. Takobinsa a matsayin mai taimako ga sojojin 'yan tawaye, amma bai taɓa zama fiye da mutum ba". Bayan shan kashi na tawaye a watan Janairun 1925 <ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Nawid |first=Senzil |title=The Khost Rebellion. The Reaction of Afghan Clerical and Tribal Forces to Social Change |url=http://opar.unior.it/1317/1/Annali_1996_56_(f3)_S.Nawid.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225143356/http://opar.unior.it/1317/1/Annali_1996_56_(f3)_S.Nawid.pdf |archive-date=25 December 2018 |access-date=25 December 2018 |website=opar.unior.it}}</ref> ya guje wa kamawa, kuma ya gudu zuwa Indiya ta Burtaniya, inda aka tsare shi a Lahore da Benares. == Fitarwa da mutuwa == Yayinda yake gudun hijira a Biritaniya Burma, Karim ya tuba zuwa Kiristanci, abin mamaki ga al'ummar musulmi na yankin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ruttig |first=Thomas |last2=Noack |first2=David X. |date=December 2024 |title=THE KHOST REBELLION OF 1924: The Centenary of an Overlooked But Significant Episode in Afghan History |url=https://www.afghanistan-analysts.org/en/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/12/Khost-Rebellion-of-1924.pdf |access-date=2025-09-13 |publisher=Afghanistan Analysts Network}}</ref> Abd-al Karim ya mutu a [[Yangon|Rangoon]] a Birnin Burtaniya, a cikin shekara ta 1927. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=AFGHANISTAN |url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/states/islamic/afghanistan-barakzai.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909230033/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/states/islamic/afghanistan-barakzai.html |archive-date=9 September 2018 |access-date=2019-09-24 |website=members.iinet.net.au}}</ref> A cewar Louis Dupree, wani wakilin Afghanistan ne ya kashe shi, <ref name=":5" /> yayin da a cewar Ludwig W. Adamec, wanda ya kashe shi dan kasar Afghanistan ne. A cewar labarin mai kula da Rhea Talley, Abd-al Karim ya kashe kansa a ranar 18 ga Fabrairu, bayan ya nuna tsoron cewa wani wakilin Afghanistan ya kashe shi. A daya daga cikin wasikun ban kwana, Abd-al Karim ya nemi a binne shi a matsayin Kirista, duk da cewa ya mutu kafin baftismarsa. Maimakon haka, lokacin da labarin mutuwarsa ya kai ga 'yan uwan Karim a Dehra Dun, an yi makoki tare da Musulmi Fatiha. Wasu daga cikin mutanen da suka halarci jana'izar Abd-al Karim sun kasance tsoffin soji na tawaye. == Bayanai ==   == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1897]] q2n5y4qx55b7qe4vcnxvw61vmgqa7t1 884651 884646 2026-07-18T13:26:14Z A Sulaiman Z 13085 /* Rayuwa ta farko */ 884651 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Abd-al Karim''' (1897-1927) ya kasance sarkin Afghanistan wanda ya yi mulki ne kawai a Lardin Kudancin daga Yuli 1924 zuwa Janairu 1925. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Abd-al Karim a shekara ta 1897. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=AFGHANISTAN |url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/states/islamic/afghanistan-barakzai.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909230033/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/states/islamic/afghanistan-barakzai.html |archive-date=9 September 2018 |access-date=2019-09-24 |website=members.iinet.net.au}}</ref> Shi ne ɗan ƙarami na Mohammad Yaqub Khan, tsohon sarki na Afghanistan wanda aka tilasta masa gudun hijira zuwa Birnin Burtaniya a 1879,<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|url=http://opar.unior.it/1317/1/Annali_1996_56_(f3)_S.Nawid.pdf|title=The Khost Rebellion. The Reaction of Afghan Clerical and Tribal Forces to Social Change|last=Nawid|first=Senzil|website=opar.unior.it|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225143356/http://opar.unior.it/1317/1/Annali_1996_56_(f3)_S.Nawid.pdf|archive-date=25 December 2018|access-date=25 December 2018}}</ref> kuma mahaifiyarsa, matar Herati, bautar mahaifinsa ce. <ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Nawid |first=Senzil |title=The Khost Rebellion. The Reaction of Afghan Clerical and Tribal Forces to Social Change |url=http://opar.unior.it/1317/1/Annali_1996_56_(f3)_S.Nawid.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225143356/http://opar.unior.it/1317/1/Annali_1996_56_(f3)_S.Nawid.pdf |archive-date=25 December 2018 |access-date=25 December 2018 |website=opar.unior.it}}</ref> A wani lokaci a rayuwarsa, ya auri matarsa, Saltanat (yar Ayub Khan (Emir na Afghanistan)), <ref name=":3" /> kuma a 1922, ya haifi ɗa, [1] Abdur Razzaq. <ref name="Adamec1975ft70" /> A ranar 4 ga Maris 1917 ya tsere daga Dehra Dun zuwa yankin kabilanci amma ba da daɗewa ba Birtaniya ta kama shi.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|last=Adamec|first=Ludwig W.|url=http://docshare04.docshare.tips/files/24356/243567005.pdf|title=Historical and Political Who's who of Afghanistan|date=1975|publisher=Akademische Druck- u. Verlagsanstalt|isbn=978-3-201-00921-8|page=97|language=en}}</ref> == Sarkin sarakuna == A cikin 1924, an sanar da Abd-al Karim cewa tawaye na Khost yana ci gaba a Lardin Kudancin. "Akwai tawaye yanzu a Khost", in ji 'yan kabilar, "kuma lokaci ne mai kyau don ku sake dawo da ƙasar da mahaifinku ya rasa". A watan Yulin, ya haye daga Indiya ta Burtaniya zuwa Afghanistan, inda bayan kwana 2 na tafiya tare da kabilun, ya isa wani kauye da ake kira [[Nawakot]]. <ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Nawid |first=Senzil |title=The Khost Rebellion. The Reaction of Afghan Clerical and Tribal Forces to Social Change |url=http://opar.unior.it/1317/1/Annali_1996_56_(f3)_S.Nawid.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225143356/http://opar.unior.it/1317/1/Annali_1996_56_(f3)_S.Nawid.pdf |archive-date=25 December 2018 |access-date=25 December 2018 |website=opar.unior.it}}</ref> A cikin wannan ƙauyen ne Abd-al Karim ya sadu da shugaban kabilar Zadran, Burland Khan . [bayanin kula 1] Ba da daɗewa ba bayan ya isa, duk ƙauyuka za su ji labarin dawowar Abd-al Karim.<ref name=":2" /> Jama'a sun isa Nawakot don su girmama shi, kuma an kirkiro wata sanarwa a Farisa wanda ya ayyana Abd-al Karim a matsayin sabon Sarkin sarakuna, wanda aka buga shi da yatsun hannu na mutane daga kabilun daban-daban.<ref name=":2" /> Bayan ya yi shelar ga 'yan tawaye cewa zai yi mulki daidai tare da majalisa na 40 [[Ulama'u|ulama]], ya ɗauki iko da tawaye.<ref name=":12" /> A cikin tarihinsa, Habibullāh Kalakāni, wanda ya yi yaƙi a matsayin soja na Amanullah a lokacin tawaye, ya bayyana cewa Abd-al Karim ya kasa zama wahayi ga sojojin 'yan tawaye. Ya rubuta cewa "Ya yi fatan cewa sunan da ya ɗauka da ƙwaƙwalwar kakansa zai sa ƙasar ta juya zuwa gare shi kuma ta ayyana shi a matsayin mai ceto ga wanda ya nemi ya sanya sauye-sauye marasa kyau. Abdul Karim ya yi kuskure. Babu wanda ya nuna sha'awarsa sosai a gare shi. An karɓe shi da ladabi. Takobinsa a matsayin mai taimako ga sojojin 'yan tawaye, amma bai taɓa zama fiye da mutum ba". Bayan shan kashi na tawaye a watan Janairun 1925 <ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Nawid |first=Senzil |title=The Khost Rebellion. The Reaction of Afghan Clerical and Tribal Forces to Social Change |url=http://opar.unior.it/1317/1/Annali_1996_56_(f3)_S.Nawid.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225143356/http://opar.unior.it/1317/1/Annali_1996_56_(f3)_S.Nawid.pdf |archive-date=25 December 2018 |access-date=25 December 2018 |website=opar.unior.it}}</ref> ya guje wa kamawa, kuma ya gudu zuwa Indiya ta Burtaniya, inda aka tsare shi a Lahore da Benares. == Fitarwa da mutuwa == Yayinda yake gudun hijira a Biritaniya Burma, Karim ya tuba zuwa Kiristanci, abin mamaki ga al'ummar musulmi na yankin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ruttig |first=Thomas |last2=Noack |first2=David X. |date=December 2024 |title=THE KHOST REBELLION OF 1924: The Centenary of an Overlooked But Significant Episode in Afghan History |url=https://www.afghanistan-analysts.org/en/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/12/Khost-Rebellion-of-1924.pdf |access-date=2025-09-13 |publisher=Afghanistan Analysts Network}}</ref> Abd-al Karim ya mutu a [[Yangon|Rangoon]] a Birnin Burtaniya, a cikin shekara ta 1927. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=AFGHANISTAN |url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/states/islamic/afghanistan-barakzai.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909230033/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/states/islamic/afghanistan-barakzai.html |archive-date=9 September 2018 |access-date=2019-09-24 |website=members.iinet.net.au}}</ref> A cewar Louis Dupree, wani wakilin Afghanistan ne ya kashe shi, <ref name=":5" /> yayin da a cewar Ludwig W. Adamec, wanda ya kashe shi dan kasar Afghanistan ne. A cewar labarin mai kula da Rhea Talley, Abd-al Karim ya kashe kansa a ranar 18 ga Fabrairu, bayan ya nuna tsoron cewa wani wakilin Afghanistan ya kashe shi. A daya daga cikin wasikun ban kwana, Abd-al Karim ya nemi a binne shi a matsayin Kirista, duk da cewa ya mutu kafin baftismarsa. Maimakon haka, lokacin da labarin mutuwarsa ya kai ga 'yan uwan Karim a Dehra Dun, an yi makoki tare da Musulmi Fatiha. Wasu daga cikin mutanen da suka halarci jana'izar Abd-al Karim sun kasance tsoffin soji na tawaye. == Bayanai ==   == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1897]] 2h11fqi51edlmpuvl8vllndyww2nwcm 884654 884651 2026-07-18T13:27:32Z A Sulaiman Z 13085 /* Fitarwa da mutuwa */ 884654 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Abd-al Karim''' (1897-1927) ya kasance sarkin Afghanistan wanda ya yi mulki ne kawai a Lardin Kudancin daga Yuli 1924 zuwa Janairu 1925. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Abd-al Karim a shekara ta 1897. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=AFGHANISTAN |url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/states/islamic/afghanistan-barakzai.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909230033/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/states/islamic/afghanistan-barakzai.html |archive-date=9 September 2018 |access-date=2019-09-24 |website=members.iinet.net.au}}</ref> Shi ne ɗan ƙarami na Mohammad Yaqub Khan, tsohon sarki na Afghanistan wanda aka tilasta masa gudun hijira zuwa Birnin Burtaniya a 1879,<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|url=http://opar.unior.it/1317/1/Annali_1996_56_(f3)_S.Nawid.pdf|title=The Khost Rebellion. The Reaction of Afghan Clerical and Tribal Forces to Social Change|last=Nawid|first=Senzil|website=opar.unior.it|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225143356/http://opar.unior.it/1317/1/Annali_1996_56_(f3)_S.Nawid.pdf|archive-date=25 December 2018|access-date=25 December 2018}}</ref> kuma mahaifiyarsa, matar Herati, bautar mahaifinsa ce. <ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Nawid |first=Senzil |title=The Khost Rebellion. The Reaction of Afghan Clerical and Tribal Forces to Social Change |url=http://opar.unior.it/1317/1/Annali_1996_56_(f3)_S.Nawid.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225143356/http://opar.unior.it/1317/1/Annali_1996_56_(f3)_S.Nawid.pdf |archive-date=25 December 2018 |access-date=25 December 2018 |website=opar.unior.it}}</ref> A wani lokaci a rayuwarsa, ya auri matarsa, Saltanat (yar Ayub Khan (Emir na Afghanistan)), <ref name=":3" /> kuma a 1922, ya haifi ɗa, [1] Abdur Razzaq. <ref name="Adamec1975ft70" /> A ranar 4 ga Maris 1917 ya tsere daga Dehra Dun zuwa yankin kabilanci amma ba da daɗewa ba Birtaniya ta kama shi.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|last=Adamec|first=Ludwig W.|url=http://docshare04.docshare.tips/files/24356/243567005.pdf|title=Historical and Political Who's who of Afghanistan|date=1975|publisher=Akademische Druck- u. Verlagsanstalt|isbn=978-3-201-00921-8|page=97|language=en}}</ref> == Sarkin sarakuna == A cikin 1924, an sanar da Abd-al Karim cewa tawaye na Khost yana ci gaba a Lardin Kudancin. "Akwai tawaye yanzu a Khost", in ji 'yan kabilar, "kuma lokaci ne mai kyau don ku sake dawo da ƙasar da mahaifinku ya rasa". A watan Yulin, ya haye daga Indiya ta Burtaniya zuwa Afghanistan, inda bayan kwana 2 na tafiya tare da kabilun, ya isa wani kauye da ake kira [[Nawakot]]. <ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Nawid |first=Senzil |title=The Khost Rebellion. The Reaction of Afghan Clerical and Tribal Forces to Social Change |url=http://opar.unior.it/1317/1/Annali_1996_56_(f3)_S.Nawid.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225143356/http://opar.unior.it/1317/1/Annali_1996_56_(f3)_S.Nawid.pdf |archive-date=25 December 2018 |access-date=25 December 2018 |website=opar.unior.it}}</ref> A cikin wannan ƙauyen ne Abd-al Karim ya sadu da shugaban kabilar Zadran, Burland Khan . [bayanin kula 1] Ba da daɗewa ba bayan ya isa, duk ƙauyuka za su ji labarin dawowar Abd-al Karim.<ref name=":2" /> Jama'a sun isa Nawakot don su girmama shi, kuma an kirkiro wata sanarwa a Farisa wanda ya ayyana Abd-al Karim a matsayin sabon Sarkin sarakuna, wanda aka buga shi da yatsun hannu na mutane daga kabilun daban-daban.<ref name=":2" /> Bayan ya yi shelar ga 'yan tawaye cewa zai yi mulki daidai tare da majalisa na 40 [[Ulama'u|ulama]], ya ɗauki iko da tawaye.<ref name=":12" /> A cikin tarihinsa, Habibullāh Kalakāni, wanda ya yi yaƙi a matsayin soja na Amanullah a lokacin tawaye, ya bayyana cewa Abd-al Karim ya kasa zama wahayi ga sojojin 'yan tawaye. Ya rubuta cewa "Ya yi fatan cewa sunan da ya ɗauka da ƙwaƙwalwar kakansa zai sa ƙasar ta juya zuwa gare shi kuma ta ayyana shi a matsayin mai ceto ga wanda ya nemi ya sanya sauye-sauye marasa kyau. Abdul Karim ya yi kuskure. Babu wanda ya nuna sha'awarsa sosai a gare shi. An karɓe shi da ladabi. Takobinsa a matsayin mai taimako ga sojojin 'yan tawaye, amma bai taɓa zama fiye da mutum ba". Bayan shan kashi na tawaye a watan Janairun 1925 <ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Nawid |first=Senzil |title=The Khost Rebellion. The Reaction of Afghan Clerical and Tribal Forces to Social Change |url=http://opar.unior.it/1317/1/Annali_1996_56_(f3)_S.Nawid.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225143356/http://opar.unior.it/1317/1/Annali_1996_56_(f3)_S.Nawid.pdf |archive-date=25 December 2018 |access-date=25 December 2018 |website=opar.unior.it}}</ref> ya guje wa kamawa, kuma ya gudu zuwa Indiya ta Burtaniya, inda aka tsare shi a Lahore da Benares. == Fitarwa da mutuwa == Yayinda yake gudun hijira a Biritaniya Burma, Karim ya tuba zuwa Kiristanci, abin mamaki ga al'ummar musulmi na yankin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ruttig |first=Thomas |last2=Noack |first2=David X. |date=December 2024 |title=THE KHOST REBELLION OF 1924: The Centenary of an Overlooked But Significant Episode in Afghan History |url=https://www.afghanistan-analysts.org/en/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/12/Khost-Rebellion-of-1924.pdf |access-date=2025-09-13 |publisher=Afghanistan Analysts Network}}</ref> Abd-al Karim ya mutu a [[Yangon|Rangoon]] a Birnin Burtaniya, a cikin shekara ta 1927. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=AFGHANISTAN |url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/states/islamic/afghanistan-barakzai.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909230033/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/states/islamic/afghanistan-barakzai.html |archive-date=9 September 2018 |access-date=2019-09-24 |website=members.iinet.net.au}}</ref> A cewar Louis Dupree, wani wakilin Afghanistan ne ya kashe shi, <ref name=":5" /> yayin da a cewar Ludwig W. Adamec, wanda ya kashe shi dan kasar Afghanistan ne. A cewar labarin mai kula da Rhea Talley, Abd-al Karim ya kashe kansa a ranar 18 ga Fabrairu, bayan ya nuna tsoron cewa wani wakilin Afghanistan ya kashe shi. A daya daga cikin wasikun ban kwana, Abd-al Karim ya nemi a binne shi a matsayin Kirista, duk da cewa ya mutu kafin baftismarsa. Maimakon haka, lokacin da labarin mutuwarsa ya kai ga 'yan uwan Karim a Dehra Dun, an yi makoki tare da Musulmi Fatiha. Wasu daga cikin mutanen da suka halarci jana'izar Abd-al Karim sun kasance tsoffin soji na tawaye.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Stewart|first=Rhea Talley|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=weltAAAAMAAJ|title=Fire in Afghanistan, 1914-1929: Faith, Hope, and the British Empire|date=1973|publisher=Doubleday|isbn=978-0-385-08742-1|pages=284–285|language=en}}</ref> == Bayanai ==   == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1897]] 5isqlbpfe1vqcopcgq3zaqu0fmx7agk 884657 884654 2026-07-18T13:29:11Z A Sulaiman Z 13085 /* Sarkin sarakuna */ 884657 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Abd-al Karim''' (1897-1927) ya kasance sarkin Afghanistan wanda ya yi mulki ne kawai a Lardin Kudancin daga Yuli 1924 zuwa Janairu 1925. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Abd-al Karim a shekara ta 1897. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=AFGHANISTAN |url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/states/islamic/afghanistan-barakzai.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909230033/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/states/islamic/afghanistan-barakzai.html |archive-date=9 September 2018 |access-date=2019-09-24 |website=members.iinet.net.au}}</ref> Shi ne ɗan ƙarami na Mohammad Yaqub Khan, tsohon sarki na Afghanistan wanda aka tilasta masa gudun hijira zuwa Birnin Burtaniya a 1879,<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|url=http://opar.unior.it/1317/1/Annali_1996_56_(f3)_S.Nawid.pdf|title=The Khost Rebellion. The Reaction of Afghan Clerical and Tribal Forces to Social Change|last=Nawid|first=Senzil|website=opar.unior.it|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225143356/http://opar.unior.it/1317/1/Annali_1996_56_(f3)_S.Nawid.pdf|archive-date=25 December 2018|access-date=25 December 2018}}</ref> kuma mahaifiyarsa, matar Herati, bautar mahaifinsa ce. <ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Nawid |first=Senzil |title=The Khost Rebellion. The Reaction of Afghan Clerical and Tribal Forces to Social Change |url=http://opar.unior.it/1317/1/Annali_1996_56_(f3)_S.Nawid.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225143356/http://opar.unior.it/1317/1/Annali_1996_56_(f3)_S.Nawid.pdf |archive-date=25 December 2018 |access-date=25 December 2018 |website=opar.unior.it}}</ref> A wani lokaci a rayuwarsa, ya auri matarsa, Saltanat (yar Ayub Khan (Emir na Afghanistan)), <ref name=":3" /> kuma a 1922, ya haifi ɗa, [1] Abdur Razzaq. <ref name="Adamec1975ft70" /> A ranar 4 ga Maris 1917 ya tsere daga Dehra Dun zuwa yankin kabilanci amma ba da daɗewa ba Birtaniya ta kama shi.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|last=Adamec|first=Ludwig W.|url=http://docshare04.docshare.tips/files/24356/243567005.pdf|title=Historical and Political Who's who of Afghanistan|date=1975|publisher=Akademische Druck- u. Verlagsanstalt|isbn=978-3-201-00921-8|page=97|language=en}}</ref> == Sarkin sarakuna == A cikin 1924, an sanar da Abd-al Karim cewa tawaye na Khost yana ci gaba a Lardin Kudancin. "Akwai tawaye yanzu a Khost", in ji 'yan kabilar, "kuma lokaci ne mai kyau don ku sake dawo da ƙasar da mahaifinku ya rasa". A watan Yulin, ya haye daga Indiya ta Burtaniya zuwa Afghanistan, inda bayan kwana 2 na tafiya tare da kabilun, ya isa wani kauye da ake kira [[Nawakot]]. <ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Nawid |first=Senzil |title=The Khost Rebellion. The Reaction of Afghan Clerical and Tribal Forces to Social Change |url=http://opar.unior.it/1317/1/Annali_1996_56_(f3)_S.Nawid.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225143356/http://opar.unior.it/1317/1/Annali_1996_56_(f3)_S.Nawid.pdf |archive-date=25 December 2018 |access-date=25 December 2018 |website=opar.unior.it}}</ref> A cikin wannan ƙauyen ne Abd-al Karim ya sadu da shugaban kabilar Zadran, Burland Khan . [bayanin kula 1] Ba da daɗewa ba bayan ya isa, duk ƙauyuka za su ji labarin dawowar Abd-al Karim.<ref name=":2" /> Jama'a sun isa Nawakot don su girmama shi, kuma an kirkiro wata sanarwa a Farisa wanda ya ayyana Abd-al Karim a matsayin sabon Sarkin sarakuna, wanda aka buga shi da yatsun hannu na mutane daga kabilun daban-daban.<ref name=":2" /> Bayan ya yi shelar ga 'yan tawaye cewa zai yi mulki daidai tare da majalisa na 40 [[Ulama'u|ulama]], ya ɗauki iko da tawaye.<ref name=":12" /> A cikin tarihinsa, Habibullāh Kalakāni, wanda ya yi yaƙi a matsayin soja na Amanullah a lokacin tawaye, ya bayyana cewa Abd-al Karim ya kasa zama wahayi ga sojojin 'yan tawaye. Ya rubuta cewa "Ya yi fatan cewa sunan da ya ɗauka da ƙwaƙwalwar kakansa zai sa ƙasar ta juya zuwa gare shi kuma ta ayyana shi a matsayin mai ceto ga wanda ya nemi ya sanya sauye-sauye marasa kyau. Abdul Karim ya yi kuskure. Babu wanda ya nuna sha'awarsa sosai a gare shi. An karɓe shi da ladabi. Takobinsa a matsayin mai taimako ga sojojin 'yan tawaye, amma bai taɓa zama fiye da mutum ba".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Khān|first=Ḥabibullah|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NGUTAAAAQAAJ|title=My Life: from Brigand to King: Autobiography of Amir Habibullah|date=1936|publisher=S. Low, Marston|pages=51|language=en}} The book is considered to be not his real autobiography. See {{Cite book|url=https://www.afghanistan-analysts.org/en/reports/context-culture/who-was-king-habibullah-ii-a-query-from-the-literature/|title=Who Was King Habibullah II? A query from the literature|last=Ruttig|first=Thomas|date=2016-09-16|publisher=Afghanistan Analyst Network|language=en}}</ref> Bayan shan kashi na tawaye a watan Janairun 1925 <ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Nawid |first=Senzil |title=The Khost Rebellion. The Reaction of Afghan Clerical and Tribal Forces to Social Change |url=http://opar.unior.it/1317/1/Annali_1996_56_(f3)_S.Nawid.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225143356/http://opar.unior.it/1317/1/Annali_1996_56_(f3)_S.Nawid.pdf |archive-date=25 December 2018 |access-date=25 December 2018 |website=opar.unior.it}}</ref> ya guje wa kamawa, kuma ya gudu zuwa Indiya ta Burtaniya, inda aka tsare shi a Lahore da Benares. == Fitarwa da mutuwa == Yayinda yake gudun hijira a Biritaniya Burma, Karim ya tuba zuwa Kiristanci, abin mamaki ga al'ummar musulmi na yankin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ruttig |first=Thomas |last2=Noack |first2=David X. |date=December 2024 |title=THE KHOST REBELLION OF 1924: The Centenary of an Overlooked But Significant Episode in Afghan History |url=https://www.afghanistan-analysts.org/en/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/12/Khost-Rebellion-of-1924.pdf |access-date=2025-09-13 |publisher=Afghanistan Analysts Network}}</ref> Abd-al Karim ya mutu a [[Yangon|Rangoon]] a Birnin Burtaniya, a cikin shekara ta 1927. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=AFGHANISTAN |url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/states/islamic/afghanistan-barakzai.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909230033/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/states/islamic/afghanistan-barakzai.html |archive-date=9 September 2018 |access-date=2019-09-24 |website=members.iinet.net.au}}</ref> A cewar Louis Dupree, wani wakilin Afghanistan ne ya kashe shi, <ref name=":5" /> yayin da a cewar Ludwig W. Adamec, wanda ya kashe shi dan kasar Afghanistan ne. A cewar labarin mai kula da Rhea Talley, Abd-al Karim ya kashe kansa a ranar 18 ga Fabrairu, bayan ya nuna tsoron cewa wani wakilin Afghanistan ya kashe shi. A daya daga cikin wasikun ban kwana, Abd-al Karim ya nemi a binne shi a matsayin Kirista, duk da cewa ya mutu kafin baftismarsa. Maimakon haka, lokacin da labarin mutuwarsa ya kai ga 'yan uwan Karim a Dehra Dun, an yi makoki tare da Musulmi Fatiha. Wasu daga cikin mutanen da suka halarci jana'izar Abd-al Karim sun kasance tsoffin soji na tawaye.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Stewart|first=Rhea Talley|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=weltAAAAMAAJ|title=Fire in Afghanistan, 1914-1929: Faith, Hope, and the British Empire|date=1973|publisher=Doubleday|isbn=978-0-385-08742-1|pages=284–285|language=en}}</ref> == Bayanai ==   == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1897]] dw6g9sb90efh7vzitma8jaobnpombxo 884661 884657 2026-07-18T13:31:23Z A Sulaiman Z 13085 /* Rayuwa ta farko */ 884661 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Abd-al Karim''' (1897-1927) ya kasance sarkin Afghanistan wanda ya yi mulki ne kawai a Lardin Kudancin daga Yuli 1924 zuwa Janairu 1925. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Abd-al Karim a shekara ta 1897. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=AFGHANISTAN |url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/states/islamic/afghanistan-barakzai.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909230033/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/states/islamic/afghanistan-barakzai.html |archive-date=9 September 2018 |access-date=2019-09-24 |website=members.iinet.net.au}}</ref> Shi ne ɗan ƙarami na Mohammad Yaqub Khan, tsohon sarki na Afghanistan wanda aka tilasta masa gudun hijira zuwa Birnin Burtaniya a 1879,<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|url=http://opar.unior.it/1317/1/Annali_1996_56_(f3)_S.Nawid.pdf|title=The Khost Rebellion. The Reaction of Afghan Clerical and Tribal Forces to Social Change|last=Nawid|first=Senzil|website=opar.unior.it|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225143356/http://opar.unior.it/1317/1/Annali_1996_56_(f3)_S.Nawid.pdf|archive-date=25 December 2018|access-date=25 December 2018}}</ref> kuma mahaifiyarsa, matar Herati,<ref name="Adamec1975ft70">{{Cite book|url=http://docshare04.docshare.tips/files/24356/243567005.pdf|title=Historical and Political Who's who of Afghanistan|last=Adamec|first=Ludwig W.|date=1975|publisher=Akademische Druck- u. Verlagsanstalt|isbn=978-3-201-00921-8|language=en|chapter=Family Trees, Table 70}}</ref> bautar mahaifinsa ce. <ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Nawid |first=Senzil |title=The Khost Rebellion. The Reaction of Afghan Clerical and Tribal Forces to Social Change |url=http://opar.unior.it/1317/1/Annali_1996_56_(f3)_S.Nawid.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225143356/http://opar.unior.it/1317/1/Annali_1996_56_(f3)_S.Nawid.pdf |archive-date=25 December 2018 |access-date=25 December 2018 |website=opar.unior.it}}</ref> A wani lokaci a rayuwarsa, ya auri matarsa, Saltanat (yar Ayub Khan (Emir na Afghanistan)), <ref name=":3" /> kuma a 1922, ya haifi ɗa, [1] Abdur Razzaq. <ref name="Adamec1975ft70" /> A ranar 4 ga Maris 1917 ya tsere daga Dehra Dun zuwa yankin kabilanci amma ba da daɗewa ba Birtaniya ta kama shi.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|last=Adamec|first=Ludwig W.|url=http://docshare04.docshare.tips/files/24356/243567005.pdf|title=Historical and Political Who's who of Afghanistan|date=1975|publisher=Akademische Druck- u. Verlagsanstalt|isbn=978-3-201-00921-8|page=97|language=en}}</ref> == Sarkin sarakuna == A cikin 1924, an sanar da Abd-al Karim cewa tawaye na Khost yana ci gaba a Lardin Kudancin. "Akwai tawaye yanzu a Khost", in ji 'yan kabilar, "kuma lokaci ne mai kyau don ku sake dawo da ƙasar da mahaifinku ya rasa". A watan Yulin, ya haye daga Indiya ta Burtaniya zuwa Afghanistan, inda bayan kwana 2 na tafiya tare da kabilun, ya isa wani kauye da ake kira [[Nawakot]]. <ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Nawid |first=Senzil |title=The Khost Rebellion. The Reaction of Afghan Clerical and Tribal Forces to Social Change |url=http://opar.unior.it/1317/1/Annali_1996_56_(f3)_S.Nawid.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225143356/http://opar.unior.it/1317/1/Annali_1996_56_(f3)_S.Nawid.pdf |archive-date=25 December 2018 |access-date=25 December 2018 |website=opar.unior.it}}</ref> A cikin wannan ƙauyen ne Abd-al Karim ya sadu da shugaban kabilar Zadran, Burland Khan . [bayanin kula 1] Ba da daɗewa ba bayan ya isa, duk ƙauyuka za su ji labarin dawowar Abd-al Karim.<ref name=":2" /> Jama'a sun isa Nawakot don su girmama shi, kuma an kirkiro wata sanarwa a Farisa wanda ya ayyana Abd-al Karim a matsayin sabon Sarkin sarakuna, wanda aka buga shi da yatsun hannu na mutane daga kabilun daban-daban.<ref name=":2" /> Bayan ya yi shelar ga 'yan tawaye cewa zai yi mulki daidai tare da majalisa na 40 [[Ulama'u|ulama]], ya ɗauki iko da tawaye.<ref name=":12" /> A cikin tarihinsa, Habibullāh Kalakāni, wanda ya yi yaƙi a matsayin soja na Amanullah a lokacin tawaye, ya bayyana cewa Abd-al Karim ya kasa zama wahayi ga sojojin 'yan tawaye. Ya rubuta cewa "Ya yi fatan cewa sunan da ya ɗauka da ƙwaƙwalwar kakansa zai sa ƙasar ta juya zuwa gare shi kuma ta ayyana shi a matsayin mai ceto ga wanda ya nemi ya sanya sauye-sauye marasa kyau. Abdul Karim ya yi kuskure. Babu wanda ya nuna sha'awarsa sosai a gare shi. An karɓe shi da ladabi. Takobinsa a matsayin mai taimako ga sojojin 'yan tawaye, amma bai taɓa zama fiye da mutum ba".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Khān|first=Ḥabibullah|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NGUTAAAAQAAJ|title=My Life: from Brigand to King: Autobiography of Amir Habibullah|date=1936|publisher=S. Low, Marston|pages=51|language=en}} The book is considered to be not his real autobiography. See {{Cite book|url=https://www.afghanistan-analysts.org/en/reports/context-culture/who-was-king-habibullah-ii-a-query-from-the-literature/|title=Who Was King Habibullah II? A query from the literature|last=Ruttig|first=Thomas|date=2016-09-16|publisher=Afghanistan Analyst Network|language=en}}</ref> Bayan shan kashi na tawaye a watan Janairun 1925 <ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Nawid |first=Senzil |title=The Khost Rebellion. The Reaction of Afghan Clerical and Tribal Forces to Social Change |url=http://opar.unior.it/1317/1/Annali_1996_56_(f3)_S.Nawid.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225143356/http://opar.unior.it/1317/1/Annali_1996_56_(f3)_S.Nawid.pdf |archive-date=25 December 2018 |access-date=25 December 2018 |website=opar.unior.it}}</ref> ya guje wa kamawa, kuma ya gudu zuwa Indiya ta Burtaniya, inda aka tsare shi a Lahore da Benares. == Fitarwa da mutuwa == Yayinda yake gudun hijira a Biritaniya Burma, Karim ya tuba zuwa Kiristanci, abin mamaki ga al'ummar musulmi na yankin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ruttig |first=Thomas |last2=Noack |first2=David X. |date=December 2024 |title=THE KHOST REBELLION OF 1924: The Centenary of an Overlooked But Significant Episode in Afghan History |url=https://www.afghanistan-analysts.org/en/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/12/Khost-Rebellion-of-1924.pdf |access-date=2025-09-13 |publisher=Afghanistan Analysts Network}}</ref> Abd-al Karim ya mutu a [[Yangon|Rangoon]] a Birnin Burtaniya, a cikin shekara ta 1927. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=AFGHANISTAN |url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/states/islamic/afghanistan-barakzai.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909230033/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/states/islamic/afghanistan-barakzai.html |archive-date=9 September 2018 |access-date=2019-09-24 |website=members.iinet.net.au}}</ref> A cewar Louis Dupree, wani wakilin Afghanistan ne ya kashe shi, <ref name=":5" /> yayin da a cewar Ludwig W. Adamec, wanda ya kashe shi dan kasar Afghanistan ne. A cewar labarin mai kula da Rhea Talley, Abd-al Karim ya kashe kansa a ranar 18 ga Fabrairu, bayan ya nuna tsoron cewa wani wakilin Afghanistan ya kashe shi. A daya daga cikin wasikun ban kwana, Abd-al Karim ya nemi a binne shi a matsayin Kirista, duk da cewa ya mutu kafin baftismarsa. Maimakon haka, lokacin da labarin mutuwarsa ya kai ga 'yan uwan Karim a Dehra Dun, an yi makoki tare da Musulmi Fatiha. Wasu daga cikin mutanen da suka halarci jana'izar Abd-al Karim sun kasance tsoffin soji na tawaye.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Stewart|first=Rhea Talley|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=weltAAAAMAAJ|title=Fire in Afghanistan, 1914-1929: Faith, Hope, and the British Empire|date=1973|publisher=Doubleday|isbn=978-0-385-08742-1|pages=284–285|language=en}}</ref> == Bayanai ==   == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1897]] 5ske4h624le0dkdh2ez1v005ts61qa7 884675 884661 2026-07-18T13:49:15Z A Sulaiman Z 13085 /* Sarkin sarakuna */ 884675 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Abd-al Karim''' (1897-1927) ya kasance sarkin Afghanistan wanda ya yi mulki ne kawai a Lardin Kudancin daga Yuli 1924 zuwa Janairu 1925. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Abd-al Karim a shekara ta 1897. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=AFGHANISTAN |url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/states/islamic/afghanistan-barakzai.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909230033/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/states/islamic/afghanistan-barakzai.html |archive-date=9 September 2018 |access-date=2019-09-24 |website=members.iinet.net.au}}</ref> Shi ne ɗan ƙarami na Mohammad Yaqub Khan, tsohon sarki na Afghanistan wanda aka tilasta masa gudun hijira zuwa Birnin Burtaniya a 1879,<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|url=http://opar.unior.it/1317/1/Annali_1996_56_(f3)_S.Nawid.pdf|title=The Khost Rebellion. The Reaction of Afghan Clerical and Tribal Forces to Social Change|last=Nawid|first=Senzil|website=opar.unior.it|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225143356/http://opar.unior.it/1317/1/Annali_1996_56_(f3)_S.Nawid.pdf|archive-date=25 December 2018|access-date=25 December 2018}}</ref> kuma mahaifiyarsa, matar Herati,<ref name="Adamec1975ft70">{{Cite book|url=http://docshare04.docshare.tips/files/24356/243567005.pdf|title=Historical and Political Who's who of Afghanistan|last=Adamec|first=Ludwig W.|date=1975|publisher=Akademische Druck- u. Verlagsanstalt|isbn=978-3-201-00921-8|language=en|chapter=Family Trees, Table 70}}</ref> bautar mahaifinsa ce. <ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Nawid |first=Senzil |title=The Khost Rebellion. The Reaction of Afghan Clerical and Tribal Forces to Social Change |url=http://opar.unior.it/1317/1/Annali_1996_56_(f3)_S.Nawid.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225143356/http://opar.unior.it/1317/1/Annali_1996_56_(f3)_S.Nawid.pdf |archive-date=25 December 2018 |access-date=25 December 2018 |website=opar.unior.it}}</ref> A wani lokaci a rayuwarsa, ya auri matarsa, Saltanat (yar Ayub Khan (Emir na Afghanistan)), <ref name=":3" /> kuma a 1922, ya haifi ɗa, [1] Abdur Razzaq. <ref name="Adamec1975ft70" /> A ranar 4 ga Maris 1917 ya tsere daga Dehra Dun zuwa yankin kabilanci amma ba da daɗewa ba Birtaniya ta kama shi.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|last=Adamec|first=Ludwig W.|url=http://docshare04.docshare.tips/files/24356/243567005.pdf|title=Historical and Political Who's who of Afghanistan|date=1975|publisher=Akademische Druck- u. Verlagsanstalt|isbn=978-3-201-00921-8|page=97|language=en}}</ref> == Sarkin sarakuna == A cikin 1924, an sanar da Abd-al Karim cewa tawaye na Khost yana ci gaba a Lardin Kudancin. "Akwai tawaye yanzu a Khost", in ji 'yan kabilar, "kuma lokaci ne mai kyau don ku sake dawo da ƙasar da mahaifinku ya rasa". A watan Yulin, ya haye daga Indiya ta Burtaniya zuwa Afghanistan, inda bayan kwana 2 na tafiya tare da kabilun, ya isa wani kauye da ake kira [[Nawakot]]. <ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Nawid |first=Senzil |title=The Khost Rebellion. The Reaction of Afghan Clerical and Tribal Forces to Social Change |url=http://opar.unior.it/1317/1/Annali_1996_56_(f3)_S.Nawid.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225143356/http://opar.unior.it/1317/1/Annali_1996_56_(f3)_S.Nawid.pdf |archive-date=25 December 2018 |access-date=25 December 2018 |website=opar.unior.it}}</ref> A cikin wannan ƙauyen ne Abd-al Karim ya sadu da shugaban kabilar Zadran, Burland Khan . [bayanin kula 1] Ba da daɗewa ba bayan ya isa, duk ƙauyuka za su ji labarin dawowar Abd-al Karim.<ref name=":2" /> Jama'a sun isa Nawakot don su girmama shi, kuma an kirkiro wata sanarwa a Farisa wanda ya ayyana Abd-al Karim a matsayin sabon Sarkin sarakuna, wanda aka buga shi da yatsun hannu na mutane daga kabilun daban-daban.<ref name=":2" /> Bayan ya yi shelar ga 'yan tawaye cewa zai yi mulki daidai tare da majalisa na 40 [[Ulama'u|ulama]], ya ɗauki iko da tawaye.<ref name=":12" /> A cikin tarihinsa, Habibullāh Kalakāni, wanda ya yi yaƙi a matsayin soja na Amanullah a lokacin tawaye, ya bayyana cewa Abd-al Karim ya kasa zama wahayi ga sojojin 'yan tawaye. Ya rubuta cewa "Ya yi fatan cewa sunan da ya ɗauka da ƙwaƙwalwar kakansa zai sa ƙasar ta juya zuwa gare shi kuma ta ayyana shi a matsayin mai ceto ga wanda ya nemi ya sanya sauye-sauye marasa kyau. Abdul Karim ya yi kuskure. Babu wanda ya nuna sha'awarsa sosai a gare shi. An karɓe shi da ladabi. Takobinsa a matsayin mai taimako ga sojojin 'yan tawaye, amma bai taɓa zama fiye da mutum ba".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Khān|first=Ḥabibullah|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NGUTAAAAQAAJ|title=My Life: from Brigand to King: Autobiography of Amir Habibullah|date=1936|publisher=S. Low, Marston|pages=51|language=en}} The book is considered to be not his real autobiography. See {{Cite book|url=https://www.afghanistan-analysts.org/en/reports/context-culture/who-was-king-habibullah-ii-a-query-from-the-literature/|title=Who Was King Habibullah II? A query from the literature|last=Ruttig|first=Thomas|date=2016-09-16|publisher=Afghanistan Analyst Network|language=en}}</ref> Bayan shan kashi na tawaye a watan Janairun 1925 <ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Nawid |first=Senzil |title=The Khost Rebellion. The Reaction of Afghan Clerical and Tribal Forces to Social Change |url=http://opar.unior.it/1317/1/Annali_1996_56_(f3)_S.Nawid.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225143356/http://opar.unior.it/1317/1/Annali_1996_56_(f3)_S.Nawid.pdf |archive-date=25 December 2018 |access-date=25 December 2018 |website=opar.unior.it}}</ref> ya guje wa kamawa, kuma ya gudu zuwa Indiya ta Burtaniya, inda aka tsare shi a Lahore da Benares.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=weltAAAAMAAJ|title=Fire in Afghanistan, 1914-1929: faith, hope, and the British Empire|last=Stewart|first=Rhea Talley|date=1973|publisher=Doubleday|isbn=9780385087421|pages=266|language=en}}</ref> == Fitarwa da mutuwa == Yayinda yake gudun hijira a Biritaniya Burma, Karim ya tuba zuwa Kiristanci, abin mamaki ga al'ummar musulmi na yankin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ruttig |first=Thomas |last2=Noack |first2=David X. |date=December 2024 |title=THE KHOST REBELLION OF 1924: The Centenary of an Overlooked But Significant Episode in Afghan History |url=https://www.afghanistan-analysts.org/en/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/12/Khost-Rebellion-of-1924.pdf |access-date=2025-09-13 |publisher=Afghanistan Analysts Network}}</ref> Abd-al Karim ya mutu a [[Yangon|Rangoon]] a Birnin Burtaniya, a cikin shekara ta 1927. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=AFGHANISTAN |url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/states/islamic/afghanistan-barakzai.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909230033/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/states/islamic/afghanistan-barakzai.html |archive-date=9 September 2018 |access-date=2019-09-24 |website=members.iinet.net.au}}</ref> A cewar Louis Dupree, wani wakilin Afghanistan ne ya kashe shi, <ref name=":5" /> yayin da a cewar Ludwig W. Adamec, wanda ya kashe shi dan kasar Afghanistan ne. A cewar labarin mai kula da Rhea Talley, Abd-al Karim ya kashe kansa a ranar 18 ga Fabrairu, bayan ya nuna tsoron cewa wani wakilin Afghanistan ya kashe shi. A daya daga cikin wasikun ban kwana, Abd-al Karim ya nemi a binne shi a matsayin Kirista, duk da cewa ya mutu kafin baftismarsa. Maimakon haka, lokacin da labarin mutuwarsa ya kai ga 'yan uwan Karim a Dehra Dun, an yi makoki tare da Musulmi Fatiha. Wasu daga cikin mutanen da suka halarci jana'izar Abd-al Karim sun kasance tsoffin soji na tawaye.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Stewart|first=Rhea Talley|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=weltAAAAMAAJ|title=Fire in Afghanistan, 1914-1929: Faith, Hope, and the British Empire|date=1973|publisher=Doubleday|isbn=978-0-385-08742-1|pages=284–285|language=en}}</ref> == Bayanai ==   == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1897]] 9doi4vduvyp7gaqcyppdii5q7r67s3p 884678 884675 2026-07-18T13:51:18Z A Sulaiman Z 13085 884678 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Abd-al Karim''' (1897-1927) ya kasance sarkin Afghanistan wanda ya yi mulki ne kawai a Lardin Kudancin daga watan Yuli 1924 zuwa Janairu 1925. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Abd-al Karim a shekara ta 1897. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=AFGHANISTAN |url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/states/islamic/afghanistan-barakzai.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909230033/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/states/islamic/afghanistan-barakzai.html |archive-date=9 September 2018 |access-date=2019-09-24 |website=members.iinet.net.au}}</ref> Shi ne ɗan ƙarami na Mohammad Yaqub Khan, tsohon sarki na Afghanistan wanda aka tilasta masa gudun hijira zuwa Birnin Burtaniya a 1879,<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|url=http://opar.unior.it/1317/1/Annali_1996_56_(f3)_S.Nawid.pdf|title=The Khost Rebellion. The Reaction of Afghan Clerical and Tribal Forces to Social Change|last=Nawid|first=Senzil|website=opar.unior.it|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225143356/http://opar.unior.it/1317/1/Annali_1996_56_(f3)_S.Nawid.pdf|archive-date=25 December 2018|access-date=25 December 2018}}</ref> kuma mahaifiyarsa, matar Herati,<ref name="Adamec1975ft70">{{Cite book|url=http://docshare04.docshare.tips/files/24356/243567005.pdf|title=Historical and Political Who's who of Afghanistan|last=Adamec|first=Ludwig W.|date=1975|publisher=Akademische Druck- u. Verlagsanstalt|isbn=978-3-201-00921-8|language=en|chapter=Family Trees, Table 70}}</ref> bautar mahaifinsa ce. <ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Nawid |first=Senzil |title=The Khost Rebellion. The Reaction of Afghan Clerical and Tribal Forces to Social Change |url=http://opar.unior.it/1317/1/Annali_1996_56_(f3)_S.Nawid.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225143356/http://opar.unior.it/1317/1/Annali_1996_56_(f3)_S.Nawid.pdf |archive-date=25 December 2018 |access-date=25 December 2018 |website=opar.unior.it}}</ref> A wani lokaci a rayuwarsa, ya auri matarsa, Saltanat (yar Ayub Khan (Emir na Afghanistan)), <ref name=":3" /> kuma a 1922, ya haifi ɗa, [1] Abdur Razzaq. <ref name="Adamec1975ft70" /> A ranar 4 ga Maris 1917 ya tsere daga Dehra Dun zuwa yankin kabilanci amma ba da daɗewa ba Birtaniya ta kama shi.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|last=Adamec|first=Ludwig W.|url=http://docshare04.docshare.tips/files/24356/243567005.pdf|title=Historical and Political Who's who of Afghanistan|date=1975|publisher=Akademische Druck- u. Verlagsanstalt|isbn=978-3-201-00921-8|page=97|language=en}}</ref> == Sarkin sarakuna == A cikin 1924, an sanar da Abd-al Karim cewa tawaye na Khost yana ci gaba a Lardin Kudancin. "Akwai tawaye yanzu a Khost", in ji 'yan kabilar, "kuma lokaci ne mai kyau don ku sake dawo da ƙasar da mahaifinku ya rasa". A watan Yulin, ya haye daga Indiya ta Burtaniya zuwa Afghanistan, inda bayan kwana 2 na tafiya tare da kabilun, ya isa wani kauye da ake kira [[Nawakot]]. <ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Nawid |first=Senzil |title=The Khost Rebellion. The Reaction of Afghan Clerical and Tribal Forces to Social Change |url=http://opar.unior.it/1317/1/Annali_1996_56_(f3)_S.Nawid.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225143356/http://opar.unior.it/1317/1/Annali_1996_56_(f3)_S.Nawid.pdf |archive-date=25 December 2018 |access-date=25 December 2018 |website=opar.unior.it}}</ref> A cikin wannan ƙauyen ne Abd-al Karim ya sadu da shugaban kabilar Zadran, Burland Khan . [bayanin kula 1] Ba da daɗewa ba bayan ya isa, duk ƙauyuka za su ji labarin dawowar Abd-al Karim.<ref name=":2" /> Jama'a sun isa Nawakot don su girmama shi, kuma an kirkiro wata sanarwa a Farisa wanda ya ayyana Abd-al Karim a matsayin sabon Sarkin sarakuna, wanda aka buga shi da yatsun hannu na mutane daga kabilun daban-daban.<ref name=":2" /> Bayan ya yi shelar ga 'yan tawaye cewa zai yi mulki daidai tare da majalisa na 40 [[Ulama'u|ulama]], ya ɗauki iko da tawaye.<ref name=":12" /> A cikin tarihinsa, Habibullāh Kalakāni, wanda ya yi yaƙi a matsayin soja na Amanullah a lokacin tawaye, ya bayyana cewa Abd-al Karim ya kasa zama wahayi ga sojojin 'yan tawaye. Ya rubuta cewa "Ya yi fatan cewa sunan da ya ɗauka da ƙwaƙwalwar kakansa zai sa ƙasar ta juya zuwa gare shi kuma ta ayyana shi a matsayin mai ceto ga wanda ya nemi ya sanya sauye-sauye marasa kyau. Abdul Karim ya yi kuskure. Babu wanda ya nuna sha'awarsa sosai a gare shi. An karɓe shi da ladabi. Takobinsa a matsayin mai taimako ga sojojin 'yan tawaye, amma bai taɓa zama fiye da mutum ba".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Khān|first=Ḥabibullah|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NGUTAAAAQAAJ|title=My Life: from Brigand to King: Autobiography of Amir Habibullah|date=1936|publisher=S. Low, Marston|pages=51|language=en}} The book is considered to be not his real autobiography. See {{Cite book|url=https://www.afghanistan-analysts.org/en/reports/context-culture/who-was-king-habibullah-ii-a-query-from-the-literature/|title=Who Was King Habibullah II? A query from the literature|last=Ruttig|first=Thomas|date=2016-09-16|publisher=Afghanistan Analyst Network|language=en}}</ref> Bayan shan kashi na tawaye a watan Janairun 1925 <ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Nawid |first=Senzil |title=The Khost Rebellion. The Reaction of Afghan Clerical and Tribal Forces to Social Change |url=http://opar.unior.it/1317/1/Annali_1996_56_(f3)_S.Nawid.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225143356/http://opar.unior.it/1317/1/Annali_1996_56_(f3)_S.Nawid.pdf |archive-date=25 December 2018 |access-date=25 December 2018 |website=opar.unior.it}}</ref> ya guje wa kamawa, kuma ya gudu zuwa Indiya ta Burtaniya, inda aka tsare shi a Lahore da Benares.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=weltAAAAMAAJ|title=Fire in Afghanistan, 1914-1929: faith, hope, and the British Empire|last=Stewart|first=Rhea Talley|date=1973|publisher=Doubleday|isbn=9780385087421|pages=266|language=en}}</ref> == Fitarwa da mutuwa == Yayinda yake gudun hijira a Biritaniya Burma, Karim ya tuba zuwa Kiristanci, abin mamaki ga al'ummar musulmi na yankin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ruttig |first=Thomas |last2=Noack |first2=David X. |date=December 2024 |title=THE KHOST REBELLION OF 1924: The Centenary of an Overlooked But Significant Episode in Afghan History |url=https://www.afghanistan-analysts.org/en/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/12/Khost-Rebellion-of-1924.pdf |access-date=2025-09-13 |publisher=Afghanistan Analysts Network}}</ref> Abd-al Karim ya mutu a [[Yangon|Rangoon]] a Birnin Burtaniya, a cikin shekara ta 1927. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=AFGHANISTAN |url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/states/islamic/afghanistan-barakzai.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909230033/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/states/islamic/afghanistan-barakzai.html |archive-date=9 September 2018 |access-date=2019-09-24 |website=members.iinet.net.au}}</ref> A cewar Louis Dupree, wani wakilin Afghanistan ne ya kashe shi, <ref name=":5" /> yayin da a cewar Ludwig W. Adamec, wanda ya kashe shi dan kasar Afghanistan ne. A cewar labarin mai kula da Rhea Talley, Abd-al Karim ya kashe kansa a ranar 18 ga Fabrairu, bayan ya nuna tsoron cewa wani wakilin Afghanistan ya kashe shi. A daya daga cikin wasikun ban kwana, Abd-al Karim ya nemi a binne shi a matsayin Kirista, duk da cewa ya mutu kafin baftismarsa. Maimakon haka, lokacin da labarin mutuwarsa ya kai ga 'yan uwan Karim a Dehra Dun, an yi makoki tare da Musulmi Fatiha. Wasu daga cikin mutanen da suka halarci jana'izar Abd-al Karim sun kasance tsoffin soji na tawaye.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Stewart|first=Rhea Talley|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=weltAAAAMAAJ|title=Fire in Afghanistan, 1914-1929: Faith, Hope, and the British Empire|date=1973|publisher=Doubleday|isbn=978-0-385-08742-1|pages=284–285|language=en}}</ref> == Bayanai ==   == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1897]] h8gn4yw7odv3syg881mrp1x54r8cxw7 0 161820 884633 2026-07-18T13:15:06Z Arcdanumma047 38699 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1364539086|Little Red Schoolhouse (Beyerville, Arizona)]]" 884633 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gidan Makarantar Little Red''' wani [[Makarantar ɗaki ɗaya|gidan tarihi ne mai ɗaki ɗaya]] wanda ke da nisan mil kaɗan a arewa maso gabashin Nogales, Arizona, a cikin '''al'ummar''' Beyerville . An buɗe gidan makarantar Little Red a shekarar 1921 don hidimar yara manoma da makiyaya na yankin, kuma shine kawai gidan makarantar ja da ya rage daga cikin gidajen makaranta ja da aka gina a kwarin kogin Santa Cruz a shekarun 1920. <ref name="sced28.com">{{Cite web |title=Santa Cruz Elementary District 28: Little Red Schoolhouse |url=http://www.sced28.com/index.cfm?pID=13622 |access-date=2014-12-15 |publisher=}}</ref> Kusa da gidan tarihi na Little Red Schoolhouse akwai makarantar firamare ta Little Red Schoolhouse ta zamani, wani babban wurin K-8 na gundumar firamare ta Santa Cruz wanda ya maye gurbin gidan makarantar na asali. <ref name="sced28.com">{{Cite web |title=Santa Cruz Elementary District 28: Little Red Schoolhouse |url=http://www.sced28.com/index.cfm?pID=13622 |access-date=2014-12-15 |publisher=}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.sced28.com/index.cfm?pID=13622 "Santa Cruz Elementary District 28: Little Red Schoolhouse"]<span class="reference-accessdate">. </span></cite></ref><gallery> Fayil:Plaque_Little_Red_Schoolhouse_Beyerville_Arizona_2015.JPG|alt=A plaque at the front of the Little Red Schoolhouse.| Allon allo a gaban Little Red Schoolhouse. Fayil:Little_Red_Schoolhouse_Beyerville_Arizona_2014.JPG|alt=The modern facility next to the historic schoolhouse.| Ginin zamani kusa da gidan tarihi na makarantar. Fayil:Little_Red_Schoolhouse_Class_Beyerville_Arizona_1921.JPG|alt=The students and teachers of the Little Red Schoolhouse in 1921.| Ɗalibai da malamai na Little Red Schoolhouse a shekarar 1921. </gallery> == Duba kuma == * Little Red Schoolhouse (Scottsdale, Arizona) * Makarantar Ƙaramin Kayan Sawa * Makarantar koyon kiwo == Manazarta == 27w0iaj1dw46s3bo6y44b511qwdmk7w 884634 884633 2026-07-18T13:15:33Z Arcdanumma047 38699 884634 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gidan Makarantar Little Red''' wani [[Makarantar ɗaki ɗaya|gidan tarihi ne mai ɗaki ɗaya]] wanda ke da nisan mil kaɗan a arewa maso gabashin Nogales, Arizona, a cikin '''al'ummar''' Beyerville . An buɗe gidan makarantar Little Red a shekarar 1921 don hidimar yara manoma da makiyaya na yankin, kuma shine kawai gidan makarantar ja da ya rage daga cikin gidajen makaranta ja da aka gina a kwarin kogin Santa Cruz a shekarun 1920. <ref name="sced28.com">{{Cite web |title=Santa Cruz Elementary District 28: Little Red Schoolhouse |url=http://www.sced28.com/index.cfm?pID=13622 |access-date=2014-12-15 |publisher=}}</ref> Kusa da gidan tarihi na Little Red Schoolhouse akwai makarantar firamare ta Little Red Schoolhouse ta zamani, wani babban wurin K-8 na gundumar firamare ta Santa Cruz wanda ya maye gurbin gidan makarantar na asali. <ref name="sced28.com">{{Cite web |title=Santa Cruz Elementary District 28: Little Red Schoolhouse |url=http://www.sced28.com/index.cfm?pID=13622 |access-date=2014-12-15 |publisher=}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.sced28.com/index.cfm?pID=13622 "Santa Cruz Elementary District 28: Little Red Schoolhouse"]<span class="reference-accessdate">. </span></cite></ref><gallery> Fayil:Plaque_Little_Red_Schoolhouse_Beyerville_Arizona_2015.JPG|alt=A plaque at the front of the Little Red Schoolhouse.| Allon allo a gaban Little Red Schoolhouse. Fayil:Little_Red_Schoolhouse_Beyerville_Arizona_2014.JPG|alt=The modern facility next to the historic schoolhouse.| Ginin zamani kusa da gidan tarihi na makarantar. Fayil:Little_Red_Schoolhouse_Class_Beyerville_Arizona_1921.JPG|alt=The students and teachers of the Little Red Schoolhouse in 1921.| Ɗalibai da malamai na Little Red Schoolhouse a shekarar 1921. </gallery> == Duba kuma == * Little Red Schoolhouse (Scottsdale, Arizona) * Makarantar Ƙaramin Kayan Sawa * Makarantar koyon kiwo == Manazarta == ptkpuw6prnou3db4w9fpv9xteueh9ox 0 161821 884635 2026-07-18T13:16:52Z Arcdanumma047 38699 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1348256112|Los Alamos Ranch School]]" 884635 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Makarantar Los Alamos Ranch''' makaranta ce mai zaman kanta ta kiwon yara maza a kusurwar arewa maso gabashin Gundumar Sandoval, New Mexico (tun daga 1949, a cikin Gundumar Los Alamos ), Amurka, wacce aka kafa a 1917 kusa da San Ildefonso Pueblo . A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, an sayi makarantar kuma aka mayar da ita zuwa sansanin binciken nukiliya na sirri don Project Y, wanda daga baya ya zama Dakin Gwaji na Ƙasa na Los Alamos . Wurin da ke kewaye ya koma garin Los Alamos . == Makaranta == An kafa makarantar a shekarar 1917 ta hannun wani ɗan kasuwa a Detroit, [[Ashley Pond Jr.]], mahaifin Cocin Peggy Pond, mawaƙi kuma marubuciya ta New Mexico, da Dr. Ashley Pond III. Ta bayar da shirin da aka tsara bisa ga tsarin Boy Scouts of America, wanda ya haɗa manhajar shirye-shiryen kwaleji tare da rayuwa mai tsauri a waje. An tsara dukkan ɗalibai zuwa sintiri na Troop 22 kuma suna sanye da kayan Scout da mayafin wuya. Samun matsayi na farko a cikin Boy Scouts abu ne da ake buƙata don kammala karatun. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The los Alamos Ranch School |url=http://www.losalamoshistory.org/ranch_school.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224120016/http://www.losalamoshistory.org/ranch_school.htm |archive-date=2016-12-24 |access-date=2015-04-20}}</ref> A shekarar 1939, tsarin ɗaliban ya haɗa da yin motsa jiki a farfajiyar da ƙarfe 6:45{{Spaces}}am, ba tare da la'akari da yanayin ba; azuzuwan har zuwa 1{{Spaces}}da kuma nishaɗin motsa jiki da rana. Ɗalibai suna ba da rabin yini ɗaya a mako na "aikin al'umma" (kula da harabar jami'a). Kowace Asabar ta kasance dole ne a yi yawon shakatawa na tsawon yini a kan dawaki zuwa ƙauyukan da ke kewaye, sau da yawa tare da kwana ɗaya. Sabon mai ginin gine-gine na ƙasar Mexico , John Gaw Meem, ya tsara Fuller Lodge na makarantar a shekarar 1928, wanda aka gina daga wasu bishiyoyin [[Pinus ponderosa|pine]] da aspen guda 770 da Meem da daraktan LARS, AJ Connell, suka zaɓa da kansu. A tsawon shekaru 25 da makarantar ta yi tana da ƙarama, inda yara maza 46 suka yi rajista a kowace shekara (masu shekaru 12 zuwa 18), amma ɗaliban da suka kammala karatun sun kasance ƙungiya mai ban sha'awa. Shahararrun tsofaffin ɗalibai sun haɗa da marubuci [[Gore Vidal]] ; masanin ilimin ɗan adam Edward T. Hall, 'yan'uwa Arthur da Robert Wood (shugaban ƙasa kuma babban lauya na Sears Roebuck, bi da bi); Roy D. Chapin Jr., Shugaba na American Motors Corporation ; da kuma wanda ya kafa Santa Fe Opera, John Crosby . Stirling Colgate, wanda daga baya ya zama masanin kimiyyar nukiliya, ya koma Los Alamos a shekarar 1975 kuma ya ci gaba da zama a can har tsawon rayuwarsa. Marubuci William S. Burroughs <ref name="LAHS" /> <ref>William S. Burroughs (edited by James Grauerholz and Ira Silverberg; 1998), ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=Vg-ns2orYBMC&dq=burroughs+los+alamos+ranch+school&pg=PA6 Word Virus: The William S. Burroughs Reader], Grove Press, published 2000, {{ISBN|0-8021-3694-X}}, {{ISBN|9780802136947}}''</ref> da Bill Veeck, mamallakin Chicago White Sox, suma sun halarta amma ba su kammala karatun ba. <ref>K.R. Mason, ''Children of Los Alamos - An Oral History of the Town Where the Atomic Age Began'', Twayne Publishers 1995, {{ISBN|0-8057-9138-8}}</ref> == Aikin Manhattan == A watan Nuwamba na shekarar 1942, Gundumar Injiniya ta Manhattan ta Rundunar Sojan Amurka ta sayi makarantar da filayen da ke kewaye don amfani da ita a wani muhimmin yunƙuri na ƙirƙirar [[Makaman nukiliya|bam na farko na atomic]] . Makarantar ta ba da takardun shaidar kammala karatunta na ƙarshe a watan Janairu na 1943 kuma Sojoji suka karɓi iko da kadarorin a watan da ya biyo baya. Birgediya Janar Leslie Groves ne ya zaɓi wurin don Aikin Manhattan saboda keɓewarsa, damar samun ruwa, isasshen sarari, gine-ginen da aka riga aka gina waɗanda za a iya amfani da su don gidaje da kuma gaskiyar cewa yawancin filayen da ke kewaye mallakar gwamnatin tarayya ne. Hakanan yana kan wani [[Tebur|wuri mai tsaro]] inda za a iya kare duk hanyoyin shiga. Da farko an kira wurin da "Site Y", amma daga baya aka san shi da Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, sannan Los Alamos National Laboratory . A lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]], an yi amfani da Fuller Lodge na makarantar da Babban Gida a matsayin wuraren taruwar jama'a ga ma'aikatan aikin Los Alamos kuma an yi amfani da wasu gine-gine don gidaje. An san gine-ginen makarantar da "Bathtub Row" saboda su kaɗai ne gidaje a Los Alamos masu baho . Gidan baƙi shine wurin da Gidan Tarihi na Los Alamos yake kuma yana da babban nunin kayan makaranta da kuma yadda ake amfani da shi wajen yin Scouting. Fuller Lodge da ke kusa a buɗe yake don kallon baƙi kuma ana yawan amfani da shi don tarurruka ko bukukuwan aure. Cibiyar Fasaha ta Los Alamos tana da wurin zama a gefen kudu ta hanyar Central Avenue. == Duba kuma == * Littafin ''"The Day After Trinity"'', wani shirin gaskiya na shekarar 1981 game da gina bam ɗin atomic na farko * Littafin ''"Los Alamos Was a Ranch School'' ," wanda Cocin Peggy Pond ya wallafa a shekarar 1973. * ''Los Alamos--shekarar Makarantar Ranch, 1917-1943'', John D. Wirth (ɗan tsohon malamin Los Alamos Cecil Wirth) da Linda Harvey Aldrich, Jami'ar New Mexico Press, 2003. == Manazarta == rvb4kxlhbzemq5fgwuynzdezl2br4xq 884636 884635 2026-07-18T13:17:20Z Arcdanumma047 38699 884636 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Makarantar Los Alamos Ranch''' makaranta ce mai zaman kanta ta kiwon yara maza a kusurwar arewa maso gabashin Gundumar Sandoval, New Mexico (tun daga 1949, a cikin Gundumar Los Alamos ), Amurka, wacce aka kafa a 1917 kusa da San Ildefonso Pueblo . A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, an sayi makarantar kuma aka mayar da ita zuwa sansanin binciken nukiliya na sirri don Project Y, wanda daga baya ya zama Dakin Gwaji na Ƙasa na Los Alamos . Wurin da ke kewaye ya koma garin Los Alamos . == Makaranta == An kafa makarantar a shekarar 1917 ta hannun wani ɗan kasuwa a Detroit, [[Ashley Pond Jr.]], mahaifin Cocin Peggy Pond, mawaƙi kuma marubuciya ta New Mexico, da Dr. Ashley Pond III. Ta bayar da shirin da aka tsara bisa ga tsarin Boy Scouts of America, wanda ya haɗa manhajar shirye-shiryen kwaleji tare da rayuwa mai tsauri a waje. An tsara dukkan ɗalibai zuwa sintiri na Troop 22 kuma suna sanye da kayan Scout da mayafin wuya. Samun matsayi na farko a cikin Boy Scouts abu ne da ake buƙata don kammala karatun. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The los Alamos Ranch School |url=http://www.losalamoshistory.org/ranch_school.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224120016/http://www.losalamoshistory.org/ranch_school.htm |archive-date=2016-12-24 |access-date=2015-04-20}}</ref> A shekarar 1939, tsarin ɗaliban ya haɗa da yin motsa jiki a farfajiyar da ƙarfe 6:45{{Spaces}}am, ba tare da la'akari da yanayin ba; azuzuwan har zuwa 1{{Spaces}}da kuma nishaɗin motsa jiki da rana. Ɗalibai suna ba da rabin yini ɗaya a mako na "aikin al'umma" (kula da harabar jami'a). Kowace Asabar ta kasance dole ne a yi yawon shakatawa na tsawon yini a kan dawaki zuwa ƙauyukan da ke kewaye, sau da yawa tare da kwana ɗaya. Sabon mai ginin gine-gine na ƙasar Mexico , John Gaw Meem, ya tsara Fuller Lodge na makarantar a shekarar 1928, wanda aka gina daga wasu bishiyoyin [[Pinus ponderosa|pine]] da aspen guda 770 da Meem da daraktan LARS, AJ Connell, suka zaɓa da kansu. A tsawon shekaru 25 da makarantar ta yi tana da ƙarama, inda yara maza 46 suka yi rajista a kowace shekara (masu shekaru 12 zuwa 18), amma ɗaliban da suka kammala karatun sun kasance ƙungiya mai ban sha'awa. Shahararrun tsofaffin ɗalibai sun haɗa da marubuci [[Gore Vidal]] ; masanin ilimin ɗan adam Edward T. Hall, 'yan'uwa Arthur da Robert Wood (shugaban ƙasa kuma babban lauya na Sears Roebuck, bi da bi); Roy D. Chapin Jr., Shugaba na American Motors Corporation ; da kuma wanda ya kafa Santa Fe Opera, John Crosby . Stirling Colgate, wanda daga baya ya zama masanin kimiyyar nukiliya, ya koma Los Alamos a shekarar 1975 kuma ya ci gaba da zama a can har tsawon rayuwarsa. Marubuci William S. Burroughs <ref name="LAHS" /> <ref>William S. Burroughs (edited by James Grauerholz and Ira Silverberg; 1998), ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=Vg-ns2orYBMC&dq=burroughs+los+alamos+ranch+school&pg=PA6 Word Virus: The William S. Burroughs Reader], Grove Press, published 2000, {{ISBN|0-8021-3694-X}}, {{ISBN|9780802136947}}''</ref> da Bill Veeck, mamallakin Chicago White Sox, suma sun halarta amma ba su kammala karatun ba. <ref>K.R. Mason, ''Children of Los Alamos - An Oral History of the Town Where the Atomic Age Began'', Twayne Publishers 1995, {{ISBN|0-8057-9138-8}}</ref> == Aikin Manhattan == A watan Nuwamba na shekarar 1942, Gundumar Injiniya ta Manhattan ta Rundunar Sojan Amurka ta sayi makarantar da filayen da ke kewaye don amfani da ita a wani muhimmin yunƙuri na ƙirƙirar [[Makaman nukiliya|bam na farko na atomic]] . Makarantar ta ba da takardun shaidar kammala karatunta na ƙarshe a watan Janairu na 1943 kuma Sojoji suka karɓi iko da kadarorin a watan da ya biyo baya. Birgediya Janar Leslie Groves ne ya zaɓi wurin don Aikin Manhattan saboda keɓewarsa, damar samun ruwa, isasshen sarari, gine-ginen da aka riga aka gina waɗanda za a iya amfani da su don gidaje da kuma gaskiyar cewa yawancin filayen da ke kewaye mallakar gwamnatin tarayya ne. Hakanan yana kan wani [[Tebur|wuri mai tsaro]] inda za a iya kare duk hanyoyin shiga. Da farko an kira wurin da "Site Y", amma daga baya aka san shi da Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, sannan Los Alamos National Laboratory . A lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]], an yi amfani da Fuller Lodge na makarantar da Babban Gida a matsayin wuraren taruwar jama'a ga ma'aikatan aikin Los Alamos kuma an yi amfani da wasu gine-gine don gidaje. An san gine-ginen makarantar da "Bathtub Row" saboda su kaɗai ne gidaje a Los Alamos masu baho . Gidan baƙi shine wurin da Gidan Tarihi na Los Alamos yake kuma yana da babban nunin kayan makaranta da kuma yadda ake amfani da shi wajen yin Scouting. Fuller Lodge da ke kusa a buɗe yake don kallon baƙi kuma ana yawan amfani da shi don tarurruka ko bukukuwan aure. Cibiyar Fasaha ta Los Alamos tana da wurin zama a gefen kudu ta hanyar Central Avenue. == Duba kuma == * Littafin ''"The Day After Trinity"'', wani shirin gaskiya na shekarar 1981 game da gina bam ɗin atomic na farko * Littafin ''"Los Alamos Was a Ranch School'' ," wanda Cocin Peggy Pond ya wallafa a shekarar 1973. * ''Los Alamos--shekarar Makarantar Ranch, 1917-1943'', John D. Wirth (ɗan tsohon malamin Los Alamos Cecil Wirth) da Linda Harvey Aldrich, Jami'ar New Mexico Press, 2003. == Manazarta == 1qo2246b297s73cmlmnj12kodwtnktx 0 161822 884637 2026-07-18T13:18:13Z Arcdanumma047 38699 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359566204|MV Brandanger (1948)]]" 884637 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jirgin MV ''Brandanger''''' da aka kawo a shekarar 1949 jirgin jigilar kaya ne na gama gari, mallakar kamfanin jigilar kaya na Norway Westfal-Larsen a da. An sayar da jirgin ga Bulgaria a shekarar 1965, aka sake masa suna ''Alkaid'' . A shekarar 1971 ta zama ''Petar Beron'', aka mayar da ita jirgin makaranta. Tun daga shekarar 1980 aka ajiye ta a Varna, Bulgaria a matsayin jirgin horo na dindindin. A ranar 16 ga Janairu, 2015 ta isa Aliağa don kwashewa. == Manazarta == 6hy3zz9fcb1o4v1bqkvp8zy9ruysx0d 884638 884637 2026-07-18T13:18:41Z Arcdanumma047 38699 884638 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Jirgin MV ''Brandanger''''' da aka kawo a shekarar 1949 jirgin jigilar kaya ne na gama gari, mallakar kamfanin jigilar kaya na Norway Westfal-Larsen a da. An sayar da jirgin ga Bulgaria a shekarar 1965, aka sake masa suna ''Alkaid'' . A shekarar 1971 ta zama ''Petar Beron'', aka mayar da ita jirgin makaranta. Tun daga shekarar 1980 aka ajiye ta a Varna, Bulgaria a matsayin jirgin horo na dindindin. A ranar 16 ga Janairu, 2015 ta isa Aliağa don kwashewa. == Manazarta == ieg8igfefixp1n4frd22uutgpxftfbd 0 161823 884639 2026-07-18T13:19:24Z Arcdanumma047 38699 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1344870036|External degree]]" 884639 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Digiri na waje''' digiri ne da jami'a ke bayarwa ga ɗaliban da ba a buƙatar su kasance a zahiri a cikin yankin ƙasa na makarantar ba. Waɗannan ɗaliban da ke karatun digiri na farko ana iya kiransu ''ɗaliban waje'' kuma suna iya karatu a azuzuwan da ba su da alaƙa da jami'ar, ko kuma suna da kansu, ko kuma ta hanyar koyo daga nesa . Suna iya samun digirin ta hanyar cin jarrabawa da zarar sun kai matsayin da ake buƙata, ko kuma ta hanyar kammala shirin da aka tsara daga darussa ko fannoni daban-daban. == Tarihi == A shekarar 1858, Jami'ar London ta zama jami'ar Ingilishi ta farko da ta bayar da digiri na waje, tana gudanar da jarrabawa ga mutanen wasu birane, ko kuma ga ɗaliban London waɗanda suka halarci azuzuwan yamma. A garuruwa daban-daban [[Birtaniya|na Burtaniya]], an kafa kwalejojin jami'a, inda ɗalibai za su iya karatu don samun digiri na waje na London. Kwalejojin suna cikin "cibiyoyin da aka amince da su" don jarrabawar London. Ba da daɗewa ba aka amince da cibiyoyin ƙasashen waje, farawa da ɗaya a [[Moris|Mauritius]] a 1865. == Duba kuma == * Mata Mai Karatu a Fannin Fasaha * Jami'ar Excelsior * Kwalejin Jihar Charter Oak * Jami'ar Jihar Thomas Edison == Manazarta == fceo5hnz6zuybtsya7uud48f1qx21zk 884640 884639 2026-07-18T13:19:48Z Arcdanumma047 38699 884640 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Digiri na waje''' digiri ne da jami'a ke bayarwa ga ɗaliban da ba a buƙatar su kasance a zahiri a cikin yankin ƙasa na makarantar ba. Waɗannan ɗaliban da ke karatun digiri na farko ana iya kiransu ''ɗaliban waje'' kuma suna iya karatu a azuzuwan da ba su da alaƙa da jami'ar, ko kuma suna da kansu, ko kuma ta hanyar koyo daga nesa . Suna iya samun digirin ta hanyar cin jarrabawa da zarar sun kai matsayin da ake buƙata, ko kuma ta hanyar kammala shirin da aka tsara daga darussa ko fannoni daban-daban. == Tarihi == A shekarar 1858, Jami'ar London ta zama jami'ar Ingilishi ta farko da ta bayar da digiri na waje, tana gudanar da jarrabawa ga mutanen wasu birane, ko kuma ga ɗaliban London waɗanda suka halarci azuzuwan yamma. A garuruwa daban-daban [[Birtaniya|na Burtaniya]], an kafa kwalejojin jami'a, inda ɗalibai za su iya karatu don samun digiri na waje na London. Kwalejojin suna cikin "cibiyoyin da aka amince da su" don jarrabawar London. Ba da daɗewa ba aka amince da cibiyoyin ƙasashen waje, farawa da ɗaya a [[Moris|Mauritius]] a 1865. == Duba kuma == * Mata Mai Karatu a Fannin Fasaha * Jami'ar Excelsior * Kwalejin Jihar Charter Oak * Jami'ar Jihar Thomas Edison == Manazarta == 2f116ujmkd0yoi4tt3amhqxl2syloue 0 161824 884644 2026-07-18T13:22:12Z Arcdanumma047 38699 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1327173690|STS Sedov]]" 884644 wikitext text/x-wiki '''STS ''Sedov''''' ( Russian ), wanda a da '''''Magdalene Vinnen II''''' (1921–1936) da '''''Kommodore Johnsen''''' (–1948), wani jirgin ruwa ne mai ƙarfe huɗu wanda tsawon kusan shekaru 80 shine babban jirgin ruwa na gargajiya da ke aiki. An gina ''Sedov'' a matsayin jirgin ruwa na jigilar kaya na Jamus, a yau jirgin ruwan horar da jiragen ruwa ne, yana horar da ɗaliban jami'o'in [[Kaliningrad]], [[Saint-Petersburg|Saint Petersburg]] da Astrakhan . Tana shiga cikin manyan tarukan ƙasa da ƙasa na teku a matsayin mai masaukin baki mai gata kuma ta kasance mai shiga cikin tseren Jiragen Ruwa Masu Tsayi . == Tarihi == === ''Magdalene Vinnen II'' === An ƙaddamar da ''Sedov'', wanda aka fara kiransa ''Magdalene Vinnen II'', a [[Kiel]], Jamus a shekarar 1921 ta hannun Friedrich Krupp Germaniawerft don kamfanin jigilar kaya na [[F. A. Vinnen & Co.|FA Vinnen & Co.]] na [[Bremen]], ɗaya daga cikin manyan kamfanonin jigilar kaya na Jamus a farkon ƙarni na 20. Da farko kamfanin jigilar kaya ya ƙi amincewa da sanya injin a cikin jirgin, amma farfajiyar jirgin (tare da goyon bayan kwamitin gwamnati) ya yi nasarar yin jayayya kan injin, wanda ya sa jirgin ya zama jirgin ruwa na farko mai injin taimako wanda aka tsara bisa ga ƙa'idodin zamani. A lokacin '', Magdalene Vinnen ta Biyu'' ita ce babbar tashar jiragen ruwa mafi girma a duniya kuma ana amfani da ita ne kawai a matsayin jirgin ruwa mai ɗaukar kaya tare da ma'aikatan jirgin da suka ƙunshi wasu ƙananan sojoji. Ta yi tafiya a kan tafiyarta ta farko a ranar 1 ga Satumba, 1921. Har zuwa tafiyarta ta ƙarshe a matsayin ''Magdalene Vinnen ta Biyu'' a shekarar 1936, jirgin ya yi tafiya zuwa Argentina, Afirka ta Kudu, Ostiraliya, Reunion da [[Seychelles]] . === ''Kommodore Johnsen'' === A ranar 9 ga Agusta 1936, an sayar da ''Magdalene Vinnen II'' ga Norddeutscher Lloyd na Bremen sannan aka sake mata suna zuwa ''Kommodore Johnsen'' . Sabon mai shi ya canza ta zuwa jirgin horo mai ɗaukar kaya. === ''Sedov'' === [[Fayil:Sedov_(ship,_1921)_and_Kruzenshtern_(ship,_1926),_Sète,_France.jpg|right|thumb|''Sedov'' da Kruzenshtern a Sète, Faransa.]] [[Fayil:Amsterdam_Sail_2010_0819_Sedov_01.jpg|thumb|''Sedov'' a kan mashigin Tekun Arewa a lokacin ''SAIL Amsterdam 2010'']] [[Fayil:Prow_of_the_STS_Sedov.JPG|thumb|An ɗauki hoton STS ''Sedov'', wanda ke nuna garkuwar Murmansk da aikin gungurawa. An ɗauka a lokacin ziyarar Afrilu 2013 zuwa Cape Town, Afirka ta Kudu a lokacin {{'}} ''Sedov'' a duk faɗin duniya.]] [[Fayil:Russian_tallship_Sedov.png|thumb|Zane-zanen layi na ''Sedov'']] Ta kasance ƙarƙashin ikon mallakar ƙasar Rasha bayan da Jamus ta miƙa wuya - a ranar 20 ga Disamba 1945, Turawan Birtaniya suka miƙa jirgin ga Tarayyar Soviet a matsayin diyya ta yaƙi. A Tarayyar Soviet, an mayar da ita jirgin horar da jiragen ruwa na Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Soviet . An sake sanya mata suna ''Sedov'' bayan mai binciken Arctic Georgy Sedov wanda ya mutu a lokacin bincike a [[Arctic]] a 1914, an yi amfani da ita a matsayin jirgin horo na Rundunar Sojan Ruwa daga 1952 zuwa 1957. Daga 1957 zuwa 1966 an yi amfani da ita a matsayin jirgin bincike na teku a [[Tekun Atalanta|Arewacin Atlantika]] . A 1966 lokacin da aka mayar da ita wurin ajiyar kaya a Kronstadt, a hukumance ƙarƙashin Ma'aikatar Kamun Kifi. A shekarar 1981, ''Sedov'' ta sake bayyana bayan an gyara ta. Tana aiki a Sashen Horar da Jiragen Ruwa na Baltic da ke [[Riga]], ta fara horar da 'yan makaranta daga makarantun [[Kaliningrad]] da Murmansk. Bayan ayyana 'yancin kai na [[Laitfiya|Latvia]] a shekarar 1991, ta bar Riga zuwa Murmansk, aka mayar da ita makarantar sojojin ruwa ta Murmansk tare da birnin Murmansk don tabbatar da kula da ita da kuma kula da ita. A ranar 20 ga Yunin 2013, ''Sedov'' ya yi karo da <nowiki><i id="mwXQ">Kraweel</i></nowiki> ''Lisa von Lübeck'' a gefen Texel, Arewacin Holland, Netherlands. An jefa jiragen ruwa biyu a Den Helder . <ref name="FM1646">{{Cite web |last=Voytenko |first=Mikhail |date=21 June 2013 |title=Russian training tall ship Sedov allided with German replica cog Lisa Von Luebeck |url=https://www.fleetmon.com/maritime-news/2013/1646/russian-training-tall-ship-sedov-allided-german-re/ |access-date=14 December 2017 |publisher=Fleetmon}}</ref> Masu ba da bashi na Tarayyar Rasha da ba a biya ''su'' ba kamar Nessim Gaon (wanda yanzu ya daina aiki a kungiyar Swiss NOGA, wani misali na Gaon) da kuma masu riƙe da takardun lamuni na Faransa da aka cire daga asusun Rasha; a shekarar 2002, an tilasta wa ''Sedov'' barin [[Marseille]] cikin gaggawa ba zato ba tsammani kuma ba zato ba tsammani don guje wa samun takardar izini daga [[AFPER]] (ƙungiyar masu riƙe da takardun lamuni na Daular Rasha) washegari da safe. Fiye da shekara guda kenan da Faransawa masu riƙe da takardun lamuni na Rasha suka yi gargaɗin cewa za su sake tsarawa tare da fitar da ikirarinsu zuwa yankunan Anglo-Saxon, waɗanda suka fi abokantaka da 'yan ƙasa masu zaman kansu fiye da Faransawa. A watan Mayun 2008, bayan rikicin da ya barke tsakanin Birtaniya da Rasha, Moscow ta umurci ''Sedov'' da kada ya tsaya a filin jirgin sama kamar yadda aka tsara a Southend-on-Sea . Ziyarar Satumba ta 2008 zuwa Falmouth, wurin fara tseren FUNCHAL 500 zuwa Madeira, ita ma ta yi kama da tana cikin haɗari. <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 June 2008 |title=Russian tall ship in doubt for Falmouth |url=http://falmouthpacket.co.uk/mostpopular.var.2331243.mostcommented.russian_tall_ship_in_doubt_for_falmouth.php |access-date=3 May 2016 |website=the Packet}}</ref> A shekarar 2011, ''Sedov'' ta yi bikin cika shekaru 90 da kafuwa. A shekarar 2012, ''Sedov'' ta fara tafiyarta ta farko a duniya, wadda ta shafe sama da watanni 13. Tafiyar ta ƙare a ranar 20 ga Yuli, 2013 a [[Saint-Petersburg|Saint Petersburg]], Rasha. <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 July 2013 |title=Sailing Ship Sedov in Saint Petersburg |url=http://englishrussia.com/2013/07/22/sailing-ship-sedov-in-saint-petersburg/ |access-date=3 May 2016 |website=English Russia}}</ref> A shekarar 2017, ''Sedov'' ta canza tashar jiragen ruwa ta gida zuwa Kaliningrad kuma Jami'ar Fasaha ta Jihar Kaliningrad ce ke kula da ita. <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 April 2017 |title=World's biggest sailing ship Sedov changes home port |url=http://tass.com/world/940520 |access-date=16 July 2017 |website=Tass}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Jerin manyan jiragen ruwa na ruwa * Mai jefa iska == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] g9nvotsxt7uckorxnwidu13y13f0kh2 884645 884644 2026-07-18T13:22:39Z Arcdanumma047 38699 884645 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''STS ''Sedov''''' ( Russian ), wanda a da '''''Magdalene Vinnen II''''' (1921–1936) da '''''Kommodore Johnsen''''' (–1948), wani jirgin ruwa ne mai ƙarfe huɗu wanda tsawon kusan shekaru 80 shine babban jirgin ruwa na gargajiya da ke aiki. An gina ''Sedov'' a matsayin jirgin ruwa na jigilar kaya na Jamus, a yau jirgin ruwan horar da jiragen ruwa ne, yana horar da ɗaliban jami'o'in [[Kaliningrad]], [[Saint-Petersburg|Saint Petersburg]] da Astrakhan . Tana shiga cikin manyan tarukan ƙasa da ƙasa na teku a matsayin mai masaukin baki mai gata kuma ta kasance mai shiga cikin tseren Jiragen Ruwa Masu Tsayi . == Tarihi == === ''Magdalene Vinnen II'' === An ƙaddamar da ''Sedov'', wanda aka fara kiransa ''Magdalene Vinnen II'', a [[Kiel]], Jamus a shekarar 1921 ta hannun Friedrich Krupp Germaniawerft don kamfanin jigilar kaya na [[F. A. Vinnen & Co.|FA Vinnen & Co.]] na [[Bremen]], ɗaya daga cikin manyan kamfanonin jigilar kaya na Jamus a farkon ƙarni na 20. Da farko kamfanin jigilar kaya ya ƙi amincewa da sanya injin a cikin jirgin, amma farfajiyar jirgin (tare da goyon bayan kwamitin gwamnati) ya yi nasarar yin jayayya kan injin, wanda ya sa jirgin ya zama jirgin ruwa na farko mai injin taimako wanda aka tsara bisa ga ƙa'idodin zamani. A lokacin '', Magdalene Vinnen ta Biyu'' ita ce babbar tashar jiragen ruwa mafi girma a duniya kuma ana amfani da ita ne kawai a matsayin jirgin ruwa mai ɗaukar kaya tare da ma'aikatan jirgin da suka ƙunshi wasu ƙananan sojoji. Ta yi tafiya a kan tafiyarta ta farko a ranar 1 ga Satumba, 1921. Har zuwa tafiyarta ta ƙarshe a matsayin ''Magdalene Vinnen ta Biyu'' a shekarar 1936, jirgin ya yi tafiya zuwa Argentina, Afirka ta Kudu, Ostiraliya, Reunion da [[Seychelles]] . === ''Kommodore Johnsen'' === A ranar 9 ga Agusta 1936, an sayar da ''Magdalene Vinnen II'' ga Norddeutscher Lloyd na Bremen sannan aka sake mata suna zuwa ''Kommodore Johnsen'' . Sabon mai shi ya canza ta zuwa jirgin horo mai ɗaukar kaya. === ''Sedov'' === [[Fayil:Sedov_(ship,_1921)_and_Kruzenshtern_(ship,_1926),_Sète,_France.jpg|right|thumb|''Sedov'' da Kruzenshtern a Sète, Faransa.]] [[Fayil:Amsterdam_Sail_2010_0819_Sedov_01.jpg|thumb|''Sedov'' a kan mashigin Tekun Arewa a lokacin ''SAIL Amsterdam 2010'']] [[Fayil:Prow_of_the_STS_Sedov.JPG|thumb|An ɗauki hoton STS ''Sedov'', wanda ke nuna garkuwar Murmansk da aikin gungurawa. An ɗauka a lokacin ziyarar Afrilu 2013 zuwa Cape Town, Afirka ta Kudu a lokacin {{'}} ''Sedov'' a duk faɗin duniya.]] [[Fayil:Russian_tallship_Sedov.png|thumb|Zane-zanen layi na ''Sedov'']] Ta kasance ƙarƙashin ikon mallakar ƙasar Rasha bayan da Jamus ta miƙa wuya - a ranar 20 ga Disamba 1945, Turawan Birtaniya suka miƙa jirgin ga Tarayyar Soviet a matsayin diyya ta yaƙi. A Tarayyar Soviet, an mayar da ita jirgin horar da jiragen ruwa na Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Soviet . An sake sanya mata suna ''Sedov'' bayan mai binciken Arctic Georgy Sedov wanda ya mutu a lokacin bincike a [[Arctic]] a 1914, an yi amfani da ita a matsayin jirgin horo na Rundunar Sojan Ruwa daga 1952 zuwa 1957. Daga 1957 zuwa 1966 an yi amfani da ita a matsayin jirgin bincike na teku a [[Tekun Atalanta|Arewacin Atlantika]] . A 1966 lokacin da aka mayar da ita wurin ajiyar kaya a Kronstadt, a hukumance ƙarƙashin Ma'aikatar Kamun Kifi. A shekarar 1981, ''Sedov'' ta sake bayyana bayan an gyara ta. Tana aiki a Sashen Horar da Jiragen Ruwa na Baltic da ke [[Riga]], ta fara horar da 'yan makaranta daga makarantun [[Kaliningrad]] da Murmansk. Bayan ayyana 'yancin kai na [[Laitfiya|Latvia]] a shekarar 1991, ta bar Riga zuwa Murmansk, aka mayar da ita makarantar sojojin ruwa ta Murmansk tare da birnin Murmansk don tabbatar da kula da ita da kuma kula da ita. A ranar 20 ga Yunin 2013, ''Sedov'' ya yi karo da <nowiki><i id="mwXQ">Kraweel</i></nowiki> ''Lisa von Lübeck'' a gefen Texel, Arewacin Holland, Netherlands. An jefa jiragen ruwa biyu a Den Helder . <ref name="FM1646">{{Cite web |last=Voytenko |first=Mikhail |date=21 June 2013 |title=Russian training tall ship Sedov allided with German replica cog Lisa Von Luebeck |url=https://www.fleetmon.com/maritime-news/2013/1646/russian-training-tall-ship-sedov-allided-german-re/ |access-date=14 December 2017 |publisher=Fleetmon}}</ref> Masu ba da bashi na Tarayyar Rasha da ba a biya ''su'' ba kamar Nessim Gaon (wanda yanzu ya daina aiki a kungiyar Swiss NOGA, wani misali na Gaon) da kuma masu riƙe da takardun lamuni na Faransa da aka cire daga asusun Rasha; a shekarar 2002, an tilasta wa ''Sedov'' barin [[Marseille]] cikin gaggawa ba zato ba tsammani kuma ba zato ba tsammani don guje wa samun takardar izini daga [[AFPER]] (ƙungiyar masu riƙe da takardun lamuni na Daular Rasha) washegari da safe. Fiye da shekara guda kenan da Faransawa masu riƙe da takardun lamuni na Rasha suka yi gargaɗin cewa za su sake tsarawa tare da fitar da ikirarinsu zuwa yankunan Anglo-Saxon, waɗanda suka fi abokantaka da 'yan ƙasa masu zaman kansu fiye da Faransawa. A watan Mayun 2008, bayan rikicin da ya barke tsakanin Birtaniya da Rasha, Moscow ta umurci ''Sedov'' da kada ya tsaya a filin jirgin sama kamar yadda aka tsara a Southend-on-Sea . Ziyarar Satumba ta 2008 zuwa Falmouth, wurin fara tseren FUNCHAL 500 zuwa Madeira, ita ma ta yi kama da tana cikin haɗari. <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 June 2008 |title=Russian tall ship in doubt for Falmouth |url=http://falmouthpacket.co.uk/mostpopular.var.2331243.mostcommented.russian_tall_ship_in_doubt_for_falmouth.php |access-date=3 May 2016 |website=the Packet}}</ref> A shekarar 2011, ''Sedov'' ta yi bikin cika shekaru 90 da kafuwa. A shekarar 2012, ''Sedov'' ta fara tafiyarta ta farko a duniya, wadda ta shafe sama da watanni 13. Tafiyar ta ƙare a ranar 20 ga Yuli, 2013 a [[Saint-Petersburg|Saint Petersburg]], Rasha. <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 July 2013 |title=Sailing Ship Sedov in Saint Petersburg |url=http://englishrussia.com/2013/07/22/sailing-ship-sedov-in-saint-petersburg/ |access-date=3 May 2016 |website=English Russia}}</ref> A shekarar 2017, ''Sedov'' ta canza tashar jiragen ruwa ta gida zuwa Kaliningrad kuma Jami'ar Fasaha ta Jihar Kaliningrad ce ke kula da ita. <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 April 2017 |title=World's biggest sailing ship Sedov changes home port |url=http://tass.com/world/940520 |access-date=16 July 2017 |website=Tass}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Jerin manyan jiragen ruwa na ruwa * Mai jefa iska == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] mhzaslrkoa28nx5nhdnkbbq71vx5oia 0 161825 884647 2026-07-18T13:23:31Z Arcdanumma047 38699 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1303156336|Malmborg School]]" 884647 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Makarantar Malmborg''' da ke Bozeman, Montana gida ne [[Makarantar ɗaki ɗaya|na makaranta mai ɗaki ɗaya]] kuma ita ce makaranta ɗaya tilo da ke [[Montana]] . An gina makarantar a shekarar 1905, kuma misali ne na makarantun octagon da aka fi samu a Tsakiyar Atlantika kuma suna da alaƙa da tallata mai gyara na tsakiyar ƙarni na sha tara na Orson Fowler na "Yanayin Ginin Octagon" a cikin littafinsa, ''A Home for All'' . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=The Montana National Register Sign Program |title=Airway Radio Station |url=https://historicmt.org/items/show/603 |access-date=May 2, 2021 |website=Historic Montana}}</ref> Tsarin makarantar octagon da aka yi ya ba da damar ƙara girman yankin ciki da kuma ƙara hasken halitta, tare da tagogi a kan bangon makarantar guda uku. Makarantar ta asali kuma tana da baranda a buɗe da kuma hasumiyar ƙararrawa a buɗe, waɗanda aka rufe kuma aka cire su a gyare-gyare daga baya. <ref name=":0" /> Makarantar Malmborg ta tsira daga haɗakar gundumomin makarantu da kuma raguwar gidajen makaranta masu ɗaki ɗaya daga baya tun daga shekarun 1920 kuma har yanzu tana aiki a yau a matsayin makarantar K-8, tare da ɗalibai 12 da malami 1 a shekarar makaranta ta 2019-2020. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Search for Public Schools - School Detail for Malmborg School |url=https://nces.ed.gov/ccd/schoolsearch/school_detail.asp?ID=301752000354 |access-date=2021-05-04 |website=nces.ed.gov |language=EN}}</ref> An saka makarantar a cikin Rijistar Wurare na Tarihi na Ƙasa a ranar 21 ga Yuli, 1981. Yana ɗaya daga cikin gidaje goma sha uku masu ɗaki ɗaya da aka jera tare a cikin rajista a wannan ranar a Gallatin County, Montana . An saka ƙarin gidaje uku masu ɗaki ɗaya a Gallatin County a cikin rajista daga baya. <ref name="mps">{{Cite web |last=Dave Minor, Paul Bishop, and Kingston Heath |date=November 1980 |title=National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: One Room Schoolhouses of Gallatin County |url={{NRHP url|id=64000436}} |access-date=December 19, 2016}}</ref> {{Rp|10}} == Rubutu a kan Rijistar Wuraren Tarihi na Ƙasa == A matsayin ɗaya daga cikin yankunan noma na farko da aka zauna a Montana, an kafa makarantu masu tsari a Gundumar Gallatin jim kaɗan bayan an kafa ta a ƙarshen shekarun 1860. <ref name="mps">{{Cite web |last=Dave Minor, Paul Bishop, and Kingston Heath |date=November 1980 |title=National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: One Room Schoolhouses of Gallatin County |url={{NRHP url|id=64000436}} |access-date=December 19, 2016}}</ref> Kafa gundumar makaranta ya buƙaci mazauna yankin huɗu na al'umma su nemi Hukumar Makaranta ta Montana don neman tallafin kuɗi wajen ginawa da kuma ma'aikata a makarantar. Saboda rashin hanyoyi da sufuri mai sauri, waɗannan makarantun galibi gidajen makaranta ne masu ɗaki ɗaya kuma galibi suna cikin mil biyar nesa da juna. <ref name="mps" /> Makarantar Malmborg ɗaya ce daga cikin irin waɗannan makarantu kuma ta musamman saboda ƙirarta mai kusurwa huɗu. An ɗauki gidajen makaranta masu ɗaki ɗaya a Gundumar Gallatin a matsayin masu mahimmanci a tarihi "bisa ga alaƙar tarihi da suka yi da matsugunin ƙananan al'ummomin haƙar ma'adinai da noma a Gundumar Gallatin kuma saboda suna nuna juyin halittar ginin makarantar mai ɗaki ɗaya, suna ɗauke da halaye na musamman na wani nau'in gini na harshe da hanyar gini." <ref name="mps" /> Bugu da ƙari, "Makarantar Malmborg ta nuna yadda farkon bambancin ƙirar gidan makaranta ya kasance sakamakon buƙatu, buri, da asalin al'adun al'ummar da suka ƙirƙira ta." Don haka, an rubuta makarantar a cikin Rijistar Wurare na Tarihi na Ƙasa bisa ga Ƙa'idar A ("dole ne kadarar ta ba da gudummawa ga babban tsarin tarihin Amurka") da Ƙa'idar B ("ta shafi halaye na musamman na ginin ta hanyar gine-ginensa da gininsa, gami da samun babban darajar fasaha ko kuma aikin ƙwararren masani"). <ref name="nris" /> == Duba kuma == * Rijistar Ƙasa ta Wuraren Tarihi a Gundumar Gallatin, Montana * Jerin gine-gine da gine-gine masu siffar octagon a Amurka == Manazarta == 62sfiu0pkqehsnarvqs6eaaitggff2r 884648 884647 2026-07-18T13:24:04Z Arcdanumma047 38699 884648 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Makarantar Malmborg''' da ke Bozeman, Montana gida ne [[Makarantar ɗaki ɗaya|na makaranta mai ɗaki ɗaya]] kuma ita ce makaranta ɗaya tilo da ke [[Montana]] . An gina makarantar a shekarar 1905, kuma misali ne na makarantun octagon da aka fi samu a Tsakiyar Atlantika kuma suna da alaƙa da tallata mai gyara na tsakiyar ƙarni na sha tara na Orson Fowler na "Yanayin Ginin Octagon" a cikin littafinsa, ''A Home for All'' . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=The Montana National Register Sign Program |title=Airway Radio Station |url=https://historicmt.org/items/show/603 |access-date=May 2, 2021 |website=Historic Montana}}</ref> Tsarin makarantar octagon da aka yi ya ba da damar ƙara girman yankin ciki da kuma ƙara hasken halitta, tare da tagogi a kan bangon makarantar guda uku. Makarantar ta asali kuma tana da baranda a buɗe da kuma hasumiyar ƙararrawa a buɗe, waɗanda aka rufe kuma aka cire su a gyare-gyare daga baya. <ref name=":0" /> Makarantar Malmborg ta tsira daga haɗakar gundumomin makarantu da kuma raguwar gidajen makaranta masu ɗaki ɗaya daga baya tun daga shekarun 1920 kuma har yanzu tana aiki a yau a matsayin makarantar K-8, tare da ɗalibai 12 da malami 1 a shekarar makaranta ta 2019-2020. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Search for Public Schools - School Detail for Malmborg School |url=https://nces.ed.gov/ccd/schoolsearch/school_detail.asp?ID=301752000354 |access-date=2021-05-04 |website=nces.ed.gov |language=EN}}</ref> An saka makarantar a cikin Rijistar Wurare na Tarihi na Ƙasa a ranar 21 ga Yuli, 1981. Yana ɗaya daga cikin gidaje goma sha uku masu ɗaki ɗaya da aka jera tare a cikin rajista a wannan ranar a Gallatin County, Montana . An saka ƙarin gidaje uku masu ɗaki ɗaya a Gallatin County a cikin rajista daga baya. <ref name="mps">{{Cite web |last=Dave Minor, Paul Bishop, and Kingston Heath |date=November 1980 |title=National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: One Room Schoolhouses of Gallatin County |url={{NRHP url|id=64000436}} |access-date=December 19, 2016}}</ref> {{Rp|10}} == Rubutu a kan Rijistar Wuraren Tarihi na Ƙasa == A matsayin ɗaya daga cikin yankunan noma na farko da aka zauna a Montana, an kafa makarantu masu tsari a Gundumar Gallatin jim kaɗan bayan an kafa ta a ƙarshen shekarun 1860. <ref name="mps">{{Cite web |last=Dave Minor, Paul Bishop, and Kingston Heath |date=November 1980 |title=National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: One Room Schoolhouses of Gallatin County |url={{NRHP url|id=64000436}} |access-date=December 19, 2016}}</ref> Kafa gundumar makaranta ya buƙaci mazauna yankin huɗu na al'umma su nemi Hukumar Makaranta ta Montana don neman tallafin kuɗi wajen ginawa da kuma ma'aikata a makarantar. Saboda rashin hanyoyi da sufuri mai sauri, waɗannan makarantun galibi gidajen makaranta ne masu ɗaki ɗaya kuma galibi suna cikin mil biyar nesa da juna. <ref name="mps" /> Makarantar Malmborg ɗaya ce daga cikin irin waɗannan makarantu kuma ta musamman saboda ƙirarta mai kusurwa huɗu. An ɗauki gidajen makaranta masu ɗaki ɗaya a Gundumar Gallatin a matsayin masu mahimmanci a tarihi "bisa ga alaƙar tarihi da suka yi da matsugunin ƙananan al'ummomin haƙar ma'adinai da noma a Gundumar Gallatin kuma saboda suna nuna juyin halittar ginin makarantar mai ɗaki ɗaya, suna ɗauke da halaye na musamman na wani nau'in gini na harshe da hanyar gini." <ref name="mps" /> Bugu da ƙari, "Makarantar Malmborg ta nuna yadda farkon bambancin ƙirar gidan makaranta ya kasance sakamakon buƙatu, buri, da asalin al'adun al'ummar da suka ƙirƙira ta." Don haka, an rubuta makarantar a cikin Rijistar Wurare na Tarihi na Ƙasa bisa ga Ƙa'idar A ("dole ne kadarar ta ba da gudummawa ga babban tsarin tarihin Amurka") da Ƙa'idar B ("ta shafi halaye na musamman na ginin ta hanyar gine-ginensa da gininsa, gami da samun babban darajar fasaha ko kuma aikin ƙwararren masani"). <ref name="nris" /> == Duba kuma == * Rijistar Ƙasa ta Wuraren Tarihi a Gundumar Gallatin, Montana * Jerin gine-gine da gine-gine masu siffar octagon a Amurka == Manazarta == ihdez1681hrswqj9kyndd17msk00kgz 0 161826 884652 2026-07-18T13:26:53Z Arcdanumma047 38699 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1363375063|Apprenticeships, Skills, Children and Learning Act 2009]]" 884652 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dokar Koyarwa, Ƙwarewa, Yara da Koyo ta 2009''' (c. 22) doka ce ta Majalisar Dokokin Burtaniya . Ta sauya dokar da ta shafi ilimi. Wadanda suka fara aiwatar da wannan doka su ne takardar farar takarda mai taken "Raising Expectations: Enabling the system to accomplish" da aka buga a watan Maris na 2008 da kuma "Draft Apprenticeships Bill" da aka buga a watan Yuli na wannan shekarar. == Tanadin == Dokar ta kafa Babban Jami'in Gudanar da Tallafin Kwarewa. Dokar ta gabatar da mafi ƙarancin sa'o'in aiki da koyo ga ɗaliban koyon sana'o'i. Dokar ta kafa Hukumar Tattaunawa kan Ma'aikatan Tallafi ta Makaranta. An sanar da wannan matakin a shekarar 2007, kuma an yi shi ne don sauƙaƙa inganta sharuɗɗa da ƙa'idodi ga ma'aikatan tallafi. == Liyafar maraba == Wata 'yar jam'iyyar Labour mai suna Baroness Wilkins ta soki dokar saboda yiwuwar ware nakasassu, kamar kurame waɗanda harshensu na farko shine Harshen Kurame na Burtaniya kuma ba za su iya cika sharuddan samun GCSE a Turanci ba. == Duba kuma == * Dokar Ilimi == Manazarta == 7ozunzf35b08mz71txbn00z75plen5a 884653 884652 2026-07-18T13:27:18Z Arcdanumma047 38699 884653 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Dokar Koyarwa, Ƙwarewa, Yara da Koyo ta 2009''' (c. 22) doka ce ta Majalisar Dokokin Burtaniya . Ta sauya dokar da ta shafi ilimi. Wadanda suka fara aiwatar da wannan doka su ne takardar farar takarda mai taken "Raising Expectations: Enabling the system to accomplish" da aka buga a watan Maris na 2008 da kuma "Draft Apprenticeships Bill" da aka buga a watan Yuli na wannan shekarar. == Tanadin == Dokar ta kafa Babban Jami'in Gudanar da Tallafin Kwarewa. Dokar ta gabatar da mafi ƙarancin sa'o'in aiki da koyo ga ɗaliban koyon sana'o'i. Dokar ta kafa Hukumar Tattaunawa kan Ma'aikatan Tallafi ta Makaranta. An sanar da wannan matakin a shekarar 2007, kuma an yi shi ne don sauƙaƙa inganta sharuɗɗa da ƙa'idodi ga ma'aikatan tallafi. == Liyafar maraba == Wata 'yar jam'iyyar Labour mai suna Baroness Wilkins ta soki dokar saboda yiwuwar ware nakasassu, kamar kurame waɗanda harshensu na farko shine Harshen Kurame na Burtaniya kuma ba za su iya cika sharuddan samun GCSE a Turanci ba. == Duba kuma == * Dokar Ilimi == Manazarta == hpvzmhfhjyexyek88xpjt7xv2v1s8xy 0 161827 884655 2026-07-18T13:28:22Z Arcdanumma047 38699 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1351810249|Malapoa College]]" 884655 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kwalejin Malapoa''', wacce asali take '''Makarantar Sakandare ta Burtaniya''' ( '''BSS''' ), makarantar sakandare ce da ake amfani da ita a harshen Ingilishi a Port Vila, [[Vanuatu]] . Asalin makarantar ta dogara ne da ma'aikatan gwamnatin Vanuatu kafin samun 'yancin kai da kuma 'yan ƙasashen waje, an buɗe ta a shekarar 1966. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-08-02 |title=Well known Vanuatu college marks 50 years |url=https://www.radionz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/309913/well-known-vanuatu-college-marks-50-years |access-date=2018-07-07 |publisher=[[Radio New Zealand]]}}</ref> {{As of|2016}} Tana da ɗalibai 755. An shirya buɗe sabuwar makaranta a shekarar 2018. Sabuwar makarantar tana da kuɗin [[Vanuatu vatu|Vanuatu vatus]] biliyan 1.2. [[Yanjian Group|Ƙungiyar Yanjian]] ta tsara kayan aikin makarantar, tare da China Northeast Architectural Design and Research Institute Co Ltd. (CSCECNEI; Chinese ) yana da ƙarin shigarwa. Gwamnatin kasar Sin ce ta dauki nauyin gina makarantar. <ref name="Ligorest" /> == Harabar jami'a == {{Convert|12,343.7|sqm|sqft}} tana da yankin gudanarwa, yankin ilimi, da kuma yankin zama. Ginin gwamnati yana kan babbar hanyar shiga. Babban fannin ilimi yana da gine-ginen azuzuwa uku, gine-ginen kimiyya guda biyu, ginin ɗakin karatu, da kuma ginin ma'aikata. Gine-ginen ilimi suna da azuzuwa bakwai, kuma gine-ginen kimiyya suna da dakunan gwaje-gwaje guda takwas don azuzuwan kimiyya. Duk waɗannan gine-ginen suna da tsayin hawa biyu. Yankin zama yana da ɗakunan kwanan dalibai guda biyu, wurin zama na malamai, wani kanti, da kuma ginin nishaɗi ga ɗaliban kwana ɗaya. Ginin zama na malamai yana da hawa biyu. Kowanne ɗakin kwanan ɗalibai, ɗaya na maza da ɗaya na mata, zai iya ɗaukar ɗalibai har 500 kuma yana da hawa uku. Filin wasan yana cikin ɓangaren zama. == Fitattun tsofaffin ɗalibai == * [[Merilyn Tahi]] – mai fafutukar kare hakkin mata == Manazarta == ng91o619m8ekhxohvgqol1n97wtohok 884656 884655 2026-07-18T13:28:52Z Arcdanumma047 38699 884656 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kwalejin Malapoa''', wacce asali take '''Makarantar Sakandare ta Burtaniya''' ( '''BSS''' ), makarantar sakandare ce da ake amfani da ita a harshen Ingilishi a Port Vila, [[Vanuatu]] . Asalin makarantar ta dogara ne da ma'aikatan gwamnatin Vanuatu kafin samun 'yancin kai da kuma 'yan ƙasashen waje, an buɗe ta a shekarar 1966. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-08-02 |title=Well known Vanuatu college marks 50 years |url=https://www.radionz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/309913/well-known-vanuatu-college-marks-50-years |access-date=2018-07-07 |publisher=[[Radio New Zealand]]}}</ref> {{As of|2016}} Tana da ɗalibai 755. An shirya buɗe sabuwar makaranta a shekarar 2018. Sabuwar makarantar tana da kuɗin [[Vanuatu vatu|Vanuatu vatus]] biliyan 1.2. [[Yanjian Group|Ƙungiyar Yanjian]] ta tsara kayan aikin makarantar, tare da China Northeast Architectural Design and Research Institute Co Ltd. (CSCECNEI; Chinese ) yana da ƙarin shigarwa. Gwamnatin kasar Sin ce ta dauki nauyin gina makarantar. <ref name="Ligorest" /> == Harabar jami'a == {{Convert|12,343.7|sqm|sqft}} tana da yankin gudanarwa, yankin ilimi, da kuma yankin zama. Ginin gwamnati yana kan babbar hanyar shiga. Babban fannin ilimi yana da gine-ginen azuzuwa uku, gine-ginen kimiyya guda biyu, ginin ɗakin karatu, da kuma ginin ma'aikata. Gine-ginen ilimi suna da azuzuwa bakwai, kuma gine-ginen kimiyya suna da dakunan gwaje-gwaje guda takwas don azuzuwan kimiyya. Duk waɗannan gine-ginen suna da tsayin hawa biyu. Yankin zama yana da ɗakunan kwanan dalibai guda biyu, wurin zama na malamai, wani kanti, da kuma ginin nishaɗi ga ɗaliban kwana ɗaya. Ginin zama na malamai yana da hawa biyu. Kowanne ɗakin kwanan ɗalibai, ɗaya na maza da ɗaya na mata, zai iya ɗaukar ɗalibai har 500 kuma yana da hawa uku. Filin wasan yana cikin ɓangaren zama. == Fitattun tsofaffin ɗalibai == * [[Merilyn Tahi]] – mai fafutukar kare hakkin mata == Manazarta == 51pgcod29xtdpcdsqzp1hkqwbbp2a9v 0 161828 884658 2026-07-18T13:29:46Z Arcdanumma047 38699 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1344480408|Soviet training ship Dunay]]" 884658 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Dunay''''' wani jirgin ruwa ne mai tsayi na Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Soviet, wanda a da Italiya ke sarrafa shi a matsayin '''''Cristoforo Colombo''''' . An ajiye shi a farfajiyar Castellammare a ranar 15 ga Afrilu, 1926, kuma aka lalata shi a gobara a shekarar 1963. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Strange Fate of the Cristoforo Colombo |url=http://ac-support.europe.umuc.edu/~jmatthew/naples/criscol.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110916190942/http://ac-support.europe.umuc.edu/~jmatthew/naples/criscol.html |archive-date=16 September 2011 |access-date=10 August 2011 |publisher=Around Naples Encyclopedia}}</ref> == Tarihi == A shekarar 1925, ''Regia Marina'' (Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Italiya) ta yi odar jiragen ruwa guda biyu na makaranta zuwa wani tsari da Janar Laftanar Francesco Rotundi na Rundunar Injiniyan Sojojin Ruwa ta Italiya ya yi, wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi da salon manyan jiragen ruwan bindigogi 74 na ƙarshen ƙarni na 18. Na farko, ''Cristoforo Colombo'', an fara aiki da shi a shekarar 1928 kuma ''Regia Marina'' ta yi amfani da shi har zuwa 1943. Bayan [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]], an miƙa jirgin ga [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]] a matsayin wani ɓangare na diyya ta yaƙi da Yarjejeniyar Zaman Lafiya ta Paris ta 1947 ta buƙata, kuma aka dakatar da shi a shekarar 1959. Jirgin ruwa na biyu shine Amerigo Vespucci, wanda aka harba a shekarar 1931 kuma har yanzu yana aiki. == Duba kuma == * Jerin jiragen ruwan Soviet Navy * Jerin jiragen ruwan Rasha ta lambar aikin == Manazarta == 4gi1u2kuvnoilid2tui9snk9s9idytl 884659 884658 2026-07-18T13:30:12Z Arcdanumma047 38699 884659 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Dunay''''' wani jirgin ruwa ne mai tsayi na Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Soviet, wanda a da Italiya ke sarrafa shi a matsayin '''''Cristoforo Colombo''''' . An ajiye shi a farfajiyar Castellammare a ranar 15 ga Afrilu, 1926, kuma aka lalata shi a gobara a shekarar 1963. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Strange Fate of the Cristoforo Colombo |url=http://ac-support.europe.umuc.edu/~jmatthew/naples/criscol.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110916190942/http://ac-support.europe.umuc.edu/~jmatthew/naples/criscol.html |archive-date=16 September 2011 |access-date=10 August 2011 |publisher=Around Naples Encyclopedia}}</ref> == Tarihi == A shekarar 1925, ''Regia Marina'' (Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Italiya) ta yi odar jiragen ruwa guda biyu na makaranta zuwa wani tsari da Janar Laftanar Francesco Rotundi na Rundunar Injiniyan Sojojin Ruwa ta Italiya ya yi, wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi da salon manyan jiragen ruwan bindigogi 74 na ƙarshen ƙarni na 18. Na farko, ''Cristoforo Colombo'', an fara aiki da shi a shekarar 1928 kuma ''Regia Marina'' ta yi amfani da shi har zuwa 1943. Bayan [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]], an miƙa jirgin ga [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]] a matsayin wani ɓangare na diyya ta yaƙi da Yarjejeniyar Zaman Lafiya ta Paris ta 1947 ta buƙata, kuma aka dakatar da shi a shekarar 1959. Jirgin ruwa na biyu shine Amerigo Vespucci, wanda aka harba a shekarar 1931 kuma har yanzu yana aiki. == Duba kuma == * Jerin jiragen ruwan Soviet Navy * Jerin jiragen ruwan Rasha ta lambar aikin == Manazarta == 5oycfn3arzal0s1ivzksollm0k2i1l3 0 161829 884660 2026-07-18T13:31:21Z Arcdanumma047 38699 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1351075664|Campus Compact]]" 884660 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yarjejeniyar Harabar Jami'a''' ƙungiya ce ta kwalejoji da jami'o'i waɗanda suka himmatu wajen cimma manufofin jama'a na manyan makarantu . Ƙungiyar agaji ta ƙunshi ofishin ƙasa da ke Boston, MA da kuma ofisoshin jihohi da na yanki don tallafawa aikin kwalejojin membobin. Campus Compact yana da membobi galibi a faɗin Amurka, amma kuma yana da membobi a yankunan Amurka da dama da kuma ƙasashe a wajen Amurka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Member Directory {{!}} Campus Compact |url=https://compact.org/membership/member-directory |access-date=2023-02-22 |website=compact.org |language=en}}</ref> == Tarihi == An kafa wannan Yarjejeniyar ne tare da Howard Swearer, Timothy S. Healy, da Donald Kennedy, shugabannin jami'o'in Brown, Georgetown da [[Jami'ar Stanford|Stanford]], da kuma Frank Newman, tsohon shugaban Hukumar Ilimi ta Jihohi a shekarar 1985. <ref>{{Cite web |title=About {{!}} Campus Compact |url=https://compact.org/about |access-date=2023-02-22 |website=compact.org |language=en}}</ref> Da farko, aikin Yarjejeniyar ya mayar da hankali kan jan hankalin ɗalibai cikin hidimar al'umma . Kafafen yaɗa labarai a lokacin sun nuna ɗaliban jami'a a matsayin wani ɓangare na ' tsara ta kaina ', waɗanda suka fi sha'awar ƙara musu dukiya da matsayi fiye da yi wa al'ummarsu hidima. Shugabannin da suka kafa wannan ƙungiya sun yi niyyar dakile wannan hoton da ya mamaye, ta hanyar nuna kyakkyawan aikin da ɗaliban jami'a suka yi da kuma ba da tallafi da ƙarfafa gwiwa ga wasu su shiga. A shekarar 1988, an kafa ƙungiyoyi biyu na farko na jihohi masu haɗin gwiwa don samar da ƙarin tallafi ga harabar jami'o'i da kuma gina hanyoyin sadarwa na yanki da na gida. A shekarar 1991, membobinsu sun kai kwalejoji da jami'o'i 500. A wannan lokacin, hankalin ƙasa ya koma ga alaƙar da ke tsakanin shiga cikin hidimar al'umma da kuma nasarar ilimi. Kamfanin Campus Compact ya ƙaddamar da shirin Haɗaka Sabis tare da Nazarin Ilimi (ISAS), <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Morton |first=Keith |last2=Troppe |first2=Marie |date=1996-01-01 |title=From the margin to the mainstream: Campus Compact's Project on Integrating Service with Academic Study |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00380259 |journal=Journal of Business Ethics |language=en |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=21–32 |doi=10.1007/BF00380259 |issn=1573-0697 |s2cid=154889296 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> wanda ke ba da kuɗaɗen tallafi da bita don tallafawa kwalejoji masu sha'awar gina [[Koyon Sabis|koyo da hidima]] a cikin cibiyoyinsu. Zuwa shekara ta 2000, koyon hidima ya zama wani muhimmin motsi na ilimi. Kamfanin Campus Compact ya fara jerin wallafe-wallafen da suka rubuta tasirin koyon hidima da kuma samar da albarkatu don taimakawa malamai da sassan gina shirye-shiryensu da manhajojin karatu. A shekara ta 2002, Kamfanin Campus Compact ya ƙaddamar da kamfen ɗin Raise Your Voice, wanda shine ƙoƙarin farko na ƙasa da aka yi a cikin wannan shiri na yin aiki da ɗalibai da kansu. A cikin shekaru biyu na wannan shiri, an rubuta halartar ɗalibai sama da 250,000. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Raill |first=Stephanie |last2=Hollander |first2=Elizabeth |date=2006-01-01 |title=How Campuses Can Create Engaged Citizens: The Student View |journal=Journal of College and Character |volume=7 |issue=1 |doi=10.2202/1940-1639.1506 |issn=2194-587X |s2cid=143490370 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A shekarar 2005, shekara ta 20 da kafa ta, Campus Compact ya girma zuwa rassan jiha 32 da kuma fiye da mambobi 1000. A tsawon lokaci, Yarjejeniyar ta girma daga ƙungiyar shugabanni zuwa wacce ke tallafawa ayyukan mazabu daban-daban - shugabannin kwalejoji, malamai, ma'aikata, ɗalibai da abokan hulɗar al'umma. A shekara ta 2009, Kamfanin Campus Compact ya mayar da ofishinsa na ƙasa daga harabar Jami'ar Brown da ke Providence, Rhode Island zuwa gundumar Downtown Crossing da ke [[Boston|Boston, Massachusetts]] . A halin yanzu suna da ofis a [http://nonprofitcenterboston.org/ Cibiyar Ba da Tallafi] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-02-17 |title=Community |url=http://nonprofitcenterboston.org/community |access-date=2023-02-22 |website=NonProfit Center Boston |language=en}}</ref> A shekarar 2016, Kwamitin Harabar Jami'a ya yi bikin cika shekaru 30 da kafuwa tare da yaɗa [http://compact.org/actionstatement/ Sanarwar Aiki] . Wannan alƙawarin da shugabannin kwalejoji da jami'o'i sama da 400 suka yi ya bayyana manufofi iri ɗaya da kuma inganta aiki a duk faɗin cibiyar sadarwa game da manufar jama'a ta manyan makarantu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Action Statement of Presidents & Chancellors {{!}} Campus Compact |url=https://compact.org/current-programs/civic-action-planning/action-statement-of-presidents-chancellors |access-date=2023-02-22 |website=compact.org |language=en}}</ref> A watan Maris na 2020, an soke taron ƙasa na Campus Compact na shekara-shekara biyu saboda ci gaba da yaɗuwar COVID-19. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Compact20 and COVID-19: Compact20 |url=https://events.compact.org/conference/covid-19 |access-date=2023-02-22 |website=events.compact.org |language=en-AG}}</ref> Duk da soke taron, Campus Compact ta bayar da taron Compact20 Virtual Gathering daga 11 ga Mayu, 2020 - 13 ga Mayu, 2020, wani taro na intanet kyauta wanda ya samar da damammaki don koyo, sadarwa, da kuma bin alkawurra masu ci gaba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Compact20 Virtual Gathering |url=https://events.compact.org/conference |access-date=2023-02-22 |website=events.compact.org |language=en-AG}}</ref> A watan Yulin 2020, saboda cibiyoyi da yawa sun sauya daga koyon kai tsaye zuwa kan layi cikin sauri. Kwas ɗin Haɗaka da Campus Compact ya ƙirƙira yana da nufin samar da horo mai mahimmanci da tallafi ga malamai yayin da suke daidaitawa da koyarwar kan layi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Fusion Course: Enhancing Online Education through Community-Based Learning |url=https://events.compact.org/fusion-2020 |access-date=2023-02-22 |website=events.compact.org |language=en-AG}}</ref> Hakanan ya ba da umarni kan haɗa hanyoyin hulɗar al'umma cikin manhajojin da ake da su don inganta ingancin isar da kwas da kuma haɓaka hulɗar ɗalibai. Ta hanyar wannan kwas ɗin haɓaka malamai, mutane sun koyi yadda ake saka ilmantarwa bisa ga al'umma cikin azuzuwan kan layi don ba wa ɗalibai ƙwarewa ta hannu waɗanda za su ƙarfafa fahimta, ƙirƙirar alaƙa da babban al'umma, da inganta yawan riƙe ɗalibai. A watan Janairun 2022, Hukumar Daraktocin Jami'ar Campus Compact ta sanar da cewa an nada Bobbie Laur a matsayin shugaban ƙungiyar na gaba, wanda zai fara aiki daga ranar 15 ga Fabrairu, 2022. Laur ya taɓa yin aiki a matsayin mataimakin mataimakin shugaban ƙasa don wayar da kan jama'a a Jami'ar Towson kuma a lokaci guda ya yi aiki a matsayin babban darektan ƙungiyar Hadin gwiwar Jami'o'in Birane da Metropolitan (CUMU). <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 January 2022 |title=Bobbie Laur Appointed as Campus Compact's Next President {{!}} Campus Compact |url=https://compact.org/news/bobbie-laur-appointed-as-campus-compacts-next-president |access-date=2023-02-22 |website=compact.org |language=en}}</ref> A watan Maris na 2022, Campus Compact, wata ƙungiyar ƙasa ta kwalejoji da jami'o'i da ke aiki don haɓaka manufofin jama'a na manyan makarantu, ta naɗa shugabannin al'umma na ɗalibai 173 daga jihohi 38 cikin ƙungiyar Newman Civic Fellows ta 2022. <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 March 2022 |title=Campus Compact Announces 2022 Newman Civic Fellows {{!}} Campus Compact |url=https://compact.org/news/campus-compact-announces-2022-newman-civic-fellows |access-date=2023-02-22 |website=compact.org |language=en}}</ref> A shekarar 2022, ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin da suka kafa wannan ƙungiya (Campus Compact Midatlantic - a da Maryland-District of Columbia Campus Compact ta bar Campus Compact kuma yanzu tana aiki da kanta a matsayin Transform Midatlantic. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Transform Midatlantic Who We Are page |url=https://transformmidatlantic.org/community-engagement/who-we-are/ |access-date=9 July 2024}}</ref> == Ƙarin bayani == * [http://www.compact.org Shafin yanar gizo na Ƙungiyar Ƙasa] * https://www.bemidjistate.edu/community/engagement/what-is-campus-compact/ * http://mainecompact.org/ * https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQiy6Yotj6pdC6ekOTrD0Qw == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 106zxhde9xx384ad47j6x8shmvnepli 884662 884660 2026-07-18T13:31:45Z Arcdanumma047 38699 884662 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Yarjejeniyar Harabar Jami'a''' ƙungiya ce ta kwalejoji da jami'o'i waɗanda suka himmatu wajen cimma manufofin jama'a na manyan makarantu . Ƙungiyar agaji ta ƙunshi ofishin ƙasa da ke Boston, MA da kuma ofisoshin jihohi da na yanki don tallafawa aikin kwalejojin membobin. Campus Compact yana da membobi galibi a faɗin Amurka, amma kuma yana da membobi a yankunan Amurka da dama da kuma ƙasashe a wajen Amurka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Member Directory {{!}} Campus Compact |url=https://compact.org/membership/member-directory |access-date=2023-02-22 |website=compact.org |language=en}}</ref> == Tarihi == An kafa wannan Yarjejeniyar ne tare da Howard Swearer, Timothy S. Healy, da Donald Kennedy, shugabannin jami'o'in Brown, Georgetown da [[Jami'ar Stanford|Stanford]], da kuma Frank Newman, tsohon shugaban Hukumar Ilimi ta Jihohi a shekarar 1985. <ref>{{Cite web |title=About {{!}} Campus Compact |url=https://compact.org/about |access-date=2023-02-22 |website=compact.org |language=en}}</ref> Da farko, aikin Yarjejeniyar ya mayar da hankali kan jan hankalin ɗalibai cikin hidimar al'umma . Kafafen yaɗa labarai a lokacin sun nuna ɗaliban jami'a a matsayin wani ɓangare na ' tsara ta kaina ', waɗanda suka fi sha'awar ƙara musu dukiya da matsayi fiye da yi wa al'ummarsu hidima. Shugabannin da suka kafa wannan ƙungiya sun yi niyyar dakile wannan hoton da ya mamaye, ta hanyar nuna kyakkyawan aikin da ɗaliban jami'a suka yi da kuma ba da tallafi da ƙarfafa gwiwa ga wasu su shiga. A shekarar 1988, an kafa ƙungiyoyi biyu na farko na jihohi masu haɗin gwiwa don samar da ƙarin tallafi ga harabar jami'o'i da kuma gina hanyoyin sadarwa na yanki da na gida. A shekarar 1991, membobinsu sun kai kwalejoji da jami'o'i 500. A wannan lokacin, hankalin ƙasa ya koma ga alaƙar da ke tsakanin shiga cikin hidimar al'umma da kuma nasarar ilimi. Kamfanin Campus Compact ya ƙaddamar da shirin Haɗaka Sabis tare da Nazarin Ilimi (ISAS), <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Morton |first=Keith |last2=Troppe |first2=Marie |date=1996-01-01 |title=From the margin to the mainstream: Campus Compact's Project on Integrating Service with Academic Study |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00380259 |journal=Journal of Business Ethics |language=en |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=21–32 |doi=10.1007/BF00380259 |issn=1573-0697 |s2cid=154889296 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> wanda ke ba da kuɗaɗen tallafi da bita don tallafawa kwalejoji masu sha'awar gina [[Koyon Sabis|koyo da hidima]] a cikin cibiyoyinsu. Zuwa shekara ta 2000, koyon hidima ya zama wani muhimmin motsi na ilimi. Kamfanin Campus Compact ya fara jerin wallafe-wallafen da suka rubuta tasirin koyon hidima da kuma samar da albarkatu don taimakawa malamai da sassan gina shirye-shiryensu da manhajojin karatu. A shekara ta 2002, Kamfanin Campus Compact ya ƙaddamar da kamfen ɗin Raise Your Voice, wanda shine ƙoƙarin farko na ƙasa da aka yi a cikin wannan shiri na yin aiki da ɗalibai da kansu. A cikin shekaru biyu na wannan shiri, an rubuta halartar ɗalibai sama da 250,000. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Raill |first=Stephanie |last2=Hollander |first2=Elizabeth |date=2006-01-01 |title=How Campuses Can Create Engaged Citizens: The Student View |journal=Journal of College and Character |volume=7 |issue=1 |doi=10.2202/1940-1639.1506 |issn=2194-587X |s2cid=143490370 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A shekarar 2005, shekara ta 20 da kafa ta, Campus Compact ya girma zuwa rassan jiha 32 da kuma fiye da mambobi 1000. A tsawon lokaci, Yarjejeniyar ta girma daga ƙungiyar shugabanni zuwa wacce ke tallafawa ayyukan mazabu daban-daban - shugabannin kwalejoji, malamai, ma'aikata, ɗalibai da abokan hulɗar al'umma. A shekara ta 2009, Kamfanin Campus Compact ya mayar da ofishinsa na ƙasa daga harabar Jami'ar Brown da ke Providence, Rhode Island zuwa gundumar Downtown Crossing da ke [[Boston|Boston, Massachusetts]] . A halin yanzu suna da ofis a [http://nonprofitcenterboston.org/ Cibiyar Ba da Tallafi] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-02-17 |title=Community |url=http://nonprofitcenterboston.org/community |access-date=2023-02-22 |website=NonProfit Center Boston |language=en}}</ref> A shekarar 2016, Kwamitin Harabar Jami'a ya yi bikin cika shekaru 30 da kafuwa tare da yaɗa [http://compact.org/actionstatement/ Sanarwar Aiki] . Wannan alƙawarin da shugabannin kwalejoji da jami'o'i sama da 400 suka yi ya bayyana manufofi iri ɗaya da kuma inganta aiki a duk faɗin cibiyar sadarwa game da manufar jama'a ta manyan makarantu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Action Statement of Presidents & Chancellors {{!}} Campus Compact |url=https://compact.org/current-programs/civic-action-planning/action-statement-of-presidents-chancellors |access-date=2023-02-22 |website=compact.org |language=en}}</ref> A watan Maris na 2020, an soke taron ƙasa na Campus Compact na shekara-shekara biyu saboda ci gaba da yaɗuwar COVID-19. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Compact20 and COVID-19: Compact20 |url=https://events.compact.org/conference/covid-19 |access-date=2023-02-22 |website=events.compact.org |language=en-AG}}</ref> Duk da soke taron, Campus Compact ta bayar da taron Compact20 Virtual Gathering daga 11 ga Mayu, 2020 - 13 ga Mayu, 2020, wani taro na intanet kyauta wanda ya samar da damammaki don koyo, sadarwa, da kuma bin alkawurra masu ci gaba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Compact20 Virtual Gathering |url=https://events.compact.org/conference |access-date=2023-02-22 |website=events.compact.org |language=en-AG}}</ref> A watan Yulin 2020, saboda cibiyoyi da yawa sun sauya daga koyon kai tsaye zuwa kan layi cikin sauri. Kwas ɗin Haɗaka da Campus Compact ya ƙirƙira yana da nufin samar da horo mai mahimmanci da tallafi ga malamai yayin da suke daidaitawa da koyarwar kan layi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Fusion Course: Enhancing Online Education through Community-Based Learning |url=https://events.compact.org/fusion-2020 |access-date=2023-02-22 |website=events.compact.org |language=en-AG}}</ref> Hakanan ya ba da umarni kan haɗa hanyoyin hulɗar al'umma cikin manhajojin da ake da su don inganta ingancin isar da kwas da kuma haɓaka hulɗar ɗalibai. Ta hanyar wannan kwas ɗin haɓaka malamai, mutane sun koyi yadda ake saka ilmantarwa bisa ga al'umma cikin azuzuwan kan layi don ba wa ɗalibai ƙwarewa ta hannu waɗanda za su ƙarfafa fahimta, ƙirƙirar alaƙa da babban al'umma, da inganta yawan riƙe ɗalibai. A watan Janairun 2022, Hukumar Daraktocin Jami'ar Campus Compact ta sanar da cewa an nada Bobbie Laur a matsayin shugaban ƙungiyar na gaba, wanda zai fara aiki daga ranar 15 ga Fabrairu, 2022. Laur ya taɓa yin aiki a matsayin mataimakin mataimakin shugaban ƙasa don wayar da kan jama'a a Jami'ar Towson kuma a lokaci guda ya yi aiki a matsayin babban darektan ƙungiyar Hadin gwiwar Jami'o'in Birane da Metropolitan (CUMU). <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 January 2022 |title=Bobbie Laur Appointed as Campus Compact's Next President {{!}} Campus Compact |url=https://compact.org/news/bobbie-laur-appointed-as-campus-compacts-next-president |access-date=2023-02-22 |website=compact.org |language=en}}</ref> A watan Maris na 2022, Campus Compact, wata ƙungiyar ƙasa ta kwalejoji da jami'o'i da ke aiki don haɓaka manufofin jama'a na manyan makarantu, ta naɗa shugabannin al'umma na ɗalibai 173 daga jihohi 38 cikin ƙungiyar Newman Civic Fellows ta 2022. <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 March 2022 |title=Campus Compact Announces 2022 Newman Civic Fellows {{!}} Campus Compact |url=https://compact.org/news/campus-compact-announces-2022-newman-civic-fellows |access-date=2023-02-22 |website=compact.org |language=en}}</ref> A shekarar 2022, ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin da suka kafa wannan ƙungiya (Campus Compact Midatlantic - a da Maryland-District of Columbia Campus Compact ta bar Campus Compact kuma yanzu tana aiki da kanta a matsayin Transform Midatlantic. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Transform Midatlantic Who We Are page |url=https://transformmidatlantic.org/community-engagement/who-we-are/ |access-date=9 July 2024}}</ref> == Ƙarin bayani == * [http://www.compact.org Shafin yanar gizo na Ƙungiyar Ƙasa] * https://www.bemidjistate.edu/community/engagement/what-is-campus-compact/ * http://mainecompact.org/ * https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQiy6Yotj6pdC6ekOTrD0Qw == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] th58lm9h0ccpjfkey2a2lml4714ieyl 0 161830 884663 2026-07-18T13:33:55Z Arcdanumma047 38699 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1210997169|Barrow-in-Furness Higher Grade School]]" 884663 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Alfred_Barrow_School_Main_Block.jpg|right|thumb|Ginin Makarantar Masu Daraja]] Ginin '''Makarantar Sakandare ta Higher Grade''' da ke Barrow-in-Furness, Cumbria, [[Ingila]] yana cikin jerin makarantun Sakandare na II kuma ya kasance yana aiki a matsayin cibiyoyin ilimi da dama a tsawon tarihinsa. Tun daga kammala ginin har zuwa 1930, makarantar Sakandare ta Barrow ta mamaye ginin. == Makarantar Sakandare ta Barrow == The School opened in the late 1890s as a Higher Grade School. At the time it was Barrow's only High School. == Makarantar Yara Maza da Mata ta Alfred Barrow == An buɗe sabon gini a shekarun 1930 kusa da ginin farko, don ƙirƙirar makarantun Samari da 'Yan Mata daban-daban; Makarantar Samari ta Alfred Barrow da Makarantar 'Yan Mata ta Alfred Barrow. Ginin makarantar Sakandare ta asali ya zama Makarantar 'Yan Mata kuma ginin da ke kusa ya zama Makarantar Samari. A shekarun 1950 da 1960, an sake yin wani sauyi a makarantar, an mayar da Makarantar Maza zuwa wani sabon wuri a titin Holker da ke Barrow, sannan aka rushe ginin Makarantar Maza da ke babban wurin. An gina sabbin tubalan fadada a babban wurin. == Makarantar Sakandare ta Alfred Barrow == A shekarun 1970, an buɗe sabon sashin kimiyya da wurin motsa jiki a babban wurin, kuma aka daina raba jinsi. Wannan ya haifar da Makarantar Cikakken Ilimi ta Alfred Barrow. Da farko Wurin Holker Street (wanda a da Makarantar Maza ce) ya zama ƙaramin Makaranta na tsawon shekaru 1 zuwa 3, kuma Babban Wurin ya zama Babban Makarantar. A tsakiyar shekarun 1980, an rufe Wurin Holker Street, kuma Babban Wurin ya zama Makarantar Cikakken Ilimi ta Alfred Barrow a wuri ɗaya. Darajar makarantar ta ragu a ƙarshen shekarun 1990. A shekara ta 2003, Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta rubuta wa Majalisar Gundumar Cumbria tana ba da shawarar a rufe Makarantar Alfred Barrow. Duk da haka, bayan wani kamfen an ceci Makarantar. Duk da haka, an yanke shawarar cewa za a yi babban gyara ga tanadin ilimi a Furness, wanda daga ƙarshe ya haifar da ƙirƙirar Kwalejin Furness. Yaƙin neman zaɓe na biyu don ceton makarantar, da kuma wasu makarantun sakandare 2 na Barrow bai yi nasara ba. A watan Satumba na 2009, Makarantar Alfred Barrow ta rufe kuma yaran suka koma sabuwar Kwalejin Furness a Parkview da Thorncliffe. Shugaban makaranta na ƙarshe shine Dr. Linda Potts, wacce ta yi nasarar jagorantar Makarantar daga matakai na musamman a cikin shekarar da ta gabata. == Makarantar St. George == Tsakanin 2009 da 2010, an gyara tsohuwar makarantar Alfred Barrow sosai, don haka za ta dace da amfani da ita a matsayin makarantar Firamare ta wucin gadi. Makarantar St. Georges ta koma ginin Makarantar Manyan Makarantu a watan Satumba na 2010 yayin da aka gyara Makarantarsu. Sun koma Makarantarsu da aka gyara a watan Satumba na 2011. == Makarantar Firamare ta Al'umma ta Barrow Island == Makarantar Barrow Island ta koma ginin Makarantar Sakandare ta asali a watan Satumba na 2011, yayin da aka sake gyara wata Makarantar Firamare ta Barrow. Za a sake gina Makarantar Tsibirin Barrow fiye da ta St Georges ta baya, don haka Makarantar tana nan tsawon shekaru biyu. Sun dawo a watan Satumba na 2013. == Nan gaba == An fara sayar da wurin a watan Yulin 2013 lokacin da Makarantar Barrow Island ta bar aiki, kuma a watan Disamba na 2013 an sami mai siye. An nemi a yi wani shiri a ƙarshen 2015 don gina 'babban tiyata', mai suna Alfred Barrow Health Centre, kuma an amince da shirin a watan Mayu na 2016. Shirin ya ƙunshi rushe gine-ginen daga baya, yayin da ake kiyaye ginin na asali, don samar da wuri ga sararin samaniya na zamani mai girman murabba'in mita 5000. Wannan yana ɗauke da Ƙungiyar Kula da Asibitin Cumbria, Ayyukan Al'umma (misali jinya ta al'umma da ƙwararru, lafiyar kwakwalwa, ilimin motsa jiki, tiyatar ƙafa, ciwon suga, gwajin ido), Ayyukan Yara Masu Haɗaka, Ayyukan Lafiya na Sana'o'i don BAE Systems, sarari ga ƙungiyoyi na ɓangare na uku, sabon tushe na amsawa ga Sabis na Motocin Ambulansi na Arewa maso Yamma, da kuma asibitoci uku na GP da kuma kantin magani. Likitan GP guda uku da ke cikin ginin sune Tiyatar ... An fara aikin share wurin a watan Yulin 2016 amma an dakatar da ginin sau da yawa har zuwa farkon watan Fabrairun 2018 lokacin da 'yan kwangila na Esh Border suka ƙaura zuwa wurin. Yanzu an kammala aikin. == Manazarta == e9o0r9pfj4uskes9ddbf8t34iicll4l 0 161831 884665 2026-07-18T13:38:22Z Arcdanumma047 38699 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330581729|Russian ship Moskva (1799)]]" 884665 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jirgin ruwan Rasha ''Moskva''''' (wanda kuma ake kira ''Moscou'' ; Russian ) jirgin ruwa ne mai bindigogi 74 na layin YaroslavYaroslav wanda aka harba a shekarar 1799. Ta yi aiki a Tekun Arewa da Bahar Rum har zuwa 1808, an sayar da ita ga Faransa a 1809 kuma aka sake mata suna ''Duquesne'' a 1811. == Sabis == An ƙaddamar da ''Moskva'' a ranar 22 ga Mayu 1799 a Arkhangelsk . Tare da 'yar'uwarta ''Saint-Peter'' ( ''Sviatoi Piotr'', Russian , wanda aka ƙaddamar a ranar 22 ga Yuli 1799), ''Moskva'' ta zama wani ɓangare na Rundunar Sojan Baltic . Waɗannan jiragen ruwa biyu kusan iri ɗaya ne kuma sun yi aiki iri ɗaya a lokacin hidima. === Ayyuka a Tekun Arewa da Tekun Baltic === A karkashin jagorancin Gavril Sarychev, ''Moskva'' sun shiga yakin da Faransa a tsakanin 1798 da 1800. A ranar 8 ga Satumba 1799 a cikin tawagar Vice-Admiral [[Bogdan Andreevich Baratynsky|BA Baratynsky]] ( Russian ), ta yi tafiya daga Arkhangelsk zuwa gabar tekun Ingila don ɗaukar mataki kan Faransa da Holland tare da haɗin gwiwar rundunar sojojin Birtaniya. A ranar 2 ga Oktoba, ta tsira daga guguwa, aka raba ta da rundunar sannan ta tafi da kanta (yayin da ''Sviatoi Piotr'' ta shafe hunturu biyu a Bergen don gyara). [ 1 ] A ƙarshen Oktoba 1799 ta kasance mai aiki a cikin tekun Lithuania, sannan ta koma Ingila. A ranar 20 ga Yuli 1800, ''Moskva'' ta bar [[Portsmouth]] a cikin rundunar sojoji zuwa Rasha, ta isa Kronstadt a ranar 26 ga Satumba. [[Fayil:The_Argo_with_a_Russian_ship_passing_through_the_straits.jpg|left|thumb|Rundunar sojojin ruwa ta Anglo-Russia da ke aiki tare a tsakanin 1799–1807. Tarin Gidan Tarihi na Ƙasa na Maritime ; na Thomas Buttersworth ; ƙarni na 19.]] A cikin 1801 da 1803, yayin da AS Babaev ya umarce shi a 1801-1802, jirgin ya kasance wani ɓangare na squadrons a cikin Gulf of Finland . Daga 1803, ''Moskva'' yana ƙarƙashin umarnin Yegor Pavlovich de Goetzen (ko Getzen, Hetzen ko Jeitzen, Russian An inganta ta a shekarar 1804 a Kronstadt kuma an lulluɓe ta da zanen tagulla, aka tura ta don shiga yaƙin da ake yi da Turkiyya da Faransa. === Ayyuka a Bahar Rum === A ranar 5 ga Yuli, 1805, aka bayar da umarnin Alexander I. don shirya rundunar sojoji da Mataimakin Admiral D. Senyavin ke jagoranta (ciki har da ''Moskva'' a ƙarƙashin Kyaftin EP Goetzen da ''Sviatoi Piotr'' a ƙarƙashin Kyaftin IA Baratynsky) don yin balaguro zuwa Bahar Rum . A ranar 10 September 1805 tawagar ta bar Kronstadt, ta wuce [[Tallinn|Reval]] – Helsingør ( 3 October ) [ 2 ] – Portsmouth ( 9 October ) [ 3 ] – [[Gibraltar]] – [[Cagliari]] – Messina ( 11 January 1806 (inda suka haɗu da rundunonin sojojin baya Greig da Aleksandr Andreyevich Sorokin), suka isa Corfu a ranar 18 January 1806. [ 4 ] Sannan ''Moskva'' ta raka jigilar sojoji zuwa Dardanelles ta koma Corfu. A watan Afrilun 1806, ta kawo sojoji daga Corfu zuwa tsohon sansanin soja na Austrian Cattaro . A 20 May 1806, har yanzu tana cikin rundunar sojojin Senyavin, tare da jiragen ruwan ''Selafail'', ''Sviatoi Piotr'' da kuma jirgin ruwan ''Venus'', [ 5 ] ta zo Trieste don 'yantar da jiragen ruwan kasuwanci na Rasha da Austria ta tsare. [ 6 ] Bayan janye wadannan jiragen, an bar ''Moskva'' a can tare da wasu ƙananan jiragen ruwa don toshe Venice. A 30 May , ta harbi manyan ayarin jiragen ruwan 'yan kasuwa da suka bar Venice zuwa Istria tare da jiragen ruwan Faransa masu harba bindiga, wanda hakan ya tilasta musu komawa tashar jiragen ruwa. [ 5 ] Daga Yuni zuwa Satumba 1806 ta shiga cikin ayyukan da suka yi wa Faransa a Ragusa da Castelnuovo (a hannun Rasha daga 28 ga Fabrairu 1806 zuwa 12 ga Agusta 1807). A watan Disamba na shekarar 1806, ''Moskva'' ta zo wurin rundunar sojojin Senyavin, wadanda suka kewaye sansanin sojojin Curzola, kuma suka shiga cikin harin bam da kuma mika wuya ga sojojin Faransa a sansanin sojojin Fort Brazza . [ 5 ] Bayan tafiyar Senyavin's squadron daga Corfu zuwa Dardanelles a ranar 10 ga 1807, ''Moskva'' ya kasance a cikin tawagar Russian na Captain-Commodore Ilya Baratynsky ), wanda kuma kai tsaye ke jagorantar jirgin ''Sviatoi Piotr'' . Wannan runduna ta ƙunshi jiragen ruwa 3 na layin, jiragen ruwa masu saukar ungulu 3, jiragen ruwa 3 da kuma corvette 1. [ 5 ] A 12 May 1807, Baratynsky ya saukar da sojoji a Curzola . [ 7 ] A ƙarshen Mayu 1807, jiragen ruwan sun yi wa sojojin Faransa luguden wuta a kan hanyarsu ta zuwa kudu a bakin teku suka kuma sauke sojojin Rasha kusa da sansanin soja na Almissa . Baratynsky ya koma Castelnuovo kimanin 6 ga Yuni. === Yunkurin tserewa a Yaƙin Anglo-Russia === Bayan Yarjejeniyar Tilsit a watan Yulin 1807, Baratynsky ya mika sansanin sojojin Budua, Castelnuovo (12 ga Agusta), Cattaro, Corfu (20 ga Agusta) ga Faransa. Jiragen ruwansa sun bar Castelnuovo zuwa Venice. Duk da cewa sojojin Birtaniya da ke adawa da su yanzu sun toshe [[Venezia|Venice]], an ba wa ''Moskva'' damar sauka da sojoji a Pirano godiya ga tattaunawar da aka yi da mataimakin shugaban rundunar sojin ruwa ta baya Greig da kyaftin din Birtaniya Campbell . [ 8 ] Bayan yaƙi da Turkiyya, a ranar 22 ga Agusta 1807, an umarci wani babban ɓangare na rundunar sojojin Rasha (jiragen yaƙi 5, jiragen ruwa masu saukar ungulu 4, jiragen ruwa masu saukar ungulu 4, jiragen ruwa masu saukar ungulu 4 da jiragen ruwan Turkiyya da yawa da aka kama, ƙarƙashin Kyaftin-Commodore Saltanov) da su koma Sevastopol. A ranar 24 ga Agusta, 1807, Senyavin ta raba Greig da ''Moskva'', ''Sviatoi Piotr'' da wasu ƙananan jiragen ruwa don sake mamaye Corfu, Faransa ta miƙa wa Rasha bisa ga Yarjejeniyar Tilist. [ 9 ] Sauran ɓangaren jiragen (kimanin jiragen ruwa 10 na layi, jiragen ruwa uku) [ 5 ] ƙarƙashin umarnin Senyavin sun isa Corfu a 4 September 1807 kuma aka umarce su da su tafi yamma. A 19 September 1807, jiragen ruwan Senyavin sun tashi zuwa Gibraltar, don isa Baltic . Duk da haka, daga baya an tsare waɗannan jiragen ruwa a hannun Birtaniya kusa da [[Lisbon]] a 30 October 1807. Saboda yanayin da suke amfani da shi, jiragen ruwan ''Moskva'' da ''Sviatoi Piotr'' da farko an bar su a bakin tekun Cattaro . [ 10 ] Duk da haka, jiragen ruwan biyu sun fara daga Corfu a ranar 2 October 1807 kuma sun isa yankin Baltic. An lalata su a cikin guguwa tsakanin [[Sisiliya|Sicily]] da [[Sardiniya|Sardinia]] kuma suka shiga tashar jiragen ruwa ta Portoferraio don gyara a 17 October . [ 1 ] [ 4 ] Baratynsky ya koma Rasha a kan ƙasa a watan Disamba 1807, [ 11 ] kuma jiragen biyu duka suna ƙarƙashin jagorancin kyaftin na ''Moskva'', de Goetzen, yanzu. A ranar 24 ga Afrilu, 1808, rundunar sojojin ''ruwan'' Faransa ta ba da umarnin jiragen ruwa biyu zuwa [[Toulon]] don shiga cikin rundunar sojojin da Admiral Ganteaume ke jagoranta. A ranar 3 ga Mayu, ''Moskva'' da ''Sviatoi Piotr'' sun tsaya a Toulon, [ 12 ] kuma bayan sun zauna a can na tsawon watanni 22, har yanzu suna ƙarƙashin tutar Rasha, kwamandan jiragen ruwan de Goetzen a ranar 27 ga Satumba, 1809 ya miƙa su ga Faransa a matsayin diyya don gyara da kayayyaki ga ma'aikatan jirgin. (Jiragen ruwan da suka lalace da aka ce sun kai kimanin franc 794,300 za su biya kuɗin Faransa da aka kiyasta cewa franc 1,063,333 ne. Sauran bashin ba a sake biya ba bayan barkewar yaƙi tsakanin Rasha da Faransa). [ 13 ] A farkon 1810, ma'aikatan jiragen sun bar Toulon a ƙasa [ 14 ] suka koma Rasha a ranar 17 May 1810. [ 15 ] === An sake amfani da shi azaman jirgin ruwan Faransa ''Duquesne'' a Toulon a 1811 === Daga cikin jiragen ruwan biyu da suka lalace, ''Moskva'' kaɗai ta yi kama da tana da amfani sosai a cikin rundunar tsaron Ganteaume a kan shingen da Birtaniya ta yi. [ 16 ] Ta hanyar umarnin 27 ga Satumba, 1810, wanda ya ba da umarnin kafa sabbin makarantun sojojin ruwa guda biyu a Brest da Toulon, an mayar da ''Moskva'' jirgin horo kuma aka sake masa suna zuwa ''Duquesne'' a ranar 5 ga Fabrairu, 1811. [ 17 ] Daga Janairu 1811, Kyaftin Baron Motard [ 18 ] ya jagoranci ''École spéciale de Marine'' (makarantar musamman ta sojojin ruwa) a Toulon a kan wannan jirgin, tare da taimakon <nowiki><i id="mw-w">Capitaine de frégate</i></nowiki> Fourré, wanda aka naɗa na ɗan lokaci a ranar 31 ga Yuli, 1811. Ba da daɗewa ba, an naɗa <nowiki><i id="mw_Q">Capitaine de vaisseau</i></nowiki> Jean Alexandre Péridier da aka yanke wa rauni a matsayin kwamandan makarantar, daga 24 ga Disamba, 1811 zuwa 11 ga Disamba, 1812. [ 19 ] Sunayen <nowiki><i id="mwAQM">Laftanar de vaisseau</i></nowiki> sune Vuisson, Venel, Albert da Pellé Bridoire. Sunayen tambarin sune Fréminville, Battendier, Montfort, Maud'huy. [ 20 ] Daga 27 ga Satumba 1811 zuwa 12 ga Agusta 1815, farfesa a fannin likitanci da tiyata na soja shine Jean Boniface Textoris, Babban Jami'in Lafiya na rundunar sojojin Faransa a Yaƙin Trafalgar . A shekara ta 1816 [ 12 ] an mayar da ''Duquesne'' zuwa wani jirgin ruwa mai saukar ungulu wanda ke zaune a tashar jiragen ruwa, yana aiki a matsayin makarantar iyo. An sanya ɗakunan aji a cikin bene na sama, yayin da ɗakunan ɗalibai masu hawa hawa suna cikin bene na ƙasa. An horar da ƙwarewar tuƙi a kan wasu corvettes, tare da haɗin gwiwa da babban makarantar. === ƙaddara daga baya === ''Duquesne'' ta ci gaba da zama sansanin makaranta har zuwa 1822, sannan gidan yarin da ke iyo, har sai da aka wargaza shi a shekarun 1830 zuwa 1833. [ 22 ] ''Sviatoi Piotr'' a shekarar 1810 ta zama tashar jiragen ruwa, jirgin ruwa mai tashar jiragen ruwa daga Janairu 1812 har zuwa ƙarshen 1813. [ 23 ] An yi amfani da shi a matsayin sansanin fursunoni daga Oktoba 1813 har zuwa 1819. == Ambato == {{Reflist|30em}} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 4516a48jk28kgscpq5fg53pfs3r23cx 884666 884665 2026-07-18T13:38:55Z Arcdanumma047 38699 884666 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Jirgin ruwan Rasha ''Moskva''''' (wanda kuma ake kira ''Moscou'' ; Russian ) jirgin ruwa ne mai bindigogi 74 na layin YaroslavYaroslav wanda aka harba a shekarar 1799. Ta yi aiki a Tekun Arewa da Bahar Rum har zuwa 1808, an sayar da ita ga Faransa a 1809 kuma aka sake mata suna ''Duquesne'' a 1811. == Sabis == An ƙaddamar da ''Moskva'' a ranar 22 ga Mayu 1799 a Arkhangelsk . Tare da 'yar'uwarta ''Saint-Peter'' ( ''Sviatoi Piotr'', Russian , wanda aka ƙaddamar a ranar 22 ga Yuli 1799), ''Moskva'' ta zama wani ɓangare na Rundunar Sojan Baltic . Waɗannan jiragen ruwa biyu kusan iri ɗaya ne kuma sun yi aiki iri ɗaya a lokacin hidima. === Ayyuka a Tekun Arewa da Tekun Baltic === A karkashin jagorancin Gavril Sarychev, ''Moskva'' sun shiga yakin da Faransa a tsakanin 1798 da 1800. A ranar 8 ga Satumba 1799 a cikin tawagar Vice-Admiral [[Bogdan Andreevich Baratynsky|BA Baratynsky]] ( Russian ), ta yi tafiya daga Arkhangelsk zuwa gabar tekun Ingila don ɗaukar mataki kan Faransa da Holland tare da haɗin gwiwar rundunar sojojin Birtaniya. A ranar 2 ga Oktoba, ta tsira daga guguwa, aka raba ta da rundunar sannan ta tafi da kanta (yayin da ''Sviatoi Piotr'' ta shafe hunturu biyu a Bergen don gyara). [ 1 ] A ƙarshen Oktoba 1799 ta kasance mai aiki a cikin tekun Lithuania, sannan ta koma Ingila. A ranar 20 ga Yuli 1800, ''Moskva'' ta bar [[Portsmouth]] a cikin rundunar sojoji zuwa Rasha, ta isa Kronstadt a ranar 26 ga Satumba. [[Fayil:The_Argo_with_a_Russian_ship_passing_through_the_straits.jpg|left|thumb|Rundunar sojojin ruwa ta Anglo-Russia da ke aiki tare a tsakanin 1799–1807. Tarin Gidan Tarihi na Ƙasa na Maritime ; na Thomas Buttersworth ; ƙarni na 19.]] A cikin 1801 da 1803, yayin da AS Babaev ya umarce shi a 1801-1802, jirgin ya kasance wani ɓangare na squadrons a cikin Gulf of Finland . Daga 1803, ''Moskva'' yana ƙarƙashin umarnin Yegor Pavlovich de Goetzen (ko Getzen, Hetzen ko Jeitzen, Russian An inganta ta a shekarar 1804 a Kronstadt kuma an lulluɓe ta da zanen tagulla, aka tura ta don shiga yaƙin da ake yi da Turkiyya da Faransa. === Ayyuka a Bahar Rum === A ranar 5 ga Yuli, 1805, aka bayar da umarnin Alexander I. don shirya rundunar sojoji da Mataimakin Admiral D. Senyavin ke jagoranta (ciki har da ''Moskva'' a ƙarƙashin Kyaftin EP Goetzen da ''Sviatoi Piotr'' a ƙarƙashin Kyaftin IA Baratynsky) don yin balaguro zuwa Bahar Rum . A ranar 10 September 1805 tawagar ta bar Kronstadt, ta wuce [[Tallinn|Reval]] – Helsingør ( 3 October ) [ 2 ] – Portsmouth ( 9 October ) [ 3 ] – [[Gibraltar]] – [[Cagliari]] – Messina ( 11 January 1806 (inda suka haɗu da rundunonin sojojin baya Greig da Aleksandr Andreyevich Sorokin), suka isa Corfu a ranar 18 January 1806. [ 4 ] Sannan ''Moskva'' ta raka jigilar sojoji zuwa Dardanelles ta koma Corfu. A watan Afrilun 1806, ta kawo sojoji daga Corfu zuwa tsohon sansanin soja na Austrian Cattaro . A 20 May 1806, har yanzu tana cikin rundunar sojojin Senyavin, tare da jiragen ruwan ''Selafail'', ''Sviatoi Piotr'' da kuma jirgin ruwan ''Venus'', [ 5 ] ta zo Trieste don 'yantar da jiragen ruwan kasuwanci na Rasha da Austria ta tsare. [ 6 ] Bayan janye wadannan jiragen, an bar ''Moskva'' a can tare da wasu ƙananan jiragen ruwa don toshe Venice. A 30 May , ta harbi manyan ayarin jiragen ruwan 'yan kasuwa da suka bar Venice zuwa Istria tare da jiragen ruwan Faransa masu harba bindiga, wanda hakan ya tilasta musu komawa tashar jiragen ruwa. [ 5 ] Daga Yuni zuwa Satumba 1806 ta shiga cikin ayyukan da suka yi wa Faransa a Ragusa da Castelnuovo (a hannun Rasha daga 28 ga Fabrairu 1806 zuwa 12 ga Agusta 1807). A watan Disamba na shekarar 1806, ''Moskva'' ta zo wurin rundunar sojojin Senyavin, wadanda suka kewaye sansanin sojojin Curzola, kuma suka shiga cikin harin bam da kuma mika wuya ga sojojin Faransa a sansanin sojojin Fort Brazza . [ 5 ] Bayan tafiyar Senyavin's squadron daga Corfu zuwa Dardanelles a ranar 10 ga 1807, ''Moskva'' ya kasance a cikin tawagar Russian na Captain-Commodore Ilya Baratynsky ), wanda kuma kai tsaye ke jagorantar jirgin ''Sviatoi Piotr'' . Wannan runduna ta ƙunshi jiragen ruwa 3 na layin, jiragen ruwa masu saukar ungulu 3, jiragen ruwa 3 da kuma corvette 1. [ 5 ] A 12 May 1807, Baratynsky ya saukar da sojoji a Curzola . [ 7 ] A ƙarshen Mayu 1807, jiragen ruwan sun yi wa sojojin Faransa luguden wuta a kan hanyarsu ta zuwa kudu a bakin teku suka kuma sauke sojojin Rasha kusa da sansanin soja na Almissa . Baratynsky ya koma Castelnuovo kimanin 6 ga Yuni. === Yunkurin tserewa a Yaƙin Anglo-Russia === Bayan Yarjejeniyar Tilsit a watan Yulin 1807, Baratynsky ya mika sansanin sojojin Budua, Castelnuovo (12 ga Agusta), Cattaro, Corfu (20 ga Agusta) ga Faransa. Jiragen ruwansa sun bar Castelnuovo zuwa Venice. Duk da cewa sojojin Birtaniya da ke adawa da su yanzu sun toshe [[Venezia|Venice]], an ba wa ''Moskva'' damar sauka da sojoji a Pirano godiya ga tattaunawar da aka yi da mataimakin shugaban rundunar sojin ruwa ta baya Greig da kyaftin din Birtaniya Campbell . [ 8 ] Bayan yaƙi da Turkiyya, a ranar 22 ga Agusta 1807, an umarci wani babban ɓangare na rundunar sojojin Rasha (jiragen yaƙi 5, jiragen ruwa masu saukar ungulu 4, jiragen ruwa masu saukar ungulu 4, jiragen ruwa masu saukar ungulu 4 da jiragen ruwan Turkiyya da yawa da aka kama, ƙarƙashin Kyaftin-Commodore Saltanov) da su koma Sevastopol. A ranar 24 ga Agusta, 1807, Senyavin ta raba Greig da ''Moskva'', ''Sviatoi Piotr'' da wasu ƙananan jiragen ruwa don sake mamaye Corfu, Faransa ta miƙa wa Rasha bisa ga Yarjejeniyar Tilist. [ 9 ] Sauran ɓangaren jiragen (kimanin jiragen ruwa 10 na layi, jiragen ruwa uku) [ 5 ] ƙarƙashin umarnin Senyavin sun isa Corfu a 4 September 1807 kuma aka umarce su da su tafi yamma. A 19 September 1807, jiragen ruwan Senyavin sun tashi zuwa Gibraltar, don isa Baltic . Duk da haka, daga baya an tsare waɗannan jiragen ruwa a hannun Birtaniya kusa da [[Lisbon]] a 30 October 1807. Saboda yanayin da suke amfani da shi, jiragen ruwan ''Moskva'' da ''Sviatoi Piotr'' da farko an bar su a bakin tekun Cattaro . [ 10 ] Duk da haka, jiragen ruwan biyu sun fara daga Corfu a ranar 2 October 1807 kuma sun isa yankin Baltic. An lalata su a cikin guguwa tsakanin [[Sisiliya|Sicily]] da [[Sardiniya|Sardinia]] kuma suka shiga tashar jiragen ruwa ta Portoferraio don gyara a 17 October . [ 1 ] [ 4 ] Baratynsky ya koma Rasha a kan ƙasa a watan Disamba 1807, [ 11 ] kuma jiragen biyu duka suna ƙarƙashin jagorancin kyaftin na ''Moskva'', de Goetzen, yanzu. A ranar 24 ga Afrilu, 1808, rundunar sojojin ''ruwan'' Faransa ta ba da umarnin jiragen ruwa biyu zuwa [[Toulon]] don shiga cikin rundunar sojojin da Admiral Ganteaume ke jagoranta. A ranar 3 ga Mayu, ''Moskva'' da ''Sviatoi Piotr'' sun tsaya a Toulon, [ 12 ] kuma bayan sun zauna a can na tsawon watanni 22, har yanzu suna ƙarƙashin tutar Rasha, kwamandan jiragen ruwan de Goetzen a ranar 27 ga Satumba, 1809 ya miƙa su ga Faransa a matsayin diyya don gyara da kayayyaki ga ma'aikatan jirgin. (Jiragen ruwan da suka lalace da aka ce sun kai kimanin franc 794,300 za su biya kuɗin Faransa da aka kiyasta cewa franc 1,063,333 ne. Sauran bashin ba a sake biya ba bayan barkewar yaƙi tsakanin Rasha da Faransa). [ 13 ] A farkon 1810, ma'aikatan jiragen sun bar Toulon a ƙasa [ 14 ] suka koma Rasha a ranar 17 May 1810. [ 15 ] === An sake amfani da shi azaman jirgin ruwan Faransa ''Duquesne'' a Toulon a 1811 === Daga cikin jiragen ruwan biyu da suka lalace, ''Moskva'' kaɗai ta yi kama da tana da amfani sosai a cikin rundunar tsaron Ganteaume a kan shingen da Birtaniya ta yi. [ 16 ] Ta hanyar umarnin 27 ga Satumba, 1810, wanda ya ba da umarnin kafa sabbin makarantun sojojin ruwa guda biyu a Brest da Toulon, an mayar da ''Moskva'' jirgin horo kuma aka sake masa suna zuwa ''Duquesne'' a ranar 5 ga Fabrairu, 1811. [ 17 ] Daga Janairu 1811, Kyaftin Baron Motard [ 18 ] ya jagoranci ''École spéciale de Marine'' (makarantar musamman ta sojojin ruwa) a Toulon a kan wannan jirgin, tare da taimakon <nowiki><i id="mw-w">Capitaine de frégate</i></nowiki> Fourré, wanda aka naɗa na ɗan lokaci a ranar 31 ga Yuli, 1811. Ba da daɗewa ba, an naɗa <nowiki><i id="mw_Q">Capitaine de vaisseau</i></nowiki> Jean Alexandre Péridier da aka yanke wa rauni a matsayin kwamandan makarantar, daga 24 ga Disamba, 1811 zuwa 11 ga Disamba, 1812. [ 19 ] Sunayen <nowiki><i id="mwAQM">Laftanar de vaisseau</i></nowiki> sune Vuisson, Venel, Albert da Pellé Bridoire. Sunayen tambarin sune Fréminville, Battendier, Montfort, Maud'huy. [ 20 ] Daga 27 ga Satumba 1811 zuwa 12 ga Agusta 1815, farfesa a fannin likitanci da tiyata na soja shine Jean Boniface Textoris, Babban Jami'in Lafiya na rundunar sojojin Faransa a Yaƙin Trafalgar . A shekara ta 1816 [ 12 ] an mayar da ''Duquesne'' zuwa wani jirgin ruwa mai saukar ungulu wanda ke zaune a tashar jiragen ruwa, yana aiki a matsayin makarantar iyo. An sanya ɗakunan aji a cikin bene na sama, yayin da ɗakunan ɗalibai masu hawa hawa suna cikin bene na ƙasa. An horar da ƙwarewar tuƙi a kan wasu corvettes, tare da haɗin gwiwa da babban makarantar. === ƙaddara daga baya === ''Duquesne'' ta ci gaba da zama sansanin makaranta har zuwa 1822, sannan gidan yarin da ke iyo, har sai da aka wargaza shi a shekarun 1830 zuwa 1833. [ 22 ] ''Sviatoi Piotr'' a shekarar 1810 ta zama tashar jiragen ruwa, jirgin ruwa mai tashar jiragen ruwa daga Janairu 1812 har zuwa ƙarshen 1813. [ 23 ] An yi amfani da shi a matsayin sansanin fursunoni daga Oktoba 1813 har zuwa 1819. == Ambato == {{Reflist|30em}} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 6qo1qg0wk2us8jehhcc01c7l3j7wkr2 0 161832 884693 2026-07-18T14:30:37Z Arcdanumma047 38699 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1351455271|Coomera, Queensland]]" 884693 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Coomera''' ( / k uː mə rə / ) gari ne kuma unguwa a birnin Gold Coast, Queensland, Ostiraliya. A cikin 2021 census, unguwar Coomera tana da yawan jama'a 20,225. Coomera tana kusa da babbar hanyar Pacific, tana kusa da Pimpama, Helensvale, Willow Vale, Oxenford, da Upper Coomera . Iyakar kudancin Coomera tana daidai da Kogin Coomera . Coomera tana cikin ƙasa kaɗan daga layin bakin teku kuma tana kusa da yankin Gold Coast . === Yanayi === Coomera tana da [[Yanayin zafi mai zafi|yanayi mai zafi da zafi]] ( ''Cfa'' ) tare da lokacin zafi da danshi da kuma lokacin hunturu mai sanyi zuwa sanyi. Saboda yanayinta na ciki, ta ɗan yi sanyi fiye da yankin bakin teku na Gold Coast. Yugembah (wanda aka fi sani da Yugumbir, Jugambel, Jugambeir, Jugumbir, Jukam, Jukamba) yana ɗaya daga cikin harsunan 'yan asalin ƙasar Australiya a yankunan da suka haɗa da Beenleigh, Beaudesert, Gold Coast, Logan, Scenic Rim, Albert River, Coolangatta, Coomera, Logan River, Pimpama, Tamborine da Tweed River Valley, a cikin iyakokin gwamnatin birnin Gold Coast, birnin Logan, majalisar yankin Scenic Rim da kuma kwarin kogin Tweed. Garin ya samo sunansa ne daga Kogin Coomera, wanda kuma ya samo sunansa daga kalmar 'yan asalin ƙasar ''kumera'', wani nau'in [[Bagaruwa|wattle]] . 'Yan asalin ƙasar Aboriginal suna amfani da bawon wannan bishiyar don yin kifin da ba a saba gani ba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Indigenous Language Resources: South-East Qld Placenames |url=http://www.slq.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/225674/Indigenous-Languages-SEQ-Placenames.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806194215/http://www.slq.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/225674/Indigenous-Languages-SEQ-Placenames.pdf |archive-date=6 August 2016 |access-date=7 July 2016 |publisher=State Library of Queensland}}</ref> An buɗe Makarantar Wucin Gadi ta Coomera a ranar 11 ga Yuli 1873. A ranar 20 ga Yuni 1874, ta zama Makarantar Jihar Coomera. Daga 1877, an san ta da Makarantar Jihar Coomera (wani lokacin Makarantar Jihar Lower Coomera) har zuwa 1899 lokacin da aka mayar da ita zuwa Makarantar Jihar Coomera. An buɗe Cocin Methodist na Coomera Wesleyan a ranar Lahadi 17 ga Mayu 1874. Lokacin da Cocin Methodist ya haɗu cikin Cocin Uniting a Ostiraliya a 1977, sai ya zama Cocin Coomera Uniting. A ranar 11 ga Nuwamba 2017, Cocin Uniting North ya yanke shawarar haɗa kai da Coomera Church wanda ya kafa Cocin Uniting North Coomera. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Who We Are |url=https://www.unitingnorth.com/who-we-are |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912034714/https://www.unitingnorth.com/who-we-are |archive-date=12 September 2021 |access-date=2021-09-12 |website=Uniting North Coomera Church |language=en-AU}}</ref> A kusan shekarun 1980, Coomera ta kasance gida ga wani wurin shakatawa da wurin shakatawa na namun daji mai suna Koala Town wanda aka rufe a farkon shekarun 1990. Wurin a halin yanzu yana da filayen zama a kan titin Koala Town. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> An buɗe Makarantar Jihar Coomera Rivers a ranar 1 ga Janairu 2011; da farko an yi niyyar sanya mata suna Makarantar Jihar Coomera ta Gabas. An buɗe Makarantar Jihar Picnic Creek a shekarar 2018. An kafa Kwalejin St Joseph a watan Janairun 2019 ta Ofishin Ilimi na Katolika na Brisbane tare da ɗalibai 250 da suka yi rajista a cikin Shekarar Shiri ta 4 da Shekara ta 7. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Opening Mass |url=http://www.stjosephscoomera.qld.edu.au/news/Pages/OpeningMass.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200305061842/http://www.stjosephscoomera.qld.edu.au/news/Pages/OpeningMass.aspx |archive-date=5 March 2020 |access-date=2020-03-05 |website=St Joseph's College, Coomera}}</ref> An buɗe Kwalejin Sakandare ta Jihar Foxwell a watan Janairun 2020. An buɗe Makarantar Musamman ta Jihar Coomera a watan Fabrairun 2020. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2021-05-18 |title=Our school |url=https://coomeraspecs.eq.edu.au/our-school |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307003625/https://coomeraspecs.eq.edu.au/our-school |archive-date=7 March 2022 |access-date=2022-03-16 |website=Coomera State Special School |language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2021-03-24 |title=New state special school for Coomera |url=https://qed.qld.gov.au/programsinitiatives/department/buildingeducation/newschools2022/Pages/coomera-state-special-school.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220304062200/https://qed.qld.gov.au/programsinitiatives/department/buildingeducation/newschools2022/Pages/coomera-state-special-school.aspx |archive-date=4 March 2022 |access-date=2022-03-16 |website=Department of Education |language=en}}</ref> == Alƙaluma == A 2016 census, unguwar Coomera tana da yawan jama'a 13,305. Mutanen Aboriginal da Torres Strait Islander sun kai kashi 2.5% na yawan jama'a. Kashi 63.3% na mutane an haife su ne a Ostiraliya. Kasashen da aka fi samun yawan jama'a a cikinsu sune New Zealand 12.0%, Ingila 5.7%, Afirka ta Kudu 2.6% da Philippines 0.8%. Kashi 83.9% na mutane suna jin Turanci kawai a gida. Sauran harsunan da ake magana a gida sun haɗa da Mandarin 0.8% da kuma Afrikaans 0.8%. Amsoshin da aka fi mayar da hankali a kansu ga addini sune No Religion 36.2%, Catholic 18.8% da Anglican 15.2%. == Ilimi == Makarantar Jihar Coomera makarantar firamare ce ta gwamnati (Early Childhood to Year 6) don yara maza da mata a Dreamworld Parkway (27°52′07′′S 153°18′55′′E / 27.8686°S 153.3152°E / -27.8686; 153.3-152 (Coomera State School)).<ref name="SchoolList2018">{{Cite web |date=9 July 2018 |title=State and non-state school details |url=https://data.qld.gov.au/dataset/state-and-non-state-school-details/resource/5b39065c-df32-415c-994c-5ff12f8de997 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181121065959/https://data.qld.gov.au/dataset/state-and-non-state-school-details/resource/5b39065c-df32-415c-994c-5ff12f8de997 |archive-date=21 November 2018 |access-date=21 November 2018 |publisher=[[Queensland Government]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Coomera State School |url=https://www.coomerass.eq.edu.au |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120804182817/http://coomerass.eq.edu.au/ |archive-date=4 August 2012 |access-date=21 November 2018}}</ref> A cikin 2017, makarantar tana da ɗalibai 775 tare da malamai 65 (daidai da cikakken lokaci 58) da ma'aikatan da ba malamai ba 31 (daidaici na cikakken lokaci 22). <ref name="ACARA2017">{{Cite web |title=ACARA School Profile 2017 |url=http://www.acara.edu.au/docs/default-source/default-document-library/school-profile-20172c7b12404c94637ead88ff00003e0139.xlsx?sfvrsn=0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122010027/http://www.acara.edu.au/docs/default-source/default-document-library/school-profile-20172c7b12404c94637ead88ff00003e0139.xlsx?sfvrsn=0 |archive-date=22 November 2018 |access-date=22 November 2018}}</ref> Ya haɗa da shirin [[Ilimi Na Musamman|ilimi na musamman]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Coomera SS - Special Education Program |url=https://www.coomerass.eq.edu.au |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120804182817/http://coomerass.eq.edu.au/ |archive-date=4 August 2012 |access-date=21 November 2018}}</ref> Makarantar ta gudanar da bikin fina-finai na makarantun firamare na Australia tun shekara ta 2001. Coomera Rivers State School is a government primary (Prep–6) school for boys and girls at 81–87 Finnegan Way (<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|-27.8455|153.3276|type:edu_region:AU-QLD}}).<ref name="SchoolList2018">{{Cite web |date=9 July 2018 |title=State and non-state school details |url=https://data.qld.gov.au/dataset/state-and-non-state-school-details/resource/5b39065c-df32-415c-994c-5ff12f8de997 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181121065959/https://data.qld.gov.au/dataset/state-and-non-state-school-details/resource/5b39065c-df32-415c-994c-5ff12f8de997 |archive-date=21 November 2018 |access-date=21 November 2018 |publisher=[[Queensland Government]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://data.qld.gov.au/dataset/state-and-non-state-school-details/resource/5b39065c-df32-415c-994c-5ff12f8de997 "State and non-state school details"]. [[Queensland Government]]. 9 July 2018. [https://web.archive.org/web/20181121065959/https://data.qld.gov.au/dataset/state-and-non-state-school-details/resource/5b39065c-df32-415c-994c-5ff12f8de997 Archived] from the original on 21 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Coomera Rivers State School |url=https://www.coomerariversss.eq.edu.au |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190123004850/https://coomerariversss.eq.edu.au/ |archive-date=23 January 2019 |access-date=21 November 2018}}</ref> In 2017, the school had an enrolment of 1,372 students with 86 teachers (82 full-time equivalent) and 48 non-teaching staff (33 full-time equivalent).<ref name="ACARA2017">{{Cite web |title=ACARA School Profile 2017 |url=http://www.acara.edu.au/docs/default-source/default-document-library/school-profile-20172c7b12404c94637ead88ff00003e0139.xlsx?sfvrsn=0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122010027/http://www.acara.edu.au/docs/default-source/default-document-library/school-profile-20172c7b12404c94637ead88ff00003e0139.xlsx?sfvrsn=0 |archive-date=22 November 2018 |access-date=22 November 2018}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.acara.edu.au/docs/default-source/default-document-library/school-profile-20172c7b12404c94637ead88ff00003e0139.xlsx?sfvrsn=0 "ACARA School Profile 2017"]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20181122010027/http://www.acara.edu.au/docs/default-source/default-document-library/school-profile-20172c7b12404c94637ead88ff00003e0139.xlsx?sfvrsn=0 Archived] from the original on 22 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> It includes a special education program.<ref name="SchoolList2018" /> [[Fayil:Picnic_Creek_State_School,_2025.jpg|thumb|Makarantar Jihar Picnic Creek, 2025]] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 7spv6zjwakr7v5pb29ajgt7x8fxzb05 884694 884693 2026-07-18T14:31:25Z Arcdanumma047 38699 884694 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Coomera''' ( / k uː mə rə / ) gari ne kuma unguwa a birnin Gold Coast, Queensland, Ostiraliya. A cikin 2021 census, unguwar Coomera tana da yawan jama'a 20,225. Coomera tana kusa da babbar hanyar Pacific, tana kusa da Pimpama, Helensvale, Willow Vale, Oxenford, da Upper Coomera . Iyakar kudancin Coomera tana daidai da Kogin Coomera . Coomera tana cikin ƙasa kaɗan daga layin bakin teku kuma tana kusa da yankin Gold Coast . === Yanayi === Coomera tana da [[Yanayin zafi mai zafi|yanayi mai zafi da zafi]] ( ''Cfa'' ) tare da lokacin zafi da danshi da kuma lokacin hunturu mai sanyi zuwa sanyi. Saboda yanayinta na ciki, ta ɗan yi sanyi fiye da yankin bakin teku na Gold Coast. Yugembah (wanda aka fi sani da Yugumbir, Jugambel, Jugambeir, Jugumbir, Jukam, Jukamba) yana ɗaya daga cikin harsunan 'yan asalin ƙasar Australiya a yankunan da suka haɗa da Beenleigh, Beaudesert, Gold Coast, Logan, Scenic Rim, Albert River, Coolangatta, Coomera, Logan River, Pimpama, Tamborine da Tweed River Valley, a cikin iyakokin gwamnatin birnin Gold Coast, birnin Logan, majalisar yankin Scenic Rim da kuma kwarin kogin Tweed. Garin ya samo sunansa ne daga Kogin Coomera, wanda kuma ya samo sunansa daga kalmar 'yan asalin ƙasar ''kumera'', wani nau'in [[Bagaruwa|wattle]] . 'Yan asalin ƙasar Aboriginal suna amfani da bawon wannan bishiyar don yin kifin da ba a saba gani ba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Indigenous Language Resources: South-East Qld Placenames |url=http://www.slq.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/225674/Indigenous-Languages-SEQ-Placenames.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806194215/http://www.slq.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/225674/Indigenous-Languages-SEQ-Placenames.pdf |archive-date=6 August 2016 |access-date=7 July 2016 |publisher=State Library of Queensland}}</ref> An buɗe Makarantar Wucin Gadi ta Coomera a ranar 11 ga Yuli 1873. A ranar 20 ga Yuni 1874, ta zama Makarantar Jihar Coomera. Daga 1877, an san ta da Makarantar Jihar Coomera (wani lokacin Makarantar Jihar Lower Coomera) har zuwa 1899 lokacin da aka mayar da ita zuwa Makarantar Jihar Coomera. An buɗe Cocin Methodist na Coomera Wesleyan a ranar Lahadi 17 ga Mayu 1874. Lokacin da Cocin Methodist ya haɗu cikin Cocin Uniting a Ostiraliya a 1977, sai ya zama Cocin Coomera Uniting. A ranar 11 ga Nuwamba 2017, Cocin Uniting North ya yanke shawarar haɗa kai da Coomera Church wanda ya kafa Cocin Uniting North Coomera. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Who We Are |url=https://www.unitingnorth.com/who-we-are |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912034714/https://www.unitingnorth.com/who-we-are |archive-date=12 September 2021 |access-date=2021-09-12 |website=Uniting North Coomera Church |language=en-AU}}</ref> A kusan shekarun 1980, Coomera ta kasance gida ga wani wurin shakatawa da wurin shakatawa na namun daji mai suna Koala Town wanda aka rufe a farkon shekarun 1990. Wurin a halin yanzu yana da filayen zama a kan titin Koala Town. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> An buɗe Makarantar Jihar Coomera Rivers a ranar 1 ga Janairu 2011; da farko an yi niyyar sanya mata suna Makarantar Jihar Coomera ta Gabas. An buɗe Makarantar Jihar Picnic Creek a shekarar 2018. An kafa Kwalejin St Joseph a watan Janairun 2019 ta Ofishin Ilimi na Katolika na Brisbane tare da ɗalibai 250 da suka yi rajista a cikin Shekarar Shiri ta 4 da Shekara ta 7. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Opening Mass |url=http://www.stjosephscoomera.qld.edu.au/news/Pages/OpeningMass.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200305061842/http://www.stjosephscoomera.qld.edu.au/news/Pages/OpeningMass.aspx |archive-date=5 March 2020 |access-date=2020-03-05 |website=St Joseph's College, Coomera}}</ref> An buɗe Kwalejin Sakandare ta Jihar Foxwell a watan Janairun 2020. An buɗe Makarantar Musamman ta Jihar Coomera a watan Fabrairun 2020. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2021-05-18 |title=Our school |url=https://coomeraspecs.eq.edu.au/our-school |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307003625/https://coomeraspecs.eq.edu.au/our-school |archive-date=7 March 2022 |access-date=2022-03-16 |website=Coomera State Special School |language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2021-03-24 |title=New state special school for Coomera |url=https://qed.qld.gov.au/programsinitiatives/department/buildingeducation/newschools2022/Pages/coomera-state-special-school.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220304062200/https://qed.qld.gov.au/programsinitiatives/department/buildingeducation/newschools2022/Pages/coomera-state-special-school.aspx |archive-date=4 March 2022 |access-date=2022-03-16 |website=Department of Education |language=en}}</ref> == Alƙaluma == A 2016 census, unguwar Coomera tana da yawan jama'a 13,305. Mutanen Aboriginal da Torres Strait Islander sun kai kashi 2.5% na yawan jama'a. Kashi 63.3% na mutane an haife su ne a Ostiraliya. Kasashen da aka fi samun yawan jama'a a cikinsu sune New Zealand 12.0%, Ingila 5.7%, Afirka ta Kudu 2.6% da Philippines 0.8%. Kashi 83.9% na mutane suna jin Turanci kawai a gida. Sauran harsunan da ake magana a gida sun haɗa da Mandarin 0.8% da kuma Afrikaans 0.8%. Amsoshin da aka fi mayar da hankali a kansu ga addini sune No Religion 36.2%, Catholic 18.8% da Anglican 15.2%. == Ilimi == Makarantar Jihar Coomera makarantar firamare ce ta gwamnati (Early Childhood to Year 6) don yara maza da mata a Dreamworld Parkway (27°52′07′′S 153°18′55′′E / 27.8686°S 153.3152°E / -27.8686; 153.3-152 (Coomera State School)).<ref name="SchoolList2018">{{Cite web |date=9 July 2018 |title=State and non-state school details |url=https://data.qld.gov.au/dataset/state-and-non-state-school-details/resource/5b39065c-df32-415c-994c-5ff12f8de997 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181121065959/https://data.qld.gov.au/dataset/state-and-non-state-school-details/resource/5b39065c-df32-415c-994c-5ff12f8de997 |archive-date=21 November 2018 |access-date=21 November 2018 |publisher=[[Queensland Government]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Coomera State School |url=https://www.coomerass.eq.edu.au |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120804182817/http://coomerass.eq.edu.au/ |archive-date=4 August 2012 |access-date=21 November 2018}}</ref> A cikin 2017, makarantar tana da ɗalibai 775 tare da malamai 65 (daidai da cikakken lokaci 58) da ma'aikatan da ba malamai ba 31 (daidaici na cikakken lokaci 22). <ref name="ACARA2017">{{Cite web |title=ACARA School Profile 2017 |url=http://www.acara.edu.au/docs/default-source/default-document-library/school-profile-20172c7b12404c94637ead88ff00003e0139.xlsx?sfvrsn=0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122010027/http://www.acara.edu.au/docs/default-source/default-document-library/school-profile-20172c7b12404c94637ead88ff00003e0139.xlsx?sfvrsn=0 |archive-date=22 November 2018 |access-date=22 November 2018}}</ref> Ya haɗa da shirin [[Ilimi Na Musamman|ilimi na musamman]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Coomera SS - Special Education Program |url=https://www.coomerass.eq.edu.au |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120804182817/http://coomerass.eq.edu.au/ |archive-date=4 August 2012 |access-date=21 November 2018}}</ref> Makarantar ta gudanar da bikin fina-finai na makarantun firamare na Australia tun shekara ta 2001. Coomera Rivers State School is a government primary (Prep–6) school for boys and girls at 81–87 Finnegan Way (<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|-27.8455|153.3276|type:edu_region:AU-QLD}}).<ref name="SchoolList2018">{{Cite web |date=9 July 2018 |title=State and non-state school details |url=https://data.qld.gov.au/dataset/state-and-non-state-school-details/resource/5b39065c-df32-415c-994c-5ff12f8de997 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181121065959/https://data.qld.gov.au/dataset/state-and-non-state-school-details/resource/5b39065c-df32-415c-994c-5ff12f8de997 |archive-date=21 November 2018 |access-date=21 November 2018 |publisher=[[Queensland Government]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://data.qld.gov.au/dataset/state-and-non-state-school-details/resource/5b39065c-df32-415c-994c-5ff12f8de997 "State and non-state school details"]. [[Queensland Government]]. 9 July 2018. [https://web.archive.org/web/20181121065959/https://data.qld.gov.au/dataset/state-and-non-state-school-details/resource/5b39065c-df32-415c-994c-5ff12f8de997 Archived] from the original on 21 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Coomera Rivers State School |url=https://www.coomerariversss.eq.edu.au |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190123004850/https://coomerariversss.eq.edu.au/ |archive-date=23 January 2019 |access-date=21 November 2018}}</ref> In 2017, the school had an enrolment of 1,372 students with 86 teachers (82 full-time equivalent) and 48 non-teaching staff (33 full-time equivalent).<ref name="ACARA2017">{{Cite web |title=ACARA School Profile 2017 |url=http://www.acara.edu.au/docs/default-source/default-document-library/school-profile-20172c7b12404c94637ead88ff00003e0139.xlsx?sfvrsn=0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122010027/http://www.acara.edu.au/docs/default-source/default-document-library/school-profile-20172c7b12404c94637ead88ff00003e0139.xlsx?sfvrsn=0 |archive-date=22 November 2018 |access-date=22 November 2018}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.acara.edu.au/docs/default-source/default-document-library/school-profile-20172c7b12404c94637ead88ff00003e0139.xlsx?sfvrsn=0 "ACARA School Profile 2017"]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20181122010027/http://www.acara.edu.au/docs/default-source/default-document-library/school-profile-20172c7b12404c94637ead88ff00003e0139.xlsx?sfvrsn=0 Archived] from the original on 22 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> It includes a special education program.<ref name="SchoolList2018" /> [[Fayil:Picnic_Creek_State_School,_2025.jpg|thumb|Makarantar Jihar Picnic Creek, 2025]] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] nenj85pf5skdfwrcozlo4yf9vnizebl 0 161833 884695 2026-07-18T14:34:14Z Arcdanumma047 38699 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1319146807|Chania High School]]" 884695 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Makarantar Sakandare ta Chania''' makarantar sakandare ce ta gwamnati da ke Thika, a lardin Tsakiyar [[Kenya]] . == Tarihi da ayyukan == An san makarantar da suna '''Makarantar Sakandare ta MP Shah''' har zuwa shekarar 1967, lokacin da aka sake mata suna Makarantar Sakandare ta Chania. A da, tana da 'yan mata da maza, waɗanda dukansu za su iya shiga makarantar ko kuma su yi tafiya zuwa makaranta kowace rana. Ita ce makaranta ɗaya tilo a Thika da ke hidimar ɗalibai iri-iri daga al'adu, ƙabilu, ƙabilu da addinai daban-daban. Makarantar ta rabu a shekarar 2000 zuwa [[Chania Boys' High School|Makarantar Sakandare ta Chania]] da [[Chania Girls' High School|Makarantar Sakandare ta 'Yan Mata ta Chania]] don yi wa maza da mata hidima, bi da bi. Taken makarantar shine ''Esse Quam Videri'', ma'ana "Zama, maimakon zama (zama)". == Duba kuma == * Ilimi a Kenya * Jerin makarantun kwana * [[Jerin makarantu a Kenya]] == Manazarta == 968r4bkz8ttagg28yobknlb9bjkt4al 884696 884695 2026-07-18T14:34:40Z Arcdanumma047 38699 884696 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Makarantar Sakandare ta Chania''' makarantar sakandare ce ta gwamnati da ke Thika, a lardin Tsakiyar [[Kenya]] . == Tarihi da ayyukan == An san makarantar da suna '''Makarantar Sakandare ta MP Shah''' har zuwa shekarar 1967, lokacin da aka sake mata suna Makarantar Sakandare ta Chania. A da, tana da 'yan mata da maza, waɗanda dukansu za su iya shiga makarantar ko kuma su yi tafiya zuwa makaranta kowace rana. Ita ce makaranta ɗaya tilo a Thika da ke hidimar ɗalibai iri-iri daga al'adu, ƙabilu, ƙabilu da addinai daban-daban. Makarantar ta rabu a shekarar 2000 zuwa [[Chania Boys' High School|Makarantar Sakandare ta Chania]] da [[Chania Girls' High School|Makarantar Sakandare ta 'Yan Mata ta Chania]] don yi wa maza da mata hidima, bi da bi. Taken makarantar shine ''Esse Quam Videri'', ma'ana "Zama, maimakon zama (zama)". == Duba kuma == * Ilimi a Kenya * Jerin makarantun kwana * [[Jerin makarantu a Kenya]] == Manazarta == k62dombkgaslzidbmlfmyt2t83u0td6 0 161834 884697 2026-07-18T14:37:04Z Arcdanumma047 38699 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1260989951|Diction coach]]" 884697 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kocin diction''' ko kuma '''malamin diction''' ƙwararre ne a fannin koyar da yadda [[Furuci|ake furta]] kalmomi da kuma amfani da kalmomin da aka rera. Suna mai da hankali kan daidaita murya, rage lafazi, bayyananne, da kuma ingantaccen furucin magana. Babban burin malamin diction shine inganta sadarwa ta baki ta mutum, tabbatar da cewa muryarsa a bayyane take, a fahimta, kuma ta dace da takamaiman yanayi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=diction |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/diction |website=Merriam-Webster}}</ref> <ref name="realm">{{Cite web |title=Proper Diction: A Voice Actor’s Bestfriend |url=https://www.thevoicerealm.com/blog/proper-diction-a-voice-actors-bestfriend/ |website=thevoicerealm}}</ref> == Cancantar aiki da kuma matsayinsa == Malaman furuci galibi ƙwararru ne masu ƙwarewa a fannin harsuna, [[Phonetics|tsarin sauti]], da kuma wasan kwaikwayo ko waƙa. Suna da ƙwarewa wajen fahimtar [[Nahawu|tsarin harshe]] da [[Phonology|tsarin sauti]], tare da ingantaccen ilimin dabarun sarrafa murya da kuma darussan numfashi . Horar da malamin kamus sau da yawa ya haɗa da takamaiman darussa kan nazarin sautuka, prosody, da kuma nazarin magana . Mutane da yawa kuma suna da gogewa ta aiki a wasan kwaikwayo, magana a bainar jama'a, ko kuma wasan kwaikwayo na murya, wanda ke ba da hangen nesa mai amfani da kuma mai amfani. <ref name="realm">{{Cite web |title=Proper Diction: A Voice Actor’s Bestfriend |url=https://www.thevoicerealm.com/blog/proper-diction-a-voice-actors-bestfriend/ |website=thevoicerealm}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.thevoicerealm.com/blog/proper-diction-a-voice-actors-bestfriend/ "Proper Diction: A Voice Actor's Bestfriend"]. ''thevoicerealm''.</cite></ref> == Matsayi da nauyi == Malaman furuci suna taimaka wa ɗalibai su shawo kan ƙalubalen da suka shafi furta kalmomi da kuma amfani da harshe. Darussa na iya farawa daga takamaiman darussan furta kalmomi zuwa dabarun sarrafa numfashi da sautin murya. Bugu da ƙari, malaman kamus na iya yin aiki tare da ɗalibai kan wasu fannoni na sadarwa ta baki, kamar kula da damuwa, yanayin aiki, da kuma amfani da harshe yadda ya kamata a wasu yanayi, kamar waƙa, gabatarwa a bainar jama'a ko hirarraki a wurin aiki . Malamin da ke koyar da kalmomi yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tsara da kuma inganta muryar mutum, yana ba da gudummawa ga ingantacciyar sadarwa da kuma kasancewa cikin kwanciyar hankali da magana. <ref name="realm">{{Cite web |title=Proper Diction: A Voice Actor’s Bestfriend |url=https://www.thevoicerealm.com/blog/proper-diction-a-voice-actors-bestfriend/ |website=thevoicerealm}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.thevoicerealm.com/blog/proper-diction-a-voice-actors-bestfriend/ "Proper Diction: A Voice Actor's Bestfriend"]. ''thevoicerealm''.</cite></ref> == Aikace-aikace masu amfani == Ana neman malamai a wurare daban-daban, gami da jami'o'i, makarantun wasan kwaikwayo da kiɗa, kamfanonin wasan kwaikwayo da wasan kwaikwayo, cibiyoyin [[Horarwa da cin gaba|Horar da kamfanoni]], da ɗakunan sadarwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Diction for Performance 1 |url=https://www.sydney.edu.au/units/VSAO3645 |website=University of Sydney}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Diction Education |url=https://www.ihu.edu.tr/en/diction-education |website=IBN Haldun University}}</ref> Suna ba da tallafi ga waɗanda ke neman inganta muryarsu da sadarwa ta baki don samun tasiri sosai a rayuwarsu ta sana'a da ta mutum. == Manazarta == h1qdtugtdrwje0pkjlvtcwrdbdrfcvx 884698 884697 2026-07-18T14:38:16Z Arcdanumma047 38699 884698 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kocin diction''' ko kuma '''malamin diction''' ƙwararre ne a fannin koyar da yadda [[Furuci|ake furta]] kalmomi da kuma amfani da kalmomin da aka rera. Suna mai da hankali kan daidaita murya, rage lafazi, bayyananne, da kuma ingantaccen furucin magana. Babban burin malamin diction shine inganta sadarwa ta baki ta mutum, tabbatar da cewa muryarsa a bayyane take, a fahimta, kuma ta dace da takamaiman yanayi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=diction |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/diction |website=Merriam-Webster}}</ref> <ref name="realm">{{Cite web |title=Proper Diction: A Voice Actor’s Bestfriend |url=https://www.thevoicerealm.com/blog/proper-diction-a-voice-actors-bestfriend/ |website=thevoicerealm}}</ref> == Cancantar aiki da kuma matsayinsa == Malaman furuci galibi ƙwararru ne masu ƙwarewa a fannin harsuna, [[Phonetics|tsarin sauti]], da kuma wasan kwaikwayo ko waƙa. Suna da ƙwarewa wajen fahimtar [[Nahawu|tsarin harshe]] da [[Phonology|tsarin sauti]], tare da ingantaccen ilimin dabarun sarrafa murya da kuma darussan numfashi . Horar da malamin kamus sau da yawa ya haɗa da takamaiman darussa kan nazarin sautuka, prosody, da kuma nazarin magana . Mutane da yawa kuma suna da gogewa ta aiki a wasan kwaikwayo, magana a bainar jama'a, ko kuma wasan kwaikwayo na murya, wanda ke ba da hangen nesa mai amfani da kuma mai amfani. <ref name="realm">{{Cite web |title=Proper Diction: A Voice Actor’s Bestfriend |url=https://www.thevoicerealm.com/blog/proper-diction-a-voice-actors-bestfriend/ |website=thevoicerealm}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.thevoicerealm.com/blog/proper-diction-a-voice-actors-bestfriend/ "Proper Diction: A Voice Actor's Bestfriend"]. ''thevoicerealm''.</cite></ref> == Matsayi da nauyi == Malaman furuci suna taimaka wa ɗalibai su shawo kan ƙalubalen da suka shafi furta kalmomi da kuma amfani da harshe. Darussa na iya farawa daga takamaiman darussan furta kalmomi zuwa dabarun sarrafa numfashi da sautin murya. Bugu da ƙari, malaman kamus na iya yin aiki tare da ɗalibai kan wasu fannoni na sadarwa ta baki, kamar kula da damuwa, yanayin aiki, da kuma amfani da harshe yadda ya kamata a wasu yanayi, kamar waƙa, gabatarwa a bainar jama'a ko hirarraki a wurin aiki . Malamin da ke koyar da kalmomi yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tsara da kuma inganta muryar mutum, yana ba da gudummawa ga ingantacciyar sadarwa da kuma kasancewa cikin kwanciyar hankali da magana. <ref name="realm">{{Cite web |title=Proper Diction: A Voice Actor’s Bestfriend |url=https://www.thevoicerealm.com/blog/proper-diction-a-voice-actors-bestfriend/ |website=thevoicerealm}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.thevoicerealm.com/blog/proper-diction-a-voice-actors-bestfriend/ "Proper Diction: A Voice Actor's Bestfriend"]. ''thevoicerealm''.</cite></ref> == Aikace-aikace masu amfani == Ana neman malamai a wurare daban-daban, gami da jami'o'i, makarantun wasan kwaikwayo da kiɗa, kamfanonin wasan kwaikwayo da wasan kwaikwayo, cibiyoyin [[Horarwa da cin gaba|Horar da kamfanoni]], da ɗakunan sadarwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Diction for Performance 1 |url=https://www.sydney.edu.au/units/VSAO3645 |website=University of Sydney}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Diction Education |url=https://www.ihu.edu.tr/en/diction-education |website=IBN Haldun University}}</ref> Suna ba da tallafi ga waɗanda ke neman inganta muryarsu da sadarwa ta baki don samun tasiri sosai a rayuwarsu ta sana'a da ta mutum. == Manazarta == knhmdc5laavkenhg27qyhzafvtfqpds 0 161835 884708 2026-07-18T17:08:24Z Kaddi123 38060 Sabon shafi: General hospital bodinga Asibiti ce baba dake gari bodinga,wannan Asibiti dake kula da mara lafiya da suka fito dukan kauyen kukan bodiñga, wannan Asibiti ce da ta kun shi Mara lafiya,da nurses da midwife, medical laboratory, medical doctor,da Ward servants da Yan kasuwa administration, wurin dake bada training dà dalibai kiyon lafiya, Asibiti ce matakin farko, akwai dakin aje Yara, akwai dakin Mata, akwai dakin karba haihuwa, akwai dakin masu karba kati, akwai dakin karba ha... 884708 wikitext text/x-wiki General hospital bodinga Asibiti ce baba dake gari bodinga,wannan Asibiti dake kula da mara lafiya da suka fito dukan kauyen kukan bodiñga, wannan Asibiti ce da ta kun shi Mara lafiya,da nurses da midwife, medical laboratory, medical doctor,da Ward servants da Yan kasuwa administration, wurin dake bada training dà dalibai kiyon lafiya, Asibiti ce matakin farko, akwai dakin aje Yara, akwai dakin Mata, akwai dakin karba haihuwa, akwai dakin masu karba kati, akwai dakin karba hadari.ana kula da mara lafiya tsowon hour ashirin da hudu. bcnbq5vcnlju9i9ldon1r9ufd4t9628 0 161836 884709 2026-07-18T17:42:34Z Arcdanumma047 38699 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1326784308|Cisne Branco]]" 884709 wikitext text/x-wiki Jirgin ruwa '''''Cisne Branco''''' wani jirgin ruwa ne mai tsayi na rundunar sojojin ruwan Brazil, wanda ke da hedikwata a [[Rio de Janeiro]], [[Brazil]], wanda ake amfani da shi don ayyukan diflomasiyya da hulɗa da jama'a a duk duniya. Sunanta yana nufin "farin swan." Jirgin ruwa ne mai cikakken tsari, wanda Damen Shipyard ya gina a [[Amsterdam]], [[Holand|Netherlands]] . An shimfida jirgin ruwanta a ranar 9 ga Nuwamba, 1998, kuma an yi mata baftisma aka harba shi a ranar 4 ga Agusta, 1999, aka kai shi ga rundunar sojojin ruwan Brazil a ranar 4 ga Fabrairu, 2000. An ba da izinin jirgin ruwan a matsayin jirgin ruwan sojojin ruwan Brazil a ranar 9 ga Maris, 2000. Jirgin 'yar'uwarsa ita ce Stad Amsterdam . == Jiragen ruwa na baya masu suna iri ɗaya == [[Fayil:Cisne_Branco_e_Stad_Amisterdã.jpg|left|thumb|267x267px|Cisne Branco da jirgin 'yar uwarta, Stad Amsterdam .]] ''Cisne Branco'' ita ce jirgin ruwan horar da jiragen ruwa na uku na sojojin ruwan Brazil da ya ɗauki wannan sanannen suna. Jirgin ''ruwan Cisne Branco'' na farko shine na gargajiya {{Convert|15|m}}[[Jirgin Ruwa na Alfarma|Jirgin]] ruwan ''Tritonia'' na , wanda shahararren mai zane-zanen jiragen ruwa Alfred Mylne ya tsara, kuma Alexander Robertson &amp;amp; Sons ya gina a shekarar 1910. Jirgin ruwan ya isa Brazil a shekarar 1978, kuma bayan gyare-gyare masu yawa ya yi tafiya mai tsawo na watanni 8 a fadin Tekun Atlantika. ''Cisne Branco'' na biyu ( {{Cvt|83|ft|m}} ), wanda ke da harsashin aluminum, sojojin ruwa sun yi amfani da shi tsakanin 1980 da 1986 bayan haka aka mika shi ga kwalejin sojojin ruwa. == Sana'a == ''Cisne Branco'' ta yi tafiyarta ta farko a cikin [[Tekun Atalanta|Tekun Atlantika]] zuwa Brazil, inda ta yi bikin cika shekaru 500 da gano Brazil da Admiral Pedro Álvares Cabral [[Portugal|na Portugal]] ya yi. Aikin jirgin ya samo asali ne daga ƙirar na'urorin yanke kaya na ƙarni na 19. Ana amfani da ''Cisne Branco'' a ayyukan wakilci na ƙasa da ƙasa don nuna al'adun Sojojin Ruwa na Brazil da na Brazil. Haka kuma, ana amfani da ita a matsayin jirgin ruwa na koyarwa ta hannun ɗaliban Makarantar Sojojin Ruwa ta Brazil, Kwalejin Sojojin Ruwa ta Merchant, da sauran makarantun sojojin ruwa. A shekarar 2010 ta shiga gasar Velas Sudamerica ta 2010, wani rangadin tarihi na Latin Amurka da jiragen ruwa goma sha ɗaya suka yi domin murnar cika shekaru biyu na gwamnatocin farko na ƙasa na Argentina da Chile . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Velas Sudamerica 2010 |url=http://www.velasudamerica2010.com// |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025005917/http://www.velasudamerica2010.com/ |archive-date=25 October 2012}}</ref> A ranar 18 ga Oktoba, 2021, ''Cisne Branco'' ta yi karo da wata gadar masu tafiya a ƙasa wadda ta haɗa Guayaquil, Ecuador da Santay Island, Ecuador yayin da take barin birnin. Jirgin ruwan ya makale yayin da yake aiki da taimakon jiragen ruwa don wucewa gadar, inda igiyar ruwa mai ƙarfi ke jan sa. Wani matukin jirgin ƙasa ya rage yawan kwararar kogin, gaban jirgin ya karye kuma ƙaramin jan jirgin ya nutse. An saki ''Cisne Branco'' bayan rabin sa'a da jan jirgin ruwa sannan aka mayar da shi Guayaquil don a duba shi don a duba shi ko ya lalace. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tall ship Cisne Branco collided with bridge, capsized tug at Guayaquil Videos |url=https://www.fleetmon.com/maritime-news/2021/35825/tall-ship-cisne-branco-collided-bridge-capsized-tu/ |access-date=18 October 2021 |website=Fleetmon}}</ref><gallery> Fayil:Brazilian_sailing_ship_Cisne_Branco.png|alt=Line art of Cisne Branco| Zane-zanen layi na ''Cisne Branco'' Fayil:DJI_0011_(27712186484).jpg Fayil:DJI_0015-2_(27712186334).jpg Fayil:DJI_0009_(27712186674).jpg </gallery> == Duba kuma == * Benjamin Constant (jirgin horar da Brazil), wanda aka fi sani da ''Cisne Branco'' . == Manazarta == 0qkugcalxtkvj0i2k9z9i9qvdextq3b 884710 884709 2026-07-18T17:44:06Z Arcdanumma047 38699 884710 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Jirgin ruwa '''''Cisne Branco''''' wani jirgin ruwa ne mai tsayi na rundunar sojojin ruwan Brazil, wanda ke da hedikwata a [[Rio de Janeiro]], [[Brazil]], wanda ake amfani da shi don ayyukan diflomasiyya da hulɗa da jama'a a duk duniya. Sunanta yana nufin "farin swan." Jirgin ruwa ne mai cikakken tsari, wanda Damen Shipyard ya gina a [[Amsterdam]], [[Holand|Netherlands]] . An shimfida jirgin ruwanta a ranar 9 ga Nuwamba, 1998, kuma an yi mata baftisma aka harba shi a ranar 4 ga Agusta, 1999, aka kai shi ga rundunar sojojin ruwan Brazil a ranar 4 ga Fabrairu, 2000. An ba da izinin jirgin ruwan a matsayin jirgin ruwan sojojin ruwan Brazil a ranar 9 ga Maris, 2000. Jirgin 'yar'uwarsa ita ce Stad Amsterdam . == Jiragen ruwa na baya masu suna iri ɗaya == [[Fayil:Cisne_Branco_e_Stad_Amisterdã.jpg|left|thumb|267x267px|Cisne Branco da jirgin 'yar uwarta, Stad Amsterdam .]] ''Cisne Branco'' ita ce jirgin ruwan horar da jiragen ruwa na uku na sojojin ruwan Brazil da ya ɗauki wannan sanannen suna. Jirgin ''ruwan Cisne Branco'' na farko shine na gargajiya {{Convert|15|m}}[[Jirgin Ruwa na Alfarma|Jirgin]] ruwan ''Tritonia'' na , wanda shahararren mai zane-zanen jiragen ruwa Alfred Mylne ya tsara, kuma Alexander Robertson &amp;amp; Sons ya gina a shekarar 1910. Jirgin ruwan ya isa Brazil a shekarar 1978, kuma bayan gyare-gyare masu yawa ya yi tafiya mai tsawo na watanni 8 a fadin Tekun Atlantika. ''Cisne Branco'' na biyu ( {{Cvt|83|ft|m}} ), wanda ke da harsashin aluminum, sojojin ruwa sun yi amfani da shi tsakanin 1980 da 1986 bayan haka aka mika shi ga kwalejin sojojin ruwa. == Sana'a == ''Cisne Branco'' ta yi tafiyarta ta farko a cikin [[Tekun Atalanta|Tekun Atlantika]] zuwa Brazil, inda ta yi bikin cika shekaru 500 da gano Brazil da Admiral Pedro Álvares Cabral [[Portugal|na Portugal]] ya yi. Aikin jirgin ya samo asali ne daga ƙirar na'urorin yanke kaya na ƙarni na 19. Ana amfani da ''Cisne Branco'' a ayyukan wakilci na ƙasa da ƙasa don nuna al'adun Sojojin Ruwa na Brazil da na Brazil. Haka kuma, ana amfani da ita a matsayin jirgin ruwa na koyarwa ta hannun ɗaliban Makarantar Sojojin Ruwa ta Brazil, Kwalejin Sojojin Ruwa ta Merchant, da sauran makarantun sojojin ruwa. A shekarar 2010 ta shiga gasar Velas Sudamerica ta 2010, wani rangadin tarihi na Latin Amurka da jiragen ruwa goma sha ɗaya suka yi domin murnar cika shekaru biyu na gwamnatocin farko na ƙasa na Argentina da Chile . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Velas Sudamerica 2010 |url=http://www.velasudamerica2010.com// |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025005917/http://www.velasudamerica2010.com/ |archive-date=25 October 2012}}</ref> A ranar 18 ga Oktoba, 2021, ''Cisne Branco'' ta yi karo da wata gadar masu tafiya a ƙasa wadda ta haɗa Guayaquil, Ecuador da Santay Island, Ecuador yayin da take barin birnin. Jirgin ruwan ya makale yayin da yake aiki da taimakon jiragen ruwa don wucewa gadar, inda igiyar ruwa mai ƙarfi ke jan sa. Wani matukin jirgin ƙasa ya rage yawan kwararar kogin, gaban jirgin ya karye kuma ƙaramin jan jirgin ya nutse. An saki ''Cisne Branco'' bayan rabin sa'a da jan jirgin ruwa sannan aka mayar da shi Guayaquil don a duba shi don a duba shi ko ya lalace. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tall ship Cisne Branco collided with bridge, capsized tug at Guayaquil Videos |url=https://www.fleetmon.com/maritime-news/2021/35825/tall-ship-cisne-branco-collided-bridge-capsized-tu/ |access-date=18 October 2021 |website=Fleetmon}}</ref><gallery> Fayil:Brazilian_sailing_ship_Cisne_Branco.png|alt=Line art of Cisne Branco| Zane-zanen layi na ''Cisne Branco'' Fayil:DJI_0011_(27712186484).jpg Fayil:DJI_0015-2_(27712186334).jpg Fayil:DJI_0009_(27712186674).jpg </gallery> == Duba kuma == * Benjamin Constant (jirgin horar da Brazil), wanda aka fi sani da ''Cisne Branco'' . == Manazarta == 6kjiz4an7dzkcjwyj47otwdqv2a0n81 0 161837 884711 2026-07-18T17:45:44Z Arcdanumma047 38699 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1326053359|University Gardens High School]]" 884711 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[File:Puerto_Rico_Specialized_School_Unit_Logo.png|alt=Capital <nowiki>''U'' with red and color sections, denoting a magnet, followed by a minuscule ''n'' and two capital ''E''s in black. Under all are the words '''Unidad de Escuelas Especializadas''</nowiki> ("Specialized Schools Unit").|thumb| Tambarin Sashen Makarantu na Musamman, sashen [[Magnet school|makarantar maganadisu na Ma'aikatar Ilimi]]]] '''Makarantar Sakandare ta Jami'ar Gardens''' ( [[Yaren Sifen|Spanish]] : '''''Escuela Superior University Gardens''''', wacce aka rage mata suna '''UGHS''' ), a hukumance '''Makarantar Al'umma ta Jami'ar Gardens wacce ta ƙware a Kimiyya da Lissafi''', makarantar magnet ce ta sakandare da ke Hato Rey Sur, San Juan, Puerto Rico . Sashen Ilimi na Puerto Rico ne ke gudanar da Jami'ar Gardens kuma Sashen Makarantun Musamman (UnEE, don farkon haruffansa a cikin Sifaniyanci). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Valentín González |first=Harry |date=2016-09-01 |title=Reuniones de directores de escuelas especializadas o proyectos educativos innovadores por especialidad |trans-title=Meetings of directors of specialized schools or innovative educational projects by specialty |url=http://intraedu.dde.pr/Comunicados%20Oficiales/201609070010.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912195606/http://intraedu.dde.pr/Comunicados%20Oficiales/201609070010.pdf |archive-date=2021-09-12 |access-date=2021-09-18 |website=[[Puerto Rico Department of Education]] |page=7-7 |language=es}}</ref> Jami'ar Gardens ta shahara da manyan matsayi, al'adarta ta "aiki tukuru" tana shiga cikin al'adun ƙasa. An san ta da nuna wasu daga cikin mafi girman maki na jarrabawa a Puerto Rico, an soki ta da samun kashi 27.8% na ɗalibanta sun fito ne daga rayuwa ƙasa da layin talauci . == Tarihi == Tun aƙalla 1972, makarantar sakandare da sakandare ta riga ta wanzu a cikin al'ummar da ke da sunan iri ɗaya, da ke cikin gundumar Río Piedras . Unguwar Jami'ar Gardens tana kusa da PR-52, kuma kusa da Jami'ar Puerto Rico, harabar Río Piedras . A tarihi, galibin gidajen sun ƙunshi iyalai na matsakaicin matsayi da na ƙasa, kuma tana aiki a matsayin "yankin kariya tsakanin yankunan masu arziki da ƙananan matsayi na San Juan". A halin yanzu, akwai kwararar mutane na manyan matsayi, waɗanda suka mayar da wasu gidaje zuwa manyan gidaje. A shekarar 1976, an mayar da ita makarantar maganadisu. Roxánna I. Duntley-Matos ta bayyana yadda makarantar ta kasance a shekarar 1981 kamar haka: === Guguwar María, girgizar ƙasa da COVID-19 === Bayan girgizar ƙasa ta Puerto Rico ta 2019-20, an tantance girgizar ƙasa ta UGHS, kuma yayin da mai duba filin ya ayyana makarantar "ta dace da aiki da zama nan take," sun lura cewa akwai tsage-tsage a bangon, da kuma fuskar bangon da ke kusa da karyewa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gaya Gil |first=José R. |date=2020-01-16 |title=Certificacion de Escuelas 2020: 61531-University Gardens |trans-title=2020 School Certification: 61531-University Gardens |url=http://intraedu.dde.pr/Certificacion%20de%20Escuelas%202020/Region%20San%20Juan/61531-University%20Gardens.pdf?Mobile=1&Source=%2F%5Flayouts%2Fmobile%2Fdispform%2Easpx%3FList%3D1cdfeb74%252D73a0%252D44cb%252Dab0c%252D4f4d90b98738%26View%3D5f4b160b%252D5c52%252D44e4%252D9dec%252Dbec59931378f%26RootFolder%3D%252FCertificacion%2520de%2520Escuelas%25202020%252FRegion%2520San%2520Juan%26ID%3D1555%26CurrentPage%3D1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912200107/http://intraedu.dde.pr/Certificacion%20de%20Escuelas%202020/Region%20San%20Juan/61531-University%20Gardens.pdf?Mobile=1&Source=%2F_layouts%2Fmobile%2Fdispform.aspx%3FList%3D1cdfeb74%252D73a0%252D44cb%252Dab0c%252D4f4d90b98738%26View%3D5f4b160b%252D5c52%252D44e4%252D9dec%252Dbec59931378f%26RootFolder%3D%252FCertificacion%2520de%2520Escuelas%25202020%252FRegion%2520San%2520Juan%26ID%3D1555%26CurrentPage%3D1 |archive-date=2021-09-12 |access-date=2021-09-18 |website=[[Puerto Rico Department of Education]] |pages=9–11 |language=es |format=PDF}}</ref> A watan Fabrairun 2021, ɗaya daga cikin makarantun gwamnati 172 da aka gano a matsayin "masu dacewa a buɗe" ne ya zama wani ɓangare na matakin farko da Ma'aikatar ta gabatar na ci gaba da koyarwa ta kai tsaye daga watan Maris. Duk da haka, an yi watsi da wannan shirin, kuma azuzuwan da ake yi a kai tsaye ba su faru ba sai a ranar 13 ga Mayu. A ranar farko ta ɗaliban aji, ɗaliban aji za su zo da ayari a ranar farko ta makaranta, a matsayin wani ɓangare na bikin gargajiya na farkon shekararsu ta ƙarshe. Saboda annobar COVID-19, daga watan Agusta na 2021 zuwa gaba, za a fara azuzuwan da ƙarfe 8:00 na dare&nbsp;safe kuma ya ƙare da ƙarfe 1:00&nbsp;yamma, bayan ɗalibai sun karɓi abincin rana nasu na kai-da-kai kawai. == Al'ummar makaranta == === Amincewa === [[File:Puerto_Rico_Specialized_School_Unit_Logo.png|alt=Capital <nowiki>''U'' with red and color sections, denoting a magnet, followed by a minuscule ''n'' and two capital ''E''s in black. Under all are the words '''Unidad de Escuelas Especializadas''</nowiki> ("Specialized Schools Unit").|thumb| Tambarin Sashen Makarantu na Musamman, sashen [[Magnet school|makarantar maganadisu na Ma'aikatar Ilimi]]]] An sami takardar shaidar karatu daga Majalisar Ilimi ta Puerto Rico tsawon shekaru shida. Duk da haka, a cikin 2014, Majalisar ta amince da ita, amma ba ta amince da ita ba. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-05-30 |title=Instituciones de Educacion Básica Pública al 30 de mayo de 2014 |trans-title=Institutions of Public Basic Education as of May 30, 2014 |url=https://agencias.pr.gov/agencias/cepr/inicio/licenciamiento/Documents/Lista%20de%20Instituciones%20Pk-12/Instituciones%20de%20Educacion%20Basica%20Publicas%20mayo%202014.pdf#page=85 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210619232556/https://agencias.pr.gov/agencias/cepr/inicio/licenciamiento/Documents/Lista%20de%20Instituciones%20Pk-12/Instituciones%20de%20Educacion%20Basica%20Publicas%20mayo%202014.pdf |archive-date=2021-06-19 |access-date=2021-06-19 |website=[[Puerto Rico Education Council]] |page=85 |language=es}}</ref> Jami'ar Gardens wani ɓangare ne na Sashen Makarantu na Musamman na Sashen Ilimi na Puerto Rico (UnEE, don farkon haruffansa a cikin Sifaniyanci), <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Christian Herrero |first=María C. |date=2017-11-15 |title=Segunda reunión profesional para directores de escuelas especializadas |trans-title=Second Professional Meeting for Directors of Specialized Schools |url=http://intraedu.dde.pr/Comunicados%20Oficiales/201711170119-FIRMADO.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210619230209/http://intraedu.dde.pr/Comunicados%20Oficiales/201711170119-FIRMADO.pdf |archive-date=2021-06-19 |access-date=2021-06-19 |website=[[Puerto Rico Department of Education]] |page=1 |language=es}}</ref> wanda a wasu lokutan yana ƙarƙashin Mataimakin Sakataren Ayyukan Ilimi, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Muñoz Marrero |first=Grisel |date=2012-05-14 |title=Recertificación en educación bilingüe para maestros del plan de trabajo "Student Empowerment for the 21st Century" |trans-title=Recertification in bilingual education for teachers of the work plan "Student Empowerment for the 21st Century" |url=http://intraedu.dde.pr/Comunicados%20Oficiales/20120515154303113.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210620150041/http://intraedu.dde.pr/Comunicados%20Oficiales/20120515154303113.pdf |archive-date=2021-06-20 |access-date=2021-06-20 |website=[[Puerto Rico Department of Education]] |page=2 |language=es}}</ref> Ayyukan Canjin Ilimi, <ref name=":2" /> Sashen Manhaja da Ƙirƙirar Ilimi, da kuma Babban Sakatare na Harkokin Ilimi da Shirye-shirye. A shekarar 1990, an rarraba Lambunan Jami'a a matsayin "Makarantar Inganci", kamar yadda koyarwar ta dogara ne akan samfurin Ronald Edmonds . Kasancewar makarantar da Ma'aikatar Ilimi ke ɗauka a matsayin makaranta mai taurari biyar, tana samun ƙarancin kuɗi fiye da waɗanda ake bai wa makarantar da ba ta yi aiki yadda ya kamata ba, waɗanda ke samun ƙarin kuɗi don ci gaban ƙwararru na malamai. An san ta da nuna wasu daga cikin mafi girman maki na jarrabawa a Puerto Rico, an soki ta da samun kashi 27.8% na ɗalibanta sun fito ne daga rayuwa ƙasa da layin talauci, tun daga shekarar 2018,  ƙasa da kashi 32.3% a shekarar makaranta ta 1997-1998, lokacin da aka ƙidaya ta da jimillar ɗalibai 758.  === Manyan abubuwa === A shekarar 2018, an zaɓi ɗalibai shida daga UGHS don shiga cikin Shirin Bututun Injiniyan Grid na Ƙasa a Syracuse, wanda National Grid ta ɗauki nauyinsa, wanda ya ba su tafiyar kuɗi mai yawa don ziyartar Ƙungiyar Haɗin Kan Rana ta Fruit Belt, Aikin Wutar Lantarki na Niagara da Jami'ar Syracuse . === Filin makaranta === Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta fi amfani da makarantar don yin hira da masu neman mukamai a wasu makarantu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=del Valle Meléndez |first=Juan A. |date=2016-07-13 |title=Convocatoria por Reclutamiento Especial Escuelas Montessori Eduardo J. Saldaña, Luis Llorens Torres, Santa Rosa III & Eduardo Rexach |trans-title=Call for Special Recruitment Montessori Schools Eduardo J. Saldaña, Luis Llorens Torres, Santa Rosa III & Eduardo Rexach |url=http://intraedu.dde.pr/Convocatorias/201607130006.pdf?Mobile=1&Source=%2F_layouts%2Fmobile%2Fdispform.aspx%3FList%3D5f237b54-ef0a-414b-8aae-e21f94460946%26View%3D1f6d83d7-8a8a-459c-bcd1-e91003180d45%26ID%3D4850%26CurrentPage%3D1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912201105/http://intraedu.dde.pr/Convocatorias/201607130006.pdf?Mobile=1&Source=%2F_layouts%2Fmobile%2Fdispform.aspx%3FList%3D5f237b54-ef0a-414b-8aae-e21f94460946%26View%3D1f6d83d7-8a8a-459c-bcd1-e91003180d45%26ID%3D4850%26CurrentPage%3D1 |archive-date=2021-09-12 |access-date=2021-09-18 |website=[[Puerto Rico Department of Education]] |page=1-1 |language=es |format=PDF}}</ref> Laburaren makarantar yana ɗaya daga cikin ɗakunan karatu na farko na makarantun sakandare uku da aka zaɓa don shiga cikin Cibiyar Bayar da Bayani da Takardu ta Laburare ta Puerto Rico (PRILINET) a cikin 1979. === Ma'aikatan makaranta === {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="text-align: center;" !Shugabannin makarantu | Denisse Valderrama Cintron | Agusta 2019 | ''Mai ci a yanzu'' |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ex4yeemlxxf3t9rsoiambjxfmg4ep5v 884712 884711 2026-07-18T17:46:24Z Arcdanumma047 38699 884712 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Puerto_Rico_Specialized_School_Unit_Logo.png|alt=Capital <nowiki>''U'' with red and color sections, denoting a magnet, followed by a minuscule ''n'' and two capital ''E''s in black. Under all are the words '''Unidad de Escuelas Especializadas''</nowiki> ("Specialized Schools Unit").|thumb| Tambarin Sashen Makarantu na Musamman, sashen [[Magnet school|makarantar maganadisu na Ma'aikatar Ilimi]]]] '''Makarantar Sakandare ta Jami'ar Gardens''' ( [[Yaren Sifen|Spanish]] : '''''Escuela Superior University Gardens''''', wacce aka rage mata suna '''UGHS''' ), a hukumance '''Makarantar Al'umma ta Jami'ar Gardens wacce ta ƙware a Kimiyya da Lissafi''', makarantar magnet ce ta sakandare da ke Hato Rey Sur, San Juan, Puerto Rico . Sashen Ilimi na Puerto Rico ne ke gudanar da Jami'ar Gardens kuma Sashen Makarantun Musamman (UnEE, don farkon haruffansa a cikin Sifaniyanci). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Valentín González |first=Harry |date=2016-09-01 |title=Reuniones de directores de escuelas especializadas o proyectos educativos innovadores por especialidad |trans-title=Meetings of directors of specialized schools or innovative educational projects by specialty |url=http://intraedu.dde.pr/Comunicados%20Oficiales/201609070010.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912195606/http://intraedu.dde.pr/Comunicados%20Oficiales/201609070010.pdf |archive-date=2021-09-12 |access-date=2021-09-18 |website=[[Puerto Rico Department of Education]] |page=7-7 |language=es}}</ref> Jami'ar Gardens ta shahara da manyan matsayi, al'adarta ta "aiki tukuru" tana shiga cikin al'adun ƙasa. An san ta da nuna wasu daga cikin mafi girman maki na jarrabawa a Puerto Rico, an soki ta da samun kashi 27.8% na ɗalibanta sun fito ne daga rayuwa ƙasa da layin talauci . == Tarihi == Tun aƙalla 1972, makarantar sakandare da sakandare ta riga ta wanzu a cikin al'ummar da ke da sunan iri ɗaya, da ke cikin gundumar Río Piedras . Unguwar Jami'ar Gardens tana kusa da PR-52, kuma kusa da Jami'ar Puerto Rico, harabar Río Piedras . A tarihi, galibin gidajen sun ƙunshi iyalai na matsakaicin matsayi da na ƙasa, kuma tana aiki a matsayin "yankin kariya tsakanin yankunan masu arziki da ƙananan matsayi na San Juan". A halin yanzu, akwai kwararar mutane na manyan matsayi, waɗanda suka mayar da wasu gidaje zuwa manyan gidaje. A shekarar 1976, an mayar da ita makarantar maganadisu. Roxánna I. Duntley-Matos ta bayyana yadda makarantar ta kasance a shekarar 1981 kamar haka: === Guguwar María, girgizar ƙasa da COVID-19 === Bayan girgizar ƙasa ta Puerto Rico ta 2019-20, an tantance girgizar ƙasa ta UGHS, kuma yayin da mai duba filin ya ayyana makarantar "ta dace da aiki da zama nan take," sun lura cewa akwai tsage-tsage a bangon, da kuma fuskar bangon da ke kusa da karyewa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gaya Gil |first=José R. |date=2020-01-16 |title=Certificacion de Escuelas 2020: 61531-University Gardens |trans-title=2020 School Certification: 61531-University Gardens |url=http://intraedu.dde.pr/Certificacion%20de%20Escuelas%202020/Region%20San%20Juan/61531-University%20Gardens.pdf?Mobile=1&Source=%2F%5Flayouts%2Fmobile%2Fdispform%2Easpx%3FList%3D1cdfeb74%252D73a0%252D44cb%252Dab0c%252D4f4d90b98738%26View%3D5f4b160b%252D5c52%252D44e4%252D9dec%252Dbec59931378f%26RootFolder%3D%252FCertificacion%2520de%2520Escuelas%25202020%252FRegion%2520San%2520Juan%26ID%3D1555%26CurrentPage%3D1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912200107/http://intraedu.dde.pr/Certificacion%20de%20Escuelas%202020/Region%20San%20Juan/61531-University%20Gardens.pdf?Mobile=1&Source=%2F_layouts%2Fmobile%2Fdispform.aspx%3FList%3D1cdfeb74%252D73a0%252D44cb%252Dab0c%252D4f4d90b98738%26View%3D5f4b160b%252D5c52%252D44e4%252D9dec%252Dbec59931378f%26RootFolder%3D%252FCertificacion%2520de%2520Escuelas%25202020%252FRegion%2520San%2520Juan%26ID%3D1555%26CurrentPage%3D1 |archive-date=2021-09-12 |access-date=2021-09-18 |website=[[Puerto Rico Department of Education]] |pages=9–11 |language=es |format=PDF}}</ref> A watan Fabrairun 2021, ɗaya daga cikin makarantun gwamnati 172 da aka gano a matsayin "masu dacewa a buɗe" ne ya zama wani ɓangare na matakin farko da Ma'aikatar ta gabatar na ci gaba da koyarwa ta kai tsaye daga watan Maris. Duk da haka, an yi watsi da wannan shirin, kuma azuzuwan da ake yi a kai tsaye ba su faru ba sai a ranar 13 ga Mayu. A ranar farko ta ɗaliban aji, ɗaliban aji za su zo da ayari a ranar farko ta makaranta, a matsayin wani ɓangare na bikin gargajiya na farkon shekararsu ta ƙarshe. Saboda annobar COVID-19, daga watan Agusta na 2021 zuwa gaba, za a fara azuzuwan da ƙarfe 8:00 na dare&nbsp;safe kuma ya ƙare da ƙarfe 1:00&nbsp;yamma, bayan ɗalibai sun karɓi abincin rana nasu na kai-da-kai kawai. == Al'ummar makaranta == === Amincewa === [[File:Puerto_Rico_Specialized_School_Unit_Logo.png|alt=Capital <nowiki>''U'' with red and color sections, denoting a magnet, followed by a minuscule ''n'' and two capital ''E''s in black. Under all are the words '''Unidad de Escuelas Especializadas''</nowiki> ("Specialized Schools Unit").|thumb| Tambarin Sashen Makarantu na Musamman, sashen [[Magnet school|makarantar maganadisu na Ma'aikatar Ilimi]]]] An sami takardar shaidar karatu daga Majalisar Ilimi ta Puerto Rico tsawon shekaru shida. Duk da haka, a cikin 2014, Majalisar ta amince da ita, amma ba ta amince da ita ba. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-05-30 |title=Instituciones de Educacion Básica Pública al 30 de mayo de 2014 |trans-title=Institutions of Public Basic Education as of May 30, 2014 |url=https://agencias.pr.gov/agencias/cepr/inicio/licenciamiento/Documents/Lista%20de%20Instituciones%20Pk-12/Instituciones%20de%20Educacion%20Basica%20Publicas%20mayo%202014.pdf#page=85 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210619232556/https://agencias.pr.gov/agencias/cepr/inicio/licenciamiento/Documents/Lista%20de%20Instituciones%20Pk-12/Instituciones%20de%20Educacion%20Basica%20Publicas%20mayo%202014.pdf |archive-date=2021-06-19 |access-date=2021-06-19 |website=[[Puerto Rico Education Council]] |page=85 |language=es}}</ref> Jami'ar Gardens wani ɓangare ne na Sashen Makarantu na Musamman na Sashen Ilimi na Puerto Rico (UnEE, don farkon haruffansa a cikin Sifaniyanci), <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Christian Herrero |first=María C. |date=2017-11-15 |title=Segunda reunión profesional para directores de escuelas especializadas |trans-title=Second Professional Meeting for Directors of Specialized Schools |url=http://intraedu.dde.pr/Comunicados%20Oficiales/201711170119-FIRMADO.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210619230209/http://intraedu.dde.pr/Comunicados%20Oficiales/201711170119-FIRMADO.pdf |archive-date=2021-06-19 |access-date=2021-06-19 |website=[[Puerto Rico Department of Education]] |page=1 |language=es}}</ref> wanda a wasu lokutan yana ƙarƙashin Mataimakin Sakataren Ayyukan Ilimi, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Muñoz Marrero |first=Grisel |date=2012-05-14 |title=Recertificación en educación bilingüe para maestros del plan de trabajo "Student Empowerment for the 21st Century" |trans-title=Recertification in bilingual education for teachers of the work plan "Student Empowerment for the 21st Century" |url=http://intraedu.dde.pr/Comunicados%20Oficiales/20120515154303113.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210620150041/http://intraedu.dde.pr/Comunicados%20Oficiales/20120515154303113.pdf |archive-date=2021-06-20 |access-date=2021-06-20 |website=[[Puerto Rico Department of Education]] |page=2 |language=es}}</ref> Ayyukan Canjin Ilimi, <ref name=":2" /> Sashen Manhaja da Ƙirƙirar Ilimi, da kuma Babban Sakatare na Harkokin Ilimi da Shirye-shirye. A shekarar 1990, an rarraba Lambunan Jami'a a matsayin "Makarantar Inganci", kamar yadda koyarwar ta dogara ne akan samfurin Ronald Edmonds . Kasancewar makarantar da Ma'aikatar Ilimi ke ɗauka a matsayin makaranta mai taurari biyar, tana samun ƙarancin kuɗi fiye da waɗanda ake bai wa makarantar da ba ta yi aiki yadda ya kamata ba, waɗanda ke samun ƙarin kuɗi don ci gaban ƙwararru na malamai. An san ta da nuna wasu daga cikin mafi girman maki na jarrabawa a Puerto Rico, an soki ta da samun kashi 27.8% na ɗalibanta sun fito ne daga rayuwa ƙasa da layin talauci, tun daga shekarar 2018,  ƙasa da kashi 32.3% a shekarar makaranta ta 1997-1998, lokacin da aka ƙidaya ta da jimillar ɗalibai 758.  === Manyan abubuwa === A shekarar 2018, an zaɓi ɗalibai shida daga UGHS don shiga cikin Shirin Bututun Injiniyan Grid na Ƙasa a Syracuse, wanda National Grid ta ɗauki nauyinsa, wanda ya ba su tafiyar kuɗi mai yawa don ziyartar Ƙungiyar Haɗin Kan Rana ta Fruit Belt, Aikin Wutar Lantarki na Niagara da Jami'ar Syracuse . === Filin makaranta === Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta fi amfani da makarantar don yin hira da masu neman mukamai a wasu makarantu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=del Valle Meléndez |first=Juan A. |date=2016-07-13 |title=Convocatoria por Reclutamiento Especial Escuelas Montessori Eduardo J. Saldaña, Luis Llorens Torres, Santa Rosa III & Eduardo Rexach |trans-title=Call for Special Recruitment Montessori Schools Eduardo J. Saldaña, Luis Llorens Torres, Santa Rosa III & Eduardo Rexach |url=http://intraedu.dde.pr/Convocatorias/201607130006.pdf?Mobile=1&Source=%2F_layouts%2Fmobile%2Fdispform.aspx%3FList%3D5f237b54-ef0a-414b-8aae-e21f94460946%26View%3D1f6d83d7-8a8a-459c-bcd1-e91003180d45%26ID%3D4850%26CurrentPage%3D1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912201105/http://intraedu.dde.pr/Convocatorias/201607130006.pdf?Mobile=1&Source=%2F_layouts%2Fmobile%2Fdispform.aspx%3FList%3D5f237b54-ef0a-414b-8aae-e21f94460946%26View%3D1f6d83d7-8a8a-459c-bcd1-e91003180d45%26ID%3D4850%26CurrentPage%3D1 |archive-date=2021-09-12 |access-date=2021-09-18 |website=[[Puerto Rico Department of Education]] |page=1-1 |language=es |format=PDF}}</ref> Laburaren makarantar yana ɗaya daga cikin ɗakunan karatu na farko na makarantun sakandare uku da aka zaɓa don shiga cikin Cibiyar Bayar da Bayani da Takardu ta Laburare ta Puerto Rico (PRILINET) a cikin 1979. === Ma'aikatan makaranta === {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="text-align: center;" !Shugabannin makarantu | Denisse Valderrama Cintron | Agusta 2019 | ''Mai ci a yanzu'' |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] kwzt9ac7bvfrd8nr7mlhvzzbim2dpr0 0 161838 884713 2026-07-18T17:47:16Z Arcdanumma047 38699 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1339749276|Deutsche Schule Valencia]]" 884713 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Deutsche Schule Valencia''''' ( '''DSV''' ; Spanish , '''CAV''' ; Catalan ) makaranta ce ta ƙasa da ƙasa ta Jamus da ke [[Valencia]], [[Ispaniya|Spain]] . Tana hidimar makarantun gaba da sakandare har zuwa manyan makarantu. == Manazarta == 8lp60szvaifqc0mvipk57jxl8tlsvy1 884714 884713 2026-07-18T17:47:52Z Arcdanumma047 38699 884714 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Deutsche Schule Valencia''''' ( '''DSV''' ; Spanish , '''CAV''' ; Catalan ) makaranta ce ta ƙasa da ƙasa ta Jamus da ke [[Valencia]], [[Ispaniya|Spain]] . Tana hidimar makarantun gaba da sakandare har zuwa manyan makarantu. == Manazarta == t3tlsmeh0gf0ts45cvjruxmosh0bt1c 0 161839 884715 2026-07-18T17:52:53Z Kaddi123 38060 Sabon shafi: Wadanan nana sune jerin sunaye manya Asibiti a jahar sokoto,General hospital tambuwal, general hospital dogondaji, general hospital bodinga, general hospital kware, general hospital gwadabawa, general hospital gada, general hospital isa, general hospital wurno, general hospital Rabah, general hospital goronyo, general hospital ilela, general hospital tangaza, general hospital shagari, general hospital yabo, general hospital gudu, general hospital silami, general hospital ture... 884715 wikitext text/x-wiki Wadanan nana sune jerin sunaye manya Asibiti a jahar sokoto,General hospital tambuwal, general hospital dogondaji, general hospital bodinga, general hospital kware, general hospital gwadabawa, general hospital gada, general hospital isa, general hospital wurno, general hospital Rabah, general hospital goronyo, general hospital ilela, general hospital tangaza, general hospital shagari, general hospital yabo, general hospital gudu, general hospital silami, general hospital tureta, general hospital binji dmevbw1fgf6a7ri16a5drtraq7tdmdh 0 161840 884716 2026-07-18T18:02:00Z Kaddi123 38060 Sabon shafi: Asibiti dake jahar sokoto state, wannan Asibiti an Gina tane domin kula da fatan,(skin)ita ce ke kula da dukan Wani no'in ciwon fata,irin ciyon kutur ta,da saura skin disease,wannan Asibiti tana a dange shuni lokal government,dake cikin jahar sokoto,a wannan Asibiti an samar da wurin zama ga masu ciwon kuturta.ana basu magani kyauta.a wannan wurin a kayi center domin korona virus,idan mutun ya kamu da ita nane ake aje mutun.wato isolation center dake sokoto.sana akwai sashen me... 884716 wikitext text/x-wiki Asibiti dake jahar sokoto state, wannan Asibiti an Gina tane domin kula da fatan,(skin)ita ce ke kula da dukan Wani no'in ciwon fata,irin ciyon kutur ta,da saura skin disease,wannan Asibiti tana a dange shuni lokal government,dake cikin jahar sokoto,a wannan Asibiti an samar da wurin zama ga masu ciwon kuturta.ana basu magani kyauta.a wannan wurin a kayi center domin korona virus,idan mutun ya kamu da ita nane ake aje mutun.wato isolation center dake sokoto.sana akwai sashen medical cases .irin cutar malaria, typhoid, hypotension, m7gto48xaux941vzfsirfuc65bc9c88 0 161841 884717 2026-07-18T19:22:45Z Muktee1494 26992 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1347657297|Marit Aarum]]" 884717 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Marit Johanne Aarum (1903–1956) ƙwararriyar masanin tattalin arziki ce [[Norway|ta ƙasar Norway]], 'yar siyasa mai sassaucin ra'ayi, ma'aikaciyar gwamnati kuma mai rajin kare haƙƙin mata.''' An haifi Aarum a ranar 22 ga Afrilu 1903. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2008-03-09 |title=Biografi: Aarum, Marit Johanne |url=https://www.stortinget.no/no/Representanter-og-komiteer/Representantene/Representant/?perid=MJAA |access-date=2020-12-11 |website=Stortinget |language=no}}</ref> Ta yi karatu a Jami'ar Royal Frederick kuma ta sami digiri na cand.oecon. a shekarar 1926. == Ayyuka == Aarum ta kasance mai duba aiki a Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Kwadago ta Norway kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin wakilin gwamnatin Norway a taron kasa da kasa na Kwadago a shekarar 1948. Ta yi aiki a matsayin kwararre a Kungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya a [[Pakistan]] na tsawon watanni shida daga 1952 zuwa 1953. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2016-02-16 |title=Marit Aarum |url=https://kvinnesak.no/nkf-ledere/marit-aarum/ |access-date=2020-12-11 |website=Norsk Kvinnesaksforening |language=nb-NO}}</ref> Aarum ta zama mataimakiyar shugabar ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin mata ta ƙasar Norway a shekarar 1952. Lokacin da shugabar ƙungiyar, Ingerid Gjøstein Resi, ta mutu a wani hatsarin jirgin sama a watan Agusta na shekarar 1955, Aarum ta hau kan mulki a matsayin shugaba. Ta ci gaba da zama shugabar ƙasa har zuwa rasuwarta a shekarar 1956. <ref name=":1" /> A lokacin da take siyasa, ta kasance Shugabar Jam'iyyar Liberal reshen [[Oslo]] kuma memba a Majalisar Birnin Oslo. Ta kasance mataimakiyar 'yar Majalisar Dokokin Norway da ke wakiltar Oslo a Jam'iyyar Liberal daga 1954 har zuwa rasuwarta. <ref name=":0" /> == Littattafai == * Midlertidig lov om Arbeids ya yi kama da minti 3. 1949 Disamba: Gishiri har yanzu a cikin Ferieloven da Syketrygdloven, 1949 == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1903]] 9t841melc7mu6wu2hiuu4q95lpsy7vf 884718 884717 2026-07-18T19:24:18Z Muktee1494 26992 Saka data. Box 884718 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} '''Marit Johanne Aarum (1903–1956) ƙwararriyar masanin tattalin arziki ce [[Norway|ta ƙasar Norway]], 'yar siyasa mai sassaucin ra'ayi, ma'aikaciyar gwamnati kuma mai rajin kare haƙƙin mata.''' An haifi Aarum a ranar 22 ga Afrilu 1903. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2008-03-09 |title=Biografi: Aarum, Marit Johanne |url=https://www.stortinget.no/no/Representanter-og-komiteer/Representantene/Representant/?perid=MJAA |access-date=2020-12-11 |website=Stortinget |language=no}}</ref> Ta yi karatu a Jami'ar Royal Frederick kuma ta sami digiri na cand.oecon. a shekarar 1926. == Ayyuka == Aarum ta kasance mai duba aiki a Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Kwadago ta Norway kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin wakilin gwamnatin Norway a taron kasa da kasa na Kwadago a shekarar 1948. Ta yi aiki a matsayin kwararre a Kungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya a [[Pakistan]] na tsawon watanni shida daga 1952 zuwa 1953. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2016-02-16 |title=Marit Aarum |url=https://kvinnesak.no/nkf-ledere/marit-aarum/ |access-date=2020-12-11 |website=Norsk Kvinnesaksforening |language=nb-NO}}</ref> Aarum ta zama mataimakiyar shugabar ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin mata ta ƙasar Norway a shekarar 1952. Lokacin da shugabar ƙungiyar, Ingerid Gjøstein Resi, ta mutu a wani hatsarin jirgin sama a watan Agusta na shekarar 1955, Aarum ta hau kan mulki a matsayin shugaba. Ta ci gaba da zama shugabar ƙasa har zuwa rasuwarta a shekarar 1956. <ref name=":1" /> A lokacin da take siyasa, ta kasance Shugabar Jam'iyyar Liberal reshen [[Oslo]] kuma memba a Majalisar Birnin Oslo. Ta kasance mataimakiyar 'yar Majalisar Dokokin Norway da ke wakiltar Oslo a Jam'iyyar Liberal daga 1954 har zuwa rasuwarta. <ref name=":0" /> == Littattafai == * Midlertidig lov om Arbeids ya yi kama da minti 3. 1949 Disamba: Gishiri har yanzu a cikin Ferieloven da Syketrygdloven, 1949 == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1903]] 07d9n70sdtpjcbrzucf417yb9xwxr9w 3 161842 884720 2026-07-18T21:23:16Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 884720 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Umar Abdulsalam Arzika! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Umar Abdulsalam Arzika|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 18 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) e3ecu0n1l7n2odnrpbpakw5xlfc93jb 3 161843 884721 2026-07-18T21:23:26Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 884721 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Barbazzzz! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Barbazzzz|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 18 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) gp4oweqi32t996htp1djk7pr1u3kxv7 3 161844 884722 2026-07-18T21:23:36Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 884722 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Axolitl! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Axolitl|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 18 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) fd6io71viyumun59hv6xyag6rfhjcm9 3 161845 884723 2026-07-18T21:23:46Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 884723 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Sitaldip! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Sitaldip|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 18 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) rw7msmn3lsin0gsiqvuw39dnq7fh6f6 3 161846 884724 2026-07-18T21:23:56Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 884724 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Southend15! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Southend15|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 18 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) rvm08hcy969pcr26agcve5s56eof5z6 3 161847 884725 2026-07-18T21:24:06Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 884725 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Speakwise! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Speakwise|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 18 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) 9nqlx7jpx0b21mxwee2l6upgvbau6b2 3 161848 884726 2026-07-18T21:24:16Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 884726 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Johnewalo! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Johnewalo|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 18 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) 255ppz0u6g7fl9g7swccngh7n78s17p 3 161849 884727 2026-07-18T21:24:26Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 884727 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Jinco7! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Jinco7|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 18 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) bv1riie744pvnclvwqsxzmxdiei5u8w 3 161850 884728 2026-07-18T21:24:36Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 884728 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Dr. Chinchu C.! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Dr. Chinchu C.|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 18 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) t1coi34uox9cy83ugn4doydi8r8uj7m 3 161851 884729 2026-07-18T21:24:46Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 884729 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Mubarak ya.u! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Mubarak ya.u|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 18 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) 1tqgpvwzq9q6i5w2u00c77vs4sdtgyp 3 161852 884730 2026-07-18T21:24:56Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 884730 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Ka010101! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Ka010101|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 18 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) 7t27w67m1jik07kr9gtrh8qilph3fes 3 161853 884731 2026-07-18T21:25:06Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 884731 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Dahazizi! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Dahazizi|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 18 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) 01joqr211lq5g61u9qpgt32c6qtb282 3 161854 884732 2026-07-18T21:25:16Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 884732 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Hamza tambura! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Hamza tambura|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 18 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) afpj5ui5bteire4kmfaa2pa4wthph7x 3 161855 884733 2026-07-18T21:25:26Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 884733 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Rubikman14! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Rubikman14|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 18 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) 315yiqv05qifikuowgq1wwcrj8172j8 3 161856 884734 2026-07-18T21:25:36Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 884734 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Uthman Abubakar3! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Uthman Abubakar3|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 18 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) 7j2nn5sygs0g772lnhxhyb5o6uxa9cn 3 161857 884735 2026-07-18T21:25:46Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 884735 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Cnyirahabihirwe12345! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Cnyirahabihirwe12345|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 18 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) 6h4fjwe8grrmmx9s867dr4d33q2c5j2 3 161858 884736 2026-07-18T21:25:56Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 884736 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Oursana! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Oursana|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 18 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) r04ghlgcpzgzu38zh7yuq1oq5d0bxr3 3 161859 884737 2026-07-18T21:26:06Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 884737 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, NIMSMD! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/NIMSMD|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 18 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) ckkmkwmd9krmpaz3m4iyx2ffmasf92q 3 161860 884738 2026-07-18T21:26:16Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 884738 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, CaptainClarkBackrooms! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/CaptainClarkBackrooms|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 18 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) 9ehuqvlt8ohp7nna53ujsey9vghfapd 3 161861 884739 2026-07-18T21:26:26Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 884739 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Sumo tomus! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Sumo tomus|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 18 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) 659qlij8uknp6d38wzodrvyoy1u7tun 0 161862 884745 2026-07-19T06:07:23Z Saad Nuhu 43323 wallafa sabon shafi 884745 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox person | honorific_prefix = [[Captain (Royal Navy)|Captain]] | name = Sir John Hawley Glover | honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|GCMG}} | image = Sir John Hawley Glover (1829-1885).jpg | caption = Sir John Hawley Glover (1829-1885) | birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1829|2|24}} | birth_place = | death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1885|9|30|1829|2|24}} | death_place = {{nowrap|[[London]], England}} | resting_place = | education = | alma_mater = | father = | mother = | spouse = | children = | party = | relatives = | office = Governor of [[Lagos Colony]] | term_start = 1863 | term_end = 1876 | alongside = | predecessor = [[Henry Stanhope Freeman]] | successor = [[Cornelius Alfred Moloney]] | office1 = [[List of governors of Newfoundland and Labrador#Colonial and Dominion Governors (1855-1934)|Governor of Newfoundland]] | term_start1 = 1876 | term_end1 = 1881 | alongside1 = | predecessor1 = Sir [[Stephen John Hill]] | successor1 = Sir [[Henry Berkeley Fitzhardinge Maxse]] | term_start2 = 1883 | term_end2 = 1885 | alongside2 = | predecessor2 = Sir [[Henry Berkeley Fitzhardinge Maxse]] | successor2 = Sir [[William Des Vœux]] | office3 = [[Governor of the Leeward Islands]] | term_start3 = 1881 | term_end3 = 1884 | alongside3 = | predecessor3 = [[H. J. B. Bufford-Hancock]] | successor3 = Sir [[Charles Cameron Lees]] | module = {{infobox military person | embed = yes | allegiance = {{flag|United Kingdom}} | branch = {{navy|United Kingdom}} | service_years = 1841-1862 | unit = | rank = [[Captain (Royal Navy)|Captain]] | awards = | battles = {{tree list}} *[[Second Anglo-Burmese War]] {{tree list/end}} }} }} {{Infobox viceroy styles | image = [[File:Royal Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom (2022).svg|80px]] | name = Sir John Hawley Glover | dipstyle = His Excellency | offstyle = Your Excellency }} '''Sir John Hawley Glover''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|GCMG}} (24 ga Fabrairu, 1829 – 30 ga Satumba, 1885) jami'in [[Royal Navy|Rundunar Sojojin Ruwa ta Birtaniya]] ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Gwamnan [[Lagos Colony]], Gwamnan [[Colony of Newfoundland|Newfoundland]], da kuma Gwamnan [[British Leeward Islands]]. ==Aikin soja== Ya shiga aikin rundunar sojojin ruwa a shekarar 1841, kuma ya ci jarabawar samun muƙamin Laftanar a shekarar 1849, amma ba a ba shi wannan muƙami a hukumance ba sai watan Mayun shekarar 1851. Ya yi aiki a wurare daban-daban, kuma ya ji munanan raunuka a wani artabu da sojojin Burma a [[Donabew]] a ranar 4 ga Fabrairu, 1853. A lokacin da yake Laftanar a rundunar sojojin ruwa, ya samu gogewa sosai a gabar tekun Afirka, sannan ya shiga balaguron binciken [[William Balfour Baikie|Dr. W. B. Baikie]] a kan [[Niger River|Kogin Neja]].{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} Haka kuma Glover ya jagoranci wani jirgin yaƙi mai ƙananan makamai wanda ke sintiri a Tekun Lagos (Lagos Lagoon) a shekarar 1861.<ref name="Mann">{{cite book|last1=Mann|first1=Kristin|title=Slavery and the Birth of an African City: Lagos, 1760-1900|url=https://archive.org/details/slaverybirthafri00mann|url-access=limited|publisher=Indiana University Press, 2007|isbn=9780253348845|pages=[https://archive.org/details/slaverybirthafri00mann/page/n120 106]–114|year=2007}}</ref> ==Gwamnan Mulkin Mallakar Lagos== A ranar 21 ga Afrilu, 1863, an naɗa shi mai kula da gwamnatin [[Lagos Colony]], kuma a wannan matsayi, ko kuma a matsayin sakataren mulkin mallaka, ya ci gaba da aiki har zuwa shekarar 1872.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} Salon mulkinsa a Legas ya kasance mai jawo cece-kuce a tsakanin jami'an Ma'aikatar Mulkin Mallaka ta Birtaniya, waɗanda suka zarge shi da "yin watsi da dukkan ƙa'idoji da umarni".<ref name="Mann"/> Sai dai a wajen al'ummar Legas, Glover ya kasance abin so, har ma suna kiransa da suna ''Oba Globar'' saboda yadda ya rungumi wasu al'adun gargajiyar yankin. Ya kan sasanta rikice-rikice tsakanin mutanen Legas kai tsaye, ba tare da bin sabbin kotunan mulkin mallaka da aka kafa ba. Ya ƙulla kyakkyawar alaƙa da fitattun 'yan Legas irin su [[Oshodi Tapa]], [[Kosoko]], da [[Taiwo Olowo]], waɗanda a baya suka amfana daga [[Trans Atlantic Slave Trade|cinikin bayi na Tekun Atlantika]], sannan ya ƙarfafa su su shiga kasuwanci na halal. Abin lura shi ne, waɗannan mutane sun kasance abokan hamayyar [[Oba of Lagos]], [[Dosunmu]], wanda ya miƙa Legas ga Birtaniya a watan Agustan shekarar 1861 ƙarƙashin [[Lagos Treaty of Cession]]. A madadin haka, mutanen da Glover ya samu amincewarsu suna ba shi bayanan sirri da bayanan da suka taimaka masa wajen gudanar da mulki yadda ya kamata.<ref name="Mann"/> ===Kafa tubalin Rundunar Sojin Najeriya da 'Yan Sandan Najeriya=== A ranar 1 ga Yuni, 1863, Glover ya kafa tubalin rundunonin da daga baya suka zama Rundunar Sojin Najeriya da Rundunar 'Yan Sandan Najeriya, ta hanyar tattara bayi goma 'yan [[Hausa people|Hausa]] da suka tsere.<ref name=Ayoade-Akinsanya>{{cite book|author=Ayoade|author2=Akinsanya|name-list-style=amp|title=Nigeria's Critical Election, 2011|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield, 2013|isbn=9780739175880|page=23|year=2013}}</ref> An san wannan runduna da suna [[Glover Hausas|Hausawan Glover]] ko kuma ''Glover's Forty Thieves''.<ref name=Anderson-Killingray>{{cite book|author=Anderson|author2=Killingray|name-list-style=amp|title=Policing the Empire: Government, Authority, and Control, 1830-1940|publisher=Manchester University Press,1991|isbn=9780719030352|page=[https://archive.org/details/policingempire00davi/page/107 107]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/policingempire00davi/page/107|year=1991}}</ref> Glover ya yi ƙoƙari sosai wajen gina dangantakar aminci tsakaninsa da Hausawan da ke ƙarƙashinsa. Shi da kansa ne yake horas da su, yana jagorantarsu, sannan yana zaɓar waɗanda za su gaje shi domin tabbatar da biyayyarsu. A sakamakon wannan aminci, ya ba su filaye da gidaje.<ref name="Mann"/> Haka kuma ya ƙara musu albashi tare da samar musu da kayan soja masu kyau domin nuna cewa su mutane ne 'yantattu kuma wakilan gwamnatin mulkin mallakar Birtaniya.<ref name="Mann"/> == Manazarta == twiuct9cza70qkw6yvopbpi1wjeob3d 884746 884745 2026-07-19T06:08:54Z Saad Nuhu 43323 884746 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox person | honorific_prefix = [[Captain (Royal Navy)|Captain]] | name = Sir John Hawley Glover | honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|GCMG}} | image = Sir John Hawley Glover (1829-1885).jpg | caption = Sir John Hawley Glover (1829-1885) | birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1829|2|24}} | birth_place = | death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1885|9|30|1829|2|24}} | death_place = {{nowrap|[[London]], England}} | resting_place = | education = | alma_mater = | father = | mother = | spouse = | children = | party = | relatives = | office = Governor of [[Lagos Colony]] | term_start = 1863 | term_end = 1876 | alongside = | predecessor = [[Henry Stanhope Freeman]] | successor = [[Cornelius Alfred Moloney]] | office1 = [[List of governors of Newfoundland and Labrador#Colonial and Dominion Governors (1855-1934)|Governor of Newfoundland]] | term_start1 = 1876 | term_end1 = 1881 | alongside1 = | predecessor1 = Sir [[Stephen John Hill]] | successor1 = Sir [[Henry Berkeley Fitzhardinge Maxse]] | term_start2 = 1883 | term_end2 = 1885 | alongside2 = | predecessor2 = Sir [[Henry Berkeley Fitzhardinge Maxse]] | successor2 = Sir [[William Des Vœux]] | office3 = [[Governor of the Leeward Islands]] | term_start3 = 1881 | term_end3 = 1884 | alongside3 = | predecessor3 = [[H. J. B. Bufford-Hancock]] | successor3 = Sir [[Charles Cameron Lees]] | module = {{infobox military person | embed = yes | allegiance = {{flag|United Kingdom}} | branch = {{navy|United Kingdom}} | service_years = 1841-1862 | unit = | rank = [[Captain (Royal Navy)|Captain]] | awards = | battles = {{tree list}} *[[Second Anglo-Burmese War]] {{tree list/end}} }} }} '''Sir John Hawley Glover''' (An haife shi ranar 24 ga Fabrairu, 1829 ya mutu ranar 30 ga Satumba, 1885) jami'in [[Royal Navy|Rundunar Sojojin Ruwa ta Birtaniya]] ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Gwamnan [[Lagos Colony]], Gwamnan [[Colony of Newfoundland|Newfoundland]], da kuma Gwamnan [[British Leeward Islands]]. ==Aikin soja== Ya shiga aikin rundunar sojojin ruwa a shekarar 1841, kuma ya ci jarabawar samun muƙamin Laftanar a shekarar 1849, amma ba a ba shi wannan muƙami a hukumance ba sai watan Mayun shekarar 1851. Ya yi aiki a wurare daban-daban, kuma ya ji munanan raunuka a wani artabu da sojojin Burma a [[Donabew]] a ranar 4 ga Fabrairu, 1853. A lokacin da yake Laftanar a rundunar sojojin ruwa, ya samu gogewa sosai a gabar tekun Afirka, sannan ya shiga balaguron binciken [[William Balfour Baikie|Dr. W. B. Baikie]] a kan [[Niger River|Kogin Neja]].{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} Haka kuma Glover ya jagoranci wani jirgin yaƙi mai ƙananan makamai wanda ke sintiri a Tekun Lagos (Lagos Lagoon) a shekarar 1861.<ref name="Mann">{{cite book|last1=Mann|first1=Kristin|title=Slavery and the Birth of an African City: Lagos, 1760-1900|url=https://archive.org/details/slaverybirthafri00mann|url-access=limited|publisher=Indiana University Press, 2007|isbn=9780253348845|pages=[https://archive.org/details/slaverybirthafri00mann/page/n120 106]–114|year=2007}}</ref> ==Gwamnan Mulkin Mallakar Lagos== A ranar 21 ga Afrilu, 1863, an naɗa shi mai kula da gwamnatin [[Lagos Colony]], kuma a wannan matsayi, ko kuma a matsayin sakataren mulkin mallaka, ya ci gaba da aiki har zuwa shekarar 1872.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} Salon mulkinsa a Legas ya kasance mai jawo cece-kuce a tsakanin jami'an Ma'aikatar Mulkin Mallaka ta Birtaniya, waɗanda suka zarge shi da "yin watsi da dukkan ƙa'idoji da umarni".<ref name="Mann"/> Sai dai a wajen al'ummar Legas, Glover ya kasance abin so, har ma suna kiransa da suna ''Oba Globar'' saboda yadda ya rungumi wasu al'adun gargajiyar yankin. Ya kan sasanta rikice-rikice tsakanin mutanen Legas kai tsaye, ba tare da bin sabbin kotunan mulkin mallaka da aka kafa ba. Ya ƙulla kyakkyawar alaƙa da fitattun 'yan Legas irin su [[Oshodi Tapa]], [[Kosoko]], da [[Taiwo Olowo]], waɗanda a baya suka amfana daga [[Trans Atlantic Slave Trade|cinikin bayi na Tekun Atlantika]], sannan ya ƙarfafa su su shiga kasuwanci na halal. Abin lura shi ne, waɗannan mutane sun kasance abokan hamayyar [[Oba of Lagos]], [[Dosunmu]], wanda ya miƙa Legas ga Birtaniya a watan Agustan shekarar 1861 ƙarƙashin [[Lagos Treaty of Cession]]. A madadin haka, mutanen da Glover ya samu amincewarsu suna ba shi bayanan sirri da bayanan da suka taimaka masa wajen gudanar da mulki yadda ya kamata.<ref name="Mann"/> ===Kafa tubalin Rundunar Sojin Najeriya da 'Yan Sandan Najeriya=== A ranar 1 ga Yuni, 1863, Glover ya kafa tubalin rundunonin da daga baya suka zama Rundunar Sojin Najeriya da Rundunar 'Yan Sandan Najeriya, ta hanyar tattara bayi goma 'yan [[Hausa people|Hausa]] da suka tsere.<ref name=Ayoade-Akinsanya>{{cite book|author=Ayoade|author2=Akinsanya|name-list-style=amp|title=Nigeria's Critical Election, 2011|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield, 2013|isbn=9780739175880|page=23|year=2013}}</ref> An san wannan runduna da suna [[Glover Hausas|Hausawan Glover]] ko kuma ''Glover's Forty Thieves''.<ref name=Anderson-Killingray>{{cite book|author=Anderson|author2=Killingray|name-list-style=amp|title=Policing the Empire: Government, Authority, and Control, 1830-1940|publisher=Manchester University Press,1991|isbn=9780719030352|page=[https://archive.org/details/policingempire00davi/page/107 107]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/policingempire00davi/page/107|year=1991}}</ref> Glover ya yi ƙoƙari sosai wajen gina dangantakar aminci tsakaninsa da Hausawan da ke ƙarƙashinsa. Shi da kansa ne yake horas da su, yana jagorantarsu, sannan yana zaɓar waɗanda za su gaje shi domin tabbatar da biyayyarsu. A sakamakon wannan aminci, ya ba su filaye da gidaje.<ref name="Mann"/> Haka kuma ya ƙara musu albashi tare da samar musu da kayan soja masu kyau domin nuna cewa su mutane ne 'yantattu kuma wakilan gwamnatin mulkin mallakar Birtaniya.<ref name="Mann"/> == Manazarta == hntqf7o9xh3dwwgg416lrl7p8tfwzgj 0 161863 884747 2026-07-19T06:32:01Z Saad Nuhu 43323 wallafa sabon shafi 884747 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = John Mark Inienger | honorific_prefix = [[Major General]] | office1 = Commander, [[Economic Community of West African States Monitoring Group|ECOMOG]] Peacekeeping Force, [[Liberia]] | term_start1 = December 1993 | term_end1 = August 1996 | predecessor1 = Maj-Gen. [[John Shagaya|J.Shagaya]] | successor1 = Maj-Gen. [[Victor Malu|V.Malu]] | office2 = [[Governor of Bendel State]] | term_start2 = August 1985 | term_end2 = December 1988 | predecessor2 = [[Jeremiah Useni|Jeremiah Timbut Useni]] | successor2 = [[Tunde Ogbeha|Jonathan Tunde Ogbeha]] | birth_date = 16 April 1945 | birth_place = [[Mbaduku]], [[Vandeikya]] LGA, [[Benue State]], [[Nigeria]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|2002|2|8|1945|4|16|df=yes}} | party = | alma_mater = [[Nigerian Military School]]<br>[[Nigerian Defence Academy]] | branch = {{army|Nigeria}} | rank = [[File:Nigeria-Army-OF-7.svg|20px]] [[Major General]] }} '''John Mark Inienger''' (16 ga Afrilu, 1945 – 8 ga Fabrairu, 2002) Manjo Janar ne na [[Nigerian Army|Rundunar Sojin Najeriya]] wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin kwamandan rundunar [[Economic Community of West African States Monitoring Group|ECOMOG]] a Laberiya, gwamnan mulkin soja na [[Bendel State]] tsakanin shekarun 1985 zuwa 1988, a lokacin gwamnatin soja ta Janar [[Ibrahim Babangida]], sannan kuma ya kasance kwamandan Brigade of Guards. ==Tarihin rayuwa== An haifi Inienger a ranar 16 ga Afrilu, 1945 a [[Mbaduku]], ƙaramar hukumar [[Vandeikya]] ta [[Benue State]].<ref name=obit>{{cite web|url=http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2002/02/10/20020210news03.html |title=Inienger, General, Former Governor Passes on |author=Chidi 'Uzor in Lagos and Daniel Ior in Markurdi |publisher=ThisDay |date=2002-02-10 |accessdate=2009-12-27 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050910053610/http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2002/02/10/20020210news03.html |archivedate=September 10, 2005 }}</ref> Mahaifinsa ɗan [[Tiv people|Tiv]] ne daga Mbaduku, yayin da mahaifiyarsa ta fito daga Bebuabung a garin [[Obudu]] na [[Cross River State]].<ref>{{Cite news |url = http://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/features/travels/2007/sept/20/Travel-20-09-07-001.htm|location=Lagos, Nigeria |title = In Vandeikya, inter-ethnic marriages fosters peaceful co-existence |author = MAURICE ARCHIBONG |date = September 20, 2007 |accessdate = 2009-12-27 |url-status = dead |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080723105747/http://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/features/travels/2007/sept/20/Travel-20-09-07-001.htm |archivedate = July 23, 2008 |newspaper=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun]]}}</ref> Ya yi karatunsa na firamare a Makarantar Firamare ta Mkar tsakanin shekarun 1952 zuwa 1959. Daga nan ya halarci [[Nigerian Military School]], [[Zaria]] daga 1960 zuwa 1963; makarantar Injiniyan Lantarki da Injiniyan Na'urorin Soja ta Najeriya da ke [[Lagos]] daga 1963 zuwa 1964; [[Nigerian Defence Academy]] da ke [[Kaduna (city)|Kaduna]] a shekarar 1967; sannan ya yi karatu a [[Canadian Land Force Command and Staff College]] da ke [[Kingston, Ontario]], [[Canada]] a shekarar 1974.<ref name=obit/><ref name="blerf">{{cite web |title=INIENGER, Maj- Gen John Mark |url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/inienger-major-general-john-mark/ |website=Biographical Legacy & Research Foundation (BLERF) |access-date=13 June 2026}}</ref> ==Aikin soja== Bayan kammala horonsa na gaggawa a [[Nigerian Defence Academy]], Inienger ya yi yaƙi a [[Nigerian Civil War|Yaƙin Basasar Najeriya]] a Bataliya ta 22 ta Rundunar Ƙasa tsakanin shekarun 1967 zuwa 1969.<ref name="blerf" /> A wannan lokaci, kwamandansa shi ne [[Mamman Vatsa]], sannan ya kuma ƙulla kusanci da [[Ibrahim Babangida]], wanda ke aiki a wata runduna da ke makwabtaka da tasu.<ref name = "agbese">{{cite book |last1=Agbese |first1=Dan |title=Ibrahim Babangida: The Military, Politics and Power in Nigeria |date=2012 |publisher=Adonis & Abbey Publishers |location=Abuja, Nigeria |page = 97-8}}</ref> Daga bisani ya zama kwamandan Bataliya ta 29 ta Rundunar Ƙasa a shekarar 1969.<ref name="blerf" /> Bayan yaƙin, Inienger ya kasance kwamandan Bataliya ta 82 ta Rundunar Ƙasa daga 1970 zuwa 1973, malami a Makarantar Horar da Sojojin Ƙasa ta Najeriya daga 1975 zuwa 1976, sannan kwamandan Bataliya ta 31 ta Rundunar Ƙasa daga 1976 zuwa 1977. Ya kuma jagoranci Bataliyar Najeriya da aka tura ƙasar Lebanon tsakanin shekarun 1980 zuwa 1981, sannan ya zama kwamandan Rundunar 4 Mechanized Brigade daga 1984 zuwa 1985.<ref name=obit/> A watan Agustan shekarar 1985, Janar Ibrahim Babangida ya zama shugaban mulkin soja na Najeriya bayan juyin mulki da ya hambarar da [[Muhammadu Buhari]]. Laftanar Kanal Inienger ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen wannan juyin mulki, kuma a matsayin lada aka naɗa shi gwamnan mulkin soja na Jihar Bendel, mukamin da ya riƙe har zuwa watan Disamban shekarar 1988.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ngex.com/news/public/article.php?ArticleID=1022 |title=The Babangida Years - Part 4 |author=MAX SIOLLUN |date=August 4, 2008 |publisher=Nigeria Exchange News |accessdate=2009-12-27 |archive-date=2010-01-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100113065449/http://ngex.com/news/public/article.php?ArticleID=1022 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Daga baya ya yi aiki a matsayin kwamandan Brigade of Guards a Hedikwatar Rundunar Sojin Najeriya da ke Lagos (1988–1989), sannan ya zama kwamandan rundunar [[ECOMOG]] a [[Liberia]] daga 1993 zuwa 1996.<ref name=obit/> A lokacin da yake jagorantar ECOMOG a [[First Liberian Civil War|Yaƙin Basasar Farko na Laberiya]], al'amura sun kasance cikin ruɗani yayin da shugabannin ƙungiyoyin mayaƙa ke ƙoƙarin kwace yankuna domin samun fa'ida bayan an cimma yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya. An ruwaito Inienger yana cewa: "An shirya wani yaƙin ɓata suna domin a lalata martabar ECOMOG, tare da nuna cewa ba ta da tsaka-tsaki ko adalci... ana bayyana ECOMOG a matsayin rundunar mamaya."<ref>{{cite book |title=Liberia's Civil War: Nigeria, Ecomog, and Regional Security in West Africa |author=Adekeye Adebajo |publisher=Lynne Rienner |page=131 |year=2002 |ISBN=1-58826-052-6}}</ref> Zuwa watan Afrilun shekarar 1996, rundunarsa ta fuskanci matsananciyar ƙalubale wajen ci gaba da riƙe iko a babban birnin ƙasar, [[Monrovia]], saboda mayaƙan sa-kai da ke gudanar da sace-sace da wawashe dukiyoyi.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/looting-orgy-grips-monrovia-1304420.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220613/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/looting-orgy-grips-monrovia-1304420.html |archive-date=2022-06-13 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Looting orgy grips Monrovia |author=JACKSON KANNEH |date=12 April 1996 |publisher=The Independent on Sunday |accessdate=2009-12-27}}</ref> Inienger ya dawo daga Laberiya a shekarar 1996, sannan aka naɗa shi kwamandan [[Armed Forces Command and Staff College, Jaji]].<ref name=obit/> ==Ritaya== A watan Mayun shekarar 1999, gwamnatin soja ta miƙa mulki ga gwamnatin farar hula ƙarƙashin jagorancin [[Olusegun Obasanjo]]. Cikin wata guda bayan haka, sabuwar gwamnati ta umarci dukkan jami'an soja da suka yi aiki a gwamnatin soja fiye da watanni shida su yi ritaya. Inienger na daga cikin jami'ai 100 da wannan mataki ya shafa.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://maxsiollun.wordpress.com/2008/04/ |title=Can a Military Coup Ever Succeed Again in Nigeria? |publisher=[[Max Siollun]] |date=April 11, 2008 |accessdate=2009-12-27}}</ref> Ya rasu a ranar 8 ga Fabrairu, 2002 yayin da yake tafiya ta mota daga [[Jos]] zuwa [[Makurdi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2002/02/24/20020224news09.html |title=FG Immortalizes Inienger - Names cantonment after him |author=Daniel Ior |publisher=ThisDay |date=2002-02-24 |accessdate=2009-12-27 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050419184758/http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2002/02/24/20020224news09.html |archivedate=April 19, 2005 }}</ref> ==Manazarta== q4wrdtgw24azmt9m2a9qjme0hlm0obd 0 161864 884748 2026-07-19T07:00:31Z Saad Nuhu 43323 wallafa sabon shafi 884748 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = John Nanzip Shagaya | honorific_prefix = [[Brigadier General]] | image = | image_size = | caption = | office = [[Senate of Nigeria|Nigerian Senator]]<br>from [[Plateau South Senatorial District|Plateau South]] | term_start = May 2007 | term_end = May 2011 | predecessor = [[Cosmos Niagwan]] | successor = [[Victor Lar]] | office1 = Commander of the [[Economic Community of West African States Monitoring Group|ECOMOG]] Peacekeeping Force, [[Liberia]] | term_start1 = October 1993 | term_end1 = December 1993 | predecessor1 = Brig-Gen. [[Tunji Olurin|T. Olurin]] | successor1 = Maj-Gen. [[John Mark Inienger|J.M. Inienger]] | office2 = [[Ministry of Interior (Nigeria)|Federal Minister of Internal Affairs]] | term_start2 = 1985 | term_end2 = 1990 | predecessor2 = [[Mohammed Magoro]] | successor2 = Lambert Gwom | birth_date = {{birth date|1942|9|2|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Langtang, Nigeria|Langtang]], [[Northern Nigeria|Northern Region]], [[British Nigeria]] (now in [[Plateau State, Nigeria]]) | death_date = {{death date and age|2018|2|11|1942|9|2|df=y}} | death_place = Amper, [[Kanke, Nigeria|Kanke]], [[Plateau State]], Nigeria | party = [[People's Democratic Party (Nigeria)|People's Democratic Party]] (PDP) | spouse = | children = Late Nanpon, Nansak, Chalya, Simdul, Hussaina Nandir, Nanzip jnr. (Sign P.A.W) | alma_mater = [[Nigerian Military School]] | occupation = | profession = Soldier, Politician | website = | footnotes = | branch = [[File:Flag of the Nigerian Army Headquarters.svg |25px]] [[Nigerian Army]] | service_years = 1964–1993 | rank = [[File:Nigeria-Army-OF-6.svg|20px]] [[Brigadier General]] | allegiance = {{flag |Nigeria}} | commands = Field Commander, [[ECOMOG]] Peacekeeping Force in [[Liberia]] (1993) }} '''John Nanzip Shagaya''' ('''Danburam Langtang II''') (2 ga Satumba, 1942 – 11 ga Fabrairu, 2018) ɗan siyasar Najeriya ne, tsohon jami'in soja kuma tsohon [[Senate|Sanata]] wanda aka zaɓa a watan Afrilun shekarar 2007 domin wakiltar [[Plateau South Senatorial District|Mazabar Sanatan Filato ta Kudu]] a [[Nigerian Senate|Majalisar Dattawan Najeriya]] a ƙarƙashin jam'iyyar [[People's Democratic Party (Nigeria)|People's Democratic Party]] (PDP).<ref name=nassnig>{{cite web |url=http://www.nassnig.org/senate/member.php?senator=106 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303190032/http://www.nassnig.org/senate/member.php?senator=106 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2016-03-03 |title=Sen. John Nanzip Shagaya |publisher=National Assembly of Nigeria |access-date=2009-12-12}}</ref> Ya sake tsayawa takara a watan Afrilun shekarar 2011 a ƙarƙashin jam'iyyar [[Labour Party (Nigeria)|Labour Party]] (LP), amma [[Victor Lar]] na jam'iyyar [[Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)|People's Democratic Party]] (PDP) ya kayar da shi.<ref>{{Cite news |url = http://dailytrust.dailytrust.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=18239:lar-beats-useni-shagaya-to-senatedariye-clinches-ticket-too&catid=76:election-2011&Itemid=163 |title = Lar beats Useni, Shagaya to Senate...Dariye clinches ticket too |date = 29 April 2011 |access-date = 2011-05-10 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110502071940/http://www.dailytrust.dailytrust.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=18239:lar-beats-useni-shagaya-to-senatedariye-clinches-ticket-too&catid=76:election-2011&Itemid=163# |archive-date = 2011-05-02 |url-status = dead |newspaper=[[Daily Trust]]}}</ref> A matsayinsa na jami'in soja mara mukamin kwamishina (NCO) a Rundunar Bincike ta 2 da ke [[Abeokuta]], ya shiga cikin [[Nigerian counter-coup of 1966|juyin mulkin martani na shekarar 1966]]. ==Tarihin rayuwa== An haifi John Shagaya a ranar 2 ga Satumba, 1942 ga Mallam Sikji Miri Wazhi (wanda aka fi sani da SHAGAYA) da Hajiya Maryamu Zwancit. Ya yi karatun firamare a Makarantar Firamare ta Nyer, sannan a Sudan United Mission Primary School da ke [[Langtang, Nigeria|Langtang]] tsakanin shekarun 1952 zuwa 1959. Daga shekarar 1960 zuwa 1964 ya yi karatu a [[Nigerian Military School]] da ke Zaria.<ref name=self>{{cite web |url=http://johnshagaya.com/bio.html |title=PROFILE OF SENATOR DR. JOHN SHAGAYA OFR |publisher=Senator John Shagaya |access-date=2009-12-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100111024504/http://www.johnshagaya.com/bio.html |archive-date=2010-01-11 }}</ref> ==Aikin soja== Bayan kammala karatunsa, an tura Shagaya zuwa [[Nigerian Army|Rundunar Sojin Najeriya]], sannan daga baya aka tura shi Rundunar 3 Marine Commando bayan ya samu mukamin Second Lieutenant. Ya yi yaƙi tare da rundunar Marine Commando a lokacin [[Nigerian Civil War|Yaƙin Basasar Najeriya]] daga shekarar 1967 zuwa 1970. Daga baya ya riƙe muƙamai daban-daban, ciki har da jami'in ma'aikata na mataki na uku a Makarantar Horar da Sojojin Ƙasa ta Najeriya da ke [[Jaji, Nigeria|Jaji]], Daraktan Cadets na [[Nigerian Defence Academy]], Daraktan [[Armed Forces Command and Staff College, Jaji]], Kwamandan Rundunar 9 Mechanised Infantry Brigade, Sakataren Soja a Hedikwatar Sojoji, da kuma Babban Kwamandan Rundunar 1 Mechanised Infantry Division.<ref name=self/> A ƙarƙashin gwamnatin soja ta Janar [[Ibrahim Babangida]], Shagaya ya kasance Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida na Tarayya, mamba na [[Armed Forces Ruling Council (Nigeria)|Armed Forces Ruling Council]], da kuma mamba na Majalisar 'Yan Sanda. Haka kuma ya jagoranci kwamitin da aka kafa a shekarar 1987 domin yanke shawara kan kasancewar Najeriya cikin [[Organisation of the Islamic Conference]]. Ya kuma taka rawa wajen tsara manyan yarjejeniyoyin [[Economic Community of West African States]] (ECOWAS). A matsayinsa na mamba a Hukumar Iyakokin Ƙasa, ya taimaka wajen warware rikice-rikicen kan iyaka tsakanin Najeriya da [[Benin]] da kuma [[Chad]].<ref name=self/> A watan Satumban shekarar 1993 aka naɗa shi Kwamandan Rundunar Samar da Zaman Lafiya ta [[ECOMOG]] a [[Liberia]], inda ya gaji Manjo Janar [[Tunji Olurin]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gleanernewsonline.com/index.php?view=article&catid=65:features&id=75:jos-rayfield-the-generals-fortress-&format=pdf&option=com_content&Itemid=127 |work=The Gleaner News |title=Jos Rayfield, The General's Fortress |first=Tony |last=Iyare |date=4 August 2009 |access-date=2009-12-12}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> A ranar 17 ga Nuwamban shekarar 1993, Janar [[Sani Abacha]] ya zama shugaban ƙasa bayan juyin mulkin soja. Abacha bai amince da Brigediya Janar John Shagaya da sauran sojojin da ake kira "IBB boys", masu biyayya ga Babangida ba.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.omoigui.com/files/palace_coup_november_1993.pdf |title = Nigeria: The Palace Coup of November 17, 1993 |first = Nowa |last = Omoigui |publisher = Nowa Omoigui |access-date = 2009-12-12 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110715001833/http://www.omoigui.com/files/palace_coup_november_1993.pdf# |archive-date = 2011-07-15 |url-status = dead }}</ref> Bayan ƴan kwanaki kaɗan aka dawo da shi daga Laberiya, aka rage masa muƙami daga Manjo Janar zuwa Brigediya Janar, sannan aka yi masa ritaya daga aikin soja.<ref name=this1020>{{cite web |url=http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2002/10/20/20021020pro01.html |title=Still a Langtang Mafiosi |date=2002-10-20 |publisher=ThisDay |access-date=2009-12-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100424061517/http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2002/10/20/20021020pro01.html |archive-date=2010-04-24 }}</ref> ==Shiga juyin mulkin martani na shekarar 1966== A lokacin yana matsayin Kofur a Rundunar Bincike ta 2 da ke Abeokuta, Shagaya na cikin sojojin Arewacin Najeriya da dama—ciki har da Second Lieutenant [[Sani Abacha]], Lieutenant [[Muhammadu Buhari]], Lieutenant [[Ibrahim Bako]], Major [[Theophilus Danjuma]], Lieutenant Colonel [[Murtala Muhammed]], da Lieutenant [[Ibrahim Babangida]]—waɗanda suka jagoranci [[Nigerian counter-coup of 1966|juyin mulkin martani na shekarar 1966]]. Sun yi hakan ne saboda ƙorafe-ƙorafen da suke da su kan gwamnatin Janar [[Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi|Aguiyi Ironsi]], wadda ta dakile juyin mulkin ranar 15 ga Janairu, 1966.<ref name=Siollun>{{cite book|last1=Siollun|first1=Max|title=Oil, Politics and Violence: Nigeria's Military Coup Culture (1966 - 1976)|year=2009 |publisher=Algora|isbn=9780875867090|page=97}}</ref> ==Ayyukan farar hula== John Shagaya ya kasance Darakta a Lion Bank (Nigeria) tsakanin shekarun 1998 zuwa 2003.<ref name=self/> Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa jam'iyyar [[United Nigeria People's Party]] (UNPP), inda ya tsaya takarar Sanatan Filato ta Kudu a zaɓen shekarar 1999 amma bai yi nasara ba. Kafin zaɓen shekarar 2003 ya koma jam'iyyar [[All Nigeria People's Party]] (ANPP), amma ya sake shan kaye.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://newsdiaryonline.com/shagaya.htm |location=Abuja, Nigeria |title=SHAGAYA:AN OFFICER UNGENTLEMANLY |date=March 19, 2009 |first=Joshua |last=Yahaya |access-date=2009-12-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714173939/http://newsdiaryonline.com/shagaya.htm |archive-date=July 14, 2011 |newspaper=[[News Diary]]}}</ref> ==Aikinsa a Majalisar Dattawa== Bayan ya bar aikin soja ya koma siyasa, inda aka san shi da matsakaicin ɗan siyasa.<ref name=intervention>{{cite web |url=https://intervention.ng/24014/ |title=General Joshua Dogonyaro and Memories of a Disappearing Power Clan |publisher=Intervention |access-date=2021-05-21 }}</ref> An zaɓe shi Sanatan Filato ta Kudu a watan Afrilun shekarar 2007 a ƙarƙashin jam'iyyar PDP.<ref name=nassnig/> An ƙalubalanci nasararsa a kotun sauraron ƙararrakin zaɓe, wadda ta soke zaɓensa. Sai dai a watan Disamban shekarar 2008, Kotun Ɗaukaka Ƙara da ke Jos ta soke hukuncin, tare da umartar [[Independent National Electoral Commission (Nigeria)|INEC]] da ta ba Shagaya takardar shaidar cin zaɓe nan take.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200812160062.html |title=Appeal Court Affirms Shagaya's Election |first=Seriki |last=Adinoyi |date=16 December 2008 |publisher=ThisDay |access-date=2009-12-12}}</ref> A watan Yunin shekarar 2009, Shagaya ya yi gargaɗin cewa ba lallai ba ne afuwar da gwamnati ta ba mayaƙan [[Niger Delta]] ta kawo ƙarshen tashin hankali. Ya ce mai yiwuwa mayaƙan su ɓoye manyan makamansu su mika tsofaffi da lalatattun makamai kawai.<ref> {{cite web |url=http://ndn.nigeriadailynews.com/templates/?a=18442 |title=Why Amnesty Won't Work – Gen. Shagaya |date=June 28, 2009 |first=James |last=Ume |work=Nigeria Daily News |access-date=2009-12-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714183156/http://ndn.nigeriadailynews.com/templates/?a=18442 |archive-date=July 14, 2011 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }} </ref> A wata hira da aka yi da shi a watan Oktoban shekarar 2009, ya kare matakan da sojoji suka ɗauka wajen shiga mulkin Najeriya tun bayan samun 'yancin kai, yana mai cewa tasirin manyan hafsoshin soja a siyasa tun shekarar 1999 ya samo asali ne daga horonsu da kuma ƙwarewarsu. ==Rasuwa== John Nanzip Shagaya ya rasu sakamakon hatsarin mota a ranar 11 ga Fabrairu, 2018 yayin da yake dawowa Jos daga Langtang.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2018-02-22|title=Brig-General John Shagaya 1942-2018|url=https://dailytrust.com/brig-general-john-shagaya-1942-2018|access-date=2020-10-10|newspaper=[[Daily Trust]]|language=en}}</ref> A lokacin rasuwarsa yana cikin ƙoƙarin sasanta rikice-rikicen da ke faruwa a Arewacin Najeriya.<ref name=intervention/> '''Littattafai''' *{{cite book |title=The Internal Affairs Ministry: an overview |author=John Nanzip Shagaya |publisher=Alfa Communications |year=1990 |isbn=978-30993-0-2}} *{{cite book |title=Governance in Nigeria: the IBB era, an insider's view |author=John Nanzip Shagaya |publisher=Viewpoint Communications Ltd. |year=2003 |isbn=978-33747-5-3}} ==References== sheky5nq18co9cqwqj30pbbibhfa6fw 0 161865 884770 2026-07-19T08:04:01Z BnHamid 12586 BnHamid moved page [[Raphael Cavalcante Veiga]] to [[Raphael Veiga]] 884770 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Raphael Veiga]] eikntw3u0nahbte3mgjyseozrt1dmsn 0 161866 884792 2026-07-19T08:20:36Z BnHamid 12586 BnHamid moved page [[Mai kisan Aljanu: Kimetsu no Yaiba kakar 1]] to [[Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba (fim - Kashi na 1)]] 884792 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba (fim - Kashi na 1)]] ndzmx9b9j12cxo6gyhov54sqx5iku5l 0 161867 884802 2026-07-19T08:25:52Z BnHamid 12586 BnHamid moved page [[Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba (fim - Kashi na 1)]] to [[Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba (fim - Zango na 1)]] 884802 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba (fim - Zango na 1)]] 4czz6r4behlyoftzh08adhymxypuapa 0 161868 884815 2026-07-19T08:54:59Z Aluja 30485 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358099354|Tyrus Wheat]]" 884815 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Muhammad ya ba da wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na zamani bisa al'adar da wuri ba a yanzu haka dai wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na zamani bisa al'adar da wuri ba a yanzu haka dai wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na zamani bisa al'adar da wuri Tyrus Darrell Wheat Sr.''' (an haife shi a ranar 8 ga watan Disamba, shekara ta 1999) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙasa na Dallas Cowboys na Kungiyar [[Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka|kwallon kafa]] ta Kasa (NFL). Ya buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga Mississippi State Bulldogs . == Rayuwa ta farko == Alkama ya girma a Amite, Louisiana kuma ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Amite tare da ɗan'uwansa ɗan ƙasar Philadelphia Eagles Devonta Smith . An kiyasta shi a matsayin mai daukar taurari uku kuma da farko ya himmatu ga buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na kwaleji a Missouri . <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 26, 2017 |title=Mizzou nabs commitment from Louisiana defensive standout |url=https://www.kansascity.com/sports/college/sec/university-of-missouri/article163833903.html |access-date=April 24, 2023 |website=[[The Kansas City Star]]}}</ref> Alkama ya kasa samun cancanta a fannin ilimi don buga wasan kwallon kafa na Division I kuma ya shiga Kwalejin Al'umma ta Copiah-Lincoln A lokacin da yake aiki a Copiah-Rincoln, Alkama ya yi 104, ya yi tsayarwa biyar, ya tilasta fumbles biyu, kuma ya dawo da fumbles uku a cikin yanayi biyu. Ayyukansa sun ba shi damar canja wurin zuwa Jami'ar Jihar Mississippi a shekarar 2020. A Jihar Mississippi, Alkama nan da nan ya shafi tsaron Bulldogs: • A kakar wasa ta farko, ya fara wasanni takwas daga cikin tara, yana jagorantar tawagar tare da sacks biyar. • A matsayinsa na babban jami'i, ya yi kwallaye 46, 10.5 tackles-for-loss, kuma ya sake jagorantar tawagar tare da sacks 7.5. • Yin amfani da tsawo na cancantar NCAA na COVID-19, Alkama ya dawo don kakar wasa ta uku a MSU kuma ya jagoranci tawagar tare da jaka shida a shekara ta uku a jere. Kyakkyawan aikin alkama ya ba shi lambar yabo ta biyu ta All-SEC a shekarar 2022. Bayan ya yi fice a aikinsa na kwaleji, ya shiga cikin shirin NFL na 2023 kuma a halin yanzu yana taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida ga Detroit Lions . .<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lee |first=Jeffrey |date=March 2, 2019 |title=Auburn takes lead for JUCO linebacker |url=https://auburn.rivals.com/news/auburn-takes-lead-for-juco-linebacker/ |access-date=April 24, 2023 |website=[[Rivals.com]]}}</ref> == Ayyukan kwaleji == Alkama ya fara aikinsa na kwaleji a Kwalejin Al'umma ta Copiah-Lincoln (Co-Lin). Ya buga wasanni biyu a Co-Lin kuma ya yi rikodin 104 tackles, biyar interceptions, biyu tilasta fumbles, da uku fumble recoveries.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Flippo |first=Dylan |date=January 22, 2023 |title=Five Things to Know About Mississippi State Linebacker Tyrus Wheat Ahead of the 2023 NFL Draft |url=https://www.si.com/college/mississippistate/football/2023-nfl-draft-mississippi-state-linebacker-tyrus-wheat-five-things-to-know |access-date=April 24, 2023 |website=[[SI.com]]}}</ref> Alkama ya yi alkawarin canja wurin zuwa Jihar Mississippi don sauran cancantarsa na kwaleji.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 1, 2020 |title=Looking ahead: Analyzing Mississippi State's 2020 football roster |url=https://www.clarionledger.com/story/sports/college/mississippi-state/2020/01/01/looking-ahead-analyzing-mississippi-state-2020-football-roster-joe-moorhead-depth-chart/2783453001/ |access-date=April 19, 2023 |website=[[The Clarion-Ledger]]}}</ref> Alkama ya buga wasanni tara tare da farawa takwas a kakar wasa ta farko a Jihar Mississippi kuma ya jagoranci Bulldogs tare da sacks biyar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 12, 2021 |title=3 Mississippi State football defensive players to watch in 2021 season |url=https://www.clarionledger.com/story/sports/college/mississippi-state/2021/01/12/mississippi-state-football-defensive-players-watch-2021-season-mike-leach/6597321002/ |access-date=April 19, 2023 |website=[[The Clarion-Ledger]]}}</ref> Yana da 46 tackles, 10.5 tackles don asarar, kuma ya sake jagorantar tawagar tare da 7.5 sacks a matsayin babban jami'in.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Graves |first=Ary B. |date=August 16, 2022 |title=Experienced Mississippi State ‘excited’ about next step |url=https://apnews.com/article/college-football-sports-mississippi-state-bulldogs-collin-duncan-b4dabd412384dc2e9677dcb50ccd2ddc |access-date=April 24, 2023 |agency=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref> Alkama ya yi amfani da karin shekara ta cancanta da aka baiwa 'yan wasan koleji saboda annobar COVID-19 kuma ya koma Jihar Mississippi don kakar wasa ta uku.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staples |first=Andy |date=May 28, 2022 |title=For Mississippi State, familiarity matters: Can Mike Leach’s veteran team rise in SEC West? |url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/3335839/2022/05/28/mississippi-state-football-mike-leach/ |access-date=April 24, 2023 |website=[[The Athletic]]}}</ref> Yana da sacks shida, wadanda suka kasance masu girma a karo na uku a jere, a kakar wasa ta karshe.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Randall |first=Dakota |date=March 1, 2023 |title=How Bill Belichick Surprised This NFL Draft Prospect At Shrine Bowl |url=https://nesn.com/2023/03/what-made-bill-belichick-different-for-this-prospect-at-shrine-bowl/ |access-date=April 24, 2023 |website=[[NESN.com]]}}</ref> == Ayyukan sana'a == {{NFL predraft|height ft=6|height in=2|weight=263|dash=4.65|ten split=1.59|twenty split=2.71|shuttle=4.54|vertical=28.5|broad ft=9|broad in=5|bench=20|arm span=32 7/8|hand span=9|note=All values from [[NFL Combine]]/[[Pro Day]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nfl.com/prospects/tyrus-wheat/32005748-4503-4607-6d7b-0ec04985eabf |title=Tyrus Wheat Draft and Combine Prospect Profile |website=NFL.com |access-date=May 7, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://draftscout.com/dsprofile.php?PlayerId=1051696&DraftYear=2023 |title=2023 NFL Draft Scout Tyrus Wheat College Football Profile |access-date=May 7, 2023 |website=DraftScout.com}}</ref>}} === Dallas Cowboys === Wheat ya sanya hannu tare da Dallas Cowboys a matsayin mai ba da kyauta a ranar 12 ga Mayu, 2023. An dakatar da shi a ranar 29 ga watan Agusta, 2023 kuma an sake sanya hannu a cikin tawagar motsa jiki.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harris, Nick |date=August 29, 2023 |title=Cowboys announce 36 roster moves ahead of regular season |url=https://www.dallascowboys.com/news/cowboys-announce-36-roster-moves-ahead-of-regular-season |website=DallasCowboys.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Walker, Patrik |date=August 30, 2023 |title=Cowboys move two to IR, reveal 2023 practice squad |url=https://www.dallascowboys.com/news/cowboys-move-two-to-ir-reveal-2023-practice-squad |website=DallasCowboys.com}}</ref> An inganta alkama zuwa jerin sunayen masu aiki a ranar 16 ga Oktoba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harris, Nick |date=October 16, 2023 |title=Cowboys announce six roster moves ahead of MNF |url=https://www.dallascowboys.com/news/cowboys-announce-six-roster-moves-ahead-of-mnf |website=DallasCowboys.com}}</ref> A ranar 26 ga watan Agusta, 2025, Cowboys sun dakatar da alkama a matsayin wani ɓangare na yanke jerin sunayen karshe.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Walker |first=Patrik |title=2025 Roster Tracker: Deuce among list of Cowboys cuts |url=https://www.dallascowboys.com/news/2025-cowboys-roster-diggs-cleared-la-el-collins-released |access-date=27 August 2025 |website=DallasCowboys.com}}</ref> === Detroit Lions === A ranar 27 ga watan Agusta, 2025, Detroit Lions sun yi ikirarin cewa alkama ya yi watsi da shi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 27, 2025 |title=Lions announce roster moves |url=https://www.detroitlions.com/news/lions-announce-roster-moves-x5093 |website=DetroitLions.com}}</ref> === Dallas Cowboys (na biyu) === A ranar 13 ga Maris, 2026, Alkama ya sanya hannu tare da Dallas Cowboys . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Yarrish |first=Tommy |date=March 13, 2026 |title=Tyrus Wheat signs with Cowboys, returning for second stint |url=https://www.dallascowboys.com/news/tyrus-wheat-signs-with-cowboys-returning-for-second-stint |access-date=June 6, 2026 |website=DallasCowboys.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://www.dallascowboys.com/team/players-roster/tyrus-wheat/ Tarihin Dallas Cowboys] * [https://hailstate.com/sports/football/roster/tyrus-wheat/7528 Tarihin Bulldogs na Jihar Mississippi] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1999]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] cwozxsrwft1byndfunnm4memlw22z3l 884817 884815 2026-07-19T08:56:37Z Aluja 30485 884817 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tyrus Darrell Wheat Sr.''' (an haife shi a ranar 8 ga watan Disamba, shekara ta 1999) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙasa na Dallas Cowboys na Kungiyar [[Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka|kwallon kafa]] ta Kasa (NFL). Ya buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga Mississippi State Bulldogs . == Rayuwa ta farko == Alkama ya girma a Amite, Louisiana kuma ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Amite tare da ɗan'uwansa ɗan ƙasar Philadelphia Eagles Devonta Smith . An kiyasta shi a matsayin mai daukar taurari uku kuma da farko ya himmatu ga buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na kwaleji a Missouri . <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 26, 2017 |title=Mizzou nabs commitment from Louisiana defensive standout |url=https://www.kansascity.com/sports/college/sec/university-of-missouri/article163833903.html |access-date=April 24, 2023 |website=[[The Kansas City Star]]}}</ref> Alkama ya kasa samun cancanta a fannin ilimi don buga wasan kwallon kafa na Division I kuma ya shiga Kwalejin Al'umma ta Copiah-Lincoln A lokacin da yake aiki a Copiah-Rincoln, Alkama ya yi 104, ya yi tsayarwa biyar, ya tilasta fumbles biyu, kuma ya dawo da fumbles uku a cikin yanayi biyu. Ayyukansa sun ba shi damar canja wurin zuwa Jami'ar Jihar Mississippi a shekarar 2020. A Jihar Mississippi, Alkama nan da nan ya shafi tsaron Bulldogs: • A kakar wasa ta farko, ya fara wasanni takwas daga cikin tara, yana jagorantar tawagar tare da sacks biyar. • A matsayinsa na babban jami'i, ya yi kwallaye 46, 10.5 tackles-for-loss, kuma ya sake jagorantar tawagar tare da sacks 7.5. • Yin amfani da tsawo na cancantar NCAA na COVID-19, Alkama ya dawo don kakar wasa ta uku a MSU kuma ya jagoranci tawagar tare da jaka shida a shekara ta uku a jere. Kyakkyawan aikin alkama ya ba shi lambar yabo ta biyu ta All-SEC a shekarar 2022. Bayan ya yi fice a aikinsa na kwaleji, ya shiga cikin shirin NFL na 2023 kuma a halin yanzu yana taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida ga Detroit Lions . .<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lee |first=Jeffrey |date=March 2, 2019 |title=Auburn takes lead for JUCO linebacker |url=https://auburn.rivals.com/news/auburn-takes-lead-for-juco-linebacker/ |access-date=April 24, 2023 |website=[[Rivals.com]]}}</ref> == Ayyukan kwaleji == Alkama ya fara aikinsa na kwaleji a Kwalejin Al'umma ta Copiah-Lincoln (Co-Lin). Ya buga wasanni biyu a Co-Lin kuma ya yi rikodin 104 tackles, biyar interceptions, biyu tilasta fumbles, da uku fumble recoveries.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Flippo |first=Dylan |date=January 22, 2023 |title=Five Things to Know About Mississippi State Linebacker Tyrus Wheat Ahead of the 2023 NFL Draft |url=https://www.si.com/college/mississippistate/football/2023-nfl-draft-mississippi-state-linebacker-tyrus-wheat-five-things-to-know |access-date=April 24, 2023 |website=[[SI.com]]}}</ref> Alkama ya yi alkawarin canja wurin zuwa Jihar Mississippi don sauran cancantarsa na kwaleji.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 1, 2020 |title=Looking ahead: Analyzing Mississippi State's 2020 football roster |url=https://www.clarionledger.com/story/sports/college/mississippi-state/2020/01/01/looking-ahead-analyzing-mississippi-state-2020-football-roster-joe-moorhead-depth-chart/2783453001/ |access-date=April 19, 2023 |website=[[The Clarion-Ledger]]}}</ref> Alkama ya buga wasanni tara tare da farawa takwas a kakar wasa ta farko a Jihar Mississippi kuma ya jagoranci Bulldogs tare da sacks biyar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 12, 2021 |title=3 Mississippi State football defensive players to watch in 2021 season |url=https://www.clarionledger.com/story/sports/college/mississippi-state/2021/01/12/mississippi-state-football-defensive-players-watch-2021-season-mike-leach/6597321002/ |access-date=April 19, 2023 |website=[[The Clarion-Ledger]]}}</ref> Yana da 46 tackles, 10.5 tackles don asarar, kuma ya sake jagorantar tawagar tare da 7.5 sacks a matsayin babban jami'in.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Graves |first=Ary B. |date=August 16, 2022 |title=Experienced Mississippi State ‘excited’ about next step |url=https://apnews.com/article/college-football-sports-mississippi-state-bulldogs-collin-duncan-b4dabd412384dc2e9677dcb50ccd2ddc |access-date=April 24, 2023 |agency=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref> Alkama ya yi amfani da karin shekara ta cancanta da aka baiwa 'yan wasan koleji saboda annobar COVID-19 kuma ya koma Jihar Mississippi don kakar wasa ta uku.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staples |first=Andy |date=May 28, 2022 |title=For Mississippi State, familiarity matters: Can Mike Leach’s veteran team rise in SEC West? |url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/3335839/2022/05/28/mississippi-state-football-mike-leach/ |access-date=April 24, 2023 |website=[[The Athletic]]}}</ref> Yana da sacks shida, wadanda suka kasance masu girma a karo na uku a jere, a kakar wasa ta karshe.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Randall |first=Dakota |date=March 1, 2023 |title=How Bill Belichick Surprised This NFL Draft Prospect At Shrine Bowl |url=https://nesn.com/2023/03/what-made-bill-belichick-different-for-this-prospect-at-shrine-bowl/ |access-date=April 24, 2023 |website=[[NESN.com]]}}</ref> == Ayyukan sana'a == {{NFL predraft|height ft=6|height in=2|weight=263|dash=4.65|ten split=1.59|twenty split=2.71|shuttle=4.54|vertical=28.5|broad ft=9|broad in=5|bench=20|arm span=32 7/8|hand span=9|note=All values from [[NFL Combine]]/[[Pro Day]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nfl.com/prospects/tyrus-wheat/32005748-4503-4607-6d7b-0ec04985eabf |title=Tyrus Wheat Draft and Combine Prospect Profile |website=NFL.com |access-date=May 7, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://draftscout.com/dsprofile.php?PlayerId=1051696&DraftYear=2023 |title=2023 NFL Draft Scout Tyrus Wheat College Football Profile |access-date=May 7, 2023 |website=DraftScout.com}}</ref>}} === Dallas Cowboys === Wheat ya sanya hannu tare da Dallas Cowboys a matsayin mai ba da kyauta a ranar 12 ga Mayu, 2023. An dakatar da shi a ranar 29 ga watan Agusta, 2023 kuma an sake sanya hannu a cikin tawagar motsa jiki.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harris, Nick |date=August 29, 2023 |title=Cowboys announce 36 roster moves ahead of regular season |url=https://www.dallascowboys.com/news/cowboys-announce-36-roster-moves-ahead-of-regular-season |website=DallasCowboys.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Walker, Patrik |date=August 30, 2023 |title=Cowboys move two to IR, reveal 2023 practice squad |url=https://www.dallascowboys.com/news/cowboys-move-two-to-ir-reveal-2023-practice-squad |website=DallasCowboys.com}}</ref> An inganta alkama zuwa jerin sunayen masu aiki a ranar 16 ga Oktoba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harris, Nick |date=October 16, 2023 |title=Cowboys announce six roster moves ahead of MNF |url=https://www.dallascowboys.com/news/cowboys-announce-six-roster-moves-ahead-of-mnf |website=DallasCowboys.com}}</ref> A ranar 26 ga watan Agusta, 2025, Cowboys sun dakatar da alkama a matsayin wani ɓangare na yanke jerin sunayen karshe.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Walker |first=Patrik |title=2025 Roster Tracker: Deuce among list of Cowboys cuts |url=https://www.dallascowboys.com/news/2025-cowboys-roster-diggs-cleared-la-el-collins-released |access-date=27 August 2025 |website=DallasCowboys.com}}</ref> === Detroit Lions === A ranar 27 ga watan Agusta, 2025, Detroit Lions sun yi ikirarin cewa alkama ya yi watsi da shi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 27, 2025 |title=Lions announce roster moves |url=https://www.detroitlions.com/news/lions-announce-roster-moves-x5093 |website=DetroitLions.com}}</ref> === Dallas Cowboys (na biyu) === A ranar 13 ga Maris, 2026, Alkama ya sanya hannu tare da Dallas Cowboys . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Yarrish |first=Tommy |date=March 13, 2026 |title=Tyrus Wheat signs with Cowboys, returning for second stint |url=https://www.dallascowboys.com/news/tyrus-wheat-signs-with-cowboys-returning-for-second-stint |access-date=June 6, 2026 |website=DallasCowboys.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://www.dallascowboys.com/team/players-roster/tyrus-wheat/ Tarihin Dallas Cowboys] * [https://hailstate.com/sports/football/roster/tyrus-wheat/7528 Tarihin Bulldogs na Jihar Mississippi] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1999]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] l9ymld7bsulvedazbkx1qdg027234a4 884818 884817 2026-07-19T08:56:55Z Aluja 30485 884818 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Tyrus Darrell Wheat Sr.''' (an haife shi a ranar 8 ga watan Disamba, shekara ta 1999) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙasa na Dallas Cowboys na Kungiyar [[Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka|kwallon kafa]] ta Kasa (NFL). Ya buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga Mississippi State Bulldogs . == Rayuwa ta farko == Alkama ya girma a Amite, Louisiana kuma ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Amite tare da ɗan'uwansa ɗan ƙasar Philadelphia Eagles Devonta Smith . An kiyasta shi a matsayin mai daukar taurari uku kuma da farko ya himmatu ga buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na kwaleji a Missouri . <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 26, 2017 |title=Mizzou nabs commitment from Louisiana defensive standout |url=https://www.kansascity.com/sports/college/sec/university-of-missouri/article163833903.html |access-date=April 24, 2023 |website=[[The Kansas City Star]]}}</ref> Alkama ya kasa samun cancanta a fannin ilimi don buga wasan kwallon kafa na Division I kuma ya shiga Kwalejin Al'umma ta Copiah-Lincoln A lokacin da yake aiki a Copiah-Rincoln, Alkama ya yi 104, ya yi tsayarwa biyar, ya tilasta fumbles biyu, kuma ya dawo da fumbles uku a cikin yanayi biyu. Ayyukansa sun ba shi damar canja wurin zuwa Jami'ar Jihar Mississippi a shekarar 2020. A Jihar Mississippi, Alkama nan da nan ya shafi tsaron Bulldogs: • A kakar wasa ta farko, ya fara wasanni takwas daga cikin tara, yana jagorantar tawagar tare da sacks biyar. • A matsayinsa na babban jami'i, ya yi kwallaye 46, 10.5 tackles-for-loss, kuma ya sake jagorantar tawagar tare da sacks 7.5. • Yin amfani da tsawo na cancantar NCAA na COVID-19, Alkama ya dawo don kakar wasa ta uku a MSU kuma ya jagoranci tawagar tare da jaka shida a shekara ta uku a jere. Kyakkyawan aikin alkama ya ba shi lambar yabo ta biyu ta All-SEC a shekarar 2022. Bayan ya yi fice a aikinsa na kwaleji, ya shiga cikin shirin NFL na 2023 kuma a halin yanzu yana taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida ga Detroit Lions . .<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lee |first=Jeffrey |date=March 2, 2019 |title=Auburn takes lead for JUCO linebacker |url=https://auburn.rivals.com/news/auburn-takes-lead-for-juco-linebacker/ |access-date=April 24, 2023 |website=[[Rivals.com]]}}</ref> == Ayyukan kwaleji == Alkama ya fara aikinsa na kwaleji a Kwalejin Al'umma ta Copiah-Lincoln (Co-Lin). Ya buga wasanni biyu a Co-Lin kuma ya yi rikodin 104 tackles, biyar interceptions, biyu tilasta fumbles, da uku fumble recoveries.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Flippo |first=Dylan |date=January 22, 2023 |title=Five Things to Know About Mississippi State Linebacker Tyrus Wheat Ahead of the 2023 NFL Draft |url=https://www.si.com/college/mississippistate/football/2023-nfl-draft-mississippi-state-linebacker-tyrus-wheat-five-things-to-know |access-date=April 24, 2023 |website=[[SI.com]]}}</ref> Alkama ya yi alkawarin canja wurin zuwa Jihar Mississippi don sauran cancantarsa na kwaleji.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 1, 2020 |title=Looking ahead: Analyzing Mississippi State's 2020 football roster |url=https://www.clarionledger.com/story/sports/college/mississippi-state/2020/01/01/looking-ahead-analyzing-mississippi-state-2020-football-roster-joe-moorhead-depth-chart/2783453001/ |access-date=April 19, 2023 |website=[[The Clarion-Ledger]]}}</ref> Alkama ya buga wasanni tara tare da farawa takwas a kakar wasa ta farko a Jihar Mississippi kuma ya jagoranci Bulldogs tare da sacks biyar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 12, 2021 |title=3 Mississippi State football defensive players to watch in 2021 season |url=https://www.clarionledger.com/story/sports/college/mississippi-state/2021/01/12/mississippi-state-football-defensive-players-watch-2021-season-mike-leach/6597321002/ |access-date=April 19, 2023 |website=[[The Clarion-Ledger]]}}</ref> Yana da 46 tackles, 10.5 tackles don asarar, kuma ya sake jagorantar tawagar tare da 7.5 sacks a matsayin babban jami'in.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Graves |first=Ary B. |date=August 16, 2022 |title=Experienced Mississippi State ‘excited’ about next step |url=https://apnews.com/article/college-football-sports-mississippi-state-bulldogs-collin-duncan-b4dabd412384dc2e9677dcb50ccd2ddc |access-date=April 24, 2023 |agency=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref> Alkama ya yi amfani da karin shekara ta cancanta da aka baiwa 'yan wasan koleji saboda annobar COVID-19 kuma ya koma Jihar Mississippi don kakar wasa ta uku.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staples |first=Andy |date=May 28, 2022 |title=For Mississippi State, familiarity matters: Can Mike Leach’s veteran team rise in SEC West? |url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/3335839/2022/05/28/mississippi-state-football-mike-leach/ |access-date=April 24, 2023 |website=[[The Athletic]]}}</ref> Yana da sacks shida, wadanda suka kasance masu girma a karo na uku a jere, a kakar wasa ta karshe.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Randall |first=Dakota |date=March 1, 2023 |title=How Bill Belichick Surprised This NFL Draft Prospect At Shrine Bowl |url=https://nesn.com/2023/03/what-made-bill-belichick-different-for-this-prospect-at-shrine-bowl/ |access-date=April 24, 2023 |website=[[NESN.com]]}}</ref> == Ayyukan sana'a == {{NFL predraft|height ft=6|height in=2|weight=263|dash=4.65|ten split=1.59|twenty split=2.71|shuttle=4.54|vertical=28.5|broad ft=9|broad in=5|bench=20|arm span=32 7/8|hand span=9|note=All values from [[NFL Combine]]/[[Pro Day]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nfl.com/prospects/tyrus-wheat/32005748-4503-4607-6d7b-0ec04985eabf |title=Tyrus Wheat Draft and Combine Prospect Profile |website=NFL.com |access-date=May 7, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://draftscout.com/dsprofile.php?PlayerId=1051696&DraftYear=2023 |title=2023 NFL Draft Scout Tyrus Wheat College Football Profile |access-date=May 7, 2023 |website=DraftScout.com}}</ref>}} === Dallas Cowboys === Wheat ya sanya hannu tare da Dallas Cowboys a matsayin mai ba da kyauta a ranar 12 ga Mayu, 2023. An dakatar da shi a ranar 29 ga watan Agusta, 2023 kuma an sake sanya hannu a cikin tawagar motsa jiki.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harris, Nick |date=August 29, 2023 |title=Cowboys announce 36 roster moves ahead of regular season |url=https://www.dallascowboys.com/news/cowboys-announce-36-roster-moves-ahead-of-regular-season |website=DallasCowboys.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Walker, Patrik |date=August 30, 2023 |title=Cowboys move two to IR, reveal 2023 practice squad |url=https://www.dallascowboys.com/news/cowboys-move-two-to-ir-reveal-2023-practice-squad |website=DallasCowboys.com}}</ref> An inganta alkama zuwa jerin sunayen masu aiki a ranar 16 ga Oktoba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harris, Nick |date=October 16, 2023 |title=Cowboys announce six roster moves ahead of MNF |url=https://www.dallascowboys.com/news/cowboys-announce-six-roster-moves-ahead-of-mnf |website=DallasCowboys.com}}</ref> A ranar 26 ga watan Agusta, 2025, Cowboys sun dakatar da alkama a matsayin wani ɓangare na yanke jerin sunayen karshe.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Walker |first=Patrik |title=2025 Roster Tracker: Deuce among list of Cowboys cuts |url=https://www.dallascowboys.com/news/2025-cowboys-roster-diggs-cleared-la-el-collins-released |access-date=27 August 2025 |website=DallasCowboys.com}}</ref> === Detroit Lions === A ranar 27 ga watan Agusta, 2025, Detroit Lions sun yi ikirarin cewa alkama ya yi watsi da shi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 27, 2025 |title=Lions announce roster moves |url=https://www.detroitlions.com/news/lions-announce-roster-moves-x5093 |website=DetroitLions.com}}</ref> === Dallas Cowboys (na biyu) === A ranar 13 ga Maris, 2026, Alkama ya sanya hannu tare da Dallas Cowboys . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Yarrish |first=Tommy |date=March 13, 2026 |title=Tyrus Wheat signs with Cowboys, returning for second stint |url=https://www.dallascowboys.com/news/tyrus-wheat-signs-with-cowboys-returning-for-second-stint |access-date=June 6, 2026 |website=DallasCowboys.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://www.dallascowboys.com/team/players-roster/tyrus-wheat/ Tarihin Dallas Cowboys] * [https://hailstate.com/sports/football/roster/tyrus-wheat/7528 Tarihin Bulldogs na Jihar Mississippi] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1999]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] tl2m4dtb3olcdwhwxpn7c5cdwdck1bm 3 161869 884829 2026-07-19T10:36:08Z Neriah 13112 Neriah moved page [[Tattaunawar user:أيوب]] to [[Tattaunawar user:جيمي]]: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/أيوب|أيوب]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/جيمي|جيمي]]" 884829 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Tattaunawar user:جيمي]] ttfx2l5g93twbjjsg8miwb0iubpoo0x 0 161870 884833 2026-07-19T10:58:33Z Pretty Fulani 44366 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1252874730|Fuitina]]" 884833 wikitext text/x-wiki Kalmar Sicilian fuitina (a zahiri: "gudun bazata"; jam'i fuitini, jam'i na Italiyanci fuitine) tana nufin wani al'ada da ta kasance ruwan dare a Sicily da sauran yankuna na Kudancin Italiya, inda matasa ma'aurata za su gudu don yin aure ba tare da son iyalansu ba. Manufar ita ce rashin ma'auratan da suka gudu na dogon lokaci zai bar iyalansu su ɗauka cewa an yi jima'i, don haka ya tilasta musu su amince da abin da ake kira "bikin gyara hali" (Italiyanci: matrimonio riparatore).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Il carattere sociale della fuitina |trans-title=The social nature of ''fuitina'' |url=http://guide.supereva.it/antropologia/interventi/2009/07/il-carattere-sociale-della-fuitina |language=it}}</ref> Duk da yake an bayar da rahoton ɓoyewar matasa ma'aurata a wurare kamar [[Palermo]] (an ruwaito sama da 300 a kowace shekara), yawancin su suna da alaƙa da fuitine na gargajiya ne kawai, saboda ba lallai ba ne a yi niyyar sake farfadowa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Allarme fuitine a Palermo, oltre 300 l'anno |trans-title=''Fuitine'' alert in Palermo, over 300 per year |url=http://www.guidasicilia.it/ita/main/news/index.jsp?IDNews=35303 |language=it}}</ref> A ka'ida, kalmar ''fuitina'' tana nufin kawai ga amincewar ma'aurata, amma aikin kuma yana ba da kansa don a yi kira ga shi don ɓoye ainihin satar, kuma mai yiwuwa [[fyade]], na amarya. Wani shahararren misali shine shari'ar 1966 don fyade inda lauyan mai satar da kuma mai fyade na [[Franca Viola]] ya ci gaba da cewa matar ta yarda da ''fuitina''. Shari'ar ta sami babbar murya a Italiya, yayin da Franca Viola ta ki auren "maidowa". Shari'ar ta ba da gudummawa don yada wayar da kan jama'a cewa saboda dangantakar da ke akwai (kuma musamman, ra'ayin da ya bazu cewa mace da ta rasa [[Budurci|Budurwa]] ba ta da "daraja" ta yi aure), ana matsa wa matan da suka sha wahala su auri masu fyade (musamman, amma ba kawai ba, idan sun yi juna biyu), ko kuma za su rasa mutuncin su kuma al'umma ta ware su. Sakamakon shari'arta ya yanke hukuncin cewa masu fyade ba su iya guje wa azabtarwa ta hanyar auren wadanda aka azabtar ba. A [[Juna biyu|ciki]] 1981, Italiya ta soke Mataki na 544. [[Italian Criminal Code|Dokar Laifuka ta Italiya]] (mataki na 573) ta gurfanar da (da yardar rai) ''fuitina'' idan amarya ta kasance [[Ƙananan (doka)|ƙarami]], ta daidaita shi da satar ƙarami mai yarda.<ref name="cas">{{Cite journal |title=La "fuitina" d'amore costa cara – I genitori di lei vanno risarciti |trans-title=Love ''fuitina'' costs a lot – Her parents have to be refunded |url=http://www.repubblica.it/2004/k/sezioni/cronaca/fuitina/fuitina/fuitina.html |journal=[[La Repubblica]] |language=it}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} ddu8nxirpswmytedc6bdkf2a63wia4c 884834 884833 2026-07-19T10:58:58Z Pretty Fulani 44366 884834 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Kalmar Sicilian fuitina (a zahiri: "gudun bazata"; jam'i fuitini, jam'i na Italiyanci fuitine) tana nufin wani al'ada da ta kasance ruwan dare a Sicily da sauran yankuna na Kudancin Italiya, inda matasa ma'aurata za su gudu don yin aure ba tare da son iyalansu ba. Manufar ita ce rashin ma'auratan da suka gudu na dogon lokaci zai bar iyalansu su ɗauka cewa an yi jima'i, don haka ya tilasta musu su amince da abin da ake kira "bikin gyara hali" (Italiyanci: matrimonio riparatore).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Il carattere sociale della fuitina |trans-title=The social nature of ''fuitina'' |url=http://guide.supereva.it/antropologia/interventi/2009/07/il-carattere-sociale-della-fuitina |language=it}}</ref> Duk da yake an bayar da rahoton ɓoyewar matasa ma'aurata a wurare kamar [[Palermo]] (an ruwaito sama da 300 a kowace shekara), yawancin su suna da alaƙa da fuitine na gargajiya ne kawai, saboda ba lallai ba ne a yi niyyar sake farfadowa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Allarme fuitine a Palermo, oltre 300 l'anno |trans-title=''Fuitine'' alert in Palermo, over 300 per year |url=http://www.guidasicilia.it/ita/main/news/index.jsp?IDNews=35303 |language=it}}</ref> A ka'ida, kalmar ''fuitina'' tana nufin kawai ga amincewar ma'aurata, amma aikin kuma yana ba da kansa don a yi kira ga shi don ɓoye ainihin satar, kuma mai yiwuwa [[fyade]], na amarya. Wani shahararren misali shine shari'ar 1966 don fyade inda lauyan mai satar da kuma mai fyade na [[Franca Viola]] ya ci gaba da cewa matar ta yarda da ''fuitina''. Shari'ar ta sami babbar murya a Italiya, yayin da Franca Viola ta ki auren "maidowa". Shari'ar ta ba da gudummawa don yada wayar da kan jama'a cewa saboda dangantakar da ke akwai (kuma musamman, ra'ayin da ya bazu cewa mace da ta rasa [[Budurci|Budurwa]] ba ta da "daraja" ta yi aure), ana matsa wa matan da suka sha wahala su auri masu fyade (musamman, amma ba kawai ba, idan sun yi juna biyu), ko kuma za su rasa mutuncin su kuma al'umma ta ware su. Sakamakon shari'arta ya yanke hukuncin cewa masu fyade ba su iya guje wa azabtarwa ta hanyar auren wadanda aka azabtar ba. A [[Juna biyu|ciki]] 1981, Italiya ta soke Mataki na 544. [[Italian Criminal Code|Dokar Laifuka ta Italiya]] (mataki na 573) ta gurfanar da (da yardar rai) ''fuitina'' idan amarya ta kasance [[Ƙananan (doka)|ƙarami]], ta daidaita shi da satar ƙarami mai yarda.<ref name="cas">{{Cite journal |title=La "fuitina" d'amore costa cara – I genitori di lei vanno risarciti |trans-title=Love ''fuitina'' costs a lot – Her parents have to be refunded |url=http://www.repubblica.it/2004/k/sezioni/cronaca/fuitina/fuitina/fuitina.html |journal=[[La Repubblica]] |language=it}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} rx2iwtquimc8bq4hvw4dcc05tixx30l