Wikipedia hawiki https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babban_shafi MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.13 first-letter Midiya Musamman Tattaunawa User Tattaunawar user Wikipedia Tattaunawar Wikipedia Fayil Tattaunawar fayil MediaWiki Tattaunawar MediaWiki Samfuri Tattaunawar samfuri Taimako Tattaunawar taimako Rukuni Tattaunawar rukuni TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk Zariya 0 1766 889766 873727 2026-07-31T10:25:27Z Nasir Yusuf 47352 889766 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Zaria City New Central Mosque.jpg|thumb|Masallacin fadar Zazzau]] [[File:Kanogate2.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Gidan sarkin Zazzau.]] [[File:Zaria Wall.jpg|thumb|ganuwar Zaria]] [[File:Zazzau palace 03.jpg|thumb|zazzau place]] [[File:Zaria Mountain 30.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Kofar kuyan Bana zazzau Zaria.jpg|thumb|Kofar kuyan bana zazzau]] [[Fayil:Zazzau Emirate wall.jpg|thumb|Zazzau Emirate wall]] [[Fayil:Zaria rock.jpg|thumb|Zariya rock]] [[Fayil:Zazzau palace 03.jpg|thumb|zariya Birnin shehu]] [[Fayil:Zaria Gates.jpg|thumb|Photan zamaninra a zariya]] [[Fayil:NANA HOSTEL Front gate Bayero University Kano state Nigeria.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Physics department Bayero University Kano.jpg|thumb|bik]] [[Fayil:Zaria Gates.jpg|thumb|Zariya]] [[Fayil:Zaria view 08.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Ibrahim Gambari Square in BUK.jpg|thumb|buk]] [[Fayil:Gambo suweba female level one hostel Bayero University Kano.jpg|thumb|buk]] [[Fayil:Gate of Zaria 02.jpg|thumb|zaria]] [[Fayil:Flag of the Zaria Emirate.svg|thumb|tutan zariya]] '''Zariya''' (Ko kuma da [[turanci]] '''Zaria''', sai kuma '''Zazzau''' sunan da ake mata lakabi da shi). Zariya gari ne dake a cikin [[arewacin Najeriya]], kuma karamar hukuma ce a jahar [[Kaduna]], tana da iyaka da [[Funtua|Funtuwa]], babban birnin [[Kaduna]], da kuma [[Igabi]] duka a cikin ƙasar [[Najeriya]]. A bisa ga ƙidayar jama'a na shekara ta dubu biyu da shidda (2006), jimillar mutane dubu dari bakwai da sittin (700060) ne a garin Zariya, to amman daga bisani an kimanta yawan su a shekara ta dubu biyu da sha bakwai (2017), ga jimillar mutane miliyan daya (1000000). Birnin Zariya tana da kilomita ɗari biyu da sittin (260kms), ne daga garin [[Abuja]], kilomita tamanin (80kms) ne daga [[Kaduna (birni)|Zariya,]] kilomita dari daya da sittin (160), ne daga [[Kano (birni)|Kano]].<ref>http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9078266/Zaria</ref> Garin [[Zazzau]] an saka masa suna ne daga [[Sarauniya Amina]].<ref>https://www.britannica.com/place/Zaria-Nigeria</ref> == Tarihi Akkan zariya. == Asalin sarakunan zariya '''Hausawa''' ne dasu ke mulkan su, wadanda su kayi sarauta tun daga shekara ta dubu ɗaya da ɗari biyar da biyar (1505), zuwa shekarar dubu daya da ɗari takwas da biyu 1802, A shekara ta dubu ɗaya da ɗari takwas da hudu 1804, ne [[Usman Ɗan Fodiyo|Shehu Usman ɗan Fodiyo]] yayi jihadi, inda ya yaƙi sarkin [[gobir]] mai suna [[Yunfa]], a [[Yakin kwoto]], daga nan ne ya fara yaɗa sarautarsa da [[musulunci]] zuwa masarautun [[Hausawa]], A garin zariya kuma akwai [[Mallam Musa|Malam Musa]] wanda ya daɗe yana da’awar zuwa ga addinin musulunci, Malam Musa [[Fulbe|Bafillatani]] ne, Jin Jihadin Usman ɗan Fodiyo yasa shima ya karɓi tuta daga Usman ɗan Fodiyo. Da Malam Musa da Yamusa mutumin fulanin Barno suka doso Zariya suka yaƙi sarki Makau ɗan kabilar [[Hausawa]], Makau sai ya gudu shi da mutanensa zuwa [[Zuba]], wani gari ne na [[Yaren Gwari|Gwari]] da Koro a yankin [[Abuja]] a yau, Malam Musa sai ya zama Sarkin zazzau na farko daga ƙabilar [[Fulani]], bayan rasuwarsa sai aka naɗa Yamusa a shekarar ta dubu ɗaya da ɗari takwas da ashirin da ɗaya 1821, a matsayin sarkin zazzau, shi kuma fulanin Barno ne, daga nan ne [[Barebari|Bare-Bari]] da Fulanin Mallawa suka fara sarauta a kasar zazzau.<ref name=":0">professor lavers collection: zaria province.</ref> ([[User:Ihayatu|Ihayatu]] ([[User talk:Ihayatu|talk]]) 21:14, 30 Mayu 2023, (UTC)). [[Fayil:Zazzau palace 02.jpg|thumb|zazzau emirate]] Birni ne a ƙasar [[Hausa]] wanda kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin garuruwan da Shehu Usman ya bada tutar addinin [[musulunci]] ya tabbata a ciki. Birni ne mai ɗadin zama saboda yanayinsa gashi kuma babbar cibiyar ilimin addini dana boko a arewacin [[Najeriya]]. Wannan gari Allah ya albarkace shi da kasa ta [[noma]] da kuma ilimin addinin musulunci dana zamani wanda a dalilin haka ne baki daga maƙotan garin suke zuwa domin neman [[ilimi]] kai harma da na ƙasashen waje da kuma mutanen garin Zariya su kansu, Waɗannan garuruwa a wancen lokacin duka suna karkashin mulkin garin Zazzau ne, inda Zariya take a matsayin babban birni, amman yanzu wasu daga cikin waɗannan garuruwan basa ƙarƙashin zazzau.<ref name=":0" /> ([[User:Ihayatu|Ihayatu]] ([[User talk:Ihayatu|talk]]) 21:14, 30 Mayu 2023, (UTC)) {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !s/n !Garuruwa !Garuruwa ! |- |1-2 |Anchau |Zaria | |- |3-4 | |Soba | |- |5-6 |Damo |Likoro | |- |7-8 |Ɗan Alhaji |Igabe/Igabi | |- |9-10 |Garu |Ikara | |- |11-12 |Gimba |Zuntu | |- |13-14 |Giwa |Richifa | |- |15-16 |Fatika |Kargi | |- |17-18 |Funkwi |Kauru | |- |19-20 |Ɗan Maliki |Lere | |- |21-22 |Durum |Kubau | |- |23-24 |Ɗan Lawal |Kudan | |- |25-26 |Faki |Kuadaru | |} === Mutane. === Asalin mulkin Zariya yana ƙarkashin Sarakunan [[Hausawa]] ne, ana kiran garin da zazzau, zakzak ko zegzeg, dukkan waɗannan sunayen ana kiran garin Zaria da shi, amman daga bisani sunan zazzau ya canza zuwa Zariya, A inda kuma sarautar aka fi kiranta da zazzau, shiyasa sarkin garin ake kiran shi da sarkin zazzau, mutanen da suka fito daga garin ana kiransu da suna Bazazzagi, jam’i kuma Zazzagawa.<ref name=":0" />. ([[User:Ihayatu|Ihayatu]] ([[User talk:Ihayatu|talk]]) 21:14, 30 Mayu 2023, (UTC)) == Sarauta. == Asalin mulkin Zariya tana ƙarƙashin Sarakunan [[hausawa]] ne, waɗanda ke mulkan masarautan Zazzau, amma daga baya sarakunan Mallawa da fulani suka haɗa hannu da karfi suka yaƙi sarakunan hausawa a shekarar 1804. Sarakunan Hausawa na farko sun rayu ne a ƙarni na 15, waɗanda a wannan lokacin ba'a iya tina shekarun da sukayi sarauta, amman sarakunan hausawa na biyu sunyi mulki ne a ƙarni na 16, inda aka taskace shekarun mulkin su, har zuwa lokacin da sarakunan Fulani suka yaƙe su, sarkin su na ƙarshe shine [[Makau]] a Zariya, a Gobir kuma shine [[Yunfa]]. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Sarakunan Hausawa na Farko !s/n !Sarakuna !Shekara |- |1 |Gunguma | |- |2 |Matazo | |- |3 |Tumsah | |- |4 |Tamusa | |- |5 |Suleimanu | |- |6 |Maswaza | |- |7 |Ɗinzaki | |- |8 |Nayoga | |- |9 |Kauchi | |- |10 |Nawainchi | |- |11 |Machikai | |- |12 |Kewo | |- |13 |Bahikarr | |- |14 |Majidada | |- |15 |Dahirahi | |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Sarakunan Hausawa na biyu !s/n !Sarakunan Hausa !Shekara |- |1 |Moman Abdu |1505 – 1530 |- |2 |Gudan Dan Masukanan |1530 – 1532 |- |3 |Nohirr |1532 – 1535 |- |4 |Bakwa Turunku |1535 – 1536 |} <gallery> File:Kanogate2.jpg|Babbabn Kofar Fada na garin Zaria </gallery> == Arziki. == === Masana'antu === Garin Zariya an san su da sana’o’i daban daban, Garin jere da kajuma suna karkashin Zariya, sun yi suna akan saka ta hannu.<ref>Maiwada, Salihu and Renne, Elisha P. (2007) "New Technologies of Embroidered Robe Production and Changing Gender Roles in Zaria, Nigeria, 1950–2005" ''Textile History'' 38(1): pp. 25-58, page 25</ref> Abu mai muhimmancin gaske a kasar Zariya shine Audiga, wanda ake diba daga Zariya da kano zuwa kasashen turawa domin amfanin masana’antu, garin Zariya sun shahara da sakan kayan sakawa, hula, da kuma rini.<ref>Gihring, Thomas (1984). "Intraurban Activity Patterns among Entrepreneurs in a West African Setting". ''Geografiska Annaler. Series B, Human Geography''. '''66''' (1): 19–20.</ref> === Kasuwanci === Zariya gari ne, na kasuwanci da harkar noma. === Noma === Allah ya ba Zariya kasar noma mai kyau.ana noma masara, doya, dawa, dauro, Gero, rake, barkono, shinkafa, dss. === Sufuri === Zariya suna da hanyar sufurin jirgin ƙasa da hada Zariya da garuruwan [[Lagos (birni)|Lagos]] , [[Kano (jiha)|Kano]], [[Abuja]] da kuma [[Kaduna (birni)]].<ref>https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-21364541</ref><ref>https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21571481-renovated-railway-line-welcome-more-are-still-sorely-needed-slow</ref> == Ilimi. == Zariya cibiya ce ta ilimin [[addini]] da boko, a garin ne jami'ar Ahmadu Bello ta ke, bayan ABU akwai makarantun Ilimi kusan Tara 9 a cikin garin Zariya.Kamar; 1. Federal College of Education ((F.c.e)). 2. Nuhu Bamalli Polytechnic. 3. Ameer Shehu Idris. 4. National Institute of transport Technology((Nitt)). 5. Leather Research. 6. Narict 7. National College of Aviation((Ncat)). 8. Napri 9. Institute of Animal research((I.A.R)). Akwai kuma malaman addinin Musulunci manya kaman; 1. Sheikh Mua'azu 2. Sheikh Abdulkadir 3. Sheikh Yahuza. Da dai sauran su. == Addini. == === Musulunci === Mutanen Zariya ma fi yawancinsu mabiya addinin Musulunci ne. === Kiristanci === Kasantuwar ma'aikatu na Gwamnatin tarayya a garin Zariya da kuma hanyoyin sufuri da yanayin kasuwanci a garin, hakan ya sa mabiya addinin Kiristiyaniti na kara yawa a garin. == Masana'antu. == Akwai masana'antu kamar su "Sunseed", Pz, dasau ransu. == Garuruwa. == A lokutan a garin Zariya akwai [[Ganuwa]], amma daga baya duk an cire su.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20091027035909/http://www.abu.edu.ng/bsn/zaria.php</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=http://www.abu.edu.ng/bsn/zaria.php |access-date=2020-12-27 |archive-date=2009-10-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091027035909/http://www.abu.edu.ng/bsn/zaria.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><gallery> File:Nigeria-karte-politisch-kaduna.png|Taswiran dake nuna garin Kaduna da yankin Zaria </gallery> == Bibiliyo. == * Professor lavers collection: Zaria Province, Arewa House. *Maiwada, Salihu and Renne, Elisha P. (2007) "New Technologies of Embroidered Robe Production and Changing Gender Roles in Zaria, Nigeria, 1950–2005" *Gihring, Thomas (1984). "Intraurban Activity Patterns among Entrepreneurs in a West African Setting". ''Geografiska Annaler. Series B, Human Geography''. *Smith, Michael G. (1960), ''Government in Zazzau 1800–1950'' International African Institute by the Oxford University Press, London, OCLC 293592; reprinted in 1964, and 1970. *Dan Isaacs (28 September 2010). "[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-11418542 Nigeria's emirs: Power behind the throne"]. [[BBC Hausa|BBC]] News. Retrieved 29 September 2010. == Diddigin bayanai na waje. == * Fayal masu alaqa da [[c:Category:Zaria|Zaria]] a [https://commons.wikimedia.org commons.wikimedia.org] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20051225223834/http://www.nigeriacongress.org/fgn/administrative/statedetails.asp?state=Kaduna Asalin tushe] == Manazarta. == {{DEFAULTSORT:Zariya}} [[Category:Biranen Najeriya]] [[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Kaduna]] [[Fayil:IGR learning center Bayero University Kano state old site.jpg|thumb|buk kano]] bfqn4ogsngqxt60cd0enbonscwifb07 Ɗan Adam 0 2342 889602 720975 2026-07-30T23:11:03Z Baffa ali 47435 /* Manazarta; */ 889602 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}{{hujja}} '''[[Adam|Dan Adam;]]''' Muhimmin Jawabin da [[Majalisar Dinkin Duniya|Majalisar dinkin Duniya]] ta bayyana game da ''[[Haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam|haƙƙoƙin ɗan'adam]]'', a shekarar (1948)<ref>https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights</ref><ref>''Textbook on International Human Rights.'' Oxford University Press.</ref> Gabatarwa ganin cewa yanci da adalci da zaman lafiya ba za su samu ba a [[duniya]], har sai in an amince da cewa: dukkan '[[Yana da Pontàs|yan Adam]] suna da mutunci, kuma suna da [[Hakkokin mutane na harshe|haƙƙokinsu]] kamar yadda kowa da kowa yake dashi, wanda ba za a iya kwace musu ba, ganin cewa ba abin da ya sa aka aikata abubuwa irin na lokacin ''jahiliyya'' waɗanda ke tada hankalin [[duniya]] gaba-daya, illar rashin sanin [[Haƙƙoƙin Ɗan Adam a Benin|haƙƙokin dan-adam]] da raina su. Ganin cewa an bayyana muhimmin gurin da yan-adam suka sa gaba shi ne, bayan sun kuɓuta daga tsananin iko da wahala, kowa ya sami damar faɗin ra'ayinsa kuma ya sa rai ga abin da zuciyar sa ta saka masa, ganin cewa ya kamata a kafa hukumomi waɗanda za su kula da kiyayewa da haƙƙokin 'yan-Adam, ta hanyar girka dokoki, domin kada tsananin iko da danniya su yi yawa har su kai mutane ga yin kara ko yin tawaye, Ganin cewa ya kamata a ƙarfafa aminci tsakanin ƙasashe. Ganin cewa a cikin usular (takardar sharuda) al''ummma, ƙasashen [[duniya]] sun sake nuna amincewar su da muhimman Haƙƙokin ƴan-adam, da mutuncinsu, da darajar da waɗannan halittu suke da ita kuma a kan daidai-wa-daida ga namiji da mace, suka kuma ɗauki alƙawarin yin ƙoƙari domin su kyautata wa yan-adam jin daɗin rayuwa a cikin suna ƙara walawa.'' <gallery> File:201805_human_skeleton.svg|Ƙwarangwal ɗin mutum. File:201802_Human_Female_anim.png|Surar mace. File:201803_Human_Male.png|Surar namiji. File:202006_Male_casual.svg|Mutum a fitar gida. File:202006_Male_formal.svg|Mutum a fitar aiki. File:Datuk_Dr._Muhammad_Uthman_El-Muhammady.png|Dan'adam Musulmi Daga Asiya. </gallery> ==Manazarta;== {{reflist}} {{Stub}} Masuki miya 8xodoszsus3mmsy2oydc01enf1q9vu6 Tattaunawar user:Ammarpad 3 6214 889745 885380 2026-07-31T09:13:57Z ~2026-42227-10 47460 /* *313272ask# */ sabon sashe 889745 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa == Hi, Welcome on the Hausa Wikipedia. Sorry that this message is in English - we are very few editors here and most of us speak only basic/survival Hausa... so I'm very glad to see that someone who speaks fluently has just arrived. Wishing you a good time contributing to this project (please spread the news around you, since it needs more Hausa speakers!), --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 14:30, 12 Agusta 2017 (UTC) :Nagode [[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]], Zanyi kokari in jawo mutane don mu inganta [[w:ha:|Hausa Wikipedia]]. :Thank you [[user:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]], I will try to draw more people to help develop this [[w:ha:|Hausa Wikipedia]]. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:47, 10 Satumba 2017 (UTC) ::Congratulations on your recent edits! I just wanted to ask if you had received my email from last week (there is a project in order to promote Wikipedia among Hausa speakers that I would like to talk you about), and if not, at which email address I could reach out to you. Thanks a lot, --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 14:03, 3 Oktoba 2017 (UTC) :::Thanks Don. I have received it, and I will reply you there –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 21:23, 3 Oktoba 2017 (UTC) ::::I replied. [[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 12:48, 6 Oktoba 2017 (UTC) :Hello, iam jalamcy2023 by name iam also a participant of Wikipedia, I used to edits in wikis, so iam try to filled the data support form but it refuse to open for me I don't no what's wrong, and I need the data because I don't have money to buy, please I need your help, so that I should continue my work in Wikipedia, I really enjoyed working with you. Thanks [[User:Jalamcy2023|Jalamcy2023]] ([[User talk:Jalamcy2023|talk]]) 14:28, 12 Satumba 2023 (UTC) :samaan :Hausa :@[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-39981-47|&#126;2026-39981-47]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-39981-47|talk]]) 13:46, 16 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == Help == I am Hausa by tribe,and I am interested to start editing and creating some page need ur help don Camilo and ammar,sorry nt gud in speaking English. [[User:Slmdbr|Slmdbr]] ([[User talk:Slmdbr|talk]]) 15:20, 21 Oktoba 2017 (UTC) ==Translation of three sentences== Dear Ammarpad, I hope this finds you well. [[User:Doc James|Doc James]] posted this request on my talk page, but sadly my Hausa is too weak to translate it correctly. Maybe you will be able to help him? Thanks a lot, kind regards, --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 12:29, 8 Faburairu 2018 (UTC) We are working on an offline distribution system for Wikipedia in Nigeria. Am needing help with the translation of the three sentences '''[https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Internet-in-a-Box/Nigeria#Hausa here]'''. Wondering if you can help. Thanks [[User:Doc James|Doc James]] ([[User talk:Doc James|talk]]) 11:48, 8 Faburairu 2018 (UTC) *@Doc James and DonCamillo. I have translated it. I will also send someone to translate the Igbo, if no one did. Thank you all. [[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 00:01, 15 Faburairu 2018 (UTC) :Thanks a lot! :) --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 11:10, 5 Maris 2018 (UTC) == Facebook page == Dear Ammar, Just to mention that I have just created a Facebook page regarding the Hausa Wikipedia, in order to get more interest from Hausa-speaking people: you're welcome if you want to like it or share it with your friends: [https://www.facebook.com/HausaWikipedia/ Hausa Wikipedia] Thanks a lot, Kind regards, --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 11:10, 5 Maris 2018 (UTC) :Thanks a lot. I have seen it, will share too. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 14:48, 8 Maris 2018 (UTC) == Neman Admin == Barka dai Mr.Ammarpad, Ina da matukar sha'awa sosai na taimaka a wannan shafin na hausa Wikipedia. Ni Bahaushe ne kuma ina gane Turanci, na fassara makaloli da dama daga Turanci Zuwa Hausa sabo da haka ne nake nema wannan shafin ya bani Admin domin karin tallafawa sosai. Nagode [[Abubakar A Gwanki]] :[[User:Abubakar A Gwanki]] Naji dadin kasancewar ka bahaushe anan. Kasan babu Hausawa da yawa da zamu gina shi. Amma akwai shirye-shiryen da akeyi na farfado da it's. A wane gari kake zaune? –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 21:27, 11 Mayu 2018 (UTC) ::Mr.Ammarpad ina zaune ne a kauyen [[Gwanki]] na karamar hukumar [[Bagwai]] a jihar [[Kano]] Najeriya. [[User:Abubakar A Gwanki|Abubakar A Gwanki]]. :::OK, da kwai shirin taro na musamman da ake fatan yi a Kano domin fadada wannan Wikipedia da kuma sawa dalibai suyi rubuta a nan, zan nemeka in sha Allah. Kuma idan ka gama rubuta bayani a shafin tattaunawa (kamar nan da muke magana) kawai ka rubuta (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>) guda hudu, banda bracket din, to zaka ga sunan ka, da kwanan wata, ya fito da kanshi. Kamar yadda zaka ga nawa a kasa. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 14:05, 12 Mayu 2018 (UTC) == [[AuwalAzare]] == This page can be deleted (again), apparently. [[User:PlyrStar93|PlyrStar93]] ([[User talk:PlyrStar93|talk]]) 04:16, 16 Mayu 2018 (UTC) :[[User:PlyrStar93|PlyStar93]]. Thanks. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 04:47, 16 Mayu 2018 (UTC) == Auwal Azare == Barla dai malam Ammarpad, Wanda ya kirkiri wannan makalar ta '''Auwal Azare''' ya tubtubeni game da yadda za'ayi unblocking nashi. Idan da yadda za'ayi to a taimaka. Nagode AAgwanki 16:16, 19 Mayu 2018 (UTC) :@[[User:Abubakar A Gwanki|Gwanki]] Bani na yi blocking din shi ba. Daga can babban shafin [[Special:CentralAuth/Auwall|Meta da Wikifidiya ta Truranci]] akayi blocking din shi. Sannn '''ka daina kirkirar article akan shi''', ci gaba da yin hakan za iya ja yayi blocking dinka. Wikipedia ba wurin talla bane, kuma ba kowa ake rubuta ma tarihi ba sai sannanun mutane na hakika irin yan siyasa da makamantansu. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 13:30, 21 Mayu 2018 (UTC) == help == Please how to add reference and make template on Hausa articles. It's hard to me. [[User:Abubakar A Gwanki|AAGWANKI]] ([[User talk:Abubakar A Gwanki|talk]]) 07:39, 22 Mayu 2018 (UTC) :@[[User:Abubakar A Gwanki]]: Yanzu babu template din anan sai an dauko su daga Wikipedia ta turanci. Amma idan kana son ka fiddo reference kawai kasa '''<nowiki><ref> .......</ref> </nowiki>''' a karshen bayanin zaka ga reference din ya fito a kasa kamar haka (<ref>misali</ref>). Inda ka ga nasa dash (....) sai ka sa link din bayanin wato kamar BBC Hausa. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 13:54, 25 Mayu 2018 (UTC) == Databox == Hi Ammar, Well done on the translation of technical messages, I had started this a long time ago but you are way better than me at this! By the way, I have started to translate Wikidata properties into Hausa. This can be useful because since recently there is a new tool called Databox: it allows, with very simple code, to have an infobox with a lot of useful information on many articles: I have created [[Napoleon]] to give an example. As you can see all the properties are not translated yet into Hausa. It can enable us to create thousands of stubs here on the Hausa Wikipedia (or just add an infobox to the existing articles). I have put some on [[User:DonCamillo|my userpage]], you can translate them here if you want, or translate them directly on Wikidata if you are familiar with the "labels" system. Have a great day! Best regards, --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 06:11, 9 Yuni 2018 (UTC) :You're welcome {{@|DonCamillo}}, I will look into them and do the appropriate thing. By the way, I am working on new, more intuitive [[Wikipedia:Sabon babban shafi|main page here]], you can have a look and tweak as deem fit. You'll find some templates like [[Template:Articles needed|this]] and [[Template:Invite|this]] are transcluded, so they can be edited independent of main page. Thanks. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 19:12, 9 Yuni 2018 (UTC) == Reason for deletion of the article Abubakar A Gwanki == I have created many articles here in Hausa language Wikipedia, I didn't see anyone deleted but only one article of "Abubakar A Gwanki" why is being deleted? Nasan Dai dukkan makalolin da na kirkira shima kamar sauran ne amma kuma sai shi kadai ne naga ka goge shi. __ [[User:Abubakar A Gwanki|AAGWANKI]] ([[User talk:Abubakar A Gwanki|talk]]) 17:14, 11 Yuni 2018 (UTC) :{{@|Abubakar A Gwanki}} Ina so in tabbatar ma abun da kake yi a Hausa Wikipedia kana kokari, kuma ina fatan ka ida fahimtar ta baki daya. Na dauki number wayarka zan neme ka mu tattauna abubuwa da dama. Amma ka daina kirkirar mukala akanka ko wani abokinka. Mukalar insakulofidiya ana rubuta ta ne kawai akan mutane fitatattu na gaskiya. Shiya sa kaga aka goge [[:en:Abubakar A Gwanki|abunda ka rubuta a Wikipedia ta turanci]]. Na gode. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:38, 11 Yuni 2018 (UTC) == Translation request == Hello! May I ask you for a translation of the phrase '''Automatic refresh''' into {{#language:ha}}? Thanks [[User:-XQV-|-XQV-]] ([[User talk:-XQV-|talk]]) 18:23, 20 ga Yuni, 2018 (UTC) :Will do that on translatewiki –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 18:05, 26 ga Yuni, 2018 (UTC) ::It is not a MediaWiki message; just my own request. [[User:-XQV-|-XQV-]] ([[User talk:-XQV-|talk]]) 19:43, 27 ga Yuni, 2018 (UTC) == Neman taimako Daga Abdulmalik mansur sharif == Assalamu alaikum Ammarpad, Sunana abdulmalik mansur sharif a garin kano nake ni dalibi ne maison bincike, karance-karance da kuma rubutu musamman sanin tarihi dan Allah inaso a bani dama kuma asakani a hanya nayi wasu rubutun ta yadda zan anfanar da al'ummar hausawa, nadanyi wani Karin bayani akan tarihi Michael Jackson zaku iya dubawa Ku gani Dan Allah. Ina data zaku taimakeni. :Sannu da zuwa {{@|Ameer Maleek}} na duba gyaran da kayi kuma nayi farin ciki. A halin yanzu da kwai hausawa yan kadan a shafin, ina fatan zaka ci gaba da ziyartar shi lokaci lokaci. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:56, 7 ga Yuli, 2018 (UTC) == Godiya == Na gode in Allah ya yarda zanci gaba da bada gudun mowa Dari bisa dari kuma Dan idan kuna da wata kungiya inaso nazama member saboda na kara kwarewa Na kuma samu Karin ilimi da kuma hanyar da zan inganta rubuce rubuce Na. Na gode :{{@|Ameer Maleek}} OK, ka ban numbarka ta waya, zan neme ka. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:46, 13 ga Yuli, 2018 (UTC) aslm wai wannan malamin yana ina azaune Lamba: 08160956607 Gari: kano Nigeria == [[Kira]] == Hi Ammarpad, sorry for writing in English. An IP has blanked the page above, do you think it was correct? If it was we can delete it. Regards [[User:DARIO SEVERI|DARIO SEVERI]] ([[User talk:DARIO SEVERI|talk]]) 05:58, 15 ga Augusta, 2018 (UTC) :Hi {{@|DARIO SEVERI}} I have restored it and will develop it very soon. It is useful stub about [[:en:Blacsmith|Blacksmithing]]. Thank you. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 06:39, 15 ga Augusta, 2018 (UTC) == David oyedepo == Wanene crista == WAM 2018 == Salam Ammarpad, Bansan ko zaka shiga cikin wannan gasar ba, amma idan kanada sha'awa zaka iya shiga, ka duba Karin bayani anan [[Wikipedia:Watan Yan'Asiya]]. Nagode. [[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love|talk]]) 21:24, 8 Nuwamba, 2018 (UTC) == Hausa Wikimedians User Group == Hello! [[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] I would like to let you know that I have started our Hausa editors community user group [[meta:Hausa Wikimedians User Group|Hausa Wikimedians User Group]] in order to have a connected and collaborative working environment, that would serve as a primary place for co-ordinating of activities that would support us all in our editing and order related endeavors to improve and make quality contents of the Wikimedia projects. [[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love|talk]]) 12:39, 13 ga Janairu, 2019 (UTC) :Thanks {{@|The Living love}}, I will take a look. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 14:26, 13 ga Janairu, 2019 (UTC) Hello {{@|Ammarpad}}, I'm sorry for contacting you here lately but I've sent you a message through WhatsApp earlier. I've spoken with {{@|DonCamillo}} regarding the application for recognition of our UG Hausa Wikimedians as I earlier told you about, and he's given 100% support for it. I hope to hear from you after seeing my messages. Thanks [[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love|talk]]) 14:32, 8 ga Faburairu, 2019 (UTC) :Hello [[user:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]], as I told you, the [[meta:Hausa Wikimedians User Group|Hausa Wikimedians User Group]] is already on recognition process with the affiliation Committee of the '''WMF''', but the changes you've made just recently has changed everything in the application form we sent, and this has affected the mission which is very crucial. Please let us adhere to the previous name and design of the group. I would also start a discussion on the home page of the project on how we can select boards and audit committee for the group. As founding members I, you and [[user:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]]'s email were all sent to the AffCom committee and I hope they would certainly contact you. If permitted I can undo all the changes or you do it yourself, and if otherwise please let me know. Thanks -[[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love|talk]]) 02:55, 13 ga Maris, 2019 (UTC) ::Zanyi reply ta WhatsApp. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 18:35, 14 ga Maris, 2019 (UTC) :Slm [[user:Ammarpad|Ammar]] na maka magana ta whatsapp da email, dangane da message din da AffCom suka dawo dashi. Yanzu bansan me zaka ce ba.[[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love|talk]]) 14:28, 7 ga Yuli, 2019 (UTC) ::Nayi reply. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 10:49, 8 ga Yuli, 2019 (UTC) == Moustapha == Hakananna sai nayi nazari == I-mel == Sannu! Na turo maka sakon I-mel. Na gode. [[User:Engr Muhammad Khamis|Engr Muhammad Khamis]] ([[User talk:Engr Muhammad Khamis|talk]]) 09:11, 10 ga Faburairu, 2019 (UTC) narda == Gyara == Barka da rana! Ina son Na ankarar da admins wata matsala da na gano ta a wannan shafin. Matsalar kuwa itace mu masu amfani da wayoyi wajen editing wannan shafin baya bude mana a Babban Shafi (desktop version), Idan da mai yiwuwa to a gyara. - [[User:Abubakar A Gwanki|Abubakar A Gwanki]] ([[User talk:Abubakar A Gwanki|talk]]) 11:56, 4 ga Maris, 2019 (UTC) :{{@|Abubakar A Gwanki}} OK, ina ganin wannan haka site din yake ne. Yanzu kaga nima ina kan wayar hannu ne, in kana son komawa desktop version, saidai ka latsa "Babban shafi" da kanka, zaka ga wurin a can kasan kowane shafi. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 12:08, 4 ga Maris, 2019 (UTC) == gidanhaki == Gidanhaki dai shiya ce mai din bin tarifi ta kafune tun da zuwan shehu uthaman bin fodiyo allah shi yarda dashi izuwa kawo yanzu sai dai karin suna datakeyi a sassa daban daban da fannin muhammad sani gidanhaki Slm ammarpad dan allah inaso na kirkiri shafuka na hausa Assalam == Kwankwaso,s wife == Kwankwaso,s wife == Various requests == Hello, Could you please: *Replace the [[MediaWiki:Common.css|Hausa wiki css]] with the [[:en:MediaWiki:Common.css|english wiki css]]. It fixes, amongst others, the position of the infoboxes. *Delete these two pages: [[Template:Wikibase]], [[Module:Wikibase]]. *Edit these localization pages (Just modify the values on the right hand side): **[[Template:Infobox biography/localize]]. **[[Template:Infobox biography/sport/basketball/localize]]. **[[Template:Infobox biography/sport/football/localize]]. **[[Template:Infobox biography/sport/tennis/localize]]. Thanks. [[User:Sami At Ferḥat|Sami At Ferḥat]] ([[User talk:Sami At Ferḥat|talk]]) 18:23, 15 Mayu 2019 (UTC) == Alijos A Shehu == Sunan DUNiYA == Ibrahim kabiru gagarawa == Ina Neman yadda zan bude account na Wikipedia :{{@| 197.210.47.39}} Ka shiga [[Special:CreateAccount]]. Ko kuma ka tura man sunanka da email ta email dina <code>ammar@wikimedia.org.ng</code>. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:04, 13 ga Yuni, 2019 (UTC) == Muhamadu == Salm YA AKEBUDE EMAIL == yusuf == Ibrahim == sa idu musa == riji yan gwamgwam jido dawakin kudu kano == sa idu musa rijiya gwamgwam jido dawakin kudu IP == Yayi daidai kobaiyiba awayar mindakai == 88465702 == Kaka ari == layisantara == lawal ninazauna awurare dabandaba naungowa natashi dagabayan garin daura sunwajan gari shadam bu == Aslm barkan'mu da warhaka ina mana patan alkhairi baki daya yan uwana musilmai == Ina godiya ga allah daya bamu damar yadda damu kasance atare da juna == babani == 112202 == Translation == I want to know if I can translate a Wikipedia article from 'English Wikipedia' to 'Hausa Wikipedia'. If yes, I want to know more about it. Thanks. == ibraheem Adamu gumel jigawa state == barkanku DA fatan kuna lafeeya I want be among members of this organization wannni yafara shugaban kasa a nejire == Neman taimako == Barkanku da aiki, ni sunana ABDULMALIK MANSUR ina zaune a garin kano nayi rijista da wannan shafi ne domin nima na bada gudunmowa. Dan Allah ina bukatar shawarwarinku da kuma taimakon ku na gode. Godiya [[User:Maliky|Maliky]] ([[User talk:Maliky|talk]]) 17:25, 13 ga Augusta, 2020 (UTC) :Yawwa {{@|Maliky}} Barka da zuwa, kamar dame dame kake bukatar ka sani? –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 22:31, 16 ga Augusta, 2020 (UTC) Kamar yadda ake yin table da kuma saka hoto. [[User:Maliky|Maliky]] ([[User talk:Maliky|talk]]) 11:41, 14 Satumba 2020 (UTC) == Muhammad Huwaidahu sufi == Facebook Wkslm lafiya kalau == 0852 == Aa == Aliyu iliyasu dangada == Nima inaso nabada gudummawa sosai Dan kara bunkasa yaren hausa innasamu damar hakan dukda ba sosai nake fashintar turanciba amma ina ganeshi misali wasu kalmomi da zamuso agyagygyara kuma muna munna da akasamar da wannan shafin muna jinjina maka matuka very good, [[Special:Contributions/105.112.25.48|105.112.25.48]] 10:00, 7 Oktoba 2020 (UTC) :Yawwa yayi kyau, kuma muna maraba daku. Zaka iya shiga group dinmu na WhatsApp domin ci gaba da tattaunawa da kuma sanin shirye shiryen mu. Kuma ya kamata ka [[Special:CreateAccount|kirkiri sabon account]] don ka samu username na dindindin. Kana iya sake tambaya na idan kana neman karin bayani. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 10:09, 7 Oktoba 2020 (UTC) == ismail == Labaran duniya == Abdullahi dahiru odo ogun == Barkan muda warhaka! :Yawwa. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 11:58, 31 ga Janairu, 2021 (UTC) == na kirkira mukala == Ya zan sanya reference ::Ka duba shafinka na tattaunawa na anyi maka bayanin hakan. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 14:08, 16 ga Faburairu, 2021 (UTC) == From == Ghy == J k musa yaro == Son annabi shine so har abada shine son da mutum zai rika ya amfanar dashi duniya da lahira Allah kasa mudace allah kasamu cekinyan tatu bayin ka Asslm dan Allah ina da tambaya idan kana kusa == mansir isah == unguwar.magaji. kakngi.giwa.area.Kaduna.state Crawle == aminuidris0808811 == aminuiris == Auwal dalladi kargi == An haifi auwal a ranar 01/06/2000 == Databox == Asslm. Ammar ya ake sanya databox. Na yi translation na [[Jami'ar Jos]] amman daga baya naga '''Uncle bash''' ya saka databox. [[User:BnHamid|BnHamid]] ([[User talk:BnHamid|talk]]) 08:38, 11 Nuwamba, 2022 (UTC) :@[[User:BnHamid|BnHamid]], Za ka rubuta <nowiki>{{databox}}</nowiki> ne a farkon article din. Har da brackets (braces) din. Daga nan zaka ga information din ya fito. A wani article din kuma ba zaka gani ba, amma duk daya ne. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 12:04, 11 Nuwamba, 2022 (UTC) ::@[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]], na saka ma [[Jami'ar Jihar Kaduna]] yayi. [[User:BnHamid|BnHamid]] ([[User talk:BnHamid|talk]]) 16:34, 11 Nuwamba, 2022 (UTC) ==Neman shawara== Masha Allah Gaskiya naji dadi sosai kasancewar ansamu mai kula da page na Wikipedia da Hausa hakan ba qaramin cigaba ne ba ace Yaren Hausa yasamu irin wannan daukaka ta hanyar Mr.Ammarpad. Mr. Ammarpad ina jinjina a gareka,Allah yaqara daukaka,yayimaka jagora adukan lamurranka. A qarshe ina neman shawarar ka akan yadda za,ayi nabudawa garina Salame Wikipedia,Kasancewar Salame tsohon garine mai dinbin tarihi a daular Usmaniyya Wanda shine mahaifar Sheik Abdulqadir bn Mustafa alturud Salame. Daga Kabiru Aliyu Salame,Gwadabawa local government,Sokoto state,Nigeria. [[User:Kabir salame|Kabir salame]] ([[User talk:Kabir salame|talk]]) 18:54, 11 Nuwamba, 2022 (UTC) :Barka da zuwa Malam Kabir, muna farin ciki da zuwanka. :Ka duba tutorial din mu: [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]] akwai bayani sosae akan yadda zaka yi gyara da ƙirƙira sabbin muƙaloli a Wikipedia. :Akwai kuma bayani na musamman a wannan shafin shima: [[Wikipedia:Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:46, 14 Nuwamba, 2022 (UTC) <u>ja layi</u> COMMUNIYT SYSTERM ALL THE USE VALU TRY [[Special:Contributions/197.210.70.246|197.210.70.246]] 23:09, 7 Disamba 2022 (UTC) == Jami u lawal == Allah yajikan zulaihatu == Databox == Barka da safe, Ammar, Ina fata kana lafiya. Congratulations on the work you are doing to add "databox" to articles where it was missing! I have been doing that manually for a long time but you have very clearly found a faster way to do it. :) Could you tell me which tool you are using? Nagode sosai, –[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 07:00, 22 ga Faburairu, 2023 (UTC) :Barka da yau {{@|DonCamillo|p=}} and sannu da ƙoƙari. Yes yana da wahala manually and can be quite slow. Ina amfani ne da custom PHP code ta hanyar [https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=help&modules=edit module na editing], ba tool bane dake a kan wiki ba. Nagode. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 21:00, 22 ga Faburairu, 2023 (UTC) == Saifillahi Abdullahi mlf == Kaura ne katsina SANI ABAKAR S D P SOKOTO WAMAKKO LG RUGGAR MONDE AR == Abia == Anyinasarar kama dantaaddaa'ngelzarma'jihar yobe karamunhukumar fune == ILIYASU UMAR KANYA BABBA JIGAWA == ILIYASU UMAR KANYA BABBA JIGAWA == FUNAKAA == FUNAKAA agaskiya inada tambaya to kamar ita wannan kasar ta jamhoriyar nijar wane laifine muhammadu bazoum yake dashi har sukan yimasa juyi mulki == Gaisuwa == Na gode kwarai,muna alfahari daku wurin nuna kulawa akan mu, Godiya nake [[User:El-Abdallaah|El-Abdallaah]] ([[User talk:El-Abdallaah|talk]]) 07:59, 31 ga Augusta, 2023 (UTC) :Nagode, @[[User:El-Abdallaah|El-Abdallaah]]. Barka da ƙoƙari. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 22:53, 1 Satumba 2023 (UTC) == Usman abubakar == Ita rayuwa wace abace da Allah madau kakin sarki yatsa ramana ita == ci kekken sunan saiyadina abubakar == Ci kekken sunan saiyadina abubakar [[Special:Contributions/105.112.235.123|105.112.235.123]] 15:56, 9 ga Janairu, 2024 (UTC) == maganin daji == maganin daji [[Special:Contributions/2C0F:ECF0:661:3B00:784B:D816:34A7:3ED6|2C0F:ECF0:661:3B00:784B:D816:34A7:3ED6]] 20:01, 19 ga Janairu, 2024 (UTC) == Ali musa == An haife shi Chida ga watan Oktoba 1986 cikin@ gari gidan kube @ dake jahar maradi [[Nigerien Party for Democracy and Socialism]] [[Special:Contributions/41.254.48.53|41.254.48.53]] 21:45, 24 ga Janairu, 2024 (UTC) == Rigar kusa == "Rigar kusa" kauye ne dake karamar hukumar musawa katsina state. Rigar kusa kauye ne mai dauke dauke da yawa matasa da kuma dattawa masana sunce rigar kusa tsohon gari ne. Rigarkusa kauyika da dama yahada da yar kiya,sabongida slow,bambama da sauransu. Tana wutar nantarki da asibiti da makaranta primary da nasury. == Ghana Boy 055 == Chapiou @ [[Special:Contributions/154.160.9.24|154.160.9.24]] 12:09, 21 ga Maris, 2024 (UTC) == ALIYO == BORNO == Namespaces == Hi! You [https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia%3A%C6%98ofan_al%27umma&diff=213527&oldid=181184 emptied] the page "Wikipedia:Ƙofan al'umma" some time ago. There was a section I added there with a question about namespace names. It can be seen here in an old revision: [https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:%C6%98ofan_al%27umma&oldid=181178#Namespaces You know the Hausa language, and you are also very experienced with MediaWiki. Can you please check the table and tell me whether the proposed names are good? Thanks! [[User:Amire80|Amir E. Aharoni]] ([[User talk:Amire80|talk]]) 18:30, 11 ga Afirilu, 2024 (UTC) :I made a new section about this here: [[Wikipedia:Kofan al'umma#Namespace name translations]]. [[User:Amire80|Amir E. Aharoni]] ([[User talk:Amire80|talk]]) 20:01, 12 ga Afirilu, 2024 (UTC) == Shehu gibirima == Shehu gibirima [[Musamman:Contributions/102.91.4.40|102.91.4.40]] 19:03, 24 ga Yuni, 2024 (UTC) == Salisu garba == Assalamu alaikum inason tan baya kozan shiwaka tana da sinada rin ciwon tayi pot == Shin taya gobarar greenhouse katsina ta faru == Shin taya gobarar greenhouse katsina ta faru [[Musamman:Contributions/105.112.117.72|105.112.117.72]] 13:47, 28 ga Augusta, 2024 (UTC) == ABDULRAHMAN HARUNA == KADUNA == Bbca == A == HAUSA RIGAR SILKE == DUK WANI ABU DA YA SHAFI INGANTA HARSHEN HAUSA DA HAƁAKATA [[User:ƊANDOGO BUNGUƊU|ƊANDOGO BUNGUƊU]] ([[User talk:ƊANDOGO BUNGUƊU|talk]]) 15:05, 2 ga Maris, 2025 (UTC) == shaaibu == JIGAWA == SHEHU USMANU == GADA BUNGUDU ZAMFARA NIGERIA == AmmarBot for Swahili Wikipedia == Hello brother, I hope you are doing great after the series of sessions at Wikimania. I also hope you've returned safely to your home country. I was just asking about the bot issue which I shared with you back in Nairobi. Any progress so far? [[User:Muddyb|Muddyb]] ([[User talk:Muddyb|talk]]) 12:36, 15 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC) :Hello @[[User:Muddyb|Muddyb]], I am fine. I hope you reached home safely too. :I have set up the code now, I just need the translated text. Please share the welcome text. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:22, 16 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC) ::Hello back @[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]]. I have replied to the email. [[User:Muddyb|Muddyb]] ([[User talk:Muddyb|talk]]) 17:46, 17 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC) == 7 == uyt [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2025-29458-90|&#126;2025-29458-90]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2025-29458-90|talk]]) 17:51, 20 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) Taba nono na mace == Lawan abdulhamid == Lawan abdulhamid kano MIYzansa == Nakasa yin rijista == Nakasa yin rajista miyasane == SLM == SLM == Isma.il.abdul.yar.runfa == 08142754552 Aslm da farko sunana Abdul'aziz Anas ni ina yankin malumfashi ne '''mazaunin yakinkin karamar hukumar malumfashi garin YABA taken wanna rubutu da nakeyi shine ina da burin naga na wallafar da wani littafi Wanda na rubuta na da mashi suna rayuwar mu a yau .Wannan shine taken Wannan rubutu''' [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-11554-74|&#126;2026-11554-74]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-11554-74|talk]]) 13:02, 21 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC) == Suleman yakubu yargaba alhaji == suleman yakubu yargaba alhaji [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-11940-32|&#126;2026-11940-32]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-11940-32|talk]]) 22:34, 22 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC) == Dodik == imomaliyev [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-12770-62|&#126;2026-12770-62]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-12770-62|talk]]) 13:18, 26 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC) == Fulani daneji == danejawa [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-12974-74|&#126;2026-12974-74]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-12974-74|talk]]) 22:35, 27 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC) == Tarihin fulani daneji == danejawa [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-12974-74|&#126;2026-12974-74]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-12974-74|talk]]) 22:36, 27 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC) == NURA FADA MUHAMMED == assalama alaikum waramatullah ta alawabar katuhum dafar kodai sunana NURA FADA MUHAMMED MUBI kemikagai suwaga shugabannin kasarmu najeriya dakuma sauran gomnonin jahohin dake afadin najeriya tareda rokon allah subahanahu wata alamadaukakin yabawa shugaban kasar nigeria nisan kona da yawan nasarar wajenganin anshimma wannan zaben dayatinkaromu nashekara ta 2027 alfarman annabi tareda rokonku dan allah dan annabin allah idon allah yasa wanan sakon taje indanake keutata zato taje todan allah kuyikokarin nemoni a number tawa don da sauran bayanin ne al,umar najeriya 07025450283, inajiranku == inason zuwa gambiya == neman aure zasu bani [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-13669-78|&#126;2026-13669-78]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-13669-78|talk]]) 02:28, 3 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Nazifi == yes [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-13801-80|&#126;2026-13801-80]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-13801-80|talk]]) 16:48, 3 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Usmanisah01234@gmail.com == Usmanu [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-14055-73|&#126;2026-14055-73]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-14055-73|talk]]) 20:11, 4 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == AISHA ABDULLAHI == assalama alaikum mutanen wikipedia hausa == Abdul Aziz == Ssdf [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-14413-94|&#126;2026-14413-94]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-14413-94|talk]]) 07:21, 6 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == YAHAYA MUSA == 6/3/2026 Ni atemakeni bandasanaa == Isah Abubakar == kaduna steste nigeria inaneman temaku kudi [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-14783-76|&#126;2026-14783-76]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-14783-76|talk]]) 05:47, 8 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Help == Please help me improve [[Gaza genocide|this]] article I recently created; my Hausa language skills are poor. Also, please add [[:en:Gaza_genocide|this]] article to the Hausa Wikipedia as it is important. Thank you. [[User:جودت|جودت]] ([[User talk:جودت|talk]]) 15:48, 8 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Tsakanin sani jingir da Bala lau waye shugaban izalah == Tsakanin sani jingir da Bala lau waye shugaban izalah [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-14911-34|&#126;2026-14911-34]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-14911-34|talk]]) 18:45, 8 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == INASONASHIGA == WALLAHI == Alkasim == alkasim [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-15496-73|&#126;2026-15496-73]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-15496-73|talk]]) 13:39, 11 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Alkasim == alkasim [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-15496-73|&#126;2026-15496-73]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-15496-73|talk]]) 13:40, 11 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) Jahan dosso partama nawa ne Garett [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-15494-30|&#126;2026-15494-30]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-15494-30|talk]]) 23:24, 11 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Auwalu mansur gaya == A garin gaya na bada tallafin Ramadan a Kofar gidan Sarkin garin Wanda ya hada da shinkafa da wake da ruwan Leda da lemon fata == Block review == Hi! Could I ask for your review of the block on [[Musamman:Contributions/Adamu ab|Adamu ab]] placed by a global sysop roughly a year ago? If you do not think their contributions necessitate it, I'd recommend removing the block. The short version on my end is that [[Special:CentralAuth/Adamu ab|Adamu ab]] created a new account, [[Special:CentralAuth/Adamu mc|Adamu mc]], after their account was blocked and subsequently locked. I identified this yesterday and globally blocked the new account. However, reviewing their edits, I don't think they're actually connected to AhmedMustafaaaa. If their contributions to this wiki do not warrant a block, removing their previous account's block would be useful. Thanks for your time, and let me know if I should send this request elsewhere. Best, [[User:Vermont|Vermont]] ([[User talk:Vermont|talk]]) 18:40, 16 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) :Hi @[[User:Vermont|Vermont]], I am not very familiar with this user, but from looking at the accounts involved, I agree they are the least likely to be AhmedMustafaaaa. Although [[User:Adamu ab|Adamu ab]] appears to be independently blocked on Wikidata and MediaWiki.org for unrelated reasons, their actions here on this wiki are quite acceptable and do not warrant a block. :I am fine with removing the block from the older account. However, it is worth noting that they created Adamu_ab about a month before the first account was blocked. They then immediately switched to the second account on the day the first was blocked. They need to stick to a single account and appeal blocks from there. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 10:33, 18 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) ::@[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]]: Indeed - part of a global unblock for them would be a commitment to using a single account, and the old account will likely remain locked. Thanks for looking into this. [[User:Vermont|Vermont]] ([[User talk:Vermont|talk]]) 14:49, 18 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Jimi boi gk == Washer boi == (Ibrahim bako) == Bissimillahi rahamani rahim == Zanshuga == masha Allah [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-17709-67|&#126;2026-17709-67]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-17709-67|talk]]) 20:02, 21 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) @[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-17806-26|&#126;2026-17806-26]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-17806-26|talk]]) 22:04, 21 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == I need to edit == yusuf bin shaik [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-18422-17|&#126;2026-18422-17]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-18422-17|talk]]) 01:37, 25 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Dari daya == Litafi dari daya == Gali == Gufanar da mal. Nasir el rufa'i a gabar kotu == ALI ISA JC NAWA == CHAM == Sai anjima == sai anjima [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-19045-00|&#126;2026-19045-00]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-19045-00|talk]]) 11:00, 27 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == xxwxx == pap pu wwxx [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-19636-09|&#126;2026-19636-09]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-19636-09|talk]]) 18:16, 29 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Masaudu == Ina son koyon NAHAWU [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-20180-81|&#126;2026-20180-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-20180-81|talk]]) 10:05, 1 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Ina bukatar taimakonku == Ina bukatar taimakonku [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-20156-98|&#126;2026-20156-98]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-20156-98|talk]]) 12:50, 1 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Menene amfanin na'a na'a. == Menene amfanin na'a na'a. [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-20503-90|&#126;2026-20503-90]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-20503-90|talk]]) 01:46, 3 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Learning physics topics == Explain why ph [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-20678-19|&#126;2026-20678-19]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-20678-19|talk]]) 08:30, 4 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == ١٢٣٤٥ == روحاني [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-20875-04|&#126;2026-20875-04]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-20875-04|talk]]) 15:56, 4 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Chrome == روحاني [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-20860-61|&#126;2026-20860-61]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-20860-61|talk]]) 16:09, 4 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Inason shiga kasara == yanada sauki kokuma yabinyake Kuma yakudian kasar suke [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-21619-45|&#126;2026-21619-45]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-21619-45|talk]]) 15:43, 7 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Fty == Fg [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-21613-47|&#126;2026-21613-47]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-21613-47|talk]]) 04:11, 8 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Alikirashi45 == alikirashi [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-21759-98|&#126;2026-21759-98]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-21759-98|talk]]) 11:05, 8 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Alikirashi45 == alikirashi [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-21759-98|&#126;2026-21759-98]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-21759-98|talk]]) 11:06, 8 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Jibril auwal hamza == Inaso Na goge asusuna Na access bank Nada Wani asusuna Yaya zanyi domin Yin hakan == Usseni. Ibbirashim == 08133144879 [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-23155-49|&#126;2026-23155-49]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-23155-49|talk]]) 14:59, 14 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Correction == The image of the statue, is not of Tullio Moneta but that of his Uncle/Great uncle, Ernesto Theodore Moneta. Tullio lived in Johannesburg, South Africa, not Durban. Mike Hoare lived in the Durban area. Wikipedia is a popular site as a source of credible information. Please be certain of facts before posting information on people. Thank you. [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-23654-39|&#126;2026-23654-39]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-23654-39|talk]]) 17:00, 16 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Ahmad Rufai == Ahmad Rufai [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-23571-21|&#126;2026-23571-21]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-23571-21|talk]]) 23:36, 16 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Sutura == Sutura [[User:Ahamad roufaï|Ahamad roufaï]] ([[User talk:Ahamad roufaï|talk]]) 23:44, 16 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Wai dan Allah Da gaskene Akwai duniya Asama kamar wannan duniyar tamu == Wai dan Allah Da gaskene Akwai duniya Asama kamar wannan duniyar tamu [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-24499-81|&#126;2026-24499-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-24499-81|talk]]) 09:23, 22 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Misali kasa ko bishyu haka == Wai dan Allah Da gaskene Akwai duniya Asama kamar wannan duniyar tamu [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-24499-81|&#126;2026-24499-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-24499-81|talk]]) 09:24, 22 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Alhamdu lillah == masha Allah [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-24815-45|&#126;2026-24815-45]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-24815-45|talk]]) 16:13, 22 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Itaciyyar zamani == shin tayaya Zan Iya gabatar Da darasi Mai Anfani a wannan gida Dan cigaban Al,umma GABA daya . Zan so in Samu damar Hakan in sha Allah. [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-25442-87|&#126;2026-25442-87]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-25442-87|talk]]) 13:35, 26 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == You may be an eligible candidate for the U4C election == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Greetings, The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] seeks candidates for the 2026 election. The U4C is the global committee responsible for overseeing enforcement of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]]. Elections are held annually, if elected a committee member serves for two years. This year the U4C requires candidates to hold administrator rights on at least one wiki, which is why you are being contacted as you appear to hold this right. There are other requirements, such as candidates must be at least 18 years old and may not be employed by the Wikimedia Foundation or other related chapters and affiliates. You can find more information in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026#Call_for_Candidates|call for candidates on Meta-wiki]]. Additionally, the committee's working language is English; some ability to communicate in English is required. The election opens on 18 May, if you are eligible and interested you have until 10 May to submit your candidacy. There will week between for candidates to answer questions from the community. Voting takes place privately in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/SecurePoll|SecurePoll]], successful candidates must receive at least 60% support. More information is available on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|the 2026 Elections page]], including timelines and other candidacy information. If you read over the material and consider yourself qualified, please consider submitting your name to run for the committee. If you think someone else in your community might be interested and qualified, please encourage them to run. In partnership with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 18:33, 28 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Keegan_(WMF)/test&oldid=30471754 --> == Ahamad Abba == Ahamad Abba [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-29423-27|&#126;2026-29423-27]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-29423-27|talk]]) 10:10, 16 Mayu 2026 (UTC) == Nazifi == abdullashi [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-29619-62|&#126;2026-29619-62]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-29619-62|talk]]) 23:58, 16 Mayu 2026 (UTC) == Dan Allah Ina so na koya likitsnci == Abdulrrhaman [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-29631-59|&#126;2026-29631-59]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-29631-59|talk]]) 06:30, 17 Mayu 2026 (UTC) == Brk == a [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-30415-61|&#126;2026-30415-61]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-30415-61|talk]]) 23:44, 20 Mayu 2026 (UTC) == 9044000454 == abdusammd Ali OPAY [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-32331-29|&#126;2026-32331-29]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-32331-29|talk]]) 02:02, 31 Mayu 2026 (UTC) == Taya zanbude account dazan temaka == ina neman Karin bayani [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-32735-01|&#126;2026-32735-01]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-32735-01|talk]]) 07:13, 2 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Assalamu alaikum Ni ina neman taimako ne wanda ga waɗanda Allah ya horewa su taimaka min Ni ɗaliba ce jami'ar northwest Ina a level 3 yanxu ina neman taimako ne gameda transport fee yanxu haka kusan watanmu biyu da komawa amma ban taba zuwa ba sakamakon yanayi mahaifi bayada ƙarfi ina danyin sanaa to bawani ƙarfi tayi ba koda an saka jarin makaranta ke cinyewa nice babba awajan iyayena inada qanne da dan dama abinda za'aci arana dakyar ake samun ci biyu wanda yake ɗan taimaka min kuma shima yanxu nauyi yamasa yawa gashi ina gab da kammalawa ina matakin aji uku yanxu bana yin social media sosae Whatsapp kadai nake bansan inda xansameku bane sai nan == Assalamu alaikum Ni ina neman taimako ne ga waɗanda Allah ya horewa su taimaka min Ni ɗaliba ce jami'ar northwest Ina a level 3 yanxu ina neman taimako ne gameda transport fee yanxu haka kusan watanmu biyu da komawa amma ban taba zuwa ba sakamakon yanayi mahaifina bayada ƙarfi ina danyin sanaa to bawani ƙarfi tayi ba koda an saka jarin makaranta ke cinyewa nice babba awajan iyayena inada qanne da dan dama abinda za'aci arana dakyar ake samun ci biyu wanda yake ɗan taimaka min kuma shima yanxu nauyi yamasa yawa gashi ina gab da kammalawa ina matakin aji uku yanxu bana yin social media sosae Whatsapp kadai nake bansan inda xansameku bane sai nan [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-32562-31|&#126;2026-32562-31]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-32562-31|talk]]) 12:49, 2 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Reuben lover gwamma == [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-32944-08|&#126;2026-32944-08]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-32944-08|talk]]) 05:26, 4 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Bala sani == sani [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-33592-03|&#126;2026-33592-03]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-33592-03|talk]]) 20:44, 6 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Umar m sharif == yane [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-33592-03|&#126;2026-33592-03]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-33592-03|talk]]) 20:48, 6 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == oumr sama == Gazaou [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-34357-62|&#126;2026-34357-62]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-34357-62|talk]]) 20:05, 10 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Ibrahim Abdullah dangamau == kusada lg katsina state [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-36380-21|&#126;2026-36380-21]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-36380-21|talk]]) 21:55, 22 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == 8126141543 opay bank Ibrahim Abdullahi == 8126141543 opay Ibrahim Abdullahi [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-36380-21|&#126;2026-36380-21]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-36380-21|talk]]) 21:58, 22 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Ina tambaya ne game da cikakken tarihin masarautar Jama'are == tarihin masarautar Jama'are [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-36511-04|&#126;2026-36511-04]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-36511-04|talk]]) 21:29, 23 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Ibrahim sani == nace ina da tambaya ne game da littafin tarin hausa barbie in same shi ne akwai yadda zan yi in samu littafan tarin hausa kamar taya na gizo zaku iya gano ta yadda zan samu shi [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-37548-11|&#126;2026-37548-11]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-37548-11|talk]]) 11:58, 30 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Mai bincike == idan nasadu damai hiv da condom bayan hiv wani gwaji yadace nayi idan inajin badaidaiba Ajikina [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-37555-93|&#126;2026-37555-93]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-37555-93|talk]]) 12:20, 30 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Ibrahim haruna == azare [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-37948-19|&#126;2026-37948-19]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-37948-19|talk]]) 17:18, 2 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == Maradi == bonne nuit [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-38771-90|&#126;2026-38771-90]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-38771-90|talk]]) 22:33, 8 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == Assalam alaikoum barkamu da warhaka == helle [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-38771-90|&#126;2026-38771-90]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-38771-90|talk]]) 22:39, 8 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == 49565314543 == Saifuallhi usaini [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-38738-33|&#126;2026-38738-33]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-38738-33|talk]]) 00:51, 9 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == Nin nombadinayasamumsala == Nin nombadinayasamumsala [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-38738-33|&#126;2026-38738-33]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-38738-33|talk]]) 01:01, 9 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == Inaso ajaramin49565314543 == Inaso ajaramin49565314543 [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-38738-33|&#126;2026-38738-33]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-38738-33|talk]]) 01:03, 9 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == 3233746701,banana, Ahmadu Fesbak,1,000 == bak,1,000 [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-39619-81|&#126;2026-39619-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-39619-81|talk]]) 23:17, 14 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) :3233746701,banana, Ahmadu Fesbak,1,000 [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-39619-81|&#126;2026-39619-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-39619-81|talk]]) 23:49, 14 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == 3233746701,banana, Ahmadu Fesbak,1,000 == @ [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-39619-81|&#126;2026-39619-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-39619-81|talk]]) 23:24, 14 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) 3233746701,banana, Ahmadu fesbak,1,000 [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-39619-81|&#126;2026-39619-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-39619-81|talk]]) 23:58, 14 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) :@ [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-39619-81|&#126;2026-39619-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-39619-81|talk]]) 00:02, 15 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == Menene Dalilin Sallar cika ciki == Menene Dalilin Sallar cika ciki [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-40126-77|&#126;2026-40126-77]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-40126-77|talk]]) 21:27, 15 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) california se hamare saath ho raha hai hum kaise pata karengovernmenttaxforcecalifornia@gmail.com [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-40691-12|&#126;2026-40691-12]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-40691-12|talk]]) 17:32, 20 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == *313272ask# == <nowiki>*</nowiki>313272ask# [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-42227-10|&#126;2026-42227-10]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-42227-10|talk]]) 09:13, 31 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) nslkmrl5b16j5ez2wcsgy9ct9zzg39p 889746 889745 2026-07-31T09:15:43Z NDG 37615 Reverted edits by [[Special:Contribs/~2026-42227-10|~2026-42227-10]] ([[User talk:~2026-42227-10|talk]]) to last version by ~2026-40691-12: test edits, please use the sandbox 885380 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa == Hi, Welcome on the Hausa Wikipedia. Sorry that this message is in English - we are very few editors here and most of us speak only basic/survival Hausa... so I'm very glad to see that someone who speaks fluently has just arrived. Wishing you a good time contributing to this project (please spread the news around you, since it needs more Hausa speakers!), --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 14:30, 12 Agusta 2017 (UTC) :Nagode [[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]], Zanyi kokari in jawo mutane don mu inganta [[w:ha:|Hausa Wikipedia]]. :Thank you [[user:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]], I will try to draw more people to help develop this [[w:ha:|Hausa Wikipedia]]. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:47, 10 Satumba 2017 (UTC) ::Congratulations on your recent edits! I just wanted to ask if you had received my email from last week (there is a project in order to promote Wikipedia among Hausa speakers that I would like to talk you about), and if not, at which email address I could reach out to you. Thanks a lot, --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 14:03, 3 Oktoba 2017 (UTC) :::Thanks Don. I have received it, and I will reply you there –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 21:23, 3 Oktoba 2017 (UTC) ::::I replied. [[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 12:48, 6 Oktoba 2017 (UTC) :Hello, iam jalamcy2023 by name iam also a participant of Wikipedia, I used to edits in wikis, so iam try to filled the data support form but it refuse to open for me I don't no what's wrong, and I need the data because I don't have money to buy, please I need your help, so that I should continue my work in Wikipedia, I really enjoyed working with you. Thanks [[User:Jalamcy2023|Jalamcy2023]] ([[User talk:Jalamcy2023|talk]]) 14:28, 12 Satumba 2023 (UTC) :samaan :Hausa :@[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-39981-47|&#126;2026-39981-47]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-39981-47|talk]]) 13:46, 16 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == Help == I am Hausa by tribe,and I am interested to start editing and creating some page need ur help don Camilo and ammar,sorry nt gud in speaking English. [[User:Slmdbr|Slmdbr]] ([[User talk:Slmdbr|talk]]) 15:20, 21 Oktoba 2017 (UTC) ==Translation of three sentences== Dear Ammarpad, I hope this finds you well. [[User:Doc James|Doc James]] posted this request on my talk page, but sadly my Hausa is too weak to translate it correctly. Maybe you will be able to help him? Thanks a lot, kind regards, --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 12:29, 8 Faburairu 2018 (UTC) We are working on an offline distribution system for Wikipedia in Nigeria. Am needing help with the translation of the three sentences '''[https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Internet-in-a-Box/Nigeria#Hausa here]'''. Wondering if you can help. Thanks [[User:Doc James|Doc James]] ([[User talk:Doc James|talk]]) 11:48, 8 Faburairu 2018 (UTC) *@Doc James and DonCamillo. I have translated it. I will also send someone to translate the Igbo, if no one did. Thank you all. [[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 00:01, 15 Faburairu 2018 (UTC) :Thanks a lot! :) --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 11:10, 5 Maris 2018 (UTC) == Facebook page == Dear Ammar, Just to mention that I have just created a Facebook page regarding the Hausa Wikipedia, in order to get more interest from Hausa-speaking people: you're welcome if you want to like it or share it with your friends: [https://www.facebook.com/HausaWikipedia/ Hausa Wikipedia] Thanks a lot, Kind regards, --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 11:10, 5 Maris 2018 (UTC) :Thanks a lot. I have seen it, will share too. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 14:48, 8 Maris 2018 (UTC) == Neman Admin == Barka dai Mr.Ammarpad, Ina da matukar sha'awa sosai na taimaka a wannan shafin na hausa Wikipedia. Ni Bahaushe ne kuma ina gane Turanci, na fassara makaloli da dama daga Turanci Zuwa Hausa sabo da haka ne nake nema wannan shafin ya bani Admin domin karin tallafawa sosai. Nagode [[Abubakar A Gwanki]] :[[User:Abubakar A Gwanki]] Naji dadin kasancewar ka bahaushe anan. Kasan babu Hausawa da yawa da zamu gina shi. Amma akwai shirye-shiryen da akeyi na farfado da it's. A wane gari kake zaune? –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 21:27, 11 Mayu 2018 (UTC) ::Mr.Ammarpad ina zaune ne a kauyen [[Gwanki]] na karamar hukumar [[Bagwai]] a jihar [[Kano]] Najeriya. [[User:Abubakar A Gwanki|Abubakar A Gwanki]]. :::OK, da kwai shirin taro na musamman da ake fatan yi a Kano domin fadada wannan Wikipedia da kuma sawa dalibai suyi rubuta a nan, zan nemeka in sha Allah. Kuma idan ka gama rubuta bayani a shafin tattaunawa (kamar nan da muke magana) kawai ka rubuta (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>) guda hudu, banda bracket din, to zaka ga sunan ka, da kwanan wata, ya fito da kanshi. Kamar yadda zaka ga nawa a kasa. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 14:05, 12 Mayu 2018 (UTC) == [[AuwalAzare]] == This page can be deleted (again), apparently. [[User:PlyrStar93|PlyrStar93]] ([[User talk:PlyrStar93|talk]]) 04:16, 16 Mayu 2018 (UTC) :[[User:PlyrStar93|PlyStar93]]. Thanks. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 04:47, 16 Mayu 2018 (UTC) == Auwal Azare == Barla dai malam Ammarpad, Wanda ya kirkiri wannan makalar ta '''Auwal Azare''' ya tubtubeni game da yadda za'ayi unblocking nashi. Idan da yadda za'ayi to a taimaka. Nagode AAgwanki 16:16, 19 Mayu 2018 (UTC) :@[[User:Abubakar A Gwanki|Gwanki]] Bani na yi blocking din shi ba. Daga can babban shafin [[Special:CentralAuth/Auwall|Meta da Wikifidiya ta Truranci]] akayi blocking din shi. Sannn '''ka daina kirkirar article akan shi''', ci gaba da yin hakan za iya ja yayi blocking dinka. Wikipedia ba wurin talla bane, kuma ba kowa ake rubuta ma tarihi ba sai sannanun mutane na hakika irin yan siyasa da makamantansu. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 13:30, 21 Mayu 2018 (UTC) == help == Please how to add reference and make template on Hausa articles. It's hard to me. [[User:Abubakar A Gwanki|AAGWANKI]] ([[User talk:Abubakar A Gwanki|talk]]) 07:39, 22 Mayu 2018 (UTC) :@[[User:Abubakar A Gwanki]]: Yanzu babu template din anan sai an dauko su daga Wikipedia ta turanci. Amma idan kana son ka fiddo reference kawai kasa '''<nowiki><ref> .......</ref> </nowiki>''' a karshen bayanin zaka ga reference din ya fito a kasa kamar haka (<ref>misali</ref>). Inda ka ga nasa dash (....) sai ka sa link din bayanin wato kamar BBC Hausa. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 13:54, 25 Mayu 2018 (UTC) == Databox == Hi Ammar, Well done on the translation of technical messages, I had started this a long time ago but you are way better than me at this! By the way, I have started to translate Wikidata properties into Hausa. This can be useful because since recently there is a new tool called Databox: it allows, with very simple code, to have an infobox with a lot of useful information on many articles: I have created [[Napoleon]] to give an example. As you can see all the properties are not translated yet into Hausa. It can enable us to create thousands of stubs here on the Hausa Wikipedia (or just add an infobox to the existing articles). I have put some on [[User:DonCamillo|my userpage]], you can translate them here if you want, or translate them directly on Wikidata if you are familiar with the "labels" system. Have a great day! Best regards, --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 06:11, 9 Yuni 2018 (UTC) :You're welcome {{@|DonCamillo}}, I will look into them and do the appropriate thing. By the way, I am working on new, more intuitive [[Wikipedia:Sabon babban shafi|main page here]], you can have a look and tweak as deem fit. You'll find some templates like [[Template:Articles needed|this]] and [[Template:Invite|this]] are transcluded, so they can be edited independent of main page. Thanks. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 19:12, 9 Yuni 2018 (UTC) == Reason for deletion of the article Abubakar A Gwanki == I have created many articles here in Hausa language Wikipedia, I didn't see anyone deleted but only one article of "Abubakar A Gwanki" why is being deleted? Nasan Dai dukkan makalolin da na kirkira shima kamar sauran ne amma kuma sai shi kadai ne naga ka goge shi. __ [[User:Abubakar A Gwanki|AAGWANKI]] ([[User talk:Abubakar A Gwanki|talk]]) 17:14, 11 Yuni 2018 (UTC) :{{@|Abubakar A Gwanki}} Ina so in tabbatar ma abun da kake yi a Hausa Wikipedia kana kokari, kuma ina fatan ka ida fahimtar ta baki daya. Na dauki number wayarka zan neme ka mu tattauna abubuwa da dama. Amma ka daina kirkirar mukala akanka ko wani abokinka. Mukalar insakulofidiya ana rubuta ta ne kawai akan mutane fitatattu na gaskiya. Shiya sa kaga aka goge [[:en:Abubakar A Gwanki|abunda ka rubuta a Wikipedia ta turanci]]. Na gode. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:38, 11 Yuni 2018 (UTC) == Translation request == Hello! May I ask you for a translation of the phrase '''Automatic refresh''' into {{#language:ha}}? Thanks [[User:-XQV-|-XQV-]] ([[User talk:-XQV-|talk]]) 18:23, 20 ga Yuni, 2018 (UTC) :Will do that on translatewiki –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 18:05, 26 ga Yuni, 2018 (UTC) ::It is not a MediaWiki message; just my own request. [[User:-XQV-|-XQV-]] ([[User talk:-XQV-|talk]]) 19:43, 27 ga Yuni, 2018 (UTC) == Neman taimako Daga Abdulmalik mansur sharif == Assalamu alaikum Ammarpad, Sunana abdulmalik mansur sharif a garin kano nake ni dalibi ne maison bincike, karance-karance da kuma rubutu musamman sanin tarihi dan Allah inaso a bani dama kuma asakani a hanya nayi wasu rubutun ta yadda zan anfanar da al'ummar hausawa, nadanyi wani Karin bayani akan tarihi Michael Jackson zaku iya dubawa Ku gani Dan Allah. Ina data zaku taimakeni. :Sannu da zuwa {{@|Ameer Maleek}} na duba gyaran da kayi kuma nayi farin ciki. A halin yanzu da kwai hausawa yan kadan a shafin, ina fatan zaka ci gaba da ziyartar shi lokaci lokaci. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:56, 7 ga Yuli, 2018 (UTC) == Godiya == Na gode in Allah ya yarda zanci gaba da bada gudun mowa Dari bisa dari kuma Dan idan kuna da wata kungiya inaso nazama member saboda na kara kwarewa Na kuma samu Karin ilimi da kuma hanyar da zan inganta rubuce rubuce Na. Na gode :{{@|Ameer Maleek}} OK, ka ban numbarka ta waya, zan neme ka. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:46, 13 ga Yuli, 2018 (UTC) aslm wai wannan malamin yana ina azaune Lamba: 08160956607 Gari: kano Nigeria == [[Kira]] == Hi Ammarpad, sorry for writing in English. An IP has blanked the page above, do you think it was correct? If it was we can delete it. Regards [[User:DARIO SEVERI|DARIO SEVERI]] ([[User talk:DARIO SEVERI|talk]]) 05:58, 15 ga Augusta, 2018 (UTC) :Hi {{@|DARIO SEVERI}} I have restored it and will develop it very soon. It is useful stub about [[:en:Blacsmith|Blacksmithing]]. Thank you. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 06:39, 15 ga Augusta, 2018 (UTC) == David oyedepo == Wanene crista == WAM 2018 == Salam Ammarpad, Bansan ko zaka shiga cikin wannan gasar ba, amma idan kanada sha'awa zaka iya shiga, ka duba Karin bayani anan [[Wikipedia:Watan Yan'Asiya]]. Nagode. [[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love|talk]]) 21:24, 8 Nuwamba, 2018 (UTC) == Hausa Wikimedians User Group == Hello! [[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] I would like to let you know that I have started our Hausa editors community user group [[meta:Hausa Wikimedians User Group|Hausa Wikimedians User Group]] in order to have a connected and collaborative working environment, that would serve as a primary place for co-ordinating of activities that would support us all in our editing and order related endeavors to improve and make quality contents of the Wikimedia projects. [[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love|talk]]) 12:39, 13 ga Janairu, 2019 (UTC) :Thanks {{@|The Living love}}, I will take a look. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 14:26, 13 ga Janairu, 2019 (UTC) Hello {{@|Ammarpad}}, I'm sorry for contacting you here lately but I've sent you a message through WhatsApp earlier. I've spoken with {{@|DonCamillo}} regarding the application for recognition of our UG Hausa Wikimedians as I earlier told you about, and he's given 100% support for it. I hope to hear from you after seeing my messages. Thanks [[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love|talk]]) 14:32, 8 ga Faburairu, 2019 (UTC) :Hello [[user:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]], as I told you, the [[meta:Hausa Wikimedians User Group|Hausa Wikimedians User Group]] is already on recognition process with the affiliation Committee of the '''WMF''', but the changes you've made just recently has changed everything in the application form we sent, and this has affected the mission which is very crucial. Please let us adhere to the previous name and design of the group. I would also start a discussion on the home page of the project on how we can select boards and audit committee for the group. As founding members I, you and [[user:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]]'s email were all sent to the AffCom committee and I hope they would certainly contact you. If permitted I can undo all the changes or you do it yourself, and if otherwise please let me know. Thanks -[[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love|talk]]) 02:55, 13 ga Maris, 2019 (UTC) ::Zanyi reply ta WhatsApp. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 18:35, 14 ga Maris, 2019 (UTC) :Slm [[user:Ammarpad|Ammar]] na maka magana ta whatsapp da email, dangane da message din da AffCom suka dawo dashi. Yanzu bansan me zaka ce ba.[[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love|talk]]) 14:28, 7 ga Yuli, 2019 (UTC) ::Nayi reply. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 10:49, 8 ga Yuli, 2019 (UTC) == Moustapha == Hakananna sai nayi nazari == I-mel == Sannu! Na turo maka sakon I-mel. Na gode. [[User:Engr Muhammad Khamis|Engr Muhammad Khamis]] ([[User talk:Engr Muhammad Khamis|talk]]) 09:11, 10 ga Faburairu, 2019 (UTC) narda == Gyara == Barka da rana! Ina son Na ankarar da admins wata matsala da na gano ta a wannan shafin. Matsalar kuwa itace mu masu amfani da wayoyi wajen editing wannan shafin baya bude mana a Babban Shafi (desktop version), Idan da mai yiwuwa to a gyara. - [[User:Abubakar A Gwanki|Abubakar A Gwanki]] ([[User talk:Abubakar A Gwanki|talk]]) 11:56, 4 ga Maris, 2019 (UTC) :{{@|Abubakar A Gwanki}} OK, ina ganin wannan haka site din yake ne. Yanzu kaga nima ina kan wayar hannu ne, in kana son komawa desktop version, saidai ka latsa "Babban shafi" da kanka, zaka ga wurin a can kasan kowane shafi. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 12:08, 4 ga Maris, 2019 (UTC) == gidanhaki == Gidanhaki dai shiya ce mai din bin tarifi ta kafune tun da zuwan shehu uthaman bin fodiyo allah shi yarda dashi izuwa kawo yanzu sai dai karin suna datakeyi a sassa daban daban da fannin muhammad sani gidanhaki Slm ammarpad dan allah inaso na kirkiri shafuka na hausa Assalam == Kwankwaso,s wife == Kwankwaso,s wife == Various requests == Hello, Could you please: *Replace the [[MediaWiki:Common.css|Hausa wiki css]] with the [[:en:MediaWiki:Common.css|english wiki css]]. It fixes, amongst others, the position of the infoboxes. *Delete these two pages: [[Template:Wikibase]], [[Module:Wikibase]]. *Edit these localization pages (Just modify the values on the right hand side): **[[Template:Infobox biography/localize]]. **[[Template:Infobox biography/sport/basketball/localize]]. **[[Template:Infobox biography/sport/football/localize]]. **[[Template:Infobox biography/sport/tennis/localize]]. Thanks. [[User:Sami At Ferḥat|Sami At Ferḥat]] ([[User talk:Sami At Ferḥat|talk]]) 18:23, 15 Mayu 2019 (UTC) == Alijos A Shehu == Sunan DUNiYA == Ibrahim kabiru gagarawa == Ina Neman yadda zan bude account na Wikipedia :{{@| 197.210.47.39}} Ka shiga [[Special:CreateAccount]]. Ko kuma ka tura man sunanka da email ta email dina <code>ammar@wikimedia.org.ng</code>. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:04, 13 ga Yuni, 2019 (UTC) == Muhamadu == Salm YA AKEBUDE EMAIL == yusuf == Ibrahim == sa idu musa == riji yan gwamgwam jido dawakin kudu kano == sa idu musa rijiya gwamgwam jido dawakin kudu IP == Yayi daidai kobaiyiba awayar mindakai == 88465702 == Kaka ari == layisantara == lawal ninazauna awurare dabandaba naungowa natashi dagabayan garin daura sunwajan gari shadam bu == Aslm barkan'mu da warhaka ina mana patan alkhairi baki daya yan uwana musilmai == Ina godiya ga allah daya bamu damar yadda damu kasance atare da juna == babani == 112202 == Translation == I want to know if I can translate a Wikipedia article from 'English Wikipedia' to 'Hausa Wikipedia'. If yes, I want to know more about it. Thanks. == ibraheem Adamu gumel jigawa state == barkanku DA fatan kuna lafeeya I want be among members of this organization wannni yafara shugaban kasa a nejire == Neman taimako == Barkanku da aiki, ni sunana ABDULMALIK MANSUR ina zaune a garin kano nayi rijista da wannan shafi ne domin nima na bada gudunmowa. Dan Allah ina bukatar shawarwarinku da kuma taimakon ku na gode. Godiya [[User:Maliky|Maliky]] ([[User talk:Maliky|talk]]) 17:25, 13 ga Augusta, 2020 (UTC) :Yawwa {{@|Maliky}} Barka da zuwa, kamar dame dame kake bukatar ka sani? –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 22:31, 16 ga Augusta, 2020 (UTC) Kamar yadda ake yin table da kuma saka hoto. [[User:Maliky|Maliky]] ([[User talk:Maliky|talk]]) 11:41, 14 Satumba 2020 (UTC) == Muhammad Huwaidahu sufi == Facebook Wkslm lafiya kalau == 0852 == Aa == Aliyu iliyasu dangada == Nima inaso nabada gudummawa sosai Dan kara bunkasa yaren hausa innasamu damar hakan dukda ba sosai nake fashintar turanciba amma ina ganeshi misali wasu kalmomi da zamuso agyagygyara kuma muna munna da akasamar da wannan shafin muna jinjina maka matuka very good, [[Special:Contributions/105.112.25.48|105.112.25.48]] 10:00, 7 Oktoba 2020 (UTC) :Yawwa yayi kyau, kuma muna maraba daku. Zaka iya shiga group dinmu na WhatsApp domin ci gaba da tattaunawa da kuma sanin shirye shiryen mu. Kuma ya kamata ka [[Special:CreateAccount|kirkiri sabon account]] don ka samu username na dindindin. Kana iya sake tambaya na idan kana neman karin bayani. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 10:09, 7 Oktoba 2020 (UTC) == ismail == Labaran duniya == Abdullahi dahiru odo ogun == Barkan muda warhaka! :Yawwa. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 11:58, 31 ga Janairu, 2021 (UTC) == na kirkira mukala == Ya zan sanya reference ::Ka duba shafinka na tattaunawa na anyi maka bayanin hakan. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 14:08, 16 ga Faburairu, 2021 (UTC) == From == Ghy == J k musa yaro == Son annabi shine so har abada shine son da mutum zai rika ya amfanar dashi duniya da lahira Allah kasa mudace allah kasamu cekinyan tatu bayin ka Asslm dan Allah ina da tambaya idan kana kusa == mansir isah == unguwar.magaji. kakngi.giwa.area.Kaduna.state Crawle == aminuidris0808811 == aminuiris == Auwal dalladi kargi == An haifi auwal a ranar 01/06/2000 == Databox == Asslm. Ammar ya ake sanya databox. Na yi translation na [[Jami'ar Jos]] amman daga baya naga '''Uncle bash''' ya saka databox. [[User:BnHamid|BnHamid]] ([[User talk:BnHamid|talk]]) 08:38, 11 Nuwamba, 2022 (UTC) :@[[User:BnHamid|BnHamid]], Za ka rubuta <nowiki>{{databox}}</nowiki> ne a farkon article din. Har da brackets (braces) din. Daga nan zaka ga information din ya fito. A wani article din kuma ba zaka gani ba, amma duk daya ne. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 12:04, 11 Nuwamba, 2022 (UTC) ::@[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]], na saka ma [[Jami'ar Jihar Kaduna]] yayi. [[User:BnHamid|BnHamid]] ([[User talk:BnHamid|talk]]) 16:34, 11 Nuwamba, 2022 (UTC) ==Neman shawara== Masha Allah Gaskiya naji dadi sosai kasancewar ansamu mai kula da page na Wikipedia da Hausa hakan ba qaramin cigaba ne ba ace Yaren Hausa yasamu irin wannan daukaka ta hanyar Mr.Ammarpad. Mr. Ammarpad ina jinjina a gareka,Allah yaqara daukaka,yayimaka jagora adukan lamurranka. A qarshe ina neman shawarar ka akan yadda za,ayi nabudawa garina Salame Wikipedia,Kasancewar Salame tsohon garine mai dinbin tarihi a daular Usmaniyya Wanda shine mahaifar Sheik Abdulqadir bn Mustafa alturud Salame. Daga Kabiru Aliyu Salame,Gwadabawa local government,Sokoto state,Nigeria. [[User:Kabir salame|Kabir salame]] ([[User talk:Kabir salame|talk]]) 18:54, 11 Nuwamba, 2022 (UTC) :Barka da zuwa Malam Kabir, muna farin ciki da zuwanka. :Ka duba tutorial din mu: [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]] akwai bayani sosae akan yadda zaka yi gyara da ƙirƙira sabbin muƙaloli a Wikipedia. :Akwai kuma bayani na musamman a wannan shafin shima: [[Wikipedia:Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:46, 14 Nuwamba, 2022 (UTC) <u>ja layi</u> COMMUNIYT SYSTERM ALL THE USE VALU TRY [[Special:Contributions/197.210.70.246|197.210.70.246]] 23:09, 7 Disamba 2022 (UTC) == Jami u lawal == Allah yajikan zulaihatu == Databox == Barka da safe, Ammar, Ina fata kana lafiya. Congratulations on the work you are doing to add "databox" to articles where it was missing! I have been doing that manually for a long time but you have very clearly found a faster way to do it. :) Could you tell me which tool you are using? Nagode sosai, –[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 07:00, 22 ga Faburairu, 2023 (UTC) :Barka da yau {{@|DonCamillo|p=}} and sannu da ƙoƙari. Yes yana da wahala manually and can be quite slow. Ina amfani ne da custom PHP code ta hanyar [https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=help&modules=edit module na editing], ba tool bane dake a kan wiki ba. Nagode. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 21:00, 22 ga Faburairu, 2023 (UTC) == Saifillahi Abdullahi mlf == Kaura ne katsina SANI ABAKAR S D P SOKOTO WAMAKKO LG RUGGAR MONDE AR == Abia == Anyinasarar kama dantaaddaa'ngelzarma'jihar yobe karamunhukumar fune == ILIYASU UMAR KANYA BABBA JIGAWA == ILIYASU UMAR KANYA BABBA JIGAWA == FUNAKAA == FUNAKAA agaskiya inada tambaya to kamar ita wannan kasar ta jamhoriyar nijar wane laifine muhammadu bazoum yake dashi har sukan yimasa juyi mulki == Gaisuwa == Na gode kwarai,muna alfahari daku wurin nuna kulawa akan mu, Godiya nake [[User:El-Abdallaah|El-Abdallaah]] ([[User talk:El-Abdallaah|talk]]) 07:59, 31 ga Augusta, 2023 (UTC) :Nagode, @[[User:El-Abdallaah|El-Abdallaah]]. Barka da ƙoƙari. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 22:53, 1 Satumba 2023 (UTC) == Usman abubakar == Ita rayuwa wace abace da Allah madau kakin sarki yatsa ramana ita == ci kekken sunan saiyadina abubakar == Ci kekken sunan saiyadina abubakar [[Special:Contributions/105.112.235.123|105.112.235.123]] 15:56, 9 ga Janairu, 2024 (UTC) == maganin daji == maganin daji [[Special:Contributions/2C0F:ECF0:661:3B00:784B:D816:34A7:3ED6|2C0F:ECF0:661:3B00:784B:D816:34A7:3ED6]] 20:01, 19 ga Janairu, 2024 (UTC) == Ali musa == An haife shi Chida ga watan Oktoba 1986 cikin@ gari gidan kube @ dake jahar maradi [[Nigerien Party for Democracy and Socialism]] [[Special:Contributions/41.254.48.53|41.254.48.53]] 21:45, 24 ga Janairu, 2024 (UTC) == Rigar kusa == "Rigar kusa" kauye ne dake karamar hukumar musawa katsina state. Rigar kusa kauye ne mai dauke dauke da yawa matasa da kuma dattawa masana sunce rigar kusa tsohon gari ne. Rigarkusa kauyika da dama yahada da yar kiya,sabongida slow,bambama da sauransu. Tana wutar nantarki da asibiti da makaranta primary da nasury. == Ghana Boy 055 == Chapiou @ [[Special:Contributions/154.160.9.24|154.160.9.24]] 12:09, 21 ga Maris, 2024 (UTC) == ALIYO == BORNO == Namespaces == Hi! You [https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia%3A%C6%98ofan_al%27umma&diff=213527&oldid=181184 emptied] the page "Wikipedia:Ƙofan al'umma" some time ago. There was a section I added there with a question about namespace names. It can be seen here in an old revision: [https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:%C6%98ofan_al%27umma&oldid=181178#Namespaces You know the Hausa language, and you are also very experienced with MediaWiki. Can you please check the table and tell me whether the proposed names are good? Thanks! [[User:Amire80|Amir E. Aharoni]] ([[User talk:Amire80|talk]]) 18:30, 11 ga Afirilu, 2024 (UTC) :I made a new section about this here: [[Wikipedia:Kofan al'umma#Namespace name translations]]. [[User:Amire80|Amir E. Aharoni]] ([[User talk:Amire80|talk]]) 20:01, 12 ga Afirilu, 2024 (UTC) == Shehu gibirima == Shehu gibirima [[Musamman:Contributions/102.91.4.40|102.91.4.40]] 19:03, 24 ga Yuni, 2024 (UTC) == Salisu garba == Assalamu alaikum inason tan baya kozan shiwaka tana da sinada rin ciwon tayi pot == Shin taya gobarar greenhouse katsina ta faru == Shin taya gobarar greenhouse katsina ta faru [[Musamman:Contributions/105.112.117.72|105.112.117.72]] 13:47, 28 ga Augusta, 2024 (UTC) == ABDULRAHMAN HARUNA == KADUNA == Bbca == A == HAUSA RIGAR SILKE == DUK WANI ABU DA YA SHAFI INGANTA HARSHEN HAUSA DA HAƁAKATA [[User:ƊANDOGO BUNGUƊU|ƊANDOGO BUNGUƊU]] ([[User talk:ƊANDOGO BUNGUƊU|talk]]) 15:05, 2 ga Maris, 2025 (UTC) == shaaibu == JIGAWA == SHEHU USMANU == GADA BUNGUDU ZAMFARA NIGERIA == AmmarBot for Swahili Wikipedia == Hello brother, I hope you are doing great after the series of sessions at Wikimania. I also hope you've returned safely to your home country. I was just asking about the bot issue which I shared with you back in Nairobi. Any progress so far? [[User:Muddyb|Muddyb]] ([[User talk:Muddyb|talk]]) 12:36, 15 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC) :Hello @[[User:Muddyb|Muddyb]], I am fine. I hope you reached home safely too. :I have set up the code now, I just need the translated text. Please share the welcome text. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:22, 16 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC) ::Hello back @[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]]. I have replied to the email. [[User:Muddyb|Muddyb]] ([[User talk:Muddyb|talk]]) 17:46, 17 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC) == 7 == uyt [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2025-29458-90|&#126;2025-29458-90]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2025-29458-90|talk]]) 17:51, 20 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) Taba nono na mace == Lawan abdulhamid == Lawan abdulhamid kano MIYzansa == Nakasa yin rijista == Nakasa yin rajista miyasane == SLM == SLM == Isma.il.abdul.yar.runfa == 08142754552 Aslm da farko sunana Abdul'aziz Anas ni ina yankin malumfashi ne '''mazaunin yakinkin karamar hukumar malumfashi garin YABA taken wanna rubutu da nakeyi shine ina da burin naga na wallafar da wani littafi Wanda na rubuta na da mashi suna rayuwar mu a yau .Wannan shine taken Wannan rubutu''' [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-11554-74|&#126;2026-11554-74]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-11554-74|talk]]) 13:02, 21 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC) == Suleman yakubu yargaba alhaji == suleman yakubu yargaba alhaji [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-11940-32|&#126;2026-11940-32]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-11940-32|talk]]) 22:34, 22 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC) == Dodik == imomaliyev [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-12770-62|&#126;2026-12770-62]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-12770-62|talk]]) 13:18, 26 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC) == Fulani daneji == danejawa [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-12974-74|&#126;2026-12974-74]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-12974-74|talk]]) 22:35, 27 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC) == Tarihin fulani daneji == danejawa [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-12974-74|&#126;2026-12974-74]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-12974-74|talk]]) 22:36, 27 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC) == NURA FADA MUHAMMED == assalama alaikum waramatullah ta alawabar katuhum dafar kodai sunana NURA FADA MUHAMMED MUBI kemikagai suwaga shugabannin kasarmu najeriya dakuma sauran gomnonin jahohin dake afadin najeriya tareda rokon allah subahanahu wata alamadaukakin yabawa shugaban kasar nigeria nisan kona da yawan nasarar wajenganin anshimma wannan zaben dayatinkaromu nashekara ta 2027 alfarman annabi tareda rokonku dan allah dan annabin allah idon allah yasa wanan sakon taje indanake keutata zato taje todan allah kuyikokarin nemoni a number tawa don da sauran bayanin ne al,umar najeriya 07025450283, inajiranku == inason zuwa gambiya == neman aure zasu bani [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-13669-78|&#126;2026-13669-78]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-13669-78|talk]]) 02:28, 3 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Nazifi == yes [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-13801-80|&#126;2026-13801-80]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-13801-80|talk]]) 16:48, 3 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Usmanisah01234@gmail.com == Usmanu [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-14055-73|&#126;2026-14055-73]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-14055-73|talk]]) 20:11, 4 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == AISHA ABDULLAHI == assalama alaikum mutanen wikipedia hausa == Abdul Aziz == Ssdf [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-14413-94|&#126;2026-14413-94]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-14413-94|talk]]) 07:21, 6 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == YAHAYA MUSA == 6/3/2026 Ni atemakeni bandasanaa == Isah Abubakar == kaduna steste nigeria inaneman temaku kudi [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-14783-76|&#126;2026-14783-76]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-14783-76|talk]]) 05:47, 8 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Help == Please help me improve [[Gaza genocide|this]] article I recently created; my Hausa language skills are poor. Also, please add [[:en:Gaza_genocide|this]] article to the Hausa Wikipedia as it is important. Thank you. [[User:جودت|جودت]] ([[User talk:جودت|talk]]) 15:48, 8 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Tsakanin sani jingir da Bala lau waye shugaban izalah == Tsakanin sani jingir da Bala lau waye shugaban izalah [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-14911-34|&#126;2026-14911-34]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-14911-34|talk]]) 18:45, 8 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == INASONASHIGA == WALLAHI == Alkasim == alkasim [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-15496-73|&#126;2026-15496-73]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-15496-73|talk]]) 13:39, 11 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Alkasim == alkasim [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-15496-73|&#126;2026-15496-73]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-15496-73|talk]]) 13:40, 11 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) Jahan dosso partama nawa ne Garett [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-15494-30|&#126;2026-15494-30]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-15494-30|talk]]) 23:24, 11 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Auwalu mansur gaya == A garin gaya na bada tallafin Ramadan a Kofar gidan Sarkin garin Wanda ya hada da shinkafa da wake da ruwan Leda da lemon fata == Block review == Hi! Could I ask for your review of the block on [[Musamman:Contributions/Adamu ab|Adamu ab]] placed by a global sysop roughly a year ago? If you do not think their contributions necessitate it, I'd recommend removing the block. The short version on my end is that [[Special:CentralAuth/Adamu ab|Adamu ab]] created a new account, [[Special:CentralAuth/Adamu mc|Adamu mc]], after their account was blocked and subsequently locked. I identified this yesterday and globally blocked the new account. However, reviewing their edits, I don't think they're actually connected to AhmedMustafaaaa. If their contributions to this wiki do not warrant a block, removing their previous account's block would be useful. Thanks for your time, and let me know if I should send this request elsewhere. Best, [[User:Vermont|Vermont]] ([[User talk:Vermont|talk]]) 18:40, 16 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) :Hi @[[User:Vermont|Vermont]], I am not very familiar with this user, but from looking at the accounts involved, I agree they are the least likely to be AhmedMustafaaaa. Although [[User:Adamu ab|Adamu ab]] appears to be independently blocked on Wikidata and MediaWiki.org for unrelated reasons, their actions here on this wiki are quite acceptable and do not warrant a block. :I am fine with removing the block from the older account. However, it is worth noting that they created Adamu_ab about a month before the first account was blocked. They then immediately switched to the second account on the day the first was blocked. They need to stick to a single account and appeal blocks from there. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 10:33, 18 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) ::@[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]]: Indeed - part of a global unblock for them would be a commitment to using a single account, and the old account will likely remain locked. Thanks for looking into this. [[User:Vermont|Vermont]] ([[User talk:Vermont|talk]]) 14:49, 18 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Jimi boi gk == Washer boi == (Ibrahim bako) == Bissimillahi rahamani rahim == Zanshuga == masha Allah [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-17709-67|&#126;2026-17709-67]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-17709-67|talk]]) 20:02, 21 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) @[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-17806-26|&#126;2026-17806-26]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-17806-26|talk]]) 22:04, 21 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == I need to edit == yusuf bin shaik [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-18422-17|&#126;2026-18422-17]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-18422-17|talk]]) 01:37, 25 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Dari daya == Litafi dari daya == Gali == Gufanar da mal. Nasir el rufa'i a gabar kotu == ALI ISA JC NAWA == CHAM == Sai anjima == sai anjima [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-19045-00|&#126;2026-19045-00]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-19045-00|talk]]) 11:00, 27 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == xxwxx == pap pu wwxx [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-19636-09|&#126;2026-19636-09]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-19636-09|talk]]) 18:16, 29 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Masaudu == Ina son koyon NAHAWU [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-20180-81|&#126;2026-20180-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-20180-81|talk]]) 10:05, 1 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Ina bukatar taimakonku == Ina bukatar taimakonku [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-20156-98|&#126;2026-20156-98]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-20156-98|talk]]) 12:50, 1 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Menene amfanin na'a na'a. == Menene amfanin na'a na'a. [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-20503-90|&#126;2026-20503-90]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-20503-90|talk]]) 01:46, 3 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Learning physics topics == Explain why ph [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-20678-19|&#126;2026-20678-19]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-20678-19|talk]]) 08:30, 4 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == ١٢٣٤٥ == روحاني [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-20875-04|&#126;2026-20875-04]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-20875-04|talk]]) 15:56, 4 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Chrome == روحاني [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-20860-61|&#126;2026-20860-61]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-20860-61|talk]]) 16:09, 4 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Inason shiga kasara == yanada sauki kokuma yabinyake Kuma yakudian kasar suke [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-21619-45|&#126;2026-21619-45]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-21619-45|talk]]) 15:43, 7 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Fty == Fg [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-21613-47|&#126;2026-21613-47]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-21613-47|talk]]) 04:11, 8 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Alikirashi45 == alikirashi [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-21759-98|&#126;2026-21759-98]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-21759-98|talk]]) 11:05, 8 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Alikirashi45 == alikirashi [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-21759-98|&#126;2026-21759-98]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-21759-98|talk]]) 11:06, 8 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Jibril auwal hamza == Inaso Na goge asusuna Na access bank Nada Wani asusuna Yaya zanyi domin Yin hakan == Usseni. Ibbirashim == 08133144879 [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-23155-49|&#126;2026-23155-49]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-23155-49|talk]]) 14:59, 14 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Correction == The image of the statue, is not of Tullio Moneta but that of his Uncle/Great uncle, Ernesto Theodore Moneta. Tullio lived in Johannesburg, South Africa, not Durban. Mike Hoare lived in the Durban area. Wikipedia is a popular site as a source of credible information. Please be certain of facts before posting information on people. Thank you. [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-23654-39|&#126;2026-23654-39]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-23654-39|talk]]) 17:00, 16 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Ahmad Rufai == Ahmad Rufai [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-23571-21|&#126;2026-23571-21]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-23571-21|talk]]) 23:36, 16 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Sutura == Sutura [[User:Ahamad roufaï|Ahamad roufaï]] ([[User talk:Ahamad roufaï|talk]]) 23:44, 16 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Wai dan Allah Da gaskene Akwai duniya Asama kamar wannan duniyar tamu == Wai dan Allah Da gaskene Akwai duniya Asama kamar wannan duniyar tamu [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-24499-81|&#126;2026-24499-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-24499-81|talk]]) 09:23, 22 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Misali kasa ko bishyu haka == Wai dan Allah Da gaskene Akwai duniya Asama kamar wannan duniyar tamu [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-24499-81|&#126;2026-24499-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-24499-81|talk]]) 09:24, 22 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Alhamdu lillah == masha Allah [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-24815-45|&#126;2026-24815-45]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-24815-45|talk]]) 16:13, 22 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Itaciyyar zamani == shin tayaya Zan Iya gabatar Da darasi Mai Anfani a wannan gida Dan cigaban Al,umma GABA daya . Zan so in Samu damar Hakan in sha Allah. [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-25442-87|&#126;2026-25442-87]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-25442-87|talk]]) 13:35, 26 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == You may be an eligible candidate for the U4C election == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Greetings, The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] seeks candidates for the 2026 election. The U4C is the global committee responsible for overseeing enforcement of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]]. Elections are held annually, if elected a committee member serves for two years. This year the U4C requires candidates to hold administrator rights on at least one wiki, which is why you are being contacted as you appear to hold this right. There are other requirements, such as candidates must be at least 18 years old and may not be employed by the Wikimedia Foundation or other related chapters and affiliates. You can find more information in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026#Call_for_Candidates|call for candidates on Meta-wiki]]. Additionally, the committee's working language is English; some ability to communicate in English is required. The election opens on 18 May, if you are eligible and interested you have until 10 May to submit your candidacy. There will week between for candidates to answer questions from the community. Voting takes place privately in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/SecurePoll|SecurePoll]], successful candidates must receive at least 60% support. More information is available on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|the 2026 Elections page]], including timelines and other candidacy information. If you read over the material and consider yourself qualified, please consider submitting your name to run for the committee. If you think someone else in your community might be interested and qualified, please encourage them to run. In partnership with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 18:33, 28 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Keegan_(WMF)/test&oldid=30471754 --> == Ahamad Abba == Ahamad Abba [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-29423-27|&#126;2026-29423-27]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-29423-27|talk]]) 10:10, 16 Mayu 2026 (UTC) == Nazifi == abdullashi [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-29619-62|&#126;2026-29619-62]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-29619-62|talk]]) 23:58, 16 Mayu 2026 (UTC) == Dan Allah Ina so na koya likitsnci == Abdulrrhaman [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-29631-59|&#126;2026-29631-59]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-29631-59|talk]]) 06:30, 17 Mayu 2026 (UTC) == Brk == a [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-30415-61|&#126;2026-30415-61]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-30415-61|talk]]) 23:44, 20 Mayu 2026 (UTC) == 9044000454 == abdusammd Ali OPAY [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-32331-29|&#126;2026-32331-29]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-32331-29|talk]]) 02:02, 31 Mayu 2026 (UTC) == Taya zanbude account dazan temaka == ina neman Karin bayani [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-32735-01|&#126;2026-32735-01]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-32735-01|talk]]) 07:13, 2 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Assalamu alaikum Ni ina neman taimako ne wanda ga waɗanda Allah ya horewa su taimaka min Ni ɗaliba ce jami'ar northwest Ina a level 3 yanxu ina neman taimako ne gameda transport fee yanxu haka kusan watanmu biyu da komawa amma ban taba zuwa ba sakamakon yanayi mahaifi bayada ƙarfi ina danyin sanaa to bawani ƙarfi tayi ba koda an saka jarin makaranta ke cinyewa nice babba awajan iyayena inada qanne da dan dama abinda za'aci arana dakyar ake samun ci biyu wanda yake ɗan taimaka min kuma shima yanxu nauyi yamasa yawa gashi ina gab da kammalawa ina matakin aji uku yanxu bana yin social media sosae Whatsapp kadai nake bansan inda xansameku bane sai nan == Assalamu alaikum Ni ina neman taimako ne ga waɗanda Allah ya horewa su taimaka min Ni ɗaliba ce jami'ar northwest Ina a level 3 yanxu ina neman taimako ne gameda transport fee yanxu haka kusan watanmu biyu da komawa amma ban taba zuwa ba sakamakon yanayi mahaifina bayada ƙarfi ina danyin sanaa to bawani ƙarfi tayi ba koda an saka jarin makaranta ke cinyewa nice babba awajan iyayena inada qanne da dan dama abinda za'aci arana dakyar ake samun ci biyu wanda yake ɗan taimaka min kuma shima yanxu nauyi yamasa yawa gashi ina gab da kammalawa ina matakin aji uku yanxu bana yin social media sosae Whatsapp kadai nake bansan inda xansameku bane sai nan [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-32562-31|&#126;2026-32562-31]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-32562-31|talk]]) 12:49, 2 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Reuben lover gwamma == [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-32944-08|&#126;2026-32944-08]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-32944-08|talk]]) 05:26, 4 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Bala sani == sani [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-33592-03|&#126;2026-33592-03]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-33592-03|talk]]) 20:44, 6 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Umar m sharif == yane [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-33592-03|&#126;2026-33592-03]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-33592-03|talk]]) 20:48, 6 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == oumr sama == Gazaou [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-34357-62|&#126;2026-34357-62]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-34357-62|talk]]) 20:05, 10 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Ibrahim Abdullah dangamau == kusada lg katsina state [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-36380-21|&#126;2026-36380-21]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-36380-21|talk]]) 21:55, 22 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == 8126141543 opay bank Ibrahim Abdullahi == 8126141543 opay Ibrahim Abdullahi [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-36380-21|&#126;2026-36380-21]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-36380-21|talk]]) 21:58, 22 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Ina tambaya ne game da cikakken tarihin masarautar Jama'are == tarihin masarautar Jama'are [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-36511-04|&#126;2026-36511-04]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-36511-04|talk]]) 21:29, 23 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Ibrahim sani == nace ina da tambaya ne game da littafin tarin hausa barbie in same shi ne akwai yadda zan yi in samu littafan tarin hausa kamar taya na gizo zaku iya gano ta yadda zan samu shi [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-37548-11|&#126;2026-37548-11]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-37548-11|talk]]) 11:58, 30 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Mai bincike == idan nasadu damai hiv da condom bayan hiv wani gwaji yadace nayi idan inajin badaidaiba Ajikina [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-37555-93|&#126;2026-37555-93]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-37555-93|talk]]) 12:20, 30 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Ibrahim haruna == azare [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-37948-19|&#126;2026-37948-19]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-37948-19|talk]]) 17:18, 2 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == Maradi == bonne nuit [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-38771-90|&#126;2026-38771-90]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-38771-90|talk]]) 22:33, 8 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == Assalam alaikoum barkamu da warhaka == helle [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-38771-90|&#126;2026-38771-90]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-38771-90|talk]]) 22:39, 8 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == 49565314543 == Saifuallhi usaini [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-38738-33|&#126;2026-38738-33]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-38738-33|talk]]) 00:51, 9 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == Nin nombadinayasamumsala == Nin nombadinayasamumsala [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-38738-33|&#126;2026-38738-33]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-38738-33|talk]]) 01:01, 9 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == Inaso ajaramin49565314543 == Inaso ajaramin49565314543 [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-38738-33|&#126;2026-38738-33]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-38738-33|talk]]) 01:03, 9 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == 3233746701,banana, Ahmadu Fesbak,1,000 == bak,1,000 [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-39619-81|&#126;2026-39619-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-39619-81|talk]]) 23:17, 14 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) :3233746701,banana, Ahmadu Fesbak,1,000 [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-39619-81|&#126;2026-39619-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-39619-81|talk]]) 23:49, 14 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == 3233746701,banana, Ahmadu Fesbak,1,000 == @ [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-39619-81|&#126;2026-39619-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-39619-81|talk]]) 23:24, 14 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) 3233746701,banana, Ahmadu fesbak,1,000 [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-39619-81|&#126;2026-39619-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-39619-81|talk]]) 23:58, 14 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) :@ [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-39619-81|&#126;2026-39619-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-39619-81|talk]]) 00:02, 15 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == Menene Dalilin Sallar cika ciki == Menene Dalilin Sallar cika ciki [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-40126-77|&#126;2026-40126-77]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-40126-77|talk]]) 21:27, 15 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) california se hamare saath ho raha hai hum kaise pata karengovernmenttaxforcecalifornia@gmail.com [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-40691-12|&#126;2026-40691-12]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-40691-12|talk]]) 17:32, 20 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) 9gav6f6261vfe845st4lsvh8adsgp0x Rabat 0 6746 889627 543376 2026-07-31T03:33:15Z CommonsDelinker 75 Removing [[:c:File:Rabat,_Business_Centre.jpg|Rabat,_Business_Centre.jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Krd|Krd]] because: [[:c:Commons:Deletion requests/File:Rabat, Business Centre.jpg|]]. 889627 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Tour Hassan a Rabat P1060435.JPG|thumb|right|250px|Hasumiyar Hassan na Biyu.]] [[File:Vue INPT.JPG|200px|right|thumbnail|Cibiyar Wasika da Sadarwa ta Kasa]] '''Rabat''' birni ne, da ke a lardin Rabat-Salé-Kénitra, a ƙasar [[Maroko]]. Shi ne babban birnin Maroko da kuma babban birnin lardin Rabat-Salé-Kénitra. Bisa ga jimillar shekarar 2014, akwai mutane miliyan huɗu da dubu dari biyu da saba'in da dari bakwai da hamsin (577 827) a Rabat. An gina birnin Rabat a karni na sha biyu bayan haifuwan Annabi Isa.a.s [[File:Hassan_Tower_01.jpg|thumb|Hassan Tower]] [[File:Tour Hassan-Rabat.jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Hasumiyar Hassan a Rabat (Morocco)]] ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:Train_heading_Fes_at_Rabat_Train_Station.jpg|Jirgin kasa a birnin File:Vue_INPT.JPG|Cibiyar Wasika da Sadarwa ta Kasa File:Kasbah_des_Oudaias_P1060356.JPG|Birnin File:Enceinte_de_la_Kasbah_des_Oudaias_P1060315.JPG|Rabat Moroko File:Rabat_-_building_of_parlament.JPG|Ginin Majalisar Kasar File:Rabat,_Bank_al-Maghrib.jpg|Bankin Al-Maghrib, Rabat File:Rabat_Palais_royal.jpg|Royal Palais, Rabat File:Ahl_Fas_Mosque.jpg|Masallacin Ahl Fas File:Pont_routier_entre_Rabat_et_Sal%C3%A9_P1060408.JPG File:Rabat,_Mohammed_V_Avenue.jpg </gallery> {{Stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Rabat}} [[Category:Biranen Maroko]] 326evg0l5cv69bur8uyovoz6vuhlt3i Sallar Idi Babba 0 8822 889784 847117 2026-07-31T11:08:57Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889784 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:ASC Leiden - Rietveld Collection - Nigeria 1970 - 1973 - 01 - 060 Sallah festivities in Bauchi. Girls from a girls' school in green clothes (uniform) in a group between poles.jpg|thumb|Shagulgulan sallah]] [[Fayil:SHOLAT IDUL FITRI - DONI SAPUTRA.jpg|thumb]] '''Sallar Layya''', '''Babbar Sallah''', '''Eid al-Adha''' (larabci-ar|عيد الأضحى|ʿīd al-ʾaḍḥā|lit da turanci ''Feast of the Sacrifice''), kuma ana kiranta da "'''Sallar Yanka/Sallar yin layya'''", ta kasance biki na biyu da musulmai ke gudanarwa a duk faɗin duniya a kowace shekara, ɗayan bikin itace [[Sallar Idi Karam]], wasu na ganin wannan babbar tafi daraja da falala a cikin biyun. Allah Subhanahu Wata'ala, ya karrama [[Annabi Ibrahim]] (A.S), bayan ya miƙa wuya agare shi a kan yarda da yanka ɗansa [[Annabi Ismail]] (A.S) domin bin umurnin da Allah Ya buƙace shi yayi. Amma kafin [[Annabi Ibrahim]] ya yanka ɗan sa, sai Allah ya aiko da babban rago ya zama fansa ga Isma'il, sanadiyar haka ne ake yin yanka kuma ake raba naman gida uku, kaso daya, sadaka ga mabuƙata, na biyu a raba wa ƴan'uwa, na uku wanda yayi layyar ya ci da iyalansa. [[File:Sallah Durba 2014.jpg|thumb|Bukukuwan Sallah]] A kalandar musulunci [[Islamic calendar|'Islamic lunar calendar']]. Ana so a canja hanya a yayin da mutum ke dawowa daga Sallar idi, wato a canza hanyar da aka bi zuwa sallar idin ya yin dawowa. ==Ranar Sallah== Sallar tana zuwa ne a kowane goma (10th) na watan [[Dhu al-Hijjah]].A kuma kalandar duniya ta girigori ranar na canjawa a dukkanin shekara zuwa shekara, ta hanyar rage kwanaki goma sha daya (11) daga ta Hijira. [[File:Eid at nigeria.jpg|thumb|Yawon sallah]] [[File:ASC Leiden - Rietveld Collection - Nigeria 1970 - 1973 - 01 - 053 Sallah festivities in Bauchi. A praying group in white and light blue outside on a square in front of the Hadji Palace.jpg|thumb|Arfa]] [[File:ASC Leiden - Rietveld Collection - Nigeria 1970 - 1973 - 01 - 050 Sallah festivities in Bauchi. Order keepers in red-green-white clothing standing in front of a seated group outside.tif|thumb|masallacin idi]] [[File:Ram closeup.jpg|thumb|224x224px|ragon layya]] [[File:Eid Prayer Dhaka 1965.jpg|thumb|Hoton Yadda ake gudanar da sallar eid a fili]] [[File:Eid al-Fitr, Bandar Abbas - 2019 04.jpg|thumb|liyafar ranar sallah]] [[File:Camel market at Daraw in 2017, photo by Hatem moushir 22.jpg|thumb|hotln rakumi ya kwanta]] [[File:Goat & cow.jpg|thumb|tohon rago DA akuya]] '''Babbar sallah''' Rana ce mai dimbin tarihi a duniyar musulunci da misulmai wadda take zuwa bayan an yi sallah karama da wata 2 da kwanaki 10. Ranar babbar sallah rana ce wadda dimbin miliyoyin musulmin ke fitowa su je filin idi domin su hallarci sallar nafila raka'a biyu domin nuna godiya ga mahaliccinsu da nuna murnarsu a gare shi da ya ba su damar halattar wannan rana a tarihin rayuwarsu, a wannan ranar ana yanka abun layya abun da ya sawwaqa ga mutum daga rago, [[tunkiya]], [[bunsuru]], [[akuya]], [[saniya|sa]], [[shanu]], [[shanuwa]], [[rakumi]] amale, [[rakuma]]. Wadannan sune jinsin dabbobin wadanda ake layya dasu kuma [[rogo]] ya fi kowane daraja haka rakuma tafi kowannen su karancin daraja wato itace mai daraja ta can kasar. Akanko mutum ya yanka abun layyar sa ya Ciro wasu sassa acikin[[dabba]]</nowiki>r yafi kamar yadda sunnar manzon Allah (s.a.w) ta nuna. Yin layyar bin sunnar baban annabawane wato [[Annabi Ibrahim]] (a.s) kuma bin KO cika umarnin Allah be inda yake cewa " kayi sallah ga ubangijinka kuma kayi sukar rakumi (wato layyar). Ba'a siyarda manan layya haramunne wanda ya siyar yayi laifi agun Allah, domin Anaso awadatar DA kowa Ba anyi layya sai a rarraba wa mafi kusanci daman layyar musamman makwafta DA makusanta, domin wanda bayadashi yasamu domin ba'abakin cikin awannanan ranar Anaso kowa yaiyita nishidi DA wallala. A ranar babbar sallah akanje ziyara ta musamman ga makusanta DA makwafta domin tayasu murnar wannan Rana me matuqar girman daraja kamar yadda ake aiwatar a ranar karamar sallah. Wannan yawon yafi kebantuwa ga YARA DA wasu daga iyayen YARA musamman sabbin aure zuwa gidajen iyayensu domin tayasu murnar wannan Rana, haka amatayinka na wanda aka ziyarta yanada matukar kyau kabada barka da sallah (wato wani Dan ihsani na [[kidi]], [[nama]], [[cincin]], [[dabino]], ds-ds). Bayan ka zuba [[abinci]] sunci sunkoshi sai ayimusu wannan ihsani. Gudanar da bikin sallah babba ya banbanta kowacce kasar DA kuma kowacce al'adar DA yadda take aiwata danata bikin sallah baba DA karama, ya danganta DA yanayin al'adarsu. <ref>{{site news|url=https://www.bbc.com/hausa/multimedia/2012/10/121026_eid_animals_market_gallery|date=26 October2012|accessdate=18 July2021|publishers=BBC Hausa|tittle=Babbar Sallah: Kasuwannin dabbobi na wucin gadi a Najeriya}}</ref> == Traditions around the world == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" />{{Hatnote|For the Eid after Ramadan, see [[Eid al-Fitr]]. For other uses, see [[Eid (disambiguation)]].}}<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> <templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles> === Bangladesh === [[Fayil:জাতীয়_ঈদগাহ_ময়দান.jpg|thumb|Ƙofar Eidgah na kasa da aka yi wa ado don [[Sallar Eid|Addu'ar Eid]]]] Eid al-Adha (: ঈদুল আযহা, Īdul Āzhā) an fi sani da ''Korbanir Eid'' (Bengal:__hau____hau____hau__ Kōrbānir Īd, lit. 'Eid of sacrifice') ko ''Bakri Eid'' (Dengali: বকরি ঈ, romaniised: Bô Īd,lit. 'Ead of the goat') tsakanin 'Benglishers. [[Bangladeshi cuisine|Bangladesh]] tana yanka mafi yawan dabbobi a kowace shekara a lokacin Eid al-Adha, kimantawa sun nuna kimanin dabbobi miliyan 13 ana yanka su a kowace shekara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Global Impact of Eid al-Adha Celebrations - Switas Consultancy |url=https://www.switas.com/articles/the-global-impact-of-eid-al-adha-celebrations#:~:text=The%20Scale%20of%20Sacrifice,Impact%20on%20Global%20Animal%20Populations |access-date=16 July 2025 |website=Switas.com |language=en}}</ref> [mafi kyawun tushe da ake buƙata] Farawa daga ranar farko ta Dhul-Hijjah, kasuwannin [[Handesh|''hannu'']] na wucin gadi, waɗanda aka sani da haat sun fara bayyana a duk faɗin Bangladesh. Dabbobi ana yin ado da su da kayan ado.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 June 2025 |title=The Culture of Eid al-Adha in Bangladesh - |url=https://bangladeshwonders.com/the-culture-of-eid-al-adha-in-bangladesh/ |access-date=16 July 2025 |website=bangladeshwonders.com |archive-date=17 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250717114534/https://bangladeshwonders.com/the-culture-of-eid-al-adha-in-bangladesh/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mutane da yawa masu aiki a [[Dhaka]] kuma suna komawa garuruwansu don yin bikin. Ana cin abincin nama na gargajiya [[Bangladeshis|'Yan Bangladesh]] kamar [[Kala bhuna|''kala bhuna'']], ''chui jhal'', ''Kasir rezala'' da [[Qorma|kwanakin]] tare da [[Pilaf|''pulao'']] ko rotis, wanda aka yi da garin shinkafa, ko [[Pitha|''pithas'']] kamar chitoi da soi pitha. A [[Sylhet]], ana ba da [[Nunor Bora|''nunor bora'']] da handesh a matsayin kayan lambu a lokacin shayi ko Addes. === Pakistan === A duk duniya, ana bin al'adu daban-daban a kan Eid al-Adha . A Pakistan, yin amfani da henna sanannen al'ada ce tsakanin mata.<ref name="Al Jazeera"/> Yara a Pakistan suna karɓar Eidi, wanda shine kuɗi da kyaututtuka da aka ba daga dattawa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eid in Pakistan: Traditions, Celebrations, and Unity-Citadel 7 |url=https://chakorventures.com/blog/eid-in-pakistan-traditions-celebrations-and-unity-citadel-7/}}</ref> === Gabas ta Tsakiya === A Gabas ta Tsakiya, ana yin kayan zaki na gargajiya.<ref name="Al Jazeera"/> === Afirka === == Traditions around the world == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" />{{Hatnote|For the Eid after Ramadan, see [[Eid al-Fitr]]. For other uses, see [[Eid (disambiguation)]].}}<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> <templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles> === Bangladesh === [[Fayil:জাতীয়_ঈদগাহ_ময়দান.jpg|thumb|Ƙofar Eidgah na kasa da aka yi wa ado don [[Sallar Eid|Addu'ar Eid]]]] Eid al-Adha (: ঈদুল আযহা, Īdul Āzhā) an fi sani da ''Korbanir Eid'' (Bengal:__hau____hau____hau__ Kōrbānir Īd, lit. 'Eid of sacrifice') ko ''Bakri Eid'' (Dengali: বকরি ঈ, romaniised: Bô Īd,lit. 'Ead of the goat') tsakanin 'Benglishers. [[Bangladeshi cuisine|Bangladesh]] tana yanka mafi yawan dabbobi a kowace shekara a lokacin Eid al-Adha, kimantawa sun nuna kimanin dabbobi miliyan 13 ana yanka su a kowace shekara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Global Impact of Eid al-Adha Celebrations - Switas Consultancy |url=https://www.switas.com/articles/the-global-impact-of-eid-al-adha-celebrations#:~:text=The%20Scale%20of%20Sacrifice,Impact%20on%20Global%20Animal%20Populations |access-date=16 July 2025 |website=Switas.com |language=en}}</ref> [mafi kyawun tushe da ake buƙata] Farawa daga ranar farko ta Dhul-Hijjah, kasuwannin [[Handesh|''hannu'']] na wucin gadi, waɗanda aka sani da haat sun fara bayyana a duk faɗin Bangladesh. Dabbobi ana yin ado da su da kayan ado.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 June 2025 |title=The Culture of Eid al-Adha in Bangladesh - |url=https://bangladeshwonders.com/the-culture-of-eid-al-adha-in-bangladesh/ |access-date=16 July 2025 |website=bangladeshwonders.com |archive-date=17 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250717114534/https://bangladeshwonders.com/the-culture-of-eid-al-adha-in-bangladesh/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mutane da yawa masu aiki a [[Dhaka]] kuma suna komawa garuruwansu don yin bikin. Ana cin abincin nama na gargajiya [[Bangladeshis|'Yan Bangladesh]] kamar [[Kala bhuna|''kala bhuna'']], ''chui jhal'', ''Kasir rezala'' da [[Qorma|kwanakin]] tare da [[Pilaf|''pulao'']] ko rotis, wanda aka yi da garin shinkafa, ko [[Pitha|''pithas'']] kamar chitoi da soi pitha. A [[Sylhet]], ana ba da [[Nunor Bora|''nunor bora'']] da handesh a matsayin kayan lambu a lokacin shayi ko Addes. === Pakistan === A duk duniya, ana bin al'adu daban-daban a kan Eid al-Adha . A Pakistan, yin amfani da henna sanannen al'ada ce tsakanin mata.<ref name="Al Jazeera">{{Cite web |title=Prayer, henna, charity: Eid al-Adha traditions around the world |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/6/24/eid-traditions-around-the-world |website=Al Jazeera}}</ref> Yara a Pakistan suna karɓar Eidi, wanda shine kuɗi da kyaututtuka da aka ba daga dattawa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eid in Pakistan: Traditions, Celebrations, and Unity-Citadel 7 |url=https://chakorventures.com/blog/eid-in-pakistan-traditions-celebrations-and-unity-citadel-7/}}</ref> === Gabas ta Tsakiya === A Gabas ta Tsakiya, ana yin kayan zaki na gargajiya.<ref name="Al Jazeera"/> === Afirka === A cikin ƙasashen Afirka, ana ba da kyauta tsakanin abokai kuma ana gayyatar dangi zuwa bukukuwa. Duk da yake al'adu sun bambanta, mahimman dabi'un bikin sun kasance iri ɗaya. Wadannan dabi'u suna ba da, bukukuwa, iyali, da kuma ba da bukukuwan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eid ul-Adha Traditions Around the World &#124; Penny Appeal |url=https://pennyappeal.org/news/celebrating-eid-ul-adha-traditions-around-world |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250421103115/https://pennyappeal.org/news/celebrating-eid-ul-adha-traditions-around-world |archive-date=21 April 2025 |access-date=13 February 2025}}</ref> == Manazarta == <references/> {{DEFAULTSORT:Sallar Layya}} [[Category:Musulunci]] [[Category: Bukukuwan addini]] ol1h8t2eegczlvlkxsvpyd6tn0ey9ys Shanono 0 9145 889507 799603 2026-07-30T20:19:28Z Baffa ali 47435 Shanono 889507 wikitext text/x-wiki {{stub}} {{databox}} [[File:Shanono.wav|thumb|saka sauti]] [[Fayil:Shanono.wav|thumb|shanono]] '''Shanono karamar,''' [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|hukuma]] ce a [[Kano (jiha)|jahar Kano a]] [[Najeriya]]. Hedikwatar karamar hukumar Shanono ce. Asalin garin Shanono, karamar hukumar Shanono (garin) ana iya samo shi ta tarihi zuwa ga sanannun 'yan'uwa ''Jaulere da'' Shanu''.'' ''Wadannan 'yan'uwan biyu suna zuwa dasar.'' ''Domin yin kiwo da kiwo, ana kyautata zaton sun fito ne daga garin [[Haɗejiya|Hadejia]] a [[Jigawa|jahar Jigawa]] a yanzu.'' ''Ganin cewa kasar tana da tile kuma tana da kyau ga dabbobinsu suna kiwo manyansu sun zauna a wurin, akalla shekara daya/shekara kafin su ci gaba, amma da lura da yanayin yankin daya dace sai suka yanke shawarar ci gaba da zama a wurin.kuma haka wasu suke zuwa su zauna dasu'' Bayan samun wurin daya fi dacewa sai SHANU ya yanke shawarar komawa baya kadan don gabatar da garin Shanono ya bar Jaulere dan uwansa a wurin (Jaulere na yanzu) ya zo ya kafa aikin sa (Riga) a garin Shanono na yanzu har zuwa yanzu Rijiyar Taushe a Shanono. Garin a halin yanzu ana ganinsa kuma a zahiri. Ga jerin mutanen da Sarakunan da suka yi mulkin yankin zuwa wannan lokacin taken shine Dan Shanono. Kabiru Isyaku (lokacin Dan Shanono na yanzu Dagaci garin Shanono). Haka nan kuma muna da hakimi (Hakimi) tunda Shanono ya zama karamar hukuma sun fita daga [[Gwarzo|karamar hukumar Gwarzo]] a shekarar 1989 Sunansa Alhaji Bello Abubakar Kambun Bunun Kano, da Alh Ibrahim Sani Gaya Uban Doman Kano daga shekarar (2004) zuwa yau. Yana da yanki na 697&nbsp;km2 da yawan jama'a {{Sup|2}} a ƙidayar shekarar (2006). Lambar gidan waya na yankin ita ce (704).<ref>{{cite web | title = Post Offices- with map of LGA | publisher = NIPOST | url = http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx | accessdate = 2009-10-20 | url-status = dead | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20121126042849/http://www.nipost.gov.ng/postcode.aspx | archivedate = 2012-11-26 }}</ref> Manyan mutanen garin sun hada da Marigayi Alhaji Ibrahim aka Ibrahim (Dan kasuwa), Marigayi Alhaji Barau (Dan kasuwa), Marigayi Alhaji Haruna Muhammad Shanono, Marigayi Alhaji Bawa Mashin (Manomi), Late Dan Ani (Dan siyasa), Late Alhaji Haruna Naganga (cocas chairman). ), Marigayi Alhaji Shehu Shanono, Farfesa Nura Magaji, Sani Inusa Maijama'a, Abdul Jarimi Shanono (Masan Kwamfuta) Dandalin matasa na shanono (Ungiyar Ci gaba) da sauran fitattun mutane a shanono.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Al'ummarmu ce a gabanmu|url=https://www.zumunci.name.ng/|access-date=2020-09-21|website=Al'ummarmu ce a gabanmu}}{{Dead link|date=November 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Mazabu == Akwai mazabu guda 10 a karamar hukumar Shanono.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Wards in Shanono Local Government Area|url=https://www.manpower.com.ng/places/wards-in-lga/441/shanono|access-date=2021-08-18|website=www.manpower.com.ng}}</ref> * Alajawa * Dutsen-bakoshi * Faruruwa * Goron Dutse * Kadamu * Kokiya * Leni * Shakogi * Shanono * Tsaure == Hanyoyin hadi na waje == [[Category:Kananan hukumomin Jihar Kano]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Kananan Hukumomin Jihar Kano}} 5hk89ut88dscf9uyw4kqvyoktjt9uqw Sameera Reddy 0 13341 889798 865054 2026-07-31T11:51:34Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889798 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Sameera Reddy''' (an haifi Sameera Raddy a ranar 14 ga watan Disamba, shekarar alif 1980), tsohuwar 'yar wasan Fim ce ta Indiya wadda ta fara yin fina-finai a finafinan Hindi. Ta kuma fito a cikin 'yan fina-finan Harsunan Telugu, Tamil da Malayalam. [[Fayil:Sameera Reddy At Mukti Foundation Event.jpg|thumb|Sameera Reddy]] Sameera Reddy ta fito a karon farko a fim ɗin 2002 ''Maine Dil Tujhko Diya''. An fi saninta da tauraruwar fina-finai kamar su ''Darna Mana Hai'' (2003), ''Musafir'' (2004), ''Jai Chiranjeeva'' (2005), ''Taxi Number 9211'' (2006), ''Ashok'' (2006), ''Race'' (2008), ''Varanam Aayiram'' (2008), ''De Dana Dan'' (2009), ''Aakrosh'' (2010), ''Vettai'' (2012) da ''Tezz'' (2012). == Farkon rayuwa == An haifi Sameera Raddy a ranar 14 ga watan Disamba shekarar 1980 a [[Mumbai]], Maharashtra ga mahaifin Telugu da mahaifiyar ta yar Kannadiga.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.shaaditimes.com/celebrities/wedding-stories/nikki-chintapoli-reddy-031229 |title=Indian Celebrities&nbsp;— Nikki Chintapoli Reddy, Made For Each Other |publisher=ShaadiTimes |date=2008-10-17 |accessdate=2011-09-16 |archive-date=2012-03-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120327182234/http://www.shaaditimes.com/celebrities/wedding-stories/nikki-chintapoli-reddy-031229 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.punemirror.in/index.aspx?page=article&sectid=56&contentid=2008121420081214032540301b6f3cc21&sectxslt=&pageno=2 |title=Reddy-made memories, Lifestyle&nbsp;— Leisure&nbsp;— Pune Mirror, Pune Mirror |publisher=Punemirror.in |accessdate=2011-09-16 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319023401/http://www.punemirror.in/index.aspx?page=article&sectid=56&contentid=2008121420081214032540301b6f3cc21&sectxslt=&pageno=2 |archivedate=19 March 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Mahaifiyarta Nakshatra,,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mid-day.com/smd/2002/sep/31427.htm |title=Haute and spicy |publisher=[[MiD DAY]] |date=2002-09-15 |accessdate=2011-09-16}}</ref> wadda ake kira da Niki daga 'ya'yanta da kafofin watsa labarai, kwararriyar masaniya ce a kan kananan halittu "microbiologist" kuma ta yi aiki da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1051210/asp/weekend/story_5561787.asp |title=The Telegraph&nbsp;— Calcutta : Weekend |publisher=Telegraphindia.com |date=2005-12-10 |accessdate=2011-09-16 |location=Calcutta, India |first=Arundhati |last=Basu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mid-day.com/smd/2002/sep/31427.htmhttp://www.mid-day.com/yourlife/2006/feb/131073.htm |title=Girl interrupted |publisher=[[MiD DAY]] |date=2006-02-17 |accessdate=2011-09-16 }}{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Tana da 'yan'uwa biyu, Meghna Reddy, tsohuwar VJ da supermodel,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://photography.nationalgeographic.com/photography/photo-of-the-day/sari-and-catsuit.html |title=Mumbai (Bombay), India, Sari and Catsuit, 1999, Photo of the Day, Picture, Photography, Wallpapers&nbsp;— National Geographic |publisher=Photography.nationalgeographic.com |date=2001-06-25 |accessdate=2011-09-16 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324091034/http://photography.nationalgeographic.com/photography/photo-of-the-day/sari-and-catsuit.html |archivedate=24 March 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> da Sushama Reddy ,' yar wasan kwaikwayo na Bollywood kuma abin kwaikwayo,<ref>{{cite news|author=Barkha MathurBarkha Mathur, TNN |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/delhi-times/Why-star-siblings-dont-make-it-big/articleshow/2766766.cms |title=Why star siblings don't make it big&nbsp;— The Times of India |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com[[Times of India]] |date=2008-02-09 |accessdate=2011-09-16}}</ref> duka ya yi ne a gare ta.<ref name=autogenerated2>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2010/03/11/stories/2010031151800300.htm |title=Metro Plus Kochi / Cinema : Reddy reckoner |publisher=[[The Hindu]] |date=2010-03-11 |accessdate=2011-09-16 |location=Chennai, India |archive-date=2012-11-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110141309/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2010/03/11/stories/2010031151800300.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta yi karatun ta a Bombay Scottish School a Mahim, [[Mumbai]] kuma ta yi karatun digiri a Sydenham College . Sameera Raddy ta bayyana kanta a matsayin " tomboy " da "mummunar haihuwar cikin dangi", an Ambato ta da cewa: "ina da kiba, ina da tabarau kuma kayan jin dadi na bai ragu sosai ba, har zuwa shekaru 19."<ref name=autogenerated2 /> == Aiki == [[File:Actress_Sameera_Reddy.jpg|thumb| Reddy a cikin 2015 ]] Sameera Reddy ta fara bayyana a cikin ghazal mawakiyar Pankaj Udhas's "Aur Aahista" a bidiyon wakar a 1997.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_i-love-the-bombshell-tag-sameera-reddy_1353590 |title=I love the bombshell tag: Sameera Reddy&nbsp;— Entertainment&nbsp;— DNA |publisher=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |date=2010-02-28 |accessdate=2011-09-16}}</ref> Sameera Raddy an shirya za ta fara fitowa a matsayin yar wasan kwaikwayo a finafinan Tamil na Saravana Subbiah ''Citizen'', a farkon 2000s, amma daga baya hakan bai kasance ba.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tamilmovies.com/cgi-bin/news/archives.cgi?category=1&view=11-00 |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2015-10-24 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011030150/http://tamilmovies.com/cgi-bin/news/archives.cgi?category=1&view=11-00 |archivedate=11 October 2008 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Ta ɗauki hankalin Bollywood kuma an sa ta cikin muhimmiyar rawa a fim ɗin Hindi a shekarar 2002 ''Maine Dil Tujhko Diya''. A shekarar 2004, ta bayyana a ''Musafir'', gaban Anil Kapoor, Aditya Pancholi da Koena Mitra . [[Fayil:Sameera Reddy at CCL match.jpg|thumb|Sameera Reddy]] Sameera Raddy ita ce kuma 'yar wasan fim ɗin Indiya ta farko da ta sami wasan bidiyo na kanta, Sameera the Street Fighter. Wannan bidyon wayar hannu mutane sama da miliyoyi ne suka saukar da shi da miliyoyin magoya baya kuma yana samuwa ga masu amfani da wayar hannu a duk Indiya. == Rayuwarta == Sameera Reddy babbar masoyiyar Oprah Winfrey ce . Ta sadu da Oprah a yayin ziyarar da ta kawo a [[Indiya]] a wurin tarbar maraba da Parmeshwar Godrej ya shirya. Kamar yadda yadda aka bayar da rahoto a talabijin ɗin "Celebrit" cewa burge Sameera Raddy ta Saree, ta gabatar mata wani irin Saree a matsayin kyauta tata na actress kafin ta bar India.<ref>{{cite web |author=Shekhar |url=http://entertainment.oneindia.in/bollywood/news/2012/sameera-reddy-gift-saree-oprah-winfrey-200112.html |title=Sameera Reddy Gift &#124; Star Oprah Winfrey &#124; Lime Green Saree &#124; Shantanu Nikhil Sari |publisher=[[Oneindia.in]] |date=20 January 2012 |accessdate=3 February 2012 |archive-date=2 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202204316/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/bollywood/news/2012/sameera-reddy-gift-saree-oprah-winfrey-200112.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[File:Sameera Reddy pic.jpg|thumb|Sameera Reddy]] Sameera Reddy ta auri Akshai Varde, ɗan kasuwa a ranar 21 ga watan Janairu 2014. Bikin aure ne na gargajiya.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news-interviews/Sameera-Reddy-ties-the-knot-today/articleshow/29141802.cms | title=Sameera Reddy ties the knot today|publisher= [[Times of India]]| date=21 January 2014 | accessdate=21 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Sameera Reddy and Akshai Varde to marry in April 2014|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2013/12/sameera-reddy-and-akshai-varde-to-marry-in-april-2014/|work=Biharprabha News|accessdate=26 December 2013|archive-date=30 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230041831/http://news.biharprabha.com/2013/12/sameera-reddy-and-akshai-varde-to-marry-in-april-2014/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Suna da ɗa wanda aka haifa a cikin 2015. <ref>[http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/9957773/Motherhood-is-very-humbling---Sameera-Reddy ""Motherhood is very humbling" - Sameera Reddy"]</ref> Ma’auratan sun haifi diya mace a ranar 12 ga Yuli 2019.<ref>[http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/9957773/Motherhood-is-very-humbling---Sameera-Reddy""Motherhood is very humbling" - Sameera Reddy"]</ref> == Wasu ayyukan == Sameera Reddy ta kasance alkali ya a gasar Sri Lanka ta Duniya a 2012.<ref>{{cite web|title=Maria Alkasas Wins First Ever Online Beauty Pageant|url=http://www.adaderana.lk/biznews.php?nid=621|work=AdaDerana.lk|accessdate=9 January 2013|archive-date=5 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190105200916/http://www.adaderana.lk/biznews.php?nid=621|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Fina-finai == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 100%;" border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" ! scope="col" |Year ! scope="col" |Title ! scope="col" |Role(s) ! scope="col" |Director ! scope="col" |Language ! class="unsortable" scope="col" |Notes ! class="unsortable" scope="col" |{{Tooltip|Ref.|References}} |- |2002 |''Maine Dil Tujhko Diya'' |Ayesha Verma |Sohail Khan |Hindi |Hindi debut | |- |2003 |''Darna Mana Hai'' |Shruti |Prawaal Raman |Hindi | | |- | rowspan="2" |2004 |''Plan'' |Sapna |Hriday Shetty |Hindi | | |- |''Musafir'' |Sam |Sanjay Gupta |Hindi | | |- | rowspan="3" |2005 |''Narasimhudu'' |Palakad Papa |B. Gopal |Telugu |Telugu debut | |- |''Jai Chiranjeeva'' |Shailaja |K. Vijaya Bhaskar |Telugu | | |- |''No Entry'' |(Beach Girl) |Anees Bazmee |Hindi |cameo appearance | |- | rowspan="3" |2006 |''Taxi Number 9211'' |Rupali |Milan Luthria |Hindi | | |- |''Ashok'' |Anjali |Surender Reddy |Telugu | | |- |''Naksha'' |Riya |Sachin Bajaj |Hindi | | |- | rowspan="3" |2007 |''Migration'' |Divya |Mira Nair |Hindi |Short Film | |- |''Fool &amp;amp; Final'' |Payal |Ahmed Khan |Hindi | | |- |''Ami, Yasin Ar Amar Madhubala'' |Rekha |Buddhadeb Dasgupta |Bengali |Bengali debut | |- | rowspan="4" |2008 |''Race'' |Mini |Abbas–Mustan |Hindi | | |- |''One Two Three'' |Laila |Ashwni Dhir |Hindi | | |- |''Kaalpurush'' |Supriya |Buddhadeb Dasgupta |Bengali | | |- |''Vaaranam Aayiram'' |Meghna |Gautham Vasudev Menon |Tamil |Tamil debut,<br /><br />Nominated, Vijay Award for Best Debut Actress | |- |2009 |''De Dana Dan'' |Manpreet |Priyadarshan |Hindi | | |- | rowspan="5" |2010 |''Aasal'' |Sarah |Saran |Tamil | | |- |''Oru Naal Varum'' |Meera |T. K. Rajeev Kumar |Malayalam |Malayalam debut | |- |''Red Alert: The War Within'' |Lakshmi |Anant Mahadevan |Hindi | | |- |''Aakrosh'' |{{---}} |Priyadarshan |Hindi |Special appearance in song ''Isak Se Meetha'' | |- |''Mahayoddha Rama'' |Sita |Rohit Vaid |Hindi |Voice | |- | rowspan="2" |2011 |''Nadunisi Naaygal'' |Sukanya |Gautham Vasudev Menon |Tamil | | |- |''Vedi'' |Parvathi ''Paaru'' |Prabhu Deva |Tamil | | |- | rowspan="4" |2012 |''Vettai'' |Vasanthi |N. Lingusamy |Tamil | | |- |''Tezz'' |Megha |Priyadarshan |Hindi | | |- |''Chakravyuh'' |{{---}} |Prakash Jha |Hindi |Special appearance in the song ''Kunda Khola'' | |- |''Krishnam Vande Jagadgurum'' |{{---}} |Krish |Telugu |Special appearance in the song "Sai Andri Nanu" | |- |2013 |''Varadhanayaka'' |Lakshmi |Ayyappa P. Sharma<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0wl-1D3SAT8 "Sameera Reddy - Chakravyuh"]</ref> |Kannada<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BeM2PZf8mhw"Sameera Reddy|Krishnam Vande Jagadgurum"]</ref> |Kannada debut | |- |} == Bidiyon waka == {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="margin-right: 0;" ! scope="col" | Take ! scope="col" | Shekara ! scope="col" | Matsayi ! scope="col" | Mai aiwatarwa (s) ! scope="col" | Kundin hoto ! class="unsortable" scope="col" | {{Tooltip|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}} |- ! scope="row" | Ahista | 1998 | — | Pankaj Udhas | Lokacin Sata | Stolen muments<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lyricsbogie.com/albums/stolen-moments-1998/aur-aahista-kijiye-baatein.html|title=Aur Aahista Kijiye Baatein Lyrics - Stolen Moments (1998).|website=LyricsBogie|access-date=2019-11-02|archive-date=2020-02-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200224024409/https://www.lyricsbogie.com/albums/stolen-moments-1998/aur-aahista-kijiye-baatein.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | Aere Ki Jab Khabar Mehke | 2000 | — | Jagjit Singh | Saher | |} == Bidiyon wasanni == {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="margin-right: 0;" ! scope="col" | Take ! scope="col" | Shekara ! scope="col" | Matsayi ! class="unsortable" scope="col" | Bayanan kula ! class="unsortable" scope="col" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}} |- ! scope="row" | Sameera: Fitilar titin | 2006 | Gimbiya Jarumi | |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/sameera-turns-street-fighter/|title=Sameera turns Street Fighter.|website=BollywoodHungama|access-date=2019-11-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/sep/01sameera.htm|title=Sameera: Warrior princess.|website=Rediff.com|access-date=2019-11-02}}</ref> |} == Kyaututtuka da kuma gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Shekara ! Fim ! Kyauta ! Nau'i ! Sakamakon |- | 2003 | ''Maine Dil Tujhko Diya'' | Aikin Filmfare Awards | Mafi kyawun halarta na mace | {{Nom}} |- | 2004 | ''Musafir'' | Stardust Awards | Babban Sufa na Gobe - Mace |{{nom}} |- | 2008 | ''Varanam Aayiram'' | Kyautar Vijay | Kyautar Vijay don Mafi kyawun Actress |{{nom}} |- |- |} == Duba kuma == * Jerin fina-finan Hindi == Manazarta == {{reflist|3}} == Hanyoyin hadin waje == * {{commons category}} * Sameera Reddy on IMDb * Sameera Reddy on Instagram * Sameera Reddy on Facebook {{DEFAULTSORT:Reddy, Sameera}} mwd68rt6fowd5afmt8yak16cqs4b415 Reni Folawiyo 0 15368 889615 728247 2026-07-31T00:17:16Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889615 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Reni Folawiyo''' ta kasance lauya ce yar Najeriya, amman daga baya ta koma fannin kasuwanci, yar kasuwa ce kuma mai kirkirar Alara, tana da kantin sayar da kayan kwalliya irin na zamani,<ref>http://leadingladiesafrica.org/sola-sobowale-ibidunni-ighodalo-nkechi-eze-here-are-nigerias-most-inspiring-women-in-2018/</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nigerianwomendiary.com/2017/07/reni-folawiyo-the-alara-of-nigerias-fashion-industry/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2020-11-13 |archive-date=2019-07-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727112328/http://www.nigerianwomendiary.com/2017/07/reni-folawiyo-the-alara-of-nigerias-fashion-industry/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> kuma ta kasance tafi tafiyar da kasuwancin ta a yankin Afirka ta Yamma, wanda yawancin gine-ginen ta na [[Birtaniya]] da [[Ghana]] mai zane David Adjaye ne ya tsara fasalin gina ginan. Ta mallaki gidauniya a NOK Garden ta Alara don ciyar da abincin ga yan Afirka kyauta.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/fashion/get-to-know-alara-founder-reni-folawiyo-in-inspired-video-from-clans-she-series/37t58rf |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2020-11-13 |archive-date=2019-07-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727112327/https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/fashion/get-to-know-alara-founder-reni-folawiyo-in-inspired-video-from-clans-she-series/37t58rf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://www.wsj.com/articles/redefining-african-luxury-in-lagos-nigeria-1401375313</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nigerianwomendiary.com/2017/07/reni-folawiyo-the-alara-of-nigerias-fashion-industry/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2020-11-13 |archive-date=2019-07-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727112328/http://www.nigerianwomendiary.com/2017/07/reni-folawiyo-the-alara-of-nigerias-fashion-industry/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Farkon rayuwa da Ilimi == Folawiyo an haife tane a [[Landan]], ga marigayi Cif [[Lateef Adegbite]], tsohon Babban Lauyan Najeriya kuma tsohon babban sakataren na Majalisar Koli ta Harkokin Addinin [[Musulunci]] kuma ya girma a [[Abeokuta]], jihar [[Ogun]], Najeriya. Ta yi karatun shari'ar kasuwanci a Jami'ar Warwickdake Birtaniya, taniya [[Birtaniya|gilataniya]] m sannan ta dawo Najeriya don fara aiki a kamfanin lauyan mahaifinta.<ref>https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/21/travel/nok-restaurant-lagos-nigeria-review.html</ref> == Rayuwar ta == Ta auri shahararran ɗan kasuwa nan mai suna Tunde Folawiyo a shekarar 1989 kuma suna da yara biyu, Faridah da Fuaad. <ref>https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2019/04/14/sweethearts-forever-tunde-and-reni-folawiyo-celebrate-30th-wedding-anniversary/</ref><ref>https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2019/04/14/sweethearts-forever-tunde-and-reni-folawiyo-celebrate-30th-wedding-anniversary/</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Mata]] [[Category:Ƴan Najeriya]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] 0j84q7tk8aewwicwqs4zgvr9jyplibu Qusai (mawaƙi) 0 18223 889461 614866 2026-07-30T16:40:51Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889461 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Qusai Kheder''' ( {{Lang-ar|قصي خضر}}, an haife shi a shekarar alif na 1978), ya kasan ce, wanda aka san shi da sunan wasan '''Qusai''', ya kasan ce kuma ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudiyya]] Ba'amurke, mawaƙi/mai raira waƙoƙi, mai gabatar da rikodi, mawaƙa, mawaƙin talabijin, mai wasan murya da DJ. Shine kwararren mawakin hip hop na Saudiyya. <ref name="arabianmanmag">Dahlawia, Faizal (May 2010). "[http://www.godubai.com/arabianman/pdf/amMay2010_MakingHipHopHistory.pdf Making Hip-Hop History]". ''Arabian Man''.</ref> <ref name="audidol">(April 8, 2010). "[http://www.eyeofdubai.com/v1/news/newsdetail-42336.htm Top Arab hip hop artist to perform at AUD Idol on tonight] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100531052454/http://www.eyeofdubai.com/v1/news/newsdetail-42336.htm |date=2010-05-31 }}" [Press release].</ref> Baya ga aikin waka, Qusai ya fito a talabijin a matsayin mai daukar nauyin shirin ''Hip Hop Na'' a MTV Arabia tare da furodusan hip-hop Fredwreck, <ref name="busweek">(October 22, 2007). "[http://www.businessweek.com/globalbiz/content/oct2007/gb20071011_342851.htm The Arab World Wants Its MTV]". ''[[Bloomberg BusinessWeek]]''.</ref> <ref name="arabnews">Alosaimi, Najah. (May 6, 2008). "[http://archive.arabnews.com/?page=9&section=0&article=109640&d=6&m=5&y=2008 Saudi Rapper Gives Hip-Hop a Hejazi Twist] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616055856/http://archive.arabnews.com/?page=9&section=0&article=109640&d=6&m=5&y=2008 |date=2012-06-16 }}". ''ArabNews.com''</ref> kuma a matsayin mai daukar nauyin shirin, tare da Raya Abirached, a MBC1 ''Larabawa Sun Samu Kyauta'' . == Tarihin rayuwa == === Shekarun farko da aikin waƙa da wuri === An haifi Qusai Kheder ne a [[Riyadh]] kuma ya tashi a [[Jeddah]] a cikin Masarautar Saudi Arabia, <ref name="50ct">(April 29, 2008). "[http://www.50stotinki.com/main/?p=1585 Qusai and Jeddah Legends - The Wedding] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110906155643/http://50stotinki.com/main/?p=1585 |date=2011-09-06 }}". ''50 Ctotnhkn''</ref> Mai son hip-hop tun yarintarsa, Kheder ya fara yin waka da yin DJ yana da shekaru 15. Yana dan shekara 17 a shekarar alif 1996, Kheder ya koma Amurka don halartar kwaleji, da farko zuwa [[Vermont]], sannan daga baya ya koma Jami'ar Central Florida a Orlando, Florida . <ref>"[http://hiphopdiplomacy.org/hip-hop-geography/arabia/saudi-arabia/qusai-saudi-arabiaflorida/ Qusai (Saudi Arabia/Florida)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110225062314/http://hiphopdiplomacy.org/hip-hop-geography/arabia/saudi-arabia/qusai-saudi-arabiaflorida/ |date=2011-02-25 }}". ''Hip Hop Diplomacy''</ref> Tare da gabatarwar sabbin abokan hulɗa, Kamfanin samar da Ido na Eyesomnia ya samo asali zuwa Enterananan Masana'antu ta shekarar 2004. A karkashin lakabin Eyesomnia, Don Legend ya fitar da fayafayai ta solo guda biyu, sannan kuma ya yi rikodin EPs guda biyu da cikakken faifai a matsayin wani ɓangare na duo Urban Legacy tare da takwarorinsu MC D-Light. Waƙar "Jeddah (Garin Gari Na)" daga kundi mai zaman kansa na farko, ''Rayuwar ɓacewar Rai'', ya fara ba da labari ga mai zane a garinsu na dawowa a Saudi Arabia. Tarihin da aka gabatar akai-akai a wurare da yawa na wasan kwaikwayo da abubuwan kiɗa a yankin Orlando yayin farkon zuwa tsakiyar 2000s. <ref name="arabianmanmag"/> Ya kuma yi wasan kwaikwayo a [[Chicago]], [[Atlanta]], New York, da sauran manyan biranen Amurka. === Komawa Saudiyya === Don Legend ya dawo Saudi Arabiya a shekara ta 2005, ya canza sunan wasansa zuwa Qusai kuma ya sanya hannu tare da Platinum Records, wanda ke cikin. Faifan sa na farko na Platinum shi ne na ''Don Legend the Kamelion na'' 2008, wanda aka siyar da kofi sama da 20,000 a Gabas ta Tsakiya kuma ya kasance kundin lamba ta daya akan taswirar KSA Music Master tsawon sati uku a jere. <ref name="50ct"/> Kundin nasa na biyu, Gwajin Gwaji (2010), ya sayar da kwafi 30,000 kuma shi ne na daya a jerin manyan kundin ''faya-faya na'' sama a yankin Tekun Fasha na tsawon makonni hudu a jere. Waɗannan tallace-tallace sun sami nasara ba tare da rarraba ƙasa ko tallace-tallace ta kan layi ba. Qusai yana yin rikodi kuma yana aiwatarwa da larabci da Ingilishi. Biyu daga cikin marassa aure, "Bikin auren" (2008) da "The Job" (2010) sun kasance wakoki na daya a jerin Manyan 10 na Wanasah da kuma kan MBC FM 103. A cikin (3 ga Mayu, 2014) ya fito da wata sabuwar waƙa "Mafarki" feat Anas Arabi, wanda ya haɗu da marubucin waƙa "Baker Sanusi", memba na "Sony Music Entertainment". Bidiyon na "Uwa" daya tilo na Qusai an nuna shi a gidan talabijin na MBC don ya dace da ranar uwa (21 ga watan Maris) a shekarar 2009. <ref>Sharawi, Mohannad (2009). "[http://www.saudigazette.com.sa/index.cfm?method=home.regcon&contentID=2009032433088 Saudi rap song released to mark Mother’s Day] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330191018/http://www.saudigazette.com.sa/index.cfm?method=home.regcon&contentID=2009032433088 |date=2012-03-30 }}". ''The Saudi Gazette''.</ref> Qusai na ci gaba da aiwatar da ayyukanta a duk Turai da Gabas ta Tsakiya. <ref name="arabnews"/> Baya ga wakarsa, Qusai ya fara aiki a talabijin kuma. Shi da abokin aikinsa mawakin hip hop na Larabci Fredwreck sun karbi bakuncin ''Hip Hop Na'' ( ''Our Hip-Hop'' ), wasan nuna gwanintar neman gwaninta na hip-hop, don MTV Arabia a 2007. <ref name="arabnews"/> ''Hip Hop Na'' ya zama farkon wasan kwaikwayo na hip-hop na larabci da nuna fifiko ga MTV Arabia. <ref name="busweek"/> A shekarar 2009, Qusai da Fredwreck sun fara daukar nauyin ''Beit el Hip Hop'' ( ''Gidan Hip-Hop'' ) a gidan talabijin na Wanasah. A ranar 14 ga Janairun 2011, Qusai ya fara bayyana a matsayin wanda zai dauki nauyin shirin, tare da Raya Abi Rached, na ''Larabawa da ke Talent'' a MBC1. Kuma a cikin (2011) shi ne wasan kwaikwayo na farko a cikin "Dubai" tare da "Anas Arabi". <ref name="arabsgottalent">(January 11, 2011). "[http://www.emirates247.com/entertainment/events/and-now-arabia-s-got-talent-hits-tv-screens-2011-01-11-1.340867 And now, Arabia's got talent hits TV screens] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206181026/https://www.emirates247.com/entertainment/events/and-now-arabia-s-got-talent-hits-tv-screens-2011-01-11-1.340867 |date=2022-12-06 }}".</ref> Ya kuma yi waka tare da mawaƙa da yawa kamar Ludacris, Akon, Karl Wolf da sauransu. == Binciken == === Babban lakabin da aka sake === * ''Don Legend da Kamelion'' (2008) * ''Gwajin gwaji'' (2010) * ''Canjin da Babu Makawa'' (2012) * "BassLine ep" (2016) * "Saudi ep" (2017) === Mara aure da bidiyon kiɗa === * 2008: "Bikin aure" * 2008: "Hayo Al-Saudiyya" * 2009: "Rayuwa kenan" * 2009: "Uwa" * 2010: "Aiki" * 2010: "Duk Wata Ranar" * 2010: "Uba" * 2011: "Kowa Zai Iya Wasa" * 2012: "Yalla" * 2012: "Canji" * 2013: "Hauwa'u" * 2013: "Duniyar Larabawa ta Haɗa" * 2014: "Mafarki", "Na Yi Kyau" * 2015: "Umm El-Dunia" * 2016: "tafi" * 2017: "Duk hanya" * 2017: "Saudiyya" * 2018: "Ka rasa" * 2018: "Malamin" * 2019: "Kan Yama Kan" * 2019: "Yi zafi da shi" * 2020: "Lokaci na" * 2020: "Dar Dyali" === Kasuwancin TV === * PepsiCo / Zain Telecom / Chrysler / Souk.com / Hyundai / OMO Qusai ya kuma bayyana Chester Cheetah a cikin larabci na Cheetos ad "Flamin 'Hot Diss Track", wanda aka watsa a ranar 11 ga Maris, 2020. == Aikin talabijin == 7yawc47y9qn110t5yghciwyxfm1vkfa Kumi Naidoo 0 20414 889347 861157 2026-07-30T12:07:41Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 889347 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Kumi Naidoo|image=Kumi Naidoo MSC 2019.jpg|caption=Naidoo during the [[Munich Security Conference|MSC]] 2019|birth_date=1965|birth_place=[[Durban]], [[South Africa]]|nationality=South African|alma_mater=[[University of Oxford]]|occupation=Human Rights activist|organization=[[Amnesty International]]|title=Secretary-General of [[Amnesty International]]}} '''Kumi Naidoo''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1965, [[Durban]], Afirka ta Kudu) ɗan Afirka ta Kudu ne mai rajin kare haƙƙin ɗan Adam kuma mai rajin kare muhalli. Kumi Naidoo ya kasance Babban Daraktan Ƙasa da Ƙasa na Greenpeace International (daga 2009 zuwa 2016) da Sakatare Janar na Amnesty International (daga 2018 zuwa 2020).A watan Yuni shekara ta 2020 , shine Ambasadan Duniya na farko don African Afirka masu tasowa don Adalci, Zaman Lafiya & Mutunci. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Farfesa na Kwarewa a Makarantar Thunderbird na Gudanar da Duniya a Jami'ar Jihar [[Arizona]], da Mataimakin Baƙi a [[Jami'ar Oxford]], da kuma Mataimakin Daraja a Kwalejin Magdalen . Naidoo ya fara ne tun yana ɗan gwagwarmayar yaƙi da mulkin wariyar launin fata a Afirka ta Kudu a cikin shekarun 1970s da 1980s. Shi ne mai haɗin gwiwar kafa Hannun Taimaka  kungiyar Matasa. Naidoo ya jagoranci kamfen na duniya don kawo ƙarshen talauci da kare haƙƙin ɗan adam a cikin matsayi daban-daban ciki har da kasancewa Babban Sakatare na Tara na Amnesty International . har zuwa watan Disambar 2019 lokacin da ya yanke shawarar sauka daga mukaminsa saboda matsalolin da suka shafi lafiya. Kumi kuma shi ne shugaban Afirka na farko na kungiyar Greenpeace, wata kungiyar masu rajin kare muhalli ta duniya, wacce ta kasance a matsayin Babban Darakta na Kasa da Kasa daga shekarar 2009 zuwa 2015. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Sakatare-Janar na Civicus, ƙawancen kasa da kasa don sa hannun dan kasa, daga 1998 zuwa 2008. Kumi ya kuma zama Babban Daraktan Gudanarwa na [https://www.africans-rising.org/ African Afirka da ke Tashin Adalci, Zaman Lafiya & Mutunci] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607080000/https://www.africans-rising.org/ |date=2020-06-07 }} . Ya kuma yi aiki da Kira na Duniya don Aiki da Talauci da Kira na Duniya don Aikin Sauyin Yanayi ( [http://tcktcktck.org/ Tcktcktck.org] ), wanda ya hada taimakon agajin muhalli, kungiyoyin addini da na kare hakkin dan Adam, kungiyoyin kwadago, masana kimiyya da sauransu kuma ya shirya zanga-zangar gama gari game da tattaunawar yanayi. . == Kungiyoyi a Afirka ta Kudu == An [[Durban|haifeshi]] a Durban, Afirka ta Kudu, Naidoo ya tsunduma cikin ayyukan yaki da wariyar launin fata tun yana dan shekara 15, abinda ya sa aka kore shi daga makarantar sakandare. Ya kasance cikin tsara unguwanni, aikin samari na gari, da kuma tarin jama'a da ke adawa da mulkin wariyar launin fata. A lokacin mulkin wariyar launin fata, an kama Naidoo sau da yawa kuma ana tuhumarsa da keta dokokin da suka shafi yawan jama'a, rashin biyayya ga jama'a da kuma keta dokar ta-baci . Wannan ya haifar masa da zuwa cikin ƙasa kafin daga baya ya yanke shawarar zama baƙi a [[Birtaniya|Ingila]]. Ya dakatar da karatunsa a Oxford don komawa Afirka ta Kudu a 1990 domin gudanar da kamfen na karatu bayan sakin [[Nelson Mandela]] daga kurkuku da shawarar da Mandela ya yanke na tsayawa takarar shugaban Afirka ta Kudu. Naidoo, kamar yawancin Indiyawa masu asalin Afirka ta Kudu, ya nuna kansa a matsayin Baƙin Afirka ta Kudu . Ya lura cewa kammala karatun digirin digirgir na da matukar mahimmanci ganin cewa an gaya masa cewa "shi ne dan [[Indiya]] na farko mai fafutuka" daga Afirka ta Kudu da ya samu digiri na uku a [[Jami'ar Oxford|Oxford]] . Naidoo shine memba na kafa kuma Babban Darakta na [https://web.archive.org/web/20130908014904/http://www.sangoco.org.za/ kungiyar NGO Masu Zaman Kansu] na Afirka ta Kudu (SANGOCO). == Shekarun Gudun Hijira == A lokacin mulkin wariyar launin fata, an kama Naidoo sau da yawa kuma ana tuhumarsa da keta doka game da yawan taro, rashin biyayya jama'a da kuma keta dokar ta baci . Wannan ya haifar masa da zuwa cikin ƙasa kafin daga baya ya yanke shawarar yin ƙaura, ya ƙare da lokaci a Ingila da Amurka. A wannan lokacin Naidoo ya kasance malamin Rhodes ne a [[Jami'ar Oxford]] kuma a ƙarshe ya sami PhD a fannin ilimin zamantakewar siyasa . Naidoo ya sami digirin digirgir a ƙarshen 1990s, bayan ya koma Ingila daga Afirka ta Kudu. == Kungiyoyi sa kai == {{Quote box}}Yaki da Wariyar launin fata a Afirka ta Kudu (lokacin da za a kayyade) Bayan [[Nelson Mandela|fitowar Nelson Mandela]] daga kurkuku a 1990, Kumi Naidoo ya koma Afirka ta Kudu don aiki a kan halatta Majalisar Dokokin Afirka da kuma jagorantar kamfen din karatun manya da kokarin ilimantar da masu jefa kuri'a. Ya kuma yi aiki da Kira na Duniya don Yaki da Talauci Kira na Duniya game da Ayyukan Yanayi ( [http://tcktcktck.org/ Tcktcktck.org] ), wanda ya hada taimakon agajin muhalli, kungiyoyin addini da na kare hakkin dan adam, kungiyoyin kwadago, masana kimiyya da sauransu kuma ya shirya manyan zanga-zanga game da tattaunawar yanayi. Tsakanin 2015 da 2018, Kumi ya kasance Babban Daraktan Gudanar da [https://www.africans-rising.org/ ansan Afirka da ke Tashin Adalci, Zaman Lafiya & Mutunci] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607080000/https://www.africans-rising.org/ |date=2020-06-07 }} EarthRights International, Memba na Majalisar Shugabanci <ref>[https://earthrights.org/about/board-of-directors-and-leadership-council/ Leadership Council] EarthRights International.</ref> Transparency International, Memba ce a Majalisar Shawara <ref>[https://www.transparency.org/whoweare/organisation/advisory_council/0 Advisory Council] [[Transparency International]].</ref> kungiyar 'Yancin Mata da Ci Gaban (AWID), Memba a Hukuma == Kungiyar Jama'a ta Duniya == === Lokacin CIVICUS === Daga 1998 zuwa 2008, ya kasance Sakatare Janar kuma babban jami'in gudanarwa na [https://web.archive.org/web/20140108030533/http://civicus.org/csi/162-the-origins-of-the-csi fararen hula a Washington wanda aka kafa a Washington: Kawancen Duniya don Shiga Kasa], wanda aka keɓe don ƙarfafa ayyukan ɗan ƙasa da ƙungiyoyin jama'a a duk duniya. A wannan lokacin, Kumi ya zama shugaba kafa kungiyar Duniya don Kira da yaki da talauci wato (Global Call to Action Against poverty). === Lokacin Greenpeace === Kumi Naidoo ya shiga Greenpeace a cikin 2009. 'Yarsa Naomi ta lallashe shi ya ɗauki matsayin. Jajircewar Greenpeace don aiwatar da aiki kai tsaye da rashin biyayya ga jama'a shine ya jawo Naidoo ga ƙungiyar. Naidoo ya ga matsayinsa a matsayin babban darakta na Greenpeace a matsayin na maginin haɗin gwiwa kuma wakilin canji. Abu mai mahimmanci, Naidoo ya ga haɗakar haɗin kai tsakanin adalci na muhalli, haƙƙin mata da na ɗan adam kamar yadda suke haɗewa, wani lokaci yakan kawo masa zargi mai yawa daga istsan asalin yankin da aka haife su da ke kula da muhalli a matsayin sanadi na musamman. <ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2009/nov/30/kumi-naidoo-greenpeace-copenhagen History teaches us...] The Guardian. (30 November 2009). Retrieved on 10 September 2013.</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.enca.com/media/video/africa-360-kumi-naidoo-exclusive |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2021-06-02 |archive-date=2015-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924000637/http://www.enca.com/media/video/africa-360-kumi-naidoo-exclusive |url-status=dead }}</ref> Naidoo ya tsunduma cikin ayyukan rashin biyayya cikin lumana a yankin Arctic Ocean akan shirin [[Shell]] da Gazprom na haƙawa a cikin kankara mai narkewar Arctic. A watan Agusta 2012, Naidoo tare da ƙungiyar masu aikin sa kai na Greenpeace sun mamaye dandalin mai na Gazprom na Prirazlomnaya a cikin Tekun Pechora na tsawon awanni 15, a karo na biyu a cikin Arctic. <ref>[http://www.greenpeace.org/international/en/news/Blogs/makingwaves/cold-hands-determined-hearts/blog/41917/ Cold hands, determined hearts]. Greenpeace Blog. (28 August 2012). Retrieved on 10 September 2013.</ref> Shekara guda kafin haka, a cikin watan Yunin 2011, Naidoo ya shafe kwanaki huɗu a kurkukun Greenlandic bayan ƙaddamar da wani dandamali na mai mallakar Cairn Energy, a zaman wani ɓangare na kamfen ɗin "Go Beyond Oil" na Greenpeace. An tasa keyarsa zuwa kasar [[Denmark]] inda ya dauki wani dan lokaci a tsare a hannun Danish kafin a sake shi a [[Amsterdam]], Netherlands. <ref>[http://www.timeslive.co.za/thetimes/2011/06/21/greenpeace-s-naidoo-freed-then-deported Greenpeace's Naidoo freed, then deported]. Times LIVE. (21 June 2011) Retrieved on 5 January 2012.</ref> Ya kasance mai yawan sukar gazawar hukumomi kamar Taron Tattalin Arzikin Duniya, <ref>[http://www.huffingtonpost.com/kumi-naidoo/wef-unlike-davos-bound_b_2522551.html WEF 'Unlike' – Davos-bound]. Huffington Post. (21 January 2013). Retrieved on 10 September 2013.</ref> ya wuce "dawo da tsarin", "kariyar tsarin da kiyayewa" a maimakon haka ya ba da shawarar a sake tsara tsarin. Kumi Naidoo yayi amfani da WEF don fadada saƙonnin muhalli ga shugabannin kasuwanci da siyasa da kuma zazzaɓi don ayyukan koren kore da sauye sauye a ɓangaren makamashi. <ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/interview-kumi-naidoo-greenpeace Interview: Kumi Naidoo, Greenpeace]. Guardian Sustainable Businesses.(15 February 2013). Retrieved on 10 September 2013.</ref> Yayin taron Tattalin Arzikin Duniya a 2013, yayin da Kumi Naidoo ke goga kafada da manyan masu hannu da shuni a duniya, <ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/01/25/us-davos-ngos-idUSBRE90O0LK20130125 Kumi Naidoo at the WEF 2013 in Davos]. Reuters. (25 January 2013) Retrieved on 10 September 2013.</ref> fafutuka na Greenpeace suna tsare wani gidan mai na Shell da ke wajen shakatawa na tsaunin [[Switzerland]] suna neman cewa babban kamfanin mai ya sauke burinta na hako mai a ciki. da Arctic. <ref>[http://www.greenpeace.org/international/en/news/Blogs/makingwaves/in-davos-shell-fuel-station-shut-down-in-arct/blog/43777/ Shell fuel station shutdown in Davos, Swtizerland]. Greenpeace Blog. (25 January 2013). Retrieved on 10 September 2013.</ref> Naidoo yana halartar tattaunawar sauyin yanayi na [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] a kai a kai kuma yana ba da shawara don haɓaka buri daga gwamnatoci don fitar da hayaki da kuma himma zuwa ga bangaren makamashi bisa tushen sabuntawa da ake nufi don taimakawa ɗan adam guje wa bala'in canjin yanayi. <ref>[http://www.bdlive.co.za/indepth/AfricanPerspectives/2012/12/20/climate-change-tears-in-the-desert Climate change: tears in the desert] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127071255/http://www.bdlive.co.za/indepth/AfricanPerspectives/2012/12/20/climate-change-tears-in-the-desert |date=2013-01-27 }}. Business Day LIVE. (20 December 2012). Retrieved on 10 September 2013.</ref> A shekarar 2015 Naidoo ya ba da sanarwar cewa zai bar mukamin Babban Daraktan Kasa da Kasa a tsakiyar wa'adinsa na biyu. Da yake sanar da barin sa aikin IED ya ce; "Lokacin da na tashi, Ina fatan na shiga wani mahimmin matsayi tare da Greenpeace: a matsayin mai aikin sa kai." Naidoo ya koma Afirka ta Kudu don mayar da hankali kan aikinsa a kan adalci na makamashi. Murabus din Naidoo ya zo jim kadan bayan ya bayyana cewa kungiyar na fama da matsalar kasafin kudi. A shekarar 2014 wani daftarin aiki da aka bankado ya nuna cewa ma'aikaci ya yi asarar miliyan £3m a cikin kudin masu bayarwa a kasuwar canjin kudaden waje ta hanyar yin kuskure bisa kuskure kan euro yayin da sashen kudi na Greenpeace ya fuskanci wasu matsaloli daban daban saboda rashin tsari. <ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2014/jun/23/greenpeace-losses-financial-disarray Greenpeace losses: leaked documents reveal extent of financial disarray], ''[[The Guardian]]'', 23 June 2014</ref> Karin bayanan ya nuna cewa wannan misali daya ne kacal na yadda kungiyar ba ta kula da kudaden ta yadda ya kamata tare da yin watsi da mutuncin ta. An kuma bayyana cewa, daraktan shirye-shiryen Greenpeace na kasa da kasa Pascal Husting yana zirga-zirga a kai a kai ta jirgin sama tsakanin gidansa da ke Luxembourg zuwa ofisoshin kungiyar a Amsterdam. Wasikar ma’aikata 40 daga Greenpeace Netherlands tayi kira ga Husting da yayi murabus. Ba da daɗewa ba ma'aikatan Greenpeace International suka haɗu da takwarorinsu suna buƙatar Babban Darakta Kumi Naidoo shima ya yi murabus. <ref>[http://www.humanosphere.org/environment/2014/07/greenpeace-staffers-call-resignation-top-leaders/ Greenpeace staffers call for resignation of top leaders] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191020091132/http://www.humanosphere.org/environment/2014/07/greenpeace-staffers-call-resignation-top-leaders/ |date=2019-10-20 }}, ''[[Humanosphere]]'', 31 July 2014</ref> === Lokacin Amnesty na Duniya === A ranar 21 ga Disamba 2017, Amnesty International ta [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Zj6C6W6BKI nada Kumi Naidoo a matsayin Sakatare Janar na gaba.] A watan Agustan 2018 Kumi ya gaji Salil Shetty, wanda ya yi wa'adi biyu a Amnesty International a matsayin Sakatare-Janar daga 2010. Sakatare Janar din shi ne shugaba kuma babban mai magana da yawun kungiyar ta Amnesty International kuma shi ne Babban Jami’in Sakatariyar ta Duniya. Kumi ya fara aikinsa a Amnesty tare da buɗa baki daga Afirka. A cikin 2019 Amnesty International ta yarda da rami a cikin kasafin kudinta na kusan £ 17m a cikin kuɗin masu bayarwa zuwa ƙarshen 2020. Domin magance matsalar kasafin kudi Kumi Naidoo ya sanar wa ma’aikatan cewa hedikwatar kungiyar za ta datse ayyuka kusan 100 a matsayin wani bangare na sake tsarin cikin gaggawa. Unite Union, babbar kungiyar kwadago ta Burtaniya, ta ce an rage yawan ma'aikatan ne sakamakon "sama da fadi da kudin da kungiyar manyan shugabannin kungiyar ke yi" kuma hakan ya faru "duk da karuwar kudaden shiga". <ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2019/jun/06/amnesty-international-to-make-almost-100-staff-redundant Amnesty International to make almost 100 staff redundant], ''[[The Guardian]]'', 9 June 2019</ref> Rikicin na Amnesty International ya fito fili ne a cikin 2018 lokacin da Gaëtan Mootoo, 65, mai bincike na shekaru talatin, ya mutu ta hanyar kashe kansa a ofishin Amnesty na Paris, yana barin wata sanarwa da ke zargin matsin lamba na aiki da rashin tallafi daga gudanarwa. Wani bita ya gano rokon Mootoo na neman taimako an yi watsi da shi. <ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/feb/06/amnesty-international-has-toxic-working-culture-report-finds Amnesty International has toxic working culture, report finds], ''[[The Guardian]]'', 6 Feb 2019</ref> A cewar tsohon mai ba da hadin gwiwar Mootoo, Salvatore Saguès, “Shari’ar Galytan ita ce kawai karshen dusar kankara a Amnesty. Ana wahala mai yawa ga ma'aikata. Tun zamanin Salil Shetty, lokacin da ake biyan manyan ma’aikata albashi mai tsoka, Amnesty ta zama ta kasashe da yawa inda ake ganin ma’aikata ba sa iya biya. Gudanar da albarkatun mutane bala'i ne kuma babu wanda ya shirya tsayayye don a kirga shi. Matakin rashin hukunta shugabannin Amnesty ba abin yarda ba ne. ” <ref>[http://en.rfi.fr/africa/20190525-boisbouvier-translation Can Amnesty recover from this tragic death?], ''[[Radio France Internationale|RFI]]'', 26 May 2019</ref> Bayan babu daya daga cikin manajojin Amnesty da aka zarga da rashin kyakkyawan yanayin aiki da sakatariyar kasa da kasa ta Amnesty, wasu gungun ma'aikata sun nemi takardar murabus din Naidoo. A ranar 5 ga Disamba, 2019 Naidoo ya yi murabus daga Amnesty International saboda rashin lafiya. Naidoo ya ce, "Yanzu fiye da kowane lokaci, kungiyar na bukatar sakatare janar wanda ke iya gwagwarmaya kuma zai iya gani ta hanyar aikin da aka ba ta da karfin gwiwa cewa wannan rawar, wannan cibiya, da kuma manufar 'yancin dan adam ta duniya sun cancanci." . <ref>[https://www.civilsociety.co.uk/news/amnesty-international-s-secretary-general-kumi-naidoo-steps-down-for-health-reasons.html], ''[[Civil Society News]]'', 6 Dec 2019</ref> == Girmamawa da Kyaututtuka == Kumi Naidoo ya sami lambar yabo ta girmamawa ta: Jami'ar Johannesburg a cikin 2019 Jami'ar Fasaha ta Durban a shekarar 2017 [https://alumni.mandela.ac.za/Honorary-Doctorates Jami'ar Nelson Mandela a 2012] Kyautar James Lawson don gwagwarmayar lumana a cikin (2014) An zabi Kumi a matsayin ɗayan 21 ICONS Afirka ta Kudu: Girmama gadon Nelson Mandela (2013) == Jerin zaɓaɓɓun bayanan Audio-Visual == Jerin rikodin da aka zaba wanda ke fayyace wasu daga cikin mahimman lokutan aikin kungiyar farar hula ta duniya Kumi Naidoo. A cikin wannan Nuwamba Nuwamba 2014 rikodin, Kumi Naidoo yayi magana game [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tLFfRY3QBjo da Biliyan Ayyuka na ƙarfin zuciya] Kumi yayi magana game da kisan [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AU5Ruadh-1E abokinsa kuma abokin aikinsa, Lenny Naidu] Kumi ya tattauna da Turanci na Al Jazeera: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Oxl_NFukEUM Shin Amnesty International za ta iya gyara al'adunta na aiki mai guba?] == Bayani ==   == Haɗin waje == * [https://www.theguardian.com/society/2009/jul/22/kumi-naidoo-interview-social-justice-campaigner Annie Kelly ta yi hira da mai fafutukar adalci na zamantakewa Kumi Naidoo (Guardian)] * Kumi Naidoo na Greenpeace a kan Kyautar Zaman Lafiya ta Obama, Yaƙin Obama, Copenhagen da Biyan Yanayi - rahoton bidiyo na ''Dimokuradiyya Yanzu!'' * [http://www.democracynow.org/blog/2014/9/25/part_2_kumi_naidoo_of_greenpeace Kumi Naidoo na Greenpeace a kan Canjin Yanayi da Yakin, Darussan daga Yakin Yaki da wariyar launin fata] - rahoton bidiyo na ''Dimokuradiyya Yanzu!'' * [http://www.democracynow.org/2010/12/9/greenpeace_climate_justice_movement_must_intensify Naidoo: Yunkurin Adalci na Yanayi Dole ne ya Ƙarfafa Kokarinsu Kafin 2011 Tattaunawar Yanayi a Afirka ta Kudu] * [http://southasia.oneworld.net/weekend/elements-in-the-fbi-and-pentagon-consider-climate-change-a-great-threat-to-world-peace ''Abubuwa a cikin FBI da Pentagon suna la'akari da canjin yanayi babbar barazana ga zaman lafiya a duniya'', Kumi Naidoo's Interview with OneWorld South Asia'''Tattaunawar Kumi Naidoo tare da OneWorld Kudancin Asiya'''] {{Greenpeace}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1965]] [[Rukuni:Yan asalin indiya]] [[Rukuni:Afirka ta kudu]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] ezmv46mauy4z6od9so25kbwpxekx6wg Wikipedia:Sabbin editoci 4 21908 889575 889188 2026-07-30T21:29:38Z AmmarBot 13973 Sabunta shafin sabbin editoci 889575 wikitext text/x-wiki Wannan shafin ya na ƙunshe da sabbin editocin da sukayi rajista a Hausa Wikipedia. Robot yana sabunta wannan shafin duk bayan wasu sa'o'i. 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Almustapha|Isah Almustapha]] |[[Special:Contributions/Isah Almustapha|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 30 ga Yuli 2026 |- |84 |[[User:Summy Akey|Summy Akey]] |[[Special:Contributions/Summy Akey|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 30 ga Yuli 2026 |- |85 |[[User:STMC2421|STMC2421]] |[[Special:Contributions/STMC2421|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 30 ga Yuli 2026 |- |86 |[[User:ABUBAKAR MAIKUDI MUSA|ABUBAKAR MAIKUDI MUSA]] |[[Special:Contributions/ABUBAKAR MAIKUDI MUSA|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 30 ga Yuli 2026 |- |87 |[[User:Gombarix|Gombarix]] |[[Special:Contributions/Gombarix|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 30 ga Yuli 2026 |- |88 |[[User:Scholastikos|Scholastikos]] |[[Special:Contributions/Scholastikos|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 30 ga Yuli 2026 |- |89 |[[User:JeremyLeicester|JeremyLeicester]] |[[Special:Contributions/JeremyLeicester|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 30 ga Yuli 2026 |- |90 |[[User:Baffa ali|Baffa ali]] |[[Special:Contributions/Baffa ali|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 30 ga Yuli 2026 |- |91 |[[User:Mohamad Darlin|Mohamad Darlin]] |[[Special:Contributions/Mohamad Darlin|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 30 ga Yuli 2026 |- |} fz254mzymm7ml7zhxvaowi3ndk62440 Mikaela Loach 0 22511 889351 541305 2026-07-30T12:12:59Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 889351 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Mikaela Loach''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1998) 'yar gwagwarmayar tabbatar da adalci ne a Edinburgh a kasar Scotland wanda aka zaba don Kyautar Citizen na Duniya : Kyautar gwarzo ta Burtaniya. Loach ɗalibar likita ce a Jami'ar Edinburgh wacce ke amfani da tsarinta na Instagram na sama da 100,000 don yin aiki don sanya yanayin [[Canjin yanayi|sauyin yanayi]] ya zama mai haɗa kai, yana mai da hankali kan hanyoyin haɗarin matsalar yanayi tare da tsarin zalunci kamar fifikon fararen fata da rashin adalci na ƙaura. Tare da Jo Becker, Loach itace mai haɗin gwiwa, marubuci kuma mai gabatar da shirin ''YIKES'' wanda ke bincika canjin yanayi, haƙƙin ɗan adam da adalci na zamantakewar jama'a. == Farkon Rayuwa da ilimi == Loach an haife ta ne a Kasar [[Jamaika|Jamaica]] kuma an haife ta a Surrey, [[Birtaniya|United Kingdom]]. Loach ta koma Edinburgh don jami'a kuma a halin yanzu dalibar likita ce na shekara ta 4 a Jami'ar Edinburgh . == Yakin neman zabe == Yayinda take budurwa, Loach ta fara fahimtar haɗuwa tsakanin adalci tsakanin muhalli da launin fata. A cikin shekara ta 2019, Loach ta zama memba na ƙungiyar kare muhalli, belletarewar tawaye (XR) kuma a cikin watan Oktoban shekara ta 2019 ya yi tafiya daga Edinburgh zuwa London don shiga cikin zanga-zangar XR don neman 'yan siyasa su saurara kuma su yi aiki a kan rikicin yanayi. Ta cigaba da rubutun abubuwan da ta samu. A zanga-zangar shekara ta 2019 XR, Loach ta kulle kanta zuwa matakin Extan tawayen Scotland a ƙoƙarin hana 'yan sanda daga share zanga-zangar. An kulle ta a dandalin na kimanin awanni takwas kafin ta, da sauran masu kulle-kullen da son ransu suka saki kansu. Loach kuma yana kamfen tare da Yankin Yanayi na Yankin Scotland..<ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":5" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite news|date=8 October 2019|title=Extinction Rebellion protests: 'This is a last resort'|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-49976827|access-date=6 March 2021}}</ref> <ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=Life at the Extinction Rebellion protests: a diary of the past week|url=https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/17964895.young-protestor-shares-experience-exctinction-rebellion-protests/|access-date=6 March 2021|website=HeraldScotland|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":3" /></blockquote><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Mikaela Loach, Author at Eco-Age|url=https://eco-age.com/resources/author/mikaela-loach/|access-date=22 March 2021|website=Eco-Age|language=en-GB|archive-date=17 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417230900/https://eco-age.com/resources/author/mikaela-loach/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Jay|first=Georgia Murray,Anna|title=15 Women Decolonizing Sustainable Fashion|url=https://www.refinery29.com/en-us/2020/09/10053076/sustainable-ethical-fashion-activist-women|access-date=22 March 2021|website=www.refinery29.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Good Ancestor Podcast: Ep047: #GoodAncestor Mikaela Loach on Climate Justice & Antiracism on Apple Podcasts|url=https://podcasts.apple.com/dk/podcast/ep047-goodancestor-mikaela-loach-on-climate-justice/id1451091236?i=1000510508556|access-date=22 March 2021|website=Apple Podcasts|language=en-gb|archive-date=19 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419150130/https://podcasts.apple.com/dk/podcast/ep047-goodancestor-mikaela-loach-on-climate-justice/id1451091236?i=1000510508556|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Youth Against Carbon Speakers|url=https://www.zurich.co.uk/support/youth-against-carbon/speakers|url-status=live|access-date=22 March 2021|website=www.zurich.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title='We're fighting for our futures'|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/science-environment-54572398|access-date=22 March 2021}}</ref><ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=The YIKES Podcast on Apple Podcasts|url=https://podcasts.apple.com/gb/podcast/the-yikes-podcast/id1498623503|access-date=22 March 2021|website=Apple Podcasts|language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Woman's Hour – Woman's Hour Power List: Our Planet – The Big Reveal – BBC Sounds|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/m000pfch|access-date=22 March 2021|website=www.bbc.co.uk|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Woman's Hour Power List 2020: The List|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/5f6X3JsVjcGXfXstdbYxhkk/womans-hour-power-list-2020-the-list|url-status=live|access-date=22 March 2021|website=www.bbc.co.uk}}</ref> Lokacin da take magana da BBC, Loach ta ce game da abin da ya jawo mata:<blockquote>''"Na dade ina canza abubuwa a cikin salon rayuwata don kokarin zama mai saukin yanayi amma na fahimci 'yan watannin da suka gabata cewa babu damuwa idan na tafi cin ganyayyaki ko kuma zubar da sifiri idan gwamnati ba ta yi hakan ba yi komai.'' ''Akwai bukatar a samu manyan canje-canje a tsarin. "'' </blockquote>Loach ta ce ta fara zuwa zanga-zanga ne "lokacin da matsalar 'yan gudun hijira ta kasance kan labarai a' yan shekarun da suka gabata. Na shiga cikin haƙƙin ƙaura da na 'yan gudun hijira kuma na ba da kansu a sansanin da ke Kalais . . . .To Amma sai wata rana na fahimci cewa waɗannan abubuwa suna da alaƙa da gaske: rikicin yanayi yana da alaƙa da rikicin 'yan gudun hijira, kuma dukansu suna da alaƙa da rashin adalci na launin fata da abubuwan gadon mulkin mallaka ” Ta hanyar kafofin sada zumunta, kuma a matsayinta na marubuciya ga rayuwar Eco-Age, Loach yana ba da fatawa ga tabbatar da adalci a muhalli, adalci na launin fatar, yanayin ci gaba, da kuma haƙƙin 'yan gudun hijira. Hakanan ta kasance baƙo a kan adreshin fayiloli da yawa, gami da Andrea Fox's Age of Plastics podcast, da Layla Saad 's Good Ancestor Podcast. Loach ya kasance mai jawabi a Matasan Zurich game da Taron Carbon. A cikin 2020, Loach ya ƙirƙiri fayilolin YIKES tare da Jo Becker. Don ayyukanta na gwagwarmaya, an sanya Loach a cikin Lissafin Wakilin Mata na BBC. == Manazarta ==   [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Yanayi]] [[Category:Rajin Kare Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam]] [[Category:Ƴancin muhalli]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] nkh5g8coak4yiz30j3kui6e2czps41u Sambasa Nzeribe 0 23124 889797 550984 2026-07-31T11:49:45Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889797 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Sambasa Nzeribe''' listeni (an haife shi Chiedozie Nzeribe Siztus) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na fina-finai da talabijin na Najeriya, samfurin kuma mai nishadantarwa. == Tarihi == Ya fito ne daga [[Anambra|Jihar Anambra]] ta Najeriya. == Ayyuka == fito a fina-finai da yawa na Najeriya, ciki har da A Mile from Home (2013) Out of Luck (2015), Just Not Married (2015),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/ekoiff-2016-just-not-married-ijeoma-grace-agu-muyiwa-ademola-among-winners/pjdy892|title="Just Not Married," Ijeoma Grace Agu, Muyiwa Ademola among winners|date=31 October 2016|website=pulse.ng|access-date=4 November 2019|archive-date=4 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191104200404/https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/ekoiff-2016-just-not-married-ijeoma-grace-agu-muyiwa-ademola-among-winners/pjdy892|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/artistes-gather-just-not-married-premiere/|title=Artistes gather for Just Not Married premiere|date=10 May 2016|website=The Nation Newspaper|access-date=4 November 2019}}</ref> A Soldier's Story (2015), Hotel Choco (2015), <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bestofnollywood.tv/2015/09/03/a-soldier-story-new-film-set-to-hit-up-the-nigerian-screen/|title=A Soldier Story: New Film Set To Hit Up The Nigerian Screen – >>Best Of Nollywood|access-date=4 November 2019|archive-date=4 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191104201905/http://www.bestofnollywood.tv/2015/09/03/a-soldier-story-new-film-set-to-hit-up-the-nigerian-screen/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Wedding Party (2016), The Island (2018), Slow Country (2018), Elevator Baby (2019), ''Kasala'' (2018) da The Ghost and the Tout (2018). <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lifestyle.thecable.ng/five-highest-grossing-nollywood-movies-2018/|title=Five highest grossing Nollywood movies so far in 2018|date=15 November 2018|website=TheCable Lifestyle|access-date=4 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://myfilmhouse.ng/watch-online/the-ghost-and-the-tout|title=MYFILMHOUSE|website=myfilmhouse.ng|access-date=4 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/the-ghost-and-the-tout-watch-toyin-aimakhu-chioma-chukwuka-chiwetalu-agu-sambasa/vv2h6rf|title=Watch Toyin Aimakhu, Chioma Chukwuka, Chiwetalu Agu, Sambasa Nzeribe in trailer|date=10 April 2018|website=pulse.ng|access-date=4 November 2019|archive-date=28 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028183810/https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/the-ghost-and-the-tout-watch-toyin-aimakhu-chioma-chukwuka-chiwetalu-agu-sambasa/vv2h6rf|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Kyautar == A shekara ta 2016, ya lashe lambar yabo ta AMVCA ta biyu a jere don "Mafi kyawun Actor a cikin Drama".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/nea-2016-joseph-benjamin-faithia-balogun-sambasa-nzeribe-among-winners/8mb2phl|title=Joseph Benjamin, Faithia Balogun, Sambasa Nzeribe among winners|date=6 September 2016|website=pulse.ng|access-date=4 November 2019|archive-date=28 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028213900/https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/nea-2016-joseph-benjamin-faithia-balogun-sambasa-nzeribe-among-winners/8mb2phl|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://xplorenollywood.com/eric-aghimiens-award-winning-slow-country-to-premiere-in-may/|title=Eric Aghimien's Award Winning "Slow Country" To Premiere in May {{!}} Xplorenollywood|last=Kareem|first=Tolu|access-date=4 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.imdb.com/name/nm9005530/|title=Sambasa Nzeribe|publisher=IMDb|access-date=6 November 2019}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == * ''[[A Mile from Home|Mile daga Gida]]'' (2013) * [[Out of Luck (2015 fim)|Daga Sa'a (2015)]] * ''Ba a Yi Aure Ba'' (2015) * [[A Soldiers Story (fim na 2015)|''Labarin Soja'' (2015)]] * Otal Choco (2015) * [[The Wedding Party (fim na 2016)|''Bikin Bikin Aure'' (2016)]] * ''[[My Wife & I|Ni da matarsa]]'' (2017) * ''Tsibirin'' (2018) * [[Slow Country (fim)|''Ƙasar da ba ta da kyau'']] (2018) * Elevator Baby (2019) * ''[[Kasala (fim)|Kasala]]'' (2018) * Zuwa Daga Hauka (2018) * Ghost da Tout (2018) * 'Yan wasa huɗu da Rookie (2011) == Rayuwa ta sirri == Sambasa ya girma ne a cikin mawuyacin hali, bayan ya rasa mahaifinsa tun da wuri. Ya girma a Isolo, Jihar Legas . ci gaba da sha'awar yin wasan kwaikwayo yayin da yake girma, kuma yana da ƙwazo sosai tare da ƙungiyar mawaƙa da ƙungiyoyin wasan kwaikwayo. == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Bikin bayar da kyautar !Sashe !Fim din !Sakamakon !Ref |- | rowspan="2" |2017 | rowspan="2" |Mafi Kyawun Kyautar Nollywood |Mafi kyawun Actor a cikin rawar jagora - Turanci |''[[Slow Country (fim)|Ƙasar da ba ta da kyau]]''|{{Nom}} | rowspan="2" | |- |Mafi Kyawun Mai Taimako - Turanci |''[[Tatu (fim)|Tattoo]]''|{{Nom}} |} == Duba kuma == * [[Jerin Jaruman Finafinan Najeriya|Jerin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya]] == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] e2u1mytmkuuyqkh5h9n9ylodi861wxm Ranar Masu Kafa (Ghana) 0 23801 889505 879975 2026-07-30T19:55:46Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889505 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ranar masu kafa''' ranar hutu ce ta kasa don tunawa da gudunmawar da dukkan mutane suka bayar, musamman "[[Manyan Shida (Ghana)|Manyan Shida]]"<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Thalmayer|first1=Amber Gayle|last2=Saucier|first2=Gerard|date=2014-07-23|title=The Questionnaire Big Six in 26 Nations: Developing Cross-Culturally Applicable Big Six, Big Five and Big Two Inventories|journal=European Journal of Personality|volume=28|issue=5|pages=482–496|doi=10.1002/per.1969|s2cid=49366494|issn=0890-2070|url=https://serval.unil.ch/resource/serval:BIB_A3A1C1F5427B.P001/REF.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Grady, Tim.|title=Big six|date=2005|publisher=World Cycling Productions and Ryeka Sport|oclc=224607590}}</ref> wadanda suka jagoranci gwagwarmayar neman 'yancin kan Ghana.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Founders' Day in Ghana in 2021|url=https://www.officeholidays.com/holidays/ghana/founders-day|access-date=2020-08-15|website=Office Holidays|language=en}}</ref> A baya ana kiran ranar da aka kafa ta da suna "''Founder's Day''" tare da harafin "S" wanda ke bayyana bayan ɓarna da turawa sukayi kuma an yi bikin don nuna nasarorin [[Kwame Nkrumah|Osagyefo Dr. Kwame Nkrumah]].<ref>{{Citation|title=Nkrumah, Dr Kwame, (21 Sept. 1909–27 April 1972)|date=2007-12-01|work=Who Was Who|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u158013}}</ref> Kwame Nkrumah shi ne shugaban kasar Ghana na farko kuma memba na "[[Manyan Shida (Ghana)|Manyan Shida]]".<ref>{{Cite ODNB|last=Rathbone|first=Richard|title=Nkrumah, Kwame (1909?–1972), president of Ghana|date=2004-09-23|series=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/31504}}</ref> An haife shi a ranar 21 ga Satumba, saboda haka, bikin ranar "Founder's" ranar 21 ga Satumba a kowace shekara don girmama shigarsa cikin ƙungiyar Ghana don samun 'yancin kai daga mulkin mallaka na Biritaniya.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Polunin|first=Nicholas|date=1995|title=Biosphere Day 1995: (Celebrated each Year on September 21st)|journal=Environmental Conservation|volume=22|issue=3|pages=272|doi=10.1017/s0376892900010729|issn=0376-8929|doi-access=free}}</ref> Sauran membobin "Big Six" sune Edward Akufo-Addo, Joseph Boakye Danquah, Emmanuel Obetsebi-Lamptey, William Ofori Atta, da Ebenezer Ako-Adjei.<ref>{{Citation|last=Akansina Aziabah|first=Maxwell|title=Obetsebi-Lamptey, Emmanuel Odarquaye|date=2011-12-08|work=African American Studies Center|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/acref/9780195301731.013.49678|isbn=978-0-19-530173-1}}</ref> Akwai tunani da hangen nesa da dama na shugabannin gwamnatin Shugaba Akufo Addo na yanzu cewa sauran membobin "Big Six" wadanda ke cikin gwagwarmayar neman 'yancin kan Ghana dole ne a girmama su a matsayin wani bangare na bikin.<ref name="Akufo-Addo, Hon. Nana">{{Cite document|title=Akufo-Addo, Hon. Nana|doi=10.1163/1570-6664_iyb_sim_person_34801}}</ref> An canza sunan daga "Founder's Day" zuwa "Founders' Day". Ma'ana kalmar tana da jam'i don haɗawa da wani memba na "Big Six" a matsayin wani ɓangare na bikin "Ranar Mafarin" ta Ghana kuma don girmama su.<ref>{{Citation|title=Tools to the Men who can use them|date=2017-06-26|work=The Six-Hour Day & Other Industrial Questions|pages=36–49|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9781315213668-4|isbn=978-1-315-21366-8}}</ref> == Tarihi == A ranar 21 ga Satumba na kowace shekara aka yi bikin ranar masu kafa (wacce a baya ake rubuta ta a matsayin 'Ranar da aka kafa') a Ghana don tunawa da ranar haihuwar<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kwame Nkrumah Memorial Day 2020, 2021 and 2022 in Ghana|url=https://publicholidays.africa/ghana/kwame-nkrumah-memorial-day/|access-date=2020-08-27|website=PublicHolidays.africa|language=en-US|archive-date=2022-08-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220805130741/https://publicholidays.africa/ghana/kwame-nkrumah-memorial-day/|url-status=dead}}</ref> shugaban Ghana na farko, [[Kwame Nkrumah|Osagyefo Dakta Kwame Nkrumah]],<ref>{{Cite ODNB|last=Rathbone|first=Richard|title=Nkrumah, Kwame (1909?–1972), president of Ghana|date=2004-09-23|series=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/31504}}</ref> da kuma tunawa da fafutukar neman 'yancin kai da Ghana ta yi. jarumai "Manya Shida" kamar yadda sunansu ya nuna.<ref>{{Citation|title=Chapter Six Nationalism and Ideology|date=1989-12-31|work=The Endless War|pages=133–168|place=New York Chichester, West Sussex|publisher=Columbia University Press|doi=10.7312/harr93426-011|isbn=978-0-231-89364-0}}</ref> Shugaba Nana Addo Dankwa Akufo-Addo<ref name="Akufo-Addo, Hon. Nana" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Akufo-Addo, Nana, interviewee.|title=Evening encounter with Nana Addo Dankwa|year=2004|isbn=9988-584-87-3|oclc=1054405362}}</ref> bayan ya hau kan karagar mulki kuma bisa kiraye-kirayen da ake yi na yin murnar sauran membobin "Big Six" ya gabatar da doka ga majalisar don ayyana ranar 4 ga watan Agusta a matsayin sabuwar ranar bukukuwan ranar masu kafa,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2020-08-06|title=Sekou Nkrumah Fights Oquaye Over Founders' Day|url=https://dailyguidenetwork.com/283102-2/|access-date=2020-08-07|website=DailyGuide Network|language=en-US}}</ref> don fadada fadin bikin don rufe dukkan mutanen da suka taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kwato kasar.<ref>{{Citation|last1=Akgüç|first1=Mehtap|title=What happens to young people who move to another country to find work?|date=2018-12-23|work=Youth Labor in Transition|pages=389–418|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-086479-8|last2=Beblavý|first2=Miroslav|doi=10.1093/oso/9780190864798.003.0013}}</ref> Shugaba Nana Addo Dankwa Akufo-Addo ya sake ba da shawarar cewa ranar 21 ga Satumba duk da haka yakamata a sanya ta a matsayin Ranar Tunawa da Kwame Nkrumah, don tunawa da ranar haihuwarsa.<ref>{{cite web|title=Akufo-Addo renaming of Founder's Day will be short-lived – CPP|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Akufo-Addo-renaming-of-Founder-s-Day-will-be-short-lived-CPP-582139|publisher=Ghanaweb|access-date=15 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Founders' day to be placed on Ghana's Holiday Calendar|url=http://www.modernghana.com/news/419363/1/founders-day-to-be-placed-on-ghanas-holiday-calend.html|publisher=Modern Ghana|access-date=22 September 2013}}</ref> Hukuncin ya raba bikin "Ranar Mafarin" a matsayin girmama "Manya Shida" daga bikin tunawa da Osagye Dr. Kwame Nkrumah a ranar haihuwarsa a gwarzon jagoran samun 'yancin kan Ghana kuma tsohon Shugaban Ghana.<ref>{{Cite ODNB|last=Rathbone|first=Richard|title=Nkrumah, Kwame (1909?–1972), president of Ghana|date=2004-09-23|series=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/31504}}</ref> A watan Maris na shekarar 2019, gwamnatin kasar Ghana ta zartar da dokar yin gyare -gyare na hutu a ranar 4 ga watan Agusta a matsayin "Ranar Mafifici,"<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-09-17|title=Founders Day to be Aug. 4, Sept. 21 to honour Nkrumah's memory|url=http://citifmonline.com/2017/09/founders-day-to-be-aug-4-sept-21-to-honour-nkrumahs-memory/|access-date=2020-08-27|website=Citi 97.3 FM - Relevant Radio. Always|language=en-US|archive-date=2022-05-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519212405/https://citifmonline.com/2017/09/founders-day-to-be-aug-4-sept-21-to-honour-nkrumahs-memory/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ranar da ta yi daidai da kafa jam'iyyar siyasa ta farko a kasar - 'United Gold Coast Convention' (UGCC) a ranar 4 ga Agusta, 1947.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|date=4 August 2020|title=Nkrumah alone did not 'compose' Ghana's independence - Prof Oquaye|work=Graphic Online|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/politics/nkrumah-alone-did-not-compose-ghana-s-independence-prof-oquaye.html|access-date=8 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Founders' Day in Ghana in 2020|url=https://www.officeholidays.com/holidays/ghana/founders-day|access-date=2020-08-02|website=Office Holidays|language=en}}</ref> An keɓe ranar Masu Kafa don murnar da girmama mutane ([[Manyan Shida (Ghana)|Manya Shida]]) waɗanda suka jagoranci Ghana zuwa samun 'yancin kai yayin da Kwame Nkrumah ranar tunawa ta kasance don Osagyefo Dr. [[Kwame Nkrumah]] ranar haihuwar<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kwame Nkrumah Memorial Day 2020, 2021 and 2022 in Ghana|url=https://publicholidays.africa/ghana/kwame-nkrumah-memorial-day/|access-date=2020-08-27|website=PublicHolidays.africa|language=en-US|archive-date=2022-08-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220805130741/https://publicholidays.africa/ghana/kwame-nkrumah-memorial-day/|url-status=dead}}</ref> jagoran motsi zuwa samun' yancin kai.<ref>{{Citation|last=Nkrumah|first=Kwame|title=Independence Speech|date=2016-02-04|work=The Ghana Reader|pages=301–302|publisher=Duke University Press|doi=10.2307/j.ctv125jqp2.65|isbn=978-0-8223-7496-1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Founder's Day 2020, 2021 and 2022 in Ghana|url=https://publicholidays.africa/ghana/founders-day/|access-date=2020-08-02|website=PublicHolidays.africa|language=en-US|archive-date=2020-10-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020065315/https://publicholidays.africa/ghana/founders-day/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Muhimmancin ranar == Haka kuma "Ranar da aka kafa ta" ita ma rana ce da 'yan Ghana ke amfani da wannan dama don nuna irin sadaukarwar da magabatansu da suka yi fafutukar samun' yancin kan Ghana.<ref>{{Citation|title=Dale, Peter David, (born 25 July 1955), Founder, Rare Day Ltd, since 2008|date=2007-12-01|work=Who's Who|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u12734}}</ref> 'Yan kasar ta Ghana kuma suna yin bikin "Ranar Masu Kafa" don hada ayyukan da za su karfafa gwiwar jama'ar Ghana a cikin kasar da kuma na kasashen waje don karban Ghana a matsayin kasarsu ta asali.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Okyerefo|first=Michael Perry Kweku|date=2015|title="I Am Austro-Ghanaian": Citizenship and Belonging of Ghanaians in Austria|journal=Ghana Studies|volume=18|issue=1|pages=48–67|doi=10.1353/ghs.2015.0006|s2cid=147612455|issn=2333-7168}}</ref> Bayan murnar "Ranar Masu Kafa" suna ƙarfafa 'yan Ghana su yaba da rawar da sadaukarwar da shugabanninta suka taka yayin da suke yin hakan ta hanyar sadaukar da kai ga ƙasar a cikin dukkan ayyuka.<ref>{{Citation|title=ORATION 24|date=2010-04-01|work=Select Orations|pages=142–156|publisher=Catholic University of America Press|doi=10.2307/j.ctt32b306.18|isbn=978-0-8132-1207-4}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> == Lectures na jama'a == * '''4 Agusta 2019''' Ranar Masu Kafa Ta Farko, wacce ita ce 4 ga Agusta 2019 ta fadi a karshen mako saboda haka Ministan Cikin Gida, Ambrose Dery, a cikin wata sanarwa ya ce ganin ranar da za ta fada a ranar Lahadi, Shugaba Nana Addo Dankwa Akufo-Addo ta hannun Babban Jami'i (EI) ), wanda aka ayyana ranar Litinin, 5 ga watan Agusta, a matsayin ranar hutu da za a yi irin wannan a duk faɗin ƙasar, ya gudanar da Luncheon don girmama Manyan yan ƙasa a Cibiyar Taro ta Kasa da Kasa ta Accra.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Adogla-Bessa|first=Delali|date=1 August 2019|title=Founders' Day: Gov't declares August 5 a public holiday|work=Citi Newsroom|url=https://citinewsroom.com/2019/08/founders-day-govt-declares-august-5-a-public-holiday/|access-date=8 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-08-05|title=Let's rise above partisanship - Akufo-Addo justifies Founders' Day|url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/news/national/lets-rise-above-partisanship-akufo-addo-justifies-founders-day/|access-date=2020-08-15|website=MyJoyOnline.com|language=en-US}}{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * '''4 Agusta 2020''' Jagorantar laccar ta jama'a shi ne wanda ya mallaki Dagbon, Yaa Naa Abubakari Mahama II, tare da sauran sarakunan gargajiya daga Dagbon.<ref>{{Citation|title=Dagbon|date=1975-07-03|work=The Lions of Dagbon|pages=13–38|publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/cbo9780511759543.004|isbn=978-0-521-20682-2}}</ref> Shugaban majalisar, Farfesa Aaron Mike Oquaye ya gabatar da lacca ga jama'a.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=OQUAYE|first=MIKE|title=The Ghanaian Elections of 1992—A Dissenting View|date=1995|journal=African Affairs|volume=94|issue=375|pages=259–275|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a098809|issn=1468-2621}}</ref> Mai magana da yawun Yaa Naa, Zamgbali Naa, Dr Jacob Mahama, a cikin girmamawa ya yaba da duk mutanen da suka ba da gudummawa ga gwagwarmayar neman 'yanci kuma ya nanata ainihin girmama kowa da kowa ba tare da mai da hankali kan [[Kwame Nkrumah]] ba.<ref>{{Citation|title=Nkrumah, Dr Kwame, (21 Sept. 1909–27 April 1972)|date=2007-12-01|work=Who Was Who|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u158013}}</ref> Manyan mutane kamar Shugaban Ma’aikata, Mrs Akosua Frema Opare; shugaban masu rinjaye kuma ministan harkokin majalisar, Mr Osei Kyei-Mensah-Bonsu; ministan abinci da aikin gona, Dr Owusu Afriyie Akoto; ministan yada labarai, Mr Kojo Oppong Nkrumah; shugaban kungiyar 'yan jarida ta Ghana (GJA), Mista Roland Affail Monney sun kasance a wurin lacca.<ref name=":1" /> Gidauniyar Open Foundation ta Yammacin Afirka ta ƙaddamar da gasar rubuce -rubucen ranar da aka kafa ta Ghana don haɓaka adabin Ghana na mutane da abubuwan da suka faru akan Wikipedia.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Adotey|date=2019|title=A Matter of Apostrophe? Founder's Day, Founders' Day, and Holiday Politics in Contemporary Ghana|journal=Journal of West African History|volume=5|issue=2|pages=113|doi=10.14321/jwestafrihist.5.2.0113|issn=2327-1868}}</ref> Gasar, wacce ta fara daga ranar 1 zuwa 31 ga Agusta 2020 tana neman samar da fadakarwa da ilmantar da jama'a kan mahimmancin Ranar Masu Kafa tare kuma da karfafa kwarin gwiwa game da tarihin Ghana.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Anyorigya|first=Daniel Abugre|date=20 July 2020|title=Open Foundation West Africa launches writing contest to commemorate Founders Day|work=Citi Newsroom|url=https://citinewsroom.com/2020/08/founders-day-holiday-to-be-observed-on-tuesday/|access-date=8 August 2020}}</ref> == Jayayya == Koyaya, akwai wasu takaddama daga jam'iyyar adawa ta National Democratic Congress (NDC) da Convention People's Party (CPP) don soke ta tare da tunanin cewa sabon hutun ba shine wakilcin gaskiya na abubuwan tarihi ba kuma wani yunƙuri ne na Akufo. -Gwamnatin adddo ta sake rubuta tarihin kasar.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|last=Nyabor|first=Jonas|date=5 August 2019|title=NDC will reverse 4th August Founders' Day celebration – Otukonor|work=Citi Newsroom|url=https://citinewsroom.com/2019/08/ndc-will-reverse-4th-august-founders-day-celebration-otukonor/|access-date=8 August 2020}}</ref> A cewar NDC, Akufo-Addo yana neman bai wa kawunsa JB Danquah wanda ya kasance jagora a United Gold Coast Convention (UGCC), jam’iyyar siyasa da [[Kwame Nkrumah]] ta fice daga cikinta ta kafa CPP wanda ya lashe zaben da ya gan shi ya zama Jagoran Kasuwancin Gwamnati kuma Firayim Minista kuma a ƙarshe ya zama shugaban Ghana na farko.<ref name=":2" /> == Manazarta == pib5v9cnfzdcxjhse1jt7hfsvpfyfme White Waters 0 27434 889482 884557 2026-07-30T18:27:54Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354348466|White Waters]]" 889482 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vevent" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size: 125%; font-style: italic;" |White Waters |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An ba da umarni daga | class="infobox-data" |[[Izu Ojukwu]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Fitowa | class="infobox-data" |[[Joke Silva]] [[Rita Dominic]] [[OC Ukeje]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Ranar fitarwa</div> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist film-date"> * 2007 <span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2007</span>)&nbsp;</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Kasar | class="infobox-data" |[[Najeriya]] |} <ref>{{Cite web |title=AMAA Nominees and Winners 2008 |url=http://ama-awards.com/amaa-nominees-and-winners-2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110405090514/http://www.ama-awards.com/amaa-nominees-and-winners-2008 |archive-date=5 April 2011 |access-date=21 February 2011 |publisher=[[Africa Movie Academy Awards]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Africa Movie Academy Awards' nominees take a bow in Josies |url=http://www.screenafrica.com/news/industry/363428.htm |access-date=20 January 2010 |publisher=ScreenAfrica.com}}</ref>.'''White Waters''' fim ne na [[Drama|wasan kwaikwayo]] na rayuwar Najeriya na 2007 wanda [[Izu Ojukwu]] ya jagoranta. Fim din ya sami gabatarwa 12 kuma ya lashe kyaututtuka hudu a 4th Africa Movie Academy Awards ciki har da lashe kyautar Darakta mafi kyau, Cinematography mafi kyau, Sauti mafi kyau <ref>{{Cite web |title=AMAA Nominees and Winners 2008 |url=http://ama-awards.com/amaa-nominees-and-winners-2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110405090514/http://www.ama-awards.com/amaa-nominees-and-winners-2008 |archive-date=5 April 2011 |access-date=21 February 2011 |publisher=[[Africa Movie Academy Awards]]}}</ref> da Kyautar Actress mafi kyau a matsayin Tallafawa ga [[Joke Silva]]. == Masu ba da labari == * [[OC Ukeje]] a matsayin Melvin * [[Rita Dominic]] a matsayin Norlah * [[Joke Silva]] a matsayin Kakar Melvin * Hoom Suk a matsayin Banji * Tony Ofili Akpon a matsayin Kocin Samson * Edward Fom a matsayin Emeka * Fidelis Abdulrahman a matsayin Little Melvin * Olaitan mai daraja a matsayin Dauda * B.S. Abok a matsayin Ahmed * Tolu Daniel Aluko a matsayin Shaun * Kalbang Afsa Clement a matsayin Dutemba * James Moses Dadung a matsayin Mista Atola * Albarka Emmanuel a matsayin Bridget * Jonah Gwamna a matsayin Musa * Adamu Labaran a matsayin Ƙananan Kocin * Alfred Mgbejume a matsayin Chris * Ugbade Nathaniel a matsayin Pin Pon * Sarah Williams a matsayin Kocin Clara == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} 9gqhlw3paxkulnvzg0qctxukwuxi8qt 889483 889482 2026-07-30T18:31:17Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 889483 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''White Waters''' fim ne na [[Drama|wasan kwaikwayo]] na rayuwar Najeriya na 2007 wanda [[Izu Ojukwu]] ya jagoranta. Fim din ya sami gabatarwa 12 kuma ya lashe kyaututtuka hudu a 4th Africa Movie Academy Awards ciki har da lashe kyautar Darakta mafi kyau, Cinematography mafi kyau, Sauti mafi kyau <ref>{{Cite web |title=AMAA Nominees and Winners 2008 |url=http://ama-awards.com/amaa-nominees-and-winners-2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110405090514/http://www.ama-awards.com/amaa-nominees-and-winners-2008 |archive-date=5 April 2011 |access-date=21 February 2011 |publisher=[[Africa Movie Academy Awards]]}}</ref> da Kyautar Actress mafi kyau a matsayin Tallafawa ga [[Joke Silva]]. == Masu ba da labari == * [[OC Ukeje]] a matsayin Melvin * [[Rita Dominic]] a matsayin Norlah * [[Joke Silva]] a matsayin Kakar Melvin * Hoom Suk a matsayin Banji * Tony Ofili Akpon a matsayin Kocin Samson * Edward Fom a matsayin Emeka * Fidelis Abdulrahman a matsayin Little Melvin * Olaitan mai daraja a matsayin Dauda * B.S. Abok a matsayin Ahmed * Tolu Daniel Aluko a matsayin Shaun * Kalbang Afsa Clement a matsayin Dutemba * James Moses Dadung a matsayin Mista Atola * Albarka Emmanuel a matsayin Bridget * Jonah Gwamna a matsayin Musa * Adamu Labaran a matsayin Ƙananan Kocin * Alfred Mgbejume a matsayin Chris * Ugbade Nathaniel a matsayin Pin Pon * Sarah Williams a matsayin Kocin Clara == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} dsd4ntwkjycec1onlylskgv77kc4hvg 889484 889483 2026-07-30T18:32:15Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 889484 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''White Waters''' fim ne na [[Drama|wasan kwaikwayo]] na rayuwar Najeriya na 2007 wanda [[Izu Ojukwu]] ya jagoranta. Fim din ya sami gabatarwa 12 kuma ya lashe kyaututtuka hudu a 4th Africa Movie Academy Awards ciki har da lashe kyautar Darakta mafi kyau, Cinematography mafi kyau, Sauti mafi kyau. == Masu ba da labari == * [[OC Ukeje]] a matsayin Melvin * [[Rita Dominic]] a matsayin Norlah * [[Joke Silva]] a matsayin Kakar Melvin * Hoom Suk a matsayin Banji * Tony Ofili Akpon a matsayin Kocin Samson * Edward Fom a matsayin Emeka * Fidelis Abdulrahman a matsayin Little Melvin * Olaitan mai daraja a matsayin Dauda * B.S. Abok a matsayin Ahmed * Tolu Daniel Aluko a matsayin Shaun * Kalbang Afsa Clement a matsayin Dutemba * James Moses Dadung a matsayin Mista Atola * Albarka Emmanuel a matsayin Bridget * Jonah Gwamna a matsayin Musa * Adamu Labaran a matsayin Ƙananan Kocin * Alfred Mgbejume a matsayin Chris * Ugbade Nathaniel a matsayin Pin Pon * Sarah Williams a matsayin Kocin Clara == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} 350y490js0x1o82byr793uofu89j05m 889485 889484 2026-07-30T18:33:08Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 889485 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''White Waters''' fim ne na [[Drama|wasan kwaikwayo]] na rayuwar Najeriya na 2007 wanda [[Izu Ojukwu]] ya jagoranta. Fim din ya samu gabatarwa 12 kuma ya lashe kyaututtuka hudu a 4th Africa Movie Academy Awards ciki har da lashe kyautar Darakta mafi kyau, Cinematography mafi kyau, Sauti mafi kyau. == Masu ba da labari == * [[OC Ukeje]] a matsayin Melvin * [[Rita Dominic]] a matsayin Norlah * [[Joke Silva]] a matsayin Kakar Melvin * Hoom Suk a matsayin Banji * Tony Ofili Akpon a matsayin Kocin Samson * Edward Fom a matsayin Emeka * Fidelis Abdulrahman a matsayin Little Melvin * Olaitan mai daraja a matsayin Dauda * B.S. Abok a matsayin Ahmed * Tolu Daniel Aluko a matsayin Shaun * Kalbang Afsa Clement a matsayin Dutemba * James Moses Dadung a matsayin Mista Atola * Albarka Emmanuel a matsayin Bridget * Jonah Gwamna a matsayin Musa * Adamu Labaran a matsayin Ƙananan Kocin * Alfred Mgbejume a matsayin Chris * Ugbade Nathaniel a matsayin Pin Pon * Sarah Williams a matsayin Kocin Clara == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} m3u8570sjib152417qk8osthqo5e9mx Roberta Annan 0 30900 889639 577401 2026-07-31T05:24:54Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889639 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Roberta Annan''' (an haife ta 2 Disamban shekara ta 1982) 'yar kasuwa ce 'yar Ghana kuma wacce ta kafa Gidauniyar Kaya ta Afirka. Ita kuma mai saka hannun jari ce, mai bayar da agaji, kuma Jakadiyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya mai son muhalli. Annan ita ce 'yar Afirka mafi ƙanƙanta da aka shigar da shi cikin Babban Taron Shugabannin Afirka. Annan ta kammala karatun digiri a Jami'ar Carleton da Jami'ar Georgetown, Annan ta fara aikinta tare da horarwa a hedkwatar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ke [[New York (birni)|birnin New York.]] Annan ita ce mamallakin Annan Capital Partners, wani kamfani na saka hannun jari a yankin kudu da hamadar sahara, da ALDG, tarin kadarorin dake cikin karko mai dorewa, kasuwancin noma, da alatu mai dorewa a Afirka. == Ilimi == Annan ta halarci Kwalejin Ƙasa da Ƙasa ta SOS-Hermann Gmeiner. Ta kammala Summa Cum Laude a Biochemistry daga Jami'ar Carleton da ke [[Ottawa]], [[Kanada]], sannan ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin Biotechnology a Jami'ar Georgetown. == Aiki<p></p> == Annan, wanda ke jin [[Turanci|Ingilishi]] da [[yaren Akan]], ta yi aiki a matsayin Mai Binciken Bincike a Jami'ar Giessen kuma tare da 'yan ƙasa da yawa kamar Athgo International da MAP International tsakanin 2005 da 2007. A cikin 2008, Annan ta shiga [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] a matsayin mai horar da 'yan makaranta, daga baya ya zama mai ba da shawara ga [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]], tana tattara kudade da albarkatu don ayyukan [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] a duk duniya. A cikin 2012, ta kafa Roberta Annan Consulting, wanda aka sake yiwa alama ga Annan Capital Partners a cikin 2016 bayan shekaru biyu tare da LJ Africa Advisors. A cikin 2017, an nada Annan a matsayin Babban Haɗin Kan Kasuwanci don Fieldstone Africa inda ta jagoranci dabarun kasuwanci da tallace-tallace. Ta yi aiki a hukumomin da suka hada da The Frallain Group, Industrie Afirka, Ƙarfafa Mata da Zuba Jari, da Ghana [[Faransa|France]] Business Club. Ta kasance mai ba da shawara ga gidauniyar Rose of Sharon, ta hamshakin attajirin [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Najeriya]], Mrs. [[Folorunso Alakija|Folorunsho Alakija]] da Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta Devco don Ƙwararrun Ƙirƙirar Tattalin Arziki na Ƙasashen Duniya. A cikin 2011, Annan ta kafa gidauniyar Fashion Africa (AFF) don tallafawa masana'antar sayayya ta Afirka. Ita ce wacce ta kafa Asusun Tasirin Ƙirƙirar Afirka (IFFAC), asusun saka hannun jari na Yuro miliyan 100 da ke da nufin tallafa wa masana'antun ƙirƙira da salon rayuwa na Afirka. Roberta Annan Consulting ita ma ta kasance mai ikon mallakar gasar Miss Universe daga 2011 zuwa 2015, amma ta mika wannan ga sabbin gudanarwa bayan zargin cewa ba a gudanar da gasar cikin adalci ba. == Tarar kudi da taimakon jama'a == An karrama Annan don ayyukan tara kuɗi da suka haɗa da Kuɗaɗen Yuro miliyan 100 don Ƙirƙirar Afirka tare da haɗin gwiwar UN-ITC Ethical Fashion Initiative. Annan Capital ya kuma tara kudade ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa tare da mutane masu daraja, kamfanoni da gidauniyoyi na ayyukan sa-kai da na riba daga $6MM zuwa $100MM. Karkashin Gidauniyar [[Kayayei]] Initiative ta Afirka, Annan da sauran matan Ghana da suka hada da Ophelia Crossland, Torlowei da Velma Owusu-Bempah sun horar da ’yan dakon kaya da aka fi sani da Kaayei kan kayan kwalliya da kayan kwalliya. A lokacin kololuwar barkewar COVID-19 a [[Ghana]], WEIG tare da haɗin gwiwar Annan Capital Partners da GUBA, sun ƙaddamar da Asusun Tallafawa na [[Koronavirus 2019|COVID-19]], suna ba da kyaututtukan kuɗi don tallafawa da saka hannun jari a masana'antun da mata ke jagoranta a Ghana.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://thebftonline.com/11/03/2021/roberta-annan-writes-women-in-leadership-achieving-an-equitable-future-in-a-covid-19-world/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2022-04-01 |archive-date=2021-07-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727003545/https://thebftonline.com/11/03/2021/roberta-annan-writes-women-in-leadership-achieving-an-equitable-future-in-a-covid-19-world/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Annan tana zaune tare da mahaifiyarta da danta Allain a [[Accra]], [[Ghana|Ghana.]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1982]] 7txdzyr99np6kghb9kra77pq52dnfn8 MediaWiki:GrowthMentors.json 8 38046 889536 847330 2026-07-30T21:13:17Z M Bash Ne 12403 /* growthexperiments-manage-mentors-summary-add-self-no-reason:M Bash Ne| */ 889536 json application/json { "Mentors": { "6594": { "message": "Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Ina fatan kun yi farin cikin kasancewa anan kuma zaku tsaya dan cigaba da taimakawa don yaɗa ilimi.. ", "weight": 2, "username": "Em-mustapha" }, "3834": { "message": "Yadda ake yin amfani da injin fassara na Wikimedia ", "weight": 2, "username": "Gwanki" }, "12403": { "message": "Hello I'm an experienced Wikimedia contributor and community organizer. I'm here to help new editors learn, grow, and contribute confidently. Feel free to ask me questions, I'm happy to help.", "weight": 2, "username": "M Bash Ne" } } } 8kkdbdf8izfcfezre7s8ymjoq9xp4be Yanayi 0 40372 889414 697419 2026-07-30T14:51:12Z Hasbel5656 47420 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1365531511|Weather]]" 889414 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Port_and_lighthouse_overnight_storm_with_lightning_in_Port-la-Nouvelle.jpg|thumb|Guguwa kusa da Port-la-Nouvelle, Occitania, Faransa]] t4k58kax41084o74g3rj1tosgvfmwpi Mataimakin shugaban Kasar Najeriya 0 40806 889725 530725 2026-07-31T08:00:04Z 2026 Nigerian presidential election 47446 /* Jerin mataimakan shugaban ƙasa */ 889725 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Mataimakin shugaban ƙasar [[Najeriya]]''' shi ne na biyu a muƙamin [[Shugaban Nijeriya|shugaban ƙasar Najeriya]] a gwamnatin Najeriya . '''Mataimakin Shugaban Tarayyar Najeriya''' wanda aka zaɓa a hukumance, an zaɓi mataimakin shugaban ƙasa tare da shugaban ƙasar a zaɓen ƙasa. A halin yanzu dai ofishin na hannun [[Kashim Shettima]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vice President Yemi Osinbajo – The Statehouse, Abuja |url=https://statehouse.gov.ng/people/vice-president-yemi-osinbajo/ |access-date=2022-09-05 |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-06-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627072530/http://statehouse.gov.ng/people/vice-president-yemi-osinbajo/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Cancanta == Mutum zai cancanci kujerar mataimakin shugaban ƙasa idan shi ko ita dan [[Najeriya]] ne tun haihuwa, akalla shekaru 40, yana cikin jam'iyyar siyasa kuma jam'iyyar siyasa ce ke ɗaukar nauyinsa. == Ayyukan mataimakin shugaban Najeriya == Ayyukan zartaswa na mataimakin shugaban Najeriya sun haɗa da shiga cikin dukkan tarukan majalisar ministoci da kuma, bisa Ƙa'ida, zama memba a majalisar tsaro ta kasa]], majalisar tsaro ta kasa, majalisar zartarwa ta tarayya, da shugaban majalisar tattalin arzikin kasa. Duk da cewa mataimakin shugaban ƙasa na iya taka rawa wajen kafa manufofi a bangaren Zartarwa ta hanyar yin aiki a irin wadannan kwamitoci da kansiloli, ikon ofishin mataimakin shugaban Najeriya ya dogara ne kan ayyukan da shugaban kasa ya wakilta. ==List== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |- ! {{Abbr|No.|Number}} ! Portrait ! Name<br />{{small|(birth–death)}} ! Took office ! Left office !Political party !Head of State |- ! style="background:tan; color:black;" |1 | | Brigadier<br />[[Babafemi Ogundipe]]<br />{{small|(1924–1971)}} | 16 January 1966 | 29 July 1966<br />{{small|(''[[1966 Nigerian counter-coup|deposed]].'')}} | Federal Military Government | Major General [[Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi]] |- !style="background:tan;color:black;" |2 | | Vice Admiral<br />[[Joseph Edet Akinwale Wey]]<br />{{small|(1918–1991)}} | 1 August 1966 | 29 July 1975<br />{{small|(''[[1975 Nigerian coup d'état|deposed]].'')}} | Federal Military Government | General [[Yakubu Gowon]] |- ! style="background:tan; color:black;" |3 | [[File:Obasanjo 1978.gif|frameless|125x125px]] | Lieutenant General<br />[[Olusegun Obasanjo]]<br />{{small|(born 1937)}} | 29 July 1975 | 13 February 1976<br />{{small|(''Became Head of State after the [[Murtala Mohammed#Assassination|assassination of Murtala]]'')}} | Federal Military Government | General [[Murtala Muhammed]] |- ! style="background:tan;color:black;" |4 | | Major General<br />[[Shehu Musa Yar'Adua]]<br />{{small|(1943–1997)}} | 13 February 1976 | 30 September 1979<br />{{small|(''Handed over to civilian government'')}} | Federal Military Government | General [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] |- ! style="background:#445FAC; color:white;" |5 | [[File:Alex Ekwueme DF-SC-83-01329 (cropped).jpg|70px]] | [[Alex Ifeanyichukwu Ekwueme]]<br />{{small|(1932–2017)}} | 1 October 1979 | 31 December 1983<br />{{small|(''[[1983 Nigerian coup d'état|deposed]].'')}} | [[National Party of Nigeria]] | Alhaji [[Shehu Shagari]] |- ! style="background:tan; color:black;" |6 | | Major General<br />[[Tunde Idiagbon]]<br />{{small|(1943–1999)}} | 31 December 1983 | 27 August 1985<br />{{small|(''[[1985 Nigerian coup d'état|deposed]].'')}} | [[Supreme Military Council of Nigeria (1983–1985)|Supreme Military Council]] | Major General [[Muhammadu Buhari]] |- ! style="background:tan; color:black;" |7 | | Commodore<br />[[Ebitu Ukiwe]]<br />{{small|(born 1940)}} | 27 August 1985 | October 1986<br />{{small|(''resigned.'')}} | [[Armed Forces Ruling Council (Nigeria)|Armed Forces Ruling Council]] | rowspan = 2 | General [[Ibrahim Babangida]] |- ! style="background:tan; color:black;" |8 | | Admiral<br />[[Augustus Aikhomu]]<br />{{small|(1939–2011)}} | October 1986 | 26 August 1993<br />{{small|(''Handed over to interim government'')}} | [[Armed Forces Ruling Council (Nigeria)|Armed Forces Ruling Council]] |- ! style="background:tan; color:black;" |9 | | Lieutenant General<br />[[Donaldson Oladipo Diya]]<br />{{small|(1944–2023)}} | 17 November 1993 | 21 December 1997<br />{{small|(''Deposed and arrested for [[Oladipo Diya#Botched coup attempt|attempted coup]]'')}} | Provisional Ruling Council | General [[Sani Abacha]] |- ! style="background:tan; color:black;" |10 | | Vice Admiral<br />[[Michael Akhigbe]]<br />{{small|(1946–2013)}} | 9 June 1998 | 29 May 1999<br />{{small|(''Handed over to civilian government'')}} | Provisional Ruling Council | General [[Abdulsalami Abubakar]] |- ! style="background:green; color:white;" |11 | [[File:Atiku Abubakar-2010.jpg|70px]] | [[Atiku Abubakar]]<br />{{small|(born 1946)}} | 29 May 1999 | 29 May 2007 | [[People's Democratic Party (Nigeria)|People's Democratic Party]] | Chief [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] |- !style="background:green;color:white;" |12 | [[File:Goodluck Jonathan 2014-08-05.jpg|70px]] | [[Goodluck Jonathan]]<br />{{small|(born 1957)}} | 29 May 2007 | 5 May 2010<br />{{small|(''Became President after [[Umaru Musa Yar'Adua#Illness and death|the death of Yar'Adua]]'')}} | [[People's Democratic Party (Nigeria)|People's Democratic Party]] | Alhaji [[Umaru Musa Yar'Adua]] |- ! style="background:green; color:white;" |13 | [[File:Namadi Sambo.jpg|70px]] | [[Namadi Sambo]]<br />{{small|(born 1954)}} | 19 May 2010 | 29 May 2015 | [[People's Democratic Party (Nigeria)|People's Democratic Party]] |[[Goodluck Jonathan]] |- ! 14 | [[File:Yemi Osinbajo 2017-05-27.jpg|70px]] | [[Yemi Osinbajo]]<br />{{small|(born 1957)}} | 29 May 2015 | 29 May 2023 | [[All Progressives Congress]] | [[Muhammadu Buhari]] |- ! 15 | [[File:Kashim Shettima - Sambisa Forest, 2017.png|70px]] | [[Kashim Shettima]]<br />{{small|(born 1966)}} | 29 May 2023 | ''Incumbent'' | [[All Progressives Congress]] | [[Bola Tinubu]] |} == Nassoshi == [[Category:Shugaban Kasa]] jszu7dyaiuo9dwrsgvy2dkg1p5w9q0k Zaben Shugabancin Najeriya 2023 0 42957 889628 746452 2026-07-31T04:22:15Z 2026 Nigerian presidential election 47446 /* Manazarta */ 889628 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} An gudanar da '''zaɓen shugaban ƙasa a Najeriya na shekarar 2023''' a ranar 25 ga Fabrairun shekarar 2023 domin zaɓen [[Shugaban Nijeriya|shugaban ƙasa]] da [[Mataimakin shugaban Kasar Najeriya|mataimakin shugaban]] [[Najeriya]].<ref name="New Dates">{{cite web |last1=Jimoh |first1=Abbas |title=INEC Sets New Dates For 2023 General Elections |url=https://dailytrust.com/just-in-inec-sets-new-dates-for-2023-general-elections |website=[[Daily Trust]] |access-date=26 February 2022 |date=26 February 2022 |archive-date=25 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725032251/https://dailytrust.com/just-in-inec-sets-new-dates-for-2023-general-elections |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Bola Tinubu]] — tsohon [[Gwamnan Legas|gwamnan jihar Legas]] kuma ɗan takarar jam’iyyar [[All Progressives Congress|APC]], ya lashe zaben da kashi 36.61% na kuri’u 8,794,726. Wanda kuma yazo na biyu shine tsohon [[Mataimakin shugaban Kasar Najeriya|mataimakin shugaban ƙasa]], [[Atiku Abubakar]] dan takarar jam'iyyar [[Peoples Democratic Party|PDP]], da kuma tsohon gwamnan [[Jihar Anambra]], [[Peter Obi]] na Jam'iyyar [[Nigeria Labour Party|LP]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 March 2023 |title=Bola Tinubu is now Nigeria's president-elect. What happens next? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/3/1/now-that-tinubu-is-nigerias-president-what-happens-next |access-date=4 March 2023 |work=[[Al Jazeera]]}}</ref> A ranar 1 ga watan Maris aka sanar da sakamakon karshe na kasa amma nan take Atiku da Obi suka kalubalanta sakamakon zaben. Sauran zabukan tarayya, sun hada da zabukan ƴan majalisar wakilai da na majalisar dattawa, da aka gudanar a rana daya. Yayin da za a gudanar da zaben jihohi makonni biyu bayan zaben shugaban kasa, wanda hukumar zabe ta sa ranar 11 ga watan Maris.<ref name="New Dates" /> An saita bikin ƙaddamar da ranar 29 ga Mayu 2023. Sai dai daga baya hukumar zabe ta dage gabatar da zaben da mako daya saboda wasu dalilai, ta bayyana dalilan da cewa tanason tayi wasu gyare-gyaren N'urorin aikin zaben.<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.dw.com/ha/an-dage-zaben-gwamnoni-a-najeriya/a-64926754|date = 9 March 2023 |accessdate = 13 March 2023 |publisher = DW Hausa |title = An dage zaben gwamnoni a Najeriya |last = Abubakar Idris |first = Uwais |language = ha}}</ref> An gabatar da ƴan takarar a zaben fidda gwanin jam'iyyaun siyasa, wanda aka gudanar tsakanin 4 ga watan Afrilu zuwa 9 ga watan Yuni shekarar 2022. Shugaban kasa na jam’iyyar '''APC''' mai ci [[Muhammadu Buhari]] ya kare wa’adin mulkinsa a karo na biyu, kuma ba zai iya sake tsayawa takara a karo na uku ba. Jam'iyyar '''NNPP''' ta tsayar da tsohon gwamnan Kano [[Rabi'u Musa Kwankwaso|Kwankwaso]],<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sulaimon |first1=Adekunle |title=#NigeriaElections2023: INEC backtracks on promise to upload results from polling units |url=https://punchng.com/nigeriaelections2023-inec-reneges-on-promise-to-upload-results-from-polling-units/ |website=[[The Punch]] |date=25 February 2023 |access-date=28 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Shaibu |first1=Nathaniel |title=#NigeriaElections2023: YIAGA expresses concern over failed result upload |url=https://punchng.com/nigeriaelections2023-yiaga-expresses-concern-over-failed-result-upload/ |website=[[The Punch]] |date=25 February 2023 |access-date=28 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Jannamike |first1=Luminous |title=Address issues threatening to mar credibility of election results, CSO charges INEC |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/02/address-issues-threatening-to-mar-credibility-of-election-results-cso-charges-inec/ |website=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]] |access-date=28 February 2023}}</ref> sai Jam'iyyar '''LP''' ta tsaida Peter Obi. Yan makonni bayan zaben fidda gwani, kowane dan takara ya sanar da abokin takararsa, wato mataimakin shugaban kasa inda Atiku ya zabi Gwamnan [[jihar Delta]] [[Arthur Okowa Ifeanyi|Ifeanyi Okowa]].<ref name="Atiku picks Okowa">{{cite web |last1=Erezi |first1=Dennis |title=Atiku dumps Wike, chooses Okowa as running mate for presidential election |url=https://guardian.ng/news/atiku-dumps-wike-chooses-okowa-as-running-mate/ |website=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]] |date=16 June 2022 |access-date=16 June 2022 |archive-date=4 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230304174806/https://guardian.ng/news/atiku-dumps-wike-chooses-okowa-as-running-mate/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Obi submits Okupe">{{cite web |last1=Aliyu |first1=Abdullateef |title=Running Mate: Like Tinubu, Peter Obi Picks Doyin Okupe As Placeholder |url=https://dailytrust.com/peter-obi-picks-doyin-okupe-as-running-mate |website=[[Daily Trust]] |date=17 June 2022 |access-date=17 June 2022 |archive-date=17 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220617200954/https://dailytrust.com/peter-obi-picks-doyin-okupe-as-running-mate |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Tinubu submits Masari">{{cite web |last1=Erezi |first1=Dennis |title=Tinubu submits name of running mate to INEC |url=https://guardian.ng/breakingnews/tinubu-submits-name-of-running-mate-to-inec/ |website=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]] |date=17 June 2022 |access-date=17 June 2022 |archive-date=17 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220617213841/https://guardian.ng/breakingnews/tinubu-submits-name-of-running-mate-to-inec/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Peter Obi ya zaba sanata [[Yusuf Datti Baba-Ahmed]], yayin da Tinubu ya zaba tsohon gwamnan jihar Borno [[Kashim Shettima]], Kwankwaso kuma ya zaba pasto [[Isaac Idahosa]]. An lura da babban zaɓen da aka yi hasashe tun farko da yawan fitowar jama’a da kuma gudanar da zaɓe cikin lumana amma ya fuskanci rahotannin sayen kuri’u, tsoratar da masu jefa kuri’a, da hare-haren da aka kai kan rumfunan zabe a wasu wurare musamman kudacin Najeriya, da jami’an zaben da ba su dace ba, tare da zargin magudi; don haɗa al'amura tare da amincewa da zaɓen, jami'an [[Hukumar Zaɓe mai zaman kanta ta ƙasa|Hukumar Zaɓe mai zaman kanta]] sun kasa shigar da sakamakon rumfunan zabe zuwa tashar kallon sakamakon INEC kamar yadda aka tabbatar a baya za ta faru a ranar zaɓe. Yayin da aka fara bayyana sakamakon jahohi a ranar 26 ga watan Fabrairu a cibiyar tattara sakamakon zabe ta kasa da ke [[Abuja]], ƴan adawa sun fara fitowa suna korafe-korafe saboda har yanzu ba'a cika bayanan sakamakon zaben ba kafin bayyana su kamar yadda doka ta tanada. Waɗannan yanayi tare da maganganun sukar INEC daga masu sa ido da kungiyoyin farar hula sun sa manyan yan takara guda 3 Atiku, Obi, da Kwankwaso suka yi watsi da sakamakon zaben da aka sanar a ranar 28 ga watan Fabrairu. Dukkan manyan yan takarar guda uku, baya ga wasu ƙungiyoyin fararen hula da tsohon shugaban kasa [[Olusegun Obasanjo]], sun yi kira ga hukumar da ta sake gudanar da zaben saboda zargin magudi da tashin hankali da aka gani a yayin da jama'a suke kada kuri'unsu. A yayin da su kuma bangaren masu goyon bayan Tinubu suka yabawa hukumar zabe tare da yin kira da a kamo masu magana da yawun jam’iyyar PDP saboda tada zaune tsaye. Da sanyin safiyar ranar 1 ga watan Maris ne shugaban '''INEC''' Farfesa [[Mahmood Yakubu]] ya ayyana Tinubu a matsayin wanda ya lashe zaben bayan da aka gama tattara dukkan sakamakon zaben jihohi 36 da ke fadin Najeriya. A martanin da Atiku, Obi, da Kwankwaso suka yi, sun sha alwashin ƙalubalantar sakamakon zaben a gaban kotu don kwato musu hakkin su.<ref name="constitution1999">{{cite web |date=24 November 2022 |title=Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria 1999, Art. 134 |url=https://wipolex.wipo.int/fr/text/179202 |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=Wipo |language=en}}</ref> == Tsarin Zaɓe == An zaɓi Shugaban Najeriya ta hanyar amfani da tsarin zagaye biyu da aka gyara tare da zagaye uku. Don a zaɓe shi a zagaye na farko, dole ne ɗan takara ya sami yawan ƙuri'un ƙasa da sama da kashi 25% na ƙuri'un a aƙalla 24 na jihohi 36 da kuma babban birnin tarayya. Idan babu wani dan takara da ya tsallake wannan matakin, za a yi zagaye na biyu tsakanin wanda ya fi kowanne dan takara da wanda ya lashe jihohi mafi girma na biyu. Domin samun nasara a zagaye na biyu, dole ne dan takara ya samu mafi yawan kuri’u a faɗin kasar kuma sama da kashi 25% na kuri’un da aka kada a akalla 24 daga cikin jihohi 36 da kuma babban birnin tarayya. Idan babu wani dan takara da ya tsallake wannan matakin, za a gudanar da zagaye na uku inda ake bukatar a zabi mafi rinjayen kuri'un kasar.<ref name="constitution1999"/> == Zaɓen fitar da gwani == === Jam'iyyar APC === {{Pie chart |caption='''Ƴantakara da ƙuri'un da kowanne ya samu''' |label1={{nowrap|[[Bola Tinubu]]}} |label2={{nowrap|[[Rotimi Amaechi]]}} |label3={{nowrap|[[Yemi Osinbajo]]}} |label4={{nowrap|[[Ahmad Lawan]]}} |label5=Sauran Ƴantakara |value1=60.47 |value2=15.03 |value3=11.18 |value4=7.23 |value5=6.09 |color1=#ff3174 |color2=#fdd696 |color3=#084447 |color4=#573328 |color5=silver}} Jam'iyyar [[All Progressives Congress|APC]] ce take riƙe da ragamar shugabancin ƙasar tun daga shekarar 2015 a babban zaɓen da gamayyar jam'iyyun ƙasar suka haɗe waje ɗaya suka samar da jam'iyyar APC. Shugaban Muhammadu Buhari na jam'iyyar APC ya sake yin nasara a zaɓen shugaban ƙasar wanda ya gabata a shekarar 2015. Jam'iyyar APC ta ƙaddamar da shirin karɓa-karɓa wanda zai bada damar idan ɗan yankin Arewacin Najeriya yayi mulki na tsawon shekaru takwas ya sauka ya bawa na yankin Kudancin ƙasar. Tsarin da ya kawo cece kuce a tsakanin ƴaƴan jam'iyyar wanda daga ƙarshe dai ya samar da Bila Tinubu a matsayin wanda zai yi ma jam'iyyar takara a zaɓen fitar da gwani. Yadda zaɓen fitar da gwani ya kasance === Jam'iyyar PDP === {{Pie chart |caption='''Ƴantakara da ƙuri'un da kowanne ya samu''' |label1={{nowrap|[[Atiku Abubakar]]}} |label2={{nowrap|[[Nyesom Wike]]}} |label3={{nowrap|[[Bukola Saraki]]}} |label4={{nowrap|[[Udom Gabriel Emmanuel]]}} |label5=Sauran Ƴantakara |value1=49.34 |value2=31.52 |value3=9.31 |value4=5.05 |value5=4.78 |color1=#5999ef |color2=#05361c |color3=#373897 |color4=#E57415 |color5=silver}} Jam'iyyar PDP ta zaɓi [[Atiku Abubakar|Alhaji Atiku Abubakar]] a matsayin wanda zai yi mata takara a zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na 2023. Atiku shine wanda yayi ma jam'iyyar takara a zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na 2019. Atiku yayi nasarar zama ɗan takarar jami'yar PDP a zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na 2023 bayan samun nasara bisa abokan takarar fitar da gwani na neman jam'iyyar PDP ta tsayar da su.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Momoh Jimoh |first1=Azimazi |title=PDP raises 37-man panel on zoning |url=https://guardian.ng/news/pdp-raises-37-man-panel-on-zoning/ |website=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]] |date=17 March 2022 |access-date=8 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Momoh Jimoh |first1=Azimazi |title=Ortom heads PDP's zoning panel |url=https://guardian.ng/news/2023-pdp-inaugurates-zoning-committee/ |website=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]] |date=25 March 2022 |access-date=8 April 2022 |archive-date=1 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701071056/https://guardian.ng/news/2023-pdp-inaugurates-zoning-committee/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Sauran Jam'iyyu === Akwai Sauran Jam'iyyun siyayya da suma suka fitar da ƴan takarar shugaban ƙasa. Ana kallon waɗannan jam'iyyu a matsayin ƙananan jam'iyyu. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Jerin ƴan takarkaru da mataimakan su da jam'iyyun su na zaɓen shugaban Najeriya na 2023 !colspan="2" rowspan="2"|Jam'iyya !colspan="2"|Tikiti |- !Ɗan takarar shugaban ƙasa !Ɗan takarar mataimakin shugaban ƙasa |- |style="background-color:#99FF33"| |[[Accord (Nigeria)|Accord]] |[[Christopher Imumolen]] |[[Bello Bala Maru]] |- |style="background-color:#3498DB"| |[[Action Alliance]] |[[Hamza al-Mustapha]] |[[Chukwuka Johnson]] |- |style="background-color:#000080"| |[[Action Democratic Party (Nigeria)|Action Democratic Party]] |[[Yabagi Sani]] |[[Udo Okey-Okoro]] |- |style="background-color:#DC143C"| |[[Action Peoples Party]] |[[Osita Nnadi]] |[[Isa Hamisu]] |- |style="background-color:#6F4E37"| |[[African Action Congress]] |[[Omoyele Sowore]] |[[Haruna Garba Magashi]] |- |style="background-color:#00A86B"| |[[African Democratic Congress]] |[[Dumebi Kachikwu]] |[[Ahmed Buhari]] |- |style="background-color:#87BEEB"| |[[All Progressives Congress]] |[[Bola Tinubu]] |[[Kashim Shettima]] |- |style="background-color:#00923F"| |[[All Progressives Grand Alliance]] |[[Peter Umeadi]] |[[Abdullahi Muhammed Koli]] |- |style="background-color:#00FFFF"| |[[Allied Peoples Movement]] |[[Princess Chichi Ojei]] |[[Ibrahim Mohammed]] |- |style="background-color:#82ff81"| |[[Boot Party (Nigeria)|Boot Party]] |[[Sunday Adenuga]] |[[Mustapha Usman Turaki]] |- |style="background-color:#F0DC82"| |[[Labour Party (Nigeria)|Labour Party]] |[[Peter Obi]] |[[Yusuf Datti Baba-Ahmed]] |- |style="background-color:#fecd00"| |[[National Rescue Movement]] |[[Felix Johnson Osakwe]] |[[Yahaya Muhammad Kyabo]] |- |style="background-color:#00FF00"| |[[New Nigeria Peoples Party]] |[[Rabiu Kwankwaso]] |[[Isaac Idahosa]] |- |style="background-color:#ed3136"| |[[People's Redemption Party]] |[[Kola Abiola]] |[[Haro Haruna Zego]] |- |style="background-color:#006903"| |[[Peoples Democratic Party]] |[[Atiku Abubakar]] |[[Ifeanyi Okowa]] |- |style="background-color:#e67819"| |[[Social Democratic Party]] |[[Adewole Adebayo]] |[[Yusuf Buhari]] |- |style="background-color:#810000"| |[[Young Progressives Party]] |[[Malik Ado-Ibrahim]] |[[Kasarachi Enyinna]] |- |style="background-color:#ED3237"| |[[Zenith Labour Party]] |[[Dan Nwanyanwu]] |[[Ramalan Abubakar]] |} == Sakamako == [[Bola Tinubu|Ahmad Bola Tinubu]] na jam'iyyar [[All Progressives Congress|APC]] ne ya lashe zaɓen kamar yadda sakamakon zaɓen ya nuna a teburin dake kasa. {| class="wikitable sortable" |'''Ɗan takara''' |'''Mataimaki''' |'''Jam'iyya''' |'''Ƙuru'u''' |+ |[[Bola Tinubu]] |[[Kashim Shettima]] |[[All Progressives Congress|APC]] |8794726 |- |[[Atiku Abubakar]] |[[Ifeanyi Okowa]] |[[Peoples Democratic Party|PDP]] |6984520 |- |[[Peter Obi]] |[[Yusuf Datti Baba-Ahmed]] |[[Labour Party (Nigeria)|LP]] |6101533 |- |[[Rabiu Kwankwaso]] |Isaac Idahosa |[[New Nigeria Peoples Party|NNPP]] |1496687 |- |[[Christopher Imumolen]] |Bello Bala Maru |[[Accord (Nigeria)|A]] |= |- |[[Hamza al-Mustapha]] |Chukwuka Johnson |[[Action Alliance|AA]] |= |- |[[Yabagi Sani]] |Udo Okey-Okoro |[[Action Democratic Party (Nigeria)|ADP]] |= |- |Osita Nnadi |Isa Hamisu |[[Action Peoples Party|APP]] |= |- |[[Omoyele Sowore]] |Haruna Garba Magashi |[[African Action Congress|AAC]] |= |- |Dumebi Kachikwu |Ahmed Buhari |[[African Democratic Congress|ADC]] |= |- |Peter Umeadi |Abdullahi Muhammed Koli |[[All Progressives Grand Alliance|APGA]] |= |- |Princess Chichi Ojei |Ibrahim Mohammed |[[Allied Peoples Movement|APM]] |= |- |Sunday Adenuga |Mustapha Usman Turaki |[[Boot Party|BP]] |= |- |Felix Johnson Osakwe |Yahaya Muhammad Kyabo |[[National Rescue Movement|NRM]] |= |- |Kola Abiola |Haro Haruna Zego |[[People's Redemption Party|PRP]] |= |- |[[Adewole Adebayo]] |Yusuf Buhari |[[Social Democratic Party (Nigeria)|SDP]] |= |- |Malik Ado-Ibrahim |Kasarachi Enyinna |[[Young Progressives Party|YPP]] |= |- |[[Dan Nwanyanwu]] |Ramalan Abubakar |[[Zenith Labour Party|ZLP]] |= |- |Wanda suka lalace |93469008 |Majiya <ref>{{cite news |title=Nigeria presidential election results 2023 by the numbers |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/2/28/nigeria-presidential-election-results-2023 |access-date=3 March 2023 |work=aljazeera.com |publisher=Aljazeera}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Nigeria presidential election results 2023: State by state breakdown of presidential result as INEC announce am |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/tori-64780492 |access-date=3 March 2023 |work=bbc.com/pidgin |publisher=BBC}}</ref> |} == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} [[Zaben Shugabancin Najeriya 2026]] iw4glkiwx8nknckgo4pyj4xu562m2hj SABAP2 0 48078 889744 864839 2026-07-31T09:10:29Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889744 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Oenanthe monticola 1.jpg|thumb|sabap]] [[Fayil:Red-necked spurfowl distribution map.svg|thumb|taswirar India ake samunsu]] '''SABAP2''' ita ce gajarta ta '''Southern African Bird Atlas Project 2''', wanda shi ne bibiyar shirin Atlas na Tsuntsaye na Kudancin Afirka (wanda acronym ɗin SABAP, wanda yanzu ake kira SABAP1). Aikin atlas na farko ya faru ne daga shekarar 1987 zuwa ta 1991. <ref>Harrison J. A., Allan D. G., Underhill L. G., Herremans M., Tree A. J., Parker V. and Brown C. J. (eds.) (1997).'' The Atlas of Southern African Birds'', vol. 1. ''Non-passerines'', vol. 2. ''Passerines''. BirdLife South Africa, Johannesburg.</ref> Aikin na yanzu ya kasance haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Sashen Demography na Dabbobi a Jami'ar Cape Town, BirdLife Afirka ta Kudu, da Cibiyar Nazarin Halittu ta Afirka ta Kudu (SANBI). Bayan rufe sashin ilimin ƙididdiga na dabbobi, yanzu Cibiyar FitzPatrick ta Afirka ta Jami'ar Cape Town ce ke gudanar da aikin. Aikin yana da nufin taswirar rarrabawa da yalwar tsuntsaye a kudancin Afirka, kuma yankin atlas na asali ya haɗa da [[Afirka ta Kudu]], [[Lesotho]], da [[ESwatini|Eswatini]], ko da yake tun a shekarar 2012 aikin ya faɗaɗa zuwa [[Namibiya|Namibia]], [[Botswana]], [[Zimbabwe]] da [[Mozambik|Mozambique]] . An ƙaddamar da SABAP2 a ranar 1 ga watan Yulin 2007. Fiye da masu aikin sa kai na 1700 ne ke gudanar da aikin filin don wannan aikin, waɗanda aka sani da masana kimiyya na ɗan ƙasa &#x2013; suna tattara bayanan a cikin filin a farashin kansu kuma a cikin nasu lokacin. Don haka suna bayar da gagarumar gudunmawa wajen kiyaye tsuntsaye da wuraren zama. [[Fayil:Oenanthe monticola.jpg|thumb|SABAP2]] A cikin watan Yunin 2015, bayanan SABAP2 sun ƙunshi fiye da jerin bayanai 128,000, kuma jimillar 7.4&nbsp;miliyoyin bayanan rarraba tsuntsaye a cikin bayanan aikin. A watan Yunin 2015, adadin SABAP2 ya zarce na SABAP1 a karon farko. Fiye da 72% na ainihin yankin SABAP2 atlas (watau Afirka ta Kudu, Lesotho da Eswatini) suna da a ƙalla jeri guda ɗaya a wancan lokacin. Ana ci gaba da sabunta wannan bayanin akan gidan yanar gizon aikin; duba §Haɗin kai na waje a ƙasa. Yawancin ayyukan bincike na karatun digiri na biyu sun dogara ne a kan bayanan SABAP, ko dai daga SABAP1 kawai, SABAP2 kawai, ko kwatanta canje-canje a cikin rarraba tsuntsaye da rahotanni daga SABAP1 zuwa SABAP2; sannan kuma an buga ƙasidun binciken kimiyya da dama a kan waɗannan da sauran nazarce-nazarce. <ref>Harrison, J. A., Underhill, L. G. and Barnard, P., 2008. [http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0038-23532008000200003 "The seminal legacy of the Southern African bird atlas project"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230505100943/http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0038-23532008000200003 |date=2023-05-05 }}. ''South African Journal of Science'', 104(3–4), pp. 82–84.</ref> == Atlassing yarjejeniya == A cikin SABAP1, an tattara jerin sunayen tsuntsaye don ƙwayoyin grid digiri na kwata, wanda shi ne mintuna 15, ko kusan 27&nbsp;km da 25&nbsp;km a girman. A cikin SABAP2, ƙudurin ya fi girma: sashin tattara bayanai shi ne pentad &#x2013; minti biyar na latitude da minti biyar na tsayi &#x2013; watau murabba'ai tare da ɓangarorin kusan 9.&nbsp;km, kashi ɗaya na tara girman kwata-kwata grid sel. <ref>Underhill, L.G., 2016. The fundamentals of the SABAP2 protocol. Biodiversity Observations, pp. 1–12.</ref> Akwai pentads 17,000 a ainihin yankin atlas na Afirka ta Kudu, Lesotho da Eswatini, da kuma ƙarin 10,000 a Namibiya. SABAP2 tana karɓar bayanan da aka ƙaddamar ko dai a zaman bayanan ad-hoc, ko katunan "cikakken yarjejeniya". Don cikakken katin ƙa'ida, ana iya ciyar da mafi ƙarancin sa'o'i 2 da iyakar kwanaki 5 don ƙara tsuntsaye zuwa jerin bayanai (kati) don pentad. Ya kamata a yi ƙoƙari don ziyartar duk wuraren zama. Bayanan ad-hoc ba su cika ƙa'idojin lokacin da aka kashe ko ɗaukar hoto ba. Ana ƙarfafa masu ba da gudummawa su ƙaddamar da katunan 'cikakkiyar yarjejeniya', kamar yadda ake amfani da bayanin don ƙididdige ma'auni na yawan dangi, misali ƙimar rahoto. Adadin bayar da rahoto shi ne sau nawa ake yin rikodin ɗin nau'in a cikin jerin cikakkun katunan yarjejeniya, yawanci ana bayyana su a zaman kashi. Misali, idan an gabatar da Pentad yana da katunan 10, kuma an rubuta jinsin ga 4 daga cikin waɗannan, sannan adadin rahoton shi ne 40%. Rubutun ad-hoc da cikakkun katunan yarjejeniya suna taimakawa rarraba taswira, yayin da cikakkun katunan yarjejeniya kawai za a iya amfani da su don auna yawa, da canje-canje a yawa. <ref>Lee, A.T.K, Altwegg, R. and Barnard, P., 2017. Estimating conservation metrics from atlas data: the case of southern African endemic birds. Bird Conservation International, 27(3), pp.323-336.</ref> Tun daga shekarar 2015, yawancin bayanai ga aikin ana bada gudummawa ta amfani da BirdLasser app, wanda Lejint ya haɓaka. == Manazarta == <references responsive="1"></references> == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://sabap2.adu.org.za/index.php SABAP2-shafin yanar gizo] * [http://www.birdlife.org.za/ BirdLife Afirka ta Kudu] * [http://www.sanbi.org/ SANBI] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110901083818/http://www.sanbi.org/ |date=2011-09-01 }} * [https://birdlasser.com/ BirdLasser] * [http://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/embed_code/15548246/ Nunin nunin faifai yana nuna sauye-sauyen kewayon nau'ikan nau'ikan bakwai tsakanin SABAP1 da SABAP2] === Bibliography na articles da theses === * Akwai a http://sabap2.birdmap.africa/media/bibliography#pgcontent 8l819vm9lrav7cb2hkz9fhz34z9bk88 Rage canjin yanayi 0 48534 889480 722883 2026-07-30T17:56:18Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889480 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} <div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:203px;max-width:203px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:120px;overflow:hidden">[[Fayil:Climate change mitigation icon.png|thumb|Rage canjin yanayi]]'''[[File:Westmill_Solar_2.jpg|alt=Aerial view of a solar farm with part of a wind farm in the background|201x201px]]</img>'''</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:185px;max-width:185px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:120px;overflow:hidden">'''[[File:Tramway_de_Dijon_DSC_0244.JPG|alt=public transport|183x183px]]</img>'''</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:213px;max-width:213px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:120px;overflow:hidden">'''[[File:Haiti_reforestation_nursery.jpg|alt=reforestation|211x211px]]</img>'''</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:175px;max-width:175px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:120px;overflow:hidden">'''[[File:Plant-Based_Dishes,_Raw_Food_(29103285347).jpg|alt=Plant-based dishes|173x173px]]</img>'''</div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">''' Daban-daban na rage sauyin yanayi. Daga hannun hagu daga sama zuwa agogo: [[Renewable energy|makamashi mai sabuntawa]] - [[Solar power|hasken rana]] da [[Wind power|wutar iska]] - a [[England|Ingila]], [[Public transport in France|jigilar jama'a da wutar lantarki a Faransa]], misali na [[Plant-based diet|abinci mai gina jiki]], da aikin [[Reforestation|sake gandun daji]] a [[Haiti]] don [[Carbon sink|cire carbon dioxide daga sararin samaniya]] . '''</div></div></div></div>''' [[Category:Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images]]''' '''Rage Sauyin Yanayi''' mataki ne na iyakance [[Canjin yanayi|sauyin yanayi]] ta hanyar rage fitar da ''iskar gas'' ko cire waɗancan iskar gas daga sararin samaniya. <ref name="IPCC AR6 WGI Glossary"/> {{Rp|2239}}Yunƙurin da aka samu a matsakaicin yanayin zafin duniya na baya-bayan nan yana faruwa ne ta hanyar hayaƙi daga burbushin man da ke ƙonewa ( gawayi, mai, da iskar gas). Ragewa zai iya rage fitar da hayaki ta hanyar canzawa zuwa tushen makamashi mai dorewa, adana makamashi, da haɓaka aiki . Bugu da ƙari, CO za a iya cirewa daga yanayin ta hanyar fadada gandun daji, maido da wuraren dausayi da kuma amfani da wasu na'urori na halitta da na fasaha, waɗanda aka haɗa su tare a ƙarƙashin lokaci na carbon sequestration. <ref name=":12">Olivier J.G.J. and Peters J.A.H.W. (2020), [https://www.pbl.nl/sites/default/files/downloads/pbl-2020-trends-in-global-co2-and_total-greenhouse-gas-emissions-2020-report_4331.pdf Trends in global CO2 and total greenhouse gas emissions: 2020 report]. [https://www.pbl.nl/en PBL Netherlands] Environmental Assessment Agency, The Hague.</ref> {{Rp|12}} Ƙarfin hasken rana da ƙarfin iska suna da mafi girman yuwuwar rage sauyin yanayi a mafi ƙarancin farashi idan aka kwatanta da kewayon sauran zaɓuɓɓuka. <ref name="AR6 WGIII Ch 13">IPCC (2022) [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGIII_SPM.pdf Summary for policy makers] in [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/ Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change], Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, United States</ref> Ana magance bambancin kasancewar hasken rana da iska ta hanyar ajiyar makamashi da ingantattun grid ɗin lantarki, gami da watsa wutar lantarki mai nisa, sarrafa buƙatu da haɓaka abubuwan sabuntawa. <ref name=":3">Ram M., Bogdanov D., Aghahosseini A., Gulagi A., Oyewo A.S., Child M., Caldera U., Sadovskaia K., Farfan J., Barbosa LSNS., Fasihi M., Khalili S., Dalheimer B., Gruber G., Traber T., De Caluwe F., Fell H.-J., Breyer C. [http://energywatchgroup.org/wp-content/uploads/EWG_LUT_100RE_All_Sectors_Global_Report_2019.pdf Global Energy System based on 100% Renewable Energy – Power, Heat, Transport and Desalination Sectors] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210401183622/http://energywatchgroup.org/wp-content/uploads/EWG_LUT_100RE_All_Sectors_Global_Report_2019.pdf |date=2021-04-01 }}. Study by Lappeenranta University of Technology and Energy Watch Group, Lappeenranta, Berlin, March 2019.</ref> {{Rp|1}}Za a iya rage hayakin da ke fitowa daga ababen more rayuwa da ke kona man fetur kai tsaye, kamar motoci da na’urorin dumama, ta hanyar samar da wutar lantarki ta yadda za a rika amfani da su ta hanyar wutar lantarki maimakon mai.<ref name=":0" /> Ana inganta ingantaccen makamashi ta amfani da famfunan zafi da motocin lantarki . Idan matakan [[Masana'anta|masana'antu]] dole ne su haifar da carbon dioxide, kama carbon da adanawa na iya rage yawan hayaƙi. Fitar da iskar gas daga aikin gona sun haɗa da methane da nitrous oxide . Ana iya rage fitar da hayaki daga aikin noma ta hanyar rage sharar abinci, canzawa zuwa mafi yawan abinci mai gina jiki, ta hanyar kare muhalli da inganta hanyoyin noma. <ref name=":9">United Nations Environment Programme (2022). [https://www.unep.org/resources/emissions-gap-report-2022 Emissions Gap Report 2022: The Closing Window — Climate crisis calls for rapid transformation of societies]. Nairobi.</ref> {{Rp|XXV}} Manufofin rage sauyin yanayi sun haɗa da: farashin carbon ta hanyar harajin carbon da ciniki mai fitar da iskar carbon, sauƙaƙe ƙa'idodi don tura makamashi mai sabuntawa, rage tallafin mai, da karkatar da albarkatun mai, da tallafin makamashi mai tsafta . Manufofin na yanzu an kiyasta za su samar da dumamar yanayi da kusan 2.7&nbsp;°C da 2100. Wannan dumamar yanayi ya zarce manufar [[yarjejeniyar Paris]] ta 2015 na takaita dumamar yanayi zuwa kasa da 2.&nbsp;° C kuma zai fi dacewa zuwa 1.5&nbsp;°C. A duniya, iyakance dumamar yanayi zuwa 2&nbsp;°C na iya haifar da fa'idodin tattalin arziki mafi girma fiye da farashin tattalin arzikin a baya. == Ma'anoni da iyaka == Babban manufar rage sauyin yanayi—don dorewar yanayin muhalli ta yadda za a iya kiyaye wayewar ɗan adam—yana buƙatar a yanke hayaki mai gurbata yanayi sosai. <ref name="AR6 WGIII Ch 1">IPCC (2022) [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGIII_Chapter_01.pdf Chapter 1: Introduction and Framing] in [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/ Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change], Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, United States</ref> {{Rp||page=1–64}}Don haka, [[Kungiyar gwamnatoci a kan Canjin Yanayi|kwamitin sulhu na gwamnatin tarayya kan sauyin yanayi]] (IPCC) ya ayyana ''ragewa'' (sauyin yanayi) a matsayin "sa baki na dan Adam don rage hayaki ko bunkasa nitsewar iskar gas ". <ref name="IPCC AR6 WGI Glossary"/> {{Rp|2239}} Wasu wallafe-wallafen suna bayyana sarrafa hasken rana (SRM) azaman fasahar rage yanayi ''.''   Ba tare da alaƙa da rage yawan iskar gas ba, SRM zai yi aiki ta hanyar canza yadda duniya ke karɓar hasken rana. <ref name="AR6 WGIII Ch 14" /> {{Rp|14–56}}Misalai sun haɗa da rage adadin hasken rana da ke isa saman ƙasa, rage kaurin gani da rayuwar girgije, da canza yanayin haske. [[Kungiyar gwamnatoci a kan Canjin Yanayi|IPCC]] ta bayyana SRM a matsayin "dabarun rage haɗarin yanayi" ko "ƙarin zaɓi" amma ba azaman zaɓi na rage sauyin yanayi ba. <ref name="AR6 WGIII Ch 14">IPCC (2022) [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGIII_Chapter_14.pdf Chapter 14: International cooperation] in [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/ Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change], Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, United States</ref> {{Rp|14–56}} Ana iya tunkarar matakan ragewa a cikin layi daya, saboda babu wata hanya guda da za ta iyakance dumamar yanayi zuwa 1.5 ko 2°C. <ref name=":15">Rogelj, J., D. Shindell, K. Jiang, S. Fifita, P. Forster, V. Ginzburg, C. Handa, H. Kheshgi, S. Kobayashi, E. Kriegler, L. Mundaca, R. Séférian, and M.V.Vilariño, 2018: [https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/2/2022/06/SR15_Chapter_2_LR.pdf Chapter 2: Mitigation Pathways Compatible with 1.5°C in the Context of Sustainable Development]. In: [https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/ Global Warming of 1.5°C. An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty] [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, H.-O. Pörtner, D. Roberts, J. Skea, P.R. Shukla, A. Pirani, W. Moufouma-Okia, C. Péan, R. Pidcock, S. Connors, J.B.R. Matthews, Y. Chen, X. Zhou, M.I. Gomis, E. Lonnoy, T. Maycock, M. Tignor, and T. Waterfield (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, US, pp. 93-174. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009157940.004.</ref> {{Rp|109}}Ana iya karkasa irin waɗannan matakan misali kamar haka: # Dorewa makamashi da sufuri mai dorewa # Kiyaye makamashi (wannan ya haɗa da ingantaccen amfani da makamashi ) # Don samar da aikin noma da hanyoyin masana'antu: aikin noma mai dorewa da manufofin masana'antu kore # Haɓaka nutsewar carbon : cirewar carbon dioxide (wannan ya haɗa da rarrabuwar carbon ) Kauwar Carbon Dioxide (CDR) an ayyana shi azaman “Ayyukan Anthropogenic suna cire carbon dioxide ( CO ) daga sararin samaniya da kuma adana shi cikin dindindin a cikin tafkunan ƙasa, ƙasa, ko tafkunan teku, ko cikin samfuran. Ya haɗa da haɓaka da yuwuwar haɓakar ɗan adam na ilimin halitta ko geochemical CO nutsewa da kama iskar carbon dioxide da ajiya kai tsaye (DACCS), amma ban da ɗaukar CO na halitta wanda ba ayyukan ɗan adam ke haifar da shi kai tsaye ba." <ref name="IPCC AR6 WGI Glossary">IPCC, 2021: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_AnnexVII.pdf Annex VII: Glossary] [Matthews, J.B.R., V. Möller, R. van Diemen, J.S. Fuglestvedt, V. Masson-Delmotte, C.  Méndez, S. Semenov, A. Reisinger (eds.)]. In [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/ Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 2215–2256, doi:10.1017/9781009157896.022.</ref> Kalmomi a wannan yanki har yanzu suna ci gaba. Kalmar ''geoengineering'' (ko injiniyan yanayi ) wani lokaci ana amfani dashi a cikin wallafe-wallafen kimiyya don duka CDR ko SRM (gudanar da hasken rana), idan ana amfani da fasahohin a sikelin duniya. <ref name="AR6 WGIII Ch 1"/> {{Rp|6–11}}Ba a amfani da kalmomin ''geoengineering'' ko ''injiniyan yanayi'' a cikin rahoton IPCC. <ref name="IPCC AR6 WGI Glossary"/> == Hanyoyin fitarwa da alƙawura == [[File:2020_Worldwide_CO2_Emissions_(by_region,_per_capita),_variwide_diagram.png|alt=Varigram showing regional per capita emissions; per person emissions are around twice as high in the US compared to China, and six times as high compared to India.|thumb| 2020 CO da ake fitarwa a duk duniya (ta yanki, kowane mutum); zane daban-daban]] [[File:2021_Carbon_dioxide_(CO2)_emissions_per_person_versus_GDP_per_person_-_scatter_plot.svg|thumb| Kasashe masu arziki (masu ci gaba) suna fitar da CO ga mutum daya fiye da kasashe masu tasowa (masu tasowa), yawan fitar da fitar ya yi daidai da GDP na mutum daya. ]] Fitar da iskar gas daga ayyukan ɗan adam yana ƙarfafa tasirin greenhouse, yana ba da gudummawa ga [[canjin yanayi]] . Mafi yawa shine carbon dioxide daga kona burbushin halittu : gawayi, mai, da iskar gas . Fitar da dan Adam ya haifar ya karu da iskar carbon dioxide da kusan kashi 50% sama da matakan masana'antu kafin a fara aiki. Fitowar hayaki a cikin 2010 ya kai tan biliyan 56 (Gt) a shekara, fiye da kowane lokaci. A cikin 2016, makamashi (lantarki, zafi da sufuri) yana da alhakin 73.2% na watsi da GHG, tsarin masana'antu kai tsaye don 5.2%, sharar gida don 3.2% da noma, gandun daji da amfani da ƙasa don 18.4%. Samar da wutar lantarki da [[sufuri]] sune manyan masu fitar da hayaki: mafi girma tushe guda ita ce tashoshin wutar lantarki da ke da kashi 20% na hayaki mai gurbata yanayi. [[Gandun daji|Yanke dazuzzuka]] da sauran canje-canjen amfani da ƙasa suma suna fitar da carbon dioxide da methane . Mafi girma tushen hayakin methane na ɗan adam shine noma, da iskar gas da hayaƙin gudu daga cikin masana'antar burbushin mai.<ref name="ipccar6wg3ch2">{{cite journal |year=2022 |title=Chapter 2: Emissions trends and drivers |url=https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6wg3/pdf/IPCC_AR6_WGIII_FinalDraft_Chapter02.pdf |journal=Ipcc_Ar6_Wgiii |access-date=2023-05-11 |archive-date=2022-04-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412163517/https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6wg3/pdf/IPCC_AR6_WGIII_FinalDraft_Chapter02.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=It's critical to tackle coal emissions |url=https://blogs.worldbank.org/voices/its-critical-tackle-coal-emissions |access-date=25 November 2022 |website=blogs.worldbank.org |language=en |quote=Coal power plants produce a fifth of global greenhouse gas emissions – more than any other single source.}}</ref> Babban tushen methane na noma shine dabbobi . Ƙasar noma tana fitar da sinadarin nitrous oxide, wani ɓangare saboda takin zamani . An magance matsalar iskar gas daga firji a siyasance yanzu haka kasashe da yawa sun amince da gyaran Kigali.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ritchie |first1=Hannah |last2=Roser |first2=Max |last3=Rosado |first3=Pablo |date=11 May 2020 |title=CO₂ and Greenhouse Gas Emissions |url=https://ourworldindata.org/greenhouse-gas-emissions |journal=Our World in Data}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 October 2022 |title=Biden signs international climate deal on refrigerants |url=https://apnews.com/article/biden-business-china-rwanda-canada-922cd2519e517e1454e020a06d3cf881 |access-date=26 November 2022 |website=AP NEWS |language=en}}</ref> Carbon dioxide ( CO ) shine mafi yawan iskar gas da ake fitarwa, yayin da methane (  ) hayaki kusan yana da tasiri iri ɗaya na ɗan gajeren lokaci. Nitrous oxide (N <sub>2</sub> O) da iskar gas (F-Gases) suna taka ƙaramin rawa. Dabbobi da taki suna samar da kashi 5.8% na duk hayakin da ake fitar da iskar gas, ko da yake wannan ya dogara da lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi don ƙididdige [[Matsakaicin dumamar yanayi|yuwuwar dumamar yanayi]] na iskar gas daban-daban.<ref name="ch4-vs-co2">{{cite web |date=30 September 2014 |title=Methane vs. Carbon Dioxide: A Greenhouse Gas Showdown |url=http://www.onegreenplanet.org/animalsandnature/methane-vs-carbon-dioxide-a-greenhouse-gas-showdown/ |access-date=13 February 2020 |website=One Green Planet |archive-date=26 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190926220835/https://www.onegreenplanet.org/animalsandnature/methane-vs-carbon-dioxide-a-greenhouse-gas-showdown/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ana auna iskar gas na Greenhouse (GHG) a cikin [[Matsakaicin dumamar yanayi|daidaitattun CO]] da aka ƙaddara ta [[Matsakaicin dumamar yanayi|yuwuwar dumamar yanayi]] (GWP), wanda ya dogara da rayuwarsu a cikin yanayi. Akwai hanyoyin lissafin iskar gas da ake amfani da su da yawa waɗanda ke canza juzu'in methane, nitrous oxide da sauran iskar gas zuwa [[Matsakaicin dumamar yanayi|daidaitattun carbon dioxide]] . Ƙididdiga ya dogara ne akan ƙarfin tekuna da maɓuɓɓugar ƙasa don ɗaukar waɗannan iskar gas. Gurɓataccen yanayi na ɗan gajeren lokaci (SLCPs) ciki har da methane, hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), tropospheric ozone da carbon baƙar fata suna ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin yanayi na tsawon lokaci daga kwanaki zuwa shekaru 15, yayin da carbon dioxide zai iya zama a cikin yanayi na shekaru dubu. Ana ƙara amfani da tauraron dan adam don ganowa da auna hayaki mai gurbata yanayi da sare bishiyoyi. Tun da farko, masana kimiyya sun dogara da ko ƙididdige ƙididdiga na hayaƙin iskar gas da bayanan da gwamnatocin suka bayar da kansu. === Yanke hayakin da ake buƙata === [[File:Greenhouse_gas_emission_scenarios_01.svg|right|thumb| Al'amuran fitar da iskar gas a duniya, bisa manufofi da alƙawura kamar na 11/21]] Rahoton na shekara-shekara na "Rahoton Gap na Gap" na UNEP ya bayyana a cikin 2022: "Don samun kan hanyar iyakance dumamar yanayi zuwa 1.5 ° C, dole ne a rage yawan hayaki na GHG a duniya da kashi 45 cikin 100 idan aka kwatanta da hasashen fitar da hayaki a karkashin manufofin a halin yanzu a cikin takwas kawai. shekaru, kuma dole ne su ci gaba da raguwa cikin sauri bayan 2030, don guje wa gajiyar ƙarancin ƙarancin iskar gas na yanayi." <ref name=":9"/> {{Rp|xvi}}Rahoton ya kuma yi tsokaci cewa kamata ya yi duniya ta mai da hankali kan "samun sauye-sauyen tattalin arziki mai fa'ida" maimakon mayar da hankali kan sauyi da ake samu. <ref name=":9" /> {{Rp|xvi}} A cikin 2022, [[Kungiyar gwamnatoci a kan Canjin Yanayi|Kwamitin Gudanar da Sauyin Yanayi]] (IPCC) ya fitar da rahoton kimantawa na shida kan sauyin yanayi, yana mai gargadin cewa hayaki mai gurbata yanayi dole ne ya kai kololuwa kafin shekarar 2025 a karshe kuma ya ragu da kashi 43 cikin 100 nan da 2030, domin a iya takaita dumamar yanayi zuwa 1.5.&nbsp;° C (2.7&nbsp;°F). Sakatare-Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, [[António Guterres]], ya fayyace cewa saboda wannan "Dole ne manyan masu fitar da hayaki su rage fitar da hayaki mai yawa daga wannan shekara". === Alƙawari === Climate Action Tracker ya bayyana halin da ake ciki a ranar 9 ga Nuwamba 2021 kamar haka: zafin duniya zai tashi da 2.7&nbsp;°C zuwa ƙarshen karni tare da manufofin yanzu kuma ta 2.9&nbsp;°C tare da manufofin da aka amince da su na ƙasa. Zazzabi zai tashi da 2.4&nbsp;°C idan kawai alkawuran na 2030 aka aiwatar, ta 2.1&nbsp;°C idan kuma an cimma burin dogon lokaci. Idan duk makasudin da aka sanar sun cika cikakkar cimma matsaya, hauhawar zafin duniya zai kai 1.9&nbsp;№ C kuma zuwa 1.8&nbsp;°C zuwa shekara ta 2100. Dukkan bayanai game da duk alkawurran yanayi ana aika su zuwa tashar Ayyukan Aiki ta Duniya - Nazca . Al'ummar kimiyya suna duba cikarsu. Yayin da mafi yawan manufofin da aka kafa na 2020 ba a tantance su ta wata tabbatacciyar hanya da dalla-dalla ko kafafen yada labarai suka bayar da rahotonsu ba, duniya ta gaza cimma mafi yawa ko duk burin kasa da kasa da aka sanya a waccan shekarar . Kamar yadda taron sauyin yanayi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2021 ya faru a Glasgow, ƙungiyar masu binciken da ke gudanar da aikin Climate Action Tracker sun ba da rahoton cewa na ƙasashen da ke da alhakin kashi 85% na hayaƙi mai gurɓata yanayi, dokoki huɗu ne kawai (wanda ke da alhakin kashi 6% na hayaƙin duniya) - EU, UK, [[Chile]] da [[Costa Rica]] - sun buga cikakken tsarin manufofin hukuma ‑ shirin da ke bayyana matakai da hanyoyin da za a iya cimma burin rage 2030. === Fitowar hayaki da ci gaban tattalin arziki === Wasu sun ce ci gaban tattalin arziki shine babban abin da ke haifar da hayaƙin CO <sub>2</sub> . <ref name=":13">{{Cite book|ref=etal}}</ref> {{Rp|707}}  <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|url-status=8–12}}</ref>  Ko da yake daga baya (a ƙarshen 2022) wasu sun ce haɓakar tattalin arziƙin ba ya nufin ƙarin hayaƙi. Yayin da tattalin arziƙin ya haɓaka, buƙatar makamashi da kayayyaki masu ƙarfi suna ƙaruwa, yana haɓaka hayaƙin CO <sub>2</sub> . A gefe guda kuma, haɓakar tattalin arziƙin na iya haifar da sauye-sauyen fasaha da haɓaka ingantaccen makamashi. Ci gaban tattalin arziki na iya haɗawa da ƙwarewa a wasu sassan tattalin arziki. Idan ƙwarewa ta kasance a cikin sassan da ke da ƙarfin makamashi, musamman ma'adinan makamashin carbon, to za a sami dangantaka mai karfi tsakanin ci gaban tattalin arziki da haɓakar hayaki. Idan ƙwarewa ta kasance a cikin sassan da ba su da ƙarfin makamashi, misali sashin sabis, to za a iya samun rauni tsakanin ci gaban tattalin arziki da haɓakar hayaƙi. Yawancin wallafe-wallafen sun fi mayar da hankali ne akan " hasashen Kuznets na muhalli" (EKC), wanda ya nuna cewa a farkon matakan ci gaba, gurbatar yanayi da GDP na kowane mutum yana tafiya a hanya guda. Bayan wani matakin samun kudin shiga, hayakin kowane mutum zai ragu yayin da GDP na kowane mutum ya karu, don haka samar da dangantaka mai jujjuyawa-U tsakanin GDP ga kowane mutum da gurbatar yanayi. Koyaya, wallafe-wallafen tattalin arziƙi ba su goyi bayan ko dai fassarar kyakkyawan fata na hasashen EKC ba - watau cewa matsalar haɓakar hayaƙi za ta warware kanta - ko kuma fassarar rashin fahimta - watau, haɓakar tattalin arziƙin yana da alaƙa da haɓakar hayaƙi. <ref name=":13"/> Maimakon haka, an ba da shawarar cewa akwai ɗan sassauci tsakanin ci gaban tattalin arziki da haɓakar hayaƙi. == Ƙananan makamashin carbon == [[File:Global_Energy_Consumption.svg|right|thumb| Kwal, mai, da iskar gas sun kasance tushen tushen makamashi na duniya duk da cewa abubuwan sabuntawa sun fara karuwa cikin sauri. <ref>{{Cite journal|url-status=1783–1838}}</ref>]] Tsarin makamashi, wanda ya haɗa da bayarwa da amfani da makamashi, shine babban mai fitar da CO . <ref name="AR6 WGIII Ch 6">IPCC (2022) [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGIII_Chapter_06.pdf Chapter 6: Energy systems] in [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/ Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change], Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, United States</ref> {{Rp|6-6}}Ana buƙatar raguwa cikin sauri da zurfi a cikin CO da gurɓataccen iskar gas daga ɓangaren makamashi don iyakance dumamar yanayi zuwa ƙasa da 2.&nbsp;°C. <ref name="AR6 WGIII Ch 6" /> {{Rp|6-3}}Matakan da IPCC ta ba da shawarar sun haɗa da: "Rage burbushin mai, ƙara yawan samar da makamashi daga ƙananan makamashin carbon da sifili, da ƙarin amfani da wutar lantarki da sauran masu ɗaukar makamashi". <ref name="AR6 WGIII Ch 6" /> {{Rp|6-3}} Kusan duk yanayin da dabaru suna tsammanin babban habɓakar amfani da makamashi mai sabuntawa tare da ƙarin matakan ingantaccen makamashi. {{Rp|xxiii}}Dole ne a hanzarta tura makamashin da ake iya sabuntawa sau shida daga 0.25% girma na shekara-shekara a 2015, zuwa 1.5%, don kiyaye dumamar yanayi a ƙarƙashin 2.&nbsp;°C. [[File:2010-_Power_capacity_by_technology_-_Dec_2022_International_Energy_Agency.svg|thumb| Sabbin hanyoyin samar da makamashi, musamman hasken rana photovoltaic da wutar lantarki, suna ba da ƙarin rabon ƙarfin wutar lantarki. ]] Gasa na makamashin da ake iya sabuntawa shine maɓalli ga saurin turawa. A cikin 2020, iska mai iska da hasken rana sune tushen mafi arha don sabbin samar da wutar lantarki a yankuna da yawa. Ko da yake abubuwan sabuntawa na iya samun ƙimar ajiya mafi girma waɗanda ba a sabunta su ba na iya samun ƙarin farashin tsaftacewa. Farashin carbon na iya haɓaka gasa na makamashi mai sabuntawa. <ref>{{Cite journal|url-status=106345}}</ref> === Rana da makamashin iska === [[File:Andasol_Guadix_4.jpg|right|thumb| Tashar wutar lantarki ta Andasol mai karfin MW 150 tashar wutar lantarki ce ta kasuwanci ta kasuwanci, wacce ke cikin Spain . Kamfanin Andasol na amfani da tankokin narkakkar gishiri wajen adana makamashin hasken rana ta yadda za ta ci gaba da samar da wutar lantarki na tsawon awanni 7.5 bayan rana ta daina haskawa. <ref>{{Cite journal|url-status=922–24}}</ref>]] Iska da rana na iya zama tushe don ɗimbin makamashi mai ƙarancin carbon a farashi mai ƙima. IPCC ta yi kiyasin cewa waɗannan zaɓuɓɓukan ragewa guda biyu suna da mafi girman yuwuwar rage fitar da hayaki kafin 2030 a farashi mai rahusa. :43Solar Photovoltaics (PV) ya zama hanya mafi arha don samar da wutar lantarki a yawancin yankuna na duniya. Girman hotunan hoto ya kasance kusa da ma'ana kuma yana kusan ninki biyu a kowace shekara uku tun daga 1990s. Wata fasaha ta daban tana da ƙarfin hasken rana (CSP) ta amfani da madubai ko ruwan tabarau don tattara babban yanki na hasken rana akan mai karɓa. Tare da CSP, ana iya adana makamashi don 'yan sa'o'i kaɗan, samar da wadata da maraice. Dumamar ruwan hasken rana ya ninka tsakanin 2010 zuwa 2019.  [[File:Shepherds_Flat_Wind_Farm_2011.jpg|thumb| Farmakin Shepherd Flat Wind Farm yana da karfin megawatt (MW) mai karfin megawatt 845, gonar iska a jihar [[Oregon]] ta Amurka, kowane injin injin injin samar da wutar lantarki mai karfin megawatt 2 ko 2.5.]] Yankunan da ke saman arewaci da kudancin latitudes suna da mafi girman ƙarfin ƙarfin iska. Gonakin iskar da ke bakin teku sun fi tsada amma raka'o'in suna ba da ƙarin kuzari a kowane ƙarfin da aka girka tare da ƙarancin canji. A yawancin yankuna, samar da wutar lantarki ya fi girma a cikin hunturu lokacin da PV ya ragu; saboda wannan dalili, haɗuwar iska da hasken rana suna haifar da ingantaccen tsarin daidaitawa. <ref>{{Cite journal|url-status=055011}}</ref> === Sauran abubuwan sabuntawa === [[File:ThreeGorgesDam-China2009.jpg|thumb|The 22,500 MW nameplate capacity Three Gorges Dam in the [[Sin|People's Republic of China]], the largest hydroelectric power station in the world]] Sauran ingantattun nau'ikan makamashi masu sabuntawa sun haɗa da wutar lantarki, makamashin halittu da makamashin ƙasa: * Wutar lantarki ita ce wutar lantarki da ake samar da wutar lantarki ta hanyar ruwa kuma tana taka rawar gani a kasashe kamar [[Brazil]], Norway da China. amma akwai iyakoki na yanki da batutuwan muhalli. Ana iya amfani da wutar lantarki a yankunan bakin teku. * Bioenergy na iya samar da makamashi don wutar lantarki, zafi da sufuri. Bioenergy, musamman biogas, zai iya samar da wutar lantarki da za a iya aikawa . Duk da yake kona shuka-samu biomass sake CO , shuke-shuke janye CO daga yanayi yayin da suke girma. Yadda ake samar da man fetur, jigilar kayayyaki da sarrafa shi yana da matukar tasiri ga hayakin rayuwa. An fara amfani da sabbin abubuwan da za a iya sabuntawa a cikin jirgin sama. * Ƙarfin geothermal ƙarfin lantarki ne da aka samar daga makamashin ƙasa . A halin yanzu ana amfani da samar da wutar lantarki na geothermal a cikin ƙasashe 26, <ref name="gea2010">Geothermal Energy Association. [http://www.geo-energy.org/pdf/reports/GEA_International_Market_Report_Final_May_2010.pdf Geothermal Energy: International Market Update] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525165514/http://www.geo-energy.org/pdf/reports/GEA_International_Market_Report_Final_May_2010.pdf |date=2017-05-25 }} May 2010, p. 4-6.</ref> yayin da ake amfani da dumama ƙasa a ƙasashe 70. <ref name="IPCC Annex II">Moomaw, W., P. Burgherr, G. Heath, M. Lenzen, J. Nyboer, A. Verbruggen, [http://srren.ipcc-wg3.de/report/IPCC_SRREN_Annex_II.pdf 2011: Annex II: Methodology. In IPCC: Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation (ref. page 10)]</ref> === Haɗewar makamashi mai sabuntawa === Samar da wutar lantarki da iska da hasken rana baya daidaita buƙatu. <ref>{{Cite journal|url-status=117773}}</ref> Don isar da ingantaccen wutar lantarki daga madaidaitan hanyoyin makamashi masu sabuntawa kamar iska da hasken rana, tsarin wutar lantarki yana buƙatar sassauci. An gina yawancin grid ɗin wutar lantarki don hanyoyin samar da makamashin da ba na tsaka-tsaki ba kamar masana'antar wutar lantarki. Yayin da aka haɗa yawancin makamashin hasken rana da iska a cikin grid, dole ne a yi canje-canje ga tsarin makamashi don tabbatar da cewa samar da wutar lantarki ya dace da buƙata. <ref name=":132">{{Cite journal|url-status=1049–1086}}</ref> Akwai hanyoyi daban-daban don sa tsarin wutar lantarki ya zama mai sauƙi. A wurare da yawa, samar da iska da hasken rana suna dacewa a kowace rana da ma'auni na yanayi: ana samun iska mai yawa a cikin dare da lokacin hunturu lokacin da makamashin hasken rana ya ragu. <ref name=":132"/> Haɗa yankuna daban-daban ta hanyar layin watsawa mai nisa yana ba da damar ƙarin sokewa daga canji. Ana iya canza buƙatun makamashi cikin lokaci ta hanyar sarrafa buƙatun makamashi da kuma amfani da grid mai wayo, daidai lokacin da samar da makamashi mai canzawa ya fi girma. <ref name=":132" /> Za a iya samar da ƙarin sassauci daga haɗin gwiwar sassa, wanda ke haɗa sashin wutar lantarki zuwa sashin zafi da motsi ta hanyar tsarin wutar lantarki da motocin lantarki. <ref>{{Cite journal|url-status=1611–1626}}</ref> Gina karfin wutar lantarki don samar da iska da hasken rana zai taimaka wajen tabbatar da cewa an samar da isasshiyar wutar lantarki ko da a lokacin rashin kyawun yanayi. A cikin yanayi mafi kyau, ana iya rage samar da makamashi idan ba a iya amfani da wutar lantarki mai yawa ko adanawa. <ref>{{Cite book|last3=International Energy Agency}}</ref> [[File:1_MW_4_MWh_Turner_Energy_Storage_Project_in_Pullman,_WA.jpg|alt=Photo with a set of white containers|thumb| Wurin ajiyar baturi]] Ajiye makamashi yana taimakawa shawo kan shingen makamashi mai sabuntawa. <ref name=":162">{{Cite journal|url-status=101047}}</ref> Hanyar da aka fi amfani da ita da kuma samuwa ita ce famfo-ajiya na lantarki, wanda ke buƙatar wurare tare da manyan bambance-bambance a tsayi da samun ruwa. <ref name=":162" /> Batura, musamman baturan lithium-ion, ana kuma baza su ko'ina. Batura yawanci suna adana wutar lantarki na ɗan gajeren lokaci. <ref>{{Cite journal|url-status=1049–1086}}</ref> Farashin da ƙarancin ƙarfin ƙarfin batura ya sa ba su da amfani ga babban ajiyar makamashi da ake buƙata don daidaita bambance-bambancen yanayi na samar da makamashi. Ma'ajiyar ruwa da aka zuga tare da iya aiki na tsawon watanni da yawa an aiwatar da shi a wasu wurare. <ref>{{Cite journal|quote=4|url-status=947}}</ref> === Makaman nukiliya === [[Makamashin nukiliya|Makaman nukiliya]] na iya haɗawa da abubuwan sabuntawa don wutar lantarki. A gefe guda, haɗarin muhalli da tsaro na iya wuce fa'idar. <ref>{{Cite journal|url-status=81–92}}</ref> Ginin sabbin injinan nukiliya a halin yanzu yana ɗaukar kusan shekaru 10, wanda ya fi tsayi fiye da haɓaka jigilar iska da hasken rana, {{Rp|335}}kuma akwai hadarin bashi . Duk da haka ana tsammanin sun fi arha a China, kuma ƙasar tana gina sabbin hanyoyin samar da wutar lantarki. <ref name=":19" /> {{As of|2019}} Kudin tsawaita rayuwar tashar [[makamashin nukiliya]] yana da gogayya da sauran fasahohin samar da wutar lantarki, gami da sabbin ayyukan hasken rana da iska. === Maye gurbin kwal da iskar gas === {{excerpt|sustainable energy#Fossil fuel switching and mitigation|paragraphs=1-2|file=no}} == Rage buƙatu == Buƙatar samfura da sabis waɗanda ke haifar da hayaƙin iskar gas ana iya rage su ta hanyoyi daban-daban guda uku. Da fari dai, ana iya rage buƙata ta hanyar sauye-sauyen ɗabi'a da al'adu, alal misali canje-canjen abinci. Na biyu, ana iya rage bukatar makamashi da sauran hidimomin da ake fitarwa ta hanyar ingantattun ababen more rayuwa, kamar kyakkyawar hanyar sadarwar jama'a . A ƙarshe, canje-canje a fasaha na ƙarshen amfani na iya rage buƙatar makamashi (misali, gida mai rufin da yake fitarwa ƙasa da gidan da ba shi da kyau). <ref name=":122">IPCC (2022) [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGIII_TS.pdf Technical Summary]. In [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/ Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change], Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, United States</ref> {{Rp|}} Zaɓuɓɓukan ragewa waɗanda ke rage buƙatar samfur ko ayyuka suna taimaka wa mutane yin zaɓi na sirri don rage sawun carbon ɗin su, misali a cikin zaɓin abubuwan sufuri ko abincin su. <ref name="AR6 WGIII Ch 5">Patrick Devine-Wright, Julio Diaz-José, Frank Geels, Arnulf Grubler, Nadia Maïzi, Eric Masanet, Yacob Mulugetta, Chioma Daisy Onyige-Ebeniro, Patricia E. Perkins, Alessandro Sanches Pereira, Elke Ursula Weber (2022) [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGIII_Chapter_05.pdf Chapter 5: Demand, services and social aspects of mitigation] in [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/ Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change], Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, United States</ref> {{Rp|5-3}}Wannan yana nufin akwai fannonin zamantakewa da yawa tare da ayyukan rage buƙatar-gefe. Misali, mutanen da ke da matsayi mai girma na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki sukan ba da gudummawa sosai ga hayakin iskar gas fiye da waɗanda ke da ƙananan matsayi na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki. Ta hanyar rage fitar da hayakinsu da inganta manufofin kore, waɗannan mutane za su iya zama "abin koyi na salon rayuwa mai ƙarancin carbon". <ref name="AR6 WGIII Ch 5" /> {{Rp|5-4}}Koyaya, akwai sauye-sauye na hankali da yawa waɗanda ke tasiri da kwarin gwiwar mutane don rage buƙatun su kamar wayar da kan jama'a da haɗarin haɗari . Manufofin gwamnati na iya tallafawa ko hana zaɓuɓɓukan rage buƙatu na rukunin yanar gizo. Misali, manufofin jama'a na iya haɓaka ra'ayoyin tattalin arziƙin madauwari waɗanda zasu taimaka rage sauyin yanayi. <ref name="AR6 WGIII Ch 5" /> {{Rp|5–6}}Rage hayaki mai gurbata yanayi yana da alaƙa da raba tattalin arziki da tattalin arzikin madauwari . Haɓaka yawan jama'a ya haifar da haɓakar hayaƙin gas a mafi yawan yankuna, musamman Afirka. <ref name="AR6 WGIII Ch 6"/> {{Rp|6–11}}Duk da haka, ci gaban tattalin arziki yana da babban tasiri fiye da karuwar yawan jama'a. <ref name="AR6 WGIII Ch 5"/> {{Rp|6–622}}Shi ne hauhawar kudaden shiga, sauye-sauyen amfani da tsarin abinci, tare da karuwar yawan jama'a, wanda ke haifar da matsin lamba a kan filaye da sauran albarkatun kasa, kuma yana haifar da ƙarin hayaki mai gurɓataccen iska da ƙarancin iskar carbon. <ref name="AR6 WGIII Ch 7">IPCC (2022) [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGIII_Chapter_07.pdf Chapter 7: Agriculture, Forestry, and Other Land Uses (AFOLU)] in [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/ Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change], Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, United States</ref> {{Rp|117}}Masana sun yi nuni da cewa, "A cikin hadin gwiwa tare da manufofin da ke kawo karshen amfani da man fetur da kuma karfafa amfani mai dorewa, manufofin mutuntaka da ke rage yawan karuwar jama'a ya kamata su kasance wani bangare na mayar da hankali kan yanayin yanayi." <ref>{{Cite journal|url-status=141346}}</ref> An san cewa "ci gaban ilimin mata da lafiyar haihuwa, musamman tsarin iyali na son rai, na iya ba da gudummawa sosai wajen rage karuwar yawan jama'a a duniya". <ref name="AR6 WGIII Ch 5" /> {{Rp|5–35}} == Kiyaye da haɓaka kwatankwacin carbon == [[File:Carbon_Dioxide_Partitioning.svg|right|thumb| Kimanin kashi 58% na fitar da iskar CO ta nutsar da iskar carbon, gami da haɓaka tsiro, ɗaukar ƙasa, da ɗaukar teku ( Kudifin Carbon Duniya na 2020 ).]] [[File:Protected_areas_by_percentage_per_country.svg|right|thumb| Taswirar yanki mai kariya ta duniya tare da jimillar kaso na kowace ƙasa da ke ƙarƙashin kariya, inda ƙasashe masu launin launuka suka fi samun kariya]] Don rage matsin lamba akan yanayin halittu da habɓaka ƙarfin su na sarrafa carbon, canje-canje sun zama dole a aikin noma da gandun daji, kamar hana [[Gandun daji|sare gandun daji]] da maido da yanayin halitta ta hanyar sake dazuzzuka . <ref>Hoegh-Guldberg, O., D. Jacob, M. Taylor, M. Bindi, S. Brown, I. Camilloni, A. Diedhiou, R. Djalante, K.L. Ebi, F. Engelbrecht, J.Guiot, Y. Hijioka, S. Mehrotra, A. Payne, S.I. Seneviratne, A. Thomas, R. Warren, and G. Zhou, 2018: [https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/2/2022/06/SR15_Chapter_3_LR.pdf Chapter 3: Impacts of 1.5ºC Global Warming on Natural and Human Systems]. In: [https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/ Global Warming of 1.5°C. An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty] [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, H.-O. Pörtner, D. Roberts, J. Skea, P.R. Shukla, A. Pirani, W. Moufouma-Okia, C. Péan, R. Pidcock, S. Connors, J.B.R. Matthews, Y. Chen, X. Zhou, M.I. Gomis, E. Lonnoy, T.Maycock, M.Tignor, and T. Waterfield (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, US, pp. 175-312. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009157940.005.</ref> {{Rp|266}}Yanayin da ke iyakance dumamar yanayi zuwa 1.5&nbsp;°C yawanci yana aiwatar da babban amfani da hanyoyin kawar da carbon dioxide a cikin ƙarni na 21st. <ref>{{Cite journal|url-status=1062–1176}}</ref> {{Rp|1068}}<ref name=":16">IPCC, 2018: [https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/2/2022/06/SPM_version_report_LR.pdf Summary for Policymakers]. In: [https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/ Global Warming of 1.5°C. An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty] [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, H.-O. Pörtner, D. Roberts, J. Skea, P.R. Shukla, A. Pirani, W. Moufouma-Okia, C. Péan, R. Pidcock, S. Connors, J.B.R. Matthews, Y. Chen, X. Zhou, M.I. Gomis, E. Lonnoy, T. Maycock, M. Tignor, and T. Waterfield (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, US, pp. 3-24. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009157940.001.</ref> {{Rp|17}}Akwai damuwa ko da yake game da yawan dogaro da waɗannan fasahohin, da tasirin muhalli. <ref name=":16" /> {{Rp|17}}<ref>IPCC, 2018: [https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/2/2019/06/SR15_Full_Report_High_Res.pdf Global Warming of 1.5°C]. An [https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/ IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty] [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, H.-O. Pörtner, D. Roberts, J. Skea, P.R. Shukla, A. Pirani, W. Moufouma-Okia, C. Péan, R. Pidcock, S. Connors, J.B.R. Matthews, Y. Chen, X. Zhou, M.I. Gomis, E. Lonnoy, T. Maycock, M. Tignor, and T. Waterfield (eds.)]. In Press.</ref> {{Rp|34}}Duk da haka, yuwuwar rage yiwuwar maido da yanayin halittu da rage juzu'i suna daga cikin kayan aikin ragewa waɗanda za su iya samar da mafi yawan raguwar hayaki kafin 2030. <ref name="AR6 WGIII Ch 13"/> {{Rp|43}} Zaɓuɓɓukan rage ƙasa ana kiran su "zaɓuɓɓukan ragewa AFOLU" a cikin rahoton IPCC na 2022 akan ragewa. Gajarta tana nufin "noma, gandun daji da sauran amfanin ƙasa" :37Rahoton ya bayyana yuwuwar rage tasirin tattalin arziki daga ayyukan da suka dace a kusa da gandun daji da muhalli kamar haka: "Kiyayewa, ingantattun gudanarwa, da maido da gandun daji da sauran halittun dazuzzuka ( filayen dausayi na gabar teku, filayen ciyawa, savannas da ciyayi)". Ana samun babban yuwuwar ragewa don rage sare itatuwa a yankuna masu zafi. An kiyasta karfin tattalin arzikin wadannan ayyukan zai zama 4.2 zuwa 7.4 Giga ton na CO 2 daidai a kowace shekara. :37 === Dazuzzuka === ==== Kiyayewa ==== [[File:Shennongjia_virgin_forest.jpg|thumb| Ana yin jayayya cewa miƙa [[Dokar Ƙasa|haƙƙin ƙasa]] ga ƴan asalin ƙasar don kiyaye gandun daji yadda ya kamata.]] Binciken Stern akan tattalin arziki na sauyin yanayi ya rigaya ya bayyana a cikin 2007 cewa hana sare dazuzzuka wata hanya ce mai matukar tsada ta rage fitar da hayaki mai gurbata muhalli. Kusan kashi 95 cikin 100 na sare dazuzzuka na faruwa ne a wurare masu zafi, inda akasari ke haddasa shi ta hanyar share fage domin noma. Ɗaya daga cikin dabarun kiyaye gandun daji shine ba da haƙƙoƙin ƙasa daga yankin jama'a zuwa mazaunanta na asali. Yarjejeniyar ƙasa sau da yawa tana zuwa ga kamfanoni masu hako masu ƙarfi da dabarun kiyayewa waɗanda ke keɓance har ma da fitar da mutane, wanda ake kira " kare gandun daji ", galibi suna haifar da ƙarin amfani da ƙasa yayin da mazaunan asali sannan suka juya zuwa aiki don kamfanonin hakar su tsira.  Haɓaka yana haɓaka dazuzzuka don kama cikakkiyar damar muhallinsu. Wannan dabara ce ta ragewa yayin da dazuzzukan na biyu da suka sake girma a cikin gonakin da aka yi watsi da su ana samun ƙarancin bambance-bambancen halittu fiye da na asali tsoffin dazuzzukan da kuma dazuzzukan na asali suna adana 60% fiye da carbon fiye da waɗannan sabbin gandun daji. Dabarun sun haɗa da sake ginawa da kafa hanyoyin namun daji . == Manazarta == {{reflist}} [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 676xtlkryoljvs1muvdxei375ppu9u6 Tomislav Tomašević 0 48758 889350 732884 2026-07-30T12:11:35Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 889350 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:ZagrebIsOURS TomislavTomasevic IMG 4235-saved-for-web-5-1-800x510.jpg|thumb|hutun Tomislav Tomašević]] '''Tomislav Tomašević''' ( pronounced: [tǒmislaʋ tomǎːʃeʋitɕ]; an haife shi 13 Janairun shekarar 1982) ɗan siyasan Croatia ne, ɗan gwagwarmaya, masanin muhalli kuma masanin kimiyyar siyasa wanda ke aiki a matsayin magajin garin Zagreb tun 2021. Yana daya daga cikin shugabannin Zagreb na gida namu ne! jam'iyyar siyasa da kasa za mu iya! jam'iyyar siyasa. Tun a zaben kananan hukumomin Zagreb na 2017, ya kasance wakili a Majalisar Zagreb. An kuma zabe shi a majalisar dokokin Croatia a zaben 2020. Ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban ''jam'iyyar'' Green-Left Coalition. Ya tsaya takarar magajin garin Zagreb a zaben [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|kananan hukumomi]] na 2021 sannan ya doke dan takarar na hannun daman Miroslav Škoro a zagaye na biyu, da tazarar kashi 64% zuwa 34%. A cikin zaben magajin gari na 2021 a Zagreb, Tomašević ya sami adadin kuri'u a zagayen biyu. == Rayuwa == === Rayuwar farko da ilimi === An haifi Tomašević a 1982 a [[Zagreb]], SR Croatia, Yugoslavia zuwa mahaifiyar Ivanka da mahaifin Smiljan. Shi da ɗan'uwansa Tihomir sun girma a Zapruđe kuma daga baya a Zaprešić yayin da dangin matasa suka ƙaura kafin ya dawo Zagreb.<ref>{{cite web |first=R. T. L. |last=Vijesti |url=https://www.rtl.hr/vijesti-hr/novosti/hrvatska/izbori-2021/4035212/na-korak-je-do-mjesta-gradonacelnika-zagreba-tko-je-tomislav-tomasevic/ |title=Na korak je do mjesta gradonačelnika Zagreba: Tko je Tomislav Tomašević? |access-date=17 May 2021 |publisher=Vijesti.hr |language=hr |archive-date=13 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613232107/https://www.rtl.hr/vijesti-hr/novosti/hrvatska/izbori-2021/4035212/na-korak-je-do-mjesta-gradonacelnika-zagreba-tko-je-tomislav-tomasevic/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kawun Tomašević, Ivo Tomašević, limamin Katolika ne kuma fitaccen memba na taron Episcopal na [[Bosnia da Herzegovina]].<ref name="Jutarnji">{{cite web|url=https://www.jutarnji.hr/vijesti/zagreb/tomaseviceva-bitka-za-birace-centra-hoce-li-mu-stric-svecenik-i-otac-pravas-pomoci-da-pobijedi-15053857 |title=Tomaševićeva bitka za birače centra: Hoće li mu stric svećenik i otac pravaš pomoći da pobijedi |date=21 February 2021 |work=[[Jutarnji list]] |language=hr |access-date=6 March 2021}}</ref> Kakannin ubansa su ne Bosnia Croats daga Vidovice kusa da Orašje.<ref>{{cite news|first=M |last=Marković |url=https://www.maxportal.hr/vijesti/tomasevic-je-porijeklom-bosanac-otac-mu-je-desnicar-a-stric-ugledni-svecenik/ |title=Tomašević je porijeklom Bosanac, otac mu je desničar, a stric ugledni svećenik |publisher=Maxportal |access-date=16 May 2021 |language=hr}}</ref> Tomašević ya sauke karatu daga Faculty of Political Science a Jami'ar Zagreb a 2006, kuma ya kammala karatun digiri na biyu na muhalli, al'umma da ci gaba daga Jami'ar Cambridge a 2013. Ya sami lambobin yabo da yawa da guraben karatu, gami da Marshal Memorial Fellowship, Chevening Fellowship da Cambridge Overseas Trust Fellowship.<ref name="ipe">{{cite web|url=https://ipe.hr/en/tomislav-tomasevic/ |title=Tomislav Tomašević |publisher=Institut za političku ekologiju |language=hr}}</ref> === Rayuwa ta sirri === A cikin 2016 ya auri matarsa Iva Mertić a cikin bikin Katolika.<ref name="rtl">{{cite web |date=6 July 2020 |title=Tko je Tomislav Tomašević i što stoji iza fenomena Možemo! - najvećih iznenađenja ovih izbora |url=https://www.rtl.hr/vijesti-hr/novosti/hrvatska/parlamentarni-izbori-2020/kljucni-akteri/3846040/on-moze-naslijediti-bandica-tko-je-tomislav-tomasevic-i-sto-stoji-iza-fenomena-mozemo-najvecih-iznenadjenja-ovih-izbora/ |access-date=6 March 2021 |work=rtl.hr |language=hr |archive-date=2 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602215725/https://www.rtl.hr/vijesti-hr/novosti/hrvatska/parlamentarni-izbori-2020/kljucni-akteri/3846040/on-moze-naslijediti-bandica-tko-je-tomislav-tomasevic-i-sto-stoji-iza-fenomena-mozemo-najvecih-iznenadjenja-ovih-izbora/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tomašević yayi aiki da ƙwarewa a ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu daban-daban. == Sana'ar siyasa == === Ayyukan farko === A lokacin da yake da shekaru 16, a matsayin matashi mai [[Kare Muhalli|kare kare muhalli]] Tomašević ya shiga kungiyar mai zaman kanta Green Action.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.zagrebjenas.hr/tomislav-tomasevic-gradonacelnicki-kandidat/ |title=Tomislav Tomašević Biography at zagrebjenas.hr |website=zagrebjenas.hr |access-date=8 March 2021}}</ref> Ba da daɗewa ba ya zama mataimakin shugaban ƙasa na farko kuma daga baya shugaban ƙungiyar matasa ta [[Croatian]] ( Croatian ), Ƙungiyar Matasa ta Turai cikakkiyar mamba.<ref>{{cite web|date=15 June 2006|title=Mreža mladih Hrvatske|url=http://mmh.hr/|access-date=17 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060615184148/http://mmh.hr/|archive-date=15 June 2006}}</ref> Daga baya ya zama shugaban Green Action daga 2007,<ref>{{cite web |title=Novi Upravni odbor i Vijeće Zelene akcije - Održana redovna Godišnja skupština Zelene akcije |url=https://zelena-akcija.hr/hr/opcenito/vijesti/novi_upravni_odbor_i_vijece_zelene_akcije_odrzana_redovna_godisnja_skupstina_zelene_akcije |website=zelena-akcija.hr |access-date=8 March 2021 |archive-date=28 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928124053/https://zelena-akcija.hr/hr/opcenito/vijesti/novi_upravni_odbor_i_vijece_zelene_akcije_odrzana_redovna_godisnja_skupstina_zelene_akcije |url-status=dead }}</ref> tare da Bernard Ivčić, wanda ya dade mataimakinsa, ya gaje shi a matsayin shugaban kasa a watan Yuni 2012.<ref>{{cite web |title=Izabran novi predsjednik Zelene akcije |url=https://zelena-akcija.hr/hr/opcenito/vijesti/izabran_novi_predsjednik_zelene_akcije |website=zelena-akcija.hr |access-date=8 March 2021 |archive-date=28 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928124040/https://zelena-akcija.hr/hr/opcenito/vijesti/izabran_novi_predsjednik_zelene_akcije |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Yi takarar magajin garin Zagreb (2017-2021) === A cikin zabukan cikin gida na 2017, Tomašević ya yi takara don magajin garin Zagreb, a shugaban haɗin gwiwar da Zagreb ya jagoranta shine namu! jam'iyyar siyasa, kuma ta lashe kashi 3.94% na kuri'un da aka kada a zaben magajin gari.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jutarnji.hr/vijesti/hrvatska/rezultati-lokalnih-izbora-u-sva-cetiri-velika-grada-ide-se-u-drugi-krug-6104038 |title=REZULTATI LOKALNIH IZBORA U sva četiri velika grada ide se u drugi krug! |date=21 May 2017 |work=[[Jutarnji list]] |language=hr |access-date=6 March 2021}}</ref> Gamayyar ta samu kujeru hudu a Majalisar Zagreb.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.index.hr/clanak.aspx?id=2195930|title=The future of the Croatian left: Mozemo!|work=Index.hr}}</ref> Tomašević yana cikin zaɓaɓɓun kansilolin da aka zaɓa daga haɗin gwiwar, kuma ya kasance mai sukar magajin [[Milano|Milan]] Bandić a Majalisar. ==== Zabe a 2021 ==== [[File:Tomislav_Tomašević_on_May_16,_2021.png|thumb| Tomašević (tsakiyar) akan 16 Mayu 2021]] A cikin Fabrairu shekara ta 2021, Tomašević ya sanar da takararsa na magajin garin Zagreb a zaben kananan hukumomi na 2021. Tomašević ya mika sa hannun 20,236 ga Hukumar Zabe ta Jiha (DIP) a ranar 29 ga Afrilu.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jutarnji.hr/video/news/tomasevic-skupio-najvise-potpisa-u-zagrebu-a-evo-tko-je-apsolutni-rekorder-na-razini-drzave-15069304|title=Tomašević skupio najviše potpisa u Zagrebu, a evo tko je apsolutni rekorder na razini države|date=29 April 2021|work=Jutarnji list}}</ref> A rana ta gaba, DIP ta tabbatar da cewa Tomašević da wasu 'yan takara tara sun gabatar da sa hannu daga masu jefa kuri'a masu rijista, kuma sun cancanci zama 'yan takarar magajin gari.<ref>{{cite web |title=ZBIRNA LISTA PRAVOVALJANIH KANDIDATURAZA IZBOR GRADONAČELNIKAI ZAMJENIKA GRADONAČELNIKAGRADA ZAGREBA |url=https://www.zgizbori.hr/site/UserDocsImages/2021_godina/Izbori%20za%20gradona%C4%8Delnika%20i%20Gradsku%20skup%C5%A1tinu/Gradona%C4%8Delnik%20-%20pravovaljane%20i%20zbirne.pdf |website=zgizbori.hr |access-date=11 May 2021 |archive-date=30 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430182002/https://www.zgizbori.hr/site/UserDocsImages/2021_godina/Izbori%20za%20gradona%C4%8Delnika%20i%20Gradsku%20skup%C5%A1tinu/Gradona%C4%8Delnik%20-%20pravovaljane%20i%20zbirne.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> A zaben na 16 ga Mayu, Tomašević ya lashe kuri'u 147,631 (45.15%) wanda ya sa ya zama dan takara na farko na sabon magajin gari a zagaye na biyu.<ref>{{cite web|title=Premoćna pobjeda Tomaševića. Pogledajte slavlje: "Ulazimo u povijesnu eru" |url=https://www.index.hr/vijesti/clanak/video-premocna-pobjeda-tomasevica-pogledajte-slavlje-ulazimo-u-povijesnu-eru/2276443.aspx |work=Index.hr |access-date=17 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Tomašević uvjerljiv pobjednik u Zagrebu, Škoro uspio prestići Pavičić Vukičević |url=https://hr.n1info.com/vijesti/izbori-u-zagrebu-prema-izlaznim-anketama-tomasevic-pomeo-protukandidate/ |work=N1 HR |access-date=17 May 2021}}</ref> Sai dai da yake babu wani dan takara da ya samu rinjayen kuri'u, ya fuskanci Miroslav Škoro na jam'iyyar Homeland Movement a zagaye na biyu a ranar 30 ga watan Mayu.<ref>{{cite web|title=Škoro nema apsolutno nikakve šanse protiv Tomaševića |url=https://www.index.hr/vijesti/clanak/skoro-nema-apsolutno-nikakve-sanse-protiv-tomasevica/2276644.aspx |work=Index.hr |access-date=17 May 2021}}</ref> A cikin wannan zaɓe, mahaifin Tomašević, Smiljan, ya kasance ɗan takara a jerin Ƙungiyoyin Gida na Majalisar Zagreb.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tomaševića došao podržati otac, koji je na Škorinoj listi |url=https://www.index.hr/vijesti/clanak/tomasevica-dosao-podrzati-otac-koji-je-na-skorinoj-listi/2276593.aspx |work=Index.hr |access-date=18 May 2021}}</ref> A ranar 30 ga Mayu a zagaye na biyu na zaben, Tomašević ya lashe ofishin magajin gari da kuri'u 199,630 ko kashi 63.87% na kuri'un. Ya samu nasara akan Škoro wanda ya samu kuri'u 106,300 wato kashi 34% na kuri'un.<ref name="vote2021">{{cite web|title=Ovo su rezultati izbora u svim gradovima u Hrvatskoj |url=https://www.index.hr/vijesti/clanak/ovo-su-rezultati-izbora-u-svim-gradovima-u-hrvatskoj/2279961.aspx |work=Index.hr |access-date=31 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Ogroman trijumf Tomaševića. Muškarac u stožeru napao zaštitare, palio vatru... |url=https://www.index.hr/vijesti/clanak/video-ogroman-trijumf-tomasevica-muskarac-u-stozeru-napao-zastitare-palio-vatru/2279837.aspx |work=Index.hr |access-date=31 May 2021}}</ref> Bugu da kari, kamar yadda ya faru a zagaye na farko, wasan zagaye na biyu na Tomašević ya sake kafa sabon tarihi na yawan kuri'un da dan takarar magajin gari ya samu a Zagreb. Wato, adadinsa na kusan kuri'u dubu 200 ya fi girma da kusan 30,000 fiye da abin da Milan Bandić ya samu a zagaye na biyu na zaben 2013.<ref>{{cite web|title=Nitko nikad u Zagrebu nije osvojio ovoliko glasova kao Tomašević |url=https://www.index.hr/vijesti/clanak/nitko-nikad-u-zagrebu-nije-osvojio-ovoliko-glasova-kao-tomasevic/2279883.aspx |work=Index.hr |access-date=31 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Tomašević je upravo osvojio više glasova nego Milan Bandić ikada u 20 godina vladavine! |url=https://www.24sata.hr/news/tomasevic-je-upravo-osvojio-vise-glasova-nego-milan-bandic-ikada-u-20-godina-vladavine-765071 |work=24sata |access-date=1 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Veliki gradovi izabrali nove gradonačelnike |url=https://vijesti.hrt.hr/hrvatska/lokalni-izbori-2021-drugi-izborni-krug-1958639 |website=vijesti.hrt.hr |access-date=1 June 2021}}</ref> === Dan majalisa (2020-2021) === A zaben 'yan majalisar dokoki na 2020, a shugaban jam'iyyar Green-Left Coalition, an zabe shi memba a majalisar dokokin Croatia a wa'adi na 10.<ref>{{cite web|title=10th term of the Croatian Parliament (22 July 2020) - Tomislav Tomašević |url=https://www.sabor.hr/en/members-parliament/tomasevic-tomislav-10-term |website=sabor.hr |access-date=8 March 2021}}</ref> Wa'adin aikinsa na majalisar zai fara ne a ranar 22 ga Yuli, 2020. Ya zuwa karshen watan Yuli, ya shiga kwamitocin majalisa hudu, kwamitin tsare-tsare na jiki da na gine-gine, kwamitin kundin tsarin mulki, oda da tsarin siyasa, kwamitin hadin gwiwa na majalisar dokoki, da kwamitin zartarwa na kungiyar kasa zuwa ga kungiyar Inter-Parliamentary. A cikin 2021 zaɓen ƙananan hukumomi na Zagreb Tomašević an zabe shi don Magajin Zagreb.<ref>{{cite web |title=Zakon o izborima zastupnika u Hrvatski sabor |url=https://www.zakon.hr/z/355/Zakon-o-izborima-zastupnika-u-Hrvatski-sabor |website=zakon.hr |access-date=2 June 2021}}</ref> Don haka sai ya yi murabus daga Majalisar kafin ya zama magajin gari. A ranar 18 ga Yuni, 2021, ya sanya wa'adin sa a Majalisa. Tun daga nan ya maye gurbinsa Urša Raukar-Gamulin.<ref>{{cite web |title=Prisegnuli novi saborski zastupnici |url=https://www.index.hr/vijesti/clanak/foto-prisegnuli-novi-saborski-zastupnici/2284461.aspx |website=index.hr |access-date=18 June 2021}}</ref> === Magajin garin Zagreb (2021-yanzu) === Tomašević bisa hukuma ya karɓi ofishin magajin gari a ranar 4 ga Yuni 2021.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pavičić Vukičević: Primopredaja gradske vlasti najranije u petak |url=https://www.tportal.hr/vijesti/clanak/pavicic-vukicevic-primopredaja-gradske-vlasti-najranije-u-petak-20210531 |website=tportal.hr |publisher=Tportal |access-date=1 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.index.hr/vijesti/clanak/uskoro-uzivo-prvo-obracanje-gradonacelnika-tomislava-tomasevica/2281011.aspx |title=USKORO UŽIVO Prvo obraćanje gradonačelnika Tomislava Tomaševića |work=Index.hr |date=4 June 2021 |access-date=4 June 2021 |language=hr}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://zagreb.hr/odrzana-sluzbena-primopredaja-izvrsnih-ovlasti-gra/171769 |title=Održana službena primopredaja izvršnih ovlasti gradonačelnika Grada Zagreba |website=zagreb.hr |publisher=Grad Zagreb |date=4 June 2021 |access-date=10 June 2021 |language=hr}}</ref> Mukaddashin magajin garin Jelena Pavičić Vukičević ne ya mika masa ofishin magajin garin Zagreb wanda ya karbi mukamin bayan rasuwar magajin garin Milan Bandić . Tomašević ya zo wurin mikawa ta tram kuma ya makara saboda lamarin gaggawa a tashar jirgin kasa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tomašević kasnio na primopredaju: 'Ispričavam se, jednoj ženi je pozlilo pa smo čekali Hitnu' |url=https://www.jutarnji.hr/vijesti/zagreb/tomasevic-kasnio-na-primopredaju-ispricavam-se-jednoj-zeni-je-pozlilo-pa-smo-cekali-hitnu-15078249 |website=jutarnji.hr |date=4 June 2021 |access-date=7 June 2021}}</ref> ==== Kafofin yada labarai da matsin lamba na 'yan adawa ==== [[File:VinkoUhlik NagradaGradaZagreba.jpg|thumb|Tomislav Tomašević a gefe]] A cikin watanni biyu na farko na nadin Tomislav Tomašević ya fuskanci zarge-zarge daga kafofin watsa labaru da kuma mafi yawan 'yan adawa na dama na yin watsi da alkawurran da ya yi kafin zaben, cin hanci da rashawa da kuma bincike saboda nada mai kula da harkokin kiwon lafiya Tomislav Lauc a matsayin shugaban asibitin Srebrnjak wanda ya kasance mai tausayi da kuma kananan yara.<ref>{{cite web |last1=V. P. P. |title=Tomašević imenovao donatora svoje kampanje u Upravno vijeće bolnice Srebrnjak; time će se baviti povjerenstvo za sukob interesa |url=https://www.tportal.hr/vijesti/clanak/tomasevic-imenovao-donatora-svoje-kampanje-u-upravno-vijece-bolnice-srrebrnjak-time-ce-se-baviti-povjerenstvo-za-sukob-interesa-20210711 |website=Tportal.hr |access-date=6 January 2022 |language=hr |date=11 July 2021}}</ref> mai ba da gudummawa * (kasa da 2000 USD) na jam'iyyarsa, da kuma sake sabunta wani bangare na kwangilar birnin Zagreb (saboda rashin mafita) tare da sanannen CIOS Group mallakar Petar Pripuz duk da alkawarin ba zai yi ba.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tomaševićeva 'trilema': Ako da posao C.I.O.S.-u, prekršio je obećanje; ako uzme skuplju ponudu, nema uštede; ako poništi natječaj, gdje će biootpad? |url=https://www.nacional.hr/tomaseviceva-trilema-ako-da-posao-c-i-o-s-u-prekrsio-je-obecanje-ako-uzme-skuplju-ponudu-nema-ustede-ako-ponisti-natjecaj-gdje-ce-biootpad/ |website=Nacional |access-date=6 January 2022 |language=hr |date=19 September 2021}}</ref> ==== Taimakawa LGGBTI+ da sauran tsiraru ==== A ranar 3 ga Yuli 2021, Tomašević ya halarci bikin Zagreb Pride na shekara na 20, tare da sauran 'yan siyasar Croatia kamar shugaban Social Democratic Party Peđa Grbin da Mataimakin Firayim Minista Boris Milošević . Yin haka, Tomašević ya zama magajin garin Zagreb na farko da ya halarci faretin, wanda ya riga ya yi kafin ya zama magajin gari. Ya bayyana cewa "su, a matsayinsu na sabuwar gwamnatin birnin, sun so su nuna cewa ba za a iya nuna wariya ga kowa ba a kan kowane dalili."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-03|title=VIDEO Povorka ponosa stigla na Ribnjak, Tomašević i Benčić među prvima u koloni|url=https://www.index.hr/clanak.aspx?id=2287990|url-status=live|access-date=2021-07-03|website=[[Index.hr]]|language=hr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last1=HINA|last2=Bajruši|first2=Robert|last3=Kukec|first3=Tomislav|last4=Karakaš Jakubin|first4=Hajdi|date=2021-07-03|title=U Povorci ponosa oko 2500 ljudi, među njima i Tomašević: 'Skupljanje poena na manjinama je jadno!'|url=https://www.jutarnji.hr/vijesti/zagreb/u-povorci-ponosa-oko-2500-ljudi-medu-njima-i-tomasevic-skupljanje-poena-na-manjinama-je-jadno-15085382|url-status=live|access-date=2021-07-03|website=[[Jutarnji list]]|language=hr-hr|author1-link=Croatian News Agency}}</ref> == Tarihin zabe == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:70%; text-align: center;" |+Sakamakon zabe ! Shekara ! Ofishin ! Biki ! Kuri'u na Tomašević ! % ! Abokin hamayya ! Biki ! Ƙuri'u ! % |- ! 2017 | Magajin garin Zagreb | Zagreb namu ne! | 12,996 | 3.94% | colspan="4" | bai tsallake zuwa zagaye na biyu ba |- ! 2020 | Dan majalisar dokokin Croatia<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> <small>na gundumar zabe ta 1st</small> | rowspan="3" | Zamu Iya! / Zagreb namu ne! | 19,627 | 11.29% | colspan="4" | An zabe shi a Majalisar |- ! rowspan="2" | 2021 | rowspan="2" | Magajin garin Zagreb | 147,631 | 45.15% | colspan="4" | Na ci gaba zuwa gudu |- | 199,630 | 63.87% | Miroslav Škoro | Harkar Gida | 106,300 | 34.01% |- |} == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1982]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] bg7vm0p6x1jd39em9upratmim9jesv4 Popati Hirandani 0 50167 889380 312177 2026-07-30T13:59:56Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889380 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Popati Hiranandani''' (17 Satumban shekarar 1924 - 16 Disamban shekarar 2005) marubuciya Ba’indiya ce wacce ta rubuta littattafai sama da sittin cikin harshen Sindhi yayin rayuwarta.Ta kasance marubuciya,marubuciyar almara,mawaƙi,ƙwararriyar ilimi,mai fafutukar mata da zamantakewa.Ta ba da gudummawa sosai ga adabin Sindhi kafin da bayan rabuwar Indiya. Ta lashe kyaututtuka da yawa ciki har da Sahitya Akademi Award (1982),Kyautar Mace ta Shekara (1988),da Gaurav Puraskar (1990) da sauransu. == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haife ta a ranar 17 ga Satumban shekarar 1924 a cikin dangin Hindu Amil na Hyderabad, Sindh. Mahaifinta Ramchand Hiranandani jami'in gandun daji ne.Ita ce ta biyu a cikin yara bakwai, kuma ta rasa mahaifinta yana da shekara goma. Ta yi karatu a Kundan Mal High School da Miran College Hyderabad.Don tallafa wa danginta,ta shiga matsayin malamin kiɗa a makarantar sakandaren Kundan Mal da Pigit Girls School Hyderabad,yayin da ta ci gaba da karatu a lokaci ɗaya. Bayan kammala karatunta daga Jami'ar Hindu ta Banaras a 1943 tare da bambanci a [[Sanskrit]],ta fara koyar da harsuna da adabi. Ta yi murabus a matsayin shugabar Sashen Sindhi na Kwalejin Kishinchand Chellaram,Bombay (yanzu [[Mumbai]] ). <ref>Asha, Dayal Dr.; لاثاني اديب پروفيسر پوپٽي ھيراننداڻي, [https://epaper.hindvasi.com/23-06-2019/2/large Weekly Hinvasi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250301114854/https://epaper.hindvasi.com/23-06-2019/2/large |date=2025-03-01 }}, 23rd June 2019, pp. 02.</ref> A cikin shekarun ƙarshe na hidimarta a wannan kwaleji,ta kuma koyar da kuma kula da ɗaliban digiri na biyu na Jami'ar Bombay . <ref name="tsw" /> A cikin 1970,an zabe ta a matsayin memba na kwamitin masu ba da shawara na Kwamitin Audition na All India Radio,Bombay.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=June 2022}}A cikin wannan shekarar, an zabe ta a matsayin memba na Hukumar Shawara ta Sindhi[[Ma'aikatar Ilimi na kasar(India)|,]]Gwamnatin Indiya. A cikin 1972,an zaɓi ta a matsayin memba na Sahitya Akademi 's Advisory Board for Sindhi.A cikin 1974,ta yi aiki a matsayin Sakatariyar Dukan Harshen Sindhi na Indiya da Ƙungiyar Adabi.A cikin 1977,ta kasance memba na kwamitin zaɓi na ''ƙamus na kimiyya da fasaha'' kuma a cikin 1979 a matsayin memba na kwamitin zaɓi na Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Jama'a.A cikin 1988,ta kasance mai kiran Sahitya Akademi's Advisory Board. == Manazarta == myjans9n2zlvwlqvszb5vh6npqno9o2 Salon Labartawa 0 52210 889790 787515 2026-07-31T11:31:06Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889790 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Reflist}} [[Fayil:Vladimir_Propp_(1928_year).jpg|thumb|249x249px|Vladimir Propp a cikin 1928. Masanin tarihin wallafe-wallafen, farfesa a jami'a, masanin harshe, marubuci, da masanin ilimin Soviet. Mai gabatarwa na narratology.]]{{Databox}} '''Labartawa''' nazari ne tsarin labari da sassan labarin da kuma hanyoyin da waɗannan ke shafar fahimtar ɗan adam. Kalmar labartawa, wadda da Turancin Ingilishi ake kira da narratology ta samo asali ne daga Faransanci, wanda Tzvetan Todorov ya ƙirƙira ( ''Grammaire du Décaméron'', 1969). Fannin ya somo asali ne daga [[Aristotle]] ( ''Poetics'' ) amma tsarin labartawar da ake da ita a yanzu ta fito ne daga masana daga kasar Rasha, musamman ma daga Vladimir Propp ( ''Mofology of the Folktale'', 1928), da kuma ra'in Mikhail Bakhtin na yadda al'umma ke fahimtar zance, salon murya, da kuma muhallin da aka fara gabatarwa a cikin wani aiki mai suna ''The Dialogic Imagination'' (1975). Fahimtar labari wani sabon salo ne da a yanzu ake amfani da shi wajen sa masu karatu su fahimci inda aka dosa. A maimakon yin la'akari da zubin kalmomin da ke cikin labarin, wannan sabon tsarin nazarin labari ya fi mayar da hankali a kan yadda mutane suka fahimci sakon da ke cikin labarin da kuma yadda za su aikata sakon. == Ma'anar labarai == Masana labarai masu bin diddikin kalmomin dake cikin labari kamar Rimmon-Kenan sun bayyana fiction a matsayin "yadda ake jera wadansu kirkirarrun abubuwa a cikin labari". Masu ba da labari na hankali suna mai da hankali kan yadda mutane ke fuskantar wani abu a matsayin labari maimakon tsarin rubutun kanta. Labarin kalmomi shida "Don sayarwa: takalma na jariri, ba a taɓa sawa ba", ana ba da shi sau da yawa a matsayin misali wanda ba zai cancanci zama labari a cikin tsarin tsari ba, amma hakan yana haifar da ma'anar labari. Marie-Laure Ryan ta bambanta tsakanin "Labari" a matsayin wani abu da za'a iya bayyana shi a sarari da ingancin labarin, wanda ke nufin "kasancewa don yin wahayi zuwa ga amsa mai ba da labari". Wannan yana ba ta damar fahimtar [[Wasan Bidiyo|Wasannin bidiyo]] kamar yadda suke da labari ba tare da zama labaran al'ada ba. Astrid Ensslin ta gina a kan wannan, ta bayyana cewa "wasannin suna da damar haifar da rubuce-rubuce masu yawa, ta hanyar gina duniya, ƙirar abubuwan da suka faru, ci gaban halayyar da sauran abubuwan da 'yan wasa ke hulɗa da niyyar warware matsaloli da samun ci gaba". Asalin ilimin ba da labari yana ba da kyakkyawar alaƙa tare da neman tsarin tsari don tsarin tsari na bayanin da ya dace da kowane abun ciki na labarin, ta hanyar kwatanci tare da ilimin lissafi da aka yi amfani da shi azaman tushen ƙaddamar da kalmomi a wasu nau'ikan ilimin harshe. Wannan hanya duk da haka ba ta nuna duk aikin da aka bayyana a matsayin ba da labari a yau; aikin Percy Lubbock a ra'ayi (The Craft of Fiction, 1921) yana ba da shari'a a cikin batu.<ref>[https://www.cla.purdue.edu/english/theory/narratology/modules/introduction.html General Introduction to Narratology] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912234015/https://www.cla.purdue.edu/english/theory/narratology/modules/introduction.html |date=2017-09-12 }}, College of Liberal Arts, [[Purdue University]]</ref> A cikin 1966 wani fitowar musamman na mujallar ''Sadarwa'' ta tabbatar da tasiri sosai, ta zama an dauke ta shirin don bincike a cikin fagen har ma da manifesto.<ref name="Herman2005p574" /><ref name="Bamberg1998p40" /> Ya haɗa da labaran Roland Barthes, Claude Brémond, Gérard Genette, Algirdas Julien Greimas, Tzvetan Todorov da sauransu, wanda hakan ke nufin ayyukan Vladimir Propp (1895-1970).<ref name="Bamberg1998p40">Bamberg, Michael G. W. (1998) [https://books.google.com/books?id=HozLdEhiN-8C&pg=PA40 ''Oral Versions of Personal Experience: Three Decades of Narrative Analysis. A Special Issue of the Journal of Narrative and Life History''], p.40{{Dead link|date=February 2017}}</ref> Jonathan Culler (2001) ya bayyana labarin kamar yadda ya ƙunshi abubuwa da yawa<blockquote>a bayyane yake a cikin fahimtar cewa ka'idar labari tana buƙatar bambanci tsakanin "labari," jerin ayyuka ko abubuwan da aka ɗauka kamar yadda suke da 'yanci daga bayyanarsu a cikin magana, da kuma "magana," gabatarwar magana ko labarin abubuwan da suka faru. '</blockquote>Masu tsara tsarin Rasha sun fara ba da shawarar irin wannan bambanci, ta amfani da fabula da syuzhet. Sakamakon da ya biyo baya na bambance-bambance ya adana muhimmiyar motsi na binomial, misali ''Tarihi'' / ''jawabi'', ''Tarihi'' / ''''labarin'''', labari / ''mãkirci''. Tunanin Structuralist cewa mutum na iya bincika fabula da syuzhet daban ya haifar da al'adu biyu daban-daban: jigogi (Propp, Bremond, Greimas, Dundes, et al.) da modal (Genette, Prince, et al.). Tsohon yafi iyakance ga tsari na semiotic na jerin ayyukan da aka fada, yayin da ƙarshen ke nazarin hanyar faɗarsu, jaddada murya, ra'ayi, canjin tsari na lokaci, rhythm, da mitar. Marubutan da yawa (Sternberg, 1993, Ricoeur, 1984, da Baroni, 2007) sun nace cewa kada a kalli rubutun batutuwa da na modal daban, musamman lokacin da suke hulɗa da aiki da sha'awar jerin labaran da makirci. == Aikace-aikacen == Bayyana aiki a matsayin mai ba da labari ya dogara da horo na ilimi wanda yake faruwa fiye da kowane matsayi na ka'ida. Hanyar ta dace da kowane labari, kuma a cikin karatun gargajiya, tare da Propp, ana amfani da labaran da ba na wallafe-wallafen ba. Duk da haka, ana amfani da kalmar "narratology" ga ka'idar wallafe-wallafen da kuma sukar wallafe-walfinai, da Ka'idar fim da (har zuwa ƙarami) sukar fim. Aikace-aikacen da ba a saba gani ba na hanyoyin ba da labari za su haɗa da nazarin zamantakewa da harshe na ba da labari na baki (William Labov) da kuma nazarin tattaunawa ko nazarin magana wanda ke hulɗa da labarun da ke tasowa a yayin hulɗar magana. Har ila yau, ya haɗa da nazarin wasannin bidiyo, Littattafan hoto, zane mara iyaka, da siffofin labaran da ke da alaƙa da ilimin lissafi da ka'idar hoto. Koyaya, nazarin ƙididdigar wani nau'in inda ake ɗaukar narremes a matsayin mahimman sassan tsarin labari na iya fadawa cikin fannonin ilimin harshe, semiotics, ko ka'idar wallafe-wallafen. == A cikin sabbin kafofin watsa labarai == Masanin kimiyyar kafofin watsa labarai na dijital kuma farfesa Janet Murray ya yi la'akari da canji a cikin labarun da tsarin labari a cikin karni na ashirin sakamakon ci gaban kimiyya a cikin littafinta na 1998 Hamlet on the Holodeck: The Future of Narrative in Cyberspace . Murray ya yi jayayya cewa tsarin labarun kamar na Labari da yawa sun fi nuna "''Wurin.'' lissafi na Einstein" da kuma sabon ra'ayi na lokaci, tsari, da canji, fiye da labarin layi na gargajiya. Abubuwan da suka dace na kwamfutoci sun fi dacewa da bayyana waɗannan labarun "marasa iyaka, masu haɗuwa" ko "cyberdramas". Wadannan cyberdramas sun bambanta da al'adun gargajiya na ba da labari saboda suna gayyatar mai karatu cikin kwarewar labari ta hanyar hulɗa watau fiction hypertext da sabulu na Yanar gizo The Spot . Murray ya kuma bayyana cewa Wasannin bidiyo - musamman wasannin da ke taka rawa da masu kwaikwayon rayuwa kamar The ''Sims'', suna dauke da tsarin labari ko gayyatar masu amfani su ƙirƙira su. Ta goyi bayan wannan ra'ayin a cikin labarinta "Game Story to Cyberdrama" inda ta yi jayayya cewa labaru da wasanni suna da mahimman tsari guda biyu: gwagwarmaya da rikice-rikice.<ref>[[Gerald Prince]], "Narratology," ''Johns Hopkins Guide to Literary Theory and Criticism'', ed. Michael Groden and Martin Kreiswirth (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 1994) 524.</ref> === Littattafan lantarki da rubutun yanar gizo === Ci gaba da amfani na musamman na na'urorin dijital da hulɗa sune mahimman halaye na wallafe-wallafen lantarki. Wannan ya haifar da bambancin tsarin labaran waɗannan kafofin watsa labarai masu ma'amala. Labaran da ba na layi ba suna aiki ne a matsayin tushen fictions masu yawa. Wani lokaci ana amfani da shi tare da fiction hypertext, mai karatu ko mai kunnawa yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kirkirar labari na musamman wanda aka haɓaka ta hanyar zaɓin da suke yi a cikin labarin-duniya. Stuart Moulthrop's Victory Garden yana daya daga cikin misalai na farko da aka fi nazarin su na fiction hypertext, wanda ke nuna 1,000 lexia da 2,800 hyperlinks.<ref>[https://www.cla.purdue.edu/english/theory/narratology/modules/introduction.html General Introduction to Narratology] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912234015/https://www.cla.purdue.edu/english/theory/narratology/modules/introduction.html |date=2017-09-12 }}, College of Liberal Arts, [[Purdue University]]</ref> A cikin littafinsa Cybertext: Perspectives on Ergodic Literature, Espen Aarseth ya ɗauki ra'ayin cybertext, wani rukuni na wallafe-wallafen ergodic, don bayyana yadda matsakaici da tsarin inji na rubutun ke shafar kwarewar mai karatu:<blockquote>... lokacin da ka karanta daga rubutun yanar gizo, ana tunatar da kai tsaye game da dabarun da ba a iya isa ba da hanyoyin da ba a ɗauka ba, muryoyin da ba a ji ba. Kowane yanke shawara zai sa wasu sassan rubutun su fi yawa, wasu kuma ba su da sauƙi, kuma ba za ku taɓa sanin ainihin sakamakon zaɓin ku ba; wato, ainihin abin da kuka rasa.</blockquote>Tsarin labarin ko duniyar wasan na waɗannan rubutun yanar gizo ana kwatanta su da labyrinth wanda ke gayyatar mai kunnawa, kalmar Aarseth ta ga ta fi dacewa da mai karatu, don wasa, bincika da gano hanyoyin a cikin waɗannan matani. Nau'o'i biyu na labyrinths waɗanda Aarseth ke ambaton su sune labyrinth na unicursal wanda ke riƙe da hanya ɗaya, mai juyawa wanda ke kaiwa ga cibiyar da aka ɓoye, da labyrinth mai yawa, daidai da maze, wanda ke da rassa da rikitarwa tare da hanyar da shugabanci da mai kunnawa ya zaɓa. Wadannan ra'ayoyin suna taimakawa wajen rarrabe tsakanin ergodic (unicursal) da kuma wallafe-wallafen da ba na ergodic ba (multicursal). Wasu ayyukan kamar Vladimir Nabokov's Pale Fire sun tabbatar da cewa suna iya zama duka dangane da hanyar da mai karatu ke ɗauka.{{Sfn|Aarseth|1997}} == Masu ra'ayi == Mai sukar fasaha kuma masanin falsafa, Arthur Danto, yana nufin labarin kamar yadda yake kwatanta abubuwan da suka faru guda biyu. Labari kuma yana da alaƙa da harshe. Hanyar da mutum zai iya sarrafa labarin, ko kuma a cikin nuni na matsakaici yana ba da gudummawa ga yadda duniya ke ganin labarin.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite journal |last=Rimmon-Kenan |first=Shlomith |date=1989 |title=How the Model Neglects the Medium: Linguistics, Language, and the Crisis of Narratology |journal=The Journal of Narrative Technique |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=157–166 |jstor=30225242}}</ref> Narratology, kamar yadda Shlomith Rimmon-Kenan ya bayyana, reshe ne na ka'idar labari. An haɓaka manufar narratology galibi a Faransa a cikin shekarun sittin da saba'in.<ref name="auto1" /> Masu ra'ayi sun yi jayayya na dogon lokaci game da nau'in da mahallin labarin. Masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam na Amurka Robert Sternberg ya yi jayayya cewa narratology shine "tsarin tsari a bambance-bambance da ra'ayin tsari". Wannan tushe ya tafi tare da imanin Faransanci-Amurka cewa narratology wani karkatarwa ne mai ma'ana, ma'ana cewa ya bi hanyar da a lokacin bai yi kama da ma'ana ba.<ref>[[Gerald Prince]], "Narratology," ''Johns Hopkins Guide to Literary Theory and Criticism'', ed. Michael Groden and Martin Kreiswirth (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 1994) 524.</ref> Wani masanin ilimin kimiyya Peter Brooks yana ganin labarin kamar yadda aka tsara shi kuma yana da niyya wanda shine abin da ke tsara tsarin labarin. Masanin ilimin labari Roland Barthes yayi jayayya cewa duk labaran suna da irin wannan tsari kuma a cikin kowane jumla, akwai ma'anoni da yawa.<ref name="auto" /> Barthes yana ganin wallafe-wallafen a matsayin "rubutun rubutu" wanda ba ya buƙatar wani makirci na yau da kullun wanda ke da farawa, tsakiya, da ƙarshe. Maimakon haka, aikin da aka rubuta "yana da ƙofofi da yawa. " Theorist Greimas ya yarda da wasu masu ilimin kimiyya ta hanyar yarda cewa akwai tsari a cikin labarin kuma ya fara neman zurfin tsarin labarin.<ref name="auto" /> Koyaya, a cikin bincikensa, Greimas ya ce ana iya amfani da labarin don bayyana abubuwan da suka faru a waje da kalmar da aka rubuta da kuma ilimin harshe gaba ɗaya. Ya kafa alaƙa tsakanin siffar jiki na wani abu da yaren da aka yi amfani da shi don bayyana wannan wani abu wanda ya karya tsarin tsarin da wasu masu ilimin kimiyya da yawa suka kafa binciken su.<ref name="auto" /> * Labaran dijital * Dramatica Theory of Story Structure (software) * Mai da hankali * Labari * Tattaunawar Labari * Tsarin labari * Labari a matsayin ainihin sashi na tsarin narratology * Tsarin bayan tsari * Labari * Tsoro == Bayani == {{Reflist}} * [Hasiya] ''Gabatarwar Cambridge ga Labari.'' [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] * Bal, Mieke. ''Narratology: Gabatarwa ga Ka'idar Labari .'' 4th edition [asalin 1985]. U na Toronto Press, 2017. * [Hasiya] ''Ka'idar Labari: Ra'ayoyi masu mahimmanci a cikin Nazarin Littattafai da Al'adu.'' Jirgin sama guda huɗu. [Hasiya] * Barthes, Roland; W. Kayser; W.C. Booth; Ph. Hamon. ''Labarin ya yi waka.'' [Hasiya] * [Hasiya] ''Labari a cikin Fim din Fiction .'' Madison: U na Wisconsin Press, 1985. * Bortolussi, Marisa & Peter Dixon. 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[Hasiya] * [Hasiya] ''Labari a fadin kafofin watsa labarai: Harsunan Labari.'' Lincoln: U na Nebraska P, 2004. * [Hasiya] ''Avatars na Labari.'' Jami'ar Minnesota Press, jerin Yanar Gizo na Wutar Lantarki, 2006. * [Hasiya] ''Duniyoyi masu yuwuwa, Ilimin Artificial da Ka'idar Labari.'' Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1991. * [Hotuna a shafi na 9] ''Ka'idar Duniya mai yuwuwa da Tarihin zamani.'' U na Nebraska Press, 2019. * Shklovsky, Viktor. ''Ka'idar Prose.'' [Rasha 1925]. [Hasiya] * [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] ''Elemente der Narratologie.'' Berlin: daga Gruyter, 2005. * Stanzel, Franz K. ([1979]). ''Ka'idar Labari.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1984. * Thomas, Bronwen. ''Labari: Abubuwan da suka dace.'' [Hasiya] * Toolan, Michael. ''Labari: Gabatarwa mai mahimmanci na harshe.'' [Hasiya] * [Hasiya] ''Ka'idar Labari ba tare da iyaka ba: Harkokin Kasuwanci da Mata.'' Columbus: OSU Press, 2015. {{Appropriation in the Arts}} * "Musical Narratology" na William Echard, bita na A Theory of Musical Semiotics na Eero Tarasti, gabatarwa na Thomas A. Sebeok. * [https://perso.limsi.fr/jbb/fanif.html Bincike biyar na Labarin "Na Farko An Biya"] * Littattafan ka'idar ba da labari (A Bibliography of Literary Theory, Criticism and Philology) * [http://www.uni-koeln.de/~ame02/pppn.htm Narratology: Jagora ga Ka'idar Labari] ta Manfred Jahn * [http://www.ericdigests.org/pre-921/story.htm Narratology: Nazarin Tsarin Labari] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318003828/http://www.ericdigests.org/pre-921/story.htm |date=2015-03-18 }} An adana 2015-03-18 a * [https://web.archive.org/web/20041102004913/http://www.timboucher.com/journal/2004/10/what-is-story-system.html Tsarin Labari] * [http://www.lhn.uni-hamburg.de/ Littafin Rayuwa na Narratology] * Dokar Labari: Wittgenstein da Labari ta Henry McDonald {{Appropriation in the Arts}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] kf9ryv9jf593x6tec3l3bhf92p9abv8 Frank Rajah Arase 0 54085 889419 878545 2026-07-30T14:55:54Z Isah Almustapha 47427 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1342157415|Frank Rajah Arase]]" 889419 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Frank Rajah Efosa Arase''' shi ne darektan fina-finai na Najeriya . <ref>{{Cite web |title=GHANAIAN TOP DIRECTOR FRANK RAJAH ARASE SLEEPS WITH HOUSEMAID IN NIGERIA |url=http://www.modernghana.com/movie/7381/3/ghanaian-top-director-frank-rajah-arase-sleeps-wit.html |access-date=16 August 2014 |publisher=modernghana.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Movie Director, Frank Rajah Arase: 'I Feel Terribly Bad For Pioneering Indecency In Ghanaian Movies' |url=http://www.informationng.com/2014/04/movie-director-frank-rajah-arase-i-feel-terribly-bad-for-pioneering-nudity-in-ghanaian-movies.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304073035/http://www.informationng.com/2014/04/movie-director-frank-rajah-arase-i-feel-terribly-bad-for-pioneering-nudity-in-ghanaian-movies.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=16 August 2014 |publisher=informationng.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=FRANK RAJAH ARASE REACTS TO RAPE ALLEGATION |url=http://www.thenigerianvoice.com/nvthread/3340/25528/1 |access-date=16 August 2014 |publisher=thenigerianvoice.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Top Ghanaian Movie Director, Frank Rajah In Police Net In Lagos Over Multi-Million Naira Fraud |url=http://naijamayor.com/top-ghanaian-movie-director-frank-rajah-in-police-net-in-lagos-over-multi-million-naira-fraud/ |access-date=16 August 2014}}</ref> Arase 'yar asalin [[Edo|Jihar Edo]] ce, Najeriya . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tolu |date=9 April 2014 |title=Movie Director, Frank Rajah Arase: 'I Feel Terribly Bad For Pioneering indecency In Ghanaian Movies' |url=http://www.informationng.com/2014/04/movie-director-frank-rajah-arase-i-feel-terribly-bad-for-pioneering-nudity-in-ghanaian-movies.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304073035/http://www.informationng.com/2014/04/movie-director-frank-rajah-arase-i-feel-terribly-bad-for-pioneering-nudity-in-ghanaian-movies.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=16 August 2014 |website=Information Nigeria |publisher=Information NG}}</ref> An zabi shi a matsayin ''[[Africa Movie Academy Award for Best Director|Darakta Mafi Kyawu]]'' a 4th Africa Movie Academy Awards . <ref>{{Cite web |title=How I Discovered Many Ghanaian Movie Stars - Frank Rajah Arase |url=http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819085317/http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html |archive-date=19 August 2014 |access-date=16 August 2014 |publisher=citypeoplemagazine.com.ng}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Frank Rajah Arase |url=http://content.ghananation.com/articles/Frank-Rajah.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819084128/http://content.ghananation.com/articles/Frank-Rajah.aspx |archive-date=19 August 2014 |access-date=16 August 2014 |publisher=ghananation.com}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] dmu9qnmx2zotp9nne0j244r5h66ameb 889422 889419 2026-07-30T14:57:21Z Isah Almustapha 47427 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1342157415|Frank Rajah Arase]]" 889422 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Frank Rajah Efosa Arase''' shi ne darektan fina-finai na Najeriya . <ref>{{Cite web |title=GHANAIAN TOP DIRECTOR FRANK RAJAH ARASE SLEEPS WITH HOUSEMAID IN NIGERIA |url=http://www.modernghana.com/movie/7381/3/ghanaian-top-director-frank-rajah-arase-sleeps-wit.html |access-date=16 August 2014 |publisher=modernghana.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Movie Director, Frank Rajah Arase: 'I Feel Terribly Bad For Pioneering Indecency In Ghanaian Movies' |url=http://www.informationng.com/2014/04/movie-director-frank-rajah-arase-i-feel-terribly-bad-for-pioneering-nudity-in-ghanaian-movies.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304073035/http://www.informationng.com/2014/04/movie-director-frank-rajah-arase-i-feel-terribly-bad-for-pioneering-nudity-in-ghanaian-movies.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=16 August 2014 |publisher=informationng.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=FRANK RAJAH ARASE REACTS TO RAPE ALLEGATION |url=http://www.thenigerianvoice.com/nvthread/3340/25528/1 |access-date=16 August 2014 |publisher=thenigerianvoice.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Top Ghanaian Movie Director, Frank Rajah In Police Net In Lagos Over Multi-Million Naira Fraud |url=http://naijamayor.com/top-ghanaian-movie-director-frank-rajah-in-police-net-in-lagos-over-multi-million-naira-fraud/ |access-date=16 August 2014}}</ref> Arase 'yar asalin [[Edo|Jihar Edo]] ce, Najeriya . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tolu |date=9 April 2014 |title=Movie Director, Frank Rajah Arase: 'I Feel Terribly Bad For Pioneering indecency In Ghanaian Movies' |url=http://www.informationng.com/2014/04/movie-director-frank-rajah-arase-i-feel-terribly-bad-for-pioneering-nudity-in-ghanaian-movies.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304073035/http://www.informationng.com/2014/04/movie-director-frank-rajah-arase-i-feel-terribly-bad-for-pioneering-nudity-in-ghanaian-movies.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=16 August 2014 |website=Information Nigeria |publisher=Information NG}}</ref> An zabi shi a matsayin ''[[Africa Movie Academy Award for Best Director|Darakta Mafi Kyawu]]'' a 4th Africa Movie Academy Awards . <ref>{{Cite web |title=How I Discovered Many Ghanaian Movie Stars - Frank Rajah Arase |url=http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819085317/http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html |archive-date=19 August 2014 |access-date=16 August 2014 |publisher=citypeoplemagazine.com.ng}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Frank Rajah Arase |url=http://content.ghananation.com/articles/Frank-Rajah.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819084128/http://content.ghananation.com/articles/Frank-Rajah.aspx |archive-date=19 August 2014 |access-date=16 August 2014 |publisher=ghananation.com}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] g0idr5lhfj00477hq2kjyjkxvr96nhf 889424 889422 2026-07-30T14:58:00Z Isah Almustapha 47427 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1342157415|Frank Rajah Arase]]" 889424 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Frank Rajah Efosa Arase''' shi ne darektan fina-finai na Najeriya . <ref>{{Cite web |title=GHANAIAN TOP DIRECTOR FRANK RAJAH ARASE SLEEPS WITH HOUSEMAID IN NIGERIA |url=http://www.modernghana.com/movie/7381/3/ghanaian-top-director-frank-rajah-arase-sleeps-wit.html |access-date=16 August 2014 |publisher=modernghana.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Movie Director, Frank Rajah Arase: 'I Feel Terribly Bad For Pioneering Indecency In Ghanaian Movies' |url=http://www.informationng.com/2014/04/movie-director-frank-rajah-arase-i-feel-terribly-bad-for-pioneering-nudity-in-ghanaian-movies.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304073035/http://www.informationng.com/2014/04/movie-director-frank-rajah-arase-i-feel-terribly-bad-for-pioneering-nudity-in-ghanaian-movies.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=16 August 2014 |publisher=informationng.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=FRANK RAJAH ARASE REACTS TO RAPE ALLEGATION |url=http://www.thenigerianvoice.com/nvthread/3340/25528/1 |access-date=16 August 2014 |publisher=thenigerianvoice.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Top Ghanaian Movie Director, Frank Rajah In Police Net In Lagos Over Multi-Million Naira Fraud |url=http://naijamayor.com/top-ghanaian-movie-director-frank-rajah-in-police-net-in-lagos-over-multi-million-naira-fraud/ |access-date=16 August 2014}}</ref> Arase 'yar asalin [[Edo|Jihar Edo]] ce, Najeriya . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tolu |date=9 April 2014 |title=Movie Director, Frank Rajah Arase: 'I Feel Terribly Bad For Pioneering indecency In Ghanaian Movies' |url=http://www.informationng.com/2014/04/movie-director-frank-rajah-arase-i-feel-terribly-bad-for-pioneering-nudity-in-ghanaian-movies.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304073035/http://www.informationng.com/2014/04/movie-director-frank-rajah-arase-i-feel-terribly-bad-for-pioneering-nudity-in-ghanaian-movies.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=16 August 2014 |website=Information Nigeria |publisher=Information NG}}</ref> An zabi shi a matsayin ''[[Africa Movie Academy Award for Best Director|Darakta Mafi Kyawu]]'' a 4th Africa Movie Academy Awards . <ref>{{Cite web |title=How I Discovered Many Ghanaian Movie Stars - Frank Rajah Arase |url=http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819085317/http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html |archive-date=19 August 2014 |access-date=16 August 2014 |publisher=citypeoplemagazine.com.ng}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Frank Rajah Arase |url=http://content.ghananation.com/articles/Frank-Rajah.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819084128/http://content.ghananation.com/articles/Frank-Rajah.aspx |archive-date=19 August 2014 |access-date=16 August 2014 |publisher=ghananation.com}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Arase a garin Benin, Edo, Najeriya . Ya girma a Legas inda ya fara aikin fim dinsa.<ref name="City People">{{Cite web |last=Onuorah, Vivian |date=8 April 2014 |title="How I Discovered Many Ghanaian Movie Stars" - Nigerian Film-maker, Frank Rajah Arase |url=http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819085317/http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html |archive-date=19 August 2014 |access-date=21 September 2014 |website=City People |publisher=City People Magazine}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Arase ya shiga cikin kasuwancin nunawa tun yana ƙarami. Ya fara ne a matsayin mai yin wasan kwaikwayo a Najeriya; ya kasance mai rawa ga ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo ta ƙasa kuma ya yi aiki a cikin wasan kwaikwayo. Ya sadu da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Nollywood kuma darektan Paul Obazele, wanda ya shirya shi a masana'antar fina-finai. Da farko ya kasance ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, yana fitowa a fina-finai kamar Scores To Settle, After School Hours . Ƙaunarsa don kasancewa a bayan fage ya ja shi ga jagorantar fina-finai nasa. Bayan ya jagoranci wasu fina-finai a Najeriya, ya amince ya jagoranci fim don kamfanin samar da fina-fakkaatu na Ghana, Venus Films, bayan ya ƙi ƙoƙarin da Kamfanin ya yi a baya. Ya ba da umarnin fim din mai taken Official Prostitute in Ghana kuma ya ci gaba da yin fina-finai a Najeriya bayan haka.<ref name="City People">{{Cite web |last=Onuorah, Vivian |date=8 April 2014 |title="How I Discovered Many Ghanaian Movie Stars" - Nigerian Film-maker, Frank Rajah Arase |url=http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819085317/http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html |archive-date=19 August 2014 |access-date=21 September 2014 |website=City People |publisher=City People Magazine}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFOnuorah,_Vivian2014">Onuorah, Vivian (8 April 2014). [https://web.archive.org/web/20140819085317/http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html ""How I Discovered Many Ghanaian Movie Stars" - Nigerian Film-maker, Frank Rajah Arase"]. ''City People''. City People Magazine. Archived from [http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html the original] on 19 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] pmfo4igaet8d89e6vgvzv1ulccf0qoi 889432 889424 2026-07-30T14:59:14Z Isah Almustapha 47427 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1342157415|Frank Rajah Arase]]" 889432 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Frank Rajah Efosa Arase''' shi ne darektan fina-finai na Najeriya . <ref>{{Cite web |title=GHANAIAN TOP DIRECTOR FRANK RAJAH ARASE SLEEPS WITH HOUSEMAID IN NIGERIA |url=http://www.modernghana.com/movie/7381/3/ghanaian-top-director-frank-rajah-arase-sleeps-wit.html |access-date=16 August 2014 |publisher=modernghana.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Movie Director, Frank Rajah Arase: 'I Feel Terribly Bad For Pioneering Indecency In Ghanaian Movies' |url=http://www.informationng.com/2014/04/movie-director-frank-rajah-arase-i-feel-terribly-bad-for-pioneering-nudity-in-ghanaian-movies.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304073035/http://www.informationng.com/2014/04/movie-director-frank-rajah-arase-i-feel-terribly-bad-for-pioneering-nudity-in-ghanaian-movies.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=16 August 2014 |publisher=informationng.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=FRANK RAJAH ARASE REACTS TO RAPE ALLEGATION |url=http://www.thenigerianvoice.com/nvthread/3340/25528/1 |access-date=16 August 2014 |publisher=thenigerianvoice.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Top Ghanaian Movie Director, Frank Rajah In Police Net In Lagos Over Multi-Million Naira Fraud |url=http://naijamayor.com/top-ghanaian-movie-director-frank-rajah-in-police-net-in-lagos-over-multi-million-naira-fraud/ |access-date=16 August 2014}}</ref> Arase 'yar asalin [[Edo|Jihar Edo]] ce, Najeriya . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tolu |date=9 April 2014 |title=Movie Director, Frank Rajah Arase: 'I Feel Terribly Bad For Pioneering indecency In Ghanaian Movies' |url=http://www.informationng.com/2014/04/movie-director-frank-rajah-arase-i-feel-terribly-bad-for-pioneering-nudity-in-ghanaian-movies.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304073035/http://www.informationng.com/2014/04/movie-director-frank-rajah-arase-i-feel-terribly-bad-for-pioneering-nudity-in-ghanaian-movies.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=16 August 2014 |website=Information Nigeria |publisher=Information NG}}</ref> An zabi shi a matsayin ''[[Africa Movie Academy Award for Best Director|Darakta Mafi Kyawu]]'' a 4th Africa Movie Academy Awards . <ref>{{Cite web |title=How I Discovered Many Ghanaian Movie Stars - Frank Rajah Arase |url=http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819085317/http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html |archive-date=19 August 2014 |access-date=16 August 2014 |publisher=citypeoplemagazine.com.ng}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Frank Rajah Arase |url=http://content.ghananation.com/articles/Frank-Rajah.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819084128/http://content.ghananation.com/articles/Frank-Rajah.aspx |archive-date=19 August 2014 |access-date=16 August 2014 |publisher=ghananation.com}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Arase a garin Benin, Edo, Najeriya . Ya girma a Legas inda ya fara aikin fim dinsa.<ref name="City People">{{Cite web |last=Onuorah, Vivian |date=8 April 2014 |title="How I Discovered Many Ghanaian Movie Stars" - Nigerian Film-maker, Frank Rajah Arase |url=http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819085317/http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html |archive-date=19 August 2014 |access-date=21 September 2014 |website=City People |publisher=City People Magazine}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Arase ya shiga cikin kasuwancin nunawa tun yana ƙarami. Ya fara ne a matsayin mai yin wasan kwaikwayo a Najeriya; ya kasance mai rawa ga ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo ta ƙasa kuma ya yi aiki a cikin wasan kwaikwayo. Ya sadu da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Nollywood kuma darektan Paul Obazele, wanda ya shirya shi a masana'antar fina-finai. Da farko ya kasance ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, yana fitowa a fina-finai kamar Scores To Settle, After School Hours . Ƙaunarsa don kasancewa a bayan fage ya ja shi ga jagorantar fina-finai nasa. Bayan ya jagoranci wasu fina-finai a Najeriya, ya amince ya jagoranci fim don kamfanin samar da fina-fakkaatu na Ghana, Venus Films, bayan ya ƙi ƙoƙarin da Kamfanin ya yi a baya. Ya ba da umarnin fim din mai taken Official Prostitute in Ghana kuma ya ci gaba da yin fina-finai a Najeriya bayan haka.<ref name="City People">{{Cite web |last=Onuorah, Vivian |date=8 April 2014 |title="How I Discovered Many Ghanaian Movie Stars" - Nigerian Film-maker, Frank Rajah Arase |url=http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819085317/http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html |archive-date=19 August 2014 |access-date=21 September 2014 |website=City People |publisher=City People Magazine}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFOnuorah,_Vivian2014">Onuorah, Vivian (8 April 2014). [https://web.archive.org/web/20140819085317/http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html ""How I Discovered Many Ghanaian Movie Stars" - Nigerian Film-maker, Frank Rajah Arase"]. ''City People''. City People Magazine. Archived from [http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html the original] on 19 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] r28afyuau1019hg3tkrrrug2rkyjlu7 Dolapo Adeleke 0 54111 889585 884059 2026-07-30T21:54:24Z Hamza DK 12444 /* Hotunan fina-finai */ 889585 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Dolapo Adeleke''' ((listenⓘ)) (an haife shi 6 Satumba 1990), wanda aka fi sani da '''LowlaDee''' ɗan fim ne daga Najeriya . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dolapo 'Lowladee' Adeleke |url=https://gidiboxoffice.com/authors/dolapo-adeleke |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523073626/https://gidiboxoffice.com/authors/dolapo-adeleke |archive-date=2022-05-23 |access-date=2022-07-18 |website=gidiboxoffice.com |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haife shi a ranar 6 ga Satumba, 1990, a Jihar Kano Najeriya, Adeleke ya fara rubutu tun yana ƙarami, yana buga littattafai biyu kafin jami'a.[1] Adeleke ta sami karatun sakandare a makarantar sakandare ta Dansol, Jihar Legas . Ta kammala karatu tare da aji na biyu a cikin Mass Communication daga Jami'ar Alkawari a shekara ta 2011. [2] == Ayyuka == A wata hira da Busayo Adekoya na ThisDay Newspaper, ta bayyana cewa ta fara jagorantar fina-finai tana da shekaru 21.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adekoya |first=Busayo |year=2014 |title=Nigeria: 'I Produced My First Film At 21' |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201409120271.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |year=2016 |title=4 reasons you should binge-watch Lowladee's web series |url=http://pulse.ng/movies/this-is-it-4-reasons-you-should-binge-watch-lowladees-web-series-id5809021.html |website=Pulse.ng |access-date=2026-07-05 |archive-date=2017-08-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170828003521/http://www.pulse.ng/movies/this-is-it-4-reasons-you-should-binge-watch-lowladees-web-series-id5809021.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekara ta 2012, an haɗa ta a cikin jerin Vanguard na matasa 'yan Najeriya da ke da tasiri sosai, kuma an lura da cewa ta lashe kyautar marubucin matasa mafi kyau na shekara ta Angles Magazine don rubuta Flesh and Blood da The Little White Hen . Tare da fitowar gajeren fim dinta mai suna Brave, tare da [[Adesua Etomi]] da Wole Ojo, an zabi ta a karkashin mafi kyawun darektan fina-finai na Nigerian Entertainment Awards (NEA 2015). Fim din ya ci gaba da lashe kyautar Best Short Film a Best Of Nollywood Awards kuma an zabi shi a cikin rukuni biyu a manyan African Magic Viewers Choice Awards (AMVCA) don Mafi kyawun gajeren fim da Mafi kyawun Actor a cikin Drama. A shekara ta 2015, ta ci gaba da samar da fim din talabijin na farko da aka yaba da shi A Place Called Happy wanda ya haɗu da 'yan wasan Najeriya da Ghana. A cikin 2016, ta fitar da ta farko da aka yaba da ita sosai Mini Series This Is It a kan YouTube Platform da ta haɗu da Najeriya da Kenya. Nan take ya sami shahara tare da tara ra'ayoyi sama da miliyan 8 gaba ɗaya. An ƙaddamar da jerin a cikin tashoshin watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin daban-daban a duk faɗin Afirka kuma sun ci gaba da lashe Kyautar Talabijin mafi kyau a Afirka Magic Viewers Choice Awards (AMVCA) 2018. LowlaDee ya rubuta, ya ba da umarni kuma ya gyara abubuwan 20 yayin aiki a matsayin Show Runner. A cikin 2016, an kuma zabi LowlaDee don EbonyLifeTV Sisterhood Awards Africa don 'Darakta na Fim na Shekara' don nasararta tare da Mini Series, 'Wannan Shi ne'. A cikin 2017, an zabi ta don babbar 'Future Awards Africa' don kyautar New Media kuma a watan Maris na 2018 an jera ta a matsayin '100 Mafi Kyawun Mata na Afirka a Najeriya'. LowlaDee ya rubuta, ya ba da umarni kuma ya gyara fim din din Valentine's Day na minti 60, PLAN B, labarin Kenya-Nijeriya wanda ya zama abin mamaki nan take, yana samun ra'ayoyi sama da miliyan ɗaya a cikin makonni biyu na farko ba tare da talla ba. Fim din ya ci gaba da lashe kyautar Mafi Kyawun Fim na Gabashin Afirka a Afirka Magic Viewers Choice Awards 2019. A halin yanzu tana gudanar da LowlaDee Productions Co. (tsohon Doreen Media) da shuffles tsakanin Legas Najeriya da Nairobi Kenya. == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" |- align="center" ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" |Shekara ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" |Fim din ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" |Bayani |- | rowspan="2" |2013 |''Be My Guest''{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2026}} |''gajeren fim'' |- |''Kira'' <ref>{{Cite web |last=Iykon |first=Tolu |date=June 17, 2013 |title=FAB Film: Watch The Call by Lowladee |url=http://fabmagazineonline.com/fab-film-watch-the-call-by-lowladee-celebrating-fathers-day/ |website=FabMagazine.com}}</ref> |''gajeren fim'' tauraruwar Eldee, Paul Utomi da [[Adesua Etomi]] |- |2014 |''[[Brave (fim na 2014)|Brave]]'' |''gajeren fim'' tauraruwar [[Adesua Etomi]] |- |2015 |''Wurin da ake kira Farin Ciki'' |''Fim din Talabijin'' [[Blossom Chukwujekwu]] da [[Kiki Omeili]] |- |2016 |''[[This Is It|Wannan Shi ne]]'' |''Jerin yanar gizo / Talabijin'' Nick Mutuma da [[Chy Nwakanma]] sun fito |- |2017 |''An ɗaure shi'' <ref>{{Cite web |last=Aniemeka |first=Chuka |date=January 18, 2017 |title=Entangled: Lowladee Is Working On A New Romantic Comedy TV Series |url=http://www.onlinenigeria.com/news/general/112130-entangled-lowladee-is-working-on-a-new-romantic-comedy-tv-series.html |website=OnlineNigeria.com}}</ref> |''Fim din Talabijin'' tauraruwar [[Mawuli Gavor]], [[Ini Dima-Okojie|Ini-dima Okojie]] |- |2019 |[[Plan B (2019 fim)|Shirin B]] |''Fim na yanar gizo / Talabijin'' [[Sarah Hassan]], [[Catherine Kamau|Catherine Karanja]] da [[Daniel Etim Effiong]] ne suka fito. |- |2020 |A cikin Lokaci |Fim din ya fito da Sarah Hassan, Mawuli Gavor, Stycie Waweru, Pierra Kenna kuma yana da firaministanta a Netflix Worldwide. kuma yana da firaministansa a kan Netflix Worldwide . |- |} == Kyaututtuka == {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Fim din !Sakamakon !Ref |- |2014 |[[2014 Mafi kyawun Kyautar Nollywood|Mafi Kyawun Kyautar Nollywood]] |Mafi kyawun gajeren fim |''[[Brave (fim na 2014)|Mai Ƙarfi]]''| {{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=October 27, 2014 |title=BON AWARDS 2014: Authentic Winners List |url=http://encomium.ng/bon-awards-2014-authentic-winners-list/ |website=Encomium Magazine}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2015 |[[Kyautar Nishaɗi ta Najeriya ta 2015|Kyautar Nishaɗi ta Najeriya]] |Darakta Mafi Kyawu |''Mai Ƙarfi''| {{Nom}} | |- |[[2015 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu kallo na sihiri na Afirka]] |Mafi kyawun gajeren fim |''Mai Ƙarfi''| {{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Izuzu |first=Chidumga |year=2014 |title=Rita Dominic, 'October 1', '30 Days in Atlanta', get nominations |url=http://pulse.ng/movies/amvca-2015-nominees-rita-dominic-october-1-30-days-in-atlanta-get-nominations-id3340339.html |website=Pulse.ng |access-date=2026-07-05 |archive-date=2017-05-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517061209/http://pulse.ng/movies/amvca-2015-nominees-rita-dominic-october-1-30-days-in-atlanta-get-nominations-id3340339.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |2016 |EbonyLife Sisterhood Awards Afirka |Daraktan Fim na Shekara |''[[This Is It|Wannan Shi ne]]''| {{Nom}} | |- |- |2018 |Kyautar Zaɓin Masu kallo na sihiri na Afirka |Mafi kyawun Shirye-shiryen Talabijin |Wannan shi ne| {{Won}} | |- |2019 |Kyautar Zaɓin Masu kallo na sihiri na Afirka |Mafi kyawun Fim na Gabashin Afirka |Shirin B|{{Won}} | |- |2021 |Kyautar Fim da Talabijin ta Kasa da Kasa ta Kalasha |Fim mafi Kyau |''A cikin Lokaci''|{{Won}} | |- | rowspan="3" |2022 | rowspan="3" |[[2022 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka]] |Editan Hoton Mafi Kyawu | rowspan="3" |''A cikin Lokaci''|{{Pending}} | rowspan="3" | |- |Mafi kyawun fim na Gabashin Afirka|{{Pending}} |- |Mafi kyawun Fim|{{Pending}} |} A lokacin da take da shekaru 16, a ranar 20 ga watan Agusta 2007, a kan hanyar samun wasu takardu daga makaranta, bayan samun shiga [[Jami'ar Covenant University|Jami'ar Alkawari]], Adeleke ta shiga cikin hadarin gazawar birki wanda ya haifar da tiyata da yawa da alamomi a goshinta. Wannan ya haifar da sa hannu / gashin gashi. A cewarta, ba kawai salon gashi ba ne amma yana ba ta damar tashi sama da rauni da tasirin tasirin sauya rayuwa. A wani sakon Instagram, LowlaDee ta bayyana cewa ta taba fama da baƙin ciki amma kallon mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen talabijin na Amurka da Indiya da kuma wasan kwaikwayo na Mindy Kaling, The Mindy Project, ya ba ta farin ciki kuma ya farka da wani bangare mai ban sha'awa. Wannan haɗin ya haifar da jerin yanar gizo na Romcom masu nasara sosai "Wannan shine. "<nowiki>"</nowiki> == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1990]] abuqr7lb1uxnm6cr0xpwnmr5154k4p1 889589 889585 2026-07-30T21:58:49Z Hamza DK 12444 /* Hotunan fina-finai */ 889589 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Dolapo Adeleke''' ((listenⓘ)) (an haife shi 6 Satumba 1990), wanda aka fi sani da '''LowlaDee''' ɗan fim ne daga Najeriya . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dolapo 'Lowladee' Adeleke |url=https://gidiboxoffice.com/authors/dolapo-adeleke |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523073626/https://gidiboxoffice.com/authors/dolapo-adeleke |archive-date=2022-05-23 |access-date=2022-07-18 |website=gidiboxoffice.com |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haife shi a ranar 6 ga Satumba, 1990, a Jihar Kano Najeriya, Adeleke ya fara rubutu tun yana ƙarami, yana buga littattafai biyu kafin jami'a.[1] Adeleke ta sami karatun sakandare a makarantar sakandare ta Dansol, Jihar Legas . Ta kammala karatu tare da aji na biyu a cikin Mass Communication daga Jami'ar Alkawari a shekara ta 2011. [2] == Ayyuka == A wata hira da Busayo Adekoya na ThisDay Newspaper, ta bayyana cewa ta fara jagorantar fina-finai tana da shekaru 21.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adekoya |first=Busayo |year=2014 |title=Nigeria: 'I Produced My First Film At 21' |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201409120271.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |year=2016 |title=4 reasons you should binge-watch Lowladee's web series |url=http://pulse.ng/movies/this-is-it-4-reasons-you-should-binge-watch-lowladees-web-series-id5809021.html |website=Pulse.ng |access-date=2026-07-05 |archive-date=2017-08-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170828003521/http://www.pulse.ng/movies/this-is-it-4-reasons-you-should-binge-watch-lowladees-web-series-id5809021.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekara ta 2012, an haɗa ta a cikin jerin Vanguard na matasa 'yan Najeriya da ke da tasiri sosai, kuma an lura da cewa ta lashe kyautar marubucin matasa mafi kyau na shekara ta Angles Magazine don rubuta Flesh and Blood da The Little White Hen . Tare da fitowar gajeren fim dinta mai suna Brave, tare da [[Adesua Etomi]] da Wole Ojo, an zabi ta a karkashin mafi kyawun darektan fina-finai na Nigerian Entertainment Awards (NEA 2015). Fim din ya ci gaba da lashe kyautar Best Short Film a Best Of Nollywood Awards kuma an zabi shi a cikin rukuni biyu a manyan African Magic Viewers Choice Awards (AMVCA) don Mafi kyawun gajeren fim da Mafi kyawun Actor a cikin Drama. A shekara ta 2015, ta ci gaba da samar da fim din talabijin na farko da aka yaba da shi A Place Called Happy wanda ya haɗu da 'yan wasan Najeriya da Ghana. A cikin 2016, ta fitar da ta farko da aka yaba da ita sosai Mini Series This Is It a kan YouTube Platform da ta haɗu da Najeriya da Kenya. Nan take ya sami shahara tare da tara ra'ayoyi sama da miliyan 8 gaba ɗaya. An ƙaddamar da jerin a cikin tashoshin watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin daban-daban a duk faɗin Afirka kuma sun ci gaba da lashe Kyautar Talabijin mafi kyau a Afirka Magic Viewers Choice Awards (AMVCA) 2018. LowlaDee ya rubuta, ya ba da umarni kuma ya gyara abubuwan 20 yayin aiki a matsayin Show Runner. A cikin 2016, an kuma zabi LowlaDee don EbonyLifeTV Sisterhood Awards Africa don 'Darakta na Fim na Shekara' don nasararta tare da Mini Series, 'Wannan Shi ne'. A cikin 2017, an zabi ta don babbar 'Future Awards Africa' don kyautar New Media kuma a watan Maris na 2018 an jera ta a matsayin '100 Mafi Kyawun Mata na Afirka a Najeriya'. LowlaDee ya rubuta, ya ba da umarni kuma ya gyara fim din din Valentine's Day na minti 60, PLAN B, labarin Kenya-Nijeriya wanda ya zama abin mamaki nan take, yana samun ra'ayoyi sama da miliyan ɗaya a cikin makonni biyu na farko ba tare da talla ba. Fim din ya ci gaba da lashe kyautar Mafi Kyawun Fim na Gabashin Afirka a Afirka Magic Viewers Choice Awards 2019. A halin yanzu tana gudanar da LowlaDee Productions Co. (tsohon Doreen Media) da shuffles tsakanin Legas Najeriya da Nairobi Kenya. == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" |- align="center" ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" |Shekara ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" |Fim din ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" |Bayani |- | rowspan="2" |2013 |''Be My Guest''{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2026}} |''gajeren fim'' |- |''The Call'' <ref>{{Cite web |last=Iykon |first=Tolu |date=June 17, 2013 |title=FAB Film: Watch The Call by Lowladee |url=http://fabmagazineonline.com/fab-film-watch-the-call-by-lowladee-celebrating-fathers-day/ |website=FabMagazine.com}}</ref> |''gajeren fim'' tauraruwar Eldee, Paul Utomi da [[Adesua Etomi]] |- |2014 |''[[Brave (fim na 2014)|Brave]]'' |''gajeren fim'' tauraruwar [[Adesua Etomi]] |- |2015 |'A Place Called Happy'' |''Fim din Talabijin'' [[Blossom Chukwujekwu]] da [[Kiki Omeili]] |- |2016 |''[[This Is It|Wannan Shi ne]]'' |''Jerin yanar gizo / Talabijin'' Nick Mutuma da [[Chy Nwakanma]] sun fito |- |2017 |''An ɗaure shi'' <ref>{{Cite web |last=Aniemeka |first=Chuka |date=January 18, 2017 |title=Entangled: Lowladee Is Working On A New Romantic Comedy TV Series |url=http://www.onlinenigeria.com/news/general/112130-entangled-lowladee-is-working-on-a-new-romantic-comedy-tv-series.html |website=OnlineNigeria.com}}</ref> |''Fim din Talabijin'' tauraruwar [[Mawuli Gavor]], [[Ini Dima-Okojie|Ini-dima Okojie]] |- |2019 |[[Plan B (2019 fim)|Shirin B]] |''Fim na yanar gizo / Talabijin'' [[Sarah Hassan]], [[Catherine Kamau|Catherine Karanja]] da [[Daniel Etim Effiong]] ne suka fito. |- |2020 |A cikin Lokaci |Fim din ya fito da Sarah Hassan, Mawuli Gavor, Stycie Waweru, Pierra Kenna kuma yana da firaministanta a Netflix Worldwide. kuma yana da firaministansa a kan Netflix Worldwide . |- |} == Kyaututtuka == {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Fim din !Sakamakon !Ref |- |2014 |[[2014 Mafi kyawun Kyautar Nollywood|Mafi Kyawun Kyautar Nollywood]] |Mafi kyawun gajeren fim |''[[Brave (fim na 2014)|Mai Ƙarfi]]''| {{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=October 27, 2014 |title=BON AWARDS 2014: Authentic Winners List |url=http://encomium.ng/bon-awards-2014-authentic-winners-list/ |website=Encomium Magazine}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2015 |[[Kyautar Nishaɗi ta Najeriya ta 2015|Kyautar Nishaɗi ta Najeriya]] |Darakta Mafi Kyawu |''Mai Ƙarfi''| {{Nom}} | |- |[[2015 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu kallo na sihiri na Afirka]] |Mafi kyawun gajeren fim |''Mai Ƙarfi''| {{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Izuzu |first=Chidumga |year=2014 |title=Rita Dominic, 'October 1', '30 Days in Atlanta', get nominations |url=http://pulse.ng/movies/amvca-2015-nominees-rita-dominic-october-1-30-days-in-atlanta-get-nominations-id3340339.html |website=Pulse.ng |access-date=2026-07-05 |archive-date=2017-05-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517061209/http://pulse.ng/movies/amvca-2015-nominees-rita-dominic-october-1-30-days-in-atlanta-get-nominations-id3340339.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |2016 |EbonyLife Sisterhood Awards Afirka |Daraktan Fim na Shekara |''[[This Is It|Wannan Shi ne]]''| {{Nom}} | |- |- |2018 |Kyautar Zaɓin Masu kallo na sihiri na Afirka |Mafi kyawun Shirye-shiryen Talabijin |Wannan shi ne| {{Won}} | |- |2019 |Kyautar Zaɓin Masu kallo na sihiri na Afirka |Mafi kyawun Fim na Gabashin Afirka |Shirin B|{{Won}} | |- |2021 |Kyautar Fim da Talabijin ta Kasa da Kasa ta Kalasha |Fim mafi Kyau |''A cikin Lokaci''|{{Won}} | |- | rowspan="3" |2022 | rowspan="3" |[[2022 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka]] |Editan Hoton Mafi Kyawu | rowspan="3" |''A cikin Lokaci''|{{Pending}} | rowspan="3" | |- |Mafi kyawun fim na Gabashin Afirka|{{Pending}} |- |Mafi kyawun Fim|{{Pending}} |} A lokacin da take da shekaru 16, a ranar 20 ga watan Agusta 2007, a kan hanyar samun wasu takardu daga makaranta, bayan samun shiga [[Jami'ar Covenant University|Jami'ar Alkawari]], Adeleke ta shiga cikin hadarin gazawar birki wanda ya haifar da tiyata da yawa da alamomi a goshinta. Wannan ya haifar da sa hannu / gashin gashi. A cewarta, ba kawai salon gashi ba ne amma yana ba ta damar tashi sama da rauni da tasirin tasirin sauya rayuwa. A wani sakon Instagram, LowlaDee ta bayyana cewa ta taba fama da baƙin ciki amma kallon mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen talabijin na Amurka da Indiya da kuma wasan kwaikwayo na Mindy Kaling, The Mindy Project, ya ba ta farin ciki kuma ya farka da wani bangare mai ban sha'awa. Wannan haɗin ya haifar da jerin yanar gizo na Romcom masu nasara sosai "Wannan shine. "<nowiki>"</nowiki> == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1990]] 79choaz71izd28cioyoldrkeed83cyj 889590 889589 2026-07-30T22:01:33Z Hamza DK 12444 /* Hotunan fina-finai */ 889590 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Dolapo Adeleke''' ((listenⓘ)) (an haife shi 6 Satumba 1990), wanda aka fi sani da '''LowlaDee''' ɗan fim ne daga Najeriya . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dolapo 'Lowladee' Adeleke |url=https://gidiboxoffice.com/authors/dolapo-adeleke |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523073626/https://gidiboxoffice.com/authors/dolapo-adeleke |archive-date=2022-05-23 |access-date=2022-07-18 |website=gidiboxoffice.com |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haife shi a ranar 6 ga Satumba, 1990, a Jihar Kano Najeriya, Adeleke ya fara rubutu tun yana ƙarami, yana buga littattafai biyu kafin jami'a.[1] Adeleke ta sami karatun sakandare a makarantar sakandare ta Dansol, Jihar Legas . Ta kammala karatu tare da aji na biyu a cikin Mass Communication daga Jami'ar Alkawari a shekara ta 2011. [2] == Ayyuka == A wata hira da Busayo Adekoya na ThisDay Newspaper, ta bayyana cewa ta fara jagorantar fina-finai tana da shekaru 21.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adekoya |first=Busayo |year=2014 |title=Nigeria: 'I Produced My First Film At 21' |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201409120271.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |year=2016 |title=4 reasons you should binge-watch Lowladee's web series |url=http://pulse.ng/movies/this-is-it-4-reasons-you-should-binge-watch-lowladees-web-series-id5809021.html |website=Pulse.ng |access-date=2026-07-05 |archive-date=2017-08-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170828003521/http://www.pulse.ng/movies/this-is-it-4-reasons-you-should-binge-watch-lowladees-web-series-id5809021.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekara ta 2012, an haɗa ta a cikin jerin Vanguard na matasa 'yan Najeriya da ke da tasiri sosai, kuma an lura da cewa ta lashe kyautar marubucin matasa mafi kyau na shekara ta Angles Magazine don rubuta Flesh and Blood da The Little White Hen . Tare da fitowar gajeren fim dinta mai suna Brave, tare da [[Adesua Etomi]] da Wole Ojo, an zabi ta a karkashin mafi kyawun darektan fina-finai na Nigerian Entertainment Awards (NEA 2015). Fim din ya ci gaba da lashe kyautar Best Short Film a Best Of Nollywood Awards kuma an zabi shi a cikin rukuni biyu a manyan African Magic Viewers Choice Awards (AMVCA) don Mafi kyawun gajeren fim da Mafi kyawun Actor a cikin Drama. A shekara ta 2015, ta ci gaba da samar da fim din talabijin na farko da aka yaba da shi A Place Called Happy wanda ya haɗu da 'yan wasan Najeriya da Ghana. A cikin 2016, ta fitar da ta farko da aka yaba da ita sosai Mini Series This Is It a kan YouTube Platform da ta haɗu da Najeriya da Kenya. Nan take ya sami shahara tare da tara ra'ayoyi sama da miliyan 8 gaba ɗaya. An ƙaddamar da jerin a cikin tashoshin watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin daban-daban a duk faɗin Afirka kuma sun ci gaba da lashe Kyautar Talabijin mafi kyau a Afirka Magic Viewers Choice Awards (AMVCA) 2018. LowlaDee ya rubuta, ya ba da umarni kuma ya gyara abubuwan 20 yayin aiki a matsayin Show Runner. A cikin 2016, an kuma zabi LowlaDee don EbonyLifeTV Sisterhood Awards Africa don 'Darakta na Fim na Shekara' don nasararta tare da Mini Series, 'Wannan Shi ne'. A cikin 2017, an zabi ta don babbar 'Future Awards Africa' don kyautar New Media kuma a watan Maris na 2018 an jera ta a matsayin '100 Mafi Kyawun Mata na Afirka a Najeriya'. LowlaDee ya rubuta, ya ba da umarni kuma ya gyara fim din din Valentine's Day na minti 60, PLAN B, labarin Kenya-Nijeriya wanda ya zama abin mamaki nan take, yana samun ra'ayoyi sama da miliyan ɗaya a cikin makonni biyu na farko ba tare da talla ba. Fim din ya ci gaba da lashe kyautar Mafi Kyawun Fim na Gabashin Afirka a Afirka Magic Viewers Choice Awards 2019. A halin yanzu tana gudanar da LowlaDee Productions Co. (tsohon Doreen Media) da shuffles tsakanin Legas Najeriya da Nairobi Kenya. == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" |- align="center" ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" |Shekara ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" |Fim din ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" |Bayani |- | rowspan="2" |2013 |''Be My Guest''{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2026}} |''gajeren fim'' |- |''The Call'' <ref>{{Cite web |last=Iykon |first=Tolu |date=June 17, 2013 |title=FAB Film: Watch The Call by Lowladee |url=http://fabmagazineonline.com/fab-film-watch-the-call-by-lowladee-celebrating-fathers-day/ |website=FabMagazine.com}}</ref> |''gajeren fim'' tauraruwar Eldee, Paul Utomi da [[Adesua Etomi]] |- |2014 |''[[Brave (fim na 2014)|Brave]]'' |''gajeren fim'' tauraruwar [[Adesua Etomi]] |- |2015 |'A Place Called Happy'' |''Fim din Talabijin'' [[Blossom Chukwujekwu]] da [[Kiki Omeili]] |- |2016 |''[[This Is It|Wannan Shi ne]]'' |''Jerin yanar gizo / Talabijin'' Nick Mutuma da [[Chy Nwakanma]] sun fito |- |2017 |''An ɗaure shi'' <ref>{{Cite web |last=Aniemeka |first=Chuka |date=January 18, 2017 |title=Entangled: Lowladee Is Working On A New Romantic Comedy TV Series |url=http://www.onlinenigeria.com/news/general/112130-entangled-lowladee-is-working-on-a-new-romantic-comedy-tv-series.html |website=OnlineNigeria.com}}</ref> |''Fim din Talabijin'' tauraruwar [[Mawuli Gavor]], [[Ini Dima-Okojie|Ini-dima Okojie]] |- |2019 |[[Plan B (2019 fim)|Plan B]] |''Fim na yanar gizo / Talabijin'' [[Sarah Hassan]], [[Catherine Kamau|Catherine Karanja]] da [[Daniel Etim Effiong]] ne suka fito. |- |2020 |Just in Time |Fim din ya fito da Sarah Hassan, Mawuli Gavor, Stycie Waweru, Pierra Kenna kuma yana da firaministanta a Netflix Worldwide. kuma yana da firaministansa a kan Netflix Worldwide . |- |} == Kyaututtuka == {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Fim din !Sakamakon !Ref |- |2014 |[[2014 Mafi kyawun Kyautar Nollywood|Mafi Kyawun Kyautar Nollywood]] |Mafi kyawun gajeren fim |''[[Brave (fim na 2014)|Mai Ƙarfi]]''| {{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=October 27, 2014 |title=BON AWARDS 2014: Authentic Winners List |url=http://encomium.ng/bon-awards-2014-authentic-winners-list/ |website=Encomium Magazine}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2015 |[[Kyautar Nishaɗi ta Najeriya ta 2015|Kyautar Nishaɗi ta Najeriya]] |Darakta Mafi Kyawu |''Mai Ƙarfi''| {{Nom}} | |- |[[2015 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu kallo na sihiri na Afirka]] |Mafi kyawun gajeren fim |''Mai Ƙarfi''| {{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Izuzu |first=Chidumga |year=2014 |title=Rita Dominic, 'October 1', '30 Days in Atlanta', get nominations |url=http://pulse.ng/movies/amvca-2015-nominees-rita-dominic-october-1-30-days-in-atlanta-get-nominations-id3340339.html |website=Pulse.ng |access-date=2026-07-05 |archive-date=2017-05-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517061209/http://pulse.ng/movies/amvca-2015-nominees-rita-dominic-october-1-30-days-in-atlanta-get-nominations-id3340339.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |2016 |EbonyLife Sisterhood Awards Afirka |Daraktan Fim na Shekara |''[[This Is It|Wannan Shi ne]]''| {{Nom}} | |- |- |2018 |Kyautar Zaɓin Masu kallo na sihiri na Afirka |Mafi kyawun Shirye-shiryen Talabijin |Wannan shi ne| {{Won}} | |- |2019 |Kyautar Zaɓin Masu kallo na sihiri na Afirka |Mafi kyawun Fim na Gabashin Afirka |Shirin B|{{Won}} | |- |2021 |Kyautar Fim da Talabijin ta Kasa da Kasa ta Kalasha |Fim mafi Kyau |''A cikin Lokaci''|{{Won}} | |- | rowspan="3" |2022 | rowspan="3" |[[2022 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka]] |Editan Hoton Mafi Kyawu | rowspan="3" |''A cikin Lokaci''|{{Pending}} | rowspan="3" | |- |Mafi kyawun fim na Gabashin Afirka|{{Pending}} |- |Mafi kyawun Fim|{{Pending}} |} A lokacin da take da shekaru 16, a ranar 20 ga watan Agusta 2007, a kan hanyar samun wasu takardu daga makaranta, bayan samun shiga [[Jami'ar Covenant University|Jami'ar Alkawari]], Adeleke ta shiga cikin hadarin gazawar birki wanda ya haifar da tiyata da yawa da alamomi a goshinta. Wannan ya haifar da sa hannu / gashin gashi. A cewarta, ba kawai salon gashi ba ne amma yana ba ta damar tashi sama da rauni da tasirin tasirin sauya rayuwa. A wani sakon Instagram, LowlaDee ta bayyana cewa ta taba fama da baƙin ciki amma kallon mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen talabijin na Amurka da Indiya da kuma wasan kwaikwayo na Mindy Kaling, The Mindy Project, ya ba ta farin ciki kuma ya farka da wani bangare mai ban sha'awa. Wannan haɗin ya haifar da jerin yanar gizo na Romcom masu nasara sosai "Wannan shine. "<nowiki>"</nowiki> == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1990]] 10g3mim379nli9yqwo1ixgivel5h1us 889595 889590 2026-07-30T22:33:57Z Hamza DK 12444 /* Hotunan fina-finai */ 889595 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Dolapo Adeleke''' ((listenⓘ)) (an haife shi 6 Satumba 1990), wanda aka fi sani da '''LowlaDee''' ɗan fim ne daga Najeriya . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dolapo 'Lowladee' Adeleke |url=https://gidiboxoffice.com/authors/dolapo-adeleke |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523073626/https://gidiboxoffice.com/authors/dolapo-adeleke |archive-date=2022-05-23 |access-date=2022-07-18 |website=gidiboxoffice.com |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haife shi a ranar 6 ga Satumba, 1990, a Jihar Kano Najeriya, Adeleke ya fara rubutu tun yana ƙarami, yana buga littattafai biyu kafin jami'a.[1] Adeleke ta sami karatun sakandare a makarantar sakandare ta Dansol, Jihar Legas . Ta kammala karatu tare da aji na biyu a cikin Mass Communication daga Jami'ar Alkawari a shekara ta 2011. [2] == Ayyuka == A wata hira da Busayo Adekoya na ThisDay Newspaper, ta bayyana cewa ta fara jagorantar fina-finai tana da shekaru 21.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adekoya |first=Busayo |year=2014 |title=Nigeria: 'I Produced My First Film At 21' |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201409120271.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |year=2016 |title=4 reasons you should binge-watch Lowladee's web series |url=http://pulse.ng/movies/this-is-it-4-reasons-you-should-binge-watch-lowladees-web-series-id5809021.html |website=Pulse.ng |access-date=2026-07-05 |archive-date=2017-08-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170828003521/http://www.pulse.ng/movies/this-is-it-4-reasons-you-should-binge-watch-lowladees-web-series-id5809021.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekara ta 2012, an haɗa ta a cikin jerin Vanguard na matasa 'yan Najeriya da ke da tasiri sosai, kuma an lura da cewa ta lashe kyautar marubucin matasa mafi kyau na shekara ta Angles Magazine don rubuta Flesh and Blood da The Little White Hen . Tare da fitowar gajeren fim dinta mai suna Brave, tare da [[Adesua Etomi]] da Wole Ojo, an zabi ta a karkashin mafi kyawun darektan fina-finai na Nigerian Entertainment Awards (NEA 2015). Fim din ya ci gaba da lashe kyautar Best Short Film a Best Of Nollywood Awards kuma an zabi shi a cikin rukuni biyu a manyan African Magic Viewers Choice Awards (AMVCA) don Mafi kyawun gajeren fim da Mafi kyawun Actor a cikin Drama. A shekara ta 2015, ta ci gaba da samar da fim din talabijin na farko da aka yaba da shi A Place Called Happy wanda ya haɗu da 'yan wasan Najeriya da Ghana. A cikin 2016, ta fitar da ta farko da aka yaba da ita sosai Mini Series This Is It a kan YouTube Platform da ta haɗu da Najeriya da Kenya. Nan take ya sami shahara tare da tara ra'ayoyi sama da miliyan 8 gaba ɗaya. An ƙaddamar da jerin a cikin tashoshin watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin daban-daban a duk faɗin Afirka kuma sun ci gaba da lashe Kyautar Talabijin mafi kyau a Afirka Magic Viewers Choice Awards (AMVCA) 2018. LowlaDee ya rubuta, ya ba da umarni kuma ya gyara abubuwan 20 yayin aiki a matsayin Show Runner. A cikin 2016, an kuma zabi LowlaDee don EbonyLifeTV Sisterhood Awards Africa don 'Darakta na Fim na Shekara' don nasararta tare da Mini Series, 'Wannan Shi ne'. A cikin 2017, an zabi ta don babbar 'Future Awards Africa' don kyautar New Media kuma a watan Maris na 2018 an jera ta a matsayin '100 Mafi Kyawun Mata na Afirka a Najeriya'. LowlaDee ya rubuta, ya ba da umarni kuma ya gyara fim din din Valentine's Day na minti 60, PLAN B, labarin Kenya-Nijeriya wanda ya zama abin mamaki nan take, yana samun ra'ayoyi sama da miliyan ɗaya a cikin makonni biyu na farko ba tare da talla ba. Fim din ya ci gaba da lashe kyautar Mafi Kyawun Fim na Gabashin Afirka a Afirka Magic Viewers Choice Awards 2019. A halin yanzu tana gudanar da LowlaDee Productions Co. (tsohon Doreen Media) da shuffles tsakanin Legas Najeriya da Nairobi Kenya. == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" |- align="center" ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" |Shekara ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" |Fim din ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" |Bayani |- | rowspan="2" |2013 |''Be My Guest''{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2026}} |''gajeren fim'' |- |''The Call'' <ref>{{Cite web |last=Iykon |first=Tolu |date=June 17, 2013 |title=FAB Film: Watch The Call by Lowladee |url=http://fabmagazineonline.com/fab-film-watch-the-call-by-lowladee-celebrating-fathers-day/ |website=FabMagazine.com}}</ref> |''gajeren fim'' tauraruwar Eldee, Paul Utomi da [[Adesua Etomi]] |- |2014 |''[[Brave (fim na 2014)|Brave]]'' |''gajeren fim'' tauraruwar [[Adesua Etomi]] |- |2015 |'A Place Called Happy'' |''Fim din Talabijin'' [[Blossom Chukwujekwu]] da [[Kiki Omeili]] |- |2016 |''[[This Is It|This Is It ]]'' |''Jerin yanar gizo / Talabijin'' Nick Mutuma da [[Chy Nwakanma]] sun fito |- |2017 |''An ɗaure shi'' <ref>{{Cite web |last=Aniemeka |first=Chuka |date=January 18, 2017 |title=Entangled: Lowladee Is Working On A New Romantic Comedy TV Series |url=http://www.onlinenigeria.com/news/general/112130-entangled-lowladee-is-working-on-a-new-romantic-comedy-tv-series.html |website=OnlineNigeria.com}}</ref> |''Fim din Talabijin'' tauraruwar [[Mawuli Gavor]], [[Ini Dima-Okojie|Ini-dima Okojie]] |- |2019 |[[Plan B (2019 fim)|Plan B]] |''Fim na yanar gizo / Talabijin'' [[Sarah Hassan]], [[Catherine Kamau|Catherine Karanja]] da [[Daniel Etim Effiong]] ne suka fito. |- |2020 |Just in Time |Fim din ya fito da Sarah Hassan, Mawuli Gavor, Stycie Waweru, Pierra Kenna kuma yana da firaministanta a Netflix Worldwide. kuma yana da firaministansa a kan Netflix Worldwide . |- |} == Kyaututtuka == {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Fim din !Sakamakon !Ref |- |2014 |[[2014 Mafi kyawun Kyautar Nollywood|Mafi Kyawun Kyautar Nollywood]] |Mafi kyawun gajeren fim |''[[Brave (fim na 2014)|Mai Ƙarfi]]''| {{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=October 27, 2014 |title=BON AWARDS 2014: Authentic Winners List |url=http://encomium.ng/bon-awards-2014-authentic-winners-list/ |website=Encomium Magazine}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2015 |[[Kyautar Nishaɗi ta Najeriya ta 2015|Kyautar Nishaɗi ta Najeriya]] |Darakta Mafi Kyawu |''Mai Ƙarfi''| {{Nom}} | |- |[[2015 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu kallo na sihiri na Afirka]] |Mafi kyawun gajeren fim |''Mai Ƙarfi''| {{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Izuzu |first=Chidumga |year=2014 |title=Rita Dominic, 'October 1', '30 Days in Atlanta', get nominations |url=http://pulse.ng/movies/amvca-2015-nominees-rita-dominic-october-1-30-days-in-atlanta-get-nominations-id3340339.html |website=Pulse.ng |access-date=2026-07-05 |archive-date=2017-05-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517061209/http://pulse.ng/movies/amvca-2015-nominees-rita-dominic-october-1-30-days-in-atlanta-get-nominations-id3340339.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |2016 |EbonyLife Sisterhood Awards Afirka |Daraktan Fim na Shekara |''[[This Is It|Wannan Shi ne]]''| {{Nom}} | |- |- |2018 |Kyautar Zaɓin Masu kallo na sihiri na Afirka |Mafi kyawun Shirye-shiryen Talabijin |Wannan shi ne| {{Won}} | |- |2019 |Kyautar Zaɓin Masu kallo na sihiri na Afirka |Mafi kyawun Fim na Gabashin Afirka |Shirin B|{{Won}} | |- |2021 |Kyautar Fim da Talabijin ta Kasa da Kasa ta Kalasha |Fim mafi Kyau |''A cikin Lokaci''|{{Won}} | |- | rowspan="3" |2022 | rowspan="3" |[[2022 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka]] |Editan Hoton Mafi Kyawu | rowspan="3" |''A cikin Lokaci''|{{Pending}} | rowspan="3" | |- |Mafi kyawun fim na Gabashin Afirka|{{Pending}} |- |Mafi kyawun Fim|{{Pending}} |} A lokacin da take da shekaru 16, a ranar 20 ga watan Agusta 2007, a kan hanyar samun wasu takardu daga makaranta, bayan samun shiga [[Jami'ar Covenant University|Jami'ar Alkawari]], Adeleke ta shiga cikin hadarin gazawar birki wanda ya haifar da tiyata da yawa da alamomi a goshinta. Wannan ya haifar da sa hannu / gashin gashi. A cewarta, ba kawai salon gashi ba ne amma yana ba ta damar tashi sama da rauni da tasirin tasirin sauya rayuwa. A wani sakon Instagram, LowlaDee ta bayyana cewa ta taba fama da baƙin ciki amma kallon mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen talabijin na Amurka da Indiya da kuma wasan kwaikwayo na Mindy Kaling, The Mindy Project, ya ba ta farin ciki kuma ya farka da wani bangare mai ban sha'awa. Wannan haɗin ya haifar da jerin yanar gizo na Romcom masu nasara sosai "Wannan shine. "<nowiki>"</nowiki> == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1990]] ckpog2m0x245ugdgfu9wbmwpy4hhg6e 889597 889595 2026-07-30T22:42:07Z Hamza DK 12444 /* Hotunan fina-finai */ 889597 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Dolapo Adeleke''' ((listenⓘ)) (an haife shi 6 Satumba 1990), wanda aka fi sani da '''LowlaDee''' ɗan fim ne daga Najeriya . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dolapo 'Lowladee' Adeleke |url=https://gidiboxoffice.com/authors/dolapo-adeleke |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523073626/https://gidiboxoffice.com/authors/dolapo-adeleke |archive-date=2022-05-23 |access-date=2022-07-18 |website=gidiboxoffice.com |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haife shi a ranar 6 ga Satumba, 1990, a Jihar Kano Najeriya, Adeleke ya fara rubutu tun yana ƙarami, yana buga littattafai biyu kafin jami'a.[1] Adeleke ta sami karatun sakandare a makarantar sakandare ta Dansol, Jihar Legas . Ta kammala karatu tare da aji na biyu a cikin Mass Communication daga Jami'ar Alkawari a shekara ta 2011. [2] == Ayyuka == A wata hira da Busayo Adekoya na ThisDay Newspaper, ta bayyana cewa ta fara jagorantar fina-finai tana da shekaru 21.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adekoya |first=Busayo |year=2014 |title=Nigeria: 'I Produced My First Film At 21' |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201409120271.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |year=2016 |title=4 reasons you should binge-watch Lowladee's web series |url=http://pulse.ng/movies/this-is-it-4-reasons-you-should-binge-watch-lowladees-web-series-id5809021.html |website=Pulse.ng |access-date=2026-07-05 |archive-date=2017-08-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170828003521/http://www.pulse.ng/movies/this-is-it-4-reasons-you-should-binge-watch-lowladees-web-series-id5809021.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekara ta 2012, an haɗa ta a cikin jerin Vanguard na matasa 'yan Najeriya da ke da tasiri sosai, kuma an lura da cewa ta lashe kyautar marubucin matasa mafi kyau na shekara ta Angles Magazine don rubuta Flesh and Blood da The Little White Hen . Tare da fitowar gajeren fim dinta mai suna Brave, tare da [[Adesua Etomi]] da Wole Ojo, an zabi ta a karkashin mafi kyawun darektan fina-finai na Nigerian Entertainment Awards (NEA 2015). Fim din ya ci gaba da lashe kyautar Best Short Film a Best Of Nollywood Awards kuma an zabi shi a cikin rukuni biyu a manyan African Magic Viewers Choice Awards (AMVCA) don Mafi kyawun gajeren fim da Mafi kyawun Actor a cikin Drama. A shekara ta 2015, ta ci gaba da samar da fim din talabijin na farko da aka yaba da shi A Place Called Happy wanda ya haɗu da 'yan wasan Najeriya da Ghana. A cikin 2016, ta fitar da ta farko da aka yaba da ita sosai Mini Series This Is It a kan YouTube Platform da ta haɗu da Najeriya da Kenya. Nan take ya sami shahara tare da tara ra'ayoyi sama da miliyan 8 gaba ɗaya. An ƙaddamar da jerin a cikin tashoshin watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin daban-daban a duk faɗin Afirka kuma sun ci gaba da lashe Kyautar Talabijin mafi kyau a Afirka Magic Viewers Choice Awards (AMVCA) 2018. LowlaDee ya rubuta, ya ba da umarni kuma ya gyara abubuwan 20 yayin aiki a matsayin Show Runner. A cikin 2016, an kuma zabi LowlaDee don EbonyLifeTV Sisterhood Awards Africa don 'Darakta na Fim na Shekara' don nasararta tare da Mini Series, 'Wannan Shi ne'. A cikin 2017, an zabi ta don babbar 'Future Awards Africa' don kyautar New Media kuma a watan Maris na 2018 an jera ta a matsayin '100 Mafi Kyawun Mata na Afirka a Najeriya'. LowlaDee ya rubuta, ya ba da umarni kuma ya gyara fim din din Valentine's Day na minti 60, PLAN B, labarin Kenya-Nijeriya wanda ya zama abin mamaki nan take, yana samun ra'ayoyi sama da miliyan ɗaya a cikin makonni biyu na farko ba tare da talla ba. Fim din ya ci gaba da lashe kyautar Mafi Kyawun Fim na Gabashin Afirka a Afirka Magic Viewers Choice Awards 2019. A halin yanzu tana gudanar da LowlaDee Productions Co. (tsohon Doreen Media) da shuffles tsakanin Legas Najeriya da Nairobi Kenya. == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" |- align="center" ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" |Shekara ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" |Fim din ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" |Bayani |- | rowspan="2" |2013 |''Be My Guest''{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2026}} |''gajeren fim'' |- |''The Call'' <ref>{{Cite web |last=Iykon |first=Tolu |date=June 17, 2013 |title=FAB Film: Watch The Call by Lowladee |url=http://fabmagazineonline.com/fab-film-watch-the-call-by-lowladee-celebrating-fathers-day/ |website=FabMagazine.com}}</ref> |''gajeren fim'' tauraruwar Eldee, Paul Utomi da [[Adesua Etomi]] |- |2014 |''[[Brave (fim na 2014)|Brave]]'' |''gajeren fim'' tauraruwar [[Adesua Etomi]] |- |2015 |'A Place Called Happy'' |''Fim din Talabijin'' [[Blossom Chukwujekwu]] da [[Kiki Omeili]] |- |2016 |''[[This Is It|This Is It ]]'' |''Jerin yanar gizo / Talabijin'' Nick Mutuma da [[Chy Nwakanma]] sun fito |- |2017 |''The Endangled'' <ref>{{Cite web |last=Aniemeka |first=Chuka |date=January 18, 2017 |title=Entangled: Lowladee Is Working On A New Romantic Comedy TV Series |url=http://www.onlinenigeria.com/news/general/112130-entangled-lowladee-is-working-on-a-new-romantic-comedy-tv-series.html |website=OnlineNigeria.com}}</ref> |''Fim din Talabijin'' tauraruwar [[Mawuli Gavor]], [[Ini Dima-Okojie|Ini-dima Okojie]] |- |2019 |[[Plan B (2019 fim)|Plan B]] |''Fim na yanar gizo / Talabijin'' [[Sarah Hassan]], [[Catherine Kamau|Catherine Karanja]] da [[Daniel Etim Effiong]] ne suka fito. |- |2020 |Just in Time |Fim din ya fito da Sarah Hassan, Mawuli Gavor, Stycie Waweru, Pierra Kenna kuma yana da firaministanta a Netflix Worldwide. kuma yana da firaministansa a kan Netflix Worldwide . |- |} == Kyaututtuka == {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Fim din !Sakamakon !Ref |- |2014 |[[2014 Mafi kyawun Kyautar Nollywood|Mafi Kyawun Kyautar Nollywood]] |Mafi kyawun gajeren fim |''[[Brave (fim na 2014)|Mai Ƙarfi]]''| {{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=October 27, 2014 |title=BON AWARDS 2014: Authentic Winners List |url=http://encomium.ng/bon-awards-2014-authentic-winners-list/ |website=Encomium Magazine}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2015 |[[Kyautar Nishaɗi ta Najeriya ta 2015|Kyautar Nishaɗi ta Najeriya]] |Darakta Mafi Kyawu |''Mai Ƙarfi''| {{Nom}} | |- |[[2015 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu kallo na sihiri na Afirka]] |Mafi kyawun gajeren fim |''Mai Ƙarfi''| {{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Izuzu |first=Chidumga |year=2014 |title=Rita Dominic, 'October 1', '30 Days in Atlanta', get nominations |url=http://pulse.ng/movies/amvca-2015-nominees-rita-dominic-october-1-30-days-in-atlanta-get-nominations-id3340339.html |website=Pulse.ng |access-date=2026-07-05 |archive-date=2017-05-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517061209/http://pulse.ng/movies/amvca-2015-nominees-rita-dominic-october-1-30-days-in-atlanta-get-nominations-id3340339.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |2016 |EbonyLife Sisterhood Awards Afirka |Daraktan Fim na Shekara |''[[This Is It|Wannan Shi ne]]''| {{Nom}} | |- |- |2018 |Kyautar Zaɓin Masu kallo na sihiri na Afirka |Mafi kyawun Shirye-shiryen Talabijin |Wannan shi ne| {{Won}} | |- |2019 |Kyautar Zaɓin Masu kallo na sihiri na Afirka |Mafi kyawun Fim na Gabashin Afirka |Shirin B|{{Won}} | |- |2021 |Kyautar Fim da Talabijin ta Kasa da Kasa ta Kalasha |Fim mafi Kyau |''A cikin Lokaci''|{{Won}} | |- | rowspan="3" |2022 | rowspan="3" |[[2022 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka]] |Editan Hoton Mafi Kyawu | rowspan="3" |''A cikin Lokaci''|{{Pending}} | rowspan="3" | |- |Mafi kyawun fim na Gabashin Afirka|{{Pending}} |- |Mafi kyawun Fim|{{Pending}} |} A lokacin da take da shekaru 16, a ranar 20 ga watan Agusta 2007, a kan hanyar samun wasu takardu daga makaranta, bayan samun shiga [[Jami'ar Covenant University|Jami'ar Alkawari]], Adeleke ta shiga cikin hadarin gazawar birki wanda ya haifar da tiyata da yawa da alamomi a goshinta. Wannan ya haifar da sa hannu / gashin gashi. A cewarta, ba kawai salon gashi ba ne amma yana ba ta damar tashi sama da rauni da tasirin tasirin sauya rayuwa. A wani sakon Instagram, LowlaDee ta bayyana cewa ta taba fama da baƙin ciki amma kallon mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen talabijin na Amurka da Indiya da kuma wasan kwaikwayo na Mindy Kaling, The Mindy Project, ya ba ta farin ciki kuma ya farka da wani bangare mai ban sha'awa. Wannan haɗin ya haifar da jerin yanar gizo na Romcom masu nasara sosai "Wannan shine. "<nowiki>"</nowiki> == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1990]] dvk2njrk328yjo2qsbmfwzxx3y3nwms 889598 889597 2026-07-30T22:43:15Z Hamza DK 12444 /* Hotunan fina-finai */ 889598 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Dolapo Adeleke''' ((listenⓘ)) (an haife shi 6 Satumba 1990), wanda aka fi sani da '''LowlaDee''' ɗan fim ne daga Najeriya . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dolapo 'Lowladee' Adeleke |url=https://gidiboxoffice.com/authors/dolapo-adeleke |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523073626/https://gidiboxoffice.com/authors/dolapo-adeleke |archive-date=2022-05-23 |access-date=2022-07-18 |website=gidiboxoffice.com |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haife shi a ranar 6 ga Satumba, 1990, a Jihar Kano Najeriya, Adeleke ya fara rubutu tun yana ƙarami, yana buga littattafai biyu kafin jami'a.[1] Adeleke ta sami karatun sakandare a makarantar sakandare ta Dansol, Jihar Legas . Ta kammala karatu tare da aji na biyu a cikin Mass Communication daga Jami'ar Alkawari a shekara ta 2011. [2] == Ayyuka == A wata hira da Busayo Adekoya na ThisDay Newspaper, ta bayyana cewa ta fara jagorantar fina-finai tana da shekaru 21.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adekoya |first=Busayo |year=2014 |title=Nigeria: 'I Produced My First Film At 21' |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201409120271.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |year=2016 |title=4 reasons you should binge-watch Lowladee's web series |url=http://pulse.ng/movies/this-is-it-4-reasons-you-should-binge-watch-lowladees-web-series-id5809021.html |website=Pulse.ng |access-date=2026-07-05 |archive-date=2017-08-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170828003521/http://www.pulse.ng/movies/this-is-it-4-reasons-you-should-binge-watch-lowladees-web-series-id5809021.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekara ta 2012, an haɗa ta a cikin jerin Vanguard na matasa 'yan Najeriya da ke da tasiri sosai, kuma an lura da cewa ta lashe kyautar marubucin matasa mafi kyau na shekara ta Angles Magazine don rubuta Flesh and Blood da The Little White Hen . Tare da fitowar gajeren fim dinta mai suna Brave, tare da [[Adesua Etomi]] da Wole Ojo, an zabi ta a karkashin mafi kyawun darektan fina-finai na Nigerian Entertainment Awards (NEA 2015). Fim din ya ci gaba da lashe kyautar Best Short Film a Best Of Nollywood Awards kuma an zabi shi a cikin rukuni biyu a manyan African Magic Viewers Choice Awards (AMVCA) don Mafi kyawun gajeren fim da Mafi kyawun Actor a cikin Drama. A shekara ta 2015, ta ci gaba da samar da fim din talabijin na farko da aka yaba da shi A Place Called Happy wanda ya haɗu da 'yan wasan Najeriya da Ghana. A cikin 2016, ta fitar da ta farko da aka yaba da ita sosai Mini Series This Is It a kan YouTube Platform da ta haɗu da Najeriya da Kenya. Nan take ya sami shahara tare da tara ra'ayoyi sama da miliyan 8 gaba ɗaya. An ƙaddamar da jerin a cikin tashoshin watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin daban-daban a duk faɗin Afirka kuma sun ci gaba da lashe Kyautar Talabijin mafi kyau a Afirka Magic Viewers Choice Awards (AMVCA) 2018. LowlaDee ya rubuta, ya ba da umarni kuma ya gyara abubuwan 20 yayin aiki a matsayin Show Runner. A cikin 2016, an kuma zabi LowlaDee don EbonyLifeTV Sisterhood Awards Africa don 'Darakta na Fim na Shekara' don nasararta tare da Mini Series, 'Wannan Shi ne'. A cikin 2017, an zabi ta don babbar 'Future Awards Africa' don kyautar New Media kuma a watan Maris na 2018 an jera ta a matsayin '100 Mafi Kyawun Mata na Afirka a Najeriya'. LowlaDee ya rubuta, ya ba da umarni kuma ya gyara fim din din Valentine's Day na minti 60, PLAN B, labarin Kenya-Nijeriya wanda ya zama abin mamaki nan take, yana samun ra'ayoyi sama da miliyan ɗaya a cikin makonni biyu na farko ba tare da talla ba. Fim din ya ci gaba da lashe kyautar Mafi Kyawun Fim na Gabashin Afirka a Afirka Magic Viewers Choice Awards 2019. A halin yanzu tana gudanar da LowlaDee Productions Co. (tsohon Doreen Media) da shuffles tsakanin Legas Najeriya da Nairobi Kenya. == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" |- align="center" ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" |Shekara ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" |Fim din ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" |Bayani |- | rowspan="2" |2013 |''Be My Guest''{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2026}} |''gajeren fim'' |- |''The Call'' <ref>{{Cite web |last=Iykon |first=Tolu |date=June 17, 2013 |title=FAB Film: Watch The Call by Lowladee |url=http://fabmagazineonline.com/fab-film-watch-the-call-by-lowladee-celebrating-fathers-day/ |website=FabMagazine.com}}</ref> |''gajeren fim'' tauraruwar Eldee, Paul Utomi da [[Adesua Etomi]] |- |2014 |''[[Brave (fim na 2014)|Brave]]'' |''gajeren fim'' tauraruwar [[Adesua Etomi]] |- |2015 |'A Place Called Happy'' |''Fim din Talabijin'' [[Blossom Chukwujekwu]] da [[Kiki Omeili]] |- |2016 |''[[This Is It|This Is It ]]'' |''Jerin yanar gizo / Talabijin'' Nick Mutuma da [[Chy Nwakanma]] sun fito |- |2017 |''The Entangled'' <ref>{{Cite web |last=Aniemeka |first=Chuka |date=January 18, 2017 |title=Entangled: Lowladee Is Working On A New Romantic Comedy TV Series |url=http://www.onlinenigeria.com/news/general/112130-entangled-lowladee-is-working-on-a-new-romantic-comedy-tv-series.html |website=OnlineNigeria.com}}</ref> |''Fim din Talabijin'' tauraruwar [[Mawuli Gavor]], [[Ini Dima-Okojie|Ini-dima Okojie]] |- |2019 |[[Plan B (2019 fim)|Plan B]] |''Fim na yanar gizo / Talabijin'' [[Sarah Hassan]], [[Catherine Kamau|Catherine Karanja]] da [[Daniel Etim Effiong]] ne suka fito. |- |2020 |Just in Time |Fim din ya fito da Sarah Hassan, Mawuli Gavor, Stycie Waweru, Pierra Kenna kuma yana da firaministanta a Netflix Worldwide. kuma yana da firaministansa a kan Netflix Worldwide . |- |} == Kyaututtuka == {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Fim din !Sakamakon !Ref |- |2014 |[[2014 Mafi kyawun Kyautar Nollywood|Mafi Kyawun Kyautar Nollywood]] |Mafi kyawun gajeren fim |''[[Brave (fim na 2014)|Mai Ƙarfi]]''| {{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=October 27, 2014 |title=BON AWARDS 2014: Authentic Winners List |url=http://encomium.ng/bon-awards-2014-authentic-winners-list/ |website=Encomium Magazine}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2015 |[[Kyautar Nishaɗi ta Najeriya ta 2015|Kyautar Nishaɗi ta Najeriya]] |Darakta Mafi Kyawu |''Mai Ƙarfi''| {{Nom}} | |- |[[2015 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu kallo na sihiri na Afirka]] |Mafi kyawun gajeren fim |''Mai Ƙarfi''| {{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Izuzu |first=Chidumga |year=2014 |title=Rita Dominic, 'October 1', '30 Days in Atlanta', get nominations |url=http://pulse.ng/movies/amvca-2015-nominees-rita-dominic-october-1-30-days-in-atlanta-get-nominations-id3340339.html |website=Pulse.ng |access-date=2026-07-05 |archive-date=2017-05-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517061209/http://pulse.ng/movies/amvca-2015-nominees-rita-dominic-october-1-30-days-in-atlanta-get-nominations-id3340339.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |2016 |EbonyLife Sisterhood Awards Afirka |Daraktan Fim na Shekara |''[[This Is It|Wannan Shi ne]]''| {{Nom}} | |- |- |2018 |Kyautar Zaɓin Masu kallo na sihiri na Afirka |Mafi kyawun Shirye-shiryen Talabijin |Wannan shi ne| {{Won}} | |- |2019 |Kyautar Zaɓin Masu kallo na sihiri na Afirka |Mafi kyawun Fim na Gabashin Afirka |Shirin B|{{Won}} | |- |2021 |Kyautar Fim da Talabijin ta Kasa da Kasa ta Kalasha |Fim mafi Kyau |''A cikin Lokaci''|{{Won}} | |- | rowspan="3" |2022 | rowspan="3" |[[2022 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka]] |Editan Hoton Mafi Kyawu | rowspan="3" |''A cikin Lokaci''|{{Pending}} | rowspan="3" | |- |Mafi kyawun fim na Gabashin Afirka|{{Pending}} |- |Mafi kyawun Fim|{{Pending}} |} A lokacin da take da shekaru 16, a ranar 20 ga watan Agusta 2007, a kan hanyar samun wasu takardu daga makaranta, bayan samun shiga [[Jami'ar Covenant University|Jami'ar Alkawari]], Adeleke ta shiga cikin hadarin gazawar birki wanda ya haifar da tiyata da yawa da alamomi a goshinta. Wannan ya haifar da sa hannu / gashin gashi. A cewarta, ba kawai salon gashi ba ne amma yana ba ta damar tashi sama da rauni da tasirin tasirin sauya rayuwa. A wani sakon Instagram, LowlaDee ta bayyana cewa ta taba fama da baƙin ciki amma kallon mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen talabijin na Amurka da Indiya da kuma wasan kwaikwayo na Mindy Kaling, The Mindy Project, ya ba ta farin ciki kuma ya farka da wani bangare mai ban sha'awa. Wannan haɗin ya haifar da jerin yanar gizo na Romcom masu nasara sosai "Wannan shine. "<nowiki>"</nowiki> == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1990]] caiqefajgkhzgcqkwjvwmtblyjjz46g Kingsley Ogoro 0 54253 889637 886086 2026-07-31T05:19:45Z Abdulrahman tahir shika 24962 An kirkira ta fassara "Filmography" daga shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1347101385|Kingsley Ogoro]]" 889637 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kingsley Eloho Ogoro''' (an haife shi a ranar 29 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta 1965), shi ne darektan fina-finai na Najeriya, marubuci, mai shirya kiɗa kuma tsohon mai rawa. An fi saninsa da fim din 2003 ''[[Osuofia in London|Osuofia a Landan]]'' tare da [[Nkem Owoh]], kuma tun daga lokacin ya yi aiki galibi a matsayin furodusa da darektan masana'antar fina-finai ta [[Nollywood]]. == Rayuwa ta farko == Ogoro ya halarci [[Jami'ar Usmanu Ɗanfodiyo|Jami'ar Sokoto]] inda ya yi karatun Banking & Finance, ya kammala a shekarar 1988, amma ya ci gaba da sha'awar kiɗa duk da rashin amincewar iyayensa. Kafin karatunsa na jami'a, ya kai wasan karshe na John Player Disco Dancing Championships, bayan haka ya fara mai da hankali kan aikin kiɗa a matsayin furodusa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=My Parents Forced Me To School |url=https://www.modernghana.com/nollywood/1556/my-parents-forced-me-to-schoolkingsley-ogoro.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120010953/https://www.modernghana.com/nollywood/1556/my-parents-forced-me-to-schoolkingsley-ogoro.html |archive-date=2022-11-20 |access-date=2022-11-20}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Ogoro a baya ta auri tsohon mawaƙin pop Esse Agesse . Ma'aurata suna da 'ya'ya uku. 'Yarsu ta fari, Ewoma Ogoro, ta kasance Miss Nigeria Ireland a 2012 kuma yanzu injiniya ce. 'Yarsu ta biyu, Mamobo Ogoro 'yar kasuwa ce a Ireland, ita ce ta kafa GORM kuma mai gabatarwa a NewstalkFM . [1] Ɗansu ƙarami Sean Ogoro yana aiki kuma yana zaune a Ireland.[2] == Hotunan fina-finai == === A matsayin mai samarwa === * ''Gwauruwa'' (2005) * ''[[Across the Niger|A fadin Nijar]]'' (2004) * ''Osuofia a cikin London 2'' (2004) * Veno (2004) * Dangerous Babe (2003) * ''[[Osuofia in London|Osuofia a Landan]]'' (2003) === A matsayin darektan === * ''Gwauruwa'' (2005) * ''Osuofia a cikin London 2'' (2004) * Veno (2004) * ''[[Osuofia in London|Osuofia a Landan]]'' (2003) * ''Komawa'' (2003) === A matsayin marubucin allo === * ''Gwauruwa'' (2005) * ''Osuofia a cikin London 2'' (2004) * ''Osuofia a Landan'' (2003) == Early life == Kafin ya fara karatun jami'a, ya kai wasan karshe na gasar John Player Disco Dancing Championships, bayan haka ya fara mai da hankali kan aikin kiɗa a matsayin furodusa .<ref>{{Cite web |title=My Parents Forced Me To School |url=https://www.modernghana.com/nollywood/1556/my-parents-forced-me-to-schoolkingsley-ogoro.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120010953/https://www.modernghana.com/nollywood/1556/my-parents-forced-me-to-schoolkingsley-ogoro.html |archive-date=2022-11-20 |access-date=2022-11-20}}</ref> == Fina-finai == === A matsayin furodusa === * ''Bazawara'' (2005) * ''[[Across the Niger|A faɗin Nijar]]'' (2004) * ''[[Osuofia in London|Osuofia a London]] 2'' (2004) * ''Veno'' (2004) * ''Dangerous Babe'' (2003) * ''[[Osuofia in London|Osuofia a Landan]]'' (2003) === A matsayin darakta === * ''Bazawara'' (2005) * ''Osuofia a London 2'' (2004) * ''Veno'' (2004) * ''[[Osuofia in London|Osuofia a Landan]]'' (2003) * ''Dawowar'' (2003) === A matsayin mai rubutun allo === * ''Bazawara'' (2005) * ''Osuofia a London 2'' (2004) * ''Osuofia a Landan'' (2003) == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1965]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] cyw2yhcnocpt648xmym6e1vvmcfzbst Mildred Okwo 0 54366 889450 873459 2026-07-30T15:09:30Z Ahmadun-Malta 47418 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1361319733|Mildred Okwo]]" 889450 wikitext text/x-wiki   Mildred Okwo darektan fina-finai ne kuma furodusa ce ta Najeriya . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Afrinolly meets Nigerian Filmmaker Mildred Okwo |url=http://allafricancinema.com/afrinolly-meets-nigerian-filmmaker-mildred-okwo/ |access-date=22 June 2014 |publisher=allafricancinema.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 July 2013 |title=Why I have not Released The Meeting on DVD - Mildred Okwo |url=http://www.ynaija.com/ynaija-interview-why-i-have-not-released-the-meeting-on-dvd-mildred-okwo-movie-director/ |access-date=22 June 2014 |publisher=[[YNaija]]}}</ref> An zabi ta don kyautar [[Africa Movie Academy Award for Best Director|Darakta Mafi Kyawu]] a 4th Africa Movie Academy Awards . A shekara ta 2012, ta ba da umarnin Fim din wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya The Meeting, wanda ya lashe kyaututtuka da yawa, gami da Nigeria Entertainment Awards, Afirika kyaututtuka da kyaututtukan fina finan nollywood . == Rayuwa ta farko, ilimi da aiki == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1966]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 6u32c8fykmoe0z4679ruozmul9dld31 889455 889450 2026-07-30T15:10:32Z Ahmadun-Malta 47418 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1361319733|Mildred Okwo]]" 889455 wikitext text/x-wiki   == Rayuwa ta farko, ilimi da aiki == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1966]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 5yl8ir7f0ygghj5dfftgtp9bg9psy7k Where Is Kyra? 0 62054 889454 876244 2026-07-30T15:09:52Z Aliyuk 47423 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1340506118|Where Is Kyra?]]" 889454 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vevent" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size: 125%; font-style: italic;" |Ina Kyra take? |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Where_Is_Kyra.jpg|frameless]]<div class="infobox-caption">Hoton fitowar wasan kwaikwayo</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An ba da umarni daga | class="infobox-data" |[[Andrew Dosunmu]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Shirin da aka yi | class="infobox-data" |Darci Picoult |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Labari daga | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist"> * Andrew Dosunmu * Darci Picoult </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An samar da shi ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist"> * Christine Vachon * David Hinojosa * Rhea Scott </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Fitowa | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist"> * Michelle Pfeiffer * Kiefer Sutherland </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Hotuna | class="infobox-data" |Bradford Young |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An shirya shi ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |Oriana Soddu |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Waƙoƙi ta | class="infobox-data" |Philip Miller |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Kamfanoni masu samarwa<br /></div> | class="infobox-data" |<div style="vertical-align: middle;"><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist"> * Babban Ma'anar Kafofin Watsa Labarai * Fim din Killer * Little Minx * Hotunan Indie </div></div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An rarraba ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist"> * Babban Ma'anar Kafofin Watsa Labarai * Paladin </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Ranar fitarwa</div> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist film-date"> * Janairu 23, 2017 <span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2017-01-23</span>)&nbsp;</span> (Sundance) &nbsp;&nbsp;&#x20; * Afrilu 6, 2018 <span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2018-04-06</span>)&nbsp;</span> (Amurka) &nbsp;&nbsp;&#x20; </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Lokacin gudu</div> | class="infobox-data" |Minti 98 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Kasar | class="infobox-data" |Amurka |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Harshe | class="infobox-data" |Turanci |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Ofishin akwatin | class="infobox-data" |$59,717 |} {{Reflist}} tn69319nliz7tf97fp2u8srvfnxswdg Ka'idojin rubutun hausa 0 62113 889577 887095 2026-07-30T21:34:15Z Baban Asiya 15906 /* 4.2 Doguwar Mallaka */ 889577 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Stub}} == Ƙa'idojin rubutun hausa == Kamar yadda aka sani, kowanne lamari na duniya yana da ka'idar yadda ya kamata a gudanar da shi. Kuma bin ƙa'idar ita ke sa a sami dacen yadda ake bukata ba tare da an fuskanci wata matsala ba. Idan kuma ba a bi ka'idar ba to za a ga ba daidai ba.. Tunda yake haka ne, rubutun Hausa shi ma, yana da ka'idarsa. Bin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa sau-da-kafa, su ke sa a sami rubutu mai Cikakkiyar ma'ana. Wato a sami daidaiton manufa tsakanin tunanain marubuci da kuma na makaranci.<ref><nowiki>https://hemingwayapp.com/articles/grammar-punctuation/punctuation-marks</nowiki></ref> ==Abin da ake nufi da ka'idojin rubutun hausa== Ka'idojin rubutun Hausa, wani yanayi ne na lura da kiyaye ka'idojin harshen Hausa a rubuce domin samun damar isar da sakon da marubuci ke nufi zuwa ga mai karatu daidai da daidai, ba tare da canzawar ma'anar da marubuci ke nufi ba . Haka kuma, yana samar da saukin fahimtar karatu daga mai karantawa. == Fannonin Ka'idojin Rubutun Hausa == Fannonin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa da muke da su a nan, suna da dama. Kuma sune ginshin duk abinda ya kamata marubuci ya koya game da ka'idojin rubutun Hausa domin samun gwanancewa a rubutu. Don haka, zan zayyano su, sannan kuma na yi bayaninsu daki-daki kamar haka: #Alamomin ajiye magana; #Raba kalma da kuma hade kalma; #Shaddatun Tagwayen bakaken Hausa; #Gajera da doguwar mallaka; #Dafa-keya 'w' da jakada 'w'; #Daurin 'm' da daurin 'n'; =='''1.0 Alamomin Ajiye Magana' (punctuation mark)'''== Ga Alamomin aje magana tare da bayanansu daki-daki: * '''Aya / . / * '''Waƙafi / . / * '''Ayar tambaya / ? / * '''Ruwa-biyu / : / * '''Waƙafi m mai ruwa / ; / * '''Karan-ɗori / - / * '''Alamar zancen wani / " " / * '''Baka-biyu / ( ) / * '''Alamar Motsin rai / ! / * '''Zarce / ... / 1.1 '''Aya / . /''' Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali: '''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.''' idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan. 1.2== Wakafi/ , / == Wakafi, wata karmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali: *'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.''' To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: *'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.''' A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe. 1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / == Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali: * Aliyu ya zo?, * menene ake sayarwa? Idan aka yi la'akari missalan da ke sama, za a ga an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkanin suna dauke da alamar tambaya. Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba: Aliyu ya zo A nan za a fahimci cewa ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri. 1.4== Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/== Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal: # '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida) # missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )''' sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita * idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:''' * Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi; * Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa; * Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da aka sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana. ==1.1 Aya / . /== Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali: '''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.''' idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan. ==1.2 Wakafi/ , / == Waƙafi, wata ƙarmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali: *'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.''' To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: *'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.''' A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe. 1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / == Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali: * Aliyu ya zo?, * menene ake sayarwa? Idan aka yi la'akari missalan da ke sama, za a ga an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkanin suna dauke da alamar tambaya. Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba: Aliyu ya zo A nan za a fahimci cewa ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri. ==1.4 Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/== Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal: # '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida) # missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )''' sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita * idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:''' * Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi; * Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa; * Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da na sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana. ==1.5 Waƙafi mai ruwa / ; / == wannan alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen raba jerin wasu jimloli ko kalmomi a cikin zance. Game da missali, a duba a missalin karshe na Aya mai ruwa, za a ga yadda aka bayyana abinda Shugaban kasa ya zayyana. A nan za a ga an sa Ka alamar /;/ a gaban kowacce jimla. Ga Karin missali: * Shugqban makarantar ya gargadi dalibai cewa,idan sun tashi dawowa daga hutu, su zo da kayan karatu kamar irin wadannan: # littafin koyon turanci, aji na biyar; # littafin koyan lissafi, aji na biyar; # littafin nazarin rayuwar dan Adam, aji na biyar; # littafin koyan karatn Hausa, aji na biyar. A wadannan missalai za a lura cewa, a duk karshen jimloli 3 na farko an saka alamaar tsayawa ta wakafi mai ruwa (;), in banda jimla ta karshe da aka yi wa alamar aya /./ ==1.6 Karan-ɗori / - /== Karan-dori, alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen hade kalmomi biyu ko sama da biyu, su zama kalma daya da ma'ana daya. Akan saka wannan alama ne a tsakanin kalmomi da suka zo iri daya ko wadanda suka zo daban-daban. Kin saka wannan alama a inda ya dace, yakan kawo sabanin ma'ana tsakanin mawallafi da makaranci. Missali: # malam-buda-mana-littafi (sunnan wani kafilfilo); # fadi-ka-mutu (tangaran); # fari-fari (abinda bai kai fari sosai ba); # malfar-ungulu (wani tsiro ne); dss. A lura da kyau, idan muka dauki missali na farko, (malam-buda-mana-littafi) za mu ga yana nufin sunan wani abu wato (kafilfilo). Idan kuma ba a sa wannan alama ba a tsakankanin kalmomin (malam buda mana littafi) to rubutun ya zama wata jimla mai nufin umarni, maimakon kalma daya mai nufin sunan wani Kwaro. Wato, dalibai ne ke umartar malaminsu da ya buda masu littafi. Don haka, zamu fahimci cewa, idan an saka alamar, zancen ya zama Kalma daya kacal. Amma idan ba a sa alamar ba to rubutun ya zama jimla sukum. # Karin Missali, idan mutum yana rubutu a cikin takarda ko kan allo, sai aka fara rubuta wata kalma da ta zo a karshen layi sannan kuma ba ta karasu duka ba, sai a saka karan-dori ( - ) kuma a karasata a layi na kasa. ==1.7 Alamar baka-biyu / ( ) /== Wannan wata alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna karin bayani akan wata kalma, ko Jimla ko dai a kan wata maganar ta daban. Ga missalai nan kamar haka: * Yaron da aka kama da laifin kisan matar, 'yar uwa ce ga mahaifin yaron (Gwaggon yaron ce) * Gwamnan kano, Alh. Abba Kabir Yusuf, ya tura wakilinsa (Sunusi Nature) wajen Taron. * # Ni mutum ne mai son a sami zaman lafiya tsakanin Musulmai da wanda ba Musulmai ba (Kiristoci). ==1.8 Ayar Motsin-rai / ! /== Ayar Motsin-rai, wata alama ce da ke nuni da zaburar furuci cikin gaggawar kargafa murya. Hakan na faruwa ne yawanci a farkon bayyanar mury cikin Karfafawa, musamman a kalmomin; razana,mamaki, tausayi da kuma karfafar wata kalma a cikin wani zance na musamman. Alal Missali: '''Ah!, Wayyo!, Lah!, Innalillahi!, Kai!''' Da sauransu. Ga Karin missalai a cikin jimloli: * Saurayin na zuwa ya nuna mata kyautar bazatar da ya zo mata da ita. Sai ta cika da mamaki,sannan ta ja wani gwauron numfashi sanan ta ce, '''La!''' Amma ko na gode '''sosai!''' * A lokacin da yaron yake guje-guje cikin lalatattun Kujerun cikin ajin, sai ya taka kusa, ya ce, '''wayyo Allahna!''' jin haka malaminsu ya leko yana cewa, '''kai!''' Me ya faru. * Haba, yana lekowa cikkin dare sai ya ga wani duhu-duhu dab da shi. Aiko ya firgita ya ce '''waye nan!''' Yanzu sai mu lura cewa, a Missali na daya (1), mun yi amfani da '''Lah!''' da kuma '''sosai!'''. A Missali na biyu (2) kuma mun yi amfani da '''wayyo Allah!''' tare da '''kai!'''. Har illa yau a Missali na uku (3) kuma na karshe, mun yi amfani da '''waye nan!'''. Don haka, wadannan missalai, kadan ne daga cikin missalan '''ayar Motsin-rai / ! /''' Ko kuma inda ya kamata a yi amfani da ita. Sannan kuma, ya kamata a fahimci cewa, dole ne a sami karfafa murya a duk inda ake nufin '''ayar Motsin-rai,''' domin idan aka yi amfani da sanyin murya ma'ana ba za ta samu ba. ==1.9 Zarce / ... /== Zarce wata alama ce ta digo-dogo akalla guda uku (...), da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna ketare wata kalma ko Jimla a cikin rubutu. Ana samun missalai ta bangarori da dama, mussan a cikin karin magana, tsaallake gurbin amasa wata tambaya, dss. Missali: # '''Ban sa a ka ba,...''' A nan ba a bukatar karasa zancen ne, shi ya sa aka yi digo-dogon. Manufa a nan, duk Wanda aka yi wa karin maganar, ya karasa ma'anar a zuci ko ma a fili. Wto kenan sai ya karasa zuwa '''inji barawon tagiya''' # Haka kuma, akan saka wannan alama / ... /, a tsarin tambayar '''cikke tazara'''. Missali: * '''Sunan Babban birnin kasar Najeriya...''' a nana sai cike da '''Abuja''' ko makamancin haka. =='''2.0 Rabawa Da Haɗa Kalma'''== Raba kalma da hada kalma, abubuwa ne mabanbanta amma, masu alaka da juna. Da farko za mu dauki raba kalma. Kamar haka: ==2.1 Raba Kalma== raba kalma na nufin, barin kalma ta ci gashin kanta duk kankantarta Kuma duk girmanta. Hakan, na nufin a barkalma a matayita ba tare da an hade ta da wata ba, don kaucewa rasa ma'ana ta asali. Wato dai,kin raba kalmomin a inda ya ya dace, yana haifar da chanjawar ma'ana. Missali: * Shi ne, (kar a ce: ba shine) * Ita ce, (kar a ce: itace) * Wa ya je da su kasuwa? (Kar a ce: waya je dasu kasuwa?) * Ba ni na zo da shi ba, (kar a ce: bani nazo dashi ba) * Da ni da ku mu hada Kai, (kar a ce;Dani daku mu hadakai) A nan, idan muka Laura, mafi yawancin kalmomin da aka yi amfani da su, masu gaba dai-dai ne. Kuma kowacce an bar ta a matayinta. Don haka mu duba Missali na farko: '''Shi ne.''' Kalmar farko '''shi''' wakilin suna ce, Kalmar '''ce''' kuwa tana cikin wani aji na nahawu da ake cewa dirka. Don hak, idan aka hade su kamar '''Shine''' kalmomi biyu daban-daban an hade guri daya, don haka sun zama kalma daya ke nan, wacce kwata-kwata babu ita a Hausa sai a Turancin Ingilishi. Wacce ke nufin '''sheki''' a harshen Hausa. A Missali na hudu kuwa, ('''ba ni na zo da shi ba ''') za a fahimci cewa, kowacce kalma tana dauke da gaba daya ne. Kuma, duk da rashin tsawonsu,ba a hada wata da wata ba, domin kuwacce na cin gashin kanta. To hakan shi ne daidai. Inda kuwa an hada wata Kalmar da wata, ma'anarta za ta canza. Missali, idan aka hada '''da''' tare da '''shi,''' za su koma kalma daya kamar haka: '''dashi.''' kuma Kalmar tana nufin sunan wata itaciya ne. ==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance. Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya) ==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance. Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya) =='''4.0 Kalmomin Mallaka'''== Kalmomin Mallaka, wasu kalmomi ne da ake amfani da su wajen nuna faruwar mallaka a cikin rubutu. Game da ka'idojin rubun Hausa, an tanadar da hanyoyi biyu domin samar da rubutu mai inganci. Don haka, muna da gajerar mallaka da kuma doguwar mallaka. ===4.1 Gajerar Mallaka=== Gajerar mallaka, ita ake hade Kalmar abinda aka mallaka da wakilin sunan abin da aka mallaka da wakilin sunan wanda yai mallaka a guri daya.missli: gida+na= (gidana) a nan za a fahimci cewa, kalmar 'gida' da kalmar 'na' an haɗa su a guri ɗaya sun zama kamar kalma guda. A kiyaye da cewa, gajerar mallaka haɗe ta ake yi. Don haka, akwai ƙarin missalai kamar haka: *Jakarta ba jakar ta ba; *ajinsu ba ajin su ba; *matata ba mata ta ba; *ɗakinki ba ɗakin ki ba; *motarka ba motar ka ba. *masallacinku ba Masallacin ku ba. Da sauransu. ==='''4.2 Doguwar Mallaka'''=== Ita doguwar mallaka, ba a haɗe ake rubuta ta ba. Wato ke nan, ana rabewa tsakanin abinda aka mallaka da kuma wakilin sunan mai mallaka. == Manazararta== 5nclixeo0w9y3ium5cz0wqspupha9ke 889578 889577 2026-07-30T21:35:19Z Baban Asiya 15906 /* 4.2 Doguwar Mallaka */ 889578 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Stub}} == Ƙa'idojin rubutun hausa == Kamar yadda aka sani, kowanne lamari na duniya yana da ka'idar yadda ya kamata a gudanar da shi. Kuma bin ƙa'idar ita ke sa a sami dacen yadda ake bukata ba tare da an fuskanci wata matsala ba. Idan kuma ba a bi ka'idar ba to za a ga ba daidai ba.. Tunda yake haka ne, rubutun Hausa shi ma, yana da ka'idarsa. Bin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa sau-da-kafa, su ke sa a sami rubutu mai Cikakkiyar ma'ana. Wato a sami daidaiton manufa tsakanin tunanain marubuci da kuma na makaranci.<ref><nowiki>https://hemingwayapp.com/articles/grammar-punctuation/punctuation-marks</nowiki></ref> ==Abin da ake nufi da ka'idojin rubutun hausa== Ka'idojin rubutun Hausa, wani yanayi ne na lura da kiyaye ka'idojin harshen Hausa a rubuce domin samun damar isar da sakon da marubuci ke nufi zuwa ga mai karatu daidai da daidai, ba tare da canzawar ma'anar da marubuci ke nufi ba . Haka kuma, yana samar da saukin fahimtar karatu daga mai karantawa. == Fannonin Ka'idojin Rubutun Hausa == Fannonin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa da muke da su a nan, suna da dama. Kuma sune ginshin duk abinda ya kamata marubuci ya koya game da ka'idojin rubutun Hausa domin samun gwanancewa a rubutu. Don haka, zan zayyano su, sannan kuma na yi bayaninsu daki-daki kamar haka: #Alamomin ajiye magana; #Raba kalma da kuma hade kalma; #Shaddatun Tagwayen bakaken Hausa; #Gajera da doguwar mallaka; #Dafa-keya 'w' da jakada 'w'; #Daurin 'm' da daurin 'n'; =='''1.0 Alamomin Ajiye Magana' (punctuation mark)'''== Ga Alamomin aje magana tare da bayanansu daki-daki: * '''Aya / . / * '''Waƙafi / . / * '''Ayar tambaya / ? / * '''Ruwa-biyu / : / * '''Waƙafi m mai ruwa / ; / * '''Karan-ɗori / - / * '''Alamar zancen wani / " " / * '''Baka-biyu / ( ) / * '''Alamar Motsin rai / ! / * '''Zarce / ... / 1.1 '''Aya / . /''' Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali: '''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.''' idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan. 1.2== Wakafi/ , / == Wakafi, wata karmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali: *'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.''' To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: *'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.''' A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe. 1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / == Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali: * Aliyu ya zo?, * menene ake sayarwa? Idan aka yi la'akari missalan da ke sama, za a ga an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkanin suna dauke da alamar tambaya. Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba: Aliyu ya zo A nan za a fahimci cewa ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri. 1.4== Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/== Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal: # '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida) # missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )''' sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita * idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:''' * Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi; * Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa; * Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da aka sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana. ==1.1 Aya / . /== Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali: '''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.''' idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan. ==1.2 Wakafi/ , / == Waƙafi, wata ƙarmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali: *'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.''' To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: *'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.''' A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe. 1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / == Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali: * Aliyu ya zo?, * menene ake sayarwa? Idan aka yi la'akari missalan da ke sama, za a ga an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkanin suna dauke da alamar tambaya. Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba: Aliyu ya zo A nan za a fahimci cewa ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri. ==1.4 Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/== Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal: # '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida) # missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )''' sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita * idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:''' * Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi; * Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa; * Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da na sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana. ==1.5 Waƙafi mai ruwa / ; / == wannan alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen raba jerin wasu jimloli ko kalmomi a cikin zance. Game da missali, a duba a missalin karshe na Aya mai ruwa, za a ga yadda aka bayyana abinda Shugaban kasa ya zayyana. A nan za a ga an sa Ka alamar /;/ a gaban kowacce jimla. Ga Karin missali: * Shugqban makarantar ya gargadi dalibai cewa,idan sun tashi dawowa daga hutu, su zo da kayan karatu kamar irin wadannan: # littafin koyon turanci, aji na biyar; # littafin koyan lissafi, aji na biyar; # littafin nazarin rayuwar dan Adam, aji na biyar; # littafin koyan karatn Hausa, aji na biyar. A wadannan missalai za a lura cewa, a duk karshen jimloli 3 na farko an saka alamaar tsayawa ta wakafi mai ruwa (;), in banda jimla ta karshe da aka yi wa alamar aya /./ ==1.6 Karan-ɗori / - /== Karan-dori, alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen hade kalmomi biyu ko sama da biyu, su zama kalma daya da ma'ana daya. Akan saka wannan alama ne a tsakanin kalmomi da suka zo iri daya ko wadanda suka zo daban-daban. Kin saka wannan alama a inda ya dace, yakan kawo sabanin ma'ana tsakanin mawallafi da makaranci. Missali: # malam-buda-mana-littafi (sunnan wani kafilfilo); # fadi-ka-mutu (tangaran); # fari-fari (abinda bai kai fari sosai ba); # malfar-ungulu (wani tsiro ne); dss. A lura da kyau, idan muka dauki missali na farko, (malam-buda-mana-littafi) za mu ga yana nufin sunan wani abu wato (kafilfilo). Idan kuma ba a sa wannan alama ba a tsakankanin kalmomin (malam buda mana littafi) to rubutun ya zama wata jimla mai nufin umarni, maimakon kalma daya mai nufin sunan wani Kwaro. Wato, dalibai ne ke umartar malaminsu da ya buda masu littafi. Don haka, zamu fahimci cewa, idan an saka alamar, zancen ya zama Kalma daya kacal. Amma idan ba a sa alamar ba to rubutun ya zama jimla sukum. # Karin Missali, idan mutum yana rubutu a cikin takarda ko kan allo, sai aka fara rubuta wata kalma da ta zo a karshen layi sannan kuma ba ta karasu duka ba, sai a saka karan-dori ( - ) kuma a karasata a layi na kasa. ==1.7 Alamar baka-biyu / ( ) /== Wannan wata alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna karin bayani akan wata kalma, ko Jimla ko dai a kan wata maganar ta daban. Ga missalai nan kamar haka: * Yaron da aka kama da laifin kisan matar, 'yar uwa ce ga mahaifin yaron (Gwaggon yaron ce) * Gwamnan kano, Alh. Abba Kabir Yusuf, ya tura wakilinsa (Sunusi Nature) wajen Taron. * # Ni mutum ne mai son a sami zaman lafiya tsakanin Musulmai da wanda ba Musulmai ba (Kiristoci). ==1.8 Ayar Motsin-rai / ! /== Ayar Motsin-rai, wata alama ce da ke nuni da zaburar furuci cikin gaggawar kargafa murya. Hakan na faruwa ne yawanci a farkon bayyanar mury cikin Karfafawa, musamman a kalmomin; razana,mamaki, tausayi da kuma karfafar wata kalma a cikin wani zance na musamman. Alal Missali: '''Ah!, Wayyo!, Lah!, Innalillahi!, Kai!''' Da sauransu. Ga Karin missalai a cikin jimloli: * Saurayin na zuwa ya nuna mata kyautar bazatar da ya zo mata da ita. Sai ta cika da mamaki,sannan ta ja wani gwauron numfashi sanan ta ce, '''La!''' Amma ko na gode '''sosai!''' * A lokacin da yaron yake guje-guje cikin lalatattun Kujerun cikin ajin, sai ya taka kusa, ya ce, '''wayyo Allahna!''' jin haka malaminsu ya leko yana cewa, '''kai!''' Me ya faru. * Haba, yana lekowa cikkin dare sai ya ga wani duhu-duhu dab da shi. Aiko ya firgita ya ce '''waye nan!''' Yanzu sai mu lura cewa, a Missali na daya (1), mun yi amfani da '''Lah!''' da kuma '''sosai!'''. A Missali na biyu (2) kuma mun yi amfani da '''wayyo Allah!''' tare da '''kai!'''. Har illa yau a Missali na uku (3) kuma na karshe, mun yi amfani da '''waye nan!'''. Don haka, wadannan missalai, kadan ne daga cikin missalan '''ayar Motsin-rai / ! /''' Ko kuma inda ya kamata a yi amfani da ita. Sannan kuma, ya kamata a fahimci cewa, dole ne a sami karfafa murya a duk inda ake nufin '''ayar Motsin-rai,''' domin idan aka yi amfani da sanyin murya ma'ana ba za ta samu ba. ==1.9 Zarce / ... /== Zarce wata alama ce ta digo-dogo akalla guda uku (...), da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna ketare wata kalma ko Jimla a cikin rubutu. Ana samun missalai ta bangarori da dama, mussan a cikin karin magana, tsaallake gurbin amasa wata tambaya, dss. Missali: # '''Ban sa a ka ba,...''' A nan ba a bukatar karasa zancen ne, shi ya sa aka yi digo-dogon. Manufa a nan, duk Wanda aka yi wa karin maganar, ya karasa ma'anar a zuci ko ma a fili. Wto kenan sai ya karasa zuwa '''inji barawon tagiya''' # Haka kuma, akan saka wannan alama / ... /, a tsarin tambayar '''cikke tazara'''. Missali: * '''Sunan Babban birnin kasar Najeriya...''' a nana sai cike da '''Abuja''' ko makamancin haka. =='''2.0 Rabawa Da Haɗa Kalma'''== Raba kalma da hada kalma, abubuwa ne mabanbanta amma, masu alaka da juna. Da farko za mu dauki raba kalma. Kamar haka: ==2.1 Raba Kalma== raba kalma na nufin, barin kalma ta ci gashin kanta duk kankantarta Kuma duk girmanta. Hakan, na nufin a barkalma a matayita ba tare da an hade ta da wata ba, don kaucewa rasa ma'ana ta asali. Wato dai,kin raba kalmomin a inda ya ya dace, yana haifar da chanjawar ma'ana. Missali: * Shi ne, (kar a ce: ba shine) * Ita ce, (kar a ce: itace) * Wa ya je da su kasuwa? (Kar a ce: waya je dasu kasuwa?) * Ba ni na zo da shi ba, (kar a ce: bani nazo dashi ba) * Da ni da ku mu hada Kai, (kar a ce;Dani daku mu hadakai) A nan, idan muka Laura, mafi yawancin kalmomin da aka yi amfani da su, masu gaba dai-dai ne. Kuma kowacce an bar ta a matayinta. Don haka mu duba Missali na farko: '''Shi ne.''' Kalmar farko '''shi''' wakilin suna ce, Kalmar '''ce''' kuwa tana cikin wani aji na nahawu da ake cewa dirka. Don hak, idan aka hade su kamar '''Shine''' kalmomi biyu daban-daban an hade guri daya, don haka sun zama kalma daya ke nan, wacce kwata-kwata babu ita a Hausa sai a Turancin Ingilishi. Wacce ke nufin '''sheki''' a harshen Hausa. A Missali na hudu kuwa, ('''ba ni na zo da shi ba ''') za a fahimci cewa, kowacce kalma tana dauke da gaba daya ne. Kuma, duk da rashin tsawonsu,ba a hada wata da wata ba, domin kuwacce na cin gashin kanta. To hakan shi ne daidai. Inda kuwa an hada wata Kalmar da wata, ma'anarta za ta canza. Missali, idan aka hada '''da''' tare da '''shi,''' za su koma kalma daya kamar haka: '''dashi.''' kuma Kalmar tana nufin sunan wata itaciya ne. ==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance. Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya) ==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance. Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya) =='''4.0 Kalmomin Mallaka'''== Kalmomin Mallaka, wasu kalmomi ne da ake amfani da su wajen nuna faruwar mallaka a cikin rubutu. Game da ka'idojin rubun Hausa, an tanadar da hanyoyi biyu domin samar da rubutu mai inganci. Don haka, muna da gajerar mallaka da kuma doguwar mallaka. ===4.1 Gajerar Mallaka=== Gajerar mallaka, ita ake hade Kalmar abinda aka mallaka da wakilin sunan abin da aka mallaka da wakilin sunan wanda yai mallaka a guri daya.missli: gida+na= (gidana) a nan za a fahimci cewa, kalmar 'gida' da kalmar 'na' an haɗa su a guri ɗaya sun zama kamar kalma guda. A kiyaye da cewa, gajerar mallaka haɗe ta ake yi. Don haka, akwai ƙarin missalai kamar haka: *Jakarta ba jakar ta ba; *ajinsu ba ajin su ba; *matata ba mata ta ba; *ɗakinki ba ɗakin ki ba; *motarka ba motar ka ba. *masallacinku ba Masallacin ku ba. Da sauransu. ==='''4.2 Doguwar Mallaka'''=== Ita doguwar mallaka, ba a haɗe ake rubuta ta ba. Wato ke nan, ana rabewa tsakanin abinda aka mallaka da kuma wakilin sunan mai mallaka. Ga missalai kamar haka: == Manazararta== o5sgqfw6oo59vggsteeo72fidgtq8sa 889579 889578 2026-07-30T21:38:30Z Baban Asiya 15906 /* 4.2 Doguwar Mallaka */ 889579 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Stub}} == Ƙa'idojin rubutun hausa == Kamar yadda aka sani, kowanne lamari na duniya yana da ka'idar yadda ya kamata a gudanar da shi. Kuma bin ƙa'idar ita ke sa a sami dacen yadda ake bukata ba tare da an fuskanci wata matsala ba. Idan kuma ba a bi ka'idar ba to za a ga ba daidai ba.. Tunda yake haka ne, rubutun Hausa shi ma, yana da ka'idarsa. Bin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa sau-da-kafa, su ke sa a sami rubutu mai Cikakkiyar ma'ana. Wato a sami daidaiton manufa tsakanin tunanain marubuci da kuma na makaranci.<ref><nowiki>https://hemingwayapp.com/articles/grammar-punctuation/punctuation-marks</nowiki></ref> ==Abin da ake nufi da ka'idojin rubutun hausa== Ka'idojin rubutun Hausa, wani yanayi ne na lura da kiyaye ka'idojin harshen Hausa a rubuce domin samun damar isar da sakon da marubuci ke nufi zuwa ga mai karatu daidai da daidai, ba tare da canzawar ma'anar da marubuci ke nufi ba . Haka kuma, yana samar da saukin fahimtar karatu daga mai karantawa. == Fannonin Ka'idojin Rubutun Hausa == Fannonin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa da muke da su a nan, suna da dama. Kuma sune ginshin duk abinda ya kamata marubuci ya koya game da ka'idojin rubutun Hausa domin samun gwanancewa a rubutu. Don haka, zan zayyano su, sannan kuma na yi bayaninsu daki-daki kamar haka: #Alamomin ajiye magana; #Raba kalma da kuma hade kalma; #Shaddatun Tagwayen bakaken Hausa; #Gajera da doguwar mallaka; #Dafa-keya 'w' da jakada 'w'; #Daurin 'm' da daurin 'n'; =='''1.0 Alamomin Ajiye Magana' (punctuation mark)'''== Ga Alamomin aje magana tare da bayanansu daki-daki: * '''Aya / . / * '''Waƙafi / . / * '''Ayar tambaya / ? / * '''Ruwa-biyu / : / * '''Waƙafi m mai ruwa / ; / * '''Karan-ɗori / - / * '''Alamar zancen wani / " " / * '''Baka-biyu / ( ) / * '''Alamar Motsin rai / ! / * '''Zarce / ... / 1.1 '''Aya / . /''' Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali: '''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.''' idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan. 1.2== Wakafi/ , / == Wakafi, wata karmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali: *'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.''' To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: *'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.''' A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe. 1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / == Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali: * Aliyu ya zo?, * menene ake sayarwa? Idan aka yi la'akari missalan da ke sama, za a ga an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkanin suna dauke da alamar tambaya. Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba: Aliyu ya zo A nan za a fahimci cewa ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri. 1.4== Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/== Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal: # '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida) # missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )''' sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita * idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:''' * Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi; * Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa; * Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da aka sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana. ==1.1 Aya / . /== Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali: '''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.''' idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan. ==1.2 Wakafi/ , / == Waƙafi, wata ƙarmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali: *'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.''' To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: *'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.''' A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe. 1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / == Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali: * Aliyu ya zo?, * menene ake sayarwa? Idan aka yi la'akari missalan da ke sama, za a ga an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkanin suna dauke da alamar tambaya. Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba: Aliyu ya zo A nan za a fahimci cewa ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri. ==1.4 Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/== Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal: # '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida) # missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )''' sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita * idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:''' * Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi; * Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa; * Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da na sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana. ==1.5 Waƙafi mai ruwa / ; / == wannan alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen raba jerin wasu jimloli ko kalmomi a cikin zance. Game da missali, a duba a missalin karshe na Aya mai ruwa, za a ga yadda aka bayyana abinda Shugaban kasa ya zayyana. A nan za a ga an sa Ka alamar /;/ a gaban kowacce jimla. Ga Karin missali: * Shugqban makarantar ya gargadi dalibai cewa,idan sun tashi dawowa daga hutu, su zo da kayan karatu kamar irin wadannan: # littafin koyon turanci, aji na biyar; # littafin koyan lissafi, aji na biyar; # littafin nazarin rayuwar dan Adam, aji na biyar; # littafin koyan karatn Hausa, aji na biyar. A wadannan missalai za a lura cewa, a duk karshen jimloli 3 na farko an saka alamaar tsayawa ta wakafi mai ruwa (;), in banda jimla ta karshe da aka yi wa alamar aya /./ ==1.6 Karan-ɗori / - /== Karan-dori, alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen hade kalmomi biyu ko sama da biyu, su zama kalma daya da ma'ana daya. Akan saka wannan alama ne a tsakanin kalmomi da suka zo iri daya ko wadanda suka zo daban-daban. Kin saka wannan alama a inda ya dace, yakan kawo sabanin ma'ana tsakanin mawallafi da makaranci. Missali: # malam-buda-mana-littafi (sunnan wani kafilfilo); # fadi-ka-mutu (tangaran); # fari-fari (abinda bai kai fari sosai ba); # malfar-ungulu (wani tsiro ne); dss. A lura da kyau, idan muka dauki missali na farko, (malam-buda-mana-littafi) za mu ga yana nufin sunan wani abu wato (kafilfilo). Idan kuma ba a sa wannan alama ba a tsakankanin kalmomin (malam buda mana littafi) to rubutun ya zama wata jimla mai nufin umarni, maimakon kalma daya mai nufin sunan wani Kwaro. Wato, dalibai ne ke umartar malaminsu da ya buda masu littafi. Don haka, zamu fahimci cewa, idan an saka alamar, zancen ya zama Kalma daya kacal. Amma idan ba a sa alamar ba to rubutun ya zama jimla sukum. # Karin Missali, idan mutum yana rubutu a cikin takarda ko kan allo, sai aka fara rubuta wata kalma da ta zo a karshen layi sannan kuma ba ta karasu duka ba, sai a saka karan-dori ( - ) kuma a karasata a layi na kasa. ==1.7 Alamar baka-biyu / ( ) /== Wannan wata alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna karin bayani akan wata kalma, ko Jimla ko dai a kan wata maganar ta daban. Ga missalai nan kamar haka: * Yaron da aka kama da laifin kisan matar, 'yar uwa ce ga mahaifin yaron (Gwaggon yaron ce) * Gwamnan kano, Alh. Abba Kabir Yusuf, ya tura wakilinsa (Sunusi Nature) wajen Taron. * # Ni mutum ne mai son a sami zaman lafiya tsakanin Musulmai da wanda ba Musulmai ba (Kiristoci). ==1.8 Ayar Motsin-rai / ! /== Ayar Motsin-rai, wata alama ce da ke nuni da zaburar furuci cikin gaggawar kargafa murya. Hakan na faruwa ne yawanci a farkon bayyanar mury cikin Karfafawa, musamman a kalmomin; razana,mamaki, tausayi da kuma karfafar wata kalma a cikin wani zance na musamman. Alal Missali: '''Ah!, Wayyo!, Lah!, Innalillahi!, Kai!''' Da sauransu. Ga Karin missalai a cikin jimloli: * Saurayin na zuwa ya nuna mata kyautar bazatar da ya zo mata da ita. Sai ta cika da mamaki,sannan ta ja wani gwauron numfashi sanan ta ce, '''La!''' Amma ko na gode '''sosai!''' * A lokacin da yaron yake guje-guje cikin lalatattun Kujerun cikin ajin, sai ya taka kusa, ya ce, '''wayyo Allahna!''' jin haka malaminsu ya leko yana cewa, '''kai!''' Me ya faru. * Haba, yana lekowa cikkin dare sai ya ga wani duhu-duhu dab da shi. Aiko ya firgita ya ce '''waye nan!''' Yanzu sai mu lura cewa, a Missali na daya (1), mun yi amfani da '''Lah!''' da kuma '''sosai!'''. A Missali na biyu (2) kuma mun yi amfani da '''wayyo Allah!''' tare da '''kai!'''. Har illa yau a Missali na uku (3) kuma na karshe, mun yi amfani da '''waye nan!'''. Don haka, wadannan missalai, kadan ne daga cikin missalan '''ayar Motsin-rai / ! /''' Ko kuma inda ya kamata a yi amfani da ita. Sannan kuma, ya kamata a fahimci cewa, dole ne a sami karfafa murya a duk inda ake nufin '''ayar Motsin-rai,''' domin idan aka yi amfani da sanyin murya ma'ana ba za ta samu ba. ==1.9 Zarce / ... /== Zarce wata alama ce ta digo-dogo akalla guda uku (...), da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna ketare wata kalma ko Jimla a cikin rubutu. Ana samun missalai ta bangarori da dama, mussan a cikin karin magana, tsaallake gurbin amasa wata tambaya, dss. Missali: # '''Ban sa a ka ba,...''' A nan ba a bukatar karasa zancen ne, shi ya sa aka yi digo-dogon. Manufa a nan, duk Wanda aka yi wa karin maganar, ya karasa ma'anar a zuci ko ma a fili. Wto kenan sai ya karasa zuwa '''inji barawon tagiya''' # Haka kuma, akan saka wannan alama / ... /, a tsarin tambayar '''cikke tazara'''. Missali: * '''Sunan Babban birnin kasar Najeriya...''' a nana sai cike da '''Abuja''' ko makamancin haka. =='''2.0 Rabawa Da Haɗa Kalma'''== Raba kalma da hada kalma, abubuwa ne mabanbanta amma, masu alaka da juna. Da farko za mu dauki raba kalma. Kamar haka: ==2.1 Raba Kalma== raba kalma na nufin, barin kalma ta ci gashin kanta duk kankantarta Kuma duk girmanta. Hakan, na nufin a barkalma a matayita ba tare da an hade ta da wata ba, don kaucewa rasa ma'ana ta asali. Wato dai,kin raba kalmomin a inda ya ya dace, yana haifar da chanjawar ma'ana. Missali: * Shi ne, (kar a ce: ba shine) * Ita ce, (kar a ce: itace) * Wa ya je da su kasuwa? (Kar a ce: waya je dasu kasuwa?) * Ba ni na zo da shi ba, (kar a ce: bani nazo dashi ba) * Da ni da ku mu hada Kai, (kar a ce;Dani daku mu hadakai) A nan, idan muka Laura, mafi yawancin kalmomin da aka yi amfani da su, masu gaba dai-dai ne. Kuma kowacce an bar ta a matayinta. Don haka mu duba Missali na farko: '''Shi ne.''' Kalmar farko '''shi''' wakilin suna ce, Kalmar '''ce''' kuwa tana cikin wani aji na nahawu da ake cewa dirka. Don hak, idan aka hade su kamar '''Shine''' kalmomi biyu daban-daban an hade guri daya, don haka sun zama kalma daya ke nan, wacce kwata-kwata babu ita a Hausa sai a Turancin Ingilishi. Wacce ke nufin '''sheki''' a harshen Hausa. A Missali na hudu kuwa, ('''ba ni na zo da shi ba ''') za a fahimci cewa, kowacce kalma tana dauke da gaba daya ne. Kuma, duk da rashin tsawonsu,ba a hada wata da wata ba, domin kuwacce na cin gashin kanta. To hakan shi ne daidai. Inda kuwa an hada wata Kalmar da wata, ma'anarta za ta canza. Missali, idan aka hada '''da''' tare da '''shi,''' za su koma kalma daya kamar haka: '''dashi.''' kuma Kalmar tana nufin sunan wata itaciya ne. ==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance. Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya) ==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance. Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya) =='''4.0 Kalmomin Mallaka'''== Kalmomin Mallaka, wasu kalmomi ne da ake amfani da su wajen nuna faruwar mallaka a cikin rubutu. Game da ka'idojin rubun Hausa, an tanadar da hanyoyi biyu domin samar da rubutu mai inganci. Don haka, muna da gajerar mallaka da kuma doguwar mallaka. ===4.1 Gajerar Mallaka=== Gajerar mallaka, ita ake hade Kalmar abinda aka mallaka da wakilin sunan abin da aka mallaka da wakilin sunan wanda yai mallaka a guri daya.missli: gida+na= (gidana) a nan za a fahimci cewa, kalmar 'gida' da kalmar 'na' an haɗa su a guri ɗaya sun zama kamar kalma guda. A kiyaye da cewa, gajerar mallaka haɗe ta ake yi. Don haka, akwai ƙarin missalai kamar haka: *Jakarta ba jakar ta ba; *ajinsu ba ajin su ba; *matata ba mata ta ba; *ɗakinki ba ɗakin ki ba; *motarka ba motar ka ba. *masallacinku ba Masallacin ku ba. Da sauransu. ==='''4.2 Doguwar Mallaka'''=== Ita doguwar mallaka, ba a haɗe ake rubuta ta ba. Wato ke nan, ana rabewa tsakanin abinda aka mallaka da kuma wakilin sunan mai mallaka. Ga missalai kamar haka: * Jakar Tata, * Ɗaki == Manazararta== th9tj7bx7h8c5l3k8qlty3khs4k7j6z 889580 889579 2026-07-30T21:40:31Z Baban Asiya 15906 /* 4.2 Doguwar Mallaka */ 889580 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Stub}} == Ƙa'idojin rubutun hausa == Kamar yadda aka sani, kowanne lamari na duniya yana da ka'idar yadda ya kamata a gudanar da shi. Kuma bin ƙa'idar ita ke sa a sami dacen yadda ake bukata ba tare da an fuskanci wata matsala ba. Idan kuma ba a bi ka'idar ba to za a ga ba daidai ba.. Tunda yake haka ne, rubutun Hausa shi ma, yana da ka'idarsa. Bin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa sau-da-kafa, su ke sa a sami rubutu mai Cikakkiyar ma'ana. Wato a sami daidaiton manufa tsakanin tunanain marubuci da kuma na makaranci.<ref><nowiki>https://hemingwayapp.com/articles/grammar-punctuation/punctuation-marks</nowiki></ref> ==Abin da ake nufi da ka'idojin rubutun hausa== Ka'idojin rubutun Hausa, wani yanayi ne na lura da kiyaye ka'idojin harshen Hausa a rubuce domin samun damar isar da sakon da marubuci ke nufi zuwa ga mai karatu daidai da daidai, ba tare da canzawar ma'anar da marubuci ke nufi ba . Haka kuma, yana samar da saukin fahimtar karatu daga mai karantawa. == Fannonin Ka'idojin Rubutun Hausa == Fannonin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa da muke da su a nan, suna da dama. Kuma sune ginshin duk abinda ya kamata marubuci ya koya game da ka'idojin rubutun Hausa domin samun gwanancewa a rubutu. Don haka, zan zayyano su, sannan kuma na yi bayaninsu daki-daki kamar haka: #Alamomin ajiye magana; #Raba kalma da kuma hade kalma; #Shaddatun Tagwayen bakaken Hausa; #Gajera da doguwar mallaka; #Dafa-keya 'w' da jakada 'w'; #Daurin 'm' da daurin 'n'; =='''1.0 Alamomin Ajiye Magana' (punctuation mark)'''== Ga Alamomin aje magana tare da bayanansu daki-daki: * '''Aya / . / * '''Waƙafi / . / * '''Ayar tambaya / ? / * '''Ruwa-biyu / : / * '''Waƙafi m mai ruwa / ; / * '''Karan-ɗori / - / * '''Alamar zancen wani / " " / * '''Baka-biyu / ( ) / * '''Alamar Motsin rai / ! / * '''Zarce / ... / 1.1 '''Aya / . /''' Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali: '''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.''' idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan. 1.2== Wakafi/ , / == Wakafi, wata karmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali: *'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.''' To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: *'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.''' A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe. 1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / == Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali: * Aliyu ya zo?, * menene ake sayarwa? Idan aka yi la'akari missalan da ke sama, za a ga an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkanin suna dauke da alamar tambaya. Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba: Aliyu ya zo A nan za a fahimci cewa ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri. 1.4== Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/== Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal: # '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida) # missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )''' sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita * idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:''' * Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi; * Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa; * Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da aka sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana. ==1.1 Aya / . /== Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali: '''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.''' idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan. ==1.2 Wakafi/ , / == Waƙafi, wata ƙarmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali: *'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.''' To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: *'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.''' A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe. 1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / == Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali: * Aliyu ya zo?, * menene ake sayarwa? Idan aka yi la'akari missalan da ke sama, za a ga an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkanin suna dauke da alamar tambaya. Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba: Aliyu ya zo A nan za a fahimci cewa ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri. ==1.4 Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/== Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal: # '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida) # missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )''' sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita * idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:''' * Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi; * Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa; * Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da na sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana. ==1.5 Waƙafi mai ruwa / ; / == wannan alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen raba jerin wasu jimloli ko kalmomi a cikin zance. Game da missali, a duba a missalin karshe na Aya mai ruwa, za a ga yadda aka bayyana abinda Shugaban kasa ya zayyana. A nan za a ga an sa Ka alamar /;/ a gaban kowacce jimla. Ga Karin missali: * Shugqban makarantar ya gargadi dalibai cewa,idan sun tashi dawowa daga hutu, su zo da kayan karatu kamar irin wadannan: # littafin koyon turanci, aji na biyar; # littafin koyan lissafi, aji na biyar; # littafin nazarin rayuwar dan Adam, aji na biyar; # littafin koyan karatn Hausa, aji na biyar. A wadannan missalai za a lura cewa, a duk karshen jimloli 3 na farko an saka alamaar tsayawa ta wakafi mai ruwa (;), in banda jimla ta karshe da aka yi wa alamar aya /./ ==1.6 Karan-ɗori / - /== Karan-dori, alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen hade kalmomi biyu ko sama da biyu, su zama kalma daya da ma'ana daya. Akan saka wannan alama ne a tsakanin kalmomi da suka zo iri daya ko wadanda suka zo daban-daban. Kin saka wannan alama a inda ya dace, yakan kawo sabanin ma'ana tsakanin mawallafi da makaranci. Missali: # malam-buda-mana-littafi (sunnan wani kafilfilo); # fadi-ka-mutu (tangaran); # fari-fari (abinda bai kai fari sosai ba); # malfar-ungulu (wani tsiro ne); dss. A lura da kyau, idan muka dauki missali na farko, (malam-buda-mana-littafi) za mu ga yana nufin sunan wani abu wato (kafilfilo). Idan kuma ba a sa wannan alama ba a tsakankanin kalmomin (malam buda mana littafi) to rubutun ya zama wata jimla mai nufin umarni, maimakon kalma daya mai nufin sunan wani Kwaro. Wato, dalibai ne ke umartar malaminsu da ya buda masu littafi. Don haka, zamu fahimci cewa, idan an saka alamar, zancen ya zama Kalma daya kacal. Amma idan ba a sa alamar ba to rubutun ya zama jimla sukum. # Karin Missali, idan mutum yana rubutu a cikin takarda ko kan allo, sai aka fara rubuta wata kalma da ta zo a karshen layi sannan kuma ba ta karasu duka ba, sai a saka karan-dori ( - ) kuma a karasata a layi na kasa. ==1.7 Alamar baka-biyu / ( ) /== Wannan wata alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna karin bayani akan wata kalma, ko Jimla ko dai a kan wata maganar ta daban. Ga missalai nan kamar haka: * Yaron da aka kama da laifin kisan matar, 'yar uwa ce ga mahaifin yaron (Gwaggon yaron ce) * Gwamnan kano, Alh. Abba Kabir Yusuf, ya tura wakilinsa (Sunusi Nature) wajen Taron. * # Ni mutum ne mai son a sami zaman lafiya tsakanin Musulmai da wanda ba Musulmai ba (Kiristoci). ==1.8 Ayar Motsin-rai / ! /== Ayar Motsin-rai, wata alama ce da ke nuni da zaburar furuci cikin gaggawar kargafa murya. Hakan na faruwa ne yawanci a farkon bayyanar mury cikin Karfafawa, musamman a kalmomin; razana,mamaki, tausayi da kuma karfafar wata kalma a cikin wani zance na musamman. Alal Missali: '''Ah!, Wayyo!, Lah!, Innalillahi!, Kai!''' Da sauransu. Ga Karin missalai a cikin jimloli: * Saurayin na zuwa ya nuna mata kyautar bazatar da ya zo mata da ita. Sai ta cika da mamaki,sannan ta ja wani gwauron numfashi sanan ta ce, '''La!''' Amma ko na gode '''sosai!''' * A lokacin da yaron yake guje-guje cikin lalatattun Kujerun cikin ajin, sai ya taka kusa, ya ce, '''wayyo Allahna!''' jin haka malaminsu ya leko yana cewa, '''kai!''' Me ya faru. * Haba, yana lekowa cikkin dare sai ya ga wani duhu-duhu dab da shi. Aiko ya firgita ya ce '''waye nan!''' Yanzu sai mu lura cewa, a Missali na daya (1), mun yi amfani da '''Lah!''' da kuma '''sosai!'''. A Missali na biyu (2) kuma mun yi amfani da '''wayyo Allah!''' tare da '''kai!'''. Har illa yau a Missali na uku (3) kuma na karshe, mun yi amfani da '''waye nan!'''. Don haka, wadannan missalai, kadan ne daga cikin missalan '''ayar Motsin-rai / ! /''' Ko kuma inda ya kamata a yi amfani da ita. Sannan kuma, ya kamata a fahimci cewa, dole ne a sami karfafa murya a duk inda ake nufin '''ayar Motsin-rai,''' domin idan aka yi amfani da sanyin murya ma'ana ba za ta samu ba. ==1.9 Zarce / ... /== Zarce wata alama ce ta digo-dogo akalla guda uku (...), da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna ketare wata kalma ko Jimla a cikin rubutu. Ana samun missalai ta bangarori da dama, mussan a cikin karin magana, tsaallake gurbin amasa wata tambaya, dss. Missali: # '''Ban sa a ka ba,...''' A nan ba a bukatar karasa zancen ne, shi ya sa aka yi digo-dogon. Manufa a nan, duk Wanda aka yi wa karin maganar, ya karasa ma'anar a zuci ko ma a fili. Wto kenan sai ya karasa zuwa '''inji barawon tagiya''' # Haka kuma, akan saka wannan alama / ... /, a tsarin tambayar '''cikke tazara'''. Missali: * '''Sunan Babban birnin kasar Najeriya...''' a nana sai cike da '''Abuja''' ko makamancin haka. =='''2.0 Rabawa Da Haɗa Kalma'''== Raba kalma da hada kalma, abubuwa ne mabanbanta amma, masu alaka da juna. Da farko za mu dauki raba kalma. Kamar haka: ==2.1 Raba Kalma== raba kalma na nufin, barin kalma ta ci gashin kanta duk kankantarta Kuma duk girmanta. Hakan, na nufin a barkalma a matayita ba tare da an hade ta da wata ba, don kaucewa rasa ma'ana ta asali. Wato dai,kin raba kalmomin a inda ya ya dace, yana haifar da chanjawar ma'ana. Missali: * Shi ne, (kar a ce: ba shine) * Ita ce, (kar a ce: itace) * Wa ya je da su kasuwa? (Kar a ce: waya je dasu kasuwa?) * Ba ni na zo da shi ba, (kar a ce: bani nazo dashi ba) * Da ni da ku mu hada Kai, (kar a ce;Dani daku mu hadakai) A nan, idan muka Laura, mafi yawancin kalmomin da aka yi amfani da su, masu gaba dai-dai ne. Kuma kowacce an bar ta a matayinta. Don haka mu duba Missali na farko: '''Shi ne.''' Kalmar farko '''shi''' wakilin suna ce, Kalmar '''ce''' kuwa tana cikin wani aji na nahawu da ake cewa dirka. Don hak, idan aka hade su kamar '''Shine''' kalmomi biyu daban-daban an hade guri daya, don haka sun zama kalma daya ke nan, wacce kwata-kwata babu ita a Hausa sai a Turancin Ingilishi. Wacce ke nufin '''sheki''' a harshen Hausa. A Missali na hudu kuwa, ('''ba ni na zo da shi ba ''') za a fahimci cewa, kowacce kalma tana dauke da gaba daya ne. Kuma, duk da rashin tsawonsu,ba a hada wata da wata ba, domin kuwacce na cin gashin kanta. To hakan shi ne daidai. Inda kuwa an hada wata Kalmar da wata, ma'anarta za ta canza. Missali, idan aka hada '''da''' tare da '''shi,''' za su koma kalma daya kamar haka: '''dashi.''' kuma Kalmar tana nufin sunan wata itaciya ne. ==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance. Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya) ==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance. Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya) =='''4.0 Kalmomin Mallaka'''== Kalmomin Mallaka, wasu kalmomi ne da ake amfani da su wajen nuna faruwar mallaka a cikin rubutu. Game da ka'idojin rubun Hausa, an tanadar da hanyoyi biyu domin samar da rubutu mai inganci. Don haka, muna da gajerar mallaka da kuma doguwar mallaka. ===4.1 Gajerar Mallaka=== Gajerar mallaka, ita ake hade Kalmar abinda aka mallaka da wakilin sunan abin da aka mallaka da wakilin sunan wanda yai mallaka a guri daya.missli: gida+na= (gidana) a nan za a fahimci cewa, kalmar 'gida' da kalmar 'na' an haɗa su a guri ɗaya sun zama kamar kalma guda. A kiyaye da cewa, gajerar mallaka haɗe ta ake yi. Don haka, akwai ƙarin missalai kamar haka: *Jakarta ba jakar ta ba; *ajinsu ba ajin su ba; *matata ba mata ta ba; *ɗakinki ba ɗakin ki ba; *motarka ba motar ka ba. *masallacinku ba Masallacin ku ba. Da sauransu. ==='''4.2 Doguwar Mallaka'''=== Ita doguwar mallaka, ba a haɗe ake rubuta ta ba. Wato ke nan, ana rabewa tsakanin abinda aka mallaka da kuma wakilin sunan mai mallaka. Ga missalai kamar haka: * Jakar Tata * Ɗakin nasu * Wayar tawa == Manazararta== fywt5hh95ku8a6q4u7wsdjwfix7yt3i 889581 889580 2026-07-30T21:43:20Z Baban Asiya 15906 /* 4.2 Doguwar Mallaka */ 889581 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Stub}} == Ƙa'idojin rubutun hausa == Kamar yadda aka sani, kowanne lamari na duniya yana da ka'idar yadda ya kamata a gudanar da shi. Kuma bin ƙa'idar ita ke sa a sami dacen yadda ake bukata ba tare da an fuskanci wata matsala ba. Idan kuma ba a bi ka'idar ba to za a ga ba daidai ba.. Tunda yake haka ne, rubutun Hausa shi ma, yana da ka'idarsa. Bin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa sau-da-kafa, su ke sa a sami rubutu mai Cikakkiyar ma'ana. Wato a sami daidaiton manufa tsakanin tunanain marubuci da kuma na makaranci.<ref><nowiki>https://hemingwayapp.com/articles/grammar-punctuation/punctuation-marks</nowiki></ref> ==Abin da ake nufi da ka'idojin rubutun hausa== Ka'idojin rubutun Hausa, wani yanayi ne na lura da kiyaye ka'idojin harshen Hausa a rubuce domin samun damar isar da sakon da marubuci ke nufi zuwa ga mai karatu daidai da daidai, ba tare da canzawar ma'anar da marubuci ke nufi ba . Haka kuma, yana samar da saukin fahimtar karatu daga mai karantawa. == Fannonin Ka'idojin Rubutun Hausa == Fannonin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa da muke da su a nan, suna da dama. Kuma sune ginshin duk abinda ya kamata marubuci ya koya game da ka'idojin rubutun Hausa domin samun gwanancewa a rubutu. Don haka, zan zayyano su, sannan kuma na yi bayaninsu daki-daki kamar haka: #Alamomin ajiye magana; #Raba kalma da kuma hade kalma; #Shaddatun Tagwayen bakaken Hausa; #Gajera da doguwar mallaka; #Dafa-keya 'w' da jakada 'w'; #Daurin 'm' da daurin 'n'; =='''1.0 Alamomin Ajiye Magana' (punctuation mark)'''== Ga Alamomin aje magana tare da bayanansu daki-daki: * '''Aya / . / * '''Waƙafi / . / * '''Ayar tambaya / ? / * '''Ruwa-biyu / : / * '''Waƙafi m mai ruwa / ; / * '''Karan-ɗori / - / * '''Alamar zancen wani / " " / * '''Baka-biyu / ( ) / * '''Alamar Motsin rai / ! / * '''Zarce / ... / 1.1 '''Aya / . /''' Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali: '''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.''' idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan. 1.2== Wakafi/ , / == Wakafi, wata karmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali: *'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.''' To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: *'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.''' A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe. 1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / == Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali: * Aliyu ya zo?, * menene ake sayarwa? Idan aka yi la'akari missalan da ke sama, za a ga an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkanin suna dauke da alamar tambaya. Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba: Aliyu ya zo A nan za a fahimci cewa ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri. 1.4== Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/== Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal: # '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida) # missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )''' sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita * idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:''' * Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi; * Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa; * Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da aka sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana. ==1.1 Aya / . /== Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali: '''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.''' idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan. ==1.2 Wakafi/ , / == Waƙafi, wata ƙarmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali: *'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.''' To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: *'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.''' A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe. 1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / == Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali: * Aliyu ya zo?, * menene ake sayarwa? Idan aka yi la'akari missalan da ke sama, za a ga an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkanin suna dauke da alamar tambaya. Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba: Aliyu ya zo A nan za a fahimci cewa ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri. ==1.4 Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/== Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal: # '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida) # missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )''' sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita * idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:''' * Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi; * Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa; * Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da na sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana. ==1.5 Waƙafi mai ruwa / ; / == wannan alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen raba jerin wasu jimloli ko kalmomi a cikin zance. Game da missali, a duba a missalin karshe na Aya mai ruwa, za a ga yadda aka bayyana abinda Shugaban kasa ya zayyana. A nan za a ga an sa Ka alamar /;/ a gaban kowacce jimla. Ga Karin missali: * Shugqban makarantar ya gargadi dalibai cewa,idan sun tashi dawowa daga hutu, su zo da kayan karatu kamar irin wadannan: # littafin koyon turanci, aji na biyar; # littafin koyan lissafi, aji na biyar; # littafin nazarin rayuwar dan Adam, aji na biyar; # littafin koyan karatn Hausa, aji na biyar. A wadannan missalai za a lura cewa, a duk karshen jimloli 3 na farko an saka alamaar tsayawa ta wakafi mai ruwa (;), in banda jimla ta karshe da aka yi wa alamar aya /./ ==1.6 Karan-ɗori / - /== Karan-dori, alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen hade kalmomi biyu ko sama da biyu, su zama kalma daya da ma'ana daya. Akan saka wannan alama ne a tsakanin kalmomi da suka zo iri daya ko wadanda suka zo daban-daban. Kin saka wannan alama a inda ya dace, yakan kawo sabanin ma'ana tsakanin mawallafi da makaranci. Missali: # malam-buda-mana-littafi (sunnan wani kafilfilo); # fadi-ka-mutu (tangaran); # fari-fari (abinda bai kai fari sosai ba); # malfar-ungulu (wani tsiro ne); dss. A lura da kyau, idan muka dauki missali na farko, (malam-buda-mana-littafi) za mu ga yana nufin sunan wani abu wato (kafilfilo). Idan kuma ba a sa wannan alama ba a tsakankanin kalmomin (malam buda mana littafi) to rubutun ya zama wata jimla mai nufin umarni, maimakon kalma daya mai nufin sunan wani Kwaro. Wato, dalibai ne ke umartar malaminsu da ya buda masu littafi. Don haka, zamu fahimci cewa, idan an saka alamar, zancen ya zama Kalma daya kacal. Amma idan ba a sa alamar ba to rubutun ya zama jimla sukum. # Karin Missali, idan mutum yana rubutu a cikin takarda ko kan allo, sai aka fara rubuta wata kalma da ta zo a karshen layi sannan kuma ba ta karasu duka ba, sai a saka karan-dori ( - ) kuma a karasata a layi na kasa. ==1.7 Alamar baka-biyu / ( ) /== Wannan wata alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna karin bayani akan wata kalma, ko Jimla ko dai a kan wata maganar ta daban. Ga missalai nan kamar haka: * Yaron da aka kama da laifin kisan matar, 'yar uwa ce ga mahaifin yaron (Gwaggon yaron ce) * Gwamnan kano, Alh. Abba Kabir Yusuf, ya tura wakilinsa (Sunusi Nature) wajen Taron. * # Ni mutum ne mai son a sami zaman lafiya tsakanin Musulmai da wanda ba Musulmai ba (Kiristoci). ==1.8 Ayar Motsin-rai / ! /== Ayar Motsin-rai, wata alama ce da ke nuni da zaburar furuci cikin gaggawar kargafa murya. Hakan na faruwa ne yawanci a farkon bayyanar mury cikin Karfafawa, musamman a kalmomin; razana,mamaki, tausayi da kuma karfafar wata kalma a cikin wani zance na musamman. Alal Missali: '''Ah!, Wayyo!, Lah!, Innalillahi!, Kai!''' Da sauransu. Ga Karin missalai a cikin jimloli: * Saurayin na zuwa ya nuna mata kyautar bazatar da ya zo mata da ita. Sai ta cika da mamaki,sannan ta ja wani gwauron numfashi sanan ta ce, '''La!''' Amma ko na gode '''sosai!''' * A lokacin da yaron yake guje-guje cikin lalatattun Kujerun cikin ajin, sai ya taka kusa, ya ce, '''wayyo Allahna!''' jin haka malaminsu ya leko yana cewa, '''kai!''' Me ya faru. * Haba, yana lekowa cikkin dare sai ya ga wani duhu-duhu dab da shi. Aiko ya firgita ya ce '''waye nan!''' Yanzu sai mu lura cewa, a Missali na daya (1), mun yi amfani da '''Lah!''' da kuma '''sosai!'''. A Missali na biyu (2) kuma mun yi amfani da '''wayyo Allah!''' tare da '''kai!'''. Har illa yau a Missali na uku (3) kuma na karshe, mun yi amfani da '''waye nan!'''. Don haka, wadannan missalai, kadan ne daga cikin missalan '''ayar Motsin-rai / ! /''' Ko kuma inda ya kamata a yi amfani da ita. Sannan kuma, ya kamata a fahimci cewa, dole ne a sami karfafa murya a duk inda ake nufin '''ayar Motsin-rai,''' domin idan aka yi amfani da sanyin murya ma'ana ba za ta samu ba. ==1.9 Zarce / ... /== Zarce wata alama ce ta digo-dogo akalla guda uku (...), da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna ketare wata kalma ko Jimla a cikin rubutu. Ana samun missalai ta bangarori da dama, mussan a cikin karin magana, tsaallake gurbin amasa wata tambaya, dss. Missali: # '''Ban sa a ka ba,...''' A nan ba a bukatar karasa zancen ne, shi ya sa aka yi digo-dogon. Manufa a nan, duk Wanda aka yi wa karin maganar, ya karasa ma'anar a zuci ko ma a fili. Wto kenan sai ya karasa zuwa '''inji barawon tagiya''' # Haka kuma, akan saka wannan alama / ... /, a tsarin tambayar '''cikke tazara'''. Missali: * '''Sunan Babban birnin kasar Najeriya...''' a nana sai cike da '''Abuja''' ko makamancin haka. =='''2.0 Rabawa Da Haɗa Kalma'''== Raba kalma da hada kalma, abubuwa ne mabanbanta amma, masu alaka da juna. Da farko za mu dauki raba kalma. Kamar haka: ==2.1 Raba Kalma== raba kalma na nufin, barin kalma ta ci gashin kanta duk kankantarta Kuma duk girmanta. Hakan, na nufin a barkalma a matayita ba tare da an hade ta da wata ba, don kaucewa rasa ma'ana ta asali. Wato dai,kin raba kalmomin a inda ya ya dace, yana haifar da chanjawar ma'ana. Missali: * Shi ne, (kar a ce: ba shine) * Ita ce, (kar a ce: itace) * Wa ya je da su kasuwa? (Kar a ce: waya je dasu kasuwa?) * Ba ni na zo da shi ba, (kar a ce: bani nazo dashi ba) * Da ni da ku mu hada Kai, (kar a ce;Dani daku mu hadakai) A nan, idan muka Laura, mafi yawancin kalmomin da aka yi amfani da su, masu gaba dai-dai ne. Kuma kowacce an bar ta a matayinta. Don haka mu duba Missali na farko: '''Shi ne.''' Kalmar farko '''shi''' wakilin suna ce, Kalmar '''ce''' kuwa tana cikin wani aji na nahawu da ake cewa dirka. Don hak, idan aka hade su kamar '''Shine''' kalmomi biyu daban-daban an hade guri daya, don haka sun zama kalma daya ke nan, wacce kwata-kwata babu ita a Hausa sai a Turancin Ingilishi. Wacce ke nufin '''sheki''' a harshen Hausa. A Missali na hudu kuwa, ('''ba ni na zo da shi ba ''') za a fahimci cewa, kowacce kalma tana dauke da gaba daya ne. Kuma, duk da rashin tsawonsu,ba a hada wata da wata ba, domin kuwacce na cin gashin kanta. To hakan shi ne daidai. Inda kuwa an hada wata Kalmar da wata, ma'anarta za ta canza. Missali, idan aka hada '''da''' tare da '''shi,''' za su koma kalma daya kamar haka: '''dashi.''' kuma Kalmar tana nufin sunan wata itaciya ne. ==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance. Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya) ==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance. Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya) =='''4.0 Kalmomin Mallaka'''== Kalmomin Mallaka, wasu kalmomi ne da ake amfani da su wajen nuna faruwar mallaka a cikin rubutu. Game da ka'idojin rubun Hausa, an tanadar da hanyoyi biyu domin samar da rubutu mai inganci. Don haka, muna da gajerar mallaka da kuma doguwar mallaka. ===4.1 Gajerar Mallaka=== Gajerar mallaka, ita ake hade Kalmar abinda aka mallaka da wakilin sunan abin da aka mallaka da wakilin sunan wanda yai mallaka a guri daya.missli: gida+na= (gidana) a nan za a fahimci cewa, kalmar 'gida' da kalmar 'na' an haɗa su a guri ɗaya sun zama kamar kalma guda. A kiyaye da cewa, gajerar mallaka haɗe ta ake yi. Don haka, akwai ƙarin missalai kamar haka: *Jakarta ba jakar ta ba; *ajinsu ba ajin su ba; *matata ba mata ta ba; *ɗakinki ba ɗakin ki ba; *motarka ba motar ka ba. *masallacinku ba Masallacin ku ba. Da sauransu. ==='''4.2 Doguwar Mallaka'''=== Ita doguwar mallaka, ba a haɗe ake rubuta ta ba. Wato ke nan, ana rabewa tsakanin abinda aka mallaka da kuma wakilin sunan mai mallaka. Ga missalai kamar haka: * Jakar Tata * Ɗakin nasu * Wayar tawa * Littafin shi * Gonar taku == Manazararta== 8g4e1htz8ipozyt4whjolgsrub5ps47 889582 889581 2026-07-30T21:46:56Z Baban Asiya 15906 /* 4.2 Doguwar Mallaka */ 889582 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Stub}} == Ƙa'idojin rubutun hausa == Kamar yadda aka sani, kowanne lamari na duniya yana da ka'idar yadda ya kamata a gudanar da shi. Kuma bin ƙa'idar ita ke sa a sami dacen yadda ake bukata ba tare da an fuskanci wata matsala ba. Idan kuma ba a bi ka'idar ba to za a ga ba daidai ba.. Tunda yake haka ne, rubutun Hausa shi ma, yana da ka'idarsa. Bin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa sau-da-kafa, su ke sa a sami rubutu mai Cikakkiyar ma'ana. Wato a sami daidaiton manufa tsakanin tunanain marubuci da kuma na makaranci.<ref><nowiki>https://hemingwayapp.com/articles/grammar-punctuation/punctuation-marks</nowiki></ref> ==Abin da ake nufi da ka'idojin rubutun hausa== Ka'idojin rubutun Hausa, wani yanayi ne na lura da kiyaye ka'idojin harshen Hausa a rubuce domin samun damar isar da sakon da marubuci ke nufi zuwa ga mai karatu daidai da daidai, ba tare da canzawar ma'anar da marubuci ke nufi ba . Haka kuma, yana samar da saukin fahimtar karatu daga mai karantawa. == Fannonin Ka'idojin Rubutun Hausa == Fannonin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa da muke da su a nan, suna da dama. Kuma sune ginshin duk abinda ya kamata marubuci ya koya game da ka'idojin rubutun Hausa domin samun gwanancewa a rubutu. Don haka, zan zayyano su, sannan kuma na yi bayaninsu daki-daki kamar haka: #Alamomin ajiye magana; #Raba kalma da kuma hade kalma; #Shaddatun Tagwayen bakaken Hausa; #Gajera da doguwar mallaka; #Dafa-keya 'w' da jakada 'w'; #Daurin 'm' da daurin 'n'; =='''1.0 Alamomin Ajiye Magana' (punctuation mark)'''== Ga Alamomin aje magana tare da bayanansu daki-daki: * '''Aya / . / * '''Waƙafi / . / * '''Ayar tambaya / ? / * '''Ruwa-biyu / : / * '''Waƙafi m mai ruwa / ; / * '''Karan-ɗori / - / * '''Alamar zancen wani / " " / * '''Baka-biyu / ( ) / * '''Alamar Motsin rai / ! / * '''Zarce / ... / 1.1 '''Aya / . /''' Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali: '''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.''' idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan. 1.2== Wakafi/ , / == Wakafi, wata karmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali: *'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.''' To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: *'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.''' A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe. 1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / == Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali: * Aliyu ya zo?, * menene ake sayarwa? Idan aka yi la'akari missalan da ke sama, za a ga an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkanin suna dauke da alamar tambaya. Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba: Aliyu ya zo A nan za a fahimci cewa ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri. 1.4== Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/== Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal: # '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida) # missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )''' sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita * idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:''' * Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi; * Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa; * Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da aka sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana. ==1.1 Aya / . /== Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali: '''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.''' idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan. ==1.2 Wakafi/ , / == Waƙafi, wata ƙarmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali: *'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.''' To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: *'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.''' A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe. 1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / == Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali: * Aliyu ya zo?, * menene ake sayarwa? Idan aka yi la'akari missalan da ke sama, za a ga an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkanin suna dauke da alamar tambaya. Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba: Aliyu ya zo A nan za a fahimci cewa ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri. ==1.4 Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/== Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal: # '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida) # missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )''' sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita * idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:''' * Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi; * Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa; * Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da na sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana. ==1.5 Waƙafi mai ruwa / ; / == wannan alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen raba jerin wasu jimloli ko kalmomi a cikin zance. Game da missali, a duba a missalin karshe na Aya mai ruwa, za a ga yadda aka bayyana abinda Shugaban kasa ya zayyana. A nan za a ga an sa Ka alamar /;/ a gaban kowacce jimla. Ga Karin missali: * Shugqban makarantar ya gargadi dalibai cewa,idan sun tashi dawowa daga hutu, su zo da kayan karatu kamar irin wadannan: # littafin koyon turanci, aji na biyar; # littafin koyan lissafi, aji na biyar; # littafin nazarin rayuwar dan Adam, aji na biyar; # littafin koyan karatn Hausa, aji na biyar. A wadannan missalai za a lura cewa, a duk karshen jimloli 3 na farko an saka alamaar tsayawa ta wakafi mai ruwa (;), in banda jimla ta karshe da aka yi wa alamar aya /./ ==1.6 Karan-ɗori / - /== Karan-dori, alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen hade kalmomi biyu ko sama da biyu, su zama kalma daya da ma'ana daya. Akan saka wannan alama ne a tsakanin kalmomi da suka zo iri daya ko wadanda suka zo daban-daban. Kin saka wannan alama a inda ya dace, yakan kawo sabanin ma'ana tsakanin mawallafi da makaranci. Missali: # malam-buda-mana-littafi (sunnan wani kafilfilo); # fadi-ka-mutu (tangaran); # fari-fari (abinda bai kai fari sosai ba); # malfar-ungulu (wani tsiro ne); dss. A lura da kyau, idan muka dauki missali na farko, (malam-buda-mana-littafi) za mu ga yana nufin sunan wani abu wato (kafilfilo). Idan kuma ba a sa wannan alama ba a tsakankanin kalmomin (malam buda mana littafi) to rubutun ya zama wata jimla mai nufin umarni, maimakon kalma daya mai nufin sunan wani Kwaro. Wato, dalibai ne ke umartar malaminsu da ya buda masu littafi. Don haka, zamu fahimci cewa, idan an saka alamar, zancen ya zama Kalma daya kacal. Amma idan ba a sa alamar ba to rubutun ya zama jimla sukum. # Karin Missali, idan mutum yana rubutu a cikin takarda ko kan allo, sai aka fara rubuta wata kalma da ta zo a karshen layi sannan kuma ba ta karasu duka ba, sai a saka karan-dori ( - ) kuma a karasata a layi na kasa. ==1.7 Alamar baka-biyu / ( ) /== Wannan wata alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna karin bayani akan wata kalma, ko Jimla ko dai a kan wata maganar ta daban. Ga missalai nan kamar haka: * Yaron da aka kama da laifin kisan matar, 'yar uwa ce ga mahaifin yaron (Gwaggon yaron ce) * Gwamnan kano, Alh. Abba Kabir Yusuf, ya tura wakilinsa (Sunusi Nature) wajen Taron. * # Ni mutum ne mai son a sami zaman lafiya tsakanin Musulmai da wanda ba Musulmai ba (Kiristoci). ==1.8 Ayar Motsin-rai / ! /== Ayar Motsin-rai, wata alama ce da ke nuni da zaburar furuci cikin gaggawar kargafa murya. Hakan na faruwa ne yawanci a farkon bayyanar mury cikin Karfafawa, musamman a kalmomin; razana,mamaki, tausayi da kuma karfafar wata kalma a cikin wani zance na musamman. Alal Missali: '''Ah!, Wayyo!, Lah!, Innalillahi!, Kai!''' Da sauransu. Ga Karin missalai a cikin jimloli: * Saurayin na zuwa ya nuna mata kyautar bazatar da ya zo mata da ita. Sai ta cika da mamaki,sannan ta ja wani gwauron numfashi sanan ta ce, '''La!''' Amma ko na gode '''sosai!''' * A lokacin da yaron yake guje-guje cikin lalatattun Kujerun cikin ajin, sai ya taka kusa, ya ce, '''wayyo Allahna!''' jin haka malaminsu ya leko yana cewa, '''kai!''' Me ya faru. * Haba, yana lekowa cikkin dare sai ya ga wani duhu-duhu dab da shi. Aiko ya firgita ya ce '''waye nan!''' Yanzu sai mu lura cewa, a Missali na daya (1), mun yi amfani da '''Lah!''' da kuma '''sosai!'''. A Missali na biyu (2) kuma mun yi amfani da '''wayyo Allah!''' tare da '''kai!'''. Har illa yau a Missali na uku (3) kuma na karshe, mun yi amfani da '''waye nan!'''. Don haka, wadannan missalai, kadan ne daga cikin missalan '''ayar Motsin-rai / ! /''' Ko kuma inda ya kamata a yi amfani da ita. Sannan kuma, ya kamata a fahimci cewa, dole ne a sami karfafa murya a duk inda ake nufin '''ayar Motsin-rai,''' domin idan aka yi amfani da sanyin murya ma'ana ba za ta samu ba. ==1.9 Zarce / ... /== Zarce wata alama ce ta digo-dogo akalla guda uku (...), da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna ketare wata kalma ko Jimla a cikin rubutu. Ana samun missalai ta bangarori da dama, mussan a cikin karin magana, tsaallake gurbin amasa wata tambaya, dss. Missali: # '''Ban sa a ka ba,...''' A nan ba a bukatar karasa zancen ne, shi ya sa aka yi digo-dogon. Manufa a nan, duk Wanda aka yi wa karin maganar, ya karasa ma'anar a zuci ko ma a fili. Wto kenan sai ya karasa zuwa '''inji barawon tagiya''' # Haka kuma, akan saka wannan alama / ... /, a tsarin tambayar '''cikke tazara'''. Missali: * '''Sunan Babban birnin kasar Najeriya...''' a nana sai cike da '''Abuja''' ko makamancin haka. =='''2.0 Rabawa Da Haɗa Kalma'''== Raba kalma da hada kalma, abubuwa ne mabanbanta amma, masu alaka da juna. Da farko za mu dauki raba kalma. Kamar haka: ==2.1 Raba Kalma== raba kalma na nufin, barin kalma ta ci gashin kanta duk kankantarta Kuma duk girmanta. Hakan, na nufin a barkalma a matayita ba tare da an hade ta da wata ba, don kaucewa rasa ma'ana ta asali. Wato dai,kin raba kalmomin a inda ya ya dace, yana haifar da chanjawar ma'ana. Missali: * Shi ne, (kar a ce: ba shine) * Ita ce, (kar a ce: itace) * Wa ya je da su kasuwa? (Kar a ce: waya je dasu kasuwa?) * Ba ni na zo da shi ba, (kar a ce: bani nazo dashi ba) * Da ni da ku mu hada Kai, (kar a ce;Dani daku mu hadakai) A nan, idan muka Laura, mafi yawancin kalmomin da aka yi amfani da su, masu gaba dai-dai ne. Kuma kowacce an bar ta a matayinta. Don haka mu duba Missali na farko: '''Shi ne.''' Kalmar farko '''shi''' wakilin suna ce, Kalmar '''ce''' kuwa tana cikin wani aji na nahawu da ake cewa dirka. Don hak, idan aka hade su kamar '''Shine''' kalmomi biyu daban-daban an hade guri daya, don haka sun zama kalma daya ke nan, wacce kwata-kwata babu ita a Hausa sai a Turancin Ingilishi. Wacce ke nufin '''sheki''' a harshen Hausa. A Missali na hudu kuwa, ('''ba ni na zo da shi ba ''') za a fahimci cewa, kowacce kalma tana dauke da gaba daya ne. Kuma, duk da rashin tsawonsu,ba a hada wata da wata ba, domin kuwacce na cin gashin kanta. To hakan shi ne daidai. Inda kuwa an hada wata Kalmar da wata, ma'anarta za ta canza. Missali, idan aka hada '''da''' tare da '''shi,''' za su koma kalma daya kamar haka: '''dashi.''' kuma Kalmar tana nufin sunan wata itaciya ne. ==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance. Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya) ==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance. Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya) =='''4.0 Kalmomin Mallaka'''== Kalmomin Mallaka, wasu kalmomi ne da ake amfani da su wajen nuna faruwar mallaka a cikin rubutu. Game da ka'idojin rubun Hausa, an tanadar da hanyoyi biyu domin samar da rubutu mai inganci. Don haka, muna da gajerar mallaka da kuma doguwar mallaka. ===4.1 Gajerar Mallaka=== Gajerar mallaka, ita ake hade Kalmar abinda aka mallaka da wakilin sunan abin da aka mallaka da wakilin sunan wanda yai mallaka a guri daya.missli: gida+na= (gidana) a nan za a fahimci cewa, kalmar 'gida' da kalmar 'na' an haɗa su a guri ɗaya sun zama kamar kalma guda. A kiyaye da cewa, gajerar mallaka haɗe ta ake yi. Don haka, akwai ƙarin missalai kamar haka: *Jakarta ba jakar ta ba; *ajinsu ba ajin su ba; *matata ba mata ta ba; *ɗakinki ba ɗakin ki ba; *motarka ba motar ka ba. *masallacinku ba Masallacin ku ba. Da sauransu. ==='''4.2 Doguwar Mallaka'''=== Ita doguwar mallaka, ba a haɗe ake rubuta ta ba. Wato ke nan, ana rabewa tsakanin abinda aka mallaka da kuma wakilin sunan mai mallaka. Ga missalai kamar haka: * Jakar Tata * Ɗakin nasu * Wayar tawa * Littafin shi * Gonar taku * Masallacin nawa * Takalmin namu == Manazararta== 0nhmqcrweylgwz7brwaksqg6k9jdj8f 889764 889582 2026-07-31T10:23:52Z ~2026-42490-91 47467 /* 4.2 Doguwar Mallaka */ 889764 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Stub}} == Ƙa'idojin rubutun hausa == Kamar yadda aka sani, kowanne lamari na duniya yana da ka'idar yadda ya kamata a gudanar da shi. Kuma bin ƙa'idar ita ke sa a sami dacen yadda ake bukata ba tare da an fuskanci wata matsala ba. Idan kuma ba a bi ka'idar ba to za a ga ba daidai ba.. Tunda yake haka ne, rubutun Hausa shi ma, yana da ka'idarsa. Bin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa sau-da-kafa, su ke sa a sami rubutu mai Cikakkiyar ma'ana. Wato a sami daidaiton manufa tsakanin tunanain marubuci da kuma na makaranci.<ref><nowiki>https://hemingwayapp.com/articles/grammar-punctuation/punctuation-marks</nowiki></ref> ==Abin da ake nufi da ka'idojin rubutun hausa== Ka'idojin rubutun Hausa, wani yanayi ne na lura da kiyaye ka'idojin harshen Hausa a rubuce domin samun damar isar da sakon da marubuci ke nufi zuwa ga mai karatu daidai da daidai, ba tare da canzawar ma'anar da marubuci ke nufi ba . Haka kuma, yana samar da saukin fahimtar karatu daga mai karantawa. == Fannonin Ka'idojin Rubutun Hausa == Fannonin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa da muke da su a nan, suna da dama. Kuma sune ginshin duk abinda ya kamata marubuci ya koya game da ka'idojin rubutun Hausa domin samun gwanancewa a rubutu. Don haka, zan zayyano su, sannan kuma na yi bayaninsu daki-daki kamar haka: #Alamomin ajiye magana; #Raba kalma da kuma hade kalma; #Shaddatun Tagwayen bakaken Hausa; #Gajera da doguwar mallaka; #Dafa-keya 'w' da jakada 'w'; #Daurin 'm' da daurin 'n'; =='''1.0 Alamomin Ajiye Magana' (punctuation mark)'''== Ga Alamomin aje magana tare da bayanansu daki-daki: * '''Aya / . / * '''Waƙafi / . / * '''Ayar tambaya / ? / * '''Ruwa-biyu / : / * '''Waƙafi m mai ruwa / ; / * '''Karan-ɗori / - / * '''Alamar zancen wani / " " / * '''Baka-biyu / ( ) / * '''Alamar Motsin rai / ! / * '''Zarce / ... / 1.1 '''Aya / . /''' Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali: '''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.''' idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan. 1.2== Wakafi/ , / == Wakafi, wata karmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali: *'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.''' To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: *'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.''' A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe. 1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / == Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali: * Aliyu ya zo?, * menene ake sayarwa? Idan aka yi la'akari missalan da ke sama, za a ga an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkanin suna dauke da alamar tambaya. Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba: Aliyu ya zo A nan za a fahimci cewa ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri. 1.4== Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/== Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal: # '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida) # missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )''' sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita * idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:''' * Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi; * Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa; * Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da aka sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana. ==1.1 Aya / . /== Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali: '''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.''' idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan. ==1.2 Wakafi/ , / == Waƙafi, wata ƙarmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali: *'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.''' To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: *'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.''' A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe. 1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / == Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali: * Aliyu ya zo?, * menene ake sayarwa? Idan aka yi la'akari missalan da ke sama, za a ga an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkanin suna dauke da alamar tambaya. Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba: Aliyu ya zo A nan za a fahimci cewa ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri. ==1.4 Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/== Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal: # '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida) # missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )''' sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita * idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:''' * Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi; * Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa; * Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da na sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana. ==1.5 Waƙafi mai ruwa / ; / == wannan alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen raba jerin wasu jimloli ko kalmomi a cikin zance. Game da missali, a duba a missalin karshe na Aya mai ruwa, za a ga yadda aka bayyana abinda Shugaban kasa ya zayyana. A nan za a ga an sa Ka alamar /;/ a gaban kowacce jimla. Ga Karin missali: * Shugqban makarantar ya gargadi dalibai cewa,idan sun tashi dawowa daga hutu, su zo da kayan karatu kamar irin wadannan: # littafin koyon turanci, aji na biyar; # littafin koyan lissafi, aji na biyar; # littafin nazarin rayuwar dan Adam, aji na biyar; # littafin koyan karatn Hausa, aji na biyar. A wadannan missalai za a lura cewa, a duk karshen jimloli 3 na farko an saka alamaar tsayawa ta wakafi mai ruwa (;), in banda jimla ta karshe da aka yi wa alamar aya /./ ==1.6 Karan-ɗori / - /== Karan-dori, alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen hade kalmomi biyu ko sama da biyu, su zama kalma daya da ma'ana daya. Akan saka wannan alama ne a tsakanin kalmomi da suka zo iri daya ko wadanda suka zo daban-daban. Kin saka wannan alama a inda ya dace, yakan kawo sabanin ma'ana tsakanin mawallafi da makaranci. Missali: # malam-buda-mana-littafi (sunnan wani kafilfilo); # fadi-ka-mutu (tangaran); # fari-fari (abinda bai kai fari sosai ba); # malfar-ungulu (wani tsiro ne); dss. A lura da kyau, idan muka dauki missali na farko, (malam-buda-mana-littafi) za mu ga yana nufin sunan wani abu wato (kafilfilo). Idan kuma ba a sa wannan alama ba a tsakankanin kalmomin (malam buda mana littafi) to rubutun ya zama wata jimla mai nufin umarni, maimakon kalma daya mai nufin sunan wani Kwaro. Wato, dalibai ne ke umartar malaminsu da ya buda masu littafi. Don haka, zamu fahimci cewa, idan an saka alamar, zancen ya zama Kalma daya kacal. Amma idan ba a sa alamar ba to rubutun ya zama jimla sukum. # Karin Missali, idan mutum yana rubutu a cikin takarda ko kan allo, sai aka fara rubuta wata kalma da ta zo a karshen layi sannan kuma ba ta karasu duka ba, sai a saka karan-dori ( - ) kuma a karasata a layi na kasa. ==1.7 Alamar baka-biyu / ( ) /== Wannan wata alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna karin bayani akan wata kalma, ko Jimla ko dai a kan wata maganar ta daban. Ga missalai nan kamar haka: * Yaron da aka kama da laifin kisan matar, 'yar uwa ce ga mahaifin yaron (Gwaggon yaron ce) * Gwamnan kano, Alh. Abba Kabir Yusuf, ya tura wakilinsa (Sunusi Nature) wajen Taron. * # Ni mutum ne mai son a sami zaman lafiya tsakanin Musulmai da wanda ba Musulmai ba (Kiristoci). ==1.8 Ayar Motsin-rai / ! /== Ayar Motsin-rai, wata alama ce da ke nuni da zaburar furuci cikin gaggawar kargafa murya. Hakan na faruwa ne yawanci a farkon bayyanar mury cikin Karfafawa, musamman a kalmomin; razana,mamaki, tausayi da kuma karfafar wata kalma a cikin wani zance na musamman. Alal Missali: '''Ah!, Wayyo!, Lah!, Innalillahi!, Kai!''' Da sauransu. Ga Karin missalai a cikin jimloli: * Saurayin na zuwa ya nuna mata kyautar bazatar da ya zo mata da ita. Sai ta cika da mamaki,sannan ta ja wani gwauron numfashi sanan ta ce, '''La!''' Amma ko na gode '''sosai!''' * A lokacin da yaron yake guje-guje cikin lalatattun Kujerun cikin ajin, sai ya taka kusa, ya ce, '''wayyo Allahna!''' jin haka malaminsu ya leko yana cewa, '''kai!''' Me ya faru. * Haba, yana lekowa cikkin dare sai ya ga wani duhu-duhu dab da shi. Aiko ya firgita ya ce '''waye nan!''' Yanzu sai mu lura cewa, a Missali na daya (1), mun yi amfani da '''Lah!''' da kuma '''sosai!'''. A Missali na biyu (2) kuma mun yi amfani da '''wayyo Allah!''' tare da '''kai!'''. Har illa yau a Missali na uku (3) kuma na karshe, mun yi amfani da '''waye nan!'''. Don haka, wadannan missalai, kadan ne daga cikin missalan '''ayar Motsin-rai / ! /''' Ko kuma inda ya kamata a yi amfani da ita. Sannan kuma, ya kamata a fahimci cewa, dole ne a sami karfafa murya a duk inda ake nufin '''ayar Motsin-rai,''' domin idan aka yi amfani da sanyin murya ma'ana ba za ta samu ba. ==1.9 Zarce / ... /== Zarce wata alama ce ta digo-dogo akalla guda uku (...), da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna ketare wata kalma ko Jimla a cikin rubutu. Ana samun missalai ta bangarori da dama, mussan a cikin karin magana, tsaallake gurbin amasa wata tambaya, dss. Missali: # '''Ban sa a ka ba,...''' A nan ba a bukatar karasa zancen ne, shi ya sa aka yi digo-dogon. Manufa a nan, duk Wanda aka yi wa karin maganar, ya karasa ma'anar a zuci ko ma a fili. Wto kenan sai ya karasa zuwa '''inji barawon tagiya''' # Haka kuma, akan saka wannan alama / ... /, a tsarin tambayar '''cikke tazara'''. Missali: * '''Sunan Babban birnin kasar Najeriya...''' a nana sai cike da '''Abuja''' ko makamancin haka. =='''2.0 Rabawa Da Haɗa Kalma'''== Raba kalma da hada kalma, abubuwa ne mabanbanta amma, masu alaka da juna. Da farko za mu dauki raba kalma. Kamar haka: ==2.1 Raba Kalma== raba kalma na nufin, barin kalma ta ci gashin kanta duk kankantarta Kuma duk girmanta. Hakan, na nufin a barkalma a matayita ba tare da an hade ta da wata ba, don kaucewa rasa ma'ana ta asali. Wato dai,kin raba kalmomin a inda ya ya dace, yana haifar da chanjawar ma'ana. Missali: * Shi ne, (kar a ce: ba shine) * Ita ce, (kar a ce: itace) * Wa ya je da su kasuwa? (Kar a ce: waya je dasu kasuwa?) * Ba ni na zo da shi ba, (kar a ce: bani nazo dashi ba) * Da ni da ku mu hada Kai, (kar a ce;Dani daku mu hadakai) A nan, idan muka Laura, mafi yawancin kalmomin da aka yi amfani da su, masu gaba dai-dai ne. Kuma kowacce an bar ta a matayinta. Don haka mu duba Missali na farko: '''Shi ne.''' Kalmar farko '''shi''' wakilin suna ce, Kalmar '''ce''' kuwa tana cikin wani aji na nahawu da ake cewa dirka. Don hak, idan aka hade su kamar '''Shine''' kalmomi biyu daban-daban an hade guri daya, don haka sun zama kalma daya ke nan, wacce kwata-kwata babu ita a Hausa sai a Turancin Ingilishi. Wacce ke nufin '''sheki''' a harshen Hausa. A Missali na hudu kuwa, ('''ba ni na zo da shi ba ''') za a fahimci cewa, kowacce kalma tana dauke da gaba daya ne. Kuma, duk da rashin tsawonsu,ba a hada wata da wata ba, domin kuwacce na cin gashin kanta. To hakan shi ne daidai. Inda kuwa an hada wata Kalmar da wata, ma'anarta za ta canza. Missali, idan aka hada '''da''' tare da '''shi,''' za su koma kalma daya kamar haka: '''dashi.''' kuma Kalmar tana nufin sunan wata itaciya ne. ==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance. Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya) ==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance. Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya) =='''4.0 Kalmomin Mallaka'''== Kalmomin Mallaka, wasu kalmomi ne da ake amfani da su wajen nuna faruwar mallaka a cikin rubutu. Game da ka'idojin rubun Hausa, an tanadar da hanyoyi biyu domin samar da rubutu mai inganci. Don haka, muna da gajerar mallaka da kuma doguwar mallaka. ===4.1 Gajerar Mallaka=== Gajerar mallaka, ita ake hade Kalmar abinda aka mallaka da wakilin sunan abin da aka mallaka da wakilin sunan wanda yai mallaka a guri daya.missli: gida+na= (gidana) a nan za a fahimci cewa, kalmar 'gida' da kalmar 'na' an haɗa su a guri ɗaya sun zama kamar kalma guda. A kiyaye da cewa, gajerar mallaka haɗe ta ake yi. Don haka, akwai ƙarin missalai kamar haka: *Jakarta ba jakar ta ba; *ajinsu ba ajin su ba; *matata ba mata ta ba; *ɗakinki ba ɗakin ki ba; *motarka ba motar ka ba. *masallacinku ba Masallacin ku ba. Da sauransu. ==='''4.2 Doguwar Mallaka'''=== Ita doguwar mallaka, ba a haɗe ake rubuta ta ba. Wato ke nan, ana rabewa tsakanin abinda aka mallaka da kuma wakilin sunan mai mallaka. Ga missalai kamar haka: * Jakar Tata * Ɗakin nasu * Wayar tawa * Littafin shi * Gonar taku * Masallacin nawa * Takalmin namu Da haka, za mu == Manazararta== bofd49y6ffwgsagz4i9a9xaowvwlhm4 889765 889764 2026-07-31T10:25:11Z ~2026-42490-91 47467 /* 4.2 Doguwar Mallaka */ 889765 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Stub}} == Ƙa'idojin rubutun hausa == Kamar yadda aka sani, kowanne lamari na duniya yana da ka'idar yadda ya kamata a gudanar da shi. Kuma bin ƙa'idar ita ke sa a sami dacen yadda ake bukata ba tare da an fuskanci wata matsala ba. Idan kuma ba a bi ka'idar ba to za a ga ba daidai ba.. Tunda yake haka ne, rubutun Hausa shi ma, yana da ka'idarsa. Bin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa sau-da-kafa, su ke sa a sami rubutu mai Cikakkiyar ma'ana. Wato a sami daidaiton manufa tsakanin tunanain marubuci da kuma na makaranci.<ref><nowiki>https://hemingwayapp.com/articles/grammar-punctuation/punctuation-marks</nowiki></ref> ==Abin da ake nufi da ka'idojin rubutun hausa== Ka'idojin rubutun Hausa, wani yanayi ne na lura da kiyaye ka'idojin harshen Hausa a rubuce domin samun damar isar da sakon da marubuci ke nufi zuwa ga mai karatu daidai da daidai, ba tare da canzawar ma'anar da marubuci ke nufi ba . Haka kuma, yana samar da saukin fahimtar karatu daga mai karantawa. == Fannonin Ka'idojin Rubutun Hausa == Fannonin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa da muke da su a nan, suna da dama. Kuma sune ginshin duk abinda ya kamata marubuci ya koya game da ka'idojin rubutun Hausa domin samun gwanancewa a rubutu. Don haka, zan zayyano su, sannan kuma na yi bayaninsu daki-daki kamar haka: #Alamomin ajiye magana; #Raba kalma da kuma hade kalma; #Shaddatun Tagwayen bakaken Hausa; #Gajera da doguwar mallaka; #Dafa-keya 'w' da jakada 'w'; #Daurin 'm' da daurin 'n'; =='''1.0 Alamomin Ajiye Magana' (punctuation mark)'''== Ga Alamomin aje magana tare da bayanansu daki-daki: * '''Aya / . / * '''Waƙafi / . / * '''Ayar tambaya / ? / * '''Ruwa-biyu / : / * '''Waƙafi m mai ruwa / ; / * '''Karan-ɗori / - / * '''Alamar zancen wani / " " / * '''Baka-biyu / ( ) / * '''Alamar Motsin rai / ! / * '''Zarce / ... / 1.1 '''Aya / . /''' Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali: '''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.''' idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan. 1.2== Wakafi/ , / == Wakafi, wata karmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali: *'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.''' To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: *'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.''' A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe. 1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / == Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali: * Aliyu ya zo?, * menene ake sayarwa? Idan aka yi la'akari missalan da ke sama, za a ga an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkanin suna dauke da alamar tambaya. Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba: Aliyu ya zo A nan za a fahimci cewa ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri. 1.4== Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/== Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal: # '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida) # missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )''' sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita * idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:''' * Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi; * Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa; * Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da aka sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana. ==1.1 Aya / . /== Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali: '''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.''' idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan. ==1.2 Wakafi/ , / == Waƙafi, wata ƙarmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali: *'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.''' To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: *'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.''' A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe. 1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / == Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali: * Aliyu ya zo?, * menene ake sayarwa? Idan aka yi la'akari missalan da ke sama, za a ga an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkanin suna dauke da alamar tambaya. Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba: Aliyu ya zo A nan za a fahimci cewa ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri. ==1.4 Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/== Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal: # '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida) # missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )''' sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita * idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:''' * Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi; * Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa; * Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da na sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana. ==1.5 Waƙafi mai ruwa / ; / == wannan alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen raba jerin wasu jimloli ko kalmomi a cikin zance. Game da missali, a duba a missalin karshe na Aya mai ruwa, za a ga yadda aka bayyana abinda Shugaban kasa ya zayyana. A nan za a ga an sa Ka alamar /;/ a gaban kowacce jimla. Ga Karin missali: * Shugqban makarantar ya gargadi dalibai cewa,idan sun tashi dawowa daga hutu, su zo da kayan karatu kamar irin wadannan: # littafin koyon turanci, aji na biyar; # littafin koyan lissafi, aji na biyar; # littafin nazarin rayuwar dan Adam, aji na biyar; # littafin koyan karatn Hausa, aji na biyar. A wadannan missalai za a lura cewa, a duk karshen jimloli 3 na farko an saka alamaar tsayawa ta wakafi mai ruwa (;), in banda jimla ta karshe da aka yi wa alamar aya /./ ==1.6 Karan-ɗori / - /== Karan-dori, alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen hade kalmomi biyu ko sama da biyu, su zama kalma daya da ma'ana daya. Akan saka wannan alama ne a tsakanin kalmomi da suka zo iri daya ko wadanda suka zo daban-daban. Kin saka wannan alama a inda ya dace, yakan kawo sabanin ma'ana tsakanin mawallafi da makaranci. Missali: # malam-buda-mana-littafi (sunnan wani kafilfilo); # fadi-ka-mutu (tangaran); # fari-fari (abinda bai kai fari sosai ba); # malfar-ungulu (wani tsiro ne); dss. A lura da kyau, idan muka dauki missali na farko, (malam-buda-mana-littafi) za mu ga yana nufin sunan wani abu wato (kafilfilo). Idan kuma ba a sa wannan alama ba a tsakankanin kalmomin (malam buda mana littafi) to rubutun ya zama wata jimla mai nufin umarni, maimakon kalma daya mai nufin sunan wani Kwaro. Wato, dalibai ne ke umartar malaminsu da ya buda masu littafi. Don haka, zamu fahimci cewa, idan an saka alamar, zancen ya zama Kalma daya kacal. Amma idan ba a sa alamar ba to rubutun ya zama jimla sukum. # Karin Missali, idan mutum yana rubutu a cikin takarda ko kan allo, sai aka fara rubuta wata kalma da ta zo a karshen layi sannan kuma ba ta karasu duka ba, sai a saka karan-dori ( - ) kuma a karasata a layi na kasa. ==1.7 Alamar baka-biyu / ( ) /== Wannan wata alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna karin bayani akan wata kalma, ko Jimla ko dai a kan wata maganar ta daban. Ga missalai nan kamar haka: * Yaron da aka kama da laifin kisan matar, 'yar uwa ce ga mahaifin yaron (Gwaggon yaron ce) * Gwamnan kano, Alh. Abba Kabir Yusuf, ya tura wakilinsa (Sunusi Nature) wajen Taron. * # Ni mutum ne mai son a sami zaman lafiya tsakanin Musulmai da wanda ba Musulmai ba (Kiristoci). ==1.8 Ayar Motsin-rai / ! /== Ayar Motsin-rai, wata alama ce da ke nuni da zaburar furuci cikin gaggawar kargafa murya. Hakan na faruwa ne yawanci a farkon bayyanar mury cikin Karfafawa, musamman a kalmomin; razana,mamaki, tausayi da kuma karfafar wata kalma a cikin wani zance na musamman. Alal Missali: '''Ah!, Wayyo!, Lah!, Innalillahi!, Kai!''' Da sauransu. Ga Karin missalai a cikin jimloli: * Saurayin na zuwa ya nuna mata kyautar bazatar da ya zo mata da ita. Sai ta cika da mamaki,sannan ta ja wani gwauron numfashi sanan ta ce, '''La!''' Amma ko na gode '''sosai!''' * A lokacin da yaron yake guje-guje cikin lalatattun Kujerun cikin ajin, sai ya taka kusa, ya ce, '''wayyo Allahna!''' jin haka malaminsu ya leko yana cewa, '''kai!''' Me ya faru. * Haba, yana lekowa cikkin dare sai ya ga wani duhu-duhu dab da shi. Aiko ya firgita ya ce '''waye nan!''' Yanzu sai mu lura cewa, a Missali na daya (1), mun yi amfani da '''Lah!''' da kuma '''sosai!'''. A Missali na biyu (2) kuma mun yi amfani da '''wayyo Allah!''' tare da '''kai!'''. Har illa yau a Missali na uku (3) kuma na karshe, mun yi amfani da '''waye nan!'''. Don haka, wadannan missalai, kadan ne daga cikin missalan '''ayar Motsin-rai / ! /''' Ko kuma inda ya kamata a yi amfani da ita. Sannan kuma, ya kamata a fahimci cewa, dole ne a sami karfafa murya a duk inda ake nufin '''ayar Motsin-rai,''' domin idan aka yi amfani da sanyin murya ma'ana ba za ta samu ba. ==1.9 Zarce / ... /== Zarce wata alama ce ta digo-dogo akalla guda uku (...), da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna ketare wata kalma ko Jimla a cikin rubutu. Ana samun missalai ta bangarori da dama, mussan a cikin karin magana, tsaallake gurbin amasa wata tambaya, dss. Missali: # '''Ban sa a ka ba,...''' A nan ba a bukatar karasa zancen ne, shi ya sa aka yi digo-dogon. Manufa a nan, duk Wanda aka yi wa karin maganar, ya karasa ma'anar a zuci ko ma a fili. Wto kenan sai ya karasa zuwa '''inji barawon tagiya''' # Haka kuma, akan saka wannan alama / ... /, a tsarin tambayar '''cikke tazara'''. Missali: * '''Sunan Babban birnin kasar Najeriya...''' a nana sai cike da '''Abuja''' ko makamancin haka. =='''2.0 Rabawa Da Haɗa Kalma'''== Raba kalma da hada kalma, abubuwa ne mabanbanta amma, masu alaka da juna. Da farko za mu dauki raba kalma. Kamar haka: ==2.1 Raba Kalma== raba kalma na nufin, barin kalma ta ci gashin kanta duk kankantarta Kuma duk girmanta. Hakan, na nufin a barkalma a matayita ba tare da an hade ta da wata ba, don kaucewa rasa ma'ana ta asali. Wato dai,kin raba kalmomin a inda ya ya dace, yana haifar da chanjawar ma'ana. Missali: * Shi ne, (kar a ce: ba shine) * Ita ce, (kar a ce: itace) * Wa ya je da su kasuwa? (Kar a ce: waya je dasu kasuwa?) * Ba ni na zo da shi ba, (kar a ce: bani nazo dashi ba) * Da ni da ku mu hada Kai, (kar a ce;Dani daku mu hadakai) A nan, idan muka Laura, mafi yawancin kalmomin da aka yi amfani da su, masu gaba dai-dai ne. Kuma kowacce an bar ta a matayinta. Don haka mu duba Missali na farko: '''Shi ne.''' Kalmar farko '''shi''' wakilin suna ce, Kalmar '''ce''' kuwa tana cikin wani aji na nahawu da ake cewa dirka. Don hak, idan aka hade su kamar '''Shine''' kalmomi biyu daban-daban an hade guri daya, don haka sun zama kalma daya ke nan, wacce kwata-kwata babu ita a Hausa sai a Turancin Ingilishi. Wacce ke nufin '''sheki''' a harshen Hausa. A Missali na hudu kuwa, ('''ba ni na zo da shi ba ''') za a fahimci cewa, kowacce kalma tana dauke da gaba daya ne. Kuma, duk da rashin tsawonsu,ba a hada wata da wata ba, domin kuwacce na cin gashin kanta. To hakan shi ne daidai. Inda kuwa an hada wata Kalmar da wata, ma'anarta za ta canza. Missali, idan aka hada '''da''' tare da '''shi,''' za su koma kalma daya kamar haka: '''dashi.''' kuma Kalmar tana nufin sunan wata itaciya ne. ==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance. Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya) ==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance. Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya) =='''4.0 Kalmomin Mallaka'''== Kalmomin Mallaka, wasu kalmomi ne da ake amfani da su wajen nuna faruwar mallaka a cikin rubutu. Game da ka'idojin rubun Hausa, an tanadar da hanyoyi biyu domin samar da rubutu mai inganci. Don haka, muna da gajerar mallaka da kuma doguwar mallaka. ===4.1 Gajerar Mallaka=== Gajerar mallaka, ita ake hade Kalmar abinda aka mallaka da wakilin sunan abin da aka mallaka da wakilin sunan wanda yai mallaka a guri daya.missli: gida+na= (gidana) a nan za a fahimci cewa, kalmar 'gida' da kalmar 'na' an haɗa su a guri ɗaya sun zama kamar kalma guda. A kiyaye da cewa, gajerar mallaka haɗe ta ake yi. Don haka, akwai ƙarin missalai kamar haka: *Jakarta ba jakar ta ba; *ajinsu ba ajin su ba; *matata ba mata ta ba; *ɗakinki ba ɗakin ki ba; *motarka ba motar ka ba. *masallacinku ba Masallacin ku ba. Da sauransu. ==='''4.2 Doguwar Mallaka'''=== Ita doguwar mallaka, ba a haɗe ake rubuta ta ba. Wato ke nan, ana rabewa tsakanin abinda aka mallaka da kuma wakilin sunan mai mallaka. Ga missalai kamar haka: * Jakar Tata * Ɗakin nasu * Wayar tawa * Littafin shi * Gonar taku * Masallacin nawa * Takalmin namu Da haka, za mu fahimci cewa akwai banbanci tsakanin == Manazararta== bscpe4eg07lj7co2pmcwx472g0v22s2 889768 889765 2026-07-31T10:25:48Z ~2026-42490-91 47467 /* 4.2 Doguwar Mallaka */ 889768 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Stub}} == Ƙa'idojin rubutun hausa == Kamar yadda aka sani, kowanne lamari na duniya yana da ka'idar yadda ya kamata a gudanar da shi. Kuma bin ƙa'idar ita ke sa a sami dacen yadda ake bukata ba tare da an fuskanci wata matsala ba. Idan kuma ba a bi ka'idar ba to za a ga ba daidai ba.. Tunda yake haka ne, rubutun Hausa shi ma, yana da ka'idarsa. Bin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa sau-da-kafa, su ke sa a sami rubutu mai Cikakkiyar ma'ana. Wato a sami daidaiton manufa tsakanin tunanain marubuci da kuma na makaranci.<ref><nowiki>https://hemingwayapp.com/articles/grammar-punctuation/punctuation-marks</nowiki></ref> ==Abin da ake nufi da ka'idojin rubutun hausa== Ka'idojin rubutun Hausa, wani yanayi ne na lura da kiyaye ka'idojin harshen Hausa a rubuce domin samun damar isar da sakon da marubuci ke nufi zuwa ga mai karatu daidai da daidai, ba tare da canzawar ma'anar da marubuci ke nufi ba . Haka kuma, yana samar da saukin fahimtar karatu daga mai karantawa. == Fannonin Ka'idojin Rubutun Hausa == Fannonin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa da muke da su a nan, suna da dama. Kuma sune ginshin duk abinda ya kamata marubuci ya koya game da ka'idojin rubutun Hausa domin samun gwanancewa a rubutu. Don haka, zan zayyano su, sannan kuma na yi bayaninsu daki-daki kamar haka: #Alamomin ajiye magana; #Raba kalma da kuma hade kalma; #Shaddatun Tagwayen bakaken Hausa; #Gajera da doguwar mallaka; #Dafa-keya 'w' da jakada 'w'; #Daurin 'm' da daurin 'n'; =='''1.0 Alamomin Ajiye Magana' (punctuation mark)'''== Ga Alamomin aje magana tare da bayanansu daki-daki: * '''Aya / . / * '''Waƙafi / . / * '''Ayar tambaya / ? / * '''Ruwa-biyu / : / * '''Waƙafi m mai ruwa / ; / * '''Karan-ɗori / - / * '''Alamar zancen wani / " " / * '''Baka-biyu / ( ) / * '''Alamar Motsin rai / ! / * '''Zarce / ... / 1.1 '''Aya / . /''' Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali: '''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.''' idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan. 1.2== Wakafi/ , / == Wakafi, wata karmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali: *'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.''' To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: *'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.''' A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe. 1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / == Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali: * Aliyu ya zo?, * menene ake sayarwa? Idan aka yi la'akari missalan da ke sama, za a ga an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkanin suna dauke da alamar tambaya. Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba: Aliyu ya zo A nan za a fahimci cewa ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri. 1.4== Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/== Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal: # '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida) # missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )''' sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita * idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:''' * Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi; * Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa; * Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da aka sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana. ==1.1 Aya / . /== Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali: '''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.''' idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan. ==1.2 Wakafi/ , / == Waƙafi, wata ƙarmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali: *'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.''' To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: *'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.''' A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe. 1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / == Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali: * Aliyu ya zo?, * menene ake sayarwa? Idan aka yi la'akari missalan da ke sama, za a ga an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkanin suna dauke da alamar tambaya. Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba: Aliyu ya zo A nan za a fahimci cewa ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri. ==1.4 Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/== Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal: # '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida) # missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )''' sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita * idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:''' * Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi; * Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa; * Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da na sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana. ==1.5 Waƙafi mai ruwa / ; / == wannan alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen raba jerin wasu jimloli ko kalmomi a cikin zance. Game da missali, a duba a missalin karshe na Aya mai ruwa, za a ga yadda aka bayyana abinda Shugaban kasa ya zayyana. A nan za a ga an sa Ka alamar /;/ a gaban kowacce jimla. Ga Karin missali: * Shugqban makarantar ya gargadi dalibai cewa,idan sun tashi dawowa daga hutu, su zo da kayan karatu kamar irin wadannan: # littafin koyon turanci, aji na biyar; # littafin koyan lissafi, aji na biyar; # littafin nazarin rayuwar dan Adam, aji na biyar; # littafin koyan karatn Hausa, aji na biyar. A wadannan missalai za a lura cewa, a duk karshen jimloli 3 na farko an saka alamaar tsayawa ta wakafi mai ruwa (;), in banda jimla ta karshe da aka yi wa alamar aya /./ ==1.6 Karan-ɗori / - /== Karan-dori, alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen hade kalmomi biyu ko sama da biyu, su zama kalma daya da ma'ana daya. Akan saka wannan alama ne a tsakanin kalmomi da suka zo iri daya ko wadanda suka zo daban-daban. Kin saka wannan alama a inda ya dace, yakan kawo sabanin ma'ana tsakanin mawallafi da makaranci. Missali: # malam-buda-mana-littafi (sunnan wani kafilfilo); # fadi-ka-mutu (tangaran); # fari-fari (abinda bai kai fari sosai ba); # malfar-ungulu (wani tsiro ne); dss. A lura da kyau, idan muka dauki missali na farko, (malam-buda-mana-littafi) za mu ga yana nufin sunan wani abu wato (kafilfilo). Idan kuma ba a sa wannan alama ba a tsakankanin kalmomin (malam buda mana littafi) to rubutun ya zama wata jimla mai nufin umarni, maimakon kalma daya mai nufin sunan wani Kwaro. Wato, dalibai ne ke umartar malaminsu da ya buda masu littafi. Don haka, zamu fahimci cewa, idan an saka alamar, zancen ya zama Kalma daya kacal. Amma idan ba a sa alamar ba to rubutun ya zama jimla sukum. # Karin Missali, idan mutum yana rubutu a cikin takarda ko kan allo, sai aka fara rubuta wata kalma da ta zo a karshen layi sannan kuma ba ta karasu duka ba, sai a saka karan-dori ( - ) kuma a karasata a layi na kasa. ==1.7 Alamar baka-biyu / ( ) /== Wannan wata alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna karin bayani akan wata kalma, ko Jimla ko dai a kan wata maganar ta daban. Ga missalai nan kamar haka: * Yaron da aka kama da laifin kisan matar, 'yar uwa ce ga mahaifin yaron (Gwaggon yaron ce) * Gwamnan kano, Alh. Abba Kabir Yusuf, ya tura wakilinsa (Sunusi Nature) wajen Taron. * # Ni mutum ne mai son a sami zaman lafiya tsakanin Musulmai da wanda ba Musulmai ba (Kiristoci). ==1.8 Ayar Motsin-rai / ! /== Ayar Motsin-rai, wata alama ce da ke nuni da zaburar furuci cikin gaggawar kargafa murya. Hakan na faruwa ne yawanci a farkon bayyanar mury cikin Karfafawa, musamman a kalmomin; razana,mamaki, tausayi da kuma karfafar wata kalma a cikin wani zance na musamman. Alal Missali: '''Ah!, Wayyo!, Lah!, Innalillahi!, Kai!''' Da sauransu. Ga Karin missalai a cikin jimloli: * Saurayin na zuwa ya nuna mata kyautar bazatar da ya zo mata da ita. Sai ta cika da mamaki,sannan ta ja wani gwauron numfashi sanan ta ce, '''La!''' Amma ko na gode '''sosai!''' * A lokacin da yaron yake guje-guje cikin lalatattun Kujerun cikin ajin, sai ya taka kusa, ya ce, '''wayyo Allahna!''' jin haka malaminsu ya leko yana cewa, '''kai!''' Me ya faru. * Haba, yana lekowa cikkin dare sai ya ga wani duhu-duhu dab da shi. Aiko ya firgita ya ce '''waye nan!''' Yanzu sai mu lura cewa, a Missali na daya (1), mun yi amfani da '''Lah!''' da kuma '''sosai!'''. A Missali na biyu (2) kuma mun yi amfani da '''wayyo Allah!''' tare da '''kai!'''. Har illa yau a Missali na uku (3) kuma na karshe, mun yi amfani da '''waye nan!'''. Don haka, wadannan missalai, kadan ne daga cikin missalan '''ayar Motsin-rai / ! /''' Ko kuma inda ya kamata a yi amfani da ita. Sannan kuma, ya kamata a fahimci cewa, dole ne a sami karfafa murya a duk inda ake nufin '''ayar Motsin-rai,''' domin idan aka yi amfani da sanyin murya ma'ana ba za ta samu ba. ==1.9 Zarce / ... /== Zarce wata alama ce ta digo-dogo akalla guda uku (...), da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna ketare wata kalma ko Jimla a cikin rubutu. Ana samun missalai ta bangarori da dama, mussan a cikin karin magana, tsaallake gurbin amasa wata tambaya, dss. Missali: # '''Ban sa a ka ba,...''' A nan ba a bukatar karasa zancen ne, shi ya sa aka yi digo-dogon. Manufa a nan, duk Wanda aka yi wa karin maganar, ya karasa ma'anar a zuci ko ma a fili. Wto kenan sai ya karasa zuwa '''inji barawon tagiya''' # Haka kuma, akan saka wannan alama / ... /, a tsarin tambayar '''cikke tazara'''. Missali: * '''Sunan Babban birnin kasar Najeriya...''' a nana sai cike da '''Abuja''' ko makamancin haka. =='''2.0 Rabawa Da Haɗa Kalma'''== Raba kalma da hada kalma, abubuwa ne mabanbanta amma, masu alaka da juna. Da farko za mu dauki raba kalma. Kamar haka: ==2.1 Raba Kalma== raba kalma na nufin, barin kalma ta ci gashin kanta duk kankantarta Kuma duk girmanta. Hakan, na nufin a barkalma a matayita ba tare da an hade ta da wata ba, don kaucewa rasa ma'ana ta asali. Wato dai,kin raba kalmomin a inda ya ya dace, yana haifar da chanjawar ma'ana. Missali: * Shi ne, (kar a ce: ba shine) * Ita ce, (kar a ce: itace) * Wa ya je da su kasuwa? (Kar a ce: waya je dasu kasuwa?) * Ba ni na zo da shi ba, (kar a ce: bani nazo dashi ba) * Da ni da ku mu hada Kai, (kar a ce;Dani daku mu hadakai) A nan, idan muka Laura, mafi yawancin kalmomin da aka yi amfani da su, masu gaba dai-dai ne. Kuma kowacce an bar ta a matayinta. Don haka mu duba Missali na farko: '''Shi ne.''' Kalmar farko '''shi''' wakilin suna ce, Kalmar '''ce''' kuwa tana cikin wani aji na nahawu da ake cewa dirka. Don hak, idan aka hade su kamar '''Shine''' kalmomi biyu daban-daban an hade guri daya, don haka sun zama kalma daya ke nan, wacce kwata-kwata babu ita a Hausa sai a Turancin Ingilishi. Wacce ke nufin '''sheki''' a harshen Hausa. A Missali na hudu kuwa, ('''ba ni na zo da shi ba ''') za a fahimci cewa, kowacce kalma tana dauke da gaba daya ne. Kuma, duk da rashin tsawonsu,ba a hada wata da wata ba, domin kuwacce na cin gashin kanta. To hakan shi ne daidai. Inda kuwa an hada wata Kalmar da wata, ma'anarta za ta canza. Missali, idan aka hada '''da''' tare da '''shi,''' za su koma kalma daya kamar haka: '''dashi.''' kuma Kalmar tana nufin sunan wata itaciya ne. ==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance. Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya) ==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance. Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya) =='''4.0 Kalmomin Mallaka'''== Kalmomin Mallaka, wasu kalmomi ne da ake amfani da su wajen nuna faruwar mallaka a cikin rubutu. Game da ka'idojin rubun Hausa, an tanadar da hanyoyi biyu domin samar da rubutu mai inganci. Don haka, muna da gajerar mallaka da kuma doguwar mallaka. ===4.1 Gajerar Mallaka=== Gajerar mallaka, ita ake hade Kalmar abinda aka mallaka da wakilin sunan abin da aka mallaka da wakilin sunan wanda yai mallaka a guri daya.missli: gida+na= (gidana) a nan za a fahimci cewa, kalmar 'gida' da kalmar 'na' an haɗa su a guri ɗaya sun zama kamar kalma guda. A kiyaye da cewa, gajerar mallaka haɗe ta ake yi. Don haka, akwai ƙarin missalai kamar haka: *Jakarta ba jakar ta ba; *ajinsu ba ajin su ba; *matata ba mata ta ba; *ɗakinki ba ɗakin ki ba; *motarka ba motar ka ba. *masallacinku ba Masallacin ku ba. Da sauransu. ==='''4.2 Doguwar Mallaka'''=== Ita doguwar mallaka, ba a haɗe ake rubuta ta ba. Wato ke nan, ana rabewa tsakanin abinda aka mallaka da kuma wakilin sunan mai mallaka. Ga missalai kamar haka: * Jakar Tata * Ɗakin nasu * Wayar tawa * Littafin shi * Gonar taku * Masallacin nawa * Takalmin namu Da haka, za mu fahimci cewa akwai banbanci tsakanin doguwar mallaka da == Manazararta== 4j1ua3twi3hkt0nkovnlcljcrq78wz1 889769 889768 2026-07-31T10:29:42Z ~2026-42490-91 47467 /* 4.2 Doguwar Mallaka */ 889769 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Stub}} == Ƙa'idojin rubutun hausa == Kamar yadda aka sani, kowanne lamari na duniya yana da ka'idar yadda ya kamata a gudanar da shi. Kuma bin ƙa'idar ita ke sa a sami dacen yadda ake bukata ba tare da an fuskanci wata matsala ba. Idan kuma ba a bi ka'idar ba to za a ga ba daidai ba.. Tunda yake haka ne, rubutun Hausa shi ma, yana da ka'idarsa. Bin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa sau-da-kafa, su ke sa a sami rubutu mai Cikakkiyar ma'ana. Wato a sami daidaiton manufa tsakanin tunanain marubuci da kuma na makaranci.<ref><nowiki>https://hemingwayapp.com/articles/grammar-punctuation/punctuation-marks</nowiki></ref> ==Abin da ake nufi da ka'idojin rubutun hausa== Ka'idojin rubutun Hausa, wani yanayi ne na lura da kiyaye ka'idojin harshen Hausa a rubuce domin samun damar isar da sakon da marubuci ke nufi zuwa ga mai karatu daidai da daidai, ba tare da canzawar ma'anar da marubuci ke nufi ba . Haka kuma, yana samar da saukin fahimtar karatu daga mai karantawa. == Fannonin Ka'idojin Rubutun Hausa == Fannonin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa da muke da su a nan, suna da dama. Kuma sune ginshin duk abinda ya kamata marubuci ya koya game da ka'idojin rubutun Hausa domin samun gwanancewa a rubutu. Don haka, zan zayyano su, sannan kuma na yi bayaninsu daki-daki kamar haka: #Alamomin ajiye magana; #Raba kalma da kuma hade kalma; #Shaddatun Tagwayen bakaken Hausa; #Gajera da doguwar mallaka; #Dafa-keya 'w' da jakada 'w'; #Daurin 'm' da daurin 'n'; =='''1.0 Alamomin Ajiye Magana' (punctuation mark)'''== Ga Alamomin aje magana tare da bayanansu daki-daki: * '''Aya / . / * '''Waƙafi / . / * '''Ayar tambaya / ? / * '''Ruwa-biyu / : / * '''Waƙafi m mai ruwa / ; / * '''Karan-ɗori / - / * '''Alamar zancen wani / " " / * '''Baka-biyu / ( ) / * '''Alamar Motsin rai / ! / * '''Zarce / ... / 1.1 '''Aya / . /''' Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali: '''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.''' idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan. 1.2== Wakafi/ , / == Wakafi, wata karmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali: *'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.''' To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: *'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.''' A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe. 1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / == Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali: * Aliyu ya zo?, * menene ake sayarwa? Idan aka yi la'akari missalan da ke sama, za a ga an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkanin suna dauke da alamar tambaya. Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba: Aliyu ya zo A nan za a fahimci cewa ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri. 1.4== Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/== Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal: # '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida) # missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )''' sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita * idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:''' * Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi; * Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa; * Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da aka sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana. ==1.1 Aya / . /== Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali: '''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.''' idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan. ==1.2 Wakafi/ , / == Waƙafi, wata ƙarmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali: *'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.''' To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: *'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.''' A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe. 1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / == Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali: * Aliyu ya zo?, * menene ake sayarwa? Idan aka yi la'akari missalan da ke sama, za a ga an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkanin suna dauke da alamar tambaya. Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba: Aliyu ya zo A nan za a fahimci cewa ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri. ==1.4 Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/== Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal: # '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida) # missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )''' sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita * idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:''' * Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi; * Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa; * Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da na sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana. ==1.5 Waƙafi mai ruwa / ; / == wannan alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen raba jerin wasu jimloli ko kalmomi a cikin zance. Game da missali, a duba a missalin karshe na Aya mai ruwa, za a ga yadda aka bayyana abinda Shugaban kasa ya zayyana. A nan za a ga an sa Ka alamar /;/ a gaban kowacce jimla. Ga Karin missali: * Shugqban makarantar ya gargadi dalibai cewa,idan sun tashi dawowa daga hutu, su zo da kayan karatu kamar irin wadannan: # littafin koyon turanci, aji na biyar; # littafin koyan lissafi, aji na biyar; # littafin nazarin rayuwar dan Adam, aji na biyar; # littafin koyan karatn Hausa, aji na biyar. A wadannan missalai za a lura cewa, a duk karshen jimloli 3 na farko an saka alamaar tsayawa ta wakafi mai ruwa (;), in banda jimla ta karshe da aka yi wa alamar aya /./ ==1.6 Karan-ɗori / - /== Karan-dori, alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen hade kalmomi biyu ko sama da biyu, su zama kalma daya da ma'ana daya. Akan saka wannan alama ne a tsakanin kalmomi da suka zo iri daya ko wadanda suka zo daban-daban. Kin saka wannan alama a inda ya dace, yakan kawo sabanin ma'ana tsakanin mawallafi da makaranci. Missali: # malam-buda-mana-littafi (sunnan wani kafilfilo); # fadi-ka-mutu (tangaran); # fari-fari (abinda bai kai fari sosai ba); # malfar-ungulu (wani tsiro ne); dss. A lura da kyau, idan muka dauki missali na farko, (malam-buda-mana-littafi) za mu ga yana nufin sunan wani abu wato (kafilfilo). Idan kuma ba a sa wannan alama ba a tsakankanin kalmomin (malam buda mana littafi) to rubutun ya zama wata jimla mai nufin umarni, maimakon kalma daya mai nufin sunan wani Kwaro. Wato, dalibai ne ke umartar malaminsu da ya buda masu littafi. Don haka, zamu fahimci cewa, idan an saka alamar, zancen ya zama Kalma daya kacal. Amma idan ba a sa alamar ba to rubutun ya zama jimla sukum. # Karin Missali, idan mutum yana rubutu a cikin takarda ko kan allo, sai aka fara rubuta wata kalma da ta zo a karshen layi sannan kuma ba ta karasu duka ba, sai a saka karan-dori ( - ) kuma a karasata a layi na kasa. ==1.7 Alamar baka-biyu / ( ) /== Wannan wata alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna karin bayani akan wata kalma, ko Jimla ko dai a kan wata maganar ta daban. Ga missalai nan kamar haka: * Yaron da aka kama da laifin kisan matar, 'yar uwa ce ga mahaifin yaron (Gwaggon yaron ce) * Gwamnan kano, Alh. Abba Kabir Yusuf, ya tura wakilinsa (Sunusi Nature) wajen Taron. * # Ni mutum ne mai son a sami zaman lafiya tsakanin Musulmai da wanda ba Musulmai ba (Kiristoci). ==1.8 Ayar Motsin-rai / ! /== Ayar Motsin-rai, wata alama ce da ke nuni da zaburar furuci cikin gaggawar kargafa murya. Hakan na faruwa ne yawanci a farkon bayyanar mury cikin Karfafawa, musamman a kalmomin; razana,mamaki, tausayi da kuma karfafar wata kalma a cikin wani zance na musamman. Alal Missali: '''Ah!, Wayyo!, Lah!, Innalillahi!, Kai!''' Da sauransu. Ga Karin missalai a cikin jimloli: * Saurayin na zuwa ya nuna mata kyautar bazatar da ya zo mata da ita. Sai ta cika da mamaki,sannan ta ja wani gwauron numfashi sanan ta ce, '''La!''' Amma ko na gode '''sosai!''' * A lokacin da yaron yake guje-guje cikin lalatattun Kujerun cikin ajin, sai ya taka kusa, ya ce, '''wayyo Allahna!''' jin haka malaminsu ya leko yana cewa, '''kai!''' Me ya faru. * Haba, yana lekowa cikkin dare sai ya ga wani duhu-duhu dab da shi. Aiko ya firgita ya ce '''waye nan!''' Yanzu sai mu lura cewa, a Missali na daya (1), mun yi amfani da '''Lah!''' da kuma '''sosai!'''. A Missali na biyu (2) kuma mun yi amfani da '''wayyo Allah!''' tare da '''kai!'''. Har illa yau a Missali na uku (3) kuma na karshe, mun yi amfani da '''waye nan!'''. Don haka, wadannan missalai, kadan ne daga cikin missalan '''ayar Motsin-rai / ! /''' Ko kuma inda ya kamata a yi amfani da ita. Sannan kuma, ya kamata a fahimci cewa, dole ne a sami karfafa murya a duk inda ake nufin '''ayar Motsin-rai,''' domin idan aka yi amfani da sanyin murya ma'ana ba za ta samu ba. ==1.9 Zarce / ... /== Zarce wata alama ce ta digo-dogo akalla guda uku (...), da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna ketare wata kalma ko Jimla a cikin rubutu. Ana samun missalai ta bangarori da dama, mussan a cikin karin magana, tsaallake gurbin amasa wata tambaya, dss. Missali: # '''Ban sa a ka ba,...''' A nan ba a bukatar karasa zancen ne, shi ya sa aka yi digo-dogon. Manufa a nan, duk Wanda aka yi wa karin maganar, ya karasa ma'anar a zuci ko ma a fili. Wto kenan sai ya karasa zuwa '''inji barawon tagiya''' # Haka kuma, akan saka wannan alama / ... /, a tsarin tambayar '''cikke tazara'''. Missali: * '''Sunan Babban birnin kasar Najeriya...''' a nana sai cike da '''Abuja''' ko makamancin haka. =='''2.0 Rabawa Da Haɗa Kalma'''== Raba kalma da hada kalma, abubuwa ne mabanbanta amma, masu alaka da juna. Da farko za mu dauki raba kalma. Kamar haka: ==2.1 Raba Kalma== raba kalma na nufin, barin kalma ta ci gashin kanta duk kankantarta Kuma duk girmanta. Hakan, na nufin a barkalma a matayita ba tare da an hade ta da wata ba, don kaucewa rasa ma'ana ta asali. Wato dai,kin raba kalmomin a inda ya ya dace, yana haifar da chanjawar ma'ana. Missali: * Shi ne, (kar a ce: ba shine) * Ita ce, (kar a ce: itace) * Wa ya je da su kasuwa? (Kar a ce: waya je dasu kasuwa?) * Ba ni na zo da shi ba, (kar a ce: bani nazo dashi ba) * Da ni da ku mu hada Kai, (kar a ce;Dani daku mu hadakai) A nan, idan muka Laura, mafi yawancin kalmomin da aka yi amfani da su, masu gaba dai-dai ne. Kuma kowacce an bar ta a matayinta. Don haka mu duba Missali na farko: '''Shi ne.''' Kalmar farko '''shi''' wakilin suna ce, Kalmar '''ce''' kuwa tana cikin wani aji na nahawu da ake cewa dirka. Don hak, idan aka hade su kamar '''Shine''' kalmomi biyu daban-daban an hade guri daya, don haka sun zama kalma daya ke nan, wacce kwata-kwata babu ita a Hausa sai a Turancin Ingilishi. Wacce ke nufin '''sheki''' a harshen Hausa. A Missali na hudu kuwa, ('''ba ni na zo da shi ba ''') za a fahimci cewa, kowacce kalma tana dauke da gaba daya ne. Kuma, duk da rashin tsawonsu,ba a hada wata da wata ba, domin kuwacce na cin gashin kanta. To hakan shi ne daidai. Inda kuwa an hada wata Kalmar da wata, ma'anarta za ta canza. Missali, idan aka hada '''da''' tare da '''shi,''' za su koma kalma daya kamar haka: '''dashi.''' kuma Kalmar tana nufin sunan wata itaciya ne. ==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance. Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya) ==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance. Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya) =='''4.0 Kalmomin Mallaka'''== Kalmomin Mallaka, wasu kalmomi ne da ake amfani da su wajen nuna faruwar mallaka a cikin rubutu. Game da ka'idojin rubun Hausa, an tanadar da hanyoyi biyu domin samar da rubutu mai inganci. Don haka, muna da gajerar mallaka da kuma doguwar mallaka. ===4.1 Gajerar Mallaka=== Gajerar mallaka, ita ake hade Kalmar abinda aka mallaka da wakilin sunan abin da aka mallaka da wakilin sunan wanda yai mallaka a guri daya.missli: gida+na= (gidana) a nan za a fahimci cewa, kalmar 'gida' da kalmar 'na' an haɗa su a guri ɗaya sun zama kamar kalma guda. A kiyaye da cewa, gajerar mallaka haɗe ta ake yi. Don haka, akwai ƙarin missalai kamar haka: *Jakarta ba jakar ta ba; *ajinsu ba ajin su ba; *matata ba mata ta ba; *ɗakinki ba ɗakin ki ba; *motarka ba motar ka ba. *masallacinku ba Masallacin ku ba. Da sauransu. ==='''4.2 Doguwar Mallaka'''=== Ita doguwar mallaka, ba a haɗe ake rubuta ta ba. Wato ke nan, ana rabewa tsakanin abinda aka mallaka da kuma wakilin sunan mai mallaka. Ga missalai kamar haka: * Jakar Tata * Ɗakin nasu * Wayar tawa * Littafin shi * Gonar taku * Masallacin nawa * Takalmin namu Da haka, za mu fahimci cewa akwai banbanci tsakanin doguwar mallaka da gajerar mallaka. Mu tuna da missalin farko na doguwar == Manazararta== f881ux6zeqovckyk7uwd9idtduxswk6 889770 889769 2026-07-31T10:35:39Z ~2026-42490-91 47467 /* 4.2 Doguwar Mallaka */ 889770 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Stub}} == Ƙa'idojin rubutun hausa == Kamar yadda aka sani, kowanne lamari na duniya yana da ka'idar yadda ya kamata a gudanar da shi. Kuma bin ƙa'idar ita ke sa a sami dacen yadda ake bukata ba tare da an fuskanci wata matsala ba. Idan kuma ba a bi ka'idar ba to za a ga ba daidai ba.. Tunda yake haka ne, rubutun Hausa shi ma, yana da ka'idarsa. Bin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa sau-da-kafa, su ke sa a sami rubutu mai Cikakkiyar ma'ana. Wato a sami daidaiton manufa tsakanin tunanain marubuci da kuma na makaranci.<ref><nowiki>https://hemingwayapp.com/articles/grammar-punctuation/punctuation-marks</nowiki></ref> ==Abin da ake nufi da ka'idojin rubutun hausa== Ka'idojin rubutun Hausa, wani yanayi ne na lura da kiyaye ka'idojin harshen Hausa a rubuce domin samun damar isar da sakon da marubuci ke nufi zuwa ga mai karatu daidai da daidai, ba tare da canzawar ma'anar da marubuci ke nufi ba . Haka kuma, yana samar da saukin fahimtar karatu daga mai karantawa. == Fannonin Ka'idojin Rubutun Hausa == Fannonin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa da muke da su a nan, suna da dama. Kuma sune ginshin duk abinda ya kamata marubuci ya koya game da ka'idojin rubutun Hausa domin samun gwanancewa a rubutu. Don haka, zan zayyano su, sannan kuma na yi bayaninsu daki-daki kamar haka: #Alamomin ajiye magana; #Raba kalma da kuma hade kalma; #Shaddatun Tagwayen bakaken Hausa; #Gajera da doguwar mallaka; #Dafa-keya 'w' da jakada 'w'; #Daurin 'm' da daurin 'n'; =='''1.0 Alamomin Ajiye Magana' (punctuation mark)'''== Ga Alamomin aje magana tare da bayanansu daki-daki: * '''Aya / . / * '''Waƙafi / . / * '''Ayar tambaya / ? / * '''Ruwa-biyu / : / * '''Waƙafi m mai ruwa / ; / * '''Karan-ɗori / - / * '''Alamar zancen wani / " " / * '''Baka-biyu / ( ) / * '''Alamar Motsin rai / ! / * '''Zarce / ... / 1.1 '''Aya / . /''' Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali: '''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.''' idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan. 1.2== Wakafi/ , / == Wakafi, wata karmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali: *'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.''' To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: *'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.''' A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe. 1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / == Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali: * Aliyu ya zo?, * menene ake sayarwa? Idan aka yi la'akari missalan da ke sama, za a ga an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkanin suna dauke da alamar tambaya. Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba: Aliyu ya zo A nan za a fahimci cewa ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri. 1.4== Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/== Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal: # '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida) # missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )''' sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita * idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:''' * Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi; * Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa; * Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da aka sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana. ==1.1 Aya / . /== Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali: '''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.''' idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan. ==1.2 Wakafi/ , / == Waƙafi, wata ƙarmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali: *'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.''' To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: *'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.''' A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe. 1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / == Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali: * Aliyu ya zo?, * menene ake sayarwa? Idan aka yi la'akari missalan da ke sama, za a ga an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkanin suna dauke da alamar tambaya. Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba: Aliyu ya zo A nan za a fahimci cewa ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri. ==1.4 Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/== Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal: # '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida) # missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )''' sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita * idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:''' * Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi; * Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa; * Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da na sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana. ==1.5 Waƙafi mai ruwa / ; / == wannan alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen raba jerin wasu jimloli ko kalmomi a cikin zance. Game da missali, a duba a missalin karshe na Aya mai ruwa, za a ga yadda aka bayyana abinda Shugaban kasa ya zayyana. A nan za a ga an sa Ka alamar /;/ a gaban kowacce jimla. Ga Karin missali: * Shugqban makarantar ya gargadi dalibai cewa,idan sun tashi dawowa daga hutu, su zo da kayan karatu kamar irin wadannan: # littafin koyon turanci, aji na biyar; # littafin koyan lissafi, aji na biyar; # littafin nazarin rayuwar dan Adam, aji na biyar; # littafin koyan karatn Hausa, aji na biyar. A wadannan missalai za a lura cewa, a duk karshen jimloli 3 na farko an saka alamaar tsayawa ta wakafi mai ruwa (;), in banda jimla ta karshe da aka yi wa alamar aya /./ ==1.6 Karan-ɗori / - /== Karan-dori, alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen hade kalmomi biyu ko sama da biyu, su zama kalma daya da ma'ana daya. Akan saka wannan alama ne a tsakanin kalmomi da suka zo iri daya ko wadanda suka zo daban-daban. Kin saka wannan alama a inda ya dace, yakan kawo sabanin ma'ana tsakanin mawallafi da makaranci. Missali: # malam-buda-mana-littafi (sunnan wani kafilfilo); # fadi-ka-mutu (tangaran); # fari-fari (abinda bai kai fari sosai ba); # malfar-ungulu (wani tsiro ne); dss. A lura da kyau, idan muka dauki missali na farko, (malam-buda-mana-littafi) za mu ga yana nufin sunan wani abu wato (kafilfilo). Idan kuma ba a sa wannan alama ba a tsakankanin kalmomin (malam buda mana littafi) to rubutun ya zama wata jimla mai nufin umarni, maimakon kalma daya mai nufin sunan wani Kwaro. Wato, dalibai ne ke umartar malaminsu da ya buda masu littafi. Don haka, zamu fahimci cewa, idan an saka alamar, zancen ya zama Kalma daya kacal. Amma idan ba a sa alamar ba to rubutun ya zama jimla sukum. # Karin Missali, idan mutum yana rubutu a cikin takarda ko kan allo, sai aka fara rubuta wata kalma da ta zo a karshen layi sannan kuma ba ta karasu duka ba, sai a saka karan-dori ( - ) kuma a karasata a layi na kasa. ==1.7 Alamar baka-biyu / ( ) /== Wannan wata alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna karin bayani akan wata kalma, ko Jimla ko dai a kan wata maganar ta daban. Ga missalai nan kamar haka: * Yaron da aka kama da laifin kisan matar, 'yar uwa ce ga mahaifin yaron (Gwaggon yaron ce) * Gwamnan kano, Alh. Abba Kabir Yusuf, ya tura wakilinsa (Sunusi Nature) wajen Taron. * # Ni mutum ne mai son a sami zaman lafiya tsakanin Musulmai da wanda ba Musulmai ba (Kiristoci). ==1.8 Ayar Motsin-rai / ! /== Ayar Motsin-rai, wata alama ce da ke nuni da zaburar furuci cikin gaggawar kargafa murya. Hakan na faruwa ne yawanci a farkon bayyanar mury cikin Karfafawa, musamman a kalmomin; razana,mamaki, tausayi da kuma karfafar wata kalma a cikin wani zance na musamman. Alal Missali: '''Ah!, Wayyo!, Lah!, Innalillahi!, Kai!''' Da sauransu. Ga Karin missalai a cikin jimloli: * Saurayin na zuwa ya nuna mata kyautar bazatar da ya zo mata da ita. Sai ta cika da mamaki,sannan ta ja wani gwauron numfashi sanan ta ce, '''La!''' Amma ko na gode '''sosai!''' * A lokacin da yaron yake guje-guje cikin lalatattun Kujerun cikin ajin, sai ya taka kusa, ya ce, '''wayyo Allahna!''' jin haka malaminsu ya leko yana cewa, '''kai!''' Me ya faru. * Haba, yana lekowa cikkin dare sai ya ga wani duhu-duhu dab da shi. Aiko ya firgita ya ce '''waye nan!''' Yanzu sai mu lura cewa, a Missali na daya (1), mun yi amfani da '''Lah!''' da kuma '''sosai!'''. A Missali na biyu (2) kuma mun yi amfani da '''wayyo Allah!''' tare da '''kai!'''. Har illa yau a Missali na uku (3) kuma na karshe, mun yi amfani da '''waye nan!'''. Don haka, wadannan missalai, kadan ne daga cikin missalan '''ayar Motsin-rai / ! /''' Ko kuma inda ya kamata a yi amfani da ita. Sannan kuma, ya kamata a fahimci cewa, dole ne a sami karfafa murya a duk inda ake nufin '''ayar Motsin-rai,''' domin idan aka yi amfani da sanyin murya ma'ana ba za ta samu ba. ==1.9 Zarce / ... /== Zarce wata alama ce ta digo-dogo akalla guda uku (...), da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna ketare wata kalma ko Jimla a cikin rubutu. Ana samun missalai ta bangarori da dama, mussan a cikin karin magana, tsaallake gurbin amasa wata tambaya, dss. Missali: # '''Ban sa a ka ba,...''' A nan ba a bukatar karasa zancen ne, shi ya sa aka yi digo-dogon. Manufa a nan, duk Wanda aka yi wa karin maganar, ya karasa ma'anar a zuci ko ma a fili. Wto kenan sai ya karasa zuwa '''inji barawon tagiya''' # Haka kuma, akan saka wannan alama / ... /, a tsarin tambayar '''cikke tazara'''. Missali: * '''Sunan Babban birnin kasar Najeriya...''' a nana sai cike da '''Abuja''' ko makamancin haka. =='''2.0 Rabawa Da Haɗa Kalma'''== Raba kalma da hada kalma, abubuwa ne mabanbanta amma, masu alaka da juna. Da farko za mu dauki raba kalma. Kamar haka: ==2.1 Raba Kalma== raba kalma na nufin, barin kalma ta ci gashin kanta duk kankantarta Kuma duk girmanta. Hakan, na nufin a barkalma a matayita ba tare da an hade ta da wata ba, don kaucewa rasa ma'ana ta asali. Wato dai,kin raba kalmomin a inda ya ya dace, yana haifar da chanjawar ma'ana. Missali: * Shi ne, (kar a ce: ba shine) * Ita ce, (kar a ce: itace) * Wa ya je da su kasuwa? (Kar a ce: waya je dasu kasuwa?) * Ba ni na zo da shi ba, (kar a ce: bani nazo dashi ba) * Da ni da ku mu hada Kai, (kar a ce;Dani daku mu hadakai) A nan, idan muka Laura, mafi yawancin kalmomin da aka yi amfani da su, masu gaba dai-dai ne. Kuma kowacce an bar ta a matayinta. Don haka mu duba Missali na farko: '''Shi ne.''' Kalmar farko '''shi''' wakilin suna ce, Kalmar '''ce''' kuwa tana cikin wani aji na nahawu da ake cewa dirka. Don hak, idan aka hade su kamar '''Shine''' kalmomi biyu daban-daban an hade guri daya, don haka sun zama kalma daya ke nan, wacce kwata-kwata babu ita a Hausa sai a Turancin Ingilishi. Wacce ke nufin '''sheki''' a harshen Hausa. A Missali na hudu kuwa, ('''ba ni na zo da shi ba ''') za a fahimci cewa, kowacce kalma tana dauke da gaba daya ne. Kuma, duk da rashin tsawonsu,ba a hada wata da wata ba, domin kuwacce na cin gashin kanta. To hakan shi ne daidai. Inda kuwa an hada wata Kalmar da wata, ma'anarta za ta canza. Missali, idan aka hada '''da''' tare da '''shi,''' za su koma kalma daya kamar haka: '''dashi.''' kuma Kalmar tana nufin sunan wata itaciya ne. ==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance. Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya) ==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance. Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya) =='''4.0 Kalmomin Mallaka'''== Kalmomin Mallaka, wasu kalmomi ne da ake amfani da su wajen nuna faruwar mallaka a cikin rubutu. Game da ka'idojin rubun Hausa, an tanadar da hanyoyi biyu domin samar da rubutu mai inganci. Don haka, muna da gajerar mallaka da kuma doguwar mallaka. ===4.1 Gajerar Mallaka=== Gajerar mallaka, ita ake hade Kalmar abinda aka mallaka da wakilin sunan abin da aka mallaka da wakilin sunan wanda yai mallaka a guri daya.missli: gida+na= (gidana) a nan za a fahimci cewa, kalmar 'gida' da kalmar 'na' an haɗa su a guri ɗaya sun zama kamar kalma guda. A kiyaye da cewa, gajerar mallaka haɗe ta ake yi. Don haka, akwai ƙarin missalai kamar haka: *Jakarta ba jakar ta ba; *ajinsu ba ajin su ba; *matata ba mata ta ba; *ɗakinki ba ɗakin ki ba; *motarka ba motar ka ba. *masallacinku ba Masallacin ku ba. Da sauransu. ==='''4.2 Doguwar Mallaka'''=== Ita doguwar mallaka, ba a haɗe ake rubuta ta ba. Wato ke nan, ana rabewa tsakanin abinda aka mallaka da kuma wakilin sunan mai mallaka. Ga missalai kamar haka: * Jakar tata * Ɗakin nasu * Wayar tawa * Littafin shi * Gonar taku * Masallacin nawa * Takalmin namu Da haka, za mu fahimci cewa akwai banbanci tsakanin doguwar mallaka da gajerar mallaka. Mu tuna da missalin farko na doguwar. Wato "'''jakar tata == Manazararta== dpu54688uxql0ohaorutzm9vvz9ib9e 889771 889770 2026-07-31T10:36:44Z ~2026-42490-91 47467 /* 4.2 Doguwar Mallaka */ 889771 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Stub}} == Ƙa'idojin rubutun hausa == Kamar yadda aka sani, kowanne lamari na duniya yana da ka'idar yadda ya kamata a gudanar da shi. Kuma bin ƙa'idar ita ke sa a sami dacen yadda ake bukata ba tare da an fuskanci wata matsala ba. Idan kuma ba a bi ka'idar ba to za a ga ba daidai ba.. Tunda yake haka ne, rubutun Hausa shi ma, yana da ka'idarsa. Bin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa sau-da-kafa, su ke sa a sami rubutu mai Cikakkiyar ma'ana. Wato a sami daidaiton manufa tsakanin tunanain marubuci da kuma na makaranci.<ref><nowiki>https://hemingwayapp.com/articles/grammar-punctuation/punctuation-marks</nowiki></ref> ==Abin da ake nufi da ka'idojin rubutun hausa== Ka'idojin rubutun Hausa, wani yanayi ne na lura da kiyaye ka'idojin harshen Hausa a rubuce domin samun damar isar da sakon da marubuci ke nufi zuwa ga mai karatu daidai da daidai, ba tare da canzawar ma'anar da marubuci ke nufi ba . Haka kuma, yana samar da saukin fahimtar karatu daga mai karantawa. == Fannonin Ka'idojin Rubutun Hausa == Fannonin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa da muke da su a nan, suna da dama. Kuma sune ginshin duk abinda ya kamata marubuci ya koya game da ka'idojin rubutun Hausa domin samun gwanancewa a rubutu. Don haka, zan zayyano su, sannan kuma na yi bayaninsu daki-daki kamar haka: #Alamomin ajiye magana; #Raba kalma da kuma hade kalma; #Shaddatun Tagwayen bakaken Hausa; #Gajera da doguwar mallaka; #Dafa-keya 'w' da jakada 'w'; #Daurin 'm' da daurin 'n'; =='''1.0 Alamomin Ajiye Magana' (punctuation mark)'''== Ga Alamomin aje magana tare da bayanansu daki-daki: * '''Aya / . / * '''Waƙafi / . / * '''Ayar tambaya / ? / * '''Ruwa-biyu / : / * '''Waƙafi m mai ruwa / ; / * '''Karan-ɗori / - / * '''Alamar zancen wani / " " / * '''Baka-biyu / ( ) / * '''Alamar Motsin rai / ! / * '''Zarce / ... / 1.1 '''Aya / . /''' Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali: '''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.''' idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan. 1.2== Wakafi/ , / == Wakafi, wata karmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali: *'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.''' To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: *'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.''' A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe. 1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / == Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali: * Aliyu ya zo?, * menene ake sayarwa? Idan aka yi la'akari missalan da ke sama, za a ga an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkanin suna dauke da alamar tambaya. Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba: Aliyu ya zo A nan za a fahimci cewa ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri. 1.4== Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/== Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal: # '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida) # missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )''' sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita * idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:''' * Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi; * Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa; * Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da aka sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana. ==1.1 Aya / . /== Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali: '''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.''' idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan. ==1.2 Wakafi/ , / == Waƙafi, wata ƙarmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali: *'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.''' To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: *'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.''' A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe. 1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / == Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali: * Aliyu ya zo?, * menene ake sayarwa? Idan aka yi la'akari missalan da ke sama, za a ga an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkanin suna dauke da alamar tambaya. Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba: Aliyu ya zo A nan za a fahimci cewa ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri. ==1.4 Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/== Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal: # '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida) # missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )''' sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita * idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:''' * Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi; * Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa; * Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da na sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana. ==1.5 Waƙafi mai ruwa / ; / == wannan alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen raba jerin wasu jimloli ko kalmomi a cikin zance. Game da missali, a duba a missalin karshe na Aya mai ruwa, za a ga yadda aka bayyana abinda Shugaban kasa ya zayyana. A nan za a ga an sa Ka alamar /;/ a gaban kowacce jimla. Ga Karin missali: * Shugqban makarantar ya gargadi dalibai cewa,idan sun tashi dawowa daga hutu, su zo da kayan karatu kamar irin wadannan: # littafin koyon turanci, aji na biyar; # littafin koyan lissafi, aji na biyar; # littafin nazarin rayuwar dan Adam, aji na biyar; # littafin koyan karatn Hausa, aji na biyar. A wadannan missalai za a lura cewa, a duk karshen jimloli 3 na farko an saka alamaar tsayawa ta wakafi mai ruwa (;), in banda jimla ta karshe da aka yi wa alamar aya /./ ==1.6 Karan-ɗori / - /== Karan-dori, alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen hade kalmomi biyu ko sama da biyu, su zama kalma daya da ma'ana daya. Akan saka wannan alama ne a tsakanin kalmomi da suka zo iri daya ko wadanda suka zo daban-daban. Kin saka wannan alama a inda ya dace, yakan kawo sabanin ma'ana tsakanin mawallafi da makaranci. Missali: # malam-buda-mana-littafi (sunnan wani kafilfilo); # fadi-ka-mutu (tangaran); # fari-fari (abinda bai kai fari sosai ba); # malfar-ungulu (wani tsiro ne); dss. A lura da kyau, idan muka dauki missali na farko, (malam-buda-mana-littafi) za mu ga yana nufin sunan wani abu wato (kafilfilo). Idan kuma ba a sa wannan alama ba a tsakankanin kalmomin (malam buda mana littafi) to rubutun ya zama wata jimla mai nufin umarni, maimakon kalma daya mai nufin sunan wani Kwaro. Wato, dalibai ne ke umartar malaminsu da ya buda masu littafi. Don haka, zamu fahimci cewa, idan an saka alamar, zancen ya zama Kalma daya kacal. Amma idan ba a sa alamar ba to rubutun ya zama jimla sukum. # Karin Missali, idan mutum yana rubutu a cikin takarda ko kan allo, sai aka fara rubuta wata kalma da ta zo a karshen layi sannan kuma ba ta karasu duka ba, sai a saka karan-dori ( - ) kuma a karasata a layi na kasa. ==1.7 Alamar baka-biyu / ( ) /== Wannan wata alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna karin bayani akan wata kalma, ko Jimla ko dai a kan wata maganar ta daban. Ga missalai nan kamar haka: * Yaron da aka kama da laifin kisan matar, 'yar uwa ce ga mahaifin yaron (Gwaggon yaron ce) * Gwamnan kano, Alh. Abba Kabir Yusuf, ya tura wakilinsa (Sunusi Nature) wajen Taron. * # Ni mutum ne mai son a sami zaman lafiya tsakanin Musulmai da wanda ba Musulmai ba (Kiristoci). ==1.8 Ayar Motsin-rai / ! /== Ayar Motsin-rai, wata alama ce da ke nuni da zaburar furuci cikin gaggawar kargafa murya. Hakan na faruwa ne yawanci a farkon bayyanar mury cikin Karfafawa, musamman a kalmomin; razana,mamaki, tausayi da kuma karfafar wata kalma a cikin wani zance na musamman. Alal Missali: '''Ah!, Wayyo!, Lah!, Innalillahi!, Kai!''' Da sauransu. Ga Karin missalai a cikin jimloli: * Saurayin na zuwa ya nuna mata kyautar bazatar da ya zo mata da ita. Sai ta cika da mamaki,sannan ta ja wani gwauron numfashi sanan ta ce, '''La!''' Amma ko na gode '''sosai!''' * A lokacin da yaron yake guje-guje cikin lalatattun Kujerun cikin ajin, sai ya taka kusa, ya ce, '''wayyo Allahna!''' jin haka malaminsu ya leko yana cewa, '''kai!''' Me ya faru. * Haba, yana lekowa cikkin dare sai ya ga wani duhu-duhu dab da shi. Aiko ya firgita ya ce '''waye nan!''' Yanzu sai mu lura cewa, a Missali na daya (1), mun yi amfani da '''Lah!''' da kuma '''sosai!'''. A Missali na biyu (2) kuma mun yi amfani da '''wayyo Allah!''' tare da '''kai!'''. Har illa yau a Missali na uku (3) kuma na karshe, mun yi amfani da '''waye nan!'''. Don haka, wadannan missalai, kadan ne daga cikin missalan '''ayar Motsin-rai / ! /''' Ko kuma inda ya kamata a yi amfani da ita. Sannan kuma, ya kamata a fahimci cewa, dole ne a sami karfafa murya a duk inda ake nufin '''ayar Motsin-rai,''' domin idan aka yi amfani da sanyin murya ma'ana ba za ta samu ba. ==1.9 Zarce / ... /== Zarce wata alama ce ta digo-dogo akalla guda uku (...), da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna ketare wata kalma ko Jimla a cikin rubutu. Ana samun missalai ta bangarori da dama, mussan a cikin karin magana, tsaallake gurbin amasa wata tambaya, dss. Missali: # '''Ban sa a ka ba,...''' A nan ba a bukatar karasa zancen ne, shi ya sa aka yi digo-dogon. Manufa a nan, duk Wanda aka yi wa karin maganar, ya karasa ma'anar a zuci ko ma a fili. Wto kenan sai ya karasa zuwa '''inji barawon tagiya''' # Haka kuma, akan saka wannan alama / ... /, a tsarin tambayar '''cikke tazara'''. Missali: * '''Sunan Babban birnin kasar Najeriya...''' a nana sai cike da '''Abuja''' ko makamancin haka. =='''2.0 Rabawa Da Haɗa Kalma'''== Raba kalma da hada kalma, abubuwa ne mabanbanta amma, masu alaka da juna. Da farko za mu dauki raba kalma. Kamar haka: ==2.1 Raba Kalma== raba kalma na nufin, barin kalma ta ci gashin kanta duk kankantarta Kuma duk girmanta. Hakan, na nufin a barkalma a matayita ba tare da an hade ta da wata ba, don kaucewa rasa ma'ana ta asali. Wato dai,kin raba kalmomin a inda ya ya dace, yana haifar da chanjawar ma'ana. Missali: * Shi ne, (kar a ce: ba shine) * Ita ce, (kar a ce: itace) * Wa ya je da su kasuwa? (Kar a ce: waya je dasu kasuwa?) * Ba ni na zo da shi ba, (kar a ce: bani nazo dashi ba) * Da ni da ku mu hada Kai, (kar a ce;Dani daku mu hadakai) A nan, idan muka Laura, mafi yawancin kalmomin da aka yi amfani da su, masu gaba dai-dai ne. Kuma kowacce an bar ta a matayinta. Don haka mu duba Missali na farko: '''Shi ne.''' Kalmar farko '''shi''' wakilin suna ce, Kalmar '''ce''' kuwa tana cikin wani aji na nahawu da ake cewa dirka. Don hak, idan aka hade su kamar '''Shine''' kalmomi biyu daban-daban an hade guri daya, don haka sun zama kalma daya ke nan, wacce kwata-kwata babu ita a Hausa sai a Turancin Ingilishi. Wacce ke nufin '''sheki''' a harshen Hausa. A Missali na hudu kuwa, ('''ba ni na zo da shi ba ''') za a fahimci cewa, kowacce kalma tana dauke da gaba daya ne. Kuma, duk da rashin tsawonsu,ba a hada wata da wata ba, domin kuwacce na cin gashin kanta. To hakan shi ne daidai. Inda kuwa an hada wata Kalmar da wata, ma'anarta za ta canza. Missali, idan aka hada '''da''' tare da '''shi,''' za su koma kalma daya kamar haka: '''dashi.''' kuma Kalmar tana nufin sunan wata itaciya ne. ==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance. Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya) ==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance. Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya) =='''4.0 Kalmomin Mallaka'''== Kalmomin Mallaka, wasu kalmomi ne da ake amfani da su wajen nuna faruwar mallaka a cikin rubutu. Game da ka'idojin rubun Hausa, an tanadar da hanyoyi biyu domin samar da rubutu mai inganci. Don haka, muna da gajerar mallaka da kuma doguwar mallaka. ===4.1 Gajerar Mallaka=== Gajerar mallaka, ita ake hade Kalmar abinda aka mallaka da wakilin sunan abin da aka mallaka da wakilin sunan wanda yai mallaka a guri daya.missli: gida+na= (gidana) a nan za a fahimci cewa, kalmar 'gida' da kalmar 'na' an haɗa su a guri ɗaya sun zama kamar kalma guda. A kiyaye da cewa, gajerar mallaka haɗe ta ake yi. Don haka, akwai ƙarin missalai kamar haka: *Jakarta ba jakar ta ba; *ajinsu ba ajin su ba; *matata ba mata ta ba; *ɗakinki ba ɗakin ki ba; *motarka ba motar ka ba. *masallacinku ba Masallacin ku ba. Da sauransu. ==='''4.2 Doguwar Mallaka'''=== Ita doguwar mallaka, ba a haɗe ake rubuta ta ba. Wato ke nan, ana rabewa tsakanin abinda aka mallaka da kuma wakilin sunan mai mallaka. Ga missalai kamar haka: * Jakar tata * Ɗakin nasu * Wayar tawa * Littafin shi * Gonar taku * Masallacin nawa * Takalmin namu Da haka, za mu fahimci cewa akwai banbanci tsakanin doguwar mallaka da gajerar mallaka. Mu tuna da missalin farko na doguwar. Wato "'''jakar tata'''" == Manazararta== mjqtkbybc4jrx0bgx4otqkvq6ua0cxn 889772 889771 2026-07-31T10:43:56Z ~2026-42490-91 47467 /* 4.2 Doguwar Mallaka */ 889772 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Stub}} == Ƙa'idojin rubutun hausa == Kamar yadda aka sani, kowanne lamari na duniya yana da ka'idar yadda ya kamata a gudanar da shi. Kuma bin ƙa'idar ita ke sa a sami dacen yadda ake bukata ba tare da an fuskanci wata matsala ba. Idan kuma ba a bi ka'idar ba to za a ga ba daidai ba.. Tunda yake haka ne, rubutun Hausa shi ma, yana da ka'idarsa. Bin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa sau-da-kafa, su ke sa a sami rubutu mai Cikakkiyar ma'ana. Wato a sami daidaiton manufa tsakanin tunanain marubuci da kuma na makaranci.<ref><nowiki>https://hemingwayapp.com/articles/grammar-punctuation/punctuation-marks</nowiki></ref> ==Abin da ake nufi da ka'idojin rubutun hausa== Ka'idojin rubutun Hausa, wani yanayi ne na lura da kiyaye ka'idojin harshen Hausa a rubuce domin samun damar isar da sakon da marubuci ke nufi zuwa ga mai karatu daidai da daidai, ba tare da canzawar ma'anar da marubuci ke nufi ba . Haka kuma, yana samar da saukin fahimtar karatu daga mai karantawa. == Fannonin Ka'idojin Rubutun Hausa == Fannonin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa da muke da su a nan, suna da dama. Kuma sune ginshin duk abinda ya kamata marubuci ya koya game da ka'idojin rubutun Hausa domin samun gwanancewa a rubutu. Don haka, zan zayyano su, sannan kuma na yi bayaninsu daki-daki kamar haka: #Alamomin ajiye magana; #Raba kalma da kuma hade kalma; #Shaddatun Tagwayen bakaken Hausa; #Gajera da doguwar mallaka; #Dafa-keya 'w' da jakada 'w'; #Daurin 'm' da daurin 'n'; =='''1.0 Alamomin Ajiye Magana' (punctuation mark)'''== Ga Alamomin aje magana tare da bayanansu daki-daki: * '''Aya / . / * '''Waƙafi / . / * '''Ayar tambaya / ? / * '''Ruwa-biyu / : / * '''Waƙafi m mai ruwa / ; / * '''Karan-ɗori / - / * '''Alamar zancen wani / " " / * '''Baka-biyu / ( ) / * '''Alamar Motsin rai / ! / * '''Zarce / ... / 1.1 '''Aya / . /''' Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali: '''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.''' idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan. 1.2== Wakafi/ , / == Wakafi, wata karmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali: *'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.''' To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: *'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.''' A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe. 1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / == Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali: * Aliyu ya zo?, * menene ake sayarwa? Idan aka yi la'akari missalan da ke sama, za a ga an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkanin suna dauke da alamar tambaya. Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba: Aliyu ya zo A nan za a fahimci cewa ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri. 1.4== Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/== Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal: # '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida) # missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )''' sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita * idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:''' * Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi; * Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa; * Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da aka sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana. ==1.1 Aya / . /== Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali: '''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.''' idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan. ==1.2 Wakafi/ , / == Waƙafi, wata ƙarmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali: *'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.''' To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: *'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.''' A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe. 1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / == Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali: * Aliyu ya zo?, * menene ake sayarwa? Idan aka yi la'akari missalan da ke sama, za a ga an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkanin suna dauke da alamar tambaya. Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba: Aliyu ya zo A nan za a fahimci cewa ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri. ==1.4 Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/== Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal: # '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida) # missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )''' sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita * idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:''' * Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi; * Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa; * Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da na sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana. ==1.5 Waƙafi mai ruwa / ; / == wannan alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen raba jerin wasu jimloli ko kalmomi a cikin zance. Game da missali, a duba a missalin karshe na Aya mai ruwa, za a ga yadda aka bayyana abinda Shugaban kasa ya zayyana. A nan za a ga an sa Ka alamar /;/ a gaban kowacce jimla. Ga Karin missali: * Shugqban makarantar ya gargadi dalibai cewa,idan sun tashi dawowa daga hutu, su zo da kayan karatu kamar irin wadannan: # littafin koyon turanci, aji na biyar; # littafin koyan lissafi, aji na biyar; # littafin nazarin rayuwar dan Adam, aji na biyar; # littafin koyan karatn Hausa, aji na biyar. A wadannan missalai za a lura cewa, a duk karshen jimloli 3 na farko an saka alamaar tsayawa ta wakafi mai ruwa (;), in banda jimla ta karshe da aka yi wa alamar aya /./ ==1.6 Karan-ɗori / - /== Karan-dori, alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen hade kalmomi biyu ko sama da biyu, su zama kalma daya da ma'ana daya. Akan saka wannan alama ne a tsakanin kalmomi da suka zo iri daya ko wadanda suka zo daban-daban. Kin saka wannan alama a inda ya dace, yakan kawo sabanin ma'ana tsakanin mawallafi da makaranci. Missali: # malam-buda-mana-littafi (sunnan wani kafilfilo); # fadi-ka-mutu (tangaran); # fari-fari (abinda bai kai fari sosai ba); # malfar-ungulu (wani tsiro ne); dss. A lura da kyau, idan muka dauki missali na farko, (malam-buda-mana-littafi) za mu ga yana nufin sunan wani abu wato (kafilfilo). Idan kuma ba a sa wannan alama ba a tsakankanin kalmomin (malam buda mana littafi) to rubutun ya zama wata jimla mai nufin umarni, maimakon kalma daya mai nufin sunan wani Kwaro. Wato, dalibai ne ke umartar malaminsu da ya buda masu littafi. Don haka, zamu fahimci cewa, idan an saka alamar, zancen ya zama Kalma daya kacal. Amma idan ba a sa alamar ba to rubutun ya zama jimla sukum. # Karin Missali, idan mutum yana rubutu a cikin takarda ko kan allo, sai aka fara rubuta wata kalma da ta zo a karshen layi sannan kuma ba ta karasu duka ba, sai a saka karan-dori ( - ) kuma a karasata a layi na kasa. ==1.7 Alamar baka-biyu / ( ) /== Wannan wata alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna karin bayani akan wata kalma, ko Jimla ko dai a kan wata maganar ta daban. Ga missalai nan kamar haka: * Yaron da aka kama da laifin kisan matar, 'yar uwa ce ga mahaifin yaron (Gwaggon yaron ce) * Gwamnan kano, Alh. Abba Kabir Yusuf, ya tura wakilinsa (Sunusi Nature) wajen Taron. * # Ni mutum ne mai son a sami zaman lafiya tsakanin Musulmai da wanda ba Musulmai ba (Kiristoci). ==1.8 Ayar Motsin-rai / ! /== Ayar Motsin-rai, wata alama ce da ke nuni da zaburar furuci cikin gaggawar kargafa murya. Hakan na faruwa ne yawanci a farkon bayyanar mury cikin Karfafawa, musamman a kalmomin; razana,mamaki, tausayi da kuma karfafar wata kalma a cikin wani zance na musamman. Alal Missali: '''Ah!, Wayyo!, Lah!, Innalillahi!, Kai!''' Da sauransu. Ga Karin missalai a cikin jimloli: * Saurayin na zuwa ya nuna mata kyautar bazatar da ya zo mata da ita. Sai ta cika da mamaki,sannan ta ja wani gwauron numfashi sanan ta ce, '''La!''' Amma ko na gode '''sosai!''' * A lokacin da yaron yake guje-guje cikin lalatattun Kujerun cikin ajin, sai ya taka kusa, ya ce, '''wayyo Allahna!''' jin haka malaminsu ya leko yana cewa, '''kai!''' Me ya faru. * Haba, yana lekowa cikkin dare sai ya ga wani duhu-duhu dab da shi. Aiko ya firgita ya ce '''waye nan!''' Yanzu sai mu lura cewa, a Missali na daya (1), mun yi amfani da '''Lah!''' da kuma '''sosai!'''. A Missali na biyu (2) kuma mun yi amfani da '''wayyo Allah!''' tare da '''kai!'''. Har illa yau a Missali na uku (3) kuma na karshe, mun yi amfani da '''waye nan!'''. Don haka, wadannan missalai, kadan ne daga cikin missalan '''ayar Motsin-rai / ! /''' Ko kuma inda ya kamata a yi amfani da ita. Sannan kuma, ya kamata a fahimci cewa, dole ne a sami karfafa murya a duk inda ake nufin '''ayar Motsin-rai,''' domin idan aka yi amfani da sanyin murya ma'ana ba za ta samu ba. ==1.9 Zarce / ... /== Zarce wata alama ce ta digo-dogo akalla guda uku (...), da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna ketare wata kalma ko Jimla a cikin rubutu. Ana samun missalai ta bangarori da dama, mussan a cikin karin magana, tsaallake gurbin amasa wata tambaya, dss. Missali: # '''Ban sa a ka ba,...''' A nan ba a bukatar karasa zancen ne, shi ya sa aka yi digo-dogon. Manufa a nan, duk Wanda aka yi wa karin maganar, ya karasa ma'anar a zuci ko ma a fili. Wto kenan sai ya karasa zuwa '''inji barawon tagiya''' # Haka kuma, akan saka wannan alama / ... /, a tsarin tambayar '''cikke tazara'''. Missali: * '''Sunan Babban birnin kasar Najeriya...''' a nana sai cike da '''Abuja''' ko makamancin haka. =='''2.0 Rabawa Da Haɗa Kalma'''== Raba kalma da hada kalma, abubuwa ne mabanbanta amma, masu alaka da juna. Da farko za mu dauki raba kalma. Kamar haka: ==2.1 Raba Kalma== raba kalma na nufin, barin kalma ta ci gashin kanta duk kankantarta Kuma duk girmanta. Hakan, na nufin a barkalma a matayita ba tare da an hade ta da wata ba, don kaucewa rasa ma'ana ta asali. Wato dai,kin raba kalmomin a inda ya ya dace, yana haifar da chanjawar ma'ana. Missali: * Shi ne, (kar a ce: ba shine) * Ita ce, (kar a ce: itace) * Wa ya je da su kasuwa? (Kar a ce: waya je dasu kasuwa?) * Ba ni na zo da shi ba, (kar a ce: bani nazo dashi ba) * Da ni da ku mu hada Kai, (kar a ce;Dani daku mu hadakai) A nan, idan muka Laura, mafi yawancin kalmomin da aka yi amfani da su, masu gaba dai-dai ne. Kuma kowacce an bar ta a matayinta. Don haka mu duba Missali na farko: '''Shi ne.''' Kalmar farko '''shi''' wakilin suna ce, Kalmar '''ce''' kuwa tana cikin wani aji na nahawu da ake cewa dirka. Don hak, idan aka hade su kamar '''Shine''' kalmomi biyu daban-daban an hade guri daya, don haka sun zama kalma daya ke nan, wacce kwata-kwata babu ita a Hausa sai a Turancin Ingilishi. Wacce ke nufin '''sheki''' a harshen Hausa. A Missali na hudu kuwa, ('''ba ni na zo da shi ba ''') za a fahimci cewa, kowacce kalma tana dauke da gaba daya ne. Kuma, duk da rashin tsawonsu,ba a hada wata da wata ba, domin kuwacce na cin gashin kanta. To hakan shi ne daidai. Inda kuwa an hada wata Kalmar da wata, ma'anarta za ta canza. Missali, idan aka hada '''da''' tare da '''shi,''' za su koma kalma daya kamar haka: '''dashi.''' kuma Kalmar tana nufin sunan wata itaciya ne. ==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance. Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya) ==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance. Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya) =='''4.0 Kalmomin Mallaka'''== Kalmomin Mallaka, wasu kalmomi ne da ake amfani da su wajen nuna faruwar mallaka a cikin rubutu. Game da ka'idojin rubun Hausa, an tanadar da hanyoyi biyu domin samar da rubutu mai inganci. Don haka, muna da gajerar mallaka da kuma doguwar mallaka. ===4.1 Gajerar Mallaka=== Gajerar mallaka, ita ake hade Kalmar abinda aka mallaka da wakilin sunan abin da aka mallaka da wakilin sunan wanda yai mallaka a guri daya.missli: gida+na= (gidana) a nan za a fahimci cewa, kalmar 'gida' da kalmar 'na' an haɗa su a guri ɗaya sun zama kamar kalma guda. A kiyaye da cewa, gajerar mallaka haɗe ta ake yi. Don haka, akwai ƙarin missalai kamar haka: *Jakarta ba jakar ta ba; *ajinsu ba ajin su ba; *matata ba mata ta ba; *ɗakinki ba ɗakin ki ba; *motarka ba motar ka ba. *masallacinku ba Masallacin ku ba. Da sauransu. ==='''4.2 Doguwar Mallaka'''=== Ita doguwar mallaka, ba a haɗe ake rubuta ta ba. Wato ke nan, ana rabewa tsakanin abinda aka mallaka da kuma wakilin sunan mai mallaka. Ga missalai kamar haka: * Jakar tata * Ɗakin nasu * Wayar tawa * Littafin shi * Gonar taku * Masallacin nawa * Takalmin namu Da haka, za mu fahimci cewa akwai banbanci tsakanin doguwar mallaka da gajerar mallaka. Mu tuna da missalin farko na doguwar. Wato "'''jakar tata'''" idan kuma a gajerar mallaka ne == Manazararta== l5bhthzpi65o6zzonqnsihzkv1nwi0r 889773 889772 2026-07-31T10:45:33Z ~2026-42490-91 47467 /* 4.2 Doguwar Mallaka */ 889773 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Stub}} == Ƙa'idojin rubutun hausa == Kamar yadda aka sani, kowanne lamari na duniya yana da ka'idar yadda ya kamata a gudanar da shi. Kuma bin ƙa'idar ita ke sa a sami dacen yadda ake bukata ba tare da an fuskanci wata matsala ba. Idan kuma ba a bi ka'idar ba to za a ga ba daidai ba.. Tunda yake haka ne, rubutun Hausa shi ma, yana da ka'idarsa. Bin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa sau-da-kafa, su ke sa a sami rubutu mai Cikakkiyar ma'ana. Wato a sami daidaiton manufa tsakanin tunanain marubuci da kuma na makaranci.<ref><nowiki>https://hemingwayapp.com/articles/grammar-punctuation/punctuation-marks</nowiki></ref> ==Abin da ake nufi da ka'idojin rubutun hausa== Ka'idojin rubutun Hausa, wani yanayi ne na lura da kiyaye ka'idojin harshen Hausa a rubuce domin samun damar isar da sakon da marubuci ke nufi zuwa ga mai karatu daidai da daidai, ba tare da canzawar ma'anar da marubuci ke nufi ba . Haka kuma, yana samar da saukin fahimtar karatu daga mai karantawa. == Fannonin Ka'idojin Rubutun Hausa == Fannonin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa da muke da su a nan, suna da dama. Kuma sune ginshin duk abinda ya kamata marubuci ya koya game da ka'idojin rubutun Hausa domin samun gwanancewa a rubutu. Don haka, zan zayyano su, sannan kuma na yi bayaninsu daki-daki kamar haka: #Alamomin ajiye magana; #Raba kalma da kuma hade kalma; #Shaddatun Tagwayen bakaken Hausa; #Gajera da doguwar mallaka; #Dafa-keya 'w' da jakada 'w'; #Daurin 'm' da daurin 'n'; =='''1.0 Alamomin Ajiye Magana' (punctuation mark)'''== Ga Alamomin aje magana tare da bayanansu daki-daki: * '''Aya / . / * '''Waƙafi / . / * '''Ayar tambaya / ? / * '''Ruwa-biyu / : / * '''Waƙafi m mai ruwa / ; / * '''Karan-ɗori / - / * '''Alamar zancen wani / " " / * '''Baka-biyu / ( ) / * '''Alamar Motsin rai / ! / * '''Zarce / ... / 1.1 '''Aya / . /''' Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali: '''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.''' idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan. 1.2== Wakafi/ , / == Wakafi, wata karmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali: *'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.''' To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: *'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.''' A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe. 1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / == Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali: * Aliyu ya zo?, * menene ake sayarwa? Idan aka yi la'akari missalan da ke sama, za a ga an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkanin suna dauke da alamar tambaya. Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba: Aliyu ya zo A nan za a fahimci cewa ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri. 1.4== Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/== Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal: # '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida) # missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )''' sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita * idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:''' * Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi; * Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa; * Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da aka sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana. ==1.1 Aya / . /== Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali: '''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.''' idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan. ==1.2 Wakafi/ , / == Waƙafi, wata ƙarmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali: *'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.''' To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: *'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.''' A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe. 1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / == Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali: * Aliyu ya zo?, * menene ake sayarwa? Idan aka yi la'akari missalan da ke sama, za a ga an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkanin suna dauke da alamar tambaya. Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba: Aliyu ya zo A nan za a fahimci cewa ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri. ==1.4 Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/== Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal: # '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida) # missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )''' sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita * idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:''' * Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi; * Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa; * Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da na sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana. ==1.5 Waƙafi mai ruwa / ; / == wannan alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen raba jerin wasu jimloli ko kalmomi a cikin zance. Game da missali, a duba a missalin karshe na Aya mai ruwa, za a ga yadda aka bayyana abinda Shugaban kasa ya zayyana. A nan za a ga an sa Ka alamar /;/ a gaban kowacce jimla. Ga Karin missali: * Shugqban makarantar ya gargadi dalibai cewa,idan sun tashi dawowa daga hutu, su zo da kayan karatu kamar irin wadannan: # littafin koyon turanci, aji na biyar; # littafin koyan lissafi, aji na biyar; # littafin nazarin rayuwar dan Adam, aji na biyar; # littafin koyan karatn Hausa, aji na biyar. A wadannan missalai za a lura cewa, a duk karshen jimloli 3 na farko an saka alamaar tsayawa ta wakafi mai ruwa (;), in banda jimla ta karshe da aka yi wa alamar aya /./ ==1.6 Karan-ɗori / - /== Karan-dori, alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen hade kalmomi biyu ko sama da biyu, su zama kalma daya da ma'ana daya. Akan saka wannan alama ne a tsakanin kalmomi da suka zo iri daya ko wadanda suka zo daban-daban. Kin saka wannan alama a inda ya dace, yakan kawo sabanin ma'ana tsakanin mawallafi da makaranci. Missali: # malam-buda-mana-littafi (sunnan wani kafilfilo); # fadi-ka-mutu (tangaran); # fari-fari (abinda bai kai fari sosai ba); # malfar-ungulu (wani tsiro ne); dss. A lura da kyau, idan muka dauki missali na farko, (malam-buda-mana-littafi) za mu ga yana nufin sunan wani abu wato (kafilfilo). Idan kuma ba a sa wannan alama ba a tsakankanin kalmomin (malam buda mana littafi) to rubutun ya zama wata jimla mai nufin umarni, maimakon kalma daya mai nufin sunan wani Kwaro. Wato, dalibai ne ke umartar malaminsu da ya buda masu littafi. Don haka, zamu fahimci cewa, idan an saka alamar, zancen ya zama Kalma daya kacal. Amma idan ba a sa alamar ba to rubutun ya zama jimla sukum. # Karin Missali, idan mutum yana rubutu a cikin takarda ko kan allo, sai aka fara rubuta wata kalma da ta zo a karshen layi sannan kuma ba ta karasu duka ba, sai a saka karan-dori ( - ) kuma a karasata a layi na kasa. ==1.7 Alamar baka-biyu / ( ) /== Wannan wata alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna karin bayani akan wata kalma, ko Jimla ko dai a kan wata maganar ta daban. Ga missalai nan kamar haka: * Yaron da aka kama da laifin kisan matar, 'yar uwa ce ga mahaifin yaron (Gwaggon yaron ce) * Gwamnan kano, Alh. Abba Kabir Yusuf, ya tura wakilinsa (Sunusi Nature) wajen Taron. * # Ni mutum ne mai son a sami zaman lafiya tsakanin Musulmai da wanda ba Musulmai ba (Kiristoci). ==1.8 Ayar Motsin-rai / ! /== Ayar Motsin-rai, wata alama ce da ke nuni da zaburar furuci cikin gaggawar kargafa murya. Hakan na faruwa ne yawanci a farkon bayyanar mury cikin Karfafawa, musamman a kalmomin; razana,mamaki, tausayi da kuma karfafar wata kalma a cikin wani zance na musamman. Alal Missali: '''Ah!, Wayyo!, Lah!, Innalillahi!, Kai!''' Da sauransu. Ga Karin missalai a cikin jimloli: * Saurayin na zuwa ya nuna mata kyautar bazatar da ya zo mata da ita. Sai ta cika da mamaki,sannan ta ja wani gwauron numfashi sanan ta ce, '''La!''' Amma ko na gode '''sosai!''' * A lokacin da yaron yake guje-guje cikin lalatattun Kujerun cikin ajin, sai ya taka kusa, ya ce, '''wayyo Allahna!''' jin haka malaminsu ya leko yana cewa, '''kai!''' Me ya faru. * Haba, yana lekowa cikkin dare sai ya ga wani duhu-duhu dab da shi. Aiko ya firgita ya ce '''waye nan!''' Yanzu sai mu lura cewa, a Missali na daya (1), mun yi amfani da '''Lah!''' da kuma '''sosai!'''. A Missali na biyu (2) kuma mun yi amfani da '''wayyo Allah!''' tare da '''kai!'''. Har illa yau a Missali na uku (3) kuma na karshe, mun yi amfani da '''waye nan!'''. Don haka, wadannan missalai, kadan ne daga cikin missalan '''ayar Motsin-rai / ! /''' Ko kuma inda ya kamata a yi amfani da ita. Sannan kuma, ya kamata a fahimci cewa, dole ne a sami karfafa murya a duk inda ake nufin '''ayar Motsin-rai,''' domin idan aka yi amfani da sanyin murya ma'ana ba za ta samu ba. ==1.9 Zarce / ... /== Zarce wata alama ce ta digo-dogo akalla guda uku (...), da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna ketare wata kalma ko Jimla a cikin rubutu. Ana samun missalai ta bangarori da dama, mussan a cikin karin magana, tsaallake gurbin amasa wata tambaya, dss. Missali: # '''Ban sa a ka ba,...''' A nan ba a bukatar karasa zancen ne, shi ya sa aka yi digo-dogon. Manufa a nan, duk Wanda aka yi wa karin maganar, ya karasa ma'anar a zuci ko ma a fili. Wto kenan sai ya karasa zuwa '''inji barawon tagiya''' # Haka kuma, akan saka wannan alama / ... /, a tsarin tambayar '''cikke tazara'''. Missali: * '''Sunan Babban birnin kasar Najeriya...''' a nana sai cike da '''Abuja''' ko makamancin haka. =='''2.0 Rabawa Da Haɗa Kalma'''== Raba kalma da hada kalma, abubuwa ne mabanbanta amma, masu alaka da juna. Da farko za mu dauki raba kalma. Kamar haka: ==2.1 Raba Kalma== raba kalma na nufin, barin kalma ta ci gashin kanta duk kankantarta Kuma duk girmanta. Hakan, na nufin a barkalma a matayita ba tare da an hade ta da wata ba, don kaucewa rasa ma'ana ta asali. Wato dai,kin raba kalmomin a inda ya ya dace, yana haifar da chanjawar ma'ana. Missali: * Shi ne, (kar a ce: ba shine) * Ita ce, (kar a ce: itace) * Wa ya je da su kasuwa? (Kar a ce: waya je dasu kasuwa?) * Ba ni na zo da shi ba, (kar a ce: bani nazo dashi ba) * Da ni da ku mu hada Kai, (kar a ce;Dani daku mu hadakai) A nan, idan muka Laura, mafi yawancin kalmomin da aka yi amfani da su, masu gaba dai-dai ne. Kuma kowacce an bar ta a matayinta. Don haka mu duba Missali na farko: '''Shi ne.''' Kalmar farko '''shi''' wakilin suna ce, Kalmar '''ce''' kuwa tana cikin wani aji na nahawu da ake cewa dirka. Don hak, idan aka hade su kamar '''Shine''' kalmomi biyu daban-daban an hade guri daya, don haka sun zama kalma daya ke nan, wacce kwata-kwata babu ita a Hausa sai a Turancin Ingilishi. Wacce ke nufin '''sheki''' a harshen Hausa. A Missali na hudu kuwa, ('''ba ni na zo da shi ba ''') za a fahimci cewa, kowacce kalma tana dauke da gaba daya ne. Kuma, duk da rashin tsawonsu,ba a hada wata da wata ba, domin kuwacce na cin gashin kanta. To hakan shi ne daidai. Inda kuwa an hada wata Kalmar da wata, ma'anarta za ta canza. Missali, idan aka hada '''da''' tare da '''shi,''' za su koma kalma daya kamar haka: '''dashi.''' kuma Kalmar tana nufin sunan wata itaciya ne. ==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance. Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya) ==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance. Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya) =='''4.0 Kalmomin Mallaka'''== Kalmomin Mallaka, wasu kalmomi ne da ake amfani da su wajen nuna faruwar mallaka a cikin rubutu. Game da ka'idojin rubun Hausa, an tanadar da hanyoyi biyu domin samar da rubutu mai inganci. Don haka, muna da gajerar mallaka da kuma doguwar mallaka. ===4.1 Gajerar Mallaka=== Gajerar mallaka, ita ake hade Kalmar abinda aka mallaka da wakilin sunan abin da aka mallaka da wakilin sunan wanda yai mallaka a guri daya.missli: gida+na= (gidana) a nan za a fahimci cewa, kalmar 'gida' da kalmar 'na' an haɗa su a guri ɗaya sun zama kamar kalma guda. A kiyaye da cewa, gajerar mallaka haɗe ta ake yi. Don haka, akwai ƙarin missalai kamar haka: *Jakarta ba jakar ta ba; *ajinsu ba ajin su ba; *matata ba mata ta ba; *ɗakinki ba ɗakin ki ba; *motarka ba motar ka ba. *masallacinku ba Masallacin ku ba. Da sauransu. ==='''4.2 Doguwar Mallaka'''=== Ita doguwar mallaka, ba a haɗe ake rubuta ta ba. Wato ke nan, ana rabewa tsakanin abinda aka mallaka da kuma wakilin sunan mai mallaka. Ga missalai kamar haka: * Jakar tata * Ɗakin nasu * Wayar tawa * Littafin shi * Gonar taku * Masallacin nawa * Takalmin namu Da haka, za mu fahimci cewa akwai banbanci tsakanin doguwar mallaka da gajerar mallaka. Mu tuna da missalin farko na doguwar. Wato "'''jakar tata'''" idan kuma a gajerar mallaka ne sai a rubuta ''' == Manazararta== lp6zav1k0oz50gxara7rcxpj3pmygw3 889775 889773 2026-07-31T10:48:22Z ~2026-42490-91 47467 /* 4.2 Doguwar Mallaka */ 889775 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Stub}} == Ƙa'idojin rubutun hausa == Kamar yadda aka sani, kowanne lamari na duniya yana da ka'idar yadda ya kamata a gudanar da shi. Kuma bin ƙa'idar ita ke sa a sami dacen yadda ake bukata ba tare da an fuskanci wata matsala ba. Idan kuma ba a bi ka'idar ba to za a ga ba daidai ba.. Tunda yake haka ne, rubutun Hausa shi ma, yana da ka'idarsa. Bin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa sau-da-kafa, su ke sa a sami rubutu mai Cikakkiyar ma'ana. Wato a sami daidaiton manufa tsakanin tunanain marubuci da kuma na makaranci.<ref><nowiki>https://hemingwayapp.com/articles/grammar-punctuation/punctuation-marks</nowiki></ref> ==Abin da ake nufi da ka'idojin rubutun hausa== Ka'idojin rubutun Hausa, wani yanayi ne na lura da kiyaye ka'idojin harshen Hausa a rubuce domin samun damar isar da sakon da marubuci ke nufi zuwa ga mai karatu daidai da daidai, ba tare da canzawar ma'anar da marubuci ke nufi ba . Haka kuma, yana samar da saukin fahimtar karatu daga mai karantawa. == Fannonin Ka'idojin Rubutun Hausa == Fannonin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa da muke da su a nan, suna da dama. Kuma sune ginshin duk abinda ya kamata marubuci ya koya game da ka'idojin rubutun Hausa domin samun gwanancewa a rubutu. Don haka, zan zayyano su, sannan kuma na yi bayaninsu daki-daki kamar haka: #Alamomin ajiye magana; #Raba kalma da kuma hade kalma; #Shaddatun Tagwayen bakaken Hausa; #Gajera da doguwar mallaka; #Dafa-keya 'w' da jakada 'w'; #Daurin 'm' da daurin 'n'; =='''1.0 Alamomin Ajiye Magana' (punctuation mark)'''== Ga Alamomin aje magana tare da bayanansu daki-daki: * '''Aya / . / * '''Waƙafi / . / * '''Ayar tambaya / ? / * '''Ruwa-biyu / : / * '''Waƙafi m mai ruwa / ; / * '''Karan-ɗori / - / * '''Alamar zancen wani / " " / * '''Baka-biyu / ( ) / * '''Alamar Motsin rai / ! / * '''Zarce / ... / 1.1 '''Aya / . /''' Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali: '''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.''' idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan. 1.2== Wakafi/ , / == Wakafi, wata karmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali: *'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.''' To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: *'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.''' A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe. 1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / == Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali: * Aliyu ya zo?, * menene ake sayarwa? Idan aka yi la'akari missalan da ke sama, za a ga an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkanin suna dauke da alamar tambaya. Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba: Aliyu ya zo A nan za a fahimci cewa ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri. 1.4== Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/== Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal: # '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida) # missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )''' sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita * idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:''' * Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi; * Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa; * Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da aka sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana. ==1.1 Aya / . /== Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali: '''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.''' idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan. ==1.2 Wakafi/ , / == Waƙafi, wata ƙarmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali: *'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.''' To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: *'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.''' A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe. 1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / == Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali: * Aliyu ya zo?, * menene ake sayarwa? Idan aka yi la'akari missalan da ke sama, za a ga an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkanin suna dauke da alamar tambaya. Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba: Aliyu ya zo A nan za a fahimci cewa ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri. ==1.4 Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/== Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal: # '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida) # missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )''' sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita * idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:''' * Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi; * Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa; * Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da na sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana. ==1.5 Waƙafi mai ruwa / ; / == wannan alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen raba jerin wasu jimloli ko kalmomi a cikin zance. Game da missali, a duba a missalin karshe na Aya mai ruwa, za a ga yadda aka bayyana abinda Shugaban kasa ya zayyana. A nan za a ga an sa Ka alamar /;/ a gaban kowacce jimla. Ga Karin missali: * Shugqban makarantar ya gargadi dalibai cewa,idan sun tashi dawowa daga hutu, su zo da kayan karatu kamar irin wadannan: # littafin koyon turanci, aji na biyar; # littafin koyan lissafi, aji na biyar; # littafin nazarin rayuwar dan Adam, aji na biyar; # littafin koyan karatn Hausa, aji na biyar. A wadannan missalai za a lura cewa, a duk karshen jimloli 3 na farko an saka alamaar tsayawa ta wakafi mai ruwa (;), in banda jimla ta karshe da aka yi wa alamar aya /./ ==1.6 Karan-ɗori / - /== Karan-dori, alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen hade kalmomi biyu ko sama da biyu, su zama kalma daya da ma'ana daya. Akan saka wannan alama ne a tsakanin kalmomi da suka zo iri daya ko wadanda suka zo daban-daban. Kin saka wannan alama a inda ya dace, yakan kawo sabanin ma'ana tsakanin mawallafi da makaranci. Missali: # malam-buda-mana-littafi (sunnan wani kafilfilo); # fadi-ka-mutu (tangaran); # fari-fari (abinda bai kai fari sosai ba); # malfar-ungulu (wani tsiro ne); dss. A lura da kyau, idan muka dauki missali na farko, (malam-buda-mana-littafi) za mu ga yana nufin sunan wani abu wato (kafilfilo). Idan kuma ba a sa wannan alama ba a tsakankanin kalmomin (malam buda mana littafi) to rubutun ya zama wata jimla mai nufin umarni, maimakon kalma daya mai nufin sunan wani Kwaro. Wato, dalibai ne ke umartar malaminsu da ya buda masu littafi. Don haka, zamu fahimci cewa, idan an saka alamar, zancen ya zama Kalma daya kacal. Amma idan ba a sa alamar ba to rubutun ya zama jimla sukum. # Karin Missali, idan mutum yana rubutu a cikin takarda ko kan allo, sai aka fara rubuta wata kalma da ta zo a karshen layi sannan kuma ba ta karasu duka ba, sai a saka karan-dori ( - ) kuma a karasata a layi na kasa. ==1.7 Alamar baka-biyu / ( ) /== Wannan wata alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna karin bayani akan wata kalma, ko Jimla ko dai a kan wata maganar ta daban. Ga missalai nan kamar haka: * Yaron da aka kama da laifin kisan matar, 'yar uwa ce ga mahaifin yaron (Gwaggon yaron ce) * Gwamnan kano, Alh. Abba Kabir Yusuf, ya tura wakilinsa (Sunusi Nature) wajen Taron. * # Ni mutum ne mai son a sami zaman lafiya tsakanin Musulmai da wanda ba Musulmai ba (Kiristoci). ==1.8 Ayar Motsin-rai / ! /== Ayar Motsin-rai, wata alama ce da ke nuni da zaburar furuci cikin gaggawar kargafa murya. Hakan na faruwa ne yawanci a farkon bayyanar mury cikin Karfafawa, musamman a kalmomin; razana,mamaki, tausayi da kuma karfafar wata kalma a cikin wani zance na musamman. Alal Missali: '''Ah!, Wayyo!, Lah!, Innalillahi!, Kai!''' Da sauransu. Ga Karin missalai a cikin jimloli: * Saurayin na zuwa ya nuna mata kyautar bazatar da ya zo mata da ita. Sai ta cika da mamaki,sannan ta ja wani gwauron numfashi sanan ta ce, '''La!''' Amma ko na gode '''sosai!''' * A lokacin da yaron yake guje-guje cikin lalatattun Kujerun cikin ajin, sai ya taka kusa, ya ce, '''wayyo Allahna!''' jin haka malaminsu ya leko yana cewa, '''kai!''' Me ya faru. * Haba, yana lekowa cikkin dare sai ya ga wani duhu-duhu dab da shi. Aiko ya firgita ya ce '''waye nan!''' Yanzu sai mu lura cewa, a Missali na daya (1), mun yi amfani da '''Lah!''' da kuma '''sosai!'''. A Missali na biyu (2) kuma mun yi amfani da '''wayyo Allah!''' tare da '''kai!'''. Har illa yau a Missali na uku (3) kuma na karshe, mun yi amfani da '''waye nan!'''. Don haka, wadannan missalai, kadan ne daga cikin missalan '''ayar Motsin-rai / ! /''' Ko kuma inda ya kamata a yi amfani da ita. Sannan kuma, ya kamata a fahimci cewa, dole ne a sami karfafa murya a duk inda ake nufin '''ayar Motsin-rai,''' domin idan aka yi amfani da sanyin murya ma'ana ba za ta samu ba. ==1.9 Zarce / ... /== Zarce wata alama ce ta digo-dogo akalla guda uku (...), da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna ketare wata kalma ko Jimla a cikin rubutu. Ana samun missalai ta bangarori da dama, mussan a cikin karin magana, tsaallake gurbin amasa wata tambaya, dss. Missali: # '''Ban sa a ka ba,...''' A nan ba a bukatar karasa zancen ne, shi ya sa aka yi digo-dogon. Manufa a nan, duk Wanda aka yi wa karin maganar, ya karasa ma'anar a zuci ko ma a fili. Wto kenan sai ya karasa zuwa '''inji barawon tagiya''' # Haka kuma, akan saka wannan alama / ... /, a tsarin tambayar '''cikke tazara'''. Missali: * '''Sunan Babban birnin kasar Najeriya...''' a nana sai cike da '''Abuja''' ko makamancin haka. =='''2.0 Rabawa Da Haɗa Kalma'''== Raba kalma da hada kalma, abubuwa ne mabanbanta amma, masu alaka da juna. Da farko za mu dauki raba kalma. Kamar haka: ==2.1 Raba Kalma== raba kalma na nufin, barin kalma ta ci gashin kanta duk kankantarta Kuma duk girmanta. Hakan, na nufin a barkalma a matayita ba tare da an hade ta da wata ba, don kaucewa rasa ma'ana ta asali. Wato dai,kin raba kalmomin a inda ya ya dace, yana haifar da chanjawar ma'ana. Missali: * Shi ne, (kar a ce: ba shine) * Ita ce, (kar a ce: itace) * Wa ya je da su kasuwa? (Kar a ce: waya je dasu kasuwa?) * Ba ni na zo da shi ba, (kar a ce: bani nazo dashi ba) * Da ni da ku mu hada Kai, (kar a ce;Dani daku mu hadakai) A nan, idan muka Laura, mafi yawancin kalmomin da aka yi amfani da su, masu gaba dai-dai ne. Kuma kowacce an bar ta a matayinta. Don haka mu duba Missali na farko: '''Shi ne.''' Kalmar farko '''shi''' wakilin suna ce, Kalmar '''ce''' kuwa tana cikin wani aji na nahawu da ake cewa dirka. Don hak, idan aka hade su kamar '''Shine''' kalmomi biyu daban-daban an hade guri daya, don haka sun zama kalma daya ke nan, wacce kwata-kwata babu ita a Hausa sai a Turancin Ingilishi. Wacce ke nufin '''sheki''' a harshen Hausa. A Missali na hudu kuwa, ('''ba ni na zo da shi ba ''') za a fahimci cewa, kowacce kalma tana dauke da gaba daya ne. Kuma, duk da rashin tsawonsu,ba a hada wata da wata ba, domin kuwacce na cin gashin kanta. To hakan shi ne daidai. Inda kuwa an hada wata Kalmar da wata, ma'anarta za ta canza. Missali, idan aka hada '''da''' tare da '''shi,''' za su koma kalma daya kamar haka: '''dashi.''' kuma Kalmar tana nufin sunan wata itaciya ne. ==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance. Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya) ==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance. Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya) =='''4.0 Kalmomin Mallaka'''== Kalmomin Mallaka, wasu kalmomi ne da ake amfani da su wajen nuna faruwar mallaka a cikin rubutu. Game da ka'idojin rubun Hausa, an tanadar da hanyoyi biyu domin samar da rubutu mai inganci. Don haka, muna da gajerar mallaka da kuma doguwar mallaka. ===4.1 Gajerar Mallaka=== Gajerar mallaka, ita ake hade Kalmar abinda aka mallaka da wakilin sunan abin da aka mallaka da wakilin sunan wanda yai mallaka a guri daya.missli: gida+na= (gidana) a nan za a fahimci cewa, kalmar 'gida' da kalmar 'na' an haɗa su a guri ɗaya sun zama kamar kalma guda. A kiyaye da cewa, gajerar mallaka haɗe ta ake yi. Don haka, akwai ƙarin missalai kamar haka: *Jakarta ba jakar ta ba; *ajinsu ba ajin su ba; *matata ba mata ta ba; *ɗakinki ba ɗakin ki ba; *motarka ba motar ka ba. *masallacinku ba Masallacin ku ba. Da sauransu. ==='''4.2 Doguwar Mallaka'''=== Ita doguwar mallaka, ba a haɗe ake rubuta ta ba. Wato ke nan, ana rabewa tsakanin abinda aka mallaka da kuma wakilin sunan mai mallaka. Ga missalai kamar haka: * Jakar tata * Ɗakin nasu * Wayar tawa * Littafin shi * Gonar taku * Masallacin nawa * Takalmin namu Da haka, za mu fahimci cewa akwai banbanci tsakanin doguwar mallaka da gajerar mallaka. Mu tuna da missalin farko na doguwar. Wato "'''jakar tata'''" ma'ana, an rubuta '''jakar''' idan kuma a gajerar mallaka ne sai a rubuta ''' == Manazararta== 3f3gytkcyagn7qyupen2ucsqg6dujjd 889777 889775 2026-07-31T10:51:08Z ~2026-42490-91 47467 /* 4.2 Doguwar Mallaka */ 889777 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Stub}} == Ƙa'idojin rubutun hausa == Kamar yadda aka sani, kowanne lamari na duniya yana da ka'idar yadda ya kamata a gudanar da shi. Kuma bin ƙa'idar ita ke sa a sami dacen yadda ake bukata ba tare da an fuskanci wata matsala ba. Idan kuma ba a bi ka'idar ba to za a ga ba daidai ba.. Tunda yake haka ne, rubutun Hausa shi ma, yana da ka'idarsa. Bin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa sau-da-kafa, su ke sa a sami rubutu mai Cikakkiyar ma'ana. Wato a sami daidaiton manufa tsakanin tunanain marubuci da kuma na makaranci.<ref><nowiki>https://hemingwayapp.com/articles/grammar-punctuation/punctuation-marks</nowiki></ref> ==Abin da ake nufi da ka'idojin rubutun hausa== Ka'idojin rubutun Hausa, wani yanayi ne na lura da kiyaye ka'idojin harshen Hausa a rubuce domin samun damar isar da sakon da marubuci ke nufi zuwa ga mai karatu daidai da daidai, ba tare da canzawar ma'anar da marubuci ke nufi ba . Haka kuma, yana samar da saukin fahimtar karatu daga mai karantawa. == Fannonin Ka'idojin Rubutun Hausa == Fannonin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa da muke da su a nan, suna da dama. Kuma sune ginshin duk abinda ya kamata marubuci ya koya game da ka'idojin rubutun Hausa domin samun gwanancewa a rubutu. Don haka, zan zayyano su, sannan kuma na yi bayaninsu daki-daki kamar haka: #Alamomin ajiye magana; #Raba kalma da kuma hade kalma; #Shaddatun Tagwayen bakaken Hausa; #Gajera da doguwar mallaka; #Dafa-keya 'w' da jakada 'w'; #Daurin 'm' da daurin 'n'; =='''1.0 Alamomin Ajiye Magana' (punctuation mark)'''== Ga Alamomin aje magana tare da bayanansu daki-daki: * '''Aya / . / * '''Waƙafi / . / * '''Ayar tambaya / ? / * '''Ruwa-biyu / : / * '''Waƙafi m mai ruwa / ; / * '''Karan-ɗori / - / * '''Alamar zancen wani / " " / * '''Baka-biyu / ( ) / * '''Alamar Motsin rai / ! / * '''Zarce / ... / 1.1 '''Aya / . /''' Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali: '''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.''' idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan. 1.2== Wakafi/ , / == Wakafi, wata karmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali: *'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.''' To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: *'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.''' A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe. 1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / == Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali: * Aliyu ya zo?, * menene ake sayarwa? Idan aka yi la'akari missalan da ke sama, za a ga an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkanin suna dauke da alamar tambaya. Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba: Aliyu ya zo A nan za a fahimci cewa ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri. 1.4== Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/== Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal: # '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida) # missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )''' sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita * idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:''' * Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi; * Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa; * Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da aka sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana. ==1.1 Aya / . /== Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali: '''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.''' idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan. ==1.2 Wakafi/ , / == Waƙafi, wata ƙarmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali: *'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.''' To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: *'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.''' A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe. 1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / == Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali: * Aliyu ya zo?, * menene ake sayarwa? Idan aka yi la'akari missalan da ke sama, za a ga an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkanin suna dauke da alamar tambaya. Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba: Aliyu ya zo A nan za a fahimci cewa ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri. ==1.4 Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/== Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal: # '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida) # missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )''' sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita * idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:''' * Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi; * Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa; * Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da na sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana. ==1.5 Waƙafi mai ruwa / ; / == wannan alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen raba jerin wasu jimloli ko kalmomi a cikin zance. Game da missali, a duba a missalin karshe na Aya mai ruwa, za a ga yadda aka bayyana abinda Shugaban kasa ya zayyana. A nan za a ga an sa Ka alamar /;/ a gaban kowacce jimla. Ga Karin missali: * Shugqban makarantar ya gargadi dalibai cewa,idan sun tashi dawowa daga hutu, su zo da kayan karatu kamar irin wadannan: # littafin koyon turanci, aji na biyar; # littafin koyan lissafi, aji na biyar; # littafin nazarin rayuwar dan Adam, aji na biyar; # littafin koyan karatn Hausa, aji na biyar. A wadannan missalai za a lura cewa, a duk karshen jimloli 3 na farko an saka alamaar tsayawa ta wakafi mai ruwa (;), in banda jimla ta karshe da aka yi wa alamar aya /./ ==1.6 Karan-ɗori / - /== Karan-dori, alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen hade kalmomi biyu ko sama da biyu, su zama kalma daya da ma'ana daya. Akan saka wannan alama ne a tsakanin kalmomi da suka zo iri daya ko wadanda suka zo daban-daban. Kin saka wannan alama a inda ya dace, yakan kawo sabanin ma'ana tsakanin mawallafi da makaranci. Missali: # malam-buda-mana-littafi (sunnan wani kafilfilo); # fadi-ka-mutu (tangaran); # fari-fari (abinda bai kai fari sosai ba); # malfar-ungulu (wani tsiro ne); dss. A lura da kyau, idan muka dauki missali na farko, (malam-buda-mana-littafi) za mu ga yana nufin sunan wani abu wato (kafilfilo). Idan kuma ba a sa wannan alama ba a tsakankanin kalmomin (malam buda mana littafi) to rubutun ya zama wata jimla mai nufin umarni, maimakon kalma daya mai nufin sunan wani Kwaro. Wato, dalibai ne ke umartar malaminsu da ya buda masu littafi. Don haka, zamu fahimci cewa, idan an saka alamar, zancen ya zama Kalma daya kacal. Amma idan ba a sa alamar ba to rubutun ya zama jimla sukum. # Karin Missali, idan mutum yana rubutu a cikin takarda ko kan allo, sai aka fara rubuta wata kalma da ta zo a karshen layi sannan kuma ba ta karasu duka ba, sai a saka karan-dori ( - ) kuma a karasata a layi na kasa. ==1.7 Alamar baka-biyu / ( ) /== Wannan wata alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna karin bayani akan wata kalma, ko Jimla ko dai a kan wata maganar ta daban. Ga missalai nan kamar haka: * Yaron da aka kama da laifin kisan matar, 'yar uwa ce ga mahaifin yaron (Gwaggon yaron ce) * Gwamnan kano, Alh. Abba Kabir Yusuf, ya tura wakilinsa (Sunusi Nature) wajen Taron. * # Ni mutum ne mai son a sami zaman lafiya tsakanin Musulmai da wanda ba Musulmai ba (Kiristoci). ==1.8 Ayar Motsin-rai / ! /== Ayar Motsin-rai, wata alama ce da ke nuni da zaburar furuci cikin gaggawar kargafa murya. Hakan na faruwa ne yawanci a farkon bayyanar mury cikin Karfafawa, musamman a kalmomin; razana,mamaki, tausayi da kuma karfafar wata kalma a cikin wani zance na musamman. Alal Missali: '''Ah!, Wayyo!, Lah!, Innalillahi!, Kai!''' Da sauransu. Ga Karin missalai a cikin jimloli: * Saurayin na zuwa ya nuna mata kyautar bazatar da ya zo mata da ita. Sai ta cika da mamaki,sannan ta ja wani gwauron numfashi sanan ta ce, '''La!''' Amma ko na gode '''sosai!''' * A lokacin da yaron yake guje-guje cikin lalatattun Kujerun cikin ajin, sai ya taka kusa, ya ce, '''wayyo Allahna!''' jin haka malaminsu ya leko yana cewa, '''kai!''' Me ya faru. * Haba, yana lekowa cikkin dare sai ya ga wani duhu-duhu dab da shi. Aiko ya firgita ya ce '''waye nan!''' Yanzu sai mu lura cewa, a Missali na daya (1), mun yi amfani da '''Lah!''' da kuma '''sosai!'''. A Missali na biyu (2) kuma mun yi amfani da '''wayyo Allah!''' tare da '''kai!'''. Har illa yau a Missali na uku (3) kuma na karshe, mun yi amfani da '''waye nan!'''. Don haka, wadannan missalai, kadan ne daga cikin missalan '''ayar Motsin-rai / ! /''' Ko kuma inda ya kamata a yi amfani da ita. Sannan kuma, ya kamata a fahimci cewa, dole ne a sami karfafa murya a duk inda ake nufin '''ayar Motsin-rai,''' domin idan aka yi amfani da sanyin murya ma'ana ba za ta samu ba. ==1.9 Zarce / ... /== Zarce wata alama ce ta digo-dogo akalla guda uku (...), da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna ketare wata kalma ko Jimla a cikin rubutu. Ana samun missalai ta bangarori da dama, mussan a cikin karin magana, tsaallake gurbin amasa wata tambaya, dss. Missali: # '''Ban sa a ka ba,...''' A nan ba a bukatar karasa zancen ne, shi ya sa aka yi digo-dogon. Manufa a nan, duk Wanda aka yi wa karin maganar, ya karasa ma'anar a zuci ko ma a fili. Wto kenan sai ya karasa zuwa '''inji barawon tagiya''' # Haka kuma, akan saka wannan alama / ... /, a tsarin tambayar '''cikke tazara'''. Missali: * '''Sunan Babban birnin kasar Najeriya...''' a nana sai cike da '''Abuja''' ko makamancin haka. =='''2.0 Rabawa Da Haɗa Kalma'''== Raba kalma da hada kalma, abubuwa ne mabanbanta amma, masu alaka da juna. Da farko za mu dauki raba kalma. Kamar haka: ==2.1 Raba Kalma== raba kalma na nufin, barin kalma ta ci gashin kanta duk kankantarta Kuma duk girmanta. Hakan, na nufin a barkalma a matayita ba tare da an hade ta da wata ba, don kaucewa rasa ma'ana ta asali. Wato dai,kin raba kalmomin a inda ya ya dace, yana haifar da chanjawar ma'ana. Missali: * Shi ne, (kar a ce: ba shine) * Ita ce, (kar a ce: itace) * Wa ya je da su kasuwa? (Kar a ce: waya je dasu kasuwa?) * Ba ni na zo da shi ba, (kar a ce: bani nazo dashi ba) * Da ni da ku mu hada Kai, (kar a ce;Dani daku mu hadakai) A nan, idan muka Laura, mafi yawancin kalmomin da aka yi amfani da su, masu gaba dai-dai ne. Kuma kowacce an bar ta a matayinta. Don haka mu duba Missali na farko: '''Shi ne.''' Kalmar farko '''shi''' wakilin suna ce, Kalmar '''ce''' kuwa tana cikin wani aji na nahawu da ake cewa dirka. Don hak, idan aka hade su kamar '''Shine''' kalmomi biyu daban-daban an hade guri daya, don haka sun zama kalma daya ke nan, wacce kwata-kwata babu ita a Hausa sai a Turancin Ingilishi. Wacce ke nufin '''sheki''' a harshen Hausa. A Missali na hudu kuwa, ('''ba ni na zo da shi ba ''') za a fahimci cewa, kowacce kalma tana dauke da gaba daya ne. Kuma, duk da rashin tsawonsu,ba a hada wata da wata ba, domin kuwacce na cin gashin kanta. To hakan shi ne daidai. Inda kuwa an hada wata Kalmar da wata, ma'anarta za ta canza. Missali, idan aka hada '''da''' tare da '''shi,''' za su koma kalma daya kamar haka: '''dashi.''' kuma Kalmar tana nufin sunan wata itaciya ne. ==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance. Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya) ==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance. Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya) =='''4.0 Kalmomin Mallaka'''== Kalmomin Mallaka, wasu kalmomi ne da ake amfani da su wajen nuna faruwar mallaka a cikin rubutu. Game da ka'idojin rubun Hausa, an tanadar da hanyoyi biyu domin samar da rubutu mai inganci. Don haka, muna da gajerar mallaka da kuma doguwar mallaka. ===4.1 Gajerar Mallaka=== Gajerar mallaka, ita ake hade Kalmar abinda aka mallaka da wakilin sunan abin da aka mallaka da wakilin sunan wanda yai mallaka a guri daya.missli: gida+na= (gidana) a nan za a fahimci cewa, kalmar 'gida' da kalmar 'na' an haɗa su a guri ɗaya sun zama kamar kalma guda. A kiyaye da cewa, gajerar mallaka haɗe ta ake yi. Don haka, akwai ƙarin missalai kamar haka: *Jakarta ba jakar ta ba; *ajinsu ba ajin su ba; *matata ba mata ta ba; *ɗakinki ba ɗakin ki ba; *motarka ba motar ka ba. *masallacinku ba Masallacin ku ba. Da sauransu. ==='''4.2 Doguwar Mallaka'''=== Ita doguwar mallaka, ba a haɗe ake rubuta ta ba. Wato ke nan, ana rabewa tsakanin abinda aka mallaka da kuma wakilin sunan mai mallaka. Ga missalai kamar haka: * Jakar tata * Ɗakin nasu * Wayar tawa * Littafin shi * Gonar taku * Masallacin nawa * Takalmin namu Da haka, za mu fahimci cewa akwai banbanci tsakanin doguwar mallaka da gajerar mallaka. Mu tuna da missalin farko na doguwar. Wato "'''jakar tata'''" ma'ana, an rubuta '''jakar''' idan kuma a gajerar mallaka ne sai a rubuta '''jakar''' dabn == Manazararta== fz8zmmplmrygic8re0x4070hrd6udp1 889779 889777 2026-07-31T10:53:11Z ~2026-42490-91 47467 /* 4.2 Doguwar Mallaka */ 889779 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Stub}} == Ƙa'idojin rubutun hausa == Kamar yadda aka sani, kowanne lamari na duniya yana da ka'idar yadda ya kamata a gudanar da shi. Kuma bin ƙa'idar ita ke sa a sami dacen yadda ake bukata ba tare da an fuskanci wata matsala ba. Idan kuma ba a bi ka'idar ba to za a ga ba daidai ba.. Tunda yake haka ne, rubutun Hausa shi ma, yana da ka'idarsa. Bin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa sau-da-kafa, su ke sa a sami rubutu mai Cikakkiyar ma'ana. Wato a sami daidaiton manufa tsakanin tunanain marubuci da kuma na makaranci.<ref><nowiki>https://hemingwayapp.com/articles/grammar-punctuation/punctuation-marks</nowiki></ref> ==Abin da ake nufi da ka'idojin rubutun hausa== Ka'idojin rubutun Hausa, wani yanayi ne na lura da kiyaye ka'idojin harshen Hausa a rubuce domin samun damar isar da sakon da marubuci ke nufi zuwa ga mai karatu daidai da daidai, ba tare da canzawar ma'anar da marubuci ke nufi ba . Haka kuma, yana samar da saukin fahimtar karatu daga mai karantawa. == Fannonin Ka'idojin Rubutun Hausa == Fannonin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa da muke da su a nan, suna da dama. Kuma sune ginshin duk abinda ya kamata marubuci ya koya game da ka'idojin rubutun Hausa domin samun gwanancewa a rubutu. Don haka, zan zayyano su, sannan kuma na yi bayaninsu daki-daki kamar haka: #Alamomin ajiye magana; #Raba kalma da kuma hade kalma; #Shaddatun Tagwayen bakaken Hausa; #Gajera da doguwar mallaka; #Dafa-keya 'w' da jakada 'w'; #Daurin 'm' da daurin 'n'; =='''1.0 Alamomin Ajiye Magana' (punctuation mark)'''== Ga Alamomin aje magana tare da bayanansu daki-daki: * '''Aya / . / * '''Waƙafi / . / * '''Ayar tambaya / ? / * '''Ruwa-biyu / : / * '''Waƙafi m mai ruwa / ; / * '''Karan-ɗori / - / * '''Alamar zancen wani / " " / * '''Baka-biyu / ( ) / * '''Alamar Motsin rai / ! / * '''Zarce / ... / 1.1 '''Aya / . /''' Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali: '''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.''' idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan. 1.2== Wakafi/ , / == Wakafi, wata karmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali: *'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.''' To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: *'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.''' A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe. 1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / == Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali: * Aliyu ya zo?, * menene ake sayarwa? Idan aka yi la'akari missalan da ke sama, za a ga an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkanin suna dauke da alamar tambaya. Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba: Aliyu ya zo A nan za a fahimci cewa ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri. 1.4== Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/== Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal: # '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida) # missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )''' sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita * idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:''' * Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi; * Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa; * Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da aka sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana. ==1.1 Aya / . /== Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali: '''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.''' idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan. ==1.2 Wakafi/ , / == Waƙafi, wata ƙarmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali: *'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.''' To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: *'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.''' A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe. 1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / == Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali: * Aliyu ya zo?, * menene ake sayarwa? Idan aka yi la'akari missalan da ke sama, za a ga an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkanin suna dauke da alamar tambaya. Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba: Aliyu ya zo A nan za a fahimci cewa ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri. ==1.4 Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/== Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal: # '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida) # missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )''' sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita * idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:''' * Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi; * Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa; * Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da na sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana. ==1.5 Waƙafi mai ruwa / ; / == wannan alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen raba jerin wasu jimloli ko kalmomi a cikin zance. Game da missali, a duba a missalin karshe na Aya mai ruwa, za a ga yadda aka bayyana abinda Shugaban kasa ya zayyana. A nan za a ga an sa Ka alamar /;/ a gaban kowacce jimla. Ga Karin missali: * Shugqban makarantar ya gargadi dalibai cewa,idan sun tashi dawowa daga hutu, su zo da kayan karatu kamar irin wadannan: # littafin koyon turanci, aji na biyar; # littafin koyan lissafi, aji na biyar; # littafin nazarin rayuwar dan Adam, aji na biyar; # littafin koyan karatn Hausa, aji na biyar. A wadannan missalai za a lura cewa, a duk karshen jimloli 3 na farko an saka alamaar tsayawa ta wakafi mai ruwa (;), in banda jimla ta karshe da aka yi wa alamar aya /./ ==1.6 Karan-ɗori / - /== Karan-dori, alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen hade kalmomi biyu ko sama da biyu, su zama kalma daya da ma'ana daya. Akan saka wannan alama ne a tsakanin kalmomi da suka zo iri daya ko wadanda suka zo daban-daban. Kin saka wannan alama a inda ya dace, yakan kawo sabanin ma'ana tsakanin mawallafi da makaranci. Missali: # malam-buda-mana-littafi (sunnan wani kafilfilo); # fadi-ka-mutu (tangaran); # fari-fari (abinda bai kai fari sosai ba); # malfar-ungulu (wani tsiro ne); dss. A lura da kyau, idan muka dauki missali na farko, (malam-buda-mana-littafi) za mu ga yana nufin sunan wani abu wato (kafilfilo). Idan kuma ba a sa wannan alama ba a tsakankanin kalmomin (malam buda mana littafi) to rubutun ya zama wata jimla mai nufin umarni, maimakon kalma daya mai nufin sunan wani Kwaro. Wato, dalibai ne ke umartar malaminsu da ya buda masu littafi. Don haka, zamu fahimci cewa, idan an saka alamar, zancen ya zama Kalma daya kacal. Amma idan ba a sa alamar ba to rubutun ya zama jimla sukum. # Karin Missali, idan mutum yana rubutu a cikin takarda ko kan allo, sai aka fara rubuta wata kalma da ta zo a karshen layi sannan kuma ba ta karasu duka ba, sai a saka karan-dori ( - ) kuma a karasata a layi na kasa. ==1.7 Alamar baka-biyu / ( ) /== Wannan wata alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna karin bayani akan wata kalma, ko Jimla ko dai a kan wata maganar ta daban. Ga missalai nan kamar haka: * Yaron da aka kama da laifin kisan matar, 'yar uwa ce ga mahaifin yaron (Gwaggon yaron ce) * Gwamnan kano, Alh. Abba Kabir Yusuf, ya tura wakilinsa (Sunusi Nature) wajen Taron. * # Ni mutum ne mai son a sami zaman lafiya tsakanin Musulmai da wanda ba Musulmai ba (Kiristoci). ==1.8 Ayar Motsin-rai / ! /== Ayar Motsin-rai, wata alama ce da ke nuni da zaburar furuci cikin gaggawar kargafa murya. Hakan na faruwa ne yawanci a farkon bayyanar mury cikin Karfafawa, musamman a kalmomin; razana,mamaki, tausayi da kuma karfafar wata kalma a cikin wani zance na musamman. Alal Missali: '''Ah!, Wayyo!, Lah!, Innalillahi!, Kai!''' Da sauransu. Ga Karin missalai a cikin jimloli: * Saurayin na zuwa ya nuna mata kyautar bazatar da ya zo mata da ita. Sai ta cika da mamaki,sannan ta ja wani gwauron numfashi sanan ta ce, '''La!''' Amma ko na gode '''sosai!''' * A lokacin da yaron yake guje-guje cikin lalatattun Kujerun cikin ajin, sai ya taka kusa, ya ce, '''wayyo Allahna!''' jin haka malaminsu ya leko yana cewa, '''kai!''' Me ya faru. * Haba, yana lekowa cikkin dare sai ya ga wani duhu-duhu dab da shi. Aiko ya firgita ya ce '''waye nan!''' Yanzu sai mu lura cewa, a Missali na daya (1), mun yi amfani da '''Lah!''' da kuma '''sosai!'''. A Missali na biyu (2) kuma mun yi amfani da '''wayyo Allah!''' tare da '''kai!'''. Har illa yau a Missali na uku (3) kuma na karshe, mun yi amfani da '''waye nan!'''. Don haka, wadannan missalai, kadan ne daga cikin missalan '''ayar Motsin-rai / ! /''' Ko kuma inda ya kamata a yi amfani da ita. Sannan kuma, ya kamata a fahimci cewa, dole ne a sami karfafa murya a duk inda ake nufin '''ayar Motsin-rai,''' domin idan aka yi amfani da sanyin murya ma'ana ba za ta samu ba. ==1.9 Zarce / ... /== Zarce wata alama ce ta digo-dogo akalla guda uku (...), da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna ketare wata kalma ko Jimla a cikin rubutu. Ana samun missalai ta bangarori da dama, mussan a cikin karin magana, tsaallake gurbin amasa wata tambaya, dss. Missali: # '''Ban sa a ka ba,...''' A nan ba a bukatar karasa zancen ne, shi ya sa aka yi digo-dogon. Manufa a nan, duk Wanda aka yi wa karin maganar, ya karasa ma'anar a zuci ko ma a fili. Wto kenan sai ya karasa zuwa '''inji barawon tagiya''' # Haka kuma, akan saka wannan alama / ... /, a tsarin tambayar '''cikke tazara'''. Missali: * '''Sunan Babban birnin kasar Najeriya...''' a nana sai cike da '''Abuja''' ko makamancin haka. =='''2.0 Rabawa Da Haɗa Kalma'''== Raba kalma da hada kalma, abubuwa ne mabanbanta amma, masu alaka da juna. Da farko za mu dauki raba kalma. Kamar haka: ==2.1 Raba Kalma== raba kalma na nufin, barin kalma ta ci gashin kanta duk kankantarta Kuma duk girmanta. Hakan, na nufin a barkalma a matayita ba tare da an hade ta da wata ba, don kaucewa rasa ma'ana ta asali. Wato dai,kin raba kalmomin a inda ya ya dace, yana haifar da chanjawar ma'ana. Missali: * Shi ne, (kar a ce: ba shine) * Ita ce, (kar a ce: itace) * Wa ya je da su kasuwa? (Kar a ce: waya je dasu kasuwa?) * Ba ni na zo da shi ba, (kar a ce: bani nazo dashi ba) * Da ni da ku mu hada Kai, (kar a ce;Dani daku mu hadakai) A nan, idan muka Laura, mafi yawancin kalmomin da aka yi amfani da su, masu gaba dai-dai ne. Kuma kowacce an bar ta a matayinta. Don haka mu duba Missali na farko: '''Shi ne.''' Kalmar farko '''shi''' wakilin suna ce, Kalmar '''ce''' kuwa tana cikin wani aji na nahawu da ake cewa dirka. Don hak, idan aka hade su kamar '''Shine''' kalmomi biyu daban-daban an hade guri daya, don haka sun zama kalma daya ke nan, wacce kwata-kwata babu ita a Hausa sai a Turancin Ingilishi. Wacce ke nufin '''sheki''' a harshen Hausa. A Missali na hudu kuwa, ('''ba ni na zo da shi ba ''') za a fahimci cewa, kowacce kalma tana dauke da gaba daya ne. Kuma, duk da rashin tsawonsu,ba a hada wata da wata ba, domin kuwacce na cin gashin kanta. To hakan shi ne daidai. Inda kuwa an hada wata Kalmar da wata, ma'anarta za ta canza. Missali, idan aka hada '''da''' tare da '''shi,''' za su koma kalma daya kamar haka: '''dashi.''' kuma Kalmar tana nufin sunan wata itaciya ne. ==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance. Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya) ==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance. Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya) =='''4.0 Kalmomin Mallaka'''== Kalmomin Mallaka, wasu kalmomi ne da ake amfani da su wajen nuna faruwar mallaka a cikin rubutu. Game da ka'idojin rubun Hausa, an tanadar da hanyoyi biyu domin samar da rubutu mai inganci. Don haka, muna da gajerar mallaka da kuma doguwar mallaka. ===4.1 Gajerar Mallaka=== Gajerar mallaka, ita ake hade Kalmar abinda aka mallaka da wakilin sunan abin da aka mallaka da wakilin sunan wanda yai mallaka a guri daya.missli: gida+na= (gidana) a nan za a fahimci cewa, kalmar 'gida' da kalmar 'na' an haɗa su a guri ɗaya sun zama kamar kalma guda. A kiyaye da cewa, gajerar mallaka haɗe ta ake yi. Don haka, akwai ƙarin missalai kamar haka: *Jakarta ba jakar ta ba; *ajinsu ba ajin su ba; *matata ba mata ta ba; *ɗakinki ba ɗakin ki ba; *motarka ba motar ka ba. *masallacinku ba Masallacin ku ba. Da sauransu. ==='''4.2 Doguwar Mallaka'''=== Ita doguwar mallaka, ba a haɗe ake rubuta ta ba. Wato ke nan, ana rabewa tsakanin abinda aka mallaka da kuma wakilin sunan mai mallaka. Ga missalai kamar haka: * Jakar tata * Ɗakin nasu * Wayar tawa * Littafin shi * Gonar taku * Masallacin nawa * Takalmin namu Da haka, za mu fahimci cewa akwai banbanci tsakanin doguwar mallaka da gajerar mallaka. Mu tuna da missalin farko na doguwar. Wato "'''jakar tata'''" ma'ana, an rubuta '''jakar''' ita ma '''tata'''daban idan kuma a gajerar mallaka ne sai a rubuta '''jakar''' dabn == Manazararta== jcoe1wgq1e4tp15qbrytuu4wi8856gb 889780 889779 2026-07-31T10:54:43Z ~2026-42490-91 47467 /* 4.2 Doguwar Mallaka */ 889780 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Stub}} == Ƙa'idojin rubutun hausa == Kamar yadda aka sani, kowanne lamari na duniya yana da ka'idar yadda ya kamata a gudanar da shi. Kuma bin ƙa'idar ita ke sa a sami dacen yadda ake bukata ba tare da an fuskanci wata matsala ba. Idan kuma ba a bi ka'idar ba to za a ga ba daidai ba.. Tunda yake haka ne, rubutun Hausa shi ma, yana da ka'idarsa. Bin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa sau-da-kafa, su ke sa a sami rubutu mai Cikakkiyar ma'ana. Wato a sami daidaiton manufa tsakanin tunanain marubuci da kuma na makaranci.<ref><nowiki>https://hemingwayapp.com/articles/grammar-punctuation/punctuation-marks</nowiki></ref> ==Abin da ake nufi da ka'idojin rubutun hausa== Ka'idojin rubutun Hausa, wani yanayi ne na lura da kiyaye ka'idojin harshen Hausa a rubuce domin samun damar isar da sakon da marubuci ke nufi zuwa ga mai karatu daidai da daidai, ba tare da canzawar ma'anar da marubuci ke nufi ba . Haka kuma, yana samar da saukin fahimtar karatu daga mai karantawa. == Fannonin Ka'idojin Rubutun Hausa == Fannonin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa da muke da su a nan, suna da dama. Kuma sune ginshin duk abinda ya kamata marubuci ya koya game da ka'idojin rubutun Hausa domin samun gwanancewa a rubutu. Don haka, zan zayyano su, sannan kuma na yi bayaninsu daki-daki kamar haka: #Alamomin ajiye magana; #Raba kalma da kuma hade kalma; #Shaddatun Tagwayen bakaken Hausa; #Gajera da doguwar mallaka; #Dafa-keya 'w' da jakada 'w'; #Daurin 'm' da daurin 'n'; =='''1.0 Alamomin Ajiye Magana' (punctuation mark)'''== Ga Alamomin aje magana tare da bayanansu daki-daki: * '''Aya / . / * '''Waƙafi / . / * '''Ayar tambaya / ? / * '''Ruwa-biyu / : / * '''Waƙafi m mai ruwa / ; / * '''Karan-ɗori / - / * '''Alamar zancen wani / " " / * '''Baka-biyu / ( ) / * '''Alamar Motsin rai / ! / * '''Zarce / ... / 1.1 '''Aya / . /''' Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali: '''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.''' idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan. 1.2== Wakafi/ , / == Wakafi, wata karmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali: *'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.''' To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: *'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.''' A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe. 1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / == Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali: * Aliyu ya zo?, * menene ake sayarwa? Idan aka yi la'akari missalan da ke sama, za a ga an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkanin suna dauke da alamar tambaya. Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba: Aliyu ya zo A nan za a fahimci cewa ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri. 1.4== Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/== Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal: # '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida) # missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )''' sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita * idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:''' * Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi; * Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa; * Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da aka sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana. ==1.1 Aya / . /== Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali: '''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.''' idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan. ==1.2 Wakafi/ , / == Waƙafi, wata ƙarmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali: *'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.''' To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: *'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.''' A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe. 1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / == Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali: * Aliyu ya zo?, * menene ake sayarwa? Idan aka yi la'akari missalan da ke sama, za a ga an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkanin suna dauke da alamar tambaya. Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba: Aliyu ya zo A nan za a fahimci cewa ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri. ==1.4 Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/== Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal: # '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida) # missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )''' sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita * idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:''' * Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi; * Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa; * Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da na sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana. ==1.5 Waƙafi mai ruwa / ; / == wannan alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen raba jerin wasu jimloli ko kalmomi a cikin zance. Game da missali, a duba a missalin karshe na Aya mai ruwa, za a ga yadda aka bayyana abinda Shugaban kasa ya zayyana. A nan za a ga an sa Ka alamar /;/ a gaban kowacce jimla. Ga Karin missali: * Shugqban makarantar ya gargadi dalibai cewa,idan sun tashi dawowa daga hutu, su zo da kayan karatu kamar irin wadannan: # littafin koyon turanci, aji na biyar; # littafin koyan lissafi, aji na biyar; # littafin nazarin rayuwar dan Adam, aji na biyar; # littafin koyan karatn Hausa, aji na biyar. A wadannan missalai za a lura cewa, a duk karshen jimloli 3 na farko an saka alamaar tsayawa ta wakafi mai ruwa (;), in banda jimla ta karshe da aka yi wa alamar aya /./ ==1.6 Karan-ɗori / - /== Karan-dori, alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen hade kalmomi biyu ko sama da biyu, su zama kalma daya da ma'ana daya. Akan saka wannan alama ne a tsakanin kalmomi da suka zo iri daya ko wadanda suka zo daban-daban. Kin saka wannan alama a inda ya dace, yakan kawo sabanin ma'ana tsakanin mawallafi da makaranci. Missali: # malam-buda-mana-littafi (sunnan wani kafilfilo); # fadi-ka-mutu (tangaran); # fari-fari (abinda bai kai fari sosai ba); # malfar-ungulu (wani tsiro ne); dss. A lura da kyau, idan muka dauki missali na farko, (malam-buda-mana-littafi) za mu ga yana nufin sunan wani abu wato (kafilfilo). Idan kuma ba a sa wannan alama ba a tsakankanin kalmomin (malam buda mana littafi) to rubutun ya zama wata jimla mai nufin umarni, maimakon kalma daya mai nufin sunan wani Kwaro. Wato, dalibai ne ke umartar malaminsu da ya buda masu littafi. Don haka, zamu fahimci cewa, idan an saka alamar, zancen ya zama Kalma daya kacal. Amma idan ba a sa alamar ba to rubutun ya zama jimla sukum. # Karin Missali, idan mutum yana rubutu a cikin takarda ko kan allo, sai aka fara rubuta wata kalma da ta zo a karshen layi sannan kuma ba ta karasu duka ba, sai a saka karan-dori ( - ) kuma a karasata a layi na kasa. ==1.7 Alamar baka-biyu / ( ) /== Wannan wata alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna karin bayani akan wata kalma, ko Jimla ko dai a kan wata maganar ta daban. Ga missalai nan kamar haka: * Yaron da aka kama da laifin kisan matar, 'yar uwa ce ga mahaifin yaron (Gwaggon yaron ce) * Gwamnan kano, Alh. Abba Kabir Yusuf, ya tura wakilinsa (Sunusi Nature) wajen Taron. * # Ni mutum ne mai son a sami zaman lafiya tsakanin Musulmai da wanda ba Musulmai ba (Kiristoci). ==1.8 Ayar Motsin-rai / ! /== Ayar Motsin-rai, wata alama ce da ke nuni da zaburar furuci cikin gaggawar kargafa murya. Hakan na faruwa ne yawanci a farkon bayyanar mury cikin Karfafawa, musamman a kalmomin; razana,mamaki, tausayi da kuma karfafar wata kalma a cikin wani zance na musamman. Alal Missali: '''Ah!, Wayyo!, Lah!, Innalillahi!, Kai!''' Da sauransu. Ga Karin missalai a cikin jimloli: * Saurayin na zuwa ya nuna mata kyautar bazatar da ya zo mata da ita. Sai ta cika da mamaki,sannan ta ja wani gwauron numfashi sanan ta ce, '''La!''' Amma ko na gode '''sosai!''' * A lokacin da yaron yake guje-guje cikin lalatattun Kujerun cikin ajin, sai ya taka kusa, ya ce, '''wayyo Allahna!''' jin haka malaminsu ya leko yana cewa, '''kai!''' Me ya faru. * Haba, yana lekowa cikkin dare sai ya ga wani duhu-duhu dab da shi. Aiko ya firgita ya ce '''waye nan!''' Yanzu sai mu lura cewa, a Missali na daya (1), mun yi amfani da '''Lah!''' da kuma '''sosai!'''. A Missali na biyu (2) kuma mun yi amfani da '''wayyo Allah!''' tare da '''kai!'''. Har illa yau a Missali na uku (3) kuma na karshe, mun yi amfani da '''waye nan!'''. Don haka, wadannan missalai, kadan ne daga cikin missalan '''ayar Motsin-rai / ! /''' Ko kuma inda ya kamata a yi amfani da ita. Sannan kuma, ya kamata a fahimci cewa, dole ne a sami karfafa murya a duk inda ake nufin '''ayar Motsin-rai,''' domin idan aka yi amfani da sanyin murya ma'ana ba za ta samu ba. ==1.9 Zarce / ... /== Zarce wata alama ce ta digo-dogo akalla guda uku (...), da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna ketare wata kalma ko Jimla a cikin rubutu. Ana samun missalai ta bangarori da dama, mussan a cikin karin magana, tsaallake gurbin amasa wata tambaya, dss. Missali: # '''Ban sa a ka ba,...''' A nan ba a bukatar karasa zancen ne, shi ya sa aka yi digo-dogon. Manufa a nan, duk Wanda aka yi wa karin maganar, ya karasa ma'anar a zuci ko ma a fili. Wto kenan sai ya karasa zuwa '''inji barawon tagiya''' # Haka kuma, akan saka wannan alama / ... /, a tsarin tambayar '''cikke tazara'''. Missali: * '''Sunan Babban birnin kasar Najeriya...''' a nana sai cike da '''Abuja''' ko makamancin haka. =='''2.0 Rabawa Da Haɗa Kalma'''== Raba kalma da hada kalma, abubuwa ne mabanbanta amma, masu alaka da juna. Da farko za mu dauki raba kalma. Kamar haka: ==2.1 Raba Kalma== raba kalma na nufin, barin kalma ta ci gashin kanta duk kankantarta Kuma duk girmanta. Hakan, na nufin a barkalma a matayita ba tare da an hade ta da wata ba, don kaucewa rasa ma'ana ta asali. Wato dai,kin raba kalmomin a inda ya ya dace, yana haifar da chanjawar ma'ana. Missali: * Shi ne, (kar a ce: ba shine) * Ita ce, (kar a ce: itace) * Wa ya je da su kasuwa? (Kar a ce: waya je dasu kasuwa?) * Ba ni na zo da shi ba, (kar a ce: bani nazo dashi ba) * Da ni da ku mu hada Kai, (kar a ce;Dani daku mu hadakai) A nan, idan muka Laura, mafi yawancin kalmomin da aka yi amfani da su, masu gaba dai-dai ne. Kuma kowacce an bar ta a matayinta. Don haka mu duba Missali na farko: '''Shi ne.''' Kalmar farko '''shi''' wakilin suna ce, Kalmar '''ce''' kuwa tana cikin wani aji na nahawu da ake cewa dirka. Don hak, idan aka hade su kamar '''Shine''' kalmomi biyu daban-daban an hade guri daya, don haka sun zama kalma daya ke nan, wacce kwata-kwata babu ita a Hausa sai a Turancin Ingilishi. Wacce ke nufin '''sheki''' a harshen Hausa. A Missali na hudu kuwa, ('''ba ni na zo da shi ba ''') za a fahimci cewa, kowacce kalma tana dauke da gaba daya ne. Kuma, duk da rashin tsawonsu,ba a hada wata da wata ba, domin kuwacce na cin gashin kanta. To hakan shi ne daidai. Inda kuwa an hada wata Kalmar da wata, ma'anarta za ta canza. Missali, idan aka hada '''da''' tare da '''shi,''' za su koma kalma daya kamar haka: '''dashi.''' kuma Kalmar tana nufin sunan wata itaciya ne. ==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance. Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya) ==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance. Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya) =='''4.0 Kalmomin Mallaka'''== Kalmomin Mallaka, wasu kalmomi ne da ake amfani da su wajen nuna faruwar mallaka a cikin rubutu. Game da ka'idojin rubun Hausa, an tanadar da hanyoyi biyu domin samar da rubutu mai inganci. Don haka, muna da gajerar mallaka da kuma doguwar mallaka. ===4.1 Gajerar Mallaka=== Gajerar mallaka, ita ake hade Kalmar abinda aka mallaka da wakilin sunan abin da aka mallaka da wakilin sunan wanda yai mallaka a guri daya.missli: gida+na= (gidana) a nan za a fahimci cewa, kalmar 'gida' da kalmar 'na' an haɗa su a guri ɗaya sun zama kamar kalma guda. A kiyaye da cewa, gajerar mallaka haɗe ta ake yi. Don haka, akwai ƙarin missalai kamar haka: *Jakarta ba jakar ta ba; *ajinsu ba ajin su ba; *matata ba mata ta ba; *ɗakinki ba ɗakin ki ba; *motarka ba motar ka ba. *masallacinku ba Masallacin ku ba. Da sauransu. ==='''4.2 Doguwar Mallaka'''=== Ita doguwar mallaka, ba a haɗe ake rubuta ta ba. Wato ke nan, ana rabewa tsakanin abinda aka mallaka da kuma wakilin sunan mai mallaka. Ga missalai kamar haka: * Jakar tata * Ɗakin nasu * Wayar tawa * Littafin shi * Gonar taku * Masallacin nawa * Takalmin namu Da haka, za mu fahimci cewa akwai banbanci tsakanin doguwar mallaka da gajerar mallaka. Mu tuna da missalin farko na doguwar. Wato "'''jakar tata'''" ma'ana, an rubuta '''jakar''' ita ma, '''tata''' daban. idan kuma a gajerar mallaka ne sai a rubuta '''jakar''' dabn == Manazararta== bawiphy2hkm5g19ftbylpw9tf5gt6yd 889781 889780 2026-07-31T10:57:46Z ~2026-42490-91 47467 /* 4.2 Doguwar Mallaka */ 889781 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Stub}} == Ƙa'idojin rubutun hausa == Kamar yadda aka sani, kowanne lamari na duniya yana da ka'idar yadda ya kamata a gudanar da shi. Kuma bin ƙa'idar ita ke sa a sami dacen yadda ake bukata ba tare da an fuskanci wata matsala ba. Idan kuma ba a bi ka'idar ba to za a ga ba daidai ba.. Tunda yake haka ne, rubutun Hausa shi ma, yana da ka'idarsa. Bin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa sau-da-kafa, su ke sa a sami rubutu mai Cikakkiyar ma'ana. Wato a sami daidaiton manufa tsakanin tunanain marubuci da kuma na makaranci.<ref><nowiki>https://hemingwayapp.com/articles/grammar-punctuation/punctuation-marks</nowiki></ref> ==Abin da ake nufi da ka'idojin rubutun hausa== Ka'idojin rubutun Hausa, wani yanayi ne na lura da kiyaye ka'idojin harshen Hausa a rubuce domin samun damar isar da sakon da marubuci ke nufi zuwa ga mai karatu daidai da daidai, ba tare da canzawar ma'anar da marubuci ke nufi ba . Haka kuma, yana samar da saukin fahimtar karatu daga mai karantawa. == Fannonin Ka'idojin Rubutun Hausa == Fannonin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa da muke da su a nan, suna da dama. Kuma sune ginshin duk abinda ya kamata marubuci ya koya game da ka'idojin rubutun Hausa domin samun gwanancewa a rubutu. Don haka, zan zayyano su, sannan kuma na yi bayaninsu daki-daki kamar haka: #Alamomin ajiye magana; #Raba kalma da kuma hade kalma; #Shaddatun Tagwayen bakaken Hausa; #Gajera da doguwar mallaka; #Dafa-keya 'w' da jakada 'w'; #Daurin 'm' da daurin 'n'; =='''1.0 Alamomin Ajiye Magana' (punctuation mark)'''== Ga Alamomin aje magana tare da bayanansu daki-daki: * '''Aya / . / * '''Waƙafi / . / * '''Ayar tambaya / ? / * '''Ruwa-biyu / : / * '''Waƙafi m mai ruwa / ; / * '''Karan-ɗori / - / * '''Alamar zancen wani / " " / * '''Baka-biyu / ( ) / * '''Alamar Motsin rai / ! / * '''Zarce / ... / 1.1 '''Aya / . /''' Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali: '''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.''' idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan. 1.2== Wakafi/ , / == Wakafi, wata karmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali: *'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.''' To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: *'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.''' A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe. 1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / == Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali: * Aliyu ya zo?, * menene ake sayarwa? Idan aka yi la'akari missalan da ke sama, za a ga an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkanin suna dauke da alamar tambaya. Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba: Aliyu ya zo A nan za a fahimci cewa ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri. 1.4== Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/== Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal: # '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida) # missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )''' sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita * idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:''' * Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi; * Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa; * Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da aka sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana. ==1.1 Aya / . /== Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali: '''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.''' idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan. ==1.2 Wakafi/ , / == Waƙafi, wata ƙarmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali: *'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.''' To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: *'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.''' A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe. 1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / == Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali: * Aliyu ya zo?, * menene ake sayarwa? Idan aka yi la'akari missalan da ke sama, za a ga an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkanin suna dauke da alamar tambaya. Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba: Aliyu ya zo A nan za a fahimci cewa ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri. ==1.4 Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/== Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal: # '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida) # missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )''' sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita * idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:''' * Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi; * Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa; * Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da na sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana. ==1.5 Waƙafi mai ruwa / ; / == wannan alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen raba jerin wasu jimloli ko kalmomi a cikin zance. Game da missali, a duba a missalin karshe na Aya mai ruwa, za a ga yadda aka bayyana abinda Shugaban kasa ya zayyana. A nan za a ga an sa Ka alamar /;/ a gaban kowacce jimla. Ga Karin missali: * Shugqban makarantar ya gargadi dalibai cewa,idan sun tashi dawowa daga hutu, su zo da kayan karatu kamar irin wadannan: # littafin koyon turanci, aji na biyar; # littafin koyan lissafi, aji na biyar; # littafin nazarin rayuwar dan Adam, aji na biyar; # littafin koyan karatn Hausa, aji na biyar. A wadannan missalai za a lura cewa, a duk karshen jimloli 3 na farko an saka alamaar tsayawa ta wakafi mai ruwa (;), in banda jimla ta karshe da aka yi wa alamar aya /./ ==1.6 Karan-ɗori / - /== Karan-dori, alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen hade kalmomi biyu ko sama da biyu, su zama kalma daya da ma'ana daya. Akan saka wannan alama ne a tsakanin kalmomi da suka zo iri daya ko wadanda suka zo daban-daban. Kin saka wannan alama a inda ya dace, yakan kawo sabanin ma'ana tsakanin mawallafi da makaranci. Missali: # malam-buda-mana-littafi (sunnan wani kafilfilo); # fadi-ka-mutu (tangaran); # fari-fari (abinda bai kai fari sosai ba); # malfar-ungulu (wani tsiro ne); dss. A lura da kyau, idan muka dauki missali na farko, (malam-buda-mana-littafi) za mu ga yana nufin sunan wani abu wato (kafilfilo). Idan kuma ba a sa wannan alama ba a tsakankanin kalmomin (malam buda mana littafi) to rubutun ya zama wata jimla mai nufin umarni, maimakon kalma daya mai nufin sunan wani Kwaro. Wato, dalibai ne ke umartar malaminsu da ya buda masu littafi. Don haka, zamu fahimci cewa, idan an saka alamar, zancen ya zama Kalma daya kacal. Amma idan ba a sa alamar ba to rubutun ya zama jimla sukum. # Karin Missali, idan mutum yana rubutu a cikin takarda ko kan allo, sai aka fara rubuta wata kalma da ta zo a karshen layi sannan kuma ba ta karasu duka ba, sai a saka karan-dori ( - ) kuma a karasata a layi na kasa. ==1.7 Alamar baka-biyu / ( ) /== Wannan wata alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna karin bayani akan wata kalma, ko Jimla ko dai a kan wata maganar ta daban. Ga missalai nan kamar haka: * Yaron da aka kama da laifin kisan matar, 'yar uwa ce ga mahaifin yaron (Gwaggon yaron ce) * Gwamnan kano, Alh. Abba Kabir Yusuf, ya tura wakilinsa (Sunusi Nature) wajen Taron. * # Ni mutum ne mai son a sami zaman lafiya tsakanin Musulmai da wanda ba Musulmai ba (Kiristoci). ==1.8 Ayar Motsin-rai / ! /== Ayar Motsin-rai, wata alama ce da ke nuni da zaburar furuci cikin gaggawar kargafa murya. Hakan na faruwa ne yawanci a farkon bayyanar mury cikin Karfafawa, musamman a kalmomin; razana,mamaki, tausayi da kuma karfafar wata kalma a cikin wani zance na musamman. Alal Missali: '''Ah!, Wayyo!, Lah!, Innalillahi!, Kai!''' Da sauransu. Ga Karin missalai a cikin jimloli: * Saurayin na zuwa ya nuna mata kyautar bazatar da ya zo mata da ita. Sai ta cika da mamaki,sannan ta ja wani gwauron numfashi sanan ta ce, '''La!''' Amma ko na gode '''sosai!''' * A lokacin da yaron yake guje-guje cikin lalatattun Kujerun cikin ajin, sai ya taka kusa, ya ce, '''wayyo Allahna!''' jin haka malaminsu ya leko yana cewa, '''kai!''' Me ya faru. * Haba, yana lekowa cikkin dare sai ya ga wani duhu-duhu dab da shi. Aiko ya firgita ya ce '''waye nan!''' Yanzu sai mu lura cewa, a Missali na daya (1), mun yi amfani da '''Lah!''' da kuma '''sosai!'''. A Missali na biyu (2) kuma mun yi amfani da '''wayyo Allah!''' tare da '''kai!'''. Har illa yau a Missali na uku (3) kuma na karshe, mun yi amfani da '''waye nan!'''. Don haka, wadannan missalai, kadan ne daga cikin missalan '''ayar Motsin-rai / ! /''' Ko kuma inda ya kamata a yi amfani da ita. Sannan kuma, ya kamata a fahimci cewa, dole ne a sami karfafa murya a duk inda ake nufin '''ayar Motsin-rai,''' domin idan aka yi amfani da sanyin murya ma'ana ba za ta samu ba. ==1.9 Zarce / ... /== Zarce wata alama ce ta digo-dogo akalla guda uku (...), da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna ketare wata kalma ko Jimla a cikin rubutu. Ana samun missalai ta bangarori da dama, mussan a cikin karin magana, tsaallake gurbin amasa wata tambaya, dss. Missali: # '''Ban sa a ka ba,...''' A nan ba a bukatar karasa zancen ne, shi ya sa aka yi digo-dogon. Manufa a nan, duk Wanda aka yi wa karin maganar, ya karasa ma'anar a zuci ko ma a fili. Wto kenan sai ya karasa zuwa '''inji barawon tagiya''' # Haka kuma, akan saka wannan alama / ... /, a tsarin tambayar '''cikke tazara'''. Missali: * '''Sunan Babban birnin kasar Najeriya...''' a nana sai cike da '''Abuja''' ko makamancin haka. =='''2.0 Rabawa Da Haɗa Kalma'''== Raba kalma da hada kalma, abubuwa ne mabanbanta amma, masu alaka da juna. Da farko za mu dauki raba kalma. Kamar haka: ==2.1 Raba Kalma== raba kalma na nufin, barin kalma ta ci gashin kanta duk kankantarta Kuma duk girmanta. Hakan, na nufin a barkalma a matayita ba tare da an hade ta da wata ba, don kaucewa rasa ma'ana ta asali. Wato dai,kin raba kalmomin a inda ya ya dace, yana haifar da chanjawar ma'ana. Missali: * Shi ne, (kar a ce: ba shine) * Ita ce, (kar a ce: itace) * Wa ya je da su kasuwa? (Kar a ce: waya je dasu kasuwa?) * Ba ni na zo da shi ba, (kar a ce: bani nazo dashi ba) * Da ni da ku mu hada Kai, (kar a ce;Dani daku mu hadakai) A nan, idan muka Laura, mafi yawancin kalmomin da aka yi amfani da su, masu gaba dai-dai ne. Kuma kowacce an bar ta a matayinta. Don haka mu duba Missali na farko: '''Shi ne.''' Kalmar farko '''shi''' wakilin suna ce, Kalmar '''ce''' kuwa tana cikin wani aji na nahawu da ake cewa dirka. Don hak, idan aka hade su kamar '''Shine''' kalmomi biyu daban-daban an hade guri daya, don haka sun zama kalma daya ke nan, wacce kwata-kwata babu ita a Hausa sai a Turancin Ingilishi. Wacce ke nufin '''sheki''' a harshen Hausa. A Missali na hudu kuwa, ('''ba ni na zo da shi ba ''') za a fahimci cewa, kowacce kalma tana dauke da gaba daya ne. Kuma, duk da rashin tsawonsu,ba a hada wata da wata ba, domin kuwacce na cin gashin kanta. To hakan shi ne daidai. Inda kuwa an hada wata Kalmar da wata, ma'anarta za ta canza. Missali, idan aka hada '''da''' tare da '''shi,''' za su koma kalma daya kamar haka: '''dashi.''' kuma Kalmar tana nufin sunan wata itaciya ne. ==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance. Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya) ==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance. Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya) =='''4.0 Kalmomin Mallaka'''== Kalmomin Mallaka, wasu kalmomi ne da ake amfani da su wajen nuna faruwar mallaka a cikin rubutu. Game da ka'idojin rubun Hausa, an tanadar da hanyoyi biyu domin samar da rubutu mai inganci. Don haka, muna da gajerar mallaka da kuma doguwar mallaka. ===4.1 Gajerar Mallaka=== Gajerar mallaka, ita ake hade Kalmar abinda aka mallaka da wakilin sunan abin da aka mallaka da wakilin sunan wanda yai mallaka a guri daya.missli: gida+na= (gidana) a nan za a fahimci cewa, kalmar 'gida' da kalmar 'na' an haɗa su a guri ɗaya sun zama kamar kalma guda. A kiyaye da cewa, gajerar mallaka haɗe ta ake yi. Don haka, akwai ƙarin missalai kamar haka: *Jakarta ba jakar ta ba; *ajinsu ba ajin su ba; *matata ba mata ta ba; *ɗakinki ba ɗakin ki ba; *motarka ba motar ka ba. *masallacinku ba Masallacin ku ba. Da sauransu. ==='''4.2 Doguwar Mallaka'''=== Ita doguwar mallaka, ba a haɗe ake rubuta ta ba. Wato ke nan, ana rabewa tsakanin abinda aka mallaka da kuma wakilin sunan mai mallaka. Ga missalai kamar haka: * Jakar tata * Ɗakin nasu * Wayar tawa * Littafin shi * Gonar taku * Masallacin nawa * Takalmin namu Da haka, za mu fahimci cewa akwai banbanci tsakanin doguwar mallaka da gajerar mallaka. Mu tuna da missalin farko na doguwar. Wato "'''jakar tata'''" ma'ana, an rubuta '''"jakar"''' daban, ita ma, '''"tata"''' daban. idan kuma a gajerar mallaka ne sai a rubuta '''jakar''' dabn == Manazararta== syyr27z3cil0t41nysaqj2euat18qba 889782 889781 2026-07-31T11:01:56Z ~2026-42490-91 47467 /* 4.2 Doguwar Mallaka */ 889782 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Stub}} == Ƙa'idojin rubutun hausa == Kamar yadda aka sani, kowanne lamari na duniya yana da ka'idar yadda ya kamata a gudanar da shi. Kuma bin ƙa'idar ita ke sa a sami dacen yadda ake bukata ba tare da an fuskanci wata matsala ba. Idan kuma ba a bi ka'idar ba to za a ga ba daidai ba.. Tunda yake haka ne, rubutun Hausa shi ma, yana da ka'idarsa. Bin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa sau-da-kafa, su ke sa a sami rubutu mai Cikakkiyar ma'ana. Wato a sami daidaiton manufa tsakanin tunanain marubuci da kuma na makaranci.<ref><nowiki>https://hemingwayapp.com/articles/grammar-punctuation/punctuation-marks</nowiki></ref> ==Abin da ake nufi da ka'idojin rubutun hausa== Ka'idojin rubutun Hausa, wani yanayi ne na lura da kiyaye ka'idojin harshen Hausa a rubuce domin samun damar isar da sakon da marubuci ke nufi zuwa ga mai karatu daidai da daidai, ba tare da canzawar ma'anar da marubuci ke nufi ba . Haka kuma, yana samar da saukin fahimtar karatu daga mai karantawa. == Fannonin Ka'idojin Rubutun Hausa == Fannonin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa da muke da su a nan, suna da dama. Kuma sune ginshin duk abinda ya kamata marubuci ya koya game da ka'idojin rubutun Hausa domin samun gwanancewa a rubutu. Don haka, zan zayyano su, sannan kuma na yi bayaninsu daki-daki kamar haka: #Alamomin ajiye magana; #Raba kalma da kuma hade kalma; #Shaddatun Tagwayen bakaken Hausa; #Gajera da doguwar mallaka; #Dafa-keya 'w' da jakada 'w'; #Daurin 'm' da daurin 'n'; =='''1.0 Alamomin Ajiye Magana' (punctuation mark)'''== Ga Alamomin aje magana tare da bayanansu daki-daki: * '''Aya / . / * '''Waƙafi / . / * '''Ayar tambaya / ? / * '''Ruwa-biyu / : / * '''Waƙafi m mai ruwa / ; / * '''Karan-ɗori / - / * '''Alamar zancen wani / " " / * '''Baka-biyu / ( ) / * '''Alamar Motsin rai / ! / * '''Zarce / ... / 1.1 '''Aya / . /''' Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali: '''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.''' idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan. 1.2== Wakafi/ , / == Wakafi, wata karmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali: *'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.''' To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: *'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.''' A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe. 1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / == Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali: * Aliyu ya zo?, * menene ake sayarwa? Idan aka yi la'akari missalan da ke sama, za a ga an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkanin suna dauke da alamar tambaya. Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba: Aliyu ya zo A nan za a fahimci cewa ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri. 1.4== Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/== Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal: # '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida) # missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )''' sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita * idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:''' * Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi; * Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa; * Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da aka sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana. ==1.1 Aya / . /== Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali: '''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.''' idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan. ==1.2 Wakafi/ , / == Waƙafi, wata ƙarmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali: *'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.''' To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: *'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.''' A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe. 1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / == Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali: * Aliyu ya zo?, * menene ake sayarwa? Idan aka yi la'akari missalan da ke sama, za a ga an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkanin suna dauke da alamar tambaya. Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba: Aliyu ya zo A nan za a fahimci cewa ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri. ==1.4 Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/== Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal: # '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida) # missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )''' sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita * idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:''' * Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi; * Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa; * Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da na sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana. ==1.5 Waƙafi mai ruwa / ; / == wannan alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen raba jerin wasu jimloli ko kalmomi a cikin zance. Game da missali, a duba a missalin karshe na Aya mai ruwa, za a ga yadda aka bayyana abinda Shugaban kasa ya zayyana. A nan za a ga an sa Ka alamar /;/ a gaban kowacce jimla. Ga Karin missali: * Shugqban makarantar ya gargadi dalibai cewa,idan sun tashi dawowa daga hutu, su zo da kayan karatu kamar irin wadannan: # littafin koyon turanci, aji na biyar; # littafin koyan lissafi, aji na biyar; # littafin nazarin rayuwar dan Adam, aji na biyar; # littafin koyan karatn Hausa, aji na biyar. A wadannan missalai za a lura cewa, a duk karshen jimloli 3 na farko an saka alamaar tsayawa ta wakafi mai ruwa (;), in banda jimla ta karshe da aka yi wa alamar aya /./ ==1.6 Karan-ɗori / - /== Karan-dori, alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen hade kalmomi biyu ko sama da biyu, su zama kalma daya da ma'ana daya. Akan saka wannan alama ne a tsakanin kalmomi da suka zo iri daya ko wadanda suka zo daban-daban. Kin saka wannan alama a inda ya dace, yakan kawo sabanin ma'ana tsakanin mawallafi da makaranci. Missali: # malam-buda-mana-littafi (sunnan wani kafilfilo); # fadi-ka-mutu (tangaran); # fari-fari (abinda bai kai fari sosai ba); # malfar-ungulu (wani tsiro ne); dss. A lura da kyau, idan muka dauki missali na farko, (malam-buda-mana-littafi) za mu ga yana nufin sunan wani abu wato (kafilfilo). Idan kuma ba a sa wannan alama ba a tsakankanin kalmomin (malam buda mana littafi) to rubutun ya zama wata jimla mai nufin umarni, maimakon kalma daya mai nufin sunan wani Kwaro. Wato, dalibai ne ke umartar malaminsu da ya buda masu littafi. Don haka, zamu fahimci cewa, idan an saka alamar, zancen ya zama Kalma daya kacal. Amma idan ba a sa alamar ba to rubutun ya zama jimla sukum. # Karin Missali, idan mutum yana rubutu a cikin takarda ko kan allo, sai aka fara rubuta wata kalma da ta zo a karshen layi sannan kuma ba ta karasu duka ba, sai a saka karan-dori ( - ) kuma a karasata a layi na kasa. ==1.7 Alamar baka-biyu / ( ) /== Wannan wata alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna karin bayani akan wata kalma, ko Jimla ko dai a kan wata maganar ta daban. Ga missalai nan kamar haka: * Yaron da aka kama da laifin kisan matar, 'yar uwa ce ga mahaifin yaron (Gwaggon yaron ce) * Gwamnan kano, Alh. Abba Kabir Yusuf, ya tura wakilinsa (Sunusi Nature) wajen Taron. * # Ni mutum ne mai son a sami zaman lafiya tsakanin Musulmai da wanda ba Musulmai ba (Kiristoci). ==1.8 Ayar Motsin-rai / ! /== Ayar Motsin-rai, wata alama ce da ke nuni da zaburar furuci cikin gaggawar kargafa murya. Hakan na faruwa ne yawanci a farkon bayyanar mury cikin Karfafawa, musamman a kalmomin; razana,mamaki, tausayi da kuma karfafar wata kalma a cikin wani zance na musamman. Alal Missali: '''Ah!, Wayyo!, Lah!, Innalillahi!, Kai!''' Da sauransu. Ga Karin missalai a cikin jimloli: * Saurayin na zuwa ya nuna mata kyautar bazatar da ya zo mata da ita. Sai ta cika da mamaki,sannan ta ja wani gwauron numfashi sanan ta ce, '''La!''' Amma ko na gode '''sosai!''' * A lokacin da yaron yake guje-guje cikin lalatattun Kujerun cikin ajin, sai ya taka kusa, ya ce, '''wayyo Allahna!''' jin haka malaminsu ya leko yana cewa, '''kai!''' Me ya faru. * Haba, yana lekowa cikkin dare sai ya ga wani duhu-duhu dab da shi. Aiko ya firgita ya ce '''waye nan!''' Yanzu sai mu lura cewa, a Missali na daya (1), mun yi amfani da '''Lah!''' da kuma '''sosai!'''. A Missali na biyu (2) kuma mun yi amfani da '''wayyo Allah!''' tare da '''kai!'''. Har illa yau a Missali na uku (3) kuma na karshe, mun yi amfani da '''waye nan!'''. Don haka, wadannan missalai, kadan ne daga cikin missalan '''ayar Motsin-rai / ! /''' Ko kuma inda ya kamata a yi amfani da ita. Sannan kuma, ya kamata a fahimci cewa, dole ne a sami karfafa murya a duk inda ake nufin '''ayar Motsin-rai,''' domin idan aka yi amfani da sanyin murya ma'ana ba za ta samu ba. ==1.9 Zarce / ... /== Zarce wata alama ce ta digo-dogo akalla guda uku (...), da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna ketare wata kalma ko Jimla a cikin rubutu. Ana samun missalai ta bangarori da dama, mussan a cikin karin magana, tsaallake gurbin amasa wata tambaya, dss. Missali: # '''Ban sa a ka ba,...''' A nan ba a bukatar karasa zancen ne, shi ya sa aka yi digo-dogon. Manufa a nan, duk Wanda aka yi wa karin maganar, ya karasa ma'anar a zuci ko ma a fili. Wto kenan sai ya karasa zuwa '''inji barawon tagiya''' # Haka kuma, akan saka wannan alama / ... /, a tsarin tambayar '''cikke tazara'''. Missali: * '''Sunan Babban birnin kasar Najeriya...''' a nana sai cike da '''Abuja''' ko makamancin haka. =='''2.0 Rabawa Da Haɗa Kalma'''== Raba kalma da hada kalma, abubuwa ne mabanbanta amma, masu alaka da juna. Da farko za mu dauki raba kalma. Kamar haka: ==2.1 Raba Kalma== raba kalma na nufin, barin kalma ta ci gashin kanta duk kankantarta Kuma duk girmanta. Hakan, na nufin a barkalma a matayita ba tare da an hade ta da wata ba, don kaucewa rasa ma'ana ta asali. Wato dai,kin raba kalmomin a inda ya ya dace, yana haifar da chanjawar ma'ana. Missali: * Shi ne, (kar a ce: ba shine) * Ita ce, (kar a ce: itace) * Wa ya je da su kasuwa? (Kar a ce: waya je dasu kasuwa?) * Ba ni na zo da shi ba, (kar a ce: bani nazo dashi ba) * Da ni da ku mu hada Kai, (kar a ce;Dani daku mu hadakai) A nan, idan muka Laura, mafi yawancin kalmomin da aka yi amfani da su, masu gaba dai-dai ne. Kuma kowacce an bar ta a matayinta. Don haka mu duba Missali na farko: '''Shi ne.''' Kalmar farko '''shi''' wakilin suna ce, Kalmar '''ce''' kuwa tana cikin wani aji na nahawu da ake cewa dirka. Don hak, idan aka hade su kamar '''Shine''' kalmomi biyu daban-daban an hade guri daya, don haka sun zama kalma daya ke nan, wacce kwata-kwata babu ita a Hausa sai a Turancin Ingilishi. Wacce ke nufin '''sheki''' a harshen Hausa. A Missali na hudu kuwa, ('''ba ni na zo da shi ba ''') za a fahimci cewa, kowacce kalma tana dauke da gaba daya ne. Kuma, duk da rashin tsawonsu,ba a hada wata da wata ba, domin kuwacce na cin gashin kanta. To hakan shi ne daidai. Inda kuwa an hada wata Kalmar da wata, ma'anarta za ta canza. Missali, idan aka hada '''da''' tare da '''shi,''' za su koma kalma daya kamar haka: '''dashi.''' kuma Kalmar tana nufin sunan wata itaciya ne. ==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance. Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya) ==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance. Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya) =='''4.0 Kalmomin Mallaka'''== Kalmomin Mallaka, wasu kalmomi ne da ake amfani da su wajen nuna faruwar mallaka a cikin rubutu. Game da ka'idojin rubun Hausa, an tanadar da hanyoyi biyu domin samar da rubutu mai inganci. Don haka, muna da gajerar mallaka da kuma doguwar mallaka. ===4.1 Gajerar Mallaka=== Gajerar mallaka, ita ake hade Kalmar abinda aka mallaka da wakilin sunan abin da aka mallaka da wakilin sunan wanda yai mallaka a guri daya.missli: gida+na= (gidana) a nan za a fahimci cewa, kalmar 'gida' da kalmar 'na' an haɗa su a guri ɗaya sun zama kamar kalma guda. A kiyaye da cewa, gajerar mallaka haɗe ta ake yi. Don haka, akwai ƙarin missalai kamar haka: *Jakarta ba jakar ta ba; *ajinsu ba ajin su ba; *matata ba mata ta ba; *ɗakinki ba ɗakin ki ba; *motarka ba motar ka ba. *masallacinku ba Masallacin ku ba. Da sauransu. ==='''4.2 Doguwar Mallaka'''=== Ita doguwar mallaka, ba a haɗe ake rubuta ta ba. Wato ke nan, ana rabewa tsakanin abinda aka mallaka da kuma wakilin sunan mai mallaka. Ga missalai kamar haka: * Jakar tata * Ɗakin nasu * Wayar tawa * Littafin shi * Gonar taku * Masallacin nawa * Takalmin namu Da haka, za mu fahimci cewa akwai banbanci tsakanin doguwar mallaka da gajerar mallaka. Mu tuna da missalin farko na doguwar. Wato "'''jakar tata'''" ma'ana, an rubuta "'''jakar'''" daban, ita ma, "'''tata'''" daban. idan kuma a gajerar mallaka ne sai a rubuta "'''jakarta'''" a haɗe. == Manazararta== h1st7ugu8zsoy9cyq0l3kyp8n4mvf45 889783 889782 2026-07-31T11:06:47Z ~2026-42490-91 47467 /* 4.2 Doguwar Mallaka */ 889783 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Stub}} == Ƙa'idojin rubutun hausa == Kamar yadda aka sani, kowanne lamari na duniya yana da ka'idar yadda ya kamata a gudanar da shi. Kuma bin ƙa'idar ita ke sa a sami dacen yadda ake bukata ba tare da an fuskanci wata matsala ba. Idan kuma ba a bi ka'idar ba to za a ga ba daidai ba.. Tunda yake haka ne, rubutun Hausa shi ma, yana da ka'idarsa. Bin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa sau-da-kafa, su ke sa a sami rubutu mai Cikakkiyar ma'ana. Wato a sami daidaiton manufa tsakanin tunanain marubuci da kuma na makaranci.<ref><nowiki>https://hemingwayapp.com/articles/grammar-punctuation/punctuation-marks</nowiki></ref> ==Abin da ake nufi da ka'idojin rubutun hausa== Ka'idojin rubutun Hausa, wani yanayi ne na lura da kiyaye ka'idojin harshen Hausa a rubuce domin samun damar isar da sakon da marubuci ke nufi zuwa ga mai karatu daidai da daidai, ba tare da canzawar ma'anar da marubuci ke nufi ba . Haka kuma, yana samar da saukin fahimtar karatu daga mai karantawa. == Fannonin Ka'idojin Rubutun Hausa == Fannonin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa da muke da su a nan, suna da dama. Kuma sune ginshin duk abinda ya kamata marubuci ya koya game da ka'idojin rubutun Hausa domin samun gwanancewa a rubutu. Don haka, zan zayyano su, sannan kuma na yi bayaninsu daki-daki kamar haka: #Alamomin ajiye magana; #Raba kalma da kuma hade kalma; #Shaddatun Tagwayen bakaken Hausa; #Gajera da doguwar mallaka; #Dafa-keya 'w' da jakada 'w'; #Daurin 'm' da daurin 'n'; =='''1.0 Alamomin Ajiye Magana' (punctuation mark)'''== Ga Alamomin aje magana tare da bayanansu daki-daki: * '''Aya / . / * '''Waƙafi / . / * '''Ayar tambaya / ? / * '''Ruwa-biyu / : / * '''Waƙafi m mai ruwa / ; / * '''Karan-ɗori / - / * '''Alamar zancen wani / " " / * '''Baka-biyu / ( ) / * '''Alamar Motsin rai / ! / * '''Zarce / ... / 1.1 '''Aya / . /''' Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali: '''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.''' idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan. 1.2== Wakafi/ , / == Wakafi, wata karmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali: *'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.''' To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: *'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.''' A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe. 1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / == Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali: * Aliyu ya zo?, * menene ake sayarwa? Idan aka yi la'akari missalan da ke sama, za a ga an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkanin suna dauke da alamar tambaya. Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba: Aliyu ya zo A nan za a fahimci cewa ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri. 1.4== Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/== Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal: # '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida) # missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )''' sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita * idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:''' * Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi; * Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa; * Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da aka sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana. ==1.1 Aya / . /== Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali: '''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.''' idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan. ==1.2 Wakafi/ , / == Waƙafi, wata ƙarmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali: *'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.''' To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: *'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.''' A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe. 1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / == Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali: * Aliyu ya zo?, * menene ake sayarwa? Idan aka yi la'akari missalan da ke sama, za a ga an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkanin suna dauke da alamar tambaya. Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba: Aliyu ya zo A nan za a fahimci cewa ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri. ==1.4 Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/== Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal: # '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida) # missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )''' sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita * idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:''' * Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi; * Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa; * Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da na sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana. ==1.5 Waƙafi mai ruwa / ; / == wannan alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen raba jerin wasu jimloli ko kalmomi a cikin zance. Game da missali, a duba a missalin karshe na Aya mai ruwa, za a ga yadda aka bayyana abinda Shugaban kasa ya zayyana. A nan za a ga an sa Ka alamar /;/ a gaban kowacce jimla. Ga Karin missali: * Shugqban makarantar ya gargadi dalibai cewa,idan sun tashi dawowa daga hutu, su zo da kayan karatu kamar irin wadannan: # littafin koyon turanci, aji na biyar; # littafin koyan lissafi, aji na biyar; # littafin nazarin rayuwar dan Adam, aji na biyar; # littafin koyan karatn Hausa, aji na biyar. A wadannan missalai za a lura cewa, a duk karshen jimloli 3 na farko an saka alamaar tsayawa ta wakafi mai ruwa (;), in banda jimla ta karshe da aka yi wa alamar aya /./ ==1.6 Karan-ɗori / - /== Karan-dori, alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen hade kalmomi biyu ko sama da biyu, su zama kalma daya da ma'ana daya. Akan saka wannan alama ne a tsakanin kalmomi da suka zo iri daya ko wadanda suka zo daban-daban. Kin saka wannan alama a inda ya dace, yakan kawo sabanin ma'ana tsakanin mawallafi da makaranci. Missali: # malam-buda-mana-littafi (sunnan wani kafilfilo); # fadi-ka-mutu (tangaran); # fari-fari (abinda bai kai fari sosai ba); # malfar-ungulu (wani tsiro ne); dss. A lura da kyau, idan muka dauki missali na farko, (malam-buda-mana-littafi) za mu ga yana nufin sunan wani abu wato (kafilfilo). Idan kuma ba a sa wannan alama ba a tsakankanin kalmomin (malam buda mana littafi) to rubutun ya zama wata jimla mai nufin umarni, maimakon kalma daya mai nufin sunan wani Kwaro. Wato, dalibai ne ke umartar malaminsu da ya buda masu littafi. Don haka, zamu fahimci cewa, idan an saka alamar, zancen ya zama Kalma daya kacal. Amma idan ba a sa alamar ba to rubutun ya zama jimla sukum. # Karin Missali, idan mutum yana rubutu a cikin takarda ko kan allo, sai aka fara rubuta wata kalma da ta zo a karshen layi sannan kuma ba ta karasu duka ba, sai a saka karan-dori ( - ) kuma a karasata a layi na kasa. ==1.7 Alamar baka-biyu / ( ) /== Wannan wata alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna karin bayani akan wata kalma, ko Jimla ko dai a kan wata maganar ta daban. Ga missalai nan kamar haka: * Yaron da aka kama da laifin kisan matar, 'yar uwa ce ga mahaifin yaron (Gwaggon yaron ce) * Gwamnan kano, Alh. Abba Kabir Yusuf, ya tura wakilinsa (Sunusi Nature) wajen Taron. * # Ni mutum ne mai son a sami zaman lafiya tsakanin Musulmai da wanda ba Musulmai ba (Kiristoci). ==1.8 Ayar Motsin-rai / ! /== Ayar Motsin-rai, wata alama ce da ke nuni da zaburar furuci cikin gaggawar kargafa murya. Hakan na faruwa ne yawanci a farkon bayyanar mury cikin Karfafawa, musamman a kalmomin; razana,mamaki, tausayi da kuma karfafar wata kalma a cikin wani zance na musamman. Alal Missali: '''Ah!, Wayyo!, Lah!, Innalillahi!, Kai!''' Da sauransu. Ga Karin missalai a cikin jimloli: * Saurayin na zuwa ya nuna mata kyautar bazatar da ya zo mata da ita. Sai ta cika da mamaki,sannan ta ja wani gwauron numfashi sanan ta ce, '''La!''' Amma ko na gode '''sosai!''' * A lokacin da yaron yake guje-guje cikin lalatattun Kujerun cikin ajin, sai ya taka kusa, ya ce, '''wayyo Allahna!''' jin haka malaminsu ya leko yana cewa, '''kai!''' Me ya faru. * Haba, yana lekowa cikkin dare sai ya ga wani duhu-duhu dab da shi. Aiko ya firgita ya ce '''waye nan!''' Yanzu sai mu lura cewa, a Missali na daya (1), mun yi amfani da '''Lah!''' da kuma '''sosai!'''. A Missali na biyu (2) kuma mun yi amfani da '''wayyo Allah!''' tare da '''kai!'''. Har illa yau a Missali na uku (3) kuma na karshe, mun yi amfani da '''waye nan!'''. Don haka, wadannan missalai, kadan ne daga cikin missalan '''ayar Motsin-rai / ! /''' Ko kuma inda ya kamata a yi amfani da ita. Sannan kuma, ya kamata a fahimci cewa, dole ne a sami karfafa murya a duk inda ake nufin '''ayar Motsin-rai,''' domin idan aka yi amfani da sanyin murya ma'ana ba za ta samu ba. ==1.9 Zarce / ... /== Zarce wata alama ce ta digo-dogo akalla guda uku (...), da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna ketare wata kalma ko Jimla a cikin rubutu. Ana samun missalai ta bangarori da dama, mussan a cikin karin magana, tsaallake gurbin amasa wata tambaya, dss. Missali: # '''Ban sa a ka ba,...''' A nan ba a bukatar karasa zancen ne, shi ya sa aka yi digo-dogon. Manufa a nan, duk Wanda aka yi wa karin maganar, ya karasa ma'anar a zuci ko ma a fili. Wto kenan sai ya karasa zuwa '''inji barawon tagiya''' # Haka kuma, akan saka wannan alama / ... /, a tsarin tambayar '''cikke tazara'''. Missali: * '''Sunan Babban birnin kasar Najeriya...''' a nana sai cike da '''Abuja''' ko makamancin haka. =='''2.0 Rabawa Da Haɗa Kalma'''== Raba kalma da hada kalma, abubuwa ne mabanbanta amma, masu alaka da juna. Da farko za mu dauki raba kalma. Kamar haka: ==2.1 Raba Kalma== raba kalma na nufin, barin kalma ta ci gashin kanta duk kankantarta Kuma duk girmanta. Hakan, na nufin a barkalma a matayita ba tare da an hade ta da wata ba, don kaucewa rasa ma'ana ta asali. Wato dai,kin raba kalmomin a inda ya ya dace, yana haifar da chanjawar ma'ana. Missali: * Shi ne, (kar a ce: ba shine) * Ita ce, (kar a ce: itace) * Wa ya je da su kasuwa? (Kar a ce: waya je dasu kasuwa?) * Ba ni na zo da shi ba, (kar a ce: bani nazo dashi ba) * Da ni da ku mu hada Kai, (kar a ce;Dani daku mu hadakai) A nan, idan muka Laura, mafi yawancin kalmomin da aka yi amfani da su, masu gaba dai-dai ne. Kuma kowacce an bar ta a matayinta. Don haka mu duba Missali na farko: '''Shi ne.''' Kalmar farko '''shi''' wakilin suna ce, Kalmar '''ce''' kuwa tana cikin wani aji na nahawu da ake cewa dirka. Don hak, idan aka hade su kamar '''Shine''' kalmomi biyu daban-daban an hade guri daya, don haka sun zama kalma daya ke nan, wacce kwata-kwata babu ita a Hausa sai a Turancin Ingilishi. Wacce ke nufin '''sheki''' a harshen Hausa. A Missali na hudu kuwa, ('''ba ni na zo da shi ba ''') za a fahimci cewa, kowacce kalma tana dauke da gaba daya ne. Kuma, duk da rashin tsawonsu,ba a hada wata da wata ba, domin kuwacce na cin gashin kanta. To hakan shi ne daidai. Inda kuwa an hada wata Kalmar da wata, ma'anarta za ta canza. Missali, idan aka hada '''da''' tare da '''shi,''' za su koma kalma daya kamar haka: '''dashi.''' kuma Kalmar tana nufin sunan wata itaciya ne. ==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance. Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya) ==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance. Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya) =='''4.0 Kalmomin Mallaka'''== Kalmomin Mallaka, wasu kalmomi ne da ake amfani da su wajen nuna faruwar mallaka a cikin rubutu. Game da ka'idojin rubun Hausa, an tanadar da hanyoyi biyu domin samar da rubutu mai inganci. Don haka, muna da gajerar mallaka da kuma doguwar mallaka. ===4.1 Gajerar Mallaka=== Gajerar mallaka, ita ake hade Kalmar abinda aka mallaka da wakilin sunan abin da aka mallaka da wakilin sunan wanda yai mallaka a guri daya.missli: gida+na= (gidana) a nan za a fahimci cewa, kalmar 'gida' da kalmar 'na' an haɗa su a guri ɗaya sun zama kamar kalma guda. A kiyaye da cewa, gajerar mallaka haɗe ta ake yi. Don haka, akwai ƙarin missalai kamar haka: *Jakarta ba jakar ta ba; *ajinsu ba ajin su ba; *matata ba mata ta ba; *ɗakinki ba ɗakin ki ba; *motarka ba motar ka ba. *masallacinku ba Masallacin ku ba. Da sauransu. ==='''4.2 Doguwar Mallaka'''=== Ita doguwar mallaka, ba a haɗe ake rubuta ta ba. Wato ke nan, ana rabewa tsakanin abinda aka mallaka da kuma wakilin sunan mai mallaka. Ga missalai kamar haka: * Jakar tata * Ɗakin nasu * Wayar tawa * Littafin shi * Gonar taku * Masallacin nawa * Takalmin namu Da haka, za mu fahimci cewa akwai banbanci tsakanin doguwar mallaka da gajerar mallaka. Mu tuna da missalin farko na doguwar. Wato "'''jakar tata'''" ma'ana, an rubuta "'''jakar'''" daban, ita ma, "'''tata'''" daban. idan kuma a gajerar mallaka ne sai a rubuta "'''jakarta'''" a haɗe. Wato dai ana haɗa "'''jakar''' da kuma '''ta''' a haɗe ('''jakarta''') == Manazararta== mposr3l5tib0s57sakv1vgjtr0rrsvb 889791 889783 2026-07-31T11:35:54Z ~2026-42490-91 47467 /* 4.2 Doguwar Mallaka */ 889791 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Stub}} == Ƙa'idojin rubutun hausa == Kamar yadda aka sani, kowanne lamari na duniya yana da ka'idar yadda ya kamata a gudanar da shi. Kuma bin ƙa'idar ita ke sa a sami dacen yadda ake bukata ba tare da an fuskanci wata matsala ba. Idan kuma ba a bi ka'idar ba to za a ga ba daidai ba.. Tunda yake haka ne, rubutun Hausa shi ma, yana da ka'idarsa. Bin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa sau-da-kafa, su ke sa a sami rubutu mai Cikakkiyar ma'ana. Wato a sami daidaiton manufa tsakanin tunanain marubuci da kuma na makaranci.<ref><nowiki>https://hemingwayapp.com/articles/grammar-punctuation/punctuation-marks</nowiki></ref> ==Abin da ake nufi da ka'idojin rubutun hausa== Ka'idojin rubutun Hausa, wani yanayi ne na lura da kiyaye ka'idojin harshen Hausa a rubuce domin samun damar isar da sakon da marubuci ke nufi zuwa ga mai karatu daidai da daidai, ba tare da canzawar ma'anar da marubuci ke nufi ba . Haka kuma, yana samar da saukin fahimtar karatu daga mai karantawa. == Fannonin Ka'idojin Rubutun Hausa == Fannonin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa da muke da su a nan, suna da dama. Kuma sune ginshin duk abinda ya kamata marubuci ya koya game da ka'idojin rubutun Hausa domin samun gwanancewa a rubutu. Don haka, zan zayyano su, sannan kuma na yi bayaninsu daki-daki kamar haka: #Alamomin ajiye magana; #Raba kalma da kuma hade kalma; #Shaddatun Tagwayen bakaken Hausa; #Gajera da doguwar mallaka; #Dafa-keya 'w' da jakada 'w'; #Daurin 'm' da daurin 'n'; =='''1.0 Alamomin Ajiye Magana' (punctuation mark)'''== Ga Alamomin aje magana tare da bayanansu daki-daki: * '''Aya / . / * '''Waƙafi / . / * '''Ayar tambaya / ? / * '''Ruwa-biyu / : / * '''Waƙafi m mai ruwa / ; / * '''Karan-ɗori / - / * '''Alamar zancen wani / " " / * '''Baka-biyu / ( ) / * '''Alamar Motsin rai / ! / * '''Zarce / ... / 1.1 '''Aya / . /''' Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali: '''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.''' idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan. 1.2== Wakafi/ , / == Wakafi, wata karmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali: *'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.''' To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: *'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.''' A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe. 1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / == Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali: * Aliyu ya zo?, * menene ake sayarwa? Idan aka yi la'akari missalan da ke sama, za a ga an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkanin suna dauke da alamar tambaya. Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba: Aliyu ya zo A nan za a fahimci cewa ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri. 1.4== Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/== Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal: # '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida) # missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )''' sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita * idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:''' * Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi; * Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa; * Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da aka sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana. ==1.1 Aya / . /== Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali: '''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.''' idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan. ==1.2 Wakafi/ , / == Waƙafi, wata ƙarmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali: *'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.''' To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: *'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.''' A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe. 1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / == Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali: * Aliyu ya zo?, * menene ake sayarwa? Idan aka yi la'akari missalan da ke sama, za a ga an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkanin suna dauke da alamar tambaya. Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba: Aliyu ya zo A nan za a fahimci cewa ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri. ==1.4 Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/== Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal: # '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida) # missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )''' sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita * idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:''' * Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi; * Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa; * Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da na sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana. ==1.5 Waƙafi mai ruwa / ; / == wannan alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen raba jerin wasu jimloli ko kalmomi a cikin zance. Game da missali, a duba a missalin karshe na Aya mai ruwa, za a ga yadda aka bayyana abinda Shugaban kasa ya zayyana. A nan za a ga an sa Ka alamar /;/ a gaban kowacce jimla. Ga Karin missali: * Shugqban makarantar ya gargadi dalibai cewa,idan sun tashi dawowa daga hutu, su zo da kayan karatu kamar irin wadannan: # littafin koyon turanci, aji na biyar; # littafin koyan lissafi, aji na biyar; # littafin nazarin rayuwar dan Adam, aji na biyar; # littafin koyan karatn Hausa, aji na biyar. A wadannan missalai za a lura cewa, a duk karshen jimloli 3 na farko an saka alamaar tsayawa ta wakafi mai ruwa (;), in banda jimla ta karshe da aka yi wa alamar aya /./ ==1.6 Karan-ɗori / - /== Karan-dori, alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen hade kalmomi biyu ko sama da biyu, su zama kalma daya da ma'ana daya. Akan saka wannan alama ne a tsakanin kalmomi da suka zo iri daya ko wadanda suka zo daban-daban. Kin saka wannan alama a inda ya dace, yakan kawo sabanin ma'ana tsakanin mawallafi da makaranci. Missali: # malam-buda-mana-littafi (sunnan wani kafilfilo); # fadi-ka-mutu (tangaran); # fari-fari (abinda bai kai fari sosai ba); # malfar-ungulu (wani tsiro ne); dss. A lura da kyau, idan muka dauki missali na farko, (malam-buda-mana-littafi) za mu ga yana nufin sunan wani abu wato (kafilfilo). Idan kuma ba a sa wannan alama ba a tsakankanin kalmomin (malam buda mana littafi) to rubutun ya zama wata jimla mai nufin umarni, maimakon kalma daya mai nufin sunan wani Kwaro. Wato, dalibai ne ke umartar malaminsu da ya buda masu littafi. Don haka, zamu fahimci cewa, idan an saka alamar, zancen ya zama Kalma daya kacal. Amma idan ba a sa alamar ba to rubutun ya zama jimla sukum. # Karin Missali, idan mutum yana rubutu a cikin takarda ko kan allo, sai aka fara rubuta wata kalma da ta zo a karshen layi sannan kuma ba ta karasu duka ba, sai a saka karan-dori ( - ) kuma a karasata a layi na kasa. ==1.7 Alamar baka-biyu / ( ) /== Wannan wata alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna karin bayani akan wata kalma, ko Jimla ko dai a kan wata maganar ta daban. Ga missalai nan kamar haka: * Yaron da aka kama da laifin kisan matar, 'yar uwa ce ga mahaifin yaron (Gwaggon yaron ce) * Gwamnan kano, Alh. Abba Kabir Yusuf, ya tura wakilinsa (Sunusi Nature) wajen Taron. * # Ni mutum ne mai son a sami zaman lafiya tsakanin Musulmai da wanda ba Musulmai ba (Kiristoci). ==1.8 Ayar Motsin-rai / ! /== Ayar Motsin-rai, wata alama ce da ke nuni da zaburar furuci cikin gaggawar kargafa murya. Hakan na faruwa ne yawanci a farkon bayyanar mury cikin Karfafawa, musamman a kalmomin; razana,mamaki, tausayi da kuma karfafar wata kalma a cikin wani zance na musamman. Alal Missali: '''Ah!, Wayyo!, Lah!, Innalillahi!, Kai!''' Da sauransu. Ga Karin missalai a cikin jimloli: * Saurayin na zuwa ya nuna mata kyautar bazatar da ya zo mata da ita. Sai ta cika da mamaki,sannan ta ja wani gwauron numfashi sanan ta ce, '''La!''' Amma ko na gode '''sosai!''' * A lokacin da yaron yake guje-guje cikin lalatattun Kujerun cikin ajin, sai ya taka kusa, ya ce, '''wayyo Allahna!''' jin haka malaminsu ya leko yana cewa, '''kai!''' Me ya faru. * Haba, yana lekowa cikkin dare sai ya ga wani duhu-duhu dab da shi. Aiko ya firgita ya ce '''waye nan!''' Yanzu sai mu lura cewa, a Missali na daya (1), mun yi amfani da '''Lah!''' da kuma '''sosai!'''. A Missali na biyu (2) kuma mun yi amfani da '''wayyo Allah!''' tare da '''kai!'''. Har illa yau a Missali na uku (3) kuma na karshe, mun yi amfani da '''waye nan!'''. Don haka, wadannan missalai, kadan ne daga cikin missalan '''ayar Motsin-rai / ! /''' Ko kuma inda ya kamata a yi amfani da ita. Sannan kuma, ya kamata a fahimci cewa, dole ne a sami karfafa murya a duk inda ake nufin '''ayar Motsin-rai,''' domin idan aka yi amfani da sanyin murya ma'ana ba za ta samu ba. ==1.9 Zarce / ... /== Zarce wata alama ce ta digo-dogo akalla guda uku (...), da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna ketare wata kalma ko Jimla a cikin rubutu. Ana samun missalai ta bangarori da dama, mussan a cikin karin magana, tsaallake gurbin amasa wata tambaya, dss. Missali: # '''Ban sa a ka ba,...''' A nan ba a bukatar karasa zancen ne, shi ya sa aka yi digo-dogon. Manufa a nan, duk Wanda aka yi wa karin maganar, ya karasa ma'anar a zuci ko ma a fili. Wto kenan sai ya karasa zuwa '''inji barawon tagiya''' # Haka kuma, akan saka wannan alama / ... /, a tsarin tambayar '''cikke tazara'''. Missali: * '''Sunan Babban birnin kasar Najeriya...''' a nana sai cike da '''Abuja''' ko makamancin haka. =='''2.0 Rabawa Da Haɗa Kalma'''== Raba kalma da hada kalma, abubuwa ne mabanbanta amma, masu alaka da juna. Da farko za mu dauki raba kalma. Kamar haka: ==2.1 Raba Kalma== raba kalma na nufin, barin kalma ta ci gashin kanta duk kankantarta Kuma duk girmanta. Hakan, na nufin a barkalma a matayita ba tare da an hade ta da wata ba, don kaucewa rasa ma'ana ta asali. Wato dai,kin raba kalmomin a inda ya ya dace, yana haifar da chanjawar ma'ana. Missali: * Shi ne, (kar a ce: ba shine) * Ita ce, (kar a ce: itace) * Wa ya je da su kasuwa? (Kar a ce: waya je dasu kasuwa?) * Ba ni na zo da shi ba, (kar a ce: bani nazo dashi ba) * Da ni da ku mu hada Kai, (kar a ce;Dani daku mu hadakai) A nan, idan muka Laura, mafi yawancin kalmomin da aka yi amfani da su, masu gaba dai-dai ne. Kuma kowacce an bar ta a matayinta. Don haka mu duba Missali na farko: '''Shi ne.''' Kalmar farko '''shi''' wakilin suna ce, Kalmar '''ce''' kuwa tana cikin wani aji na nahawu da ake cewa dirka. Don hak, idan aka hade su kamar '''Shine''' kalmomi biyu daban-daban an hade guri daya, don haka sun zama kalma daya ke nan, wacce kwata-kwata babu ita a Hausa sai a Turancin Ingilishi. Wacce ke nufin '''sheki''' a harshen Hausa. A Missali na hudu kuwa, ('''ba ni na zo da shi ba ''') za a fahimci cewa, kowacce kalma tana dauke da gaba daya ne. Kuma, duk da rashin tsawonsu,ba a hada wata da wata ba, domin kuwacce na cin gashin kanta. To hakan shi ne daidai. Inda kuwa an hada wata Kalmar da wata, ma'anarta za ta canza. Missali, idan aka hada '''da''' tare da '''shi,''' za su koma kalma daya kamar haka: '''dashi.''' kuma Kalmar tana nufin sunan wata itaciya ne. ==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance. Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya) ==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance. Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya) =='''4.0 Kalmomin Mallaka'''== Kalmomin Mallaka, wasu kalmomi ne da ake amfani da su wajen nuna faruwar mallaka a cikin rubutu. Game da ka'idojin rubun Hausa, an tanadar da hanyoyi biyu domin samar da rubutu mai inganci. Don haka, muna da gajerar mallaka da kuma doguwar mallaka. ===4.1 Gajerar Mallaka=== Gajerar mallaka, ita ake hade Kalmar abinda aka mallaka da wakilin sunan abin da aka mallaka da wakilin sunan wanda yai mallaka a guri daya.missli: gida+na= (gidana) a nan za a fahimci cewa, kalmar 'gida' da kalmar 'na' an haɗa su a guri ɗaya sun zama kamar kalma guda. A kiyaye da cewa, gajerar mallaka haɗe ta ake yi. Don haka, akwai ƙarin missalai kamar haka: *Jakarta ba jakar ta ba; *ajinsu ba ajin su ba; *matata ba mata ta ba; *ɗakinki ba ɗakin ki ba; *motarka ba motar ka ba. *masallacinku ba Masallacin ku ba. Da sauransu. ==='''4.2 Doguwar Mallaka'''=== Ita doguwar mallaka, ba a haɗe ake rubuta ta ba. Wato ke nan, ana rabewa tsakanin abinda aka mallaka da kuma wakilin sunan mai mallaka. Ga missalai kamar haka: * Jakar tata * Ɗakin nasu * Wayar tawa * Littafin shi * Gonar taku * Masallacin nawa * Takalmin namu Da haka, za mu fahimci cewa akwai banbanci tsakanin doguwar mallaka da gajerar mallaka. Mu tuna da missalin farko na doguwar. Wato "'''jakar tata'''" ma'ana, an rubuta "'''jakar'''" daban, ita ma, "'''tata'''" daban. idan kuma a gajerar mallaka ne sai a rubuta "'''jakarta'''" a haɗe. Wato dai ana haɗa "'''jakar'''" da kuma "'''ta'''" a haɗe ('''jakarta''') == Manazararta== 1fab71e7kssmagw6mn4jemibepocxti 889793 889791 2026-07-31T11:43:23Z ~2026-42490-91 47467 /* 2.1 Raba Kalma */ 889793 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Stub}} == Ƙa'idojin rubutun hausa == Kamar yadda aka sani, kowanne lamari na duniya yana da ka'idar yadda ya kamata a gudanar da shi. Kuma bin ƙa'idar ita ke sa a sami dacen yadda ake bukata ba tare da an fuskanci wata matsala ba. Idan kuma ba a bi ka'idar ba to za a ga ba daidai ba.. Tunda yake haka ne, rubutun Hausa shi ma, yana da ka'idarsa. Bin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa sau-da-kafa, su ke sa a sami rubutu mai Cikakkiyar ma'ana. Wato a sami daidaiton manufa tsakanin tunanain marubuci da kuma na makaranci.<ref><nowiki>https://hemingwayapp.com/articles/grammar-punctuation/punctuation-marks</nowiki></ref> ==Abin da ake nufi da ka'idojin rubutun hausa== Ka'idojin rubutun Hausa, wani yanayi ne na lura da kiyaye ka'idojin harshen Hausa a rubuce domin samun damar isar da sakon da marubuci ke nufi zuwa ga mai karatu daidai da daidai, ba tare da canzawar ma'anar da marubuci ke nufi ba . Haka kuma, yana samar da saukin fahimtar karatu daga mai karantawa. == Fannonin Ka'idojin Rubutun Hausa == Fannonin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa da muke da su a nan, suna da dama. Kuma sune ginshin duk abinda ya kamata marubuci ya koya game da ka'idojin rubutun Hausa domin samun gwanancewa a rubutu. Don haka, zan zayyano su, sannan kuma na yi bayaninsu daki-daki kamar haka: #Alamomin ajiye magana; #Raba kalma da kuma hade kalma; #Shaddatun Tagwayen bakaken Hausa; #Gajera da doguwar mallaka; #Dafa-keya 'w' da jakada 'w'; #Daurin 'm' da daurin 'n'; =='''1.0 Alamomin Ajiye Magana' (punctuation mark)'''== Ga Alamomin aje magana tare da bayanansu daki-daki: * '''Aya / . / * '''Waƙafi / . / * '''Ayar tambaya / ? / * '''Ruwa-biyu / : / * '''Waƙafi m mai ruwa / ; / * '''Karan-ɗori / - / * '''Alamar zancen wani / " " / * '''Baka-biyu / ( ) / * '''Alamar Motsin rai / ! / * '''Zarce / ... / 1.1 '''Aya / . /''' Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali: '''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.''' idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan. 1.2== Wakafi/ , / == Wakafi, wata karmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali: *'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.''' To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: *'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.''' A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe. 1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / == Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali: * Aliyu ya zo?, * menene ake sayarwa? Idan aka yi la'akari missalan da ke sama, za a ga an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkanin suna dauke da alamar tambaya. Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba: Aliyu ya zo A nan za a fahimci cewa ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri. 1.4== Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/== Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal: # '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida) # missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )''' sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita * idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:''' * Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi; * Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa; * Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da aka sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana. ==1.1 Aya / . /== Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali: '''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.''' idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan. ==1.2 Wakafi/ , / == Waƙafi, wata ƙarmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali: *'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.''' To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: *'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.''' A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe. 1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / == Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali: * Aliyu ya zo?, * menene ake sayarwa? Idan aka yi la'akari missalan da ke sama, za a ga an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkanin suna dauke da alamar tambaya. Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba: Aliyu ya zo A nan za a fahimci cewa ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri. ==1.4 Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/== Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal: # '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida) # missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )''' sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita * idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:''' * Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi; * Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa; * Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da na sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana. ==1.5 Waƙafi mai ruwa / ; / == wannan alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen raba jerin wasu jimloli ko kalmomi a cikin zance. Game da missali, a duba a missalin karshe na Aya mai ruwa, za a ga yadda aka bayyana abinda Shugaban kasa ya zayyana. A nan za a ga an sa Ka alamar /;/ a gaban kowacce jimla. Ga Karin missali: * Shugqban makarantar ya gargadi dalibai cewa,idan sun tashi dawowa daga hutu, su zo da kayan karatu kamar irin wadannan: # littafin koyon turanci, aji na biyar; # littafin koyan lissafi, aji na biyar; # littafin nazarin rayuwar dan Adam, aji na biyar; # littafin koyan karatn Hausa, aji na biyar. A wadannan missalai za a lura cewa, a duk karshen jimloli 3 na farko an saka alamaar tsayawa ta wakafi mai ruwa (;), in banda jimla ta karshe da aka yi wa alamar aya /./ ==1.6 Karan-ɗori / - /== Karan-dori, alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen hade kalmomi biyu ko sama da biyu, su zama kalma daya da ma'ana daya. Akan saka wannan alama ne a tsakanin kalmomi da suka zo iri daya ko wadanda suka zo daban-daban. Kin saka wannan alama a inda ya dace, yakan kawo sabanin ma'ana tsakanin mawallafi da makaranci. Missali: # malam-buda-mana-littafi (sunnan wani kafilfilo); # fadi-ka-mutu (tangaran); # fari-fari (abinda bai kai fari sosai ba); # malfar-ungulu (wani tsiro ne); dss. A lura da kyau, idan muka dauki missali na farko, (malam-buda-mana-littafi) za mu ga yana nufin sunan wani abu wato (kafilfilo). Idan kuma ba a sa wannan alama ba a tsakankanin kalmomin (malam buda mana littafi) to rubutun ya zama wata jimla mai nufin umarni, maimakon kalma daya mai nufin sunan wani Kwaro. Wato, dalibai ne ke umartar malaminsu da ya buda masu littafi. Don haka, zamu fahimci cewa, idan an saka alamar, zancen ya zama Kalma daya kacal. Amma idan ba a sa alamar ba to rubutun ya zama jimla sukum. # Karin Missali, idan mutum yana rubutu a cikin takarda ko kan allo, sai aka fara rubuta wata kalma da ta zo a karshen layi sannan kuma ba ta karasu duka ba, sai a saka karan-dori ( - ) kuma a karasata a layi na kasa. ==1.7 Alamar baka-biyu / ( ) /== Wannan wata alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna karin bayani akan wata kalma, ko Jimla ko dai a kan wata maganar ta daban. Ga missalai nan kamar haka: * Yaron da aka kama da laifin kisan matar, 'yar uwa ce ga mahaifin yaron (Gwaggon yaron ce) * Gwamnan kano, Alh. Abba Kabir Yusuf, ya tura wakilinsa (Sunusi Nature) wajen Taron. * # Ni mutum ne mai son a sami zaman lafiya tsakanin Musulmai da wanda ba Musulmai ba (Kiristoci). ==1.8 Ayar Motsin-rai / ! /== Ayar Motsin-rai, wata alama ce da ke nuni da zaburar furuci cikin gaggawar kargafa murya. Hakan na faruwa ne yawanci a farkon bayyanar mury cikin Karfafawa, musamman a kalmomin; razana,mamaki, tausayi da kuma karfafar wata kalma a cikin wani zance na musamman. Alal Missali: '''Ah!, Wayyo!, Lah!, Innalillahi!, Kai!''' Da sauransu. Ga Karin missalai a cikin jimloli: * Saurayin na zuwa ya nuna mata kyautar bazatar da ya zo mata da ita. Sai ta cika da mamaki,sannan ta ja wani gwauron numfashi sanan ta ce, '''La!''' Amma ko na gode '''sosai!''' * A lokacin da yaron yake guje-guje cikin lalatattun Kujerun cikin ajin, sai ya taka kusa, ya ce, '''wayyo Allahna!''' jin haka malaminsu ya leko yana cewa, '''kai!''' Me ya faru. * Haba, yana lekowa cikkin dare sai ya ga wani duhu-duhu dab da shi. Aiko ya firgita ya ce '''waye nan!''' Yanzu sai mu lura cewa, a Missali na daya (1), mun yi amfani da '''Lah!''' da kuma '''sosai!'''. A Missali na biyu (2) kuma mun yi amfani da '''wayyo Allah!''' tare da '''kai!'''. Har illa yau a Missali na uku (3) kuma na karshe, mun yi amfani da '''waye nan!'''. Don haka, wadannan missalai, kadan ne daga cikin missalan '''ayar Motsin-rai / ! /''' Ko kuma inda ya kamata a yi amfani da ita. Sannan kuma, ya kamata a fahimci cewa, dole ne a sami karfafa murya a duk inda ake nufin '''ayar Motsin-rai,''' domin idan aka yi amfani da sanyin murya ma'ana ba za ta samu ba. ==1.9 Zarce / ... /== Zarce wata alama ce ta digo-dogo akalla guda uku (...), da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna ketare wata kalma ko Jimla a cikin rubutu. Ana samun missalai ta bangarori da dama, mussan a cikin karin magana, tsaallake gurbin amasa wata tambaya, dss. Missali: # '''Ban sa a ka ba,...''' A nan ba a bukatar karasa zancen ne, shi ya sa aka yi digo-dogon. Manufa a nan, duk Wanda aka yi wa karin maganar, ya karasa ma'anar a zuci ko ma a fili. Wto kenan sai ya karasa zuwa '''inji barawon tagiya''' # Haka kuma, akan saka wannan alama / ... /, a tsarin tambayar '''cikke tazara'''. Missali: * '''Sunan Babban birnin kasar Najeriya...''' a nana sai cike da '''Abuja''' ko makamancin haka. =='''2.0 Rabawa Da Haɗa Kalma'''== Raba kalma da hada kalma, abubuwa ne mabanbanta amma, masu alaka da juna. Da farko za mu dauki raba kalma. Kamar haka: ==2.1 Raba Kalma== raba kalma na nufin, barin kalma ta ci gashin kanta duk kankantarta Kuma duk girmanta. Hakan, na nufin a barkalma a matayita ba tare da an hade ta da wata ba, don kaucewa rasa ma'ana ta asali. Wato dai,kin raba kalmomin a inda ya ya dace, yana haifar da chanjawar ma'ana. Missali: * Shi ne, (kar a ce: shine) * Ita ce, (kar a ce: itace) * Wa ya je da su kasuwa? (Kar a ce: waya je dasu kasuwa?) * Ba ni na zo da shi ba, (kar a ce: bani nazo dashi ba) * Da ni da ku mu hada Kai, (kar a ce;Dani daku mu hadakai) A nan, idan muka Laura, mafi yawancin kalmomin da aka yi amfani da su, masu gaba dai-dai ne. Kuma kowacce an bar ta a matayinta. Don haka mu duba Missali na farko: '''Shi ne.''' Kalmar farko '''shi''' wakilin suna ce, Kalmar '''ce''' kuwa tana cikin wani aji na nahawu da ake cewa dirka. Don hak, idan aka hade su kamar '''Shine''' kalmomi biyu daban-daban an hade guri daya, don haka sun zama kalma daya ke nan, wacce kwata-kwata babu ita a Hausa sai a Turancin Ingilishi. Wacce ke nufin '''sheki''' a harshen Hausa. A Missali na hudu kuwa, ('''ba ni na zo da shi ba ''') za a fahimci cewa, kowacce kalma tana dauke da gaba daya ne. Kuma, duk da rashin tsawonsu,ba a hada wata da wata ba, domin kuwacce na cin gashin kanta. To hakan shi ne daidai. Inda kuwa an hada wata Kalmar da wata, ma'anarta za ta canza. Missali, idan aka hada '''da''' tare da '''shi,''' za su koma kalma daya kamar haka: '''dashi.''' kuma Kalmar tana nufin sunan wata itaciya ne. ==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance. Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya) ==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance. Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya) =='''4.0 Kalmomin Mallaka'''== Kalmomin Mallaka, wasu kalmomi ne da ake amfani da su wajen nuna faruwar mallaka a cikin rubutu. Game da ka'idojin rubun Hausa, an tanadar da hanyoyi biyu domin samar da rubutu mai inganci. Don haka, muna da gajerar mallaka da kuma doguwar mallaka. ===4.1 Gajerar Mallaka=== Gajerar mallaka, ita ake hade Kalmar abinda aka mallaka da wakilin sunan abin da aka mallaka da wakilin sunan wanda yai mallaka a guri daya.missli: gida+na= (gidana) a nan za a fahimci cewa, kalmar 'gida' da kalmar 'na' an haɗa su a guri ɗaya sun zama kamar kalma guda. A kiyaye da cewa, gajerar mallaka haɗe ta ake yi. Don haka, akwai ƙarin missalai kamar haka: *Jakarta ba jakar ta ba; *ajinsu ba ajin su ba; *matata ba mata ta ba; *ɗakinki ba ɗakin ki ba; *motarka ba motar ka ba. *masallacinku ba Masallacin ku ba. Da sauransu. ==='''4.2 Doguwar Mallaka'''=== Ita doguwar mallaka, ba a haɗe ake rubuta ta ba. Wato ke nan, ana rabewa tsakanin abinda aka mallaka da kuma wakilin sunan mai mallaka. Ga missalai kamar haka: * Jakar tata * Ɗakin nasu * Wayar tawa * Littafin shi * Gonar taku * Masallacin nawa * Takalmin namu Da haka, za mu fahimci cewa akwai banbanci tsakanin doguwar mallaka da gajerar mallaka. Mu tuna da missalin farko na doguwar. Wato "'''jakar tata'''" ma'ana, an rubuta "'''jakar'''" daban, ita ma, "'''tata'''" daban. idan kuma a gajerar mallaka ne sai a rubuta "'''jakarta'''" a haɗe. Wato dai ana haɗa "'''jakar'''" da kuma "'''ta'''" a haɗe ('''jakarta''') == Manazararta== 5q7akch21y7vjiz08hdu0lrznxtj9hz 889794 889793 2026-07-31T11:45:58Z ~2026-42490-91 47467 /* 2.1 Raba Kalma */ 889794 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Stub}} == Ƙa'idojin rubutun hausa == Kamar yadda aka sani, kowanne lamari na duniya yana da ka'idar yadda ya kamata a gudanar da shi. Kuma bin ƙa'idar ita ke sa a sami dacen yadda ake bukata ba tare da an fuskanci wata matsala ba. Idan kuma ba a bi ka'idar ba to za a ga ba daidai ba.. Tunda yake haka ne, rubutun Hausa shi ma, yana da ka'idarsa. Bin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa sau-da-kafa, su ke sa a sami rubutu mai Cikakkiyar ma'ana. Wato a sami daidaiton manufa tsakanin tunanain marubuci da kuma na makaranci.<ref><nowiki>https://hemingwayapp.com/articles/grammar-punctuation/punctuation-marks</nowiki></ref> ==Abin da ake nufi da ka'idojin rubutun hausa== Ka'idojin rubutun Hausa, wani yanayi ne na lura da kiyaye ka'idojin harshen Hausa a rubuce domin samun damar isar da sakon da marubuci ke nufi zuwa ga mai karatu daidai da daidai, ba tare da canzawar ma'anar da marubuci ke nufi ba . Haka kuma, yana samar da saukin fahimtar karatu daga mai karantawa. == Fannonin Ka'idojin Rubutun Hausa == Fannonin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa da muke da su a nan, suna da dama. Kuma sune ginshin duk abinda ya kamata marubuci ya koya game da ka'idojin rubutun Hausa domin samun gwanancewa a rubutu. Don haka, zan zayyano su, sannan kuma na yi bayaninsu daki-daki kamar haka: #Alamomin ajiye magana; #Raba kalma da kuma hade kalma; #Shaddatun Tagwayen bakaken Hausa; #Gajera da doguwar mallaka; #Dafa-keya 'w' da jakada 'w'; #Daurin 'm' da daurin 'n'; =='''1.0 Alamomin Ajiye Magana' (punctuation mark)'''== Ga Alamomin aje magana tare da bayanansu daki-daki: * '''Aya / . / * '''Waƙafi / . / * '''Ayar tambaya / ? / * '''Ruwa-biyu / : / * '''Waƙafi m mai ruwa / ; / * '''Karan-ɗori / - / * '''Alamar zancen wani / " " / * '''Baka-biyu / ( ) / * '''Alamar Motsin rai / ! / * '''Zarce / ... / 1.1 '''Aya / . /''' Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali: '''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.''' idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan. 1.2== Wakafi/ , / == Wakafi, wata karmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali: *'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.''' To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: *'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.''' A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe. 1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / == Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali: * Aliyu ya zo?, * menene ake sayarwa? Idan aka yi la'akari missalan da ke sama, za a ga an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkanin suna dauke da alamar tambaya. Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba: Aliyu ya zo A nan za a fahimci cewa ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri. 1.4== Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/== Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal: # '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida) # missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )''' sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita * idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:''' * Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi; * Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa; * Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da aka sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana. ==1.1 Aya / . /== Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali: '''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.''' idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan. ==1.2 Wakafi/ , / == Waƙafi, wata ƙarmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali: *'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.''' To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: *'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.''' A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe. 1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / == Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali: * Aliyu ya zo?, * menene ake sayarwa? Idan aka yi la'akari missalan da ke sama, za a ga an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkanin suna dauke da alamar tambaya. Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba: Aliyu ya zo A nan za a fahimci cewa ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri. ==1.4 Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/== Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal: # '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida) # missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )''' sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita * idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:''' * Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi; * Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa; * Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da na sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana. ==1.5 Waƙafi mai ruwa / ; / == wannan alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen raba jerin wasu jimloli ko kalmomi a cikin zance. Game da missali, a duba a missalin karshe na Aya mai ruwa, za a ga yadda aka bayyana abinda Shugaban kasa ya zayyana. A nan za a ga an sa Ka alamar /;/ a gaban kowacce jimla. Ga Karin missali: * Shugqban makarantar ya gargadi dalibai cewa,idan sun tashi dawowa daga hutu, su zo da kayan karatu kamar irin wadannan: # littafin koyon turanci, aji na biyar; # littafin koyan lissafi, aji na biyar; # littafin nazarin rayuwar dan Adam, aji na biyar; # littafin koyan karatn Hausa, aji na biyar. A wadannan missalai za a lura cewa, a duk karshen jimloli 3 na farko an saka alamaar tsayawa ta wakafi mai ruwa (;), in banda jimla ta karshe da aka yi wa alamar aya /./ ==1.6 Karan-ɗori / - /== Karan-dori, alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen hade kalmomi biyu ko sama da biyu, su zama kalma daya da ma'ana daya. Akan saka wannan alama ne a tsakanin kalmomi da suka zo iri daya ko wadanda suka zo daban-daban. Kin saka wannan alama a inda ya dace, yakan kawo sabanin ma'ana tsakanin mawallafi da makaranci. Missali: # malam-buda-mana-littafi (sunnan wani kafilfilo); # fadi-ka-mutu (tangaran); # fari-fari (abinda bai kai fari sosai ba); # malfar-ungulu (wani tsiro ne); dss. A lura da kyau, idan muka dauki missali na farko, (malam-buda-mana-littafi) za mu ga yana nufin sunan wani abu wato (kafilfilo). Idan kuma ba a sa wannan alama ba a tsakankanin kalmomin (malam buda mana littafi) to rubutun ya zama wata jimla mai nufin umarni, maimakon kalma daya mai nufin sunan wani Kwaro. Wato, dalibai ne ke umartar malaminsu da ya buda masu littafi. Don haka, zamu fahimci cewa, idan an saka alamar, zancen ya zama Kalma daya kacal. Amma idan ba a sa alamar ba to rubutun ya zama jimla sukum. # Karin Missali, idan mutum yana rubutu a cikin takarda ko kan allo, sai aka fara rubuta wata kalma da ta zo a karshen layi sannan kuma ba ta karasu duka ba, sai a saka karan-dori ( - ) kuma a karasata a layi na kasa. ==1.7 Alamar baka-biyu / ( ) /== Wannan wata alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna karin bayani akan wata kalma, ko Jimla ko dai a kan wata maganar ta daban. Ga missalai nan kamar haka: * Yaron da aka kama da laifin kisan matar, 'yar uwa ce ga mahaifin yaron (Gwaggon yaron ce) * Gwamnan kano, Alh. Abba Kabir Yusuf, ya tura wakilinsa (Sunusi Nature) wajen Taron. * # Ni mutum ne mai son a sami zaman lafiya tsakanin Musulmai da wanda ba Musulmai ba (Kiristoci). ==1.8 Ayar Motsin-rai / ! /== Ayar Motsin-rai, wata alama ce da ke nuni da zaburar furuci cikin gaggawar kargafa murya. Hakan na faruwa ne yawanci a farkon bayyanar mury cikin Karfafawa, musamman a kalmomin; razana,mamaki, tausayi da kuma karfafar wata kalma a cikin wani zance na musamman. Alal Missali: '''Ah!, Wayyo!, Lah!, Innalillahi!, Kai!''' Da sauransu. Ga Karin missalai a cikin jimloli: * Saurayin na zuwa ya nuna mata kyautar bazatar da ya zo mata da ita. Sai ta cika da mamaki,sannan ta ja wani gwauron numfashi sanan ta ce, '''La!''' Amma ko na gode '''sosai!''' * A lokacin da yaron yake guje-guje cikin lalatattun Kujerun cikin ajin, sai ya taka kusa, ya ce, '''wayyo Allahna!''' jin haka malaminsu ya leko yana cewa, '''kai!''' Me ya faru. * Haba, yana lekowa cikkin dare sai ya ga wani duhu-duhu dab da shi. Aiko ya firgita ya ce '''waye nan!''' Yanzu sai mu lura cewa, a Missali na daya (1), mun yi amfani da '''Lah!''' da kuma '''sosai!'''. A Missali na biyu (2) kuma mun yi amfani da '''wayyo Allah!''' tare da '''kai!'''. Har illa yau a Missali na uku (3) kuma na karshe, mun yi amfani da '''waye nan!'''. Don haka, wadannan missalai, kadan ne daga cikin missalan '''ayar Motsin-rai / ! /''' Ko kuma inda ya kamata a yi amfani da ita. Sannan kuma, ya kamata a fahimci cewa, dole ne a sami karfafa murya a duk inda ake nufin '''ayar Motsin-rai,''' domin idan aka yi amfani da sanyin murya ma'ana ba za ta samu ba. ==1.9 Zarce / ... /== Zarce wata alama ce ta digo-dogo akalla guda uku (...), da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna ketare wata kalma ko Jimla a cikin rubutu. Ana samun missalai ta bangarori da dama, mussan a cikin karin magana, tsaallake gurbin amasa wata tambaya, dss. Missali: # '''Ban sa a ka ba,...''' A nan ba a bukatar karasa zancen ne, shi ya sa aka yi digo-dogon. Manufa a nan, duk Wanda aka yi wa karin maganar, ya karasa ma'anar a zuci ko ma a fili. Wto kenan sai ya karasa zuwa '''inji barawon tagiya''' # Haka kuma, akan saka wannan alama / ... /, a tsarin tambayar '''cikke tazara'''. Missali: * '''Sunan Babban birnin kasar Najeriya...''' a nana sai cike da '''Abuja''' ko makamancin haka. =='''2.0 Rabawa Da Haɗa Kalma'''== Raba kalma da hada kalma, abubuwa ne mabanbanta amma, masu alaka da juna. Da farko za mu dauki raba kalma. Kamar haka: ==2.1 Raba Kalma== raba kalma na nufin, barin kalma ta ci gashin kanta duk kankantarta Kuma duk girmanta. Hakan, na nufin a barkalma a matayita ba tare da an hade ta da wata ba, don kaucewa rasa ma'ana ta asali. Wato dai,kin raba kalmomin a inda ya ya dace, yana haifar da chanjawar ma'ana. Missali: * Shi ne, (kar a ce: shine) * Ita ce, (kar a ce: itace) * Wa ya je da su kasuwa? (Kar a ce: waya je dasu kasuwa?) * Ba ni na zo da shi ba, (kar a ce: bani nazo dashi ba) * Da ni da ku mu hada Kai, (kar a ce: Dani daku mu hadakai) A nan, idan muka Laura, mafi yawancin kalmomin da aka yi amfani da su, masu gaba dai-dai ne. Kuma kowacce an bar ta a matayinta. Don haka mu duba Missali na farko: '''Shi ne.''' Kalmar farko '''shi''' wakilin suna ce, Kalmar '''ce''' kuwa tana cikin wani aji na nahawu da ake cewa dirka. Don hak, idan aka hade su kamar '''Shine''' kalmomi biyu daban-daban an hade guri daya, don haka sun zama kalma daya ke nan, wacce kwata-kwata babu ita a Hausa sai a Turancin Ingilishi. Wacce ke nufin '''sheki''' a harshen Hausa. A Missali na hudu kuwa, ('''ba ni na zo da shi ba ''') za a fahimci cewa, kowacce kalma tana dauke da gaba daya ne. Kuma, duk da rashin tsawonsu,ba a hada wata da wata ba, domin kuwacce na cin gashin kanta. To hakan shi ne daidai. Inda kuwa an hada wata Kalmar da wata, ma'anarta za ta canza. Missali, idan aka hada '''da''' tare da '''shi,''' za su koma kalma daya kamar haka: '''dashi.''' kuma Kalmar tana nufin sunan wata itaciya ne. ==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance. Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya) ==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance. Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya) =='''4.0 Kalmomin Mallaka'''== Kalmomin Mallaka, wasu kalmomi ne da ake amfani da su wajen nuna faruwar mallaka a cikin rubutu. Game da ka'idojin rubun Hausa, an tanadar da hanyoyi biyu domin samar da rubutu mai inganci. Don haka, muna da gajerar mallaka da kuma doguwar mallaka. ===4.1 Gajerar Mallaka=== Gajerar mallaka, ita ake hade Kalmar abinda aka mallaka da wakilin sunan abin da aka mallaka da wakilin sunan wanda yai mallaka a guri daya.missli: gida+na= (gidana) a nan za a fahimci cewa, kalmar 'gida' da kalmar 'na' an haɗa su a guri ɗaya sun zama kamar kalma guda. A kiyaye da cewa, gajerar mallaka haɗe ta ake yi. Don haka, akwai ƙarin missalai kamar haka: *Jakarta ba jakar ta ba; *ajinsu ba ajin su ba; *matata ba mata ta ba; *ɗakinki ba ɗakin ki ba; *motarka ba motar ka ba. *masallacinku ba Masallacin ku ba. Da sauransu. ==='''4.2 Doguwar Mallaka'''=== Ita doguwar mallaka, ba a haɗe ake rubuta ta ba. Wato ke nan, ana rabewa tsakanin abinda aka mallaka da kuma wakilin sunan mai mallaka. Ga missalai kamar haka: * Jakar tata * Ɗakin nasu * Wayar tawa * Littafin shi * Gonar taku * Masallacin nawa * Takalmin namu Da haka, za mu fahimci cewa akwai banbanci tsakanin doguwar mallaka da gajerar mallaka. Mu tuna da missalin farko na doguwar. Wato "'''jakar tata'''" ma'ana, an rubuta "'''jakar'''" daban, ita ma, "'''tata'''" daban. idan kuma a gajerar mallaka ne sai a rubuta "'''jakarta'''" a haɗe. Wato dai ana haɗa "'''jakar'''" da kuma "'''ta'''" a haɗe ('''jakarta''') == Manazararta== qrq0eiz0yb33tsa23y8omna564572sy 889795 889794 2026-07-31T11:47:05Z ~2026-42490-91 47467 /* 4.2 Doguwar Mallaka */ 889795 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Stub}} == Ƙa'idojin rubutun hausa == Kamar yadda aka sani, kowanne lamari na duniya yana da ka'idar yadda ya kamata a gudanar da shi. Kuma bin ƙa'idar ita ke sa a sami dacen yadda ake bukata ba tare da an fuskanci wata matsala ba. Idan kuma ba a bi ka'idar ba to za a ga ba daidai ba.. Tunda yake haka ne, rubutun Hausa shi ma, yana da ka'idarsa. Bin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa sau-da-kafa, su ke sa a sami rubutu mai Cikakkiyar ma'ana. Wato a sami daidaiton manufa tsakanin tunanain marubuci da kuma na makaranci.<ref><nowiki>https://hemingwayapp.com/articles/grammar-punctuation/punctuation-marks</nowiki></ref> ==Abin da ake nufi da ka'idojin rubutun hausa== Ka'idojin rubutun Hausa, wani yanayi ne na lura da kiyaye ka'idojin harshen Hausa a rubuce domin samun damar isar da sakon da marubuci ke nufi zuwa ga mai karatu daidai da daidai, ba tare da canzawar ma'anar da marubuci ke nufi ba . Haka kuma, yana samar da saukin fahimtar karatu daga mai karantawa. == Fannonin Ka'idojin Rubutun Hausa == Fannonin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa da muke da su a nan, suna da dama. Kuma sune ginshin duk abinda ya kamata marubuci ya koya game da ka'idojin rubutun Hausa domin samun gwanancewa a rubutu. Don haka, zan zayyano su, sannan kuma na yi bayaninsu daki-daki kamar haka: #Alamomin ajiye magana; #Raba kalma da kuma hade kalma; #Shaddatun Tagwayen bakaken Hausa; #Gajera da doguwar mallaka; #Dafa-keya 'w' da jakada 'w'; #Daurin 'm' da daurin 'n'; =='''1.0 Alamomin Ajiye Magana' (punctuation mark)'''== Ga Alamomin aje magana tare da bayanansu daki-daki: * '''Aya / . / * '''Waƙafi / . / * '''Ayar tambaya / ? / * '''Ruwa-biyu / : / * '''Waƙafi m mai ruwa / ; / * '''Karan-ɗori / - / * '''Alamar zancen wani / " " / * '''Baka-biyu / ( ) / * '''Alamar Motsin rai / ! / * '''Zarce / ... / 1.1 '''Aya / . /''' Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali: '''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.''' idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan. 1.2== Wakafi/ , / == Wakafi, wata karmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali: *'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.''' To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: *'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.''' A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe. 1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / == Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali: * Aliyu ya zo?, * menene ake sayarwa? Idan aka yi la'akari missalan da ke sama, za a ga an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkanin suna dauke da alamar tambaya. Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba: Aliyu ya zo A nan za a fahimci cewa ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri. 1.4== Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/== Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal: # '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida) # missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )''' sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita * idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:''' * Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi; * Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa; * Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da aka sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana. ==1.1 Aya / . /== Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali: '''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.''' idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan. ==1.2 Wakafi/ , / == Waƙafi, wata ƙarmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali: *'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.''' To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: *'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.''' A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe. 1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / == Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali: * Aliyu ya zo?, * menene ake sayarwa? Idan aka yi la'akari missalan da ke sama, za a ga an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkanin suna dauke da alamar tambaya. Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba: Aliyu ya zo A nan za a fahimci cewa ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri. ==1.4 Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/== Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal: # '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida) # missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )''' sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita * idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:''' * Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi; * Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa; * Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da na sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana. ==1.5 Waƙafi mai ruwa / ; / == wannan alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen raba jerin wasu jimloli ko kalmomi a cikin zance. Game da missali, a duba a missalin karshe na Aya mai ruwa, za a ga yadda aka bayyana abinda Shugaban kasa ya zayyana. A nan za a ga an sa Ka alamar /;/ a gaban kowacce jimla. Ga Karin missali: * Shugqban makarantar ya gargadi dalibai cewa,idan sun tashi dawowa daga hutu, su zo da kayan karatu kamar irin wadannan: # littafin koyon turanci, aji na biyar; # littafin koyan lissafi, aji na biyar; # littafin nazarin rayuwar dan Adam, aji na biyar; # littafin koyan karatn Hausa, aji na biyar. A wadannan missalai za a lura cewa, a duk karshen jimloli 3 na farko an saka alamaar tsayawa ta wakafi mai ruwa (;), in banda jimla ta karshe da aka yi wa alamar aya /./ ==1.6 Karan-ɗori / - /== Karan-dori, alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen hade kalmomi biyu ko sama da biyu, su zama kalma daya da ma'ana daya. Akan saka wannan alama ne a tsakanin kalmomi da suka zo iri daya ko wadanda suka zo daban-daban. Kin saka wannan alama a inda ya dace, yakan kawo sabanin ma'ana tsakanin mawallafi da makaranci. Missali: # malam-buda-mana-littafi (sunnan wani kafilfilo); # fadi-ka-mutu (tangaran); # fari-fari (abinda bai kai fari sosai ba); # malfar-ungulu (wani tsiro ne); dss. A lura da kyau, idan muka dauki missali na farko, (malam-buda-mana-littafi) za mu ga yana nufin sunan wani abu wato (kafilfilo). Idan kuma ba a sa wannan alama ba a tsakankanin kalmomin (malam buda mana littafi) to rubutun ya zama wata jimla mai nufin umarni, maimakon kalma daya mai nufin sunan wani Kwaro. Wato, dalibai ne ke umartar malaminsu da ya buda masu littafi. Don haka, zamu fahimci cewa, idan an saka alamar, zancen ya zama Kalma daya kacal. Amma idan ba a sa alamar ba to rubutun ya zama jimla sukum. # Karin Missali, idan mutum yana rubutu a cikin takarda ko kan allo, sai aka fara rubuta wata kalma da ta zo a karshen layi sannan kuma ba ta karasu duka ba, sai a saka karan-dori ( - ) kuma a karasata a layi na kasa. ==1.7 Alamar baka-biyu / ( ) /== Wannan wata alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna karin bayani akan wata kalma, ko Jimla ko dai a kan wata maganar ta daban. Ga missalai nan kamar haka: * Yaron da aka kama da laifin kisan matar, 'yar uwa ce ga mahaifin yaron (Gwaggon yaron ce) * Gwamnan kano, Alh. Abba Kabir Yusuf, ya tura wakilinsa (Sunusi Nature) wajen Taron. * # Ni mutum ne mai son a sami zaman lafiya tsakanin Musulmai da wanda ba Musulmai ba (Kiristoci). ==1.8 Ayar Motsin-rai / ! /== Ayar Motsin-rai, wata alama ce da ke nuni da zaburar furuci cikin gaggawar kargafa murya. Hakan na faruwa ne yawanci a farkon bayyanar mury cikin Karfafawa, musamman a kalmomin; razana,mamaki, tausayi da kuma karfafar wata kalma a cikin wani zance na musamman. Alal Missali: '''Ah!, Wayyo!, Lah!, Innalillahi!, Kai!''' Da sauransu. Ga Karin missalai a cikin jimloli: * Saurayin na zuwa ya nuna mata kyautar bazatar da ya zo mata da ita. Sai ta cika da mamaki,sannan ta ja wani gwauron numfashi sanan ta ce, '''La!''' Amma ko na gode '''sosai!''' * A lokacin da yaron yake guje-guje cikin lalatattun Kujerun cikin ajin, sai ya taka kusa, ya ce, '''wayyo Allahna!''' jin haka malaminsu ya leko yana cewa, '''kai!''' Me ya faru. * Haba, yana lekowa cikkin dare sai ya ga wani duhu-duhu dab da shi. Aiko ya firgita ya ce '''waye nan!''' Yanzu sai mu lura cewa, a Missali na daya (1), mun yi amfani da '''Lah!''' da kuma '''sosai!'''. A Missali na biyu (2) kuma mun yi amfani da '''wayyo Allah!''' tare da '''kai!'''. Har illa yau a Missali na uku (3) kuma na karshe, mun yi amfani da '''waye nan!'''. Don haka, wadannan missalai, kadan ne daga cikin missalan '''ayar Motsin-rai / ! /''' Ko kuma inda ya kamata a yi amfani da ita. Sannan kuma, ya kamata a fahimci cewa, dole ne a sami karfafa murya a duk inda ake nufin '''ayar Motsin-rai,''' domin idan aka yi amfani da sanyin murya ma'ana ba za ta samu ba. ==1.9 Zarce / ... /== Zarce wata alama ce ta digo-dogo akalla guda uku (...), da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna ketare wata kalma ko Jimla a cikin rubutu. Ana samun missalai ta bangarori da dama, mussan a cikin karin magana, tsaallake gurbin amasa wata tambaya, dss. Missali: # '''Ban sa a ka ba,...''' A nan ba a bukatar karasa zancen ne, shi ya sa aka yi digo-dogon. Manufa a nan, duk Wanda aka yi wa karin maganar, ya karasa ma'anar a zuci ko ma a fili. Wto kenan sai ya karasa zuwa '''inji barawon tagiya''' # Haka kuma, akan saka wannan alama / ... /, a tsarin tambayar '''cikke tazara'''. Missali: * '''Sunan Babban birnin kasar Najeriya...''' a nana sai cike da '''Abuja''' ko makamancin haka. =='''2.0 Rabawa Da Haɗa Kalma'''== Raba kalma da hada kalma, abubuwa ne mabanbanta amma, masu alaka da juna. Da farko za mu dauki raba kalma. Kamar haka: ==2.1 Raba Kalma== raba kalma na nufin, barin kalma ta ci gashin kanta duk kankantarta Kuma duk girmanta. Hakan, na nufin a barkalma a matayita ba tare da an hade ta da wata ba, don kaucewa rasa ma'ana ta asali. Wato dai,kin raba kalmomin a inda ya ya dace, yana haifar da chanjawar ma'ana. Missali: * Shi ne, (kar a ce: shine) * Ita ce, (kar a ce: itace) * Wa ya je da su kasuwa? (Kar a ce: waya je dasu kasuwa?) * Ba ni na zo da shi ba, (kar a ce: bani nazo dashi ba) * Da ni da ku mu hada Kai, (kar a ce: Dani daku mu hadakai) A nan, idan muka Laura, mafi yawancin kalmomin da aka yi amfani da su, masu gaba dai-dai ne. Kuma kowacce an bar ta a matayinta. Don haka mu duba Missali na farko: '''Shi ne.''' Kalmar farko '''shi''' wakilin suna ce, Kalmar '''ce''' kuwa tana cikin wani aji na nahawu da ake cewa dirka. Don hak, idan aka hade su kamar '''Shine''' kalmomi biyu daban-daban an hade guri daya, don haka sun zama kalma daya ke nan, wacce kwata-kwata babu ita a Hausa sai a Turancin Ingilishi. Wacce ke nufin '''sheki''' a harshen Hausa. A Missali na hudu kuwa, ('''ba ni na zo da shi ba ''') za a fahimci cewa, kowacce kalma tana dauke da gaba daya ne. Kuma, duk da rashin tsawonsu,ba a hada wata da wata ba, domin kuwacce na cin gashin kanta. To hakan shi ne daidai. Inda kuwa an hada wata Kalmar da wata, ma'anarta za ta canza. Missali, idan aka hada '''da''' tare da '''shi,''' za su koma kalma daya kamar haka: '''dashi.''' kuma Kalmar tana nufin sunan wata itaciya ne. ==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance. Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya) ==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance. Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya) =='''4.0 Kalmomin Mallaka'''== Kalmomin Mallaka, wasu kalmomi ne da ake amfani da su wajen nuna faruwar mallaka a cikin rubutu. Game da ka'idojin rubun Hausa, an tanadar da hanyoyi biyu domin samar da rubutu mai inganci. Don haka, muna da gajerar mallaka da kuma doguwar mallaka. ===4.1 Gajerar Mallaka=== Gajerar mallaka, ita ake hade Kalmar abinda aka mallaka da wakilin sunan abin da aka mallaka da wakilin sunan wanda yai mallaka a guri daya.missli: gida+na= (gidana) a nan za a fahimci cewa, kalmar 'gida' da kalmar 'na' an haɗa su a guri ɗaya sun zama kamar kalma guda. A kiyaye da cewa, gajerar mallaka haɗe ta ake yi. Don haka, akwai ƙarin missalai kamar haka: *Jakarta ba jakar ta ba; *ajinsu ba ajin su ba; *matata ba mata ta ba; *ɗakinki ba ɗakin ki ba; *motarka ba motar ka ba. *masallacinku ba Masallacin ku ba. Da sauransu. ==='''4.2 Doguwar Mallaka'''=== Ita doguwar mallaka, ba a haɗe ake rubuta ta ba. Wato ke nan, ana rabewa tsakanin abinda aka mallaka da kuma wakilin sunan mai mallaka. Ga missalai kamar haka: * Jakar tata * Ɗakin nasu * Wayar tawa * Littafin nashi * Gonar taku * Masallacin nawa * Takalmin namu Da haka, za mu fahimci cewa akwai banbanci tsakanin doguwar mallaka da gajerar mallaka. Mu tuna da missalin farko na doguwar. Wato "'''jakar tata'''" ma'ana, an rubuta "'''jakar'''" daban, ita ma, "'''tata'''" daban. idan kuma a gajerar mallaka ne sai a rubuta "'''jakarta'''" a haɗe. Wato dai ana haɗa "'''jakar'''" da kuma "'''ta'''" a haɗe ('''jakarta''') == Manazararta== 7qqnk420n16fxwt8p9jq28rbswnamei 889801 889795 2026-07-31T11:56:50Z Baban Asiya 15906 /* 1.0 Alamomin Ajiye Magana' (punctuation mark) */ 889801 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Stub}} == Ƙa'idojin rubutun hausa == Kamar yadda aka sani, kowanne lamari na duniya yana da ka'idar yadda ya kamata a gudanar da shi. Kuma bin ƙa'idar ita ke sa a sami dacen yadda ake bukata ba tare da an fuskanci wata matsala ba. Idan kuma ba a bi ka'idar ba to za a ga ba daidai ba.. Tunda yake haka ne, rubutun Hausa shi ma, yana da ka'idarsa. Bin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa sau-da-kafa, su ke sa a sami rubutu mai Cikakkiyar ma'ana. Wato a sami daidaiton manufa tsakanin tunanain marubuci da kuma na makaranci.<ref><nowiki>https://hemingwayapp.com/articles/grammar-punctuation/punctuation-marks</nowiki></ref> ==Abin da ake nufi da ka'idojin rubutun hausa== Ka'idojin rubutun Hausa, wani yanayi ne na lura da kiyaye ka'idojin harshen Hausa a rubuce domin samun damar isar da sakon da marubuci ke nufi zuwa ga mai karatu daidai da daidai, ba tare da canzawar ma'anar da marubuci ke nufi ba . Haka kuma, yana samar da saukin fahimtar karatu daga mai karantawa. == Fannonin Ka'idojin Rubutun Hausa == Fannonin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa da muke da su a nan, suna da dama. Kuma sune ginshin duk abinda ya kamata marubuci ya koya game da ka'idojin rubutun Hausa domin samun gwanancewa a rubutu. Don haka, zan zayyano su, sannan kuma na yi bayaninsu daki-daki kamar haka: #Alamomin ajiye magana; #Raba kalma da kuma hade kalma; #Shaddatun Tagwayen bakaken Hausa; #Gajera da doguwar mallaka; #Dafa-keya 'w' da jakada 'w'; #Daurin 'm' da daurin 'n'; =='''1.0 Alamomin Ajiye Magana' (punctuation mark)'''== Ga Alamomin aje magana tare da bayanansu daki-daki: * '''Aya / . / * '''Waƙafi / . / * '''Ayar tambaya / ? / * '''Ruwa-biyu / : / * '''Waƙafi m mai ruwa / ; / * '''Karan-ɗori / - / * '''Alamar zancen wani / " " / * '''Baka-biyu / ( ) / * '''Alamar Motsin rai / ! / * '''Zarce / ... / 1.1 '''Aya / . /''' Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali: '''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.''' idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan. 1.2== Wakafi/ , / == Wakafi, wata karmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali: *'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.''' To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: *'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.''' A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe. 1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / == Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali: * Aliyu ya zo?, * menene ake sayarwa? Idan aka yi la'akari da missalan da ke sama, za a ga an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkanin suna dauke da alamar tambaya. Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba: Aliyu ya zo A nan za a fahimci cewa, ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri. 1.4== Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/== Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal: # '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida) # missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )''' sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita * idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:''' * Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi; * Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa; * Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da aka sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana. ==1.1 Aya / . /== Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali: '''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.''' idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan. ==1.2 Wakafi/ , / == Waƙafi, wata ƙarmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali: *'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.''' To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: *'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.''' A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe. 1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / == Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali: * Aliyu ya zo?, * menene ake sayarwa? Idan aka yi la'akari missalan da ke sama, za a ga an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkanin suna dauke da alamar tambaya. Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba: Aliyu ya zo A nan za a fahimci cewa ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri. ==1.4 Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/== Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal: # '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida) # missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )''' sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita * idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:''' * Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi; * Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa; * Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da na sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana. ==1.5 Waƙafi mai ruwa / ; / == wannan alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen raba jerin wasu jimloli ko kalmomi a cikin zance. Game da missali, a duba a missalin karshe na Aya mai ruwa, za a ga yadda aka bayyana abinda Shugaban kasa ya zayyana. A nan za a ga an sa Ka alamar /;/ a gaban kowacce jimla. Ga Karin missali: * Shugqban makarantar ya gargadi dalibai cewa,idan sun tashi dawowa daga hutu, su zo da kayan karatu kamar irin wadannan: # littafin koyon turanci, aji na biyar; # littafin koyan lissafi, aji na biyar; # littafin nazarin rayuwar dan Adam, aji na biyar; # littafin koyan karatn Hausa, aji na biyar. A wadannan missalai za a lura cewa, a duk karshen jimloli 3 na farko an saka alamaar tsayawa ta wakafi mai ruwa (;), in banda jimla ta karshe da aka yi wa alamar aya /./ ==1.6 Karan-ɗori / - /== Karan-dori, alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen hade kalmomi biyu ko sama da biyu, su zama kalma daya da ma'ana daya. Akan saka wannan alama ne a tsakanin kalmomi da suka zo iri daya ko wadanda suka zo daban-daban. Kin saka wannan alama a inda ya dace, yakan kawo sabanin ma'ana tsakanin mawallafi da makaranci. Missali: # malam-buda-mana-littafi (sunnan wani kafilfilo); # fadi-ka-mutu (tangaran); # fari-fari (abinda bai kai fari sosai ba); # malfar-ungulu (wani tsiro ne); dss. A lura da kyau, idan muka dauki missali na farko, (malam-buda-mana-littafi) za mu ga yana nufin sunan wani abu wato (kafilfilo). Idan kuma ba a sa wannan alama ba a tsakankanin kalmomin (malam buda mana littafi) to rubutun ya zama wata jimla mai nufin umarni, maimakon kalma daya mai nufin sunan wani Kwaro. Wato, dalibai ne ke umartar malaminsu da ya buda masu littafi. Don haka, zamu fahimci cewa, idan an saka alamar, zancen ya zama Kalma daya kacal. Amma idan ba a sa alamar ba to rubutun ya zama jimla sukum. # Karin Missali, idan mutum yana rubutu a cikin takarda ko kan allo, sai aka fara rubuta wata kalma da ta zo a karshen layi sannan kuma ba ta karasu duka ba, sai a saka karan-dori ( - ) kuma a karasata a layi na kasa. ==1.7 Alamar baka-biyu / ( ) /== Wannan wata alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna karin bayani akan wata kalma, ko Jimla ko dai a kan wata maganar ta daban. Ga missalai nan kamar haka: * Yaron da aka kama da laifin kisan matar, 'yar uwa ce ga mahaifin yaron (Gwaggon yaron ce) * Gwamnan kano, Alh. Abba Kabir Yusuf, ya tura wakilinsa (Sunusi Nature) wajen Taron. * # Ni mutum ne mai son a sami zaman lafiya tsakanin Musulmai da wanda ba Musulmai ba (Kiristoci). ==1.8 Ayar Motsin-rai / ! /== Ayar Motsin-rai, wata alama ce da ke nuni da zaburar furuci cikin gaggawar kargafa murya. Hakan na faruwa ne yawanci a farkon bayyanar mury cikin Karfafawa, musamman a kalmomin; razana,mamaki, tausayi da kuma karfafar wata kalma a cikin wani zance na musamman. Alal Missali: '''Ah!, Wayyo!, Lah!, Innalillahi!, Kai!''' Da sauransu. Ga Karin missalai a cikin jimloli: * Saurayin na zuwa ya nuna mata kyautar bazatar da ya zo mata da ita. Sai ta cika da mamaki,sannan ta ja wani gwauron numfashi sanan ta ce, '''La!''' Amma ko na gode '''sosai!''' * A lokacin da yaron yake guje-guje cikin lalatattun Kujerun cikin ajin, sai ya taka kusa, ya ce, '''wayyo Allahna!''' jin haka malaminsu ya leko yana cewa, '''kai!''' Me ya faru. * Haba, yana lekowa cikkin dare sai ya ga wani duhu-duhu dab da shi. Aiko ya firgita ya ce '''waye nan!''' Yanzu sai mu lura cewa, a Missali na daya (1), mun yi amfani da '''Lah!''' da kuma '''sosai!'''. A Missali na biyu (2) kuma mun yi amfani da '''wayyo Allah!''' tare da '''kai!'''. Har illa yau a Missali na uku (3) kuma na karshe, mun yi amfani da '''waye nan!'''. Don haka, wadannan missalai, kadan ne daga cikin missalan '''ayar Motsin-rai / ! /''' Ko kuma inda ya kamata a yi amfani da ita. Sannan kuma, ya kamata a fahimci cewa, dole ne a sami karfafa murya a duk inda ake nufin '''ayar Motsin-rai,''' domin idan aka yi amfani da sanyin murya ma'ana ba za ta samu ba. ==1.9 Zarce / ... /== Zarce wata alama ce ta digo-dogo akalla guda uku (...), da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna ketare wata kalma ko Jimla a cikin rubutu. Ana samun missalai ta bangarori da dama, mussan a cikin karin magana, tsaallake gurbin amasa wata tambaya, dss. Missali: # '''Ban sa a ka ba,...''' A nan ba a bukatar karasa zancen ne, shi ya sa aka yi digo-dogon. Manufa a nan, duk Wanda aka yi wa karin maganar, ya karasa ma'anar a zuci ko ma a fili. Wto kenan sai ya karasa zuwa '''inji barawon tagiya''' # Haka kuma, akan saka wannan alama / ... /, a tsarin tambayar '''cikke tazara'''. Missali: * '''Sunan Babban birnin kasar Najeriya...''' a nana sai cike da '''Abuja''' ko makamancin haka. =='''2.0 Rabawa Da Haɗa Kalma'''== Raba kalma da hada kalma, abubuwa ne mabanbanta amma, masu alaka da juna. Da farko za mu dauki raba kalma. Kamar haka: ==2.1 Raba Kalma== raba kalma na nufin, barin kalma ta ci gashin kanta duk kankantarta Kuma duk girmanta. Hakan, na nufin a barkalma a matayita ba tare da an hade ta da wata ba, don kaucewa rasa ma'ana ta asali. Wato dai,kin raba kalmomin a inda ya ya dace, yana haifar da chanjawar ma'ana. Missali: * Shi ne, (kar a ce: shine) * Ita ce, (kar a ce: itace) * Wa ya je da su kasuwa? (Kar a ce: waya je dasu kasuwa?) * Ba ni na zo da shi ba, (kar a ce: bani nazo dashi ba) * Da ni da ku mu hada Kai, (kar a ce: Dani daku mu hadakai) A nan, idan muka Laura, mafi yawancin kalmomin da aka yi amfani da su, masu gaba dai-dai ne. Kuma kowacce an bar ta a matayinta. Don haka mu duba Missali na farko: '''Shi ne.''' Kalmar farko '''shi''' wakilin suna ce, Kalmar '''ce''' kuwa tana cikin wani aji na nahawu da ake cewa dirka. Don hak, idan aka hade su kamar '''Shine''' kalmomi biyu daban-daban an hade guri daya, don haka sun zama kalma daya ke nan, wacce kwata-kwata babu ita a Hausa sai a Turancin Ingilishi. Wacce ke nufin '''sheki''' a harshen Hausa. A Missali na hudu kuwa, ('''ba ni na zo da shi ba ''') za a fahimci cewa, kowacce kalma tana dauke da gaba daya ne. Kuma, duk da rashin tsawonsu,ba a hada wata da wata ba, domin kuwacce na cin gashin kanta. To hakan shi ne daidai. Inda kuwa an hada wata Kalmar da wata, ma'anarta za ta canza. Missali, idan aka hada '''da''' tare da '''shi,''' za su koma kalma daya kamar haka: '''dashi.''' kuma Kalmar tana nufin sunan wata itaciya ne. ==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance. Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya) ==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance. Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya) =='''4.0 Kalmomin Mallaka'''== Kalmomin Mallaka, wasu kalmomi ne da ake amfani da su wajen nuna faruwar mallaka a cikin rubutu. Game da ka'idojin rubun Hausa, an tanadar da hanyoyi biyu domin samar da rubutu mai inganci. Don haka, muna da gajerar mallaka da kuma doguwar mallaka. ===4.1 Gajerar Mallaka=== Gajerar mallaka, ita ake hade Kalmar abinda aka mallaka da wakilin sunan abin da aka mallaka da wakilin sunan wanda yai mallaka a guri daya.missli: gida+na= (gidana) a nan za a fahimci cewa, kalmar 'gida' da kalmar 'na' an haɗa su a guri ɗaya sun zama kamar kalma guda. A kiyaye da cewa, gajerar mallaka haɗe ta ake yi. Don haka, akwai ƙarin missalai kamar haka: *Jakarta ba jakar ta ba; *ajinsu ba ajin su ba; *matata ba mata ta ba; *ɗakinki ba ɗakin ki ba; *motarka ba motar ka ba. *masallacinku ba Masallacin ku ba. Da sauransu. ==='''4.2 Doguwar Mallaka'''=== Ita doguwar mallaka, ba a haɗe ake rubuta ta ba. Wato ke nan, ana rabewa tsakanin abinda aka mallaka da kuma wakilin sunan mai mallaka. Ga missalai kamar haka: * Jakar tata * Ɗakin nasu * Wayar tawa * Littafin nashi * Gonar taku * Masallacin nawa * Takalmin namu Da haka, za mu fahimci cewa akwai banbanci tsakanin doguwar mallaka da gajerar mallaka. Mu tuna da missalin farko na doguwar. Wato "'''jakar tata'''" ma'ana, an rubuta "'''jakar'''" daban, ita ma, "'''tata'''" daban. idan kuma a gajerar mallaka ne sai a rubuta "'''jakarta'''" a haɗe. Wato dai ana haɗa "'''jakar'''" da kuma "'''ta'''" a haɗe ('''jakarta''') == Manazararta== 2tr8ptw1y5ow1q814m7enrs5n64gr4s 889803 889801 2026-07-31T11:58:45Z Baban Asiya 15906 /* 1.2 Wakafi/ , / */ 889803 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Stub}} == Ƙa'idojin rubutun hausa == Kamar yadda aka sani, kowanne lamari na duniya yana da ka'idar yadda ya kamata a gudanar da shi. Kuma bin ƙa'idar ita ke sa a sami dacen yadda ake bukata ba tare da an fuskanci wata matsala ba. Idan kuma ba a bi ka'idar ba to za a ga ba daidai ba.. Tunda yake haka ne, rubutun Hausa shi ma, yana da ka'idarsa. Bin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa sau-da-kafa, su ke sa a sami rubutu mai Cikakkiyar ma'ana. Wato a sami daidaiton manufa tsakanin tunanain marubuci da kuma na makaranci.<ref><nowiki>https://hemingwayapp.com/articles/grammar-punctuation/punctuation-marks</nowiki></ref> ==Abin da ake nufi da ka'idojin rubutun hausa== Ka'idojin rubutun Hausa, wani yanayi ne na lura da kiyaye ka'idojin harshen Hausa a rubuce domin samun damar isar da sakon da marubuci ke nufi zuwa ga mai karatu daidai da daidai, ba tare da canzawar ma'anar da marubuci ke nufi ba . Haka kuma, yana samar da saukin fahimtar karatu daga mai karantawa. == Fannonin Ka'idojin Rubutun Hausa == Fannonin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa da muke da su a nan, suna da dama. Kuma sune ginshin duk abinda ya kamata marubuci ya koya game da ka'idojin rubutun Hausa domin samun gwanancewa a rubutu. Don haka, zan zayyano su, sannan kuma na yi bayaninsu daki-daki kamar haka: #Alamomin ajiye magana; #Raba kalma da kuma hade kalma; #Shaddatun Tagwayen bakaken Hausa; #Gajera da doguwar mallaka; #Dafa-keya 'w' da jakada 'w'; #Daurin 'm' da daurin 'n'; =='''1.0 Alamomin Ajiye Magana' (punctuation mark)'''== Ga Alamomin aje magana tare da bayanansu daki-daki: * '''Aya / . / * '''Waƙafi / . / * '''Ayar tambaya / ? / * '''Ruwa-biyu / : / * '''Waƙafi m mai ruwa / ; / * '''Karan-ɗori / - / * '''Alamar zancen wani / " " / * '''Baka-biyu / ( ) / * '''Alamar Motsin rai / ! / * '''Zarce / ... / 1.1 '''Aya / . /''' Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali: '''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.''' idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan. 1.2== Wakafi/ , / == Wakafi, wata karmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali: *'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.''' To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: *'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.''' A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe. 1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / == Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali: * Aliyu ya zo?, * menene ake sayarwa? Idan aka yi la'akari da missalan da ke sama, za a ga an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkanin suna dauke da alamar tambaya. Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba: Aliyu ya zo A nan za a fahimci cewa, ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri. 1.4== Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/== Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal: # '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida) # missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )''' sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita * idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:''' * Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi; * Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa; * Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da aka sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana. ==1.1 Aya / . /== Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali: '''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.''' idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan. ==1.2 Wakafi/ , / == Waƙafi, wata ƙarmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali: *'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.''' To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: *'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.''' A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe. 1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / == Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali: * Aliyu ya zo?, * menene ake sayarwa? Idan aka yi la'akari missalan da ke sama, za a ga an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkaninsu suna dauke da alamar tambaya. Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba: Aliyu ya zo A nan za a fahimci cewa ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri. ==1.4 Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/== Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal: # '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida) # missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )''' sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita * idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:''' * Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi; * Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa; * Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da na sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana. ==1.5 Waƙafi mai ruwa / ; / == wannan alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen raba jerin wasu jimloli ko kalmomi a cikin zance. Game da missali, a duba a missalin karshe na Aya mai ruwa, za a ga yadda aka bayyana abinda Shugaban kasa ya zayyana. A nan za a ga an sa Ka alamar /;/ a gaban kowacce jimla. Ga Karin missali: * Shugqban makarantar ya gargadi dalibai cewa,idan sun tashi dawowa daga hutu, su zo da kayan karatu kamar irin wadannan: # littafin koyon turanci, aji na biyar; # littafin koyan lissafi, aji na biyar; # littafin nazarin rayuwar dan Adam, aji na biyar; # littafin koyan karatn Hausa, aji na biyar. A wadannan missalai za a lura cewa, a duk karshen jimloli 3 na farko an saka alamaar tsayawa ta wakafi mai ruwa (;), in banda jimla ta karshe da aka yi wa alamar aya /./ ==1.6 Karan-ɗori / - /== Karan-dori, alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen hade kalmomi biyu ko sama da biyu, su zama kalma daya da ma'ana daya. Akan saka wannan alama ne a tsakanin kalmomi da suka zo iri daya ko wadanda suka zo daban-daban. Kin saka wannan alama a inda ya dace, yakan kawo sabanin ma'ana tsakanin mawallafi da makaranci. Missali: # malam-buda-mana-littafi (sunnan wani kafilfilo); # fadi-ka-mutu (tangaran); # fari-fari (abinda bai kai fari sosai ba); # malfar-ungulu (wani tsiro ne); dss. A lura da kyau, idan muka dauki missali na farko, (malam-buda-mana-littafi) za mu ga yana nufin sunan wani abu wato (kafilfilo). Idan kuma ba a sa wannan alama ba a tsakankanin kalmomin (malam buda mana littafi) to rubutun ya zama wata jimla mai nufin umarni, maimakon kalma daya mai nufin sunan wani Kwaro. Wato, dalibai ne ke umartar malaminsu da ya buda masu littafi. Don haka, zamu fahimci cewa, idan an saka alamar, zancen ya zama Kalma daya kacal. Amma idan ba a sa alamar ba to rubutun ya zama jimla sukum. # Karin Missali, idan mutum yana rubutu a cikin takarda ko kan allo, sai aka fara rubuta wata kalma da ta zo a karshen layi sannan kuma ba ta karasu duka ba, sai a saka karan-dori ( - ) kuma a karasata a layi na kasa. ==1.7 Alamar baka-biyu / ( ) /== Wannan wata alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna karin bayani akan wata kalma, ko Jimla ko dai a kan wata maganar ta daban. Ga missalai nan kamar haka: * Yaron da aka kama da laifin kisan matar, 'yar uwa ce ga mahaifin yaron (Gwaggon yaron ce) * Gwamnan kano, Alh. Abba Kabir Yusuf, ya tura wakilinsa (Sunusi Nature) wajen Taron. * # Ni mutum ne mai son a sami zaman lafiya tsakanin Musulmai da wanda ba Musulmai ba (Kiristoci). ==1.8 Ayar Motsin-rai / ! /== Ayar Motsin-rai, wata alama ce da ke nuni da zaburar furuci cikin gaggawar kargafa murya. Hakan na faruwa ne yawanci a farkon bayyanar mury cikin Karfafawa, musamman a kalmomin; razana,mamaki, tausayi da kuma karfafar wata kalma a cikin wani zance na musamman. Alal Missali: '''Ah!, Wayyo!, Lah!, Innalillahi!, Kai!''' Da sauransu. Ga Karin missalai a cikin jimloli: * Saurayin na zuwa ya nuna mata kyautar bazatar da ya zo mata da ita. Sai ta cika da mamaki,sannan ta ja wani gwauron numfashi sanan ta ce, '''La!''' Amma ko na gode '''sosai!''' * A lokacin da yaron yake guje-guje cikin lalatattun Kujerun cikin ajin, sai ya taka kusa, ya ce, '''wayyo Allahna!''' jin haka malaminsu ya leko yana cewa, '''kai!''' Me ya faru. * Haba, yana lekowa cikkin dare sai ya ga wani duhu-duhu dab da shi. Aiko ya firgita ya ce '''waye nan!''' Yanzu sai mu lura cewa, a Missali na daya (1), mun yi amfani da '''Lah!''' da kuma '''sosai!'''. A Missali na biyu (2) kuma mun yi amfani da '''wayyo Allah!''' tare da '''kai!'''. Har illa yau a Missali na uku (3) kuma na karshe, mun yi amfani da '''waye nan!'''. Don haka, wadannan missalai, kadan ne daga cikin missalan '''ayar Motsin-rai / ! /''' Ko kuma inda ya kamata a yi amfani da ita. Sannan kuma, ya kamata a fahimci cewa, dole ne a sami karfafa murya a duk inda ake nufin '''ayar Motsin-rai,''' domin idan aka yi amfani da sanyin murya ma'ana ba za ta samu ba. ==1.9 Zarce / ... /== Zarce wata alama ce ta digo-dogo akalla guda uku (...), da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna ketare wata kalma ko Jimla a cikin rubutu. Ana samun missalai ta bangarori da dama, mussan a cikin karin magana, tsaallake gurbin amasa wata tambaya, dss. Missali: # '''Ban sa a ka ba,...''' A nan ba a bukatar karasa zancen ne, shi ya sa aka yi digo-dogon. Manufa a nan, duk Wanda aka yi wa karin maganar, ya karasa ma'anar a zuci ko ma a fili. Wto kenan sai ya karasa zuwa '''inji barawon tagiya''' # Haka kuma, akan saka wannan alama / ... /, a tsarin tambayar '''cikke tazara'''. Missali: * '''Sunan Babban birnin kasar Najeriya...''' a nana sai cike da '''Abuja''' ko makamancin haka. =='''2.0 Rabawa Da Haɗa Kalma'''== Raba kalma da hada kalma, abubuwa ne mabanbanta amma, masu alaka da juna. Da farko za mu dauki raba kalma. Kamar haka: ==2.1 Raba Kalma== raba kalma na nufin, barin kalma ta ci gashin kanta duk kankantarta Kuma duk girmanta. Hakan, na nufin a barkalma a matayita ba tare da an hade ta da wata ba, don kaucewa rasa ma'ana ta asali. Wato dai,kin raba kalmomin a inda ya ya dace, yana haifar da chanjawar ma'ana. Missali: * Shi ne, (kar a ce: shine) * Ita ce, (kar a ce: itace) * Wa ya je da su kasuwa? (Kar a ce: waya je dasu kasuwa?) * Ba ni na zo da shi ba, (kar a ce: bani nazo dashi ba) * Da ni da ku mu hada Kai, (kar a ce: Dani daku mu hadakai) A nan, idan muka Laura, mafi yawancin kalmomin da aka yi amfani da su, masu gaba dai-dai ne. Kuma kowacce an bar ta a matayinta. Don haka mu duba Missali na farko: '''Shi ne.''' Kalmar farko '''shi''' wakilin suna ce, Kalmar '''ce''' kuwa tana cikin wani aji na nahawu da ake cewa dirka. Don hak, idan aka hade su kamar '''Shine''' kalmomi biyu daban-daban an hade guri daya, don haka sun zama kalma daya ke nan, wacce kwata-kwata babu ita a Hausa sai a Turancin Ingilishi. Wacce ke nufin '''sheki''' a harshen Hausa. A Missali na hudu kuwa, ('''ba ni na zo da shi ba ''') za a fahimci cewa, kowacce kalma tana dauke da gaba daya ne. Kuma, duk da rashin tsawonsu,ba a hada wata da wata ba, domin kuwacce na cin gashin kanta. To hakan shi ne daidai. Inda kuwa an hada wata Kalmar da wata, ma'anarta za ta canza. Missali, idan aka hada '''da''' tare da '''shi,''' za su koma kalma daya kamar haka: '''dashi.''' kuma Kalmar tana nufin sunan wata itaciya ne. ==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance. Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya) ==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance. Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya) =='''4.0 Kalmomin Mallaka'''== Kalmomin Mallaka, wasu kalmomi ne da ake amfani da su wajen nuna faruwar mallaka a cikin rubutu. Game da ka'idojin rubun Hausa, an tanadar da hanyoyi biyu domin samar da rubutu mai inganci. Don haka, muna da gajerar mallaka da kuma doguwar mallaka. ===4.1 Gajerar Mallaka=== Gajerar mallaka, ita ake hade Kalmar abinda aka mallaka da wakilin sunan abin da aka mallaka da wakilin sunan wanda yai mallaka a guri daya.missli: gida+na= (gidana) a nan za a fahimci cewa, kalmar 'gida' da kalmar 'na' an haɗa su a guri ɗaya sun zama kamar kalma guda. A kiyaye da cewa, gajerar mallaka haɗe ta ake yi. Don haka, akwai ƙarin missalai kamar haka: *Jakarta ba jakar ta ba; *ajinsu ba ajin su ba; *matata ba mata ta ba; *ɗakinki ba ɗakin ki ba; *motarka ba motar ka ba. *masallacinku ba Masallacin ku ba. Da sauransu. ==='''4.2 Doguwar Mallaka'''=== Ita doguwar mallaka, ba a haɗe ake rubuta ta ba. Wato ke nan, ana rabewa tsakanin abinda aka mallaka da kuma wakilin sunan mai mallaka. Ga missalai kamar haka: * Jakar tata * Ɗakin nasu * Wayar tawa * Littafin nashi * Gonar taku * Masallacin nawa * Takalmin namu Da haka, za mu fahimci cewa akwai banbanci tsakanin doguwar mallaka da gajerar mallaka. Mu tuna da missalin farko na doguwar. Wato "'''jakar tata'''" ma'ana, an rubuta "'''jakar'''" daban, ita ma, "'''tata'''" daban. idan kuma a gajerar mallaka ne sai a rubuta "'''jakarta'''" a haɗe. Wato dai ana haɗa "'''jakar'''" da kuma "'''ta'''" a haɗe ('''jakarta''') == Manazararta== o3ug7e3ki0bkytwo1vtam3cthunw4ss Russell Fry 0 64625 889669 355830 2026-07-31T07:10:01Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889669 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Gyara mukala}} {{Databox}} '''Russell Harry Fry''' (an haife shi 4 Disamba 1985) ɗan [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na Ingilishi mai ritaya wanda ya taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan tsakiya]] . Ya shafe yawancin aikinsa tare da [[North Ferriby United AFC|North Ferriby United]]. == Aikin kulob == An haife shi a [[Kingston a kan Hull|Hull]], [[Riding na Gabas na Yorkshire|Riding Gabas ta Yorkshire]], Fry ya zo ta [[tsarin matasa]] na [[Hull City AFC|Hull City]] . Ya fara buga [[Kalmomin kalmomin ƙwallon ƙafa|wasansa na farko]] a matsayin [[Madadin (kwallon kafa)|wanda ya maye gurbin]] [[Scott Kerr]] a minti na 81 a wasan da aka doke su da ci 3 – 1 a [[Port Vale FC|Port Vale]] a [[Gasar Cin Kofin Kwallon Kafa|gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai]] zagaye na farko na Arewacin ranar 22 ga Oktoba 2002. <ref name="Port Vale vs Hull City">{{cite news|title=Port Vale vs Hull City|url=http://www.hullcityafc.net/page/MatchReport/0,,10338~21212,00.html|publisher=Hull City A.F.C|date=22 October 2002|access-date=8 June 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120829231811/http://www.hullcityafc.net/page/MatchReport/0,,10338~21212,00.html|archive-date=29 August 2012}}</ref> Ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin ƙwararrun sa na farko da Hull a ranar 16 ga Disamba. Wasansa na farko a gasar lig da [[Brentford FC|Brentford]] a wasan karshe na kakar [[2004–05 a ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ingila|2004–05]] ya dau mintuna 32 kacal har sai da ya bar filin wasa da rauni. Ya sanya hannu kan sabuwar kwangilar shekaru biyu tare da Hull a watan Agusta 2005. <ref name="Wiseman and Fry sign up">{{Cite news|title=Wiseman and Fry sign up|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/humber/content/articles/2005/08/03/030805_hcity.shtml|publisher=BBC Humber|date=5 August 2005|access-date=27 September 2007}}</ref> Fry ya shiga Babban [[Halifax Town AFC|Birnin Halifax na]] [[Babban taron|Conference National]] akan [[Lamuni (wasanni)|lamuni]] na wata daya akan 24 ga Agusta 2006. <ref name="Halifax Bring in Youngsters">{{Cite news|first=Andy|last=Beill|title=Halifax Bring in Youngsters|url=http://www.hullcity-mad.co.uk/news/tmnw/halifax_bring_in_youngsters_294591/index.shtml|publisher=Hull City Mad|date=24 August 2006|access-date=8 June 2011|archive-date=2 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002170719/http://www.hullcity-mad.co.uk/news/tmnw/halifax_bring_in_youngsters_294591/index.shtml|url-status=dead}}</ref> Wannan lamunin ya ƙare a ranar 25 ga Satumba Halifax ya ba shi damar komawa Hull, <ref name="Halifax loanees back with Tigers">{{Cite news|title=Halifax loanees back with Tigers|url=http://newsimg.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/5379110.stm|publisher=BBC Sport|date=25 September 2006|access-date=11 December 2012}}</ref> bayan ya buga wasanni hudu a kulob din. <ref name="Non-League Club Directory 2008 106-107">{{Cite book|edition=Tony}}</ref> Ya koma kungiyar [[Hinckley United FC|Hinckley United]] [[Taron Arewa|ta Arewa]] a matsayin aro a watan Oktoban 2006 kuma ya kammala rancen da wasanni tara da kwallo daya. <ref name="Russell Fry">{{Cite web}}</ref> pgi7wy3ce00fmstxhm9ekpl0p6wmai3 Rakhi Sawant 0 64958 889491 574108 2026-07-30T18:53:37Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889491 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Rakhi Sawant''' (wanda kuma aka sani da '''Fatima Durrani''''<ref>{{Cite web |title='Fatima Durrani', Rakhi Sawant surprises fans with new name |url=https://www.siasat.com/fatima-durrani-rakhi-sawant-surprises-fans-with-new-name-2503921/ |date= 16 January 2023 |website=Siasat Daily }}</ref> ;; an kuma haife shi ne a cikin garin '''Neeru Bheda''' ; a ranar ashirin da biyar 25 ga Watan Nuwamba na shekara ta alif dari tara da saba'in da shida 1976 ) <ref>{{cite book |title=The Polyester Prince: The Rise of Dhirubhai Ambani |last=McDonald |first=Hamish |year=1999 |publisher=Allen & Unwin |isbn=978-1-86448-468-7 |quote=Dhirubhai and Kokilaben Ambani invited us to the wedding of their son Anil to Tina Munim in Bombay in January 1991...}}</ref> yaryar rawa ce ta kasar Indiya, abin ƙira, yar wasan kwaikwayo kuma mai gabatar da shirye shiryenta a cikin talabijin, wacce ta fito a cikin Hindi da yawa da kuma kaɗan Kannada, Marathi, Fina-finan Odia, Telugu da Tamil . Ta kasance 'yar takara a farkon farkon jerin talabijin na gaskiya na Indiya ''Bigg Boss 1'' a shekara ta dubu biyu da shida (2006) kuma mai kalubalanci kuma mai takara a cikin ''Bigg Boss 14'' na shekara ta dubu biyu da ashirin (2020). Ita ce amaryar da za ta kasance a cikin Season 1 na jerin talabijin na Swayamvar . Sawant ta kafa kanta a matsayin alamar jima'i a Bollywood. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.orissapost.com/happy-birthday-rakhi-sawant-controversies-of-the-sex-symbol/ |title=Happy Birthday Rakhi Sawant: controversies of the sex-symbol |website=Orissa Post |language=en |access-date=1 August 2021 |date=25 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://photocontest.smithsonianmag.com/photocontest/detail/rakhi-sawant-the-sex-symbol-of-india/ |title=Rakhi Sawant, The Sex Symbol of India |website=Smithsonian Magazine |language=en |access-date=1 August 2021}}</ref> [[Fayil:Rakhi Sawant snapped attending a press conference (04).jpg|thumb|Rakhi Sawant]] Sawant ta kaddamar da nata jam'iyyar siyasa, karkashin jagorancin Jai Shah, mai suna Rashtriya Aam Party, don yin takara a zaben Lok Sabha na shekarar dubu biyu da goma sha huɗu 2014 . <ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/lok-sabha-elections-2014/news/Rakhi-Sawant-launches-party-wants-green-chilly/articleshow/32873695.cms |title=Rakhi Sawant launches her own party, wants 'green chilly' |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=29 March 2014 |access-date=29 March 2014}}</ref> Duk da haka kuma bayan zaben, ta shiga Jam'iyyar Republican ta Indiya (A).<ref name="rpi">{{cite web |title=Rakhi Sawant joins RPI, challenges Raj Thackeray in Election |url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/06/rakhi-sawant-joins-rpi-challenges-raj-thackeray-in-election/ |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |publisher=news.biharprabha.com |access-date=28 June 2014 |archive-date=7 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707150041/http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/06/rakhi-sawant-joins-rpi-challenges-raj-thackeray-in-election/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An kuma haifi Rakhi a matsayin Neeru Bheda. Maya ta auri Anand Sawant, dan sanda a ofishin 'yan sanda na Worli. Ta dauki sunan mahaifinta, Anand Sawant. == Sana'a == === Farkon Sana'a (1997-2005) === [[File:Rakhi_Sawant_in_Madhuri_Dixit's_getup.jpg|left|thumb| Rakhi Sawant tana yin wasan kwaikwayo a ''Nach Baliye 3'' a cikin shahararren wasan Madhuri Dixit .]] A cikin shekara ta dubu biyu da uku 2003, ta sami lambar yabo a cikin fim din Bollywood ''Chura Liyaa Hai Tumne'' . Ta yi saurare kusan sau hudu 4 kafin a zabe ta don samun lambar ci gabanta, "Mohabbat Hai Mirchi", wanda Himesh Reshammiya ya yi. Sawant ya yi aiki a kananan ayyuka a cikin fina-finai da suka haɗa da ''Masti'' da ''Main Hoon Na'' . A cikin shekara ta dubu biyu da biyar 2005, ta bayyana a cikin music video "Pardesiya", daga album ''DJ Hot Remix - Vol 3'' . === Nasarar Farkon Gidan Talabijin da Nasara (2006-yanzu) === [[Fayil:Rakhi Sawant at 21st Annual Screen Awards.jpg|thumb|Rakhi Sawant]] A cikin watan Yunin na shekara ta dubu biyu da shida 2006, Mika Singh ya yi yunkurin sumbatarta a wurin bikin zagayowar ranar haihuwarsa, wanda ya haifar da cece-kuce a kafafen yaɗa labarai. Bayan 'yan watanni, ta bayyana a farkon kakar wasan kwaikwayo na ''Bigg Boss'' . An fitar da ita a cikin mako na 4 amma daga baya ta sake shiga. Ta kasance cikin manyan 'yan wasan karshe guda hudu amma an kori kwanaki kafin babban wasan karshe na ranar ashirin da hudu ga watan(24 ga watan Janairu na shekara ta dubu biyu da bakwai2007, Day 84). <ref>[https://hindi.citymailnews.com/rakhi-sawant-wants-to-make-javed-akhtar-in-the-discussions-again-a-film-can-play-the-heroine-on-him/ राखी सावंत फिर चर्चाओं में, जावेद अख्तर बनाना चाहते हैं उनके ऊपर एक फिल्म, आलिया भटट निभा सकती हैं रोल]{{Dead link|date=September 2023}}</ref> A cikin shekara ta dubu biyu da bakwai 2007, Rakhi ta fara rera waƙa a cikin kundi na ''Super Girl'' wanda Venus Records &amp;amp; Tapes Pvt ta kaddamar. Ltd. Daga baya ta shiga cikin wasan kwaikwayo na gaskiya na rawa ''Nach Baliye'' tare da Abhishek Avasthi kuma ta fito a matsayin wanda ya zo na farko. A cikin shekara ta dubu biyu da tarar 2008, Sawant ya fito a cikin fim din ''Krazzy 4'' don waƙar abu 'Dekhta Hai Tu Kya'. A cikin Shekara ta dubu biyu da tara 2009, Sawant ya kaddamar da wasan kwaikwayo na gaskiya ''Rakhi Ka Swayamwar'' wanda ta shirya zabar mijinta na gaba ta hanyar tsohuwar al'ada ta Swayamvar . A ranar biyu2 ga watan Agusta na shekara ta dubu biyu da tara 2009 ta kuma zabi abokiyar rayuwarta, dan takara daga Toronto, Kanada, Elesh Parujanwala. Koyaya, bayan watanni da yawa, Sawant ya sanar da cewa ma'auratan sun rabu saboda bambance-bambancen da ba a daidaita su ba. Bayan rabuwa ta bayyana a wata hira da ta yi da Elesh Parujanwala akan kudi. A cikin shekarar 2010, Rakhi ta shirya wani shiri na ''Rakhi Ka Insaaf'' wanda aka watsa akan Imagine TV. Nunin ya ga cece-kuce bayan mutuwar dan wasan bayan da Rakhi ta kira shi da rashin karfin hali. A cikin 2011, ta shiga cikin ''musayar Ma'a'' ta Sony TV tare da mahaifiyar Jaya Sawant. Sau da yawa bayyana a gaskiya yana nunawa azaman mai watsa shiri, alkali ko dan takara, Sawant mai wasan kwaikwayo ne na yau da kullun. A shekarar 2012, ta yi wani fim na barkwanci tare da [[Shah Rukh Khan|Shahrukh Khan]] da Ranbir Kapoor a bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na Filmfare karo na 57.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2022}}</link> da wasan raye-raye na shiga a cikin 2015 tare da [[Ranveer singh|Ranveer Singh]] da Arjun Kapoor a [[Maleshiya|Malaysia]] . A cikin shekarar 2013, ta shiga cikin ''Maraba - Baazi Mehmaan Nawazi Ki'' tare da Anchal Sabharwal, Sangram Singh, Chetan Hansraj & Madhura Naik . An nuna shirin akan Life OK. Daga baya ta kasance mai takara a ''Box Cricket League'' . Daga baya Sawant ya taka rawar gani a fim mai ban sha'awa ''Ek Kahani Julie Ki'', kuma an gan shi a cikin fitowar fim mai ban dariya a cikin jerin labaran talabijin na barkwanci ''Bhaag Bakool Bhaag'' . === Harkokin Siyasa (2014-yanzu) === A ranar 26 ga Maris din shekarar 2014, ta bayyana shirinta na tsayawa takara a zaben Lok Sabha na 2014 daga Mumbai North-West a matsayin 'yar takara mai zaman kanta. <ref>[http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/03/rakhi-sawant-to-contest-lok-sabha-election-from-mumbai-north-west/ Rakhi Sawant to contest Lok Sabha Election from Mumbai North West | Biharprabha News] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328113707/http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/03/rakhi-sawant-to-contest-lok-sabha-election-from-mumbai-north-west/ |date=2014-03-28 }}. News.biharprabha.com (26 March 2014). Retrieved 28 November 2016.</ref> A ranar 28 ga Maris, ta kafa Rashtriya Aam Party (RAP). Jam'iyyar ba ta da wata alama da hukumar zabe ta sanyawa. Koyaya, Sawant ta ce tana jira </link> ya zama "koren chili", wanda take jin yayi kama da halinta. <ref name="TOI">[https://web.archive.org/web/20140329045452/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Green-chilly-as-symbol-Rakhi-Sawant-launches-her-party/articleshow/32864215.cms ‘Green chilly’ as symbol, Rakhi Sawant launches her party]. ''The Times of India'' (28 March 2014)</ref> Masu rike da ofishin jam’iyyar da masu tara kudi ’yan kasuwa ne daga Oshiwara . <ref name="TOI" /> Ta samu kuri'u 15 kacal daga mazabar Mumbai North-West kuma ta yi asarar ajiya. [[Fayil:Rakhi Sawant graces the 4th Bright Awards Night 2018.jpg|thumb|Rakhi Sawant]] Sawant ta yi murabus daga jam'iyyar Rashtriya Aam kuma ta shiga jam'iyyar RPI (Athawale) a watan Yunin shekarar 2014 kuma ta bayyana sha'awarta na yin aiki ga dalits. Rakhi tana aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugaban jam'iyyar na jihar kuma shugabar reshen mata. == Rayuwa ta sirri == A cikin shekarar 2019, Sawant ya auri wani mutum NRI mai suna Ritesh, wanda ba da dadewa ba ya kare da kisan aure a farkon 2022. A watan Mayun shekarar 2022, ta auri saurayinta na 'yan watanni, Adil Khan Durrani. === Raunin === A watan Nuwambar shekarar 2018, yayin tallata kokawa ta The Great Khali 's Continental Wrestling Entertainment, 'yar wasan kokawa ta Amurka 'yar Rebel ta shiga fagen raye-raye da Sawant, yayin da Rebel ta kama ta a cikin wani beyar ta kuma ta jefa ta a bayanta. Ya raunata bayan Sawant sannan ta fadi sumamme. An kai ta wani asibiti da ke kusa. === Rigima === [[Fayil:Vaani Kapoor in 2022.jpg|thumb|Rakhi Sawant]] A ranar 4 ga Afrilun shekarar 2017, ta bayyana a gaban kotun Ludhiana sanye da rigar fata saboda yin kalamai marasa kyau ga Sage Valmiki, a lokacin ta samu rakiyar majalisar dokokin Indiya, kodineta na kasa Rahul Jogi (an haife shi a ranar 21 ga Agustan shekarar 1990), saboda haka. An yi mata mummunar suka. An kuma fara sukar Sawant kan musuluntarta bayan ta auri saurayinta Adil Durrani, inda har mutane suka ce ta canza sunanta zuwa ''Rakhi Sawant Fatima''. <ref name=":0" /> Duk da haka, Adil ya musanta da farko, amma ba da dadewa ba, bayan wasu makonni, ya amince da aurensa da Rakhi. {| class="wikitable sortable" !Year !Film !Role !Language |- |1997 |''Agnichakra'' | |[[Harshen Hindu|Hindi]] |- | rowspan="2" |1999 |''Dil Ka Sauda'' |Rambha |Hindi |- |''Chudail No. 1'' | |Hindi |- | rowspan="3" |2000 |''Kurukshetra'' |Geeta |Hindi |- |''Joru Ka Ghulam'' |Chandni |Hindi |- |''Jis Desh Mein Ganga Rehta Hain'' | |Hindi |- | rowspan="2" |2001 |''Ehsaas: The Feeling'' | |Hindi |- |''6 Teens'' |Nandini |Telugu |- | rowspan="3" |2002 |''Badmaash No.1'' | |Hindi |- |''Gautam Govinda'' | |Hindi |- |''Na Tum Jaano Na Hum'' |Disco Shanti |Hindi |- | rowspan="7" |2003 |''Dum'' | |Hindi |- |''Chura Liyaa Hai Tumne'' |Sheena |Hindi |- |''Om'' |Celina |Hindi |- |''Bad Boys'' | |Hindi |- |''2 October'' | |Hindi |- |''Patth'' | |Hindi |- |''Waah! Tera Kya Kehna'' | |Hindi |- | rowspan="5" |2004 |''Gambeeram'' | |Tamil |- |''Paisa Vasool'' |Dilkhush |Hindi |- |''Masti: Sanam Teri Kasam'' |Ms. Saxena |Hindi |- |''Main Hoon Na'' |Mini |Hindi |- |''Saatchya Aat Gharat'' | |[[Marati|Marathi]] |- | rowspan="2" |2005 |''Mumbai Xpress'' | |Hindi |- |''Khamoshh... Khauff Ki Raat'' |Kashmira |Hindi |- | rowspan="3" |2007 |''Shootout at Lokhandwala'' |Pooja Bedi |Hindi |- |''Journey Bombay to Goa: Laughter Unlimited'' |Deepa Kutti |Hindi |- |''Buddha Mar Gaya'' |Kim / Vishkanya |Hindi |- | rowspan="2" |2008 |''Gumnaam – The Mystery'' |Ria's friend |Hindi |- |''Dhoom Dadakka'' |Rambha |Hindi |- |2009 |''Dil Bole Hadippa!'' |Shanno Amritsari |Hindi |- |2010 |''Mungilal Rocks'' | |Hindi |- |2011 |''Mere Brother Ki Dulhan'' |Herself (voice) |Hindi |- |2015 |''Mumbai Can Dance Saala'' | |Hindi |- |2016 |''Ek Kahani Julie Ki'' |Julie |Hindi |- |2019 |''Upeksha'' | |Hindi |- |2023 |''Mast Mein Rehne Ka'' |Sana Bimli |Hindi |} {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara ! Fim ! Harshe ! Waka ! Bayanan kula |- | 2000 | ''En Sakhiye'' | Tamil | |- | 2001 | ''Yeh Raaste Hain Pyaar Ke'' | [[Harshen Hindu|Hindi]] | "Bam Bhole Bam Bhole" | |- | 2003 | ''Aanch'' | Hindi | "Hai Re Umariya 16 baras Ki" | |- | rowspan="2" | 2004 | ''Satchya Aat Gharat'' | Marathi | "Hil Pori Hila" | |- | ''Paisa Vasool'' | Hindi | "Maine Saiyan Ki Demand" | |- | rowspan="2" | 2005 | ''Ek Khiladi Ek Haseena'' | Hindi | "Ankhiya Na Maar Mere Yaar Mundiya" | |- | ''Mutumin Mai Karfi'' | Hindi | "Chikna Badan" | |- | rowspan="2" | 2006 | ''Zafafan Kudi'' | Hindi | "Daulat Hai Karishma" | |- | ''Malamaal Weekly'' | Hindi | "Kismat Se Chalti Hai" | |- | 2007 | ''Geleya'' | [[Kannada]] | "Nanna Stylu Berene" | |- | rowspan="3" | 2008 | ''Krazzy 4'' | Hindi | "Dekhta Hai Tu Kya" | |- | ''1920'' | Hindi | "Jab Das Jaaye Bichua" | |- | ''Mudrank - Tambarin'' | Hindi | "Mohabbat Kya Hoti Hain" | Ba a sake shi ba |- | rowspan="2" | 2009 | ''Muthirai'' | Tamil | "Dare Har Yanzu Matashi" |- | ''Drona'' | [[Talgu|Telugu]] | "Sayya Re Sayya Re" | |- | rowspan="2" | 2010 | ''Horn 'Ok' Don Allah'' | Hindi | "Nathani Utaro" | |- | ''Marega Sala'' | Hindi | "Sehra Sehra Tujhpe Dil" | |- | rowspan="2" | 2011 | ''Gahraee'' | Hindi | "Meri Jawani AK47" | |- | ''ganima'' | Hindi | "Jawani Ki Bank Loot Le" | |- | rowspan="3" | 2012 | ''Rakhtbeej'' | Hindi | "Latto Ghuma Re Chora" | |- | ''Om Shanti'' | Bengali | "Chonnara Dil Thame Dekhle Rakhi" | |- | ''Daren Valentine'' | Hindi | "Gaye Re Gaye Saand Paani Mein" | |- | 2014 | ''Katta Tanal Dupatta Par'' | [[Bhojpuri]] | "Peela Jawaniya Ke Juice" | |- | 2017 | ''Allah Baba'' | Odia | "Chuti Kholila Sampu Basiba" | |- | 2019 | ''Sabse Bada Champion'' | Bhojpuri | "Laga Navratan Tel" | |- | 2020 | ''Mataki na 370'' | Hindi | | |} {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara ! Take ! Bayanan kula |- | 2006-2007 | ''Babban Boss 1'' | {{No|Evicted-Day 84 (4th position)}} |- | rowspan="2" | 2007 | ''Comedy Ka Badsshah - Hasega India'' | Alkali tare da Raju Srivastav |- | ''Nach Baliye 3'' |{{Runner-up|Participant with [[Abhishek Avasthi]] ('''Runner-up''')}} |- | rowspan="4" | 2008 | ''Ya Hai Jalwa'' |{{Won|Contestant ('''Winner''' with her team 'Chiller party')}} |- | ''Rakhi Sawant Showz'' | Mai watsa shiri |- | ''Chota Packet Bada Dhamaka'' | Alkali |- | ''Jalwa Four 2 Ka 1'' | Mai gasa |- | rowspan="3" | 2009 | ''Arre Deewano Mujhe Pehchano'' | Mai gasa |- | ''Rakhi Ka Swayamwar'' | Uwargidan jagora |- | ''Pati, Patni Aur Woh'' | Mahalarta tare da Elesh Parujanwala |- | rowspan="2" | 2010 | ''Zara Nachke Dikha 2'' | {{Won|Contestant ('''Winner''' with her team 'Masakali Girls')}} |- | ''Rakhi ka Insaaf'' | Mai watsa shiri |- | rowspan="4" | 2011 | ''Ma Exchange'' | Mahalarta tare da Jaya Sawant |- | ''Jubilee Comedy Circus'' | {{Won|Winner}} |- | ''Babban Toss'' | Mai gasa |- | ''Ghazab Desh Ki Ajab Kahaaniyan'' | Mai watsa shiri |- | rowspan="2" | 2013 | ''Barka da zuwa - Baazi Mehmaan-Nawaazi ki'' | Gasar mako-mako |- | ''Comedy Circus Ke Mahabali'' | Mai takara <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131019220928/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-06-26/tv/40205930_1_vinay-pathak-shakeel-text-message Rakhi Sawant and Vinay Pathak in Comedy Circus – The Times of India]. ''The Times of India''. (26 June 2013). Retrieved 28 November 2016.</ref> |- | 2014 | ''Box Cricket League - Season 1'' | Mai takara |- | rowspan="2" | 2018 | ''Box Cricket League - Kashi na 3'' | Dan takara |- | ''Juzzbaatt - Namkeen Se Sangeen Tak'' | Bako (tare da Arshi Khan ) |- | rowspan="3" | 2019 | ''Manmohini'' | Chakua Chudail |- | ''Khatar Khatra'' | Bako |- | ''Box Cricket League - Kashi na 4'' | Mai watsa shiri |- | 2020-2021 | ''Babban Boss 14'' |{{Quit|Challenger Entry on Day 68 <br>4th runner-up (Walked with prize money) on Day 141}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 November 2020 |title=Vikas Gupta to Rakhi Sawant: Former Bigg Boss contestants to set foot in Bigg Boss 14 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/vikas-gupta-to-rakhi-sawant-former-bigg-boss-contestants-to-set-foot-in-bigg-boss-14/photostory/79487449.cms |access-date=4 December 2020 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> |- | rowspan="5" | 2021 | ''Madam Sir'' | rowspan="5" | Begum Chorni |- | ''Jarumi – Yanayin Gayab Kunna'' |- | ''Wagle Ki Duniya – Nayi Peedi Naye Kissey'' |- | ''Tera Yar Hoon Main'' |- | ''Ziddi Dil Maane Na'' |- | rowspan="1" | 2021-2022 | ''Babban Boss 15'' |{{No|Wild Card Entrant (Day 56) - Evicted (Day 117-7th position)}} |- | 2022-2023 | ''Babban Boss Marathi 4'' |{{Quit|Challenger Entry on (Day 57) - (Finished Day 98 - 4th Runner up <br> Walked with 9 lakhs}} |} ==== Sauran bayyanar talabijin ==== * 2003: ''Ci gaba da Shekhar'' ( SAB TV ) * 2006: ''Jeena Isi Ka Naam Hai'' ( Zee TV ) * 2007: ''Muyi Magana...'' ( Zoƙon TV ) * 2007: ''Aap Ki Adalat'' ( India TV ) (daga baya a cikin 2008 da 2009) (Star Plus) * 2007: ''Baa Bahoo Aur Baby (Season 1)'' ( Star Plus ) * 2007: ''Koffee with Karan (Season 2)'' ( STAR One ) * 2008: ''Bigg Boss 2'' ( Launuka ) * 2008: ''10 Ka Dum (Season 1)'' ( Sony TV ) * 2009: ''Nach Baliye 4'' ( STAR Plus ) * 2009: ''Boogie Woogie'' ( Sony TV ) (daga baya a cikin 2011) * 2009: ''Lux Perfect Bride'' ( STAR Plus ) * 2010: ''Bigg Boss 4'' ( Launuka ) * 2010: ''Jubilee Comedy Circus'' ( Sony TV ) * 2011: ''Comedy Circus 3 Ka Tadka'' ( Sony TV ) * 2011: ''Ratan Ka Rishta'' ( NDTV Imagine ) * 2011: ''Sheela, Shagun and Meenakshi'' ( STAR News ) * 2011: ''Shaadi 3 Crore Ki'' ( NDTV Imagine ) * 2012: ''Bigg Boss 5'' ( Launuka ) * 2012: ''Duk Shahararru'' ( Zoƙon TV ) * 2012: ''Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 5'' ( Launuka ) * 2012: ''Bigg Boss 6'' ( Launuka ) * 2012: ''Movers &amp;amp; Shakers Masala Markey'' ( SAB TV ) * 2014: Barkwanci Dare tare da Kapil ( Launuka ) * 2015: ''Darussan Ban dariya'' ( Rayuwa Yayi kyau ) * 2015: ''Chidiya Ghar'' ( SAB TV ) * 2016: ''Comedy Nights Bachao'' (Launuka) * 2017: ''Bhaag Bakool Bhaag'' (Launuka) kamar ''Twinkle Maa'' * 2019: ''Kanala Khada'' ( Zee Marathi ) a matsayin Bako * 2021: ''Indian Idol 12'' (Sony TV) a matsayin Bako * 2021: ''Bigg Boss OTT'' (Launuka) a matsayin Bako * 2021: ''Bigg Boss 15'' (Launuka) a matsayin Bako == Manazarta == [[Category:Haihuwan 1978]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 9i8soya26rbe34hm85cit4bx049yg9x Richard Idro 0 65804 889621 652526 2026-07-31T01:10:56Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889621 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Richard Iwa Idro''' Kwararre ne a fannin likitan yara [[Uganda|na ƙasar Uganda]], mai bincike kuma malami, wanda ke aiki a matsayin mataimakin farfesa a Sashen Kula da Yara da Lafiyar Yara a Kwalejin Kimiyyar Lafiya ta Jami'ar Makerere.<ref name="1R">{{cite web|title=Offer every Ugandan family access to women's hospital |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/OpEd/Commentary/-Ugandan-family-women-hospital-Mulago-Health-Parliament/689364-4786786-78fhm5/index.html |newspaper=[[Daily Monitor]] |date=2 October 2018 |access-date=21 February 2019 |author=Richard Idro |location=Kampala}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Idro a Moyo, [[Uganda]] a shekara ta 1970. Bayan ya halarci makarantun firamare da sakandare na gida, an shigar da shi makarantar likitancin a Jami'ar Makerere, inda ya kammala a shekarar ta 1996 tare da digiri a fannin likitanci da digiri na farko. A cikin shekarar ta 2001, an ba shi digiri na biyu a fannin likitancin yara ta wannan makarantar likitanci. Jami'ar [[Amsterdam]] da ke [[Netherlands]] ta ba shi digiri na digiri na Falsafa a cikin shekarar ta 2008. Ya kware a matsayin likitan jinji na yara (pediatric neurologist).<ref name="2R">{{cite web |publisher=Msawoug.com |url=https://musawoug.com/musawo/Specialist_Details/255 |title=Specialist Details: Dr. Idro Iwa Richard, MBChB, MMed (Peads), PhD |author=Musawo Uganda |date=2018 |access-date=21 February 2019 |location=Kampala |archive-date=21 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190221231232/https://musawoug.com/musawo/Specialist_Details/255 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="CvR">{{cite web |url=https://pure.uva.nl/ws/files/1671328/54787_17.pdf | title=University of Amsterdam: Seizures in children with acute falciparum malaria: Risk factors, mechanisms of neuronal damage and neuro-protection: Thesis For The Award Of The Degree Of Doctor of Philosophy: Curriculum Vitae |publisher=[[University of Amsterdam]] |date=2008 |access-date=20 April 2019 | author=Richard I. Idro}}</ref> A cikin watan Oktoba 2022, an zaɓe shi a matsayin Fellow na Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health (FRCPCH) na Burtaniya. Ita ce mafi girman girmamawa da za a iya ba wa likitan yara a cikin ƙasashen Commonwealth of Nations.<ref name="FRCPCHR">{{cite web|work=[[Daily Monitor]] | url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/uk-college-honours-ugandan-doctor-for-professionalism-4008040 |title=UK college honours Ugandan doctor for professionalism |date=4 November 2022 |author=Norbert Atukunda |access-date=4 November 2022 |location=Kampala, Uganda}}</ref> == Sana'a == Dokta Richard Idro ƙwararren likitan yara ne, yana da ƙwarewa sosai a matsayin likitan jijiyoyi. Buƙatun bincikensa sun haɗa da [[Kanjamau|HIV/AIDS]] a cikin samari, hulɗar dake tsakanin HIV da zazzabin cizon sauro, da kuma abubuwan da ake gani na zazzaɓin [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|cizon sauro na cerebral]], a tsakanin sauran batutuwa. Kwanan nan, aikinsa ya faɗaɗa cikin nazarin raunin kwakwalwa a cikin sikila anemia, ƙwayar cuta ta ƙwayar cuta da kuma farfaɗiya na yara.<ref name="3R">{{cite web|date=21 February 2019 |url=https://www.lshtm.ac.uk/newsevents/events/greenwood-lecture-severe-malaria-nodding-syndrome-and-wisdom-teeth |title=Greenwood Lecture: Severe Malaria, Nodding Syndrome and Wisdom Teeth |publisher=[[London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine]] |author=London School of Tropical Medicine (Hannah Gladstone) |access-date=21 February 2019}}</ref> Har ila yau, a lokaci guda yana aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara mai daraja ga likitan yara da likitan ƙwaƙwalwa na yara a asibitin Mulago National Referral Hospital (MNRH), a [[Kampala]], babban birnin [[Uganda]] kuma birni mafi girma. MNRH asibitin koyarwa na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Lafiya ta Jami'ar Makerere.<ref name="3R"/><ref name="4R">{{cite web |url=https://news.mak.ac.ug/2019/02/maks-dr-richard-idro-scoops-lshtm-inaugural-greenwood-africa-award-2019 |title=Mak's Dr. Richard Idro Scoops LSHTM Inaugural Greenwood Africa Award 2019 |publisher=[[Makerere University]] |date=21 February 2019 |access-date=21 February 2019 |author=Makerere University |location=Kampala |archive-date=19 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250219175845/https://news.mak.ac.ug/2019/02/maks-dr-richard-idro-scoops-lshtm-inaugural-greenwood-africa-award-2019/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Shi babba mai iko ne akan cutar Nodding, yanayin tunanin yara da ba a fahimta ba, wanda ke da alaƙa da kamawa, raunin hankali da haɓakar girma. Har yanzu ba a san dalilin da ya sa ba kuma ba a san magani ba, kamar na shekarar 2019.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/magazine/Passionate-about-childrens-health/434746-5079686-j9npk2/index.html |title=Dr Idro: Passionate About Children's Health |newspaper=[[The EastAfrican]] |date=20 April 2019 |access-date=20 April 2019 |author=Halima Abdallah |location=Nairobi}}</ref> == Girmamawa da kyaututtuka == A cikin watan Fabrairu 2019, Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya da Lafiya ta [[London]] (LSHTM) ta sanar da Dr Richard Idro a matsayin wanda ya lashe kyautar '''Greenwood Africa Award 2019'''. Kyautar ta ƙunshi (a) lambar yabo (b) mako guda na zama a LSHTM (c) Za a buƙaci wanda ya yi nasara ya ba da ''Lecture na Greenwood'' (d) A cikin mako na zama a LSTMH a London, ana buƙatar mai nasara ya yi hulɗa da juna. tare da malamai masu dacewa kuma suna ba da tarurrukan ƙarawa juna sani kamar yadda lamarin zai iya zama. An keɓe lambar yabo ga masu binciken likitoci masu matsakaicin matsayi a kan cututtukan cututtuka a yankin Saharar [[Afirka]]. Ana bayar da ita duk bayan shekaru uku kuma Dr. Idro shine wanda ya fara karɓar kyautar.<ref name="3R"/><ref name="4R"/><ref name="5R">{{cite web|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Makerere-don-scoops-research-award-nodding-syndrome/688334-5001140-ubp9x6/index.html |title=Makerere don scoops research award on nodding syndrome |newspaper=[[Daily Monitor]] |date=27 February 2019 |access-date=27 February 2019 |first=Damali |last=Mukhaye | location=Kampala}}</ref> == Sauran la'akari == Shi memba ne na kwamitin gudanarwa na mutum takwas na ''Global Health [[Uganda]]'', kungiya mai zaman kanta da ke da niyyar inganta binciken lafiyar yara a [[Uganda]].<ref name="6R">{{cite web |url=http://globalhealthuganda.org/board-of-directors/ |title=Global Health Uganda: Board of Directors |date=2019 |publisher=Global Health Uganda |author=Global Health Uganda |access-date=21 February 2019 |location=Kampala |archive-date=22 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190222014300/http://globalhealthuganda.org/board-of-directors/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1970]] 6pi6mzd9dkprshcxdxug1ihed6pt7w5 Mai wanki 0 69747 889492 874301 2026-07-30T18:56:25Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1351619504|The Washerman]]" 889492 wikitext text/x-wiki   . The Washerman fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya na Najeriya na 2018 wanda Etinosa Idemudia ya samar kuma [[Charles Uwagbai]] ya ba da umarni. Tauraruwar [[IK Ogbonna|Ik Ogbonna]], [[Frank Donga]], Mc Abbey, [[Bryan Okwara]], Mofe Duncan, [[Judith Audu]], [[Sound Sultan]], Sexy Steel da Mercy Isoyip. == Bayani game da shi == Labarin ya ta'allaka ne a kan wani vlogger wanda ke neman ƙauna ta gaskiya. Tare da addu'o'insa, ya shawo kan takaici kuma ya sami ƙauna, kodayake ba abin da ake tsammani ba ne. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Judith Audu]] a matsayin Juliana * Stephen Damian a matsayin Gambo * Sani Danja a matsayin kansa * [[Frank Donga]] a matsayin Baba Landlord * Etinosa Idemudia a matsayin KC * Mercy Isoyip a matsayin Mimi * Jaywon a matsayin Abbey * [[IK Ogbonna]] a matsayin Boniface * Chris Okagbue a matsayin Duke * [[Bryan Okwara]] a matsayin Ric * [[Genny Uzoma]] a matsayin Akweke == Bayanan da aka ambata == hzohhnsaabvuompauzy1bibtwulhq5v 889493 889492 2026-07-30T18:57:41Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 889493 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} . The Washerman fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya na Najeriya na 2018 wanda Etinosa Idemudia ya samar kuma [[Charles Uwagbai]] ya ba da umarni. Tauraruwar [[IK Ogbonna|Ik Ogbonna]], [[Frank Donga]], Mc Abbey, [[Bryan Okwara]], Mofe Duncan, [[Judith Audu]], [[Sound Sultan]], Sexy Steel da Mercy Isoyip. == Bayani game da shi == Labarin ya ta'allaka ne a kan wani vlogger wanda ke neman ƙauna ta gaskiya. Tare da addu'o'insa, ya shawo kan takaici kuma ya sami ƙauna, kodayake ba abin da ake tsammani ba ne. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Judith Audu]] a matsayin Juliana * Stephen Damian a matsayin Gambo * Sani Danja a matsayin kansa * [[Frank Donga]] a matsayin Baba Landlord * Etinosa Idemudia a matsayin KC * Mercy Isoyip a matsayin Mimi * Jaywon a matsayin Abbey * [[IK Ogbonna]] a matsayin Boniface * Chris Okagbue a matsayin Duke * [[Bryan Okwara]] a matsayin Ric * [[Genny Uzoma]] a matsayin Akweke == Bayanan da aka ambata == kb19i725ro90zqclt0zr1pm5m0cg5ki 889494 889493 2026-07-30T18:58:46Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 889494 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} . The Washerman fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya a Najeriya na 2018 wanda Etinosa Idemudia ya samar kuma [[Charles Uwagbai]] ya ba da umarni. Tauraruwar [[IK Ogbonna|Ik Ogbonna]], [[Frank Donga]], Mc Abbey, [[Bryan Okwara]], Mofe Duncan, [[Judith Audu]], [[Sound Sultan]], Sexy Steel da Mercy Isoyip. == Bayani game da shi == Labarin ya ta'allaka ne a kan wani vlogger wanda ke neman ƙauna ta gaskiya. Tare da addu'o'insa, ya shawo kan takaici kuma ya sami ƙauna, kodayake ba abin da ake tsammani ba ne. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Judith Audu]] a matsayin Juliana * Stephen Damian a matsayin Gambo * Sani Danja a matsayin kansa * [[Frank Donga]] a matsayin Baba Landlord * Etinosa Idemudia a matsayin KC * Mercy Isoyip a matsayin Mimi * Jaywon a matsayin Abbey * [[IK Ogbonna]] a matsayin Boniface * Chris Okagbue a matsayin Duke * [[Bryan Okwara]] a matsayin Ric * [[Genny Uzoma]] a matsayin Akweke == Bayanan da aka ambata == 0w6myg09s2cy4v47ix2x2b0wi9b9p0w 889495 889494 2026-07-30T18:59:38Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 889495 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} . The Washerman fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya a Najeriya na 2018 wanda Etinosa Idemudia ya samar kuma [[Charles Uwagbai]] ya ba da umarni. Tauraruwar [[IK Ogbonna|Ik Ogbonna]], [[Frank Donga]], Mc Abbey,[[Bryan Okwara]], Mofe Duncan, [[Judith Audu]], [[Sound Sultan]], Sexy Steel da Mercy Isoyip. == Bayani game da shi == Labarin ya ta'allaka ne a kan wani vlogger wanda ke neman ƙauna ta gaskiya. Tare da addu'o'insa, ya shawo kan takaici kuma ya sami ƙauna, kodayake ba abin da ake tsammani ba ne. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Judith Audu]] a matsayin Juliana * Stephen Damian a matsayin Gambo * Sani Danja a matsayin kansa * [[Frank Donga]] a matsayin Baba Landlord * Etinosa Idemudia a matsayin KC * Mercy Isoyip a matsayin Mimi * Jaywon a matsayin Abbey * [[IK Ogbonna]] a matsayin Boniface * Chris Okagbue a matsayin Duke * [[Bryan Okwara]] a matsayin Ric * [[Genny Uzoma]] a matsayin Akweke == Bayanan da aka ambata == izu87qu9dimtsuar62vtc9wcz9r71c2 Vaya (fim) 0 70222 889486 885629 2026-07-30T18:36:32Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1364804781|Vaya (film)]]" 889486 wikitext text/x-wiki   Vaya fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Afirka ta Kudu na 2016 wanda Akin Omotoso ya jagoranta.[1] An nuna shi a cikin sashin Cinema na Duniya na zamani a bikin fina-finai na Toronto na 2016..<ref name="TIFF">{{Cite web |title=Vaya |url=http://www.tiff.net/films/vaya/ |access-date=25 August 2016 |website=TIFF}}</ref>l.<ref name="SD">{{Cite web |title=Toronto unveils City To City, World Cinema, Masters line-ups |url=http://www.screendaily.com/festivals/toronto/toronto-unveils-city-to-city-world-cinema-masters-line-ups/5108484.article |access-date=22 August 2016 |website=ScreenDaily}}</ref> == Masu ba da labari == * Phuthi Nakene a matsayin Patricia * [[Warren Masemola]] a matsayin Xolani * [[Azwile Chamane-Madiba]] a matsayin Zodwa * [[Nomonde Mbusi]] a matsayin T * [[Harriet Manamela]] a matsayin Grace * Sihle Xaba a matsayin Nhlanhla * Zimkhitha Nyoka a matsayin Zanele * Sibusiso Msimang a matsayin Nkulu == Karɓar baƙi == Shafin yanar gizon sake dubawa na Rotten Tomatoes ya ba fim din amincewar 100% bisa ga sake dubawa 6 da matsakaicin darajar 10/10.<ref>{{Cite web |title=VAYA |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/vaya_2018 |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=rottentomatoes.com}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} a5dqnyi9gafjw7npnhdsfnn4tuk2yzi 889487 889486 2026-07-30T18:38:00Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 889487 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   Vaya fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Afirka ta Kudu na 2016 wanda Akin Omotoso ya jagoranta.[1] An nuna shi a cikin sashin Cinema na Duniya na zamani a bikin fina-finai na Toronto na 2016..<ref name="TIFF">{{Cite web |title=Vaya |url=http://www.tiff.net/films/vaya/ |access-date=25 August 2016 |website=TIFF}}</ref>l.<ref name="SD">{{Cite web |title=Toronto unveils City To City, World Cinema, Masters line-ups |url=http://www.screendaily.com/festivals/toronto/toronto-unveils-city-to-city-world-cinema-masters-line-ups/5108484.article |access-date=22 August 2016 |website=ScreenDaily}}</ref> == Masu ba da labari == * Phuthi Nakene a matsayin Patricia * [[Warren Masemola]] a matsayin Xolani * [[Azwile Chamane-Madiba]] a matsayin Zodwa * [[Nomonde Mbusi]] a matsayin T * [[Harriet Manamela]] a matsayin Grace * Sihle Xaba a matsayin Nhlanhla * Zimkhitha Nyoka a matsayin Zanele * Sibusiso Msimang a matsayin Nkulu == Karɓar baƙi == Shafin yanar gizon sake dubawa na Rotten Tomatoes ya ba fim din amincewar 100% bisa ga sake dubawa 6 da matsakaicin darajar 10/10.<ref>{{Cite web |title=VAYA |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/vaya_2018 |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=rottentomatoes.com}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} f4zzlke5p8lc8dh4m66pie2oemypmcx 889488 889487 2026-07-30T18:39:20Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 889488 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   Vaya fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Afirka ta Kudu na 2016 wanda Akin Omotoso ya jagoranta.[1] An nuna shi a cikin sashin Cinema na Duniya na zamani a bikin fina-finai na Toronto na 2016. == Masu ba da labari == * Phuthi Nakene a matsayin Patricia * [[Warren Masemola]] a matsayin Xolani * [[Azwile Chamane-Madiba]] a matsayin Zodwa * [[Nomonde Mbusi]] a matsayin T * [[Harriet Manamela]] a matsayin Grace * Sihle Xaba a matsayin Nhlanhla * Zimkhitha Nyoka a matsayin Zanele * Sibusiso Msimang a matsayin Nkulu == Karɓar baƙi == Shafin yanar gizon sake dubawa na Rotten Tomatoes ya ba fim din amincewar 100% bisa ga sake dubawa 6 da matsakaicin darajar 10/10.<ref>{{Cite web |title=VAYA |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/vaya_2018 |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=rottentomatoes.com}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} 9sagxs5keh634qup9ay7w6t1etfivmf 889489 889488 2026-07-30T18:40:32Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 889489 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   Vaya fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Afirka ta Kudu na 2016 wanda Akin Omotoso ya jagoranta.[1] An nuna shi a cikin sashen Cinema na Duniya na zamani a bikin fina-finai na Toronto na 2016. == Masu ba da labari == * Phuthi Nakene a matsayin Patricia * [[Warren Masemola]] a matsayin Xolani * [[Azwile Chamane-Madiba]] a matsayin Zodwa * [[Nomonde Mbusi]] a matsayin T * [[Harriet Manamela]] a matsayin Grace * Sihle Xaba a matsayin Nhlanhla * Zimkhitha Nyoka a matsayin Zanele * Sibusiso Msimang a matsayin Nkulu == Karɓar baƙi == Shafin yanar gizon sake dubawa na Rotten Tomatoes ya ba fim din amincewar 100% bisa ga sake dubawa 6 da matsakaicin darajar 10/10.<ref>{{Cite web |title=VAYA |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/vaya_2018 |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=rottentomatoes.com}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} i8zluv849bj309l03s2rxfit6804k6o 889490 889489 2026-07-30T18:41:47Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 889490 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   Vaya fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Afirka ta Kudu na 2016 wanda akin Omotoso ya jagoranta.[1] An nuna shi a cikin sashen Cinema na Duniya na zamani a bikin fina-finai na Toronto na 2016. == Masu ba da labari == * Phuthi Nakene a matsayin Patricia * [[Warren Masemola]] a matsayin Xolani * [[Azwile Chamane-Madiba]] a matsayin Zodwa * [[Nomonde Mbusi]] a matsayin T * [[Harriet Manamela]] a matsayin Grace * Sihle Xaba a matsayin Nhlanhla * Zimkhitha Nyoka a matsayin Zanele * Sibusiso Msimang a matsayin Nkulu == Karɓar baƙi == Shafin yanar gizon sake dubawa na Rotten Tomatoes ya ba fim din amincewar 100% bisa ga sake dubawa 6 da matsakaicin darajar 10/10.<ref>{{Cite web |title=VAYA |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/vaya_2018 |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=rottentomatoes.com}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} t26p07iij65j2o8e5vbn0wyg22uifxb Progressive Tailors Club 0 70265 889444 542503 2026-07-30T15:05:06Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889444 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Progressive Tailors Club''''', ya kasance wani nau'in fim ne na siyasa a Najeriya wanda [[Biodun Stephen]] ya ba da Umarni kuma [[Niyi Akinmolayan]] da Victoria Akujobi suka shirya. Taurarin shirin sunhaɗa da [[Beverly Osu]], Uzor Arukwe, Funnybone, da Blessing Jessica Obasi tare da [[Rachel Oniga|Rachael Oniga]], Lizzy Jay, [[Lateef Adedimeji|Adedimeji Lateef]], da [[Bolaji Ogunmola]] a matsayin masu tallafawa a shirin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tv |first=Bn |date=2021-07-21 |title=Watch the Teaser for Anthill Studios' Forthcoming Film "Progressive Tailors Club" |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2021/07/teaser-progressive-tailors-club/ |access-date=2021-10-04 |website=BellaNaija |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-21 |title=Anthill Studios unveils cast of Biodun Stephen's 'Progressive Tailors Club' |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/anthill-studios-unveils-cast-of-biodun-stephens-progressive-tailors-club/57l43d5 |access-date=2021-10-04 |website=Pulse Nigeria |language=en}}</ref> An ɗauki fim din ne a birnin Legas da kewayen Najeriya. An fara haska shi a ranar 29 ga Oktoba, 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-15 |title=Progressive Tailors Club - 2021 Movie Download |url=https://www.infowaka.com/progressive-tailors-club |access-date=2021-10-04 |website=Infowaka |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-10-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004114154/https://www.infowaka.com/progressive-tailors-club |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-17 |title=Biodun Stephen's film, "Progressive Tailors Club" is Coming to Cinemas in October |url=https://mediarants.com/biodun-stephens-film-progressive-tailors-club-is-coming-to-cinemas-in-october/ |access-date=2021-10-04 |website=Media Rants |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-10-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004114157/https://mediarants.com/biodun-stephens-film-progressive-tailors-club-is-coming-to-cinemas-in-october/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Makirci == Fim ɗin ya tattauna ne da ƴan ƙungiyar Progressive Tailors Club, waɗanda suka taru a wani taro don zaɓar sabon shugabansu. Sun yi maganganu da yawa na haram akan hakan. == Yan wasan kwaikwayo == * [[Beverly Osu]] * Uzor Arukwe * Kashi mai ban dariya * Albarkacin Jessica Obasi * [[Rachel Oniga]] * Lizzy Jay * [[Lateef Adedimeji|Adedimeji Lateef]] * [[Bolaji Ogunmola]] * [[Femi Adebayo]] * Kolawole Ajeyemi == Kyaututtuka da zaɓe == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Kyauta !Iri !Mai karɓa !Sakamako !Madogara |- |2022 |[[2022 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards]] |Best Actor in A Comedy |Femi Adebayo | {{nom}} |<ref>{{Cite news |title=2022 Africa Magic Awards Nominees don land- See who dey list |work=BBC News Pidgin |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/tori-60818021 |access-date=2022-03-26}}</ref> |} ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} oa39xf4mm56u5riamlfkylqn5swalpz Sam Ukala 0 71851 889792 886014 2026-07-31T11:39:36Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889792 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  {{databox}} '''Sam Ukala''' Listenⓘ (1948-2021) an bayyana shi a matsayin 'babban hoton wallafe-wallafen'. Ya kasance marubucin wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya, mawaki, marubucin gajeren labari, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, darektan gidan wasan kwaikwayo, mai shirya fina-finai da kuma masanin kimiyya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Udo |first=Mary |date=30 March 2017 |title=UKALA, Prof. Samuel Chinedum |url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/ukala-prof-samuel-chinedum/ |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwar sana'a == Sam Ukala ya kasance Farfesa a fannin wasan kwaikwayo da wasan kwaikwayo a [[Jami'ar Jihar Delta, Abraka]], Najeriya . Ukala ya kuma kasance Farfesa a fannin wasan kwaikwayo da wasan kwaikwayo a jami'o'in Najeriya da yawa, gami da Jami'ar [[Edo|Jihar Edo]] . Daga 1993-1994, a matsayin ma'aikacin ilimi na Commonwealth, ya kuma yi bincike kuma ya koyar a Makarantar Wasanni ta Turanci na Jami'ar Leeds a Ingila. A matsayinsa na masanin kimiyya, ya gabatar da ka'idar 'folkism', halin da ake ciki na yin wasan kwaikwayo na wallafe-wallafen akan tarihin da al'adun 'yan asalin ƙasar da kuma tsara su da kuma yin su daidai da kyawawan abubuwan da ke tattare da tarihin gargajiya na Afirka da wasan kwaikwayon.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Eregare |first=Emmanuel A. |date=2017 |title=Folkism and Modern Nigerian Theatre: A Study of Sam Ukala's Iredi War |url=https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ejotmas/article/view/163537 |journal=EJOTMAS: Ekpoma Journal of Theatre and Media Arts |language=en |volume=6 |issue=1–2 |doi=10.4314/ejotmas.v6i1-2.8 |issn=2449-1179 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=THE CONTRIBUTION OF FOLKISM TO MEANINGFUL THEMATIC EXPLORATION IN NIGERIAN PLAYWRITING |url=https://afribary.com/works/the-contribution-of-folkism-to-meaningful-thematic-exploration-in-nigerian-playwriting |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=Afribary |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ya kasance Shugaban Delta State Chapter na Association of Nigerian Authors (ANA) 2021 .<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 September 2021 |title=BREAKING: Popular Nigerian playwright, Prof. Sam Ukala is dead |url=https://thenewsguru.com/news/breaking-popular-nigerian-playwright-prof-sam-ukala-is-dead/ |access-date=23 May 2022 |website=TheNewsGuru |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rubuce-rubuce == Wasannin da Ukala ta buga sun hada da The Slave Wife, The Log in Your Eye, ''[https://www.academia.edu/3155806/_Literature_as_History_Oral_Historical_Traditions_in_Sam_Ukalas_The_Slave_Wife_in_Benji_Egede_and_Amen_Uhumwangho_eds._Eagle_in_Flight_Essays_Tributes_and_Reviews_in_Celebration_of_Sam_Ukala_at_50_Ekpoma_Nigeria_2002 Akpakaland]'' (wanda ya lashe kyautar ANA / British Council na 1989 don Drama), Break a Boil da Placenta of Death . ''Yaƙin Iredi'', 'rubutun gargajiya', ya lashe kyautar Najeriya ta 2014 don wallafe-wallafen. Ya dogara ne akan tashin hankali na 1906 na Masarautar Owa (yanzu wani ɓangare na Jihar Delta) a kan mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya. Kamar yadda yake a cikin sassan da suka gabata, yana amfani da kuma kawo sabuwar rayuwa ga wallafe-wallafen baki da siffofin wasan kwaikwayo na gargajiya. Ukala ya kuma yi aiki tare da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Burtaniya Horse and Bamboo Theatre a cikin 1998-1999 kuma tare da Bob Frith ya rubuta wasan kwaikwayo na gani Harvest of Ghosts, wanda ya zagaya Burtaniya da Netherlands. Wannan wani gwaji ne ga Ukala, wanda ya dogara da rawa, kiɗa, da kuma abubuwan gani masu ƙarfi maimakon kalmar da aka faɗi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 August 2018 |title=1999/2000 Harvest of Ghosts |url=https://bobfrith.co.uk/2018/08/31/1999-2000-harvest-of-ghosts/ |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=Bob Frith |language=en-GB}}</ref> Farfesa Martin Banham, babban editan gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Afirka: Playwrights & Politics, ya yi la'akari da shi a matsayin 'haɗin ƙwarewar al'adu', da kuma 'mai ban sha'awa, mai sauƙi', misali na gidan wasan kwaikwayo. Ya ji wasan ya cancanci samarwa a Afirka kuma, a ƙarshe, Sam Ukala ya kirkiro wani nau'i a Jami'ar Jihar Edo da ke Ekpoma. == Al'adun gargajiya == Ukala ya kirkiro hanyar wasan kwaikwayo wanda ya fara a cikin rubuce-rubucensa masu ban mamaki. Ya kira wannan 'folkism', kuma ya bincika manufar a cikin aikinsa na ilimi. 'Folkism' ya girma ne daga imaninsa game da bukatar mulkin mallaka a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo, da kuma sha'awar bincika ka'idodin gargajiya na Afirka na kyau da daidaituwa mai ban mamaki. A cikin gina wasansa ya samo asali ne daga al'adar baki ta Afirka. Musamman ya haɓaka kayan daga al'adar baki na mutanen Ika (na yankin arewa maso yammacin Jihar Delta a Najeriya). Wannan yana aiki a cikin siffofi na zamani.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bello |first=Idaebvor |title=Sam Ukala: African tradition in his plays |url=http://www.jpanafrican.org/docs/vol6no5/6.5-Bello.pdf |website=Jpanafrican |publisher=University of Benin |access-date=2026-03-09 |archive-date=2022-06-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220616023359/http://www.jpanafrican.org/docs/vol6no5/6.5-Bello.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Lokacin da yake Leeds a 1993-1994 yana binciken shahararren gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Ingilishi, wanda ya kai shi ga gano aikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo da Bamboo a Lancashire. Ayyukansu sun kasance da nisa da zama gidan wasan kwaikwayo na gargajiya, saboda ya yi amfani da siffofin wasan kwaikwayo na zamani, amma Ukala ya yi wahayi zuwa gare shi da abin da ya gani a matsayin wahayi na al'umma. A cikin 1995 Bob Frith, wanda ya kafa Horse da Bamboo kuma darektan, ya ba da shawarar haɗin gwiwa; Sam ya yarda kuma wannan ya fara ne a watan Nuwamba 1998. == Kyaututtuka da girmamawa == * Kyautar Najeriya don Kimiyya da Littattafai (Literature) don Iredi War . <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 October 2014 |title=Sam Ukala wins 2014 Nigeria Prize for Literature |url=http://www.cityvoiceng.com/sam-ukala-wins-2014-nigeria-prize-for-literature/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015024912/http://www.cityvoiceng.com/sam-ukala-wins-2014-nigeria-prize-for-literature/ |archive-date=15 October 2014 |access-date=10 October 2014 |website=City Voice}}</ref> Kyautar adabi mafi girma ta Afirka. * 2000 Association of Nigerian Authors (ANA) Pillar of Arts Award for Prose for Skeletons: A Collection of Short Stories. * 1989 Kyautar Majalisar ANA / Burtaniya don Wasan kwaikwayo don ''Akpakaland'' . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Olatunbosun |first=Yinka |date=2015-03-08 |title=Celebrating Two Literary Icons |url=https://www.pressreader.com/nigeria/thisday/20150308/282218009257448 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726212226/https://www.pressreader.com/nigeria/thisday/20150308/282218009257448 |archive-date=Jul 26, 2021 |access-date=8 June 2023 |publisher=[[This Day]] |language=en |via=[[PressReader]]}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} * ''Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Afirka: Mawallafa da Siyasa'' . Edita: Martin Banham, James Gibbs, Femi Osofisan. Volume na biyu a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na Afirka na shekara-shekara wanda ke mai da hankali kan marubuta da siyasa a Afirka. * Iredi War Publishers sun lura da pub. kraftgriots {{ISBN|978-978-918-159-9}} == Haɗin waje == * [http://www.samukala.com Sam Ukala]{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} [maɓallin mutu na dindindin], shafin yanar gizon hukuma  * https://guardian.ng/art/sam-ukala-the-folklorist-as-dramatist-70/ [[Rukuni:Matattun 2021]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1948]] n9yfhd043kcilfohywglz8tgtmkch6h Raymond Ofula 0 73110 889601 390869 2026-07-30T23:08:41Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889601 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Raymond Ofula''' ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na ƙasar Kenya. <ref>{{cite web|title=Veteran Actor Raymond Ofula gives us a glimpse of his gym regimen explaining why he ages like fine wine|date=20 January 2017|publisher=[[Ghafla!]]|url=http://www.ghafla.com/veteran-actor-raymond-ofula-gives-us-glimpse-gym-regimen-explaining-ages-like-fine-wine/|accessdate=29 June 2020}}</ref> Ya shafe sama da shekaru 40 a harkar fim. <ref name="the-star" /> kuma ya yi fice a fina-finan gida da waje. == Sana'a == Ya fito a cikin fina-finai kamar To Walk with Lions (1999), Lara Croft: Tomb Raider - The Cradle of Life (2003), The White Masai (2005), Winterreise (2006) da The Boy Who Harnessed the Wind (2019) . <ref>{{cite web|last=Mwarua|first=Douglas|title=11 heartwarming photos of veteran actor Raymond Ofula that prove he is ageing like fine wine|publisher=[[Tuko]]|url=https://www.tuko.co.ke/340933-11-heartwarming-photos-veteran-actor-raymond-ofula-prove-ageing-fine-wine.html|accessdate=29 June 2020|archive-date=29 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629195958/https://www.tuko.co.ke/340933-11-heartwarming-photos-veteran-actor-raymond-ofula-prove-ageing-fine-wine.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ya kuma bayyana a cikin nunin Netflix Sarauniya Sono .<ref>{{cite web|last=Mwarua|first=Douglas|title=Kenyan veteran actor Raymond Ofula makes appearance on Netflix hit series Queen Sono|publisher=[[Tuko]]|url=https://www.tuko.co.ke/343735-kenyan-veteran-actor-raymond-ofula-appearance-netflix-hit-series-queen-sono.html|accessdate=29 June 2020|archive-date=29 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629200419/https://www.tuko.co.ke/343735-kenyan-veteran-actor-raymond-ofula-appearance-netflix-hit-series-queen-sono.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Raymond kuma ƙwararren alkali ne wanda ke taimakawa wajen tsara ƙwararrun 'yan wasan kwaikwayo masu zuwa tare da sauran ƙwararrun 'yan wasan kwaikwayo kamar Naomi Nga'nga a cikin wani shirin talbijin na gaskiya na Startimes Kenya wanda aka yi wa lakabi da babban tauraro na gaba Ofula ya auri Anne Ofula har zuwa rasuwarta a shekara ta 2008.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200809120185.html |title=Kenya: Veteran KBC Presenter Ofula Dies |website=allafrica.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 1cqf1kdw69xb5d7wkhps1libfhjrxm3 Ryan de Villiers 0 74626 889741 596377 2026-07-31T09:00:54Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889741 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ryan de Villiers,''' (an haife shi a ranar 30 ga watan Nuwamba 1992) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. An san shi da rawar da ya taka a matsayin Dylan Stassen a cikin fim ɗin ''Moffie'' (2019). Ya fara aikinsa a mataki, yana samun Naledi da Fleur du Cap Theater Awards. == Rayuwar farko == De Villiers daga Gabashin London ne kuma ya girma tsakanin Gabashin Cape da KwaZulu-Natal. Shi ɗan Div ne mai kula da kiyayewa kuma malama Annette kuma yana da ƴaƴa, Lauren, da ɗan'uwa, Keith. Ya halarci Makarantar Preparatory School da Stirling High School.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.dispatchlive.co.za/news/2019-03-13-top-acting-award-for-ex-stirling-high-pupil/|title=Top acting award for ex-Stirling High pupil|journal=Dispatch Live|first=Barbara|last=Hollands|date=13 March 2019|access-date=30 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.dispatchlive.co.za/lifestyle/2019-05-22-el-actor-de-villiers-scoops-prestigious-naledi-for-breakthrough-performance/|title=EL actor De Villiers scoops prestigious Naledi for breakthrough performance|journal=Daily Dispatch|first=Barbara|last=Hollands|date=23 May 2019|access-date=30 July 2021}}</ref> Zai bi Accounting da Tattalin Arziki, amma ya canza zuwa Drama tare da Siyasa da Nazarin Ƙasa da Ƙasa, inda ya kammala karatunsa na digiri na farko tare da rarrabuwa daga Jami'ar Rhodes a 2015.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://weekendspecial.co.za/ryan-de-villiers-matilda-the-musical/|title=Ryan de Villiers: Matilda the Musical|journal=WeekendSpecial|date=6 October 2018|access-date=30 July 2021|archive-date=3 July 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260703140604/https://weekendspecial.co.za/ryan-de-villiers-matilda-the-musical/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ru.ac.za/communicationsandadvancement/alumnirelations/latestnews/ryandevilliers2011.html|title=Taking 'jack and jill' to appealing terrain Ryan de Villiers (2011)|website=Rhodes University|date=8 August 2016 |access-date=30 July 2021}}</ref> Ya yi karatu a ƙasashen waje a Amurka a Jami'ar Willamette da ke [[Oregon]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://blog.willamette.edu/worldnews/2015/02/27/hello-from-grahamstown-south-africa/|title=Hello from Grahamstown, South Africa|website=Willamette World News|author=Ryan de Villiers|date=27 February 2015|access-date=30 July 2021|archive-date=31 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731011825/http://blog.willamette.edu/worldnews/2015/02/27/hello-from-grahamstown-south-africa/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://artistsone.co.za/men-26-33/972981/ryan-de-villiers|title=Ryan de Villiers|website=Artists One|access-date=19 August 2021}}</ref> == Filmography == {| class="wikitable unsortable" !Shekara ! Take ! Matsayi ! Bayanan kula |- | 2019 | ''Moffi'' | Dylan Stassen ne adam wata | |- |} == Mataki == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara ! Take ! Matsayi ! class="unsortable" | Bayanan kula |- | rowspan="3" | 2017 | ''The Woods'' | Grimm | Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Masque, Muizenberg |- | ''Jack da Jill'' | Jack | Bikin Fasaha na Kasa |- | ''Auna Up'' | | FTH: K |- | 2018 | ''Muhimmancin Sauran'' | Will / Tony / Conrad | Fugard Theatre, Cape Town |- | 2018-2019 | ''Matilda da Musical'' | Miss Trunchbull | Ziyarar kasa da kasa |- |} == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" !Shekara ! Kyauta ! Kashi ! Aiki ! Sakamako ! Ref. |- | rowspan="2" | 2019 | Fleur du Cap Theatre Awards | Mafi kyawun Ƙaƙwalwar Jagora a cikin Kiɗa | rowspan="2" | ''Matilda da Musical''| {{Won}} | |- | Naledi Theatre Awards | Mafi kyawun Ayyukan Ci gaba| {{Won}} | |- | rowspan="2" | 2022 | rowspan="2" | CinEuphoria Awards | Mafi kyawun Jarumin Taimakawa – Ƙasashen Duniya | rowspan="2" | ''Moffi'' | {{Nom}} | rowspan="2" | |- | Mafi kyawun Taro - Ƙasashen Duniya | {{Nom}} |- |} == Manazarta == [[Category:Haihuwan 1992]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] em3ct2i6nhp8djge6u4xvmsa01slydp Nombulelo Mhlongo 0 74696 889644 690081 2026-07-31T05:36:05Z Abdulrahman tahir shika 24962 Nayi gyara 889644 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Nombulelo Mhlongo''' (an haife ta a ranar 9 ga Mayu 1992) yar wasan kwaikwayo ce<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nombulelo Mhlongo: Dreaming Out Loud #UzaloTakeOver – Moziak |url=https://moziak.africa/nombulelo-mhlongo-dreaming-out-loud-uzalotakeover/ |access-date=2021-11-04 |language=en-GB |archive-date=2021-11-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104084011/https://moziak.africa/nombulelo-mhlongo-dreaming-out-loud-uzalotakeover/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ta Afirka ta Kudu, mawaƙiya na gargajiya, malami, kuma marubuci. An fi saninta da rawar a cikin jerin talabijin kamar ''Durban Gen'' da ''Uzalo'' .<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-11 |title=Uzalo Nomcebo Actress Real Age Leaves Fans Shocked |url=https://iharare.com/uzalo-nomcebo-actress-real-age/ |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=iHarare News |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=DURBAN Gen actress grateful for her role |url=https://www.dailysun.co.za/Celebs/durban-gen-actress-grateful-for-her-role-20210906 |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=DailySun}}</ref> Baya ga haka, ita ma ’yar wasa ce kuma ’yar kasuwa. Ita kuma 'yar Afirka ta Kudu Tick tocker.<ref>{{Cite web |last=styleyou |date=2021-11-03 |title=From Uzalo to Durban Gen, Meet the talented Nombulelo Mhlongo. |url=https://styleyou7.com/from-uzalo-to-durban-gen-meet-the-talented-nombulelo-mhlongo/ |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=style you 7 |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-11-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104084010/https://styleyou7.com/from-uzalo-to-durban-gen-meet-the-talented-nombulelo-mhlongo/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> She is also a south African Tick tocker. == Rayuwa ta sirri == An haifi Nombulelo Mhlongo a ranar 9 ga Mayu 1992 a Pongola, KwaZulu-Natal, Afirka ta Kudu. Ta kammala digiri a fannin zane-zane daga Kwalejin wasan kwaikwayo ta [[Amurka]] .<ref name="Biography">{{Cite web |date=2020-08-10 |title=Nombulelo Mhlongo Biography |url=https://savannanews.com/nombulelo-mhlongo-biography-age-daughter-boyfriend-uzalo-net-worth/ |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=Savanna News |language=en-US}}</ref> == Sana'a == Ta fara wasan kwaikwayo tare da yin wasan kwaikwayo a cikin wasan kwaikwayo. A halin yanzu, ta yi wasan kwaikwayo a cikin wasan kwaikwayo ''Babu Komai Sai Gaskiya'' wanda John Kani ya shirya tare da rawar "Mandisa". Babban rawarta ta farko a talabijin ta fito ne ta hanyar wasan opera na sabulu ''Skeem Saam'' inda ta taka rawar "Cassandra Masemola". Bayan wannan rawar, ta huta daga aikin talabijin. Sannan ta shiga gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Kasuwa kuma ta dauki nauyin wasan kwaikwayo. A lokacin rayuwarsa, ta tsunduma cikin aikin "Pan African Arts Space", kuma ta koyar da rubuce-rubuce, karatu, kiɗa da wasan kwaikwayo ga matasa. Sannan ta shiga tare da Stained Glass Productions don serials da yawa. A cikin 2018, ta yi aiki a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin Ifalakhe . A cikin 2019, ta shiga cikin simintin gyare-gyare na SABC1 sabulun opera Uzalo tare da rawar "Nomncebo". A cikin 2020, ta shiga tare da wasan likitancin e.tv telenovela Durban Gen a cikin babban wasan kwaikwayo kuma ta taka rawar "Nurse Sne Mtshali". <ref>{{Cite web |last1=Sc |first1=Pretty Nozuko Ncayiyane AKA Phindile from |last2=celebrities |first2=al's full biography-Southern African |date=2021-06-17 |title=Nombulelo Mhlongo known as Sne on Durban Gen, Biography. |url=https://www.safrolebs.com/blog/celebs/biographies/nombulelo-muhlongo-known-as-sne-on-durban-gen-biography/ |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=Southern African celebrities |language=en |archive-date=2021-11-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104084011/https://www.safrolebs.com/blog/celebs/biographies/nombulelo-muhlongo-known-as-sne-on-durban-gen-biography/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Durban Gen scales greater heights in viewership |url=https://www.sowetanlive.co.za/entertainment/2020-11-26-durban-gen-scales-greater-heights-in-viewership/ |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=SowetanLIVE |language=en-ZA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Doctor Who?? |url=https://www.pressreader.com/south-africa/tv-plus-south-africa/20201203/282282437857434 |access-date=2021-11-04 |via=PressReader}}</ref> A cikin 2021, an zaɓi ta don Kyautar Jaruma Mafi Alƙawari a Kyautar Kyautar Matan Afirka na Scream African Women Awards. == Fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Fim ! Matsayi ! Salon ! Ref. |- | | ''Suke Sam'' | Cassandra Masemola | jerin talabijan | |- | | ''Ifalahe'' | | jerin talabijan | |- | 2019 | ''Uzalo'' | Nomncebo | jerin talabijan | |- | 2020 | ''Durban Gen'' | Nurse Sne Mtshali | jerin talabijan | |} == Manazarta == [[Category:Haihuwan 1992]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 7hohcj1vrqje7l2tq07psmbf8upw0q3 Rawar 'yan Afirka 0 74762 889599 479868 2026-07-30T22:58:36Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889599 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:South African dance attire.jpg|thumb|wasu yara yan Afirka suna rawa]] [[Fayil:West African Dance at the White House, 2007Apr25.jpg|thumb|Wasu mata yan Afirka da suke rawa]] '''Rawar 'yan Afirka''' (kuma Afro dance, Afrodance da Afro-dance) <ref>https://www.modernghana.com/entertainment/58235/ghana-celebrates-world-dance-day-with-azonto-afrodance.html</ref> <ref>https://www.redbull.com/int-en/nigerian-dancers-need-to-know</ref><ref>https://dublininquirer.com/2023/05/03/in-the-north-inner-city-two-dancers-gear-up-for-a-new-afro-dance-camp/</ref><ref>https://fargomonthly.com/burundi-finest-dancers/</ref><ref>https://www.eastlondonadvertiser.co.uk/news/20950477.shadwell-dancer-patience-j-taking-afro-dance-mainstream/</ref>yana nufin nau'ikan raye-raye na [[Afirka]] kudu da hamadar Sahara. Wadannan raye-rayen suna da nasaba sosai da kade-kade na [[gargajiya]] da al'adun kade-kade na yankin. Kida da raye-raye wani bangare ne na yawancin al'ummomin gargajiya na Afirka. Waƙoƙi da raye-raye suna sauƙaƙe koyarwa da haɓaka halayen zamantakewa, bikin abubuwan da suka faru na musamman da manyan abubuwan rayuwa, yin tarihin baka da sauran karatuttuka, da gogewar ruhaniya.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_dance#CITEREFMalone1996</ref>Rawar [[Afirka]] tana amfani da ra'ayoyin polyrhythm da jimillar magana ta jiki.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_dance#CITEREFWelsh-Asante2009</ref> raye-rayen [[Afirka]] aiki ne na gama-gari da ake yi a manyan ƙungiyoyi, tare da mu'amala mai mahimmanci tsakanin masu rawa da masu kallo a galibin salo.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_dance#CITEREFWelsh-Asante2009</ref> == Tarihi == Rawar Afirka tana nufin salon raye-raye na yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara, wanda yawancinsu ya dogara ne akan kade-kade na gargajiya da al'adun kade-kade na yankin. Hanyoyin raye-raye na zamani na Afirka sun samo asali ne daga al'adu da al'ada. Ƙabilu da yawa suna da rawar da suke takawa kawai don isar da al'adun raye-rayen kabilar; raye-rayen da aka yi ta shekaru aru-aru, sau da yawa ba su canzawa, ba tare da wani wuri don ingantawa ba.<ref name=":0">https://www.britannica.com/art/African-dance</ref><ref>https://www.flodance.com/articles/5066594-the-history-of-african-dance</ref> Kowace [[kabila]] ta samar da nata salon rawa na musamman, inda ta kasu kashi uku bisa manufa. Na farko shi ne raye-rayen addini, wanda yawancin kabilu ke cewa yana inganta zaman lafiya da lafiya da wadata.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |url=https://dance.lovetoknow.com/History_of_African_Dance |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2024-03-09 |archive-date=2022-07-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706041440/https://dance.lovetoknow.com/History_of_African_Dance |url-status=dead }}</ref> raye-rayen addini sau da yawa sun haɗa da masu sihiri, suna yin kamar ruhohi da waɗanda suka sanya su[9]. Addini da ruhi sun shigar da kowane bangare na rayuwar al'adar [[Afirka]], kuma suna ci gaba da shafar raye-rayen Afirka a yau. Na biyu kuma girotic ne, kuma irin rawa ce da ke ba da labari. Ana kiran ta da sunan griot, wanda shine kalmar mai ba da labari na gargajiya a Afirka ta Yamma. Wasu raye-rayen raye-rayen raye-rayen kabilar ne kawai suke rawa; a yau, qungiyoyi suna yin raye-raye iri ɗaya waɗanda a da suka keɓanta ga griot. Nau'i na uku shine biki. Ana yin wadannan raye-raye ne a wuraren bukukuwa kamar bukukuwan aure, bukukuwan tunawa da bukukuwan bukukuwan aure.<ref name=":1" />Koyaya, raye-raye da yawa ba su da manufa ɗaya kawai. Maimakon haka, sau da yawa akwai dalili na farko guda ɗaya, wanda ya haɗu zuwa dalilai na biyu da yawa. Rawa sau da yawa tana da matukar mahimmanci don kiyaye matsayin mai mulki a cikin al'ummar kabilanci. Turawan mulkin mallaka da dunkulewar duniya sun haifar da kawar da wasu salon raye-rayen Afirka. An haɗa wasu nau'o'i tare, ko kuma an haɗa su da salon rawa a wajen [[Afirka]].<ref name=":0" /> == Manazarta == ei4dm2uqi3ghjswqqtbh4xqb7enqtfs Riyaad Norodien 0 75325 889633 472354 2026-07-31T04:55:43Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889633 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Riyad Norodien,''' (an [[Hailee Steinfeld|haife]] shi a [[Ranar Muhalli ta Duniya|ranar]] 26 ga [[Wata|watan]] Maris [[shekara]] ta 1995) [[Kwararren mai ba da bayanai|ƙwararren]] [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon]] ƙafa ne na,Afirka ta Kudu wanda ke buga wasa a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya ga ƙungiyar [[Kiyovu based|Kiyovu ta tushen]] Kiyovu . <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 October 2021 |title=BREAKING: Ex Ajax and Orlando Pirates star finds SHOCK new team! |url=https://www.thesouthafrican.com/sport/soccer/psl-south-africa/riyad-norodien-breaking-news-orlando-pirates-ajax-spurs-star-finds-shock-new-team-dr-congo/ |access-date=2021-10-13 |website=The South African |language=en-ZA |archive-date=2021-10-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009104927/https://www.thesouthafrican.com/sport/soccer/psl-south-africa/riyad-norodien-breaking-news-orlando-pirates-ajax-spurs-star-finds-shock-new-team-dr-congo/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Farkon aiki == An haife shi a Kensington, Cape Town, Norodien ya rattaba hannu tare da kulob na gida Ajax Cape Town tun yana matashi.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.soccerladuma.co.za/news/articles/categories/south-africa/ajax-cape-town-s-u19s-were-eliminated-in-the-ergenzingen-semifinals/210529|title=Ajax Kids Miss Out on German Final|first=Joe|last=Crann|publisher=Soccer Laduma|date=25 May 2015|accessdate=2 May 2016|archive-date=10 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161010105526/http://www.soccerladuma.co.za/news/articles/categories/south-africa/ajax-cape-town-s-u19s-were-eliminated-in-the-ergenzingen-semifinals/210529|url-status=dead}}</ref> An nada shi Gwarzon Dan Wasan Kwalejin a 2012. A watan Mayun 2015, ya yi tafiya tare da kungiyar Ajax Cape Town U19 zuwa Jamus don fafatawa a gasar Ergenzingen, inda kungiyar Guadalajara ta Mexico ta fitar da su a wasan kusa da na karshe.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.soccerladuma.co.za/news/articles/categories/south-africa/ajax-cape-town-s-u19s-were-eliminated-in-the-ergenzingen-semifinals/210529|title=Ajax Kids Miss Out on German Final|first=Joe|last=Crann|publisher=Soccer Laduma|date=25 May 2015|accessdate=2 May 2016|archive-date=10 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161010105526/http://www.soccerladuma.co.za/news/articles/categories/south-africa/ajax-cape-town-s-u19s-were-eliminated-in-the-ergenzingen-semifinals/210529|url-status=dead}}</ref> Norodien, duk da haka, an nada shi Player of the Tournament, kuma ya dauki hankalin kungiyoyin Turai daban-daban (ciki har da AFC Ajax ).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.soccerladuma.co.za/news/articles/categories/south-africa/riyaad-norodien-won-player-of-the-tournament-in-germany/210868|title=Norodien Wins Gong in Germany|first=Joe|last=Crann|publisher=Soccer Laduma|date=29 May 2015|accessdate=2 May 2016|archive-date=30 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170930131232/http://www.soccerladuma.co.za/news/articles/categories/south-africa/riyaad-norodien-won-player-of-the-tournament-in-germany/210868|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Sana'ar sana'a == === Aikin kulob === A ranar 4 ga watan Afrilu na shekarar 2015, bayan doguwar takaddamar kwangila, Norodien a ƙarshe ya yi bayyanarsa na farko na ƙwararru lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin asarar 2-1 zuwa Platinum Stars . <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.kickoff.com/news/54268/riyaad-norodien-vows-to-improve-at-ajax|title=Riyaad Norodien vows to improve at Ajax|publisher=Kickoff|date=4 April 2015|accessdate=2 May 2016|archive-date=1 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160601184853/http://www.kickoff.com/news/54268/riyaad-norodien-vows-to-improve-at-ajax|url-status=dead}}</ref> Bayan wata daya, ya zira kwallayensa na farko na ƙwararru, mai kai na kusa, a kan Moroka Swallows . Ya bi shi ta hanyar zura kwallo a ragar [[Orlando Pirates FC|Orlando Pirates]] a wasa na gaba a ranar 9 ga Mayu (kuma wasan karshe na kakar wasa).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.goal.com/en-za/match/ajax-cape-town-vs-moroka-swallows/1787185/report|title=Ajax Cape Town 2–1 Moroka Swallows: Nkoana header gives AmaZulu hope, seals Ajax's top eight berth|first=Sandile|last=Mazibuko|publisher=Goal.com|date=6 May 2015|accessdate=2 May 2016}}</ref> Ya samu bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida biyu, sannan ya zura kwallo a ragar Brighton Mhlongo a bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida. Tare da taimakonsa, Ajax CP ya kai wasan karshe na Kofin Nedbank na 2014–15 . Bayan wata daya kacal a gasar, ya “dauka wasan cikin gida da guguwa,” wanda ya burge kungiyoyi a Afirka ta Kudu da kuma kasashen waje.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.iolsportzone.co.za/stage-set-for-billiat-and-norodien/|title=Stage set for Billiat and Norodien|publisher=IOL Sport Zone|date=16 May 2015|accessdate=2 May 2016|archive-date=2 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160602122119/http://www.iolsportzone.co.za/stage-set-for-billiat-and-norodien/|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Ayyukan kasa da kasa === An zabi Norodien ne domin ya wakilci [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Afirka ta Kudu ta kasa da shekaru 23|Afrika ta Kudu]] a gasar cin kofin nahiyar Afirka na U-23 a shekarar 2015 a Senegal, inda manyan kungiyoyi uku suka samu tikitin shiga gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 2016 . Ya buga wasanni uku ( da Senegal, Zambia da Algeria ). Afirka ta Kudu ta zo matsayi na uku gaba daya, inda ta tsallake zuwa gasar Olympics a [[Rio de Janeiro]] . === Manufar kasa da kasa === : ''Maki da sakamako ne suka jera yawan kwallayen da Afirka ta Kudu ta ci a farko.'' <ref name="NFT">{{Cite web |title=Norodien, Riyaad |url=http://www.national-football-teams.com/player/68513/Riyaad_Norodien.html |access-date=5 July 2017 |publisher=National Football Teams}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%;" !A'a ! Kwanan wata ! Wuri ! Abokin hamayya ! Ci ! Sakamako ! Gasa |- | 1. | 4 ga Yuli, 2017 | Moruleng Stadium, Moruleng, Afirka ta Kudu |</img> Botswana | align="center" | '''1-0''' | align="center" | 2–0 | 2017 COSAFA Cup |} == Girmamawa == === Kulob === ; Ajax Cape Town * [[Kofin Nedbank]] : Wanda ya zo na biyu 2014–15 * MTN 8 Cup : 2015 == Manazarta ==   [[Category:Haihuwan 1995]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] clbmwaekdakokm8u36odkf4r4m1ewfw Rushwin Dortley 0 75469 889668 880241 2026-07-31T07:07:55Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889668 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Rushwin Dortley''' (an haife shi a ranar 2 ga watan Mayu shekarar 2002) ɗan wasan [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na Afirka ta Kudu wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron baya ga Cape Town Spurs a [[Gasar Kwallon Kafa ta Firimiya|gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Premier]] . <ref>{{Soccerway|rushwin-wayne-dortley/685674}}</ref> Ya zama kyaftin [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Afirka ta Kudu ta kasa da shekaru 23|din Afirka ta Kudu U-23]] . <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.sowetanlive.co.za/sport/soccer/2022-10-31-u23s-lucky-to-get-past-togo-on-away-goals/|title=U23s lucky to get past Togo on away goals|author=Strydom, Marc|date=31 October 2022|work=The Sowetan|access-date=25 December 2023}}</ref> Yin wasa da yawa yanayi a cikin National First Division, Dortley ya sami kulawar ƙasa lokacin da [[Ƙungiyar ƙwallon kafa ta Kaizer Chiefs|Kaizer Chiefs]] ya ba da [[Rand na Afirka ta Kudu|rand]] miliyan 3 don sanya hannu a kansa. Ya kasance mai ban sha'awa mai ban sha'awa a matsayin mai tsaron gida na hagu. Bayan rahotannin da ke cewa "wakilan dan wasan sun yanke shawarar tabbatar da komawa Turai", <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thesouthafrican.com/sport/soccer/psl-south-africa/kaizer-chiefs-news-psl-transfers-players-rushwin-dortley-cape-town-spurs/|title=Kaizer Chiefs tabled R3 million for Spurs youngster, but…|author=Gwegwe, Siseko|date=26 June 2022|work=The South African|access-date=25 December 2023|archive-date=25 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225063048/https://www.thesouthafrican.com/sport/soccer/psl-south-africa/kaizer-chiefs-news-psl-transfers-players-rushwin-dortley-cape-town-spurs/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Dortley ya ci gaba da shari'a tare da FC Nordsjælland a lokacin rani na 2022. <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thesouthafrican.com/sport/soccer/psl-south-africa/latest-where-has-kaizer-chiefs-target-rushwin-dortley-ended-up-denmark-psl-breaking-amakhosi-naturena-soccer-news/|title=So where has Chiefs ‘target’ Dortley ended up?|author=Lewis, Craig|date=16 July 2022|work=The South African|access-date=25 December 2023|archive-date=25 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225063047/https://www.thesouthafrican.com/sport/soccer/psl-south-africa/latest-where-has-kaizer-chiefs-target-rushwin-dortley-ended-up-denmark-psl-breaking-amakhosi-naturena-soccer-news/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.idiskitimes.co.za/featured/chiefs-target-in-denmark/|title=Chiefs Target In Denmark|date=15 July 2022|work=iDiski Times|access-date=25 December 2023|archive-date=25 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225063046/https://www.idiskitimes.co.za/featured/chiefs-target-in-denmark/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 2002]] kczlc3or7y585zy41riy53wzoflmahp Ria Percival 0 75601 889619 731608 2026-07-31T00:43:25Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889619 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Ria Percival beim Aufwaermen BL Muenchen-2.jpg|thumb|ria percival]] [[Fayil:Ria Perciva.jpg|thumb|hoton yar kwallo Perciva]] [[Fayil:Ria Percival BL Muenchen-6.jpg|thumb|hoton Percival ]] [[Fayil:Ria Perciva.jpg|thumb|Ria Percival]]. '''Ruwa Dawn Percival''' MNZM ( An haife ta a ranar 7 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 1989) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsakiya mai tsakiya na kulob ɗin Crystal Palace, a aro daga Tottenham Hotspur. An haife ta ne a ƙasar [[Ingila]], tana taka leda a tawagar mata ta ƙasar New Zealand. <ref name="candg">{{Cite web |title=Caps 'n' Goals, New Zealand Women's national representatives |url=http://www.ultimatenzsoccer.com/FootballFerns/id38.htm |access-date=11 June 2009 |publisher=The Ultimate New Zealand Soccer Website}}</ref> Ta taba buga wa FFC Frankfurt da FF USV Jena na Bundesliga, FC Basel a gasar Swiss da West Ham United .<ref>{{Cite web |title=NZ Football - HOME |url=http://www.nzfootball.co.nz/index.php?id=11&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=1161&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=1&cHash=19cbc7b396 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714183613/http://www.nzfootball.co.nz/index.php?id=11&tx_ttnews%5btt_news%5d=1161&tx_ttnews%5bbackPid%5d=1&cHash=19cbc7b396 |archive-date=14 July 2014 |access-date=7 March 2018 |website=www.nzfootball.co.nz}}</ref> [[Fayil:Ria Percival BL Muenchen-6.jpg|thumb|ria percival]] == Ƙasashen Duniya == Percival ta wakilci [[New Zealand]] a matakin rukuni na shekaru, ta bayyana a gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta U-20 ta shekarar 2006 a [[Rasha]] kuma ta sake wakiltar matasa ferns a gasar cin Kofin duniya ta Mata ta U-20 a Chile, inda ta zira kwallaye biyu na New Zealand a cikin nasarar 3-2 ga [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta mata ta Najeriya|Najeriya]]. <ref>{{Cite web |title=New Zealand (NZL) Squad List |url=https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/u20womensworldcup/chile2008/teams/team=1888612/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091121194610/http://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/u20womensworldcup/chile2008/teams/team=1888612/index.html |archive-date=21 November 2009 |access-date=3 August 2011 |publisher=FIFA}}</ref> Percival ta fara bugawa ƙasar [[Sin]] PR a wasan 0-3 a ranar 14 ga watan Nuwamba a shekarar 2006, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Caps 'n' Goals, New Zealand Women's national representatives.|url=http://www.ultimatenzsoccer.com/FootballFerns/id38.htm |access-date=3 August 2011 |publisher=The Ultimate New Zealand Soccer Website}}</ref> kafin ta wakilci ƙasar New Zealand a gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta [[FIFA]] a shekara ta 2007 a ƙasar Sin, <ref>{{Cite web |title=New Zealand Squad List, 2007 Women's World Cup |url=https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/womensworldcup/china2007/teams/team=1883725/squadlist.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080713192919/http://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/womensworldcup/china2007/teams/team=1883725/squadlist.html |archive-date=13 July 2008 |access-date=3 August 2011 |publisher=FIFA}}</ref> inda suka sha kashi a [[Brazil]] 0-5, [[Denmark]] (0-2) da [[China]] PR (0-2). An kuma haɗa Percival a cikin tawagar New Zealand don Wasannin Olympics na bazara na shekarar 2008, inda suka buga wasan tare da [[Japan]] (2-2) kafin su rasa [[Norway]] (0-1) da [[Amurka]] (0-4). A ranar 9 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2011, Percival ta samu lambar yabo ta ƙasa da ƙasa ta 50 a matakin A a cikin nasarar 5-0 ga [[Mexico]] a wasan kwaikwayo na matsayi na 7 a gasar cin Kofin [[Cyprus]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=NZ Football - HOME |url=http://www.nzfootball.co.nz/index.php?id=11&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=934&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=10&cHash=7b47ed9190 |website=www.nzfootball.co.nz}}</ref> Percival ta fafata a gasar cin kofin mata ta biyar lokacin da ta fito a dukkan wasannin ƙasar New Zealand guda uku a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta Mata ta FIFA ta 2011 a [[Jamus]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=FIFA Women's World Cup Germany 2011 – Team New Zealand |url=https://www.fifa.com/womensworldcup/teams/team=1883725/squadlist.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110620015949/http://www.fifa.com/womensworldcup/teams/team=1883725/squadlist.html |archive-date=20 June 2011 |access-date=22 June 2011 |publisher=FIFA}}</ref> Ta bayyana a dukkan wasannin New Zealand guda hudu a gasar Olympics ta shekara ta 2012.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ria Percival Bio, Stats, and Results |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/pe/ria-percival-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418122132/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/pe/ria-percival-1.html |archive-date=2020-04-18 |access-date=2018-12-03 |website=Olympics at Sports-Reference.com |language=en}}</ref> Ta sake fitowa a dukkan wasannin New Zealand guda uku a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta Mata ta FIFA ta 2015 a [[Kanada]], inda ta kai ta buga wasanni guda 9 na gasar cin kofin duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=FIFA player stats |url=https://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/statisticsandrecords/players/player=252519/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024062945/http://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/statisticsandrecords/players/player=252519/ |archive-date=24 October 2012 |access-date=28 June 2015 |publisher=[[FIFA]]}}</ref> Ta bayyana a dukkan wasannin New Zealand guda uku a gasar Olympics ta shekara ta 2016 . <ref name=":0"/>. == Ƙididdiga aiki == === Manufofin ƙasa da ƙasa === ''Sabuntawa a ranar 28 ga watan Yuni 2020''<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Internationals |url=https://www.ultimatenzsoccer.com/FootballFerns/id40.htm |access-date=28 June 2020 |website=UltimateNZSoccer.com}}</ref> : ''Scores da sakamakon lissafin burin New Zealand na farko, shafi na ci yana nuna ci bayan kowane burin Percival.'' {| class="wikitable" |+Jerin burin ƙasa da ƙasa da Ria Percival ya zira !A'a. !Ranar !Wurin da ake ciki !Abokin hamayya !Sakamakon !Sakamakon !Gasar |- | align="center" |1 |11 ga Afrilu 2007 | rowspan="2" |Filin wasa na Sir Ignatius Kilage, Lae, [[Sabuwar Gini Papuwa|Papua New Guinea]] |{{Fbw|SOL}} | align="center" |4–0 | align="center" |8–0 | rowspan="2" |Gasar Cin Kofin Mata ta OFC ta 2007 |- |2 |13 Afrilu 2007 |{{Fbw|PNG}} | align="center" |3–0 | align="center" |7–0 |- |3 |7 Maris 2009 |Filin wasa na GSP, [[Nicosia]], [[Cyprus]] |{{Fbw|RUS}} | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |4–2 |Kofin Mata na Cyprus na 2009 |- |4 |1 ga Oktoba 2010 | rowspan="4" |Filin wasa na Arewacin Harbour, [[Auckland]], [[New Zealand]] |{{Fbw|COK}} | align="center" |6–0 | align="center" |10–0 | rowspan="4" |Gasar Cin Kofin Mata ta OFC ta 2010 |- |5 |3 ga Oktoba 2010 |{{Fbw|TAH}} | align="center" |7–0 | align="center" |7–0 |- |6 |6 ga Oktoba 2010 |{{Fbw|SOL}} | align="center" |2–0 | align="center" |8–0 |- |7 |8 ga Oktoba 2010 |{{Fbw|PNG}} | align="center" |3–0 | align="center" |11–0 |- |8 |31 Maris 2012 |Filin wasa na Toll, Whangārei, New Zealand[[New Zealand]] |{{Fbw|PNG}} | align="center" |6–0 | align="center" |8–0 |cancantar gasar Olympics ta 2012 |- |9 |25 ga Oktoba 2014 | rowspan="2" |Kalabond Oval, Kokopo, Papua New Guinea[[Sabuwar Gini Papuwa|Papua New Guinea]] |{{Fbw|Tonga}} | align="center" |16–0 | align="center" |16–0 | rowspan="2" |Kofin Kasashen Mata na OFC na 2014 |- |10 |29 ga Oktoba 2014 |{{Fbw|COK}} | align="center" |5–0 | align="center" |11–0 |- |11 |15 ga Janairu 2015 |[[Spice Hotel|Otal din Spice]], Belek, [[Turkiyya]] |{{Fbw|DEN}} | align="center" |1–1 | align="center" |3–2 |Abokantaka |- |12 | rowspan="2" |28 Nuwamba 2017 | rowspan="2" |Filin wasa na SCG, Muang Thong Thani, [[Tailan|Thailand]] | rowspan="2" |{{Fbw|THA}} | align="center" |3–0 | rowspan="2" align="center" |5–0 | rowspan="2" |Abokantaka |- |13 | align="center" |5–0 |- |14 |19 Nuwamba 2018 |Filin wasa na Numa-Daly Magenta, Nouméa, New CaledoniaSabuwar Caledonia |{{Fbw|Tonga}} | align="center" |10–0 | align="center" |11–0 |Kofin Kasashen Mata na OFC na 2018 |- |15 |23 ga Oktoba 2021 |Filin wasa na TD Place, [[Ottawa]], [[Kanada]] |{{Fbw|Canada}} | align="center" |1–3 | align="center" |1–5 |Abokantaka |- |} == Daraja == ; Mutumin da ya fi so * IFFHS OFC Mafi kyawun Mace Mai kunnawa na Shekaru Goma 2011-2020 <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 February 2021 |title=IFFHS BEST WOMAN PLAYER - OFC - OF THE DECADE 2011-2020 |url=https://www.iffhs.com/index.php/posts/951 |website=IFFHS}}</ref> * IFFHS OFC Mata Team na Shekara Goma 2011-2020 <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 January 2021 |title=IFFHS WOMAN TEAM - OFC - OF THE DECADE 2011-2020 |url=https://www.iffhs.com/index.php/posts/933 |website=IFFHS |access-date=20 March 2024 |archive-date=12 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612130118/https://www.iffhs.com/index.php/posts/933 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin Girmamawar Sabuwar Shekara ta 2024, an naɗa Percival a matsayin memba na New Zealand Order of Merit, don hidimomi ga ƙwallon ƙafa. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin Haɗin waje == * {{FIFA player|252519|Ria Percival}} * [[New Zealand Football|NZF]].co.nz/people/ria-percival/" id="mwAdQ" rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow">Bayani a NZF * Team {{In lang|de}} a FF USV Jena * {{Soccerway|ria-percival/19589}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1989]] ay8meu0qpudhzwqwi2yfllnabp2nh8q Refilo Jane 0 75825 889607 581518 2026-07-30T23:50:17Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889607 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Refiloe Jane.jpg|thumb|Refilo Jane]] [[Fayil:Chile - Sudáfrica 20181009 06.jpg|thumb|Refilo Jane]] [[Fayil:Canberra United vs Perth Glory W-League Round2CanPer - JaneWarmUp3 (48780710263).jpg|thumb|Refilo Jane]] '''Refiloe Jane''' (an haife ta a ranar 4 ga watan Agusta 1992) ƙwararriyar ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta Afirka ta Kudu wacce ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya a ƙungiyar Seria A ta Italiya US Sassuolo da kuma ƙungiyar mata ta Afirka ta Kudu wacce ta jagoranci. == Rayuwa ta sirri == Ta auri Christa Flora Kgamphe a ranar 18 ga Yuni 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Karimi |first=Cindy |date=2023-08-10 |title=Who is Refiloe Jane's wife? Exploring her personal life |url=https://www.thesouthafrican.com/news/who-is-refiloe-janes-wife-exploring-her-personal-life/ |access-date=2023-12-09 |website=The South African |language=en-ZA}}</ref> == Aikin kulob == === Canberra United === [[Fayil:Chile - Sudáfrica 20181009 09.jpg|thumb|Refilo Jane]] A kan 20 Agusta 2018 zuwa 2019, Canberra United ta sanar da sanya hannu kan Jane don 2018-19 W-League Season . Ta shiga kulob din tare da 'yar'uwarta 'yar Afirka ta Kudu Rhoda Mulaudzi, su ne 'yan wasa na farko daga Afirka ta Kudu da suka taka leda a W-League. <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 August 2018 |title=All of the Westfield W-League signings for 2018/19 so far |url=https://www.w-league.com.au/news/get-date-all-new-westfield-w-league-signings |access-date=30 September 2018 |archive-date=10 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410164537/https://www.w-league.com.au/news/get-date-all-new-westfield-w-league-signings |url-status=dead }}</ref> === AC Milan === Bayan rabuwa da kungiyar Canberra United ta Australiya a watan Afrilu 2019, Refiloe ya rattaba hannu kan kungiyar AC Milan ta Serie A ta Italiya kan yarjejeniyar shekara guda kan kudin da ba a bayyana ba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Refiloe Jane: Banyana Banyana midfielder joins AC Milan {{!}} Goal.com |url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/refiloe-jane-banyana-banyana-midfielder-joins-ac-milan/167vq0xjhmy7n1e7fgxdbiht72 |access-date=2019-09-05 |website=www.goal.com}}</ref> === Sassuolo === A watan Agusta 2022, ta shiga ƙungiyar Seria A ta Italiya Sassuolo . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mzoughi |first=Wajih |date=2022-08-06 |title=Midfielder Refiloe Jane joins Sassuolo |url=https://milanreports.com/2022/08/06/refiloe-jane-joins-sassuolo/ |access-date=2023-12-21 |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == Jane ta wakilci Afirka ta Kudu a gasar Olympics ta London 2012 . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Refiloe Jane |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/olympics/2012/athletes/06443d25-2c06-46c1-8936-af6c5fd88b69 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141217155924/https://www.bbc.com/sport/olympics/2012/athletes/06443d25-2c06-46c1-8936-af6c5fd88b69 |archive-date=17 December 2014 |access-date=22 October 2014 |publisher=BBC |url-status=live }}</ref> A watan Satumba na 2014, an saka sunan Jane a cikin jerin sunayen gasannin gasar mata na Afirka ta 2014 a [[Namibiya]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 September 2014 |title=Pauw Names Banyana Squad For AWC |url=http://www.soccerladuma.co.za/news/articles/categories/south-africa/vera-pauw-names-her-2014-awc-squad/178195?page=1 |access-date=22 October 2014 |publisher=Soccer Laduma |archive-date=18 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018085149/http://www.soccerladuma.co.za/news/articles/categories/south-africa/vera-pauw-names-her-2014-awc-squad/178195?page=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An saka sunan Jane a cikin 'yan wasan Afirka ta Kudu don gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 2016 kuma ta buga kowane minti daya na wasannin rukuni uku na kungiyar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=R.Jane |url=https://ca.soccerway.com/players/refiloe-jane/253668/ |access-date=30 September 2018}}</ref> A cikin Fabrairun 2019, Jane ta yi fitowa ta 100 a Afirka ta Kudu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 February 2019 |title=Jane reaches 100 caps as she starts against Finland, Ellis makes six changes |url=https://www.safa.net/2019/02/27/jane-reaches-100-caps-starts-finland-ellis-makes-six-changes/ |publisher=[[South African Football Association]] }}{{Dead link|date=January 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[Fayil:Canberra United vs Perth Glory W-League Round2CanPer - JaneWarmUp (48781248662).jpg|thumb|Refilo Jane]] Ta zama kyaftin din tawagar 'yan wasan kasar Afirka ta Kudu a gasar cin kofin Afirka ta mata inda suka lashe kofin nahiyar Afirka na farko da kuma gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA a 2023 inda suka kai wasan karshe na 16. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=29 June 2023 |title=Magaia brace hands South Africa first TotalEnergies WAFCON trophy |url=https://www.cafonline.com/caf-womens-africa-cup-of-nations/news/magaia-brace-hands-south-africa-first-wafcon-trophy/ |access-date=6 August 2023 |website=CAF |language=}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-30 |title=Banyana Banyana Doctor gives update on Refiloe Jane injury. – SAFA.net |url=https://www.safa.net/2023/07/30/banyana-banyana-doctor-gives-update-on-refiloe-jane-injury/ |access-date=2023-12-09 |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=February 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Kididdigar sana'a == '''Manufar kasa da kasa''' ''Maki da sakamako ne suka jera yawan kwallayen da Afirka ta Kudu ta ci a farko'' {| class="wikitable" !No. !Date !Venue !Opponent !Score !Result !Competition !Reference |- | align="center" |1 |2012 | |{{Fbw|BOT}} | align="center" | | align="center" | |Friendly |<ref>{{Cite web |title=EXTRA TIME: Refiloe Jane makes a century of Banyana caps in draw with Finland &#124; Goal.com |url=https://www.goal.com/en-om/news/extra-time-refiloe-jane-makes-a-century-of-banyana-caps-in/1kcisa1m6396s17lca9a2cixv2 |website=www.goal.com}}</ref> |- | align="center" |2 |13 September 2014 |Royal Bafokeng Stadium, Phokeng, [[Afirka ta Kudu|South Africa]] |{{Fbw|BOT}} | align="center" |'''4'''–0 | align="center" |10–0 |Friendly |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Banyana thrash Botswana in 10-goal massacre |url=https://www.enca.com/banyana-thrash-botswana-10-goal-massacre |website=eNCA |access-date=2024-03-21 |archive-date=2023-04-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408031254/https://www.enca.com/banyana-thrash-botswana-10-goal-massacre |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | align="center" |3 |22 October 2014 |Sam Nujoma Stadium, [[Windhoek]], [[Namibiya|Namibia]] |{{Fbw|NGA}} | align="center" |'''1'''–2 | align="center" |1–2 |2014 African Women's Championship |<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 October 2014 |title=Nigeria 2–1 South Africa |url=http://www.cafonline.com/en-us/competitions/tn9thafricanwomenchampionship-namibia/MatchDetails?MatchId=pL2v0HaGzQUfl228YCaf%2b9qGBKCMoju3FagVKpks1ZLceMN5kFSZexXLKX3esYnt |website=CAF}}</ref> |- | align="center" |4 |25 November 2016 |Limbe Stadium, Limbe, [[Kamaru|Cameroon]] |{{Fbw|EGY}} | align="center" |'''3'''–0 | align="center" |5–0 |2016 Africa Women Cup of Nations |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Banyana storm into AWCON semis |url=https://supersport.com/football/african-women-champs/news/161125/Banyana_storm_into_AWCON_semis |website=supersport.com |access-date=2024-03-21 |archive-date=2022-06-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220603152122/https://supersport.com/football/african-women-champs/news/161125/Banyana_storm_into_AWCON_semis |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | align="center" |5 |21 September 2017 |Barbourfields Stadium, [[Bulawayo]], [[Zimbabwe]] |{{Fbw|ZAM}} | align="center" |'''3'''–3 | align="center" |3–3 |2017 COSAFA Women's Championship |<ref>{{Cite web |title=FT – Zambia 3 (3) South Africa 3 (5) |url=http://www.cosafa.com/live-zambia-vs-south-africa-13h00-local-11h00-gmt/}}</ref> |- | align="center" |6 | rowspan="2" |22 September 2018 | rowspan="2" |Wolfson Stadium, KwaZakele, [[Afirka ta Kudu|South Africa]] | rowspan="2" |{{Fbw|CMR}} | align="center" |'''1'''–0 | rowspan="2" align="center" |2–1 | rowspan="2" |2018 COSAFA Women's Championship | rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=South Africa are 2018 COSAFA Women's Championship winners! |url=http://www.cosafa.com/south-africa-claimed-a-thrilling-2-1-victory-over-central-african-guest-nation-cameroon-in-the-final-of-the-2018-cosafa-womens-championship-as-refiloe-jane-proved-the-hero-with-both-goals-at/}}</ref> |- | align="center" |7 | align="center" |'''2'''–1 |- | align="center" |8 |7 October 2018 |Estadio Sausalito, Viña del Mar, [[Chile]] |{{Fbw|CHI}} | align="center" |'''1'''–1 | align="center" |1–2 |Friendly |<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 October 2018 |title=Jane Scores but 10-Player Banyana Lose 2–1 to Chile in Away Friendly |url=https://gsport.co.za/jane-scores-but-10-player-banyana-lose-2-1-to-chile-in-away-friendly/}}</ref> |- | align="center" |9 |21 November 2018 |Cape Coast Sports Stadium, Cape Coast, [[Ghana]] |{{Fbw|EQG}} | align="center" |'''3'''–1 | align="center" |7–1 |2018 Africa Women Cup of Nations |<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 November 2018 |title=Equatorial Guinea 1–7 South Africa |url=http://www.cafonline.com/en-us/competitions/totalwomenafconghana2018/matches/matchdetails?matchId=8c659176-c7b3-4238-a906-cf571408f0a1 |website=CAF}}</ref> |} == Girmamawa == '''Afirka ta Kudu''' * Gasar cin kofin Afrika ta mata : 2022, <ref name=":0"/> ta zo ta biyu: 2012, 2018 '''Mutum''' * Tawagar Gasar Cin Kofin Afirka ta Mata: 2022 <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 July 2022 |title=CAF announces TotalEnergies Women's AFCON 2022 Best XI |url=https://www.cafonline.com/caf-womens-africa-cup-of-nations/news/caf-announces-totalenergies-women-s-afcon-2022-best-xi/ |access-date=7 August 2023 |website=CAF |language=}}</ref> * IFFHS CAF Ƙungiyar Mata ta Shekara: 2022 <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=31 January 2023 |title=IFFHS Women’s CAF Team 2022 |url=https://www.iffhs.com/posts/2490 |access-date=7 August 2023 |website=The International Federation of Football History & Statistics (IFFHS) |archive-date=19 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319191838/https://www.iffhs.com/posts/2490 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Matan Afirka XI: [[Kyautar CAF|2023]] <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-12 |title=Osimhen, Oshoala named African Men’s and Women’s Player of the Year at the CAF Awards 2023 |url=https://www.cafonline.com/news/osimhen-oshoala-named-african-men-s-and-women-s-player-of-the-year-at-the-caf-awards-2023/ |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=CAF |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Category:Haihuwan 1992]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] oit7hohpnf1vwfijbppq25m38k73gim Angèle Etoundi Essamba 0 75928 889352 403579 2026-07-30T12:13:47Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 889352 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Angèle Etoundi Essamba''' ɗan [[Kamaru]] ne [[mai daukar hoto]] da ke zaune kuma yana aiki a [[Amsterdam]] . An fi saninta da aikinta a cikin baki da fari, daukar hoto na ɗan adam, wanda sau da yawa yakan mayar da hankali kan macen Afirka a matsayin wani batu. Essamba na daya daga cikin fitattun mata masu daukar hoto na Afirka da suka yi fice a zamaninta, wadda ta gudanar da nune-nune sama da 200 a duniya, da wallafe-wallafe sama da 50 a cikin mujallu da mujallu. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Akomolafe |first=Femi |date=2013 |title=Introducing Angele Etoundi Essamba: the photography of Angele Etoundi has garnered international acclaim. In this wide-ranging interview for New African, she explains to Femi Akomolafe something of her childhood in Cameroon before moving to live in France, and what currently motivates her amazing work |url=http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA341129421&v=2.1&u=usfca_gleeson&it=r&p=AONE&sw=w&asid=37f077c4ab44c2d35582c0d5ecbfa959 |url-status=live |journal=[[New African]] |issue=531 |pages=84 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150224231203/http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA341129421&v=2.1&u=usfca_gleeson&it=r&p=AONE&sw=w&asid=37f077c4ab44c2d35582c0d5ecbfa959 |archive-date=24 February 2015 |access-date=4 March 2016 |via=[[Gale (publisher)|GALE]]}}</ref> Ta ce "Hoto a gare ni wata bukata ce, bukatuwar bayyanawa da kuma sadarwa. Muddin bukatar hakan ta kasance, zan kirkira." <ref name="Mojo">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title='As It Is !' - Contemporary African Art Exhibition Series |url=http://www.themojogallery.com/asitis/artist-angele-etoundi-essamba.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230327010953/http://www.themojogallery.com/asitis/artist-angele-etoundi-essamba.php |archive-date=27 March 2023 |access-date=18 February 2017 |website=The Mojo Gallery}}</ref> == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Angéle Etoundi Essaamba a birnin [[Douala]] na kasar Kamaru a shekarar 1962, kuma ta girma a [[Yaounde]] a harabar kakanta. <ref name="Mojo">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title='As It Is !' - Contemporary African Art Exhibition Series |url=http://www.themojogallery.com/asitis/artist-angele-etoundi-essamba.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230327010953/http://www.themojogallery.com/asitis/artist-angele-etoundi-essamba.php |archive-date=27 March 2023 |access-date=18 February 2017 |website=The Mojo Gallery}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.themojogallery.com/asitis/artist-angele-etoundi-essamba.php "'As It Is !' - Contemporary African Art Exhibition Series"]. ''The Mojo Gallery''. 2011. [https://archive.today/20230327010953/http://www.themojogallery.com/asitis/artist-angele-etoundi-essamba.php Archived] from the original on 27 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> A wata hira da Femi Akomolafe, ta tuna zama da ɗimbin al’umma na ƴan uwa, ƴan uwa, ƴan’uwa, ƴan uwa, ƴan uwa mata, “tare da kowa da kowa ya rayu cikin jituwa ba tare da gwagwarmaya ba”. A cikin shekaru 9-10, ta koma [[Faris|Paris]] tare da mahaifinta, inda ta rayu ta hanyar samun karatun sakandare. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=De Caevel |first=Eva Barois |others=Translated from French by Lucy Pons |title=Angèle Etoundi Essamba |url=https://awarewomenartists.com/en/artiste/angele-etoundi-essamba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230327013430/https://awarewomenartists.com/en/artiste/angele-etoundi-essamba/ |archive-date=27 March 2023 |access-date=1 December 2020 |website=AWARE Women artists / Femmes artistes |publisher=Archives of Women Artists, Research and Exhibitions |language=en-US}}</ref> Sa'an nan, ta 1982, ta yi aure, kuma ta koma [[Amsterdam|Amsterdam (Netherland)]] inda ta fara nazarin daukar hoto a makarantar Nederlandse Fotovak (Makarantar Ɗaukar Hoto ta Dutch). <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Angèle Etoundi Essamba |url=http://www.artantide.com/artisti_BiografiaArtista?lang=2&idArtista=454 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150309142402/http://www.artantide.com/artisti_BiografiaArtista?lang=2&idArtista=454 |archive-date=9 March 2015 |access-date=7 March 2015 |website=ArtAnTide |publisher=}}</ref> Daga baya Essamba ta halarci Lyceum a birnin Paris, inda ta karanci falsafa, rawa, da daukar hoto. Ta sake komawa Kamaru bayan shekaru goma sha tara na abin da ta kira "mai son gudun hijira" a cikin hirarta da Femi Akomolafe. Tana da alaƙa da DUTA, ko Douala Urban Touch of Arts, wanda ke ba masu fasahar gani na Afirka ta Tsakiya a Douala damar raba ayyukansu. Fahimtar zamantakewar Essamba game da Turai da Afirka ya sa ta kafa gidauniyar Essamba a shekara ta 2009, inda take horar da 'yan matan kan titi a Kamaru don gina kima da kima, da kanta tana ba da darussa, da koyar da dabarun taimaka wa 'yan mata a Kamaru su inganta. yanayin rayuwarsu da samar wa kansu sana'o'i. == Aikin daukar hoto == Hotunan Essamba sun mayar da hankali kan matan Afirka, da kuma karya ra'ayin jinsi. Ta yi aiki don ƙarfafa tattaunawa tsakanin al'adu da mutane, kuma tana ba da ma'anarta daraja da murya. Sana'arta ba kawai na zamani ke tasiri ba, amma asalinta na Afirka da yanayin al'adu daban-daban na ƙasashenta. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Angèle Etoundi Essamba |url=http://www.artantide.com/artisti_BiografiaArtista?lang=2&idArtista=454 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150309142402/http://www.artantide.com/artisti_BiografiaArtista?lang=2&idArtista=454 |archive-date=9 March 2015 |access-date=7 March 2015 |website=ArtAnTide |publisher=}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://archive.today/20150309142402/http://www.artantide.com/artisti_BiografiaArtista?lang=2&idArtista=454 "Angèle Etoundi Essamba"]. ''ArtAnTide''. Archived from [http://www.artantide.com/artisti_BiografiaArtista?lang=2&idArtista=454 the original] on 9 March 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref> Yin la'akari da abubuwan da ta samu ta sirri, tarihi, al'ada, hangen nesa da tasirin muhalli, Hotunan Essamba sun haɗu da fasaha tare da ma'ana mai ƙarfi. <ref name=":0" /> Bugu da ƙari, ta ƙetare iyakoki tsakanin ɗaukar hoto na gaskiya, sharhin zamantakewa da siyasa, rubuce-rubuce da daukar hoto na yau da kullun, yayin da take nuna kyawun hangen nesa na baƙar fata, jikin mace. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=De Caevel |first=Eva Barois |others=Translated from French by Lucy Pons |title=Angèle Etoundi Essamba |url=https://awarewomenartists.com/en/artiste/angele-etoundi-essamba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230327013430/https://awarewomenartists.com/en/artiste/angele-etoundi-essamba/ |archive-date=27 March 2023 |access-date=1 December 2020 |website=AWARE Women artists / Femmes artistes |publisher=Archives of Women Artists, Research and Exhibitions |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFDe_Caevel">De Caevel, Eva Barois. [https://awarewomenartists.com/en/artiste/angele-etoundi-essamba/ "Angèle Etoundi Essamba"]. ''AWARE Women artists / Femmes artistes''. Translated from French by Lucy Pons. Archives of Women Artists, Research and Exhibitions. [https://archive.today/20230327013430/https://awarewomenartists.com/en/artiste/angele-etoundi-essamba/ Archived] from the original on 27 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Nunin ta na farko shine a cikin 1985 a Gallerie Art Collective a Amsterdam. Hotunanta na 1995 na baƙar fata da fari, ''White Line'', an ba da kyautar Prix Spécial Afrique a Festival des Trois Continents, Nantes a cikin 1996. Ta nuna ayyukanta a nune-nune da yawa a Afirka, Asiya, Turai, Latin Amurka, Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa da Amurka <ref>{{Cite web |last=Magee |first=Carol |date=28 July 2014 |title=Essamba, Angèle Etoundi |url=https://www.oxfordartonline.com/groveart/view/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.001.0001/oao-9781884446054-e-7000096469 |url-access=subscription |access-date=7 March 2015 |website=[[Grove Art Online]] |publisher=[[Oxford Art Online]] |doi=10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.T096469}}</ref> ciki har da: Bienal de La Habana (1994), Venice Biennale (1994), Johannesburg Biennale (1995), Bikin Nahiyoyi Uku (1996). <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Angèle Etoundi Essamba |url=http://www.artantide.com/artisti_BiografiaArtista?lang=2&idArtista=454 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150309142402/http://www.artantide.com/artisti_BiografiaArtista?lang=2&idArtista=454 |archive-date=9 March 2015 |access-date=7 March 2015 |website=ArtAnTide |publisher=}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://archive.today/20150309142402/http://www.artantide.com/artisti_BiografiaArtista?lang=2&idArtista=454 "Angèle Etoundi Essamba"]. ''ArtAnTide''. Archived from [http://www.artantide.com/artisti_BiografiaArtista?lang=2&idArtista=454 the original] on 9 March 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref> Tun lokacin baje kolin ta na farko a Amsterdam a cikin 1985, an nuna aikin Essamba a wurare daban-daban, biennales, da bajekoli. Waɗannan wuraren sun haɗa da Venice, Havana, Dakar, Johannesburg, da [[Bamako]], tare da abubuwan da suka faru a faɗin Afirka, Turai, Amurka, Cuba, Mexico, da China. Kwanan nan, ta gudanar da nune-nunen nune-nunen ayyukanta na ''<nowiki/>'Ya'yan Rayuwa'' a Munich, a Gidan Tarihi na Fünf Kontinente a cikin 2018. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=De Caevel |first=Eva Barois |others=Translated from French by Lucy Pons |title=Angèle Etoundi Essamba |url=https://awarewomenartists.com/en/artiste/angele-etoundi-essamba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230327013430/https://awarewomenartists.com/en/artiste/angele-etoundi-essamba/ |archive-date=27 March 2023 |access-date=1 December 2020 |website=AWARE Women artists / Femmes artistes |publisher=Archives of Women Artists, Research and Exhibitions |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFDe_Caevel">De Caevel, Eva Barois. [https://awarewomenartists.com/en/artiste/angele-etoundi-essamba/ "Angèle Etoundi Essamba"]. ''AWARE Women artists / Femmes artistes''. Translated from French by Lucy Pons. Archives of Women Artists, Research and Exhibitions. [https://archive.today/20230327013430/https://awarewomenartists.com/en/artiste/angele-etoundi-essamba/ Archived] from the original on 27 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> == Nassoshi == == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150203225202/http://essamba.com/ Angele Etoundi Essamba's Artist Website] * {{In lang|es}} [http://www.elpais.com/articulo/revista/agosto/Fogonazos/cliche/elpepucul/20080716elpepirdv_7/Tes Artículo de El País] * {{In lang|es}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20080912024642/http://www.combonianos.com/MNDigital/revista/julio/ventana.htm Entrevista e información] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1975]] iwnxcdg5ca0f7bgrd95bkg98rbikll6 Rebecca Smith (mai wasan ƙwallon ƙafa) 0 76099 889606 864614 2026-07-30T23:34:51Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889606 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Rebecca Katie Smith''' (an haife ta a ranar 17 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 1981) Ƴar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta duniya wacce ta buga wa ƙasar New Zealand . Smith ta kasance ƴar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta duniya da ta Olympics wacce ta jagoranci tawagar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta ƙasar New Zealand, <ref name="candg">{{Cite web |title=Caps 'n' Goals, New Zealand Women's national representatives |url=http://www.ultimatenzsoccer.com/FootballFerns/id38.htm |access-date=22 September 2008 |publisher=The Ultimate New Zealand Soccer Website}}</ref> kuma ta kammala aikinta na kulob ɗin ta lashe The Triple tare da VfL Wolfsburg a matsayin UEFA Champions League, German League, da German Cup Winners har zuwa lokacin da ta yi ritaya a shekarar 2013. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Smith a Garin [[Los Angeles]], ƙasar California ga iyayen New Zealand kuma ta halarci makarantar sakandare a Makarantar Chadwick da ke Palos Verdes, California kuma ta buga ƙwallon ƙafa a can a shekarar farko.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Compass Fall 2011 |url=http://content.yudu.com/Library/A1uzzj/CompassFall2011/resources/3.htm |access-date=1 January 2015 |publisher=Content.yudu.com}}</ref> Ta yi rubutu a wasan kwando, waterpolo da softball duk shekaru a Chadwick . Ta kammala karatu a Shekarar 1999 tare da mafi girman girmamawa a cikin aji, The Headmaster's Award . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rebecca "Bex" Smith '99 Leads New Zealand Women's World Cup Team |url=http://www.chadwickschool.org/page.cfm?p=591&newsid=142 |access-date=1 January 2015 |publisher=Chadwickschool.org |archive-date=1 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150101194955/http://www.chadwickschool.org/page.cfm?p=591&newsid=142 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ayyukan ƙwallon ƙafa == Smith ta zama kyaftin ɗin Jami'ar Duke ta NCAA Div 1 kuma ta kammala karatu tare da digiri na Tattalin Arziki da Mutanen Espanya kafin ta yanke shawarar ci gaba da aikinta na ƙwallon ƙafa a ƙasashen waje, ta sauka da kwangila na kwararru a ƙasar Jamus tare da Zakarun Turai na lokacin, FFC Frankfurt . Smith daga nan ya buga wa Sunnanå SK a Sweden sannan kuma Newcastle Jets a gasar W-League ta farko a Ostiraliya, kafin VfL Wolfsburg ta sanya hannu a ranar 2 ga Fabrairu 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 February 2009 |title=Bundesliga: Rebecca Smith wechselt zum VfL Wolfsburg |url=http://www.focus.de/sport/fussball/bundesliga1/bundesliga-rebecca-smith-wechselt-zum-vfl-wolfsburg_aid_366715.html |access-date=1 January 2015 |website=FOCUS Online |archive-date=3 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150603002728/http://www.focus.de/sport/fussball/bundesliga1/bundesliga-rebecca-smith-wechselt-zum-vfl-wolfsburg_aid_366715.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Frauenfuball 1. Bundesliga 2. Bundesligen Nord und Sd Wechselbersicht Winterpause 2009 |url=http://www.fansoccer.de/ersteliga/archiv/wechsel09/wechsel09.htm |access-date=1 January 2015 |publisher=Fansoccer.de |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924010356/http://www.fansoccer.de/ersteliga/archiv/wechsel09/wechsel09.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Yayinda yake a VfL Wolfsburg, Smith ya taimaka wa kulob din lashe Treble (Triple), Frauen-Bundesliga a 2012-2013, UEFA Women's Champions League a 2012-2013 tare da nasarar 1-0 a kan Lyon a wasan karshe, da DFB Pokal da kuma Kofin Mata na Farko a 2013 tare da nasarar 2-0 a kan Barcelona a wasan karshe. A shekara ta 2013, ta ƙare aikinta saboda matsalolin gwiwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rebecca Smith und Eve Chandraratne verlassen Wolfsburg |url=http://www.womensoccer.de/2013/05/03/rebecca-smith-und-eve-chandraratne-verlassen-wolfsburg/ |access-date=1 January 2015 |publisher=Womensoccer.de |archive-date=19 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019200253/http://www.womensoccer.de/2013/05/03/rebecca-smith-und-eve-chandraratne-verlassen-wolfsburg/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ƙasashen Duniya == Smith ta fara buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Ferns a nasarar 15-0 a kan Samoa a ranar 7 ga Afrilun shekarar 2003, kuma ta jagoranci New Zealand a gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA ta Shekarar 2007 a China, <ref name="wwc2007">{{Cite web |title=New Zealand Squad List, 2007 Women's World Cup |url=https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/womensworldcup/china2007/teams/team=1883725/squadlist.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080713192919/http://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/womensworldcup/china2007/teams/team=1883725/squadlist.html |archive-date=13 July 2008 |access-date=22 September 2008 |publisher=FIFA}}</ref> inda suka sha kashi a hannu [[Brazil]] 0-5, [[Denmark]] (0-2) da China (0-2). An kuma haɗa Smith a cikin tawagar New Zealand don Wasannin Olympics na bazara na 2008 inda suka zana tare da [[Japan]] (2-2) kafin su rasa Norway (0-1) da Amurka (0-4). Ayyukan Smith masu ƙarfi a cikin baya na New Zealand sun ba ta lambar yabo ta FIFA Women's World Player of the Year a 2007 da kuma New Zealand Player of the year a 2007. An kuma ba ta suna Oceania's Player of the Year sau biyu a duka 2011 da 2013. Smith ta buga wasan sada zumunci na 50 da ta yi da Australia a ranar 12 ga Mayu 2011. Smith ta zama kyaftin din New Zealand a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta Mata ta FIFA ta 2011 a Jamus.<ref>{{Cite web |title=New Zealand [Women] - Squad Women World Cup 2011 Germany |url=https://www.worldfootball.net/teams/neuseeland-frauen-team/frauen-wm-2011-deutschland/2/ |access-date=2020-09-25 |website=worldfootball.net |language=en}}</ref> Smith ta sake zama kyaftin ɗin tawagar ƙasar New Zealand wacce ta kai wasan kusa da na karshe a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta shekarar 2012. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-02-09 |title=Women |url=http://www.olympic.org.nz/news/womens-olympic-football-squad-named/ |access-date=2020-09-25 |website=New Zealand Olympic Team |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 18 ga Satumba na shekarar 2013, Smith ta sanar da ritayar ta daga ƙwallon kafa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 May 2011 |title=Rebecca Smith announces retirement |url=http://www.nzfootball.co.nz/index.php?id=11&tx_ttnewstt_news=2546&tx_ttnewsbackPid=10&cHash=6e37e0239e |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141109052437/http://www.nzfootball.co.nz/index.php?id=11 |archive-date=9 November 2014 |access-date=1 January 2015 |publisher=NZ Football}}</ref> == Wasannin ƙasa da ƙasa == {| class="wikitable" !A'a. !Ranar !Wurin da ake ciki !Abokin hamayya !Sakamakon !Sakamakon !Gasar |- |1. |5 ga Yulin 2011 |Rhein-Neckar-Arena, Sinsheim, [[Jamus]] |{{Fbw|MEX}} | align="center" |1–2 | align="center" |2–2 |Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta Mata ta FIFA ta 2011 |} == Rayuwar sana'a == Smith tana da ƙwarewa a cikin harsuna huɗu; Turanci, Jamusanci, Mutanen Espanya da Yaren mutanen Sweden. A shekara ta 2013, ta kafa kamfanin ba da shawara kan ƙwallon ƙafaafa na mata Crux Sports, inda a halin yanzu ita ce Shugaba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bouchet |first=Camille |date=2019-08-26 |title=Rebecca Smith {{!}} The FBA |url=https://the-fba.com/guest-lecturer/rebecca-smith/ |access-date=2023-08-17 |website=The-FBA |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=September 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-05 |title=Former New Zealand soccer captain Rebecca Smith on founding women’s sports consultancy Crux Sports |url=https://www.sportsbusinessjournal.com/Journal/Issues/2023/06/05/Technology/rebecca-bex-smith.aspx |access-date=2023-08-17 |website=www.sportsbusinessjournal.com |language=en}}</ref> === FIFA === Lokacin da Smith ta yi ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa, sai ta koma aiki a FIFA, tana gudanar da wasannin mata. === COPA90 === Smith ta shiga COPA90, a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2018 a matsayin Babban Darakta na Duniya na Wasan Mata na COPA90. ==== Podcast na 'yan wasa ==== COPA90 ta ƙaddamar da The Players Podcast, tare da BBC, wanda Smith ya shirya kuma ya zauna tare da wasu manyan ƴan wasa da mutane a cikin wasanni da kuma bayan suyi magana game da batutuwa ta hanyar ruwan tabarau na ƙwallon ƙafa amma hakan ya wuce ƙwallon ƙafa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Burhan |first=Asif |title=BBC And Copa90 Aim To 'Flip The Switch' On Women's Soccer With New Podcast 'The Players' |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/asifburhan/2020/11/11/bbc--copa90-to-flip-switch-on-womens-soccer-with-the-players/?sh=6db7f8133896 |access-date=19 February 2022 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=COPA90 appoint New Zealand legend Rebecca Smith as Global Executive Director of the Women's Game |url=https://www.womeninfootball.co.uk/news/2019/01/14/copa90-appoint-new-zealand-legend-rebecca-smith/ |access-date=19 February 2022 |website=Women in Football}}</ref> === Wasanni na Optus === Smith ta shiga ƙungiyar Optus Sport, don watsa shirye-shiryen Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta Mata ta FIFA ta 2023 wanda ake shirya shi a ƙasar Australia da New Zealand. A matsayin wani ɓangare na watsa shirye-shiryen, tana ba da gudummawa ga shirin safiyar yau da kullun da ake kira Daily Kick-Off a lokacin gasar, kuma tana ba da ƙwarewa a cikin ɗakin karatu don wasu wasannin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 May 2023 |title=Optus Sport announces six new faces in FIFA Women's World Cup 2023™ team |url=https://sport.optus.com.au/news/womens-world-cup-2023/os57654/wwc2023-64-days-to-go-optus-sport-announces-six-new-womens-world-cup-hosts |access-date=2023-07-25 |website=sport.optus.com.au}}</ref> == Daraja == ; VfL Wolfsburg * Gasar Zakarun Mata ta UEFA: 2012-13 <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Rebecca Smith - Player Profile - Football |url=https://www.eurosport.com/football/rebecca-smith_prs281722/person.shtml |access-date=2023-08-17 |website=Eurosport |language=en}}</ref> * Frauen-Bundesliga: 2012-13 [1]<ref name=":0" /> * DFB-Pokal Frauen: 2012-13 [1]<ref name=":0" /> ; Mutumin da ya fi so * IFFHS OFC Mata Team na Shekara Goma 2011-2020 <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 January 2021 |title=IFFHS WOMAN TEAM - OFC - OF THE DECADE 2011-2020 |url=https://www.iffhs.com/index.php/posts/933 |website=IFFHS |access-date=24 March 2024 |archive-date=12 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612130118/https://www.iffhs.com/index.php/posts/933 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin Haɗin waje == * {{FIFA player|199138|Rebecca Smith}} * [http://www.nzsoccer.com/page/ff_rebecca_smith.html Bayanan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na NZ]{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://www.fansoccer.de/ersteliga/interviews/smith.htm Tattaunawa *Jamusanci*] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070309171632/http://www.fansoccer.de/ersteliga/interviews/smith.htm |date=2007-03-09 }} * Rebecca Smitha cikinKungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Sweden (a cikin Yaren mutanen Sweden) (an adana shi) [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1981]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 6awdbb4g63cknkzjqzqpur8qnjr0ip4 Phumelela Mbande 0 77330 889354 470063 2026-07-30T12:23:33Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889354 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Phumelela Luphumlo Mbande''' (An haife shi a ranar 8 ga watan [[Maris]] na shekarar 1993) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Afirka ta Kudu, na ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙasa ta Afirka ta Kudu . <ref>[https://results.gc2018.com/en/hockey/athlete-profile-n6007750-phumelela-mbande.htm 2018 Commonwelath Games profile]</ref> == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == Ta shiga Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta Hockey ta Mata ta 2018 . <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 June 2018 |title=SA Women's Hockey Squad named for the Vitality Hockey Women's World Cup |url=https://www.sahockey.co.za/sa-teams/sa-women/414-sa-women-s-hockey-squad-named-for-the-vitality-hockey-women-s-world-cup |website=sahockey.co.za |access-date=19 April 2024 |archive-date=12 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612142821/https://www.sahockey.co.za/sa-teams/sa-women/414-sa-women-s-hockey-squad-named-for-the-vitality-hockey-women-s-world-cup |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hockey Women's World Cup 2018: Team Details United States |url=https://fih.altiusrt.com/competitions/869/reports/teams |publisher=FIH |page=14}}</ref> Ta zama kyaftin din tawagar mata ta Afirka ta Kudu yayin da ta fafata a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hockey MBANDE Phumelela Luphumlo |url=https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/hockey/athlete-profile-n1318685-mbande-phumelela-luphumlo.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816031757/https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/hockey/athlete-profile-n1318685-mbande-phumelela-luphumlo.htm |archive-date=16 August 2021 |access-date=2021-08-16 |website=Tokyo 2020 Olympics |publisher=[[Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games]] |language=en-us}}</ref> A ranar 23 ga watan Yulin 2021, Mbande ya raba girmamawa na aiki a matsayin mai ɗaukar tutar [[Afirka ta Kudu]], tare da mai yin iyo Chad le Clos, a Parade of Nations a lokacin bikin buɗewa gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 2020 a [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]].<ref name="Isaacson22Jul2021">Isaacson, David (22 July 2021). </ref><ref name="N24fboc22Jul2021">[https://www.news24.com/sport/othersport/olympics2020/chad-le-clos-phumelela-mbande-to-carry-sa-flag-at-olympics-opening-ceremony-20210722 "Chad le Clos, Phumelela Mbande to carry SA flag at Olympics opening ceremony"]. </ref><ref name="Gleeson23Jul2021">Gleeson, Mark (23 July 2021). </ref><ref name="Mohamed23Jul2021">Mohamed, Ashfak (23 July 2021). </ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Ta yi karatun digiri na Bcom Accounting sciences da kuma digiri na biyu a lissafi a jami'ar Pretoria, ta kammala a shekarar 2016. Ta cancanci zama mai ba da lissafi (Afirka ta Kudu) a cikin 2019 kuma manajan binciken waje ne a PricewaterhouseCoopers.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-29 |title=Phumelela Mbande, 29 |url=https://200youngsouthafricans.co.za/phumelela-mbande-29-2022/ |access-date=2022-07-02 |website=Mail & Guardian 200 Young South Africans |language=en-ZA |archive-date=2022-07-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701223542/https://200youngsouthafricans.co.za/phumelela-mbande-29-2022/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A watan [[Satumbar]] 2022 ta auri Malusi Hlophe . == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1993]] s8c2m8lvkw9ngm2amry7385064zle84 Rebecca Root 0 77551 889605 505716 2026-07-30T23:33:35Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889605 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Rebecca Root''' yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Ingilishi, ɗan wasan barkwanci kuma mai koyar da murya. An fi saninta da taka rawar jagoranci a cikin 2015 BBC Two sitcom ''Boy haɗu Girl'' . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Boy Meets Girl |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b07k4tx0 |access-date=26 March 2018 |website=BBC online}}</ref> Ta yi rawar da Siobhan ya taka a cikin yawon shakatawa na gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kasa na ''The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time'' . [[Fayil:Rebecca Root at the press conference of Sisters Brothers, 2018 Toronto Film Festival (44070760654).jpg|thumb|Rebecca Root]] An ƙididdige ta a matsayi na 18 a cikin ''The Independent on Sunday'' {{'}} Rainbow List 2014, wanda ya sanya mata suna a matsayin ƴar wasan kwaikwayo a fili a gidan talabijin na al'ada, tare da wasu kamar Alexandra Billings, [[Laverne Cox]] da Adèle Anderson . == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Tushen a Woking, Surrey, Ingila. Ita ce ɗa ta biyu na mahaifiyar ma'aikaciyar jinya, yayin da mahaifinta ma'aikacin banki ne a Guildford . Tana da ƙanwarta mai suna Rachel da ƙanwarta, Rosalind, wacce ta cika shekara takwas da ƙaramarta. Tana da shekara 11 danginta sun ƙaura zuwa ƙauyen Oxfordshire inda ta halarci Makarantar Bartholomew a Eynsham . Lokacin da take matashiya ta yi tare da ƙungiyoyin wasan kwaikwayo na gida da kuma babban gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kasa da kasa na Burtaniya, inda ta kasance mai zamani na 'yan wasan kwaikwayo Lucy Briers, Jonathan Cake, da [[Daniel Craig]] . <ref name="essentialsurrey.co.uk">{{Cite web |date=January 2015 |title=Interview: Transgender actress Rebecca Root |url=https://www.essentialsurrey.co.uk/lifestyle/celebrity-interview/rebecca-root/ |website=Essential Surrey & SW London}}</ref> Ta ci gaba da sauke karatu daga Royal Central School of Speech and Drama tare da Master of Arts in [[Vocal Studies]] a shekarar 2012. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rebecca Root acting profile |url=https://www.nationaltheatre.org.uk/people/18661 |website=[[Royal National Theater|National Theater]]}}</ref> Rubutun ta, "A can da Baya: Kasada a Genderland", tun daga lokacin an buga shi a cikin mujallar ''Muryar Murya da Maganar Magana'' . == Sana'a == Bayan kammala karatun digiri na shida a cikin shekarar 1987, Root ta koma Landan cikakken lokaci domin ta sami horo a matsayin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo a Makarantar Koyon wasan kwaikwayo ta Mountview ta shafe shekaru goma masu zuwa a matsayin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, <ref name="essentialsurrey.co.uk"/> yana aiki a cikin kewayon shirye-shiryen talabijin da wasan kwaikwayo. musamman a cikin shirye-shiryen TV kamar ''Ci gaba da Bayyanuwa'' da ''Rasa'', da kuma wasan kwaikwayo kamar ''Lady's Ba Don Konewa'', ''Hamlet'', da ''Tartuffe'' . ''Kafin nasararta a cikin shekarar 2015 tana taka rawar tallafi a cikin fim ɗin da ya sami lambar yabo The Danish Girl (wanda ta fara fitowa a fim) da kuma jagorar rawar da ta taka a fagen wasan kwaikwayo na BBC Saurayi na soyayya Ya haɗu da Yarinya, Tushen ya ɗauki cewa ta taka rawar da aka bayyana a matsayin "mai son soyayya. gubar, debonair, jaki, soja-yawanci da gundura 'na al'ada.'”''”<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 September 2018 |title=Trans Actress Rebecca Root Is Changing History in The Sisters Brothers—Or Maybe Just Revealing It |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2018/09/rebecca-root-the-sisters-brothers |website=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 2015 Tushen kuma ya yi tauraro a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na BBC Radio 4 ''1977'', <ref name="bbcb06r8gms">{{Cite web |date=3 December 2015 |title=Drama: 1977 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b06r8gms |website=BBC online}}</ref> game da mashahurin mawakiyar transgender Angela Morley wacce ta zama sunan gida ga masu sauraron rediyon Burtaniya kamar Wally Stott. Ya biyo bayan shekarar da aka shigar da Morley don kammala haɗa kayan kiɗan zuwa fim din ''Watership Down'' cikin makonni uku. <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 November 2015 |title=About so much more than 'a transgender woman in the 1970s' |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/writersroom/entries/7c87da6e-c8b0-462e-86a9-b4227fdd25de |website=BBC/blogs/writersroom}}</ref> Ta fito a cikin jerin sauti ''na Doctor Who'' ''Stranded'', wani ɓangare na balaguron Likita na takwas, wasa Tania Bell, abokin aikin likita na farko a bayyane, da kuma wani ma'aikacin Torchwood yana lura da Likita na takwas lokacin da ya kama shi a duniya saboda lalacewar TARDIS. . Tushen kuma mai koyar da murya ne, yana koyarwa a Makarantar Ayyuka ta Gabas 15 kuma daga gidanta a Highgate, London. Ta fara wannan aikin ne bayan ta sauya sheka daga namiji zuwa mace a 2003 <ref name="essentialsurrey.co.uk"/> kuma aikin wasan kwaikwayo ya yi wuya a samu. Tushen kuma yana tallata darussan gyaran murya musamman don masu canza jinsi don taimaka musu "nemo muryar da suke jin ta dace da jinsinsu". == Rayuwa ta sirri == Tushen mace ce ta maza biyu <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 2015 |title='Interview: Transgender actress Rebecca Root' |url=https://www.essentialsurrey.co.uk/lifestyle/celebrity-interview/rebecca-root/ |website=Essential Surrey & SW London}}</ref> kuma a halin yanzu tana zaune a Landan tare da abokin aikinta, 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Elizabeth Menabney. Ita kuma mai ba da shawara ce mai kishi ga haƙƙin LGBT kuma majiɓinci ne ga ƙungiyoyin agaji na Diversity Role Models <ref>{{Cite web |title=Patrons |url=https://www.diversityrolemodels.org/about-us/patrons |access-date=2024-04-25 |archive-date=2020-01-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200124234750/https://www.diversityrolemodels.org/about-us/patrons |url-status=dead }}</ref> da Liberate Jersey. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jersey |first=Liberate |date=2017-07-08 |title=Liberate has its first patron |url=https://liberate.je/2017/07/08/liberate-has-its-first-patron/ |access-date=2023-03-18 |website=Liberate |language=en-US}}</ref> == Filmography == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Year !Title !Role ! class="unsortable" |Notes |- |1995 |''Keeping Up Appearances'' |The Engineer |Episode: "Hyacinth Is Alarmed" |- | rowspan="2" |1996 |''Eight for Eight Thirty'' |Julian |Short film |- |''The Detectives'' |Vet |Episode: "Back in Class" |- |1997 |''Casualty'' |Psychiatric SHO |2 episodes |- |2012 |''Normal: Real Stories from the Sex Industry'' |Cynthia |Film premiered at the 2012 Raindance Film Festival |- |2015–2016 |''Boy Meets Girl'' |Judy |BBC TV series |- | rowspan="2" |2015 |''1977'' |Angela Morley |BBC Radio 4 drama<ref name="bbcb06r8gms"/> |- |''The Danish Girl'' |Lili's nurse |Root auditioned for the role of the transgender character Lili Elbe, but the role was given to actor Eddie Redmayne, with Root being given the role of Lili's nurse |- |2017 |''Doctor Who: Zaltys'' |Sable |Big Finish ''Doctor Who'' audio drama<ref>{{Cite web |title=223. Doctor Who: Zaltys - Doctor Who - The Monthly Adventures - Big Finish |url=https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-zaltys-1253 |access-date=2019-12-21 |website=www.bigfinish.com}}</ref> |- |2017–2018 |''Doctors'' |Samantha Eustace |4 episodes |- | rowspan="3" |2018 |''Colette'' |Rachilde | |- |''The Sisters Brothers'' |Mayfield | |- |''The Romanoffs'' |Dana |Episode: "The One That Holds Everything" |- | rowspan="4" |2019 |''Moominvalley'' |Misabel |Episode #1.1 |- |''Flack'' |Allie Gregs |Episode: "Dan" |- |''Last Christmas'' |Dr. Addis | |- |''Gallifrey: Time War 2'' |Cantico |Big Finish audio drama boxset<ref>{{Cite web |title=10. Gallifrey: Time War 2 - Gallifrey - Big Finish |url=https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/gallifrey-time-war-2-1794 |access-date=2019-12-21 |website=www.bigfinish.com}}</ref> |- |2020 |''Doctor Who: Stranded'' |Tania Bell |Big Finish ''Doctor Who'' audio drama boxset<ref>{{Cite web |title=Paul McGann comes down to Earth with a bump in Doctor Who - Stranded - News - Big Finish |url=https://www.bigfinish.com/news/v/paul-mcgann-comes-down-to-earth-with-a-bump-in-doctor-who-stranded |access-date=2019-12-21 |website=www.bigfinish.com |archive-date=2019-12-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220211814/https://www.bigfinish.com/news/v/paul-mcgann-comes-down-to-earth-with-a-bump-in-doctor-who-stranded |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |2020 |''The Queen's Gambit'' |Miss Lonsdale |2 episodes |- |2021 |''Creation Stories''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Creation Stories review: Alan McGee biopic - The Skinny |url=https://www.theskinny.co.uk/film/new-releases/creation-stories |access-date=2021-02-27 |website=www.theskinny.co.uk}}</ref> |Victoria | |- |2021 |''Sex Education (TV series)'' |Police Officer |Season 3, Episode 6 |- |2022 |''This is Christmas'' |Miranda |Film<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kaya Scodelario and Alfred Enoch to star in Sky rom-com This Christmas |url=https://www.radiotimes.com/movies/kaya-scodelario-alfred-enoch-sky-this-christmas-newsupdate/ |website=Radio Times}}</ref> |- |2022 |''The Rising'' |DS Diana Aird | |- |2022 |''Horizon Forbidden West'' |Wekatta |Video Game |- |2023 |''Hogwarts Legacy'' |Sirona Ryan |Video Game |- |2023 |''Heartstopper (TV series)'' |Principal |Season 2, Episode 7 |- |2023 |''Annika'' |Alex Carrigan |1 episode |- |2023 |''The Galley'' |Nicky |Video Game |- |2024 |''Monsieur Spade'' |Cynthia Fitzsimmons |6 episodes |} == Magana == .mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman} == Kara karantawa == *   – includes an interview with Root. == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{Official website|http://rebeccaroot.co.uk/}} * {{IMDb name|2340289}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] tgwvckvs5xkmujp251it1c0qh53uhhe Robert Köbler 0 78706 889636 430660 2026-07-31T05:16:07Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889636 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Robert Hans Friedrich Köbler''' (21 ga Fabrairu 1912 - 7 ga Satumba 1970) ya kasance dan wasan Jamus ne, pianist, mawaƙi kuma farfesa a [[Jami'ar Leipzig]] . <ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=Ri12_klbEmYC&dq=robert+k%C3%B6bler+organist&pg=PA376 ''Robert Köbler''] on Google Books</ref> An haifi Köbler a Waldsassen . <ref>Birth Register StA Waldsassen, No. 26/1912</ref> Ya yi karatun kiɗa na coci a Leipzig daga 1931 zuwa 1934, organ tare da Karl Straube da piano tare da Carl Martienssen . [1] Köbler ya kasance cantor da organist a Löbau daga 1935 zuwa 1945. Daga 1946 yana da matsayin koyarwa don organ da harpsichord a Leipzig.[1] A shekara ta 1949 ya zama organist a Paulinerkirche, cocin jami'ar Leipzig. [1] <ref>[https://unigottesdienst.org/geschichte/ Geschichte] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927103936/https://unigottesdienst.org/geschichte/ |date=2020-09-27 }} (in German) unigottesdienst.org</ref> An nada shi farfesa na organ da harpsichord a shekarar 1956. [1] Köbler an fi sani da shi a matsayin mai ba da gudummawa, musamman ga sau da yawa masu ban dariya. Yawon shakatawa ya kai shi kasashen Gabas da Yammacin Turai. Köbler ya mutu a Buch <ref>Death register StA Berlin-Buch, Nr. 2165/1970</ref> na ciwon daji, yana da shekaru 58. == Abubuwan da aka tsara == Köbler ya rubuta waƙoƙi don piano, kwayar halitta da murya, gami da: <ref>[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/603202068 ''Robert Kobler''] WorldCat</ref> * ''Klavierstücke für Kinder'' (Peters Edition) * ''Fünf Lieder nach Gedichten von Wilhelm Busch'' (Breitkopf &amp;amp; Härtel) * ''Vier gemischte Chöre a cappella'' (Breitkopf & Härtel) * ''Fünf Fugen'' (Peters Edition) == Bayanan da aka ambata == .mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman} == Haɗin waje == * Littattafai ta Robert Köbler da kuma game da shia cikinLaburaren Kasa na Jamuskatako * Robert Köbler (Organ) Bach Cantatas Gidan yanar gizon 2011 * {{AllMusic|id=mn0002198989}} * Robert Köblerfaifai aDiscogs * {{YouTube|jxlaGAbshn4|Präludium und Fuge E-Dur (Lübeck) - Robert Köbler (Stellwagen-Orgel) (Marienkirche Stralsund)}} * [https://unichor.uni-leipzig.de/index.php?page=diskographie&show=15 "Bleibet jiya da wachet ..." / Die Universitätskirche zu Leipzig 1240-1968 - Eine Dokumentation] Leipziger Universitätschor 1992 * [https://idw-online.de/de/news261719 Uraufführung зуnert wani Kirchensprengung] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240529193919/https://idw-online.de/de/news261719 |date=2024-05-29 }} (a cikin Jamusanci) idw-online.de 23 Mayu 2008 * [https://www.nd-archiv.de/ausgabe/1964-04-14 Festkonzert a Weimar] Neues Deutschland 14 Afrilu 1964 [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1912]] 4y1sh5pb5rkubbqte7jdmcwecuwnl0j Rita Aciro 0 81582 889632 719905 2026-07-31T04:48:24Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889632 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Rita Aciro.jpg|thumb|Rita Aciro]] '''Rita Aciro''' [[Mai kare ƴancin ɗan'adam|ma'aikaciya a fannin kare haƙƙin ɗan Adam]] 'yar Uganda ce kuma Babbar Daraktar na Ƙungiyar Mata ta Uganda (UWONET). Ta kasance wacce ta karɓi lambar yabo ta masu kare haƙƙin ɗan Adam [[Tarayyar Turai|ta Tarayyar Turai]] na shekarar 2021. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Amamukirori |first=Betty |title=Activist Ritah Aciro wins 2021 EU human rights defenders’ award |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/100218 |access-date=2022-06-15 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Ninyesiga |first=Robert |date=2021-05-03 |title=Rita Aciro Scoops the 2021 EU Human Rights Defenders Award |url=https://ngoforum.or.ug/2021/05/03/rita-aciro-scoops-2021-eu-human-rights-defenders-award |access-date=2022-06-15 |website=NGO Forum |archive-date=2024-04-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240413132031/https://ngoforum.or.ug/2021/05/03/rita-aciro-scoops-2021-eu-human-rights-defenders-award/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Nassuuna |first=Noelyn |date=2021-04-30 |title=Uganda’s Rita Aciro wins EU rights defenders award |url=https://www.kfm.co.ug/news/ugandas-rita-aciro-wins-eu-rights-defenders-award.html |access-date=2022-06-15 |website=93.3 KFM |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-06-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628032051/https://www.kfm.co.ug/news/ugandas-rita-aciro-wins-eu-rights-defenders-award.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Musinguzi |first=Bamuturaki |date=2021-05-08 |title=Aciro wins EU Human Rights Defenders’ Award 2021 |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/magazine/aciro-wins-eu-human-rights-defenders-award-2021-3392584 |access-date=2022-06-15 |website=The East African |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nakiyimba |first=Gloria |date=2021-08-01 |title=UWONET's Aciro scoops EU human rights defenders' award |url=https://capitalradio.co.ug/news/2021-08-01-uwonets-aciro-scoops-eu-human-rights-defenders-award/ |access-date=2022-06-15 |website=Capital Radio |language=en-KE |archive-date=2023-05-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230515125818/https://capitalradio.co.ug/news/2021-08-01-uwonets-aciro-scoops-eu-human-rights-defenders-award/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Tarihi da ilimi == Aciro ta fara karatunta a makarantar kwana ta Reparatrix a Bugonge Entebbe, daga nan ta shiga makarantar sakandare ta Kololo don karatun sakandare. <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Nantaba |first=Agnes |date=2017-07-24 |title=RITA ACIRO: Passion for empowering women |url=https://www.independent.co.ug/rita-aciro-passion-empowering-women/ |access-date=2022-06-15 |website=The Independent Uganda |language=en-US}}</ref> Ta shiga cibiyar sadarwar mata ta Uganda (UWONET) a matsayin mai horarwa a cikin shekara ta 1997. <ref name=":4"/> == Sana'a == Aciro ta yi aiki tare da al'ummomi da gwamnatoci a [[Gabashin Afirka]] kan batutuwan da suka shafi jagoranci 'yan mata da mata, 'yancin mata na ƙasa, yaki da cin zarafin mata, gina zaman lafiya na mata, ilimin jama'a da masu jefa kuri'a tare da sa ido kan zaɓe. <ref name=":1"/> <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=2019-11-26 |title=Women demand permanent sexual gender based violence court to curb crimes |url=https://www.independent.co.ug/women-demand-permanent-sexual-gender-based-violence-court-to-curb-crimes/ |access-date=2022-06-15 |website=The Independent Uganda |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-06 |title=Lining up exposed irregularities in NRM primaries- Election observers |url=https://www.independent.co.ug/lining-up-exposed-irregularities-in-nrm-primaries-election-observers/ |access-date=2022-06-15 |website=The Independent Uganda |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-02-03 |title=Uganda: NGO to Train Women Candidates |url=http://peacewomen.org/content/uganda-ngo-train-women-candidates |access-date=2022-06-15 |website=PeaceWomen |language=en |archive-date=2024-04-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240408095405/http://peacewomen.org/content/uganda-ngo-train-women-candidates |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-24 |title=UWONET lobbies for GBV funding |url=https://www.parliament.go.ug/news/2844/uwonet-lobbies-gbv-funding |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729223224/https://www.parliament.go.ug/news/2844/uwonet-lobbies-gbv-funding |archive-date=2021-07-29 |access-date=2022-07-11 |website=Parliament of Uganda}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-08-29 |title=‘Stop Pulling Each Other Down,’ Women Urged |url=https://chimpreports.com/stop-pulling-each-other-down-women-urged/ |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=ChimpReports |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-11-26 |title=Women demand permanent sexual gender based violence court to curb crimes |url=https://www.independent.co.ug/women-demand-permanent-sexual-gender-based-violence-court-to-curb-crimes/ |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=The Independent Uganda |language=en-US}}</ref> Tana da gogewa sama da shekaru 20 kasancewar tana kan gaba wajen fafutuka da fafutukar kare hakkin mata da 'yan mata. <ref name=":1"/> <ref name=":5"/> <ref name=":3"/> A cikin shekarar 2021 ta samu lambar yabo ta masumman akan kare hakkin bil'adama ta Tarayyar Turai, wacce ake ba kowace shekara ga wata mai kare haƙƙin ɗan Adam ta Uganda, ta amince da gudummawarta ga 'yancin mata da 'yan mata a Uganda da haɓaka [[Haƙƙoƙin ɗan'adam|kare haƙƙin ɗan Adam]] da [[Dimokaraɗiyya|ƙimar dimokiradiyya]]. <ref name=":1"/> <ref name=":2"/> <ref name=":3"/> <ref name=":0"/> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-04 |title=Parish Model Could Fail Due to Shrinking Civic Space – Activist |url=https://chimpreports.com/parish-model-could-fail-due-to-shrinking-civic-space-activist/ |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=ChimpReports |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] f1vsxm4rtmjjmz1rv5sjwfr8p2cua8p Pius Ncube 0 81605 889366 796253 2026-07-30T13:30:01Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889366 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Zimbabwe_eric_bauchemin_2_084.jpg |thumb|Pius Ncube ]] [[Fayil:Zimbabwe eric bauchemin 2 084.jpg|thumb|Pius Ncube]] '''Pius Alick Mvundla Ncube''' (an haife shi a ranar 31 ga watan Disamba 1946) ya yi aiki a matsayin Archbishop na [[Cocin katolika|Roman Katolika]] na [[Bulawayo]], [[Zimbabwe]], har sai da ya yi murabus a ranar 11 ga watan Satumba 2007. Ncube wanda aka fi sani da fafutukar kare hakkin ɗan Adam, ya kasance mai sukar tsohon shugaban ƙasa [[Robert Mugabe]] a lokacin da yake kan mulki. <ref name="resig">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6989342.stm In quotes: Pius Ncube] BBC News</ref> == Tarihin Rayuwa == Archbishop Ncube ya sami lambar yabo ta 'yancin ɗan Adam daga [[Farkon Ƴancin Ɗan Adam|'yancin ɗan Adam na farko (Human right first)]] a ranar 23 ga watan Oktoba 2003 don yin magana game da [[Gallazawa|azabtarwa]] da fuskantar gwamnatin Mugabe <ref>[http://www.radionetherlandsarchives.org/under-siege-gods-men-in-zimbabwe/ Under Siege, God's men in Zimbabwe, Radio Netherlands Archives, September 23, 2003]</ref> saboda yunwa da ke ƙashe wasu yankuna na Zimbabwe saboda dalilai na siyasa. An yi masa barazanar kisa da yawa saboda ayyukansa. Shi dan ƙabilar Ndebele tsiraru ne na ƙasar Zimbabwe. <ref>[http://www.zimbabwesituation.com/aug23_2004.html Churchman to 'unite' Zimbabwe]. 22 August 2004. ''News24'' (retrieved from the [http://www.zimbabwesituation.com/index.html Zimbabwe Situation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070903143505/http://www.zimbabwesituation.com/index.html |date=2007-09-03 }} website).</ref> Pius ya lashe lambar yabo ta 2005 Robert Burns Award. <ref name="South Ayrshire Council 2018">{{Cite web |date=12 January 2018 |title=The Robert Burns Humanitarians - Robert Burns Humanitarian Award |url=https://www.south-ayrshire.gov.uk/burnsaward/humanitarians.aspx |access-date=1 February 2018 |website=South Ayrshire Council |archive-date=1 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180301225638/https://www.south-ayrshire.gov.uk/burnsaward/humanitarians.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> Zaɓen da aka yi a baya a Zimbabwe na fama da tashin hankali da cin hanci da rashawa. Da yake ganin cewa za a daidaita zaɓukan ‘yan majalisar dokokin ƙasar Zimbabwe a shekara ta 2005, Ncube ya yi kira da a yi zanga-zangar jama’a a cikin salon juyin juya halin Orange ko kuma juyin juya halin Tulip don kawar da Mugabe daga kan ƙaragar mulki. “Ina fata mutane sun ruɗe har da gaske suka shirya wa wannan gwamnati tare da kore shi ta hanyar tayar da kayar baya na jama’a,” in ji Ncube. <ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4386343.stm Zimbabwe cleric urges 'uprising']. 27 March 2005. [[BBC News]].</ref> A mayar da martani, Mugabe ya kira Ncube a matsayin mai son zuciya kuma makaryaci. Bayan zaɓen watan Maris na 2005, Ncube ya sake yin kira da a yi tawaye cikin lumana. Da yake magana kan Mugabe ya ce "Ina addu'ar ya koma gida a hankali; yana da shekaru 84, ya yi cikakkiyar rayuwa." <ref>[http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-0504030261apr03,1,1200285.story?coll=chi_news_nationworld_util Around globe thoughts turn to end of his life's journey]. John Biemer, 3 April 2005. ''[[Chicago Tribune|The Chicago Tribune]]''.</ref> A watan Maris na shekara ta 2005 Ministan Bayanai Nathan Shamuyarira ya kira Ncube a matsayin " mahaukaci, maƙaryaci. Ya kasance yana karya shekaru biyu da suka gabata. Duk da haka, ya shiga cikin makircin Burtaniya da Amurkawa, waɗanda ke kira ga canjin mulki kuma suna ciyar da shi da waɗannan ra'ayoyin daji. Kira na Archbishop Ncube don tashin hankali mara bin doka ya nuna cewa kayan aiki ne na tsarin mulkin Yamma ba bisa ka'ida ba.<ref name="pius">[http://www.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/africa/03/28/zimbabwe.elections/ Mugabe's party attacks archbishop], 28 March 2005. CNN</ref> == Rigima == === Zargin zina === A ranar 16 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2007 an shigar da karar zina ta ZWD biliyan 20 (US $ 1.3 miliyan a farashin hukuma da US $ 154,000 a kasuwar baƙar fata) a kansa. Ncube da lauyoyinsa sun bayyana cewa zarge-zargen sun kasance saboda siyasa; lauyoyinsa suka bayyana su a matsayin "wani nau'in yunkurin da aka shirya don kunyatar da babban bishop".<ref name="XXX">http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/6902043.stm, BBC online, 17 July 2007</ref> An samu rahoton cewa Ncube na da hannu da Rosemary Sibanda, matar Onesimus Sibanda, mazaunin Bulawayo. Wasu majiyoyi sun ruwaito Misis Sibanda ta yarda cewa ta yi wata alaka da Archbishop. <ref name="ZZZ">[http://www.wkrn.com/nashville/news/ap-cameras-along-as-zimbabwe-bishop-accused/107585.htm (AP) Cameras Along as Zimbabwe Bishop Accused | WKRN.COM]</ref> Wasu majiyoyi sun ruwaito cewa gaba ɗaya taron ya kasance tarkon zumar gwamnati tun da farko, wanda a halin yanzu ya fara wargajewa. <ref name="WWW">http://www.zimbabwetoday.co.uk/2007/07/zimbabwe.html#more {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240715121356/http://www.zimbabwetoday.co.uk/2007/07/zimbabwe.html#more |date=2024-07-15 }}, Zimbabwe Today, 26 July 2007</ref> Rashin ingantaccen rahoto yana sa wannan batu ba zai yiwu a warware shi ba. A cikin 'yan kwanaki kafin 11 ga watan Satumba 2007, an buga hotunan Ncube tare da Rosemary Sibanda a cikin ɗakin kwanansa a cikin jaridun Zimbabwe. Har ila yau, ''jaridar The Guardian'' ta ruwaito cewa, gidan talabijin na ƙasar Zimbabwe ya yi ta nuna faifan bidiyo na wani mutum da mace, waɗanda ake zargin Ncube da Sibanda, a lokuta da dama. Waɗannan abubuwa ne suka sa Ncube ya yanke shawarar yin murabus daga muƙaminsa. A ranar 11 ga watan Satumba 2007, an sanar da <ref name="Rinunce e Nomine">[http://212.77.1.245/news_services/bulletin/news/20757.php?index=20757&lang=en#RINUNCIADELL’ARCIVESCOVO%20DI%20BULAWAYO%20(ZIMBABWE) Vatican News Services, September 11, 2007]{{Dead link|date=May 2020|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> cewa [[Benedict na Sha Shida|Paparoma Benedict XVI]] ya amince da murabus na Archbishop Pius Alick Ncube daga gwamnatin fastoci na Archdiocese Roman Katolika na Bulawayo, bisa ga canon 401, sashe na 2, na Code of Canon law, wadda ta ce: "Bishop na diocesan wanda ya kasa cika ofishinsa saboda rashin lafiya ko kuma wani babban dalili an buƙaci ya gabatar da murabus ɗinsa daga ofishin." <ref name="Code of Canon Law, can. 401, § 2">[https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P1E.HTM Code of Canon Law, can. 401, § 2]</ref> Wannan murabus ya biyo bayan buga hotunan Ncube tare da Misis Rosemary Sibanda a cikin jaridun Zimbabwe da sauran wurare. A cikin wata sanarwar manema labarai da Ncube ya fitar ya ce ya yanke shawarar yin murabus ne saboda "mummunan harin da aka kai wa kaina ba kawai ba, har ma da wakilin Cocin Katolika a Zimbabwe". Ya kuma bayyana cewa hakan na nufin “kare ’yan’uwana Bishops da kuma kungiyar Cocin duk wani harin da aka kai”. Duk da haka ya jaddada cewa zai ci gaba da kasancewa "Bishop na Katolika a Zimbabwe", kuma zai ci gaba da "faɗi kan batutuwan da ke kara ta'azzara a rana" a Zimbabwe. An kuma ambato Archbishop Ncube yana cewa: "Ban yi min shiru ba saboda makircin muguwar gwamnati." <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071103222717/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml;jsessionid=QLWCWOZO4M0P3QFIQMFCFFWAVCBQYIV0?xml=/news/2007/09/11/wmugabe111.xml New York Times, "Zimbabwe Archbishop Resigns in Scandal." Sept. 11, 2007]</ref> Gwamnatin Zimbabwe ta sha bayyana shaidar rashin ɗa'a a kokarin rage goyon bayan jama'a na masu sukar su. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 June 2016 |title=Ex-Zanu-PF youth leader says sex tape leak won't silence him |url=https://www.news24.com/Africa/Zimbabwe/ex-zanu-pf-youth-leader-says-sex-tape-leak-wont-silence-him-20160602 |access-date=1 February 2018 |website=News24}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 August 2013 |title=CIO steps up mass citizen surveillance |url=https://www.theindependent.co.zw/2013/08/30/cio-steps-up-mass-citizen-surveillance/ |access-date=1 February 2018 |website=The Zimbabwe Independent |archive-date=1 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180301225338/https://www.theindependent.co.zw/2013/08/30/cio-steps-up-mass-citizen-surveillance/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 November 2011 |title=Morgan Tsvangirai needs to wary of women – Nehanda Radio |url=http://nehandaradio.com/2011/11/26/morgan-tsvangirai-needs-to-wary-of-women/ |access-date=1 February 2018 |website=Nehanda Radio |archive-date=1 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180301230213/http://nehandaradio.com/2011/11/26/morgan-tsvangirai-needs-to-wary-of-women/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Matar Ncube da ake zargi ta mutu === A ranar Juma’a, 2 ga watan Mayu, 2008, Rosemary Sibanda, matar da ake zargi da yin jima’i da Archbishop Ncube ta rasu a asibitin Bulawayo na Mpilo, kwanaki uku bayan an kwantar da ita tana fama da ciwon huhu. <ref>Woman who shamed Pius Ncube dies, ''Zimbabwe Times'', 3 May 2009, http://www.thezimbabwetimes.com/?p=35 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090729101003/http://www.thezimbabwetimes.com/?p=35 |date=2009-07-29 }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Archbishop Ncube's mistress dies |url=http://newzimbabwe.com/pages/roma50.18148.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080505073304/http://newzimbabwe.com/pages/roma50.18148.html |archive-date=5 May 2008 |access-date=3 May 2008}}</ref> === Kira ga mamayewar Burtaniya === Ncube ya bayyana cewa Birtaniya za ta sami hujjar mamaye tsohuwar mulkin mallaka don kawar da Mugabe daga 1 ga watan Yuli 2007. Ncube ya ce su kansu 'yan Zimbabwe su hambarar da gwamnati, amma suna matukar fargaba. Daga baya Ncube ya nisanta kansa da rahoton yana mai cewa ya kamata a baiwa kokarin da Thabo Mbeki ya yi na kawo ƙarshen rikicin Zimbabwe damar yin aiki. A watan Maris din shekarar 2007, malamin ya ce a shirye ya ke ya fuskanci harsasai a zanga-zangar kin jinin gwamnati, don taimakawa wajen kawo sauyi na dimokuraɗiyya a ƙasar da ke kudancin Afirka, wadda ke cikin mawuyacin hali na tattalin arziki da siyasa. {{Cquote|I'm ready to lead the people, guns blazing, but the people are not ready.<ref name="blazing">[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/africa/article2010591.ece Zimbabwe’s top cleric urges Britain to invade], June 1, 2007. Times Online.</ref>}} == Duba kuma == * Archdiocese Roman Katolika na Bulawayo == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1946]] [[Rukuni:Pages using S-rel template with ca parameter]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 436b03a4s662dye1b2pm2x6bf1967sq Curtis Davies 0 82129 889434 511743 2026-07-30T15:01:01Z Abdurra'uf 23412 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1356610456|Curtis Davies]]" 889434 wikitext text/x-wiki   Curtis Eugene Davies (an haife shi a ranar 15 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1985) tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ya yi wasa a matsayin mai tsakiya. An haife shi a Ingila, ya buga wa tawagar kasar Saliyo wasa. Davies ya fara aikinsa a Luton Town, wanda ya fara aikin sa na farko a shekara ta 2003. Davies ya koma kungiyar Premier League ta West Bromwich Albion a shekarar 2005. Ya sanya hannu kan aro ga [[Aston Villa FC|Aston Villa]] a shekara ta 2007, ya sa ya zama na dindindin a shekara ta 2008. Bayan matsalolin rauni sun tilasta masa ya fita daga kungiyar a shekara ta 2009, Davies ya koma Leicester City a aro a shekara ta 2010 sannan ya koma Birmingham City a watan Janairun shekara ta 2011. Ya sanya hannu a Hull City a 2013 sannan ya koma Derby County a 2017, kafin ya bar a 2023. Daga nan sai ya koma Cheltenham Town a 2023, sannan ya sanar da ritayar sa daga kwallon kafa a 2024 bayan da Cheltenham ta sake shi. Davies ya buga wasanni uku ga 'yan kasa da shekara 21 na Ingila kuma an kira shi zuwa manyan' yan wasa sau da yawa amma bai taba yin cikakken bayyanar kasa da kasa ba, kafin ya bayyana ga [[Saliyo]] a 2023, inda aka rufe shi sau 3, ya zira kwallaye sau ɗaya. [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1985]] 2kcguanq1nxs295qzw6k6amnrudetq8 Tattaunawar user:Alubaki 3 83329 889522 599319 2026-07-30T20:45:53Z Uncle Bash007 9891 /* Abincin Phuket - Za'a Goge */ sabon sashe 889522 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, A&#39;isha Adamu! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/A&#39;isha Adamu|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma ina fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]], ko kuma ka tambayeni a {{Gyara|User talk:Em-mustapha|section=new|shafina na tattaunawa}}. Na gode.[[User:Em-mustapha|<span style="background-color: #804; color: #fa0;"><samp><b><u>Em-mustapha</u></b></samp></span>]] <sup><samp><u>[[User talk:Em-mustapha|'''talk''']]</u></samp></sup> 08:33, 24 ga Augusta, 2024 (UTC) == Improve == Assalam, da fatan kina lafiya, Wannan mukala [[Abincin Mizrahi na Yahudawa|Abincin Mizrahi na Yahudawa:]] tana dauke da gyararraki da yawa, ku inganta ta ko kuwa za'a goge sashin da ke da gyararraki. Bissalam [[User:Uncle Bash007|Patroller>>]] 23:20, 17 ga Maris, 2025 (UTC) == [[Abincin Phuket]] - Za'a Goge == Assalam, @[[User:A'isha Adamu|A'isha Adamu]] Wannan mukala [[Abincin Phuket]] da kika kirkira bata inganci, munyi masa alamar gogewa. Ki taimaka ki gyara ko za'a goge shi. Bissalam, [[User:Uncle Bash007|Patroller>>]] 20:45, 30 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) 69gemdx2leomu7al2jkt4ca69lxsfrk 889524 889522 2026-07-30T20:50:38Z Alubaki 30448 /* Abincin Phuket - Za'a Goge */ Mayarwa 889524 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, A&#39;isha Adamu! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/A&#39;isha Adamu|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma ina fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]], ko kuma ka tambayeni a {{Gyara|User talk:Em-mustapha|section=new|shafina na tattaunawa}}. Na gode.[[User:Em-mustapha|<span style="background-color: #804; color: #fa0;"><samp><b><u>Em-mustapha</u></b></samp></span>]] <sup><samp><u>[[User talk:Em-mustapha|'''talk''']]</u></samp></sup> 08:33, 24 ga Augusta, 2024 (UTC) == Improve == Assalam, da fatan kina lafiya, Wannan mukala [[Abincin Mizrahi na Yahudawa|Abincin Mizrahi na Yahudawa:]] tana dauke da gyararraki da yawa, ku inganta ta ko kuwa za'a goge sashin da ke da gyararraki. Bissalam [[User:Uncle Bash007|Patroller>>]] 23:20, 17 ga Maris, 2025 (UTC) == [[Abincin Phuket]] - Za'a Goge == Assalam, @[[User:A'isha Adamu|A'isha Adamu]] Wannan mukala [[Abincin Phuket]] da kika kirkira bata inganci, munyi masa alamar gogewa. Ki taimaka ki gyara ko za'a goge shi. Bissalam, [[User:Uncle Bash007|Patroller>>]] 20:45, 30 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) :Wslm @[[User:Uncle Bash007|Uncle Bash007]], :Ni sabuwar edita ce kuma ina yin bakin kokarina, idan akwai abinda ya kamata a gyara a matsayinku na shuwagabannimu ku ya kamata Ku gyara tunda ku kun gano gyaran. [[User:A&#39;isha Adamu|A&#39;isha Adamu]] ([[User talk:A&#39;isha Adamu|talk]]) 20:50, 30 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) a7va1hkdgeuna49s0hovja5372fo5h1 Ramdani Lestaluhu 0 89610 889497 571811 2026-07-30T19:26:34Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889497 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Rizky Ramdani Lestaluhu''' (an haife shi a ranar 5 ga watan Nuwamba shekara ta 1991 a Tulehu) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Indonesia wanda ya buga wasan ƙwallaye na tsakiya ko kuma a gmatsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|mai tsakiya]] na kulob din Ligue 2 Persiku Kudus . <ref>{{Cite web |title=BREAKING NEWS! JELANG LATIHAN USAI LEBARAN, BALI UNITED PERKENALKAN TIGA PENGGAWA ANYAR SERDADU TRIDATU |url=https://www.baliutd.com/news/media-news/breaking-news-jelang-latihan-usai-lebaran-bali-united-perkenalkan-tiga-penggawa-anyar-serdadu-tridatu/ |access-date=10 May 2022 |website=Bali United Official Website |archive-date=3 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403232509/https://www.baliutd.com/news/media-news/breaking-news-jelang-latihan-usai-lebaran-bali-united-perkenalkan-tiga-penggawa-anyar-serdadu-tridatu/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == An haifi Lestaluhu ga Abdul Latif Lestaluho da Healthy Ohorella a matsayin ɗan fari na takwas. Abokansa sun kira '''Dani''' Lestaluhu Iwan Setiawan ne ya gano shi, tsohon kocin kungiyar U-17, wanda ya gan shi yana wasa. Lestaluhu [[Musulunci|Musulmi]] ne.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Biodata, Profil dan Biografi Ramdani Lestaluhu |url=http://uniqpost.com/profil/ramdani-lestaluhu/ |access-date=12 December 2014 |website=UniqPost |language=id |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304035813/http://uniqpost.com/profil/ramdani-lestaluhu/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> 'Yan uwansa Rafid Lestaluhu, Abduh Lestaluhu, da Pandi Lestaluhu suma ƙwararrun' yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gerry Putra |date=6 September 2016 |title=Lestaluhu Bersaudara: Berkembang Bersama Lewat Persija (Lestaluhu Brothers: Growing Together Through Persija) |url=https://www.fourfourtwo.com/id/features/lestaluhu-bersaudara-berkembang-bersama-lewat-persija |access-date=29 July 2018 |language=id |archive-date=30 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180730021859/https://www.fourfourtwo.com/id/features/lestaluhu-bersaudara-berkembang-bersama-lewat-persija |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == Lestaluhu ya fara buga wa Indonesia wasa a ranar 28 ga Nuwamba 2014, a wasan da ya yi da Laos a gasar cin Kofin Suzuki na 2014. Ya zira kwallaye biyu a nasarar 5-1.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 November 2014 |title=Indonesia 5 Laos 1 |url=http://www.affsuzukicup.com/news/indonesia-5-laos-1#.VIEOJtKsXIc |access-date=5 December 2014 |website=AFF Suzuki Cup}}</ref> == Kididdigar aiki == === Kasashen Duniya === {{Updated|match played 11 June 2019}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Bayyanawa da burin ta ƙungiyar ƙasa da shekara !Ƙungiyar ƙasa !Shekara !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- | rowspan="6" |Indonesia |2014 |3 |2 |- |2015 |0 |0 |- |2016 |0 |0 |- |2017 |0 |0 |- |2018 |0 |0 |- |2019 |1 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !4 !2 |} == Manufofin kasa da kasa == '''Ƙasar da ba ta kai shekara 23 ba''' {| class="wikitable" !# !Ranar !Wurin da ake ciki !Abokin hamayya !Sakamakon !Sakamakon !Gasar |- |1 |7 ga Nuwamba 2011 | rowspan="2" |Filin wasa na Gelora Bung Karno, [[Jakarta]], [[Indonesiya|Indonesia]] |[[Cambodia national under-23 football team|Cambodia U-23]]{{Flagicon|CAM}} |6–0 |6–0 |Wasannin Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya na 2011 |- |2 |21 ga Nuwamba 2013 |[[Laos national under-23 football team|Laos U-23]]{{Flagicon|LAO}} |1–0 |3–0 |Kofin MNC na 2013 |- |3 |30 Maris 2014 |Filin wasa na Manahan, Surakarta, [[Indonesiya|Indonesia]] |[[Sri Lanka national under-23 football team|Sri Lanka U-23]]{{Flagicon|SRI}} |5–0 |5–0 | rowspan="2" |Abokantaka |- |4 |2 ga Afrilu 2014 |[[Hougang]]_Stadium" id="mwjg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Hougang Stadium">Filin wasa na Hougang, Hougang, [[Singafora|Singapore]] |[[Singapore national under-23 football team|Singapore U-23]]{{Flagicon|SIN}} |1–1'''1''' |1–2 |- |5 |26 ga Satumba 2014 |[[Incheon]]_Football_Stadium" id="mwmw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Incheon Football Stadium">Filin wasan kwallon kafa na Incheon, Incheon da [[Koriya ta Kudu]] |[[Maldives national under-23 football team|Maldives U-23]]{{Flagicon|MDV}} |0–'''1''' |0–4 |Wasannin Asiya na 2014 |} '''Manufofin kasa da kasa''' {| class="wikitable" !# !Ranar !Wurin da ake ciki !Abokin hamayya !Sakamakon !Sakamakon !Gasar |- |1. | rowspan="2" |28 Nuwamba 2014 | rowspan="2" |Halin wasa na [[Hanoi]], [[Vietnam]] | rowspan="2" |{{Fb|LAO}} | align="center" |2–0 | rowspan="2" align="center" |5–1 | rowspan="2" |Kofin Suzuki na 2014 |- |2. | align="center" |3–1 |} == Daraja == === Kasashen Duniya === ; Indonesia U-23 * Southeast Asian Games {{SilverMedal}} Silver medal: 2011, 2013{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2021}} * Islamic Solidarity Games {{SilverMedal}} Silver medal: 2013{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2021}} === Kungiyar === ; Farisa Jakarta * Lig 1: 2018 <ref name="detik">{{Cite web |date=9 December 2018 |title=Persija Juara Liga 1 2018 |url=https://sport.detik.com/sepakbola/liga-indonesia/d-4335587/persija-juara-liga-1-2018 |access-date=9 December 2018 |publisher=detik}}</ref> * Kofin Shugaban Indonesia: 2018 <ref name="kompas">{{Cite web |date=17 February 2018 |title=Tumbangkan Bali United, Persija Juarai Piala Presiden 2018 |url=https://bola.kompas.com/read/2018/02/17/21544538/tumbangkan-bali-united-persija-juarai-piala-presiden-2018?page=all |access-date=17 February 2018 |publisher=kompas}}</ref> * [[2021 Menpora Cup#Finals|2021]]_Menpora_Cup" id="mw5g" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="2021 Menpora Cup">Kofin Menpora: 2021 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ridwan |first=Muhammad |date=25 April 2021 |title=Persija Jakarta Juara Piala Menpora 2021 |url=https://www.goal.com/id/amp/berita/persija-jakarta-juara-piala-menpora-2021/1vnjxb26qc65w15uatr5bfa4ck |access-date=26 April 2021 |website=goal.com |publisher=Goal}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{Soccerway|rizki-ramdani-lestaluhu/100456}} * Ramdani Lestaluhua National-Football-Teams.com [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1991]] 2ugmijhebftxcs6hp9ty2swj4qsxh76 Rami Ollak 0 89664 889498 817408 2026-07-30T19:29:06Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889498 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Rami Ollaik''' (an haife shi a shekara ta alif 1972) marubuci ɗan ƙasar Lebanon ne, ɗan gwagwarmayar siyasa, lauya, kuma farfesa a fannin kiwon zuma a Jami'ar Amurka ta Beirut (AUB). Shi ne kuma wanda ya kafa ƙungiyar gaba da Lebanon, kuma wanda ya fara juyin juya halin 10 ga Oktoba. An fi saninsa da tarihin rayuwarsa, ''The Bees Road'' ( ''طريق النحل'' ). == Rayuwa == An haifi Ollaik a Khiam a kudancin Lebanon zuwa wani iyali da ke da gadon kiwon zuma. Tun yana ɗan shekara 13 aka dauki Ollaik aiki a [[Hezbollah|kungiyar Hizbullah]], daga baya kuma ya zama wakilin ɗalibai na jam’iyyar a AUB. Tsakanin 1992 zuwa 1996, Ollaik ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a ci gaban da Hezbollah ke da shi a cikin AUB, kuma ya jagoranci zanga-zangar daliban 10 ga Oktoba na 1994. Ollaik ya yi murabus daga mukamin jam’iyyar a shekarar 1996. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2013-03-22 |title=Ollaik: Hezbollah always acts on orders from Iran |url=http://yalibnan.com/2013/03/22/ollaik-hezbollah-always-acts-on-orders-from-iran/ |access-date=2015-04-16 |publisher=Yalibnan.com}}</ref> A cikin 2008, Ollaik ya buga tarihin rayuwarsa, "Hanyar Bees", <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Rami Ollaik :: Beirut.com :: Beirut City Guide |url=http://www.beirut.com/l/18244 |access-date=2015-04-16 |publisher=Beirut.com }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> wanda ke ba da labarin gogewarsa da Hizbullah. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-04-22 |title=رامي عليق يوقع "طريق النحل" في شحيم |url=http://www.almustaqbal.com/v4/Article.aspx?Type=np&Articleid=286017 |access-date=2015-04-16 |publisher=Almustaqbal.com |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304135923/http://www.almustaqbal.com/v4/Article.aspx?Type=np&Articleid=286017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An sake rubuta littafin a cikin Turanci kuma an fitar da fassarar Faransanci mai daidaitawa "La Route des Abeilles" ta Editions Anne Carriere a Paris. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-05-25 |title="طريق النحل" لرامي عليق السيرة الأولى المعيشة لواقع "حزب الله" من الداخل |url=http://www.almustaqbal.com/v4/Article.aspx?Type=np&Articleid=572462 |access-date=2015-04-16 |publisher=Almustaqbal.com |archive-date=2015-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416151856/http://www.almustaqbal.com/v4/Article.aspx?Type=np&Articleid=572462 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An buga wani ci gaba na Hanyar Bees, "A ƙarƙashin Green Waters", a cikin Larabci a ranar 21 ga Nuwamba, 2012 kuma a halin yanzu ana ci gaba da ci gaba na biyu - sigar ƙarshe na trilogy. Ollaik ya buga Jagoran Kiwon zuma - Larabci a cikin 2010, tare da mahaifinsa Salman Ollaik. A cikin 2009, Ollaik ya kafa Lebanon Gaba, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-03-04 |title=Lebanon Ahead |url=http://www.lebanonahead.org/ |access-date=2015-04-16 |publisher=Lebanon Ahead |archive-date=2015-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416151956/http://www.lebanonahead.org/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> wani yunkuri da nufin inganta kasar da canza ta zuwa al'umma mai zaman lafiya da dimokuradiyya ta hanyar samar da hanyar sadarwa da fahimtar juna tsakanin 'yan ƙasa. Ta hanyarsa, ya kafa haɗin gwiwar dakarun fararen hula masu zaman kansu na "Takaddom" tare da wasu 'yan takara biyu a kan tikitin Lebanon Ahead a babban zaben majalisar dokoki. Ollaik ya kuma kaddamar da wata zanga-zanga ta kasa don sake fasalin siyasa a cikin 2013, "Juyin Juyin Juya Hali na Oktoba 10", <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=October 10 |url=http://www.october10.org/ |access-date=2015-04-16 |publisher=October10.org |archive-date=2017-09-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920184348/http://october10.org/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> wanda ya mayar da hankali kan bukatar kawar da tsarin siyasar mazhabar Lebanon ta hanyar gyara tsarin mazhaba na kasar Lebanon tun lokacin da 'yancin kai. Juyin juya halin ya yi kira da a kafa wata kasa mai cin gashin kanta ga dukkanin al'ummar kasar, inda dukkanin 'yan kasar ke da daidaito a karkashin doka da kuma yaki da cin hanci da rashawa, da kuma maido da ikon kada kuri'a na jama'a ta hanyar adalci, zamani, ba tare da wata doka ta zabe ba. A cikin 2013, Sofia Amara ta ba da umarnin, tare da Bruno Joucla, daftarin aiki ''The renegade'' kan aikin Ollaik. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Renegade |url=http://www.javafilms.fr/spip.php?article1283 |access-date=26 November 2020 |website=javafilms.fr |archive-date=24 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160224034124/http://www.javafilms.fr/spip.php?article1283 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ilimi == Ollaik ya yi karatun digiri na biyu a fannin noma da difloma a fannin aikin gona da kuma MS a fannin tattalin arzikin noma a AUB, sannan ya yi digiri na uku a fannin abinci da tattalin arziki a Jami’ar [[Florida]]. Ya kuma sami digiri na lasisi a fannin shari'a daga jami'ar Lebanon kuma ya zama lauya a kungiyar lauyoyin Beirut. <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Beirut Bar Association - The Directory |url=http://bba.org.lb/en/LawyersDirectory/Details/40505/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A_%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%82?menu=1&startWith=&keyword=rami%20ollaik&practiceArea= |access-date=2015-04-16 |publisher=Bba.org.lb }}{{Dead link|date=February 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Littattafai == * ''Hanyar Bees'' (Turanci da Larabci) [[Fayil:BeesRoad.jpg|alt=The Bees Road|right|frameless| Hanyar Bees]] A cikin tafiya mai ban sha'awa wacce ke ɗaukar mai karatu daga Kudancin Lebanon da yaƙi ya daidaita zuwa gidan tsare a filin jirgin sama na JFK, Hanyar Bees ita ce labarin Rami Ollaik na sirri. Wani dan [[Shi'a]] dan kasar Labanon da ya taso a wani yanayi mai cike da tashin hankali da rashin tausayi, Rami ya shiga kuma ya hau kan manyan jami'an Hizbullah. Bayan shekaru 13 na shiga jam'iyya, ya sake nazarin rayuwarsa da tunaninsa na ƙauna a ƙoƙarinsa na kawar da kansa daga ɓacin ransa na baya-bayan nan da kuma cimma burinsa na ƙarshe na 'yancin kai. Mummunar hanyar da ta bar shi ya zama mai cin amanar Hezbollah, wanda ake zargi da ta'addanci ga Amurka, farfesa a kiwon zuma a Beirut, kuma marubucin hanyar Bees. Hanyar Bees ta bi ainihin rayuwar Rami Ollaik wanda ya fara tun lokacin ƙuruciyarsa a Kudancin Lebanon a bakin yakin basasar Lebanon. Wannan mummunan yanayi ya tabbatar da cewa ba za a iya tserewa ba, kuma, kamar yawancin 'yan Shi'ar Kudancin Lebanon, Rami ya ja hankalin Hizbullah zuwa gwagwarmayar gwagwarmayar Hizbullah da kuma cusa musu tafarkin Islama. Da yake bambamta kansa a cikin Jam’iyyar Allah, Rami ya kulla abota da alaka da wasu fitattun ‘yan Hizbullah. To sai dai kuma yayin da ya koma babban birnin kasar Labanon don halartar jami'ar Amurka ta Beirut, kuma ya jagoranci ayyukan daukar ma'aikata na kungiyar Hizbullah ta AUB, muhimman abubuwan da suka faru a harabar jami'ar da kuma muhimman mu'amalar da daliban suka sa ya rika tambayar kimarsa, da ra'ayinsa kan mata, har ma da ita kanta jam'iyyar. . Bayan sun yi arangama da shugabancin Hizbullah, Rami ya bar jam'iyyar Allah don neman rayuwa ta gaskiya da walwala. Wannan gyara na sirri yana da wahala, wanda ya haɗa da mu'amalar soyayya da wulakanci da yunƙurin kashe kansa, amma a ƙarshe hanyar sabon Rami ya ɗauke shi har zuwa Amurka don ci gaba da karatunsa. A cikin ƙasar "Babban Shaidan," ba ya ɗaukar lokaci mai tsawo don Rami ya fada cikin ƙauna da duk abin da Amurka ta tsaya a kai. Abin takaici, mugayen al'amuran da suka faru a ranar 11 ga Satumba da sakamakon rugujewar kasa da kyamar Islama sun ingiza Rami cikin taho-mu-gama da FBI, da cin zarafi, da tambayoyi. Bayan korar da ba a yi tsammani ba daga Amurka, an soke mataimakiyar jirgin Rami kuma an tilasta masa ci gaba da karatunsa na PhD ta hanyar wasiku daga nesa. Labarin ya ƙare da Rami a ƙasarsa yana koyar da kiwon zuma a AUB, cike da burin gina ƙasar Lebanon mai ƙarfi da haɗin kan al'ummar kasa baki ɗaya. Editions Anne Carriere ya fito da sigar Faransanci na littafin, La route des abeilles a Faransa. -  <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=كتبنا - منشورات طريق النحل |url=http://www.beesroad.com/Home/OurBooks |access-date=2015-04-16 |publisher=Beesroad.com |archive-date=2016-10-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161016005142/http://beesroad.com/Home/OurBooks |url-status=dead }}</ref> * ''Karkashin Green Waters'' (Larabci) [[Fayil:UnderGreenWaters.jpg|alt=Under the Green Waters|right|frameless| Karkashin Koren Ruwa]] Wani yaro da ya kadu ya kai shi karkashin reshen Hizbullah. Girman wannan yaron ya zama namiji, da Intifadas na gaba. Maciyin Hizbullah, wanda ake zargi da ta'addanci ga Amurka, farfesa a fannin kiwon zuma kuma marubucin hanyar Bees. Ina Rami Ollaik? Ina hanyar da ba za ta iya yiwuwa ta kai shi ba? Kuma, watakila mafi mahimmanci, wa ke kallonsa? A karkashin The Green Waters ne ci gaban labarin da aka aza a cikin The Bees Road: wani labarin na wallafe-wallafen tabarbarewar, bugunsa a kan marubucin da kuma tasiri a kan siyasar Lebanon, da kuma wani labarin na zage-zage. A yakin siyasa na akida, kalmomi suna da nauyi kuma kalmomin marubucin da aka buga a hanyar Bees Road suna da nauyi. Yaya jam'iyyar Allah ta dauki wannan zagin nasa? Wane ne yake sauraron saƙonsa, kuma a ina aka yi mubaya’arsu ta kwanta? A cikin wani labari na tsoratarwa, ja da baya da siyasa mai haɗari, Ƙarƙashin Ruwa na Green Waters yana ɗaukar mu har ma da zurfi cikin da'irar da'irar lalatacciyar Jihar Lebanon. Bibiyar rayuwar Rami Ollaik, daga littafin The Bees Road to Lebanon Ahead takaitaccen bayani da kuma dakile yunkurin samar da wata gada mai hadewa a fagen siyasar kasar ta Lebanon, marubucin da kirkire-kirkire ya kwatanta abin da ya biyo bayan littafinsa na farko tare da fallasa tasirin, duka ga al'umma. da kuma rayuwa ta sirri, wanda littafi ɗaya zai iya samu. Ƙarƙashin The Green Waters aiki ne na ƙagaggun labarai, labarin adabi na tarihin marubucin daga rubuce-rubucensa har zuwa fitowar sa a 2008 da kuma bayansa. Labarin, wanda ya biyo bayan shaharar littafinsa na farko a kasar Labanon, ya yi nuni da yadda ya kafa kungiyar hadin kan kasar Lebanon a gaba. Labarin ya biyo bayan fitowar littafinsa ne wanda ba a taba yin irinsa ba inda ya nuna yadda tsarin dimokuradiyya a Gabas ta Tsakiya ya kasance a bayan fage, da kamfen din tsoratarwa mai tsatsauran ra'ayi, da irin matsalolin da ke tattare da dangantakar Amurka da Gabas ta Tsakiya. Duk da yake waɗannan jigogi sun kasance masu raɗaɗi, kuma labari ne na ƙauna, cin amana, tsoro, bege, da ɓarnar zuciya. A karkashin Green Waters an buga shi da Larabci a ranar 21 ga Nuwamba, 2012. -  * ''Bace a cikin Barn'' (Larabci) [[Fayil:Taeh.jpg|alt=Lost in The Barn|right|frameless| Bace a cikin Barn]] Bayan "Hanyar Kudan zuma" da "Karƙashin Koren Ruwa", mabiyi na uku zuwa littafin farko "Lost In The Barn" na Rami Ollaik (Larabci) yana ɗauke da mu kan tafiya ta abubuwan da suka faru na rayuwa. Tsalle daga Hizbullah zuwa kishin ƙasa na gaskiya, wucewa ta cikin rikicin asali, zagon ƙasa, bege ga adalci da aka daɗe ana jira, da kuma ƙarewa tare da ganawa da kotun musamman na Lebanon. "Lost In the Barn" ya biyo bayan bayanan tarihin marubucin a cikin BEES ROAD TRILOGY, yadda ya kai ga al'umma a cikin cin hanci da rashawa da tabarbarewar Jihar Lebanon, wanda ya kai ga kasashe mambobin yankin gaba daya. Littafin da ya yi nazari mai zurfi game da tsare-tsare na yanki da na kasa da kasa don tabbatar da mulki a kan karamar kasa, da kuma duk irin illar da ta haifar da rarrabuwar kawuna, barna da zubar da jini da muke gani a yau. "Lost In the Barn" yana sa ku zurfafa nutsewa cikin ra'ayin ɗan adam na bege da rashin jin daɗi, a cikin tafiyar [[Aikin Hajji|aikin hajji]] da ke danganta abubuwan da suka faru a baya da wahalhalun da ake ciki a yanzu kuma suka hau kan shaidar mahaifinsa game da hakan da rasuwarsa. A sake haihuwa. "Lost In the Barn" yana ƙarfafa waɗanda ke da matsananciyar neman wadata, suna ɗauke da su cikin duhu zuwa haske, inda babu wani sirri da ke kan gaba. * ''The Bees Road Trilogy'' (Larabci) [[Fayil:TrilogyBeesRoad.jpg|right|frameless| The Bees Road Trilogy]] Titin Bees Road Trilogy (Larabci) shine labarin sirri na Rami Ollaik a cikin littattafai guda uku: Hanyar Bees, Ƙarƙashin Ruwan Green da Lost In the Barn. A cikin tafiya mai ban sha'awa wacce ke ɗaukar mai karatu daga Kudancin Lebanon da yaƙi ya daidaita zuwa gidan tsare a filin jirgin sama na JFK, Hanyar Bees ita ce labarin Rami Ollaik na sirri. Wani dan Shi'a dan kasar Labanon da ya taso a wani yanayi mai cike da tashin hankali da rashin tausayi, Rami ya shiga kuma ya hau kan manyan jami'an Hizbullah. A cikin 1994, da kuma bayan shekaru 13 na shiga jam'iyya, ya sake nazarin rayuwarsa da tunaninsa na ƙauna a ƙoƙarinsa na kawar da kansa daga mummunan ra'ayinsa na baya da kuma cimma burinsa na ƙarshe na 'yancin kai. Mummunar hanyar da ta bar shi ya zama mai cin amanar Hizbullah, wanda ake zargi da ta'addanci ga Amurka. A karkashin The Green Waters ne ci gaban labarin da aka aza a cikin The Bees Road: wani labarin na wallafe-wallafen tabarbarewar, bugunsa a kan marubucin da kuma tasiri a kan siyasar Lebanon, da kuma wani labarin na zage-zage. Labarin tarihin rayuwar marubucin a cikin shekara ta 2008 da ke ɗauke da mu cikin ruɗani na ruɗani na lalatacciyar ƙasar Lebanon; yana nuna yanayin bayan fage na dimokuradiyya a Gabas ta Tsakiya, da kuma kamfen na tsoratarwa. Har ila yau, labari ne na soyayya, cin amana, tsoro, bege da raunin zuciya. Littafi na uku kuma na ƙarshe na trilogy, Lost In The Barn, tafiya ce ta al'amuran rayuwa na gaske waɗanda suka shafi rayuwar marubucin tsakanin shekarun 2008 da 2010. Tsalle daga Hizbullah zuwa kishin kasa na gaskiya, wucewa ta cikin rikice-rikice na ainihi, zagon kasa, fatan samun adalci da aka dade ana jira, da kuma kawo karshen haduwa da Kotun Koli ta musamman ta Labanon, da wani uba ya rasu bayan ya ga duk wahalhalun da suka sha a baya. * ''Hanyar Bees'' A cikin tafiya mai ban sha'awa wacce ke ɗaukar mai karatu daga Kudancin Lebanon da yaƙi ya daidaita zuwa gidan tsare a filin jirgin sama na JFK, Hanyar Bees ita ce labarin Rami Ollaik na sirri. Wani dan Shi'a dan kasar Labanon da ya taso a wani yanayi mai cike da tashin hankali da rashin tausayi, Rami ya shiga kuma ya hau kan manyan jami'an Hizbullah. Bayan shekaru 13 na shiga jam'iyya, ya sake nazarin rayuwarsa da tunaninsa na ƙauna a ƙoƙarinsa na kawar da kansa daga ɓacin ransa na baya-bayan nan da kuma cimma burinsa na ƙarshe na 'yancin kai. Mummunar hanyar da ta bar shi ya zama mai cin amanar Hezbollah, wanda ake zargi da ta'addanci ga Amurka, farfesa a kiwon zuma a Beirut, kuma marubucin hanyar Bees. Hanyar Bees ta bi ainihin rayuwar Rami Ollaik wanda ya fara tun lokacin ƙuruciyarsa a Kudancin Lebanon a bakin yakin basasa na Lebanon. Wannan mummunan yanayi ya tabbatar da cewa ba za a iya tserewa ba, kuma, kamar yawancin 'yan Shi'ar Kudancin Lebanon, Rami ya ja hankalin Hizbullah zuwa gwagwarmayar gwagwarmayar Hizbullah da kuma cusa musu tafarkin Islama. Da yake bambamta kansa a cikin Jam’iyyar Allah, Rami ya kulla abota da alaka da wasu fitattun ‘yan Hizbullah. To sai dai kuma yayin da ya koma babban birnin kasar Labanon don halartar jami'ar Amurka ta Beirut, kuma ya jagoranci ayyukan daukar ma'aikata na kungiyar Hizbullah ta AUB, muhimman abubuwan da suka faru a harabar jami'ar da kuma muhimman mu'amalar da daliban suka sa ya rika tambayar kimarsa, da ra'ayinsa kan mata, har ma da ita kanta jam'iyyar. . Bayan sun yi arangama da shugabancin Hizbullah, Rami ya bar jam'iyyar Allah don neman rayuwa ta gaskiya da walwala. Wannan gyara na sirri yana da wahala, wanda ya haɗa da mu'amalar soyayya da wulakanci da yunƙurin kashe kansa, amma a ƙarshe hanyar sabon Rami ya ɗauke shi har zuwa Amurka don ci gaba da karatunsa. A cikin ƙasar "Babban Shaidan," ba ya ɗaukar lokaci mai tsawo don Rami ya fada cikin ƙauna da duk abin da Amurka ta tsaya a kai. Abin takaici, mugayen al'amuran da suka faru a ranar 11 ga Satumba da sakamakon rugujewar kasa da kyamar Islama sun ingiza Rami cikin taho-mu-gama da FBI, da cin zarafi, da tambayoyi. Bayan korar da ba a yi tsammani ba daga Amurka, an soke mataimakiyar jirgin Rami kuma an tilasta masa ci gaba da karatunsa na PhD ta hanyar wasiku mai nisa. Labarin ya ƙare da Rami a ƙasarsa yana koyar da kiwon zuma a AUB, cike da burin gina ƙasar Lebanon mai ƙarfi da haɗin kan al'ummar kasa baki ɗaya. Editions Anne Carriere ya fito da sigar Faransanci na littafin, La route des abeilles a Faransa. * ''La Route des Abeilles'' La Route des Abeilles retrace le parcours d'un jeune chiite du sud du Liban amené à devenir un enfant soldat dans les rangs du Hezbollah. Tournant le dos a une famille modérée et aimante, il accédera, pendant ses treize années au sein de la formation, aux échelons supérieurs du parti. Etudiant en droit puis en économie à l'Université américaine de Beyrouth, il devient un leader étudiant pour la cause avant de se laisser peu à peu fasciner par la diversité et la sécularité qu'il découvre dans la capitale. Hakuri da cin hanci da rashawa da kuma fanastisme du Hezbollah, il le quitte. : une première dans l'histoire de ce mouvement, peu habitué aux voix discordantes. Traître aux yeux de ses anciens frères d'armes, il va entamer un long et difficile chemin vers l'émancipation, qui le conduira du Liban ravagé par les conflits jusqu'aux Etats-Unis, où il suivra un doctorat, zuba finir soupçonné de. ta'addanci da kuma fitar da ranar 11 ga Satumba 2001. * ''Jagorarku don Kiwon Kudan zuma'' (Larabci) [[Fayil:دليلك_إلى_تربية_النحل.jpg|right|frameless| دليلك إلى تربية النحل]] Jagorar kimiyya ga kiwon kudan zuma na zamani wanda ya samo asali daga duka ilimi da gogewar aiki na dogon lokaci a harkar noma. Littafin ya bi hanya kai tsaye wajen fayyace tushen rayuwar kudan zuma tare da kwatanta bangarorin daidaiku da zamantakewa na daya daga cikin halittu masu ban sha'awa na dabi'a, wanda ya fara da jinsuna da juyin halittar kabilanci, kwayoyin halitta, ilmin jiki da ilimin halittar jiki, da kuma kawo karshen da kudan zuma. halin zamantakewa a matsayin memba na mulkin mallaka. Har ila yau, yana kwatanta yanayin mu'amalar kudan zumar da ke kewaye da ita da flora da fauna, musamman ma dangane da abin da ya faru a duniya mai ban tsoro Colony rushewar cuta (CCD). Yana taimaka wa masu kiwon kudan zuma da masu son yin amfani da ilimin da aka gabatar a cikin tarin samfuran samfuran da ayyuka masu yawa daga yankin da zai yiwu. == Lebanon gaba == * ''Hanyar fita'' Labanon gaba wani yunƙurin ɗan adam ne na haɗin gwiwa da nufin sanya Lebanon ta zama mafi kyawun wuri inda 'yan ƙasa za su iya rayuwa cikin mutunci da 'yanci. Manufar Lebanon na gaba ita ce farfado da al'umma, "muna ji", da ma'anar alhakin ta hanyar gina kasar ta fuskar tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da siyasa. Manufar Lebanon a gaba ita ce matasa masu ilimi da ƙwazo na Lebanon waɗanda ke da ikon sake fasalin al'umma. == Kiwon zuma == [[Fayil:BeeKeeping.jpg|alt=Bee Keeping|right|frameless| Kula da kudan zuma]] Tun yana ƙuruciyarsa, Rami Ollaik an gabatar da shi ga kiwon zuma ta hannun mahaifinsa. Ya shiga Jami'ar Amurka da ke Beirut (AUB) inda ya karanta fannin noma, fannin da ya fi kusa da kiwon zuma a lokacin. Hanyarsa ta kimiyya ta farko ga duniyar kudan zuma ita ce tass ɗinsa na MS da ke da alaƙa da tsarin tattalin arziki da tallan kayan kiwo a Lebanon. Bayan haka a shekara ta 1998, ya fara gudanar da bincike mai inganci a kan kudan zuma na gida, da kuma nau'in da ake shigo da su daga waje, domin auna yawan amfanin da suke da shi da kuma daidaita yanayin da ake nomawa a cikin gida don haka ya kai ga samun babban haja. Yayin da yake ci gaba da karatun digirin digirgir a Jami'ar Florida, Ollaik ya fadada kwarewarsa da fallasa ayyukan kasa da kasa da suka shafi kudan zuma da kiwon zuma. Sha'awar Rami ga ƙudan zuma ya sa ya ci gaba da aikin mahaifinsa na haɓaka masana'antar kiwon zuma a duk faɗin Lebanon ta hanyar koyarwa, bincike da ayyukan haɓakawa a AUB. Ollaik shine farkon wanda ya fara gabatar da kiwon zuma a cikin manhajar AUB ta Faculty of Agriculture & Food Sciences, tsara kalanda na farko na masu kiwon zuma na Lebanon, inganta al'adun kiwon zuma na gida tare da layukan kimiyya na zamani, mai da hankali kan hadedde tsarin kula da kwari da kuma ƙara jagororin kimiyya don samar da zuma da tallace-tallace. . Ya shirya a AUB taron kimiyya na farko da na biyu na kasa don inganta da kuma zamanantar da ayyukan kiwon zuma. Ya kuma yi aiki kan bunkasa ayyukan kiwon zuma a yankin Larabawa kuma ya halarci taruka da dama na kasa da kasa. Littattafansa game da kiwon zuma, ciki har da littafin "Jagorancin kiwon kudan zuma" - Larabci, an dauke su a matsayin farkon fitowar kimiyya game da kiwo a Lebanon. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1972]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 385fvejeppiz07w912jbqehbrz1kz7q Qazi Nurullah Shustari 0 90558 889459 817360 2026-07-30T16:16:17Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889459 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Entrance_Dargah_Shaheed-e-Salis_Qazi_Nurullah_Shustari.jpg|thumb|400x400px|Ƙofar kabarin Nurullah Shusari, Agra, Indiya]] '''Sayyid Nurullah ibn Sharif al-Mar'ashi al-Shustari''', wanda aka fi sani da '''Qazi Nurullah Shushtari''' (1549-1610), {{Sfn|Hidayet Hosain|1995}} wanda aka fi saninsa da '''''Shahid-e-Salis''''' (shahadar ta uku) sanannen Shia ne (mai shari'a) da alim (masanin kimiyya) na zamanin [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]]. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Qazi-ul-Quzaa na Lahore da Agra a lokacin mulkin Akbar. == Rayuwa == An haife shi a shekara ta 1549 AZ (956 [[Hijira kalanda|AH]]) {{Sfn|Hidayet Hosain|1995}} a Shushtar, a Khuzestan na yanzu, kudancin [[Iran]]. Ya kasance daga dangin Marashi a Amol . Ya ƙaura daga [[Mashhad]] zuwa [[Indiya]], a ranar 1 [[Shawwal]] 992/6 Oktoba 1584. Kodayake bisa ga wasu asusun, shekarar na iya zama 1587. Ya kasance wakilin Akbar a [[Kashmir]] ya sami ƙidayar farko na yankunan Mughal Empire a lokacin mulkin Akbar. == Mutuwa == Lokacin da Jahangir ya zo mulki matsayinsa a cikin kotun ya zo cikin barazana daga abokan gaba da ya yi yayin warware rikice-rikice a Agra da Kashmir, da kuma daga matsayin Jahangir na Orthodox. Daga ƙarshe an gabatar da littafinsa Ahqaq-ul-haq a matsayin shaida a kansa, an ayyana shi ɗan ridda kuma an yanke masa hukuncin kisa saboda imanin addininsa. An kashe shi ta hanyar bulala a Jumada II 1019/Satumba 1610, yana da shekaru 61. Akwai sanannen muhawara da ke haskakawa game da kisan da ya yi a cikin littafin Peshawar Nights . <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 October 2019 |title=Martyrdom of Shahid al-thalis |url=https://thepeshawarnights.wordpress.com/2019/10/22/martyrdom-of-shahid-al-thalis/}}</ref> == Kyauta == === Ayyukansa === [[Fayil:Sayyid_Nurullah_ibn_Sharif_al-Mar'ashi_al-Shustari_(d_AH_1019_1610_AD)_Majalis_al-mu'minin_(The_Assemblies_of_Believers)_and_Suwalat_i_shaitan,_Safavid_Iran,_AH_1043_i.e._1633-4_AD.jpg|thumb|487x487px|Majalis al-mu'minin (Taron Masu Biya), Safavid Iran, AH 1043 watau 1633-4 AD]] An dauki Shushtari a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin malaman da suka shirya hanya don ci gaban Islama ta Shia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=آیینه پژوهش - دفتر تبلیغات اسلامی حوزه علمیه قم - کتابخانه مدرسه فقاهت |url=http://lib.eshia.ir/10251/77/8/%D8%AD%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AB_%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B2%D9%84%D8%AA}}</ref> Yana da ƙwarewar wallafe-wallafen kuma ya rubuta rubuce-rubuce a cikin Larabci da Farisa, yana rubuta kusan littattafai hamsin da litattafai a cikin kimiyyar Islama kamar Kalam, shari'a da Sirah. Mutane kalilan ne daga cikinsu: * [https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.25940/19042.13358-%2520%2528part-1%2529/ ''Ihqaq-ul-Haq''] (Justification of the Truth), ya karyata ''"Ibtal Nahjal-Batil"'' na ''Khwaja Maulana Isfahani'' kuma ya kare imanin addinin Shi'a da amsa rashin amincewar Sunni game da shi. An yi masa bulala har ya mutu bisa umarnin sarki Jehangir saboda wannan aikin. * [https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.26360/19041.13357-%2520%2528part-1%2529/ ''Masa'ib-un-Nawasib''] (Matsala ga Nasibiites), ƙaryata ''"Nawaqiz-ul-Rawafiz"'' ta wani masanin Sunnite. * ''Sawarim-ul-Muhriqa'' (The Puring Swords), Karkatar da Sawaiq-ul-Mahriqa ta masanin Sunni Ibn Hajar. * <nowiki><i id="mwYg">Majalis-ul-Mo'mineen</i></nowiki> (Taron masu aminci), ya ba da bayanin malaman addini da sauran malamai. * ''Risala-i-Jalaliyyah'', wani littafi da aka keɓe ga Sarkin [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] Akbar . Baya ga littattafan da aka ambata a sama yana da wasu ayyukan wallafe-wallafen da suka hada da bayanan gefe, sake dubawa, sharhi, da dai sauransu. Yawancin ayyukansa tare da bayanin rayuwarsa an fassara su cikin Larabci, Farisa da Urdu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Works and Contribution – Shaheed-E-Salis(r.a) |url=https://shaheed-e-salis.in/index/works-and-contribution/ |access-date=5 March 2024 |archive-date=5 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305050328/https://shaheed-e-salis.in/index/works-and-contribution/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Ayyuka game da shi === Wadannan sune ayyukan da suka shafi shi, * ''Shaheed-e-Salis'' tarihin rayuwarsa na [https://www.rekhta.org/poets/mirza-mohammad-hadi-aziz-lakhnavi/profile Mirza Mohammad Hadi ''Aziz Lakhnavi''] (1882-1935). <ref>{{Cite web |date=1930s |title=Shaheed-e-Salis |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/shaheed-e-salis-aziz-lakhnavi-ebooks |access-date=5 March 2024 |website=Rekhta |language=en}}</ref> * ''Tazkira da Majeed Shaheed E Salis'' tarihin rayuwarsa ta Syed Sibte Hasan . <ref>{{Cite web |date=1962 |title=Tazkira E Majeed Shaheed E Salis - Book - Jafri Library |url=https://jafrilibrary.com/books/93117 |access-date=5 March 2024 |website=jafrilibrary.com |language=en}}</ref> * 'Shahīd-i S̲ālis̲ Qāzī Nārullāh Shūstarī: Wani Tarihi a cikin Shīite Piety' na Wayne Rollen Husted . <ref>{{Cite web |date=1992 |title=Shahīd-i S̲ālis̲ Qāz̤ī Nārullāh Shūstarī: An Historical Figure in Shīite Piety |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xHN9AAAAMAAJ&q=Shaheed%20e%20Salis |access-date=5 March 2024 |publisher=University of Wisconsin--Madison |language=en}}</ref> * 'Hanyar tauhidin Alkalin Noorullah Shoushtari' ta Mohammad Remezani da Ali Rabbani . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2002 |title=Journal of Kalam Islami |url=https://www.kalamislami.ir/article_146654.html |access-date=5 March 2024 |language=en |archive-date=25 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240425050808/https://www.kalamislami.ir/article_146654.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Kabarinsa (''Mazar'') === Kabarinsa (''Mazar'') a [[Agra]] wuri ne na aikin hajji da kuma shafin yanar gizon addini na shekara-shekara da aka gudanar don tunawa da shahadarsa. Kabarin yana ƙarƙashin aikin ''waqf'' na 'Haji Dawood Nori Nasir Bagh'. Takardar ta bayyana cewa memba daga dangin Nasirul Millat (Iyalin Abaqati) zai zama mai kula da ''Mazar''.<ref name="HT1">{{Cite web |date=9 April 2006 |title=Shia ulema at odds over shrine control |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/NM9/Shia-ulema-at-odds-over-shrine-control/Article1-85189.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020142121/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/NM9/Shia-ulema-at-odds-over-shrine-control/Article1-85189.aspx |archive-date=20 October 2012 |access-date=15 January 2013 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> Yanzu, ''Maulana'' Syed Abbas Nasir Saeed ''Abaqati'' shi ne shugaban ''Anjuman Moinuzzaireen'' wanda ke kula da Mazaar-e-Shaheed-e-Saalis yayin da ƙaramin ɗan'uwansa Syed Murtaza Nasir Saeid shi ne sakatare kuma kawunsa (yan uwan ''Agha Roohi'') ''Maulana'' Syad Sajjad Nasir Saead ''Abaqati'' da Syed Husain Nasir Saeer Saeed su ne mai kula da ''Mutawalli' bi da bi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=List Of Designated Members Of Anjuman Moinuzzaireen – Mazar e Shaheed-E-Salis(r.a) |url=https://shaheed-e-salis.in/index/members/ |access-date=5 March 2024 |archive-date=5 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305050352/https://shaheed-e-salis.in/index/members/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=27 October 2021 |title=Latest Updates – Mazar e Shaheed-E-Salis(r.a) |url=https://shaheed-e-salis.in/index/category/latest-update/ |access-date=5 March 2024 |archive-date=5 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305051708/https://shaheed-e-salis.in/index/category/latest-update/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> '' Manyan mutane kamar Khateeb-ul-Iman 'Tahir Jarwali, ''Maulana'' Agha Roohi, da sauransu sun kasance wani ɓangare na gudanarwarta. ''Moulana'' Syed Shozab Kazim ''Jarwali'' (ɗan ''Khateeb-ul-Iman'' Tahir Jarwali) shi ma ya kasance tsohon shugabanta. Mahdi Khajeh Piri, wanda ya kafa Cibiyar Microfilm ta Duniya ta Noor, New Delhi ya shiga cikin maido da kabarin. == Iyali == Shushtari ɗan Sayed Sharif ne kuma jikan Sayed Nurullah . Yana da 'ya'ya maza biyar. Ɗansa na fari Sayed Sharif (1583-1611) masanin kimiyya ne kuma marubucin ''Hashiya-e-Tafsir-e-Bezavi'' da Hashiya-ee-Qadima . Ɗansa na biyu Sayed Muhammad Yusuf mawaki ne. Ɗansa na uku Alaul Mulk ya sami ilimi mafi girma daga Shiraz sannan ya koma Indiya. Ya fara aikin koyarwa a Agra inda daga baya aka nada shi a matsayin mai koyar da Shah Shuja, ɗan sarki Mughal [[Shah Jahan]] . Shi ne marubucin ''Anwarul Huda'', ''Al-Siratul Wasil fi Asbatul Wajib'', ''Muhazzabul Mantiq'' da ''Firdaus'', tarihin Shiraz . Ɗansa na huɗu Saiyid Abul Maali (1596-1636) na ɗan lokaci ya zauna a masarautar [[Masarautar Golconda|Qutub Shahi]] inda ya fassara ''Masaibun Nawasib'' daga Larabci zuwa Farisa. Shi ne marubucin ''Sharh-e Alfiya'', ''Risala fil Adl'', ''Risala Nafi Raut wajib Taala'', ''Tafsir Ala Suratul Akhlas'' . Ɗansa na biyar Mir Alaud Daula mawaki ne.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Qazi Saiyid Nurullah Shushtari - Imam Reza (A.S.) Network |url=http://www.imamreza.net/old/eng/imamreza.php?id=7054 |access-date=5 March 2024 |website=www.imamreza.net }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Shahadar Biyar * Shahid Awwal * Shahid Thani * Shahid Salis * Shahid Rabay * Shahid Khamis * Shaykh Ahmad Sirhindi * Akbar * Jehangir * [[Nur Jahan]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} == Ƙarin karantawa == *   * {{Cite journal |last=Rizvi |first=Sajjad |author-link=Sajjad H. Rizvi |date=2017 |title=Shī'Ī polemics at the Mughal court: The case of QāẓĪ Nūrullāh Shūshtarī |journal=Studies in People's History |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=53–67 |doi=10.1177/2348448917693740 |s2cid=158638579 |doi-access=free}} *   == Haɗin waje == * {{Cite web |title=Official website of Shaheed-e-Salis(R.A.) |url=https://shaheed-e-salis.in/index/ |access-date=5 March 2024 }}{{Dead link|date=April 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [https://books.google.com/books?id=zaoYAAAAIAAJ&dq=shustari&pg=PA306]An Oriental Biographical Dictionary: An kafa shi a kan kayan da Thomas William Beale ya tattara Sabon fitowar da Henry George Keene ya sake sabuntawa * [https://books.google.com/books?id=VVUOAAAAIAAJ&dq=nurullah+shustari&pg=RA2-PA116]Ayyukan Kungiyar Asiya ta Bengal * [http://www.imamreza.net/eng/imamreza.php?id=7054] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303202427/http://www.imamreza.net/eng/imamreza.php?id=7054 |date=2016-03-03 }}Tarihi: Shaheed-e-Thalith Qazi Nurullah Shustari * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080517070626/http://www.jafariyanews.com/articles/2k3/22aug_shustari.htm]Tarihi:Qazi Nurullah Shustari -Jafariyanews [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1610]] pn24s6bhx32s12wk4g3vs6r4bpvf2k2 Cindy Crawford 0 91729 889436 656069 2026-07-30T15:01:25Z KHADIJA LAWAL DAURA 47410 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1365760807|Cindy Crawford]]" 889436 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Cynthia Ann Crawford''' (an haife ta a ranar 20 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1966) 'yar asalin Amurka ce, 'yar wasan kwaikwayo kuma mai talbijin. A cikin shekarun 1980 da 1990, ta kasance daga cikin shahararrun supermodels da kuma kasancewar ko'ina a kan murfin mujallu da kuma tituna, da kuma kamfen ɗin kayan ado. Daga baya ta fadada cikin wasan kwaikwayo da kasuwancin kasuwanci. [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1966]] 83jjagopq02r3d2zajutlbmebra7say 889437 889436 2026-07-30T15:01:42Z KHADIJA LAWAL DAURA 47410 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1365760807|Cindy Crawford]]" 889437 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Cynthia Ann Crawford''' (an haife ta a ranar 20 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1966) 'yar asalin Amurka ce, 'yar wasan kwaikwayo kuma mai talbijin. A cikin shekarun 1980 da 1990, ta kasance daga cikin shahararrun supermodels da kuma kasancewar ko'ina a kan murfin mujallu da kuma tituna, da kuma kamfen ɗin kayan ado. Daga baya ta fadada cikin wasan kwaikwayo da kasuwancin kasuwanci. == Rayuwa ta farko == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1966]] d1tl97k2uhm36bi1qmb7fbusm32qg2w 889438 889437 2026-07-30T15:01:56Z KHADIJA LAWAL DAURA 47410 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1365760807|Cindy Crawford]]" 889438 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Cynthia Ann Crawford''' (an haife ta a ranar 20 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1966) 'yar asalin Amurka ce, 'yar wasan kwaikwayo kuma mai talbijin. A cikin shekarun 1980 da 1990, ta kasance daga cikin shahararrun supermodels da kuma kasancewar ko'ina a kan murfin mujallu da kuma tituna, da kuma kamfen ɗin kayan ado. Daga baya ta fadada cikin wasan kwaikwayo da kasuwancin kasuwanci. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Crawford a [[Dekalb|DeKalb, Illinois]], a ranar 20 ga Fabrairu, 1966, <ref name="biography.com">{{Cite web |title=Cindy Crawford: Model, Actress, Film Actor/Film Actress, Film Actress, Television Actress, Television Personality (1966–) |url=https://www.biography.com/people/cindy-crawford-9542465 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170429001258/http://www.biography.com/people/cindy-crawford-9542465 |archive-date=April 29, 2017 |access-date=June 21, 2017 |publisher=[[Biography.com]] ([[FYI (TV network)|FYI]] / [[A&E Networks]])}}</ref> 'yar Daniel Kenneth Crawford da Jennifer Sue Crawford-Moluf (née Walker). <ref name="youtube.com">{{Cite web |date=October 13, 2023 |title=Is Cindy Crawford related to Earnest Hemingway? Who Do You Think You Are |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?si=Cf3Sdub3s3z-yqpu&v=-viDqTJkne8&feature=youtu.be |access-date=February 26, 2024 |website=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kahn |first=Robert |date=September 9, 2009 |title=A sweet and sour party at Fashion Week |url=http://www.newsday.com/entertainment/a-sweet-and-sour-party-at-fashion-week-1.1434815 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090913085715/http://www.newsday.com/entertainment/a-sweet-and-sour-party-at-fashion-week-1.1434815 |archive-date=September 13, 2009 |access-date=December 28, 2011 |website=[[Newsday]]}}</ref> Tana da 'yan'uwa mata uku, Cathy, Chris da Danielle, da kuma ɗan'uwa, Jeffery, wanda ya mutu daga cutar sankara tun yana ɗan shekara 3.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 15, 1998 |title=Sole Mates |url=http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20125519,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104231918/http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20125519,00.html |archive-date=November 4, 2013 |access-date=April 27, 2013 |website=[[People (magazine)|People]]}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1966]] mszpewf7acq3g6baq0q4noquqjle7ta Sallie W. Chisholm 0 92296 889786 641464 2026-07-31T11:13:17Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889786 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}  '''Sallie Watson''' " '''Penny''' " '''Chisholm''' (an Haife ta a shekara ta 1947) yar ƙasar Amurka ce masanin ilimin teku ne a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts . ƙwararriya ce a fannin ilimin halitta da juyin halitta na ƙwayoyin cuta na teku . Binciken nata ya mayar da hankali musamman akan phytoplankton na ruwa da ya fi yawa, ''Prochlorococcus ,'' wanda ta gano a cikin 1980s tare da Rob Olson da sauran masu haɗin gwiwa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chisholm |first=Sallie W. |last2=Olson |first2=Robert J. |last3=Zettler |first3=Erik R. |last4=Goericke |first4=Ralf |last5=Waterbury |first5=John B. |last6=Welschmeyer |first6=Nicholas A. |date=1988 |title=A novel free-living prochlorophyte abundant in the oceanic euphotic zone |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/334340a0 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=334 |issue=6180 |pages=340–343 |bibcode=1988Natur.334..340C |doi=10.1038/334340a0 |issn=1476-4687 |s2cid=4373102}}</ref> Tana da magana ta TED game da gano su da mahimmancin su da ake kira "Ƙaramar halittar da ke iko da duniya a asirce". == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == [[Fayil:Sallie_Chisholm_-_National_Medal_of_Science,_2011.webm|thumb| Chisholm yana tattaunawa game da bincikenta da yarinta.]] An haifi Chisholm a Marquette, Michigan kuma ya sauke karatu daga Marquette Senior High School a 1965. <ref>{{Cite web |title=InfiniteMIT {{!}} Sallie (Penny) W. Chisholm |url=https://infinite.mit.edu/video/sallie-penny-w-chisholm |access-date=June 19, 2021 |website=infinite.mit.edu |language=en |archive-date=June 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624200555/https://infinite.mit.edu/video/sallie-penny-w-chisholm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta halarci Kwalejin Skidmore kuma ta sami digiri na uku daga SUNY Albany a 1974. Bayan ta Ph.D., ta yi aiki a matsayin mai bincike na gaba da digiri a Scripps Institution of Oceanography daga 1974 zuwa 1976. == Sana'a == Chisholm ya kasance memba a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts tun 1976 kuma masanin kimiyyar ziyara a Cibiyar Woods Hole Oceanographic tun 1978. Binciken ta ya mayar da hankali kan ilimin halittu na phytoplankton na ruwa. <ref name="MedalofSci">{{Cite web |date=February 19, 2013 |title=Sallie (Penny) Chisholm awarded the National Medal of Science, the nation's highest honor for scientists |url=http://cee.mit.edu/news/releases/2013/Chisholm-national-medal-of-science |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130614214852/http://cee.mit.edu/news/releases/2013/Chisholm-national-medal-of-science |archive-date=June 14, 2013 |access-date=March 9, 2013 |publisher=MIT}}</ref> Aikin farko na Chisholm ya mayar da hankali ne kan hanyoyin da irin wannan plankton ke ɗaukan abubuwan gina jiki da kuma yadda hakan ke shafar tsarin rayuwarsu akan ma'auni na lokutan rana. Wannan ya sa ta fara amfani da cytometry mai gudana wanda za a iya amfani da shi don auna kaddarorin sel guda ɗaya. Yin amfani da cytometry mai gudana zuwa samfuran muhalli ya jagoranci Chisholm da abokan aikinta (musamman Rob Olson da Heidi Sosik ) zuwa gano cewa ƙananan plankton (musamman ''Prochlorococcus'' da ''Synechococcus'' ) sun kasance mafi mahimmanci na samar da ruwa fiye da yadda aka sani a baya. . A baya can, masana kimiyyar halittu sun mai da hankali kan diatoms silicaceous a matsayin mafi mahimmancin phytoplankton, wanda ke lissafin gigatons 10-20 na ɗaukar carbon kowace shekara. Ayyukan Chisholm sun nuna cewa an zagaya mafi girman adadin carbon ta hanyar waɗannan ƙananan algae, wanda kuma yana iya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin zagayowar nitrogen ta duniya. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, Chisholm ya taka rawar gani wajen adawa da yin amfani da takin ƙarfe a matsayin gyarar fasaha don [[Canjin yanayi|canjin yanayi na ɗan adam]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Strong |first=Aaron |last2=Chisholm |first2=Sallie |last3=Miller |first3=Charles |last4=Cullen |first4=John |date=September 17, 2009 |title=Ocean fertilization: time to move on |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=461 |issue=7262 |pages=347–348 |bibcode=2009Natur.461..347S |doi=10.1038/461347a |pmid=19759603 |s2cid=205049552}}</ref> A cikin 1994, Chisholm na ɗaya daga cikin malamai 16 mata a Makarantar Kimiyya a MIT waɗanda suka tsara tare da sanya hannu kan wata takarda zuwa ga Shugaban Kimiyya na lokacin (yanzu Chancellor na Berkeley) Robert Birgeneau, wanda ya fara kamfen don haskakawa da ƙalubalantar jinsi. nuna bambanci a MIT. == Kyaututtuka da karramawa == Chisholm ya kasance memba na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Amurka (NAS) tun daga 2003 kuma ɗan'uwan Cibiyar Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka tun 1992. A cikin Janairu 2010, an ba ta lambar yabo ta Alexander Agassiz Medal, don "nazari na farko na manyan halittu masu daukar hoto a cikin teku da kuma haɗa sakamakonta zuwa sabon fahimtar tekun duniya." <ref>{{Cite web |title=Academy Honors 17 for Major Contributions to Science |url=http://www8.nationalacademies.org/onpinews/newsitem.aspx?RecordID=01202010b |access-date=January 20, 2010 |publisher=Office of News and Public Information, [[United States National Academies|The National Academies]]}}</ref> Ta kasance mai karɓa a cikin 2012 na lambar yabo ta Ruth Patrick daga Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Kimiyya na Limnology da Oceanography . <ref name="MedalofSci"/> Chisholm ya sami lambar yabo ta Kimiyya ta ƙasa daga Shugaba [[Barack Obama]] a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 2013. <ref name="MedalofSci"/> A cikin 2013, an ba ta lambar yabo ta Ramon Margalef a cikin Ilimin Halittu, "saboda kasancewa ɗaya daga cikin masu fa'ida, kwarjini da masu bincike masu aiki akan ilmin halitta da ilimin halittu na ruwa". <ref>{{Cite web |date=October 8, 2009 |title=Scientific forum on oceans and climate with the participation of Sallie W. Chisholm, Ramon Margalef Prize in Ecology 2013 |url=http://www.ub.edu/web/ub/en/menu_eines/noticies/2013/10/045.html |access-date=October 25, 2013 |publisher=Universitat de Barcelona}}</ref> A ranar 24 ga Mayu, 2018, Jami'ar Harvard ta ba ta lambar yabo ta Doctor of Science. <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 24, 2018 |title=Harvard awards seven honorary degrees |url=https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2018/05/harvard-awards-seven-honorary-degrees/}}</ref> A cikin 2019 ta sami lambar yabo ta Crafoord a cikin Biosciences, "don ganowa da kuma nazarin majagaba na mafi yawan kwayoyin halittar photosynthesis a Duniya, Prochlorococcus". <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 16, 2019 |title=The Crafoord Prize in Biosciences 2019 |url=https://www.crafoordprize.se/news/the-crafoord-prize-in-biosciences-2019/ |website=Crafoord Prize}}</ref> Ana ɗaukar wannan kyautar daidai da kyautar Nobel (wanda babu wani nau'in Biosciences). Chisholm an girmama shi a Crafoord Prize Symposium in Biosciences <ref name="Crafoord Prize 2022 c057">{{Cite web |date=27 October 2022 |title=Crafoord Days 2019 |url=https://www.crafoordprize.se/news/crafoord-days-2019/ |access-date=2 December 2023 |website=Crafoord Prize}}</ref> wanda 6 mashahuran masana kimiyya na duniya suka yi magana (domin gabatarwa): Alexandra Worden (sannan a GEOMAR Helmholtz Cibiyar Nazarin Tekun Kiel, Jamus), Corina Brussaard (NIOZ Royal Netherlands). Cibiyar Nazarin Teku, Netherlands), Ramunas Stepanauskas (Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, US), Rachel Foster (Jami'ar Stockholm, Sweden), Francis M. Martin (INRA French National Institute for Agricultural Research, Faransa) da David Karl (Jami'ar Hawaii, Amurka). == Zaɓi ayyuka == *   *   * {{Cite journal |last=Coleman |first=M. L. |last2=Chisholm |first2=S. W. |year=2010 |title=Ecosystem-specific selection pressures revealed by comparative population genomics |journal=PNAS |volume=107 |issue=43 |pages=18634–18639 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1009480107 |pmc=2972931 |pmid=20937887 |doi-access=free}} * {{Cite journal |last=Lindell |first=D. |last2=Jaffe |first2=J.D. |last3=Coleman |first3=M.L. |last4=Axmann |first4=I.M. |last5=Rector |first5=T. |last6=Kettler |first6=G. |last7=Sullivan |first7=M.B. |last8=Steen |first8=R. |last9=Hess |first9=W.R. |last10=Church |first10=G.M. |last11=Chisholm |first11=S. W. |year=2007 |title=Genome-wide expression dynamics of a marine virus and host reveal features of coevolution |journal=Nature |volume=449 |issue=7158 |pages=83–86 |bibcode=2007Natur.449...83L |doi=10.1038/nature06130 |pmid=17805294 |s2cid=4412265}} * {{Cite journal |last=Chisholm |first=Sallie W. |last2=Falkowski |first2=Paul G. |last3=Cullen |first3=John J. |date=12 October 2001 |title=Dis-Crediting Ocean Fertilization |journal=Science |publisher=American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) |volume=294 |issue=5541 |pages=309–310 |doi=10.1126/science.1065349 |issn=0036-8075 |pmid=11598285 |s2cid=130687109}} * {{Cite journal |last=Chisholm |first=S.W. |last2=Olson |first2=R.J. |last3=Zettler |first3=E.R. |last4=Goericke |first4=R. |last5=Waterbury |first5=J. |last6=Welschmeyer |first6=N. |year=1988 |title=A novel free-living prochlorophyte abundant in the oceanic euphotic zone |journal=Nature |volume=334 |issue=6180 |pages=340–343 |bibcode=1988Natur.334..340C |doi=10.1038/334340a0 |s2cid=4373102}} == Duba kuma == * ''Prochlorococcus'' * ''Synechococcus'' * [[Tsarin carbon|Zagayen Carbon]] * [[Canjin yanayi|dumamar yanayi]] == manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://chisholmlab.mit.edu/ Chisholm Lab a MIT] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070322212558/http://mitworld.mit.edu/video/421/ Lakcar Chisholm Kan layi] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jSB9rPBl768 Bidiyo na Chisholm yana magana game da aikinta], daga Gidauniyar Medal Science & Technology na ƙasa [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1947]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] t5cv6eg1clxp8tppayz007s9k9hjnlw Philippa Marrack 0 93127 889348 644136 2026-07-30T12:07:47Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889348 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Philippa "Pippa" Marrack,''' FRS (an haife ta a ranar 28 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 1945) masanin ilimin rigakafi ne kuma masanin kimiyya, wanda ke zaune a Amurka, wanda aka fi sani da bincikenta da abubuwan da suka shafi sel T. Marrack shi ne Farfesa na Ida da Cecil Green kuma shugaban Sashen Binciken Kiwon Lafiya a Lafiya ta Yahudawa kuma fitaccen farfesa ne na ilimin rigakafi da microbiology a Jami'ar Colorado Denver . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Brien |date=August 29, 2012 |title=Oral History Project |url=https://www.aai.org/About/History/Past-Presidents-and-Officers/PhilippaMarrack |access-date=November 2, 2020 |website=The American Association of Immunologists}}</ref> == Tarihin rayuwa == An haifi Marrack a Ewell, Ingila a ranar 28 ga Yuni 1945. An haife ta ne a Ingila, tana riƙe da 'yan asalin Burtaniya da Amurka a halin yanzu.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Emrich |first=John |date=2013 |title=The American Association of Immunologists Oral History Project Transcript |url=https://www.aai.org/AAISite/media/About/History/OHP/Transcripts/Trans-Inv_012-Marrack_Philippa-2012_Final.pdf |access-date=November 2, 2020 |website=The American Association of Immunologists}}</ref> Mahaifin Marrack ya yi aiki a cikin Royal Navy, don haka iyalinta sun ƙaura akai-akai a duk lokacin yarinta. Marrack ta lura cewa mafi tsawo da ta zauna a wuri daya a farkon shekarunta ya kasance a Cambridge inda ta fara neman digiri na farko.<ref name=":2" /> Bayan ya halarci Jami'ar Cambridge, Marrack ya koma Amurka don kammala aikin postdoctoral da bincike. A Amurka ta sadu da abokin tarayya da mijinta, John W. Kappler . Sun kammala bincike da yawa kuma sun sami ci gaba da yawa a fannonin rigakafi, ilmin sunadarai, da ilmin halitta.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Philippa Marrack, PhD |url=https://www.cogreatwomen.org/project/philippa-marrack-phd/ |access-date=2020-11-02 |website=Colorado Women's Hall of Fame |language=en-US}}</ref> Marrack da Kappler suna da 'ya'ya biyu tare.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Marrack, Philippa (1945–) Encyclopedia.com |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/women/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/marrack-philippa-1945 |access-date=2020-11-02 |website=www.encyclopedia.com}}</ref> A waje da kimiyya, Philippa Marrack tana jin daɗin kunna piano, da kuma gudu tare da Kogin Platte tare da Labradors.<ref name=":2" /> == Ilimi == Marrack ya kammala karatun digiri na farko (1967) da Ph.D. (1970) a Jami'ar Cambridge da ke New Hall, Cambridge . A lokacin Ph.D., Marrack ta yi aiki a MRC Laboratory na Molecular Biology tare da Alan Munro, inda ta fara nazarin bambance-bambance tsakanin sel T da sel B. Alan Munro ya zama mai ba da shawara ga rubutun ta; ta zama ɗalibar digiri wanda ta yi aiki tare da shi saboda sha'awarsa na aiki tare da dangi na John Marrack. John Marrack ɗan'uwan kakan Philippa Marrack ne, kuma sanannen masanin rigakafi ne a cikin shekarun 1930. Marrack ya lura cewa ya rinjayi ta kai tsaye don ci gaba da nazarin rigakafi.<ref name=":2"/> Marrack daga nan ta koma La Jolla, San Diego tare da mijinta na farko kuma ta kammala aikin postdoctoral tare da Richard Dutton a Jami'ar California, San Diego . <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=About NJ - Physician, Researcher or Clinician Detail - Philippa Marrack FRS, PhD - National Jewish Medical and Research Center |url=http://atopicderm.org/about/phys-fac/detail.aspx?doctorID=135 |access-date=2020-11-02 |website=atopicderm.org}}</ref> Ta yaba Dutton da cewa tana da babban tasiri a kan aikinta a lokacin da take tare, yayin da ya koya mata yadda ake rubutu, lacca, da gudanar da dakin gwaje-gwaje, da kuma yadda ake tunani da kyau.<ref name=":2"/> == Ayyuka == Marrack ta sadu da abokin aikinta na dindindin kuma mijinta na yanzu, John W. Kappler, a matsayin abokin karatun postdoctoral a Jami'ar California, San Diego . Matsayinta na farko a Jami'ar Rochester, inda ta koyar da karatun digiri na farko.<ref name=":4"/> Ma'aurata sun ƙaddamar da dakin gwaje-gwaje na hadin gwiwa a Jami'ar Rochester . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Powell |first=Kendall |date=2004-12-01 |title=Profile: Philippa Marrack |journal=Nature Medicine |language=en |volume=10 |issue=12 |pages=1270 |doi=10.1038/nm1204-1270 |issn=1546-170X |pmid=15580239 |s2cid=43191184 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A lokaci guda, ta sami tallafi mai zaman kanta daga Ƙungiyar Zuciya ta Amirka da Ƙungiyar Ciwon daji ta Amirka don nazarin ƙwayoyin T. Marrack ya sami matsayi na farfesa a Jami'ar Rochester, sannan ya biyo bayan mukamai a Hukumar Lafiya ta Yahudawa, Denver, Colorado da Jami'ar Colorado Denver. Ta kuma kasance mai bincike a Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Howard Hughes . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Philippa Marrack, Ph.D. |url=https://www.aai.org/About/History/Past-Presidents-and-Officers/PhilippaMarrack |access-date=29 January 2020 |website=American Association of Immunologists}}</ref> A cikin aikinta, Marrack ta wallafa labarai sama da 300 da aka sake dubawa. Yawancin abubuwan da ta ambata da kuma labaran mujallar sun sanya ta a matsayin mai bincike na uku mafi tasiri a cikin al'umma kuma ya bambanta ta a matsayin babbar mace mai bincike.<ref name=":3"/> == Bincike == A shekara ta 1983 yayin da suke aiki a dakunan gwaje-gwaje a Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Yahudawa a Denver, Colorado, Philippa Marrack da mijinta da abokin bincike, John Kappler, sun gano kuma sun ware mai karɓar T cell, tare da Ellis Reinherz da James Allison. Sakamakon wannan binciken, a cikin 1987 Marrack ya gano yadda tsarin rigakafi ke iya nuna bambanci na kwayoyin, kamar yadda jikin mutum zai iya kawar da ƙwayoyin T da ke kaiwa ga ƙwayoyin jikin mutum, yana lalata su a cikin Thymus kafin su sami damar haifar da matsaloli, duk da haka jiki yana riƙe da ƙwayohin da ke yaƙi da masu mamayewa. Ta koyi cewa kwayoyin da ba a lalata su ba na iya haifar da cututtukan rigakafi kamar [[Kanjamau|Cutar kanjamau]], [[Ciwon suga|Ciwon sukari]], [[Sclerosis da yawa|Multiple sclerosis]], da lupus. Wannan aikin tushe a kan juriya ta rigakafi ta Marrack da Kappler ya haifar da binciken da suka yi daga baya a cikin 1990 na superantigens: guba mai ƙarfi wanda ke motsa yawan yaduwar T-cell kuma yana iya haifar da mummunar amsawar rigakafi da alamun tashin hankali kamar waɗanda aka gani a cikin cutar shock ko guba na abinci.<ref name=":3"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Philippa Marrack |url=https://www.rockefeller.edu/greengard-prize/recipients/marrack/ |access-date=2020-11-02 |website=Greengard Prize |language=en}}</ref> Ayyukan bincike na Marrack na yanzu suna mai da hankali kan dalilin da ya sa wasu cututtukan rigakafi, kamar lupus ko Multiple sclerosis, sun fi yawa a cikin mata fiye da maza. Marrack da Kappler kwanan nan sun gano yawan Kwayoyin B waɗanda zasu iya lissafa wasu daga cikin wannan lura.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Marrack, Philippa |url=https://www.womenofthehall.org/inductee/philippa-marrack/ |access-date=2020-11-02 |website=National Women’s Hall of Fame |language=en-US}}</ref> Ayyukanta na farko da juyin juya hali na ware mai karɓar T-cell da kuma bayyana yadda T-cell ke karewa daga kamuwa da cuta, fitar da cututtukan autoimmune da allergic, da kuma taka rawar gani wajen kin amincewa da cututsin daji, ya ba da gudummawa sosai ga fahimtar yanzu game da allurar rigakafi, HIV, da cututsen rigakafi a fagen kiwon lafiya. == Ayyukan sana'a == Marrack ya yi aiki a kan allon edita da mujallu na Kimiyya da yawa ciki har da Cell, Science, da Journal of Immunology . Ta kuma yi aiki a kan allon da bangarori daban-daban na American Cancer Society, Cibiyoyin Lafiya na Kasa, da Asusun Maraba da Burroughs . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Philippa Marrack to Be Honored for Lifetime Achievement in Immunology : Denver Nursing Star |url=http://www.denvernursingstar.com/newsletter/newsletter_view.asp?newsid=526&catid=73&active=0&mode=current |access-date=2020-11-02 |website=www.denvernursingstar.com |archive-date=2021-10-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211016000647/http://www.denvernursingstar.com/newsletter/newsletter_view.asp?newsid=526&catid=73&active=0&mode=current |url-status=dead }}</ref> Daga 1986 zuwa 2017, Marrack ya kasance mai binciken Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Howard Hughes. Daga 1995 zuwa 2002, Marrack ya yi aiki a Majalisar Kungiyar Kwararrun Kwararrun Amurka kuma ya yi aiki ne a matsayin shugaban Kungiyar Kwararru ta Kwararrun (AAI) daga 2000 zuwa 2001.<ref name=":0"/> Ta kasance memba na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kasa a Amurka tun daga 1989 kuma Fellow na Royal Society a Burtaniya tun daga 1997. Har ila yau, ita ce farfesa ta Ida da Cecil Green a yanzu kuma shugabar Sashen Binciken Kiwon Lafiya a Lafiya ta Yahudawa kuma fitacciyar farfesa a Jami'ar Colorado Denver . Ta shiga fannin kiwon lafiya na Yahudawa da Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'ar Colorado a shekarar 1979. == Daraja da kyaututtuka == * 1990 - Medal na Feodor Lynen don Nasarar Musamman da Ayyuka Masu Kyau * 1990 - Kyautar Gidauniyar Royal Society Wellcome <ref name="njmrc">{{Cite web |last=Allstetter |first=William |date=4 May 2003 |title=Philippa Marrack to Be Honored for Lifetime Achievement in Immunology |url=http://atopicderm.org/news/marrack_aai_lifetime.html |access-date=27 March 2020 |website=atopicderm.org |publisher=National Jewish Medical & Research Center}}</ref> * 1991 - An zabe shi zuwa Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka <ref>{{Cite web |title=Philippa Marrack |url=https://www.amacad.org/person/philippa-marrack |access-date=3 May 2019 |publisher=American Academy of Arts and Sciences}}</ref> * 1991 - Kyautar William B. Coley <ref name=":1"/> * 1992 - Kyautar tunawa da Ernst W. Bertner (MD Anderson Cancer Center) <ref>{{Cite web |title=M. D. Anderson Cancer Center - Current Research/Awards |url=http://www3.mdanderson.org/~resrep/awards.htm |access-date=24 November 2019 |website=www3.mdanderson.org}}</ref> * 1993 - Cibiyar Nazarin Ciwon daji William B. Coley Award <ref>{{Cite web |title=William B. Coley Award |url=https://www.cancerresearch.org/about-cri/awards-honors/william-b-coley-award |access-date=27 March 2020 |website=Cancer Research Institute |language=en |archive-date=22 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322170144/http://www.cancerresearch.org/about-cri/awards-honors/william-b-coley-award |url-status=dead }}</ref> * 1993 - Kyautar Paul Ehrlich da Ludwig Darmstaedter <ref>{{Cite journal |date=March 1993 |title=Announcement |journal=Immunology |volume=78 |issue=3 |pages=511 |via=EBSCO Academic Search Complete}}</ref> * 1994 - Kyautar Louisa Gross Horwitz (Jami'ar Columbia) <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 June 2018 |title=Horwitz Prize Awardees |url=https://www.cuimc.columbia.edu/research/louisa-gross-horwitz-prize/horwitz-prize-awardees |access-date=24 November 2019 |website=Columbia University Irving Medical Center |language=en}}</ref><ref name="njmrc" /> * 1995 - Kyautar Behring-Heidelberger Lecture <ref name=":0"/> * 1995 - [[Kyautar FASEB a Kimiyya]] <ref name=":0" /> * 1995 - Kyautar Louisa Gross Horwitz (Jami'ar Columbia) * 1996 - Kyautar Dickson a fannin kiwon lafiya (Jami'ar Pittsburgh) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bonnie Bassler, PhD |url=http://www.dicksonprize.pitt.edu/recipients/2018-bassler.php |access-date=24 November 2019 |website=www.dicksonprize.pitt.edu |archive-date=6 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606032608/http://www.dicksonprize.pitt.edu/recipients/2018-bassler.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> * 1996 - Dokta na girmamawa na Kimiyya, Kwalejin Macalester * 1998 - Kyautar Tunawa da Rabbi Shai Shacknai <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Rabbi Shai Shaknai Award - מרכז לאוטנברג לאימונולוגיה וחקר הסרטן {{!}} Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer research |url=https://lautenbergcenter.org/the-lautenberg-center/shai-shaknai-award/ |access-date=24 November 2019 |website=מרכז לאוטנברג לאימונולוגיה וחקר הסרטן {{!}} Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer research |language=en-GB}}</ref> * 1999 - Taron Interscience kan Antimicrobial Agents da Chemotherapy Award * 1999 - Kyautar Howard Taylor Ricketts (Jami'ar Chicago) * 2000 - Kyautar Rayuwa ta Rayuwa, Ƙungiyar Masu Kwarewar Kwarewar Ruwa ta Amirka * 2001 - Kyautar Jagorancin Kimiyya ta Cibiyar Irvington a cikin Immunology * 2002 - memba, Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kiwon Lafiya <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr Philippa Marrack The Academy of Medical Sciences |url=https://acmedsci.ac.uk/fellows/fellows-directory/ordinary-fellows/fellow/Dr-Philippa-Marrack-0006052 |access-date=24 November 2019 |website=acmedsci.ac.uk}}</ref> * 2003 - American Association of Immunologists Lifetime Achievement Award <ref>{{Cite web |title=AAI Award History |url=http://www.aai.org/Awards/award_history.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071115025258/http://www.aai.org/awards/award_history.htm |archive-date=15 November 2007 |access-date=24 November 2007 |website=aai.org}}</ref> * 2003 - Kyautar Jakadan Faculty, Lafiya ta Yahudawa ta Kasa * 2004 - Kyautar Bonfils Stanton don Kimiyya <ref>{{Cite web |last=sean |date=27 April 2015 |title=Past Honorees |url=https://bonfils-stantonfoundation.org/leadership/annual-awards-program/past-honorees/ |access-date=24 November 2019 |website=Bonfils-Stanton Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> * 2004 - Kyautar Mata a Kimiyya ta L'Oreal UNESCO * 2004 - Kyautar Lafiya ta Yahudawa ta Kasa Ibrahim J. Kauvar Kyautar Shugaban kasa <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Marrack |first=Philippa |title=Philippa Marrack, PhD, FRS |url=https://www.nationaljewish.org/doctors-departments/providers/researchers/philippa-marrack |access-date=2 November 2020 |website=National Jewish Health |archive-date=7 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107134628/https://www.nationaljewish.org/doctors-departments/providers/researchers/philippa-marrack |url-status=dead }}</ref> * 2004 - Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Lafiya ta Jami'ar Colorado, Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya, Kyautar Mentoring <ref name=":5" /> * 2005 - Kyautar Pearl Meister Greengard * 2006 - Kyautar Avery-Landsteiner[de]<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 February 2018 |title=Deutscher Immunologiepreis |url=https://dgfi.org/preise/deutscher-immunologiepreis/ |access-date=24 November 2019 |language=de-DE}}</ref> * 2008 - Zababben memba, Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya ta Kasa <ref>{{Cite web |title=Member Directory - Philippa Marrack, Ph.D. |url=https://nam.edu/member/?member_id=FiGtmFAk5vAPfGDH00lh4g%3D%3D |website=National Academy of Medicine}}</ref> * 2010 - An shigar da ita cikin Hall of Fame na Mata na Colorado * 2015 - Kyautar Wolf a cikin Magunguna * 2015 - An shigar da ita cikin Hall of Fame na Mata na Kasa <ref>{{Cite web |last=Marisa Zeppieri-Caruana |title=10 women honored at Hall of Fame induction |url=http://www.democratandchronicle.com/story/news/2015/10/03/womens-national-hall-of-fame-seneca-falls-2015/73236506/ |access-date=4 October 2015 |publisher=Democratandchronicle.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=National Women's Hall of Fame |title=Marrack, Philippa – National Women's Hall of Fame |url=https://www.womenofthehall.org/inductee/philippa-marrack/ |access-date=13 February 2017 |publisher=womenofthehall.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Marrack, Philippa |url=https://www.womenofthehall.org/inductee/philippa-marrack/ |access-date=30 January 2020 |website=National Women’s Hall of Fame |language=en-US}}</ref> * 2016 - Kyautar Novartis don Kayan rigakafi na asali <ref>{{Cite web |title=Six leading scientists to receive prestigious Novartis Prizes for Immunology at 16th International Congress of Immunology |url=https://www.novartis.com/news/media-releases/six-leading-scientists-receive-prestigious-novartis-prizes-immunology-16th-international-congress-immunology |access-date=24 November 2019 |website=Novartis |language=en}}</ref> * 2019 - Bayyana Bayani Laureate <ref>{{Cite web |title=Researchers of Nobel class: Citation Laureates 2019 |url=https://clarivate.com/webofsciencegroup/solutions/citation-laureates/ |access-date=24 November 2019 |website=Web of Science Group |language=en-US}}</ref> * 2024 - Mai karɓar digiri na girmamawa daga Jami'ar Rockefeller == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Ƙarin karantawa ==   * [http://www.hhmi.org/research/investigators/marrack.html HHMI Bayanan aiki] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121003145322/http://www.hhmi.org/research/investigators/marrack.html |date=2012-10-03 }} * [http://www.hhmi.org/becoming/marrack.html "Zuwa Masanin Kimiyya"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100710025541/http://www.hhmi.org/becoming/marrack.html |date=2010-07-10 }}, Philippa Marrack, HHMI * Za a iya samun ƙarin bayani a wannan talifin a dandalin www.jw.org/ha.&nbsp; * "Profile: Philippa Marrack", Nature Medicine, v.10, n.12. * Tarihin Magana na Philippa Marrack, Ph.D. (AAI '74, shugaban 2000-2001), https://vimeo.com/64907450 == Haɗin waje == * [https://www.nationaljewish.org/research-science/programs-depts/biomedical-research/labs/kappler-marrack-research-lab/kmlab Gidan yanar gizon KM] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170214102357/https://www.nationaljewish.org/research-science/programs-depts/biomedical-research/labs/kappler-marrack-research-lab/kmlab |date=2017-02-14 }} {{Colorado Women's Hall of Fame}}{{National Women's Hall of Fame}}{{Wolf Prize in Medicine}}{{FRS 1997}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1945]] [[Rukuni:Mata]] d0d3ukrdihrutx0o9w4zo811a429sfd Reuf Bajrović 0 93551 889617 837272 2026-07-31T00:26:01Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889617 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{databox}} '''Reuf Bajrović''' (an haife shi a ranar 13 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1977) ɗan siyasan Bosnia ne kuma masanin siyasa wanda a halin yanzu shi ne Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙungiyar Amurka da Turai a Washington, DC, kuma Fellow a Cibiyar Nazarin Manufofin Kasashen Waje. An nada Bajrović a matsayin Ministan Makamashi, Ma'adinai da Masana'antu na Tarayyar Bosnia da Herzegovina a cikin majalisar ministocin farko na Fadil Novalić a shekarar 2015. Lokacin da ya kasance Minista ya samo asali ne daga shawarar da ya yanke na aika 'yan sanda na kudi ga dukkan kamfanonin mallakar gwamnati, musamman wadanda ke cikin sashin makamashi mai cin hanci da rashawa. Bajrović ya yi murabus daga mukaminsa bayan Gwamnatin Tarayya ta BiH ta toshe yunkurinsa na rushe tsarin kulawa da kuma nada masana masu zaman kansu zuwa manyan mukamai na gudanarwa a kamfanonin mallakar gwamnati. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2016, Bajrović ya kirkiro sabuwar jam'iyya mai zaman kanta da ake kira Civic Alliance . A zaben kananan hukumomi na Oktoba 2016, Civic Alliance ta lashe magajin gari a Bihać da kujerun majalisa a wasu sassan kasar. Bajrović ya yi murabus a matsayin shugaban jam'iyyar kuma ya goyi bayan nadin sabon shugabanci a taron jam'iyyar a watan Satumbar 2017, yana mai nuna bukatar sabbin fuskoki a rayuwar siyasa ta kasar. A baya, Bajrović ya jagoranci Cibiyar Dimokuradiyya mai tasowa, wani tanki mai tunani a Washington, DC. Har ila yau, Bajrović na ɗaya daga cikin gine-ginen nasarar zaben SDP BiH a 2010 a matsayin mai ba da shawara na Zlatko Lagumdžija . Bajrović na goyon bayan Jam'iyyar Democrat ta Amurka. Ya yi kamfen a fili ga [[Hillary Clinton]] a 2016 da [[Joe Biden]] a 2020 a lokacin caucuses na Iowa inda ya yi aiki a matsayin kyaftin din gundumar kamfen din a Des Moines . Ya yi kafofin watsa labarai da yawa da bayyanar jama'a ciki har da shiga cikin bayanan da yawa a Majalisar Dattijai ta Amurka da suka shafi Yammacin Balkans da kuma ba da shaida a gaban Kwamitin hadin gwiwa kan Harkokin Turai na Oireachtas, Majalisar Dokokin Ireland. Rahotanni da labaran Bajrovic sun bayyana a cikin The National Interest, Haaretz, The American Interest, Just Security, Tampa Bay Times, El Pais, Die Zeit, da sauran kafofin watsa labarai na kan layi da bugawa a Amurka, Turai, da Gabas ta Tsakiya. Shi mai sharhi ne akai-akai ga manyan kafofin watsa labarai na duniya, gami da The New York Times, Financial Times, Wall Street Journal, TIME Magazine, Newsweek, PBS Newshour, da Al Jazeera English, da sauransu. Shirin Ci gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNDP), Cibiyar Binciken Manufofin Kasashen Waje (FPRI), Cibiyar Open Society, Cibiyar Manufofin da Gudanarwa (CPU), da Heinrich Boll Stiftung ne suka buga bincikensa na ilimi da manufofi. Ya ba da laccoci a Cibiyar Kula da Harkokin Waje a Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka, da kuma Columbia, New York, Amurka da sauran jami'o'i. A cikin 2017, Bajrovic ya sanya hannu kan sanarwar kan Harshen Harshen Croats, Serbs, Bosniaks da Montenegrins. == Tarihin rayuwa == Bajrović ya tsere tare da iyalinsa daga Sarajevo a ranar 11 ga Afrilu 1992, a farkon matakan yaƙin Bosnia. <ref>{{Cite tweet|last=Bajrović|first=Reuf|author-link=|user=ReufBajrovic|number=1282039363371773957|date=11 July 2020|title=I came to United States as a 17 yo refugee in 1994. I was angry because of Western complicity in the extermination of my people. I fell in love w my new country right away bc I watched people like @SenatorDole @JoeBiden @MeghanMcCain defend our right to die defending ourselves w arms|script-title=|trans-title=|language=|retweet=|link=|access-date=|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=}}</ref> Mista Bajrovic ya rayu shekaru biyu da rabi a Turkiyya a matsayin ɗan gudun hijira, kafin ya tafi Amurka a 1994.[https://twitter.com/ReufBajrovic/status/1274391018423623680] Ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Seneca da Jami'ar Louisville a Louisville, Kentucky . Ya kuma kammala MA a cikin Haɗin Turai a Jami'ar Bologna a shekara ta 2002. Mahaifin Bajrović, Remzija ya zauna a Sarajevo daga 1992 zuwa 1994 yana yin aiki mai rikitarwa a kan 'yan ƙasa da suka ji rauni sosai a Sarajevo a matsayin sanannen ƙwararren likita (orthopaedist). An tuna da shi a matsayin daya daga cikin "Gwarzon da ke cikin fararen" da suka cancanci godiya daga asibitin da abokan aikinsa, da kuma 'yan ƙasa da yawa na Sarajevo.[https://www.klix.ba/vijesti/bih/ortopedi-s-kcus-a-objavili-ko-su-bili-ratni-ljekari-salju-li-poruku-gavrankapetanovicu/200724068] == manazarta == == Haɗin waje == * http://www.nap.ba/new/vijest.php?id=12014{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/joint_committee_on_european_affairs/2009-09-08/2/?*highlight%5B0%5D=reuf&highlight%5B1%5D=bajrovic https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/joint_committee_on_european_affairs/2009-09-08/2/?* haskakawa%5B0%5D=reuf& haskakawa %5B1%5D=bajrovic] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601152057/https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/joint_committee_on_european_affairs/2009-09-08/2/?*highlight&#91;0&#93;=reuf&highlight&#91;1&#93;=bajrovic |date=2022-06-01 }} * https://www.bu.edu/pardeeschool/2019/04/08/garcevic-speaks-on-capitol-hill-on-democracy-in-the-western-balkans/ * http://balkans.aljazeera.net/vijesti/df-suljagic-i-bajrovic-izbaceni-ostavka-podzica * https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QccsyPMO9og * [https://harriman.columbia.edu/event/2014-general-election-bosnia-and-herzegovina-opportunity-new-beginning https://harriman.columbia.edu/event/2014-janar-zaɓe-bosnia-da-herzegovina-wata-sabon farawa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814023350/https://harriman.columbia.edu/event/2014-general-election-bosnia-and-herzegovina-opportunity-new-beginning |date=2020-08-14 }} * https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/shadow-of-nationalism-raises-worries-of-war-in-bosnia * https://wikileaks.org/clinton-emails/Clinton_Email_October_Release/C05790533.pdf [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1977]] 5dto0xgig9lbcksjf7lxh8zz7d5nrqf Ryuya Wakaba 0 96034 889743 880303 2026-07-31T09:03:22Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889743 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Wakaba Ryuya from "Ichiko" at Red Carpet of the Tokyo International Film Festival 2023 (53348101516).jpg|thumb|Ryuya Wakaba]] '''Ryūya Wakaba''' (若葉 竜也, Wakaba Ryūya, an haife shi a ranar 10 ga watan Yuni, 1989) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Japan wanda aka ba shi izinin yin aiki a hukumar basira ta Farko. Shi da 'yan uwansa hudu sun kafa Wakaba Brothers . == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi ! class="unsortable" |Bayani ! class="unsortable" |{{Abbr|Ref.|References}} |- |1998 |''Tokugawa Yoshinobu'' |Shichirōmaro |Wasan kwaikwayo na <nowiki><i id="mwIw">Taiga</i></nowiki> |<ref name="oricon20200813" /> |- |2003 |''Kikujiro zuwa Saki'' |Masaru Kitano | | |- |2004 |''4 TANNA'' |Yuni | | |- | rowspan="2" |2005 |''Koisuru Nichiyobi'' |Na'u | | |- |''Nobuta wo Yana samarwa'' |Shittaka | | |- | rowspan="4" |2006 |''Toritsu Mizusho!'' |Sanshirō Suzaki |Fim din talabijin | |- |''Maigidan Gwargwadon'' |Rikuo Hoshino | | |- |''Shigar da Osutoki'' |Kimiaki Kogure | | |- |''Ƙaunar Rayuwata'' |Ma'aikaci |Kashi na 10 | |- | rowspan="4" |2007 |''Ballad na Shinigami'' |Mitsuki Asano | | |- |''Seito Shokun!'' |Naoki Shirai | | |- |''Kaijoken Musashi'' |Shin'ichi Morioka | | |- |''Makarantar masu bincike Q'' |Hibiki Sakuma |Abubuwa 4, 5 | |- | rowspan="2" |2008 |''Sensei wa Erai!'' |Jun Saeki | | |- |''Gokusen 3'' |Ryuya Yoshida | | |- |2008–09 |''Hanyoyin ƙaddara'' |Shu Yasuda | | |- | rowspan="2" |2009 |''Halin 'yan sanda'' |Midori |Ƙananan jerin | |- |''Makarantar Sakandare ta Samurai'' |Reiji Kuroda |Abubuwa 1, 2 | |- |2010 |''Zettai Reido'' |Takuma Hirota |Kashi na 10 | |- |2011 |''Asirin Bayan Abincin Abincin'' |Yūsuke Sawamura |Kashi na 4 | |- |2012 |''Saba Doru'' |Yūji Nashimoto | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=梨本佑司 |url=https://www.tv-tokyo.co.jp/sabadol/cast/nashimoto.html#main |access-date=14 August 2024 |website=TV Tokyo}}</ref> |- |2016 |''Yoshihiko mai ƙarfin zuciya da Mutanen da aka ja da su bakwai'' |Kiji |Kashi na 8 |<ref>{{Cite web |title=キジ（若葉竜也） |url=https://www.tv-tokyo.co.jp/yoshihiko/cast/chara187.html |access-date=14 August 2024 |website=TV Tokyo}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2020 |''Ranar Kasumi Arimura'' |Tanaka |Kashi na 2 |<ref>{{Cite web |title=第2話 WOWOWオリジナルドラマ 有村架純の撮休「女ともだち」 |url=https://thetv.jp/program/0000974587/2/ |access-date=April 9, 2023 |website=The Television}}</ref> |- |''Ochoyan'' |Shinji Kogure |''Mai dafa abinci'' |<ref name="oricon20200813">{{Cite web |title=若葉竜也、芸歴30年で朝ドラ初出演 『おちょやん』キャスト発表 |url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2169385/full/ |access-date=October 9, 2020 |website=Oricon}}</ref> |- |2022 |''Wata Dare, Ta Tunanin Albarka'' | | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=ある夜、彼女は明け方を想う |url=https://eiga.com/movie/96325/ |access-date=January 27, 2022 |website=eiga.com}}</ref> |- |2023 |''Ranar Hana Sugisaki'' | |Kashi na 2 |<ref>{{Cite web |title=「杉咲花の撮休」に上白石萌歌、橋本愛、光石研、若葉竜也、岡部たかし、芋生悠ら出演 |url=https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/506004 |access-date=December 21, 2022 |website=Ntalie |archive-date=January 7, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250107150243/https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/506004 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |2024 |''Unmeted: Littafin Neurosurgeon'' |Tomoharu Sanpei | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=若葉竜也、井浦新が杉咲花の主演ドラマ「アンメット ある脳外科医の日記」に参加 |url=https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/562788 |access-date=March 1, 2024 |website=Natalie}}</ref> |- |} === Fim din === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi !Bayani ! class="unsortable" |{{Abbr|Ref.|References}} |- |2005 |''Hinokio'' | | | |- |2008 |''Hanyoyin ƙaddara'' |Shu Yasuda | | |- |2009 |''Gokusen: Fim din'' |Ryuya Yoshida | | |- | rowspan="4" |2011 |''Gantz'' |Takahashi | | |- |''Gantz: Cikakken Amsa'' |Takahashi | | |- |''Genji Monogatari: Sennen no Nazo'' |Fujiwara no Koremitsu | | |- |''Dog × 'Yan sanda'' |Tōru Kusaka | | |- |2015 |''Akegarasu'' |Norio | | |- |2016 |''Shari'ar kisan kiyashi ta Katsuragi'' |Minoru Katsuragi | |<ref name="oricon20200813"/> |- | rowspan="2" |2017 |''Kyakkyawan kwaya da Mayonnaise'' |Terao | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=南瓜とマヨネーズ |url=https://eiga.com/movie/86659/ |access-date=14 August 2024 |website=eiga.com}}</ref> |- |''Kyakkyawan Tauraro'' |Kaoru Takemiya | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=美しい星 |url=https://eiga.com/movie/84444/ |access-date=14 August 2024 |website=eiga.com}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2018 |''Punk Samurai Slash Down'' |Osamu | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=パンク侍、斬られて候 |url=https://eiga.com/movie/88627/ |access-date=14 August 2024 |website=eiga.com}}</ref> |- |''[[Just Only Love (fim)|Ƙauna ce kawai]]'' |Nakahara | |<ref name="oricon20200813" /> |- |2019 |''Iyalin Hadari'' |Toshio Satō | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=台風家族 |url=https://eiga.com/movie/90629/ |access-date=14 August 2024 |website=eiga.com}}</ref> |- | rowspan="4" |2020 |''Dukkanin Abubuwan da Ba Mu taɓa Cewa ba'' |Takeda | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=生きちゃった |url=https://eiga.com/movie/92362/ |access-date=June 4, 2020 |website=eiga.com}}</ref> |- |''Iyaye na Gaskiya'' |Yakuza | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=朝が来る |url=https://eiga.com/movie/91312/ |access-date=14 August 2024 |website=eiga.com}}</ref> |- |''Muryar Zunubi'' | | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=罪の声 |url=https://eiga.com/movie/91122/ |access-date=14 August 2024 |website=eiga.com}}</ref> |- |''Farkawa'' |Riku | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=吉沢亮主演、将棋を題材にした映画『AWAKE』公開 |url=https://www.cinemacafe.net/article/2020/08/12/68444.html |access-date=August 12, 2020 |website=Cinema Cafe}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |2021 |''A kan Birnin'' |Ao Arakawa |Matsayin jagora |<ref>{{Cite web |title=街の上で |url=https://eiga.com/movie/91826/ |access-date=July 7, 2020 |website=eiga.com}}</ref> |- |''A cikin waɗancan Kwanaki'' |Nishino | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=仲野太賀＆若葉竜也らオタク演じる、松坂桃李主演『あの頃。』キャスト発表 |url=https://www.cinemacafe.net/article/2020/10/01/69237.html |access-date=October 1, 2020 |website=Cinema Cafe}}</ref> |- |''Kasancewa cikin Hasken rana'' |Akashi | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=成田凌と松居大悟のタッグ作「くれなずめ」公開、共演に高良健吾や若葉竜也 |url=https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/407140 |access-date=December 3, 2020 |website=Natalie |archive-date=April 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404105949/https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/407140 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | rowspan="4" |2022 |''Gaskiya ta baya'' |Minoru | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=前科者 |url=https://eiga.com/movie/95031/ |access-date=October 14, 2021 |website=eiga.com}}</ref> |- |''Allah Yana Neman Komawa'' |Umekawa | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=神は見返りを求める |url=https://eiga.com/movie/96714/ |access-date=February 26, 2022 |website=eiga.com}}</ref> |- |''Dukkanina ne'' |Shigeyuki Yamazaki | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=ぜんぶ、ボクのせい |url=https://eiga.com/movie/97065/ |access-date=May 27, 2022 |website=eiga.com}}</ref> |- |''A Fensir'' | | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=稲垣吾郎主演、映画『窓辺にて』中村ゆり、玉城ティナ、若葉竜也ら出演 |url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2241153/full/?anc=014 |access-date=July 7, 2022 |website=Oricon}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |2023 |''Ka kira Ni Chihiro'' |Taniguchi | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=ちひろさん |url=https://eiga.com/movie/97680/ |access-date=October 31, 2022 |website=eiga.com}}</ref> |- |''Zuciya Mai Masked'' |Yūji | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=松岡茉優と窪田正孝のW主演作「愛にイナズマ」今秋公開、監督・脚本は石井裕也 |url=https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/522051 |access-date=April 25, 2023 |website=Natalie |archive-date=April 15, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250415205814/https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/522051 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |''Ichiko'' |Yoshinori Hasegawa | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=市子 |url=https://eiga.com/movie/99922/ |access-date=July 27, 2023 |website=eiga.com}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2024 |''Hanyar Hukuncin'' |Jun Iwamori |Matsayin jagora |<ref>{{Cite web |title=ペナルティループ |url=https://eiga.com/movie/99352/ |access-date=April 27, 2023 |website=eiga.com}}</ref> |- |''Hasken rana na'' |Igarashi | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=ぼくのお日さま |url=https://eiga.com/movie/101337/ |access-date=March 21, 2024 |website=eiga.com |language=ja}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2025 |''Barka da zuwa ƙauyen'' | | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=嗤う蟲 |url=https://eiga.com/movie/102254/ |access-date=14 August 2024 |website=eiga.com |language=ja}}</ref> |- |''Baƙi a Kyoto'' |Nakamura | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=ぶぶ漬けどうどす |url=https://eiga.com/movie/103314/ |access-date=28 January 2025 |website=eiga.com |language=ja}}</ref> |- |} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1989]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] i0iihpa59p3yu906f6gzxz7nw8mv9fe Reo Sano 0 96036 889616 662712 2026-07-31T00:20:48Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889616 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{databox}} '''Reo Sano''' (an haife shi a ranar 8 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1996 <ref>{{Cite web |title=REO SANO {{!}} MANAGEMENT {{!}} LDH |url=https://www.ldh.co.jp/eng/management/Sano/ |access-date=2018-08-27 |website=www.ldh.co.jp |language=en}}</ref>)shi [[Ɗan wasa|ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne]] na kasar Japan. Yana daya daga cikin masu wasan kwaikwayo kuma mafi ƙanƙanta a cikin ƙungiyar rawa da kiɗa ta maza ta Japan Generations from Exile Tribe . == Ayyuka == A shekara ta 2006, Sano ya fara halartar EXPG na Tokyo (Gym na sana'a) inda ya yi rawa na KRUMP.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2024)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2011, an zaba shi a matsayin dan takarar Generations ta hanyar sauraron da aka gudanar a EXPG kuma a watan Afrilu 2012 ya zama memba na hukuma. A watan Maris na shekara ta 2014, ya shiga cikin Exile Performer Battle Audition kuma ya kai ga wasan karshe amma ba a zaba shi don shiga Exile ba.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2024)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> A watan Yulin 2014, ya fara wasan kwaikwayo tare da wasan kwaikwayo na ''GTO'' .  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2024)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Shi memba ne na ƙungiyar Krump Twiggz Fam da kuma Rag Pound .  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2024)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> [[Fayil:GENERAIONS from EXILE TRIBE 20200304 1.jpg|thumb|Reo Sano]] A watan Yulin 2018, ya fara taka rawa a fim din "Rainbow Days".<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=佐野玲於×中川大志×高杉真宙×横浜流星、カルテット主演で「虹色デイズ」実写映画化＜コメント到着＞ - モデルプレス |url=https://mdpr.jp/cinema/detail/1719642 |access-date=2019-07-09 |website=モデルプレス - ライフスタイル・ファッションエンタメニュース |language=ja}}</ref> == Ayyuka == === Ayyuka === {| class="wikitable" |+Group choreography !Year !Title !Notes |- |2014 |Never Let You Go |Alongside Yuta Nakatsuka |- | rowspan="3" |2015 |Sing It Loud | |- |Evergreen | |- |All for You |Alongside Yuta Nakatsuka |- |2016 |Rainy Room |Alongside Yuta Nakatsuka |- |2017 |Stupid ~Makka na bracelet~ | |} == Hotunan fina-finai == === Hotunan talabijin === {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi !Cibiyar sadarwa !Bayani !Ref |- |2012 |Rashin sukari |Shiro Mukai |NTV | | |- | rowspan="2" |2014 |Impei Sousa |Kunihiko Ryuzaki |TBS | | |- |Babban Malami Onizuka kakar 2 |Taichi Usami |Fuji TV, KTV | | |- |2015 |High & Low ~The Story Of S.W.O.R.D. ~ |Takeshi |NTV | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=High and Low Official Website |url=https://high-low.jp/}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2016 |High & Low Season 2 |Takeshi |NTV | | |- |Jarumi na dare Naoto | |Talabijin na Tokyo |Kashi na 5 (ƙarshe na rawa) | |- |2018 |Yarima na Labari |Aoi Ayanokoji |NTV | |<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=「HiGH&LOW」チーム新企画は"全員王子"！片寄涼太、鈴木伸之、飯島寛騎らがバトル（動画あり / コメントあり） - 映画ナタリー |url=https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/281906 |access-date=2018-08-27 |website=映画ナタリー |language=ja |archive-date=2019-06-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629234921/https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/281906 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |2023 |Bayani |Kanji Mishima |KTV | |<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 January 2023 |title=ドラマ『INFORMA』原作・沖田臥竜×総監督・藤井道人「情報の向う側にあるリアルな世界」 |url=https://www.news-postseven.com/archives/20230128_1835957.html?DETAIL |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241003022247/https://www.news-postseven.com/archives/20230128_1835957.html?DETAIL |archive-date=3 October 2024 |access-date=3 October 2024 |website=News Post Seven}}</ref> |- |2024 |Informa (lokaci na 2) |Kanji Mishima |Abema | |<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 October 2024 |title=桐谷健太主演『インフォーマ』続編決定 莉子、池内博之、二宮和也が新キャスト「期待度を上げに上げ切りたい」 |url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2347712/full/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241003000943/https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2347712/full/ |archive-date=3 October 2024 |access-date=3 October 2024 |website=Oricon |language=Japanese}}</ref> |} * Bayani mara tsari === Fim din === {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi !Bayani !Tabbacin. |- | rowspan="2" |2016 |Hanyar zuwa Sama da Kasa |Takeshi | | |- |High &amp;amp; Low Fim din |Takeshi | | |- | rowspan="2" |2017 |High & Low The Movie 2 End of Sky |Takeshi | | |- |High & Low The Movie 3 Final Mission |Takeshi | | |- | rowspan="2" |2018 |Kwanakin bakan gizo |Natsuki Hashiba |Matsayin jagora |<ref name=":0"/> |- |Hanalei Bay |Takashi | | |- | rowspan="2" |2019 |Yarima na Labari |Aoi Ayanokoji |An zabi shi don Kyautar Mai Taimako Mafi Kyawu a 99th Japanese Drama Academy Awards |<ref name=":1"/> |- |A wannan lokacin, Zuciyata ta yi kuka |baku | |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Inc |first=Natasha |title=佐野玲於が幽霊になってタイムリープ、「CINEMA FIGHTERS」主演作の特報公開 |url=https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/345868 |access-date=2021-03-30 |website=映画ナタリー |language=ja}}</ref> |- |2020 |Kizoku Kourin: Yarima na Labari |Aoi Ayanokoji | | |- |2023 |Sana |Shi da kansa |Matsayin jagora |<ref>{{Cite web |title=ミンナのウタ |url=https://eiga.com/movie/99013/ |access-date=June 15, 2023 |website=eiga.com}}</ref> |- |} === Gajeren fina-finai === {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi !Tabbacin. |- |2018 |Tiffany Blue | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Released today, 11/2 (Fri.)! Reo Sano appearing in the short film "TIFFANY BLUE"! {{!}} NEWS (ALL) {{!}} LDH - LOVE + DREAM + HAPPINESS TO THE WORLD - |url=https://www.ldh.co.jp/eng/news/detail.php?lang=eng&site=TRIBE&newsid=0000017884 |access-date=2018-11-05 |website=www.ldh.co.jp |language=en}}</ref> |- |2019 |Shirin Fighters na Cinema "Ghosting" |Baku |<ref>{{Cite web |title=All the details of all the five works in "CINEMA FIGHTERS project Part 3" unveiled! {{!}} LDH - LOVE + DREAM + HAPPINESS TO THE WORLD - |url=https://www.ldh.co.jp/news/detail.php?lang=eng&site=EXILE&newsid=0000019587 |access-date=2019-06-22 |website=www.ldh.co.jp}}</ref> |} === Wasanni === {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Taken |- |2008 |Gekidan Exile's "Crown ~ Nemuranai, Yoruno Hateni..." |- |2020 |Karatun wasan kwaikwayo Littafin Dokar "Mou ichido kimi to odoritai/ Ina so in sake rawa tare da kai" |} === Wasan === {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi !Bayani |- |2019 |Yarima na Labari Ƙaunar Sarauta |Aoi Ayanokoji | * An sake shi a ranar 25 ga Maris * Ana samunsa akan iOS / Android |} === Shirye-shiryen talabijin === {| class="wikitable" !Shekaru !Taken !Cibiyar sadarwa !Bayani |- | rowspan="2" |2006-2007 |Holly holly PopTV |TV Saitama | |- |Yakin Ɗaya |NTV |Bayyanawa a matsayin mai rawa |} === Nunin Intanet === {| class="wikitable" !Shekaru !Taken !Cibiyar sadarwa |- |2016-2017 |Girman Mai rawa |AbemaTV |} === Tallace-tallace === {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Taken !Tabbacin. |- | rowspan="2" |2007 |EPSON Home Projector "dreamio" | |- |[[Adidas]] 2007 bazara da bazara tarin | |- | rowspan="2" |2015 |Ruwa Diane "Extra Shine" | |- |Samantha vega | |- |2016 |SoftBank "Sponavi Live" | |- |2017 |Tokyo Nishikawa "Kyakkyawan" | |- | rowspan="2" |2018 |Aoyama Tailor "Aoyama Prestige Technology" | |- |Tokyo Nishikawa "Afit" (Fim din "Autumn") |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ryota Katayose, Hayato Komori and Reo Sano from GENERATIONS serving as the face of Tokyo Nishikawa's "Afit". Reo Sano appears in "Autumn" episode of "Afit" season movies! {{!}} NEWS (ALL) {{!}} LDH - LOVE + DREAM + HAPPINESS TO THE WORLD - |url=https://www.ldh.co.jp/eng/news/detail.php?lang=eng&site=TRIBE&newsid=0000017785 |access-date=2018-10-28 |website=www.ldh.co.jp |language=en}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2019 |NTT Docomo × RAG POUND |<ref>{{Cite web |title=EXILE TRIBE AKIRA＆小林直己＆岩田剛典＆関口メンディー＆佐野玲於、ドコモ新CMに出演 |url=https://realsound.jp/2019/04/post-343455.html |access-date=2019-04-05 |website=Real Sound｜リアルサウンド |language=ja}}</ref> |- |Nishikawa "Gida tana yin" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=GENERATIONS from EXILE TRIBE 片寄涼太さん・小森隼さん・佐野玲於さんを起用し、「Think Sleep! キャンペーン」を11月29日（金）からスタート！ |url=https://prtimes.jp/main/html/rd/p/000000124.000010201.html |access-date=2020-02-20 |website=プレスリリース・ニュースリリース配信シェアNo.1｜PR TIMES}}</ref> |} === Bidiyo na kiɗa === {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Mai zane !Taken !Bayani |- |2005 |Razor Ramon HG |Matashi (Y.M.C.A) |Bayyanawa a matsayin mai rawa |- |2007 |GReeeeN |High G.K Low (An yi amfani da shi a matsayin mai suna) | |- | rowspan="2" |2008 | rowspan="2" |Ka Yi hijira |Jirgin kasa na Choo | rowspan="2" |Bayyanawa a matsayin CHIBIXILE |- |Gingatetsudou 999 |- |2010 |Ƙaunar |Kataomoi | |- | rowspan="2" |2018 |Crazyboy |Jam'iyyar Mai Zaman Kanta | |- |Mazauna Gaskiya |Tokyo Dip | |- |2019 |Okamoto na |Yaro mai rawa | |} === Rayuwa === {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Mai zane !Taken !Bayani |- | rowspan="3" |2007 |W-inds |W-inds Live Tour 2006 Godiya ga Budokan Performance | rowspan="5" |a matsayin mai rawa |- |Fitarwa |Gudanar da Rayuwa ta 2007 Gudanar da Juyin Halitta |- |Fitarwa |Ƙasar Rhythm 2007 |- |2008 |Fitarwa |Tafiya ta kai tsaye "Perfect Live 2008" |- |2010 |Fitarwa |Gudun Hijira na Rayuwa na 2010 "Fantasy" |} === Yin wasan kwaikwayo na murya === {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi |- |2017 |High & Low g-sword Animation DVD Special Edition |Takeshi |} == Littafin Hotuna == {| class="wikitable" ! !Shekara !Ranar fitarwa !Taken !Tabbacin. |- !Na farko |2018 |Nuwamba 15 |Sano San (Abubuwan da suka shafi) |<ref>{{Cite web |title=11/15(木)佐野玲於1st写真集「さのさん」発売決定！！ {{!}} NEWS {{!}} EXILE TRIBE mobile |url=https://m.tribe-m.jp/news/detail?news_id=17383 |access-date=2018-09-07 |website=EXILE TRIBE mobile |language=ja}}</ref> |} == manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1996]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 59wr949iihhbfbcaudfr9a9hmpxvlz4 Ren Meguro 0 96235 889613 720638 2026-07-31T00:04:46Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889613 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Ren Meguro mawaƙi ne kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na ƙasar [[Japan]] wanda memba ne na ƙungiyar gumaka Snow Man a ƙarƙashin Smile Up (Starto), wanda aka fi sani da Johnny & Associates . == Ayyuka == Ren Meguro ya shiga Starto a watan Oktoba 2010. A watan Nuwamba 2016, an zaɓa shi ya zama memba na Uchuu Six, sabuwar ƙungiyar da aka kafa a ƙarƙashin Junior, reshe na Starto wanda ke kula da masu horo da ayyukansu. A ranar 17 ga watan Janairun shekarar 2019, an kara Meguro a matsayin sabon memba ga Snow Man, ƙungiyar Junior da ke akwai, ban da Koji Mukai da Raul. <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 18, 2019 |title=滝沢秀明氏、新会社「ジャニーズアイランド」社長に就任 Snow Man改編を発表 |trans-title=Hideaki Takizawa becomes president of new company “Johnny's Island” Announces Snow Man reorganization |url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2127649/full/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240525071436/https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2127649/full/ |archive-date=May 25, 2024 |access-date=April 5, 2022 |website=Oricon Music}}</ref> Snow Man ya fara fitowa a hukumance a ranar 22 ga watan Janairun 2020. Daga baya, daidai da farkonsa a Snow Man, Meguro ya janye daga Uchuu Six. A ranar 11 ga watan Agusta, 2021, Meguro ya yi aiki tare da abokin aikinsa Shunsuke Michieda a cikin shirye-shiryen talabijin na "My Love Mix-Up!" a cikin rawar da ya taka na farko a waje da ayyukan da suka shafi Snow Man. A ranar 21 ga Fabrairu, 2022, an sanar da Meguro don fitowa a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan matsayi huɗu a cikin Fasahar Wata, fim ɗin da aka yi amfani da shi na littafin da ya lashe Kyautar Naoki na 157, "Tsuki no Michikake" na Shogo Sato, a shafin [[Twitter]] na fim din.<ref>{{Cite tweet|user=eiga_tsukimichi}}</ref> A watan Afrilu na wannan shekarar, an sanar da shi don yin aiki tare a cikin fim din fim din As Long as We Both Shall Live with Mio Imada da za a saki a shekara mai zuwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dempsey |first=Liam |date=April 25, 2022 |title=My Happy Marriage Light Novels Get Live-Action Film Adaptation |url=https://www.crunchyroll.com/news/latest/2022/4/25/my-happy-marriage-light-novels-get-live-action-film-adaptation |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113184028/https://www.crunchyroll.com/news/latest/2022/4/25/my-happy-marriage-light-novels-get-live-action-film-adaptation |archive-date=November 13, 2023 |access-date=June 8, 2022 |website=Crunchyroll}}</ref> [[Fayil:Snow Man.jpg|thumb|Ren Meguro a cikin mutane]] A ranar 14 ga Yuli, 2023, ya taka rawar farko a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na TV a cikin Trillion Game . A ranar 25 ga watan Nuwamba, Meguro ya lashe lambar yabo ta Best Emerging Actor Award a bikin bayar da kyautar fim na 5th TAMA don aikinsa a My Happy Marriage (2023) da Fases of the Moon (2022). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ari-Gold |date=November 15, 2023 |title=Ren Meguro of Snow Man Makes History as First Smile Up Artist to Win Best Emerging Actor Award |url=https://www.tokyohive.com/article/2023/11/ren-meguro-of-snow-man-makes-history-as-first-smile-up-artist-to-win-best-emerging-actor-award |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240207132922/https://www.tokyohive.com/article/2023/11/ren-meguro-of-snow-man-makes-history-as-first-smile-up-artist-to-win-best-emerging-actor-award |archive-date=February 7, 2024 |access-date=November 10, 2024 |website=Tokyohive}}</ref> === Misali === Meguro kuma tana aiki a matsayin abin koyi, <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 21, 2021 |title=その色気どこから出してるの？Snow Man目黒蓮の生態を本人に直撃インタビュー |trans-title=A direct interview with Snow Man's Meguro Ren about his life |url=https://www.vivi.tv/post176211/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404023352/https://www.vivi.tv/post176211/ |archive-date=April 4, 2023 |access-date=January 21, 2021 |website=[[ViVi (magazine)|ViVi]] |language=Japanese}}</ref> kuma ta kasance abin koyi na yau da kullun ga FINEBOYS Magazine tun Nuwamba, 2018. <ref>{{Cite web |date=October 21, 2019 |title=SixTONES 松村北斗、Snow Man 目黒蓮……モデルとしての活躍が期待できるジャニーズJr. |trans-title=SixTONES Hokuto Matsumura, Snow Man Ren Meguro...... modeling for the upcoming Johnny's Jr. |url=https://realsound.jp/2019/10/post-433102.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404083937/https://realsound.jp/2019/10/post-433102.html |archive-date=April 4, 2023 |access-date=November 4, 2019 |website=Real Sound |language=Japanese}}</ref> A ranar 7 ga Mayu, 2020, an ba da sanarwar cewa zai bayyana don fitowar 'FINEBOYS' a watan Yuni a karo na farko a matsayin murfin solo, wanda aka saki a ranar 29 ga Mayu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 7, 2020 |title=Snow Man目黒蓮『FINEBOYS』初単独表紙 編集部が語る起用理由「デビュー経て魅力が高まった」 |trans-title=Snow Man Meguro Ren's “FINEBOYS” first solo cover. Editorial department talks about the reason for using him: “His appeal has increased since his debut |url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2161584/full/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240711055851/https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2161584/full/ |archive-date=July 11, 2024 |access-date=May 7, 2020 |website=Oricon News |language=Japanese}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=May 26, 2020 |title=Snow Man目黒蓮「FINEBOYS」2号連続表紙に決定 |trans-title=Snow Man Meguro Ren “FINEBOYS” to cover two consecutive issues |url=https://mdpr.jp/news/detail/2085939 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404062557/https://mdpr.jp/news/detail/2085939 |archive-date=April 4, 2023 |access-date=May 29, 2020 |website=Model Press}}</ref> A ranar 8 ga Yuni, an ba da sanarwar cewa za a sake buga fitowar FINEBOYS ta 2020 ta Yuni da Yuli tare da Ren Meguro a kan murfin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 8, 2020 |title=Snow Man目黒蓮表紙『FINEBOYS』2号連続で重版 ファンから喜びの声が続々 |trans-title=Snow Man Meguro Ren's cover “FINEBOYS” goes back in print for two consecutive issues |url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2164045/full/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404174425/https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2164045/full/ |archive-date=April 4, 2023 |access-date=June 8, 2020 |website=Oricon News |language=Japanese}}</ref> Labarin ya sa shafin ya fadi na dakika 5 bayan an sanar da shi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 8, 2020 |title=Snow Man目黒蓮、"表紙を飾ると雑誌が消える" 人気の理由は？ |trans-title=Snow Man Meguro Ren: “Magazines disappear when I appear on their covers.” What is the reason for his popularity? |url=https://mdpr.jp/news/detail/2101356 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205020637/https://mdpr.jp/news/detail/2101356 |archive-date=December 5, 2023 |access-date=June 11, 2020 |website=Model Press |language=Japanese}}</ref> A cikin 2024, an zaɓi Meguro don zama jakadan alama don alamar kayan ado ta Italiya Fendi. Shi ne jakadan kamfanin na farko na maza na Japan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-06 |title=Ren Meguro is FENDI's first Japanese male ambassador |url=https://sg.style.yahoo.com/ren-meguro-fendis-first-japanese-034800798.html?guccounter=1 |access-date=2025-02-24 |website=sg.style.yahoo.com |language=en-SG}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, Meguro ya tsara don kamfen ɗin tufafin maza na Spring / Summer 2025, wanda ya sa ya zama mutumin Japan na farko da za a nuna shi a matsayin samfurin farko na kamfen ɗin talla na Fendi na duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-15 |title=Ren Meguro is the first Japanese model for FENDI's global campaign |url=https://sg.style.yahoo.com/ren-meguro-first-japanese-model-042900259.html |access-date=2025-02-24 |website=sg.style.yahoo.com |language=en-SG}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == === Wasanni na talabijin === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" ! scope="col" |Shekara ! scope="col" |Taken ! scope="col" |Matsayi ! scope="col" |Bayani ! class="unsortable" scope="col" |{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}} |- ! scope="row" |2015 |''Oniichan, Gacha'' |Boy E/ Natsko's Onii-chan | | style="text-align:center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=お兄ちゃん、ガチャ |url=https://www.ntv.co.jp/gacha/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211190619/https://www.ntv.co.jp/gacha/ |archive-date=December 11, 2023 |access-date=April 5, 2022 |website=NTV}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |2019 |''Muna Yin Aiki Mai Sauƙi'' |Wakadai Akita "Wanchan" |Matsayin jagora | style="text-align:center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=簡単なお仕事です。に応募してみた |url=https://www.ntv.co.jp/oshigoto/ |access-date=5 April 2022 |website=NTV |language=ja}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="2" scope="row" |2021 |''Kyojo 2'' |Rikito Soma |Ƙananan jerin | style="text-align:center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=目黒蓮「教場」で木村拓哉と共演！役のため短髪に、Snow Manメンバーにはまだ秘密 |url=https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/401101 |access-date=April 7, 2022 |website=Natalie |language=ja |archive-date=December 5, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205050004/https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/401101 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |''Ƙaunar da nake da ita ta haɗu!'' |Kousuke Ida |Matsayin jagora | style="text-align:center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=ドラマ「消えた初恋」は10月から！道枝駿佑と目黒蓮が勘違いから恋を始める |url=https://natalie.mu/comic/news/441463 |access-date=January 31, 2022 |website=Natalie |language=ja |archive-date=October 17, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211017072901/https://natalie.mu/comic/news/441463 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |2022 |''Ba tare da yin shiru ba'' |Su Sakura | | style="text-align:center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=川口春奈がドラマ「silent」で主演、目黒蓮が音のない世界で生きる青年演じる |url=https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/490619 |access-date=August 23, 2022 |website=Natalie |language=ja |archive-date=August 22, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220822203910/https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/490619 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |2022–2023 |''Tashi da Tsayi!'' |Hiroaki Kashiwagi |''Mai dafa abinci'' | style="text-align:center" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 July 2022 |title=Snow Man目黒蓮:「舞いあがれ！」で朝ドラ初出演 山崎紘菜、醍醐虎汰朗ら航空学校の仲間のキャスト発表 |url=https://mantan-web.jp/article/20220719dog00m200033000c.html |access-date=July 20, 2022 |website=Mantan-web |language=ja}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |2023 |''Wasan Trillion'' |Haru Tennōji |Matsayin jagora | style="text-align:center" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pineda |first=Rafael Antonio |date=May 9, 2023 |title=Live-Action Trillion Game Series Reveals Cast, July Premiere |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2023-05-08/live-action-trillion-game-series-reveals-cast-july-premiere/.197901 |access-date=May 9, 2023 |website=Anime News Network |language=ja}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |2024 |''Inda Tekun Ya Farko'' |Natsu Tsukioka |Matsayin jagora | style="text-align:center" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 May 2024 |title=目黒蓮、7月期フジ"月9"初主演『海のはじまり』『silent』の制作陣が再び集結【目黒コメント全文】 |url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2325947/full/ |access-date=May 9, 2024 |website=Oricon |language=ja}}</ref> |- |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1997]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] kb5c4wximahljs466zo69hpws1fxckh Riho Yoshioka 0 96279 889624 880127 2026-07-31T01:44:39Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889624 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Festival de Cinema de Sitges 2019 (49500409358) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Riho Yoshioka]] {{databox}]   Riho Yoshioka (吉岡 里帆, Yoshioka Riho, an haife ta a ranar 15 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1993, a Kyoto) 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta kasar Japan. <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 16, 2015 |title=2015年ブレイク必至"女優・吉岡里帆"の素顔に密着！ |url=http://nikkan-spa.jp/848620 |access-date=February 15, 2016 |website=日刊SPA!}}</ref> Ta fara jan hankalin mutane bayan da ta taka rawa a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin, Here Comes Asa a kan NHK a cikin shekara ta 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |title=『あさが来た』眼鏡っ娘・田村宜役の吉岡里帆、びわ湖近くでバイトしていた |url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2068404/full/ |access-date=January 15, 2021 |website=oricon}}</ref> Ta sami lambar yabo ta Elan d'or don Sabon Shekara a shekarar 2018. <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 22, 2018 |title=吉岡里帆らが新人賞 「2018年 エランドール賞」受賞作品・受賞者発表 |url=https://mdpr.jp/news/detail/1742074 |access-date=July 5, 2021 |website=モデルプレス}}</ref> Ta lashe kyautar Newcomer of the Year a Kyautar Fim ta Kwalejin Japan ta 43 don rawar da ta taka a fim din 2019 ''Mienai Mokugeki-sha'' da Parallel World Love Story . <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 15, 2020 |title=吉岡里帆・黒島結菜・横浜流星ら6人「第43回日本アカデミー賞」新人俳優賞受賞 |url=https://mdpr.jp/cinema/detail/1937343 |access-date=January 15, 2021 |website=モデルプレス}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Kwarewarta ta musamman ita ce calligraphy da alto saxophone . Tana da matsayi na 8 a cikin calligraphy, wanda ta fara tun tana 'yar shekara 7 bayan abokiyar ta gayyace ta. Ta ci gaba da yin aiki sosai a duk makarantar sakandare da sakandare, kuma ta ci gaba da zuwa jami'a tare da manufar zama ƙwararren mai rubutun kalmomi. Fim din Swing Girls ne ya yi wahayi zuwa gare ta, ta shiga kulob din tagulla a lokacin da take makaranta kuma ta buga alto saxophone. Abubuwan sha'awa da ta yi sun haɗa da wasa tare da cats da kallon wasan kwaikwayo na Shinpa. Duk da yake tana son dukkan halittu masu rai, tana son cats musamman, har ma tana rubutu a cikin shafinta na yanar gizo 'Ina da matukar dogaro da cat'. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-08-18 |title=夏 |url=https://ameblo.jp/yoshi-rihorihoriho/entry-11911863209.html |access-date=2024-11-17 |publisher=吉岡里帆オフィシャルブログ「なんでもない毎日。」}}</ref> Iyalinta suna kula da cats biyar da kare daya a gidan danginta a Kyoto.<ref name="otoutohahitomishiri">{{Cite web |date=2015-05-05 |title=弟は人見知り |url=https://ameblo.jp/yoshi-rihorihoriho/entry-12022734637.html |access-date=2021-11-28 |publisher=吉岡里帆オフィシャルブログ「なんでもない毎日。」}}</ref> Ita ce mai sha'awar gummy candy wanda ya shiga Japan Gummy Association kuma memba ne na girmamawa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-27 |title=吉岡里帆は「日本グミ協会」の名誉会員だった！ おすすめを3つ紹介 |url=https://news.j-wave.co.jp/2023/07/content-2064.html |access-date=2023-07-28 |website=J-WAVE NEWS |publisher=J-WAVE, Inc.}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == === Talabijin === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi ! class="unsortable" |Bayani ! class="unsortable" |{{Abbr|Ref.|References}} |- |2015 |''Kyakkyawan da Aboki'' |Karen Asakura | | |- | rowspan="3" |2016 |''Asa ta zo!'' |Nobu Tamura |''Mai dafa abinci'' | |- |''Muna da Millennials Shin muna da matsala?'' |Etsuko Sakura | | |- |''Kungiyar Likita: Lady Davinci no Shindan'' |Ayaka Tamaru | | |- | rowspan="2" |2017 |''Quartet'' |Arisu Kisugi | |<ref>{{Cite web |last=石井 |first=百合子 |date=March 7, 2017 |title=生きててよかった！「カルテット」の吉岡里帆が謎過ぎると話題 |url=https://www.cinematoday.jp/news/N0090108 |access-date=August 18, 2018 |website=Cinema Today |language=japanese}}</ref> |- |''Ina jin gafartawa, Ina son ka'' |Rinka Mita | | |- | rowspan="3" |2018 |''Kullum Kuna zaune a Zuciyata'' |Kyōko Ogawa |Matsayin jagora |<ref>{{Cite web |title=火曜ドラマ『きみが心に棲みついた』 |url=http://www.tbs.co.jp/kimisumi/ |access-date=August 18, 2018 |publisher=[[Tokyo Broadcasting System Television]] |language=japanese}}</ref> |- |''Nemuri Kyoshirō Ƙarshe'' |Misao |Fim din talabijin | |- |''Littafin Mai Shari'a'' |Emiru Yoshitsune |Matsayin jagora | |- |2021 |''Babban Iyali'' |Makiko Yasuda | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=吉岡里帆、松本穂香が「連続ドラマW 華麗なる一族」出演、万俵家の家族写真も公開 |url=https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/409578 |access-date=December 21, 2020 |website=Natalie |archive-date=December 20, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201220220017/https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/409578 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2022 |''Shizuka-chan da mahaifinta'' |Shizuka Nonomura |Matsayin jagora |<ref>{{Cite web |title=しずかちゃんとパパ 吉岡里帆×笑福亭鶴瓶 父娘の笑いと涙のウエディングストーリー! |url=https://www.nhk.jp/p/ts/KVZJ1V7MY5/ |access-date=20 August 2023 |website=しずかちゃんとパパ 概要 (in Japanese) |publisher=NHK}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=27 May 2023 |title=吉岡里帆×笑福亭鶴瓶「しずかちゃんとパパ」が再編集版で地上波放送決定 |url=https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/526256 |access-date=20 August 2023 |website=Eiga Natalie (in Japanese) |publisher=[[Natalie (website)|Natalie]] |archive-date=31 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531222025/https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/526256 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |''Cibiyar'' |Nana | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=吉岡里帆、モトーラ世理奈、石橋菜津美、黒木華が主演を務める「WOWOWオリジナルドラマ 椅子」が5月27日より放送・配信される。 |url=https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/468326 |access-date=2024-12-11 |website=映画ナタリー |language=ja}}</ref> |- |2022–24 |''Gannibal'' |Yūki Agawa |Lokaci 2 |<ref>{{Cite web |title=ドラマ「ガンニバル」第2弾キャストに笠松将、吉岡里帆、倍賞美津子、杉田雷麟ら11人 |url=https://natalie.mu/comic/news/498111 |access-date=October 19, 2022 |website=Natalie |archive-date=October 19, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019053717/https://natalie.mu/comic/news/498111 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |2023 |''Rana ta fadi'' |Mahiro Kai |Ministoci |<ref>{{Cite web |title=北川景子と吉岡里帆が初共演、湊かなえの「落日」WOWOWでドラマ化 監督は内田英治 |url=https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/526627 |access-date=May 31, 2023 |website=Natalie |archive-date=May 31, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531013653/https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/526627 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |''Mutane Masu Tsoro 2'' |Osome | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=落語を原案にしたドラマ『にんげんこわい2』吉田羊・吉岡里帆・安田顕・岡田将生・松重豊・伊東四朗出演 |url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2282935/embed/video/?anc=014 |access-date=2024-12-11 |website=H |language=ja}}</ref> |- |''Kada ku yi amfani da tafiye-tafiye na lokaci don soyayya'' |Megu | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=時空を超えて痛快な"辻褄合わせ"に奔走するＳＦラブコメ『時をかけるな、恋人たち』 |url=https://www.kinejun.com/article/view/36910 |access-date=2024-12-11 |website=キネマ旬報WEB |language=ja |archive-date=2025-02-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250217020831/https://www.kinejun.com/article/view/36910 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |2024 |''Gidan Ninjas'' |Karen Ito | |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-18 |title=賀来賢人主演、Netflixシリーズ『忍びの家』吉岡里帆・田口トモロヲ・柄本時生らキャスト発表 |url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2310903/full/ |access-date=2024-02-19 |website=ORICON NEWS}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2025 |''Gidan aji na Mr. Mikami'' |Fumika Kore'eda | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=御上先生の出演者・キャスト一覧 |url=https://thetv.jp/program/0001056687/cast/ |access-date=9 January 2025 |website=The Television |language=ja}}</ref> |- |''Samurai na Ƙarshe'' |Haskakawa | |<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 February 2025 |title=岡田准一主演のNetflix時代劇「イクサガミ」に藤崎ゆみあ、清原果耶、山田孝之、二宮和也ら |url=https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/610231 |access-date=4 February 2025 |website=Natalie |language=ja |archive-date=10 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250210000248/https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/610231 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 February 2025 |title='Last Samurai Standing' Unveils 14 New Cast Members Ahead of November Debut |url=https://about.netflix.com/en/news/last-samurai-standing-unveils-14-new-cast-members-ahead-of-november-debut |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250204062611/https://about.netflix.com/en/news/last-samurai-standing-unveils-14-new-cast-members-ahead-of-november-debut |archive-date=4 February 2025 |access-date=4 February 2025 |website=Netflix (About) official site}}</ref> |- |2026 |''Toyotomi Brothers!'' |Chika |Wasan kwaikwayo na <nowiki><i id="mwATQ">Taiga</i></nowiki> |<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 2, 2024 |title=26年大河『豊臣兄弟!』新キャスト4人発表 池松壮亮、吉岡里帆、永野芽郁、浜辺美波ら豪華顔ぶれ |url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2347422/full/ |access-date=2 October 2024 |website=Oricon}}</ref> |- |} === Fim din === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi ! class="unsortable" |Bayani ! class="unsortable" |{{Abbr|Ref.|References}} |- | rowspan="3" |2015 |''Mango zuwa Akai Kurumaisu'' |Chihiro | |<ref name="eiga">{{Cite web |title=吉岡里帆 作品一覧 |url=https://eiga.com/person/281017/movie/ |access-date=September 30, 2018 |publisher=eiga.com |language=Japanese}}</ref> |- |''Rufin Ruwan Ruwan Ruwar Ruwan Ruwa'' |Mai Murakami | |<ref name="eiga" /> |- |''Akegarasu'' |Akiko | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=明烏 あけがらす |url=https://eiga.com/movie/81835/ |access-date=May 26, 2024 |website=eiga.com}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |2016 |''Tsumugumono'' |Ryoka Sawai | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=つむぐもの |url=https://eiga.com/movie/82443/ |access-date=June 11, 2024 |website=eiga.com}}</ref> |- |''Bikin Bincike Mai Farin Ciki'' |Aiko Aikawa |Matsayin jagora |<ref>{{Cite web |title=ハッピーウエディング |url=https://eiga.com/movie/85855/ |access-date=April 6, 2024 |website=eiga.com}}</ref> |- |''Star Sand'' |Shiho |Fim din Australiya |<ref>{{Cite web |title=STAR SAND 星砂物語 |url=https://eiga.com/movie/86790/ |access-date=April 6, 2024 |website=eiga.com}}</ref> |- |2017 |''Detective Conan: Wasikar soyayya ta Crimson'' |Mikiko Hiramoto (murya) | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=名探偵コナン から紅の恋歌(ラブレター) |url=https://eiga.com/movie/86075/ |access-date=April 6, 2024 |website=eiga.com}}</ref> |- |2018 |''Ya fi girma!: Ba za ku iya jin abin da kuke raira waƙa ba', Wimp'' |Fūka |Matsayin jagora |<ref>{{Cite web |title=音量を上げろタコ！なに歌ってんのか全然わかんねぇんだよ!! |url=https://eiga.com/movie/87957/ |access-date=April 6, 2024 |website=eiga.com}}</ref> |- | rowspan="4" |2019 |''Labarin Ƙaunar Duniya'' |Mayuko Tsuno | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=パラレルワールド・ラブストーリー |url=https://eiga.com/movie/88837/ |access-date=April 6, 2024 |website=eiga.com}}</ref> |- |''Hot Gimmick: Yarinya ta sadu da Boy'' |Rina Katsuragi | |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sherman |first=Jennifer |date=March 15, 2019 |title="Live-Action Hot Gimmick Film Casts Hiyori Sakurada, Kaisei Kamimura, Riho Yoshioka" |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2019-03-15/live-action-hot-gimmick-film-casts-hiyori-sakurada-kaisei-kamimura-riho-yoshioka/.144616 |website=[[Anime News Network]]}}</ref> |- |''Blue Sky ta'' |Akane (murya) | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=空の青さを知る人よ |url=https://eiga.com/movie/90981/ |access-date=June 11, 2019 |website=eiga.com}}</ref> |- |''Makaho'' |Natsume Hamanaka |Matsayin jagora |<ref name="eiga" /> |- | rowspan="2" |2020 |''Fukushima 50'' |Haruka | |<ref name="eiga" /> |- |''Duk wani Crybabies kewaye da shi?'' |Kotone | |<ref name="eiga" /> |- | rowspan="2" |2021 |''Zokki'' |Ryoko |Matsayin jagora |<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 20, 2020 |title=吉岡里帆、鈴木福、満島真之介ら映画『ゾッキ』に豪華キャスト18名 |url=https://www.cinematoday.jp/news/N0119344 |access-date=October 21, 2020 |website=Cinematoday}}</ref> |- |''Fortune Ya fi so Lady Nikuko'' |Miu (murya) | |<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 9, 2021 |title=Studio 4°C's Gyokō no Nikuko-san Film Reveals 6 More Cast Members |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2021-04-09/studio-4c-gyoko-no-nikuko-san-film-reveals-6-more-cast-members/.171602 |access-date=April 9, 2021 |publisher=[[Anime News Network]]}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |2022 |''Anime Mafi Girma!'' |Hitomi Saitō |Matsayin jagora |<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 25, 2021 |title=吉岡里帆主演、中村倫也ら共演で『ハケンアニメ！』実写映画化 ビジュアル＆特報映像も |url=https://realsound.jp/movie/2021/11/post-910719.html |access-date=November 25, 2021 |website=Real Sound}}</ref> |- |''xxxHolic'' |Jorōgumo | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=映画「xxxHOLiC」女郎蜘蛛役に吉岡里帆、映画オリキャラの手下役を磯村勇斗 |url=https://natalie.mu/comic/news/466102 |access-date=February 18, 2022 |website=Natalie |archive-date=February 18, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220218080555/https://natalie.mu/comic/news/466102 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |''Shimamori'' |Rin Higa | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=島守の塔 |url=https://eiga.com/movie/96999/ |access-date=May 28, 2022 |website=eiga.com}}</ref> |- | rowspan="4" |2023 |''Ice Cream Fever'' |Natsumi |Matsayin jagora |<ref>{{Cite web |title=アイスクリームフィーバー |url=https://eiga.com/movie/98598/ |access-date=December 20, 2022 |website=eiga.com}}</ref> |- |''G-Men'' |Hitomi Amamiya | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gメン |url=https://eiga.com/movie/96500/ |access-date=March 16, 2023 |website=eiga.com}}</ref> |- |''Mu 'yan dubban shekaru ne. Shin yana da matsala?: Fim din'' |Etsuko Sakura | |<ref name="yutori">{{Cite web |date=June 8, 2023 |title=『ゆとりですがなにか』続編映画に安藤サクラ・仲野太賀・吉田鋼太郎らキャスト再集結 |url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2282125/full/ |access-date=June 8, 2023 |website=Oricon}}</ref> |- |''Mai satar katako'' |Emi Hasumi | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=怪物の木こり |url=https://eiga.com/movie/99644/ |access-date=June 7, 2023 |website=eiga.com}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |2024 |''Maru'' |Yajima | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=まる |url=https://eiga.com/movie/101747/ |access-date=June 27, 2024 |website=eiga.com}}</ref> |- |''Rashin fuska'' |Sayaka Ando | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=藤井道人の最新作、主演の「正体」は不明 吉岡里帆・森本慎太郎・山田杏奈・山田孝之が出演 |url=https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/581677 |access-date=11 July 2024 |website=Natalie |archive-date=10 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240710235611/https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/581677 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |''A kan benci'' | |Matsayin jagora; fim din tarihin |<ref>{{Cite web |title=アット・ザ・ベンチ |url=https://eiga.com/movie/102390/ |access-date=6 September 2024 |website=eiga.com}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |2025 |''Kowloon Generic Romance'' |Reiko Kujirai |Matsayin jagora |<ref>{{Cite web |title=「九龍ジェネリックロマンス」2025年TVアニメ＆実写映画化！キャストと特報を解禁 |url=https://natalie.mu/comic/news/594792 |access-date=11 October 2024 |website=Natalie |archive-date=31 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241031045616/https://natalie.mu/comic/news/594792 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |''Kiss na farko'' |Ritsu Tenma | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=松たか子×松村北斗「ファーストキス」にリリー・フランキー、吉岡里帆、森七菜が出演 |url=https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/595498 |access-date=17 October 2024 |website=Natalie |archive-date=21 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241221005745/https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/595498 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |''Harsasai, Ƙasusuwa da Ƙarƙashin Hanci: Fim ɗin'' | | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=THE オリバーな犬、(Gosh!!)このヤロウ MOVIE |url=https://eiga.com/movie/102516/ |access-date=13 December 2024 |website=eiga.com |language=ja}}</ref> |- |} === Dubbing === * Transformers One (Elita) <ref>{{Cite web |title=トランスフォーマー／ONE －日本語吹き替え版 |url=https://www.fukikaekingdom.com/post-26440/ |access-date=September 11, 2024 |website=Fukikae Kingdom}}</ref> === Sauran === * 68th NHK Kōhaku Uta Gassen (2017), alƙali <ref>{{Cite web |title=【紅白】ゲスト審査員発表 加藤一二三、鈴木亮平、高橋一生ら8人に決定 |url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2102626/full/ |access-date=May 26, 2024 |website=Oricon}}</ref> * Kyautar Rubuce-rubucen Japan ta 62 (2020), mai karɓar bakuncin <ref name="Recotai" /> * Kyautar Rubuce-rubucen Japan ta 63 (2021), mai karɓar bakuncin <ref name="Recotai">{{Cite web |title=「日本レコード大賞」司会は10年連続安住アナ＆2年目の吉岡里帆コンビが続投 |url=https://natalie.mu/music/news/456691 |access-date=December 9, 2021 |website=Natalie |archive-date=December 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209125822/https://natalie.mu/music/news/456691 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Ayyuka !Sakamakon ! class="unsortable" |{{Abbr|Ref.|References}} |- |2018 |Kyautar zinare ta 42 ta ElanKyautar Elan na zinariya |Sabon Shekara |Shi da kansa|{{Won}} | |- | rowspan="2" |2020 |Kyautar Blue Ribbon ta 62 |Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo |''Makaho''| {{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=ブルーリボン賞候補発表、松坂桃李、成田凌、長澤まさみ、松岡茉優がWノミネートら |url=https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/361971 |access-date=April 6, 2024 |website=Natalie |archive-date=May 28, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200528150734/https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/361971 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta 43 ta Japan |Sabon Shekara |''Labarin Ƙaunar Duniya'' na ''Makaho'' da Ma'ana| {{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 January 2020 |title=第43回日本アカデミー賞優秀賞発表、受賞者・受賞作品一覧 |url=https://eigaland.com/topics/?p=113162 |access-date=January 15, 2020 |website=eigaland |language=ja}}</ref> |- |2022 |Kyautar Fim ta Wasanni ta 35 ta NikkanKyautar Fim ta Wasanni ta Nikkan |Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo | rowspan="3" |''Anime Mafi Girma!''| {{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=日刊スポーツ映画大賞・石原裕次郎賞ノミネート発表 「PLAN75」が最多6部門 |url=https://eiga.com/news/20221109/3/ |access-date=November 9, 2022 |website=eiga.com |language=ja}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |2023 |Bikin Fim na 44 na Yokohama |Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo| {{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=第44回ヨコハマ映画祭 2022年日本映画個人賞 |url=http://yokohama-eigasai.o.oo7.jp/44-2022/44_2022_shou.html |access-date=February 5, 2023 |website=Yokohama Film Festival |language=ja}}</ref> |- |Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Japan ta 46 |Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo| {{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 23, 2023 |title=『第46回 日本アカデミー賞』受賞者・作品発表 『ある男』最多12部門13の優秀賞 助演女優に2人同時 |url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2264793/full/ |access-date=January 23, 2023 |website=Oricon |language=ja}}</ref> |- |Kyautar Fim ta Wasanni ta Nikkan ta 36 |Mafi Kyawun Mataimakin Mataimakin |''G-Men'' da sauransu| {{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=日刊スポーツ映画大賞は石井裕也監督「月」が最多5部門6ノミネート |url=https://eiga.com/news/20231108/15/ |access-date=November 8, 2023 |website=eiga.com |language=ja}}</ref> |- |2024 |Kyautar Fim ta 49 ta HochiKyautar Fim ta Hochi |Mafi Kyawun Mataimakin Mataimakin | rowspan="2" |''Rashin fuska''| {{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 26, 2024 |title=「第49回報知映画賞」各賞が決定 主演男優賞に横浜流星、主演女優賞に石原さとみ |url=https://hochi.news/articles/20241125-OHT1T51222.html?page=1 |access-date=26 November 2024 |website=Sports Hochi |language=ja}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |2025 |Kyautar Fim ta Mainichi ta 79 |Mafi Kyawun Ayyukan Taimako| {{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=「夜明けのすべて」毎日映画コンクールで最多7賞にノミネート、俳優部門は男女の区別撤廃 |url=https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/604317 |access-date=19 December 2024 |website=Natalie |language=ja |archive-date=14 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250214023424/https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/604317 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |Kyautar Blue Ribbon ta 67 |Mafi Kyawun Mataimakin Mataimakin |Ba tare da Fuskar ba, ''Maru'', da A Bench''A kan benci''| {{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=第67回ブルーリボン賞候補決まる 「あんのこと」「正体」が最多4部門で選出 3部門で「碁盤斬り」「侍タイムスリッパー」「十一人の賊軍」「ラストマイル」 |url=https://www.chunichi.co.jp/article/1007136?rct=entertainment |access-date=4 January 2025 |website=Chunichi Shimbun |language=ja}}</ref> |- |Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta 48 ta Japan |Mafi Kyawun Mataimakin Mataimakin |''Rashin fuska''| {{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 March 2025 |title=吉岡里帆、初の最優秀助演女優賞! 能登からリモートでスピーチ「映画のエキストラ出演がきっかけに」 |url=https://www.cinematoday.jp/news/N0147891 |access-date=14 March 2025 |website=Cinematoday |language=ja}}</ref> |- |} == manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://www.flamme.co.jp/actress/riho_yoshioka/ Bayanan hukumar] (a cikin Jafananci) * {{IMDb name|6126186}} * Riho Yoshiokaa kanInstagram * Riho Yoshioka Managera kanInstagram {{Navboxes|title=Awards for Riho Yoshioka|list={{Hochi Film Award for Best Supporting Actress}} {{Japan Academy Film Prize for Best Supporting Actress}} {{Yokohama Film Festival Best Actress}}}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1993]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 4r89z4ucey481572gl0gsi7sidp1v5z Ryoma Takeuchi 0 96288 889742 732843 2026-07-31T09:01:13Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889742 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{databox}} Ryo Takeuchi (竹内 ?), , <ref name="Mainichi Shimbun" />wani mutum ne wanda aka fi sani da sunan , ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na kasar [[Japan]], samfurin, kuma ɗan wasan talabijin wanda ke da alaƙa da [[Horipro]] .<ref name="Shukan Bunshun Web" /> Ya kasance dalibi ne na kimiyyar muhalli ta duniya a [[Rissho University|Jami'ar Rissho]] . <ref name="Rissho University" /> An fi saninsa da rawar da ya taka a matsayin Shinnosuke Tomari, babban hali na jerin Kamen Rider ''[[Kamen Rider Drive]]'' . == Rayuwa ta mutum == Takeuchi shine babba a cikin 'yan uwa uku, tare da ƙaramar 'yar'uwa ɗaya da ƙaramin ɗan'uwa ɗaya. Sunansa na ainihi shine Ryo Takeuchi . Iyayensa suna son sautin "Ryo", don haka sun ba shi sunan Ryo. Kanji "X" na sunansa yana da wuya a yi amfani da shi a cikin suna. Takeuchi ya fara buga [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kwallon kafa]] lokacin da yake dan shekara biyar, ya kasance na [[Tokyo]] Verdy lokacin da yake matashi.<ref name="Shukan Bunshun Web">{{Cite web |date=November 4, 2013 |script-title=ja:萩庭桂太 YOUR EYES ONLY > 竹内涼真 |url=http://shukan.bunshun.jp/articles/-/3301 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140828181616/http://shukan.bunshun.jp/articles/-/3301 |archive-date=August 28, 2014 |access-date=2015-06-12 |publisher=Shukan Bunshun Web |language=ja}} [[Rukuni:CS1 uses Japanese-language script (ja)]] [[Rukuni:CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja)]]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=August 28, 2014 |script-title=ja:頑張れ、タケ！ "新ライダー"竹内涼真に東京Vユース同期が友情エール！ |url=http://www.sponichi.co.jp/soccer/news/2014/08/28/kiji/K20140828008827361.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150615200819/http://www.sponichi.co.jp/soccer/news/2014/08/28/kiji/K20140828008827361.html |archive-date=June 15, 2015 |access-date=2015-06-12 |publisher=Sports Nippon |language=ja}}</ref> Da farko ya tafi kwaleji a kan shawarar kwallon kafa, amma bai bi aikin kwallon kafa ba.<ref name="Shukan Bunshun Web" /> === Dangantaka === In 2019, there were media speculations about Takeuchi and Ayaka Miyoshi's romantic relationship, but their agencies at that time did not disclose any information about the two, and they themselves did not comment on the reports till later in May 2020, when it was revealed by media outlets that they were already living together and were "counting down the days until marriage." Unfortunately, on October 27, 2024, the couple reportedly split after four years to focus more on their careers.<ref>{{Cite web |last=村上幸将 |title=竹内涼真と三吉彩花が破局 交際報道４年「結婚秒読み」も互いに多忙極め今年に入り決断か - 離婚・破局 : 日刊スポーツ |trans-title=Ryoma Takeuchi and Ayaka Miyoshi break up after four years of dating; they were "counting down the days until marriage" but due to their busy schedules, they may have decided to make the decision this year |url=https://www.nikkansports.com/entertainment/news/202410260001192.html?Page=1&mode=all |access-date=2024-11-19 |website=nikkansports.com |language=ja}}</ref> == Ayyuka == A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2013, Takeuchi ta fito a cikin mujallar mata ''Mina'', bayan ta lashe jarrabawar ''Mina Kare Grand Prix'', wanda mutane 2,457 suka fafata.<ref name="Mainichi Shimbun">{{Cite web |date=April 20, 2013 |script-title=ja:mina：初男性モデルに元ヴェルディユースの竹内峻さん 「彼氏にしたい」で2500人から選出 |url=http://kirei.mainichi.jp/kireinews/news/20130420dog00m100015000c.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140828181704/http://kirei.mainichi.jp/kireinews/news/20130420dog00m100015000c.html |archive-date=August 28, 2014 |access-date=2015-06-12 |publisher=Mainichi Shimbun |language=ja}}</ref><ref name="Shukan Bunshun Web"/> Ya yi aiki a fina-finai da jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin.<ref name="Rissho University">{{Cite web |date=October 4, 2013 |script-title=ja:地球環境科学部2年竹内崚さんが2つのオーディションでグランプリに輝く！ |url=http://www.ris.ac.jp/whatsnew/2013/l10kip000003zhis.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150509103428/http://www.ris.ac.jp/whatsnew/2013/l10kip000003zhis.html |archive-date=May 9, 2015 |access-date=2015-06-12 |publisher=Rissho University |language=ja}}</ref> Daga 2014 zuwa 2015 Takeuchi ya buga wasan kwaikwayo, Shinnosuke Tomari / ''Kamen Rider Drive'' a Kamen Ride Drive . <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 28, 2014 |script-title=ja:最新作『仮面ライダードライブ』は史上初・バイクに乗らず車に乗る刑事ライダー |url=http://news.mynavi.jp/news/2014/08/28/256/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150709071748/http://news.mynavi.jp/news/2014/08/28/256/ |archive-date=July 9, 2015 |access-date=2015-06-12 |publisher=MyNavi News |language=ja}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 28, 2014 |script-title=ja:新人俳優"竹内涼真、新仮面ライダーに抜てき「1年間、全力で」 |url=http://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2041476/full/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924151035/http://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2041476/full/ |archive-date=September 24, 2015 |access-date=2015-06-12 |publisher=Oricon Style |language=ja}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=August 28, 2014 |script-title=ja:竹内涼真 新ライダーはサッカー選手からの"変身"「おじが泣いて喜んだ」 |url=http://www.sponichi.co.jp/entertainment/news/2014/08/28/kiji/K20140828008827680.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150901005907/http://www.sponichi.co.jp/entertainment/news/2014/08/28/kiji/K20140828008827680.html |archive-date=September 1, 2015 |access-date=2015-06-12 |publisher=Sports Nippon |language=ja}}</ref> A ranar 21 ga Nuwamba, 2016, Takeuchi na ɗaya daga cikin masu cin nasara uku na 2016 Best Stylish Award . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Riyoma Takeuchi Kamen Rider Driver Receives Best Styling Award 2016 |url=http://nihonhero.weebly.com/nihon-hero/ryoma-takeuchi-kamen-rider-drive-receives-best-styling-award-2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161124092234/http://nihonhero.weebly.com/nihon-hero/ryoma-takeuchi-kamen-rider-drive-receives-best-styling-award-2016 |archive-date=2016-11-24 |access-date=2016-11-23 |website=nihonhero |language=en}}</ref> A cikin 2017, Takeuchi ya sami matsayi mai ban mamaki a matsayin Jun'ichiro Shimatani a cikin NHK Morning Drama (Asadora) ''Hiyokko'', a matsayin Hajime Mugino a cikin NTV Drama ''Kahogo no Kahoko'' kuma a matsayin Hiroto Mogi a cikin TBS Sunday Drama ''Rikuoh'' . A watan Janairun 2020, ya taka rawar farko a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Lahadi (TBS) a cikin Ship of Theseus . Shi ne mafi ƙanƙanta da ya jagoranci a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Lahadi yana da shekaru 26.<ref>{{Cite web |title=交際報道の「山﨑賢人」「広瀬すず」それぞれTBSのドラマ主演決定 「日曜劇場」「火10」の人気枠で |url=https://www.dailyshincho.jp/article/2022/07161101/ |access-date=2022-08-14 |website=デイリー新潮 |language=ja}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == === Fim din === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;" !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi !Bayani !{{Abbr|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}} |- |2014 |''Kamen Rider × Kamen Ride Drive &amp;amp; Gaim: Movie War Full Throttle'' |Shinnosuke Tomari / Kamen Rider Drive |Matsayin jagora |<ref name="Tomari">{{Cite web |script-title=ja: 仮面ライダードライブ |url=https://www.tv-asahi.co.jp/drive/sphone/cast/ |access-date=April 1, 2021 |website=TV Asahi |language=ja}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |2015 |''Super Hero Taisen GP: Kamen Rider 3'' |Shinnosuke Tomari / Kamen Rider Drive |Matsayin jagora |<ref name="Tomari" /> |- |''Kamen Rider Drive: Abin mamaki Makomar'' |Shinnosuke Tomari / Kamen Rider Drive |Matsayin jagora |<ref name="Tomari" /> |- |''Kamen Rider × Kamen Ride Ghost &amp;amp; Drive: Super Movie War Farawa'' |Shinnosuke Tomari / Kamen Rider Drive |Matsayin jagora |<ref name="Tomari" /> |- | rowspan="2" |2016 |''Yell don Blue Sky'' |Daisuke Yamada |Matsayin jagora |<ref name="RS">{{Cite web |script-title=ja: 竹内涼真がより気になる存在に？『竹内涼真の撮休』にみる、『撮休』シリーズのマジック |url=https://realsound.jp/movie/2020/11/post-648873.html |access-date=April 1, 2021 |website=Real Sound |language=ja}}</ref> |- |''Kamen Rider Heisei Generations: Dokta Pac-Man vs. Tsohon Taimako & Ghost tare da Legend Rider'' |Shinnosuke Tomari / Kamen Rider Drive | |<ref name="Tomari" /> |- | rowspan="2" |2017 |''Teiichi: Yaƙin Mafi Girma'' |Dan Ōtaka | |<ref name="RS" /> |- |''<nowiki/>'Yan sanda na karshe na MOVIE'' |Shogo Wakayama | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=「ラストコップ」唐沢寿明×窪田正孝×藤木直人×竹内涼真のアクションシーン到着 |url=https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/232261 |access-date=2023-07-05 |website=映画ナタリー |language=ja}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2018 |''Malamin na, Ƙaunar ta'' |Yoshitaka Hiromitsu |Matsayin jagora |<ref name="RS" /> |- |''Ku gudu! T Kungiyar Kwando ta Makarantar Sakandare'' |Jun Sato | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=竹内涼真が「走れ！T校バスケット部」出演、志尊淳の頼れる先輩に（コメントあり） |url=https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/283259 |access-date=2023-07-05 |website=映画ナタリー |language=ja |archive-date=2018-05-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180523100208/https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/283259 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2019 |''Mai bincike Pikachu'' |Mai horar da Pokémon na namiji |Cameo; fim din Amurka |<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja: 竹内涼真、『名探偵ピカチュウ』本編にカメオ出演！「夢に一歩近づくことができました」 |url=https://www.cinemacafe.net/article/2019/04/05/60998.html |access-date=April 1, 2021 |website=Cinema Cafe |language=ja}}</ref> |- |''Lokaci na Ƙaunar'' |Issei Asami | |<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja: 緑黄色社会の演奏に涙、M!LK板垣瑞生「初恋ロスタイム」挨拶で初主演作への思い語る |url=https://natalie.mu/music/news/345970 |access-date=April 1, 2021 |website=Natalie |language=ja}}</ref> |- | rowspan="1" |2021 |''Rana Har yanzu tana tsaye'' |Ryōichi Taoka | |<ref name="TSSS">{{Cite web |script-title=ja: 藤原竜也&竹内涼真の心臓に爆弾が！『太陽は動かない』超特報&ビジュアル解禁 |url=https://www.crank-in.net/news/71762/1 |access-date=April 1, 2021 |website=Crank-in! |language=ja}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2022 |''Sarkin Deer'' |Hossal (murya) | |<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja: 堤真一、竹内涼真、杏がアニメ映画「鹿の王」に声の出演、特報も公開 |url=https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/422663 |access-date=April 1, 2021 |website=Natalie |language=ja}}</ref> |- |''Akira da Akira'' |Akira Yamazaki |Matsayin jagora |<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja: 竹内涼真VS横浜流星！ 池井戸潤「アキラとあきら」映画化に主演 |url=https://eiga.com/news/20211124/3/ |access-date=November 24, 2021 |website=eiga.com |language=ja}}</ref> |- |2024 |''Ƙaunarka a matsayin Duniya ta Ƙarshen Fim ɗin'' |Hibiki Mamiya |Matsayin jagora |<ref>{{Cite web |title=劇場版 君と世界が終わる日に FINAL : 作品情報 |url=https://eiga.com/movie/98592/ |access-date=2023-12-08 |website=映画.com |language=ja}}</ref> |- |2025 |''10Dance'' |Shin'ya Suzuki |Matsayin jagora |<ref>{{Cite web |title=10DANCE |url=https://eiga.com/movie/102984/ |access-date=26 November 2024 |website=eiga.com |language=ja}}</ref> |- |} === Shirye-shiryen talabijin da yanar gizo === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;" !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi !Cibiyar sadarwa !Bayani !{{Abbr|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}} |- |2018 |''Kahoko mai kariya sosai: 2018 Love & Dream'' |Hajime Mugino |NTV | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=過保護のカホコ2018～ラブ&ドリーム～ |url=https://www.ntv.co.jp/kahogo-kahoko/special2018/ |access-date=2022-04-15 |website=日本テレビ |language=ja}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2019 |''Rocket na Musamman na Downtown'' |Yosuke Tachibana |TBS | | |- |''Hiyokko 2'' |Jun'ichiro Shimatani |NHK |Kashi na 3 |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-03-28 |title=『ひよっこ2』は若手役者たちの成長の見せ場に 竹内涼真=島谷純一郎が語った"自分の原点" |url=https://realsound.jp/movie/2019/03/post-338161.html |access-date=2023-07-08 |website=Real Sound{{pipe}}リアルサウンド 映画部 |language=ja}}</ref> |- |2022 |''Ka Ƙauna Ka Kamar Duniya Ƙarshen Musamman'' |Hibiki Mamiya |NTV |Matsayin jagora |<ref>{{Cite web |last=日本テレビ放送網株式会社 |title=君と世界が終わる日に 特別編{{pipe}}日本テレビ |url=https://www.ntv.co.jp/kimiseka/special/ |access-date=2022-04-15 |website=日本テレビ |language=ja}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2023 |''Ka Ƙauna Ka Kamar Duniya Ƙarshen Musamman 2'' |Hibiki Mamiya |NTV |Matsayin jagora |<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=日本テレビ放送網株式会社 |title=「君と世界が終わる日に」ファイナル・プロジェクト始動！SPドラマ放送・Season4配信・映画化決定 竹内涼真が意気込み語る |url=https://www.ntv.co.jp/kimiseka/articles/205634eiy9mbpqrj5jft.html |access-date=2022-12-19 |website=日本テレビ |language=ja}}</ref> |- |''Mutumin da aka Bayyana: Wanda ake zargi da fuskoki uku'' |Shuta Motomura |Talabijin na Tokyo |Matsayin jagora | |} == manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1993]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] dfn04zezkbvhv0zqaquybwv4tl8lxn9 Roshani Rasaili 0 96985 889653 711228 2026-07-31T06:23:03Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889653 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Roshani Rasaili ([[Nepali]]) ''' mawaƙiya ce ta ƙasar Nepal. An san ta da gudummawar da ta bayar ga masana'antar kiɗa ta Nepali. An haife ta ne a shekarar 1984 a Gundumar Baglung ta [[Nepal]] . <ref> name=":2">{{Cite web |title=मौलिकता बोकेका गीतमा रसाइली |url=https://ehimalayatimes.com/2023/04/112137/ |access-date=2023-07-08 |website=Himalaya Times |language=en-US}}</ref> Rasaili ta fara aikinta na kiɗa a shekara ta 2009 tare da sakin waƙarta ta farko, ''"Kati Palayo Dali".'' Tare da aiki na tsawon shekaru 14 a fagen kiɗa, ta zama fitacciyar mutum a cikin duet da waƙoƙin [[gargajiya]]. "Mutu bijhaune" ita ce kundi na farko na kiɗa a cikin mai ɗaukar kiɗa.<ref> name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Music is lifeblood of human existence |url=https://annapurna-express.prixa.net/story/46817/ |access-date=2024-01-16 |website=The Annapurna Express |language=Nepali}}</ref> == Game da == Roshani Rasaili mawaƙiya ce ta mutanen Nepalese . <ref> name=":6">{{Cite web |date=2023-02-25 |title='स्वरले साथ दिएसम्म गाइरहने छु' |url=https://www.drishtinews.com/archives/228937 |access-date=2023-07-08 |website=Drishti News - Nepalese News Portal |language=en}}</ref>Ta kasance mai aiki sosai fiye da shekaru 15.<ref>{{Cite web |last=काठमाडौँ |first=नागरिक संवाददाता |title=रोशनीको गायन यात्रा |url=https://nagariknews.nagariknetwork.com/arts/771711-1647752370.html |access-date=2023-07-08 |website=nagariknews.nagariknetwork.com |language=ne}}</ref>"33 kilo sun"",''Batti Pasal''", "''Sali bina''" wasu sanannun waƙoƙi ne a cikin aikinta na kiɗa.An ba ta lambar yabo ta Kyautar Kyautar Mata mafi Kyau a cikin Kayan Kiɗa da Nishaɗi (Kudancin Asiya Partnership Summit & Business Excellence Awards 10 Disamba 2021, Colombo, [[Sri Lanka]]) da Kyautar Duet da Folk Singer a Kyautar Kiɗa da Fim ta Star a cikin 2021.<ref> name=":5">{{Cite web |date=2023-03-23 |title=लोकगायनकी रोशनी भन्छिन्- काठमाडौं टेकेदेखि निरन्तर गायनमै छु |url=https://www.drishtinews.com/archives/234961 |access-date=2023-07-08 |website=Drishti News - Nepalese News Portal |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == Rasaili da Ramesh Shivashankar sun haɗu cikin aure bayan gamuwarsu ta farko a [[Kathmandu]] a cikin shekarar 2010. An gudanar da bikin aurensu a Nepal a ranar 24 ga Nuwamba, shekarar dubu biyu da goma sha daya 2011. == Album == {| class="wikitable sortable" !SN !Sunan kundi !Ranar fitarwa !ref |- |1 |Kyautar Mutuwa |2009 AD |<ref> name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Music is lifeblood of human existence |url=https://annapurna-express.prixa.net/story/46817/ |access-date=2024-01-16 |website=The Annapurna Express |language=Nepali}} [[Rukuni:CS1 Nepali-language sources (ne)]]</ref> |- |2 |Murchhapari Chheuma Dhalda ni |2011 AD | |- |3 |Sanai Chha Ummera |2011 AD | |- |4 |Waƙar Facebook |2019 AD | |- |5 |33 kilo Rana |2018 AD |<ref> name=":4">{{Cite web |title=मौलिकता बोकेका गीतमा रसाइली |url=https://ehimalayatimes.com/2023/04/112137/ |access-date=2023-09-23 |website=Himalaya Times |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |6 |Garchhu Maya Garchhu |2021 AD | |} == Waƙoƙi == {| class="wikitable" !SN !Sunan Waƙar !Ranar fitarwa !ref |- |1 |33 kilo rana |Agusta 12, 2018 |<ref> name=":4">{{Cite web |title=मौलिकता बोकेका गीतमा रसाइली |url=https://ehimalayatimes.com/2023/04/112137/ |access-date=2023-09-23 |website=Himalaya Times |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |2 |Bhatti Pasal |Satumba 13, 2018 |<ref> name=":0">{{Cite web |title=लोकगीतमा रमाउँदै 'रोशनी' |url=https://www.ratopati.com/story/368215/roshni-rasaili- |access-date=2023-07-08 |website=www.ratopati.com |language=Nepali}}</ref> |- |3 |Sali Bhena |Disamba 11, 2019 | |- |4 |Chautari Ma Bar Chhha |Agusta 9, 2017 |<ref> name=":1">{{Cite web |title=रोधीबाट उदाएकी रोशनी |url=https://gorkhapatraonline.com/news/77142 |access-date=2023-09-23 |website=GorakhaPatra}}</ref> |- |5 |Melamchi Aauchha |Mayu 9, 2018 |<ref>{{Cite web |last=khabar |first=Entertainment |date=2018-05-17 |title=गायक भोजराज काफ्लेको आफ्नै पहलमा मेलम्चीको पानि काठमाडौँमा (भिडियो सहित) |url=https://www.entertainmentkhabar.com/details/9218.html |access-date=2023-09-23 |website=Entertainment Khabar |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |6 |Dada Ghare Kanchhi |Agusta 2, 2015 | |- |7 |Yespali Teej Ma Selfie Khichinchha |Agusta 21, 2015 |<ref> name="drishtinews.com">{{Cite web |date=2023-03-23 |title=लोकगायनकी रोशनी भन्छिन्- काठमाडौं टेकेदेखि निरन्तर गायनमै छु |url=https://www.drishtinews.com/archives/234961 |access-date=2023-09-23 |website=Drishti News - Nepalese News Portal |language=en}}</ref> |- |8 |Euta Hoton Khichi Deuna |Yuli 26, 2016 | |- |8 |Herna Jauna fim |Satumba 6, 2016 | |- |9 |Sanai Chha Umera |2011 | |- |10 |Mutumin Tehiketi Paryo |Afrilu 8, 2018 | |- |11 |Garchhu Maya Garchhu |Agusta 7 2021 |<ref>{{Cite web |title=गायिका रोशनी रसाइलीको तीज गीत "गर्छु माया गर्छु" |url=https://farakpost.com/2021/08/08/633/ |access-date=2023-07-08 |website=Farakpost }}{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |- |12 |Mai Ramri Chhu Re |15 ga Oktoba 2015 | |- |13 |Kavre ma Ghar chha - Sashe na 1 |Disamba 3 2014 | |- |14 |Kavre ma Ghar chha - Sashe na 2 |Nuwamba 24 2021 | |} == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable" !SN !Kyautar Kyauta !Sashe !Sunan Waƙar !Sakamakon !Ref |- |1 |Taron hadin gwiwar Asiya ta Kudu da Kyautar Kasuwanci (''Kyautar kasa da kasa daga srilanka'') |Kyautar Kyautar Kyautattun Mata a cikin Masana'antar Kiɗa da Nishaɗi | |ya lashe |<ref>{{Cite web |last=काठमाडौँ |first=नागरिक संवाददाता |title=रोशनीको गायन यात्रा |url=https://nagariknews.nagariknetwork.com/arts/771711-1647752370.html |access-date=2023-09-23 |website=nagariknews.nagariknetwork.com |language=ne}}</ref> |- |2 |Kyautar Teej Musc ta 8th Khayachhabi-2021 |Mafi Kyawun Teej Song Singer |Garchhu Maya garchhu |ya lashe |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Raut |first=Kumar |date=2021-09-08 |title=२९ विधामा आठौं छायाछवि तीज म्युजिक अवार्ड : RajdhaniDaily.com |url=https://rajdhanidaily.com/id/46184/ |access-date=2023-07-08 |website=राजधानी राष्ट्रिय दैनिक (लोकप्रिय राष्ट्रिय दैनिक)-RajdhaniDaily.com - Online Nepali News Portal-Latest Nepali Online News portal of Nepali Polities, economics, news, top stories, national, international, politics, sports, business, finance, entertainment, photo-gallery, audio, video and more... |language=ne-NP}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=छायाँछवि तीज म्युजिक अवार्डको उत्कृष्ट ५ मनोनयन सार्वजनिक |url=https://ekagaj.com/article/arts/24007/?v=1?v=1?v=1 |access-date=2023-07-08 |website=ekagaj }}{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |- |3 |Kyautar ɗan ƙasa mai kirkirar ƙasa ta 2023 |Mafi Kyawun Mawallafin Duet | |ya lashe |<ref>{{Cite web |last=News Desk |date=2023-04-08 |title=गायिका रोशनी 'राष्ट्रिय क्रियटिभ नागरिक अवार्ड'द्वारा सम्मानीत |url=https://akhabartoday.com/2023/04/08/66117 |access-date=2023-09-23 |website=Akhabar Today |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |4 |Kyautar kiɗa da fim na 2021 |Mafi Kyawun Duet da Folk Singer |Sali Bhina |ya lashe |<ref>{{Cite web |title=स्टार म्युजिक एण्ड फिल्मस अवार्ड-२०७८ सम्पन्न |url=https://www.nagariktimes.com/2021/12/175882/ |access-date=2023-07-08 |website=NagarikTimes : National News Portal From Kathmandu |language=en |archive-date=2023-07-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708121323/https://www.nagariktimes.com/2021/12/175882/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |5 |Kyautar Kiɗa ta Sagarmatha 2023 |Mafi kyawun Mawallafin Folk-pop |Furfur Putali |ya lashe |<ref>{{Cite web |title=लोक गायिका तीर्थकुमारी थापालाई सगरमाथा लाइफटाइम अचिभमेन्ट |url=https://www.ratopati.com/story/390435/award |access-date=2023-10-15 |website=www.ratopati.com |language=Nepali}}</ref> |- |6 | | | | | |} == Masu juriya == {| class="wikitable sortable" !SN !Sunan !Ref |- |1 |Kyautar Samabesi ta 6 |<ref>{{Cite web |title=म्युजिक अवार्डबाट गीतकार सुवेदीसहित ४२ जना पुरस्कृत |url=https://www.newsofnepal.com/2023/03/14/559080/ |access-date=2023-07-08 |website=News of Nepal |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=समावेशी म्युजिक अवार्डबाट गीतकार सुवेदीसहित ४२ जना पुरस्कृत |url=https://onlineradionepal.gov.np/2023/03/14/377001.html |access-date=2023-07-08 |website=रेडियो नेपाल |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |2 |Kyautar Kyautar Kyauta ta 3 |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-08 |title=डा.भोला रिजाललाई पच्चिस हजार नगद सहित 'जिनियस म्युजिक दिर्घ साधना सम्मान' |url=https://rastrapress.com/?p=14193 |access-date=2023-09-23 |website=Rastra Press}}</ref><ref> name="drishtinews.com">{{Cite web |date=2023-03-23 |title=लोकगायनकी रोशनी भन्छिन्- काठमाडौं टेकेदेखि निरन्तर गायनमै छु |url=https://www.drishtinews.com/archives/234961 |access-date=2023-09-23 |website=Drishti News - Nepalese News Portal |language=en}}</ref> |- |3 |Na biyu - Kyautar Kiɗa ta Kasa ta Rara |<ref>{{Cite web |title=रारा राष्ट्रिय म्युजिक अवार्डको निर्णयकमा रोशनी |url=https://ehimalayatimes.com/2024/03/207500/ |access-date=2024-03-12 |website=Himalaya Times |language=en-US}}</ref> |} == Daraja == {| class="wikitable sortable" !SN !Taken girmamawa !Ranar !ref |- |1 |Rubuce-rubucen Duniya na Guinness |2018 |<ref> name=":5">{{Cite web |date=2023-03-23 |title=लोकगायनकी रोशनी भन्छिन्- काठमाडौं टेकेदेखि निरन्तर गायनमै छु |url=https://www.drishtinews.com/archives/234961 |access-date=2023-07-08 |website=Drishti News - Nepalese News Portal |language=en}}</ref> |- |2 |Kungiyar Masana'antar Kiɗa ta Nepal - '' (Memba Mai Girma) '' |2023 |<ref name=":5" /> |- |3 |3rd Spiny Babbler International Film Festival - 2023 |2023 |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Raut |first=Kumar |date=2023-06-08 |title=स्पाइनी ब्याबलर फिल्म महोत्सव सम्पन्न : RajdhaniDaily.com |url=https://rajdhanidaily.com/id/81734/ |access-date=2024-01-16 |website=राजधानी राष्ट्रिय दैनिक (लोकप्रिय राष्ट्रिय दैनिक)-RajdhaniDaily.com - Online Nepali News Portal-Latest Nepali Online News portal of Nepali Polities, economics, news, top stories, national, international, politics, sports, business, finance, entertainment, photo-gallery, audio, video and more... |language=ne-NP}}</ref> |- |4 |Kungiyar Daraktan Fim ta Nepal |2023 | |- |5 |Kyautar Kiɗa ta Kasa ta Rara -2024 |2024 |<ref> name=":6">{{Cite web |date=2023-02-25 |title='स्वरले साथ दिएसम्म गाइरहने छु' |url=https://www.drishtinews.com/archives/228937 |access-date=2023-07-08 |website=Drishti News - Nepalese News Portal |language=en}}</ref> |- |6 |Kyautar Bishal Lumbini ta Kasa ta Uku - 2024 |2024 |<ref>{{Cite web |title=स्रष्टा सम्मान र्गदै तेस्रो राष्ट्रिय बिशाल लुम्बिनी लोक दोहोरी अवार्ड सम्पन्न |url=https://www.radiomuktinath.org.np/news-details/1712/2024-02-14 |access-date=2024-03-02 |website=ePaschim Today |language=en}}</ref> |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1984]] ni8nr3c91kzsmj0hnf8vjll0omekw65 Rose Kabagyenyi 0 97488 889650 604579 2026-07-31T06:12:21Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889650 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Rose Kabagyeni''' (an haife ta a ranar 4 ga watan Agusta 1974; wani lokacin '''Rose Kabagyeni''') 'yar siyasar ƙasar Uganda ce kuma tsohuwar 'yar majalisar wakilai. Ta kasance mace 'yar majalisa (MP) mai wakiltar Kisoro, muƙamin da ta riƙe tun daga shekarun 2016 zuwa 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |title=KABAGYENI ROSE |url=https://www.parliament.go.ug/mp_database/profile.php?mid=83 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180321103715/http://www.parliament.go.ug:80/mp_database/profile.php?mid=83 |archive-date=2018-03-21 |access-date= |website=Parliament of Uganda}}</ref> {{As of|2022}} , ta kasance babbar mai bai wa shugaban ƙasa shawara kan aikin gona a Uganda. Ita mamba ce a jam'iyyar siyasa ta National Resistance Movement mai mulki. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2017-12-21 |title=Age limit: How your MP voted |url=https://observer.ug/news/headlines/56437-age-limit-how-your-mp-voted |access-date=2023-10-23 |website=The Observer – Uganda}}</ref> == Ilimi == Ta yi karatun matakin firamare a makarantar firamare ta Gikoro a shekarar 1987. A cikin shekarar 1990, ta kammala karatunta na Ilimin Uganda (UCE) da karatun sakandare a makarantar sakandaren 'yan mata ta Seseme da ke Kisoro. Ta samu takardar shedar farko a fannin noma a shekarar 1995 sannan ta samu difloma a fannin noma a [[Cibiyar Horar da Aikin Gona ta Bukalasa|Kwalejin Aikin Gona ta Bukalasa]] a shekarar 2000. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-10-01 |title=Sarah Mateke Nyirabashitsi: Biography, Age, Family and Husband |url=https://flashugnews.com/sarah-mateke-nyirabashitsi-biography-age-family-and-husband/ |access-date=2023-05-29 |website=Flash Uganda Media |language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2021-01-18 |title=Seven incumbent MPs defeated in Kigezi region |url=https://www.independent.co.ug/seven-incumbent-mps-defeated-in-kigezi-region/ |access-date=2023-10-23 |website=The Independent Uganda |language=en-US}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 2004, Kabagyenyi ta sami digiri na farko a fannin aikin gona daga [[Jami'ar Makerere]] da ke [[Kampala]]. Ta ci gaba da karatun ta, ta kuma samu takardar shaidar difloma ta biyu a shekarar 2011, sannan ta samu takardar shaida ta biyu a fannin lura da kimantawa daga [[Cibiyar Gudanarwa ta Uganda]] a shekarar 2013. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-10-01 |title=Sarah Mateke Nyirabashitsi: Biography, Age, Family and Husband |url=https://flashugnews.com/sarah-mateke-nyirabashitsi-biography-age-family-and-husband/ |access-date=2023-05-29 |website=Flash Uganda Media |language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2021-01-18 |title=Seven incumbent MPs defeated in Kigezi region |url=https://www.independent.co.ug/seven-incumbent-mps-defeated-in-kigezi-region/ |access-date=2023-10-23 |website=The Independent Uganda |language=en-US}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 2014, Kabagyenyi ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin aikin gona daga [[Jami'ar Makerere]]. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-10-01 |title=Sarah Mateke Nyirabashitsi: Biography, Age, Family and Husband |url=https://flashugnews.com/sarah-mateke-nyirabashitsi-biography-age-family-and-husband/ |access-date=2023-05-29 |website=Flash Uganda Media |language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2021-01-18 |title=Seven incumbent MPs defeated in Kigezi region |url=https://www.independent.co.ug/seven-incumbent-mps-defeated-in-kigezi-region/ |access-date=2023-10-23 |website=The Independent Uganda |language=en-US}}</ref> == Kwarewar aiki da sauran ayyuka == Daga shekarun 1997 zuwa 2000, Kabagyenyi ta yi aiki a matsayin jami'in aikin gona na ƙaramar hukumar Kisoro da kuma jami'in aikin gona na gundumar Kisoro daga shekarun 2007 zuwa 2010. Kabagyenyi ta yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga Ayyukan Ba da Shawarar Aikin Gona ta Ƙasa (NAADS). <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Irish Potato Prices Shoot Up |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201006160047.html |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date= |website=}}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani|<span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (October 2023)">tabbacin gazawa</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> <ref>{{Cite web |last=ea_admin |title=National Agricultural Advisory Services – Promoting Profitable Agricultural Production |url=https://www.naads.or.ug/ |access-date=17 April 2020 |language=en-US |archive-date=11 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260211145543/https://naads.or.ug/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>  A matsayinta na mace 'yar majalisar dokokin gundumar Kisoro ta maye gurbinta da Sarah Mateke Nyirabashitsi.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-10-01 |title=Sarah Mateke Nyirabashitsi: Biography, Age, Family and Husband |url=https://flashugnews.com/sarah-mateke-nyirabashitsi-biography-age-family-and-husband/ |access-date=2023-05-29 |website=Flash Uganda Media |language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2021-01-18 |title=Seven incumbent MPs defeated in Kigezi region |url=https://www.independent.co.ug/seven-incumbent-mps-defeated-in-kigezi-region/ |access-date=2023-10-23 |website=The Independent Uganda |language=en-US}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Dan majalisa * National Resistance Movement * Majalisar Uganda * Jerin sunayen 'yan majalisar dokoki na goma na Uganda * Gundumar Kisoro == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1974]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] gsgreseaxmo8eg2t1lcfi3d2izfii4w Rocket 0 97689 889645 880147 2026-07-31T05:36:54Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889645 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Soyuz_TMA-9_launch.jpg|alt=|thumb|An kaddamar da rokar Soyuz-FG daga "Gagarin's Start" (Site 1/5), Baikonur Cosmodrome]] '''roket''' (daga Italiyanci: , lit. "bobbin / spool", kuma an sa mai suna saboda siffarsa) <ref name="Bernhard">{{cite book|first1=Jim|last1=Bernhard|title=Porcupine, Picayune, & Post: How Newspapers Get Their Names|url=https://archive.org/details/porcupinepicayun00bern_0|url-access=registration|publisher=University of Missouri Press|year=2007|isbn=978-0-8262-6601-9|access-date=28 May 2016|page=[https://archive.org/details/porcupinepicayun00bern_0/page/126 126]}}</ref> [[Vehicle|abin hawa]] ne wanda ke amfani da jet propulsion don hanzari ba tare da amfani da [[Sararin Samaniya na Duniya|iska]] ba. <noinclude></noinclude>Injin roket yana samar da turawa ta hanyar amsawa ga fitarwa da aka fitar da sauri. Injinan roket suna aiki gaba ɗaya daga man fetur da aka ɗauka a cikin abin hawa; saboda haka roket na iya tashi a cikin sararin samaniya. Rockets suna aiki da kyau a cikin iska kuma suna haifar da asarar turawa saboda matsin lamba na yanayi. Rockets na Multistage suna iya samun saurin tserewa daga Duniya sabili da haka zasu iya cimma matsakaicin tsawo mara iyaka. Idan aka kwatanta da injunan numfashi, rokoki suna da nauyi kuma suna da iko kuma suna iya samar da babban hanzari. Don sarrafa jirgin su, rokoki sun dogara da ƙarfin, iska, injunan taimako, motsa jiki, ƙafafun motsi jiki, karkatar da kwararar fitarwa, kwararar man fetur, juyawa, ko nauyi. Rockets don amfani da soja da nishaɗi sun samo asali ne daga akalla karni na 13 na kasar Sin.<ref name="NASAEARLY">{{Cite web |last=MSFC History Office |title=Rockets in Ancient Times (100 B.C. to 17th Century) |url=http://history.msfc.nasa.gov/rocketry/tl1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090709042712/http://history.msfc.nasa.gov/rocketry/tl1.html |archive-date=2009-07-09 |access-date=2009-06-28 |website=A Timeline of Rocket History |publisher=NASA}}</ref> Muhimmin amfani da kimiyya, interplanetary da masana'antu bai faru ba har zuwa karni na 20, lokacin da roketry shine fasahar da ke ba da damar Space Age, gami da sanya ƙafa a kan wata. Ana amfani da rokoki yanzu don wasan wuta, [[Makami|makamai]] masu linzami da sauran makamai, kujerun fitarwa, motocin kaddamarwa da tauraron dan adam na wucin gadi, Jirgin sararin samaniya na mutum, da Binciken sararin samaniya. Rockets na sinadarai sune mafi yawan nau'ikan rokoki masu ƙarfi, yawanci suna haifar da fitarwa mai sauri ta hanyar konewa man fetur tare da oxidizer. Abun da aka adana na iya zama iskar gas mai sauƙi ko man fetur guda ɗaya wanda ke rarraba a gaban mai haɓaka (mai ƙarfi), ruwa biyu da ke amsawa da sauri akan tuntuɓar (mai amfani da hypergolic), ruwa biyu waɗanda dole ne a kunna su don amsawa (kamar kerosene (RP1) da ruwa oxygen, wanda aka yi amfani da shi a mafi yawan rokoki na ruwa-mai ƙarfi), haɗuwa mai ƙarfi tare da oxidizer (mai ƙarfi mai ƙarfi), ko mai ƙarfi tare na ruwa ko oxidizer mai ƙarfi (tsarin mai haɗuwa mai haɗuwa da gas).<ref name="RPE7">{{cite book|first1=George P.|last1=Sutton|first2=Oscar|last2=Biblarz|title=Rocket Propulsion Elements|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LQbDOxg3XZcC|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|date=2001|isbn=978-0-471-32642-7|access-date=28 May 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140112033956/http://books.google.com/books?id=LQbDOxg3XZcC|archive-date=12 January 2014}}</ref> Rockets na sinadarai suna adana makamashi mai yawa a cikin sauƙin saki, kuma suna iya zama haɗari sosai. Koyaya, ƙira mai kyau, gwaji, gini da amfani yana rage haɗari. == Tarihi == [[File:Oldest depiction of rocket arrows.jpg|thumb|upright|Rocket arrows depicted in the ''Huolongjing'': "fire arrow", "dragon-shaped arrow frame", and a "complete fire arrow"]] A kasar Sin, roket masu amfani da foda sun samo asali ne a tsakiyar kasar Sin a zamanin daular Song a karni na 13. Sun kuma ƙera wani farkon nau'i na harba roka da yawa a wannan lokacin. Mongols sun yi amfani da fasahar roka ta kasar Sin, kuma abin da aka kirkira ya bazu ta hanyar mamayar Mongol zuwa Gabas ta Tsakiya da Turai a tsakiyar karni na 13.<ref>{{cite web |quote=Rockets appear in Arab literature in 1258 A.D., describing Mongol invaders' use of them on February 15 to capture the city of Baghdad |url= http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/history/rocket-history.txt |url-status=dead|title= A brief history of rocketry|work= NASA Spacelink|access-date= 2006-08-19|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20060805203537/http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/history/rocket-history.txt|archive-date= 2006-08-05}}</ref> A cewar Joseph Needham, sojojin ruwa na Song sun yi amfani da rokoki a wani atisayen soji da aka yi kwanan watan 1245. An ambaci roka na konewa na cikin gida a cikin wani bayani game da 1264, yana yin rikodin cewa "bera-ƙasa", nau'in wasan wuta, ya tsoratar da Empress-Mahaifiyar Gongsheng a wani bikin da aka yi don girmama ta da ɗanta <ref>{{cite book |last = Crosby |first = Alfred W. |title = Throwing Fire: Projectile Technology Through History |year = 2002 |publisher = Cambridge University Press |location = Cambridge |isbn = 978-0-521-79158-8 |pages = 100–103}}</ref> Sarkin sarakuna Lizong. Bayan haka, an shigar da rokoki a cikin littafin soja na Huolongjing, wanda kuma aka fi sani da Littafin Wuta Drake, wanda jami'in bindigu na kasar Sin Jiao Yu ya rubuta a tsakiyar karni na 14. Wannan rubutun ya ambaci roka na farko da aka sani da yawa, wato 'mazarin wuta da ke fitowa daga ruwa' (Huo long chu shui), wanda ake zaton sojojin ruwan kasar Sin ne suka yi amfani da shi.<ref name="Needham volume 5 part 7 510">Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 510.</ref> An yi amfani da rokoki na zamanin da da na zamani ta hanyar soji a matsayin makamai masu tayar da hankali a kewaye. A tsakanin shekara ta 1270 zuwa 1280, Hasan al-Rammah ya rubuta al-furusiyyah wa al-manasib al-harbiyya (Littafin Dokin Soja da Na'urorin Yaki), wanda ya hada da girke-girke na foda 107, 22 daga cikinsu na rokoki.<ref name=Gunpowder>{{cite web |last= Hassan |first= Ahmad Y |url =http://www.history-science-technology.com/Articles/articles%202.htm |title= Gunpowder Composition for Rockets and Cannon in Arabic Military Treatises In Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries |access-date= March 29, 2008 |author-link= Ahmad Y Hassan |work= History of Science and Technology in Islam |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080226105129/http://www.history-science-technology.com/Articles/articles%202.htm |archive-date= February 26, 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last= Hassan |first= Ahmad Y |url= http://www.history-science-technology.com/Articles/articles%2072.htm |title= Transfer Of Islamic Technology To The West, Part III: Technology Transfer in the Chemical Industries |access-date= 2008-03-29 |author-link= Ahmad Y Hassan |work= History of Science and Technology in Islam |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080309003120/http://www.history-science-technology.com/Articles/articles%2072.htm |archive-date= March 9, 2008 }}</ref> A Turai, Roger Bacon ya ambaci bindigogin wuta da aka yi a sassa daban-daban na duniya a cikin Opus Majus na 1267. Tsakanin 1280 zuwa 1300, Liber Ignium ya ba da umarnin yin na'urori masu kama da wuta bisa asusun hannu na biyu.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44230626 | jstor=44230626 | title='The Soul of Artillery': Congreve's Rockets and Their Effectiveness in Warfare | last1=McCaig | first1=A. D. | journal=Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research | year=2000 | volume=78 | issue=316 | pages=252–263 }}</ref> Konrad Kyeser ya bayyana rokoki a cikin littafinsa na soja na Bellifortis a kusa da 1405.<ref>{{cite book|last1= Riper|first1= A. Bowdoin Van|title= Rockets and missiles : the life story of a technology|date= 2004|publisher= Greenwood Press|location= Westport|isbn= 978-0-313-32795-7|page= 10}}</ref> Giovanni Fontana, injiniyan Paduan a cikin 1420, ya ƙirƙiri adadi na dabbar roka.<ref>{{Citation |last=Grafton |first=Anthony |title=The Devil as Automaton |date=2007 |work=Genesis Redux |pages=46–62 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226720838.003.0003 |access-date=2024-02-18 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |doi=10.7208/chicago/9780226720838.003.0003 |isbn=978-0-226-72081-4}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Battisti |first1=Eugenio |title=Le macchine cifrate di Giovanni Fontana: con la riproduzione del Cod. icon. 242 della Bayerische Staatsbibliothek di Monaco di Baviera e la decrittazione di esso e del Cod. lat. nouv. acq. 635 della Bibliothèque nationale di Parigi |last2=Saccaro Del Buffa Battisti |first2=Giuseppa |last3=Fontana |first3=Giovanni |date=1984 |publisher=Arcadia Edizioni |isbn=978-88-85684-06-5 |location=Milano}}</ref> Sunan "rocket" ya fito ne daga rocchetta na Italiyanci, ma'ana "bobbin" ko "karamin spindle", wanda aka ba da shi saboda kamanni da siffar bobbin ko spool da ake amfani da shi don riƙe zaren daga motsin juyawa. Leonhard Fronsperger da Conrad Haas sun karɓi kalmar Italiyanci zuwa Jamusanci a tsakiyar karni na 16; "roka" ya bayyana a cikin Turanci a farkon karni na 17. Artis Magnae Artilleriae pars prima, muhimmin aikin zamani na farko kan makaman roka, na Casimir Siemienowicz, an fara buga shi a Amsterdam a shekara ta 1650. [[File:Rocket warfare.jpg|thumb|left|Mysorean rockets and rocket artillery used to defeat an East India Company battalion during the Battle of Guntur]] Roka na Mysorean su ne rokoki na farko da suka yi nasara a cikin rokoki na ƙarfe, waɗanda aka haɓaka a ƙarshen ƙarni na 18 a cikin Masarautar Mysore (ɓangare na Indiya ta yau) ƙarƙashin mulkin Hyder Ali.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|url= https://www.britannica.com/technology/rocket-and-missile-system|title= rocket and missile system {{!}} weapons system|encyclopedia= Encyclopædia Britannica |edition=Online |access-date= 2017-10-29|url-status=live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171031034251/https://www.britannica.com/technology/rocket-and-missile-system|archive-date= 2017-10-31}}</ref> [[File:William Congreve at Copenhagen 1807.jpg|thumb|upright| [[Sir William Congreve, 2nd Baronet|William Congreve]] at the [[Battle of Copenhagen (1807)|bombardment of Copenhagen]] (1807) during the [[Napoleonic Wars]]]] Makamin Congreve wani makamin Biritaniya ne wanda Sir William Congreve ya kera kuma ya kera shi a shekara ta 1804. Wannan roka an gina shi ne kai tsaye kan rokoki na Mysorean, an yi amfani da foda da aka matsa kuma an yi amfani da shi a yakin Napoleonic. Wannan roka ne na Congreve wanda Francis Scott Key ke magana a kai, lokacin da ya rubuta game da "jajayen hasken roka" a lokacin da ake tsare da shi a kan wani jirgin ruwa na Burtaniya da ke kewaye da Fort McHenry a 1814.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.airspacemag.com/history-of-flight/rockets-inspired-francis-scott-key-180952399/| title = The Rockets That Inspired Francis Scott Key |work=Air & Space Magazine |last=Winter |first=Frank |date=September 2014 |access-date=22 August 2022}}</ref> Tare, sabbin abubuwan Mysorean da na Biritaniya sun haɓaka tasirin rokoki na soja daga yadi 100 zuwa 2,000 (91 zuwa 1,829 m). Magani na farko na ilimin lissafi na ƙarfin roka ya samo asali ne saboda William Moore (1813). A cikin 1814, Congreve ya buga littafi wanda a cikinsa ya tattauna amfani da na'urorin harba roka da yawa.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mca-marines.org/blog/gazette/mlrs-and-maneuver-warfare/|title=MLRS and Maneuver Warfare |last=Morris |first=Charles W. |publisher=Marine Corps Association |access-date=22 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/57791/57791-0.txt |title=The Details of the Rocket System |last=Congreve |first=William |orig-date=1814 |date=2018 |publisher=Project Gutenberg}}</ref> A cikin 1815 Alexander Dmitrievich Zasyadko ya gina dandamali na harba roka, wanda ya ba da damar harba rokoki a cikin salvos (roka 6 a lokaci guda), da na'urori masu harbi. William Hale a cikin 1844 ya ƙara haɓaka daidaiton makaman roka. Edward Mounier Boxer ya kara inganta roka na Congreve a 1865. William Leitch ya fara ba da shawarar yin amfani da roka don ba da damar zirga-zirgar jiragen sama na ɗan adam a cikin 1861. An fara ba da bayanin bayanin jirgin Leitch a cikin maƙalarsa ta “A Journey through Space” a shekara ta 1861, wanda daga baya aka buga a cikin littafinsa ɗaukakar Allah a cikin sama (1862).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Leitch |first1=William |title=God's Glory in the Heavens |date=1862 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vuAUAQAAMAAJ }}</ref> Konstantin Tsiolkovsky daga baya (a cikin 1903) shi ma ya yi tunanin wannan ra'ayi, kuma ya ɓullo da wani tsarin ka'idar da ya samar da tushen ci gaban jirgin sama. The British Royal Flying Corps ya tsara roka mai jagora a lokacin yakin duniya na 1. Archibald Low ya bayyana "...a cikin 1917 Ayyukan Gwaji sun tsara roka mai sarrafa wutar lantarki ... An gudanar da gwaje-gwajen roka a ƙarƙashin ikon kaina tare da taimakon Cdr Brock."<ref>'Flight 3 October 1952, [[Archibald Low|A. M. Low]], "'The First Guided Missile' p. 436</ref> Harba da sarrafa jagora na iya zama ko dai waya ko mara waya. Rikicin roka da jagora ya fito daga saniyar da ke karkata a hanci. [[File:Goddard and Rocket.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Robert Goddard with a liquid oxygen-gasoline rocket (1926)]] A cikin 1920, Farfesa Robert Goddard na Jami'ar Clark ya buga yunƙurin inganta fasahar roka a cikin ''A Method of Reaching Extreme Altitude''.[19] A cikin 1923, Hermann Oberth (1894-1989) ya buga Die Rakete zu den Planetenräumen (The Rocket into Planetary Space). Roka na zamani sun samo asali ne a cikin 1926 lokacin da Goddard ya haɗa bututun ƙarfe na supersonic (de Laval) zuwa babban ɗakin konewa. Wadannan nozzles suna juya gas mai zafi daga ɗakin konewa zuwa mai sanyaya, hypersonic, jet na iskar gas sosai, fiye da ninka turawa da haɓaka ingancin injin daga 2% zuwa 64%. Amfanin da ya yi da masu sarrafa ruwa a maimakon foda ya rage nauyi sosai kuma ya kara tasirin rokoki. [[File:RIAN archive 303890 A battery of Katyusha during the 1941-1945 Great Patriotic War.jpg|thumb|A battery of Soviet [[Katyusha rocket launchers]] fires at German forces during the [[Battle of Stalingrad]], 6 October 1942]] A cikin 1921, dakin gwaje-gwajen bincike da ci gaba na Soviet Gas Dynamics Laboratory ya fara haɓaka rokoki masu ƙarfi, wanda ya haifar da harba na farko a cikin 1928, wanda ya tashi kusan mita 1,300.<ref name="RSB_GDL">{{cite web |last1=Zak |first1=Anatoly |title=Gas Dynamics Laboratory |url=http://www.russianspaceweb.com/gdl.html |website=Russian Space Web |access-date=29 May 2022}}</ref> An yi amfani da waɗannan rokoki a cikin 1931 don nasarar farko da aka yi amfani da rokoki a duniya don yin amfani da roka don tada jirgin sama, <ref name="Glushko">{{cite book |last1=Glushko |first1=Valentin |title=Developments of Rocketry and Space Technology in the USSR |date=1973 |publisher=Novosti Press Pub. House |page=7 |url=https://www.amazon.com/Development-rocketry-space-technology-USSR/dp/B0006CHI4I}}</ref> kuma sun zama samfuran harba roka na Katyusha, <ref name="Ezo_Katyusha">{{cite web |title=Katyusha rocket launcher. Weapon of Victory: multiple launch rocket system 'Katyusha' |url=https://ezoteriker.ru/en/reaktivnyi-minomet-katyusha-oruzhie-pobedy-reaktivnaya-sistema-zalpovogo-ognya/ |website=ezoteriker |access-date=5 June 2022 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> waɗanda aka yi amfani da su a lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II]]. A cikin 1929, an fito da fim ɗin almara na kimiyyar Jamus na Fritz Lang ''Woman in the Moon''. Ya baje kolin amfani da roka mai matakai da yawa, sannan kuma ya fara aiwatar da manufar harba roka (rokatin da ke tsaye a kan wani dogon gini kafin a harba shi a hankali a hankali) da agogon kirga roka.<ref name="Lang profile">[https://www.sky.com/watch/title/series/299ce04f-6462-482a-8973-02d22bacc3d3/the-directors/episodes/season-1/episode-6 "The Directors (Fritz Lang)"]. [[Sky Arts]]. Season 1, episode 6. 2018</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Weide |first=Robert |date=Summer 2012 |title=The Outer Limits |url=http://www.dga.org/Craft/DGAQ/All-Articles/1203-Summer-2012/Photo-Essay-Outer-Limits.aspx |url-status=dead |journal=DGA Quarterly |location=Los Angeles, California |publisher=Directors Guild of America, Inc. |pages=64–71 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190128030427/http://www.dga.org/Craft/DGAQ/All-Articles/1203-Summer-2012/Photo-Essay-Outer-Limits.aspx |archive-date=2019-01-28 |access-date=2025-03-29}} A gallery of behind-the-scenes shots of movies featuring space travel or aliens. Page 68, photo caption: "Directed by Fritz Lang (third from right), the silent film "[[Woman in the Moon]]" (1929) is considered one of the first serious science fiction films and invented the countdown before the launch of a rocket. Many of the basics of space travel were presented to a mass audience for the first time."</ref> Mai sukar fim din ''The Guardian'' Stephen Armstrong ya ce Lang "ya kirkiro masana'antar roka".<ref>{{cite news |title=Woman in the Moon – Philip French on Fritz Lang's handsomely restored moon-mission yarn |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2014/nov/23/fritz-lang-woman-in-the-moon-dvd-review-philip-french |access-date=24 July 2022 |work=The Guardian}}</ref> Lang ya samu wahayi ne daga littafin 1923 The Rocket into Interplanetary na Hermann Oberth, wanda ya zama mashawarcin kimiyyar fim din kuma daga baya wani muhimmin jigo a cikin tawagar da suka kirkiri rokar V-2. An yi imanin cewa fim ɗin yana da haƙiƙa sosai ta yadda Nazis suka hana shi lokacin da suka hau kan karagar mulki don tsoron kada ya tona asirin rokoki na V-2.<ref>{{cite news |title=Watch the Silent Film that Brought Rocket Science to the Masses |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/paywwy/watch-the-silent-film-that-brought-rocket-science-to-the-masses |access-date=24 July 2022 |work=Vice}}</ref> [[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 141-1880, Peenemünde, Start einer V2.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[V-2 rocket]] launched from [[Test Stand VII]], summer of 1943]] A cikin 1943 an fara samar da rokar V-2 a Jamus. Cibiyar Nazarin Sojoji ta Peenemünde ce ta tsara shi tare da Wernher von Braun wanda ke aiki a matsayin darektan fasaha.<ref>Ordway, Frederick I., III.; Sharpe, Mitchell R. ''The Rocket Team''. Apogee Books Space Series 36. p. 38.</ref> V-2 ya zama abu na farko da ya fara tafiya zuwa sararin samaniya ta hanyar ketare layin Kármán tare da ƙaddamar da MW 18014 a tsaye a ranar 20 ga Yuni 1944.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Rocket and the Reich: Peenemünde and the Coming of the Ballistic Missile Era |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780029228951 |url-access=registration |last=Neufeld |first=Michael J. |publisher=The Free Press |year=1995 |location=New York |pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780029228951/page/158 158], 160–162, 190 |isbn=9780029228951 |access-date=15 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191028112702/https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780029228951 |archive-date=28 October 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> Doug Millard, masanin tarihin sararin samaniya kuma mai kula da fasahar sararin samaniya a gidan kayan tarihi na Kimiyya, London, inda aka baje kolin V-2 a cikin babban zauren nunin, ya ce: "V-2 ya kasance tsalle-tsalle na canjin fasaha. Mun isa duniyar wata ta amfani da fasahar V-2 amma wannan fasaha ce da aka ɓullo da manyan albarkatu, ciki har da wasu musamman m na Nazi. A V-2 da kuma tsada a cikin sharuddan aiki da aka yi amfani da rayuwar bayi. roka."<ref name="Space age launch" >{{cite news |first=Richard |last=Hollingham|title=V2: The Nazi rocket that launched the space age |url=https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20140905-the-nazis-space-age-rocket |date=8 September 2014|access-date=26 February 2023 |publisher=BBC}}</ref> A cikin layi daya da shirin makami mai linzami na Jamus, an kuma yi amfani da rokoki a kan jiragen sama, ko dai don taimakawa a kwance (RATO), tashi tsaye (Bachem Ba 349 "Natter") ko kuma don ƙarfafa su (Ni 163, duba jerin makamai masu linzami na Jamus ja-goranci na Yaƙin Duniya na II). Shirye-shiryen roka na Allies ba su da fasaha, yawanci sun dogara da makamai masu linzami marasa jagora kamar roka na Soviet Katyusha a cikin aikin manyan bindigogi, da kuma bazuka na bazuka na Amurka. Waɗannan sun yi amfani da ƙaƙƙarfan abubuwan motsa jiki. == Nau'uka == ==== Tsarin motoci ==== [[File:Apollo 15 launch.ogv|thumb|Launch of [[Apollo 15]] [[Saturn V]] rocket: ''T'' − 30 s through ''T'' + 40 s]] Ana yawan kera motocin roka a cikin siffar “roka” doguwar sirara ta archetypal wacce ke tashi a tsaye, amma a zahiri akwai nau’ikan rokoki iri-iri da suka hada da:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hq.nasa.gov/pao/History/conghand/vehicles.htm |title=NASA History: Rocket vehicles |publisher=Hq.nasa.gov |access-date=2012-12-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130125030055/http://www.hq.nasa.gov/pao/History/conghand/vehicles.htm |archive-date=2013-01-25 }}</ref> *ƙananan samfura kamar roka na balloon, roka na ruwa, sama ko ƙananan rokoki masu ƙarfi waɗanda za'a iya siye a kantin sha'awa. *Makamai masu linzami *roka sararin samaniya kamar babban Saturn V da aka yi amfani da shi don shirin Apollo *Motocin roka *keken roka<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-30007505|title=Rocket bicycle sets 207mph speed record By Leo Kelion|work=BBC News|date=2013-11-11|access-date=2014-11-11|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141111150526/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-30007505|archive-date=2014-11-11|last1=Kelion|first1=Leo}}</ref> *Jirgin sama mai amfani da roka (ciki har da taimakon roka daga jirgin sama na al'ada - RATO) *fakitin jet masu ƙarfin roka<ref>{{cite book|last1=Polmar|first1=Norman|last2=Moore|first2=Kenneth J.|title=Cold War submarines : the design and construction of U.S. and Soviet submarines|date=2004|publisher=Brassey's|location=Washington, DC|isbn=978-1-57488-594-1|page=304}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=III|first1=compiled by A.D. Baker|title=The Naval Institute guide to combat fleets of the world 2000–2001 : their ships, aircraft, and systems|date=2000|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, MD|isbn=978-1-55750-197-4|page=581}}</ref> *tsarin tserewa da sauri kamar kujerun fitarwa da tsarin tserewa *binciken sararin samaniya<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rocketman.org |title=The Rocketman |publisher=The Rocketman |access-date=2012-12-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100213121923/http://www.rocketman.org/ |archive-date=2010-02-13 }}</ref> == Zane == Zane na roka zai iya zama mai sauƙi kamar bututun kwali mai cike da baƙar foda, amma yin ingantaccen roka ko makami mai linzami ya haɗa da shawo kan matsaloli masu wuyar gaske. Babban matsalolin sun haɗa da sanyaya ɗakin konewa, zubar da mai (a cikin yanayin man fetur), da sarrafawa da gyara hanyar motsi.<ref>{{Citation |author= Richard B. Dow |title=Fundamentals of Advanced Missiles |year=1958 |location=Washington (DC) |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |id=loc 58-13458}}</ref> === Kayan wucin gadi === Rokatoci sun ƙunshi abin tuƙi, wurin da za a saka abin turawa (kamar tanki mai faɗakarwa), da bututun ƙarfe. Hakanan suna iya samun injunan roka ɗaya ko sama da haka, na'urar tabbatar da kai tsaye (kamar fins, injunan vernier ko gimbals na injin don matsawa vectoring, gyroscopes) da tsari (yawanci monocoque) don riƙe waɗannan abubuwan tare. Roka da aka yi niyya don amfani da yanayi mai saurin gudu suma suna da fa'ida ta iska kamar mazugi na hanci, wanda yawanci ke ɗaukar nauyin kaya.<ref>{{Citation |author=United States Congress. House Select Committee on Astronautics and Space Exploration |title=Space handbook: Astronautics and its applications : Staff report of the Select Committee on Astronautics and Space Exploration |url=http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/conghand/spcover.htm |chapter=4. Rocket Vehicles |chapter-url=http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/conghand/vehicles.htm |series=House document / 86th Congress, 1st session, no. 86 |year=1959 |location=Washington (DC) |publisher=U.S. G.P.O. |oclc=52368435 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090618163819/http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/conghand/spcover.htm |archive-date=2009-06-18 |access-date=2009-07-20 }}</ref> === Injuna === [[File:Viking 5C rocketengine.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Viking (rocket engine)|Viking 5C]] rocket engine]] Injin roka suna amfani da ka'idar tukin jirgin sama. Injin roka masu sarrafa rokoki sun zo a nau'ika daban-daban; Ana iya samun cikakken jerin a cikin babban labarin, injin Roket. Yawancin rokoki na yanzu roka ne da ake amfani da su ta hanyar sinadarai (yawanci injunan konewa na ciki,<ref>{{cite web |author=Charles Lafayette Proctor II |url=http://concise.britannica.com/ebc/article-9368065/internal-combustion-engine |title=internal combustion engines |publisher=Concise Britannica |access-date=2012-12-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080114004538/http://concise.britannica.com/ebc/article-9368065/internal-combustion-engine |archive-date=2008-01-14 }}</ref> amma wasu suna amfani da na'ura mai lalatawa) wanda ke fitar da iskar gas mai zafi. Injin roka na iya yin amfani da masu sarrafa iskar gas, ƙwaƙƙwaran fantsama, mai sarrafa ruwa, ko gauraya gauraye na duka mai ƙarfi da ruwa. Wasu rokoki suna amfani da zafi ko matsa lamba da ake bayarwa daga wani tushe ban da halayen sinadaran da ke haifar da abu ko abubuwa, kamar roka mai tururi, roka masu zafin rana, injin roka masu zafi na nukiliya ko roka masu sauƙi kamar roka na ruwa ko masu tura gas mai sanyi. === Farfela === [[File:Gas Core light bulb.png|thumb|left|Gas Core light bulb]] Tushen roka wani taro ne wanda aka adana shi, yawanci a wani nau'i na tanki ko casing, kafin a yi amfani da shi azaman abin motsa jiki wanda ake fitarwa daga injin roka a cikin nau'in jet mai ruwa don samar da turawa[3]. Ga roka masu sinadari sau da yawa masu turawa man fetur ne kamar ruwa hydrogen ko kananzir da aka ƙone tare da oxidizer kamar ruwa oxygen ko nitric acid don samar da babban juzu'in gas mai zafi sosai. Oxidiser ko dai an ware shi kuma a gauraye shi a cikin ɗakin konewa, ko kuma ya zo a haɗa shi, kamar tare da rokoki masu ƙarfi. === Pendulum rocket fallacy === [[File:Pendulum rocket fallacy.png|thumb|Illustration of the pendulum rocket fallacy. Whether the motor is mounted at the bottom (left) or top (right) of the vehicle, the thrust vector (T) points along an axis that is fixed to the vehicle (top), rather than pointing vertically (bottom) independent of vehicle attitude, which would lead the vehicle to rotate.]] Rikicin mai na farko wanda Robert H. Goddard ya gina ya sha bamban da rokoki na zamani. Injin roka ya kasance a sama da tankin mai a kasan rokar,<ref>{{cite book |url=http://dln.nasa.gov/media/storage/DNY9-12activities.pdf |publisher=NASA |title=Discover NASA and You |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527221503/http://dln.nasa.gov/media/storage/DNY9-12activities.pdf |archive-date=2010-05-27 |url-status=dead }}</ref> bisa ga imanin Goddard cewa rokar za ta samu kwanciyar hankali ta hanyar “retaye” daga injin kamar pendulum a cikin jirgin.<ref>{{cite AV media |people=Scott Manley |title=The Pendulum Rocket Fallacy |medium=[[YouTube]] |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tx4cjP-GRAY | archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211030/Tx4cjP-GRAY| archive-date=2021-10-30|access-date=2020-10-02}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Duk da haka, rokar ya kauce daga hanya kuma ya fado a nisan ƙafa 184 (mita 56) daga wurin da aka harba,<ref>{{cite book|last=Streissguth|first=Thomas|title=Rocket man: the story of Robert Goddard|publisher=Twenty-First Century Books|year=1995|pages=[https://archive.org/details/rocketmanstoryof00stre/page/37 37]|isbn=0-87614-863-1|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/rocketmanstoryof00stre/page/37}}</ref> wanda ke nuni da cewa rokar ɗin ba ta da kwanciyar hankali fiye da ɗaya da injin roka a gindin.<ref name="Sutton">{{cite book|last=Sutton|first=George P.|title=History of Liquid Propellant Rocket Engines|year=2006|publisher=American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics|location=Reston, Virginia|pages=267, 269}}</ref> == Amfani == Dole ne a yi amfani da roka ko wasu na'urori makamantan masu ɗauke da nasu na'ura lokacin da babu wani abu (ƙasa, ruwa, ko iska) ko ƙarfi (na nauyi, maganadisu, haske) wanda abin hawa zai iya amfani da shi da amfani don motsawa, kamar a sararin samaniya. A cikin waɗannan yanayi, wajibi ne a ɗauki duk abin da za a yi amfani da shi. Duk da haka, suna da amfani a wasu yanayi: === Aikin soja === [[File:Trident II missile image.jpg|upright|thumb|A [[Trident (missile)|Trident II missile]] launched from sea]] Wasu makaman soji na amfani da rokoki wajen kai hare-haren da aka kai musu. Ana kiran roka da nauyinsa tare a matsayin makami mai linzami lokacin da makamin yana da tsarin jagora (ba dukkan makamai masu linzami ne ke amfani da injin roka ba, wasu suna amfani da wasu injina irin su jet) ko kuma a matsayin roka idan ba shi da shiriya. Makamai masu linzami da makami mai linzami da makami mai linzami suna amfani da injunan roka wajen kai hare-hare cikin sauri cikin nisan mil da yawa, yayin da za a iya amfani da makamai masu linzami da ke tsakanin nahiyoyi domin isar da manyan makaman kare dangi daga dubban miliyoyi, kuma makami mai linzami da ke kokarin dakile su. An kuma yi gwajin makaman roka don leken asiri, kamar roka na Ping-Pong, wanda aka harba don sa ido kan harin abokan gaba, duk da haka, makaman roka ba su taba yin amfani da su sosai a cikin sojoji ba. === Kimiyya da Bincike === [[File:Bumper.jpg|thumb|upright|A [[Bumper (rocket)|Bumper]] sounding rocket]] Ana amfani da rokoki masu sauti da yawa don ɗaukar kayan aikin da ke ɗaukar karatu daga kilomita 50 (31 mi) zuwa kilomita 1,500 (930 mi) sama da saman duniya.<ref>{{cite web |first1=Elaine|last1=Marconi |title=What is a Sounding Rocket?|url=http://www.nasa.gov/missions/research/f_sounding.html|publisher=NASA|access-date=28 May 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160602020154/http://www.nasa.gov/missions/research/f_sounding.html|archive-date=2 June 2016}}</ref> Hotunan farko na duniya daga sararin samaniya an samo su ne daga roka na V-2 a cikin 1946 (jirgi #13).<ref name="APL">{{cite journal|last=Fraser|first=Lorence|year=1985|title=High Altitude Research at the Applied Physics Laboratory in the 1940s|journal=Johns Hopkins APL Technical Digest|volume=6|issue=1|pages=92–99|url=https://www.jhuapl.edu/Content/techdigest/pdf/V06-N01/06-01-Fraser.pdf|access-date=18 October 2016}}</ref> Ana kuma amfani da injunan roka don tayar da roka a kan titin dogo cikin tsananin gudu. Rikodin duniya na wannan shine Mach 8.5.<ref>{{cite web |title=Test sets world land speed record |url=https://www.af.mil/News/story/storyID/123004755/ |publisher=www.af.mil |access-date=2008-03-18 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601084727/http://www.af.mil/news/story.asp?storyID=123004755 |archive-date=June 1, 2013 }}</ref> === Jirgin sama === Ana harba manyan rokoki yawanci daga kushin harbawa wanda ke ba da ingantaccen tallafi har zuwa ƴan daƙiƙa kaɗan bayan kunnawa. Saboda tsananin gudu na shaye-shaye-2,500 zuwa 4,500 m/s (9,000 zuwa 16,200 km/h; 5,600 to 10,100 mph) — roka suna da amfani musamman idan ana buqatar saurin gudu sosai, kamar saurin orbital a kusan 7,800 m/h (28,000m/h). Jiragen sama da aka isar da su cikin hanyoyin sararin samaniya sun zama tauraron ɗan adam na wucin gadi, waɗanda ake amfani da su don dalilai na kasuwanci da yawa. Lallai rokoki sun kasance hanya daya tilo ta harba jiragen sama zuwa sararin samaniya da kuma bayanta.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://spaceflightnow.com/tracking/index.html |title=Spaceflight Now – worldwide launch schedule |publisher=Spaceflightnow.com |access-date=2012-12-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130911172414/http://spaceflightnow.com/tracking/index.html |archive-date=2013-09-11 }}</ref> Ana kuma amfani da su don hanzarta hanzarin jiragen sama a lokacin da suka canza kewayawa ko de-orbit don saukowa. Har ila yau, ana iya amfani da roka don sassauta saukar parachute mai wuya nan da nan kafin a taɓa (duba retrorocket). === Ceto === [[File:Apollo Pad Abort Test -2.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Apollo LES [[pad abort test]] with [[Boilerplate (spaceflight)|boilerplate]] crew module]] An yi amfani da rokoki wajen tura layi zuwa wani jirgin ruwa da ya rutsa da shi domin a yi amfani da bulo mai kirar Breeches don ceto wadanda ke cikin jirgin. Ana kuma amfani da rokoki don harba gobarar gaggawa. Wasu rokoki da aka harba, musamman Saturn V<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.apollosaturn.com/asnr/escape.htm |title=Apollo launch escape subsystem |publisher=ApolloSaturn |access-date=2012-12-10 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120716192337/http://www.apollosaturn.com/asnr/escape.htm |archive-date=2012-07-16 }}</ref> da Soyuz,<ref name=soyuzt>{{cite web |url=http://www.astronautix.com/flights/soyzt101.htm |title=Soyuz T-10-1 'Launch vehicle blew up on pad at Tyuratam; crew saved by abort system' |publisher=Astronautix.com |access-date=2012-12-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805134401/http://astronautix.com/flights/soyzt101.htm |archive-date=2014-08-05 }}</ref> suna da tsarin tserewa. Wannan ƙaramar roka ce, yawanci roka mai ƙarfi wacce ke da ikon cire capsule ɗin da aka haɗe daga babban abin hawa zuwa aminci a ɗan lokaci. An yi amfani da waɗannan nau'ikan tsarin sau da yawa, duka a gwaji da kuma a cikin jirgin, kuma ana sarrafa su daidai kowane lokaci. Wannan shi ne yanayin lokacin da Tsarin Tabbatar da Tsaro (Soviet nomenclature) ya yi nasarar cire capsule na L3 a yayin harba roka uku daga cikin hudu da ba su yi nasara ba na rokar Soviet Moon, motocin N1 3L, 5L da 7L. A cikin dukkan lokuta ukun capsule, ko da yake ba a haɗa shi ba, ya sami ceto daga lalacewa. Roka N1 guda uku da aka ambata kawai suna da Tsarukan Tabbatar da Tsaro na aiki. Fitaccen abin hawa, 6L, yana da manyan matakai na sama don haka babu tsarin tserewa wanda ke ba N1 mai haɓaka ƙimar nasara 100% don fitowa daga ƙaddamarwar da ta gaza.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Wade|first1=Mark|title=N1 Manned Lunar Launch Vehicle|url=http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/n1.htm|website=astronautix.com|publisher=Encyclopedia Astronautica|access-date=24 June 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120221044312/http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/n1.htm|archive-date=21 February 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Wade |first1=Mark |title=N1 5L launch – 1969.07.03 |url=http://www.astronautix.com/details/n15h5170.htm |website=astronautix.com |publisher=Encyclopedia Astronautica |access-date=24 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150727072221/http://www.astronautix.com/details/n15h5170.htm |archive-date=27 July 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Harvey|first1=Brian|title=Soviet and Russian lunar exploration|date=2007|publisher=Springer|location=Berlin|isbn=978-0-387-73976-2|page=226|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nVeY7vMCtOkC&pg=PA226}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=N1 (vehicle 5L) moon rocket Test – launch abort system activated|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AyoBHBOnscY&noredirect=1|website=YouTube|publisher=2015 YouTube, LLC|access-date=12 January 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150517160815/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AyoBHBOnscY&noredirect=1|archive-date=17 May 2015}}</ref> Nasarar tserewa daga wani kapsul ɗin da aka yi amfani da shi ya faru lokacin da Soyuz T-10, a kan wata manufa ta zuwa tashar sararin samaniya ta Salyut 7, ya fashe a kan kushin.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Wade|first1=Mark|title=Soyuz T-10-1|url=http://www.astronautix.com/flights/soyzt101.htm|website=astronautix.com|publisher=Encyclopedia Astronautica|access-date=24 June 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805134401/http://astronautix.com/flights/soyzt101.htm|archive-date=5 August 2014}}</ref> Ana amfani da kujerun korar roka masu ƙarfi a cikin jiragen sama na soja da yawa don korar ma'aikatan zuwa tsaro daga abin hawa lokacin da aka rasa kulawar jirgin.<ref>{{cite web |last=Bonsor |first=Kevin |url=http://science.howstuffworks.com/ejection-seat1.htm |title=Howstuff works ejection seats |publisher=Science.howstuffworks.com |date=2001-06-27 |access-date=2012-12-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100406173354/http://science.howstuffworks.com/ejection-seat1.htm |archive-date=2010-04-06 }}</ref> === Abin sha'awa, wasanni da nishaɗi === Roka samfurin ƙaramin roka ne da aka ƙera don isa ƙananan tsaunuka (misali, 100-500 m (330-1,640 ft) don ƙirar 30 g (1.1 oz)) kuma za a sake dawo da su ta hanyoyi daban-daban. A cewar Ƙungiyar Rocketry ta Amirka (NAR), <ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web |url=http://nar.org/NARmrsc.html |publisher=[[National Association of Rocketry]] |title=Model Rocket Safety Code |access-date=2019-10-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140205202319/http://www.nar.org/NARmrsc.html |archive-date=2014-02-05 |url-status=dead }}</ref> roka an yi su ne da takarda, itace, robobi da sauran kayan marasa nauyi. Lambar kuma tana ba da jagororin amfani da mota, zaɓin wurin ƙaddamarwa, hanyoyin ƙaddamarwa, ƙaddamar da ƙaddamarwa, ƙirar tsarin farfadowa da turawa da ƙari. Tun farkon shekarun 1960, an samar da kwafin Model Roket Safety Code tare da mafi yawan na'urorin roka da injina. Duk da alaƙar da ke tattare da shi tare da abubuwa masu ƙonewa da abubuwa masu nuni da ke tafiya cikin sauri, ƙirar rocketry a tarihi ya tabbatar <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nar.org/safety.html |title=Safety |publisher=National Association of Rocketry |access-date=2012-07-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140207062024/http://www.nar.org/safety.html |archive-date=2014-02-07 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://exploration.grc.nasa.gov/education/rocket/rktparts.html |title=Model Rockets |publisher=[[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] |work=exploration.grc.nasa.gov |access-date=2012-07-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120410054356/http://exploration.grc.nasa.gov/education/rocket/rktparts.html |archive-date=2012-04-10 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ya zama abin sha'awa mai aminci kuma an lasafta shi a matsayin babban tushen wahayi ga yara waɗanda a ƙarshe suka zama masana kimiyya da injiniyoyi.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nar.org/pdf/Organizational%20Statement%20of%20the%20NAR.pdf |title=Organizational statement of the NAR |publisher=National Association of Rocketry |access-date=2025-04-06 |archive-date=2016-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303173315/http://www.nar.org/pdf/Organizational%20Statement%20of%20the%20NAR.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ana amfani da rokoki na hydrogen peroxide don kunna fakitin jet, <ref>{{cite web|title=Demonstration of the flying rocket belt, Fort Eustis, Virginia and the Pentagon, 06/07/1961|date=June 7, 1961|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VWwWnFpeoBc |publisher=U.S. National Archives|access-date=April 30, 2023}}</ref> kuma an yi amfani da su don kunna motoci kuma motar roka tana ɗaukar rikodin tsere na kowane lokaci (duk da cewa ba na hukuma ba).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eurodragster.com/news/news1002.asp?Story=oct30#oct30 |title=Sammy Miller |publisher=Eurodragster.com |access-date=2012-12-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602100129/http://www.eurodragster.com/news/news1002.asp?Story=oct30#oct30 |archive-date=2013-06-02 }}</ref> Corpulent Stump shine roka mafi ƙarfi ba na kasuwanci ba wanda aka taɓa harba akan injin Aerotech a cikin Burtaniya.<ref>{{cite news |title='Amateur' rocket launch delayed |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/6963299.stm |access-date=10 October 2023 |work=[[BBC News]] |date=25 August 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Rocket blasts into record books |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/glasgow_and_west/6965328.stm |access-date=10 October 2023 |work=[[BBC News]] |date=27 August 2007}}</ref><ref name="Taylor">{{cite news |last1=Taylor |first1=Marianne |title=Rocket men's quest for command of the Ayr |url=http://www.eveningtimes.co.uk/news/display.var.1645304.0.rocket_mens_quest_for_command_of_the_ayr.php |access-date=10 October 2023 |work=Evening Times |date=27 August 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930153858/http://www.eveningtimes.co.uk/news/display.var.1645304.0.rocket_mens_quest_for_command_of_the_ayr.php |archive-date=30 September 2007}}</ref> == Manazarta == 1buwq70mxgb59s4dsysakw1qsox9bs8 Qing Madi 0 98007 889460 837171 2026-07-30T16:19:12Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889460 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Chimamanda Pearl Chukwuma''' (an haife shi 1 Yuli 2006), wanda aka sani da '''Qing Madi''' ( /k ɪ ŋ) ˈmɑːdi / ) , mawakin [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Najeriya]] ne kuma marubuci kuma ɗan rawa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Marvelous |first=Kanyio |date=2023-03-14 |title=UPPER SPOTLIGHT: Qing Madi |url=https://www.theupperent.com/blog/upper-spotlight-qing-madi/ |access-date=2023-09-16 |website=The Upper Entertainment |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 January 2023 |title=Who is Qing Madi |url=https://starlogue.com/person/qing-madi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103023352/https://starlogue.com/person/qing-madi |archive-date=November 3, 2023 |access-date=February 20, 2024 |website=Starlogue}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Emerging Nigerian Singer/Songwriter Qing Madi Releases Melodic New Single "Why" |url=https://flaunt.com/post/qing-madi-why |access-date=2023-06-27 |website=flaunt.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Eze |first=Chinelo |date=2023-05-08 |title=Qing Madi: A Tale of Feminity and Independence |url=https://guardian.ng/life/qing-madi-a-tale-of-feminity-and-independence/ |access-date=2023-06-27 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-14 |title=QING MADI ON 49TH STREET'S SPOTLIGHT MONDAY |url=https://the49thstreet.com/spotlight-monday-qing-madi/ |access-date=2023-09-16 |website=The49thStreet |language=en-US}}</ref> Ta sami karɓuwa sosai bayan 2022 guda ɗaya "Duba Ƙarshe" da kuma bin 2023, "Ole" (mai nuna Bnxn ). <ref name=":6" /> Dukansu sun tafi hoto ko bidiyo mai zagaya yanar gizo da sauri akan [[TikTok]], wanda daga baya ya kai matsayi na ɗaya a kan Uganda Top 100 Apple Music chart da lamba uku akan ginshiƙi na Top 100 na Apple Music. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2023-08-12 |title=TCL radio picks: Qing Madi's 'Ole' takes 3rd spot as Asake tops chart |url=http://lifestyle.thecable.ng/tcl-radio-picks-qing-madis-ole-debuts-as-asake-retains-top-spot/ |access-date=2023-09-16 |website=TheCable Lifestyle |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Qing Madi Chart Positions on Spotify, Apple Music and Other Streaming Services |url=https://kworb.net/itunes/artist/qingmadi.html |access-date=2023-09-16 |website=kworb.net}}</ref> <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Uganda Apple Music Top Songs |url=https://kworb.net/charts/apple_s/ug.html |access-date=2023-09-16 |website=kworb.net}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Qing is Queen: a Young Starlet's Rise to Fame |url=https://www.theteenmagazine.com/qing-is-queen-a-young-starlet-s-rise-to-fame |access-date=2023-06-27 |website=The Teen Magazine |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-07 |title=Exclusive: Qing Madi Opens Up About Her Journey As An Artist And Representing Nigeria |url=https://www.thethings.com/exclusive-qing-madi-opens-up-about-her-journey-as-an-artist-and-representing-nigeria/ |access-date=2023-06-27 |website=TheThings |language=en}}</ref> Dukansu waƙoƙin an fitar da su ne a matsayin waƙa daga tsawaita wasan farko na Madi, ''Qing Madi'' (2023). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Qing Madi Bares it All in New Single - THISDAYLIVE |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/03/25/qing-madi-bares-it-all-in-new-single |access-date=2023-06-27 |website=www.thisdaylive.com |language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Tv |first=Bn |date=2023-06-20 |title=Qing Madi Opens Up About the Experience that led to 'See Finish' on the 'Jenni Speaks' Podcast |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2023/06/qing-madi-on-jenni-speaks-podcast/ |access-date=2023-06-27 |website=BellaNaija |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Watimajeun |first=Sunday |date=2025-01-01 |title=Rising Songstress Qing Madi was a Nigerian queen from benin city |url=https://www.naijapickup.com/mp3-music/artistes/qing-madi/ |url-status=live |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Chimamanda Pearl Chukwuma kuma ta girma a Benin City ta mahaifiyarta, tare da 'yan uwanta. Ta fito ne daga [[Delta (jiha)|Jihar Delta]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sare |first=Watimagbo |date=2024 |title=Music Saved Me From Depression - Qing Madi |url=https://punchng.com/music-saved-me-from-depression-qing-madi/?amp |access-date=9 April 2024 |website=punchng.com}}</ref> Pearl ta halarci Makarantar Kasa da Kasa ta Negbenegbor a Birnin Benin don karatun sakandare. Ta fara yin wasan kwaikwayo tun tana ƙarama, tana shiga cikin wasan kwaikwayo na makaranta da raira waƙa a cikin ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta cocin ta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Abiosun |first=Anjolaoluwa |date=2023-05-01 |title=Qing Madi: How 16-Year-Old Artiste Tells Her Teenage Struggles With Music |url=https://thenet.ng/qing-madi-how-the-16-year-old-artiste-tells-her-teenage-struggles-with-music/ |access-date=2023-06-27 |website=Nigerian Entertainment Today |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2023-03-17 |title=Fast-rising talent Qing Madi drops new single 'Why' |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/fast-rising-talent-qing-madi-drops-new-single-why/vb7ffrd |access-date=2023-06-27 |website=Pulse Nigeria |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Abiosun |first=Anjolaoluwa |date=2023-05-01 |title=Qing Madi: How 16-Year-Old Artiste Tells Her Teenage Struggles With Music |url=https://thenet.ng/qing-madi-how-the-16-year-old-artiste-tells-her-teenage-struggles-with-music/ |access-date=2023-09-16 |website=Nigerian Entertainment Today |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ayyuka == A ranar 14 ga Oktoba, 2022, Madi ta fitar da wakar ta "See Finish", wacce ta samu ci gaba da farko a kan [[TikTok]].<ref name=":1"/> Ba da daɗewa ba, ta saki ƙarin waƙoƙi guda uku; ta sami ƙarin karɓa, kuma ta yi a taron Homecoming a Legas, Najeriya. <ref name=":2"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-15 |title=Qing Madi Mesmerizes Audience At 'Homecoming' In Lagos – Independent Newspaper Nigeria |url=https://independent.ng/qing-madi-mesmerizes-audience-at-homecoming-in-lagos/ |access-date=2023-06-27 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-11 |title=Qing Madi hits the 'Finish' line in style with her new music video |url=https://www.attacktheculture.com/videos/qing-madi-hits-the-finish-line-in-style-with-her-new-music-video |access-date=2023-06-27 |website=Attack The Culture |language=en-US}}</ref> An lura da nau'ikan kiɗa na Qing Rai a matsayin [[Afrobeat]], Pop, Soul, da R&amp;amp;B. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ju |first=Shirley |date=2023-03-22 |title=Rising Songstress Qing Madi talks Nigeria, Kendrick Lamar, Depression & New Music |url=http://www.sheenmagazine.com/rising-songstress-qing-madi-talks-nigeria-kendrick-lamar-depression-new-music/ |access-date=2023-06-27 |website=Sheen Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-15 |title=Qing Madi, home coming and spectacular show - Starconnect Media |url=https://starconnectmedia.com/qing-madi-home-coming-and-spectacular-show/ |access-date=2023-06-27 |language=en-GB |archive-date=2023-06-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230627153803/https://starconnectmedia.com/qing-madi-home-coming-and-spectacular-show/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin 2023, an zabi Qing Madi a matsayin Jakadan Daidaitaccen Afirka na Spotify na watan Yuni. <ref>{{Cite web |last=BrandIconImage |first=BrandIconImage |title=Brand Icon Image - Latest Brand, Tech and Business News: Qing Madi Steps into Spotify EQUAL Africa Spotlight |url=https://www.brandiconimage.com/2023/06/qing-madi-steps-into-spotify-equal.html |access-date=2023-06-27 |website=Brand Icon Image - Latest Brand, Tech and Business News}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Adebayo |first=Segun |date=2023-06-11 |title=Qing Madi emerges Spotify Africa Equal ambassador |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/?p=688213 |access-date=2023-06-27 |website=Tribune Online |language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-10 |title=Qing Madi Named Spotify Africa Equal Ambassador For June – Independent Newspaper Nigeria |url=https://independent.ng/qing-madi-named-spotify-africa-equal-ambassador-for-june/ |access-date=2023-06-27 |language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-07 |title=Spotify inducts 17 year old singer Qing Madi into its EQUAL Africa programme |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/qing-madi-steps-into-the-spotify-equal-africa-spotlight/p35l7v5 |access-date=2023-06-27 |website=Pulse Nigeria |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Spotify names Qing Madi EQUAL Africa artiste for June - P.M. News |url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2023/06/07/spotify-names-qing-madi-equal-africa-artiste-for-june/ |access-date=2023-06-27 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Online |first=The Eagle |date=2023-06-07 |title=Nigerian musician becomes Spotify's 'EQUAL Africa' artiste for June - |url=https://theeagleonline.com.ng/nigerian-musician-becomes-spotifys-equal-africa-artiste-for-june/ |access-date=2023-06-27 |website=The Eagle Online |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 June 2023 |title=Nigerian Rising Star Qing Madi Joins Spotify's Equal Africa Music Programme - The Sauce |url=https://www.capitalfm.co.ke/thesauce/nigerian-rising-star-qing-madi-joins-spotifys-equal-africa-music-programme/ |access-date=2023-06-27 |website=www.capitalfm.co.ke |archive-date=2023-06-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230627155304/https://www.capitalfm.co.ke/thesauce/nigerian-rising-star-qing-madi-joins-spotifys-equal-africa-music-programme/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A ranar 21 ga watan Yulin 2023, Qing Madi ta fitar da wakar "Ole" tare da Bnxn. Waƙar ta shiga cikin sigogi da yawa na Apple Music kuma ta kai lamba 12 a kan TurnTable Top 100.<ref name=":3"/><ref name=":4"/><ref name=":5"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=TurnTable Charts {{!}} Official Nigeria Top 100 |url=https://www.turntablecharts.com/charts/1 |access-date=2023-09-16 |website=www.turntablecharts.com}}</ref> "Ole" ya shiga cikin Official Afrobeats Chart, ya kai lamba 16 a watan Agusta. <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 September 2023 |title=Official Afrobeats Charts |url=https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/afrobeats-chart/ |website=Official Chart}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ole by Qing Madi |url=https://www.officialcharts.com/songs/qing-madi-ft-bnxn-ole/ |website=Official Charts}}</ref> A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2023 ta fitar da waƙoƙi bakwai mai taken EP wanda ya tattara mafi yawan rikodin ta har zuwa yanzu. A watan Janairun 2024, tare da OdumoduBlvck, Bloody Civilian, da Tyla, an shigar da Qing Madi cikin Apple Music's Rising Class na 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adebiyi |first=Adeayo |date=2024-01-12 |title=Odumodu Blvck, Tyla, Qing Madi among Apple Music's Africa Rising Class of '24 |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/odumodu-blvck-tyla-qing-madi-among-apple-musics-class-of-24/pvldlr0 |access-date=2024-01-15 |website=Pulse Nigeria |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-12 |title=Odumodublvck, Tyla, named Apple music's Africa rising stars 2024 |url=https://notjustok.com/news/odumodublvck-tyla-named-apple-musics-africa-rising-stars-2024/ |access-date=2024-01-15 |website=NotjustOk |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Lesiba |date=2024-01-12 |title=Apple Music's Africa Rising introduces the Class of '24 |url=https://hypemagazine.co.za/2024/01/12/apple-musics-africa-rising-introduces-the-class-of-24/ |access-date=2024-01-15 |website=HYPE |language=en-GB}}</ref> A wata hira da African Folder, Madi ta bayyana cewa ta rubuta waƙoƙi biyu a kan aikinta na farko lokacin da take da shekaru goma sha huɗu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Udoh | first=Ukpeme |date=2024-01-16 |title=Qing Madi: The Afrobeats Woman King|url=https://africanfolder.com/qing-madi-the-afrobeats-woman-king/ |access-date=2024-01-17 |website=African Folder |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka yi == === Kundin studio === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align: center;" |+Jerin Albums, tare da bayanan da aka zaɓa ! scope="col" |Taken ! scope="col" |Bayani na EP |- ! scope="row" |Ni ne Blueprint <ref>{{Cite web |last=McNab |first=Kaitlyn |title=Qing Madi on Her Debut Album I Am the Blueprint, Making Nigerian Girls ‘Feel Heard,’ and Predicting Kendrick Lamar’s Super Bowl Setlist |url=https://www.teenvogue.com/story/qing-madi-debut-album-i-am-the-blueprint-interview-2025 |access-date=3 February 2025 |website=www.teenvogue.com |publisher=Teen Vogue}}</ref> | * An saki shi: Janairu 31, 2025 * Alamar: JTON Music * Tsarin: sauke dijital |} === Wasanni masu tsawo === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align: center;" |+Jerin EPs, tare da bayanan da aka zaɓa ! scope="col" |Taken ! scope="col" |Bayani na EP |- ! scope="row" |''Qing Madi<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adebiyi |first=Adeayo |date=2023-11-21 |title=Qing Madi displays impressive talent on her debut EP |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/review-of-qing-madi-ep-by-rising-nigerian-singer-qing-madi/xedqdms |access-date=2024-01-15 |website=Pulse Nigeria |language=en}}</ref>'' | * An saki shi: Nuwamba 17, 2023 * Alamar: JTON Music * Tsarin: sauke dijital |} === Ma'aurata === * "Dubi Ƙarshen" (2022) <ref name=":1"/> * "Me ya sa" (2023) <ref name=":0"/> <ref name=":2"/> * "Ole (tare da Bnxn) " (2023) <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bukola |date=2023-08-05 |title=Qing Madi Releases Visual Of New Single 'Ole' Ft. BNXN |url=https://newtelegraphng.com/qing-madi-releases-visual-of-new-single-ole-ft-bnxn/ |access-date=2023-09-16 |website=New Telegraph |language=en-US}}</ref> * "Ƙaunar Amurka" (2023) == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 6swl5v6cp8c8lnluw52yg7lghef63er Adebayo Tijani 0 99274 889655 886109 2026-07-31T06:31:48Z Hamza DK 12444 /* Hotunan fina-finai */ 889655 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Adebayo Tijani mai shirya fina-finai ne na Najeriya, darekta kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo. == Ayyuka == Tijani ya kasance na biyu mafi girma a matsayin daraktocin Nollywood ta FilmOne a cikin 2022. == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" |+ !Shekara !Fim din !Matsayi |- |2019 |''[[77 Bullets|77 Bullets]]'' |Daraktan <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mercy Aigbe completes work new film, '77 Bullets' {{!}} Pulse Nigeria |url=https://www.pulse.ng/articles/entertainment/movies/mercy-aigbe-completes-work-new-film-77-bullets-2024081503223500879 |access-date=2024-12-17 |website=www.pulse.ng |language=en}}</ref> |- |2020 |''[[The New Patriots|The New Patriots]]'' |Co darektan tare da Terry Ayebo |- |2022 |''[[Ijakumo]]'' |Daraktan |- |2022 |[[King of Thieves (fim, 2022)|''Sarkin ɓarayi'']] |Co darektan tare da Femi Adebayo, Tope Adebayo Salami <ref>{{Cite web |title='King of Thieves' officially crosses N300M in box office {{!}} Pulse Nigeria |url=https://www.pulse.ng/articles/entertainment/movies/king-of-thieves-officially-crosses-n300m-in-box-office-2024072515384714953 |access-date=2024-12-17 |website=www.pulse.ng |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Here are the 3 highest-grossing Yoruba epic films so far {{!}} Pulse Nigeria |url=https://www.pulse.ng/articles/entertainment/movies/nigerian-box-office-here-are-the-3-highest-grossing-yoruba-epic-films-so-far-2024072616223553031 |access-date=2024-12-17 |website=www.pulse.ng |language=en}}</ref> |- |2023 |''[[Jagun Jagun]]'' |Daraktan |- |2023 |''[[Ada Omo Daddy]]'' |Co darektan tare da Akay Mason |- |2024 |''[[Dabbar Duniya Biyu]]'' |Co darektan tare da [[Odunlade Adekola]] |- |2024 |''[[Brúyar Bride|Brúyar Manomi]]'' |Co darektan tare da Jack'enneth Opukeme <ref>{{Cite web |title=Farmer's Bride continues to rake box office, joining the ₦100 Million gang {{!}} Pulse Nigeria |url=https://www.pulse.ng/articles/entertainment/movies/farmers-bride-continues-to-rake-box-office-joining-the-naira100-million-gang-2024102811311841946 |access-date=2024-12-17 |website=www.pulse.ng |language=en}}</ref> |- |2024 |''Ƙofofi Bakwai'' |Darakta tare da Femi Adebayo, Tope Adebayo Salami <ref>{{Cite web |title="It Took Seven Days to Film a Scene in 'Seven Doors,'" Says Femi Adebayo" |url=https://thenollywoodreporter.com/news/it-took-seven-days-to-film-a-scene-in-seven-doors-says-femi-adebayo/ |access-date=2024-12-17 |website=Nollywood Reporter |language=en}}</ref> |- |2024 |''[[alakada: Bad and Boujee|Alakada: Bad da Boujee]]'' |Daraktan |} == Kyaututtuka == {| class="wikitable" |+ !Shekara !Kyautar !Fim din !Sashe !Sakamakon |- |2014 |[[Kyautar Kwalejin Fina-Finan Afirka|Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka]] |''[[Omo Elemosho]]'' |Mafi kyawun Fim na Najeriya|{{Nom}} |- |2016 |[[2016 Best of Nollywood Awards|2016 Mafi Kyawun Kyautar Nollywood]] |''Eni-Owo'' |Daraktan Shekara|{{Nom}} |- |2023 |[[2023 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|2023 Kyautar Zaɓin Masu kallo na sihiri na Afirka]] |''Sarkin ɓarayi'' |Darakta Mafi Kyawu|{{Nom}} |- |2024 |[[Kyautar Zaɓin Masu kallo na sihiri na Afirka na 2024]] |''Jagun Jagun'' |Mafi Kyawun Rubuce-rubuce - Fim |{{Nom}} |- |2024 |Kyautar Zaɓin Masu kallo na sihiri na Afirka na 2024 |''Jagun Jagun'' |Darakta Mafi Kyawu|{{Nom}} |- |2024 |[[Best of Nollywood Awards|Mafi Kyawun Kyautar Nollywood]] |''Jagun Jagun'' |Daraktan Shekara |{{Won}} |} == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin Finafinan Najeriya da suka fi kawo kudi|Jerin fina-finai na Najeriya mafi girma]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} == Ayyuka == An kuma naɗa Tijani a matsayin daraktocin Nollywood na biyu mafi samun kuɗi daga FilmOne a shekarar 2022. == Haɗin waje == * {{IMDb name|2834803}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 6o9ntl1b4ajpelqqjotaw5abuigd6bo 889656 889655 2026-07-31T06:32:35Z Hamza DK 12444 /* Hotunan fina-finai */ 889656 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Adebayo Tijani mai shirya fina-finai ne na Najeriya, darekta kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo. == Ayyuka == Tijani ya kasance na biyu mafi girma a matsayin daraktocin Nollywood ta FilmOne a cikin 2022. == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" |+ !Shekara !Fim din !Matsayi |- |2019 |''[[77 Bullets|77 Bullets]]'' |Daraktan <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mercy Aigbe completes work new film, '77 Bullets' {{!}} Pulse Nigeria |url=https://www.pulse.ng/articles/entertainment/movies/mercy-aigbe-completes-work-new-film-77-bullets-2024081503223500879 |access-date=2024-12-17 |website=www.pulse.ng |language=en}}</ref> |- |2020 |''[[The New Patriots|The New Patriots]]'' |Co darektan tare da Terry Ayebo |- |2022 |''[[Ijakumo]]'' |Daraktan |- |2022 |[[King of Thieves (fim, 2022)|''King of Thieves '']] |Co darektan tare da Femi Adebayo, Tope Adebayo Salami <ref>{{Cite web |title='King of Thieves' officially crosses N300M in box office {{!}} Pulse Nigeria |url=https://www.pulse.ng/articles/entertainment/movies/king-of-thieves-officially-crosses-n300m-in-box-office-2024072515384714953 |access-date=2024-12-17 |website=www.pulse.ng |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Here are the 3 highest-grossing Yoruba epic films so far {{!}} Pulse Nigeria |url=https://www.pulse.ng/articles/entertainment/movies/nigerian-box-office-here-are-the-3-highest-grossing-yoruba-epic-films-so-far-2024072616223553031 |access-date=2024-12-17 |website=www.pulse.ng |language=en}}</ref> |- |2023 |''[[Jagun Jagun]]'' |Daraktan |- |2023 |''[[Ada Omo Daddy]]'' |Co darektan tare da Akay Mason |- |2024 |''[[Dabbar Duniya Biyu]]'' |Co darektan tare da [[Odunlade Adekola]] |- |2024 |''[[Brúyar Bride|Brúyar Manomi]]'' |Co darektan tare da Jack'enneth Opukeme <ref>{{Cite web |title=Farmer's Bride continues to rake box office, joining the ₦100 Million gang {{!}} Pulse Nigeria |url=https://www.pulse.ng/articles/entertainment/movies/farmers-bride-continues-to-rake-box-office-joining-the-naira100-million-gang-2024102811311841946 |access-date=2024-12-17 |website=www.pulse.ng |language=en}}</ref> |- |2024 |''Ƙofofi Bakwai'' |Darakta tare da Femi Adebayo, Tope Adebayo Salami <ref>{{Cite web |title="It Took Seven Days to Film a Scene in 'Seven Doors,'" Says Femi Adebayo" |url=https://thenollywoodreporter.com/news/it-took-seven-days-to-film-a-scene-in-seven-doors-says-femi-adebayo/ |access-date=2024-12-17 |website=Nollywood Reporter |language=en}}</ref> |- |2024 |''[[alakada: Bad and Boujee|Alakada: Bad da Boujee]]'' |Daraktan |} == Kyaututtuka == {| class="wikitable" |+ !Shekara !Kyautar !Fim din !Sashe !Sakamakon |- |2014 |[[Kyautar Kwalejin Fina-Finan Afirka|Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka]] |''[[Omo Elemosho]]'' |Mafi kyawun Fim na Najeriya|{{Nom}} |- |2016 |[[2016 Best of Nollywood Awards|2016 Mafi Kyawun Kyautar Nollywood]] |''Eni-Owo'' |Daraktan Shekara|{{Nom}} |- |2023 |[[2023 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|2023 Kyautar Zaɓin Masu kallo na sihiri na Afirka]] |''Sarkin ɓarayi'' |Darakta Mafi Kyawu|{{Nom}} |- |2024 |[[Kyautar Zaɓin Masu kallo na sihiri na Afirka na 2024]] |''Jagun Jagun'' |Mafi Kyawun Rubuce-rubuce - Fim |{{Nom}} |- |2024 |Kyautar Zaɓin Masu kallo na sihiri na Afirka na 2024 |''Jagun Jagun'' |Darakta Mafi Kyawu|{{Nom}} |- |2024 |[[Best of Nollywood Awards|Mafi Kyawun Kyautar Nollywood]] |''Jagun Jagun'' |Daraktan Shekara |{{Won}} |} == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin Finafinan Najeriya da suka fi kawo kudi|Jerin fina-finai na Najeriya mafi girma]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} == Ayyuka == An kuma naɗa Tijani a matsayin daraktocin Nollywood na biyu mafi samun kuɗi daga FilmOne a shekarar 2022. == Haɗin waje == * {{IMDb name|2834803}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] o2v8rtp11g7bf4gdhttgniv765cnfe0 889657 889656 2026-07-31T06:33:58Z Hamza DK 12444 /* Hotunan fina-finai */ 889657 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Adebayo Tijani mai shirya fina-finai ne na Najeriya, darekta kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo. == Ayyuka == Tijani ya kasance na biyu mafi girma a matsayin daraktocin Nollywood ta FilmOne a cikin 2022. == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" |+ !Shekara !Fim din !Matsayi |- |2019 |''[[77 Bullets|77 Bullets]]'' |Daraktan <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mercy Aigbe completes work new film, '77 Bullets' {{!}} Pulse Nigeria |url=https://www.pulse.ng/articles/entertainment/movies/mercy-aigbe-completes-work-new-film-77-bullets-2024081503223500879 |access-date=2024-12-17 |website=www.pulse.ng |language=en}}</ref> |- |2020 |''[[The New Patriots|The New Patriots]]'' |Co darektan tare da Terry Ayebo |- |2022 |''[[Ijakumo]]'' |Daraktan |- |2022 |[[King of Thieves (fim, 2022)|''King of Thieves '']] |Co darektan tare da Femi Adebayo, Tope Adebayo Salami <ref>{{Cite web |title='King of Thieves' officially crosses N300M in box office {{!}} Pulse Nigeria |url=https://www.pulse.ng/articles/entertainment/movies/king-of-thieves-officially-crosses-n300m-in-box-office-2024072515384714953 |access-date=2024-12-17 |website=www.pulse.ng |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Here are the 3 highest-grossing Yoruba epic films so far {{!}} Pulse Nigeria |url=https://www.pulse.ng/articles/entertainment/movies/nigerian-box-office-here-are-the-3-highest-grossing-yoruba-epic-films-so-far-2024072616223553031 |access-date=2024-12-17 |website=www.pulse.ng |language=en}}</ref> |- |2023 |''[[Jagun Jagun]]'' |Daraktan |- |2023 |''[[Ada Omo Daddy]]'' |Co darektan tare da Akay Mason |- |2024 |''[[Dabbar Duniya Biyu]]'' |Co darektan tare da [[Odunlade Adekola]] |- |2024 |''[[Brúyar Bride|Brúyar Bride]]'' |Co darektan tare da Jack'enneth Opukeme <ref>{{Cite web |title=Farmer's Bride continues to rake box office, joining the ₦100 Million gang {{!}} Pulse Nigeria |url=https://www.pulse.ng/articles/entertainment/movies/farmers-bride-continues-to-rake-box-office-joining-the-naira100-million-gang-2024102811311841946 |access-date=2024-12-17 |website=www.pulse.ng |language=en}}</ref> |- |2024 |''Ƙofofi Bakwai'' |Darakta tare da Femi Adebayo, Tope Adebayo Salami <ref>{{Cite web |title="It Took Seven Days to Film a Scene in 'Seven Doors,'" Says Femi Adebayo" |url=https://thenollywoodreporter.com/news/it-took-seven-days-to-film-a-scene-in-seven-doors-says-femi-adebayo/ |access-date=2024-12-17 |website=Nollywood Reporter |language=en}}</ref> |- |2024 |''[[alakada: Bad and Boujee|Alakada: Bad da Boujee]]'' |Daraktan |} == Kyaututtuka == {| class="wikitable" |+ !Shekara !Kyautar !Fim din !Sashe !Sakamakon |- |2014 |[[Kyautar Kwalejin Fina-Finan Afirka|Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka]] |''[[Omo Elemosho]]'' |Mafi kyawun Fim na Najeriya|{{Nom}} |- |2016 |[[2016 Best of Nollywood Awards|2016 Mafi Kyawun Kyautar Nollywood]] |''Eni-Owo'' |Daraktan Shekara|{{Nom}} |- |2023 |[[2023 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|2023 Kyautar Zaɓin Masu kallo na sihiri na Afirka]] |''Sarkin ɓarayi'' |Darakta Mafi Kyawu|{{Nom}} |- |2024 |[[Kyautar Zaɓin Masu kallo na sihiri na Afirka na 2024]] |''Jagun Jagun'' |Mafi Kyawun Rubuce-rubuce - Fim |{{Nom}} |- |2024 |Kyautar Zaɓin Masu kallo na sihiri na Afirka na 2024 |''Jagun Jagun'' |Darakta Mafi Kyawu|{{Nom}} |- |2024 |[[Best of Nollywood Awards|Mafi Kyawun Kyautar Nollywood]] |''Jagun Jagun'' |Daraktan Shekara |{{Won}} |} == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin Finafinan Najeriya da suka fi kawo kudi|Jerin fina-finai na Najeriya mafi girma]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} == Ayyuka == An kuma naɗa Tijani a matsayin daraktocin Nollywood na biyu mafi samun kuɗi daga FilmOne a shekarar 2022. == Haɗin waje == * {{IMDb name|2834803}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] k99v2n9h02fbvjfqtzonswdesx03j9i 889660 889657 2026-07-31T06:37:18Z Hamza DK 12444 /* Hotunan fina-finai */ 889660 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Adebayo Tijani mai shirya fina-finai ne na Najeriya, darekta kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo. == Ayyuka == Tijani ya kasance na biyu mafi girma a matsayin daraktocin Nollywood ta FilmOne a cikin 2022. == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" |+ !Shekara !Fim din !Matsayi |- |2019 |''[[77 Bullets|77 Bullets]]'' |Daraktan <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mercy Aigbe completes work new film, '77 Bullets' {{!}} Pulse Nigeria |url=https://www.pulse.ng/articles/entertainment/movies/mercy-aigbe-completes-work-new-film-77-bullets-2024081503223500879 |access-date=2024-12-17 |website=www.pulse.ng |language=en}}</ref> |- |2020 |''[[The New Patriots|The New Patriots]]'' |Co darektan tare da Terry Ayebo |- |2022 |''[[Ijakumo]]'' |Daraktan |- |2022 |[[King of Thieves (fim, 2022)|''King of Thieves '']] |Co darektan tare da Femi Adebayo, Tope Adebayo Salami <ref>{{Cite web |title='King of Thieves' officially crosses N300M in box office {{!}} Pulse Nigeria |url=https://www.pulse.ng/articles/entertainment/movies/king-of-thieves-officially-crosses-n300m-in-box-office-2024072515384714953 |access-date=2024-12-17 |website=www.pulse.ng |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Here are the 3 highest-grossing Yoruba epic films so far {{!}} Pulse Nigeria |url=https://www.pulse.ng/articles/entertainment/movies/nigerian-box-office-here-are-the-3-highest-grossing-yoruba-epic-films-so-far-2024072616223553031 |access-date=2024-12-17 |website=www.pulse.ng |language=en}}</ref> |- |2023 |''[[Jagun Jagun]]'' |Daraktan |- |2023 |''[[Ada Omo Daddy]]'' |Co darektan tare da Akay Mason |- |2024 |''[[Beast of Two Worlds]]'' |Co darektan tare da [[Odunlade Adekola]] |- |2024 |''[[Brúyar Bride|Brúyar Bride]]'' |Co darektan tare da Jack'enneth Opukeme <ref>{{Cite web |title=Farmer's Bride continues to rake box office, joining the ₦100 Million gang {{!}} Pulse Nigeria |url=https://www.pulse.ng/articles/entertainment/movies/farmers-bride-continues-to-rake-box-office-joining-the-naira100-million-gang-2024102811311841946 |access-date=2024-12-17 |website=www.pulse.ng |language=en}}</ref> |- |2024 |''Ƙofofi Bakwai'' |Darakta tare da Femi Adebayo, Tope Adebayo Salami <ref>{{Cite web |title="It Took Seven Days to Film a Scene in 'Seven Doors,'" Says Femi Adebayo" |url=https://thenollywoodreporter.com/news/it-took-seven-days-to-film-a-scene-in-seven-doors-says-femi-adebayo/ |access-date=2024-12-17 |website=Nollywood Reporter |language=en}}</ref> |- |2024 |''[[alakada: Bad and Boujee|Alakada: Bad da Boujee]]'' |Daraktan |} == Kyaututtuka == {| class="wikitable" |+ !Shekara !Kyautar !Fim din !Sashe !Sakamakon |- |2014 |[[Kyautar Kwalejin Fina-Finan Afirka|Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka]] |''[[Omo Elemosho]]'' |Mafi kyawun Fim na Najeriya|{{Nom}} |- |2016 |[[2016 Best of Nollywood Awards|2016 Mafi Kyawun Kyautar Nollywood]] |''Eni-Owo'' |Daraktan Shekara|{{Nom}} |- |2023 |[[2023 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|2023 Kyautar Zaɓin Masu kallo na sihiri na Afirka]] |''Sarkin ɓarayi'' |Darakta Mafi Kyawu|{{Nom}} |- |2024 |[[Kyautar Zaɓin Masu kallo na sihiri na Afirka na 2024]] |''Jagun Jagun'' |Mafi Kyawun Rubuce-rubuce - Fim |{{Nom}} |- |2024 |Kyautar Zaɓin Masu kallo na sihiri na Afirka na 2024 |''Jagun Jagun'' |Darakta Mafi Kyawu|{{Nom}} |- |2024 |[[Best of Nollywood Awards|Mafi Kyawun Kyautar Nollywood]] |''Jagun Jagun'' |Daraktan Shekara |{{Won}} |} == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin Finafinan Najeriya da suka fi kawo kudi|Jerin fina-finai na Najeriya mafi girma]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} == Ayyuka == An kuma naɗa Tijani a matsayin daraktocin Nollywood na biyu mafi samun kuɗi daga FilmOne a shekarar 2022. == Haɗin waje == * {{IMDb name|2834803}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] tpwrvo4ishpurii2u63nivl9dppdwp7 889661 889660 2026-07-31T06:38:17Z Hamza DK 12444 /* Hotunan fina-finai */ 889661 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Adebayo Tijani mai shirya fina-finai ne na Najeriya, darekta kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo. == Ayyuka == Tijani ya kasance na biyu mafi girma a matsayin daraktocin Nollywood ta FilmOne a cikin 2022. == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" |+ !Shekara !Fim din !Matsayi |- |2019 |''[[77 Bullets|77 Bullets]]'' |Daraktan <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mercy Aigbe completes work new film, '77 Bullets' {{!}} Pulse Nigeria |url=https://www.pulse.ng/articles/entertainment/movies/mercy-aigbe-completes-work-new-film-77-bullets-2024081503223500879 |access-date=2024-12-17 |website=www.pulse.ng |language=en}}</ref> |- |2020 |''[[The New Patriots|The New Patriots]]'' |Co darektan tare da Terry Ayebo |- |2022 |''[[Ijakumo]]'' |Daraktan |- |2022 |[[King of Thieves (fim, 2022)|''King of Thieves '']] |Co darektan tare da Femi Adebayo, Tope Adebayo Salami <ref>{{Cite web |title='King of Thieves' officially crosses N300M in box office {{!}} Pulse Nigeria |url=https://www.pulse.ng/articles/entertainment/movies/king-of-thieves-officially-crosses-n300m-in-box-office-2024072515384714953 |access-date=2024-12-17 |website=www.pulse.ng |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Here are the 3 highest-grossing Yoruba epic films so far {{!}} Pulse Nigeria |url=https://www.pulse.ng/articles/entertainment/movies/nigerian-box-office-here-are-the-3-highest-grossing-yoruba-epic-films-so-far-2024072616223553031 |access-date=2024-12-17 |website=www.pulse.ng |language=en}}</ref> |- |2023 |''[[Jagun Jagun]]'' |Daraktan |- |2023 |''[[Ada Omo Daddy]]'' |Co darektan tare da Akay Mason |- |2024 |''Beast of Two Worlds'' |Co darektan tare da [[Odunlade Adekola]] |- |2024 |''[[Brúyar Bride|Brúyar Bride]]'' |Co darektan tare da Jack'enneth Opukeme <ref>{{Cite web |title=Farmer's Bride continues to rake box office, joining the ₦100 Million gang {{!}} Pulse Nigeria |url=https://www.pulse.ng/articles/entertainment/movies/farmers-bride-continues-to-rake-box-office-joining-the-naira100-million-gang-2024102811311841946 |access-date=2024-12-17 |website=www.pulse.ng |language=en}}</ref> |- |2024 |''Ƙofofi Bakwai'' |Darakta tare da Femi Adebayo, Tope Adebayo Salami <ref>{{Cite web |title="It Took Seven Days to Film a Scene in 'Seven Doors,'" Says Femi Adebayo" |url=https://thenollywoodreporter.com/news/it-took-seven-days-to-film-a-scene-in-seven-doors-says-femi-adebayo/ |access-date=2024-12-17 |website=Nollywood Reporter |language=en}}</ref> |- |2024 |''[[alakada: Bad and Boujee|Alakada: Bad da Boujee]]'' |Daraktan |} == Kyaututtuka == {| class="wikitable" |+ !Shekara !Kyautar !Fim din !Sashe !Sakamakon |- |2014 |[[Kyautar Kwalejin Fina-Finan Afirka|Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka]] |''[[Omo Elemosho]]'' |Mafi kyawun Fim na Najeriya|{{Nom}} |- |2016 |[[2016 Best of Nollywood Awards|2016 Mafi Kyawun Kyautar Nollywood]] |''Eni-Owo'' |Daraktan Shekara|{{Nom}} |- |2023 |[[2023 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|2023 Kyautar Zaɓin Masu kallo na sihiri na Afirka]] |''Sarkin ɓarayi'' |Darakta Mafi Kyawu|{{Nom}} |- |2024 |[[Kyautar Zaɓin Masu kallo na sihiri na Afirka na 2024]] |''Jagun Jagun'' |Mafi Kyawun Rubuce-rubuce - Fim |{{Nom}} |- |2024 |Kyautar Zaɓin Masu kallo na sihiri na Afirka na 2024 |''Jagun Jagun'' |Darakta Mafi Kyawu|{{Nom}} |- |2024 |[[Best of Nollywood Awards|Mafi Kyawun Kyautar Nollywood]] |''Jagun Jagun'' |Daraktan Shekara |{{Won}} |} == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin Finafinan Najeriya da suka fi kawo kudi|Jerin fina-finai na Najeriya mafi girma]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} == Ayyuka == An kuma naɗa Tijani a matsayin daraktocin Nollywood na biyu mafi samun kuɗi daga FilmOne a shekarar 2022. == Haɗin waje == * {{IMDb name|2834803}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] cfahdkx616z9d4979042m0vmg5l1d1i 889662 889661 2026-07-31T06:39:41Z Hamza DK 12444 /* Hotunan fina-finai */ 889662 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Adebayo Tijani mai shirya fina-finai ne na Najeriya, darekta kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo. == Ayyuka == Tijani ya kasance na biyu mafi girma a matsayin daraktocin Nollywood ta FilmOne a cikin 2022. == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" |+ !Shekara !Fim din !Matsayi |- |2019 |''[[77 Bullets|77 Bullets]]'' |Daraktan <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mercy Aigbe completes work new film, '77 Bullets' {{!}} Pulse Nigeria |url=https://www.pulse.ng/articles/entertainment/movies/mercy-aigbe-completes-work-new-film-77-bullets-2024081503223500879 |access-date=2024-12-17 |website=www.pulse.ng |language=en}}</ref> |- |2020 |''[[The New Patriots|The New Patriots]]'' |Co darektan tare da Terry Ayebo |- |2022 |''[[Ijakumo]]'' |Daraktan |- |2022 |[[King of Thieves (fim, 2022)|''King of Thieves '']] |Co darektan tare da Femi Adebayo, Tope Adebayo Salami <ref>{{Cite web |title='King of Thieves' officially crosses N300M in box office {{!}} Pulse Nigeria |url=https://www.pulse.ng/articles/entertainment/movies/king-of-thieves-officially-crosses-n300m-in-box-office-2024072515384714953 |access-date=2024-12-17 |website=www.pulse.ng |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Here are the 3 highest-grossing Yoruba epic films so far {{!}} Pulse Nigeria |url=https://www.pulse.ng/articles/entertainment/movies/nigerian-box-office-here-are-the-3-highest-grossing-yoruba-epic-films-so-far-2024072616223553031 |access-date=2024-12-17 |website=www.pulse.ng |language=en}}</ref> |- |2023 |''[[Jagun Jagun]]'' |Daraktan |- |2023 |''[[Ada Omo Daddy]]'' |Co darektan tare da Akay Mason |- |2024 |''Beast of Two Worlds'' |Co darektan tare da [[Odunlade Adekola]] |- |2024 |''[[Brúyar Bride|Brúyar Bride]]'' |Co darektan tare da Jack'enneth Opukeme <ref>{{Cite web |title=Farmer's Bride continues to rake box office, joining the ₦100 Million gang {{!}} Pulse Nigeria |url=https://www.pulse.ng/articles/entertainment/movies/farmers-bride-continues-to-rake-box-office-joining-the-naira100-million-gang-2024102811311841946 |access-date=2024-12-17 |website=www.pulse.ng |language=en}}</ref> |- |2024 |''Seven Doors'' |Darakta tare da Femi Adebayo, Tope Adebayo Salami <ref>{{Cite web |title="It Took Seven Days to Film a Scene in 'Seven Doors,'" Says Femi Adebayo" |url=https://thenollywoodreporter.com/news/it-took-seven-days-to-film-a-scene-in-seven-doors-says-femi-adebayo/ |access-date=2024-12-17 |website=Nollywood Reporter |language=en}}</ref> |- |2024 |''[[alakada: Bad and Boujee|Alakada: Bad da Boujee]]'' |Daraktan |} == Kyaututtuka == {| class="wikitable" |+ !Shekara !Kyautar !Fim din !Sashe !Sakamakon |- |2014 |[[Kyautar Kwalejin Fina-Finan Afirka|Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka]] |''[[Omo Elemosho]]'' |Mafi kyawun Fim na Najeriya|{{Nom}} |- |2016 |[[2016 Best of Nollywood Awards|2016 Mafi Kyawun Kyautar Nollywood]] |''Eni-Owo'' |Daraktan Shekara|{{Nom}} |- |2023 |[[2023 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|2023 Kyautar Zaɓin Masu kallo na sihiri na Afirka]] |''Sarkin ɓarayi'' |Darakta Mafi Kyawu|{{Nom}} |- |2024 |[[Kyautar Zaɓin Masu kallo na sihiri na Afirka na 2024]] |''Jagun Jagun'' |Mafi Kyawun Rubuce-rubuce - Fim |{{Nom}} |- |2024 |Kyautar Zaɓin Masu kallo na sihiri na Afirka na 2024 |''Jagun Jagun'' |Darakta Mafi Kyawu|{{Nom}} |- |2024 |[[Best of Nollywood Awards|Mafi Kyawun Kyautar Nollywood]] |''Jagun Jagun'' |Daraktan Shekara |{{Won}} |} == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin Finafinan Najeriya da suka fi kawo kudi|Jerin fina-finai na Najeriya mafi girma]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} == Ayyuka == An kuma naɗa Tijani a matsayin daraktocin Nollywood na biyu mafi samun kuɗi daga FilmOne a shekarar 2022. == Haɗin waje == * {{IMDb name|2834803}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] aiz33msosoiwsd63583gpnodwg679ia Princess on a Hill 0 99370 889421 613927 2026-07-30T14:56:58Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889421 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Princess on a Hill''' wasan kwaikwayo ne na asali [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Na Najeriya]] na Showmax na 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=3 September 2024 |title=Nigerian Drama 'Princess on a Hill' Set at Showmax, Trailer Unveiled (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2024/tv/global/nigeria-princess-on-a-hill-showmax-1236127922/ |access-date=23 November 2024 |website=Variety}}</ref> Chuka Ejorh, Folashayo Oke-Sobo, Tolu Ajayi, da Abiola Sobo sun samar da jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin, wanda Abiola Sob, da Tolu Ajyi suka kirkira.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Falade |first=Tomi |date=9 November 2024 |title=Inside Out With Princess On A Hill's Abiola Sobo And Tolu Ajayi |url=https://independent.ng/inside-out-with-princess-on-a-hills-abiola-sobo-and-tolu-ajayi-2/ |access-date=23 November 2024 |website=Independent Newspaper Nigeria}}</ref> Jerin talabijin da [[Norbert Young]], [[Efa Iwara]], [[Iretiola Doyle|Ireti Doyle]], Femi Jacobs, Onyinye Odokoro, [[Bimbo Manuel|Bimbo Manual]], Andrew Yaw Bunting, da Mimi Chaka suka fito, a matsayin babban simintin. == Bayani na jerin == Ana fitar da sabon labari a kowace Alhamis. === Lokaci na 1 (2024) === Princess on a Hill ta ba da labarin Zara Osara, wata budurwa mai manyan mafarkai wacce ba zato ba tsammani ta tashi zuwa saman ikon kamfanoni ta hanyar gasar wasan kwaikwayo ta gaskiya da ta lashe, kuma ta fara fitowa a cikin ɗakin majalisa mafi iko a kasar. Dole ne ta ceci kamfanin daga raguwa yayin da take tsayayya da tasirin duhu na mai zalunci mai ban mamaki wanda ke jan igiyoyinta. == Hotuna da haruffa ==   == Fitarwa == === Fim === A ranar 4 ga Satumba 2024, a lokacin MIP Africa ta 2024 a Cape Town, Showmax ta yi sanarwa kafin a saki wasan kwaikwayo na Princess on a Hill, yana ba da kyauta ga daraktocin Nollywood Tolu Ajayi da Abiola Sobo a matsayin masu kirkirar jerin wasan kwaikwayo masu zuwa, Princess on a kan Hill, wanda aka shirya don farawa a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Eti-Inyene |first=Brooks |title=AMVCA-winning filmmaker, Tolu Ajayi teams with Abiola Sobo for a Showmax original |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/amvca-winning-filmmaker-tolu-ajayi-teams-with-abiola-sobo-for-a-showmax-original/zkxfe7n |access-date=24 November 2024 |website=Pulse Nigeria |language=en}}</ref> === Kasuwanci === An bayyana simintin ne a ranar 14 ga Oktoba 2024 ta hanyar Showmax, biyo bayan sakin tirela na hukuma don Princess on a Hill, <ref> name="Pulse Nigeria">{{Cite web |last=Eti-Inyene |first=Brooks |title=See trailer for Showmax original 'Princess on a Hill' premiering this November |url=https://www.pulse.ng/articles/entertainment/movies/see-trailer-poster-for-showmax-original-princess-on-a-hill-2024102811260888449 |access-date=24 November 2024 |website=Pulse Nigeria |language=en}}</ref> tare da jerin Onyinye Odokoro, [[Bimbo Manuel|Bimbo Manual]], [[Efa Iwara]], Mimi Chaka, [[Iretiola Doyle|Ireti Doyle]], Femi Jacobs, Andrew Yaw Bunting, da [[Norbert Young]]. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff Writer |date=21 November 2024 |title=Veteran star Bimbo Manuel talks power, regret and African values |url=https://stories.showmax.com/ng/veteran-star-bimbo-manuel-talks-power-regret-and-african-values |access-date=23 November 2024 |website=Showmax Stories |language=en |archive-date=29 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241229034825/https://stories.showmax.com/ng/veteran-star-bimbo-manuel-talks-power-regret-and-african-values |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Farko da saki == A ranar 14 ga Oktoba 2024, Showmax ta fitar da tirela ta hukuma don Princess on a Hill . <ref name="Pulse Nigeria">{{Cite web |last=Eti-Inyene |first=Brooks |title=See trailer for Showmax original 'Princess on a Hill' premiering this November |url=https://www.pulse.ng/articles/entertainment/movies/see-trailer-poster-for-showmax-original-princess-on-a-hill-2024102811260888449 |access-date=24 November 2024 |website=Pulse Nigeria |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">Eti-Inyene, Brooks. [https://www.pulse.ng/articles/entertainment/movies/see-trailer-poster-for-showmax-original-princess-on-a-hill-2024102811260888449 "See trailer for Showmax original 'Princess on a Hill' premiering this November"]. ''Pulse Nigeria''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> A ranar 30 ga Oktoba 2024, Showmax ta ba da sanarwar gabatarwa na Princess on a Hill da za a nuna a ranar Alhamis, 7 ga Nuwamba 2024 a karo na 13 na bikin fina-finai na Afirka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff Writer |date=30 October 2024 |title=Showmax Nigerian Original Princess on a Hill to screen at AFRIFF 2024 |url=https://stories.showmax.com/ng/showmax-nigerian-original-princess-on-a-hill-to-screen-at-afriff-2024 |access-date=23 November 2024 |website=Showmax Stories |language=en |archive-date=29 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241229034825/https://stories.showmax.com/ng/showmax-nigerian-original-princess-on-a-hill-to-screen-at-afriff-2024 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Akhimien |first=Nosakhale |date=9 November 2024 |title=AFRIFF 2024: Showmax premieres 'Princess on a Hill' in Lagos |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/nollywood/752933-afriff-2024-showmax-premieres-princess-on-a-hill-in-lagos.html |access-date=23 November 2024 |website=Premium Times Nigeria |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 7 ga Nuwamba 2024, an saki Princess on a Hill a kan Showmax . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff Writer |date=10 October 2024 |title=Showmax's Nigerian Original Princess on a Hill lands 7 November |url=https://stories.showmax.com/za/showmaxs-nigerian-original-princess-on-a-hill-lands-7-november |access-date=23 November 2024 |website=Showmax Stories |language=en |archive-date=8 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241108051550/https://stories.showmax.com/za/showmaxs-nigerian-original-princess-on-a-hill-lands-7-november |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Karɓar baƙi == === Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa === {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Mai karɓa !Sakamakon !Ref |- | rowspan="5" |2025 | rowspan="5" |Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka |Mafi Kyawun Rubutun | rowspan="3" |Gimbiya a kan tudu|Jira | rowspan="5" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Eyinla |first=Tola |date=24 March 2025 |title=Check out 2025 AMVCA nominees (FULL LIST) |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/nollywood/783202-check-out-2025-amvca-nominees-full-list.html |website=Premium Times Nigeria |language=en}}</ref> |- |Mafi Kyawun Gyara|Jira |- |Mafi Kyawun Rubuce-rubucen Talabijin|Jira |- |Mafi kyawun Actor |[[Bimbo Manuel|Bimbo Manual]]|Jira |- |Mafi kyawun Mai Taimako |[[Efa Iwara]]|Jira |} == Manazarta == 1qtm1bh6checq1ops3ww8efc1curr0z Ruwa mai zurfi 0 99409 889446 614041 2026-07-30T15:07:43Z Hasbel5656 47420 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1361645008|Marine stratocumulus]]" 889446 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  Marine stratocumulus wani nau'i ne na ƙananan girgije na stratocumulus wanda ke samuwa a kan teku, musamman a gefen yammacin nahiyoyi inda yanayin sanyi na teku da raguwar yanayi ke samar da layin ruwa mai ɗorewa. Marine stratocumulus yawanci yana samar da girgije mai yawa a kan tekuna na gabashin subtropical kuma yana daga cikin nau'ikan girgije mafi yawa a Duniya.<ref name="Wood2012">{{Cite journal |last=Wood |first=Robert |year=2012 |title=Stratocumulus Clouds |journal=Monthly Weather Review |volume=140 |issue=8 |pages=2373–2423 |bibcode=2012MWRv..140.2373W |doi=10.1175/MWR-D-11-00121.1}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFWood2012">Wood, Robert (2012). "Stratocumulus Clouds". ''Monthly Weather Review''. '''140''' (8): <span class="nowrap">2373–</span>2423. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012MWRv..140.2373W 2012MWRv..140.2373W]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1175/MWR-D-11-00121.1|10.1175/MWR-D-11-00121.1]].</cite></ref> Saboda wadannan girgije masu haske suna nuna hasken rana mai shigowa, stratocumulus na ruwa yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin [[Kasafin kudin makamashi na duniya|kasafin kudin radiation]] na Duniya da tsarin yanayi.<ref name="Wood2012">{{Cite journal |last=Wood |first=Robert |year=2012 |title=Stratocumulus Clouds |journal=Monthly Weather Review |volume=140 |issue=8 |pages=2373–2423 |bibcode=2012MWRv..140.2373W |doi=10.1175/MWR-D-11-00121.1}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFWood2012">Wood, Robert (2012). "Stratocumulus Clouds". ''Monthly Weather Review''. '''140''' (8): <span class="nowrap">2373–</span>2423. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012MWRv..140.2373W 2012MWRv..140.2373W]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1175/MWR-D-11-00121.1|10.1175/MWR-D-11-00121.1]].</cite></ref> == Tsarin da tsarin iyaka == Marine stratocumulus yawanci yana tasowa inda iska mai dumi, mai laushi ya rufe ruwan teku mai sanyi. Tare da yawancin gabar tekun yammacin nahiyar, iskõki masu rinjaye da Ƙarfin Coriolis suna fitar da ruwa mai zurfi daga bakin tekun, suna ba da damar ruwan sanyi daga ƙasa ya tashi ta hanyar hawa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Marine Layer |url=https://www.noaa.gov/jetstream/ocean/marine-layer |access-date=2026-05-08 |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration}}</ref> Yankin teku mai sanyi yana rage zafin jiki na iska kai tsaye a sama da shi, sau da yawa yana samar da juyin juya halin zafin jiki mai ƙarfi a saman iyakar ruwa. Yayin da iska ke sanyaya zuwa wurin raɓa, tururi na ruwa yana kwantar da hankali a kan ƙwayoyin girgije kuma yana samar da ɗigon girgije. Kodayake juyawa yana hana zurfin convection, iyakar iyakar ruwa mai zurfi ya kasance mai aiki sosai. Rashin sanyaya a kusa da girgije yana lalata ɓangaren sama na iyakar ruwa kuma yana motsa juyawa mai zurfi a cikin girgije.<ref name="Wood2012">{{Cite journal |last=Wood |first=Robert |year=2012 |title=Stratocumulus Clouds |journal=Monthly Weather Review |volume=140 |issue=8 |pages=2373–2423 |bibcode=2012MWRv..140.2373W |doi=10.1175/MWR-D-11-00121.1}}</ref> Wannan convection mai zurfi yana ci gaba da jigilar danshi da zafi ta hanyar iyakar iyaka yayin da juyawa a sama ke iyakance ci gaban girgije na tsaye. Layer na stratocumulus na ruwa galibi suna da alaƙa da raunin drizzle, haɗuwa mai rikitarwa, da kuma ɗaukar iska mai bushe daga sama da juyawa. Bambance-bambance a cikin waɗannan matakai suna tasiri ga kaurin girgije, girman droplet, rayuwar girgije, da sauye-sauye tsakanin tsarin salula daban-daban.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bretherton |first=C. S. |last2=Wyant |first2=M. C. |year=1997 |title=Moisture transport, lower-tropospheric stability, and decoupling of cloud-topped boundary layers |journal=Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences |volume=54 |issue=1 |pages=148–167 |doi=10.1175/1520-0469(1997)054<0148:MTLTSA>2.0.CO;2}}</ref> == Kungiyar wayar salula == Marine stratocumulus cloud decks akai-akai shirya a cikin mesoscale cell convection, samar da bude-cell da rufe-cell alamu bayyane daga jirgin sama da tauraron dan adam.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Atkinson |first=B. W. |last2=Zhang |first2=J. W. |year=1996 |title=Mesoscale shallow convection in the atmosphere |journal=Reviews of Geophysics |volume=34 |issue=4 |pages=403–431 |doi=10.1029/96RG02623}}</ref> A cikin ƙuƙwalwar ƙwayoyin halitta, yankuna masu ɗumi masu ɗumi suna da alaƙa da ƙarancin ƙuƙwalwa da ke kewaye da ƙananan yankuna na iska mai saukowa. Open-cell convection a maimakon haka yana samar da zoben girgije mai kama da girgije da ke kewaye da ciki mai haske kuma sau da yawa ana danganta shi da drizzle mai ƙarfi da rage girgije. Canjin tsakanin bude-cell da rufe-cell shirya yana rinjayar da hazo, aerosol concentration, iyakar-ƙasa kwanciyar hankali, da kuma hanyoyin motsawa. == Muhimmancin yanayi == Girgije na stratocumulus na ruwa suna da mahimmanci ga yanayi saboda girgije mai haske yana nuna adadi mai yawa na hasken rana mai shigowa akan yanayin teku mai duhu.<ref name="Wood2012">{{Cite journal |last=Wood |first=Robert |year=2012 |title=Stratocumulus Clouds |journal=Monthly Weather Review |volume=140 |issue=8 |pages=2373–2423 |bibcode=2012MWRv..140.2373W |doi=10.1175/MWR-D-11-00121.1}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFWood2012">Wood, Robert (2012). "Stratocumulus Clouds". ''Monthly Weather Review''. '''140''' (8): <span class="nowrap">2373–</span>2423. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012MWRv..140.2373W 2012MWRv..140.2373W]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1175/MWR-D-11-00121.1|10.1175/MWR-D-11-00121.1]].</cite></ref> Ƙananan canje-canje a cikin girgije, tsawo na girgije, maida hankali, ko halayyar hazo na iya shafar [[albedo]] na Duniya da ma'aunin makamashi na duniya. Marine stratocumulus kuma yana da mahimmanci a cikin nazarin hulɗar aerosol-kurciya da kuma girgije feedbacks a cikin yanayin yanayi. Amsawar stratocumulus na ruwa ga dumamar yanayi ya kasance muhimmiyar tushen rashin tabbas a cikin tsinkaye na canjin yanayi na gaba.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sherwood |first=Steven C. |last2=Webb |first2=Matthew J. |last3=Annandale |first3=Eleanor O. |last4=Armour |first4=Kyle C. |year=2020 |title=An Assessment of Earth's Climate Sensitivity Using Multiple Lines of Evidence |journal=Reviews of Geophysics |volume=58 |issue=4 |doi=10.1029/2019RG000678 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Saboda marine stratocumulus yana mamaye manyan yankuna na teku, har ma da ƙananan canje-canje a cikin juriya na girgije ko nunawa na iya rinjayar ƙididdigar ƙididdigatattun yanayi na duniya.<ref name="Wood2012">{{Cite journal |last=Wood |first=Robert |year=2012 |title=Stratocumulus Clouds |journal=Monthly Weather Review |volume=140 |issue=8 |pages=2373–2423 |bibcode=2012MWRv..140.2373W |doi=10.1175/MWR-D-11-00121.1}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFWood2012">Wood, Robert (2012). "Stratocumulus Clouds". ''Monthly Weather Review''. '''140''' (8): <span class="nowrap">2373–</span>2423. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012MWRv..140.2373W 2012MWRv..140.2373W]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1175/MWR-D-11-00121.1|10.1175/MWR-D-11-00121.1]].</cite></ref> == Abubuwan da suka faru == Marine stratocumulus ya zama ruwan dare a gabashin Tekun Pacific daga California da Peru, kudu maso gabashin Atlantic daga Namibia da Angola, da arewa maso gabashin Atlantika kusa da tsarin Canary Current. Wadannan yankuna suna da alaƙa da yanayin sanyi na teku, ci gaba da raguwar yanayi, da kuma juyawa mai ƙarfi na ruwa.<ref name="Wood2012">{{Cite journal |last=Wood |first=Robert |year=2012 |title=Stratocumulus Clouds |journal=Monthly Weather Review |volume=140 |issue=8 |pages=2373–2423 |bibcode=2012MWRv..140.2373W |doi=10.1175/MWR-D-11-00121.1}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFWood2012">Wood, Robert (2012). "Stratocumulus Clouds". ''Monthly Weather Review''. '''140''' (8): <span class="nowrap">2373–</span>2423. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012MWRv..140.2373W 2012MWRv..140.2373W]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1175/MWR-D-11-00121.1|10.1175/MWR-D-11-00121.1]].</cite></ref> Ƙarfafa yanayi na stratocumulus na ruwa a bakin tekun California yana ba da gudummawa ga abubuwan da suka faru kamar Yuni Gloom . <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Marine Layer |url=https://www.noaa.gov/jetstream/ocean/marine-layer |access-date=2026-05-08 |publisher=NOAA}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Yuni Gloom * Layer na ruwa * [[Yanayin teku|Yanayin yanayi na teku]] * Stratocumulus girgije == manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] swfridmvse1n86kcbbljah3pogl04wy Yosef Ben-Jochannan 0 101018 889353 623696 2026-07-30T12:14:33Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 889353 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Yosef Alfredo Antonio Ben-Jochannan''' (/ˈ спон ˈjoʊ knenən/; 31 ga Disamba, 1918 - 19 ga Maris, 2015), wanda aka fi sani da "Dr. Ben", marubuci ne kuma ɗan tarihi na Amurka. An dauke shi daya daga cikin fitattun malaman Afirka da wasu Black Nationalists suka fi sani. Sabanin haka, manyan malamai, kamar Mary Lefkowitz, sun kore shi suna mai nuna rashin daidaito na tarihi a cikin aikinsa, da jayayya game da takardun shaidarsa na ilimi. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Ben-Jochannan ya yi iƙirarin cewa an haife shi ne a [[Itofiya|Habasha]] ga mahaifiyar Puerto Rican ta asalin Yahudawa da kuma mahaifin Bayahude na Habasha. Sabanin haka, an yi hasashen cewa shi dan asalin Puerto Rican ne. A watan Maris na shekara ta 2015, bayan mutuwarsa, [[New York Times|The New York Times]] ta ruwaito, "[A]A nan akwai karancin shaidar hakan ban da nasa kalma; wasu takwarorinsa, har ma da wani dan iyali, sun nuna shakku a asirce. " Ana jayayya da rikodin ilimi na Ben-Jochannan, tare da da'awar cewa ya sami ilimi daban-daban a Puerto Rico, [[Brazil]], Cuba, ko [[Ispaniya|Spain]], yana samun digiri a ko dai injiniya da / ko ilimin ɗan adam.<ref name="hm">{{Cite web |year=2008 |title=Yosef Ben-Jochannan {{!}} Biography |url=https://www.thehistorymakers.org/biography/yosef-ben-jochannan-41 |access-date=June 30, 2011 |website=TheHistorymakers.com}}</ref>   A cikin 1938, an ce ya sami BS a cikin Injiniyanci a Jami'ar Puerto Rico; ana jayayya da wannan saboda mai rajista ba shi da rikodin halartarsa. Ya bayyana cewa a shekarar 1939 ya sami digiri na biyu a fannin Injiniya daga Jami'ar Havana, Cuba . <ref name="hm" /> Ya kuma yi iƙirarin cewa ya sami digiri na digiri (PhD) a cikin Al'adun Al'adu da [[Moors|Tarihin Moor]] daga Jami'ar Havana da Jami'ar Barcelona, Spain, bi da bi, <ref name="hm" /> da kuma digiri na gaba daga Jami'an Cambridge a Ingila. <ref name="contested" /> Dukansu Barcelona da Cambridge sun ce bai taba samun digiri daga kowanne jami'a ba kuma, Bugu da ƙari, Jami'ar Cambridge ta ce ba ta da rikodin Ben-Jochannan da ya taɓa halartar kowane aji a can.<ref name="contested" /> A cewar labarinsa, Ben-Jochannan yana da digiri na digiri na girmamawa daga Kwalejin Sojourner-Douglass (Baltimore), Kwalejin Marymount (New York), da Kwalejin Medgar Evers (Brooklyn). <ref name="epmgaa.media.lionheartdms.com">{{Cite web |title=Obituary and Program: Celebrating the Life of Dr. Yosef ben-Jochanan |url=http://epmgaa.media.lionheartdms.com/news/documents/2015/04/14/drbenprogram.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303225329/http://epmgaa.media.lionheartdms.com/news/documents/2015/04/14/drbenprogram.pdf |archive-date=March 3, 2016 |page=2}}</ref> ''Jaridar New York Times'' ta taƙaita rashin daidaituwa na rayuwarsa a cikin rikodin ilimi da ya ruwaito: {{Cquote|Takardu daga jami'ar Cornell sun nuna Mista Ben-Jochannan yana da digirin digirgir daga jami'ar Cambridge da ke Ingila yayin da akasin haka, kasida daga kwalejin Malcolm-King ta lissafta shi a matsayin mai digiri na biyu daga jami'ar Cambridge. A cewar Fred Lewsey, jami’in sadarwa a Cambridge, duk da haka, makarantar ba ta da wani tarihin zuwan sa, balle ma ya samu wani digiri. Hakazalika, Jami'ar Puerto Rico Mayagüez, inda shi ma ya ce ya yi karatu, ba shi da bayanan shigar sa. Hakika, da alama Mr. Ben-Jochannan da sane ya karya yawancin tarihin karatunsa na kansa.<ref name="contested" />}} == Ayyuka da rayuwarsu ta baya == Rahotanni sun yarda da wani abu kadan banda Ben-Jochannan ya girma a cikin Caribbean kuma ya yi hijira zuwa Amurka game da 1940, inda aka ruwaito ya yi aiki a matsayin mai tsarawa kuma ya ci gaba da karatunsa. Daga baya ya bayyana cewa a shekarar 1945, an nada shi shugaban kwamitin nazarin Afirka a hedkwatar sabuwar [[UNESCO]] da aka kafa. Ya ce ya yi aiki a gare su har zuwa 1970. Koyaya, ma'aikatan UNESCO sun bayyana cewa "babu wani rikodin Mista Ben-Jochannan da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta taɓa yin amfani da shi". Ben-Jachannan ya kuma bayyana cewa ya fara koyar da Ilimin Masar a Kwalejin Malcolm-King da ke Harlem a cikin 1950, amma ba a kafa wannan aikin sa kai ba har zuwa 1968, lokacin da ya fara da dalibai 13.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Egerton |first=John |year=1973 |title=Malcolm-King College: Harlem's Higher Education Volunteers |journal=Change: The Magazine of Higher Learning |volume=5 |pages=42–44 |doi=10.1080/00091383.1973.10568459}}</ref> Daga baya ya koyar a Kwalejin Birnin New York . Daga 1973 zuwa 1987, ya kasance farfesa a [[Cornell|Jami'ar Cornell]].<ref name="race">{{Cite web |title=Dr. Yosef A. A. Ben-Jochannan |url=http://www.raceandhistory.com/Historians/ben_jochannan.htm |access-date=January 5, 2012 |publisher=raceandhistory.com}}</ref> A shekara ta 1977, Ben-Jochannan ya sadu da Lucille Jones (Kefa Nephthy) da Ben Jones . Sun kafa ƙungiyar karatu. Bayan karatu tare da Ben-Jochannan, Kefa da Ben Jones sun fara jerin laccoci na al'umma da ake kira First World Alliance . Ben-Jochannan shine marubucin littattafai 49, da farko a kan wayewar gargajiya ta [[Nil|Kwarin Nilu]] da tasirin su a al'adun Yamma.<ref name="hm">{{Cite web |year=2008 |title=Yosef Ben-Jochannan {{!}} Biography |url=https://www.thehistorymakers.org/biography/yosef-ben-jochannan-41 |access-date=June 30, 2011 |website=TheHistorymakers.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.thehistorymakers.org/biography/yosef-ben-jochannan-41 "Yosef Ben-Jochannan | Biography"]. ''TheHistorymakers.com''. 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 30,</span> 2011</span>.</cite></ref> A cikin rubuce-rubucensa, ya tabbatar da cewa Yahudawa na asali sun fito ne daga Habasha kuma 'yan Afirka ne. Ya ce Yahudawa na Semitic (Middle Eastern) daga baya sun karɓi bangaskiyar Black Jewish da al'adun ta. Ya ci gaba da zargi Yahudawa na Semitic da amfani da iko na musamman don "yi amfani da sarrafawa da sarrafa Zuciya ta Duniya" kuma ya yi iƙirarin cewa ilimin Holocaust wani nau'i ne na wankewar kwakwalwa.<ref name="Mehler">{{Cite web |last=Mehler |first=Barry |date=1993 |title=African American Racism in the Academic Community |url=https://www.ferris.edu/isar/academic-controversies/mehler.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303231425/http://www.ferris.edu/isar/academic-controversies/mehler.htm |archive-date=March 3, 2016 |access-date=12 August 2016 |publisher=Institute for the Study of Academic Racism, Ferris State University}}</ref> A cewar labarinsa, Ben-Jochannan ya fara koyar da shi a Harlem a 1967 a HARYOU-ACT . Ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin farfesa (1973-1987) a [[Cornell|Jami'ar Cornell]] a Cibiyar Nazarin Afirka da Bincike, sannan James Turner ya jagoranta. Ben-Jochannan ya kuma koyar a wasu cibiyoyin, gami da Jami'ar Rutgers . A shekara ta 1977 ya karbi mukamin girmamawa tare da Kwalejin Rabbinical ta Isra'ila a Ikilisiyar Ibrananci ta Beth Shalom a Brooklyn . <ref name="epmgaa.media.lionheartdms.com">{{Cite web |title=Obituary and Program: Celebrating the Life of Dr. Yosef ben-Jochanan |url=http://epmgaa.media.lionheartdms.com/news/documents/2015/04/14/drbenprogram.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303225329/http://epmgaa.media.lionheartdms.com/news/documents/2015/04/14/drbenprogram.pdf |archive-date=March 3, 2016 |page=2}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20160303225329/http://epmgaa.media.lionheartdms.com/news/documents/2015/04/14/drbenprogram.pdf "Obituary and Program: Celebrating the Life of Dr. Yosef ben-Jochanan"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. p.&nbsp;2. Archived from [http://epmgaa.media.lionheartdms.com/news/documents/2015/04/14/drbenprogram.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on March 3, 2016.</cite></ref> (Dubi Capers Funnye.) Ben-Jochannan ya bayyana sau da yawa a jerin abubuwan jama'a na Gil Noble na WABC-TV na mako-mako ''Kamar yadda yake''. A lokacin aikinsa a cikin shekarun 1980, Ben-Jochannan sananne ne ga jagorantar yawon shakatawa zuwa kwarin Nilu. Tafiye-tafiye na kwanaki 15 na Ben-Jochannan zuwa Misira, wanda aka yi wa lakabi da "Dr. Ben's Alkebu-Lan Educational Tours," ta amfani da abin da ya ce tsohon suna ne ga Afirka, yawanci yana gudana sau uku a lokacin rani, yana tura mutane 200 zuwa Afirka a kowane kakar.<ref name="contested" /> Ben-Jochannan ya sami girmamawa daga ƙarni na baya na masu ilimi baƙar fata.[1] Cornel West ya ce "an albarkace shi ya yi karatu a ƙafafunsa". Ta-Nehisi Coates, ɗan mai wallafa Ben-Jochannan, ya yaba masa da koyar da cewa tarihi "ba wannan abu ne mai ma'ana wanda ke waje da siyasa ba... Ya wanzu sosai a cikin siyasa, kuma wani ɓangare na aikinsa shine sanya baƙar fata a wurin amfani ga fararen mutane". A shekara ta 2002, Ben-Jochannan ya ba da gudummawar ɗakin karatu na sama da littattafai 35,000, rubuce-rubuce da naɗaɗɗun littattafai na dā ga Ƙasar Islama.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shabazz |first=Saeed |date=October 29, 2002 |title=Prized library bequeathed to the Nation |url=http://www.finalcall.com/artman/publish/article_73.shtml |access-date=June 30, 2011 |website=FinalCall.com}}</ref> A cikin shekaru kafin mutuwarsa, Ben-Jochannan ya zauna a sashin Harlem na Manhattan a Birnin New York, a cikin wani gida da aka sani da Lenox Terrace . Ben-Jochannan ya yi aure sau uku kuma yana da jimlar 'ya'ya 13. Ya mutu a ranar 19 ga Maris, 2015, yana da shekaru 96. a gidan jinya na Bay Park a Bronx. ==Zargin koyar da tarihin ƙarya== An zargi Ben-Jochannan da karkatar da tarihi da kuma ingiza akidar fifikon bakar fata. A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1993, Farfesa Mary Lefkowitz daga sashen darussan Turai na Wellesley College ta fito fili ta kalubalanci Ben-Jochannan kan abubuwan da yake koyarwa. Ben-Jochannan ya koyar cewa Aristotle ya ziyarci Makarantar Adabin Alexandria. A lokacin tambayoyi bayan jawabinsa, Lefkowitz ta tambaye shi cewa, “Ta yaya hakan zai yiwu, alhali makarantar ba a gina ta ba sai bayan rasuwar Aristotle?” Ben-Jochannan ya amsa da cewa kwanan wata ba su da tabbas.<ref>Robert T. Carroll (Nuwamba 27, 1996), [http://www.skepdic.com/refuge/lefko.html "Bita ta Littafi | ''Not Out of Africa: How Afrocentrism Became an Excuse to Teach Myth as History''"] (bitar littafi), ''The Skeptic's Dictionary''.</ref> Lefkowitz ta rubuta cewa Ben-Jochannan ya ci gaba da gaya wa masu sauraro cewa "za su iya kuma su kamata su gaskata abin da malamai bakar fata kawai suka faɗa musu" da kuma cewa "ko da yake suna tunanin cewa Yahudawa duka suna da 'ƙibaƙibbu da fuskokin da ba su da ƙyalli,' akwai Yahudawa da ke da kalar fata kamar tasa, bakar fata."<ref name="History Lesson, pp. 67–69"/> Farfesa ɗan asalin Afirka-Amerika Clarence E. Walker ya rubuta cewa Ben-Jochannan bai rarrabe Cleopatra VII da diyar ta Cleopatra VIII ba, kuma ya bayyana Cleopatra a matsayin bakar fata. Haka kuma, ya rubuta cewa "Cleopatra VIII ta kashe kanta bayan an gano ta na shirye-shiryen kisan Julius Caesar tare da Marc Antonio [Mark Anthony]." Wannan kuwa babban kuskure ne, ganin cewa an kashe Julius Caesar shekaru 14 kafin Cleopatra VII ta kashe kanta.<ref>{{cite book|last=Walker|first=Clarence E|title=We Can't Go Home Again: An Argument About Afrocentrism|date=2001|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-509571-5|page=[https://archive.org/details/wecantgohomeagai0000walk/page/55 55]|url=https://archive.org/details/wecantgohomeagai0000walk|url-access=registration|quote=Yosef Ben-Jochannan cleopatra.}}</ref> ==Mulhidanci== A cikin jawabinsa mai taken "Me ya sa kake yin imani da Allah?" Ben-Jochanan ya bayyana a fili cewa bai yi imani da Allah ba. Ya bayyana cewa labaran da suka shafi addinan Yahudawa-Kiristoci-Musulmai (kamar na Adamu da Hauwa’u) tushensu daga tatsuniyoyin Afirka da Asiya ne. Dangane da coci-coci, ya ce: "Coci-coci ba za su iya taimaka wa mutane ba idan abubuwa suka yi tsanani, domin bukatunsu na tare da tsarin mulki da iko."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.infidelguy.com/famous-black-freethinkers-and-atheists|title=Shahararrun masu tunani 'yantattu da marasa imani bakar fata|work=The Infidel Guy Show|date=15 Fabrairu, 2007}}</ref> Ben-Jochanan ya kuma bayyana cewa: "Ina cewa bakar fata ya shafe shekaru da dama yana rokon Yesu Almasihu a nan Amurka, yanzu kuma ya fara kiran Muhammad, kuma da yawa suna kira ga Musa, amma a kowane lokaci cikin wannan lokaci babu wani canji a halin da bakar fata ke ciki, kuma babu wata 'yanci da ya samu. A bayyane yake cewa wani bai ji kiransa ba ko kuma bai da sha'awa da kiransa — ko dai Yesu ne, Musa, ko kuma Muhammad."<ref>An ambata a: {{cite book|first=Donald R. |last=Barbera |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=-W2wSJ1LFV8C&dq=Yosef+Ben-Jochannan+black+man+calling+on+Moses&pg=PA209|title=Ba Bapista Bane: Rashin Imani da ‘Yanci a Cikin Al’ummar Bakar Fata |year=2003 |publisher=iUniverse |location=Lincoln, Nebraska |isbn=0-595-28789-1 |page=209}}</ref> ==Bibiyar Tarihi == * ''African Origins of Major Western Religions'', 1991. {{ISBN|978-0-933121-29-4}} * ''We the Black Jews'', 1993. {{ISBN|978-0-933121-40-9}} * ''Black Man of the Nile and His Family'', [[Black Classic Press]], 1989. {{ISBN|978-0-933121-26-3}} * ''Africa: Mother of Western Civilization''. {{ISBN|978-0-933121-25-6}} * ''New Dimensions in African History''. {{ISBN|978-0-86543-226-0}} * ''The Myth of Exodus and Genesis and the Exclusion of Their African Origins''. {{ISBN|978-0-933121-76-8}} * ''Abu Simbel to Ghizeh: A Guide Book and Manual'', 1989. {{ISBN|978-0-933121-27-0}} * ''Cultural Genocide in the Black and African Studies Curriculum''. New York, 1972. {{oclc|798725}} * ''The Alkebulanians of Ta-Merry's "Mysteries System" and the Ritualization of the Late Bro. Kwesie Adebisi''. 1981. {{ASIN|B005FY5CQS}} == Manazarta == {{reflist}} [[Rukuni:Matattun 2015]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1918]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] aw4pmyl45cg1olwlohfyvrkvw65an28 Ranar Nasarar Adwa 0 101631 889506 627373 2026-07-30T19:58:46Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889506 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ranar Nasara Adwa''' Amharic ) biki ne na kasa a [[Itofiya|Habasha]] wanda ake yi a ranar 2 ga Maris don tunawa da nasarar da Habasha ta samu a kan kokarin da Italiya ta yi wa mulkin mallaka a yakin Adwa a 1896. Bikin yabo ga sojojin Habasha, bikin ya ƙunshi fareti da wasannin ban mamaki da na fasaha waɗanda ke nuna al'adun Habasha . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Kiani |first=Tamkeen |date=15 December 2021 |title=Adwa Victory Day |url=https://nationaltoday.com/adwa-victory-day/ |access-date=28 July 2022 |website=National Today |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Monitor |first=Ethiopian |title=Ethiopians Celebrate Adwa Victory Day – Ethiopian Monitor |url=https://ethiopianmonitor.com/2022/03/02/ethiopians-celebrate-adwa-victory-day/ |access-date=28 July 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Adwa Victory Day 2023, 2024 and 2025 in Ethiopia |url=https://publicholidays.africa/ethiopia/adwa-victory-day/ |access-date=28 July 2022 |website=PublicHolidays.africa |language=en-US |archive-date=7 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707041645/https://publicholidays.africa/ethiopia/adwa-victory-day/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ranar Nasara ta Adwa tana da alaƙa mai ƙarfi da alamar [[Pan-Africanism]] da buri ga [[Bakar fata|baƙar fata]] . <ref name=":0"/> <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 February 2021 |title=How the Battle of Adwa Energized African Liberation Movements |url=https://www.fanabc.com/english/how-the-battle-of-adwa-energized-african-liberation-movements/ |access-date=28 July 2022 |website=Welcome to Fana Broadcasting Corporate S.C |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name="mekdes">{{Cite web |last=mekdes |title=The Victory of Adwa Fosters Pan Africanism {{!}} Ethiopian News Agency |url=https://www.ena.et/en/?p=33832 |access-date=28 July 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Biki == Bikin ya ƙunshi fareti a wurare da yawa da kuma al'adu a duk inda mutane suka taru. Hakanan ana gabatar da wasannin fasaha da ban mamaki, kamar kererto, shilela da fukera. <ref name="mekdes"/> An rufe dukkan makarantu, bankuna, ofisoshin waya da ofisoshin gwamnati, ban da cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya. Wasu sabis na tasi da sufuri na jama'a sun zaɓi kada su yi aiki a wannan rana, kuma shagunan galibi suna buɗewa amma sun fi kusa da wuri fiye da yadda aka saba. <ref name="aglobalworld.com">{{Cite web |title=Ethiopia Celebrates Victory of Adowa |url=http://aglobalworld.com/holidays-around-the-world/ethiopia-victory-adowa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508030043/http://aglobalworld.com/holidays-around-the-world/ethiopia-victory-adowa/ |archive-date=8 May 2019 |access-date=3 March 2019}}</ref> A [[Addis Ababa]] babban birnin kasar, jami'an gwamnati, 'yan kishin kasa, jami'an diflomasiyyar kasashen waje da kuma jama'a sun hallara a dandalin Menelik yayin da kungiyar 'yan sandan Habasha ke rera wakokin kishin kasa. <ref name="borkena.com">{{Cite web |date=2 March 2018 |title=Adwa victory 122 anniversary colorfully celebrated in Addis Ababa |url=https://borkena.com/2018/03/02/adwa-victory-colorfully-celebrated-addis-ababa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306111416/https://borkena.com/2018/03/02/adwa-victory-colorfully-celebrated-addis-ababa/ |archive-date=6 March 2019 |access-date=3 March 2019}}</ref> Maza masu wasan kwaikwayo sukan sanya jodhpurs da nau'ikan riga iri-iri; suna dauke da tutar Habasha da tutoci daban-daban na kishin kasa da alluna, da garkuwa da takuba na gargajiya na Habasha da ake kira harbil . 'Yan wasan mata suna sanya tufafin gargajiya da ake kira habesha kemis, wasu kuma sun sanya bakar riga, yayin da wasu wurare suka sanya rawanin sarauta a kawunansu don wakiltar Sarauniya Taytu . An gudanar da bikin ba a Addis Ababa kadai ba, har ma da wasu garuruwa irin su [[Baher Dar|Bahir Dar]], Debre Markos da kuma ita kanta Adwa . Kade-kade na kishin kasa ma suna taka rawar gani, misali Gigi ballad da aka sadaukar domin yakin Adwa da na Teddy Afro na " Tikur Sew " a lokacin bikin. A yayin bikin 2023, an yi arangama tsakanin jami’an tsaro da jama’a da suka hada da tarwatsa hayaki mai sa hawaye. 'Yan sanda sun dakile hanyar da ta kai ga wuraren biyu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ethiopia: Clashes amid celebrations commemorating Adwa Victory Day in Addis Ababa, March 2 |url=https://crisis24.garda.com/alerts/2023/03/ethiopia-clashes-amid-celebrations-commemorating-adwa-victory-day-in-addis-ababa-march-2 |access-date=2 March 2023 |website=Ethiopia: Clashes amid celebrations commemorating Adwa Victory Day in Addis Ababa, 2 March {{!}} Crisis24 |language=en}}</ref> A cocin St George's Cathedral, 'yan sanda sun harba barkonon tsohuwa ga jama'a da limaman coci yayin gudanar da bukin Saint George na shekara-shekara. Mutum daya mai suna Mekuanent Wodaj ya mutu tare da jikkata da dama sakamakon turmutsutsu. Firayim Minista [[Abiy Ahmed]] ya zargi "abubuwan da ba a bayyana ba a kan abubuwan da suka faru a lokacin bikin Adwa Nasara a Addis Ababa." <ref>{{Cite web |last=Account |date=3 March 2023 |title=Adwa Victory Celebration marred as government forces attack Addis Ababa residents |url=https://borkena.com/2023/03/02/adwa-victory-celebration-marred-as-government-forces-attack-addis-ababa-residents/ |access-date=3 March 2023 |website=Borkena Ethiopian News |language=en-US}}</ref> == Magana == {{Reflist}} knkpgvix7lzgunuq7ownxzhf4on73c3 Rikicin Bakassi 0 102120 889625 646479 2026-07-31T01:52:51Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889625 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Un-bakassi.png|thumb|345x345px|Yankin Bakassi a cikin [[Stuburi na Biafra|Bight na Biafra]]]] '''Rikicin Bakassi''' rikici ne mai ci gaba da rikici a kan [[Bakassi|Yankin Bakassi]] na [[Kamaru]] . Da farko yana ƙarƙashin rikici na kan iyaka tsakanin Kamaru da [[Najeriya]], Bakassi daga baya ya shafar tawaye da masu rabuwa da ke cikin gida suka yi wa sojojin gwamnatin Kamaru. Bayan samun 'yancin kai na Kamaru da Najeriya ba a warware iyaka tsakanin su ba kuma akwai wasu rikice-rikice. Gwamnatin Najeriya ta yi iƙirarin cewa iyakar ta kasance kafin yarjejeniyar Burtaniya da Jamus a 1913, kuma Kamaru ta yi iccirarin iyakar da yarjejeniyar Burtani da Jamus ta kafa. Rikici na kan iyaka ya kara muni a cikin shekarun 1980 da 1990 bayan wasu abubuwan da suka faru a kan iyaka sun faru, wanda kusan ya haifar da yaki tsakanin kasashen biyu. A cikin 1994 Kamaru ta tafi Kotun Shari'a ta Duniya (ICJ) don kauce wa yaki da Najeriya bayan da aka yi rikice-rikicen makamai da yawa a yankunan da ake jayayya. Shekaru takwas bayan haka, Kotun Koli ta yi mulki a cikin goyon bayan Kamaru kuma ta tabbatar da iyakar 1913 da Burtaniya da Jamus suka yi a matsayin iyakar kasa da kasa tsakanin kasashen biyu. Najeriya ta tabbatar da cewa za ta tura Bakassi zuwa Kamaru. A watan Yunin 2006 Najeriya ta sanya hannu kan [[Yarjejeniyar "Greentree Agreement"|Yarjejeniyar Greentree]], wanda ya nuna canjin iko a yankin, kuma [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|Sojojin Najeriya]] sun janye daga Bakassi. Yawancin mutanen Bakassians da suka dauki kansu a matsayin 'yan Najeriya sun yi adawa da wannan matakin kuma sun fara daukar makamai a ranar 2 ga Yulin 2006. Shekaru biyu bayan haka Sojojin Najeriya sun janye daga tsibirin kuma sun sauya zuwa ikon Kamaru. Fiye da mutane 50 ne aka kashe tsakanin farkon rikici da cikakken janyewar 'yan Najeriya. Rikicin ya ƙare a ranar 25 ga Satumba 2009 tare da yarjejeniyar afuwa, yayin da wasu 'yan bindiga suka ci gaba da yakin na 'yan shekaru. A cikin 2021, Ƙungiyar Al'ummai ta Biafra ta kaddamar da tawaye a kan hukumomin Kamaru a Bakassi. == Rikicin kan iyakar Kamaru da Najeriya ==   === Shekaru na farko na rikice-rikice (1960s-1981) === Bayan samun 'yancin kai na Najeriya da Kamaru a shekarar 1960, <ref name="Cameroon">{{Cite web |title=Cameroon: Moving Toward Independence |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Cameroon/Moving-toward-independence |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191005020201/https://www.britannica.com/place/Cameroon/Moving-toward-independence |archive-date=5 October 2019 |access-date=25 October 2019 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> matsayin [[Birtaniya Kamaru|Kamaru na Burtaniya]] ba a bayyane yake ba.{{Sfn|Ngalim}} An gudanar da kuri'ar da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta tallafawa kuma ta kula da ita a watan Fabrairu mai zuwa wanda ya haifar da arewacin yankin da ya kada kuri'a don kasancewa wani ɓangare na Najeriya, yayin da kudancin ya kada kuriʼa don sake haɗuwa da Kamaru.<ref name="Cameroon" /> An canja yankin arewacin Kamaru na Burtaniya zuwa Najeriya a watan Yuni mai zuwa, yayin da yankin kudancin ya shiga Kamaru a watan Oktoba.<ref name="Nigeria">{{Cite web |title=Independent Nigeria |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Cameroon/Moving-toward-independence |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191005020201/https://www.britannica.com/place/Cameroon/Moving-toward-independence |archive-date=5 October 2019 |access-date=25 October 2019 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> Koyaya, iyakokin ƙasa da na teku tsakanin Najeriya da Kamaru ba a bayyana su a sarari ba. Ɗaya daga cikin rikice-rikicen da ya haifar ya kasance a yankin Bakassi, wani yanki mai manyan man fetur da gas, wanda Najeriya ke gudanarwa. A farkon shekarun 1960, Najeriya ta fahimci cewa tsibirin ba wani bangare ne na tarihi na Najeriya ba.{{Sfn|Ngalim}} Najeriya ta yi iƙirarin cewa Burtaniya ta yi yarjejeniya da shugabannin yankin don kariya, kuma cewa iyakar da ta biyo baya ta 1884 ya kamata ta zama iyakar hukuma. Kamaru ta yi iƙirarin cewa yarjejeniyar iyakar Burtaniya da Jamus a 1913 ya kamata ta rarraba iyakar tsakanin ƙasashe biyu.{{Sfn|Ngalim}}{{Sfn|Lukong}} Rikici ba babbar matsala ba ce tsakanin kasashen biyu har sai Janar [[Murtala Mohammed]] ya hambarar da [[Shugaban Nijeriya|Shugaban Najeriya]], [[Yakubu Gowon]] a watan Yulin 1975. Mohammed ya yi iƙirarin cewa Gowon ya amince da canja wurin Bakassi zuwa Kamaru lokacin da ya sanya hannu kan Sanarwar Maroua a watan Yuni. Gwamnatin Mohammed ba ta tabbatar da yarjejeniyar ba, yayin da Kamaru ta dauki shi a matsayin mai karfi.{{Sfn|Ngalim}} === Rikicin makamai (1981-2005) === A cikin shekarun 1980 tashin hankali ya tashi a kan iyaka; tare da kasashen biyu kusan zuwa yaki a ranar 16 ga Mayu 1981, lokacin da aka kashe sojoji biyar na Najeriya a lokacin rikice-rikicen kan iyaka. Najeriya ta yi iƙirarin cewa sojojin Kamaru sun fara harbi a kan masu sintiri na Najeriya. Kamaru ta yi iƙirarin cewa sojojin Najeriya sun bude wuta a kan jirgin Kamaru kusa da Bakassi kuma cewa Najeriya ta keta dokar kasa da kasa a yankin Kamaru.{{Sfn|Egede & Igiehon}} Yanayin kusan ya haifar da yakin basasa, amma diflomasiyyar Shugaba [[Shehu Shagari]] ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen hana ci gaba da rikici, har ma bayan an kafa sojojin Najeriya a kan iyakar Kamaru.{{Sfn|Egede & Igiehon}}{{Sfn|Akinyemi}} Akwai wasu abubuwan da suka faru a watan Fabrairun 1987 a yankin [[Tabkin Chadi|Tafkin Chadi]]; 'yan Najeriya sun sace' yan Kamaru uku kuma sun azabtar da su.{{Sfn|Lukong}} A wannan shekarar 'Yan sanda na Kamaru sun kai hari kan kauyuka 16 a kusa da Tafkin Chadi kuma sun musayar tutar Kamaru da tutar Najeriya.{{Sfn|Akinyemi}} Wani abin da ya faru ya faru a ranar 13 ga Mayu 1989 lokacin da sojojin Najeriya suka shiga jirgin kamun kifi na Kamaru kusa da Tafkin Chadi.{{Sfn|Lukong}} A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1990 sojojin Najeriya sun sace mutane biyu kuma sun azabtar da su. Bayan 'yan watanni, Najeriya ta yi iƙirarin cewa Kamaru ta mamaye ƙauyuka tara na kamun kifi a tsibirin.<ref name="UCDP">{{Cite web |title=Cameroon – Nigeria |url=https://ucdp.uu.se/conflict/405 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191026082957/https://ucdp.uu.se/conflict/405 |archive-date=26 October 2019 |access-date=26 October 2019 |website=Uppsala Conflict Data Program}}</ref> Tsakanin Afrilu 1990 da Afrilu 1991 sojojin Najeriya sun kai hare-hare da yawa a cikin garin Jabane; a wani lokaci sun maye gurbin tutar Kamaru da ma'aunin Najeriya. A watan Yulin da ya biyo baya 'yan Najeriya sun mamaye garin Kontcha . [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|Sojojin Najeriya]] sun yi barazanar cewa za su mamaye wasu yankuna a kusa da Tafkin Chadi.{{Sfn|Lukong}} Wani hari na Kamaru na 1992-1993 a Tafkin Chadi ya haifar da zalunci ga 'yan Najeriya, wasu daga cikinsu an kashe su kuma sauran suna ƙarƙashin harajin nuna bambanci.{{Sfn|Akinyemi}} Duk da shekaru na tattaunawa tsakanin kasashen biyu, dangantakarsu ta zama mafi muni bayan sojojin Najeriya sun mamaye Jabane da Diamond Island a yankin Bakassi a ranar 17 ga Nuwamba 1993. <ref name="UCDP" /> Ba da daɗewa ba Najeriya ta zargi Sojojin Kamaru da kaddamar da hare-hare a cikin Bakassi kuma a mayar da martani ta aika da sojoji 500-1,000 don kare 'yan ƙasa a tsibirin a watan Disamba.<ref name="UCDP"/> Rikicin ya tashi lokacin da Najeriya da Kamaru suka aika da karin sojoji zuwa Bakassi a ranar 21 ga watan Disamba.{{Sfn|Lukong}} A watan Janairu mai zuwa 'yan Kamaru sun kashe wasu' yan Najeriya da ba a san adadi ba. A ranar 17 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1994, yankin da Najeriya ta mamaye kusa da Tafkin Chadi ya karbi 'yan gudun hijira 3,000 daga ƙauyen Karena bayan sun tsere daga mummunar zalunci da Kamaru suka yi. A lokacin kisan gilla an ƙone mutane 55 da rai; wasu 90 sun ji rauni kuma an ƙone wasu sassan ƙauyen. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan an ba da rahoton wani abin da ya faru kusa da iyakar Kamaru-Nijeriya; 'yan sanda na Kamaru sun kai hari kauyen Abana a [[Cross River|Jihar Cross River]] a kan iyaka, inda suka kashe mutane 6 kuma suka nutse jiragen kamun kifi 14.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Government of Cameroon – Civilians |url=https://ucdp.uu.se/onesided/929 |access-date=17 November 2019 |website=Uppsala Conflict Data Program}}</ref> A ranar 18-19 ga Fabrairu, sojojin Najeriya sun kai hari kan Kamaru kuma yanzu sun mamaye cikakken tsibirin ciki har da ƙauyukan Akwa, Archibong, Atabong, da Kawa Bana.{{Sfn|Lukong}}{{Sfn|Akanle & Adésìnà}} Tsakanin mutane 1 da 25 ne aka kashe a cikin rikice-rikicen.{{Sfn|Gibler}} A ranar 29 ga watan Maris, Kamaru ta tura lamarin zuwa Kotun Shari'a ta Duniya (ICJ). {{Sfn|Udeoji}} A farkon watan Agustan 1995 an yi fada mai tsanani, kuma kafofin yankin sun yi iƙirarin cewa an kashe mutane 30; ba a taɓa tabbatar da wannan a hukumance ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Information |url=https://ucdp.uu.se/additionalinfo/405/1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191026155123/https://ucdp.uu.se/additionalinfo/405/1 |archive-date=26 October 2019 |access-date=26 October 2019 |website=Uppsala Conflict Data Program}}</ref> A ranar 3 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1996, wani rikici ya faru, wanda ya haifar da asarar rayuka da yawa.{{Sfn|Lukong}} Bayan wadannan abubuwan da suka faru, Najeriya ta yi zargin cewa Faransa ta tura sojoji a yankin. Faransa ta bayyana cewa ta ajiye jirage masu saukar ungulu guda biyu da sojoji goma sha biyar a Kamaru, amma ba a tura su zuwa tsibirin ba. Tsakanin ƙarshen 1999 da farkon 2000 sojojin Faransa sun kafa sansanin soja kusa da yankin da ake jayayya. Yakin tsakanin 1995 da 2005 an yi imanin cewa ya yi ikirarin rayuka 70.<ref name="UCDP" /> == Tawayen Farko ==   === Gabatarwa (2001-2006) === A shekara ta 2001, Sojojin Kamaru sun sha wahala biyu da aka kashe kuma goma sha ɗaya sun ɓace a cikin abin da aka bayyana a lokacin a matsayin harin ɗan fashi. A ranar 10 ga Oktoba 2002, Kotun Shari'a ta yanke shawarar cewa Kamaru ita ce mai mallakar tsibirin.{{Sfn|Udeoji}} A Bakassi, akwai akalla 'yan Najeriya 300,000, a lokacin sun kai kashi 90 cikin dari na yawan jama'a. Dole ne su zabi tsakanin barin 'yancin Najeriya; kiyaye shi da kuma bi da su a matsayin 'yan kasashen waje; <ref name="VOA" /> ko barin tsibirin kuma su koma Najeriya. <ref name="UCDP"/> Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UN) ta goyi bayan hukuncin ICJ, ta matsawa Najeriya don karɓar shi. Shugaban Najeriya, [[Olusegun Obasanjo]], ya jawo zargi da yawa daga kasashen duniya da kuma cikin Najeriya.<ref name="britannica">{{Cite web |title=Bakassi Peninsula Dispute |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Nigeria/Bakassi-Peninsula-dispute |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191026082951/https://www.britannica.com/place/Nigeria/Bakassi-Peninsula-dispute |archive-date=26 October 2019 |access-date=26 October 2019 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> Ya yarda da hukuncin, kodayake bai janye sojojin Najeriya daga tsibirin nan da nan ba.<ref name="britannica" /><ref name="bakassithreatens">{{Cite web |title=Bakassi Threatens to Declare Own Republic |url=http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2002/10/30/20021030news03.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090813003633/http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2002/10/30/20021030news03.html |archive-date=13 August 2009 |access-date=18 January 2009 |website=This Day Online}}</ref> An sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya don fara rarraba dukkan iyakar Najeriya da Kamaru; saboda abubuwan da suka sabawa daga taswirar mulkin mallaka, har zuwa Fabrairu 2021, wannan tsari bai riga ya kammala ba. A ranar 12 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 2006, Najeriya da Kamaru sun sanya hannu kan [[Yarjejeniyar "Greentree Agreement"|Yarjejeniyar Greentree]], wanda ya ba Najeriya damar ci gaba da gudanar da gwamnati a Bakassi har tsawon shekaru biyu. Sojojin Najeriya sun amince da janye akalla sojoji 3,000 cikin kwanaki 60. <ref name="UCDP"/> Har ila yau, ta amince da mayar da wani ɓangare ga Kamaru. Bayan yarjejeniyar, tawagar Bakas ta yi barazanar bayyana 'yancin kai idan aka mika shi.<ref name="bakassithreatens"/> A ranar 2 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2006 kungiyar Bakassi Movement for Self-Determination (BAMOSD) ta ba da sanarwar cewa za ta shiga kungiyar Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) don ficewa daga Kamaru kuma a ranar 9, sun aiwatar da barazanar. Su da Kungiyar Jama'ar Kudancin Kamaru (SCAPO) sun ayyana 'yancin kai na "Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Bakassi". 'Yan tawayen [[Biyafara|Biafran]] sun goyi bayan masu rabuwa. Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya ta yi iƙirarin a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2007 cewa ba da Bakassi ba bisa ka'ida ba ne, amma wannan matakin da majalisar dattijai ta yi ba shi da tasiri.<ref name="britannica"/> === Babban Mataki (2006–2013) === [[File:Flag of the Democratic Republic of Bakassi.svg|thumb|left|Tutar Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Bakassi, kamar yadda BAMOSD ta gabatar.]] René Claude Meka, Shugaban Ma’aikatan Sojojin Kamaru, ne aka dora wa alhakin kare yankin ta hanyar tura Rundunar Gwaji ta Gaggawa (BIR).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/203764/politique/ren-claude-meka/|title=70 ans, chef d'État-major des armées|date=27 April 2009|access-date=26 October 2019|trans-title=70, Chief of Staff of the Armed|language=fr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190901210123/https://www.jeuneafrique.com/203764/politique/ren-claude-meka/|archive-date=1 September 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Gwagwarmayar ta fi yin tasiri ta ruwa, inda mangaruf na Bakassi suka ba 'yan tawayen mafaka. Suna amfani da dabarun fashin teku wajen yakarsu: kai hari kan jiragen ruwa, sace ma'aikatan ruwa, da kai farmaki ta ruwa har zuwa Limbe da Douala.<ref name="end date">{{cite news|url=https://jamestown.org/program/cameroon-rebels-threaten-security-in-oil-rich-gulf-of-guinea/|title=Cameroon Rebels Threaten Security in Oil-Rich Gulf of Guinea|website=Jamestown Foundation|date=24 November 2010|access-date=26 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829000328/https://jamestown.org/program/cameroon-rebels-threaten-security-in-oil-rich-gulf-of-guinea/|archive-date=29 August 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Najeriya ma ta fuskanci hare-haren 'yan tawaye, kasancewar 'yan adawa daga kudancin ƙasar sun nuna ƙin amincewarsu da sauyin iyaka.{{sfn|Ngalim|p=10}} A ranar 17 ga Agusta 2006, shugaban BAMOSD ya rasu a wani hatsarin mota tare da wasu mutum 20 a jihar Cross River.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200608180465.html|title=Nigeria: Bakassi Leader Dies in Auto Accident|website=AllAfrica|date=18 August 2006|access-date=26 October 2016}} {{registration required}}</ref> A ranar 13 ga Nuwamba 2007, rikici ya barke tsakanin sojojin Najeriya da na Kamaru, inda sojojin Kamaru 21 suka mutu. Najeriya ta musanta hannu a harin, tana cewa sojojinta ma wani gungun makamai ba a san su ba sun kai musu hari, kuma babu soja ko ɗaya daga cikinsu da ya mutu. Yankin ya zama matsala ga duka Najeriya da Kamaru saboda masu laifi da 'yan tawaye.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL1382294|title=Up to 21 Cameroon Troops Killed in Bakassi|date=13 November 2007|access-date=28 November 2019}}</ref> Wani sabon gungun 'yan tawaye da aka kira Liberators of the Southern Cameroon (LSCP) ne suka ɗauki alhakin wasu kisan.{{sfn|Amoah|p=156}} Sojojin Kamaru da dama sun sake mutuwa a harin watan Yuni da Yuli na 2008.{{sfn|Ngalim|p=10}} A ranar 14 ga Agusta, Najeriya ta janye daga Bakassi gaba ɗaya, inda mutane 50 suka mutu cikin shekara guda.<ref name=ceding/> A watan Oktoba 2008, wani gungun 'yan tawaye da ake kira Bakassi Freedom Fighters (BFF) sun shiga cikin wani jirgi kuma suka kama ma’aikatansa, suna barazanar kashe su matuƙar gwamnatin Kamaru ba ta yarda ta tattauna batun 'yancin Bakassi ba.{{sfn|Ngalim|p=10}} Wannan matakin BFF bai canja manufofin Najeriya da Kamaru ba game da yankin. A ranar 14 ga Agusta 2009, Kamaru ta karɓi cikakken ikon Bakassi.{{sfn|Ngalim|p=10}} A ranar 25 ga Satumba, an bayar da afuwa ga 'yan tawaye kuma mafi yawan su sun mika makamansu kuma suka koma rayuwar farar hula.<ref name="end date"/> BFF sun ƙi mika wuya; suka haɗa kai da 'yan bindiga daga yankin Neja-Delta, inda suka yi barazanar lalata tattalin arziƙin yankin.{{sfn|Ngalim|pp=10–11}} A watan Disamba 2009, an kashe ɗan sanda a gabar Bakassi a cikin kwale-kwalen mota, kuma BFF suka ɗauki alhakin hakan.<ref name="end date"/> Daga 6 zuwa 7 ga Fabrairu 2011, 'yan tawaye suka kai hari a Limbe, inda suka kashe 'yan Kamaru biyu, suka ji wa ɗaya rauni, yayin da goma sha ɗaya suka ɓace.{{sfn|Ngwa & Funteh|p=343}} A shekarar 2012, BAMOSD ta ƙaddamar da tutar ƙasa{{sfn|Ngalim|pp=10–11}} kuma ta ayyana 'yancin kai a ranar 9 ga Agusta. A ranar 16 suka kama 'yan Kamaru biyu.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/174600/politique/cameroun-le-sort-des-apatrides-de-bakassi-r-veille-l-instabilit-de-la-presqu-le/|title=Cameroun : le sort des " apatrides " de Bakassi réveille l'instabilité de la presqu'île|website=Jeune Afrique|date=24 August 2012|access-date=26 October 2019|trans-title=Cameroon: The Plight of 'Stateless' Bakassi Peninsula Creates Instability|language=fr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191026140807/https://www.jeuneafrique.com/174600/politique/cameroun-le-sort-des-apatrides-de-bakassi-r-veille-l-instabilit-de-la-presqu-le/|archive-date=26 October 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> A 2013, Kamaru ta ƙaddamar da mummunan farmaki, wanda ya tilasta mutane 1,700 su tsere. Wannan ya fusata ‘yan Najeriya da dama kuma ya sa gwamnatin Najeriya ta yi barazanar tsoma baki ta soja. Amma hakan bai faru ba.{{sfn|Ngalim|p=12}} === Fadace-fadace marasa tsari (2013–2018) === Bayan yarjejeniyar, yawancin mazauna yankin sun fuskanci matsaloli wajen samun amincewa da ƙasashensu a dukkan ɓangarorin biyu. Rashin takardun shaida ya sa wasu 'yan Najeriya cikin haɗarin zama marasa ƙasa bayan mika Bakassi. <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/06/now-stateless-bakassi-indigenes-cry/|title=We're Now Stateless, Bakassi Indigenes Cry Out|website=Vanguard|date=10 June 2017|access-date=31 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191002074430/https://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/06/now-stateless-bakassi-indigenes-cry/|archive-date=2 October 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Tun bayan mika Bakassi, 'yan sanda na Kamaru sun rika cin zarafi da gallaza wa 'yan Najeriya da ke yankin. Bisa ga binciken masanin kimiyyar siyasa Agbor Beckly, 'yan sandan Kamaru na son su bar yankin. Saboda wariya daga 'yan Kamaru ga mazauna yankin, da dama sun shiga cikin fargaba tare da fuskantar barazanar zama marasa ƙasa, inda da dama suka ƙi rajistar 'ya'yansu a matsayin 'yan Kamaru. A ranar 15 ga Agusta 2013, gwamnatin Kamaru ta samu cikakken ikon mallakar Bakassi, inda mazauna yankin suka fara biyan haraji bayan shekaru biyar da aka basu rangwame. <ref name=BBC/> Ko da yake ayyukan ‘yan tawaye a Bakassi sun ragu a hankali, tushen rikicin bai warware ba. Daga watan Satumba 2008 zuwa 2019, fiye da kashi ɗaya cikin uku na 'yan Najeriya da ke zaune a yankin sun tsere zuwa Najeriya. <ref name=TRT/> A ranar 13 ga Fabrairu 2015, wasu ‘yan tawaye sun kashe ɗan sanda kuma suka sace wani. <ref name=Ngwane/> A cikin 2017, wata takaddamar diflomasiyya ta ɓarke bayan rahoton cewa sojojin Kamaru sun kashe 'yan Najeriya 97 a Bakassi. <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.journalducameroun.com/en/killing-97-bakassi-sparks-diplomatic-row-cameroon-nigeria/|title=Killing of 97 in Bakassi Sparks Diplomatic Row Between Cameroon, Nigeria|website=Journal du Cameroun|date=17 July 2017|access-date=26 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190812203153/https://www.journalducameroun.com/en/killing-97-bakassi-sparks-diplomatic-row-cameroon-nigeria/|archive-date=12 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Sai dai daga baya an tabbatar da cewa wannan rahoto ƙarya ne, kuma gwamnatin Kamaru ta sauke wasu sarakunan ƙauyuka guda biyu da aka gano suna da hannu wajen baza labarin ƙarya. <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.journalducameroun.com/en/cameroon-nigeria-row-two-bakassi-chiefs-dethroned/|title=Cameroon–Nigeria Row: Two Bakassi Chiefs Dethroned|website=Journal du Cameroun|date=26 July 2017|access-date=26 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716232848/https://www.journalducameroun.com/en/cameroon-nigeria-row-two-bakassi-chiefs-dethroned/|archive-date=16 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Yawancin sauran masu neman ballewa daga Kamaru, ciki har da Bakassi Freedom Fighters (BFF) ƙarƙashin "Commander Ebi Dari", daga bisani sun shiga shirin afuwa na Najeriya kuma suka ajiye makamansu. Duk da haka, wasu ƙananan ƙungiyoyin ‘yan tawayen Bakassi sun ci gaba da yaƙi. Rashin jin daɗin yadda Kamaru ke mulki ya ci gaba da ɗaukar hankali, musamman daga tsofaffin masu fafutuka. <ref name="Amabo" /> == Tashe-tashen hankula na masu goyon bayan Biafra == {{Infobox military conflict | conflict = Tashe-tashen hankula na masu goyon bayan Biafra a Bakassi | partof = Rikicin Anglophone da Tashe-tashen hankula a Kudu maso Gabashin Najeriya | date = 2021–yanzu | place = Bakassi, Tekun Guinea | status = Ci gaba | combatant1 = {{flag|Cameroon|size=22px}}<br>{{flag|Nigeria|size=22px}} | combatant2 = {{flagicon|Biafra|size=22px}} Biafra Nations League (BNL)<br>Kungiyoyin 'yan bindiga na Neja Delta (daga 2025) | commander1 = {{flagicon|Cameroon|size=18px}} Paul Biya<br>{{flagicon|Cameroon|size=18px}} René Claude Meka<br>{{flagicon|Nigeria|size=18px}} Muhammadu Buhari<br>{{flagicon|Nigeria|size=18px}} Bola Tinubu<br>{{flagicon|Nigeria|size=18px}} E.I. Okoro<ref name="leadership" /> | commander2 = Princewill Chimezie Richard<ref name="Nigerian Voice 2021">{{cite web| url = https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/news/300246/your-alliance-is-dead-on-arrival-biafra-nations-league-bn.html| title =Your alliance is Dead on arrival – Biafra Nations League, BNL, tells Buhari, Biya | work = The Nigerian Voice | date = 14 July 2021 | access-date =25 November 2021}}</ref><br>Henry Edet{{POW}}<ref name="dailypost"/> | units1 = Sojojin Kamaru *Bataliyar Hanzari (BIR) Sojojin Najeriya *Patrol na haɗin gwiwa na kan iyaka<ref name="dailypostsep2023"/> *Brigade na 13<ref name="leadership" /> | units2 = BNL *Black Marine<ref name="igberetsep2023"/> Kungiyoyin 'yan bindiga na Neja Delta *Rundunar 'Yanci ta Neja Delta da Bakassi<ref name="dp2025">{{Cite web |title= Militant Groups Claim Attacks on Nigerian Oil Facilities |url=https://thedefensepost.com/2025/04/13/militant-groups-attacks-nigeria/ |website=Defense Post |date=13 April 2025 |access-date=15 April 2025 }}</ref> *Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND)<ref name="dp2025" /> | strength1 = | strength2 = | casualties1 = Ba a sani ba | casualties2 = Ba a sani ba | casualties3 = | image = Approximate map of the Bakassi Conflict.png | caption = Taswirar rikicin Bakassi:<br>{{legend0|#374533|Yankin Biafra Nations League}}<br />{{legend0|#890b0b|Gwamnatin Kamaru da kasancewar BIR}}<br />{{legend0|#39890b|Kasancewar gwamnatin Najeriya}}<br />{{legend0|#897c0b|Sarrafawa mai rikitarwa/marar tabbas}} }} === Gabatarwa (2018–2021) === Zuwa shekarar 2018, wata babbar tawaye ta fara a yankunan Kamaru masu magana da Ingilishi wanda ya haɗa da Bakassi.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-cameroon-separatists/anglophone-cameroons-separatist-conflict-gets-bloodier-idUSKCN1IX4RS |title=Rikicin raba gardama na Kamaru masu magana da Ingilishi ya zama mafi zubar da jini|website=Reuters|date=1 June 2018|access-date=7 November 2019}}</ref> Wasu tsoffin 'yan aware na Bakassi sun bayyana goyon bayansu ga wannan tawaye; kwamandan BFF "Ebi Dari" daga baya ya bayyana cewa ya yi hulɗa da 'yan tawayen Ambazonia da fatan samun "yancin" Bakassi a cikin Ambazonia mai zaman kanta.<ref name="Amabo" /> A watan Mayu 2019 an ruwaito cewa 'yan sandan Kamaru sun lalata al'ummar kamun kifi ta Abana, inda suka kashe akalla mutane 40.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201905080258.html|title=Najeriya: Jandarmomin Kamaru sun kashe ƴan Najeriya da yawa a Akwa Ibom|website=AllAfrica|date=8 May 2019|access-date=26 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508115722/https://allafrica.com/stories/201905080258.html|archive-date=8 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Hukumomin sun musanta cewa jami'an 'yan sanda sun shiga, kuma sun zargi wata kungiyar 'yan bindiga ta yankin. A cewar gwamnatin jihar, sojojin Kamaru sun shiga Abana daga baya kuma sun kama mutane 15 da ake zargi da shiga cikin kashe-kashen.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.ng/killings-at-fishing-settlement-not-by-camerounian-gendarmes-aibom-govt/|title=Kashe-kashen da aka yi a yankin kamun kifi ba na jandarmomin Kamaru ba ne – Gwamnatin Akwa Ibom|website=Independent|date=8 May 2019|access-date=26 October 2019}}</ref> === Yakin BNL (2021–yanzu) === A watan Janairu 2021, Biafra Nations League (BNL) ta koka da cewa sojojin Kamaru sun kama tare da azabtar da wasu daga cikin membobinta da kuma masu fafutukar Ambazonia, a Bakassi da kuma yankin Najeriya. Kungiyar ta ce za su ɗaga tutar Biafra a yankin Bakassi, kuma sun yi iƙirarin cewa mazauna yankin sun fi ɗaukar kansu a matsayin Biafra fiye da Kamaru. Kungiyar ta nemi kamfanonin mai su fice kuma ta yi barazanar ɗaukar makamai a kan Kamaru.<ref>[https://dailypost.ng/2021/01/18/soldiers-arrest-chief-of-staff-of-biafra-group-members/ Sojoji sun kama shugaban ma'aikata na kungiyar Biafra, membobinta], Daily Post, Jan 18, 2021. An shiga Jan 21, 2021.</ref> Bayan 'yan watanni, kungiyar ta bayyana cewa ba za ta bari Kamaru ta ci gaba da sarrafa Bakassi ba, kuma ta yi iƙirarin cewa kungiyoyin 'yan bindiga da yawa a yankin sun yi biyayya ga manufar Biafra. Shugabancin BNL ya yi jayayya cewa tashe-tashen hankula da ke ƙaruwa a Kudu maso Gabashin Najeriya zai bai wa masu biyayya ga Biafra damar kama Bakassi, kuma sun yi barazanar kaddamar da hare-haren fashin teku a cikin ruwan da ke kusa.<ref name="Nigerian Voice 2021" /> A ranar 8 ga Nuwamba 2021, BNL ta kama wani mashigar kan iyaka tsakanin Akpabuyo da Bakassi, ta toshe hanyar da ke kaiwa ga yankin kuma ta ɗaga tutar Biafra. Mayakan sun ja da baya kafin wani jami'in Sojojin Najeriya ya isa wurin.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://nationaldailyng.com/renewed-border-tension-biafra-league-barricades-entrance-to-bakassi-hoist-flag/| title =Sake sabuwar tashin hankali a kan iyaka: Biafra League ta toshe hanyar shiga Bakassi, ta ɗaga tuta | work = National Daily | date = 8 November 2021 | access-date = 17 November 2021}}</ref> A makonni masu zuwa, BNL ta yi iƙirarin cewa ta kwace yanki a Bakassi.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://nationaldailyng.com/biafra-league-encroaches-cameroon-border-hoists-biafra-flag-at-bakassi-peninsula-entrance/| title =Biafra League ta kutsa kan iyakar Kamaru, ta ɗaga tutar Biafra a mashigar yankin Bakassi | work = National Daily | date = 21 November 2021 | access-date =25 November 2021}}</ref> A ranar 13 ga Afrilu 2022, sojojin Kamaru sun kashe wani kwamandan BNL a Idabato, Bakassi.<ref>{{cite web| title = Sojojin Kamaru sun kashe kwamandan Biafra Nations League | url = https://saharareporters.com/2022/04/16/cameroonian-military-kills-biafra-nations-league-commander| work = Sahara Reporters| date = 16 April 2022 | access-date = 16 April 2022}}</ref> A ranar 23 ga Yuli, an kashe sojojin Kamaru biyar lokacin da suka mamaye sansanin BNL a Bakassi; BNL ta rasa mayaƙi ɗaya a lokacin arangama.<ref>{{cite web| title = Asarar rayuka yayin da kungiyar Biafra ta yi arangama da sojojin Kamaru | url = https://dailypost.ng/2022/07/23/casualties-as-biafra-group-clashes-with-cameroonian-soldiers/ | work = Daily Post | date = 23 July 2022 | access-date = 24 July 2022}}</ref> Jami'an tsaron Kamaru sun kama sansanin BNL a Bakassi a watan Agustan 2022.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://guardian.ng/news/cameroonian-forces-invade-biafra-separatist-camp-in-bakassi/| title = Sojojin Kamaru sun mamaye sansanin 'yan aware na Biafra a Bakassi| author = Anietie Akpan| work = Guardian| date = 16 August 2022| access-date = 12 March 2023 }}</ref> Mayakan BNL sun kashe sojojin Kamaru biyu kuma sun ɗaga tutar Biafra a Abana a yankin a watan Janairu 2023.<ref>{{cite web| title =Mayakan sun kashe jami'an sojan Kamaru biyu, sun ɗaga tutar Biafra a Bakassi| url = https://saharareporters.com/2023/01/05/militants-kill-two-cameroon-army-personnel-hoist-biafra-nations-flag-bakassi| work = Sahara Reporters| date = 5 January 2023| access-date = 16 April 2022}}</ref> Ba da daɗewa ba, Kamaru ta yi iƙirarin cewa Bataliyar Hanzari (BIR) ta kama kwamandan BNL Henry Edet a Atabong East a Bakassi.<ref name="dailypost">{{cite web| url = https://dailypost.ng/2023/01/25/cameroonian-forces-capture-commander-of-pro-biafran-militants-in-bakassi/| title = Sojojin Kamaru sun kama kwamandan mayakan masu goyon bayan Biafra a Bakassi| author = Asare Asare| work = Daily Post| date = 25 January 2023| access-date = 12 March 2023 }}</ref> Masu goyon bayan BNL da ake zargi sun kuma kai hari kan jiragen ruwa a kusa da Bakassi a watan Fabrairu.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://dailypost.ng/2023/02/17/pro-biafra-militants-attack-oil-vessel-kill-2-near-cameroon/| title = Mayakan masu goyon bayan Biafra sun kai hari kan jirgin mai, sun kashe 2 kusa da Kamaru| author = Asare Asare| work = Daily Post| date = 17 February 2023| access-date = 12 March 2023 }}</ref> A watan Satumba 2023, sojojin Kamaru sun kai hari kan BNL a Bakassi. Sojojin Kamaru da Najeriya sun haɗa kai don fatattakar hari kan wani jirgin ruwa a Tekun Guinea. An kai hare-hare ta sama kan sansanin BNL a dajin Ine Mba. A watan Satumba 2023, sojojin Kamaru sun kori BNL daga garin Abana.<ref name="dailypostsep2023">{{cite web| url = https://dailypost.ng/2023/09/10/cameroonian-troops-dislodge-pro-biafra-militants-from-bakassi/| title = Sojojin Kamaru sun kori mayakan masu goyon bayan Biafra daga Bakassi | work = Daily Post| date =11 September 2023| access-date = 11 September 2023}}</ref> Kwana kaɗan bayan haka, wasu 'yan bindiga da ake zargi da kasancewa BNL sun kai hari kuma sun kashe mambobin BIR 7.<ref name="igberetsep2023">{{Cite web |last=wisdom |title=LABARI!!! Mai kai harin kunar bakin wake ya kashe 7 a yankin Bakassi |url=https://igberetvnews.com/1453585/just-suicide-bomber-kills-7-bakassi-peninsula/ |access-date=2023-09-24 |website=igberetvnews.com |language=en-US}}</ref> kuma sun fille kan mambobin BIR 3.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mbunwe |first=Tata |date=2023-09-29 |title=Masu raba gardamar Biafra sun kashe jandarmomin Kamaru uku a Isangele |url=https://mimimefoinfos.com/biafra-separatists-kill-three-cameroonian-gendarmes-in-isangele/ |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=Mimi Mefo Info |language=en-GB}}</ref> A matsayin martani, Black Marine ta kai hari kan haɗin gwiwar patrol na Najeriya da Kamaru a kan iyaka, ta yi amfani da jirgin ruwa mai sauri don jefa abubuwa masu fashewa kan sojoji kuma ta kashe huɗu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=wisdom |title=Fashewa ta afkawa iyakar ruwa a Bakassi, an ruwaito an kashe sojoji biyar |url=https://igberetvnews.com/1453926/explosion-hits-maritime-border-bakassi-five-soldiers-reportedly-killed/ |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=igberetvnews.com |language=en-US}}</ref> A ranar 12 ga Oktoba, BNL ta jefa bam kuma ta kai hari kan patrol na Kamaru a Abana, inda ta kashe sojojin BIR 5.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Akpan |first=Anietie |date=2023-10-12 |title=Hare-hare da 'yan aware na Biafra suka yi na barazana ga cinikayya ta duniya a Tekun Guinea |url=https://www.pillartoday.com/bombings-by-biafra-separatists-threaten-international-trade-at-gulf-of-guinea/ |access-date=2023-10-14 |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-10-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231016172941/https://www.pillartoday.com/bombings-by-biafra-separatists-threaten-international-trade-at-gulf-of-guinea/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A ranar 15 ga Oktoba, Brigade na 13 na Najeriya karkashin Brigadier Janar E.I. Okoro ta kaddamar da "Operation Still Waters 3" a Ikang a Bakassi, don yaƙi da fashin teku na yankin.<ref name="leadership">{{Cite web |title=Sojoji sun kaddamar da atisayen 'Still Waters 3' don dakile barazanar tsaro a Cross River |url=https://leadership.ng/army-launches-exercise-still-waters-3-to-counter-security-threats-in-cross-river/ |access-date=2023-10-16 |website=Leadership.ng |language=en}}</ref> A ranar gobe, wata faɗa a ƙananan hukumomin Idabato ta haifar da raunin mayakan BNL biyu da sojojin BIR biyar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=wisdom |title=An kashe biyu yayin da masu goyon bayan Biafra, sojojin Kamaru ke fafatawa don mallakar Bakassi |url=https://igberetvnews.com/1455145/two-killed-biafra-loyalists-cameroon-troops-reportedly-battle-control-bakassi/ |access-date=2023-10-17 |website=igberetvnews.com |language=en-US}}</ref> A ranar 31 ga Oktoba BNL ta fatattaki mamaye Idabato da sojojin BIR suka yi inda suka kashe 3 daga cikin sojojinsu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Asare |first=Asare |date=2023-10-31 |title=Mayakan Biafra sun kashe sojojin Kamaru 3 a harbe-harben Bakassi |url=https://dailypost.ng/2023/10/31/biafra-militants-kill-3-cameroonian-soldiers-in-bakassi-shootout/ |access-date=2023-11-01 |website=Daily Post Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref> A ranar 2 ga Nuwamba sojojin Kamaru sun kaddamar da hare-hare ta sama a sansanonin BNL amma ba a samu asarar rayuka ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=wisdom |title=Biafra: Kamaru ta kaddamar da hare-hare ta sama a cikin rafukan yankin Bakassi |url=https://igberetvnews.com/1456351/biafra-cameroon-launches-airstrikes-bakassi-peninsula-creeks/ |access-date=2023-11-04 |website=igberetvnews.com |language=en-US}}</ref> A ranar 6 ga Nuwamba Kamaru ta kai hari ta sama a sansanin Black Marines inda ta kashe membobinsu biyu amma ta kasa lalata sansanin saboda mummunan harbe-harbe.<ref>{{Cite web |last=wisdom |title=LABARI!!! Sojan Sama na Kamaru ya kai hari Isangele, ya kashe biyu |url=https://igberetvnews.com/1456608/just-cameroonian-air-force-allegedly-attacks-isangele-kills-two/ |access-date=2023-11-07 |website=igberetvnews.com |language=en-US}}</ref> A ranar Litinin 13 ga Nuwamba BNL ta jefa bam kan jiragen ruwa biyu na sojoji.<ref>{{Cite web |last=wisdom |title=Mayakan 'yan aware na Biafra sun jefa bam a jirgin mai, jiragen ruwa biyu na sojoji a Bakassi |url=https://igberetvnews.com/1456960/biafra-separatist-militants-bomb-oil-vessel-two-military-gunboats-bakassi/ |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=igberetvnews.com |language=en-US}}</ref> A ranar 18 ga Nuwamba 2023 'yan bindiga da ake zargi da kasancewa Black marine sun jefa bam a gidan yari inda suka ba da damar 15 su tsere yayin da suka bar jandarmomin Kamaru 12 sun mutu a ƙananan hukumomin Idabato, amma babu wata kungiya da ta ɗauki alhakin harin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=wisdom |title=LABARI!!! An kashe 13, fursunoni 15 sun tsere yayin da wata babbar fashewa ta afkawa Bakassi |url=https://igberetvnews.com/1457313/just-13-klled-15-prisoners-escape-twin-b0mb-explodes-bakassi/ |access-date=2023-11-19 |website=igberetvnews.com |language=en-US}}</ref> A ranar 21 ga Nuwamba 2023 Black marine ta sake kama kamfanonin mai inda ta kashe sojojin BIR 10.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Akpan |first=Anietie |date=2023-11-21 |title=Mayakan Biafra sun kashe sojojin Kamaru 10 a yankin Bakassi, sun sake kwato sassan kamfanin mai |url=https://www.pillartoday.com/biafra-militants-kill-10-cameroonian-soldiers-in-bakassi-peninsula-recapture-oil-firm-quarters/ |access-date=2023-11-22 |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-11-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231122045222/https://www.pillartoday.com/biafra-militants-kill-10-cameroonian-soldiers-in-bakassi-peninsula-recapture-oil-firm-quarters/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A ranar 29 ga Nuwamba Kamaru ta saki jirage marasa matuƙa masu daukar hoto kan mayakan Biafra.<ref>{{Cite web |last=wisdom |title=Tashin hankali yayin da jirage marasa matuƙa na sojojin Kamaru ke leƙen asiri kan mayakan 'yan aware na Biafra a Bakassi |url=https://igberetvnews.com/1458162/tension-cameroons-military-drone-cameras-spy-biafra-separatist-fighters-bakassi/ |access-date=2023-11-29 |website=igberetvnews.com |language=en-US}}</ref> A ranar 5 ga Disamba, 2023 Mayakan sun yi nasarar kama wani jirgin Kamaru bayan ya kasa jefa bam a wani wuri na ɓoye.<ref>{{Cite web |last=wisdom |title=Biafra: Jirgin yaƙin Kamaru ya afkawa abin fashewa na 'yan bindiga ya juya baya a Bakassi |url=https://igberetvnews.com/1458778/biafra-cameroonian-fighter-jet-hit-militant-explosive-makes-u-turn-bakassi/ |access-date=2023-12-06 |website=igberetvnews.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Duk da haka a ranar 6 ga Disamba sojojin Kamaru sun mamaye sansanin BNL.<ref>{{Cite web |last=wisdom |title=An ruwaito sojojin Kamaru sun mamaye kungiyar 'yan bindiga ta Biafra, sansanin Black Marine a Bakassi |url=https://igberetvnews.com/1458889/cameroun-soldiers-reportedly-invade-biafra-militant-group-black-marine-camp-bakassi/ |access-date=2023-12-08 |website=igberetvnews.com |language=en-US}}</ref> An kashe sojojin Najeriya 3 yayin da suke ƙoƙarin mamaye wani wuri na ɓoye na 'yan bindiga.<ref>{{Cite web |last=wisdom |title=Operation Still Water 3: An kashe uku yayin da mayakan masu goyon bayan Biafra, sojojin Najeriya suka yi arangama a Cross River |url=https://igberetvnews.com/1458935/operation-still-water-3-three-killed-militants-loyal-biafra-separatists-nigeria-troops-clash-cross-river/ |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=igberetvnews.com |language=en-US}}</ref> kuma 9 daga cikinsu tare da sojojin Kamaru an kashe su daga baya ta hanyar 'yan bindiga.<ref>{{Cite web |last=wisdom |title=Biafra: Mayakan yankin Bakassi sun jefa bam a wuraren mai, sun kashe JBS 9, ma'aikata 3 |url=https://igberetvnews.com/1459196/biafra-bakassi-peninsula-militants-bomb-oil-installations-kll-9-jbs-3-workers/ |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=igberetvnews.com |language=en-US}}</ref> A watan Janairu 2024, saboda ƙaruwar hare-hare a Bakassi da mayakan Biafra suka yi, an yi zanga-zanga a Douala da Yaounde kuma BNL ta fara cire tutocin waje duk da ƙoƙarin sojojin Kamaru da Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-07 |title=Kungiyar Biafra ta fara cire tutocin waje a Bakassi |url=https://converseer.com/3437/biafran-group-begins-taking-down-foreign-flags-in-bakassi/ |access-date=2024-01-14 |website=Converseer |language=en-GB}}</ref> A ranar 5 ga Fabrairu, Black Marines sun kai hari kan haɗin gwiwar patrol na Kamaru da Najeriya, inda aka ruwaito sun kashe akalla sojoji 17.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Harin 'yan bindiga a Bakassi ya ruwaito ya bar mutane da yawa sun mutu |url=https://mimimefoinfos.com/militant-attack-in-bakassi-reportedly-leaves-several-dead/ |access-date=2024-02-05|website=Mimi Mefo Info |language=en}}</ref> Sannan a ranar 27 ga Fabrairu 'yan bindiga da ake zargi da kasancewa Black marines sun mamaye babban birnin Kombo Abedimo na Kamaru a Bakassi kuma sun kama sojojin Kamaru inda suka kashe 5 yayin da aka kashe ɗaya daga cikin 'yan aware.<ref>{{Cite web |last=wisdom |title=Biafra: An kashe 6 yayin da Black Marine ta mamaye babban birnin Kombo Abedimo na Kamaru, ta toshe abin hawa masu sulke |url=https://igberetvnews.com/1463100/biafra-6-killed-black-marine-invades-cameroons-kombo-abedimo-capital-block-armoured-vehicles/ |access-date=2024-03-10 |website=igberetvnews.com |language=en-US}}</ref> A ranar 1 ga Oktoba 2024, 'yan bindiga sun sace mutane 2 a ƙaramar hukumar Idabato kuma suka tafi zuwa yankin Najeriya, an ruwaito ta hanyar jiragen ruwa masu tashi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yan bindiga sun sace jami'in Kamaru a garin kan iyaka |url=https://english.news.cn/20241001/b57ac4a324e7497fa6f8bf450397f1f1/c.html |access-date=2024-10-17 |website=Xinhua |language=en}}</ref> Daga baya a wannan watan, Bernard Okalia Bilai, gwamnan yankin Kudu maso Yamma na Kamaru, ya ba da umarnin dakatar da cinikayya na ɗan lokaci saboda sace jami'an yankin. Wannan ya haifar da mummunan cikas ga tattalin arziki a yankin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cinikayya ta faɗi warwas a kan iyakar kudu na Najeriya da Kamaru bayan sabon haramcin |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/trade-plummets-along-nigeria-cameroon-southern-border-after-new-ban-/7819057.html |author=Moki Edwin Kindzeka |website=VOA |date=11 October 2024 |access-date=15 April 2025 }}</ref> A watan Mayu 2025, ƙungiyar "Rundunar 'Yanci ta Neja Delta da Bakassi" (L.A.N.D. & B) da ba a san ta ba ta haɗa kai da MEND a lokacin hare-hare da yawa kan babban layin samar da mai a Bayelsa na Najeriya.<ref name="dp2025"/> ==Bibiyar Tarihi== {{refbegin}} *{{cite book |last1=Akanle |first1=Olayinka |last2=Adésìnà |first2=Jìmí Olálékan |title=The Development of Africa: Issues, Diagnoses and Prognoses |year=2017 |publisher=Springer |location=Cham, Switzerland |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XaI7DwAAQBAJ |ref={{sfnRef|Akanle & Adésìnà}} |isbn=978-3319-662-42-8 }} *{{cite journal |last1=Akinyemi |first1=Omolara |title=Borders in Nigeria's Relations with Cameroon |year=2014 |journal=Journal of Arts and Humanities |publisher=Cornell University Ithaca |url=https://www.theartsjournal.org/index.php/site/article/view/555/312 |volume=3 |number=9 |ref={{sfnRef|Akinyemi}} |access-date=17 November 2019 |issn=2167-9053 }} *{{cite book |last1=Amoah |first1=M. |title=Nationalism, Globalization, and Africa |year=2011 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BbjFAAAAQBAJ&q=lscp+bakassi+conflict&pg=PA156 |publisher=Springer |location=Berlin |ref={{sfnRef|Amoah}} |isbn=978-1137-002-16-7 }} *{{cite thesis |last1=Beckly |first1=Agbor Tabetah |title=The Perceptions/Views of Cameroon–Nigerian Bakassi Border Conflict by the Bakassi People |year=2013 |url=http://www.diva-portal.se/smash/get/diva2:686188/FULLTEXT01.pdf |publisher=Historiska institutionen Uppsala universitet |pages=67–68, 93 |access-date=31 October 2019 |ref={{sfnRef|Beckly}} }} *{{cite book |last1=Egede |first1=Edwin E. |last2=Igiehon |first2=Mark Osa |title=The Bakassi Dispute and the International Court of Justice: Continuing Challenges |year=2017 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4QVDDwAAQBAJ |publisher=Routledge |location=New York |ref={{sfnRef|Egede & Igiehon}} |isbn=978-1317-040-74-3 }} *{{cite book |last1=Gibler |first1=Douglas M. |title=International Conflicts, 1816–2010: Militarized Interstate Dispute Narratives |year=2018 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_4VTDwAAQBAJ&q=cameroon+and+nigeria+border+dispute+casualties+February+1994+clashes |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |location=Lanham, Maryland |ref={{sfnRef|Gibler}} |isbn=978-1442-275-59-1 }} *{{cite report |last1=Institute on Statelessness and Inclusion |author-link=:Statelessness#Institute on Statelessness and Inclusion |title=Submission to the Human Rights Council at the 30th Session of the Universal Periodic Review: (Third Cycle, May 2018) |year=2018 |publisher=Institute on Statelessness and Inclusion |url=https://files.institutesi.org/UPR30_Cameroon.pdf |ref={{sfnRef|Institute on Statelessness and Inclusion}} |access-date=5 November 2019 }} *{{cite book |last1=Lukong |first1=Hilary V. |title=The Cameroon–Nigeria Border Dispute. Management and Resolution, 1981–2011 |year=2011 |publisher=African Books Collective |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WDVHeK2cNTkC&q=armed+incidents+in+Bakassi+in+1981 |location=Mankon, Bamenda |pages=2, 47–48, 50–52 |ref={{sfnRef|Lukong}} |isbn=978-9956-717-59-0 }} *{{cite journal |last1=Ngalim |first1=Aloysius Nyuymengka |url=https://s3.amazonaws.com/ssrc-cdn1/crmuploads/new_publication_3/african-boundary-conflicts-and-international-mediation-the-absence-of-inclusivity-in-mediating-the-bakassi-peninsula-conflict.pdf |title=African Boundary Conflicts and International Mediation: The Absence of Inclusivity in Mediating the Bakassi Peninsula Conflict |volume=9 |year=2016 |website=[[Social Science Research Council]] |access-date=25 October 2019 |pages=1–2 |ref={{sfnRef|Ngalim}} }} *{{cite book |last1=Ngwa |first1=Canute Ambe |last2=Funteh |first2=Mark Bolak |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CmWEDwAAQBAJ&q=+ |title=Crossing the Line in Africa: Reconsidering and Unlimiting the Limits of Borders within a Contemporary Value |year=2019 |publisher=Langaa RPCIG |location=Bermandan, Cameroon |ref={{sfnRef|Ngwa & Funteh}} |isbn=978-9956-550-89-0 }} *{{cite journal |last1=Ngwane |first1=George |url=https://jimbicentral.typepad.com/files/preventing-renewed-violence-through-peace-building-in-the-bakassi-peninsula-cameroon.pdf |title=Preventing Renewed Violence Through Peace Building in the Bakassi Peninsula (Cameroon) |year=2015 |website=Jimbi Central |access-date=26 October 2019 |ref={{sfnRef|Ngwane}} |archive-date=10 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201110114732/https://jimbicentral.typepad.com/files/preventing-renewed-violence-through-peace-building-in-the-bakassi-peninsula-cameroon.pdf |url-status=dead }} *{{cite journal |last1=Udeoji |first1=Angela Ebele |title=The Bakassi Peninsula Zone of Nigeria and Cameroon: The Politics of History in Contemporary African Border Disputes |volume=4 |issue=2 |journal=International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Reviews |year=2013 |publisher=National Open University of Nigeria |s2cid=151691502 |pages=92–93 |ref={{sfnRef|Udeoji}} |issn=2276-8645}} {{refend}} == Manazarta == qiriw0l0exrl9mq5q8nnsqe0ozbc9x6 Raphael Onyedika 0 103320 889508 867702 2026-07-30T20:22:30Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889508 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   '''Raphael Onyedika Nwadike MON''' (// i; an haife shi a ranar 19 ga Afrilu 2001) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Najeriya wanda ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|dan wasan tsakiya]] na kulob din Belgium na Brugge da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙasar Najeriya . == Ayyukan kulob din == Onyedika ta kasance tana buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na titi kafin ta shiga makarantar F.C. Ebedei ta Najeriya tana da shekaru 15. Bayan shekaru uku a Ebedei, Onyedika ya shiga makarantar FC Midtjylland a Denmark, kulob din da ke da alaƙa da FC Ebedei. A kakar wasa ta farko a FC Midtjylland, ya burge a cikin U19 League da kuma a cikin UEFA Youth League tare da jikinsa, saurinsa da salon wasa. A ranar 1 ga Yulin 2020, ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar kwararru ta farko ta shekaru biyar tare da kulob din har zuwa Yuni 2025. Don samun ƙarin ƙwarewa, an ba da Onyedika ga ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwar Midtjylland, Danish 1st Division-side FC Fredericia, a ranar 19 ga watan Agusta 2020 don dukan kakar 2020-21. Onyedika ya yi kyau a kan rancensa, ya buga wasanni 28 kuma ya zira kwallaye uku. Lokacin ya tafi da kyau sosai ga Najeriya don a sanya masa suna a cikin tawagar TV3 Sport ta shekara a cikin Danish 1st Division. Onyedika ya koma Midtjylland a lokacin rani na 2021 kuma an inganta shi zuwa tawagar farko. Ya fara bugawa Midtjylland wasa a ranar 16 ga watan Yulin 2021 a kan Odense Boldklub, wasan farko na Superliga na Danish na 2021-22, inda ya kasance a cikin jerin farawa kuma ya buga dukkan wasan. === Kungiyar Brugge === A ranar 28 ga watan Agustan 2022, Onyedika ta sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru biyar tare da Club Brugge a Belgium.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 August 2022 |title=CLUB BRUGGE LANDS RAPHAEL ONYEDIKA |url=https://www.clubbrugge.be/en/news/club-brugge-lands-raphael-onyedika |access-date=29 August 2022 |publisher=Club Brugge}}</ref> == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == A watan Satumbar 2022, Raphael Onyedika ya fara kiranta tare da tawagar Najeriya ta kocin [[José Peseiro]]. Ya girmama zabinsa na farko a wannan taron a ranar 27 ga Satumba 2022 a wasan sada zumunci da [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Aljeriya|Aljeriya]]. Ya shiga wasa a madadin [[Frank Onyeka]] a wannan wasan da 'yan Najeriya suka rasa (2-1 na karshe). A ranar 29 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2023, an zaba shi a cikin jerin 'yan wasan Najeriya 25 da [[José Peseiro]] ya zaba don yin gasa a gasar cin [[Gasar cin kofin ƙasashen Afrika 2023|Kofin Kasashen Afirka na 2023]]. A ranar 11 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2025, an kira Onyedika zuwa tawagar Najeriya don gasar cin kofin kasashen Afirka ta 2025. <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 December 2025 |title=Nigeria name star-packed AFCON squad as Osimhen and Lookman lead Super Eagles challenge |url=https://www.cafonline.com/afcon2025/news/nigeria-name-star-packed-afcon-squad-as-osimhen-and-lookman-lead-super-eagles-challenge/ |access-date=12 December 2025 |publisher=[[Confederation of African Football]]}}</ref> == Hanyar wasa == Raphael Onyedika da farko dan wasan tsakiya ne mai tsaron gida, wanda aka sani da ƙarfin jikinsa, ikon cin nasara, da kuma horo na dabarun. Ya yi fice wajen rushe wasan adawa ta hanyar tsayarwa da kuma takaddun lokaci, yayin da yake da kwanciyar hankali don riƙe mallakar a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba. Ayyukansa na wasanni suna ba shi damar rufe ƙasa da sauri, kuma sau da yawa yana aiki a matsayin garkuwar a gaban tsaro. Onyedika kuma tana ba da gudummawa ga ci gaba da haɓaka wasa, yana nuna kyakkyawan kewayon wucewa da ikon ɗaukar kwallon gaba. Halinsa ya jawo kwatanci ga masu tsakiya na tsakiya, haɗuwa da tsayin daka tare da wasan rikon kwarya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sports |first=Pulse |date=2026-01-02 |title=AFCON 2025: Onyedika, Chukwueze star in Group Stage Round 3 Best XI |url=https://www.pulsesports.ng/afcon-2025/story/afcon-2025-onyedika-chukwueze-star-in-group-stage-round-3-best-xi-2026010209562760206 |access-date=2026-01-04 |website=Pulse Sports Nigeria |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mr |first=Score Nigeria |date=2026-01-01 |title=Onyedika selected for AFCON Best XI |url=https://scorenigeria.com.ng/onyedika-selected-for-afcon-best-xi/ |access-date=2026-01-04 |website=Score Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref> == Kididdigar aiki == === Kungiyar === {{Updated|match played 17 May 2026}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Bayyanawa da burin kulob din, kakar wasa da gasa ! rowspan="2" |Kungiyar ! rowspan="2" |Lokacin ! colspan="3" |Ƙungiyar ! colspan="2" |Kofin kasa{{Efn|Includes [[Danish Cup]], [[Belgian Cup]]}} ! colspan="2" |Turai ! colspan="2" |Sauran ! colspan="2" |Jimillar |- !Rarraba !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- | rowspan="4" |Midtjylland |2020–21 |Danish Superliga |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |- |2021–22 |Danish Superliga |31 |2 |6 |1 |11{{Efn|Four appearances and one goal in [[UEFA Champions League]], five appearances in [[UEFA Europa League]], two appearances in [[UEFA Conference League]]}} |1 | colspan="2" | - |48 |4 |- |2022–23 |Danish Superliga |6 |0 |0 |0 |3{{Efn|Appearances in UEFA Champions League}} |0 | colspan="2" | - |9 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !37 !2 !6 !1 !14 !1 !0 !0 !57 !4 |- |Fredericia (rashin kuɗi) |2020–21 |Danish 1st Division |28 |3 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |28 |3 |- | rowspan="5" |Kungiyar Brugge |2022–23 |Belgian Pro League |31 |0 |2 |0 |7[c] |0 | colspan="2" | - |40 |0 |- |2023–24 |Belgian Pro League |30 |3 |2 |0 |17{{Efn|Appearances in UEFA Europa Conference League}} |1 | colspan="2" | - |49 |4 |- |2024–25 |Belgian Pro League |34 |1 |6 |0 |10[c] |1 |1{{Efn|Appearance in [[Belgian Super Cup]]}} |0 |52 |2 |- |2025–26 |Belgian Pro League |30 |1 |1 |0 |10[c] |2 |1[e] |0 |42 |3 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !125 !5 !11 !0 !45 !4 !2 !0 !183 !9 |- ! colspan="3" |Cikakken aikinsa !190 !10 !17 !1 !59 !5 !2 !0 !268 !16 |} {{Notelist}}{{Updated|match played 10 June 2026}}<ref name="NFT">{{NFT player}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Bayyanawa da burin ta ƙungiyar ƙasa da shekara !Ƙungiyar ƙasa !Shekara !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- | rowspan="5" |[[Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafar Najeriya|Najeriya]] |2022 |1 |0 |- |2023 |2 |0 |- |2024 |11 |1 |- |2025 |5 |2 |- |2026 |7 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !26 !3 |} : ''Scores da sakamakon lissafin burin Najeriya na farko, shafi na ci yana nuna ci bayan kowane burin Onyedika.'' {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Jerin burin kasa da kasa da Raphael Onyedika ya zira ! scope="col" |A'a. ! scope="col" |Ranar ! scope="col" |Wurin da ake ciki ! scope="col" |Cap ! scope="col" |Abokin hamayya ! scope="col" |Sakamakon ! scope="col" |Sakamakon ! scope="col" |Gasar |- | align="center" |1 |10 Yuni 2024 |Filin wasa na Felix Houphouet Boigny, [[Abidjan]], Najeriya | align="center" |9 |{{Fb|BEN}} | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |2–1 |2026 cancantar gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA |- | align="center" |2 | rowspan="2" |30 Disamba 2025 | rowspan="2" |Filin wasa na Fez, Fez, Morocco | rowspan="2" align="center" |19 | rowspan="2" |{{Fb|UGA}} | align="center" |2–0 | rowspan="2" align="center" |3–1 | rowspan="2" |2025 Kofin Kasashen Afirka |- | align="center" |3 | align="center" |3–0 |} == Daraja == '''FC Midtjylland''' * Danish Superliga: 2019-20 * Kofin Danish: 2021-222021–22 '''Kungiyar Brugge''' * Belgian Pro League: 2023-24, 2025-262025–26 * Kofin Belgium: 2024-252024–25 * Super Cup na Belgium: 2025 '''Najeriya''' * Wanda ya ci gaba da cin [[Gasar cin kofin Afrika|Kofin Kasashen Afirka]]: [[Gasar cin kofin ƙasashen Afrika 2023|2023]]; <ref>{{Cite web |last=Stevens |first=Rob |date=11 February 2024 |title=Nigeria 1–2 Ivory Coast |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/68196261 |access-date=12 February 2024 |website=BBC Sport}}</ref> matsayi na uku: [[Kofin Kasashen Afirka na 2025|2025]] <ref>{{Cite web |last=Stevens |first=Rob |date=17 January 2026 |title=Afcon 2025: Egypt 0-0 Nigeria (2-4 pens) - Super Eagles finish third |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/live/cpqyvje5de8t |access-date=20 January 2026 |website=BBC Sport |language=}}</ref> '''Mutumin da ya fi so''' * EaglesTracker Midfielder na kakar: 2023-24 * memba na Order of the Niger [[Fayil:Order_of_the_Niger_civil_division_ribbon.svg|60x60px]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == == Haɗin waje == * [https://www.clubbrugge.be/en/teams/a-kern/players/raphael-onyedika Raphael Onyedika] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260213065356/https://www.clubbrugge.be/en/teams/a-kern/players/raphael-onyedika |date=2026-02-13 }} a shafin yanar gizon Club Brugge KN * {{Soccerway|raphael-onyedika-nwadike/637146}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2001]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 5myrrnwkw5li8612ul7v9sizp9s8qtn Philipe Sampaio 0 103964 889346 699786 2026-07-30T12:06:37Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889346 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Philipe Sampaio Azevedo''' (an haife shi ranar 11 ga watan Nuwamba, 1994) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Brazil wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan baya na [[Botafogo]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://desporto.sapo.pt/futebol/primeira_liga/artigo/2014/08/24/boavista-benfica-cronica-final-2014 |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-07-02 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304051154/http://desporto.sapo.pt/futebol/primeira_liga/artigo/2014/08/24/boavista-benfica-cronica-final-2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Aikin Kulob == An haife shi a São Paulo, Sampaio matashi ne daga Santos FC, wanda ya ba shi aron a cikin 2014 zuwa Paulista a Campeonato Paulista.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rwdm.be/fr/philipe-sampaio-a-renforce-rwdm/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-07-02 |archive-date=2025-05-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250518042033/https://www.rwdm.be/fr/philipe-sampaio-a-renforce-rwdm/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A kan 24 Yuli 2014, Sampaio ya yi tafiya zuwa Portugal don yin gwaji a Boavista, wanda ya yi nasara, tare da dan wasan mai shekaru 19 ya sanya hannu na tsawon yanayi uku. Ya buga wasansa na farko na gwanintar da S.L. Laraba 24 ga Agusta, 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.maisfutebol.iol.pt/liga-boavista-transferencias-mercado-phillipe-sampaio/53d046dc0cf274db7e4e6355.html |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-07-02 |archive-date=2015-06-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630063842/http://www.maisfutebol.iol.pt/liga-boavista-transferencias-mercado-phillipe-sampaio/53d046dc0cf274db7e4e6355.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> A kan 2 Yuli 2017, Sampaio ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru hudu tare da Akhmat Grozny. Akhmat ya sake shi a ranar 3 ga Yuli 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.record.pt/futebol/futebol-nacional/liga-nos/tondela/detalhe/philipe-sampaio-reforca-defesa-do-tondela |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-07-02 |archive-date=2019-11-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191106000020/https://www.record.pt/futebol/futebol-nacional/liga-nos/tondela/detalhe/philipe-sampaio-reforca-defesa-do-tondela |url-status=dead }}</ref> A kan 21 Agusta 2018, ya koma Portugal, ya sanya hannu tare da Feirense. Bayan shekara guda, ya koma C.D. Tondela kan yarjejeniyar shekaru biyu. A ranar 1 ga Yuli 2020, ya rattaba hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru hudu don kulob din EA Guingamp na Ligue 2. A ranar 9 ga Maris 2022, Sampaio ya koma Brazil kuma ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru uku tare da Botafogo. A ranar 16 ga Janairu, 2024, Botafogo ya aika Sampaio aro tare da zaɓin siye zuwa ƙungiyar Pro League ta Belgian RWD Molenbeek har zuwa ƙarshen kakar wasa. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1994]] 6ek9me0hhdkhpws9dletunys786woev Rarrabar sufuri 0 107645 889520 879600 2026-07-30T20:44:32Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889520 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Rarrabar sufuri'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_divide</ref> yana nufin rashin daidaituwar hanyar sufuri. Yana iya haifar da keɓance zamantakewar ƙungiyoyin marasa galihu.<ref>"Social inequality, disadvantaged neighbourhoods and transport deprivation: an assessment of the historical influence of housing policies"</ref><ref>https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-22578-4_10</ref> Manufar ita ce ta ƙunshi batutuwan da suka kama daga rashin daidaito zuwa jigilar jama'a zuwa ga rashin daidaito a cikin ƙaura na duniya saboda manufofin biza daban-daban a matsayin wani ɓangare na rarrabuwar kai tsakanin Arewa da Kudu ta duniya.<ref>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0967070X0000024X</ref><ref>https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fsu8070696</ref> Akwai abubuwa da dama na rarraba sufuri. Mutane na iya samun matsala wajen amfani da tsarin sufuri saboda shingen jiki, kamar rashin samun dama ga nakasassu (rashin shiga keken guragu shima yana shafar mutanen da ke da keken jarirai ko kekuna).<ref>http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/84503/1/Mobility%20Divide_Mau_Guelzau_Laube_Zaun_finalpdf.pdf</ref> Rashin isassun lakabi kuma na iya haifar da matsala ga mutanen da ba sa jin yaren gida. Matsalolin kuɗi a cikin nau'ikan farashin sabis na iya hana matalauta amfani da sabis na sufuri. Shingayen nesa (a matsayin nisa daga gidajen mutane) na iya sanya wasu wuraren galibi ba su isa ga mutane ba tare da shiga mota ba, musamman lokacin da zirga-zirgar jama'a na gida ba ta da kyau. Matsalolin lokaci sun haɗa da matsalolin da ake samu a lokacin gaggawa, amma kuma ƙaƙƙarfan lokaci ke haifar da buƙatar shirya kula da ’yan uwa (mafi yawan kulawar yara), wanda idan aka haɗa tare da rashin kyawun hanyoyin sufuri na iya zama wani abu na rage shigar mata cikin ma’aikata. Har ila yau, akwai shingen tsoro kamar tsoron kada a danne su, wanda ya kai ga kera motocin fasinja kawai mata. Kokarin gyara shingen tsoro ta hanyar kara sanya ido da kuma 'yan sanda duk da haka yana da alaƙa da raguwar amfani da irin waɗannan ayyuka da wasu ƙungiyoyi, kamar matasa suke yi.<ref>https://www.civilrightsteaching.org/desegregation/transportation-protests</ref> Masana da masu tsara birane sun ba da shawarar hanyoyin da za a bi don inganta zirga-zirgar jama'a da haɓaka hanyoyin shiga, ba da tallafin sufuri na sirri, da canza hanyoyin da aka tsara birane don haɓaka motsi.<ref>https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:4a98c249-30af-44e5-9b45-00ea8b42bc15</ref> == Tarihi == A cikin shekaru 5 da suka gabata, haɗin gwiwar duniya ya yi tasiri a yankuna da yawa na birane. Sake fasalin tattalin arziki ya haifar da ginshiƙan tattalin arzikin birni tare da kewaye. Gentrification ya tilasta wa marasa galihu da magidanta yin ƙaura daga tsakiyar birane, yana haifar da buƙatu na sufuri mai sauƙi da kwanciyar hankali. Wannan sauye-sauye na sararin samaniya da tattalin arziki ya kara dagula matsalar sufuri.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.jtlu.org/index.php/jtlu/article/view/1008 |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-07-26 |archive-date=2025-05-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250523130243/https://www.jtlu.org/index.php/jtlu/article/view/1008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Manufofin gidaje sun yi tasiri sosai kan rarrabuwar kawuna da motsi. Tallafin da aka yi wa manyan gidaje a yankunan karkara ya haifar da tarin talauci a cikin birane. Bayar da tallafin gidaje masu karamin karfi a yankunan da ba su da yawa yana haifar da keɓantattun al'ummomin da ke da iyakacin damar sufuri. Yana da matukar wahala a haɗa yankunan karkara masu nisa ta hanyar zirga-zirgar jama'a, duk da haka gidaje masu karamin karfi suna kokawa don samun daidaiton hanyar sufuri na zaman kansu.<ref>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1468-2427.2007.00755.x</ref> === Kasar Amruka === A tarihi an sami rarrabuwar kawuna na sufuri ga tsirarun kabilanci a Amurka ta hanyar rarraba tsarin jigilar jama'a. An ware motocin bas da yawa har zuwa hukuncin Kotun Koli na 1956, Browder v. Gayle. Sauran manyan shari'o'in kotuna da suka shafi rarrabuwa kan jigilar jama'a sune Keys v. Carolina Coach Co., Morgan v. Virginia, da Boynton v. Virginia.<ref>https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs2542-5196%2818%2930219-5</ref> A shekara ta 1956, gwamnatin [[Amurka]] ta zartar da dokar babbar hanya tsakanin jihohi, wadda ta ba da kudade don gina dubban miliyoyi na manyan tituna a fadin kasar. Wannan doka, tare da lissafin GI wanda ya ba da tallafi ga tsoffin sojoji don zama masu gida, ya sauƙaƙe ƙauyuka da bazuwar birane. Wannan ya sa Amurka ta kasance mai dogaro da mota yayin da birane suka bazu kuma mutane sukan tashi daga bayan gari zuwa birane don aiki. Wannan ya sanya mallakar mota mahimmanci don samun gidaje da makarantu na bayan gari. Wannan kewayen birni bai iyakance ga Amurka ba; birane da yawa a Turai sun ci gaba haka a cikin karni na 20.<ref>https://doi.org/10.1108/9781780522012-002</ref><ref>https://doi.org/10.1111%2Famet.12072</ref> == Harkokin sufurin jama'a == Harkokin sufurin jama'a ya bambanta da ƙasa, kuma a cikin ƙasashe, ana samun rarrabuwar kawuna. Amurka, alal misali, tana da tsarin sufurin jama'a mara kyau idan aka kwatanta da yawancin ƙasashen Turai. Garuruwa masu yawa, irin su New York ko D.C., sun fi samun damar zirga-zirgar jama'a, amma wasu biranen, irin su [[Houston]], an gina su a kewayen motoci da manyan tituna kuma akwai rashin isassun hanyoyin sufuri na jama'a. Wadanda ba su da motoci a cikin wadannan biranen suna cikin matsala wajen ganowa da kuma zuwa ayyukan yi. Manufar yanzu tana fifita waɗanda ke bayan gari da motoci maimakon talakawa, mazauna birane.<ref>http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1523908X.2013.858592</ref> Rashin isassun sufurin jama'a shine tsakiyar hanyar sufuri. Harkokin sufurin jama'a yana ba da damar yin aiki, ilimi, ayyukan zamantakewa, sabis na kiwon lafiya, abinci, da sauran abubuwan bukatu. Wadanda ba su da sufuri na sirri kamar motoci sukan dogara da jigilar jama'a. Amma duk da haka, ana samun ƙarancin kuɗin jigilar jama'a. Bugu da ƙari, maiyuwa ba zai yi hidima ga duk jama'a cikin adalci ba. Wadanda ke kewayen cibiyoyin birane na iya kokawa don samun ingantacciyar zirga-zirgar jama'a idan ba sa zama kusa da wuraren aikinsu.<ref>"Transport and Inequality: Why Disparities in Access Matter in Cities |"</ref> == Nakasa == A al'adance ba a tsara jigilar jama'a ga masu nakasa ba. Zagayowar tafiye-tafiye na zirga-zirgar jama'a yana da abubuwa da yawa, kamar tafiya zuwa tashar wucewa, siyan tikiti, nemo madaidaicin sabis, shiga da tashi, waɗanda galibi ba sa samun damar masu nakasa. Sau da yawa, motoci ne kawai zaɓi mai yiwuwa ga waɗanda ke da nakasa, wanda zai iya zama ƙarin kuɗi da nauyi. Wadanda ke da motoci na iya kokawa don samun filin ajiye motoci ko wuraren kwana kamar tudu a wuraren da ake zuwa. Samun damar zirga-zirgar jama'a a cikin Ƙasashe na karkashin (LMIC) ke da shi, wanda ke da sakamako mai mahimmanci ga samun dama ga ayyukan kiwon lafiya, ilimi, da aikin yi. Ɗaya daga cikin binciken a Cambodia ya gwada Kayan Aikin Tafiya (JAT) wanda ke gano shingen jigilar jama'a ga masu nakasa. Wannan kayan aikin yana da yuwuwar haɓaka tattaunawa game da shingen sufuri da ƙara wayar da kan jama'a game da abubuwan samun dama. == sufuri na sirri(kai da kai) == An samu fashewar wani abu a cikin mallakar mota a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, kuma ana sa ran akwai motoci biliyan 2 a kan hanya a duniya nan da shekarar 2030. Akwai mummunan sakamako da yawa ga irin wannan yaduwar mallakar motoci, kamar [[Canjin yanayi|sauyin yanayi]], yaduwar birane, hadarin lafiya, da zirga-zirgar da ke hana ci gaban tattalin arziki da zirga-zirga. Koyaya, rashin abin hawa yana haifar da rashin daidaituwa, musamman a cikin al'ummomin da suka dogara da mota kamar Amurka. Mattioli (2014) ya bayyana nau'ikan lalacewar sufuri iri biyu: waɗanda ba su da mota da waɗanda mallakar motar ke da nauyi mai nauyi (mallakar motar tilas). Wadanda ke cikin kasan rabin rabon kudaden shiga sune suka fi shafan mallakar mota kamar yadda wani muhimmin kaso na kudaden shigarsu ke kasaftawa don siye da kula da ababen hawa. Sau da yawa ana raina farashin mallakar mota; inshorar mota, kuɗin rajista, filin ajiye motoci, gas, da gyare-gyare suna ba da gudummawa ga wannan nauyi mai nauyi na mallaka. Ƙasashen kuɗin shiga a Amurka ya kashe kusan kashi 34% na kuɗin shiga na shekara-shekara kan sufuri. Irin wannan lahani kuma an kira shi da mallakar mota "tilastawa" saboda yana haifar da babban nauyi ga gidaje duk da haka suna buƙatar mota don ci gaba da aiki ko shiga cikin wasu ayyukan da suka dace. Akwai tsadar waje da yawa don yaɗuwar amfani da mota da dogaro da mota. Wadannan kudaden da ake kashewa ga al'umma sun hada da gurbatar hayaniya, gurbacewar iska, sauyin yanayi, cunkoso, da hadurran mota. Baƙar fata da Latino a cikin Amurka suna da ƙarancin ikon mallakar mota, kuma mallakar mota yana da alaƙa da haɓaka samun aiki, ƙarin albashi, da rage rarrabuwar kabilanci a cikin ƙimar rashin aikin yi. Ɗaya daga cikin binciken a LA ya gano cewa mallakar mota ya karu da aikin da kashi 9%. Yana da wahala a yi zirga-zirgar jama'a daga cikin birane zuwa guraben ayyukan yi na kewayen birni, wanda ke rage guraben aikin yi ga waɗanda ke cikin birane ba tare da motoci ba. == Rarrabar motsin duniya == Manufofin watsi da Visa sun canza a cikin shekaru 5 da suka gabata yayin da haɗin gwiwar duniya da sabbin fasahohi suka haɓaka sauƙin motsi. Koyaya, waɗanda suka fito daga OECD da ƙasashe masu arziki suna da ƙarin haƙƙin motsi da samun damar hana biza fiye da waɗanda suka fito daga ƙasashe masu arziki. Wannan ya haifar da "rarrabuwar motsi ta duniya" a matsayin 'yan ƙasa na wasu ƙasashe masu yancin motsi fiye da sauran. Shachar (2009) yana amfani da kalmar "ɗan farin gidan 'yan wanzuwa" don motsawa yadda mutum ke da ikon motsa cikin duniya ta yanke hukunci a cikin ƙasar. == Damuwar karkara == Galibin al'ummomin karkara ba su da hanyar sufuri ko wacece. Mutane a cikin al'ummomin karkara ba za su iya yin tuƙi ba saboda dalilai da yawa, gami da shekaru, nakasa, da matsayin zamantakewa. Koyaya, "motsi ya kasance muhimmin bangare na jin daɗin rayuwar karkara, tsofaffi da marasa galihu." Harkokin sufuri yana da mahimmanci ga rayuwar yau da kullum saboda kowane mutum dole ne ya bar gidansu a wani lokaci ko wani lokaci don zuwa aiki, kantin kayan abinci, ziyarci likita, ko zuwa makaranta. Wannan ya lura, akwai mutane da yawa da suka bar ƙoƙarin samun abin hawa saboda ba za su iya samun wani wuri da kansu ba. Wannan yana sanya nauyi mai yawa a kan daidaikun mutane yayin da mutane ke shiga hanyoyin sadarwa na yau da kullun don zagayawa. Cibiyoyin sadarwa na yau da kullun na iya haɗawa da mutane suna karɓar lamuni da ba na hukuma ba daga abokai da dangi don siyan abin hawa ko haɗa mota tare da abokin aiki ko maƙwabci. Ga mutane da yawa, duk da haka, waɗannan hanyoyin sadarwa na yau da kullun sune kawai zaɓi saboda biyan kuɗin mota yana da yawa kuma al'ummomin karkara ba sa iya tafiya. Wannan nauyin ya shafi ingancin rayuwar yau da kullun na mutum da duk wanda abin ya shafa. Samun ababen hawa da zirga-zirgar jama'a yana da alaƙa da gamsuwar unguwanni. Lokacin da mutum zai iya kewaya wurin da ya zaga da kansa, zai fi jin daɗin zama a wurin. Alal misali, motoci suna sauƙaƙa wa mutane yin amfani da lokaci tare da abokansu da iyalansu. Ƙauye da na bayan gari suna wahalar da mutanen da ba su da mota su zagaya. Wata mahaifiyar [[Boston]] da ta shiga cikin binciken 2010 kan hanyar sufuri ta ce, "Ta yaya zan isa daga nan zuwa wurin likita a yau? Ba ni da kuɗin motar bas, wanda shine tafiya na sa'a da rabi. Kuma idan ana ruwan sama da sanyi, tare da jarirai biyu, ba za ku iya tafiya sa'a daya zuwa tashar bas ba ta wata hanya. "Damuwa ga mutanen da suka shafi sufuri shine mafi girma ga al'ummomin karkara. Mutanen da ke da ababen hawa sun fi gamsuwa da yankunansu sau 1.6 fiye da waɗanda ba su da motoci. A cikin yankunan karkara, mutanen da ba su da abin hawa suna iya tsallake alƙawuran likitoci. Sufuri shine ƙayyadaddun lafiya na zamantakewa, ma'ana cewa rashin samun damar sufuri yana da alaƙa da mummunan sakamakon lafiya. Yayin da shirye-shirye kamar Medicaid da sauransu suka yi ƙoƙarin yaƙar wannan batu, akwai miliyoyin Amurkawa marasa inshora waɗanda ba za su iya samun damar waɗannan ayyukan ba a sakamakon haka. Wasu al'ummomin karkara sun ƙaddamar da ayyukan sufuri waɗanda ke haɗa ayyukan hawan keke da zirga-zirga don hidima ga tsofaffi da marasa galihu. TAFARKIN Aikin (Mazauna Masu Tafiya tare da Sabbin Ayyuka) sun fara a cikin 2015 a wani yanki na Arewacin Carolina. Ana ba da kuɗi na sirri kuma "yana ba da jigilar jigilar mutum kyauta zuwa alƙawuran kiwon lafiya, kantin magani, shagunan miya / bankunan abinci, da sauran wuraren da ke tallafawa lafiya da walwala." Shirin ya sauke wasu nauyin kudi daga kafadun wadannan mutane tare da ba su damar halartar muhimman alƙawuran likita ba tare da damuwa ba. Shirye-shirye kamar TRIP sun ga sakamako mai kyau ga mazauna karkara, duk da haka, kudade ya kasance abin damuwa ga mutane da yawa. == Tasiri == Rashin lahani na sufuri yana da alaƙa mai ƙarfi tare da haɓaka haɓakar zamantakewa (wanda aka auna ta dalilai kamar samun kudin shiga, shiga siyasa, tallafin zamantakewa) da rage jin daɗin rayuwa. Rashin lahani na sufuri yana iya cutar da jin daɗin rayuwa ta hanyar iyakance damar samun albarkatu da sabis na zamantakewa. Hakanan yana hana dangantaka da jin daɗin jama'a, waɗanda ke da mahimmanci ga jin daɗin rayuwa. Unguwannin da ba su da walwala a cikin jama'a sun fi fuskantar matsalar sufuri. Wani tasiri na rashin lahani na sufuri shine ƙara yawan bayyanar da zirga-zirga, wanda ke da haɗari ta hanyar gurbataccen iska da kuma hadarin mota. Ƙungiyoyin ƙabilanci da ƙabilanci sun fi zama a yankunan da ke da cunkoso kuma suna fuskantar mummunan tasirin lafiya. Ana kiran irin waɗannan alamu da bambance-bambance a matsayin wariyar launin fata. Ɗaya daga cikin binciken a [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]] ya gano cewa rashin lafiyar sufuri yana da alaƙa da ƙarin fahimtar aikata laifuka a cikin unguwa, daɗaɗɗen lafiyar jiki da tunani, ƙarancin shiga cikin ayyukan jama'a da zamantakewa, da rage jin daɗin rayuwa gaba ɗaya. Rashin lahani na sufuri yana shafar yawan jama'a daban-daban. Ingancin rayuwar tsofaffin jama'a ya dogara sosai kan samun damar sufuri kamar yadda sufuri ke ba da damar hulɗar zamantakewa da abubuwan sha'awa. Saboda cutar ta COVID-19, wani nau'in rarrabuwar sufuri shine haɗarin lafiya. Wadanda ke iya tafiya a cikin motoci masu zaman kansu suna cikin ƙasa da ƙasa don yin kwangilar COVID-19, idan aka kwatanta da waɗanda ke da damar zirga-zirgar jama'a kawai. Bugu da ƙari, waɗanda ke da naƙasa ƙila sun ƙara haɗari ga COVID-19 ban da fuskantar ƙarin shingen samun damar sufuri. Wannan annoba ta sanya yin amfani da sufuri da wahala ga nakasassu ta hanyar katsewa zuwa amintaccen sufuri da kwanciyar hankali, rashin sadarwa game da sabuntawa game da jigilar jama'a, da rashin taimako. == Matsaloli masu yiwuwa == An sanya kudade don zirga-zirgar jama'a a kan mashin baya. Jami'an sufuri sun taru a taron kasa kan zirga-zirgar jama'a na yankunan karkara da na tsakiyar gari a shekarar 2016 don tattauna batutuwan da suka shafi sufuri. Babban burinsu shi ne cimma fahimtar bincike da buƙatun manufofin da suka shafi zirga-zirgar ƙauyuka ga tsofaffi da marasa galihu. Domin auna ra'ayi kan batun, an rarraba binciken ga masu halarta. Yawancin sun ji cewa gwamnati ba ta yin abin da ya dace don magance bukatun tsofaffi da marasa galihu. Dangane da wannan batu, mutane da yawa suna ganin ya kamata jama'a da masu zaman kansu su yi aiki tare don samar da hanyoyin sufuri a yankunan karkara. Wasu ƙasashe suna da shirye-shiryen taimakon jama'a waɗanda ke ba da tallafin motoci ga gidaje matalauta. Koyaya, ana sukar waɗannan shirye-shiryen saboda matsalolin muhalli da kuma damuwa game da hana zirga-zirgar jama'a. Sauran masanan sun ba da shawarar hanyoyin samar da fasaha, kamar buƙatun kasuwar jigilar kayayyaki a cikin yankunan karkara. Wasu masu tsara birane suna ba da shawara ga ƙarnuka masu yawa, ƙauyukan birni masu gauraya waɗanda ke da kusancin mutane tare da ƙarin zirga-zirgar jama'a da ƙarancin zirga-zirga. Ɗaya daga cikin mafita ga rashin lahani na sufuri da ke da alaƙa shine samarwa da ƙarfafa amfani da madadin hanyoyin sufuri. Ana iya ƙarfafa hawan keke da tafiya ta hanyar yaƙin neman zaɓe ko shirin raba keke, amma waɗannan kamfen ɗin sun iyakance ga ƙarin ƙaƙƙarfan birane. Motsin da ba shi da mota yana nufin rage tsakiyar amfani da mota a cikin al'umma ta hanyar tsara birane da jigilar jama'a. Sabbin al'adun birni, haɓaka wayo, da haɓaka mai dogaro da kai, hanyoyi ne guda uku waɗanda ke da nufin sanya birane su kasance masu tafiya, ƙara yawan birane, rage ɓarkewar kewayen birni, da rage rarrabuwar sufuri. Waɗannan ƙungiyoyin da suka mayar da hankali kan dorewa suna fatan inganta zaɓuɓɓuka don gidaje, aikin yi, da sufuri don ƙarin al'ummomin masu adalci. Ka'idodin hawan keke irin su [[Uber]] da [[Lyft]] suna karuwa, musamman a birane da kewaye. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan waɗannan kamfanoni sun yi ƙoƙarin faɗaɗa a yankunan karkara amma suna magance gaskiyar cewa waɗannan yankunan suna da ƙarancin yawan jama'a da kuma tsawon tafiya. Masu farawa da sauran kamfanonin fasaha sun fara fitowa don magance wannan batu. May Motsi, wani kamfanin abin hawa mai cin gashin kansa na Ann Arbor, [[Michigan]] yana ƙoƙari zuwa ga kore, sabuwar sabuwar makoma. Manufar Mobility na samar da tafiye-tafiye kyauta ga mutane shine mafita mai aiki ga mutanen da ke fuskantar matsalar samun damar sufuri. Harkokin zirga-zirgar jama'a a wuraren da ba su da sufuri na iya inganta motsi, damar tattalin arziki, rage farashin gida, da kuma inganta al'umma gaba ɗaya. Wasu malaman suna jayayya cewa saka hannun jari mai yawa a cikin zirga-zirgar jama'a yana taimaka wa waɗanda ke fama da matsalar sufuri kawai idan an yi niyya ga zirga-zirgar jama'a a takamaiman ƙungiyoyi kuma yana ba da sabis na sassauƙa. Harkokin sufuri yana da mahimmanci ga rayuwar dukan mutane; kowa yana buƙatar sufuri. Batu ne na duniya wanda masu tsara manufofi za su iya samun matsaya guda a kai idan ya zama batu mafi girma. == Jirgin sama == Tun lokacin da aka fara sararin samaniyar kasashe ban da kasashen da suka fi samun ci gaba a sararin samaniyar sun yi iƙirarin cewa sararin samaniya na kowa ne kuma bai kamata waɗanda ke da damar zuwa wurin su sarrafa sararin samaniya ba.<ref>https://www.sapiens.org/culture/space-colonization-racism/</ref><ref>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0967070X0000024X</ref> Bugu da ƙari, 'yan kasuwa na New Space sun yi jayayya da goyon bayan kamfanoni don kafa bil'adama a matsayin nau'in nau'in nau'i na duniya, wanda aka soki saboda kasancewarsa manufa ta tserewa, iyakance ga 'yan kaɗan, bisa ga ka'idojin da ba a sani ba da kuma ba da gudun hijira a matsayin mafita ga matsalolin a duniya maimakon yin aiki a kan matsalolin.<ref>http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/84503/1/Mobility%20Divide_Mau_Guelzau_Laube_Zaun_finalpdf.pdf</ref><ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=enrUPzDSRFQC</ref><ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=1AYyBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA49</ref> == Duba kuma == * https://mirror.unhabitat.org/downloads/docs/8019_73613_WUF5%20Summary%20Report_22Feb2011.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220502084800/https://mirror.unhabitat.org/downloads/docs/8019_73613_WUF5%20Summary%20Report_22Feb2011.pdf |date=2022-05-02 }} == Manazarta == dk4fksrcs7ca59ayoapl8c8ksvh4ov9 Cap da dividend 0 107886 889363 889315 2026-07-30T12:33:16Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 889363 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Cap da dividend''' tsarin ciniki ne na kasuwa wanda ke riƙe da hanyar ƙwanƙwasawa ta asali na ƙwanƙwalwa da kasuwanci, amma kuma ya haɗa da diyya ga masu amfani da makamashi. Wannan diyya shine don daidaita farashin samfuran da kamfanonin da ke haɓaka farashi ga masu amfani sakamakon wannan manufofi.<ref name="cap1">{{Cite journal |last=Boyce |first=James K. |date=August 2009 |title=Cap and Dividend: A State-By-State Analysis |url=http://www.progressive-economics.org/papers/CAP_DIVIDEND_states.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727185435/http://www.progressive-economics.org/papers/CAP_DIVIDEND_states.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-27 |access-date=2010-11-30}}</ref> Shirin ya fara ne tare da wasu gwamnatoci da ke saita ƙididdigar gurɓataccen gurɓata (misali, don hayakin carbon) da sayar da izinin gurɓata ga jama'a bi da bi. Ana buƙatar masu gurɓata su sayi waɗannan ƙididdigar don daidaita abubuwan gurɓataccen su. Wasu daga cikin masu samar da farashin da ake biya don gurɓata za su haifar da farashi mafi girma ga masu amfani, waɗanda a matsayin 'yan ƙasa suna fuskantar farashi na muhalli na gurɓata. A karkashin tsarin kari da raba, kuɗaden shiga na jama'a da aka tara daga siyar da kudaden gurɓataccen gurɓatacce ana ba da su ga 'yan ƙasa ko masu amfani a matsayin tallafi don haɓaka inganci.<ref name="cap2">{{Cite journal |last=Barnes |first=Peter |title=How cap and dividend works |url=http://www.capanddividend.org/?q=readfirst |access-date=2010-11-30}}</ref> == Bayani na gaba ɗaya == Manufar wannan nau'in haraji shi ne rage yawan fitar da carbon. Wannan yayi gata da tsarin ƙwanƙwasawa da kasuwanci, tare da babban bambanci shi ne cewa 'yan ƙasa suna karɓar biyan kuɗi daga kuɗin haya na gurɓataccen da aka kama a fili, maimakon barin darajar damar gurɓata don zama masu zaman kansu.<ref name="cap3">{{Cite journal |last=Barnes |first=Peter. |date=December 2008 |title=Cap and Dividend, Not Trade: Making Polluters Pay |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=cap-and-divident-not-trade |doi=10.1038/scientificamericanearth1208-20 |access-date=2010-11-30}}</ref> Biyan rabon kuma na iya tallafawa ƙarin abubuwan da aka tsara don ƙarfafa masu amfani don haɓaka ingancin makamashi, yayin da ƙwanƙwasawa da kasuwanci ba su haɗa kai tsaye da mabukaci ba. Asusun Amincewa da Yanayi mai Lafiya shine hukumar da ke cikin gwamnatin Amurka wacce ke kula da manufofin ƙwanƙwasawa. Za su cika wannan ta hanyar tattara da rarraba kuɗaɗe daga tsarin rufewa.<ref name="cap1"/> == Ma'anar == '''''An ba da ma'anoni masu dacewa game da cap-and-dividend:''''' * '''Cap-and-Dividend:''' Cap-and'dividend wata hanya ce ta rage hayaki mai guba (GHG). Manufar tana da sauƙi: ana sanya iyaka ko ƙwanƙwasawa a kan iskar gas daga wasu tushe; ana buƙatar waɗannan tushe don samun izini don rufe hayakin gas ɗin su kuma ana ba da rabon daga sayar da izinin kai tsaye ga masu amfani ta hanyar raguwa ko ƙididdigar haraji don biyan kuɗin kuɗin da aka kara farashin makamashi. Ana sanya murfin a kan tushen 'sama' - kamar masu samar da man fetur - don rufe abubuwan da ke cikin carbon na man fetur da suke rarraba. Ana iya ba da izinin wasu ƙayyadaddun ciniki, amma yawanci kawai tsakanin tushen da aka rufe.[1]<blockquote>Cap-and-dividend wata hanya ce ta rage hayaki mai guba (GHG). Manufar tana da sauƙi: ana sanya iyaka ko ƙwanƙwasawa a kan iskar gas daga wasu tushe; ana buƙatar waɗannan tushe don samun izini don rufe hayakin gas ɗin su kuma ana ba da rabon daga sayar da izinin kai tsaye ga masu amfani ta hanyar raguwa ko ƙididdigar haraji don biyan kuɗin da aka kara farashin makamashi. Ana sanya murfin a kan tushen 'sama' - kamar masu samar da man fetur - don rufe abubuwan da ke cikin carbon na man fetur da suke Rarraba. Ana iya ba da izinin wasu ƙayyadaddun ciniki, amma yawanci kawai tsakanin tushen da aka rufe.<ref name="cap5">{{Cite journal |last=(ACMWG) |first=Agricultural Cultural Market Working Group |year=2009 |title=Cap-and-Dividend and Agriculture |url=https://www.agcarbonmarkets.com/documents/ACMWG%20White%20Paper_Cap-and-Dividend%20and%20Ag_Final.pdf |access-date=2010-11-30 |archive-date=2011-07-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707093254/http://www.agcarbonmarkets.com/documents/ACMWG%20White%20Paper_Cap-and-Dividend%20and%20Ag_Final.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref></blockquote> Don ma'anoni a kan Cap-and-Trade, duba kasuwancin hayakiKasuwancin fitarwa == Tarihi == Ɗan kasuwa na Amurka [[Peter Barnes (entrepreneur)|Peter Barnes]] ne ya fara gabatar da ra'ayin a karkashin sunan "Skytrust" a cikin littafinsa na shekarar 2001, Who Owns the Sky?. Barnes ya canza sunan kafin zaɓen shekarar 2008 yayin da ya fara ƙoƙari ya ɗaga bayanin ra'ayin tare da sabon littafi, Climate Solutions: A Citizens Guide da kuma tambayoyin kafofin watsa labarai da yawa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=McDougall |first=J. S. |date=2008-07-22 |title=Reducing Emissions: Cap-and-Say What? |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/reducing-emissions-cap-an_b_112677 |access-date=2021-03-23 |website=HuffPost |language=en}}</ref> Ya sami goyon baya a cikin aikinsa daga kungiyoyi irin su On the Commons, ƙungiyar cibiyar sadarwa wacce ke inganta muhalli, mafita masu alaƙa da al'umma.<ref name="cap622">{{Cite journal |last=de Place |first=Eric |date=5 June 2009 |title=Van Hollen's Cap and Dividend |url=https://daily.sightline.org/daily_score/archive/2009/05/06/van-hollens-cap-and-dividend |publisher=Sightline Institute |access-date=30 Nov 2010 |archive-date=12 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100112230237/http://daily.sightline.org/daily_score/archive/2009/05/06/van-hollens-cap-and-dividend |url-status=dead }}</ref> An yi muhawara sosai game da manufofin tare da [[Joseph J. Romm|Joe Romm]] yana kiranta "ba cikakke ba" kuma mujallar Time ta yaba da ita a matsayin hanyar "Win the War on Global Warming". === Halitta === An fara tunanin ra'ayin ne daga ɗan kasuwa na Amurka Peter Barnes da irin waɗannan kungiyoyi kamar On the Commons, ƙungiyar cibiyar sadarwa wacce ke inganta muhalli, mafita masu alaƙa da al'umma.<ref name="cap6">{{Cite journal |last=de Place |first=Eric |date=5 June 2009 |title=Van Hollen's Cap and Dividend |url=https://daily.sightline.org/daily_score/archive/2009/05/06/van-hollens-cap-and-dividend |publisher=Sightline Institute |access-date=30 Nov 2010 |archive-date=12 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100112230237/http://daily.sightline.org/daily_score/archive/2009/05/06/van-hollens-cap-and-dividend |url-status=dead }}</ref> 76dyajn6vha7k9e7975znxwt5nyrgd2 Rockall 0 109920 889643 745252 2026-07-31T05:33:35Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889643 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   '''Rockall''' / / ˈrɒk ɔːl / ) shine {{Convert|17.15|m|ftin}} tsayi, tsibirin granite da ba za a iya rayuwa ba a Arewacin [[Tekun Atalanta|Tekun Atlantika]] . Yana da {{Convert|301|km|smi nmi}} yamma da Soay, St Kilda, [[Scotland]] ; {{Convert|423|km|smi nmi}} arewa maso yammacin Tory Island, [[Ayilan (ƙasa)|Ireland]] ; da {{Convert|700|km|smi nmi}} kudu da [[Ayislan|Iceland]] . <ref name="iceland">{{Cite web |last=Follett |first=Christopher |date=28 November 2016 |title=Watch out for the big rock: Remembering Denmark's greatest maritime disaster |url=http://cphpost.dk/?p=74931 |access-date=15 May 2020 |website=cphpost.dk |publisher=Copenhagen Post Online}}</ref> Mafi kusancin wurin zama na dindindin shine a cikin North Uist, {{Convert|370|km|mi nmi}} gabas a cikin Ƙasar Hebrides na Ƙasar Scotland. An kafa Rockall a lokacin Paleogene, ta magmatism a matsayin wani yanki na Lardin Igneous ta Arewa . Rockall da Hasselwood Rock da ke da nisan mita 200 a arewa, su ne ɓangarorin da ke tasowa kawai na Helen's Reef da Rockall Plateau . An ba da rahoton raƙuman ruwa da ke Gabashin Rockall a cikin 2006 a matsayin mafi girma da kayan aikin kimiyya suka taɓa yin rikodin su a cikin buɗaɗɗen teku. Sunan wurin farko na Rockall kuma yanki ne kawai da ake iya mamaye shi shine Hall's Ledge. Rockall ya bayyana akan taswirori tun aƙalla 1550 kuma a cikin wallafe-wallafe tun aƙalla 1698. Masu binciken ruwa, masana kimiyya, masu fafutuka, masu aikin rediyo da masu fafutukar kare muhalli, sun sauka daban-daban da/ko sun mamaye tsibirin. Farkon da aka rubuta saukowa akan Rockall ya kasance a cikin 1811 ta wata karamar jam'iyyar Royal Navy karkashin jagorancin Basil Hall . Mafi dadewar sananniyar ci gaba da sana'a shine kwanaki 45, wanda Nick Hancock ya samu a cikin 2014. Mallakar Rockall ya kasance shekaru da yawa ana ganin yana da mahimmanci ga da'awar kamun kifi da ke kewaye da tekun Atlantika mai arzikin mai. Jaridar Irish Times ta yi iƙirarin cewa ta ba da rahoto game da ƙimar tattalin arzikin kamun kifi na Rockall, tun da daɗewa kamar 1861. Sakamakon [[Cold War|yakin sanyi]] na tsaron ƙasa, Burtaniya (Birtaniya) ta yi iƙirarin Rockall a 1955 kuma ta haɗa shi a matsayin wani ɓangare na Scotland a 1972. Burtaniya ta yi iƙirarin {{Convert|12|nmi|km}} na tekun Rock. <ref name="dspring">{{Cite web |last=Spring |first=Dick |author-link=Dick Spring |date=25 September 1996 |title=Dáil Éireann debate: Written Answers. – UN Convention on the Law of the Sea. |url=https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/1996-09-25/50/ |quote=At present the United Kingdom claims a 12-mile territorial sea around Rockall, a claim which — depending as it does on jurisdiction over the rock – Ireland has likewise not accepted. |access-date=2025-08-02 |archive-date=2025-01-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123220143/https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/1996-09-25/50/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ko da yake ba ta taɓa yin iƙirarin ikon mallakar Rockall ba, Ireland na da'awar haƙƙin Burtaniya ga Rockall ba su da inganci. <ref name="symmons" /> <ref name="dspring" /> Iceland da [[Denmark]] (a madadin Faroes ) sun gabatar da da'awar gabar tekun da ke kusa. <ref name="guaown" /> A cikin 2021 jami'ai a cikin jirgin ruwan sintiri na Marine Scotland sun shiga wani jirgin ruwan kamun kifi na Irish kuma suka umarce shi da ya bar yankin Rockall's 12-nautical-mile zone. A cikin 2024 gwamnatocin Irish da Scotland sun ba da shawarar ba da izinin jiragen ruwan kamun kifi na Irish su koma yankin mil mil 12 na ruwa. Sakataren harkokin wajen Birtaniya [[David Cameron]], ya ki amincewa da shawarar. == Etymology == Asalin da ma'anar sunan ''Rockall'' ba shi da tabbas. Sunan mahaifi ma'anar {{Lang|gd|Rocabarraigh}} ana amfani da shi a cikin tarihin Scots Gaelic don wani dutsen tatsuniya wanda yakamata ya bayyana sau uku, bayyanarsa ta ƙarshe shine a ƙarshen duniya: " {{Lang|gd|Nuair a thig Rocabarra ris, is dual gun tèid an Saoghal a sgrios}} "('Lokacin da Rocabarra ya dawo, da alama duniya za ta zo a halaka') Wani ra'ayi kuma shine sunan ''Rockall'' ya samo daga Gaelic {{Lang|gd|Sgeir Rocail}}, ma'ana' skerry na ruri' ko 'dutsen teku na ruri', (ko da yake {{Lang|gd|rocail}} Hakanan ana iya fassara shi azaman 'yagaye' ko 'tsagewa'). Sunan Gaelic na Scotland don Rockall, {{Lang|gd|Ròcal}}, na iya fitowa daga tsohon sunan Norse wanda zai iya ƙunsar sinadarin {{Lang|non|fjall}}, ma'ana 'dutse'. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.parliament.scot/Gaelic/placenamesP-Z.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160526191311/http://www.parliament.scot/Gaelic/placenamesP-Z.pdf |archive-date=26 May 2016 |access-date=8 June 2020}}</ref> Hakanan ana ba da shawarar sunan ''Rockall'' daga Norse {{Lang|non|*rok}}, ma'ana 'teku mai kumfa', da {{Lang|non|kollr}}, ma'ana 'bakin kai' - kalmar da ke bayyana a cikin wasu sunaye a cikin masu magana da Scandinavian. Finn mac Cumhaill (Finn McCool), wanda aka fi sani da tatsuniyar tatsuniyar Irish, wanda ake zargin ya tattara ɓangarorin abin da ke yanzu Ulster don yin kishiya ga abokin hamayyar Scotland. Ya ɓace, a maimakon haka ya sauka a cikin Tekun Irish don zama [[Isle of Man|tsibirin Mutum]] . Wurin da aka bari a baya cike da ruwa ya zama Lough Neagh . Ana zargin McCool da jefa dutsen dutse wanda ya zama abin da a yanzu aka fi sani da Rockall. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''&#x20;&#x2013;'' &#x5D;</sup> Rockall ya bayyana akan ginshiƙi na 1550 na Portuguese a matsayin 'Rochol', kuma akan ɗayan 1606 a matsayin 'Rocol'. Taswirar ''Nova Francia alio nomine dicta Terranova, anno 1504'', ( {{Circa|1594}} ), na {{Interlanguage link|Cornelis Claeszoon|nl|Cornelis Claesz (drukker)}}, Jan Doetecom da Petrus Plancius, ya nuna Rockall mai suna ''Rookol'' . Ana kiran Rockall ''Rokol'' a cikin sanannen adabinsa na farko, Martin Martin 's 1698 da aka buga, ''A Late Voyage to St Kilda'' . Littafin ya ce: “...&nbsp;kuma daga gare ta ya ta'allaka ne da Rokol, ƙaramin dutsen {{Convert|60|league|km}} zuwa yamma da St Kilda; mazauna wannan wuri suna kiransa da ''Rokabarra'' ." == Wuri == A cikin 1956 Masanin kimiyya dan Burtaniya James Fisher ya kira Rockall a matsayin "ƙananan dutse mafi keɓe a cikin tekunan duniya". An fara shigar da fitilar kewayawa ta kowane zagaye a taron koli na Rockall a cikin 1972. Nick Hancock ya ƙayyade ainihin wurin da Rockall yake a lokacin balaguron 2014. Wurin ƙasa mafi kusa da Rockall shine Soay wanda ba a zaune ba, {{Convert|301.3|km|nmi}} Gabas a tsibirin St Kilda na Scotland. Wurin zama mafi kusa da Rockall shine Hirta, tsibirin St. Kilda mafi girma, {{Convert|303.2|km|nmi}} gabas kuma sun yi ta zama a wani sansanin soji guda ɗaya. Matsugunin mazaunin Rockall mafi kusa yana kusa da garin Hogha Gearraidh crofting, {{Convert|366.8|km|nmi}} yamma akan North Uist 's Aird da Rùnair headland, a NF705711 {{Nowrap|({{Coord|57|36|33|N|7|31|7|W|display=inline|name=Hogha Gearraidh / Hougharry}})}} Rockall yana da nisan {{Convert|423.2|km|smi nmi}} arewa maso yamma na Tory Island, County Donegal, Ireland. Rockall kuma yana da {{Convert|700|km|smi nmi}} kudu da [[Ayislan|Iceland]] . <ref name="iceland"/> == Tarihi == === An ambaci farko === Abin da yanzu ake kira Rockall ya bayyana a cikin tarihin Scots da Irish (duba sashin "Etymology" a sama). Rockall yana bayyana akan taswirori daga 1550 gaba. Sanin wallafe-wallafen farko game da tsibirin yana cikin [[Martin Martin]] 's ''A Late Voyage zuwa St. Kilda'', wanda aka buga a 1698 (duba sashin "Etymology" a sama). === Bala'i na jigilar kaya === [[Fayil:IMRAY(1884)_p0231_ROCKALL.jpg|right|thumb|ROCKALL - ginshiƙi na Nautical - Pilot Tekun Atlantika, 1884]] An sami bala'o'i iri-iri a kan Hasselwood Rock da ke makwabtaka da Reef na Helen (wanda aka ambata na karshen a cikin 1830). * 1686&nbsp;– Jirgin ruwan Sifen, Faransanci ko Sifen-Faransa ya rutsa da shi a kusa da Rockall. Da yawa daga cikin ma'aikatan jirgin na Spain da na Faransa, sun ceci rayukansu ta hanyar isa St. Kilda a cikin wani abin mamaki . Martin Martin ya ba da labarin wasu cikakkun bayanai game da wannan taron a cikin ''tafiya ta ƙarshe zuwa St Kilda'', wanda aka buga a 1698. * 1824&nbsp;– Brigantine ''Helen'' na Dundee, wanda ke daure zuwa [[Kebek (birni)|Quebec]], jirgin ruwa ya tarwatse tare da ba da sunansa ga abin da aka fi sani da Helen's Reef. * 1839&nbsp;– 'Charlotte' na Hull ya ruguje akan Rockall a kusa da Kirsimeti * 1904&nbsp;– Jirgin ruwan Danish SS <nowiki><i id="mwAWo">Norge</i></nowiki> ya kafa a Hasselwood Rock cikin hazo tare da asarar fasinjoji sama da 635 daga cikin 750. Nitsewar ta kasance mafi munin bala'in teku da ya shafi wani jirgin ruwan 'yan kasuwa na kasar Denmark, kuma a lokacin shi ne bala'in farar hula mafi muni a Tekun Atlantika har sai da ''[[Titanic]]'' ya nutse bayan shekaru takwas. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ventegodt |first=Ole |title=Norge |url=http://denstoredanske.dk/Bil,_b%C3%A5d,_fly_m.m./S%C3%B8fart/Fyr-_og_vagerv%C3%A6sen,_forlis_og_redningsv%C3%A6sen/Norge |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106011215/http://denstoredanske.dk/Bil,_b%C3%A5d,_fly_m.m./S%C3%B8fart/Fyr-_og_vagerv%C3%A6sen,_forlis_og_redningsv%C3%A6sen/Norge |archive-date=6 January 2019 |access-date=1 January 2019 |publisher=Den Store Danske, Gyldendal}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Project SS Norge |url=http://www.nolimitsdiving.dk:80/NLD/index.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070708125558/http://www.nolimitsdiving.dk:80/NLD/index.htm |archive-date=8 July 2007 |access-date=1 January 2019 |publisher=nolimitsdiving.dk}}</ref> Rashin nutsewar Norge ya haifar da shawarar da D. &amp;amp; C. Stevenson ya ba da shawarar don wani haske wanda ba a kula da shi ba a kusa da dutsen. === An yi rikodin ziyarar zuwa Rockall === A cikin 1971, Lord Kennet ya ce, "Ba za a iya samun wurin da ya fi kufai, yanke ƙauna da muni ba" Gidan yanar gizon The Rockall Club kamar yadda yake a Yuli 2025 ya ce, "Jimillar ingantattun wuraren saukar Rockall zuwa yau: mutane 146". ==== HMS Endymion - Dutsen farko na Rockall ==== [[Fayil:Rockall_Basil_Hall_landing_from_HMS_Endymion_1811.jpg|thumb|Hoton da ke nuna {{HMS|Endymion|1797|6}}Ƙungiyar saukar {{HMS|Endymion|1797|6}} a cikin ƙaramin jirgin ruwan su a Rockall, tare da ''Endymion'' a bango]] Saukowa na farko da aka rubuta akan Rockall sau da yawa ana yin kwanan wata, 8 Yuli 1810. Jami'in [[Royal Navy|sojan ruwa na Royal Navy]], [[Basil Hall (naval officer)|Basil Hall]], an ruwaito yana jagorantar wata karamar ƙungiya mai saukarwa daga [[Frigate|jirgin]] {{HMS|Endymion|1797|6}} zuwa taron. Koyaya, bincike na [[James Fisher (naturalist)|James Fisher]] (duba sashin "Location" a sama), a cikin log of ''Endymion'' da sauran wurare, ya ba da rahoton ainihin kwanan watan wannan saukar farko shine Lahadi 8 ga Satumba 1811. Ƙungiyar saukarwa ta bar ''Endymion'' zuwa dutsen ta jirgin ruwa. ''Endymion'', yayin da yake ɗaukar zurfin ma'auni a kusa da Rockall, ya rasa haɗin gani tare da dutsen yayin da hazo ya sauko. Jirgin ya yi nisa, ya makale masu sauka. Jam'iyyar ta yi ƙoƙari ta koma jirgin, amma a cikin hazo ba a iya samun ''Endymion'' ba, kuma nan da nan ya daina komawa Rockall. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;&#x5D;</sup> Hazo ya zama hazo. Mai tsaron da aka aika zuwa saman Rockall ya sake hango jirgin, amma ya juya daga Rockall kafin jam'iyyar a cikin kwale-kwalen su isa gare shi. A ƙarshe, kafin faɗuwar rana, an sake hango ''Endymion'' daga saman Rockall, kuma ƙungiyar ta sami damar sake hawa. Ma'aikatan jirgin ''na Endymion'' sun ba da rahoton cewa sun yi ta bincike na tsawon sa'o'i biyar ko shida, suna harbin bindigar su a kowane minti goma. Hall ya ba da labarin wannan da sauran abubuwan ban sha'awa a cikin littafinsa, ''ɓangarorin tafiye-tafiye da tafiye-tafiye ciki har da labaran rayuwar sojojin ruwa'' . <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;&#x5D;</sup> ==== Binciken karni na 19 da ziyarar kimiyya ==== Ainihin matsayi na Rockall da girman da siffar Bankin Rockall an fara tsara shi a cikin 1831. Wannan shi ne ta hannun Kyaftin ATE Vidal, mai binciken jiragen ruwa na Royal . Babu tabbas idan wannan ziyarar ta haifar da saukarwa. A lokacin rani na 1862, Mr Johns na {{HMS|Porcupine|1844|6}} ya sauka a Rockall amma bai kai ga taron ba. Hakan ya faru ne a yayin da jirgin ke binciken gadon teku kafin a shimfida kebul na telegraph na transatlantic . <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; &#x5D;</sup> Miller Christy a cikin 1896 ya jagoranci balaguron kimiyya na farko na Rockall. Kwalejin Royal Irish Academy ta hayar da ''Granuaile'', kuma ta dauki nauyin binciken Christy na flora da fauna. Ƙoƙarin saukowa biyu bai yi nasara ba. ==== Ƙasar Burtaniya ==== [[Fayil:Rockall_Union_flag_hoisted_1955.jpg|right|thumb|Laftanar Kwamandan Desmond Scott ya ɗaga tutar Tarayyar a 1955]] [[Fayil:Rockall_James_Fisher.jpg|right|thumb|James Fisher a Rockall]] Farkon abin da ya sa Burtaniya ta hade Rockall, ita ce gwajin harba [[Makaman nukiliya|makamin nukiliyar]] Burtaniya na farko, makami mai linzami na Corporal da Amurka ke yi. Za a harba makamin a kan Arewacin Atlantic daga South Uist . Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta damu da Rockall wanda ba a da'awar, zai iya ba [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]] damar yin leken asiri kan gwajin. Don haka, a cikin Afrilu 1955 an umarci Admiralty da ya kwace Rockall tare da ayyana ikon mallakar Burtaniya, don kada ya zama mai sa ido na waje. A ranar 18 ga Satumba 1955, Sarautar Birtaniyya ta mamaye Rockall. Don yin haka, wani jirgin sama mai saukar ungulu na Royal Navy daga {{HMS|Vidal}} ya buge mutum hudu a tsibirin{{HMS|Vidal}} (kwatsam mai suna bayan mutumin da ya fara tsara tsibirin). 4 sun kasance Laftanar-Kwamandan Desmond Scott RN, Sajan Brian Peel RM, Corporal AA Fraser RM, da James Fisher, (dan farar hula kuma tsohon Royal Marine). The Admiralty ya sanar da haɗewar a kan 21 Satumba 1955. Tawagar masu saukar ungulu sun yi siminti a cikin tagulla a bangon Hall's Ledge kuma suka ɗaga tutar Tarayyar don ɗaukar da'awar Burtaniya. Rubutun plaque ya karanta: == Geography == === Girma === Rockall ya tashi sosai zuwa tsayin {{Convert|17.15|m|ftin}} . Rockall yana da kusan {{Convert|25|m|ft|-1}} fadi da {{Convert|31|m|ft}} tsayi a gindinsa. === Hall's Ledge da sauran fasali === [[Fayil:Rockall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1048821.jpg|right|thumb|Fuskar kudu ta Rockall, da kuma Arewa tana fuskantar kallon gefen dutsen gabas. ]] [[Fayil:Rockall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1048796.jpg|right|thumb|Duban diagonal na dutsen fuskar gabas.]] [[Fayil:Rockall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1048793.jpg|right|thumb|Duba daga Arewa, yana nuna gefen gefen dutsen fuskar gabas.]] Nick Hancock ya siffanta kumburin teku da ya buge Rockall daga Yamma a matsayin, "daidai inda ba kwa so", don nasarar yunƙurin sauka. Ƙananan mataki a cikin dutsen a gefen yamma yana aiki a matsayin "dandamali". Daga nan, duk wanda ya saukowa ya fara gudu mai sauri, a tsaye don tsira daga yankin kumburin teku. Ana buƙatar ratsawa ta fuskar Yamma don isa ga taron. 1971 "Exercise Top Hat" na Corp of Royal Engineers, ya busa saman 5 ƙafa (mita 1.5) daga Rockall. Wannan ya bar fili mai faɗin ƙafa 12 da ƙafa 5 a mafi tsayi da faɗinsa. Wannan shine wurin da aka share don kowane tambarin kewayawa (duba "Shiryar da duk wani fitila mai zagaye" a sama). A ranar 25 ga Yuli 1997, Burtaniya ta amince da UNCLOS, wanda ya bayyana cewa "Dutsen da ba za su iya ci gaba da zama na ɗan adam ko rayuwar tattalin arziƙin nasu ba ba za su sami wani yanki na tattalin arziki na musamman ko na nahiyar ba". Wannan yana iyakance da'awar yankin teku zuwa mil {{Convert|12|nmi|km}} radius, sabili da haka yana ba da izinin shiga cikin ruwa fiye da wannan. Birtaniya ta yi iƙirarin Rockall tare da {{Convert|12|nmi|km|0|-radius}} tekun da ke kewaye da tsibirin cikin EEZ na ƙasar. Burtaniya kuma tana da'awar "da'irar sararin samaniyar Burtaniya a kan tsibirin Rockall". Kamar yadda dutsen ya ta'allaka ne a cikin EEZ na Burtaniya, Burtaniya na da'awar haƙƙin mallaka don manufar bincike da amfani, adanawa da sarrafa albarkatun ƙasa na yankin, gami da ikon kariya da kiyaye yanayin ruwa. The Scottish Adjacent Waters Boundaries Order 1999 ya ayyana yankin da ke kusa da Rockall ya kasance ƙarƙashin [[Yanke hukunci|ikon]] dokar Scots maimakon dokar Ingilishi. === Karni na 21 === A cikin 2011, Eamon Gilmore ya ce, "Yayin da Ireland ba ta amince da ikon mallakar Burtaniya a kan Rockall ba, ba ta taɓa neman neman ikon kanta ba. Matsayin da ya dace na gwamnatocin Irish na gaba shine cewa Rockall da makamantan duwatsu da skerries ba su da mahimmanci don kafa da'awar shari'a ga haƙƙin ma'adinai a kusa da tekun da ke kusa da haƙƙin kamun kifi. " [[Fayil:LE_Roisin_at_Rockall.jpg|right|thumb|Jirgin ruwa <nowiki><i id="mwBMA">Sabis</i></nowiki> na Sojojin Ruwa na Irish Róisín a Rockall, 12 Oktoba 2012]] A ranar 12 ga Oktoba, 2012, an ba da rahoton jirgin ruwan sojojin ruwa na Irish <nowiki><i id="mwBMQ">LÉ Róisín</i></nowiki> yana yin sintiri na "nuna tuta" a kusa da dutsen. Daga ranar 31 ga Maris 2014, Burtaniya da Ireland sun buga iyakokin EEZ wanda ya haɗa da Rockall a cikin EEZ na Burtaniya. A kan 25 Yuni 2019, Simon Coveney ya kara da matsayi na baya na Peter Barry da Eamon Gilmore ta hanyar furtawa, "Rockall da makamantan duwatsu da skerries bai kamata su kasance da mahimmanci ga kafa da'awar shari'a ga tsarin nahiyoyi. Wannan matsayi yanzu yana nunawa a cikin Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta 1982 game da Dokar Bahar wadda ta ba da damar yin amfani da al'ada na tattalin arziki na mutum na 12, wanda ke ba da labari na 12. nasu ba za su sami wani yanki na tattalin arziki na musamman ko na nahiya ba.'" Ya yi haka a cikin mahallin, "matsaloli na yanzu tsakanin Ireland da Scotland game da kamun kifi a cikin mil 12 na Rockall." Bayan Birtaniya ta bar EU, Yarjejeniyar Ciniki da Haɗin gwiwa ta EU-UK ta fara aiki a ranar 1 ga Janairu 2021. Bayan kwana uku ''Northern Celt'', wani jirgin ruwan kamun kifi na Irish da ke zaune daga Greencastle, County Donegal, an shiga kuma an umarce shi ya bar yankin 12-nautical-mile a kusa da Rockall ta hanyar jami'an wani jirgin ruwan sintiri na Marine Scotland . Tun daga shekarar 2021, lasisin kamun kifi da Burtaniya ta bayar ga jiragen ruwa na EU sun kebe damar zuwa yankin nisan mil 12 na ruwa da ke kusa da Rockall. A cikin 2023, Ministan Noma, Abinci da Ruwa na Irish, Charlie McConalogue ya bayyana cewa wannan matakin yana kashe masana'antar kamun kifi na Irish har zuwa Yuro miliyan 7 a shekara. A cikin 2024, yarjejeniya tsakanin gwamnatocin Ireland da Scotland za ta ba da damar jiragen ruwan kamun kifi na Irish su koma yankin mil 12 na ruwa. Sakataren harkokin wajen Birtaniya [[David Cameron]] ya ki amincewa da shawarar . == A cikin shahararrun al'adu == * Mawallafin Ingilishi Michael Roberts ya buga waka "Rockall" a cikin tarin sa na 1939, Orion Marches . Waƙar ta bayyana wani matafiyi da ya rushe a kan dutse. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=June 2025}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;&#x5D;</sup> * A cikin littafin 1951 The Cruel Sea na Nicholas Monsarrat Rockall ya bayyana a matsayin wurin aikin karshe na yakin HMS ''Saltash''. A nan ne jirgin ya mika wuya ga jiragen ruwa biyu na Jamus a ranar karshe ta yakin duniya na biyu a Turai. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=June 2025}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;&#x5D;</sup> * Saukowar Burtaniya ta 1955, cikakke tare da tarkon kamar ɗaga tutar, ya haifar da wani nau'i na nishaɗi, tare da wasu suna ganin shi a matsayin wani nau'in ƙarshen fadada mulkin mallaka. Masu satirists Flanders da Swann sun raira waƙa mai suna "Rockall", suna wasa a kan kamanceceniyar kalmar da kalmar 'fuck all', ma'ana "babu wani abu": "Sojojin sun tashi zuwa Rockall, Rockall, Don 'yantar da tsibirin Rockall, Daga tsoron abokan gaba na waje. Mun yi sauri a fadin duniya, Don samun wannan tarin dutse, Ɗaya mai ban tsoro; A zahiri, mun sami Rockall" * A cikin shirin The ''Goon Show'' "Napoleon's Piano" (na farko da aka watsa a watan Oktoba 1955), Bluebottle ya sauka a kan piano yayin da yake iyo a cikin Channel Channel na Turanci kuma ya rufe farantin tagulla a ciki da imanin cewa Rockall ne.1956). [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=June 2025}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;&#x5D;</sup> * Masu sukar da yawa sun ba da shawarar cewa Rockall shine dutsen da ke samar da saitin littafin William Golding na 1956 ''Pincher Martin'' . * The Master, wani littafi na 1957 na T. H. White, an saita shi a cikin Rockall . * David Frost, lokacin da yake karbar bakuncin shirin talabijin na satirical na BBC na 1962-1963 That Was the Week That Was, ya karanta jerin abubuwan da ke raguwa na mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya, wanda ya ƙare da kalmomi, "... da Rockall mai dadi.&nbsp; * Storm Over Rockall wani littafi ne na 1965 na W. Howard Baker, wani ɓangare na jerin litattafai da suka danganci jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na leken asiri Danger Man.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=June 2025}} * Kungiyar jazz-funk fusion ta Icelandic Mezzoforte waƙar ''Rockall'' ƙaramar bugawa ce a Turai a 1983 kuma an yi amfani da ita azaman sautin sa hannu ta hanyar nuna tashar rediyo ta Turai da yawa. <ref>Larkin, Colin (1997) ''The Virgin Encyclopedia of Eighties Music'', Virgin Books, {{ISBN|0-7535-0159-7}}, p. 321</ref> * Kungiyar mutanen Irish The Wolfe Tones sun sanya Rockall batun waƙoƙin su na 1976 "Rock on, Rockall", wanda ya tabbatar da da'awar Irish ga dutsen. * 'Ether', waƙar buɗewa ta ƙungiyar post-punk ta Ingila Gang of Four ta 1979 ta farko album, Entertainment! , yana nuna layin satirical "Za a iya samun mai a ƙarƙashin Rockall". Yawancin waƙar suna magana ne game da matsalolin da ke gudana a [[Ireland ta Arewa|Arewacin Ireland]] kuma suna sukar ayyukan Burtaniya a can; layin yana nuna rashin jituwa ga rikici tsakanin Ireland da Burtaniya game da Rockall. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=June 2025}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;&#x5D;</sup> * An kafa kulob din, The Rockall Club, ga mutanen da suka sauka a can. * A cikin jerin 2, kashi na 2, na jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin The Ambassador, "Vacant Possession" (wanda aka fara watsawa a ranar 25 ga Afrilu 1999), wani mai zanga-zangar Irish ya sauka a Rockall kuma ya yi ikirarin cewa ga al'ummarsa, wanda ya haifar da rikici na diflomasiyya. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=June 2025}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;&#x5D;</sup> * BBC Choice ta watsa shirye-shirye biyu na wani shirin kwamitin da ake kira Good Evening Rockall wanda masu fafatawa suka gabatar da abubuwan da za a haɗa su a cikin labaran labarai da ke nuna cewa suna da niyyar dutsen.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 April 2000 |title=Broadcast – BBC Programme Index |url=https://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/2a32967afdfb40c4a75fbeb2c374ba32 |access-date=4 November 2021 |website=Genome.ch.bbc.co.uk |archive-date=20 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220720135138/https://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/2a32967afdfb40c4a75fbeb2c374ba32 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Sue Perkins ta dauki bakuncin jerin na biyu. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=June 2025}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;&#x5D;</sup> * Duo da aikin solo na mawaƙa na Runrig Calum da Rory MacDonald ana kiransu The Band daga Rockall . [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=June 2025}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;&#x5D;</sup> * Rockall ita ce kawai tsibirin da Ireland ta yi iƙirarin cewa ba a haɗa shi a cikin Round Ireland Yacht Race ba tun lokacin da aka fara tseren a 1980. <ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |title=The Course |url=https://roundireland.ie/wp/index.php/about-the-race/the-course/ |access-date=2024-04-22 |website=SSE Renewables Round Ireland Yacht Race 2024 |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Webarchive template wayback links]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] nyxstq6bv1sfm5ylgs4gmosepp06cph Rashin iskar gas 0 111586 889588 692949 2026-07-30T21:58:23Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889588 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:20210626_Variwide_chart_of_greenhouse_gas_emissions_per_capita_by_country.svg|thumb|Rashin iskar gas ga kowane mutum a cikin ƙasashe masu fitarwa mafi girma.<ref name="GHGemissionsByCountry">● Emissions data source: {{Cite web |date=2024 |title=Territorial (MtCO₂) / 1) Emissions / Carbon emissions / Chart View |url=https://globalcarbonatlas.org/emissions/carbon-emissions/ |publisher=Global Carbon Atlas}} ([https://web.archive.org/web/20250113130608/https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/annual-co2-emissions-per-country archive on Our World in Data])<br /><br />● Country population data source: {{Cite web |date=2024 |title=Population, total / All Countries and Economies / Most Recent Value (Thousands) |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?end=2023&most_recent_value_desc=true&start=1960&view=chart |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250122171803/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?end=2023&most_recent_value_desc=true&start=1960&view=chart |archive-date=22 January 2025 |publisher=World Bank}}</ref> Yankunan rectangles suna wakiltar jimlar hayaki ga kowace ƙasa.]] '''Gas na Greenhouse''' ( '''GHG''' ) '''da ke fitowa''' daga ayyukan ɗan adam yana ƙarfafa [[Tasirin Greenhouse|tasirin greenhouse]] . Wannan yana ba da gudummawa ga [[Canjin yanayi|sauyin yanayi]] . [[Carbon dioxide]] ( CO ), daga kona burbushin mai kamar kwal, [[Danyen mai|mai]], da iskar gas, shine babban dalilin sauyin yanayi. Mafi girman hayakin da ake fitarwa duk shekara daga China ne sai Amurka. Amurka tana da [[Jerin ƙasashe ta hanyar fitar da iskar gas ga kowane mutum|yawan hayaki mai yawa ga kowane mutum]] . Manyan masu samar da hayaki a duniya manyan kamfanonin mai da iskar gas ne. Fitowa daga ayyukan ɗan adam ya ƙaru da iskar carbon dioxide da kusan 50% sama da matakan masana'antu kafin masana'antu. Matakan haɓakar hayaƙin sun bambanta, amma sun yi daidai da duk iskar gas . Fitowar hayaki a cikin 2010 ya kai tan biliyan 56 a shekara, fiye da kowace shekara goma da suka gabata. <ref name="ipccar6wg3ch2">{{Cite journal |year=2022 |title=Chapter 2: Emissions trends and drivers |url=https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6wg3/pdf/IPCC_AR6_WGIII_FinalDraft_Chapter02.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Ipcc_Ar6_Wgiii |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412163517/https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6wg3/pdf/IPCC_AR6_WGIII_FinalDraft_Chapter02.pdf |archive-date=2022-04-12 |access-date=2022-04-04}}</ref> Jimlar abubuwan da aka tattara daga 1870 zuwa 2022 sune 703 {{Abbr|GtC|gigatons (billions of tons) of carbon}} (2575 ), wanda 484 ± 20 {{Abbr|GtC|gigatons (billions of tons) of carbon}} (1773 ± 73 ) daga burbushin mai da masana'antu, da 219 ± 60 {{Abbr|GtC|gigatons of carbon}} (802 ± 220 canjin ƙasa ) [[Amfani da Ƙasa|Canjin amfani da ƙasa]], [[Kashe daji da canjin yanayi|kamar sare dazuzzuka]], ya haifar da kusan kashi 31% na yawan hayaƙi sama da 1870-2022, kwal 32%, mai 24%, gas 10%. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ritchie |first=Hannah |last2=Rosado |first2=Pablo |last3=Roser |first3=Max |date=2023-12-28 |title=CO₂ and Greenhouse Gas Emissions |url=https://ourworldindata.org/co2-and-greenhouse-gas-emissions |journal=Our World in Data}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Carbon Project (GCP) |url=https://www.globalcarbonproject.org/carbonbudget/18/highlights.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404014758/https://www.globalcarbonproject.org/carbonbudget/18/highlights.htm |archive-date=4 April 2019 |access-date=2019-05-19 |website=www.globalcarbonproject.org |language=en}}</ref> Carbon dioxide shine babban iskar gas da ke haifar da ayyukan ɗan adam. Yana lissafin fiye da rabin dumama. [[Methane]] (CH <sub>4</sub> ) hayaki yana da kusan tasiri iri ɗaya na ɗan gajeren lokaci. <ref name="ch4-vs-co2">{{Cite web |date=30 September 2014 |title=Methane vs. Carbon Dioxide: A Greenhouse Gas Showdown |url=http://www.onegreenplanet.org/animalsandnature/methane-vs-carbon-dioxide-a-greenhouse-gas-showdown/ |access-date=13 February 2020 |website=One Green Planet |archive-date=26 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190926220835/https://www.onegreenplanet.org/animalsandnature/methane-vs-carbon-dioxide-a-greenhouse-gas-showdown/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Nitrous oxide (N <sub>2</sub> O) da iskar gas (F-gases) suna taka rawa wajen kwatantawa. Fitar da carbon dioxide, methane da nitrous oxide a cikin 2023 duk sun fi kowane lokaci girma. Samar da wutar lantarki, zafi da [[sufuri]] sune manyan masu fitarwa; gabaɗaya makamashi yana da alhakin kusan kashi 73% na hayaki.<ref name="by-sector">{{Cite journal |last=Ritchie |first=Hannah |author-link=Hannah Ritchie |last2=Roser |first2=Max |author-link2=Max Roser |last3=Rosado |first3=Pablo |date=2020-05-11 |title={{CO2}} and Greenhouse Gas Emissions |url=https://ourworldindata.org/emissions-by-sector |journal=Our World in Data}}</ref> [[Gandun daji|Kashe daji]] da sauran canje-canje a cikin amfani da ƙasa suma suna fitar da carbon dioxide da [[methane]]. Babban tushen fitar da iskar methane na ɗan adam shine [[Hayakin da ake fitarwa daga noma|noma]], wanda ke biye da iskar gas da fitar da iske daga masana'antar burbushin burbushin halittu. Babban tushen methane na aikin gona shine dabbobi. Ƙasa ta noma tana fitar da nitrous oxide wani bangare saboda taki. Hakazalika, iskar gas mai guba daga firiji tana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin jimlar hayaki na mutum. Matsakaicin fitar da na yanzu wanda ke da matsakaicin tan 6.6 ga kowane mutum a kowace shekara, <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=widworld_admin |date=2021-10-20 |title=The World #InequalityReport 2022 presents the most up-to-date & complete data on inequality worldwide |url=https://wir2022.wid.world/chapter-6/ |access-date=2023-07-14 |website=World Inequality Report 2022 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> ya fi sau biyu da ƙididdigar tan 2.3 <ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=Carbon inequality in 2030: Per capita consumption emissions and the 1.5C goal – IEEP AISBL |url=https://ieep.eu/publications/carbon-inequality-in-2030-per-capita-consumption-emissions-and-the-1-5c-goal/ |access-date=2023-07-14 |language=en-GB}}</ref> da ake buƙata don zama a cikin Yarjejeniyar Paris ta 2030 karuwa na 1.5 ° C (2.7 ° F) a kan matakan da suka gabata.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=AR6 Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change — IPCC |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/sixth-assessment-report-working-group-3/ |access-date=2023-07-14}}</ref> Rashin fitarwa na shekara-shekara a cikin ƙasashe masu masana'antu yawanci sau goma ne na matsakaici a ƙasashe masu tasowa.<ref name="grubb kyoto protocol"> {{Cite journal |last=Grubb, M. |date=July–September 2003 |title=The economics of the Kyoto protocol |url=http://www.econ.cam.ac.uk/rstaff/grubb/publications/J36.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=World Economics |volume=4 |issue=3 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717152152/http://www.econ.cam.ac.uk/rstaff/grubb/publications/J36.pdf |archive-date=17 July 2011}} </ref>&nbsp;&nbsp; Sawun carbon (ko sawun iskar gas) yana aiki ne a matsayin mai nuna alama don kwatanta adadin iskar gas da aka fitar a duk rayuwar rayuwa daga samar da abu ko sabis tare da sarkar samarwa zuwa amfani na ƙarshe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What is a carbon footprint |url=https://www.conservation.org/stories/what-is-a-carbon-footprint |access-date=2023-05-28 |website=www.conservation.org}}</ref> Lissafin carbon (ko lissafin iskar gas) tsari ne na hanyoyin da za a auna da kuma bin diddigin yawan iskar gas da kungiyar ke fitarwa.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Carbon Accounting |url=https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/esg/carbon-accounting/ |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=Corporate Finance Institute |language=en-US}}</ref> == Muhimmancin tasirin greenhouse da dumamar yanayi == == Bayani game da manyan tushe == === Gas mai amfani da shi === Babban tushen anthropogenic (tushen ɗan adam) tushen iskar gas shine carbon dioxide ( CO ), nitrous oxide ( N2 O ), methane da ƙungiyoyi uku na iskar gas ( sulfur hexafluoride ( SF6 ), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) da perfluorocarbons (PFCs, sulfur hexafluoride (SF <sub>6</sub> ), da nitrogen trifluoride (NF <sub>3</sub> )). Ko da yake [[Ra'ayin canjin yanayi|tururin ruwa]] yana haifar da [[Tasirin Greenhouse|tasirin greenhouse]] sosai, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-30 |title=Water Vapor |url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/global-maps/MYDAL2_M_SKY_WV |access-date=2023-08-16 |website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov |language=en}}</ref> fitar da tururin ruwa ba shi da muhimmiyar gudummawa ga dumamar yanayi. Kodayake [[CFCs]] iskar gas ne, ana sarrafa su ta hanyar [[Montreal Protocol|Yarjejeniyar Montreal]] wanda aka motsa shi ta hanyar gudummawar CFCs ga raguwar ozone maimakon ta hanyar guddina ga dumamar duniya. Rashin iskar oxygen yana da ƙaramin rawa ne kawai a cikin dumama ɗaki, kodayake matakai biyu a wasu lokuta suna rikicewa a cikin kafofin watsa labarai. A cikin 2016, masu tattaunawa daga kasashe sama da 170 da suka hadu a taron koli na [[United Nations Environment Programme|Shirin Muhalli na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] sun cimma yarjejeniya mai bin doka don kawar da [[hydrofluorocarbons]] (HFCs) a cikin Kwaskwarimar Kigali ga [[Montreal Protocol|Yarjejeniyar Montreal]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Johnston |first=Chris |last2=Milman |first2=Oliver |last3=Vidal |first3=John |date=15 October 2016 |title=Climate change: global deal reached to limit use of hydrofluorocarbons |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/oct/15/climate-change-environmentalists-hail-deal-to-limit-use-of-hydrofluorocarbons |access-date=21 August 2018 |website=[[The Guardian]] |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 October 2016 |title=Nations, Fighting Powerful Refrigerant That Warms Planet, Reach Landmark Deal |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/15/world/africa/kigali-deal-hfc-air-conditioners.html |access-date=15 October 2016 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> Amfani da CFC-12 (sai dai wasu muhimman amfani) an cire shi saboda abubuwan da ke lalata ozone. Za a kammala fitar da ƙananan [[Haloalkane|HCFC-compounds]] a cikin 2030. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Webarchive template wayback links]] tvvxtt6dmxhwvupl23fa1hcje2ahg1i Sami Hadawi 0 111611 889800 693047 2026-07-31T11:55:17Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889800 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sami Hadawi''' ( Arabic ; Maris 6, 1904 - Afrilu 22, 2004) malamin [[Falasdinawa|Falasdinu]] ne kuma marubuci. Ya shahara da rubuta sakamakon [[Yaƙin Larabawa-Isra'ila 1948|yakin Larabawa da Isra'ila na 1948]] akan [[Falasdinawa|al'ummar Larabawa]] a [[Falasdinu]] da buga kididdigar ƙauyuka kafin kafa Isra'ila . <ref name="Bland">{{Cite web |last=Bland, Sally |date=May 17, 2004 |title=Sami Hadawi – the scholar who couldn't go home |url=http://middleeastwindow.com/node/360 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714090819/http://middleeastwindow.com/node/360 |archive-date=14 July 2011 |website=[[The Jordan Times]]}}</ref> Hadawi ya yi aiki a matsayin ƙwararre a fannin filaye har zuwa lokacin da aka fitar da shi gudun hijira daga [[Jerusalem|Kudus]] bayan wani kazamin faɗa da aka gwabza a unguwarsa tsakanin sojojin Isra'ila da na Jordan. Ya ci gaba da kware wajen rubuta filayen Falasdinu kuma ya wallafa littafai da dama game da [[Yakin Falasdinu na 1948|yakin Palastinu na 1948]] da kuma ' yan gudun hijirar Falasdinu . == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Hadawi a birnin Kudus ga iyayen Kirista na Anglican Falasdinu . Mahaifinsa soja ne a cikin sojojin [[daular Usmaniyya]] kuma ya mutu a [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|yakin duniya na daya]] . A cikin shekarar 1915, bayan mutuwar mahaifinsa, dangin Hadawi sun ƙaura zuwa [[Amman]], Jordan. Shekaru uku bayan haka, ya yi aiki a matsayin mai fassarar da ba na hukuma ba ga Sojojin Burtaniya sannan ya koma [[Falasdinu]] shekara guda bayan ya yi aiki a matsayin magatakarda na Ofishin Rijistar Filaye. <ref name="Bland"/> <ref name="PASSIA">{{Cite web |title=Hadawi, Sami (1904–2004) |url=http://www.passia.org/palestine_facts/personalities/alpha_h.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990128121613/http://www.passia.org/palestine_facts/personalities/alpha_h.htm |archive-date=January 28, 1999 |publisher=[[Palestinian Academic Society for the Study of International Affairs]]}} </ref> Sha'awarsa game da tsarin ƙauyukan Larabawa ya fara ne da aikinsa a can sannan kuma aikinsa a Sashen Matsakaicin Filaye daga shekara ta 1920 zuwa 1927. Hadawi a ƙarshe ya zama infeto kuma mai tantance ƙimar ƙasa daga shekarar 1938 zuwa 1948 kuma shine babban mai ba da gudummawa ga ''Ƙididdiga na Ƙauye a shekarar 1945: A Classification of Land and Area Ownership, which was a local land and area of Palestine, which was a local land and'' the pensument of Palestine. Falasdinu <ref name="PASSIA"/> Ya zauna a gidan kakansa a cikin Quarter Yahudawa na Old City har zuwa shekarar 1948. <ref name="Bland"/> A cikin shekara ta 1948, shi da matarsa Nora da 'ya'yansu biyu sun gina wa kansu gida a Katamon . A wannan shekarar, an tilasta musu barin tare da ci gaban sojojin Isra'ila. <ref name="Bland" /> == Bayan hijira == Hadawi yana da irin wannan aiki da hukumomin ƙasar Jordan kamar yadda ya yi da turawan Ingila. Ya ci gaba da wannan aiki har zuwa shekarar 1952 lokacin da ya zama ƙwararren filaye na Kwamitin sulhu na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Falasdinu a birnin New York. Aikinsa shi ne ya tantance yawan dukiyar da 'yan gudun hijirar Falasdinawa suka bari bayan yaƙin shekara ta 1948. Wannan ya kai shi ga kafa ofishin yada labarai na Falasdinu a shekara ta 1959 sannan ya kafa ofisoshin ƙungiyar Larabawa guda biyu a Amurka. Shekarunsa na ƙarshe na aikinsa shine Darakta na Cibiyar Nazarin Falasdinu (IPS) a [[Beirut]] a cikin 1960-70 inda ya buga ''Falasdinu - Asarar Gado'' . <ref name="TorontoStar">{{Cite web |last=Safieddine |first=Hicham |date=November 25, 2004 |title=Sami Hadawi, 100: Canadian Palestinian scholar |url=http://www.thestar.com/Obituary/HtoM/article/107881 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071224194529/http://www.thestar.com/Obituary/HtoM/article/107881 |archive-date=24 December 2007 |website=[[Toronto Star]]}}</ref> Matar Hadawi ta mutu sakamakon ciwon zuciya a shekarar 1965. Ya yi ritaya a 1970, ya koma [[Toronto]] a Kanada, kuma ya fara rubuta littattafai kan tarihin rikicin Isra'ila da Falasdinu, ciki har da ''Haƙƙin Falasdinawa da Asara a 1948'' (1988) da ''Bitter Harvest: a Modern History of Palestine'' (1989). Hadawi ya rasu a ranar 22 ga Afrilun shekarar 2004, yana da shekaru 100. An binne shi a Toronto maimakon bukatarsa ta binne shi a garinsu na Urushalima. <ref name="Bland32">{{Cite web |last=Bland, Sally |date=May 17, 2004 |title=Sami Hadawi – the scholar who couldn't go home |url=http://middleeastwindow.com/node/360 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714090819/http://middleeastwindow.com/node/360 |archive-date=14 July 2011 |website=[[The Jordan Times]]}}</ref> <ref name="PASSIA32">{{Cite web |title=Hadawi, Sami (1904–2004) |url=http://www.passia.org/palestine_facts/personalities/alpha_h.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990128121613/http://www.passia.org/palestine_facts/personalities/alpha_h.htm |archive-date=January 28, 1999 |publisher=[[Palestinian Academic Society for the Study of International Affairs]]}}</ref> "Ina so a binne ni a Urushalima, amma ba ni da zabi," in ji shi ga dan jarida Hicham Safieddine, a wata hira ta karshe da ya yi == Labarai == * ''[[iarchive:lop_20200731|Mallakar filaye a Falasdinu]]'', New York: [[Palestine Arab Refugee Office|Ofishin 'Yan Gudun Hijira na Larabawa Falasdinu]], 1957 * ''An raba Falasdinu, 1947-1958'', New York: [[Arab Information Center|Cibiyar Bayanin Larabawa]], 1959 * ''[[iarchive:IsraelAndTheArabMinority|Isra'ila da Larabawa tsiraru]]'', New York: Arab Information Center, 1959 * ''Isra'ila bisa ga Littafi Mai Tsarki'', Dallas, Texas : [sn], 1960 * ''Falasdinu: tambayoyi da amsoshi.'', New York: Cibiyar Bayanin Larabawa, 1961 * ''Mayar da Jamusanci da kwacen Isra'ila'', New York: Cibiyar Bayanin Larabawa, 1961 * ''Wanene ke amfana daga anti-Semitism'', New York: Cibiyar Bayanin Larabawa, 1961 * ''Asarar Gadon Falasdinu'', San Antonio, Texas: Naylor Co., 1963 * ''[[iarchive:dudeman5685_yahoo_PAUN|Falasdinu a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]]'' New York : Cibiyar Bayanin Larabawa, 1964 (Takardar Bayani #24) * ''Girbi Mai Daci: Falasdinu 1914-1967'', New York: New World Press, 1967 * ''[[iarchive:TheCaseOfPalestineBeforeThe23rdSessionOfTheUnitedNations|Shari'ar Falasdinu a gaban zama na 23 na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Oktoba-Disamba 1968]]'', 1969 * ''Falasdinu a cikin mayar da hankali'', Cibiyar Bincike ta Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Falasdinu: 1969 * ''Ƙididdiga na ƙauye, 1945: Rarraba mallakar ƙasa da yanki a Falasdinu'', Cibiyar Bincike ta Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Falasdinu: 1970 * ''Jaridar Falasdinu : Juzu'i na I da na II'', Sabon Jarida ta Duniya: 1972 * ''Laifi kuma babu hukunci: Ta'addancin sahyoniyawan Isra'ila, 1939-1972 (kasidun Falasdinu)'', Cibiyar Bincike ta Kungiyar 'Yancin Falasdinu: 1972 * ''Girbi Mai Daci, Falasdinu Tsakanin 1914-1979'', Littattafan Caravan: 1979 * ''Yahudawa, Sihiyoniya, da Littafi Mai-Tsarki: (nazarin 'Littafi Mai Tsarki' da' iƙirari' na tarihi)'', Toronto, Ontario: Ƙungiyar Falasdinu Larabawa, 1981 * ''Hakkokin Falasdinawa da Hasara a 1948: Cikakken Nazari'', Littattafan Saqi: 2000 == Duba kuma == * Walid Khalidi === Taskoki === Akwai asusun Sami Hadawi a Laburaren da Tarihin Kanada.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Sami Hadawi fonds description |url=http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=106603&lang=eng |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=28 May 2024 |website=Library and Archives Canada }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Lambar bayanan ajiya ita ce R6420.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Finding Aid of Sami Hadawi fonds |url=https://data2.archives.ca/pdf/pdf001/p000000225.pdf |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=28 May 2024 |website=}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.palestine-studies.org/jq/fulltext/165376 Bala'i Ya Rikici Falasdinawa: Memoirs, Part II], Sami Hadawi, 2014, ''Jerusalem Quarterly'', Cibiyar Nazarin Falasdinu [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1904]] 1qhhzgzsnd7g9bjq94ajh0cyug8x7jg Rashin hankali 0 112115 889584 872013 2026-07-30T21:54:21Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889584 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles> {{Infobox medical condition | name = Psychosis | synonym = Psychotic break (''colloquial''), psychotic episode | specialty = [[Neurology]], [[psychiatry]], [[emergency medicine]], [[clinical psychology]] | symptoms = [[Delusion]]s, [[hallucination]]s, incoherent speech and behavior<ref name=NIH2018QA/> | onset = | duration = | causes = [[Mental illness]] ([[schizophrenia]], [[bipolar disorder]]), [[Psychological trauma|trauma]], [[sleep deprivation]], some medical conditions, certain [[medication]]s, drugs (including [[Alcohol (drug)|alcohol]], [[caffeine]] and [[Cannabis (drug)|cannabis]])<ref name=NIH2018QA/> | risks = | diagnosis = | differential = | prevention = | treatment = [[Antipsychotic]]s, [[counselling]], [[social support]]<ref name=NHS2016/> | medication = | prognosis = Depends on cause<ref name=NHS2016/> | frequency = 3% of people at some point in their lives (U.S.)<ref name=NIH2018QA/> | deaths = }} A fannin [[Ilimin ƙwaƙwalwa|ilimin halayyar]] '''ɗan''' / , tabin hankali ( / s aɪˈkəʊsɪs / ⓘ ) shine rashin iya bambance abin da yake gaskiya ko ba gaskiya ba . <ref name="Continuum">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Arciniegas DB |date=June 2015 |title=Psychosis |journal=Continuum |volume=21 |issue=3 Behavioral Neurology and Neuropsychiatry |pages=715–736 |doi=10.1212/01.CON.0000466662.89908.e7 |pmc=4455840 |pmid=26039850}}</ref> Misalan alamomin tabin hankali sune ruɗu, [[Hallucination|mafarki]], da tunani ko magana mara tsari ko rashin daidaituwa . <ref name="Continuum" /> Ciwon kwakwalwa bayanin yanayin mutum ko alamunsa ne, maimakon wani takamaiman rashin lafiyar kwakwalwa, kuma ba shi da alaƙa da tsarin halayen tabin hankali . Abubuwan da ke haifar da tabin hankali na yau da kullun sun haɗa da schizophrenia ko schizoaffective disorder, bipolar disorder, da lalacewar kwakwalwa (yawanci sakamakon shan giya ). [1] [2] Hakanan ana iya haifar da tabin hankali na gaggawa ta hanyar matsananciyar damuwa, rashin barci, rashin jin daɗi, [3] wasu magunguna, da shan ƙwayoyi da janyewa (gami da barasa, wiwi, hallucinogens, da abubuwan ƙarfafawa ). [4] Ana kiran tabin hankali na gaggawa a matsayin na farko idan ya samo asali daga yanayin tabin hankali kuma na biyu idan wani yanayi na lafiya ne ya haifar da shi. [4] Ganewar yanayin lafiyar kwakwalwa yana buƙatar cire wasu dalilai masu yuwuwar. [5] Ana iya gudanar da gwaje-gwaje don duba ko tabin hankali yana faruwa ne sakamakon cututtukan tsarin jijiyoyi na tsakiya, guba, ko wasu matsalolin lafiya. [6] Maganin na iya haɗawa da magungunan rage radadi, maganin tabin hankali, da [[Taimako na zamantakewa|tallafin zamantakewa]] . <ref name="NIH2018QA">{{Cite web |title=RAISE Questions and Answers |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/schizophrenia/raise/raise-questions-and-answers.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191008203120/https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/schizophrenia/raise/raise-questions-and-answers.shtml |archive-date=8 October 2019 |access-date=23 January 2018 |website=NIMH |language=en}}</ref> <ref name="NHS2016" /> Maganin da wuri yana nuna inganta sakamako. <ref name="NIH2018QA" /> Magunguna suna da matsakaicin tasiri. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Haddad PM, Correll CU |date=November 2018 |title=The acute efficacy of antipsychotics in schizophrenia: a review of recent meta-analyses |journal=Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology |volume=8 |issue=11 |pages=303–318 |doi=10.1177/2045125318781475 |pmc=6180374 |pmid=30344997}}</ref> Sakamakon ya dogara ne akan tushen dalilin. <ref name="NHS2016">{{Cite web |date=23 December 2016 |title=Psychosis |url=https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/psychosis/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015043847/https://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Psychosis/Pages/Prevention-OLD.aspx |archive-date=15 October 2018 |access-date=24 January 2018 |website=NHS}}</ref> Ba a fahimci tabin hankali sosai a matakin jijiyoyi ba, amma [[dopamine]] (tare da sauran masu ba da agajin gaɓɓai ) an san yana taka muhimmiyar rawa. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Stahl SM |date=June 2018 |title=Beyond the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia to three neural networks of psychosis: dopamine, serotonin, and glutamate |journal=CNS Spectrums |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=187–191 |doi=10.1017/S1092852918001013 |pmid=29954475 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Grace AA |date=August 2016 |title=Dysregulation of the dopamine system in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and depression |journal=Nature Reviews. Neuroscience |volume=17 |issue=8 |pages=524–532 |doi=10.1038/nrn.2016.57 |pmc=5166560 |pmid=27256556}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Leucht S, Leucht C, Huhn M, Chaimani A, Mavridis D, Helfer B, Samara M, Rabaioli M, Bächer S, Cipriani A, Geddes JR, Salanti G, Davis JM |date=October 2017 |title=Sixty Years of Placebo-Controlled Antipsychotic Drug Trials in Acute Schizophrenia: Systematic Review, Bayesian Meta-Analysis, and Meta-Regression of Efficacy Predictors |journal=The American Journal of Psychiatry |volume=174 |issue=10 |pages=927–942 |doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.2017.16121358 |pmid=28541090 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A Amurka, kimanin kashi 3% na mutane suna kamuwa da tabin hankali a wani lokaci a rayuwarsu. <ref name="NIH2018QA"/> Hippocrates ya bayyana tabin hankali tun ƙarni na 4 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, kuma wataƙila tun farkon 1500 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa a cikin Ebers Papyrus . <templatestyles src="Template:TOC limit/styles.css" />  == Bincike == Ana buƙatar ƙarin bincike a cikin nau'in gwaje-gwajen da aka sarrafa bazuwar don tantance ingancin hanyoyin magani don taimaka wa ''matasa masu'' fama da tabin hankali. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Datta SS, Daruvala R, Kumar A |date=July 2020 |title=Psychological interventions for psychosis in adolescents |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=7 |issue=7 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD009533.pub2 |pmc=7388907 |pmid=32633858}}</ref> Ta hanyar gwaje-gwajen asibiti guda 10 da aka yi bazuwar, bincike ya nuna cewa Ayyukan Shiga Tsakani na Farko (EIS) ga marasa lafiya da ke fama da cututtukan schizophrenia na farko sun samar da sakamako mai kyau. <ref name=":05">{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Correll CU, Galling B, Pawar A, Krivko A, Bonetto C, Ruggeri M, Craig TJ, Nordentoft M, Srihari VH, Guloksuz S, Hui CL, Chen EY, Valencia M, Juarez F, Robinson DG, Schooler NR, Brunette MF, Mueser KT, Rosenheck RA, Marcy P, Addington J, Estroff SE, Robinson J, Penn D, Severe JB, Kane JM |date=June 2018 |title=Comparison of Early Intervention Services vs Treatment as Usual for Early-Phase Psychosis: A Systematic Review, Meta-analysis, and Meta-regression |journal=JAMA Psychiatry |volume=75 |issue=6 |pages=555–565 |doi=10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.0623 |pmc=6137532 |pmid=29800949}}</ref> An yi nufin EIS musamman don biyan buƙatun marasa lafiya da ke fama da tabin hankali na farko. <ref name=":05" /> Bugu da ƙari, wani bincike-bincike na meta wanda ya ƙunshi gwaje-gwajen asibiti guda huɗu da aka yi bazuwar ya bincika kuma ya gano ingancin EIS zuwa Maganin kamar yadda aka saba (TAU) don tabin hankali na farko, yana nuna cewa dabarun EIS sun fi TAU kyau. <ref name=":05" /> Wani bincike ya nuna cewa haɗa maganin halayyar fahimta (CBT) tare da SlowMo, aikace-aikacen da ke taimakawa wajen lura da "tunani mai sauri mara amfani", na iya zama mafi tasiri wajen magance paranoia ga mutanen da ke fama da tabin hankali fiye da CBT kaɗai. <ref>{{Cite journal |date=2022-05-19 |title=Mobile app combined with face-to-face therapy helped people with psychosis |url=https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/alert/slowmo-app-reduced-paranoia-in-people-with-psychosis/ |url-status=live |journal=NIHR Evidence |type=Plain English summary |publisher=National Institute for Health and Care Research |doi=10.3310/nihrevidence_50569 |s2cid=249945572 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007083058/https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/alert/slowmo-app-reduced-paranoia-in-people-with-psychosis/ |archive-date=2022-10-07 |access-date=2022-10-07}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Garety |first=Philippa |last2=Ward |first2=Thomas |last3=Emsley |first3=Richard |last4=Greenwood |first4=Kathryn |last5=Freeman |first5=Daniel |last6=Fowler |first6=David |last7=Kuipers |first7=Elizabeth |last8=Bebbington |first8=Paul |last9=Dunn |first9=Graham |last10=Hardy |first10=Amy |date=August 2021 |title=Digitally supported CBT to reduce paranoia and improve reasoning for people with schizophrenia-spectrum psychosis: the SlowMo RCT |url=https://www.journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk/eme/eme08110 |journal=Efficacy and Mechanism Evaluation |language=en |volume=8 |issue=11 |pages=1–90 |doi=10.3310/eme08110 |issn=2050-4365 |pmid=34398537 |s2cid=238644547 |doi-access=free }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Littattafan tarihi == *   *   *   *   *   == Ƙarin karatu == <templatestyles src="Refbegin/styles.css" />  ; Asusun mutum : <templatestyles src="Refbegin/styles.css" /> == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20151105074035/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/schizophrenia/raise/what-is-psychosis.shtml Cibiyar Kula da Lafiyar Hankali ta Ƙasa] <templatestyles src="Module:Sister project links/bar/styles.css"></templatestyles> {{Medical resources|DiseasesDB=|ICD11={{ICD11|6A25.0}}, {{ICD11|6A25.1}}, {{ICD11|6A2Z}}|ICD10={{ICD10|F|20}}-{{ICD10|F|29}}|ICD9={{ICD9|290}}-{{ICD9|299}}|ICDO=|OMIM=603342|MedlinePlus=001553|eMedicineSubj=|eMedicineTopic=|oMIM_mult={{OMIM2|608923}} {{OMIM2|603175}} {{OMIM2|192430}}|meshName=Psychotic+Disorders|meshNumber=F03.700.675}}{{Psychiatry}}{{Bipolar disorder}}{{Mental and behavioral disorders|selected=schizophrenia}}{{Authority control}} peb7xmmtcu0qnp9wh8yw9q27t5pm6wp Rashin shari'a 0 113174 889596 837247 2026-07-30T22:38:16Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889596 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Wannan jerin sunayen shari'o'in shari'a ne. Wannan jerin sun hada da shari'o'in da aka yanke wa mutum hukunci daga baya aka wanke shi daga laifin kuma ko dai ya sami izinin hukuma, ko kuma an sami yarjejeniya cewa an hukunta mutumin ba bisa ka'ida ba ko kuma inda aka soke hukunci kuma ba a sake yin shari'a ba, don haka wanda ake tuhuma an ɗauke shi ba shi da laifi. Wannan jerin ba cikakke ba ne. Bayanan aikata laifuka tare da tauraron ya nuna cewa daga baya an tabbatar da abubuwan da suka faru ba su zama aikata laifukan ba. == Jerin shari'o'i == === Argentina === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Ranar aikata laifuka !Wadanda ake tuhuma !Laifi !Wurin da yake !Hukuncin !Lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi !An wanke shi bisa doka |- |- | rowspan="2" |Janairu 25, 2005 | rowspan="2" |Fernando Ariel Carrera |Kisan kai da fashi |Buenos Aires |Shekaru 30 |Shekaru 6 |Haka ne, |- | colspan="5" |Fernando Ariel Carrera 'yan sanda sun zarge [[:es:Masacre de Pompeya|shi ne]] aikata fashi a watan Janairun 2005 (Masacre de Pompeya). 'Yan sanda sun dakatar da shi yayin tuki, kuma yayin da jami'an suka kasa bayyana kansu a matsayin' yan sanda, sai ya firgita kuma ya yi kokarin tserewa. Sai 'yan sanda suka harbe motarsa yayin da ya tsere, kuma an buge shi sau takwas. Yayinda yake ba tare da sanin komai ba, motarsa ta ci gaba da tuki har tsawon mita 200 kuma ta kashe mata biyu da yaro. An kai Carrera asibiti cikin mummunan yanayi kuma ya tsira. Daga baya aka gurfanar da shi a gaban shari'a, kuma a watan Yunin 2007 an same shi da laifin fashi da kisan kai. An yanke masa hukuncin shekaru 30 a kurkuku, wanda daga baya aka rage zuwa shekaru 15. An sami rashin daidaito a cikin shari'arsa. An sake shi a kan umarnin kotu a shekarar 2013, kodayake ba tare da an bayyana shi marar laifi ba. Kotun Koli ta Argentina ta wanke shi a hukumance a watan Oktoba 2016. <ref name="info bar">{{Cite web |title=Masacre de Pompeya: la Corte Suprema y absolvió a Fernando Carrera |url=https://www.infobae.com/sociedad/2016/10/25/masacre-de-pompeya-la-corte-suprema-absolvio-a-fernando-carrera/ |access-date=November 11, 2018 |website=Infobae}}</ref> |} === Armenia === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Ranar aikata laifuka !Wadanda ake tuhuma !Laifi !Wurin da yake !Hukuncin !Lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi !An wanke shi bisa doka |- |- | rowspan="2" |8 ga Oktoba, 1998 | rowspan="2" |Poghosyan |Rashin fyade da kisan kai |Saratovka, Armenia |Shekaru 15 a kurkuku |Shekaru 5, watanni 6 |Haka ne, |- | colspan="5" |An kama Poghosyan a shekarar 1998 bisa zargin fyade da kisan kai. Shi da ɗan'uwansa sun fuskanci tashin hankali na zahiri daga 'yan sanda (bugawa, bugawa, kiɗa, bugawa kunnuwa wanda ya haifar da karyewar kunne, ya tilasta zama a kan kwalba) don tilasta ikirari daga Poghosyan. Kotun Yankin Lori ta yanke Poghosyan hukuncin fyade da kisan kai a shekarar 1999. A shekara ta 2003 bayan wani laifi, an gano ainihin mai laifin; ya bayyana a fili cewa 'yan sanda ne suka ƙirƙira shaidar da ke kan Poghosyan kuma an sake shi. An yanke wa jami'an 'yan sanda biyu hukunci kan rashin kula da fursunoni da kuma ƙirƙira shaidu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Casadevall |first=Josep |date=2012-06-12 |title=Case of Poghosyan and Baghdasaryan v. Armenia, Judgement |url=https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-111416 |access-date=October 5, 2016 |publisher=[[European Court of Human Rights]]}}</ref><ref name="legal-tools">{{Cite web |title=legal-tools.org/doc/1f63ae/pdf/ |url=https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/1f63ae/pdf/ |access-date=November 11, 2018 |website=legal-tools.org}}</ref> |} === Ostiraliya === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Date of crime !Defendant(s) !Crime !Location !Sentence !Time served !Legally exonerated |- |- | rowspan="2" |December 30, 1921 | rowspan="2" |Colin Campbell Ross |Rape and murder by strangulation of Alma Tirtschke |Little Collins Street, [[Melbourne|Melbourne, Australia]] |Death |Executed |Yes, posthumously exonerated |- | colspan="5" |Twelve-year-old Nell Alma Tirtschke left home on an errand for her grandmother. Early the next morning, her body was found in Gun Alley. She had been raped and strangled. Colin Campbell Ross was convicted on the basis of several witnesses who testified that Ross confessed to them as well several strands of blonde hair on a blanket at Ross's house. In 1993, a former school teacher named Kevin Morgan began researching Ross's case. Morgan found a file in the Office of Public Prosecutions containing the original hair samples, which had been thought lost. In 1998, two independent scientific authorities—the Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine and the forensics division of the Australian Federal Police—found that the two lots of hair did not come from the same person, thereby disproving with certainty the most damning piece of evidence presented at Ross's trial. Ross was pardoned on May 27, 2008, 86 years after his execution. |- | rowspan="2" |December 20, 1959 | rowspan="2" |Darryl Beamish |Murder of 22-year-old socialite Jillian MacPherson Brewer |[[Perth|Perth, Australia]] |Death |15 years (including five years served after assaulting a young girl while on parole) |Yes |- | colspan="5" |Brewer was the great-granddaughter of industrialist and philanthropist Sir Macpherson Robertson and was heir to MacRobertson's chocolates. Brewer was killed by an intruder with a tomahawk and scissors in her beachside apartment. Beamish, a deaf and mute who had recently pleaded guilty to molesting four young girls and had a history of breaking and entering, lived near Brewer. He signed a confession, which he claimed he signed under duress. It was later determined that Brewer's murder was committed by Perth serial killer Eric Edgar Cooke, who confessed to the murder prior to his execution. Another man, John Button, was also convicted of a murders assumed to have been committed by Cooke. |- | rowspan="2" |February 9, 1963 | rowspan="2" |John Button |Murder of his 17-year-old girlfriend Rosemary Anderson |Fremantle, Western Australia |10 years |4 years, 9 months |Yes |- | colspan="5" |Nineteen-year-old Button and his girlfriend Rosemary Anderson were celebrating his birthday at his parents' house. After an argument, Anderson decided to walk home. Button followed her in his car but she refused to get in and continued walking. Button stopped to smoke a cigarette before driving on. He found her lying injured and unconscious on the side of the road. She died later at the hospital.<ref name="Why me">Button, J. Why Me Lord!. Perth: Digital Document Company. {{ISBN|0-646-36466-9}}</ref>{{Rp|p 42}} Button had a bad stutter and police interpreted this as being nervous due to the questions he was being asked. Button was refused access to his parents or a lawyer and was hit once by an interviewing police officer,<ref name="Why me" />{{Rp|p 49}} before finally confessing to killing Anderson after 22 hours of interrogation. Damage to Button's car was also introduced at trial. He was charged with wilful murder, but served five years of a 10-year sentence after being convicted of a lesser charge of manslaughter. In 1963, Perth serial killer, Eric Edgar Cooke, confessed to the murder of Anderson when arrested in 1963 and again before he was executed. At his appeal, Trevor Condron, the police officer who had examined John Button's car in 1963 told the appeals court that while the car was damaged, the damage was not consistent with hitting a person and that three weeks before Anderson's death, Button had reported to police another accident. This accident report had been known to police at the original trial but been discounted as irrelevant. The court also heard from Dr Neil Turner, who had treated Anderson. He claimed that her injuries were not consistent with Button's vehicle. The world's leading pedestrian accident expert, American William "Rusty" Haight, was flown to Australia and testified that experiments with a biomedical human-form dummy, a similar Simca to Button's and an EJ Holden similar to the one Cooke claimed he was driving when he hit Anderson, matched exactly Cooke's account and excluded the Simca. In February 2002, the Court of Criminal Appeal quashed Button's conviction. Button now spearheads the Western Australian Innocence Project, which aims to free the wrongfully convicted. |- | rowspan="2" |September 14, 1964 | rowspan="2" |Alexander McLeod-Lindsay |Attempted murder of his wife, Pamela Parsons |Sylvania, New South Wales. |18 years |9 years |Yes |- | colspan="5" |McLeod-Lindsay returned from work to find his wife Pamela and son Bruce severely beaten. Police developed the theory that he had slipped away from the hotel, attacked his family and returned to work, unnoticed. Blood on McLeod-Lindsay's jacket was said to have been "impact splatter", and deposited during the attack. Both victims survived the attack. Pamela McLeod-Lindsay was adamant that her husband had not attacked her. She said that the attacker had an Australian accent. McLeod-Lindsay's accent was Scottish. McLeod-Lindsay was charged anyway with the attempted murder of his wife and son. The prosecution contended that Pamela McLeod-Lindsay was lying to protect the family's income. McLeod-Lindsay was found guilty. McLeod-Lindsay was exonerated after a further review by another blood spatter pattern expert determined that the pattern was likely caused by transfer when he cradled his wife rather than by blows. |- | rowspan="2" |December 3, 1977 | rowspan="2" |Edward Splatt |Murder and sexual assault of 77-year-old Rosa Simper |Cheltenham, South Australia |Life imprisonment |7 years |No |- | colspan="5" |Splatt spent seven years in jail for the murder of Rosa Simper but a Royal Commission led to a pardon and compensation of $300,000 in 1984. The commission found that forensic evidence was unreliable and that some contamination of the crime scene had possibly occurred. |- | rowspan="2" |June 4, 1979 | rowspan="2" |David Szach |Murder of 44-year-old partner Derrance Stevenson |Parkside, South Australia |Life imprisonment |14 years |No |- | colspan="5" |19-year-old David Szach was convicted of murdering his 44-year-old lover, Derrance Stevenson, after his body was found in a freezer with a gunshot to the back of the head. |- | rowspan="2" |August 17, 1980 | rowspan="2" |Lindy Chamberlain-Creighton, Michael Chamberlain |Murder of her daughter, Azaria* |Uluru, Northern Territory of Australia |Life imprisonment |3 years |Yes |- | colspan="5" |Lindy Chamberlain-Creighton was convicted in 1982 for the murder of her nine-week-old daughter, Azaria, after claiming that the baby had been taken by a dingo. In 1986, a British tourist fell to his death in Uluru while hiking. During the search for his remains, Azaria's missing matinee jacket was discovered in an area full of dingo lairs. The Chief Minister of the Northern Territory ordered Lindy Chamberlain's immediate release and the case was reopened. On September 15, 1988, the Northern Territory Court of Criminal Appeals unanimously overturned all convictions against Lindy and her husband, Michael Chamberlain, who had been convicted of accessory after the fact. |- | rowspan="2" |June 22, 1982 | rowspan="2" |Ray, Peter and Brian Mickelberg |Robbery (the Perth Mint Swindle) |[[Perth]], Western Australia |20, 16 and 12 years in prison, respectively. |Varied |Yes |- | colspan="5" |Ray, Peter, and Brian Mickelberg were convicted in 1983 of the Perth Mint Swindle. In 2002, Tony Lewandowski came forward and admitted the police had framed the brothers. In July 2004 their convictions were quashed and as part of a libel settlement, the West Australian police issued a public apology in December 2007. They were given A$500,000 each and $658,672 to cover legal fees. |- | rowspan="2" |January 4, 1983 | rowspan="2" |Raymond Geesing |Murder |Hackham, South Australia |Life imprisonment |17 months |Yes |- | colspan="5" |10-year-old Louise Bell was abducted from her home on the night of January 4, 1983. Louise was never found and is believed dead. Later that year several jailhouse informants reported that Raymond John Geesing, imprisoned for an unrelated crime, had confessed to abducting and murdering Louise. He was convicted in 1984, but the following year his conviction was quashed on appeal. The court of appeal found that the prison witnesses were unreliable and should not have been believed.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 July 2005 |title=The hangman and the electric chair |url=https://www.onlineopinion.com.au/view.asp?article=3700&page=2}}</ref> A man named Dieter Pfennig was later convicted of Louise Bell's murder after his DNA was found on her clothes, which had been recovered from a nearby house. |- | rowspan="2" |1984 | rowspan="2" |Kevin Condren |Murder |Goodna, Queensland |Life imprisonment |Six years |Yes |- | colspan="5" |Condren was an aboriginal Australian who was convicted on the basis of his alleged confession, which he said was based on police coercion and fabrication. Three new witnesses who did not testify at his trial came forward. Based on their testimony and serious doubts about the validity of Condren's confession, the Court of Appeal reversed his conviction in 1990. He was awarded A$400,000 in 1991.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Diosa-Villa |first=Rachel |date=2014 |title=Inequity in Post-exoneration Remedies for Wrongful Conviction |url=http://www.unswlawjournal.unsw.edu.au/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/37-1-2.pdf |journal=University of New South Wales Law Journal |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=349–350 |access-date=2025-08-11 |archive-date=2025-04-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250415142443/https://www.unswlawjournal.unsw.edu.au/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/37-1-2.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |January 10, 1989 | rowspan="2" |David Eastman |Assassination of Police Commissioner Colin Winchester |[[Kanberra|Canberra]], Australian Capital Territory |Life imprisonment |19 years |Yes |- | colspan="5" |Eastman was found guilty after a trial by jury in 1995. After 19 years in gaol a judicial inquiry determined that Eastman was the victim of a miscarriage of justice; his conviction was quashed on August 22, 2014, and he was released. He was tried a second time and, on November 22, 2018, found not guilty. |- | rowspan="2" |February 20, 1989 - February 27, 1999 | rowspan="2" |Kathleen Folbigg |Murder of her four children* | |40 years, reduced on appeal to 30 years |20 years |Yes |- | colspan="5" |Folbigg and her husband had four children, all of whom died suddenly in infancy between 1989 and 1999. After the fourth death, Folbigg was charged with murder. The case was based on Meadow's law, a statistical principle stating that three or more sudden infant deaths in one family are murder unless proven otherwise; this principle was later discredited after it was found to have led to multiple wrongful convictions in the United Kingdom. Folbigg was convicted in 2003 and sentenced to 40 years in prison, which was reduced to 30 years on appeal. In 2018 an investigation by Carola Garcia de Vinuesa led to the discovery that Folbigg's children had likely died due to a genetic mutation they had inherited from her, rather than foul play. After a judicial review refused to overturn her conviction, she was pardoned by New South Wales governor Margaret Beazley in June 2023. Later that year her conviction was quashed by the Court of Criminal Appeal. |- | rowspan="2" |September 1991 | rowspan="2" |Graham Stafford |Murder of Leanne Sarah Holland |Queensland |Life imprisonment |14 years |Yes |- | colspan="5" |The conviction of Stafford was based on forensic evidence that was undermined in subsequent appeals, including an unprecedented third appeal. The Court of Appeal held he had been denied a fair trial and ordered a retrial; However, the Director of Public Prosecutions subsequently decided a new trial would not be in the public interest.<ref name="ABC Aust Story" /> |- | rowspan="2" |March 18, 1994 | rowspan="2" |Henry Keogh |Murder of his fiancée, Anna-Jane Cheney* |Magill, South Australia |26 years |21 years |Yes |- | colspan="5" |The evidence used in Keogh's trial was scanty and obscure, and it was later revealed that police withheld vital information from his defence team. A forensic review of the case concluded that there was no evidence Cheney was even murdered. His conviction was quashed, and while a retrial was initially pursued, it was subsequently abandoned. |- | rowspan="2" |May 23, 1994 | rowspan="2" |Andrew Mallard |Murder of Pamela Lawrence |[[Perth]], Western Australia | |11 years |Yes |- | colspan="5" |Andrew Mallard was convicted for the murder of jeweller Pamela Lawrence in 1994 after eight unrecorded hours of police interrogation and a brief recorded "confession" that followed. In 2005, the High Court of Australia was advised that the prosecution and/or police had withheld evidence that showed his innocence, and overturned his conviction. Mallard was released from prison. A "cold case" review of the murder conducted after Mallard's release implicated Simon Rochford as the actual offender, and Mallard was exonerated. |- | rowspan="2" |November 15, 2001 | rowspan="2" |Rory Christie |Murder |[[Perth]] |Life imprisonment |4 years |Yes |- | colspan="5" |Rory Christie was jailed for a minimum of 11 years in 2003 for the alleged murder of his estranged wife Susan, who disappeared in November 2001. The only substantial evidence against him was that traces of Susan's blood were found on his tie, which he claimed was from where he had helped her with a bloody nose earlier in the day. Witnesses who supported this story were later found, and Christie's conviction was quashed because this evidence raised a reasonable doubt that the blood found on his tie came from where he had allegedly killed Susan. A judge later ruled Christie could not be re-tried, as apart from the blood on the tie there was no evidence against him. |- | rowspan="2" |September 15, 2003 | rowspan="2" |Ram Tiwary |Murders of Tay Chow Lyang and Tony Tan Poh Chuan |[[Sydney]] |Life in prison |8 years |Yes |- | colspan="5" |Two Singaporean students, Tay Chow Lyang and Tony Tan Poh Chuan, were beaten and stabbed to death in two separate attacks in their flat in Sydney on September 15, 2003. Their flatmate, fellow Singaporean Ram Tiwary, was convicted of the murders, which he was alleged to have committed for financial reasons. The main evidence against him was that his fingerprints were found on one of the murder weapons, which he said he had picked up when he found the bodies. Despite the ferocity of the attack there was only a minuscule amount of blood on Tiwary, which was consistent with his story that Tony's blood (none of Tay's blood was found on him) had gotten on him from an expiration reflex when he checked his pulse. Blood found on the exterior door also suggested that the killer had fled the scene after committing the murders, which was supported by witnesses who had seen an unidentified car speeding away from the crime scene, yet Tiwary was still in the house when police arrived a few minutes later. A retrial took place in 2009 after the judge was found to have misdirected the jury and also ended in a guilty verdict. However, in 2012 the Court of Appeal quashed Tiwary's conviction after concluding that the evidence did not prove Tiwary's guilt.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Violent Act - Perspectives on a Double Murder |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/aviolentact/ |access-date=22 June 2020 |website=SBS}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |November 12, 2012 | rowspan="2" |[[Steven Mark John Fennel]] |Murder of Liselotte Watson |Macleay Island, Queensland | |6 years |Yes |- | colspan="5" |Steven Mark John Fennel was convicted for the murder of 85-year-old woman Liselotte Watson. In 2019, the High Court of Australia overturned his conviction in Fennel v The Queen 2019 HCA 37 https://eresources.hcourt.gov.au/showCase/2019/HCA/37. Fennel is suing the Queensland government for $5.5 million for wrongful imprisonment. |- |} === Brazil === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Ranar aikata laifuka !Wadanda ake tuhuma !Laifi !Wurin da yake !Hukuncin !Lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi !An wanke shi bisa doka |- |- | rowspan="2" |2010 – 2011 | rowspan="2" |Jorge Luiz Thais Martins |Kisan kiyashi na masu shan miyagun ƙwayoyi tara |[[Curitiba]] | |Shekaru 5 |Haka ne, |- | colspan="5" |Tsohon kwamandan rundunar kashe gobara ta soja, an kama Thais saboda kisan kai bayan shaidu da yawa sun gano shi a matsayin mai kisan kai kuma ana zaton yana so ya rama kisan dansa, wanda aka kashe a lokacin fashi a cikin shekara ta 2009. An wanke shi kuma an cire shi a hukumance a shekarar 2016, lokacin da mambobin ƙungiyar kisa da jami'an 'yan sanda biyar suka kafa suka danganci kisan. Thais ta samu nasarar kai karar jihar Paraná a shekarar 2019 kuma ta biya bashin da reales 50,000.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Alex Silveira |date=November 29, 2019 |title=Coronel dos Bombeiros será indenizado pelo governo após ser inocentado por mortes no Boqueirão |trans-title=Firefighters Corps Colonel will be compensated by the government after being exonerated for deaths in Boqueirão |url=https://tribunapr.uol.com.br/noticias/coronel-dos-bombeiros-sera-indenizado-pelo-governo-apos-ser-inocentado-por-mortes-no-boqueirao/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20221016082702/https://tribunapr.uol.com.br/noticias/coronel-dos-bombeiros-sera-indenizado-pelo-governo-apos-ser-inocentado-por-mortes-no-boqueirao/ |archive-date=October 16, 2022 |website=Tribuna PR |language=pt}}</ref> |} === Kanada === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Date of crime !Defendant(s) !Crime !Location !Sentence !Time served !Legally exonerated |- |- | rowspan="2" |June 9, 1959 | rowspan="2" |Steven Truscott |Rape and murder of classmate Lynne Harper |Vanastra, Ontario |Death, then Life in Prison |10 years |Yes |- | colspan="5" |Steven Truscott's wrongful conviction of murder in the death of Lynne Harper stood for 48 years before finally being overturned on August 28, 2007. |- | rowspan="2" |December 14, 1961 | rowspan="2" |Réjean Hinse |Armed robbery of a general store |Mont-Laurier, Quebec |15 years |8 years |Yes |- | colspan="5" |Claimed he was 200&nbsp;km away in Montreal at the time of the robbery. The Quebec Police Commission concluded in 1989 that Hinse was the victim of "a botched investigation". The Supreme Court of Canada, in 2015, dismissed a large compensation that would have been the largest wrongful conviction award in Canadian history. |- | rowspan="2" |August 9, 1967 | rowspan="2" |Roméo Phillion |Murder of Léopold Roy |[[Ottawa]], Ontario |Life in prison |31 years |Yes |- | colspan="5" |Murder of veteran of fire department Léopold Roy Phillion died in 2015 at the age of 76 before his $14&nbsp;million lawsuit against the Ontario government had been settled. The longest ever sentence served by a Canadian prisoner whose conviction was later overturned. |- | rowspan="2" |January 31, 1969 | rowspan="2" |David Milgaard |Murder of 20-year-old nursing student, Gail Miller |[[Saskatoon|Saskatoon, Saskatchewan]] |Life in Prison |23 years |Yes |- | colspan="5" |In 1969, 16-year-old David Milgaard was convicted and given a life sentence for the murder of 20-year-old nursing aide Gail Miller. After 23 years of imprisonment, the Supreme Court of Canada allowed for the release of Milgaard. In 1997 Milgaard, received an apology from the Saskatchewan government after DNA tests in the U.K. excluded him.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2020}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> |- | rowspan="2" |September 20, 1970 | rowspan="2" |John Salmon |Manslaughter of his wife, Maxine Ditchfield* |Woodstock, Ontario |10 years |3 years |Yes |- | colspan="5" |Salmon and his common-law wife, Maxine Ditchfield, returned home from a night out with friends in the early hours of September 20, 1970. Later that day, Salmon found Ditchfield lying on the floor with a head injury. She died in hospital two days later. The police believed that Salmon had beaten Ditchfield during a drunken argument, as the two of them had argued earlier that night, and their son said he had seen Salmon pushing Ditchfield to the floor. Salmon argued that her head injury was caused when she drunkenly fell out of her chair earlier in the night, but was found guilty of manslaughter and served three years of a ten-year prison sentence before being released on parole in 1974. In the mid-2000s Salmon contacted the Association in the Defence of the Wrongly Convicted, who had the case reviewed by three pathologists who agreed that Ditchfield's injuries were not consistent with a physical assault. They concluded that Ditchfield had suffered a blood clot on her brain as a result of her earlier fall which had caused her to suffer a fatal stroke. It was also established that Salmon's son could not have seen the alleged fight from where he had claimed to be standing. The Crown Attorney admitted that Salmon was wrongly convicted and the court of appeal cleared Salmon in 2015. |- | rowspan="2" |May 28, 1971 | rowspan="2" |Donald Marshall Jr. |Murder of Sandy Seale |Sydney, Nova Scotia |Life imprisonment |11 years |Yes |- | colspan="5" |Donald Marshall Jr. and Sandy Seale, then both 17 years old, had been walking around Wentworth Park in Sydney, Nova Scotia during the late evening with the intent to "roll a drunk" as stated at Marshall's trial. They confronted an older man they encountered in the park named Roy Ebsary. Seale was stabbed to death. Police speculated that Marshall Jr. had murdered Seale and he was convicted on the basis of witness statements. Several years later, a witness came forward to say he had seen another man stab Seale, and several prior witness statements pinpointing Marshall Jr. were recanted. A year after the appeal, the Nova Scotia Court of Appeal declared him not guilty of the murder. In its ruling, however, the court opined that Marshall Jr. was "the author of his own misfortune", essentially blaming him for the conviction.<ref name="danielnpaul">{{Cite web |title=Donald Marshall Jr: 1971 Wrongful Murder Conviction |url=http://www.danielnpaul.com/DonaldMarshallJr.-1971.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050109005310/http://www.danielnpaul.com/DonaldMarshallJr.-1971.html |archive-date=January 9, 2005 |access-date=November 11, 2018 |website=danielnpaul.com}}</ref> A 1990 royal commission of inquiry criticized that finding as "a serious and fundamental error", blaming police incompetence and "systemic racism" for the conviction (Marshall is Mi’kmaq). His case led to widespread changes in Canada's evidence disclosure rules. Prosecutors had withheld exculpatory evidence from the defence in the Marshall Jr. case; the prosecution must now fully disclose to the defence any evidence it has in its possession. Ebsary was subsequently tried and convicted of manslaughter.<ref name="New York Times" /> |- | rowspan="2" |December 23, 1981 | rowspan="2" |Thomas Sophonow |Murder of 16-year-old Barbara Stoppel | | |4 years |Yes |- | colspan="5" |Stoppel was working at the Ideal Donut Shop in Winnipeg when she was found strangled in the restroom with a nylon cord. She died five days later. Witnesses gave police a description of a man wearing a cowboy hat enter the establishment, lock the door, and walk towards the back. Sophonow, who had a police record, bore a resemblance to the sketch. He was convicted on the basis of the eyewitness identification and a jailhouse informant who testified that Sophonow confessed to him. Sophonow was tried three times. The first ended in a mistrial, the second two in convictions. Both convictions were overturned and the court of appeal ordered an acquittal. The Winnipeg police service began a reinvestigation and in June 2000, they publicly announced that Sophonow was innocent and another suspect had been identified. In 2001, Justice Peter Cory concluded that police misconduct contributed to the wrongful conviction. The use of jailhouse informants and misuse and manipulation of eyewitness accounts was criticized. |- | rowspan="2" |October 3, 1983 | rowspan="2" |Andy Rose |Murder of Andrea Scherpf and Bernd Göricke |Chetwynd, British Columbia |15 years |10 years |Yes |- | colspan="5" |German tourists Scherpf and Göricke were murdered while hitch-hiking in October 1983. Andy Rose was twice convicted of the murders based on the testimony of Madonna Kelly, a woman who claimed to have seen him with blood on his clothes claiming to have killed two people. His conviction was overturned after DNA testing revealed the murders were committed by an unidentified person; the prosecution successfully argued for a third trial after the police got Rose to confess through a Mr. Big operation, but the trial collapsed and Rose was acquitted. |- | rowspan="2" |October 3, 1984 | rowspan="2" |Guy Paul Morin |Rape and murder of his 9-year-old neighbour, Christine Jessop |Queensville, Ontario |Life in prison |3 years |Yes |- | colspan="5" |Jessop disappeared after being dropped off by the school bus at her home. Her body was discovered on December 31, nearly three months later. She had been sexually assaulted and murdered. Morin was arrested for Jessop's murder in April 1985 and was acquitted.<ref name=":1" /> The Crown exercised its right to appeal the verdict on the grounds that the trial judge made a fundamental error prejudicing the Crown's right to a fair trial. In 1987 the Court of Appeal ordered a new trial.<ref name="King">{{Cite web |last=King |first=Jack |date=August 1988 |title=The Ordeal of Guy Paul Morin: Canada Copes With Systemic Injustice |url=http://www.nacdl.org/public.nsf/championarticles/19980808?opendocument |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100309095126/http://www.nacdl.org/public.nsf/championarticles/19980808?opendocument |archive-date=March 9, 2010 |access-date=August 16, 2010 |website=Champion Magazine |publisher=National Association of Criminal Defence Lawyers}}</ref> In 1992, Morin was convicted at his second trial and was sentenced to life imprisonment. Improvements in DNA testing led to a test in 1995 that excluded Morin as the murderer. Morin's appeal of his conviction was [[Daukaka kara|allowed]] (i.e., the conviction was reversed), and a directed verdict of acquittal entered in the appeal.<ref name="King" /> An inquiry culminating in the Kaufman Report into Morin's case also uncovered evidence of police and prosecutorial misconduct, and of misrepresentation of forensic evidence by the Ontario Centre of Forensic Sciences.<ref name="King" /> The identity of Christine Jessop's murderer was announced in October 2020—Calvin Hoover, who had died in 2015. |- | rowspan="2" |June 19, 1990 | rowspan="2" |Robert Baltovich |Murder of his girlfriend, Elizabeth Bain |Scarborough, Ontario, Canada. |Life |11 years |Yes |- | colspan="5" |Robert Baltovich was convicted in 1992 of the murder of Elizabeth Bain; released in 2000 to prepare an appeal based on new evidence. The Court of Appeal for Ontario ordered a new trial, which began in March 2008. At the outset of the trial, the Crown declined to call any evidence, and the judge ordered the jury to bring a verdict of not guilty. Circumstantial evidence pointed to the serial killer Paul Bernardo, an acquaintance of Bain's, as the murderer. The Ontario Attorney-General denied financial compensation to Baltovich in 2010. |- | rowspan="2" |September 1990 | rowspan="2" |James Driskell |Murder of Perry Harder |[[Winnipeg]], Manitoba |Life in prison |12 years |No |- | colspan="5" |Harder was murdered by being shot several times in the chest and buried in a shallow grave near some railroad tracks. Police suspected Driskell of the murders because Harder implicated Driskell in a series of break-ins. The prosecution presented three hairs from Driskell's van that they argued belonged to Harder. A later review by the Forensic Science Services in England determined that none of the hairs belonged to Harder. It was later discovered that a key police witness, Ray Zanidean, tried to recant his testimony. In exchange for his testimony, police made a deal with Zanidean that he would not be charged in an arson case. He also received payment for his legal fees and received money for mortgage payments that were in arrears. He also received $20,000 payment. This information was not disclosed to the jury. Although he has not been formally exonerated, he was released on November 24, 2003. |- | rowspan="2" |June 26, 1993 | rowspan="2" |William Mullins-Johnson |Murder of his 4-year-old niece Valin* |Sault Ste Marie, Ontario, [[Kanada|Canada]] |Life in prison |12 |Yes |- | colspan="5" |4-year-old Valin Johnson was found dead in bed on June 27, 1994, having died the previous night. At the time of her death she was being looked after by her uncle, William Mullins-Johnson. It was initially thought that she could have died of natural causes, before pathologist Charles Smith (who would later be exposed as having bungled a number of autopsies, resulting in wrongful convictions) concluded that she was sexually assaulted prior to her death. Mullins-Johnson was convicted of murder in September 2004. 11 years after the trial, missing tissue samples from the case were located and analysed by three pathologists who concluded that Valin had not been sexually assaulted. This removed any evidence that she had been murdered, and Mullins-Johnson was acquitted on appeal in 2007. |- | rowspan="2" |October 9, 1993 | rowspan="2" |Tammy Marquardt |Murder of her son, Kenneth* |[[Toronto]], Ontario, [[Kanada|Canada]] |Life in prison |14 |Yes |- | colspan="5" |Tammy was home with her  -year-old son Kenneth, who was napping in their spare bedroom. When she checked on him, she found him tangled in the sheets and gasping for breath. Kenneth suffered irreparable brain damage and was taken off life support three days later. Dr. Charles Smith, who was considered to be the leading expert in Canada on criminally suspicious pediatric deaths, was consulted on the case. Smith concluded that Kenneth's death was not accidental. Tammy's defence insisted her son died from complications of an epileptic seizure. She was convicted. Smith's work subsequently came into question on a number of cases. On June 7, 2005, Chief Coroner for Ontario, Dr. Barry McLellan, announced that a formal review would be conducted of criminal cases for which Smith had performed the autopsy. In October 2007, another forensic pathologist assigned to the case concluded that Smith's finding of asphyxia was "illogical and completely against scientific evidence-based reasoning". In 2011, the Ontario Court of Appeal quashed Marquadt's conviction and the Crown withdrew the charges against her. Experts hired by the prosecution agreed that Sudden Unexpected Death in Epilepsy (SUDEP) could not be ruled out as the cause of death in Kenneth's case as well as other natural cases of death. |- | rowspan="2" |August 4, 2002 | rowspan="2" |Nelson Hart |Murder of his twin daughters, Krista and Karen |Little Harbour, Newfoundland and Labrador |Life in prison |7 years |Yes |- | colspan="5" |Hart was accused of murdering his 2-year-old twin daughters, Krista and Karen, who drowned during a trip to Little Harbour. According to Hart, Krista fell into the water while he was suffering an [[Farfaɗiya|epileptic seizure]], and Hart, who could not swim, was obliged to drive back to Gander Lake to get help. By the time he returned, Krista had drowned and Karen had fallen into the water in his absence and also drowned. Police were suspicious of Hart's story and initiated a covert Mr. Big operation in which undercover police officers enticed Hart into a fictional crime gang before pressuring him into confessing to pushing his daughters into the lake under the threat of expelling him from the gang. Hart was convicted of his daughter's murder in 2007. He appealed his conviction arguing that his confession was inadmissible as evidence. In 2012 the Court of Appeal ruled that Hart's confession was coerced, the police involved in the investigation having threatened him with expulsion from the gang unless he told them what they wanted to hear. The court ordered a new trial. Two years later, Hart was released from prison after the prosecution decided they did not have enough evidence to try him. |} === China === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Ranar aikata laifuka !Wadanda ake tuhuma !Laifi !Wurin da yake !Hukuncin !Lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi !An wanke shi bisa doka |- |- | rowspan="2" |1987 | rowspan="2" |[[Kashewa mara kyau|Teng Xingshan]] |Rashin fyade, fashi da kisan kai |Hunan, kasar Sin |Hukuncin mutuwa |An kashe shi |Haka ne, bayan mutuwarsa |- | colspan="5" |Teng Xingshan, mai yankan nama, an yanke masa hukunci (an gaya wa kotun "Teng ya furta laifinsa a kan shirinsa kuma ikirarinsa ya dace da binciken kimiyya da ganowa") kuma an kashe shi a shekarar 1989 don kisan Shi Xiaorong, mai ba da abinci wanda ya ɓace. Shi ta sake bayyana a Shandong a 1993 kuma ta ce ba ta taɓa saduwa da Teng ba. An wanke Teng bayan mutuwarsa a shekara ta 2006.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-01-28 |title=1989: Teng Xingshan, butcher |url=http://www.executedtoday.com/2015/01/28/1989-teng-xingshan-butcher/ |access-date=October 7, 2016 |website=ExecutedToday.com}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |1993 | rowspan="2" |Zhang Yuhuan |Kisan kai |Jinxian, lardin Jiangxi |Hukuncin kisa, an sauya shi zuwa ɗaurin rai da rai |Shekaru 27 |Haka ne, |- | colspan="5" |Zhang Yuhuan ya ci gaba da cewa 'yan sanda sun azabtar da shi kuma sun tilasta masa ya furta kisan yara maza biyu a 1993. A watan Maris na shekara ta 2019 babbar kotun ta amince da sake shari'ar kuma a watan Yulin masu gabatar da kara na lardin sun ba da shawarar cewa a wanke Zhang bisa ga rashin isasshen shaida. Ya yi tafiya kyauta a watan Agusta 2020. Ba a san wanda ya kashe yaran biyu a 1993 ba. |- | rowspan="2" |1994 | rowspan="2" |Ita Xianglin |Kisan kai* |Garin Yanmenkou, Lardin Hubei |Mutuwa, bayan shekaru 15 |Shekaru 11 |Haka ne, |- | colspan="5" |Zhang Zaiyu ta ɓace daga ƙauyenta a watan Janairun 1994. Mijin Zhang She Xianglin yana da wani al'amari kuma ya furta kisan Zhang bayan an yi masa tambayoyi, ikirarin da ya yi daga baya ya yi ikirarin cewa an yi masa azabtarwa. An yanke mata hukuncin kisa a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1994; daga baya aka ba shi sabon shari'a a shekara ta 1998 wanda kuma ya same shi, amma an kare shi daga hukuncin kisa a wannan lokacin kuma an sake yanke masa hukuncin shekaru 15 a kurkuku. A shekara ta 2005 an sami Zhang Zaiyu da rai. Gwajin DNA ya tabbatar da asalinta kuma an sake ta wata daya bayan haka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=She Xianglin Murder Case |url=https://usali.org/wc-case-archive/she-xianglin-case |website=U.S.-Asia Law Institute}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |1995 | rowspan="2" |Nie Shubin |Rashin fyade da kisan kai |Ƙauyen Zhang Ying, lardin Hubei |Hukuncin mutuwa |An kashe shi |Haka ne, bayan mutuwarsa |- | colspan="5" |An yanke wa Nie Shubin hukunci bayan 'yan sanda sun sami ikirari daga gare shi tare da mako guda na "bincike mai kyau, gami da yakin basasa" kuma an kashe shi a shekarar 1995 don fyade da kisan Kang Juhua, wata mace mai shekaru talatin. A shekara ta 2005, Wang Shujin ya yarda wa 'yan sanda cewa ya aikata kisan kai kuma ya bayyana cikakkun bayanai game da kisan kai da 'yan sanda suka sani kawai.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-04-27 |title=1995: Nie Shubin. Oops. |url=http://www.executedtoday.com/2009/04/27/1995-nie-shubin-oops/ |access-date=October 7, 2016 |website=Executed Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Morris |first=William |date=2016-06-10 |title=Exclusive: Can China Save Nie Shubin's Innocence? » |url=http://www.uscnpm.org/blog/2016/06/10/exclusive-can-china-save-nie-shubins-innocence/ |access-date=October 7, 2016 |website=US-China Perception Monitor |archive-date=2016-10-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009172409/http://www.uscnpm.org/blog/2016/06/10/exclusive-can-china-save-nie-shubins-innocence/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |1996 | rowspan="2" |Huugjilt |Rashin fyade da kisan kai |Mongoliya ta ciki |Hukuncin mutuwa |An kashe shi |Haka ne, bayan mutuwarsa |- | colspan="5" |An kashe wani matashi dan kasar Sin saboda fyade da kisan wasu matasa. Da yake ba za su iya samun mai laifin ba, 'yan sanda na yankin sun kama Huugjilt a maimakon haka, wanda shine na farko da ya gano kuma ya ba da rahoton lamarin, kuma ya sami shaidarsa ta hanyar azabtarwa. An bayyana shi marar laifi bayan da ainihin mai laifin, Zhao Zhihong, wanda aka kashe a shekarar 2015, ya yarda da laifin. An biya iyalin Huugjilt yuan miliyan 2.05 (daidai da US $ 298,000) daga Babban Kotun Jama'a ta Inner Mongolia.&nbsp; |- | rowspan="2" |2001 | rowspan="2" |Chen Keyun |Bomba da ya kashe mutum daya |Fuqing, kasar Sin |Hukuncin mutuwa (sau biyu) |Shekaru 12 |Haka ne, |- | colspan="5" |'Yan sanda sun kama Chen (da wasu biyar) bayan wani bam ya tashi a waje da ofishin gwamnati wanda ke binciken jami'ai kan cin hanci da rashawa kamar yadda ofishin ya bincika Chen a baya. An azabtar da Chen ta hanyar bugawa, yunwa, rataye ta hannunsa daga mashaya a kan babban taga da kuma hana shi barci kuma ya sanya hannu kan ikirarin tilasta. Sauran ma an azabtar da su. An yanke wa Chen hukunci kuma an yanke masa hukuncin kisa kuma sauran sun sami hukuncin ɗaurin kurkuku. Bayan daukaka kara da yawa a cikin 2013 kotun lardin Fuzhou ta wanke Chen da sauran kuma ta ba da gudummawa don biyan Yuan miliyan 4.2 (kimanin $ 690,000). &nbsp; |} === Finland === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Ranar aikata laifuka !Wadanda ake tuhuma !Laifi !Wurin da yake !Hukuncin !Lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi !An wanke shi bisa doka |- |- | rowspan="2" |2006 | rowspan="2" |Anneli Auer |Kisan kai |Ulvila |Kurkuku na Rayuwa |Shekaru 1.6 |Haka ne, |- | colspan="5" |A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2006, an kashe Jukka S. Lahti a cikin abin da aka sani da kisan kai na Ulvila . An kama matarsa, Anneli Auer, saboda kisan da ya yi a shekarar 2009. An same ta a shekara ta 2010 kuma an yanke mata hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai. Kotun daukaka kara ta soke hukuncin da aka yanke mata. A cikin 2012, Kotun Koli ta ba da umarnin sake shari'ar bayan masu gabatar da kara sun gabatar da sabbin shaidu. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2013, an same ta kuma an yanke mata hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai a karo na biyu. Kotun daukaka kara ta sake soke hukuncin. Masu gabatar da kara sun daukaka kara ga Kotun Koli, wanda ya tabbatar da wankewar. An ba ta € 545,000 a matsayin diyya, kuma ta gabatar da wata da'awar da ba ta yi nasara ba don € 2.5 miliyan a matsayin diya.<ref name="yle">{{Cite web |date=August 23, 2017 |title=Anneli Auer seeks €2.5mn more for wrongful imprisonment &#124; Yle Uutiset |url=https://yle.fi/uutiset/osasto/news/anneli_auer_seeks_25mn_more_for_wrongful_imprisonment/9793189 |access-date=November 11, 2018 |website=yle.fi}}</ref><ref name="yle2">{{Cite web |date=February 19, 2018 |title=Anneli Auer denied bumper wrongful imprisonment compensation &#124; Yle Uutiset |url=https://yle.fi/uutiset/osasto/news/anneli_auer_denied_bumper_wrongful_imprisonment_compensation/10082739 |access-date=November 11, 2018 |website=yle.fi}}</ref>&nbsp; |} === Faransa === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Ranar aikata laifuka !Wadanda ake tuhuma !Laifi !Wurin da yake !Hukuncin !Lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi !An wanke shi bisa doka |- |- | rowspan="2" |1431 | rowspan="2" |[[Joan of Arc|Joan na Arc]] |ridda da kuma sanya tufafi |[[Rouen|Ruwan, Faransa]] |Hukuncin mutuwa, ƙonewa a kan gungume |An kashe shi |Haka ne, bayan mutuwarsa |- | colspan="5" |An kashe [[Joan of Arc|Joan na Arc]] a cikin 1431 a kan zargin ridda. An wanke ta bayan mutuwarta a shekara ta 1456. |- | rowspan="2" |Oktoba 14, 1761 | rowspan="2" |Jean Calas |Kisan ɗansa, Marc-Antoine |[[Toulouse|Toulouse, Faransa]] |Hukuncin mutuwa, fashewar motar[[Gyaren da ya fashe (hukunci)|karkatar da motar]] |An kashe shi |Haka ne, bayan mutuwarsa |- | colspan="5" |An kashe Jean Calas daga [[Toulouse]] a ranar 10 ga Maris, 1762, saboda kisan dansa Marc Antoine . Masanin falsafa [[Voltaire]], wanda ya gamsu da rashin laifi, ya yi nasarar sake buɗe shari'ar da kuma farfado da Jean a cikin shekara ta 1765. |- | rowspan="2" |1894 | rowspan="2" |Alfred Dreyfus |Cin amana | |Kurkuku na rai a tsibirin Iblis a Guiana na Faransa | |Haka ne, |- | colspan="5" |An yanke wa Alfred Dreyfus hukunci ba daidai ba saboda cin amana a shekara ta 1894. Bayan an ɗaure shi a kurkuku a Tsibirin Iblis, an tabbatar da shi marar laifi tare da taimakon Emile Zola kuma an sake farfadowa ne kawai a cikin 1906. Dubi batun Dreyfus. |- | rowspan="2" |Afrilu 30, 1987 | rowspan="2" |Patrick Dils |Kisan yara biyu, Cyril Beining da Alexandre Beckrich |Montigny-lès-Metz, Faransa |Kurkuku na Rayuwa |Shekaru 15 |Haka ne, |- | colspan="5" |An soke hukuncin Dils kuma an wanke shi a sake shari'a a shekara ta 2002. |- | rowspan="2" |2001 | rowspan="2" |Mutane 17 |Cin zarafin yara | |Kurkuku | |Haka ne, |- | colspan="5" |A shekara ta 2005, an tabbatar da mutane goma sha uku marasa laifi game da cin zarafin yara bayan sun yi shekaru hudu a kurkuku. Ɗaya daga cikin goma sha huɗu ya mutu a kurkuku. Mutane hudu ne kawai aka tabbatar da laifi. Wannan sanannen shari'ar, wanda ya girgiza ra'ayin jama'a sosai, an san shi da Affaire d'Outreau, shari'ar Outreau, daga sunan garin da wadanda abin ya shafa ke zaune. |- | rowspan="2" |Disamba 2001 | rowspan="2" |Marc Machin |Kisan kai |Neuilly-sur-Seine kusa da Paris |Kurkuku |Shekaru 11 |Haka ne, |- | colspan="5" |A shekara ta 2001, an kashe Marie-Agnès Bedot mai shekaru 45 ta hanyar wuka. An yanke wa Marc Machin mai shekaru goma sha tara hukuncin kisan kai bisa ga shaidar da aka tilasta masa ikirarin. A shekara ta 2008 David Sagno, mutumin da ba shi da gida, ya yarda da kisan Bedot kuma 'yan sanda sun sami DNA na Sagno a kan tufafin Bedot. An soke hukuncin Machin kuma an wanke shi a shekarar 2012. |} === Jamus === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Ranar aikata laifuka !Wadanda ake tuhuma !Laifi !Wurin da yake !Hukuncin !Lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi !An wanke shi bisa doka |- |- | rowspan="2" |1935—1940 | rowspan="2" |Leo Katzenberger |Rashin bambancin launin fata* |[[Nuremberg]] |Mutuwa |An kashe shi |A'a |- | colspan="5" |An zargi Katzenberger da aikata laifukan launin fata a karkashin Dokokin Nuremberg na Anti-Semitic ta hanyar yin jima'i da wani masani mai suna Irene Seiler . Seiler da Katzenberger dukansu sun musanta zarge-zargen, kuma shaidar kawai ita ce shaidar shaidar guda ɗaya wanda ya ga Katzenbergers yana barin gidan Seiler bayan duhu. An kashe Katzenberger ne bayan wani shari'ar da aka yi wa lakabi da Nazi Oswald Rothaug, wanda daga baya aka same shi da laifin laifukan yaki saboda sa hannu a cikin shari'ar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bush |first=Lawrence |date=17 March 2016 |title=March 18: On Trial for "Racial Defilement" |url=https://jewishcurrents.org/march-18-on-trial-for-racial-defilement |website=Jewish Currents}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |Maris 1942 | rowspan="2" |Irene Seiler |Yin ƙarya* |Nuremberg |Shekaru 2 |Shekaru 2 |A'a |- | colspan="5" |Wata mace 'yar Jamus da aka zarge ta da yin jima'i da Leo Katzenberger da ke sama, ta hanyar keta dokokin Nuremberg. An same ta da laifin yin rantsuwa bayan ta yi rantsuwa da cewa zargin da aka yi wa Katzenberger karya ne. Masana tarihi na zamani sun dauke ta marasa laifi. |- | rowspan="2" |Oktoba 13, 2001 | rowspan="2" |[[:de:Todesfall Rudolf Rupp|Hermine Rupp, 'ya'yanta mata biyu, da kuma saurayin' yarta]] |Kisan Rudolf Rupp, mijin Hermine Rupp* |Neuburg an der Donau (Bavaria, Jamus) |Shekaru   |Shekaru 5 |Fabrairu 25, 2011 |- | colspan="5" |Rudolf Rupp ya ɓace a kan hanyarsa ta dawowa daga mashaya ta gida wata dare a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2001. jita-jita na cikin gida sun bazu cewa dangin Rupp sun kashe Rudy mai ban sha'awa, wanda ke da tarihin shan giya da fada. 'Yan sanda ba su da wata shaida a cikin shari'ar, amma a ƙarshe sun tilasta ikirarin daga dangin cewa sun buge shi, sun raba shi, kuma sun ciyar da shi ga karnuka. Ba a sami wata hujja ta zahiri ba, amma an yanke musu hukunci bisa ga ikirarin da ya saba wa juna. A shekara ta 2009, an gano jikin Rupp a bayan motar Mercedes dinsa a cikin kogin Danube a cikin hatsarin mota. Kodayake gawar ta sha wahala ta hanyar kifi da ke cinyewa, babu wata shaida ta aikata laifi.<ref name="Rupp">{{Cite journal |last=Grunewald |first=Ralph |date=2014-10-15 |title=COMPARING INJUSTICES: TRUTH, JUSTICE, AND THE SYSTEM |url=http://www.albanylawreview.org/Articles/Vol77_3/77.3.1139%20Grunewald.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Albany Law Review |volume=77 |issue=3 |page=1139 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907121016/http://www.albanylawreview.org/Articles/Vol77_3/77.3.1139%20Grunewald.pdf |archive-date=September 7, 2015 |access-date=May 11, 2015}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |Agusta 28, 2001 | rowspan="2" |[[:de:Justizirrtum um Horst Arnold|Horst Arnold]] |Rashin fyade* |Reichelsheim, Jamus |Shekaru 5 |Shekaru 5 |Yuli 5, 2011 |- | colspan="5" |Horst Arnold malamin wasanni ne da ilmin halitta a makarantar sakandare ta August Zinn a Reichelsheim . Wata abokiyar aiki ta mata, Heidi K., ta zarge shi da yi mata fyade, kuma bisa ga shaidarta an yanke masa hukuncin shekaru biyar a kurkuku. Sai bayan da aka sake shi, kwamishinan daidaito (wanda, da farko, ya goyi bayan Heidi K. kafin da kuma lokacin shari'ar) ya lura da saɓani da yawa a cikin labarun ta. A kurkuku, Arnold ya ci gaba da musanta laifin kuma ya ki zaman magani, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa aka hana shi izini da wuri a kan parole. A cikin sake shari'ar, an cire Arnold, kuma a cikin 2013, an yanke wa Heidi K. hukuncin shekaru biyar da watanni shida. |} === Girka === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Ranar aikata laifuka !Wadanda ake tuhuma !Laifi !Wurin da yake !Hukuncin !Lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi !An wanke shi bisa doka |- |- | rowspan="2" |399 KZ&nbsp; | rowspan="2" |[[Socrates]] |Cin hanci da rashawa ga matasa na Athens da rashin tsoron Allah |[[Athens]], Girka |Hukuncin mutuwa, shan guba hemlock |An kashe shi |A'a |- | colspan="5" |Fassarar zamani sun bayyana wannan hukuncin da aka yanke masa a maimakon haka fansa ne saboda alakarsa da masu mulkin kama karya talatin. |- | rowspan="2" |1922 (AZ) | rowspan="2" |D. Gounaris, G. Baltatzis, N. Stratos, N. Theotokis da P. Protopapadakis (Jarabawar Shida) |Babban Cin amana |[[Athens]], Girka |Hukuncin mutuwa |An kashe shi |Haka ne, bayan mutuwarsa |- | colspan="5" |A shekara ta 2010, kotunan Girka sun sauya hukuncin da aka yanke musu saboda cin amana mai girma na shida. |} === Iceland === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Ranar aikata laifuka !Wadanda ake tuhuma !Laifi !Wurin da yake !Hukuncin !Lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi !An wanke shi bisa doka |- |- | rowspan="2" |1974 | rowspan="2" |Sævar Ciesielski, Kristjan Vídar Vídarsson, Tryggvi Rúnar Leifsson, Albert Klahn Skaftason, Guðjón Skarphéðinsson da Erla Bolladóttir |Kisan Guðmundur da Geirfinnur |Hafnarfjörður da Keflavík, kusa da [[Reykjavik|Reykjavík]] Iceland |Hukuncin rai biyu; sauran hudu sun sami watanni 15 zuwa shekaru 16 (an rage hukuncin a 1980) |Dukansu sun yi amfani da lokacin su a kurkuku |Haka ne <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 27, 2018 |title=Dómur Mál nr. 521/2017 |trans-title=Verdict case number 521/2017 |url=https://www.haestirettur.is/domar/domur/?id=34b0664d-10ee-4f6d-917e-67ed04c3bc5c |access-date=January 14, 2019 |website=Supreme Court of Iceland |language=is }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |- | colspan="5" |Maza biyu, Guðmundur da Geirfinnur, sun ɓace a cikin Janairu da Nuwamba 1974. 'Yan sanda na Iceland sun gamsu cewa wadanda ake zargi shida sun kasance suna da hannu a kisan wadannan maza biyu kodayake babu gawarwaki, shaidu ko shaidar shari'a. 'Yan sanda sun yi wa wadanda ake zargi tambayoyi masu tsanani da tsawo (ciki har da biyu da suka yi sama da kwanaki 600 a tsare su kadai, azabtar da ruwa, hana barci da kwayoyi). Yawancin 'yan Iceland sun yi imanin cewa shida ba su da laifi. BBC ta bayyana wannan a matsayin "... daya daga cikin mummunar zubar da ciki na adalci da Turai ta taba gani. " |} === Iran === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Date of crime !Defendant(s) !Crime !Location !Sentence !Time served !Legally exonerated |- |- | rowspan="2" |2004 | rowspan="2" |Atefah Sahaaleh |Adultery and "crimes against chastity"* |Neka, Iran |Death by hanging |Executed |Yes, posthumously{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2015}} |- | colspan="5" |Sahaaleh was convicted for "crimes against chastity" for being involved in a sexual relationship with a 51-year-old married man named Ali Darabi. Sahaaleh claimed she was raped by Darabi multiple times over the course of 3 years and then tortured into confessing. During her trial, she removed her hijab, an act seen as severe contempt of court, and argued that Darabi should be punished, not her. The judge sentenced her to death. Darabi was sentenced to 95 lashes. Unbeknownst to her parents, documents presented to the Supreme Court of Appeal described her as 22 years old. Her birth certificate indicated her age was 16. [[Amnesty International]] and other organizations declared her execution to be a crime against humanity and against children of the world.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 22, 2004 |title=Iran. Amnesty International outraged at reported execution of a 16 year old girl |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde13/036/2004/en/ |website=Amnesty International}}</ref> |} === Ireland === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Ranar aikata laifuka !Wadanda ake tuhuma !Laifi !Wurin da yake !Hukuncin !Lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi !An wanke shi bisa doka |- |- | rowspan="2" |1882 | rowspan="2" |Maolra Seoighe, wanda aka fi sani da Myles Joyce |Kisan kai |Maamtrasna, Ireland |Mutuwa |An kashe shi |Haka ne, bayan mutuwarsa |- | colspan="5" |Joyce na ɗaya daga cikin mutane uku da aka yanke musu hukuncin kisa saboda kisan wani iyali a Ireland, wanda yake wani ɓangare na Ƙasar Ingila a lokacin. Joyce bai yi magana da Turanci ba, lauyansa bai yi magana ba da Irish, an ba da shaidu masu karya, an hana shaidar, kuma yawancin malamai sun ɗauki hukuncin a matsayin rashin adalci. A cikin 2018 Shugaban Ireland ya ba da gafara kuma ya ce "An yanke wa Maolra Seoighe hukunci ba daidai ba da kisan kai kuma an rataye shi saboda wani laifi da bai aikata ba". |- | rowspan="2" |Janairu 8, 1990 | rowspan="2" |Ganuwar Nora |Rashin fyade* |Dublin |Rayuwa |Kwanaki 4 |Haka ne, |- | colspan="5" |An yanke Wall hukunci ne bisa zargin ƙarya da Regina Walsh (tarihin ilimin halayyar dan adam) da Patricia Phelan (tarihin zarge-zargen ƙarya) suka yi. Matar farko a tarihin Jihar Irish da aka yanke masa hukuncin fyade, mutum na farko da ya sami hukuncin rai da rai saboda fyade kuma mutum daya tilo a tarihin jihar da aka yanke shi hukunci akan shaidar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya. |- | rowspan="2" |Maris 31, 1976 | rowspan="2" |Sallins Fashi na jirgin kasa hudu |Fashi da jirgin kasa |Sallins, County Kildare |Shekaru 9 zuwa 12 |Shekaru 4 |Haka ne, |- | colspan="5" |Osgur Breatnach, Nicky Kelly, Brian Mcnally, Michael Plunkett, John Fitzpatrick [[Garda Síochána]] sun kama su kuma sun doke su don cire ikirari a karkashin tilasta daga hudu (Plunkett bai sanya hannu ba). An sami su huɗun da laifi ba tare da wata hujja ba ban da ikirarin. An wanke Breatnach da McNally a kan roko bisa la'akari da cewa an dauki maganganun su a karkashin tilastawa. An ba Kelly gafarar shugaban kasa kuma ya sami £ 750,000 a matsayin diyya. |} === Isra'ila === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Ranar aikata laifuka !Wadanda ake tuhuma !Laifi !Wurin da yake !Hukuncin !Lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi !An wanke shi bisa doka |- |- | rowspan="2" |1933 | rowspan="2" |Ibrahim Stavsky |Kashe Haim Arlosoroff |[[Tel Abib|Tel Aviv]] |Mutuwa |Shekara guda |Haka ne, |- | colspan="5" |Stavsky na ɗaya daga cikin Masu gyarawa uku da aka yi musu shari'a don kisan Haim Arlosoroff, fitaccen shugaban jam'iyyar Mapai. Stavsky shine kadai wanda aka yanke masa hukunci, bisa ga shaidar matar Arlosoroff Sima wacce ta gano Stavsky a matsayin mutumin da ya makantar da Arlosoroffs da fitilar kafin ɗayan mai kai hari ya harbe shi. Shekara guda bayan da aka yanke masa hukunci, an wanke Stavsky a kan dalilai na fasaha kamar yadda doka ta buƙaci cewa akwai shaidar da ba shaidar ido ba; kodayake kotun ta bayyana imanin cewa Stavsky yana da laifi, kwamitin bincike game da kisan daga baya ya kammala cewa ba shi da laifi. |- | rowspan="2" |1942–1945 | rowspan="2" |John Demjanjuk |Laifukan da aka yi wa bil'adama |sansanin hallaka na Treblinka |Mutuwa |Shekaru biyar |Haka ne{{Efn|Demjanjuk was specifically accused and convicted of having committed atrocities at the Treblinka extermination camp. This was disproved and his conviction was overturned; however, Demjanjuk was later implicated in atrocities at the [[Sobibor extermination camp]], for which he would be prosecuted in Germany in the 2000s.}} |- | colspan="5" |John Demjanjuk, ɗan Ukraine da ke zaune a Amurka, an mika shi zuwa Isra'ila a 1986 don yin shari'a saboda zarginsa na shiga cikin Holocaust a matsayin Trawniki a sansanin Treblinka. Mutane da yawa da suka tsira sun gano Demjanjuk a matsayin "Ivan the Terrible", sanannen mai tsaron Ukraine a Treblinka wanda ke kula da ɗakunan gas. Tsaron Demjanjuk shine cewa shaidun sun yi kuskure kuma bai taba aiki a Treblinka ba. An ba Demjanjuk hukuncin kisa. Kotun Koli ta Isra'ila ta wanke shi a kan daukaka kara a 1993 bayan an bayyana cewa masu gabatar da kara sun hana shaidar da ke tabbatar da cewa Ivan the Terrible wani dan Ukraine ne mai suna Ivan Marchenko; duk da haka, a lokacin da ake gudanar da da daukaka kara, shaidar ta bayyana ta nuna cewa Demjanjuk ya kasance mai tsaro a wani sansanin hallaka daban. Kotun Koli ta ki yarda a yi wa Demjanjuk shari'a saboda laifukansa a Sobibor, amma daga baya aka yanke masa hukunci a kotun Jamus a shekara ta 2011; Demjanjuk ya mutu a shekara mai zuwa yayin da yake daukaka kara game da hukuncin, ya bar karar ba a warware ta ba. |- | rowspan="2" |1948 | rowspan="2" |Meir Tobianski |Cin amana | |Mutuwa |An kashe shi |Haka ne, bayan mutuwarsa |- | colspan="5" |A watan Yunin 1948, a lokacin yakin Larabawa da Isra'ila na 1948, an kama Meir Tobianski, babban jami'in sojojin Isra'ila, bisa zargin leken asiri ga 'yan Jordan. An yi watsi da umarnin Babban Mai gabatar da kara na Soja na tsare da yin tambayoyi ga Tobianski na kwanaki 10; a maimakon haka, an gabatar da shi a kotun soja. An same shi da laifi a kan shaidu, an yanke masa hukuncin kisa, kuma an Kashewa shi ta hanyar harbi a ranar 30 ga Yuni, 1948. Daga baya, wani bincike ya haifar da wankewar Tobianski bayan mutuwarsa. Shugaban leken asiri Isser Be'eri, wanda ke da alhakin kisan Tobianski, daga baya aka gurfanar da shi a gaban shari'a kuma aka same shi da laifin kisan kai. |- | rowspan="2" |1974 | rowspan="2" |[[:he:עמוס ברנס|Amos Baranes]] |Kisan kai |Gundumar Haifa, tsakanin Kaisariya da Ko Akiva |Kurkuku na Rayuwa |Shekaru   |Haka ne, |- | colspan="5" |A watan Janairun 1976, an yanke [[:he:עמוס ברנס|Amos Baranes]] hukunci saboda kisan soja Rachel Heller na shekara ta 1974 kuma an yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai. Ya kusanci 'yan sanda kuma ya gaya musu cewa ya san wanda aka azabtar, yana da niyyar ba da taimakonsa ta kowace hanya da zai iya, amma sai ya zama wanda ake zargi kuma an kama shi. An same shi da laifin kisan kai kuma an yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai. An yanke masa hukunci ne kawai a kan ikirarin da ya yi wa 'yan sanda, wanda daga baya ya janye, yana mai cewa' yan sanda sun cire ikirarin daga gare shi ta hanyar cin zarafinsa da kuma hana shi barci na kwanaki hudu. An ki amincewa da roko ga Kotun Koli ta Isra'ila, kodayake an amince da kurakurai a binciken. A shekara ta 1980, Ezra Goldberg, dan sanda mai ritaya ya kammala cewa Baranes ba shi da laifi. Ya ba da bayanin ga Alkalin Haim Cohn, ɗaya daga cikin alƙalai na Kotun Koli waɗanda suka ƙi roko. Cohn ya kammala cewa hukuncinsa ba daidai ba ne, kuma ya ba da shawarar Baranes ya nemi gafara. Baranes ya ki, yana mai da'awar cewa irin wannan buƙatar zai zama yarda da laifin da bai aikata ba. Cohn ya nemi Shugaba Chaim Herzog ya ba Baranes gafara. Daga karshe aka saki Baranes a watan Yunin 1983 bayan ya sami gafarar shugaban kasa. Ya yi shekaru 8 + 1⁄2 na hukuncinsa.  Bayan an sake shi, Baranes ya ci gaba da gwagwarmayarsa don share sunansa. Sau uku an ki amincewa da bukatarsa na sabon shari'a. A watan Maris na shekara ta 2002, Mai Shari'a na Kotun Koli Dalia Dorner a karshe ya yanke hukuncin cewa ya kamata Baranes ya sami sabon shari'a. Makonni hudu bayan haka, Alkalin Cohn ya mutu. Tattaunawarsa ta karshe ta waya ita ce tare da Mai Shari'a Dorner; ya kira ta daga gadonsa kuma ya gode mata da gyara rashin adalci "wanda na yi". Baranes na ɗaya daga cikin mutanen da suka ɗauki akwatin gawa na Cohn a jana'izarsa. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2002, kotun ta wanke Baranes - ba tare da jin shaidar ba kuma ba tare da yanke shawarar ko Baranes ya aikata laifin ba bayan masu gabatar da kara sun yanke shawarar kada a yi shari'a ba. A shekara ta 2003, an ba Baranes kyautar NIS1.4 miliyan a matsayin diyya. A ranar 5 ga watan Agusta, 2010, an ba shi ƙarin NIS5,029,000 a matsayin diyya. Amos Baranes ya mutu a watan Satumbar 2011. An kama wanda ake zargi da kisan Rachel Heller a shekarar 2019. Bayan an sake shi, Baranes ya ci gaba da gwagwarmayarsa don share sunansa. Sau uku an ki amincewa da bukatarsa na sabon shari'a. A watan Maris na shekara ta 2002, Mai Shari'a na Kotun Koli Dalia Dorner a karshe ya yanke hukuncin cewa ya kamata Baranes ya sami sabon shari'a. Makonni hudu bayan haka, Alkalin Cohn ya mutu. Tattaunawarsa ta karshe ta waya ita ce tare da Mai Shari'a Dorner; ya kira ta daga gadonsa kuma ya gode mata da gyara rashin adalci "wanda na yi". Baranes na ɗaya daga cikin mutanen da suka ɗauki akwatin gawa na Cohn a jana'izarsa. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2002, kotun ta wanke Baranes - ba tare da jin shaidar ba kuma ba tare da yanke shawarar ko Baranes ya aikata laifin ba bayan masu gabatar da kara sun yanke shawarar kada a yi shari'a ba. A shekara ta 2003, an ba Baranes kyautar NIS.4 miliyan a matsayin diyya. A ranar 5 ga watan Agusta, 2010, an ba shi ƙarin NIS5,029,000 a matsayin diyya. Amos Baranes ya mutu a watan Satumbar 2011. An kama wanda ake zargi da kisan Rachel Heller a shekarar 2019.&nbsp; |- | rowspan="2" |Ƙarshen shekarun 1970 | rowspan="2" |[[:he:פרשת עיזאת נאפסו|Azat Naffso]] |Cin amana da leken asiri |Kfar Shuba |Shekaru 18 da aka ɗaure shi |Shekaru 7 |A wani bangare |- | colspan="5" |A shekara ta 1980, an kama [[:he:פרשת עיזאת נאפסו|Azat Naffso]], tsohon jami'in leken asiri na soja na asalin Circassian, saboda leken asiri, bayan an gano cewa ƙarya daga cikin abokan hulɗarsa a Lebanon ya kasance wakili biyu na [[Fatah]]. An yi wa Naffso tambayoyi kuma an azabtar da shi nau'o'i daban-daban don samun ikirari. Bayan kwanaki 14, Naffso ya furta, kuma an yi masa shari'a a gaban kotun soja a 1981, an yanke masa hukunci, kuma an yanke masa hukuncin shekaru 18 a kurkuku. A shekara ta 1987, ya yi kira ga Kotun Koli, yana jayayya cewa an cire ikirarinsa ba bisa ka'ida ba kuma masu gabatar da kara sun gabatar da shaidar da aka ƙirƙira. Alƙalai na Kotun Koli sun wanke Naffso daga mafi yawan zarge-zargen kuma sun soki masu tambayoyin Naffso, sun zarge su da yin rantsuwa, da kuma rashin daukar matakan da suka dace yayin tambayoyinsa. An cimma yarjejeniyar neman gafara, inda Naffso ya amince da yin ikirarin laifi don wuce ikon da ke haifar da haɗarin tsaron ƙasa. An rage hukuncin Naffso zuwa shekaru 2 da kuma raguwa zuwa matsayin Sergeant, kuma a sakamakon haka, an sake shi nan da nan. Al'amarin Naffso yana daya daga cikin dalilan da Hukumar Landau, wacce aka kafa don bincika hanyoyin da Shin Bet, hukumar tsaro ta Isra'ila ta yi amfani da ita, ta kafa. Naffso daga baya ya gabatar da da'awar diyya a kan jihar, kuma ya cimma matsaya inda za a ba shi dala miliyan 1 a matsayin diyya kuma ya yi alkawarin ba zai bayyana dalla-dalla game da shari'ar bainar jama'a ba.&nbsp; |- | rowspan="2" |{{Circa|1991|1994}} | rowspan="2" |Arnoldo Lazorovsky |Yin jima'i da ɗan ƙarami da yin wani abu mara kyau |Yankin Sharon |Shekaru 6 |Shekaru 6 |Haka ne, |- | colspan="5" |A shekara ta 2000, an yanke Arnoldo Lazorovsky hukunci da cin zarafin wani ƙarami yayin da yake aiki a matsayin mai tsabta a Kfar Saba Country Club tsakanin 1991 da 1994, kuma an yanke masa hukuncin shekaru shida a kurkuku, bayan wani saurayi ya zarge shi da shekaru da yawa bayan laifuffukan da ake zargi. Ba da daɗewa ba, Gregory Schneider, wanda ya yi aiki a kulob din kasar, an same shi da irin wannan laifuka bayan mutum ɗaya ya zarge shi, amma an soke hukuncin bayan da aka daukaka kara. A sakamakon haka, Lazorovsky ya nemi kuma an ba shi damar sake shari'a, amma an sake yanke masa hukunci, bayan haka ya yi kira ga Kotun Koli ta Isra'ila, wanda ya soke hukuncin. |- | rowspan="2" |1998 | rowspan="2" |Moshe Zagury |Kisan kai, ƙonewa, da fashi | |Kurkuku na Rayuwa |Shekaru 5 |Haka ne, |- | colspan="5" |An yanke wa Moshe Zagury hukunci da kisan mai canza kuɗi Ephraim Yass ta Kotun Gundumar Haifa a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1998 bayan wani shaidar jihar ya ba da shaida a kansa don musayar da tuhumar miyagun ƙwayoyi. An yanke masa hukuncin shekaru 11 a kurkuku da shekaru 3 na gwaji. An ki amincewa da roko zuwa Kotun Koli, kuma Kotun Kolai ta kara hukuncinsa zuwa ɗaurin rai da rai. A shekara ta 2004, Kotun Koli ta soke hukuncin da aka yanke masa.<ref name="ruling">{{Cite web |title=ruling.co.il/%D7%A2%22%D7%A4-3601-01-%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%94-%D7%96%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99-%D7%A0.-%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%AA-%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C_0f6ee382-2b83-5f3d-fe11-78fbd7bb3fbf |url=http://www.ruling.co.il/%D7%A2%22%D7%A4-3601-01-%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%94-%D7%96%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99-%D7%A0.-%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%AA-%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C_0f6ee382-2b83-5f3d-fe11-78fbd7bb3fbf |access-date=November 11, 2018 |website=ruling.co.il |archive-date=August 3, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180803134332/http://www.ruling.co.il/%D7%A2%22%D7%A4-3601-01-%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%94-%D7%96%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99-%D7%A0.-%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%AA-%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C_0f6ee382-2b83-5f3d-fe11-78fbd7bb3fbf |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2002 | rowspan="2" |Elisha Haibatov |Kisan kai, fashi, makirci don aikata laifi |Yankin Negev |Kurkuku na Rayuwa |Shekaru 12 |Haka ne, |- | colspan="5" |An kama Elisha Haibatov a watan Janairun shekara ta 2006 saboda kisan gillar da aka yi wa mai ba da kuɗin Shai Edri a Sderot, wanda aka kashe a lokacin fashi. Ya riga ya yi hukuncin ɗaurin kurkuku saboda ya ƙone gidansa da kuma barazanar abokin aikinsa a lokacin. An same shi a shekara ta 2007 kuma an yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai. A cikin 2018, bayan ya yi shekaru 12 a kurkuku, Kotun Koli ta Isra'ila ta soke hukuncin da aka yanke masa na kisan kai, fashi, da kuma makirci don aikata laifi, amma ta tabbatar da hukuncin da aka yi masa na lalata da shaidu, hana adalci, da keta dokar doka. An rage hukuncinsa zuwa shekaru 3, kuma a sakamakon haka an sake shi nan da nan. |- | rowspan="2" |2007 | rowspan="2" |Hamed Zinati |Kisan kai |Abu Snan |Kurkuku na Rayuwa |Shekaru 4 |Haka ne, |- | colspan="5" |A shekara ta 2007, an kama Hamed Zinati, wani dillalin ƙasar [[Druze]] daga Abu Snan, saboda kisan Youssef Ali, wanda ya auri wata mace da ta yi jima'i da ɗaya daga cikin abokan kasuwancinsa. An same shi bisa ga ikirarin da 'yan sanda suka samu daga wanda ake zargi na uku. Kotun Koli ta Isra'ila ta soke hukuncin da aka yanke masa bayan da ya yi shekaru hudu a kurkuku. Kotun Koli ta soki hukuncin da aka yanke masa, ta yanke hukuncin cewa dogaro da kotun a kan ikirarin da aka samo a cikin yanayi mai ban sha'awa shine mafi duhu na ɗabi'a a kan tsarin shari'a na Isra'ila. An ba shi kyautar $ 100,000 a matsayin diyya. |- | rowspan="2" |2002 | rowspan="2" |Roman Zdorov |Kisan kai |Katzrin, Golan Heights |Kurkuku na Rayuwa |Shekaru 13 |Haka ne, |- | colspan="5" |Roman Zdorov, wani mai kula, an kama shi saboda kisan Tair Rada a shekara ta 2006. An yi masa shari'a a Kotun Gundumar Nazarat kuma an yanke masa hukunci kan kisan ta a shekara ta 2010, kuma an yanke mata hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai. Wannan shari'ar ta haifar da kulawa da rikici tsakanin jama'ar Isra'ila, tare da masu sukar halin 'yan sanda wajen gudanar da binciken da kuma shakkar laifin Zdorov, daga cikinsu mahaifiyar Tair Rada. An gabatar da shari'ar a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen aikata laifuka na gaskiya na Isra'ila Shadow of Truth . A cikin 2013, Kotun Koli ta Isra'ila ta mayar da karar zuwa kotun gundumar don sake shari'a. An sake yanke wa Zdorov hukunci a shekarar 2014 kuma Kotun Koli ta Isra'ila ta ki amincewa da roko a shekara mai zuwa. A cikin 2021, Kotun Koli ta Isra'ila ta sake ba da umarnin sake shari'a kuma ta saki Zdorov zuwa gidan kama shi. A cikin 2023, an wanke Roman Zdorov a kan sake shari'a. |} === Italiya === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Ranar aikata laifuka !Wadanda ake tuhuma !Laifi !Wurin da yake !Hukuncin !Lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi !An wanke shi bisa doka |- |- | rowspan="2" |1969 | rowspan="2" |Pietro Valpreda |Fashewar bam a Piazza Fontana |[[Milano|Milan]], kusa da {{Lang|it|Duomo di Milano}} |Shekaru don cajin "ƙungiya mai tayar da kayar baya", kawai (ba kai tsaye ba don fashewar bam)   |Shekaru 3 kafin shari'a (yayinda suke jiran shari'a) |Haka ne, |- | colspan="5" |Pietro Valpreda, wani mai rikici wanda aka hukunta saboda Fashewar bam a Piazza Fontana a shekarar 1969, an same shi marar laifi bayan shekaru goma sha shida. An tsara shi tun lokacin da aka shirya shi don zargi laifin a kan masu tsattsauran ra'ayi na hagu, yayin da kungiyoyin neo-fascist suka aikata shi a matsayin mataki na farko na dabarun tashin hankali. |- | rowspan="2" |1976 | rowspan="2" |[[:it:Strage di Alcamo Marina|Giuseppe Gulotta]] |An harbe Carabinieri biyu |Alcamo Marina, Trapani, Italiya |Rayuwa |Shekaru 22 |Haka ne, |- | colspan="5" |An yanke masa hukuncin kisa saboda kisan Carabinieri biyu, an sake shi lokacin da wani Carabiniere ya bayyana cewa an sami ikirarin ta hanyar azabtarwa. |- | rowspan="2" |1983 | rowspan="2" |Enzo Tortora |Cinikin miyagun ƙwayoyi; haɗin kai da Camorra | |Shekaru 10 |Watanni 7 kafin shari'a + kama gidan bayan da aka yanke masa hukunci na watanni 8 + 1⁄2  |Haka ne, |- | colspan="5" |Enzo Tortora, wani sanannen mai ba da labari a gidan talabijin na RAI na kasa, an kama shi a 1983 kuma an tsare shi a kurkuku na tsawon watanni a kan tuhumar da wasu pentiti na Camorra da sauran mutanen da aka riga aka sani da yin rantsuwa. Ba da daɗewa ba aka lura cewa wannan wataƙila kuskure ne saboda rikice-rikice tare da mutumin da ke da sunan mahaifi ɗaya (ma'ana "turtledove"), amma ''pentiti'' ya ci gaba da zargin Tortora da manyan laifuka da suka shafi sayar da miyagun ƙwayoyi. An yanke masa hukuncin shekaru goma a kurkuku a shari'arsa ta farko da aka gudanar a shekarar 1985. An kare shi daga ci gaba da ɗaurin kurkuku a wannan lokacin, saboda sa hannun Jam'iyyar Radical Party wanda ya ba shi takara a Majalisar Tarayyar Turai (EP). Tortora ya lashe zaben a mazabu biyu, duk da cewa kasar ta rabu tsakanin wadanda suka dauke shi da laifi da wadanda suka dauke hann mara laifi. Ya yi murabus a matsayin memba na EP a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1985, ya yi watsi da kariya ta majalisa. Daga nan aka sanya Tortora a tsare a gida har sai Kotun daukaka kara ta wanke shi gaba daya kuma ta sake gyara shi a watan Satumbar 1986. Ya dawo a shekara mai zuwa zuwa ga aikinsa a talabijin zuwa dawowa mai motsawa a cikin shirinsa na ''Portobello'', kawai ya mutu a cikin 1988 daga ciwon daji kuma ya zama gunkin yaƙe-yaƙe da rashin adalci da kuma tunatarwa mai tsanani na jama'a game da tsarin shari'a na Italiya. |- | rowspan="2" |1992 | rowspan="2" |[[:it:Daniele Barillà|Daniele Barillà]] |Cinikin miyagun ƙwayoyi |Liguria |Shekaru 18 |Shekaru   |Haka ne, |- | colspan="5" |Daniele Barillà, wani dan kasuwa da aka gano a matsayin babban shugaban kungiyar miyagun ƙwayoyi a [[Milano|Milan]], ya shafe sama da shekaru 7 a kurkuku daga 1992 zuwa 1999, duk da karuwar shaidar rashin laifi da rashin shiga cikin kowane aikin aikata laifuka. An ba shi kyautar € 4,000,000 don ɗaurin kurkuku mara adalci.<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 8, 2003 |title=Sette anni in carcere, era innocente maxi risarcimento a un imprenditore - la Repubblica.it |url=https://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/2003/02/08/sette-anni-in-carcere-era-innocente-maxi.html |access-date=2021-11-03 |website=Archivio - la Repubblica.it |language=it}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |Fabrairu 14, 2004 | rowspan="2" |Fabio Carlino |Kisan kai sakamakon aikata wani laifi; samar da kwayoyi ba bisa ka'ida ba |Rimini |Shekaru ; tarar; diyya ta kudi ga dangin wanda aka azabtar  | |Haka ne, |- | colspan="5" |An yanke wa Fabio Carlino hukunci da sayar da maganin cocaine mai tsabta wanda ya kashe mai tuka keke Marco Pantani, kuma an yanke masa hukuncin shekaru 4 + 1⁄2 a kurkuku. An kuma umarce shi da ya biya tarar £ 19,000, da kuma wani £ 300,000 a cikin lalacewar ga iyalin Pantani. Kotun Kashewa ta Italiya ta soke hukuncin da aka yanke masa a shekarar 2011.  |- | rowspan="2" |Nuwamba 1, 2007 | rowspan="2" |Amanda Knox da Raffaele Sollecito |Kisan Meredith Kercher |[[Perugia|Perugia, Italiya]] |{{Plainlist|* 26 years' imprisonment (Knox); * 25 years' imprisonment (Sollecito)}} |Shekaru 3 |Haka ne, |- | colspan="5" |Kercher da aka haifa a London tana karatu a Italiya lokacin da aka same ta an kashe ta a gidan da ta raba tare da Knox. Knox, wacce ta fito daga [[Seattle]], saurayinta na Italiya, Raffaele Sollecito, da kuma Rudy Guede wanda aka haifa a Ivory Coast an tuhume su da kisan. Shaidar bincike, gami da DNA daga turare a wurin da yatsunsu suka haɗa Guede da wurin, amma shari'o'in da aka yi wa Knox da Sollecito sun kasance masu kawo rigima. Knox da Kercher sun saba da Guede, amma Knox da Sollecito sun yi iƙirarin cewa suna gidan Sollecito a lokacin kisan. Masu gabatar da kara sun yi jayayya cewa an kashe Kercher a matsayin wani ɓangare na wasan jima'i da ya ɓace. A cikin 2015, Kotun Koli ta Kotu ta soke hukuncin da aka yanke a baya, ta kawo karshen shari'ar. Maimakon kawai bayyana cewa akwai kurakurai a cikin shari'o'in kotu da suka gabata ko kuma cewa babu isasshen shaida don yanke hukunci, kotun ta yanke hukuncin cewa Knox da Sollecito ba su aikata kisan ba kuma ba su da laifi daga waɗancan zarge-zargen.<ref name="washpost" /> A cewar Vedova, shawarar da alƙalai biyar suka yanke kusan ba a taɓa gani ba. Tabbacin Guede har yanzu yana tsaye.<ref name="guard" /> |- | rowspan="2" |Maris 12 - Afrilu 8, 2014 | rowspan="2" |Daniela Poggiali |Kisan kai* |Lugo, Emilia-Romagna |Rayuwa |Shekaru biyar |Haka ne, |- | colspan="5" |An yanke wa ma'aikacin asibiti Poggiali hukunci kan kisan wata tsohuwar mai haƙuri, Rosa Calderoni mai shekaru 78. Shari'ar da aka yi mata ta dogara ne akan shaidar kididdiga wacce ake zaton ta danganta Poggiali da mutuwar marasa lafiya da yawa a cikin unguwar, da kuma masu binciken shari'a da ke nuna cewa an kashe Calderoni tare da wuce gona da iri na potassium. Masanin lissafi Richard D. Gill daga baya ya nuna cewa kididdigar ba ta haɗa Poggiali da yawan mutuwar da ake zargi ba, kuma an nuna shaidar da aka yi amfani da ita ba ta da kyau. An wanke Poggiali a kan roko, tare da kotun ta gano cewa Calderoni ya mutu ne daga dalilai na halitta. Bayan da aka wanke ta an tuhumi Poggiali da kisan wani mara lafiya wanda ya mutu wata daya kafin Calderoni, amma a cikin 2023 an sake wanke ta a kan roko. |} === Japan === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Ranar aikata laifuka !Wadanda ake tuhuma !Laifi !Wurin da yake !Hukuncin !Lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi !An wanke shi bisa doka |- | rowspan="2" |Disamba 30, 1948 | rowspan="2" |Sakae Menda |Kashewa sau biyu |Japan |Mutuwa |Shekaru 35 |Haka ne, |- | colspan="5" |Sakae Menda an yanke masa hukunci saboda kisan kai sau biyu a shekarar 1948, bayan 'yan sanda sun yi ikirari ta hanyar hana shi abinci, ruwa, da barci, da kuma sanya shi cikin cin zarafin jiki. An yanke masa hukuncin kisa, kuma ya shafe shekaru 35 a kan layin mutuwa kafin a wanke shi a 1983, bayan ƙarin shaidu da ke tabbatar da hujjojinsa sun bayyana. |- | rowspan="2" |Agusta 17, 1949 | rowspan="2" |Wadanda ake tuhuma ashirin |Matsukawa ya lalace |Gundumar Fukushima |Bambance-bambance |Bambance-bambance |Haka ne, |- | colspan="5" |Mutane uku sun mutu lokacin da motar Tōhoku Main Line ta fadi a kan hanyar zuwa Tashar Ueno a watan Agustan 1949. An yanke hukuncin cewa lamarin ya kasance sabotage kuma an fara yanke wa masu tuhuma ashirin hukunci a shekarar 1950. An wanke uku daga cikin wadanda aka yanke musu hukunci a kan roko bayan shekaru biyar. Sauran goma sha bakwai an sake yin shari'a a shekara ta 1959; an gano cewa masu gabatar da kara sun hana shaidu, gami da alibis ga wasu daga cikin wadanda ake tuhuma da gwajin shari'a wanda ya nuna cewa ba za a iya amfani da kayan aikin da ke da alaƙa da wadanda ake tuhumar a cikin sabotage ba. Dukkanin wadanda ake tuhuma ba su da laifi a lokacin da aka sake shari'arsu a shekarar 1961.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 May 2018 |title=The Three Big Rail Mysteries that Defined Japan's Summer of 1949 |url=https://www.tokyoweekender.com/2018/05/the-three-big-rail-mysteries-that-defined-japans-summer-of-1949/ |website=Tokyo Weekender}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |Yuni 30, 1966 | rowspan="2" |Iwao Hakamada |Kashewa sau huɗu |Gundumar Shizuoka |Mutuwa |Shekaru 56 |Haka ne, |- | colspan="5" |Iwao Hakamada, wanda ya fi dadewa a duniya a gidan yari, an yanke masa hukunci kan kisan kai sau hudu inda aka kashe daya daga cikin shugabanninsa tare da matarsa da 'ya'yansa kuma an ƙone gidan su yayin fashi. Hakamada ya furta laifin bayan 'yan sanda suka doke shi kuma suka hana shi abinci da ruwa. An kuma sami tufafi biyar da aka rufe da jinin wanda aka azabtar a cikin tankin miso a masana'antar da Hakamada ke aiki. Hakamada an sake yin shari'a a shekarar 2014 bayan gwajin DNA a kan tufafin ya nuna cewa DNA na mai aikata laifin ba nasa ba ne; duk da haka, ba a same shi ba har zuwa 2024, shekaru 56 bayan da aka yanke masa hukunci ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Iwao Hakamada: World's longest-serving death row inmate acquitted in Japan |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c5y9x6zrkrro |access-date=2024-09-27 |website=BBC |language=en-GB}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |1997 | rowspan="2" |Govinda Prasad Mainali |Kisan mace |Tokyo, Japan |Rayuwa |Shekaru 15 |Haka ne, |- | colspan="5" |A shekara ta 1997 an kashe wata ma'aikaciyar mace ta Japan ta Tokyo Electric Power Co. a gidanta a Tokyo. Maimali, ma'aikacin ƙaura na Nepalese, ya san matar kuma yana zaune a kusa. 'Yan sanda sun kama Maimali wanda jami'ai suka yi masa fyade (an buge shi, an kori shi, an buga shi a bangon) kuma ba a ba shi izinin lauya ba. An same shi da laifin kisan kai kuma an yanke masa hukuncin rai da rai. Ya daukaka kara a kan hukuncin da aka yanke masa a kan dalilin cewa shaidar DNA a wurin (semen, gashin jiki, a ƙarƙashin yatsun mace da ta mutu) ba nasa ba ne kuma an wanke shi a shekarar 2012. |- | rowspan="2" |1990 | rowspan="2" |Toshikazu Sugaya |Yarinya mai shekaru huɗu da aka sace kuma aka kashe (Kisan Ashikaga, wani ɓangare na Arewacin Kanto Serial Young Girl Kidnapping and Murder Case) |Yankin Kanto, Japan |Rayuwa |Shekaru 17 |Haka ne, |- | colspan="5" |An sami Sugaya da laifi bisa ga gwajin DNA mara kyau da kuma ikirarin da ya yi ikirarin cewa mai bincike ne ya buge shi daga gare shi wanda ke kula da shari'ar Fumio Hashimoto. Binciken da mai ba da rahoto Kiyoshi Shimizu ya yi a cikin Kisan Yarinya ta Arewacin Kanto ya haifar da shari'ar Ashikaga ta kasance wani ɓangare na ta, tare da Sugaya ba shi da laifi. Daga baya an gano cewa masu gabatar da kara sun kuma hana shaidu game da mai laifin gaskiya, gami da asusun shaidu, saboda ba su dace da abubuwan da suka faru da Sugaya a matsayin mai laifin ba. |} === Malaysia === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Ranar aikata laifuka !Wadanda ake tuhuma !Laifi !Wurin da yake !Hukuncin !Lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi !An wanke shi bisa doka |- |- | rowspan="2" |Agusta 1, 1980 | rowspan="2" |Karthigesu Sivapakiam |Kisan Jean Perera Sinnappa |Subang, Selangor |Mutuwa |Watanni 9 |Haka ne, |- | colspan="5" |An sami Karthigesu da laifin kisan Jean Perera Sinnappa, tsohuwar sarauniya mai kyau kuma malami wacce aka samu da raunuka masu yawa. An yanke masa hukuncin kisa ta hanyar ratayewa. A watan Mayu na sheƙarya ta 1981, wani babban mai gabatar da kara ya yi ikirarin karya game da barazanar Karthigesu na kashe Jean Perera. An wanke Karthigesu bayan Kotun Tarayya ta Malaysia ta ba da izinin daukaka kara, kuma daga baya aka daure shaidar saboda rantsuwa. |- | rowspan="2" |Agusta 30, 2010 | rowspan="2" |R. Mathan |Kisan kai |Tanjung Sepat, Selangor |Mutuwa |Shekaru huɗu |Haka ne, |- | colspan="5" |Mathan ma'aikaci ne wanda lauya mai arziki N. Pathmanabhan ya yi aiki a gonarsa a Tanjung Sepat . A ranar 30 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2010, mashahurin kayan kwalliya Sosilawati Lawiya da sahabbansa uku sun ɓace bayan sun tafi don saduwa da Pathmanabhan game da yarjejeniyar ƙasa. Daga baya ya bayyana cewa an kashe su kuma an ƙone jikinsu a gonar Pathmanabhan. Pathmanabhan da ma'aikatansa uku, ciki har da Mathan, an same su da laifin kisan kai. Shekaru hudu bayan haka Kotun Tarayya ta wanke Mathan, ta yanke hukuncin cewa babu wata shaidar da ta haɗa shi da kisan, amma ta tabbatar da hukuncin sauran wadanda ake tuhuma uku. |} === Mexico === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Ranar aikata laifuka !Wadanda ake tuhuma !Laifi !Wurin da yake !Hukuncin !Lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi !An wanke shi bisa doka |- |- | rowspan="2" |Maris 2006 | rowspan="2" |Jacinta Francisco Marcial |Garkuwa da mutane da kuma fansar jami'an bincike na tarayya |Santiago Mexquititlán, Querétaro |Shekaru 21 a kurkuku |Shekaru 3 | |- | colspan="5" |A watan Maris na shekara ta 2006, jami'ai shida na Hukumar Bincike ta Tarayya [[Mexico (ƙasa)|Mexico]] (AFI) sun mamaye kasuwa a Santiago Mexquititlán, Querétaro, don neman kwafin ayyukan haƙƙin mallaka. A lokacin harin, wasu masu siyarwa marasa makami sun kori jami'an AFI guda shida don nuna rashin amincewa. Jami'an daga baya sun yi iƙirarin cewa masu siyarwa sun nemi fansa don su tafi. Shaidu na cikin gida game da lamarin sun musanta duk wani bukatar fansa da aka yi. Jacinta Francisco Marcial, wata mace 'yar asalin Otomí, ta sayar da ice cream a cikin Tianguis na Santiago Mexquititlán. Jami'an AFI guda shida da suka gudanar da harin sun nuna Francisco Marcial bayan an nuna musu hoto na jarida wanda ke nuna ta tana tafiya kusa da ƙungiyar masu sayarwa masu zanga-zanga. A watan Agustan shekara ta 2006, watanni hudu bayan harin, an kama ta saboda zargin satar mutane. Daga baya aka same ta kuma aka yanke mata hukuncin shekaru 21 a kurkuku. An kuma yanke wa wasu mata biyu hukunci. [[Amnesty International]] ta yi tir da ɗaurin Francisco Marcial sakamakon gurfanar da shi ba daidai ba. Kungiyar ta ayyana ta a matsayin fursuna na lamiri, tana mai da'awar cewa babu wata hujja mai inganci a kanta, kuma an gurfanar da ita saboda jinsi, talauci, launin fata, da rashin iya magana ko fahimtar harshen Mutanen Espanya. A shekara ta 2009, masu gabatar da kara sun watsar da karar da aka yi wa Francisco Marcial kuma an sake ta. Sauran mata biyu da aka yanke musu hukunci, Alberta Alcántara da Teresa González, Kotun Koli ta Mexico ta sauya hukuncin su a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2010 kuma an sake su daga kurkuku. |} === Netherlands === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Ranar aikata laifuka !Wadanda ake tuhuma !Laifi !Wurin da yake !Hukuncin !Lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi !An wanke shi bisa doka |- |- | rowspan="2" |1986 | rowspan="2" |Ina Post |Kisan kai da fashi |Netherlands |Rayuwa |Shekaru 4 |Haka ne, |- | colspan="5" |Post ta kasance mai kula da wata mace mai shekaru 89 da aka maƙure kuma aka sace ta. Ta "yi kama da tsoro" lokacin da aka tambaye ta kuma a karkashin tambayoyin 'yan sanda da karfi ta furta ko da yake daga baya ta janye. Ba a tabbatar da hujja ta Post ba, an yi watsi da wani irin wannan laifi da Post ba zai iya yi ba kuma babu wata hujja da ta tabbatar da hakan. An sake ta daga kurkuku a shekarar 1990. Kotun daukaka kara ta Dutch ta wanke Post a cikin 2010 kuma mai gabatar da kara na Dutch ya yarda cewa ba daidai ba ne.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Brants |first=Chrisje |date=2013-08-09 |title=Wrongful Convictions and Inquisitorial Process:The Case of the Netherlands |url=http://scholarship.law.uc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1133&context=uclr |journal=University of Cincinnati Law Review |volume=80 |issue=4 |pages=1098–1099}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |1994 | rowspan="2" |Wilco Viets, Herman Dubois |Kisan kai |Sanyawa |Shekaru 10 |Shekaru 6 |Haka ne, |- | colspan="5" |Shari'ar kisan gilla ta Putten (1994): a wannan yanayin, an sami mai kula da jirgin sama mai shekaru 23 Christel Ambrosius an kashe shi a gidan kakarta, wanda ke nesa da Veluwe. 'Yan sanda sun kama maza hudu da suka kasance a cikin dazuzzuka a wannan karshen mako. Ko da yake maniyyi da aka gano bai dace da DNA na kowane mutum huɗu ba, Wilco Viets da Herman Dubois an yanke musu hukuncin ɗaurin shekaru 10 ko ta yaya, wanda kawai suka yi kashi biyu bisa uku don hali mai kyau. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2002, Babban majalisa na Holland (Kotu mafi girma) ya bayyana maza biyu marasa laifi, jim kadan bayan sun kammala hukuncin su. An kama wani wanda ake zargi a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2008, bisa ga wasan DNA. |- | rowspan="2" |22 Yuni 2000 | rowspan="2" |Cees Borsboom |Cin zarafin yara da kisan kai, wani yunkurin kisan kai |Schiedam |Shekaru 18, maganin ƙwaƙwalwa |Shekaru 4 |A wani bangare |- | colspan="5" |A shekara ta 2000 an kashe Nienke Kleiss a wurin shakatawa na Beatrix daga Schiedam . Wanda ake zargi ya kira 'yan sanda don neman gawar. An yi amfani da wani mai shaida mara shekaru yayin tambayoyin 'yan sanda don samar da shaidar da za ta iya zargi. Wanda ake zargi ya yi ikirarin aikata laifin, amma ya musanta irin wannan ikirarin. An yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin shekaru 18 a shekara ta 2002 da kuma tilastawa. A shekara ta 2004 ya zama bayyananne cewa Wik H. shine ainihin mai laifi. Shaidar DNA ta kuma wanke Borsboom. An katse lokacin da yake kurkuku kuma a ƙarshe an sake farfado da shi, kodayake ba a bayyana shi marar laifi ba. A sakamakon abin kunya, an kirkiro Hukumar Posthumus don sake duba yiwuwar hukunce-hukuncen da ba daidai ba. |- | rowspan="2" |2001 | rowspan="2" |Lucia de Berk |Kisan kai 7* |Hague |rayuwa |Shekaru   |Haka ne, |- | colspan="5" |Lucia de Berk: an yanke mata hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai a shekara ta 2003 saboda kisan kai hudu da yunkurin kisan kai uku na marasa lafiya a cikin kulawarta. Bayan daukaka kara, an same ta a shekara ta 2004 na kisan kai bakwai da yunkurin uku. A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2008, babbar kotun Holland ta sake buɗe karar, yayin da aka gano sabbin hujjoji da suka lalata hukuncin da ya gabata. An saki De Berk, kuma an sake gwada shari'arta; an cire ta a watan Afrilun 2010. |} === New Zealand === A cikin 2010s, sha'awar jama'a wajen magance yiwuwar hukunce-hukuncen da ba daidai ba a matsayin batun tsarin ya haifar da kafa Hukumar Binciken Laifuka a cikin 2019 . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Our History |url=https://www.ccrc.nz/about-us/te-hitori-our-history/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250130085712/https://www.ccrc.nz/about-us/te-hitori-our-history/ |archive-date=2025-01-30 |access-date=2025-02-13 |website=Criminal Cases Review Commission}}</ref> A cikin shekaru goma tun 2013, an bayyana cewa kusan 'yan New Zealand 900 sun karkatar da hukuncin su. Wadannan shari'o'i ne kawai inda Gwamnati ta biya diyya don hukunci mara kyau, ban da Peter Ellis wanda ya mutu kafin Kotun Koli a New Zealand ta soke hukuncinsa, da Rex Haig wanda ya mutu yayin da yake kira ga diyya. Musamman, a New Zealand, babu wani hakki na diyya don yanke hukunci mara kyau ko ɗaurin kurkuku na ƙarya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-13 |title=Compensation for wrongful conviction & detention |url=https://www.justice.govt.nz/justice-sector-policy/constitutional-issues-and-human-rights/miscarriages-of-justice/compensation-for-wrongful-conviction-and-detention/#about |access-date=2025-02-13 |website=New Zealand Ministry of Justice}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" !Ranar aikata laifuka !Wadanda ake tuhuma !Laifi !Wurin da yake !Hukuncin !Lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi !An wanke shi bisa doka |- |- | rowspan="2" |Yuni 17, 1970 (kimanin) | rowspan="2" |Arthur Allan Thomas |Kisan Harvey da Jeanette Crewe |Pukekawa, Waikato |Kurkuku na Rayuwa |Shekaru 9 |Haka ne - biyan diyya |- | colspan="5" |Arthur Allan Thomas, manomi na New Zealand, an yanke masa hukunci sau biyu game da kisan gillar da aka yi wa Harvey da Jeanette Crewe a watan Yunin 1970. Ya shafe shekaru 9 a kurkuku amma an ba shi Royal Pardon kuma an sake shi kuma an ba shi $ 950,000 a matsayin diyya don yanke hukunci mara kyau. Hukumar Royal a cikin 1980 ta gano cewa shari'ar da ake tuhuma ba ta da kyau kuma bayan da ta harbe bindigar Thomas, 'yan sanda sun dasa shari'ar katako a lambun Crewes don tuhumar shi, kuma sun yi watsi da shaidar da ta nuna wani wanda ake zargi. Har ila yau, masu gabatar da kara sun musanta hujja da bayanan shaidu ga ƙungiyar karewa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Report of the Royal Commission to Inquire into the Circumstances of the Convictions of Arthur Allan Thomas for the Murders of David Harvey Crewe and Jeanette Lenore Crewe, 1980 |url=http://homepages.paradise.net.nz/r.christie/thomas_royal_commission_1980.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609174212/http://homepages.paradise.net.nz/r.christie/thomas_royal_commission_1980.pdf |archive-date=June 9, 2011 |access-date=December 22, 2016}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |Mayu 1, 1986 zuwa Oktoba 1, 1992 | rowspan="2" |Peter Ellis |Cin zarafin yara a Christchurch Civic Creche * |Christchurch |Shekaru 10 da aka ɗaure shi |Shekaru 7 |Haka ne, |- | colspan="5" |An yanke wa Peter Ellis hukunci a shekara ta 1993 a kan laifuka 16 na cin zarafin jima'i da ya shafi yara a cikin kulawarsa a Christchurch Civic Creche a lokacin da ake kula da jima'i. Bayan daukaka kara da ba a yi nasara ba kuma ya yi shekaru bakwai na hukuncinsa na shekaru goma, an saki Ellis a watan Fabrairun 2000, yana ci gaba da kasancewa marar laifi. A cikin 2019, ya yi kira ga Kotun Koli da a soke hukuncinsa. Kodayake ya mutu daga ciwon daji kafin a saurari karar, Kotun Koli ta ba da izinin karar don amfanin adalci kuma ta yanke hukunci a watan Oktoba 2022. Kotun ta soke hukuncin Ellis. Ya gano cewa akwai matsaloli tare da shaidar babban mai gabatar da kara, likitan kwakwalwa, kuma ba a sanar da juriya game da haɗarin gurɓata shaidar yara ba. |- | rowspan="2" |August 16, 1986 | rowspan="2" |Alan Hall |Kisan Arthur Easton |Papakura, [[Auckland]] |Kurkuku na Rayuwa |Shekaru 19 |Haka ne, ya biya dala miliyan 4.93 a matsayin diyya |- | colspan="5" |Arthur Easton da 'ya'yansa maza biyu sun kai hari a gidansu ta hanyar mai shigowa dauke da bindiga. An yi wa Easton wuka kuma an zubar da jini har ya mutu. 'Yan sanda sun haye Alan Hall lokacin da aka buga kofa a unguwar watanni biyu bayan haka. Ya yarda da cewa yana da bayonet da beanie mai kama da abubuwan da aka bari a wurin aikata laifuka. Hall yana da autistic kuma yana ƙarƙashin tambayoyin 'yan sanda ba tare da lauya ba har tsawon sa'o'i. Lokacin da shari'ar ta zo shari'a, 'yan sanda sun ɓoye muhimmiyar shaida daga masu karewa kuma sun karkatar da wata sanarwa da wani muhimmin shaida ya rubuta. An saki Hall a kan beli bayan shekaru tara amma ya dawo bayan shekaru 16 bayan ya karya yanayin da aka yi masa. Ya yi aiki na wasu shekaru goma. Gabaɗaya ya ɗauki shekaru 36 don a soke hukuncinsa. |- | rowspan="2" |Agusta 1989 | rowspan="2" |Stephen Stone, Gail Maney, Colin Maney, Mark Henriksen |Kisan kiyashi na Larnoch Road |[[Auckland]] |Bambance-bambance |Bambance-bambance |Haka ne, |- | colspan="5" |Deane Fuller-Sandys ya ɓace bayan ya bar gida don ya je kamun kifi a watan Agustan 1989. Ba a taɓa samun jikinsa ba, amma daga baya aka ayyana ya mutu. Kwanaki biyar bayan haka, Leah Stephens ta ɓace daga wannan yankin; an gano jikinta bayan shekaru uku. Masu gabatar da kara sun yi zargin cewa Stephen Stone, memba na ƙungiyar, ma'aikacin jima'i Gail Maney ya biya shi don kashe Fuller-Sandys kan wata takaddama da ta shafi miyagun ƙwayoyi, kuma Stone ta yi wa Stephens fyade kuma ta kashe ta bayan ta gano cewa tana shirin yin sanarwa ga 'yan sanda game da kisan Fuller-sandys. An yanke wa Maney hukunci da makircin kashe Fuller-Sandys, yayin da aka yanke wa Stone hukunci da kisan Fuller-sandys da Stephens; wasu maza biyu, ciki har da ɗan'uwan Maney Colin, an yanke musu hukunci da zubar da jikin Fuller-Mandys. An bincika shari'ar ne bayan da shaidu biyu daga cikin huɗu da ake zargi da aikata laifuka suka karyata shaidansu, suna mai cewa 'yan sanda sun matsa musu su yi ƙarya. Sauran biyu maza ne da suka yarda da shiga cikin fyade na Leah Stephens kuma an ba su kariya don dawo da shaidansu. Dukansu biyu sun ba da labarai daban-daban game da abin da ya faru kuma daga baya an tabbatar da cewa 'yan sanda sun ba su bayanai don samun labarun su dace. Bayan daukaka kara da yawa, an soke hukuncin da aka yanke wa dukkan wadanda ake tuhuma hudu a shekarar 2024; a lokacin wannan roko, lauyoyi na kambin sun yarda cewa shari'ar ta kasance rashin adalci saboda muhimmiyar shaidar da aka hana daga masu kare. Kotun ta wanke Gail Maney, Colin Maney, da Mark Henriksen, kuma ta ba da umarnin sake shari'ar Stephen Stone. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2025 masu gabatar da kara sun zaɓi kada su ci gaba da shari'ar da aka yi wa Stone kuma an wanke shi daga dukkan tuhume-tuhumen. |- | rowspan="2" |March 23, 1992 | rowspan="2" |Teina Pora |Rashin fyade da kisan Susan Burdett |Papatoetoe, [[Auckland]] |Kurkuku na rai da shekaru 10 ba tare da izini ba |Shekaru 21 |Haka ne, an biya dala miliyan 3.51 a matsayin diyya |- | colspan="5" |An yi wa Burdett fyade kuma an kashe ta a gidanta. Pora, wanda aka haife shi da rikicewar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwayar cuta, an kama shi a kan wasu tuhume-tuhume game da shekara guda bayan haka kuma a lokacin hira an gaya masa cewa akwai lada na $ 20,000 don bayani. Pora ya yi iƙirarin cewa ya yi aiki a matsayin mai tsaron gida ga mai laifi. Daga baya, ya yi iƙirarin cewa ya kasance a gidan Burdett. Ba a gabatar da wata hujja kai tsaye da ta nuna shi a shari'a ba amma an same shi a shekarar 1994. Daga baya, an yanke wa Malcolm Rewa hukunci a kan shaidar DNA don jerin laifukan jima'i, kuma DNA dinsa ya dace da wanda aka samu a wurin Burdett. An soke hukuncin Pora a watan Maris na shekara ta 2015. An ba shi diyya na dala miliyan 2.52, daga baya an daidaita shi zuwa dala miliyan 3.51.&nbsp;&nbsp; |- | rowspan="2" |October 1992 | rowspan="2" |David Dougherty |Satar da kuma fyade yarinya mai shekaru 11 |[[Auckland]] |Shekaru 7 da watanni 9 a kurkuku |Shekaru 3 |Haka ne - biyan diyya |- | colspan="5" |An yanke wa David Dougherty hukunci a 1993 kan zargin satar da kuma fyade yarinya mai shekaru 11. Bayan ya yi shekaru uku a kurkuku, an wanke shi a shekarar 1997 bayan sabon Shaidar DNA ta fitar da shi. Gwamnatin New Zealand ta biya diyya sama da $ 800,000 da kuma neman gafara da aka ba da shi saboda rashin amincewa. Mai laifin gaske, Nicholas Reekie, daga baya aka yanke masa hukunci game da laifin. |- | rowspan="2" |Fabrairu 13, 1994 | rowspan="2" |Rex Haig |Kisan kai |Jackson's Bay, Tsibirin Kudu |Kurkuku na Rayuwa |Shekaru 11 |Haka ne, a'a biyan diyya |- | colspan="5" |Mark Roderique ya ɓace yayin da yake tafiya tare da Rex Haig, David Hogan, da Tony Sewell a cikin jirgin kamun kifi na Haig, ''Antares'', bayan ya shiga cikin fada da Haig da Hogan. Hogan da Sewell sun shaida cewa Haig ya kashe Roderique kuma ya nutse jikinsa a cikin Jackson's Bay. An soke hukuncin Haig a shekara ta 2006 bayan an gano cewa Hogan ya furta laifin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Queen v John Rex Haig |url=https://lextechsuite.com/The-Queen-Versus-John-Rex-Haig-2006-08-23 |website=Court of Appeal of New Zealand |access-date=2025-08-11 |archive-date=2025-08-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250817213808/https://lextechsuite.com/The-Queen-Versus-John-Rex-Haig-2006-08-23 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An hana Haig diyya saboda ɗaurin da aka yi masa a kurkuku bisa la'akari da cewa bai tabbatar da cewa ba shi da laifi, kuma ya mutu a shekarar 2017 yayin da yake neman soke shawarar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 November 2017 |title=Wrongfully convicted Dunedin man Rex Haig dies ahead of launching compo bid |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/99241345/wrongfully-convicted-dunedin-man-rex-haig-dies-ahead-of-launching-compo-bid |website=Stuff}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |June 20, 1994 | rowspan="2" |David Bain |Kisan iyayensa da 'yan uwansa uku |Dunedin |Kurkuku na rai da shekaru 16 ba tare da izini ba |Shekaru 13+1⁄2  |An soke hukunci, an biya $ 925,000 amma Gwamnati ta yi iƙirarin cewa ba diyya ba ce |- | colspan="5" |An yanke wa David Bain hukunci a shekarar 1995 na kisan gillar da aka yi wa dukkan danginsa biyar a shekarar da ta gabata. Masu kare sun gabatar da gardamar cewa mahaifin David, Robin Bain, ya kashe sauran danginsa sannan kuma kansa yayin da David ya fita a kan takardar safiya. David ya shafe shekaru 13 a kurkuku yana shelar rashin laifi kuma tsohon All Black Joe Karam ya goyi bayansa wajen neman adalci. An soke hukuncin Bain a cikin 2007 ta Majalisar Privy, wanda ya gano cewa an yi mummunar rashin adalci. An sake masa shari'a a shekara ta 2009 kuma an wanke shi a kan dukkan tuhume-tuhumen. |- | rowspan="2" |Agusta 12, 1999 | rowspan="2" |Lucy Akatere, Tania Vini & McCushla Fuataha |Fashi mai tsanani na yarinya mai shekaru 16 |Sarakuna Uku, Auckland |Watanni 18, watanni 18, da watanni 24 a kurkuku (bisa ga haka) |Watanni 7 |Haka ne - biyan diyya |- | colspan="5" |Akatere, Vini da Fuataha an yanke musu hukunci a 1999 game da harin da aka kai wa wata yarinya mai shekaru 16. Kotun daukaka kara ta soke hukuncin bayan manyan shaidu biyu sun janye shaidansu. Akatere, Vini da Fuataha sun sami tsakanin $ 162,000 da $ 177,000 kowannensu a matsayin diyya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-03-08 |title=Wrongly jailed pair tearfully reunite after 10 years |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/67098878/wrongly-jailed-pair-tearfully-reunite-after-10-years |access-date=2021-06-30 |website=[[Stuff (website)|Stuff]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Compensation offer accepted |url=http://www.beehive.govt.nz/release/compensation-offer-accepted |access-date=2021-06-30 |website=The Beehive |language=en}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |September 1, 2003 | rowspan="2" |Haruna Manomi |Rashin fyade ga wata mace mai shekaru 22 |Sydenham, Christchurch |Shekaru 8 da aka ɗaure shi |Shekaru 2 |Haka ne - biyan diyya |- | colspan="5" |An yanke wa Aaron Farmer hukunci a shekara ta 2005 kan zargin fyade wata mace mai shekaru 22. Kotun daukaka kara ta ware hukuncin kuma ta ba da umarnin sake shari'a a watan Yunin 2007 bayan an tabbatar da cewa ba a gabatar da shaidar hujja ga juri ba. Kafin sake shari'ar ta faru, shaidar DNA ta kawar da Manomi kuma Crown ta janye karar. Manomi ya sami diyya na $ 351,500 da kuma neman gafara ga jama'a daga gwamnati saboda hukuncin da ba daidai ba. |- | rowspan="2" |Nuwamba 12, 2003 | rowspan="2" |Phillip Johnston da Jaden Knight |Kashewa |Foxton, Manawatū-Whanganui |Shekaru 6 da aka ɗaure shi | watanni  |Haka ne - biyan diyya |- | colspan="5" |An yanke wa Johnston da Knight hukunci kan konewa a watan Satumbar 2004 dangane da gobara a Otal din Manawatu. Kotun daukaka kara ta ware hukuncin kuma ta ba da umarnin sake shari'a a watan Yunin 2005 bayan an yanke shawarar cewa alƙalin shari'ar ya ba da isasshen jagora ga juri. An sami Mista Johnston ba shi da laifi a sake shari'a, yayin da aka sallami shari'ar da aka yi wa Mista Knight bayan sabon shaidar ya fito. Johnston da Knight sun sami diyya na $ 146,000 da $ 220,000, bi da bi, da kuma neman gafara ga jama'a daga gwamnati saboda hukuncin da ba daidai ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Johnston and Knight receive compensation for wrongful imprisonment |url=http://www.beehive.govt.nz/release/johnston-and-knight-receive-compensation-wrongful-imprisonment |access-date=2020-06-18 |website=The Beehive |language=en}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |Mayu 2011 | rowspan="2" |David Lyttle |Kisan kai |Whanganui, Tsibirin Arewa |Kurkuku na Rayuwa |Shekaru 2 |Haka ne, |- | colspan="5" |Lyttle shine babban wanda ake zargi da kisan abokinsa Brett Hall, wanda ya ɓace a watan Mayu 2011. Da yake ba zai iya tabbatar da laifinsa ba, 'yan sanda sun kama shi ta hanyar amfani da abin da ake kira Mr. Big aiki inda jami'an ɓoye suka shawo kansa ya shiga ƙungiyar masu aikata laifuka ta fiction sannan suka ja hankalin shi ya furta kisan Hall tare da tayin zama memba na cikakken lokaci. CCTV, maganganun shaidu, da bayanan wayar hannu sun saba wa ikirarin Lyttle, an ce bangarori da yawa ba za su yiwu ba, kuma ba a sami gawar Hall a wurin da Lyttle ya yarda ya binne su ba. Lyttle ya yi shekaru biyu a kurkuku bayan da aka yanke masa hukunci a shekarar 2019 kafin a soke hukuncin da aka yi masa a shekarar 2021. An gano cewa 'yan sanda sun yi watsi da shaidar cewa masu sayar da miyagun ƙwayoyi ne suka kashe Hall, kuma an yi ikirarin Lyttle ne a karkashin tilastawa. |- |} === Nicaragua === === Norway === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Ranar aikata laifuka !Wadanda ake tuhuma !Laifi !Wurin da yake !Hukuncin !Lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi !An wanke shi bisa doka |- |- | rowspan="2" |Satumba, 1976 - Oktoba 4, 1977 | rowspan="2" |Fritz Moen |Rashin fyade da kisan mata biyu, Torunn Finstad da Sigrid Heggheim |[[Trondheim]] |Shekaru 21 a kurkuku (an yanke masa hukuncin shekaru 25 a ranar 29 ga Mayu, 1978, amma a kan roko, an sauya hukuncin zuwa shekaru 16). |Shekaru 19 |Haka ne (An wanke shi bayan mutuwarsa a ranar 24 ga watan Agusta, 2006, saboda fyade da kisan Torunn Finstad) |- | colspan="5" |Fritz Moen, wanda aka yanke masa hukunci ba bisa ka'ida ba saboda kisan kai na mata biyu masu shekaru 20 a 1976 da 1977. An wanke shi da kisan kai daya a shekara ta 2004. Bayan mutuwarsa a watan Maris na shekara ta 2005, an wanke shi daga kisan kai na biyu, bisa ga sake binciken shari'ar da Hukumar Binciken Laifuka ta Norway ta yi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kristiansen |first=J |author-link=Janne Kristiansen |last2=Sæter H |last3=Magnussen S |last4=Slungård AK |last5=Lyngtveit E |date=2006-06-15 |title=15 June 2006 - Fritz Yngvar Moen |url=http://www.gjenopptakelse.no/index.php?id=96 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090716021459/http://www.gjenopptakelse.no/index.php?id=96 |archive-date=July 16, 2009 |access-date=17 April 2009 |publisher=[[Norwegian Criminal Cases Review Commission]]}}</ref> Shari'ar da aka yi wa Fritz Moen ta tsaya a matsayin shari'ar da ta sani kawai a Turai na zubar da ciki biyu, inda hukumomin shari'a na kasar suka yanke wa mutumin da ba daidai ba hukunci a cikin kisan kai guda biyu. |- | rowspan="2" |Disamba 24, 1969 | rowspan="2" |Kamar yadda Kristian Liland ya rubuta |Kisan John Oval Larsen da Håkon Edvard Johansen |Fredrikstad |Shekaru 13. An tsawaita hukuncinsa da shekaru 10 saboda an dauke shi da haɗari ga al'umma |Shekaru 23 |Haka ne, |- | colspan="5" |Per Kristian Liland, wanda aka yanke masa hukuncin kisa da laifin kashe abokansa biyu a shekarar 1969. An wanke shi a shekarar 1994. An san shari'arsa da sunan The Liland Affair . Liland ta sami kroner miliyan 13.7 na Norwegian (kimanin dala miliyan 1.7) a matsayin diyya ga hukuncin ɗaurin kurkuku mara kyau.&nbsp;&nbsp; |- | rowspan="2" |Mayu 19, 2000 | rowspan="2" |Viggo Kristiansen |Cike da kisan Lena Sløgedal Paulsen mai shekaru 10 da Stine Sofie Austegard Sørstrønen mai shekaru 8 |Kristiansand |Shekaru 21 "forvaring" (kusan magana: hukuncin rai da rai tare da yiwuwar sallama bayan shekaru 21) |Shekaru 21 |Haka ne, ranar 15 ga Disamba, 2022 |- | colspan="5" |Viggo Kristiansen, wanda aka yanke masa hukunci ba bisa ka'ida ba saboda ya yi wa Jan Helge Andersen fyade kuma ya kashe 'yan mata biyu, masu shekaru 8 da 10. |- | rowspan="2" |Mayu 6, 1995 | rowspan="2" |Dan uwan Birgitte Tengs (sunan da ba a buga ba saboda bai kai shekaru ba a lokacin kisan) |Kisan dan uwansa Birgitte Tengs |Kopervik |Shekaru 14 da kuma biyan NOK 100,000 ga iyayen Birgitte Tengs |Kwanaki 495 |An same shi ba shi da laifi a lokacin da aka daukaka kara a watan Yunin, 1998, amma har yanzu an yanke masa hukuncin biyan NOK 100,000 a matsayin mai yiwuwa (amma ba bayan shakka ba) mai kisan kai. A watan Fabrairun 2023 an sami Johny Vassbakk da laifin kisan, kuma a watan Disamba na wannan shekarar, ba shi da laifi a kan roko. |- | colspan="5" |Dan uwan Birgitte Tengs, wanda aka yanke masa hukunci ba bisa ka'ida ba saboda kashe ta. |} === Poland === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Ranar aikata laifuka !Wadanda ake tuhuma !Laifi !Wurin da yake !Hukuncin !Lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi !An wanke shi bisa doka |- |- | rowspan="2" |31 ga Disamba, 1996 | rowspan="2" |Tomasz Komenda |Rashin fyade da kisan Małgorzata Kwiatkowska mai shekaru 15 |Miłoszyce, [[Poland]] |Shekaru 25 |Shekaru 18 |Haka ne (Mayu 16, 2018) |- | colspan="5" | |} {| class="wikitable sortable" !Ranar aikata laifuka !Wadanda ake tuhuma !Laifi !Wurin da yake !Hukuncin !Lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi !An wanke shi bisa doka |- |- | rowspan="2" |6 ga Yuli, 1977 | rowspan="2" |Gheorghe Samoilescu |[[Murder of Anca Broscățeanu|Rashin fyade, kisan kai, lalatawa da fashi na Anca Broscățeanu mai shekaru 18.]] |[[Bukarest|Bucharest]] |Shekaru 25 |Shekaru 4 |Haka ne (1984) |- | colspan="5" |A ranar 6 ga watan Yulin 1977, dalibi mai shekaru 18 Anca Broscățeanu ta ɓace bayan ta fita don bincika jerin sunayen rarraba ga 'yan takara a jarrabawa a Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Tattalin Arziki ta Bucharest, kawai don a sami sassan jikinta a warwatse a fadin Bucharest bayan kwana biyu kawai. Kungiyar binciken, wacce 'Yan sanda da Tsaron Jiha suka hada, sun kama Samoilescu bayan an sami lambar sa a cikin littafin wanda aka azabtar. Da farko ya yi ikirarin cewa ba shi da laifi amma bayan watanni 6 na azabtarwa ya yi ikirari da laifin kisan ta, kuma a watan Fabrairun 1979 an yanke masa hukuncin shekaru 25 a kurkuku. An gano ainihin mai kisan ne kawai a watan Nuwamba 1980 kuma an kashe shi a 1981. Samoilescu ya mutu a shekara ta 2005 daga ciwon daji na huhu. |- | rowspan="2" |Yuni 16, 1992 | rowspan="2" |Marcel Țundrea |Kisan kai da fyade na Mioara Gherasie mai shekaru 13 |Pojogeni da Gorj |Shekaru 25 |Shekaru 12 |Haka ne (2009) |- | colspan="5" |A ranar 18 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 1992, an gano gawar Mioara Gherasie a ƙauyen Pojogeni, inda take zaune. Daga nan sai 'yan sanda suka zargi Marcel Țundrea, tsohon ma'aikacin jirgin kasa wanda ke zaune a Târgu Jiu. Shaidar da aka kawo masa ita ce alamomi a jikinsa, gaskiyar cewa ya raba wannan rukuni na jini tare da wanda aka azabtar, mujallu na batsa da aka samu a gidansa, shaidar ƙarya daga dangi na wanda aka azabta, da kuma shaidar da aka hana shi inda aka gan shi yana barin baya ta jirgin kasa daga Pojogeni zuwa Târgu Jiu. Țundrea ya ci gaba da cewa ba shi da laifi har sai ya mutu a shekara ta 2007; an sake shi a shekara ta 2004 biyo bayan shaidar da ta nuna cewa shi ba mai kisan ba ne. An wanke Țundrea bayan mutuwarsa a shekara ta 2009. George Avram, wani mutumin da aka riga aka daure shi saboda kisan wani a shekarar 1995 an zarge shi da kisan Mioara Gherasie kuma an yanke masa hukuncin shekaru 25 a kurkuku.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 29, 2021 |title=Mari erori judiciare din România: Achitat post-mortem după 12 ani de închisoare. Fiica lui a primit 5.000 de euro daune |url=https://www.libertatea.ro/stiri/mari-erori-judiciare-din-romania-achitat-post-mortem-dupa-12-ani-de-inchisoare-fiica-lui-a-primit-5-000-de-euro-daune-3757726}}</ref> |} === Rasha === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Ranar aikata laifuka !Wadanda ake tuhuma !Laifi !Wurin da yake !Hukuncin !Lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi !An wanke shi bisa doka |- |- | rowspan="2" |2012–2015 | rowspan="2" |Ildar Dadin |Laifukan zaman lafiya na jama'a* |[[Moscow]] |Shekaru 3 |Watanni 15 |Haka ne, |- | colspan="5" |Dadin shine mutum na farko da aka gurfanar da shi a karkashin Mataki na 212.1 na Dokar Laifuka wanda ya ayyana shi laifi ne a ɗaure shi akai-akai a cikin zanga-zangar adawa da gwamnati, bayan ya yi zanga-zangiji cikin lumana game da keta haƙƙin ɗan adam na gwamnati a lokuta biyar tun 2015. Masu fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam sun dauke shi fursuna na siyasa. A lokacin da yake kurkuku, masu gadi na kurkuku sun azabtar da Dadin kuma sun yi masa barazanar cin zarafin jima'i.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 November 2016 |title=Russia: Shocking new torture allegations by prisoner of conscience must be investigated |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2016/11/russia-shocking-new-torture-allegations-by-prisoner-of-conscience-must-be-investigated-2/ |website=Amnesty International}}</ref> Kotuna da yawa sun yanke hukuncin cewa an yi amfani da Mataki na 212.1 ba daidai ba a cikin shari'ar Dadin kuma ya kamata a yi amfani da shi kawai don yin amfani da zanga-zangar haɗari ko tashin hankali. |} === Singapore === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Ranar aikata laifuka !Wadanda ake tuhuma !Laifi !Wurin da yake !Hukuncin !Lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi !An wanke shi bisa doka |- |- | rowspan="2" |6 ga Mayu 2005 | rowspan="2" |Ismil bin Kadar |Kisan Tham Weng Kuen |Boon Lay |Mutuwa |Shekaru Biyu |Haka ne, |- | colspan="5" |Tham Weng Kuen mai shekaru 69 an yi mata wuka har ya mutu yayin wani hari a gidanta. Shaidar DNA ta danganta Muhammad bin Kadar da laifin; a lokacin da aka yi masa tambayoyi, ya yi iƙirarin cewa ya aikata laifin tare da babban ɗan'uwansa Ismil. A lokacin shari'ar 'yan uwan, Muhammad ya karkatar da maganarsa, wanda shine kawai shaidar da ke adawa da Ismil, kuma mijin Tham ya ba da shaida cewa Muhammadu ya shiga cikin ɗakin shi kaɗai. An yanke wa 'yan uwan biyu hukuncin kisa; duk da haka, shekaru biyu bayan haka Kotun daukaka kara ta Singapore ta wanke Ismil, ta gano cewa shaidar ta tabbatar da cewa Muhammad ya yi aiki shi kaɗai. Kotun ta amince da hukuncin Muhammad kuma an rataye shi a shekarar 2015. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Muhammad bin Kadar and Another v Public Prosecutor |url=https://www.singaporelawwatch.sg/Portals/0/Docs/Judgments/[2011]%20SGCA%2032.pdf |access-date=12 April 2023 |via=Singapore Law Watch}}</ref> |} === Afirka ta Kudu === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Ranar aikata laifuka !Wadanda ake tuhuma !Laifi !Wurin da yake !Hukuncin !Lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi !An wanke shi bisa doka |- |- | rowspan="2" |2002 | rowspan="2" |Thembekile Molaudzi |Fashi da kisan kai |Pretoria, Afirka ta Kudu |Rayuwa a kan lambobi huɗu |Shekaru 11 |Haka ne, |- | colspan="5" |A shekara ta 2002, an kashe Dingaan Makuna, wani dan sanda, a lokacin da aka yi fashi. 'Yan sanda sun kama mutane da yawa, ciki har da Molaudzi, direban taksi na Pretoria. Ɗaya daga cikin wadanda ake tuhuma, (wanda aka bayyana daga baya a kotu a matsayin "maƙaryaci mara hankali") ya ce Molaudzi yana ɗaya daga cikin masu aikata laifin kodayake daga baya ya janye wannan ikirarin. Duk da cewa babu wata shaida da ta danganta shi da laifin da kuma gaskiyar cewa 'yar Makuna wacce ta ga laifin ba ta bayyana Moladuzi ba, an same shi kuma an yanke masa hukuncin rai da rai a kurkuku. Moladuzi ya shafe lokacinsa a kurkuku yana ƙoƙarin tabbatar da rashin laifi (yawancin kotun da takardun 'yan sanda sun ɓace ta hanyar ban mamaki), masu kula da shi sun yi masa cin zarafi kuma ya shafe shekaru hudu a cikin kurkuku. A cikin 2013 Kotun Tsarin Mulki ta soke hukuncin da aka yanke masa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Raphaely |first=Carolyn |date=2015-06-30 |title=Wrongfully Convicted South African Man Released After 11 Years Behind Bars |url=http://www.sapeople.com/2015/06/30/thembekile-molaudzi-wrongfully-convicted-south-african/ |access-date=October 7, 2016 |website=SA People News}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2011 | rowspan="2" |Nolubabalo Nomsuka |Kisan kai* |Lamontville |Shekaru 20 |Shekaru biyar da watanni shida |Haka ne, |- | colspan="5" |An yanke wa Nolubabalo Nomsuka hukunci ba bisa ka'ida ba game da kisan da aka haifa a shekara ta 2011. Mai shari'a da ke jagorantar shari'arta ya yi watsi da shaidar kimiyya wacce ta nuna ɗanta ya mutu ta hanyar halitta kuma ya dogara da shaidar shaidu waɗanda suka zo ne kawai lokacin da yaron ya riga ya mutu. Nomsuka ya kuma yi iƙirarin cewa 'yan sanda sun azabtar da shi bayan ya ki yin ikirari. Babban Kotun Afirka ta Kudu ta wanke ta a shekarar 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Botha |first=Monique |date=31 July 2024 |title=Wrongfully accused |url=https://www.citizen.co.za/south-coast-herald/opinion-edition/2024/07/31/true-crime-junkies-wrongfully-accused/ |website=The Citizen}}</ref> |} === Koriya ta Kudu === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Ranar aikata laifuka !Wadanda ake tuhuma !Laifi !Wurin da yake !Hukuncin !Lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi !An wanke shi bisa doka |- |- | rowspan="2" |1972 | rowspan="2" |Jeong Won-seop |Rashin fyade da kisan kai |Chuncheon |Kurkuku na Rayuwa |Shekaru 15 |Haka ne, |- | colspan="5" |A shekara ta 1972, an yi wa wata yarinya 'yar shekara tara da ta kasance 'yar wani shugaban 'yan sanda fyade kuma an kashe ta bayan ta bar gidanta don ziyartar kantin sayar da littattafai masu ban dariya. An kama Jeong Won-seop, mai mallakar kantin sayar da littattafai masu ban dariya da ta yi niyyar ziyarta, saboda fyade da kisan kai. An yanke masa hukunci bisa ga ikirarin da aka samu daga baya cewa an cire shi ta hanyar azabtarwa kuma Kotun Gundumar Chuncheon ta yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai, kuma an sake shi a kan parole a 1987 bayan ya yi shekaru 15. Kotun Gundumar Chuncheon ta sake ba shi shari'a kuma ta wanke shi a shekara ta 2008. |} === Spain === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Ranar aikata laifuka !Wadanda ake tuhuma !Laifi !Wurin da yake !Hukuncin !Lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi !An wanke shi bisa doka |- |- | rowspan="2" |Nuwamba 16, 1491 | rowspan="2" |Alonso, Lope, García, Juan da Yosef Franco; Benito García, Moshe Abenamías |Kisan Ɗan Mai Tsarki na La Guardia* |La Guardia, Toledo |Mutuwa |Mai canzawa |A'a |- | colspan="5" |Inquisition na Mutanen Espanya sun kama conversos shida da [[Yahudawa]] biyu kuma sun furta a karkashin azabtarwa cewa sun kashe wani yaro Kirista a La Guardia a matsayin wani ɓangare na al'adar sihiri; akalla biyar an ƙone su a wani auto de fe a Avila. Saboda rikice-rikice na yau da kullun da rashin daidaito na shari'a, gaskiyar cewa ba a taɓa samun sunan yaron ba, ba a sami gawar ba, ba tare da rahoton bacewar yaro ko kisan kai a La Guardia a wannan lokacin ba, kuma a bayyane kamanceceniya da sauran laifukan jini na [[Turai]] da tatsuniyoyin adawa da Yahudawa ba, masana tarihi sun yarda cewa babu laifi ko yaro a zahiri. An yi imanin cewa wannan tsari yaudara ce don tayar da fitar da dukkan Yahudawa daga Spain, wanda An ba da umarni watanni hudu bayan haka. |- | rowspan="2" |Mayu 25, 1918 | rowspan="2" |Gregorio Valero, León Sánchez |Kisan José María Grimaldos* (a.k.a. "Crin na Cuenca") * |Osa de la Vega, CuencaRuwa |Shekaru 18 a kurkuku (kowane) |Shekaru 12 da watanni 2 |Haka ne, |- | colspan="5" |Grimaldos, makiyayi, ya ɓace bayan sayar da Duba a 1910. Iyalinsa sun zargi Valero da Sánchez da kashe shi da satar kudi saboda suna da tarihin zaluntar Grimaldos. Mai shari'ar da ke jarrabawar yankin ya yi watsi da karar saboda rashin shaidar amma magajinsa, Emilio Isasa Echenique, ya sake buɗe ta a 1913. A karkashin kulawar Isasa, an kama Valero da Sánchez kuma an [[Gallazawa|azabtarwa]] da su ba tare da shari'a ba don sa su furta. Ba a sami gawar ba kuma wanda ake tuhuma ya ƙare da'awar cewa sun ciyar da aladu, sannan suka ƙone kuma suka niƙa duk ragowar da suka rage. Bayan da aka sami Grimaldos da rai a Mira a 1926, Kotun Koli ta soke hukuncin kuma ta fara shari'a a kan wadanda ke da alhakin binciken 1913. Ba za a iya yin shari'ar Isasa ba saboda mutuwarsa kwatsam, wanda aka danganta shi da [[ciwon zuciya]] amma ana zarginsa da [[Kisan kai|kashe kansa]]. |- | rowspan="2" |9 ga Oktoba, 1999 | rowspan="2" |Dolores Vázquez |Kisan Rocío Wanninkhof |Mijas, Málaga |Shekaru 15 a kurkuku |Watanni 17 |Haka ne, |- | colspan="5" |Vázquez, ƙaunatacciyar mahaifiyar Wanninkhof, ta zarge ta da kisan, kuma daga baya aka yanke mata hukunci a cikin Shari'ar juri duk da rashin shaidar da ta haɗa ta da laifin. Bayan watanni uku, Babban Kotun Andalusia ta soke hukuncin da ta yi nuni da manyan rashin daidaito kuma ta ba da umarnin sake shari'a. Dukkanin tuhume-tuhumen da aka yi wa Vázquez an sauke su lokacin da DNA da aka gano kusa da jikin ya dace da Tony Alexander King, wanda aka yanke masa hukuncin kisa kuma ya kashe wata yarinya a Coín. |} === Sweden === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Ranar aikata laifuka !Wadanda ake tuhuma !Laifi !Wurin da yake !Hukuncin !Lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi !An wanke shi bisa doka |- |- | rowspan="2" |1976–1988 | rowspan="2" |Sture Bergwall |Ya furta kisan mutane 30, amma an same shi da laifin kisan kai 8. |[[Sweden]], [[Denmark]], [[Norway]], da [[Finland]] |Tsare-tsare na ƙwaƙwalwa |Shekaru 22-23 |Haka ne, |- | colspan="5" |Shari'ar Thomas Quick, a.k.a. Sture Bergwall, wanda aka yanke masa hukunci, kuma daga baya aka wanke shi, na kisan kai takwas a Sweden da Norway, wanda ya furta yayin da yake ƙarƙashin kimantawar kwakwalwa, yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan shari'o'i a tarihin Sweden. |- | rowspan="2" |1998 | rowspan="2" |'Yan'uwa biyu da ba su kai shekara ba |Kisan kai |Arvika, Sweden | | |Haka ne, |- | colspan="5" |An zargi 'yan'uwa biyu, masu shekaru 5 da 7 a lokacin, da laifin haifar da mutuwar Kevin Hjalmarsson. Kodayake 'yan uwan sun yi ƙanƙanta da ba za su iya fuskantar shari'a ba, 'yan sanda sun gudanar da taron manema labarai suna mai cewa' yan uwan sun furta kisan, kafin su rufe shari'ar. Bayan wani shirin talabijin a cikin 2017, an sake buɗe shari'ar, kuma a cikin 2018 an wanke 'yan uwan daga duk wani laifi. |- | rowspan="2" |2004 | rowspan="2" |Kaj Linna |Kisan kai da fashi |Kalamark |Kurkuku na Rayuwa |Shekaru 13 |Haka ne, |- | colspan="5" |An yanke wa Linna hukunci a kan mahimman shaidu na "Nils" wanda ya yi iƙirarin cewa ya ji Linna tana shirin fashi. Daga baya tambayoyin da aka yi da Nils sun sanya shakku game da gaskiyarsa kuma an soke hukuncin Linna. |} {| class="wikitable sortable" !Ranar aikata laifuka !Wadanda ake tuhuma !Laifi !Wurin da yake !Hukuncin !Lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi !An wanke shi bisa doka |- |- | rowspan="2" |Mayu 1980 | rowspan="2" |Werner Ferrari |Kisan kai |Würenlos, Switzerland |Kurkuku na Rayuwa |Har yanzu a kurkuku saboda wasu kisan kai |Haka ne, |- | colspan="5" |A cikin shekarun 1980s, jerin sace-sacen yara goma sha ɗaya sun girgiza Switzerland. Duk da yake an sami takwas daga cikinsu sun mutu, inda sauran suke har yanzu ba a sani ba. Werner Ferrari, wanda ya riga ya kashe wani yaro a 1971 kuma ya yi shekaru 8 na hukuncin shekaru 10 saboda wannan laifin, an kama shi kuma ya furta kisan kai hudu a shekarar 1989, amma ya musanta cewa ya kashe Ruth Steinmann a shekarar 1980. Ya yarda da laifin kisan gilla hudu da ya furta, kuma an same shi da laifin kashe Steinmann. A shekara ta 1995, an yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai. Shekaru bakwai bayan haka, ɗan jarida kuma marubuci Peter Holenstein ya nuna shaidar cewa Ferrari ba zai iya kashe Steinmann ba, gami da nazarin DNA cewa gashin da aka samu a jikinta bai dace da shi ba. Kwatanta hakora ta gaba ta tabbatar da cewa alamar cinyewa a jikinta ba ta fito daga gare shi ba, amma daga wani mutum mai kama da wannan wanda ya kashe kansa a 1983. An wanke shi daga kisan Steinmann a shekara ta 2007. Saboda sauran kisan kai, ya kasance a kurkuku, yana yin hukuncin rai da rai. |} === Taiwan === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Ranar aikata laifuka !Wadanda ake tuhuma !Laifi !Wurin da yake !Hukuncin !Lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi !An wanke shi bisa doka |- |- | rowspan="2" |1996 | rowspan="2" |Chiang Kuo-ching |Rashin fyade da kisan yarinya 'yar shekara biyar |Taipei, Taiwan |Mutuwa |An kashe shi |Haka ne, bayan mutuwarsa |- | colspan="5" |Chiang wani sojan saman Taiwan ne wanda aka azabtar da shi na tsawon sa'o'i 37 don ya yi ikirari, kotun soja ta yanke masa hukunci kuma ta kashe shi a shekarar 1997 saboda fyade da kisan yarinya mai shekaru biyar. A shekara ta 2011, wani dan jirgin sama, Xu Rongzhou, wanda ke da tarihin cin zarafin jima'i, ya furta cewa shi ne ke da alhakin laifin kuma an same shi da laifin. A shekara ta 2011 kotun soja ta wanke Chiang bayan mutuwarsa. Ma Ying-jeou, shugaban Taiwan, ya nemi gafara ga dangin Chiang wadanda aka ba su dala miliyan 3.4 a matsayin diyya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Taiwan; Country report |url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2012/taiwan |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009163237/https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2012/taiwan |archive-date=October 9, 2016 |access-date=October 7, 2016 |website=Freedom House}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-08-13 |title=1997: Chiang Kuo-ching, Taiwan wrongful conviction |url=http://www.executedtoday.com/2013/08/13/1997-chiang-kuo-ching-taiwan-wrongful-conviction/ |access-date=October 7, 2016 |website=Executed Today}}</ref>&nbsp; |- | rowspan="2" |2000 | rowspan="2" |Lu Chieh-min |Kisan yarinyar sa Kuo |Taipei |A shekara ta 2010, an yanke masa hukuncin shekaru 13 |Shekaru huɗu |Haka ne, |- | colspan="5" |An sami Kuo ya mutu a shekara ta 2000 a wani wurin shakatawa na jama'a a Gundumar Neihu ta Taipei kuma an tuhumi Lu. Masu gabatar da kara sun yi iƙirarin alamun cinyewa a wuyan Kuo sun dace da haƙoran Lu. An sami Lu ba shi da laifi a cikin shari'o'i biyu amma an same shi da laifi yayin shari'a ta uku a shekara ta 2010. A cikin 2015 mai gabatar da kara na Taiwan ya gabatar da sabbin shaidu ga sake shari'ar da ke nuna gwajin DNA a kan hawaye da maniyyi a kan tufafin yarinyar da jikinta bai dace da Lu ba kuma an same shi ba shi da laifi. Masu gabatar da kara sun ce ba za su daukaka kara ba. |} === Uganda === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Ranar aikata laifuka !Wadanda ake tuhuma !Laifi !Wurin da yake !Hukuncin !Lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi !An wanke shi bisa doka |- |- | rowspan="2" |1981 | rowspan="2" |Edward Edmary Mpagi |Kisan William George Wandyaka* |Kyamabaale, Masaka, Uganda |Mutuwa |Shekaru 18 a kan layin mutuwa, shekaru 2 a kan tsare |Gafarar Shugaban kasa |- | colspan="5" |An kama Mpagi a shekarar 1981 saboda kisan Wandyaka . Kodayake Wandyaka yana da rai kuma yana da kyau kuma yana ɓoye Mpagi an yanke masa hukunci bisa ga shaidu huɗu da aka yi rantsuwa kuma an yanke masa hukuncin kisa. Wani firist na Italiya ya ziyarci ƙauyen kuma ya sami Wandayaka da rai. Firist ɗin ya sami 'yan ƙauyen 90 don rubuta wa babban lauya yana ba da shaida cewa Wandayka yana da rai kuma Mpagi ya sami gafarar shugaban kasa. |} === Ƙasar Ingila === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Date of crime !Defendant(s) !Crime !Location !Sentence !Time served !Legally exonerated |- |- | rowspan="2" |1255 | rowspan="2" |71 Jews |Murder of Hugh of Lincoln |[[Lincoln]], England |Death |Unknown |No |- | colspan="5" |Hugh was a nine-year-old boy whose body was recovered from a well belonging to a Jewish man named Copin.{{Efn|Copin was not one of the 71 convicted, having never been formally charged.}} Copin gave a false confession which implicated other Jews in Hugh's murder after being promised immunity. King Henry III ordered that 91 local Jews be tried for the murder. Several were executed for refusal to plead (Copin was also executed on Henry's orders),<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bennett Connolly |first=Sarah |date=4 June 2016 |title=The Sad Story of Little Saint Hugh of Lincoln |url=https://historytheinterestingbits.com/2016/06/04/the-sad-story-of-little-st-hugh/ |website=History...The Interesting Bits!}}</ref> two were released and the remaining 71 were found guilty of the murder. They were condemned to death but released when the king's brother Richard interceded on their behalf.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Miesel |first=Sandra |date=17 April 2023 |title=A Short History of the Lie of the Blood Libel |url=https://www.catholicworldreport.com/2023/04/17/a-short-history-of-the-lie-of-the-blood-libel/ |website=The Catholic Report}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |1660 | rowspan="2" |John, Richard and Joan Perry |Murder and robbery of William Harrison* |Chipping Campden, [[Ingila|England]] |Death |Executed |No |- | colspan="5" |Wealthy 70-year-old Harrison was last seen walking to Charingworth. After his hat, coat and neckband were found on the side of the road with a sharp cut and sprinkled in blood, his servant John Perry claimed that Perry's own brother and mother had murdered Harrison to rob him, and subsequently dumped the body in a pond. The pond was drained but no body was found. The Perrys then alternated between pleading guilt and innocence, until they were all found guilty and hanged. However, Harrison reappeared in 1662, claiming to have been abducted by [[Barbary pirates]]. It has been claimed that this case caused British courts to not give murder sentences without a body for the next 250 years.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> |- | rowspan="2" |1678 | rowspan="2" |Thomas Whitbread |Treason – conspiracy to murder King Charles II |London |Execution |Executed |No |- | colspan="5" |Convicted and executed on the perjured evidence of Titus Oates. |- | rowspan="2" |1679 | rowspan="2" |Robert Green, Henry Berry and Lawrence Hill |Murder |London |Death |Executed |No |- | colspan="5" |Robert Green, Henry Berry and Lawrence Hill were hanged in 1679 at Greenberry Hill on false evidence for the unsolved murder of Edmund Berry Godfrey. Historians accept they were innocent. |- | rowspan="2" |1705 | rowspan="2" |[[wikisource:Green, Thomas (d.1705) (DNB00)|Thomas Green]], Madder, and Simpson, and a ships crew |Murder and Piracy |Edinburgh |Death |Executed |Partial |- | colspan="5" |The 21-year-old Captain Green of the ''Worcester'', an English East Indiaman, his first mate, and a gunner were executed, after their crew, ship and cargo were seized and sold, on being forced into the River Forth by weather. The whole ship's crew had been detained, and charged on an invented Murder and Piracy charges, in retaliation for a Scotch East Indiaman Annandale being seized in the Thames. |- | rowspan="2" |1835 | rowspan="2" |James Pratt and John Smith |Sodomy |London |Death |Executed |- | colspan="5" |James Pratt and John Smith were two London men who, in November 1835, became the last two to be executed for sodomy in England. Modern interpretation cast doubt on the facts and legality of the conviction. In January 2017, Pratt and Smith were among those who were posthumously pardoned by the Alan Turing law which pardoned those who had been convicted of criminalised homosexuality offences which no longer exist in the UK.<ref name="PinkNews">{{Cite web |date=July 17, 2017 |title=The tragic story of the last two men in the UK executed for being gay: 'Mercy could not be expected of men like them' |url=https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2017/07/17/the-tragic-story-of-the-last-two-men-in-the-uk-executed-for-being-gay-mercy-could-not-be-expected-of-men-like-them/ |access-date=31 October 2021 |publisher=Pink News}}</ref><ref name="Tatchell Foundation">{{Cite web |last=Ryan, Frank |date=24 March 2015 |title=Pratt & Smith – Last UK men hanged for sodomy |url=http://www.petertatchellfoundation.org/lgbt-community/pratt-smith-last-uk-men-hanged-sodomy |access-date=14 November 2021 |publisher=Peter Tatchell Foundation}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |1859 | rowspan="2" |Henry John Hatch |Indecent assault* |Wandsworth |4 years |191 days |Yes |- | colspan="5" |Hatch was accused of sexually abusing two young girls who had been under his tuition. He was found guilty in spite of numerous contradictions in the testimony of the alleged victims. Hatch was sentenced to four year's hard labour, but received a Royal Pardon less than a year into his sentence after one of his accusers was found guilty of lying under oath during his trial. It was widely suspected that the girls' parents had coached them to lie, but this was never proved.<ref>''The Ordeal of the Revd. Henry J. Hatch of Walton-on-Thames'': No. 34: An Extraordinary Tale of Victorian Criminal Justice, by John Pulford, published by the Walton & Weybridge Local History Society, 2010, {{ISBN|978-0-901524-29-4}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |1867 | rowspan="2" |Thomas Maguire |Murder of Charles Brett |Manchester |Death |1 month |Yes |- | colspan="5" |Maguire was mistakenly identified as one of a party of Irish republicans who ambushed a prison van carrying two republican leaders and killed a police sergeant when he refused to unlock the doors (the Manchester Martyrs incident). According to Liz Curtis, witnesses "blatantly perjured themselves" to convict Maguire. He received a pardon after widespread public pressure. |- | rowspan="2" |1876 | rowspan="2" |William Habron |Murder |London |Life imprisonment |3 years |Yes |- | colspan="5" |Convicted of the fatal shooting of Constable Nicholas Cock during a burglary. The jury at his trial recommended mercy and so he avoided the death penalty, which was usually mandatory for murder. Another man, Charles Peace, eventually confessed to the crime to exonerate Habron,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ault |first=Richard |last2=Brooke |first2=Sam |date=12 August 2021 |title=The chilling stories of the bloodthirsty Yorkshire murderers hanged at York castle |url=https://www.examinerlive.co.uk/news/history/chilling-stories-bloodthirsty-yorkshire-murderers-21295175 |website=Yorkshire Examiner}}</ref> who was pardoned and awarded compensation. |- | rowspan="2" |1895 | rowspan="2" |Adolf Beck |Fraud |London |7 years in prison |6 years |Yes |- | colspan="5" |Wrongfully convicted on the basis of mistaken eyewitness testimony, unreliable methods of conviction and a rush to convict by the police. His case led to the creation of the English Court of Criminal Appeal. |- | rowspan="2" |1908 | rowspan="2" |Oscar Slater |Murder |Glasgow |Death |19 years |Yes |- | colspan="5" |Oscar Slater was wrongfully convicted in 1909 of the murder of Marion Gilchrist on the flimsiest evidence, and sentenced to death. His sentence was commuted to life imprisonment, and he served at hard labour until his conviction was quashed in 1928.<ref>{{Cite book|last3=William Roughead}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |1931 | rowspan="2" |William Herbert Wallace |Murder |Liverpool |Death | |Yes |- | colspan="5" |William Herbert Wallace was convicted of murdering his wife, but the conviction was overturned by the Court of Criminal Appeal in 1931, the first such instance of a capital conviction being quashed. |- | rowspan="2" |1949 | rowspan="2" |Timothy Evans |Murder |London |Death |Executed |Partial |- | colspan="5" |Evans's wife and young daughter were found strangled in 1949. Evans initially made a statement confessing to the murders while in police custody, but later withdrew it, citing the shock of discovering that his daughter had been killed and his fear of police as reasons for his false confession. In 1950, Evans was convicted and hanged for the murder of his daughter, largely on the basis of his original confession. His conviction was also assisted by evidence provided by his neighbour, John Christie, whom Evans had accused of being the murderer after withdrawing his own confession. Christie was later found to be a serial killer who had murdered at least six women at the same property where Evans's wife and daughter had been killed. An official inquiry conducted 15 years after Evans's hanging concluded that Christie had been responsible for the death of Evans's daughter, allowing the Home Secretary, Roy Jenkins, to apply for a royal pardon of Evans's conviction in October 1966. The case was important in leading to the abolition of capital punishment in the UK in 1965. On 19 November 2004, the Court of Appeal said that the cost and resources of quashing the conviction could not be justified, although the judges did accept that Evans had not murdered either his wife or his child. |- | rowspan="2" |1949 | rowspan="2" |George Kelly |Double murder |Liverpool |Death |Executed |Yes, posthumously |- | colspan="5" |George Kelly was executed in 1950 for the 1949 murder of the manager (and his assistant) of the Cameo Cinema in Liverpool, during a robbery gone wrong. The case became known as the Cameo murder. Kelly's conviction was overturned in 2003. Another man, Donald Johnson, had confessed to the crime but the police bungled Johnson's case and had not divulged his confession at Kelly's trial. |- | rowspan="2" |1952 | rowspan="2" |Mahmood Hussein Mattan |Murder of a woman |Cardiff |Death |Executed |Yes, posthumously |- | colspan="5" |Mahmood Mattan, a Somali fisherman, was arrested and convicted of the murder of 42-year-old Lily Volpert, despite the police bungling the investigation. Mattan was hanged in Cardiff in 1952. His conviction was overturned in 1998. £1.4&nbsp;million compensation was shared out between Mattan's widow Laura, and her three children. |- | rowspan="2" |1952 | rowspan="2" |Derek Bentley |Murder of a policeman |Croydon |Death |Executed |Yes, posthumously |- | colspan="5" |Bentley, a mentally handicapped young man, and his accomplice Christopher Craig, attempted a burglary. The police found them and a policeman was killed by a shot from Craig's revolver. Craig was under 18 and could not be executed; however, Bentley was executed. In 1998, the Court of Appeal quashed Bentley's conviction for murder. |- | rowspan="2" |1969 | rowspan="2" |Rolf Harris |Indecent assault* |[[Portsmouth]] |Five years |Three years |Yes,{{Efn|Harris was convicted of twelve charges of indecent assault; one of these convictions was later quashed, but the other eleven were upheld, with the court of appeal stating they were satisfied that the other eleven convictions were safe.}} 2017 (no compensation) |- | colspan="5" |Harris was convicted of twelve counts of sexual offences against children in 2014 as a result of Operation Yewtree. One of the charges alleged that he had indecently assaulted an eight-year-old girl during a visit to a community centre in Portsmouth in 1969, although no record of this visit could be found. Harris served three years of a five-year prison sentence before being released; after his release, the conviction for the 1969 assault was quashed by the court of appeal after the sole witness placing him at the community centre on the day was proven to be a fantasist. Harris also appealed his other eleven convictions, but the court upheld them, finding that there was no reason to doubt his convictions. |- | rowspan="2" |1972 | rowspan="2" |Andrew Evans |Murder of a girl |Tamworth |Life |25 years |Yes, 1997 (compensation granted) |- | colspan="5" |Andrew Evans confessed to the 1972 murder of 14-year-old Judith Roberts after seeing the girl's face in a dream. He was convicted and served more than 25 years. His conviction was overturned in 1997. |- | rowspan="2" |1972 | rowspan="2" |Liam Holden |Murder |Belfast |Death, commuted to life imprisonment |17 years |Yes, 2012 |- | colspan="5" |Liam Holden was convicted of murdering a British soldier in [[Ireland ta Arewa|Northern Ireland]] in 1973 during The Troubles. Holden later claimed to have been forced to sign a confession by soldiers who tortured and threatened to shoot him. He became the last person ever sentenced to death by a British court (while the death penalty had been abolished in Great Britain in 1965, it was retained in Northern Ireland until July 1973). After the death penalty was abolished in Northern Ireland, Holden's death sentence was commuted to life imprisonment. He was released on license in 1989. In 2012, an appeals court overturned his conviction. |- | rowspan="2" |1972 | rowspan="2" |Oval Four |Robbery, resisting arrest |Oval, London |2 years, reduced to 8 months |8 months |Yes, 2019 |- | colspan="5" |The Oval Four—Winston Trew, Sterling Christie, George Griffiths and Constantine Boucher—were arrested by undercover police led by DS Derek Ridgewell at Oval tube station in March 1972. They later claimed to have been beaten up in custody, but were tried and found guilty. Subsequently, a number of Ridgewell's cases were discovered to be unsound and overturned, while Ridgewell himself eventually died in prison having been convicted of stealing mail bags. In 2019 the four men's case was returned to the [[Kotun daukaka kara|Appeal Court]], who overturned their convictions after 47 years. |- | rowspan="2" |1974 | rowspan="2" |Judith Ward |Planting time bomb |Yorkshire |Life |18 years |Yes, 1992 (compensation granted) |- | colspan="5" |In November 1974 Judith Ward was wrongfully convicted of the February M62 coach bombing, which killed 12 people (9 soldiers & 3 civilians) and injuring 38. She was also convicted of a handful of smaller bombings (which resulted in no fatalities). |- | rowspan="2" |1974 | rowspan="2" |Birmingham Six |Planting two bombs |Birmingham |Life |17 years |Yes, 1991 (compensation granted) |- | colspan="5" |The Birmingham Six were convicted in 1975 of planting two bombs in pubs in [[Birmingham]] in 1974 that killed 21 people and injured 182. They were finally released in 1991. |- | rowspan="2" |1974 | rowspan="2" |Jessie McTavish |Murder of a patient with insulin and grievous bodily harm |[[Glasgow]] |Life imprisonment |4 months |Yes*,{{Efn|Although she was released on appeal, the judges said that there was ample evidence to support the conviction and the technicality that had led to her successful appeal was something that a "few words could have cured".}} 1975 (no compensation) |- | colspan="5" |Scottish nurse who was convicted in 1974 of the murder of a patient with insulin after being inspired by the plot of ''A Man Called Ironside''. She was released on appeal in 1975, despite three appeal court judges saying there was ample evidence to support the conviction, as the trial judge had inadvertently misled the jury in his final summary. The appeal court judges said that it was an omission that "a few words could have cured".<ref name="McTavish" /> Apart from the case prosecuted, another 23 cases were deemed suspicious by investigators. Although acquitted, McTavish's case often is mentioned in lectures at medical colleges in Britain, and is cited in textbooks and academic papers about forensic science and medical malpractice.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lucy |first=D. |last2=Aitken |first2=C. |year=2002 |title=A review of the role of roster data and evidence of attendance in cases of suspected excess deaths in a medical context |journal=Law, Probability and Risk |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=141 |doi=10.1093/lpr/1.2.141 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Brownlie |first=A. |year=1978 |title=A Lawyer Looks at Forensic Science: the Expert in Court |journal=Journal of the Forensic Science Society |volume=18 |issue=1–2 |pages=5–18 |doi=10.1016/S0015-7368(78)71176-X |pmid=739248}}</ref> McTavish, now known as Jessie Gordon, is believed to have been the inspiration for serial killer nurse Colin Norris.<ref name="McTavish" /> |- | rowspan="2" |October and November 1974 and 1975 | rowspan="2" |Guildford Four and Maguire Seven |Planting bombs, making bombs |Guildford and Woolwich |Murder and other charges |Guildford Four: 15 years; Maguire Seven: 14 years, 11 years, 4 years & 3 years, respectively |Yes, 1989 & 1991 (compensation granted) |- | colspan="5" |The Guildford Four and Maguire Seven were wrongly convicted in 1974 and 1976, respectively, of planting bombs in various pubs in Guildford and Woolwich. Their convictions were quashed in 1989 and 1991. On February 9, 2005, British Prime Minister [[Tony Blair]] issued a public apology to the Maguire Seven and the Guildford Four for the "miscarriages of justice they had suffered". |- | rowspan="2" |1974–1978 | rowspan="2" |Terry Pinfold and Harry MacKenney |Contract killings |London |Life |23 years |Yes, 2003 (compensation granted) |- | colspan="5" |Two Essex businessmen and former prisoners, Pinfold and MacKenney, were convicted of murder at the Old Bailey in 1980 after John Childs confessed in 1979 to six contract killings from 1974 to 1978 and implicated the pair, his former employers, in the crimes. The bodies were never found, but MacKenney received a whole life tariff.<ref name="liar" /> Pinfold was released on bail in 2001 and after a referral by the Criminal Cases Review Commission, both Pinfold and MacKenney had their convictions overturned at the Court of Appeal in 2003. A forensic psychiatrist, David Somekh, concluded that Childs had a personality disorder that led him to compulsively lie, and the original trial jury were blocked from being told this. Pinfold's lawyer said that former Detective Chief Inspector James Harrison-Griffiths was told in 1976 by Commander Bert Wickstead of the Metropolitan Police that the apparent first victim, Terry Eve—by then a missing person—was alive and living in west London.<ref name="liar" /> Lord Woolf, with Mr Justice Aikens and Mr Justice Davis, ruled that Childs' evidence against the pair was unreliable because he was a "pathological liar". |- | rowspan="2" |1975 | rowspan="2" |Stefan Kiszko |Rape and murder of a girl |Rishworth Moor, West Yorkshire |Life |16 years |Yes, 1992 (compensation granted) |- | colspan="5" |Stefan Kiszko was convicted in 1976 for the rape and murder of 11-year-old Lesley Molseed the previous year. He spent 16 years in prison before he was released in 1992, after a long campaign by his mother. He died of a heart attack the following year at the age of 41. His mother died a few months later. In 2007, Ronald Castree, of Shaw, near Oldham, was arrested on DNA evidence, was convicted of Molseed's murder at Bradford Crown Court and jailed for life. |- | rowspan="2" |1977 | rowspan="2" |Robert Brown |Murder of a woman |Hulme, [[Manchester]] |Life |25 years |Yes, 2002 (compensation granted) |- | colspan="5" |Brown was convicted in 1977 of the murder of 51-year-old Annie Walsh at her flat in Hulme, Greater Manchester. Despite numerous appeals, Brown's conviction was only declared 'unsafe' in 2002, when three appeal court judges heard how his confession was beaten out of him, the forensic evidence pointed to someone else and a report into police corruption (that led to Brown's interrogating officer being jailed for four years) was suppressed until days before his 2002 appeal. Brown was eligible for parole in 1992, but he refused to admit to a crime that he did not commit and so prolonged his sentence. Brown stated that clearing his name was more important than his freedom. |- | rowspan="2" |1977 | rowspan="2" |Anthony Steel |Murder of a woman |Bradford |Life |20 years |Yes, 2003 (compensation granted) |- | colspan="5" |Steel was convicted of the murder of Carol Wilkinson, who was hit over the head and had her skull fractured in Bradford, West Yorkshire, on 10 October 1977. The murder was initially investigated as a possible "Yorkshire Ripper" attack, as this killer (real name Peter Sutcliffe) was in the midst of a 5-year killing spree carried out between 1975 and 1980 across Bradford, [[Leeds]] and other nearby towns and cities. However, detectives theorised that Wilkinson's murder was not linked to Sutcliffe. Steel was convicted based on a confession he made after intense questioning because he was told that he would be allowed to see a solicitor if he confessed. Even though his confession failed to include any details of the murder, and Ripper detective Jim Hobson testified at trial that he did not believe the confession, he was narrowly convicted. The conviction was quashed in 2003 after it was heard that Steel was mentally handicapped and a vulnerable interviewee. He received £100,000 in compensation but died shortly afterwards. Since his acquittal, several investigators have stated that Sutcliffe was the likely perpetrator, indicated by the fact that Sutcliffe knew Wilkinson, had argued with her father over his advances towards her, and had earlier that day mutilated one of his confirmed victims nearby. Sutcliffe did not confess to the murder at his trial in 1981, but by this time Steel was already serving time for the murder.<ref name="SecretMurders">{{Cite web |date=23 February 2022 |title=Yorkshire Ripper: The Secret Murders. Episode 1 |url=https://www.itv.com/hub/yorkshire-ripper-the-secret-murders/10a0680a0002 |access-date=4 March 2022 |website=ITV hub |publisher=ITV}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |1978 | rowspan="2" |Paul Blackburn |Attempted murder |Chester |Life imprisonment |25 years |Yes, 2005 (compensation granted) |- | colspan="5" |Paul Blackburn was convicted in 1978 when aged 15 of the attempted murder of a nine-year-old boy, and spent nearly 25 years in 18 different prisons, during which time he maintained his innocence. He said he had never considered saying he was guilty to secure an earlier release because it was a matter of "integrity". He was released on licence in March 2003. His conviction was overturned in May 2005 by the Court of Appeal, which ruled the trial had been unfair and the conviction 'unsafe': his confession, given with prompting, and later retracted, should never have been used as evidence in his trial. |- | rowspan="2" |1978 | rowspan="2" |Bridgewater Four |Murder of a boy |Stourbridge |Life and 12 years (Malloy) |18 years |Yes, 1997 |- | colspan="5" |The Bridgewater Four were convicted in 1979 of murdering Carl Bridgewater, a 13-year-old paper boy who was shot on his round when he disturbed robbers at a farm in Staffordshire. Patrick Molloy died in jail in 1981. The remaining three were released in 1997 after their convictions were overturned. |- | rowspan="2" |1979 | rowspan="2" |Sean Hodgson |Murder |Southampton |Life imprisonment |27 years |Yes, 2009 (compensation granted) |- | colspan="5" |Sean Hodgson, also known as Robert Graham Hodgson, was convicted in 1982 of the 1979 murder of Teresa De Simone following various confessions to police, although he pleaded not guilty at his trial. His defence said he was a pathological liar and the confessions were untrue. After 27 years in jail, he was released on March 18, 2009, by the Court of Appeal as a result of advances in DNA analysis that established his innocence. Later in 2009, it was revealed that a deceased man, David Lace (who committed suicide in 1988), was the likely killer of De Simone, with the dead man's DNA matching the killer's. |- | rowspan="2" |1984 | rowspan="2" |Thomas Campbell and Joseph Steele |Arson and murder |East Glasgow |Life imprisonment |20 years |Yes, 2004 (compensation granted) |- | colspan="5" |On 16 April 1984, a fire at a flat in Ruchazie, a housing estate in Glasgow, led to the deaths of 18-year old Arthur "Fat Boy" Doyle, and 4 of his family members, 2 of them being minors. Thomas "TC" Campbell and Joseph Steele were convicted, despite one of the two eyewitnesses (Joseph Granger) stating in court that his testimony was fabricated. Eight years later, the other eyewitness, William Love admitted to having lied to the trial, having been accused previously of perverting the course of justice three times. Evidence also came out that the two men had been subject to police abuse, Campbell having accused the police of "fitting him up". Steele and Campbell both staged protest actions, Steele having once glued himself to the gates of the Buckingham Palace and Campbell having gone on hunger strike. Both men first appealed their convictions in 1989 but only in 2004, the Court of Criminal Appeal in Edinburgh overturned their convictions. In 2019, Thomas Campbell died at his home. |- | rowspan="2" |1985 | rowspan="2" |Tottenham Three: Winston Silcott, Engin Raghip, Mark Braithwaite |Murder |London |Imprisonment |6 years |Yes, 1991 (compensation granted) |- | colspan="5" |Three men were convicted for the murder of PC Keith Blakelock during the 1985 Broadwater Farm riot in Tottenham. They were cleared in 1991, when new evidence came to light. |- | rowspan="2" |1986 | rowspan="2" |Michael Shirley |Rape and murder of Linda Cook |[[Portsmouth]] |Life imprisonment |16 years |Yes, 2003 |- | colspan="5" |Michael Shirley, a Royal Navy seaman, was convicted of the rape and murder of a 24-year-old barmaid in [[Portsmouth]], Hampshire, in 1986. After completing the recommended minimum 15 years of his life sentence he maintained his innocence even though this meant he would not be released on parole. In 2002 the case was referred by the Criminal Cases Review Commission to the Court of Appeal, where the conviction was quashed on the basis of fresh DNA evidence. |- | rowspan="2" |1986 | rowspan="2" |Danny McNamee |Conspiracy to bomb |Crossmaglen |25 years |12 years |Yes, 1998 |- | colspan="5" |Conviction overturned because of other, much more prominent, fingerprints on the bomb circuit boards. |- | rowspan="2" |1986 | rowspan="2" |Peter Sullivan |Murder |Bebington |Life imprisonment |38 years |Yes, 2025 |- | colspan="5" |Sullivan, who was "highly suggestible" and had a low mental capacity, falsely confessed to the rape and murder of Diane Sindall after being held without legal representation for two days. His conviction was eventually overturned and he was released in 2025 after DNA testing on a sperm sample from the crime scene proved he was not the killer. The case is thought to be the longest miscarriage of justice in British history. |- | rowspan="2" |1986 | rowspan="2" |Ernest Barrie |Robbery |Blantyre, South Lanarkshire |18 years |3 years |Yes, 1989 |- | colspan="5" |Barrie had been convicted of robbing £40,000 from the Clydesdale Bank in Blantyre, South Lanarkshire in 1986. However, an investigation by the TV program <nowiki><i id="mwDWg">Rough Justice</i></nowiki> showed through analysis of CCTV footage from the bank that it was "highly probable" the robber was not Barrie, who was of a different height and build to the perpetrator. An appeal court quashed Barrie's conviction in 1989. |- | rowspan="2" |1987 | rowspan="2" |Cardiff Newsagent Three (Michael O'Brien, Darren Hall and Ellis Sherwood) |Murder |Cardiff |Life |11 years |Yes, 1999 (granted compensation) |- | colspan="5" |The trio were wrongly convicted for the murder of newsagent Phillip Saunders, who was battered with a spade outside his Cardiff home. The day's takings from his kiosk had been stolen, and five days later he died of his injuries. The Court of Appeal quashed their convictions in 1999. The three have since been paid six figure compensation, but South Wales Police had still not apologised or admitted liability for malicious prosecution. |- | rowspan="2" |1988 | rowspan="2" |Cardiff Three (Steven Miller, Yusef Abdullahi, and Tony Paris) |Murder |Cardiff |Life imprisonment |2 years |Yes, 1992 (granted compensation) |- | colspan="5" |The Cardiff Three were falsely jailed in 1990 for the murder of prostitute Lynette White in Cardiff in 1988 and later cleared on appeal due to DNA evidence. In 2003, Jeffrey Gafoor was jailed for life for the murder. Subsequently, in 2005, twelve police officers were arrested and questioned for false imprisonment, conspiracy to pervert the course of justice and misconduct. In 2011, eight of the officers stood trial at Swansea Crown Court for perverting the course of justice together with three witnesses accused of perjury. However, the case collapsed, as the judge ruled the officers could not be given a fair trial due to the previous publicity. |- | rowspan="2" |1988 | rowspan="2" |Eddie Browning |Murder |M50 motorway |Life imprisonment |5 and a half years |Yes, 1994 (awarded damages) |- | colspan="5" |Browing was convicted of the murder of pregnant Marie Wilks, a 22-year-old woman who had broken down on the side of the M50 motorway. Browning was arrested after his friends reported that he matched the photofit of the suspect, and it was discovered that on the day Browning had had a row with his pregnant wife and stormed off telling her he was driving to Scotland. He would have used the M50 to drive in that direction. Browning owned a silver Renault 25 car similar to one seen at the scene, and a 20-foot tyre mark near the embankment where the body was found was linked to a bald tyre on Browning's car that may have made that type of mark. He was released on appeal in 1994 after it was found that the police had failed to disclose a video of a witness under hypnosis. Reacting, the head of West Mercia Police said: "All I would say is that I was completely satisfied with the investigation". Reinvestigations have found no other evidence or suspect and Browning died aged 63 in 2018. His death was not considered suspicious. |- | rowspan="2" |1988 | rowspan="2" |M25 Three |Murder and robbery |London |Life |10 years |Yes*,{{Efn|Although they were released by the Court of Appeal, the presiding judges said that they were not declaring them innocent, saying: "The case against all three appellants was formidable. The evidence against Rowe was overwhelming... For the better understanding of those who have listened to this judgment and of those who may report it hereafter this is not a finding of innocence, far from it."}} 2000 |- | colspan="5" |Convictions ruled unsafe after an appeal to the European Court of Justice. A large number of items stolen in the robberies had been found in the possession of the men at the time, and the girlfriend of Raphael Rowe (one of the three) handed police a number of items Rowe had given her, which were all found to have been stolen in the robberies. Prints from Rowe's shoes were also found at one of the scenes and the girlfriend testified that Rowe had left that night and only returned in the morning wearing different jeans and shoes and carrying a Sainsbury's bag – which was the same type of which had been taken in one of the robberies. Members of the gang also admitted having stolen the car that was used in the murder only days before. Although they were reluctantly released by the Court of Appeal judges, they insisted that they were not declaring the men innocent, stating: "The case against all three appellants was formidable. The evidence against Rowe was overwhelming... For the better understanding of those who have listened to this judgment and of those who may report it hereafter this is not a finding of innocence, far from it." |- | rowspan="2" |1990 | rowspan="2" |Lee Clegg |Murder, attempted wounding* |Belfast |Life |2 years |Yes, 2000 (no compensation) |- | colspan="5" |Clegg was a British Army sergeant stationed in Belfast during The Troubles. On 30 September 1990 Karen Reilly and Martin Peake were fatally shot while driving a stolen car at speed through a checkpoint guarded by Clegg and others, having ignored instructions to stop the car. Clegg was convicted of murdering Reilly and attempting to wound Peake due to evidence that the shots that killed them had been fired after the car had passed and was no longer a threat to the soldiers.<ref name="Exeter">{{Cite web |title=Lee Clegg |url=https://evidencebasedjustice.exeter.ac.uk/case/lee-clegg/ |website=Evidence-Based Justice Lab}}</ref> Clegg's murder conviction was overturned by an appeal court in 1999 when new evidence showed that the shot that killed Reilly had in fact been fired as the car passed through the checkpoint, meaning that the vehicle could still have been a threat at that point.<ref name="Exeter" /> A later appeal also overturned the wounding conviction when witness testimony that Clegg had shot Peake after the car had passed was discredited.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Watt |first=Nicholas |date=31 January 2000 |title=Paratrooper Lee Clegg cleared of last charge over death of teenagers |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2000/feb/01/northernireland.nicholaswatt3 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |1991 | rowspan="2" |Christy Walsh |Possessing explosives |Belfast |Imprisonment |14 years |Yes, 2010 (no compensation) |- | colspan="5" |Conviction overturned as unsafe (procedural irregularities might have amounted to an interference with his right to a fair trial) on a third appeal. Walsh was refused compensation. |- | rowspan="2" |1991 | rowspan="2" |Michelle and Lisa Taylor |Murder of Alison Shaughnessy |London |Life |1 year |Yes, 1993 (no compensation) |- | colspan="5" |The sisters, aged 21 and 19 respectively, were convicted of the murder of Alison Shaughnessy by unanimous jury decision at the Old Bailey in 1992. The press and media had taken a great interest in the case as it materialised that the murder of the newly married woman in her flat occurred at the time when a love triangle had emerged involving the victim, her husband and his secret mistress Michelle. Two women were seen running from the scene, and fresh fingerprints implicated the sisters, who claimed to have never been to the flat. Evidence was also discovered that indicated Michelle wished to eliminate Shaughnessy as a rival to the love of the victim's husband, such as a diary entry that read "my dream solution would be for Alison to disappear, as if she never existed". They had their convictions overturned in controversial circumstances one year later on technical grounds and because it was judged that the sensationalist media coverage may have influenced jurors. Reinvestigations of the case did not identify any other suspects, and in 2002 it was decided to no longer formally investigate the case. Bernard O'Mahoney, a man who had originally campaigned for the release of the Taylors and who then had an affair with Michelle, has since claimed that she confessed to the murder to him and has campaigned for the sisters to be re-convicted. They were not awarded compensation, becoming the first victims of a miscarriage of justice in the UK to have been denied any. |- | rowspan="2" |1995 | rowspan="2" |Jonathan Jones |Murders of Harry and Megan Tooze |Llanharry |Life |1 year |Yes, 1996 (no compensation) |- | colspan="5" |Jones was convicted of the shotgun murders of his girlfriend's parents, which were committed at their remote farmhouse in Llanharry on 26 July 1993. Inside the farmhouse the best china had been placed on the table, as if the couple were expecting a close guest. Jones' fingerprint was found on a teacup which was only ever used when there was an important visitor, despite him saying he had never used it. It was discovered that no witnesses supported his 'alibi' that he had spent the day visiting estate agents in Orpington, with no estate agents in the area saying they remembered seeing or speaking to him. Police also discovered that he and his girlfriend were in financial difficulty, and that Harry and Megan had a £150,000 life insurance policy that was paid to the girlfriend (the victim's daughter), indicating that this was a motive for the murders. Although the consensus was that he could not be found guilty on this evidence, the jury at his trial were convinced and found him guilty after only two hours of deliberation. He was, however, released on appeal a year later after a campaign by the girlfriend. To this day no-one has ever come forward to confirm Jones' alibi and there remains no proof of what he was doing that day. He has been denied compensation as there is no evidence that proves he was innocent, and subsequent attempts to solve the murders have failed to unearth any new suspects.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Crime+ Investigation |author-link=Crime & Investigation (European TV channel) |date=20 April 2021 |title=The Llanharry Murders: South Wales - Murdertown Podcast Series 1 Episode 5 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hbT-TRM3v_k |access-date=20 August 2022 |website=YouTube}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |1996 | rowspan="2" |Sally Clark |Murder of her two sons* |Devizes |Life |4 years |Yes, 2003 |- | colspan="5" |Sally Clark was convicted in 1996 of the murder of her two small sons Christopher and Harry, and spent three years in jail, finally being released in 2003 on appeal. The convictions were based solely on the analysis of the deaths by the Home Office Pathologist Alan Williams, who failed to disclose relevant information about the deaths, that was backed up by the paediatric professor Sir Roy Meadow, whose opinion was pivotal in several other child death convictions, many of which have been overturned or are in the process of being disputed. In 2005 Williams was found guilty of serious professional misconduct and barred from practising pathology for three years. In July 2005 Meadow was removed from the Medical Register for serious professional misconduct and prohibited from practising medicine. Clark became an [[Shaye-shaye|alcoholic]] as a result of her ordeal and died of alcohol poisoning in 2007. |- | rowspan="2" |1996 | rowspan="2" |Donna Anthony |Murder of two babies* |Somerset |Life |6 years |Yes, 2005 |- | colspan="5" |Anthony was wrongly jailed in 1998 for the death of her 11-month-old son, also because of the opinion of Sir Roy Meadow, and finally released in 2005. |- | rowspan="2" |1996 | rowspan="2" |Victor Nealon |Rape |Redditch |Discretionary life sentence |17 years |Yes, 2013 (no compensation) |- | colspan="5" |Conviction quashed after an unknown person's DNA was found on the woman's clothes. Nealon was denied compensation. |- | rowspan="2" |1997 | rowspan="2" |Siôn Jenkins |Murder |Hastings, East Sussex |Life imprisonment |6 years |Yes*,{{Efn|Jenkins was never found not guilty or acquitted by the Court of Appeal, but after juries failed to reach a verdict in two retrials and the Crown Prosecution Service declined to press for a further retrial, Jenkins was declared formally acquitted in consequence}} 2006 (no compensation) |- | colspan="5" |Siôn Jenkins was acquitted in February 2006 after a second retrial of the 1997 murder of his foster daughter Billie-Jo Jenkins. He was convicted in 1998 but the conviction was quashed in 2004 following a CCRC referral. The basis of the quashed conviction at the Court of Appeal (Criminal Division) were the concessions by the Crown's pathologist that evidence given at the first tribunal were inaccurate. Jenkins has been denied compensation on the grounds that there is no evidence that proves his innocence. |- | rowspan="2" |1999 | rowspan="2" |Angela Cannings |Murder of two babies* |Salisbury, Wiltshire |Life |2 years |Yes, 2003 |- | colspan="5" |Angela Cannings was jailed wrongly for four years on the now discredited evidence of Sir Roy Meadow. |- | rowspan="2" |1999 | rowspan="2" |John Corcoran |Murder of Helen Gorrie |Horndean, Hampshire |Life |3 years |Yes, 2003 |- | colspan="5" |21-year-old Corcoran was jailed for the 1992 murder of 15-year-old Helen Gorrie. She had left her house one night to meet up with Corcoran, who she had only met the night before when he was cruising around the area in his car. She was found half-naked and strangled but not sexually assaulted at a spot popular with courting couples 10 minutes from her home, and police believed Corcoran had killed her after she rebuffed his sexual advances. He could not account for his movements for 40 minutes that night, when he had left his friends saying he had to meet someone. He was released on a technicality in January 2003 and moved back to Warren Park in Havant, but police revealed that there were no grounds to re-open the murder investigation. Officially, Gorrie's murder remains unsolved. |- | rowspan="2" |1999 to 2015 | rowspan="2" |Sub-postmasters operating the Horizon computer system |Theft, false accounting and fraud* |Around the UK |Various, usually fines and imprisonment lasting up to 12 years |Varies |Yes |- | colspan="5" |In 1999 the UK Post Office introduced a computer accounting system named '''Horizon'''. By 2013 the system was being used by at least 11,500 branches, and was processing some six million transactions every day.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Prodger |first=Matt |date=8 July 2013 |title=Bug found in Post Office row computer system |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-23233573 |access-date=29 March 2015 |publisher=[[BBC News]]}}</ref><ref name="B20210511">{{Cite web |last=Peachey |first=Kevin |date=23 April 2021 |title=Convicted Post Office workers have names cleared |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-56859357 |access-date=23 April 2021 |publisher=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> From 1999 onwards unexplained discrepancies and losses began to be reported by sub-postmasters. The Post Office maintained that Horizon was "robust" and that none of the shortfalls or discrepancies in sub-postmasters' branch accounts were due to problems caused by Horizon.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 March 2019 |title=Judgment (No.3) "Common Issues" (Bates & Ors v Post Office Ltd) |url=https://www.judiciary.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/bates-v-post-office-judgment-no3-15-mar-19.pdf |website=Judiciary.uk |page=312 |ref=[2019] EWHC 606(QB)}}</ref> Sub-postmasters unwilling or unable to make good the shortfalls were sometimes prosecuted (by the Post Office's in-house prosecution team) for theft, false accounting and/or fraud. Between 1991 and 2015 there were 918 successful prosecutions.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 24, 2021 |title=DSC |url=https://insights.doughtystreet.co.uk/post/102gtzh/private-prosecutions-after-the-post-office-debacle |access-date=17 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 April 2020 |title=Freedom of Information Request – FOI2020/00186 |url=https://www.whatdotheyknow.com/request/658605/response/1576986/attach/4/FOI2020%2000186%20FOI%20Request%20Response.pdf |access-date=17 June 2021 |website=What do they know}}</ref> These were largely private prosecutions by the Post Office relying on IT evidence alone, without proof of criminal intent. Public prosecutions also occurred in Scotland, Northern Ireland and in Crown Courts. Despite this, some sub-postmasters were successfully persuaded by their own solicitors to plead guilty to false accounting, on being told the Post Office would drop theft charges. Once the Post Office had a criminal conviction, it would attempt to secure a Proceeds of Crime Act Order against convicted sub-postmasters, allowing it to seize their assets and bankrupt them.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wallis |first=Nick |date=10 August 2019 |title=What's this all about? |url=https://www.postofficetrial.com/2019/08/whats-this-all-about.html |website=Post Office Trial}}</ref> According to press reports, these actions by the Post Office caused the loss of dozens of jobs, bankruptcy, divorce, unwarranted prison sentences and one documented suicide.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Private Eye &#124; OneWeb satellites : Howard's sway |url=https://www.private-eye.co.uk//sections.php?section_link=news&issue=1388 |website=www.private-eye.co.uk}}</ref><ref name="Sinclair">{{Cite web |last=Sinclair |first=Leah |date=2021-04-21 |title=Post Office worker took his own life after being wrongly accused of stealing £60K |url=https://au.news.yahoo.com/post-office-worker-took-own-084638189.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710184715/https://au.news.yahoo.com/post-office-worker-took-own-084638189.html |archive-date=2021-07-10 |access-date=2021-07-10 |website=[[Yahoo! News]] |language=en-AU}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |1999 | rowspan="2" |Barry George |Murder of Jill Dando |London |Life imprisonment |7 years |Yes, 2008 |- | colspan="5" |Barry George was arrested and charged in 2000 over the 1999 murder of TV presenter Jill Dando. He was sentenced in 2001, but had his conviction quashed in 2007 and was fully exonerated in 2008 after a retrial in which police were unable to rely on discredited forensic evidence. |- | rowspan="2" |2003 | rowspan="2" |Andrew Malkinson |Rape |Salford, Manchester |Life imprisonment |17 years (Released in 2020) |Yes, 2023 |- | colspan="5" |Andrew Malkinson was convicted of rape in 2004. Initially sentenced to a minimum term of 6½ years, his insistence on being innocent saw him continue to be jailed until 2020 when he was released for good behaviour. He would make multiple appeals, with his conviction finally being quashed in 2023 on the basis of re-examined DNA samples. |- | rowspan="2" |2004 | rowspan="2" |Sam Hallam |Murder |London |Minimum of 12 years' imprisonment |7 years |Yes, 2012 (no compensation) |- | colspan="5" |Sam Hallam was wrongly jailed for life in 2005 for the murder of Essayas Kassahun. He was released in May 2012 after prosecutors told three senior judges that they would not oppose his appeal. |- | rowspan="2" |2011 | rowspan="2" |Ched Evans |Rape |Rhyl |5 years |2 years 6 months |Yes, 2016 |- | colspan="5" |Evans, a professional footballer, was convicted in 2012 of the rape of a woman. In 2015 the Criminal Cases Review Commission referred the case to the Court of Appeal, having examined new evidence from two of the complainant's previous sexual partners about her behaviour, which bore similarities to Evans's account that the Commission decided "could not reasonably be explained as a coincidence". In 2016 the Court of Appeal quashed the conviction and ordered a retrial, at which Evans was found not guilty. |- | rowspan="2" |2012 | rowspan="2" |Shirley and Lynette Banfield |Murder |Harrow, London |Life imprisonment |1 year |Yes*,{{Efn|Even though the defence said that the likelihood was that "one or other" of the women killed the man, the Court of Appeal ordered their release as they had been convicted under [[joint enterprise]], and there was insufficient evidence that ''both'' had committed the murder}} 2013 |- | colspan="5" |A mother and daughter who were convicted of the murder of their husband/father after it was found that they had financially gained from his disappearance in 2001, had tried to murder him on previous occasions, and had lied about seeing him in 2008. They pled guilty to fraud, forgery and conspiracy to pervert the course of justice and were found guilty of the murder. They were released on appeal one year later, even though their defence said that the "likelihood" was that "one or other" of the women had murdered him, as they had been convicted under joint enterprise and the judges said that the case required the "application of the established law" and ruled that there was insufficient evidence to prove that they had both acted together to kill him. |} {| class="wikitable sortable" !Ranar aikata laifuka !Wadanda ake tuhuma !Laifi !Wurin da yake !Hukuncin !Lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi !An wanke shi bisa doka |- |- | rowspan="2" |31 ga Yuli, 2020 | rowspan="2" |[Hasiya] |Ƙarfafa tashin hankali* |[[Harare]] |Watanni shida (an dakatar da su) |Babu |Haka ne, |- | colspan="5" |An kama Dangarembga da Barnes saboda zanga-zangar zanga-zambe inda suka ɗaga allon neman a saki Hopewell Chin'ono kuma suna kira ga sake fasalin siyasa. Duk da yanayin zaman lafiya na tafiyar, kotun majistare ta yanke wa mata biyu hukunci na tayar da tashin hankali ta hanyar ɗaukar allon da "zai iya haifar da rushe zaman lafiya". Yawancin kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam sun ce tuhumar ta kasance wani bangare ne na murkushewar da shugaban kasar [[Emmerson Mnangagwa]] ya yi wa masu fafutukar adawa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 July 2023 |title=Zimbabwe: Elections in the context of systematic human rights violations and criminalization of state critics |url=https://www.amnesty.org.zw/2023/07/zimbabwe-elections-in-the-context-of-systematic-human-rights-violations-and-criminalization-of-state-critics/ |website=Amnesty International}}</ref> A cikin 2023 Babban Kotun Zimbabwe ta soke duka hukuncin biyu ba tare da samun wata shaida ta aikata laifi ba. |} == Dubi kuma == == Manazarta == <nowiki>.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</nowiki>{{Notelist}} == Ƙarin karantawa == * Jed S. Rakoff, "An ɗaure shi ta hanyar Kimiyya mara kyau", The New York Review of Books, vol. LXVI, No. 20 (Disamba 19, 2019), shafi na 79-80, 85. A cewar Alkalin Rakoff (shafi na 85), " dabarun bincike waɗanda a asalin su an kalli su ne kawai a matsayin taimako ga binciken 'yan sanda sun ɗauki muhimmancin tsarin shari'ar aikata laifuka wanda sau da yawa ba za su iya tallafawa ba. Sakamakon su ana nuna su... kamar suna da digiri na inganci da amintacce wanda kawai ba su da shi. " Rakoff ya yaba (shafiye 85) Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya ta Kasa mai zaman kanta don yin gwajin asali da kuma gabatar da ka'idojin kimiyya na ainihi wanda zai sa kimiyya".[e]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; {{Miscarriage of justice}} 4nv30c3a633ya0bor9w88o75aosimus Rikicin ruwa na Cape Town 0 113385 889626 880131 2026-07-31T02:18:56Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889626 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Cape_Town_water_crisis_graph.svg|right|thumb|400x400px|Hotunan jimlar ruwan da aka adana a cikin manyan madatsun ruwa shida na Western Cape (blue) da kuma matakin hana ruwa na birnin Cape Town (orange) daga Nuwamba 2013 zuwa Agusta 2021.]] '''Rikicin ruwan Cape Town''' a [[Afirka ta Kudu]] ya kasance shekaru da yawa a cikin 2015-2020 na karancin ruwa a yankin Western Cape, wanda ya fi shafar birnin Cape Town . Matsakaicin ruwan madatsar ruwan ya fara raguwa a shekarar 2015 kuma matsalar ruwan Cape Town ta kai kololuwa a tsakiyar shekarar 2017 zuwa tsakiyar 2018 lokacin da ruwan ya kai tsakanin kashi 14 zuwa 29 na yawan karfin madatsar ruwa. A ƙarshen 2017, an fara ambaton tsare-tsare na "Ranar Zero", taƙaitaccen bayani game da ranar da matakin ruwa na manyan madatsun ruwa da ke samar da Birni zai iya faɗi ƙasa da kashi 13.5. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Cassim |first=Zaheer |date=19 January 2018 |title=Cape Town could be the first major city in the world to run out of water |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2018/01/19/cape-town-could-first-major-city-run-out-water/1047237001/ |website=USA Today}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Poplak |first=Richard |date=15 February 2018 |title=What's Actually Behind Cape Town's Water Crisis |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2018/02/cape-town-water-crisis/553076/ |access-date=22 February 2018 |website=The Atlantic}}</ref> <ref name="globe">{{Cite web |last=York |first=Geoffrey |date=8 March 2018 |title=Cape Town residents become 'guinea pigs for the world' with water-conservation campaign |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/cape-town-residents-become-guinea-pigs-for-the-world-with-water-conservationcampaign/article38257004/ |website=The Globe and Mail}}</ref> "Day Zero" ya zama lokaci don nuna farkon matakan hana ruwa na Mataki na 7, lokacin da za a kashe kayan ruwa na birni da yawa kuma ana tunanin cewa mazauna za su iya yin layi don rabon ruwa na yau da kullun. Idan da hakan ta faru, da hakan zai sanya birnin Cape Town ya zama babban birni na farko a duniya da ya kaure da karancin ruwan sha a cikin kananan hukumomin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Day Zero, when is it, what is it and how can we avoid it |url=http://www.capetown.gov.za/Media-and-news/Day%20Zero%20when%20is%20it,%20what%20is%20it,%20and%20how%20can%20we%20avoid%20it |website=City of Cape Town}}</ref> Rikicin ruwa na Cape Town ya faru a daidai lokacin da fari na Gabashin Cape, wanda ke cikin wani yanki na daban a kusa. Birnin Cape Town ya aiwatar da tsauraran matakan hana ruwa a wani yunkuri na dakile amfani da ruwa, wanda ya rage yawan ruwan da yake amfani da shi na yau da kullum da fiye da rabi zuwa kusan lita miliyan 500 (130,000,000 US gal) a kowace rana a cikin Maris 2018. <ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Narrandes |first=Nidha |date=14 March 2018 |title=Cape Town water usage lower than ever |url=http://www.capetownetc.com/water-crisis/water-usage-further-reduced-in-cape-town/ |publisher=Cape Town etc.}}</ref> Faduwar amfani da ruwa ya sa birnin ya jinkirta kiyasin "Ranar Zero", kuma ruwan sama mai karfi ya fara farfadowa a watan Yuni 1. A cikin watan Satumba na 2018, tare da matakan dam kusa da kashi 70, birnin ya fara sauƙaƙe ƙuntatawa na ruwa, wanda ke nuna cewa mafi munin matsalar ruwa ya ƙare. <ref name="reduce-sep2018">{{Cite web |last=Pitt |first=Christina |date=10 September 2018 |title=City of Cape Town relaxes water restrictions, tariffs to Level 5 |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/city-of-cape-town-relaxes-water-restrictions-tariffs-to-level-5-20180910 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181212034631/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/city-of-cape-town-relaxes-water-restrictions-tariffs-to-level-5-20180910 |archive-date=12 December 2018 |access-date=10 September 2018 |website=News24 |publisher=}}</ref> Ruwan sama mai kyau a cikin 2020 yadda ya kamata ya karya fari kuma ya haifar da karancin ruwa lokacin da matakan madatsar ruwa ya kai kashi 95 cikin dari. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-07 |title=After the drought: Cape Town's gushing water |url=https://www.groundup.org.za/article/after-drought-cape-towns-gushing-water/ |access-date=2020-09-11 |website=[[GroundUp News]] |language=en}}</ref> == Fage == [[Fayil:Cape_Water_map_dams.png|thumb|274x274px|Taswirar manyan madatsun ruwa da ke samar da ruwa zuwa Cape Town]] Yankin Cape Town yana fuskantar yanayi na Bahar Rum tare da dumi, bushewar lokacin rani da ruwan sama na hunturu. Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Yammacin Cape ya dogara kusan gaba ɗaya akan ruwan sama, wanda ake kamawa kuma ana adana shi a cikin manyan madatsun ruwa guda shida da ke cikin wuraren tsaunuka. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Welz |first=Adam |date=1 March 2018 |title=Awaiting Day Zero: Cape Town Faces an Uncertain Water Future |url=https://e360.yale.edu/features/awaiting-day-zero-cape-town-faces-an-uncertain-water-future |publisher=Yale Environment 360}}</ref> Ana yin cajin madatsun ruwa ne ta hanyar ruwan sama da ke faɗowa a yankunan maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, galibi a lokacin sanyi na watanni na Mayu zuwa Agusta, kuma matakan dam ɗin suna raguwa a lokacin rani na watanni na Nuwamba zuwa Afrilu inda amfani da ruwa na birane ke ƙaruwa kuma ana samun ban ruwa a yankunan noma. Amfani da birane da aikin gona yana cinye kusan kashi 70 da kashi 30 bisa 100 na jimillar ruwan da tsarin samar da ruwan sha na Western Cape ke bayarwa, tare da sauye-sauye na yanayi. A cikin zamanin bayan [[Apartheid|wariyar launin fata]], kuma a ƙarƙashin tsarin Tsarin [[Samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Afirka ta Kudu|Ruwa na Kyauta na Kyauta]], Birnin Cape Town ya karɓi tsarin haɓaka tsarin jadawalin kuɗin fito don farashin ruwa, wanda aka azabtar da mafi girma masu amfani da ruwa tare da mafi girman jadawalin kuɗin fito don hana amfani, yayin da aka saita jadawalin farko block a (kusa) sifili don tabbatar da samun daidaiton ruwa zuwa kowane matakin asali na Afirka ta Kudu. Magidanta masu rahusa masu rijista a Cape Town tare da haɗin kai tsaye da ruwa da tsafta suna karɓar lita 6 000 na farko a kowane wata na ruwa kyauta, kuma ana cajin kuɗin fito ne kawai don cinyewa sama da adadin. <ref name=":92">{{Cite web |title=Water and sanitation services and costs in formal housing |url=http://www.capetown.gov.za/Family%20and%20home/Residential-utility-services/Residential-water-and-sanitation-services/Water-and-sanitation-services-and-costs-for-formal-housing |website=City of Cape Town}}</ref> Magidanta a ƙauyuka na yau da kullun ana ba da ruwa daga famfun jama'a da kuma amfani da bandakunan jama'a. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Water and sanitation services in informal housing |url=http://www.capetown.gov.za/Family+and+home/Residential-utility-services/Residential-water-and-sanitation-services/Water-and-sanitation-services-in-informal-settlements |website=City of Cape Town }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ga manoman da ke samun ruwa daga Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Western Cape, ana duba su da allunan ban ruwa da ƙungiyoyi masu amfani da ruwa. Manoman da yawa kuma suna shiga tsarin rarraba ban ruwa (daga takamaiman kwararar kogi), kuma suna da madatsun ruwa masu zaman kansu da [[Rijiyar burtsatse|rijiyoyin burtsatse]] . <ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=Agricultural Water File |url=http://www.wwf.org.za/water/?25441/Agricultural-water-file-Farming-for-a-drier-future |website=Worldwide Fund for Nature}}</ref> Birnin ya yi iƙirarin cewa ba sa samun riba a kan siyar da ruwa, kuma manufofin farashin ruwa na ƙoƙarin daidaita daidaito, daidaito da buƙatun dawo da farashi. Zamanin ƙarancin ruwan sama na hunturu a 2000-2001 da 2003-2004 ya haifar da hana ruwa. <ref name="WCDM">{{Cite web |last=Basholo |first=Zolile |date=4 February 2016 |title=Overview of Water Demand Management Initiatives: A City of Cape Town Approach |url=https://www.greencape.co.za/assets/Water-Sector-Desk-Content/CoCT-WCWDM-presentation-Z-Basholo-Western-Cape-Water-Forum-160204-2016.pdf |publisher=City of Cape Town}}</ref> A cikin 2003, Birnin ya shiga yarjejeniya tare da Sashen Ruwa da Dazuzzuka na lokacin don gina madatsar ruwa ta Berg da Tsarin kari sannan kuma ta fara kula da bukatar ruwa. A shekarar 2009, an karu da karfin ajiyar madatsun ruwa da ke samar da Cape Town da kashi 17 cikin 100 daga 768 zuwa miliyan 898 cubic meters lokacin da aka kammala aikin madatsar ruwan Berg da kuma shirin samar da kayayyaki. <ref name="Cape Town">{{Cite web |date=17 March 2009 |title=Cape Town's water supply boosted |url=http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/Pages/CapeTownsWaterSupplyBoosted.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327102756/http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/Pages/CapeTownsWaterSupplyBoosted.aspx |archive-date=27 March 2009 |publisher=City of Cape Town}}</ref> A cikin 2015, Birnin Cape Town ya sami babbar lambar yabo ta ƙasa da ƙasa tare da sanin ƙoƙarinsu na Kula da Ruwa da Buƙatun Ruwa (WCWDM). Cape Town ya yi nasara musamman wajen rage asarar ruwa ta hanyar yoyon fitsari, inda aka samu asarar ruwa da kashi 14 cikin dari, idan aka kwatanta da matsakaicin kashi 35 cikin dari na kasa. Dokokin sun kuma fayyace cewa ya kamata a samar da ingantattun kayan aikin ruwa da Ofishin Ma'auni na Afirka ta Kudu ya amince da shi don duk sabbin ci gaba da gyare-gyare. <ref>{{Cite web |title=C40 Cities Awards 2015 |url=https://www.c40.org/awards/2015-awards/profiles |access-date=2025-08-12 |archive-date=2021-09-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210923092342/https://www.c40.org/awards/2015-awards/profiles |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Jeron Lokaci == {| class="wikitable" align="cellpadding=&quot;4&quot;" cellspacing="0" style="margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em; text-align:center; font-size:95%" <tr> <th colspan="10" style="background:#ccccff">Matakan ruwa a matsayin kashi na jimillar ƙarfin madatsun ruwa ta shekara.<ref name="GUwater">{{Cite web|url=https://www.groundup.org.za/article/whats-causing-cape-towns-water-crisis/|title=What's causing Cape Town's water crisis?|last=Bohatch|first=Trevor|date=16 May 2017|publisher=Ground Up|location=Cape Town|language=en|access-date=2017-06-01}}</ref></th> </tr> |- ! Manyan madatsun ruwa ! Ƙarfi (megalitres) ! 17 Mayu 2021<ref name="dashboard2021">{{cite web|url=https://www.capetown.gov.za/Family%20and%20home/residential-utility-services/residential-water-and-sanitation-services/this-weeks-dam-levels|title=City of Cape Town: Dam Levels|date=18 May 2021|publisher=City of Cape Town|access-date=18 May 2021}}</ref>!!18 Mayu 2020<ref name="dashboard2020">{{cite web|url=https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20research%20reports%20and%20review/damlevels.pdf|title=City of Cape Town: Water Dashboard|date=18 May 2020|publisher=City of Cape Town|access-date=18 May 2020}}</ref>!! 13 Mayu 2019<ref name="dashboard">{{cite web|url=https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20research%20reports%20and%20review/damlevels.pdf|title=City of Cape Town: Water Dashboard|date=13 May 2019|publisher=City of Cape Town|access-date=22 May 2019}}</ref>!! 14 Mayu 2018<ref name="dashboard-14may2018">{{cite web|url=http://coct.co/water-dashboard/?ca_source=Website&ca_medium=affiliate&ca_campaign=Home%20page%20trends%20-%20Day%20Zero%20Dashboard&ca_term=Day%20Zero%20Dashboard&ca_content=Day%20Zero%20Dashboard|title=Water Dashboard|date=Mar 2019|website=City of Cape Town|access-date=17 May 2018|archive-date=7 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180207180447/http://coct.co/water-dashboard/?ca_source=Website&ca_medium=affiliate&ca_campaign=Home%20page%20trends%20-%20Day%20Zero%20Dashboard&ca_term=Day%20Zero%20Dashboard&ca_content=Day%20Zero%20Dashboard|url-status=dead}}</ref>!! 15 Mayu 2017 !! 15 Mayu 2016 !! 15 Mayu 2015 !! 15 Mayu 2014 |- |Madatsar Ruwa ta Berg River|| 130,010 |76.1||65.6||68.1|| 39.2|| 32.4|| 27.2|| 54.0|| 90.5 |- |Steenbras Lower|| 33,517 |58.0||48.4||38.6|| 35.4|| 26.5|| 37.6|| 47.9|| 39.6 |- |Steenbras Upper|| 31,767 |54.2||96.5||65.0|| 59.6|| 56.7|| 56.9|| 57.8|| 79.1 |- |Madatsar Ruwa ta Theewaterskloof|| 480,188 |75.2||50.2||36.1|| 12.0|| 15.0|| 31.3|| 51.3|| 74.5 |- |Madatsar Ruwa ta Voelvlei|| 164,095 |58.3||50.4||55.4|| 14.5|| 17.2|| 21.3|| 42.5|| 59.5 |- |Madatsar Ruwa ta Wemmershoek|| 58,644 |59.1||43.3||43.6|| 48.4|| 36.0|| 48.5|| 50.5|| 58.8 |- | Jimillar da aka ajiye (megalitres) || 898,221 |626,907||481,370||411,849|| 191,843|| 190,300|| 279,954|| 450,429 || 646,137 |- |'''Jimillar % na Ma'ajiya'''||100 |'''69.8'''||'''53.6'''||'''45.9'''||'''21.4'''||'''21.2'''||'''31.2'''||'''50.1'''||'''71.9''' |} ===2015–2016=== Bayan samun kyakkyawan ruwan sama a shekarun 2013 da 2014, Birnin Cape Town ya fara fuskantar fari a shekarar 2015, wanda shi ne na farko cikin shekaru uku a jere na lokutan sanyi marasa ruwa da suka auku, mai yiwuwa sanadiyyar tsarin yanayi na El Niño ko kuma canjin yanayi.<ref name="AfricaC">{{Cite web|url=https://africacheck.org/2016/02/03/frequently-asked-questions-about-south-africas-drought|title=Frequently asked questions about South Africa's drought|date=3 February 2016|publisher=Africa Check|language=en|location=Cape Town|access-date=2017-06-01}}</ref> Matakan ruwa a madatsun ruwan Birnin sun ragu daga kashi 71.9 cikin dari a shekarar 2014 zuwa kashi 50.1 cikin dari a shekarar 2015.<ref name="GUwater" /> A ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2016, hukumar Birnin ta ɗaukaka tsoffin takunkumin amfani da ruwa na Mataki na 1 (Level 1) tun na shekarar 2005 zuwa Mataki na 2 (Level 2), kuma a ranar 1 ga Nuwamba, 2016 ta sake ɗaukaka shi zuwa Mataki na 3 (Level 3), lokacin da Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli ta wallafa takunkumin amfani da ruwa na hukuma don birane da aikin gona. Kuma babban farin da ya shafi sauran sassan Afirka ta Kudu ya ƙare a watan Agusta 2016 lokacin da aka sami babban ruwan sama da ambaliyar ruwa a cikin ƙasar,<ref name="encarain">{{Cite web|url=http://www.enca.com/africa/southern-africa-faces-floods-after-drought|title=Southern Africa faces floods after drought|last=Masinde|first=Muthoni|date=18 August 2016|access-date=2017-06-01|archive-date=1 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200101190233/https://www.enca.com/africa/southern-africa-faces-floods-after-drought|url-status=dead}}</ref> amma farin na lardin Western Cape ya ci gaba da wanzuwa. ===2017=== Birnin ya ƙara tsananta takunkumin amfani da ruwa zuwa Mataki na 3B a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 2017, kuma a ƙarshen lokacin rani a watan Mayu 2017, an ayyana farin a matsayin mafi muni da Birnin ya taɓa fuskanta a cikin ƙarni guda, inda ruwan da ke cikin madatsun ruwa ya kasance ƙasa da kashi 10 cikin dari na ƙarfin amfaninsu.<ref name="cnn2017">{{Cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2017/05/31/africa/cape-town-drought/index.html|title=Cape Town contends with worst drought in over a century|last=Van Dam|first=Derek|website=CNN.com|publisher=CNN|date=31 May 2017|access-date=2017-06-01}}</ref> An sanya takunkumin amfani da ruwa na Mataki na 4 a ranar 1 ga Yuni, 2017, wanda ya iyakance amfani da ruwa zuwa lita 100 kacal ga kowane mutum a rana ɗaya.<ref name="level4">{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/city-of-cape-town-approves-level-4-water-restrictions-20170531|title=City of Cape Town approves Level 4 water restrictions|last=Etheridge|first=Jenna|date=31 May 2017|access-date=23 January 2018|archive-date=29 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200429230521/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/city-of-cape-town-approves-level-4-water-restrictions-20170531|url-status=dead}}</ref> Jimillar ruwan sama da aka samu a shekarar 2017 ita ce mafi ƙanƙanta tun lokacin da aka fara riƙe bayanan ruwan sama a shekarar 1933.<ref name="csag">{{cite web|url=https://www.news.uct.ac.za/article/-2017-08-31-how-severe-is-the-droughta|title=How severe is the drought?|last=Wolski|first=Piotr|date=Aug 2017|website=University of Cape Town}}</ref> Yayin da lokacin zafi mai bushewa ke gabatowa, Birnin ya ƙara tsananta takunkumin ruwa na yanzu zuwa Mataki na 4B a ranar 1 ga Yuli, 2017, sannan zuwa Mataki na 5 a ranar 3 ga Satumba, 2017, inda aka haramta amfani da ruwa a waje da kuma ayyukan da ba su da muhimmanci sosai, tare da ƙarfafa amfani da ruwan wanka/wanki (grey water) don zubarwa a bayan gida, kuma aka yi niyyar iyakance yawan amfanin ruwa na kowane mutum zuwa lita 87 a rana, don jimillar amfani da lita miliyan 500 a rana gaba ɗaya birnin.<ref name="Outlook 2018" /> Sai dai kuma, sanya takunkumin Mataki na 5 ya zo tare da sanarwa mai rikitarwa game da iyakokin amfani da ruwa na gidaje, wanda hakan ya haifar da akasin haka ta hanyar ƙara yawan amfani da ruwa ga wasu mutane.<ref name = "Booysen" /> [[File:Behavioural response to messaging on the drought. .png|thumb|Martanin halayyar mutane game da saƙonni kan fari na Day Zero<ref name="Booysen"/> ]] A farkon watan Oktoba 2017, biyo bayan lokacin sanyi mai ƙarancin ruwan sama, an kiyasta cewa Cape Town tana da kusan watanni biyar na ajiyar ruwa kafin matakan ruwan su ƙare sarai.<ref name="Outlook 2018" /> A cikin wannan watan ne kuma, Hukumar Birnin Cape Town ta fitar da shirin gaggawa na ruwa wanda za a aiwatar da shi a matakai daban-daban dangane da tsananin ƙarancin ruwan. Mataki na 1 (Phase 1) wanda ya ƙunshi "rabon ruwa ta hanyar rage ƙarfin matsin ruwa na madatsun ruwa sosai" an aiwatar da shi nan da nan. A Mataki na 2 (Phase 2), bayan "Day Zero", za a kashe ruwa ga yawancin tsarin samar da ruwa in ban da wuraren da ke da muhimmancin gaske na samun ruwa. Mataki na 3 (Phase 3) zai kasance lokacin da Birnin ba zai iya sake jan ruwa daga madatsun ruwa na saman ƙasa a Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Western Cape ba, kuma za a sami ɗan ƙaramin lokaci kafin tsarin samar da ruwa gaba ɗaya ya gaza.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20strategies,%20plans%20and%20frameworks/Critical%20Water%20Shortages%20Disaster%20Plan%20Summary.pdf|title=Critical Water Shortages Disaster Plan Summary|last=Bosman|first=Richard|date=October 2017|website=City of Cape Town|access-date=19 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2017-10-04-op-ed-the-city-of-cape-towns-critical-water-shortages-disaster-plan/#.WfwyhGiCyUl|title=Op-Ed: The City of Cape Town's Critical Water Shortages Disaster Plan {{!}} Daily Maverick|last=De Lille|first=Patricia|date=4 October 2017|website=www.dailymaverick.co.za|publisher=City of Cape Town|language=en|access-date=3 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/Procedures,%20guidelines%20and%20regulations/Day%20Zero%20FAQs.pdf|title=Day Zero FAQs|date=5 April 2018|website=City of Cape Town|access-date=19 July 2018|archive-date=19 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719203400/http://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/Procedures,%20guidelines%20and%20regulations/Day%20Zero%20FAQs.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> ===2018=== [[File:Theewaterskloof Dam 2018 02 10 (28425520089).jpg|thumb|right|Madatsar Ruwa ta Theewaterskloof tana kusan kashi 12% a ranar 10 ga Fabrairu, 2018]] A ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2018, Birnin ya ayyana takunkumin ruwa na Mataki na 6 na lita 87 ga kowane mutum a rana guda. A watan Fabrairu 2018, Birnin ya ƙara tsananta takunkumin zuwa Mataki na 6B inda ya iyakance amfani da ruwa zuwa lita 50 kacal ga kowane mutum a rana ɗaya.<ref name="Outlook 2018" /> Majalisar zartarwa ta lardin ta kuma sanar da cewa tana tsara tsare-tsare tare da Hukumar 'Yansandan Afirka ta Kudu don dabarun tura jami'ai a wuraren rarraba ruwa a duk faɗin Birnin bayan "Day Zero".<ref name="Jan24">{{Cite web|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/2018-01-24-government-must-refund-cape-town-for-cost-of-managing-the-water-crisis/|title=Government must refund Cape Town for cost of managing the water crisis|date=24 January 2018|website=Business Day}}</ref> [[File:Theewaterskloof sandscape 2018-03-11.jpg|thumb|Babban ma'ajiyar ruwa ta Cape Town, Theewaterskloof, ta kasance a kashi 11% na ƙarfinta a watan Maris 2018]] A tsakiyar watan Janairu 2018, tsohuwar magajiyar garin Cape Town Patricia de Lille ta sanar da cewa Birnin zai tilas ya kashe mafi yawan hanyoyin samar da ruwa na gundumomi idan yanayi bai canza ba. Za a ayyana takunkumin ruwa na Mataki na 7, wato "Day Zero", lokacin da matakin ruwa na manyan madatsun ruwa da ke samar da ruwa ga Birnin ya kai kashi 13.5 cikin dari. Za a kashe mafi yawan famfunan ruwa na birni, kuma mazauna gari za su dogara ne da wuraren karɓar ruwa guda 149 a kewayen Birnin don karɓar rabon ruwa na yau da kullun na lita 25 ga kowane mutum.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/Analysis/jp-smith-answers-day-zero-questions-its-going-to-be-really-unpleasant-20180126|title=JP Smith answers Day Zero questions: 'It's going to be really unpleasant'|last1=Harrison|first1=Aletta|last2=Janse van Rensburg|first2=Alet|date=26 January 2018|publisher=News24|access-date=30 January 2018|archive-date=16 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216222015/https://www.news24.com/Analysis/jp-smith-answers-day-zero-questions-its-going-to-be-really-unpleasant-20180126|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/borehole-rules-can-you-use-sea-water-to-flush-the-city-answers-your-questions-20180130|title=Borehole rules? Can you use sea water to flush? – The City of Cape Town answers your questions|date=30 January 2018|publisher=GroundUp|access-date=30 January 2018|archive-date=13 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913113205/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/borehole-rules-can-you-use-sea-water-to-flush-the-city-answers-your-questions-20180130|url-status=dead}}</ref> Wannan zai ƙara shafar tattalin arzikin Cape Town, domin ma'aikata za su buƙaci ɗaukar hutu daga wuraren aiki don yin layi jiran ruwa.<ref name="In Trouble">{{Cite magazine|url=https://time.com/cape-town-south-africa-water-crisis/|title='I Knew We Were in Trouble.' What It's Like to Live Through Cape Town's Massive Water Crisis|magazine=Time|access-date=2018-03-30|archive-date=2018-04-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180401192913/http://time.com/cape-town-south-africa-water-crisis/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Za a ci gaba da samar da ruwa a tsakiyar yankin kasuwanci na Birnin (CBD), da kuma matsugunai na wucin gadi (inda dama tuni ake karɓar ruwa daga tsakiyar wurare) da kuma muhimman ayyuka kamar asibitoci. A lokacin da aka yi sanarwar, an kiyasta cewa "Day Zero" zai kasance a ranar 22 ga Afrilu, 2018, amma jim kaɗan bayan haka aka sake duba shi zuwa 12 ga Afrilu.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://time.com/5103259/cape-town-water-crisis/|title=Cape Town Is 90 Days Away From Running Out of Water|last=Baker|first=Aryn|date=15 January 2018|magazine=Time|access-date=19 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/drought-stricken-cape-town-south-africa-run-water/story?id=52402170|title=Drought-stricken Cape Town, South Africa, could run out of water by April's 'day zero'|last=Thom|first=Liezl|date=17 January 2018|work=ABC News|access-date=19 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ewn.co.za/2018/01/23/day-zero-brought-forward-ct-officials-prepare-for-worst|title=Day Zero Brought Forward, CT Officials Prepare for Worst|last=Brandt|first=Kevin|date=23 January 2018}}</ref> Kiyasin "Day Zero" ya ginu ne bisa canje-canje na mako biyu a matakan ajiyar madatsun ruwa, tare da zaton cewa ƙarancin zai ci gaba ba tare da sauyi ba, ba tare da ƙarin ruwan sama ko canji a buƙatar ruwa ba.<ref name="neilson20Feb">{{cite news|url=https://www.capetown.gov.za/Media-and-news/Defeating%20Day%20Zero%20is%20in%20sight%20if%20we%20sustain%20our%20water-saving%20efforts|title=Statement by the City's Executive Mayor, Alderman Ian Neilson: Defeating Day Zero is in sight if we sustain our water-saving efforts|last=Neilson|first=Ian|date=20 February 2018|publisher=City of Cape Town}}</ref> Amfani da ruwa na gidaje da na aikin gona ya ragu sosai ƙarƙashin sabbin takunkumin.<ref name=":6" /><ref name="dashboard-14may2018" /> Wannan ya bai wa Birnin damar tura kiyasin "Day Zero" baya a matakai daban-daban, kuma a ranar 28 ga Yuni aka jinkirta "Day Zero" har zuwa wani lokaci da ba a bayyana ba.<ref name="globe" /><ref name="neilson20Feb" /><ref name="Zero Delayed">{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/02/05/africa/cape-town-day-zero-intl/index.html|title=Cape Town 'Day Zero' delayed as agricultural water use drops|last=Said-Moorhouse|first=Lauren|date=5 February 2018|publisher=CNN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/02/south-africa-day-pushed-june-180215094221289.html|title=South Africa: Day Zero pushed back to June|website=aljazeera.com|date=2018-02-15|access-date=2018-02-16}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/02/01/africa/cape-town-water-crisis-intl/index.html|title=Cape Town cuts water use limit by nearly half|last1=Said-Moorhouse|first1=Lauren|date=1 February 2018|publisher=CNN|access-date=2018-02-03|last2=Mezzofiore|first2=Gianluca}}</ref> Kyakkyawan ruwan sama na lokacin sanyi a shekarar 2018 ya haifar da hauhawar matakan madatsun ruwa, sai dai Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli ta ƙasa ta sanar da cewa takunkumin ruwa na baki ɗaya zai ci gaba da kasancewa har sai matakan ruwan sun kai kashi 85 cikin dari.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/western-cape-edges-closer-to-an-end-to-the-drought-as-dam-levels-continue-to-rise-20180712|title=Western Cape edges closer to an end to the drought as dam levels continue to rise|date=12 July 2018|publisher=News24|access-date=12 July 2018|archive-date=13 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713202149/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/western-cape-edges-closer-to-an-end-to-the-drought-as-dam-levels-continue-to-rise-20180712|url-status=dead}}</ref> A watan Satumba, tare da matakan madatsun ruwa kusa da kashi 70 cikin dari zuwa ƙarshen lokacin damina, birnin ya rage takunkumin amfani da ruwa na masu amfani daga mataki na 6B zuwa mataki na 5.<ref name="reduce-sep2018"/> Matakan madatsun ruwa sun kai kololuwa a kashi 76 cikin dari. A watan Nuwamba, an rage takunkumin zuwa Mataki na 3, ko lita 105 ga kowane mutum a rana guda. Ƙarƙashin takunkumin Mataki na 3, ana iya amfani da ruwan famfo na birni don shayar da lambuna a takaitattun lokuta, ta amfani da rariyar shayarwa ko boka amma ba bututun roba (hose) ba, don wanke motoci ta amfani da boka, da kuma cika wuraren ninkaya muddin wurin ninkayar yana sanye da murfi don hana daskarewa ko kafeewar ruwa.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/Procedures%2C%20guidelines%20and%20regulations/Level%203%20water%20restrictions%20FAQs.pdf|title=Level 3 Water Restrictions (2018)|date=30 November 2018|publisher=City of Cape Town|access-date=29 November 2018|archive-date=29 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181129184323/http://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/Procedures%2C%20guidelines%20and%20regulations/Level%203%20water%20restrictions%20FAQs.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Dalilai == === Fari mai tsanani === Sanadin faruwar matsalar ruwan kai-tsaye shi ne fari mai tsanani da ya auku daga shekarar 2015 zuwa 2017 wanda ya wuce ƙa'idodin tsare-tsare na Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli. Bincike kan bayanan yanayi na dogon lokaci da Ƙungiyar Nazarin Tsarin Yanayi (Climate System Analysis Group) ta gudanar a Jami'ar Cape Town ya tabbatar da cewa ƙarancin ruwan sama tsakanin shekarun 2015 da 2017 ya kasance babban al'amari mai wuyar gaske kuma mai tsananin gaske.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web|url=https://www.csag.uct.ac.za/2018/01/22/facts-are-few-opinions-plenty-on-drought-severity-again/|title=Facts are few, opinions plenty… on drought severity again|website=www.csag.uct.ac.za|language=en-US|access-date=2018-03-30}}</ref> Ragewar yanayin ruwan sama yana da alaƙa da sauye-sauye masu faɗi a cikin zirga-zirgar sararin samaniya da na teku, gami da sauyin alkibla zuwa kusa da pole na hanyoyin raba ruwan sanyi na Kudancin Hemisphere tsakanin 2015–17, sauyin jet-stream da haɓakar matsin lamba na South Atlantic High.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sousa|first1=Pedro M.|last2=Blamey|first2=R.|last3=Reason|first3=C.J.C.|last4=Ramos|first4=A.M.|last5=Trigo|first5=R.M.|date=2018|title=The 'Day Zero' Cape Town drought and the poleward migration of moisture corridors|journal=Environmental Research Letters|volume=13|issue=12|pages=124025|doi=10.1088/1748-9326/aaebc7|doi-access=free}}</ref> Shekarar 2017 ita shekara mafi bushewa tun daga shekarar 1933, kuma mai yiwuwa ma kafin hakan, tunda babu bayanan kwatankwacin hakan kafin 1933. An kuma gano cewa fari mai tsananin haka a ƙididdigance zai iya aukuwa sau ɗaya kacal a kowace shekara 300.<ref name="csag" /> === Gudanar da buƙatu da samar da ruwa na dogon lokaci === Yawan jama'ar Birnin Cape Town ya ƙaru daga mazauna miliyan 2.4 a shekarar 1995 zuwa kiyasin mutane miliyan 4.1 a shekarar 2015, wanda ke nuna haɓakar kashi 71 cikin dari na jama'a a cikin shekaru 20, yayin da ajiyar ruwan madatsun ruwa ya ƙaru da kashi 17 cikin dari kacal a daidai wannan lokacin.<ref name="GUwater" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/cape-town-population/|title=Cape Town Population 2019|website=World Population Review}}</ref> Tasirin ƙaruwar jama'a akan buƙatar ruwa masana galibi suna rage masa daraja, tunda hasashen yakan gaza yin lissafin cikakken amfani da ruwa na mutum na kaidin fakaici ta hanyar samar da abinci da kayayyakin masarufi.<ref>Schutte, C. F., & Pretorius, W. A. (1997). Water demand and population growth. ''WATER SA-PRETORIA-'', ''23'', 127–134.</ref> A shekarar 2007, Ma'aikatar Al'amuran Ruwa da Gandun Daji ta yi hasashen cewa ci gaban buƙata akan Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Western Cape zai wuce iyakar abin da ake samarwa idan ba a aiwatar da matakan kiyaye ruwa da gudanar da buƙatun ruwa ba ta hannun Birnin da sauran hukumomin gundumomi.<ref name="WCWRSNewsletterMarch09">{{cite web|url=http://www.dwaf.gov.za/Documents/Other/WMA/19/WCWRSNewsletterMarch09.pdf|title=Western Cape Water Reconciliation Strategy Newsletter 5|date=March 2009|publisher=Department of Water Affairs and Forestry}}</ref> Wannan ƙaruwa ta buƙatun dogon lokaci tana daɗa ta'azzara sakamakon matsin lamba akan samar da ruwa na dogon lokaci, gami da bazuwar baƙon shuke-shuke da canjin yanayi. Bazuwar baƙon shuke-shuke masu shan ruwa da yawa a mahimman yankunan tattara ruwa ya rage samar da ruwa zuwa Madatsar Ruwa ta Theewaterskloof da kiyasin mita mai siffar sili guda miliyan 30 a kowace shekara.<ref name=":0" /> An sami ƙaruwar digiri ɗaya na ma'aunin Celsius a yanayin zafi cikin ƙarni da suka gabata kuma ƙididdigar na'ura ta yi hasashen cewa matsakaicin zafi a Cape Town zai ƙaru da wani digiri 0.25 na Celsius a cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa, wanda hakan na iya ƙara yuwuwa da tsananin fari.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Buis |first1=Alan |date=2020-09-08 |title=Making Sense of 'Climate Sensitivity': New Study Narrows the Range of Uncertainty in Future Climate Projections |url=https://climate.nasa.gov/ask-nasa-climate/3017/making-sense-of-climate-sensitivity/ |access-date=14 January 2022 |website=NASA: Climate Change and Global Warming |publisher=NASA}}</ref> Har ila yau, ba a nuna tasirin canjin yanayi sosai ba a cikin tsarin yanayi na yanzu: Helen Zille, Firimiyan Western Cape, ta ce Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Afirka ta Kudu ba ta yi tsammanin fari mai tsanani ba har sai bayan wasu shekaru 10.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2018-01-26-zille-tries-to-blame-it-on-the-weatherman/|title=Zille tries to blame it on the weatherman|last=Petra|first=Saal|date=Jan 2018|work=Times Live}}</ref> === Gazawar gwamnati === Hukumar gaggawa ta gundumomi, na lardi, da na ƙasa suna raba alhakin samar da ruwa. Dokar Ruwa ta Ƙasa (Dokar 36 ta 1998) ta tsara cewa gwamnatin ƙasa ita ce "atoni na jama'a" na albarkatun ruwa na ƙasar don tabbatar da cewa ana "kariya, amfani, haɓakawa, kiyayewa, gudanarwa da sarrafa ruwa cikin dorewa da adalci, don amfanin kowa".<ref name="Facts and Myths">{{Cite news|url=https://www.groundup.org.za/article/facts-and-myths-about-cape-towns-water-crisis/|title=Facts and myths about Cape Town's water crisis|date=Jan 2018|work=GroundUp}}</ref> Wannan ya haifar da takaddama tsakanin gwamnatin gunduma da ta lardi da ke ƙarƙashin jagorancin jam'iyyar adawa (Democratic Alliance, DA) a gefe guda, da kuma gwamnatin ƙasa mai rinjaye a ɗayan gefen (African National Congress, ANC), inda jam'iyyun ke zargin juna da laifin haddasa matsalar ruwan.<ref name="Saunderson-Meyer">{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-saundersonmeyer-drought-commentary/commentary-in-drought-hit-south-africa-the-politics-of-water-idUSKBN1FP226|title=Commentary: In drought-hit South Africa, the politics of water|last=Saunderson-Meyer|first=William|work=U.S.|access-date=2018-03-30|language=en-US}}</ref> Ana sukar DA saboda rashin tunanin gaba wajen samar da sabbin hanyoyin ruwa da ababen more rayuwa, yayin da ake zargin ANC da hana bayar da kuɗaɗe domin gurgunta tare da kunyata gwamnatin da DA ke jagoranta.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2018-03-07-day-zero-heroes-maimane-hails-water-wise-capetonians-as-crisis-recedes/|title='Day Zero heroes': Maimane hails water-wise Capetonians as crisis recedes|last=Hyman|first=Aron|date=Mar 2018|work=Times Live}}</ref> Kamar yadda rahoton ƙungiyar South African Water Caucus ya nuna, tarin bashi da almundahana mai yawa a Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli na iya zama dalilin gazawarta na karɓar buƙatar Western Cape ta R35 miliyan (Dalar Amurka miliyan 3) don ƙara samar da ruwa da ababen more rayuwa a shekarar 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://emg.org.za/images/downloads/water_cl_ch/SAWC_State-of-DWS-Report.pdf|title=REPORT ON THE STATE OF THE DEPARTMENT OF WATER AND SANITATION|website=South African Water Caucus|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190925190453/https://www.emg.org.za/images/downloads/water_cl_ch/SAWC_State-of-DWS-Report.pd|archive-date=25 September 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> Helen Zille, Firimiyan Western Cape, ta yi kiran da gwamnatin ƙasa ta mayar wa Birnin Cape Town kuɗaɗen da aka kashe wajen tafiyar da matsalar ruwan.<ref name="Jan24" /> A tsakiyar watan Oktoba 2017, wasu kamfanonin raba gishiri da ruwa (desalination) sun soki Birnin saboda tafiyar hawainiya wajen sayan kayayyaki, yawan tsarin mulki na ofis (bureaucracy), rashin nuna gaggawa, da rashin isassun sikelin ayyukan samar da ruwa da aka tsara. A watan Janairu 2018, a matsayin martani ga wani rahoto mai tsanani da ya soki Birnin Cape Town saboda gaza magance bala'in cikin dacewa da lokaci da sauran gazawar shugabanci, hukumar zartarwa ta tarayya ta DA ta yanke shawarar cire magajiyar garin Cape Town Patricia de Lille daga jagorancin tawagar da ke magance matsalar fari, inda aka maye gurbinta da Mmusi Maimane, jagoran jam'iyyar DA gaba ɗaya.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://theconversation.com/cape-town-water-crisis-crossing-state-and-party-lines-isnt-the-answer-90861|title=Cape Town Water Crisis Crossing State and Party Lines|work=The Conversation}}</ref><ref name="Polweb">{{Cite web|url=https://www.politicsweb.co.za/news-and-analysis/cape-town-city-manager-given-special-powers-to-dea|title=Cape Town city manager given special powers to deal with water crisis – NEWS & ANALYSIS|last=News24|date=26 October 2017|website=www.politicsweb.co.za|language=en|access-date=2017-12-01}}</ref> === Kin amincewa da tsarin raba gishiri da ruwa === A shekarar 2018, Cape Town ta yi watsi da tayin da ƙasar Isra'ila ta yi mata na taimaka mata wajen gina masana'antun raba gishiri da ruwa (desalination).<ref>In drought-hit South Africa, the politics of water, Reuters, January 25, 2018</ref><ref>Cape Town May Dry Up Because of an Aversion to Israel, Wall St. Journal, February 21, 2018</ref><ref>The Cape Town Water Crisis and Hating Israel, aish, February 11, 2018</ref><ref>South African stupidity, Jerusalem Post, February 3, 2018</ref> == Tasiri == [[File:Westridge Gardens 9.jpg|thumb|An gina Babban Tubalin Furanni (Flower Monument) a Westridge Gardens don tunawa da taron addu'o'in neman kyakkyawan ruwan sama lokacin da ake tsaka da matsalar ruwa. ]] Matsalar ruwan ta haifar da babban tasiri ga tattalin arziki, lafiya, da tsaro. Ya fito fili cewa samar da ruwan famfo na birni don ban ruwa da amfanin birane yana da tasiri mai kyau (positive externalities) ta fuskar wadatar abinci, lafiyar jama'a, da daidaiton al'umma gaba ɗaya. === Tattalin Arziki === Matsalar ruwan ta yi sanadiyyar asarar ayyukan yi guda 37,000 a lardin Western Cape, sannan an kiyasta cewa mutane 50,000 sun fada ƙasa da layin talauci sakamakon asarar ayyukan yi, hauhawar farashin kayayyaki, da ƙarin farashin abinci.<ref name="Storms to Come">{{Cite web|url=http://features.dailymaverick.co.za/cape-of-storms-to-come/|title=Cape of Storms To Come|last=DIANA NEILLE, MARELISE VAN DER MERWE & LEILA DOUGAN|website=features.dailymaverick.co.za|language=en-US|access-date=2017-11-03|archive-date=23 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180623202853/http://features.dailymaverick.co.za/cape-of-storms-to-come/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Masana sun kiyasta cewa "matsalar ruwan za ta lakume ayyukan yi kusan 300,000 a fannin aikin gona, da kuma wasu dubun-dubatar a fannonin hidima, baƙunci, da abinci".<ref name="In Trouble" /> ==== Aikin Gona ==== Aikin gona wata muhimmiyar masana'anta ce a Western Cape. Masana'antar ruwan inabi (giya) a Western Cape ta janyo hankalin masu yawon buɗe ido miliyan 1.5 a shekarar 2017, kuma tare da masana'antar 'ya'yan itace tana ɗaukar ma'aikata kusan 340,000 tare da ba da gudummawar fiye da kashi 10% ga tattalin arzikin Western Cape. Da yawa daga cikin shuke-shuken suna buƙatar ruwa mai yawa; alal misali, gonar inabi tana buƙatar tsakanin inci 10 zuwa 24 na ruwa don ta tsira. A matsakaici, fannin aikin gona a Western Cape ya gudanar da ragin amfani da ruwa da kashi 60 cikin ɗari daga shekarar 2017 zuwa 2018, wanda hakan ya haifar da ƙarancin amfanin gona da kiyasin asarar tattalin arziki na R5.9 biliyan (Dalar Amurka miliyan 400), ayyukan yi 30,000, da faɗuwar kashi 13–20 cikin ɗari na kayayyakin da ake fitarwa zuwa ƙasashen waje.<ref name=":0" /> Wasu kiyasin sun sanya adadin ya fi haka inda ya kai R14 biliyan (Dalar Amurka biliyan 1).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/economy/2018-02-05-farmers-lose-r14bn-as-cape-drought-bites/|title=Farmers lose R14bn as Cape drought bites|last=Phakathi|first=Bekezela|date=5 February 2018|work=Business Day|access-date=2018-02-07|language=en-US}}</ref> Kuɗaɗen da ake samu daga hannun jarin masana'antun ruwan inabi da na 'ya'yan itace na cikin gida suna da matukar ƙanƙanta koda yake masana'antar ruwan inabin tana samar da wasu shahararrun ruwan inabi a duniya. Wannan ya haifar da fargabar cewa kasuwancin aikin gona da yawa suna fuskantar haɗarin fatara.<ref name=":0" /> ==== Fannin Yawon Buɗe Ido ==== Cape Town babbar matattarar masu yawon buɗe ido ce kuma ita ce birni mafi karɓar baƙi na dogon zango a nahiyar gaba ɗaya. Masana'antar yawon buɗe ido ita ma ta fuskanci babban kalubale sakamakon raguwar baƙi masu zuwa, masauki, da zirga-zirgar baƙi a wuraren shaƙatawa a watan Janairu 2018 idan aka kwatanta da daidai wannan lokacin a shekarar 2017. Fannin masauki ya ba da rahoton raguwar mazauna da kashi 10%.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.capetown.travel/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/CTT-Research-Report-April-2018_Classic.pdf|title=CTT Research Report April 2018|date=24 July 2018|website=Cape Town Tourism|access-date=24 July 2018|archive-date=24 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180724183611/http://www.capetown.travel/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/CTT-Research-Report-April-2018_Classic.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Otal-otal sun yi rangwame kan ayyukansu, kamar cire matosai na burtun wanka, ba wa baƙi maganin tsaftace hannu (hand sanitiser), sanya na'urorin rage gudu a wuraren wanka, da ko dai share wuraren ninkaya sarai ko cika su da ruwan gishiri. A watan Oktoba 2017, Birnin ya ƙaddamar da ɗayan mahimman tsare-tsarensa, wato yaƙin neman zaɓe na 'Ajiye ruwa kamar ɗan gida' (Save like a local), tare da mai da hankali kan sanya masu yawon buɗe ido cikin ayyukan dakile fari na fadin birni gaba ɗaya.<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{cite web |title=How to "Save Water Like a Local" |url=https://capetownsafaris.com/save-water-like-local/ |website=Cape Town Safaris |date=11 April 2018 |access-date=14 January 2022}}</ref> === Talaucin Ruwa (Hydrological poverty) === Talaucin ruwa yakan kama mutanen da ba za su iya sayen abinci ko ruwan da ake buƙata don al'ummarsu ta zama mai wadata ba. A Cape Town, ya zama haramun sayar da ruwa daga rijiyoyi ko koguna amma mutane na iya samun riba daga sufuri da kwadagon da ke da alaƙa da kai ruwa daga wasu yankuna. Waɗanda suka yi amfani da ruwa fiye da ƙa'idar yau da kullun da aka gatsa ta lita 50 ga kowane mutum a rana an ci su tara tsakanin R500 zuwa R3,000 (Dalar Amurka 35–210). Sai dai wannan tasiri ya ƙara ƙarfafa tazarar talauci saboda taran ta kasance kaɗan ga mawadata amma mai rugurgutawa ga mazauna marasa galihu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.odi.org/blogs/10616-politics-poverty-and-climate-change-stories-cape-town-s-day-zero|title=Politics, poverty, and climate change: stories from Cape Town's 'Day Zero'|website=ODI|date=8 March 2018 |language=en|access-date=2020-04-22}}</ref> === Lafiyayyar Al'umma === Ma'aikatan lafiyar al'umma sun nuna damuwa game da cututtukan da za su iya yaduwa ta hanyar gurɓatar bayan gida da baki (faecal-oral contamination) sakamakon ƙarancin wanke hannu. Kamfanonin lafiyar al'umma, cibiyoyin bincike, da masu ba da lafiya su ma sun damu game da tasirin da matsalar ruwan za ta iya yi ga ayyukan lafiya. Rashin isasshen tsaftar muhalli na iya haifar da cututtukan zawo (diarrhoeal diseases), waɗanda ke kashe mutane miliyan 2.2 kowace shekara a duniya, inda yawancin mace-mace ke faruwa tsakanin yara 'yan ƙasa da shekaru 5. Tare da yawan jama'a kusan miliyan 4.3 da yawa na mutane kusan 1500 a kowace murabba'in kilomita, an ba da shawarar cewa wannan na iya haifar da cututtuka kamar kwalara da sauran su bazu cikin sauri ba tare da ingantaccen tsafta ba, musamman a unguwannin matalauta na Cape Town. Idan babu tsaftataccen ruwa, illolin lafiyar al'umma na iya ƙaruwa ta hanyar kwari a cikin kazaman ruwaye, waɗanda zasu iya haifar da ƙarin bazuwar cututtuka.<ref name="Comes the horror">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thesouthafrican.com/cape-town-water-crisis-drought-disease/|title=Cape Town water crisis: With drought, comes the horror of disease|last=Head|first=Tom|date=10 October 2017|work=The South African|access-date=2018-03-30|language=en-US|archive-date=2018-07-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710003504/https://www.thesouthafrican.com/cape-town-water-crisis-drought-disease/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Jami'ai sun yi gargaɗin cewa cututtukan da ke yaduwa ta ruwa kamar kwalara, hepatitis A, da zazzabin taifot (typhoid fever) "da alama za su fi yaduwa" yayin da mazauna garin suka fara adana ruwa a cikin kwantena masu ƙazanta.<ref name="FAQs">{{Cite web|url=https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/Procedures,%20guidelines%20and%20regulations/Disaster%20and%20Demand%20FAQ.pdf|title=Water related FAQs|date=15 March 2018|website=City of Cape Town|access-date=19 July 2018}}</ref> Musamman bazuwar cututtuka tana da yuwuwar faruwa sakamakon matsakaicin amfani da lita 25 kacal na ruwa ga kowane mutum a rana, adadin da bai isa ba don kiyaye tsaftar gida. Wannan haɗe da amfani da ruwan wanka/wanki (greywater) da ƙarfafawa daga kafofin watsa labaru na rashin wanke 'ya'yan itace ya ƙara haɗarin gurɓatawa. Wani tasiri kuma ga lafiyar al'umma sakamakon matsalar ruwan shi ne ƙarancin abubuwan gina jiki ko ƙarancin ingancin abubuwan gina jiki da mutane ke samu. Saboda ƙarancin ruwa, amfanin gona da dabbobi suna raguwa ko kuma ingancinsu yana faduwa.<ref>Parks, R., McLaren, M., Toumi, R., & Rivett, U. (2019). Experiences and lessons in managing water from Cape Town (29) [Grafiek & Literatuur]. Geraadpleegd van https://www.imperial.ac.uk/media/imperial-college/grantham-institute/public/publications/briefing-papers/Experiences-and-lessons-in-managing-water.pdf</ref> === Haɗarin Lafiyar Wurin Aiki === Wuraren wankan gaggawa da na wanke idanu muhimmin sashi ne na tsaron wurin aiki ga dakunan gwaje-gwaje (laboratories) da ma'aikata da yawa. Ana buƙatar wadatar ruwa akai-akai idan aka fuskanci haɗarin sinadarai masu guba. Yawancin buƙatun Tsaron Wurin Aiki da Lafiya sun ba da shawarar cewa wuraren wankan gaggawa su kasance suna iya fitar da lita 75 a kowane minti na tsawon mintuna 15 aƙalla.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://blogs.plos.org/publichealth/2018/02/05/day-zero-the-impact-of-cape-towns-water-shortage-on-public-health/|title=Day Zero: The impact of Cape Town's water shortage on public health {{!}} Public Health|date=5 February 2018|work=Public Health|access-date=2018-03-30|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815104537/http://blogs.plos.org/publichealth/2018/02/05/day-zero-the-impact-of-cape-towns-water-shortage-on-public-health/|archive-date=15 August 2018}}</ref> Idan aka dakatar ko iyakance waɗannan wuraren wankan, ma'aikatan da ke sarrafa sinadarai masu lahani sosai za su kasance cikin haɗari. === Kula da Yara === A gidaje da gidajen marayu, yara suna ɗaya daga cikin rukunoni mafi rauni da za su iya wahala daga illolin ƙarancin ruwa ga lafiya. Ciyarwa, wankewa, da haifuwar kayayyakin da ake buƙata don kula da yara na buƙatar ruwa mai yawa.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/vulnerable-fear-cape-towns-water-shut-off-20180208|title=Vulnerable fear Cape Town's water shut-off|work=News24|access-date=2018-03-30|language=en|archive-date=30 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180330211225/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/vulnerable-fear-cape-towns-water-shut-off-20180208|url-status=dead}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, idan aka kashe famfunan makarantu a Western Cape a ranar "Day Zero", yara miliyan 1.1 za su kasance ba tare da ruwa ba.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.enca.com/south-africa/water-crisis-day-zero-could-affect-a-million-children|title=Water crisis: Day Zero could affect a million children|website=www.enca.com|language=en|access-date=2018-03-30|archive-date=20 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920082926/https://www.enca.com/south-africa/water-crisis-day-zero-could-affect-a-million-children|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Haɗarin Gobara === Akwai damuwa cewa haɗarin gobara zai ƙaru yayin da muhalli da ababen more rayuwa suka daɗa bushewa. Wannan ya kasance mai matukar muhimmanci ga manyan wuraren masana'antu da rumbun adana kayayyaki domin gobara a wuri ɗaya na iya bazuwa cikin sauƙi zuwa sauran gine-gine na kusa. Haka kuma tsarin kashe gobara na iya kasyawa saboda raguwar matsin lamba na ruwa a yankunan da ke sama.<ref name="FAQs" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pwc.co.za/en/assets/pdf/business-resilience-western-cape-water-crisis.pdf|title=Western Cape Water Crisis: How resilient is your organization in the face of the current water crisis?|date=December 2012|website=PWC|access-date=27 March 2018|archive-date=1 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001034010/https://www.pwc.co.za/en/assets/pdf/business-resilience-western-cape-water-crisis.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Martani ga matsalar ruwa == An yi ƙoƙari wajen ƙara samarwa da kuma rage buƙatar ruwa a cikin Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Western Cape. Da yawa daga cikin mutane da kasuwanci sun yi ƙoƙarin rage dogaro da tsarin ruwa na birni don kare hanyoyin samar da ruwa na kankansu. Matsalar ruwan ta zaburar da bincike da saka hannun jari a madadin tsarin ruwa na daban, wanda a ƙarshe zai iya taimakawa wajen hana sauran birane faɗawa cikin irin wannan matakin na ƙarancin ruwa. Ta kuma bayyana buƙatar tsare-tsare na dogon lokaci a birnin inda canjin yanayi zai daɗa ta'azzara ƙalubalen fasaha, shari'a, da na hukumomi wajen isar da ruwa a tsakanin babban mataki na rashin daidaito.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://dayzero.org.za/Day-Zero.pdf|title=Day Zero. One city's response to a record-breaking drought|last1=Joubert|first1=Leonie|last2=Ziervogel|first2=Gina|publisher=Axa, Mapula Trust, African Climate and Development Initiative|year=2019}}</ref> Haɗuwa da canjin yanayi da haɓakar jama'a a yankunan birane na nufin sauran biranen ma na iya fuskantar irin wannan fari mai tsanani kuma suna iya buƙatar yin la'akari da madadin hanyoyin samun ruwa.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/cape-town-drought-day-zero-climate-change-global-warming-south-africa-a8236511.html|title=Cape Town is almost at the feared 'Day Zero'|date=2 March 2018|work=The Independent|access-date=2018-03-30|language=en-GB}}</ref> === Haɓaka Samar da Ruwa === Birnin Cape Town ya ba da gagarumin ƙoƙari wajen haɓaka hanyoyin samar da ruwa. Muhimman ƙoƙarin sun haɗa da: * sayen ƙarin lita miliyan biyu da miliyan biyar na ruwa kowace shekara daga Ma'ajiyar Ruwa ta Molteno a Oranjezicht da Atlantis Aquifer biyo da biyo * ƙaddamar da ƙananan masana'antun raba gishiri da ruwa (desalination) na wucin gadi guda uku (kwangilar shekaru 2) (biyu masu ƙarfin lita miliyan 7 a kowace rana kuma ɗaya mai ƙarfin lita miliyan 2 a kowace rana) a Monwabisi, Strandfontein, V&A Waterfront, da Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Cape Town * aikin sake sarrafa ruwa na Zandvliet Baki ɗaya, an tsara waɗannan ayyukan don samar da ƙarin lita miliyan 144 a kowace rana tsakanin Fabrairu da Yuli 2018.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.traveller24.com/Explore/Green/cape-water-crisis-day-zero-moved-as-city-prepares-for-2m-tourists-20171118|title=Cape Water Crisis: Day Zero 'moved' as city prepares for 2m tourists|last=Nkanjeni|first=Unathi|date=Nov 2017|work=News24}}</ref> Sai dai kuma, da yawa daga cikin waɗannan ayyukan sun fuskanci ƙalubalen kayan aiki (logistical challenges), kuma sun yi jinkiri fiye da lokacin da aka tsara.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.groundup.org.za/article/slow-progress-bringing-new-sources-water-cape-town/|title=Slow progress bringing new water to Cape Town|last=Bratton|first=Laura|date=Nov 2017|website=GroundUp}}</ref> Jagoran DA, Maimane, ya jaddada cewa masana'antun raba gishiri da ruwa suna da tsada da kuma rikitarwa; musamman, masana'anta guda ɗaya za ta ci lita R15 biliyan (Dalar Amurka biliyan 1), wanda shi ne kashi ɗaya bisa uku na baki ɗaya kasafin kuɗin Birnin kuma tsarin sayen irin waɗannan kayan aiki yana waje da hurumin shari'a na Birnin.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://businesstech.co.za/news/lifestyle/220919/maimane-takes-over-cape-town-water-crisis-response/|title=Maimane takes over Cape Town water crisis response|date=24 January 2018|work=Business Tech}}</ref> Daga ƙarshe an yi watsi da tsare-tsaren masana'antun raba gishiri da ruwa domin tsadar kowace raka'a ta ruwa ta yi yawa sosai.<ref name=":5" /> A watan Fabrairu 2018, lokacin da aka kai kololuwar fari, Ƙungiyar Masu Amfani da Ruwa ta Groenland (wata hukumar wakilcin manoma a yankin aikin gona na Elgin Grabouw kusa da Cape Town) ta fara sakin ƙarin lita miliyan 10 na ruwa daga Madatsar Ruwansu ta Eikenhof kyauta. An tura wannan ruwan zuwa cikin Madatsar Ruwa ta Upper Steenbras.<ref name="Groenland">{{Cite web|url=https://www.enca.com/south-africa/cape-town-gets-10bn-litres-of-water|title=WATCH: Cape Town gets 10bn litres of water|date=6 February 2018|website=www.enca.com|language=en|access-date=2018-02-08|archive-date=8 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190908232503/https://www.enca.com/south-africa/cape-town-gets-10bn-litres-of-water|url-status=dead}}</ref> Wannan ya bai wa Birnin damar tura kiyasin ranar Day Zero baya daga 16 ga Afrilu zuwa 11 ga Mayu. === Gudanar da Buƙatun Ruwa na Birni === [[File:TragedyofCommons.png|thumb|298x298px|Albarkatun tafkin gama gari, kamar ruwan sama, sun fi fuskantar barazanar wuce gona da iri da ƙarewa idan ba a tsara su ba]] Ruwan saman ƙasa da ruwan sama suna nuna siffofin albarkatun tafkin gama gari (Common-pool resource), wanda ke fuskantar matsalar 'balahirar gama gari' (tragedy of the commons). Idan babu tsari na hukuma, mutane masu son kai za su yanke shawarar amfani da zai gurgunta abubuwan amfanin gama gari, wanda hakan ya sa masanin ilimin halittu Garrett Hardin ya bayyana cewa "yanci a cikin abubuwan gama gari yana kawo barna ga kowa".<ref>Hardin, G. (1968). "The tragedy of the commons." ''Science'', ''162''(3859), 1243–1248.</ref> Wannan yana da tsanani musamman lokacin matsalar ruwa lokacin da jimillar samarwa za ta iya faɗawa ƙasa da matakin amfani mafi dacewa ga al'umma. Don haka, Birnin ya yi ƙoƙarin tsara amfani da abubuwan gama gari ta hanyar gargadi na amfani da alhakin kai, rabo kai-tsaye, da kuma amfani da farashin kuɗaɗen ruwa (water tariffs) (don masu amfani su fahimci tsadar yanke shawararsu ga al'umma). Birnin Cape Town ya yi nasarar rage amfani da ruwa da fiye da kashi 50 cikin dari yayin fari daga shekarar 2015 zuwa 2018.<ref name=":12">{{Cite news|url=https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2018/02/cape-town-running-out-of-water-drought-taps-shutoff-other-cities/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180202190935/https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2018/02/cape-town-running-out-of-water-drought-taps-shutoff-other-cities/|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 February 2018|title=Why Cape Town Is Running Out of Water, and Who's Next|last=Welch|first=Craig|date=Mar 2018|work=National Geographic}}</ref> Amfani da ruwa na gidaje ya ragu sosai ƙarƙashin takunkumin Mataki na 6B, inda adadi mafi ƙanƙanta da aka yi rajista ya kasance lita miliyan 481 a kowace rana a ranar 2 ga Yuli 2018, mafi kusa da matakin da aka yi niyya na lita miliyan 450 a kowace rana.<ref name="dashboard-14may2018" /> Rahoton Water Outlook 2018 ya tattara bayanan canje-canje a buƙatun ruwa daga Nuwamba 2013 zuwa Mayu 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Department of Water and Sanitation, City of Capetown |date=2018-05-18 |title=Water Outlook 2018 Report, Revision 25 |url=https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20research%20reports%20and%20review/Water%20Outlook%202018%20-%20Summary.pdf |access-date=2024-03-18 |website=City of Cape Town}}</ref> ==== Tilasta Ragewa ==== An ci gaba da sake duba iyakar amfanin ruwa na kanka gami da rage shi a duk lokacin da ake tsaka da matsalar, inda mafi ƙanƙanta ya kasance lita 50 a kowace rana ga kowane mutum farawa daga 1 ga Fabrairu 2018.<ref name = "Booysen"/> Wannan matakin amfani da ruwa kashi ɗaya bisa uku ne kacal na matsakaicin amfanin ruwa na yau da kullun na lita 150 a ƙasar Burtaniya kuma kashi ɗaya bisa shida na matsakaicin amfanin yau da kullun a Amurka. An bukaci mazauna birnin da kada su zubar da ruwa a bayan gida bayan sun yi fitsari, sannan su yi amfani da ruwan sama ko ruwan wanka bayan sun yi bayan gida, sannan su rage tsayi da yawan wanka. Don kiyaye ruwa, an samar da maganin tsaftace hannu (hand sanitizer) a ofisoshi da gine-ginen gwamnati don amfani da shi maimakon wanke hannu na al'ada. Wasu shagunan kofi sun fara amfani da kofuna da kwanukan roba da na takarda don rage wanke-wanke. Yin amfani da ruwan famfo na birni don cika wuraren ninkaya, shayar da ciyawa ko wanke saman ƙasa ya zama haramun. An kiyasta cewa kusan kashi 50 cikin ɗari na gidaje sun bi ka'idojin takunkumin amfani da ruwan.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-42787773|title=Cape Town water crisis: 'My wife doesn't shower any more'|date=Jan 2018|work=BBC News}}</ref> Birnin ya bincika matakai daban-daban don tabbatar da bin doka: * Ƙirƙirar taswirar intanet mai ɗigo-ɗigo kore da ke nuna waɗanne gidaje ne ke yin kyakkyawan aiki wajen adana ruwa<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2018/09/14/648016169/did-cape-town-learn-from-day-zero|title=Did Cape Town Learn From 'Day Zero'?|last=Shapiro|first=Ari|date=Sep 2018|publisher=National Public Radio (NPR)}}</ref> * Jami'an birni sun tuka motoci ta cikin unguwannin da ke amfani da ruwa da yawa tare da amfani da lasifika suna kiran sunayensu don tsawatar musu<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2018/06/28/624397903/cape-town-averts-day-zero-by-limiting-water-use|title=Cape Town Averts 'Day Zero' By Limiting Water Use|last=Shapiro|first=Ari|date=Jun 2018|publisher=National Public Radio (NPR)}}</ref> * Wallafa sunayen manyan masu amfani da ruwa fiye da kima<ref name=":12" /> * Rashin bin takunkumin buƙata na iya haifar da sanya na'urar gudanar da ruwa, wanda ke iyakance amfani da ruwa zuwa lita 350 kacal a kowace rana, inda mai gidan zai biya kuɗin sanya na'urar na R4,500 (Dalar Amurka 314).<ref name=":6" /> A watan Disamba 2017, Magajiyar Garin Patricia de Lille da kanta ta ziyarci gidajen masu ɓata ruwa don sanya na'urorin auna ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://qz.com/africa/1147081/cape-town-drought-as-day-zero-approaches-the-city-needs-to-learn-to-talk-about-climate-change-not-spread-fear/|title=Africa's favorite tourist city is about to run out of water|last=Chutel|first=Lynsey|date=Dec 2017|website=Quartz}}</ref> * Ma'aikatar tilasta bin doka ta ƙara zafafa sintiri kan ɓarna da almubazzarancin ruwa<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://www.citylab.com/environment/2018/07/how-cape-town-got-to-the-brink-of-water-catastrophe/564800/|title=How Cape Town Got to the Brink of Water Catastrophe|last=Walton|first=Brett|date=Jul 2018|website=CityLab}}</ref> ==== Ƙarin kuɗaɗen fito na ruwa ==== Haka kuma Birnin ya ƙara kuɗaɗen fito na ruwa (water tariffs), musamman ga mazauna lardin da suka ci gaba da amfani da ruwa mai yawa, galibi don jin daɗi da abubuwan da ba su da muhimmanci.<ref name=":9" /> A mafi girman farashin fito, yin amfani da ruwa sama da lita 35,000 a wata guda ya lakume R768.64 (Dalar Amurka 54) a kowace lita 1,000, wanda Birnin ya bayyana a matsayin hukunci. Kamar yadda rahoton Water Outlook 2018 ya nuna, matsakaicin buƙatar ruwa ya faɗi da kusan kashi 45 cikin ɗari daga Fabrairu 2017 zuwa Fabrairu 2018. Wannan ya fassara "zuwa ƙarancin kuɗin shiga na kusan R2 biliyan (Dalar Amurka miliyan 140) a cikin shekarar da muke ciki", wanda hakan kuma ya kasance babban dalilin ƙarin kuɗaɗen fito.<ref name=":3" /> Bincike ya nuna goyon baya ga amfani da manufar sanya farashi a matsayin kayan aiki don raba ruwa cikin inganci. Yayin da ake kwatanta farashin ƙayyadajen kudi (flat rate pricing) (inda ƙarin kuɗin amfani yake daidai da sifili) da kuma farashin amfani da adadi (volumetric pricing) na kayan amfanin ruwa na gida, Hanke da Bolard (1971) sun nuna cewa sauyawa daga na farko zuwa na biyun yana da tasiri wajen samun dorewar raguwa a amfanin ruwa na gida. Kuɗaɗen fito na ruwa suna da tasiri musamman wajen rage buƙatun ruwa don abubuwan da ba su da mahimmanci tunda irin wannan buƙatar galibi tana da alaƙa da canjin farashi (price-elastic), kuma za ta ragu fiye da kima a matsayin martani ga ƙarin farashi.<ref>Hanke, S. H., & Boland, J. J. (1971). "Water requirements or water demands?" ''Journal-American Water Works Association'', ''63''(11), 677–681.</ref> === Madadin hanyoyin samun ruwa === [[File:Newlands Spring Water crisis 2018.jpg|thumb|Mazauna garin suna jerin gwano a Newlands Spring]] Hasashen ranar ƙarshe ta ƙarshe (Day Zero) a Cape Town ya sa mutane da kasuwanci da yawa neman madadin hanyoyin samar da ruwa daban da Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Western Cape. Mazauna cikin gida da yawa, ɗauke da kwantena na roba, sun tattara ruwa daga rafukan duwatsu da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa na halitta a kewayen birnin. Wannan ya haifar da dogon layi har ma da fadace-fadace tsakanin 'yan ƙasa, kuma Birnin ya ƙara tsaro a shahararrun wuraren.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":7" /> Hanyoyin mafi inganci sun haɗa da sanya tankunan adana ruwa waɗanda za su tattara ruwan sama, da kuma hakar rijiyoyin burtsatse na kankansu (boreholes).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.co.za/sas-richest-family-coining-it-from-jojo-tanks-2018-2|title=SA's richest family is coining it amid the scramble for JoJo tanks|last=Wasserman|first=Helena|date=Feb 2018|website=Business Insider}}</ref><ref name=":10" /> Tunda ƙarin kuɗin (marginal cost) amfani da ruwa daga tankunan adana ruwa ko rijiyoyin burtsatse na kankansu yana kusa da sifili, gidaje da kasuwanci da ke da irin waɗannan zaɓuɓɓukan za su iya rage buƙatunsu na ruwan famfo na birni da kuma biyan buƙatunsu mafi mahimmanci (price inelastic) da waɗannan madadin hanyoyin ruwan, yayin da buƙatu mafi sauƙi ga canjin farashi (price elastic) ke zama mafi girman kaso na baki ɗaya buƙatun ruwan birni. Wannan yana da lahani na dogon lokaci ga tsaron ruwa da tsarin samar da ruwa na birni: na farko, yana gurgunta ikon birnin na yin amfani da farashin ruwa da manufar kuɗaɗen fito don tsara amfani da abubuwan gama gari, sannan na biyu, la'akari da mahimmancin tallafin giciye (cross-subsidization) inda manyan masu amfani ke rage wa ƙananan masu amfani nauyi a cikin tsarin ci gaba na farashin ruwa, yana haifar da damuwa game da dorewar kuɗi ga tsarin ruwan da ya riga ya durƙushe ƙarƙashin nauyin kuɗinsa.<ref name=":2" /> Yayin da dokokin ruwa ba sa barin ɗan ƙasa da kasuwancin gida fita cikin sauƙi daga tsarin samar da ruwa na gundumar, ƙila za a buƙaci aiwatar da ƙarin canje-canje a cikin dokokin cikin gida don ba wa gidaje masu wadata da fannoni masu zaman kansu damar ba da gudummawa wajen haɓaka isar da ayyukan ruwa.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/businesses-in-w-cape-plan-to-get-off-the-water-grid/|title=Businesses in W Cape plan to get off water grid|last=Poonah|first=Vanessa|date=Jul 2018|work=SABC News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.greencape.co.za/assets/Uploads/Alternative-water-installation-guidelines-29-Nov-2019.pdf|title=Water Installation Guidelines|last=Green Cape}}</ref> === Noma mai kiyaye ruwa === Wannan matsalar ruwa ta zaburar da bincike da kuma amfani da ingantattun hanyoyin noma masu kiyaye ruwa. Manoma sun ƙara yin amfani da fasahar aikin gona ta zamani (agricultural precision technology) don samun ingantaccen fahimta game da amfani da ruwa a gonakansu.<ref name=":0" /> Masu bincike daga Jami'ar Cape Town suna nazarin siffofin shuke-shuken daji da za su iya girma da ƙarancin ruwa, da fatan yin koyi da irin waɗannan siffofin a cikin amfanin gona ta hanyar jinsi na gargajiya da fasahar halittu (biotechnology). Wasu masana kimiyya suna nazarin tsarin sarrafa abinci na shuke-shuke (metabolism) don koyon yadda suke amfani da ƙarancin ruwa yayin aiwatar da photosynthesis, wanda ke ba su damar tsira a lokacin dogon fari mai tsanani.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/opinion/energy-environment/385331-time-to-reevaluate-agriculture-as-cape-town-runs-dry|title=Time to reevaluate agriculture as Cape Town runs dry|date=28 April 2018|website=The Hill}}</ref> Yana da kyau a lura cewa duk da samun yanki mafi girma da ake ban ruwa (ha 269 476), Western Cape kuma tana da mafi ƙanƙanta, kuma mafi ingancin amfani da ruwa a kowace raka'a ta yanki (mita mai siffar sili 5,874 a kowace ha) tsakanin lardunan ƙasar.<ref name=":0" /> === Yaƙin neman zaɓen kiyaye ruwa a makarantu === A rabin na biyu na shekarar 2017, an ƙaddamar da yaƙin neman zaɓe don taimakawa wajen adana ruwa ta hanyar gyare-gyare da yaƙin neman zaɓe na canjin ɗabi'a a makarantu.<ref>[https://www.schoolswater.co.za/ www.SchoolsWater.co.za]</ref><ref>[https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLp-Ogs30mP7pVsa0rHj3pwttny1m6R2QD Bidiyon YouTube akan aikin]</ref> Manufar ita ce a adana ruwa a makarantu, sannan kuma a faɗakar da yara. Waɗannan yara za su iya kai saƙon gida, ta haka za a isa ga dubun-dubatar masu amfani. An ƙaddamar da yakin neman zaɓen a matsayin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin manyan abokan haɗin gwiwa guda huɗu: Shoprite (babban dillali mafi girma a Afirka), Jami'ar Stellenbosch, gidan rediyon Cape Talk, da Bridgiot. Ta hanyar tallafin kamfanoni 93, an kai ga makarantu 358. Kowane kamfani ya ɗauki nauyin makaranta ɗaya ko fiye, inda Shoprite ke tallafawa makarantu 100. Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Western Cape ita ma ta ba da gudummawa wajen tallafawa makarantu da dama. [[File:Top Trumps playing cards used to raise awareness at schools..png|thumb|Katunan wasa na Top Trumps da aka yi amfani da su don faɗakarwa a makarantu]] Mataki na farko na yaƙin neman zaɓen shi ne sanya mita mai kaifin basira, da ake kira Dropula,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bridgiot.co.za/solutions/dropula-2/ |title=Shafi na Dropula |access-date=2026-06-19 |archive-date=2025-10-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251017040047/https://www.bridgiot.co.za/solutions/dropula-2/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> sannan kuma aka gudanar da aikin gyara cikin hanzari a kowace makaranta.<ref name = "schoolsMaintenance">M.J. Booysen, C. Ripunda, M. Visser, (2019). "Results from a water-saving maintenance campaign at Cape Town schools in the run-up to Day Zero", ''Vol 50'', ''Sustainable Cities and Society''. Published: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2019.101639. (Open access: https://doi.org/10.31224/osf.io/45cf9)</ref> Wannan kuma ya biyo bayan yaƙin neman zaɓe na canza ɗabi'a, inda aka raba makarantu zuwa guda uku: rukunin kulawa da aka bari a cikin duhu yawanci, sai dai don matakan gaggawa na gaba, rukunin da aka tura wa ma'aikata kawai bayanai, da rukunin da ma'aikata suka sami bayanai sannan kuma yara suka shiga cikin gasa.<ref name = "schoolsBehavioural">M. Visser, M.J. Booysen, K. Berger, J. Brühl (2019). "Saving water at Cape Town schools by using smart metering and behavioural change", ''Working paper''. https://doi.org/10.31224/osf.io/7kzwv</ref> Sakamakon ya nuna gagarumin tanadi daga aikin gyaran inda mafi ƙanƙancin kwararar ruwa da daddare ya ragu da kashi 28%. Canjin ɗabi'a ya haifar da ƙarin tanadi baki ɗaya daga kashi 15% zuwa 26%, inda rukunin da suka sami bayanai kawai suka fi yin tanadi. Wani sakamako mai ban sha'awa daga binciken shi ne rabon amfani da ruwa a duk faɗin makarantun quintiles. Makarantun da suka fi fama da talauci suna da ingancin ruwa kusan kashi 50%, yayin da makarantu masu wadata ke da ingancin ruwa kusan kashi 80%.<ref name = "schoolsGovernance">M.J. Booysen, B. Wijesiri, C. Ripunda, A. Goonetilleke, (2019). "Fees and governance: Towards sustainability in water resources management at schools in post-apartheid South Africa", ''Vol 51'', ''Sustainable Cities and Society''. Published: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2019.101694. (Open access: https://doi.org/10.31224/osf.io/5wy8s)</ref> Haka kuma an bayyana aikin a cikin wani shiri na musamman na CNN.<ref>[https://edition.cnn.com/2019/09/23/business/cape-town-drought-water-meter-intl/index.html Labarin CNN da bidiyon aikin.]</ref> == Ce-ce-ku-ce == Matsalar ruwan ta fuskanci dimbin ce-ce-ku-ce na siyasa da kuma bayanan karya, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama kalubale wajen gane ainihin girman matsalar, da kuma tantance ayyukan da ake yi na magance ta cikin dacewa. Wasu ma sun yi shakka game da kasancewar matsalar ruwan, kuma sun rage darajar ranar "Day Zero" a matsayin dabarar tsoratarwa kawai.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":11" /><ref name="Facts and Myths" /> === Rashin daidaiton rarrabawa === Matsalar ruwan Cape Town ta fito da rashin daidaiton rarraba ruwa a birnin fili. Kodayake kashi ɗaya bisa biyar na aliyun jama'ar Cape Town suna zaune ne a matsugunai marasa tsari (informal settlements), kashi 3.6 cikin ɗari kacal na wadatar ruwan lardin ya je ga irin waɗannan matsugunai a shekarar 2016/2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://africacheck.org/reports/do-formal-residents-use-65-of-cape-towns-water-with-half-going-to-gardens-pools/|title=Do formal residents use 65% of Cape Town's water, with half going to gardens & pools?|last=Makou|first=Gopolang|date=Aug 2017|website=Africa Check}}</ref> Wannan haka yake saboda buƙatar ruwa na mazauna ya danganta da ababen more rayuwa da aka samar, kuma gidajen da suka dogara da famfunan taron jama'a—kamar yadda yake a mafi yawan garuruwa (townships)—suna amfani da ruwa kaɗan fiye da gidajen da ke da haɗin famfo na cikin gida.<ref>Smith, L., & Hanson, S. (2003). "Access to water for the urban poor in Cape Town: where equity meets cost recovery." ''Urban Studies'', ''40''(8), 1517–1548.</ref> Wannan yana nufin cewa a aikace, da yawa daga cikin mazauna matsugunai marasa tsari sun riga sun amfani da ruwa a matakan da suka dace da takunkumin Mataki na 6B kuma ba su ga wani gagarumin canji a salon rayuwarsu ba kafin da kuma lokacin matsalar ruwa. Masu lura da al'amura sun soki sakacin gwamnati na rashin magance irin waɗannan matsaloli na tsaron ruwa da daidaito a cikin matsugunai marasa tsari kafin matsalar ruwan Cape Town.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.groundup.org.za/article/water-restrictions-its-nothing-new-us-say-residents-informal-settlements/|title=Water crisis: it makes no difference to us, say residents of informal settlements|last=Bratton|first=Laura|date=Nov 2017|website=GroundUp}}</ref> Kungiyar Human Rights Watch ta fitar da wata sanarwa, tana roƙon gwamnati da ta "kiyaye mutuntawa da cika muhimman haƙƙoƙi a tsakiyar dorewar mafita, da kuma tabbatar da cewa an ba da fifikon raba ruwa daidai da buƙatu masu mahimmanci."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/02/01/cape-towns-water-crisis-response-needs-protect-rights-millions|title=Cape Town's Water Crisis Response Needs to Protect the Rights of Millions|last=Mavhinga|first=Deva|date=Feb 2018|website=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> === Rabon ruwa tsakanin aikin gona da amfanin birni === [[File:WaterResourceAllocation.png|thumb|291x291px|Rabon ruwa tsakanin amfani daban-daban ya dogara ne akan ribar da kowane fanni ke samu. Jadawalin bai nuna tasirin waje ba.]] An sanya takunkumin ruwa akan aikin gona da kuma amfanin birni na ruwan famfo. A matsakaici, fannin aikin gona a Western Cape ya fuskanci ragi na amfani da ruwa da kashi 60 cikin ɗari tun daga shekarar 2017. Takunkumin ruwa ya bambanta daga kashi 50 cikin ɗari a kwarin Breede (Breede Valley), kashi 60 cikin ɗari a lardin Berg River da yankin Riviersonderend da kashi 87 cikin ɗari a kwarin Lower Olifants River.<ref name=":0" /> A takunkumin ruwa na Mataki na 6B, ana saurin sa ran yankunan birane su rage amfani da ruwa da kashi 45 cikin ɗari. Anton Rabe, Shugaban Kamfanin Hortgro, wanda ke wakiltar manoman 'ya'yan itace a Cape Town, ya ba da hujjar cewa yanke kashi 60 cikin ɗari ga aikin gona, idan aka kwatanta da kashi 45 cikin ɗari ga birnin, ba adalci ba ne.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/western-cape-farmers-call-for-easing-of-water-restrictions-to-repair-drought-damage-20180917|title=Western Cape farmers call for easing of water restrictions to repair drought damage|last=Gosling|first=Melanie|date=Sep 2018|work=News24}}</ref> Sai dai kuma, akwai labarai masu ban tsoro da bidiyoyi na vlogs waɗanda suka ɗora alhakin matsalar ruwan akan hanyoyin noma da kiwon dabbobi waɗanda ba sa kiyaye ruwa cikin inganci.<ref name="Facts and Myths" /> Kyakkyawan rabon ruwa tsakanin aikin gona da amfanin birni yana da matukar rikitarwa saboda kasancewar abubuwan tasiri da yawa na waje (externalities), inda ruwan ban ruwa ke da matukar muhimmanci ga wadatar abinci sannan amfanin birni na da muhimmanci ga lafiyar al'umma, haka kuma canjin buƙatun na lokaci-lokaci. === Sharhin Firimiyan Western Cape, Helen Zille === Helen Zille, Firimiyan Western Cape, ta janyo hankalin mutane saboda wasu sharhinta kan matsalar ruwa. A watan Satumba na shekarar 2017, ta bayyana cewa tana yin wanka sau ɗaya kacal a kowace kwana uku, da kuma cewa tana ɗaukar "gashi mai mai a lokacin fari a matsayin alamar matsayi kamar mota mai kura." Wannan ya zaburar da muhawarar jama'a, inda wasu suka yaba da sadaukarwarta ga martanin fari yayin da wasu kuma suka riƙa yi mata gizzari.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-41351543|title=Helen Zille: Why South African politician will only shower every three days|last=Fihlani|first=Pumza|date=22 September 2017|work=BBC News}}</ref> A watan Janairu 2018, Zille ta kuma tunzura fushi a dandalin Twitter bayan ta mayar da martani ga damuwa game da sakacin gwamnati na rashin magance rashin tsaron ruwa a matsugunai marasa tsari ta hanyar yaba wa tsarin mulkin mallaka (colonialism) don samar da ruwan famfo. Wannan ya haifar da tsautsayi daga DA saboda "keta doka akan amfani da kafofin watsa labarun al'umma".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-01-30-da-threatens-to-charge-zille-over-water-colonialism-tweets|title=DA threatens to charge Zille over water colonialism tweets|last=Pather|first=Ra'eesa|date=Jan 2018|work=Mail and Guardian}}</ref> Ana kuma sanin Zille da siffanta matsalar ruwan da ranar ƙarshe (doomsday characterization), a wani lokacin tana kwatanta ta da Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu da hararin 9/11, wanda wasu suka soki hakan a matsayin abin da bai dace ba.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2018-01-22-zille-takes-charge-day-zero-bigger-than-wwii-and-911-says-premier/|title=Zille takes charge: Day Zero bigger than WWII and 9/11' says premier|last=Dave|first=Chambers|date=22 January 2018}}</ref> === Rikicin cikin gida a jam'iyyar Democratic Alliance === A watan Janairu 2018, DA ta ba da sanarwar cewa za a "gurfanar tare da bincikar" Magajiyar Garin Cape Town Patricia de Lille a hukumance don zargi takwas na "gazawar shugabanci" (waɗanda ba su da alaƙa da matsalar ruwa) kuma za a cire ta daga rukunin jagorancinta a cikin martanin birnin game da matsalar ruwa cikin gaggawa.<ref name="Facts and Myths" /> Manajan Birnin Cape Town Achmat Ebrahim, wanda aka ambata a cikin zargin ba daidai ba tare da De Lille, shi ma ya yi murabus daga mukaminsa.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2018-01-16-capewatergate-da-hints-mayor-de-lille-to-blame-for-water-crisis-mismanagement/|title=#CapeWatergate: DA hints Mayor De Lille to blame for water crisis mismanagement|last=Davis|first=Rebecca|date=16 January 2018|work=Daily Maverick}}</ref> === Raba gishiri da ruwa da kuma Isra'ila === Mambobin jam'iyyar African National Congress (ANC) sun zargi DA da ƙirƙira da kuma ƙasaita matsalar ruwan don amfanar Yahudawa da ƙasar Isra'ila. Wannan haka yake tunda Isra'ila ita ce jagorar duniya a fasahar raba gishiri da ruwa (water desalination), kuma za ta kasance abokiyar haɗin gwiwa mai yuwuwa wajen taimaka wa Cape Town kafa masana'antun raba gishiri da ruwa. Alakar dake tsakanin Afirka ta Kudu bayan mulkin wariyar launin fata (post-Apartheid) da Isra'la. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] l7jk2uwn1cm0kkmt2wku1akmjcofzj1 Sake amfani a Koriya ta Kudu 0 113607 889774 817858 2026-07-31T10:47:03Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889774 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Manufofin zubar da sharar gida na [[Koriya ta Kudu]] (wanda aka sani da "'''jongnyangje'''") yana aiki a ƙarƙashin Ma'aikatar Muhalli. Ana buƙatar rarraba sharar gida zuwa sassa huɗu: sharar gida, sharar gidaje, sharar da za a iya sake amfani da su, da manyan abubuwa masu sharar gida. Ya kamata a raba sharar gida kamar: takarda, filastik da gilashi, kafin a zubar da su. Kudin ya dace da keta manufofin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Waste Disposal and Recycling in South Korea - South-korea |url=http://www.angloinfo.com/how-to/south-korea/housing/setting-up-home/waste-recycling |access-date=2019-05-16 |website=Angloinfo |archive-date=2019-05-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190513142843/https://www.angloinfo.com/how-to/south-korea/housing/setting-up-home/waste-recycling |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Tattalin arzikin da ke kewaye a Koriya ta Kudu == [[Fayil:Recycling_bins_at_Jeju_Rail_Bike.jpg|left|thumb|Kayan sake amfani a Lardin Jeju]] Tattalin arzikin Circular shine wanda ke rage sharar gida kuma yana amfani da mafi yawan albarkatu. Yana nufin "tsarin samarwa da amfani wanda ya haɗa da sake amfani, gyarawa, sake fasalin da sake amfani da kayan da kayayyakin da ke akwai don adana kayan cikin tattalin arziki a duk lokacin da ya yiwu", yayin da kuma la'akari da sharar gida a matsayin hanya, "ƙananan ainihin adadin sharar gida".<ref>Mika Sillanpää; Chaker Ncibi; 2019. The Circular Economy: Case Studies about the Transition from the Linear Economy. Elsevier Science. pp. 7–9. {{ISBN|978-0-12-815268-3}}.</ref> Koriya ta Kudu ta kasance a matsayin kasa ta biyu mafi girma a cikin kasashen OECD, a cikin kashi 59% a cikin 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McCarthy |first=Niall |date=Mar 9, 2016 |title=Infographic: The Countries Winning The Recycling Race |url=https://www.statista.com/chart/4470/the-countries-winning-the-recycling-race/ |access-date=2019-05-06 |website=Statista Infographics}}</ref> A ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2018, Ma'aikatar Muhalli ta ba da sanarwar cewa za su kafa "Doka ta asali kan Gudanar da albarkatu". Dokar ta haɗa da tsarin sake amfani da albarkatu, gudanar da aikin sake amfani da shi, kimantawa na amfani da sake zagayowar samfur, da kuma saita kudaden zubar da sharar gida. Ana amfani da tsarin gudanar da aikin sake amfani da albarkatun ga kasuwancin da ke fitar da fiye da tan 100 na sharar da aka tsara a kowace shekara ko sama da tan 1,000 na sauran sharar. Idan mai samarwa yana da wahala wajen aiwatar da irin wannan tsarin sake amfani, za a gabatar da tsarin kimantawa na rarraba. Kowace shekaru uku, za a kafa shirye-shiryen kimantawa kuma za a bayyana sakamakon wasu kasuwancin akan intanet. Kudin zubar da sharar gida na 10 ~ 30 won / kg na zubar da shara ko sharar gida ana cajin su ga kananan hukumomi da kasuwanni sai dai idan ' albarkatun da za a iya amfani da su' wadanda ba su da lahani ga muhalli.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Environment |date=2017-12-28 |title=새해에 달라지는 제도 - 자원순환법 시행 (System that changes in the New Year - Enforcement of the resource circulation law) |url=http://www.me.go.kr/home/web/board/read.do?pagerOffset=0&maxPageItems=10&maxIndexPages=10&searchKey=title&searchValue=%EC%9E%90%EC%9B%90%EC%88%9C%ED%99%98%EB%B2%95&menuId=284&orgCd=&boardId=833270&boardMasterId=108&boardCategoryId=&decorator |website=Ministry of Environment}}</ref> Gwamnatin Koriya ta Kudu ta ba da bayanai game da raguwa mai yawa a cikin adadin sharar gidaje da aka samar a rana ɗaya daga 1.3kg a 1994 zuwa 0.94kg a 2013. Rashin sharar da aka binne ya fadi daga kashi 81.2 zuwa kashi 9.6; sharar da ya kone ya fadi daga 15.3 zuwa kashi 6.4, kuma sharar da ake sake amfani da shi ya karu daga kashi 15.3 zuwa 83.2 daga shekara ta 1994 zuwa 2013. Wannan ya ba Koriya ta Kudu damar hanzarta ci gaban tattalin arziki ta hanyar adana kuɗi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-10-30 |title=[Weekender] Breakdown of Korea's recycling process |url=http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20151030000912 |access-date=2019-05-21 |website=[[The Korea Herald]]}}</ref> A baya, takarda mai rufi (kamar a cikin kofuna) ba za a iya sake amfani da shi ba saboda kasancewar polyethylene (PE) a saman takarda. Koyaya, Repaper, kamfani ne na kasuwanci a Koriya ta Kudu, ya haɓaka kuma ya tallata kofuna masu rufi ta hanyar amfani da ɓangaren acrylate maimakon PE. Wannan ci gaba a cikin hanyoyin an raba shi ba kawai tare da Koriya ta Kudu ba har ma da Turai da Amurka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lee (이) |first=WooSang (우상) |date=2018-09-26 |title=리페이퍼, 썩는 종이컵으로 유럽 시장 뚫었다 |url=https://www.hankyung.com/economy/article/2018092682621 |access-date=2019-05-06 |website=[[The Korea Economic Daily]] |language=ko |archive-date=2019-04-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412121835/https://www.hankyung.com/economy/article/2018092682621 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rashin abinci a Koriya ta Kudu == Ɗaya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin da ake amfani da shi wajen samar da sharar gida shine ƙananan jita-jita da aka sani da Banchan. Koriya ta Kudu tana haifar da lalata abinci sama da kilo 130 ga kowane mutum a kowace shekara.<ref name=":23">{{Cite web |last=Broom |first=Douglas |date=12 Apr 2019 |title=South Korea once recycled 2% of its food waste. Now it recycles 95% |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2019/04/south-korea-recycling-food-waste/ |access-date=2019-05-13 |website=World Economic Forum}}</ref> Daga 1995, kasar ta raba tsarin tattara sharar abinci daga gidaje don rage yawan sharar abinci da ke zuwa zubar da shara. Tsarin yana buƙatar gidaje su sayi takamaiman jaka na shara don jefa sharar gida daban daga sharar abinci. Amsa ga wannan shirin ya kasance mai dumi, saboda ba a cimma babban rabuwa da abinci ba.<ref name=":03">{{Cite journal |last=Ju |first=Munsol |last2=Bae |first2=Sung-Jin |last3=Kim |first3=Jae Young |last4=Lee |first4=Dong-Hoon |date=2016-07-01 |title=Solid recovery rate of food waste recycling in South Korea |journal=Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=419–426 |doi=10.1007/s10163-015-0464-x |issn=1611-8227 |s2cid=100960591}}</ref> A cewar Ma'aikatar Muhalli a shekara ta 2005, jimlar abincin da aka kirkira ya kai kimanin tan 13,000 a kowace rana. Wannan kusan kusan kashi 27% ne na jimlar sharar gida. Sharar abinci a Koriya ta Kudu tana da mafi yawan danshi fiye da sauran ƙasashe saboda yanayin abincin ƙasa; wannan yana gabatar da mummunar barazana ga ruwan ƙasa da gurɓataccen ƙasa a cikin shara. Har ila yau, yana da babban salinity da ƙananan pH. Ana samar da iskar gas a lokacin lalacewa, sabili da haka wuraren zubar da shara zasu buƙaci wuraren tattara iskar gas. Tun daga shekara ta 2005 an haramta sharar abinci zuwa zubar da shara a Koriya ta Kudu kuma an aiwatar da tsarin sake amfani da sharar abinci. Rashin abinci yanzu an juya shi zuwa kayan abinci ga dabbobi da taki. Koyaya, ruwan teku na iya shafar zubar da Abinci mai laushi (FWL), kuma a lokaci guda nauyin kwayoyin halitta a cikin tsire-tsire yana ƙaruwa yayin da tsire-shuke masu tsabtace datti yawanci ke fitowa cikin teku. An haramta zubar da sharar gida a cikin teku tun shekarar 2012. <ref name=":132">{{Cite journal |last=Lee |first=Dae Hee |last2=Behera |first2=Shishir Kumar |last3=Kim |first3=Ji Won |last4=Park |first4=Hung-Suck |date=19 June 2008 |title=Methane production potential of leachate generated from Korean food waste recycling facilities: A lab-scale study |journal=Waste Management |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=876–882 |doi=10.1016/j.wasman.2008.06.033 |pmid=18796348}}</ref> == Manazarta == c80xpaasu6numsw5sd8oqm26zaa1c5m Rashin gurɓata iska a Koriya ta Kudu 0 113633 889583 829489 2026-07-30T21:53:34Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889583 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Pollution_in_South-Korea.jpg|thumb|Ana iya ganin gurɓataccen yanayi a Koriya ta Kudu a wasu dare]] '''[[Gurbacewar Iska|Rashin gurɓata iska]] a Koriya ta Kudu''' yana ƙara barazana ga mutane da muhalli. Rashin gurɓata iska ya fito ne daga tushe da yawa, na cikin gida da na duniya. Hanyoyi da yawa na gurɓata sun karu a Koriya ta Kudu tun lokacin da ta zama Masana'antu da sauri, musamman a da sauran biranen. A cewar Hukumar Kula da Jiragen Sama da Sararin samaniya ta Amurka (NASA), Seoul tana ɗaya daga cikin biranen duniya da ke da mafi munin gurɓataccen iska. Daga shekara ta 2009 zuwa shekara ta 2013, matsakaicin PM10 na birnin ya fi girma fiye da yawancin manyan biranen duniya kamar: Los Angeles, Tokyo, Paris, da London. Wannan ya haifar da matsalolin kiwon lafiya da muhalli. Koriya suna sayen abin rufe fuska da masu tsabtace iska don numfasawa iska mai tsabta, kuma suna aiki don rage hayaki na ƙasar. == Bayani na gaba ɗaya == Koriya ta Kudu tana da mafi munin ingancin iska daga cikin kasashe <sup>3</sup> mafi arziki a duniya waɗanda ke cikin OECD. Dangane da Rahoton Ingancin Air na Duniya na AirVisual na 2019, matsakaicin ƙurar Koriya ta Kudu na shekara-shekara a cikin 2018 ya kasance 24.9μg / m3, wanda shine mafi muni tsakanin ƙasashen membobin OECD.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kim |first=Moon Joon |date=2019 |title=The Effects of Transboundary Air Pollution From China on Ambient Air Quality in South Korea |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3361486 |journal=SSRN Electronic Journal |doi=10.2139/ssrn.3361486 |issn=1556-5068 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Gurɓata a Koriya ta Kudu ya karu bayan [[Yaƙin Duniya na II]].<ref name=":1" /> A cikin 1960, Koriya ƙasa ce mai tasowa tare da ƙaramin masana'antu kuma tana dogara sosai da taimakon ƙasashen waje. Al'ummar Koriya ta Kudu sun fara babban canji daga tattalin aikin gona zuwa tattalin arzikin masana'antu, wanda kawai ya hanzarta ta hanyar Yaƙin Koriya. Bayan yakin, Amurka ta ba da taimako mai mahimmanci ga Koriya ta Kudu a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Hukumar sake ginawa ta Koriya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNKRA). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Armstrong |first=Charles |date=2009 |title=The Destruction and Reconstruction of North Korea, 1950 - 1960 |url=https://apjjf.org/-Charles-K.-Armstrong/3460/article.html}}</ref> Da zarar sabuwar ƙasa ce ta masana'antu, tattalin arzikin Koriya ta Kudu ya karu da kashi 10% a kowace shekara ta cikin shekarun 1980 da 1990. A yau, Koriya ta Kudu ita ce masana'antu da fitar da wutar lantarki, tun daga shekarar 2015 ita ce ta 11 mafi girma a duniya, <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=29 June 2015 |title=South Korea: Environmental Issues, Policies and Clean Technology |url=https://www.azocleantech.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=552 |access-date=19 May 2019 |website=AZoCleantech.com}}</ref> amma wannan ya haifar da samar da wutar lantarki da ke amfani da kwal da kuma hayakin mota. <ref name=":2" /> Daga 2014 zuwa 2016 an yanke dala miliyan 1,139 a masana'antar kula da gurɓata iska ta Koriya ta Kudu. Koyaya, tun daga wannan lokacin, [[Ma'aikatar Muhalli (Koriya ta Kudu)|Ma'aikatar Muhalli ta Koriya]] ta tsara gurɓataccen iska 11 da wasu abubuwa 32 na iska waɗanda aka rarraba su a matsayin masu haɗari. Koriya kuma tana shirin rufe 10 daga cikin tashoshin wutar lantarki na 61 da ke aiki nan da shekara ta 2025.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Lee |first=Jinjoo |date=5 December 2023 |title=South Korea- Commercial Guide |url=https://www.trade.gov/knowledge-product/korea-air-pollution-control |access-date=12 August 2025 |archive-date=21 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210621005248/https://www.trade.gov/knowledge-product/korea-air-pollution-control |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tare da wannan saurin ci gaba Koriya ta Kudu kanta ta zama babbar hanyar gurɓata iska a cikin ƙasar, gami da daga motocin diesel, kayan aikin gini, dumama da sanyaya iska, da tashoshin wutar lantarki.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Environment |date=December 2016 |title=Air Quality Measures South Korea |url=https://www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/Session%201.1.%20Youngsook%20Yoo_ROK.pdf |publisher=Ministry of Environment}}</ref> A cikin binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2018 na Ma'aikatar Muhalli ta Koriya, kashi 97% na masu amsa sun lura cewa gurɓataccen iska yana haifar da ciwo na jiki ko na tunani. A mayar da martani, gwamnatin Koriya ta Kudu ta mayar da martana ga jama'a ta hanyar ayyana bala'in zamantakewa don sakin kudaden gaggawa.<ref name=":92" /> A lokacin annobar COVID-19, an samu raguwar kashi 27% a cikin yawan gurɓataccen iska. Koyaya, a watan Maris na 2021, Koriya ta Kudu ta fuskanci mummunar guguwar ƙurar rawaya a cikin shekaru goma.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How Seoul is struggling to improve its air quality |url=https://tomorrow.city/a/seoul-air-quality-improvement |access-date=22 April 2023 |website=tomorrow.city |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Yonhap |date=29 March 2021 |title=S. Korea suffocated by extremely powerful yellow dust storm |url=https://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20210329000209 |access-date=22 April 2023 |website=[[The Korea Herald]] |language=en}}</ref> == Dalilan da suka haifar == === China === Nazarin da yawa ya nuna cewa mafi yawan gurɓataccen Koriya ta Kudu ya fito ne daga [[Sin|China]] saboda yaduwar ƙura mai kyau da masana'antun kasar Sin da tashoshin wutar lantarki suka samar.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Lee |first=Wooyoung |date=27 November 2018 |title=South Korea smothered in Chinese air pollution |url=https://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2018/11/27/South-Korea-smothered-in-Chinese-air-pollution/3891543308613/}}</ref> Kasar Sin tana haifar da kashi 30 zuwa 50 cikin 100 na PM a Koriya ta Kudu a kwanakin matsakaicin ingancin iska, amma kashi 60 zuwa 80 cikin 100 a kwanakin da ke da mafi munin ingancin iska.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What are the main causes of air pollution in South Korea? |url=https://www.iqair.com/us/south-korea |access-date=10 January 2021 |archive-date=3 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303042126/https://www.iqair.com/us/south-korea |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == tny2skdtbp3nth4r8t7g5gvld5ftn0n Hafizu Bello 0 114705 889641 888738 2026-07-31T05:29:55Z Abdulrahman tahir shika 24962 An kirkira ta fassara "Filmography" daga shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360682619|Hafizu Bello]]" 889641 wikitext text/x-wiki By<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> Hafiz Bello an haife shi Ya karatu Alma meta Aiki Shekara ya saninya girma title Yana da mata,da Yara,ya Sami kyautar girma mawa '''Hafizu Bello''' (an haife shi a ranar 5 ga watan Afrilu shekarar 1974) shi ne darektan fina-finai [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Na Najeriya]]. Shi babban memba ne na farko na Masana'antar fina-finai ta [[Kannywood]] . == Fina-finai == {| class="wikitable sortable" |- style="background:#b0c4de; text-align:center;" !Lakabi ! Shekara |- | ''Mukaddari'' | 2000 |- | ''Ruhi'' | 2003 |- | ''Yanayi'' | 2004 |- | ''Qarni'' | 2005 |- | ''Dan mazari'' | 2007 |- | ''Sammatsi'' | 2008 |- | ''Faida'' | 2013 |- | ''Hakki'' | 2018 |- | ''Hikima'' | 2021 |- | ''Uwar Bari'' | 2022 |- | ''A'isha'' | 2023 |- |} == Ayyuka == Bello ya shiga Masana'antar fina-finai ta [[Kannywood]] a 1999, da farko a matsayin darektan. Ya sami karbuwa a cikin masana'antar bayan ya jagoranci ''Muƙaddari'' a cikin 2000, wanda ya sami fim mafi kyau a Arewa Film Award . ''Ruhi'' ya biyo baya a 2003, ''Yanayi'' a 2004, da ''Qarni'' a 2005.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hafizu Bello [HausaFilms.TV – Kannywood, Fina-finai, Hausa Movies, TV and Celebrities] |url=http://hausafilms.tv/director/hafizu_bello |access-date=10 March 2024 |website=hausafilms.tv}}</ref> An amince da shi ta 2013 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards for Best Hausa Film for ''Faida'' a cikin 2013, kuma daga baya ya lashe 2015 Africa Magic Views' Choice Award a cikin mafi kyawun harshen asali (Hausa). == YuKyaututtuka == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Fim din !Sakamakon |- !2013 |[[2013 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|2013 Kyautar Zaɓin Masu kallo na sihiri na Afirka]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=AMVCA 2013 Photos and Winners |url=http://www.jaguda.com/2013/03/09/all-the-winners-from-the-2013-africa-magic-viewers-choice-awards/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306043412/http://jaguda.com/2013/03/09/all-the-winners-from-the-2013-africa-magic-viewers-choice-awards/ |archive-date=6 March 2016 |access-date=22 March 2014}}</ref> |Darakta Mafi Kyawu |Faida|{{Won}} |- !2014 |[[2014 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu kallo na sihiri na Afirka na 2014]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dstv Africa Magic Winners |url=http://africamagic.dstv.com/2013/12/06/2014-amvca-nominees-announced/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140316015108/http://africamagic.dstv.com/2013/12/06/2014-amvca-nominees-announced/ |archive-date=2014-03-16 |access-date=22 March 2014}}</ref> |Fim mafi kyau |Bikin Kishi|{{Nom}} |- !2015 |[[2015 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|2015 Kyautar Zaɓin Masu kallo na sihiri na Afirka]] |Mafi kyawun Mai gabatarwa |Binkice|{{Won}} |- !2016 |[[2016 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|2016 Kyautar Zaɓin Masu kallo na sihiri na Afirka]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff Writer |date=8 March 2016 |title=2016 Africa Magic Viewers Choice Awards Winners and Nominees |url=https://www.africanvibes.com/2016-africa-magic-viewers-choice-awards-winners-and-nominees/ |access-date=8 February 2020 |website=African Vibes Magazine}}</ref> |Fim mafi kyau |Sakaina|{{Nom}} |- !2018 |[[Kyautar fim ta Mutanen birni|Kyautar Nishaɗi ta Jama'a]] |Darakta Mafi Kyawu |Uwar Bari|{{Won}} |- !2022 |[[2022 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|2022 Kyautar Zaɓin Masu kallo na sihiri na Afirka]] |Mafi kyawun Mai gabatarwa ||{{Nom}} |- !2023 |[[2023 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|2023 Kyautar Zaɓin Masu kallo na sihiri na Afirka]] |Mafi kyawun Mai gabatarwa ||{{Nom}} |- |} == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable sortable" |- style="background:#b0c4de; text-align:center;" !Taken !Shekara |- |''Mukaddari'' |2000 |- |''Ruhi'' |2003 |- |''Yanayi'' |2004 |- |''Qarni'' |2005 |- |''Dan mazari'' |2007 |- |''Sammatsi'' |2008 |- |''Faida'' |2013 |- |''Hakki'' |2018 |- |''Hikima'' |2021 |- |''Uwar Bari'' |2022 |- |''Aisha'' |2023 |- |} == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}Musa giginyu Ibrahim 23wata sha biyu 2025 [[Rukuni:Mutane daga Jihar Kano]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1974]] nudm5zgv1i4ajufcz0mumojswgluvny Rose Mensah Kutin 0 116943 889651 787405 2026-07-31T06:12:38Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889651 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Dr Rose Mensah-Kutin''' (an haife ta 22 Nuwamba 1955) yar Ghana ce mai ba da shawara kan jinsi kuma ƙwararriyar yar jarida. Tun daga watan Oktoba na 2016, ita ce darektar yankin yammacin Afirka na ABANTU don ci gaba . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Rose Mensah-Kutin |url=http://myafrica.allafrica.com/view/people/main/id/07RbY7gpbuG5QlRH.html |access-date=15 March 2016 |website=myafrica.allafrica.com |archive-date=29 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241129205640/http://myafrica.allafrica.com/view/people/main/id/07RbY7gpbuG5QlRH.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="Participant Detail">{{Cite web |title=Participant Detail |url=http://www.biopolitics-berlin2003.org/participants.asp?id=351 |access-date=15 March 2016 |website=www.biopolitics-berlin2003.org |archive-date=16 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316002639/http://www.biopolitics-berlin2003.org/participants.asp?id=351 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haife ta kuma ta girma a Brofoyedru, wani gari a cikin [[Adansi South District|Gundumar Adansi ta Kudu]] na [[Yankin Ashanti]] na Ghana, ga manomi na koko da kofi.<ref name="ModernGhana2">{{Cite web |date=29 August 2007 |title=Dr Rose Mensah-Kutin Tells Her Story |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/142096/dr-rose-mensah-kutin-tells-her-story.html |access-date=15 March 2016 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Ilimi == Dokta Mensah-Kutin ya taɓa zama dalibi a Makarantun Tsakiya na Brofoyedru da United Methodist . Ta kammala [[Accra Girls Senior High School|Makarantar Sakandare ta 'yan mata ta Accra]] sannan daga baya ta tafi makarantar sakandare na Aggrey Memorial Zion don karatun ta na shida.<ref name="ModernGhana">{{Cite web |date=29 August 2007 |title=Dr Rose Mensah-Kutin Tells Her Story |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/142096/dr-rose-mensah-kutin-tells-her-story.html |access-date=15 March 2016 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ta kammala digiri na farko a Turanci da Tarihi 1978 a [[Jami'ar Ghana]] kuma ta koma yin digiri na biyu a cikin Sadarwar Jama'a daga wannan jami'a a shekara mai zuwa.<ref name=":0"/><ref name="ieagh">{{Cite web |title=Dr. Rose Mensah-Kutin {{!}} IEA |url=http://ieagh.org/dr-rose-mensah-kutin/ |access-date=15 March 2016 |website=Institute Of Economics Affairs (IEA) |archive-date=20 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720115457/http://ieagh.org/dr-rose-mensah-kutin/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tana da digiri na biyu daga Cibiyar Nazarin Jama'a, The [[Hague]], da kuma PhD a Nazarin Jima'i da Makamashi daga Jami'ar Birmingham, [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]].<ref name="ieagh" /> == Ayyuka == Tun da farko a cikin aikinta, ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar edita ga Daily Graphic a Ghana jim kadan bayan ta kafa Network for Women's Rights a Ghana a 1999. Ta kasance jami'ar Binciken Tasirin Jama'a a Ma'aikatar Ma'adinai da Makamashi ta Ghana.<ref name="Kutin">{{Cite web |date=December 1, 2008 |title=Dr. Rose Mensah Kutin |url=http://femaleachievers.org/dir_profile_details.cfm?dowdirID=244&prof_categoryid=51&category_id=2 |access-date=October 31, 2016 |publisher=Femaleachievers.org |archive-date=November 1, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161101102206/http://femaleachievers.org/dir_profile_details.cfm?dowdirID=244&prof_categoryid=51&category_id=2 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta zauna a kan allon ''Cibiyar Nazarin Jima'i da Makamashi ta Duniya (ENERGIA) '' da ''Asusun Ci gaban Mata na Afirka'' a [[Accra|Accra, Ghana]] . <ref name="ieag">{{Cite web |title=Dr. Rose Mensah-Kutin |url=http://ieagh.org/dr-rose-mensah-kutin/ |access-date=October 31, 2016 |publisher=ieagh.org |archive-date=July 20, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720115457/http://ieagh.org/dr-rose-mensah-kutin/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A halin yanzu ita ce darakta na Yammacin Afirka na ABANTU for Development, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta ta kasa da kasa wacce ke ba da horo na jagoranci a Ci gaba mai ɗorewa. <ref name="Participant Detail"/> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Ta auri Farfesa Kwame Karikari tare da 'ya'ya hudu. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1955]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] noe1pla7ienw9bb8cbx27p27pia8gx9 Sally Pressman 0 120541 889787 735058 2026-07-31T11:15:32Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889787 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sally Pressman Bernstein''' ya'r wasan kwaikwayo ce kuma ya'r rawa [[Amurkawa|Ba’amurke]] . Wataƙila an fi saninta da rawar da ta taka a matsayin Roxy LeBlanc akan jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na Rayuwar ''Matan Sojojin'' (2007 – 2013). == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Pressman Sally Pressman Bernstein <ref name="nytref12">{{Cite web |date=May 22, 2008 |title=Paid Notice: Deaths PRESSMAN, WILLIAM M. |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9906E2DA1E3AF931A15756C0A96E9C8B63 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111130540/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9906E2DA1E3AF931A15756C0A96E9C8B63 |archive-date=November 11, 2012 |access-date=July 10, 2011 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> a Birnin New York. Ita ce 'yar Penny Ann Pressman da Jonathan Bernstein. Pressman tana da ɗan'uwa, Benjamin Rhodes Bernstein. Kakaninta na uwa sune Rhoda da William Manny Pressman. William Pressman, a matsayin Babban Mataimakin Shugaban [[Hasbro|Hasbro Toys]], an ladafta shi don ƙirƙirar aikin [[G.I. Joe|GI Joe]], ɗan tsana na soja. Kawun mahaifiyarta shine Jack Pressman, wanda ya kafa [[Pressman Toy Corporation|Kamfanin Pressman Toy Corporation]] . <ref name="nytref12" /> Tun tana yarinya, ta halarci makarantar Spence don ƴan mata a New York. An horar da ita na gargajiya a [[Ballet|wasan ballet]] kuma ta kasance memba na Kamfanin Ballet na Manhattan. Ta kammala karatun digiri na farko a fannin wasan kwaikwayo daga Jami'ar Yale, inda ta kuma halarci shirye-shiryen irin su ''The Merchant of Venice'', ''The Dining Room'', ''Freedomland'' da ''Sylvia'' . A London, ta taka leda a cikin West End farko na ''Burleigh Grime$'' a matsayin Misis Grimes (2004). == Sana'a == [[Fayil:Sally_Pressman_-_Flickr_-_nick_step_(1).jpg|thumb|Pressman a watan Satumba 2010]] Baya ga ƙaramin rawa a cikin fim ɗin ''Swordswallowers da Thin Men'', wanda aka harbe a Yale yayin da take har yanzu ɗalibi, aikinta na fim ya fara aiki sosai a cikin 2006 tare da fim ɗin tsoro mai zaman kanta, ''Ƙarshen Rites na Matattu'' . Har ila yau, ta fito a cikin wani fim mai ban tsoro mai zaman kanta, ''The Dread'', wanda aka saki a 2007. A cikin 2006, ta fito a cikin shirin matukin jirgi na jerin ''Shark'' na [[CBS]], kuma daga baya bako-tauraro a cikin ''Criminal Minds'' . Pressman sananne ne saboda rawar da ta taka a matsayin Roxy LeBlanc akan jerin wasan kwaikwayo na Gidan ''Talabijin'' na Rayuwa . Ta kasance memba na yau da kullun a cikin yanayi shida na farko (2007 zuwa 2012). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ausiello |first=Michael |date=November 17, 2012 |title=Army Wives Exclusive: Major Character Getting Killed Off Amid Season 7 Shake-Up |url=http://tvline.com/2012/11/16/army-wives-season-7-spoilers-kim-delaney-leaving/ |access-date=April 20, 2013 |website=TVLine}}</ref> A cikin 2013 ta bayyana a cikin sassan biyu na kakar wasa ta 7. Tare da wasu membobin Sojan ''Matan Soja'' da aka jefa, ta shiga layin tsintsiya a kan Nuwamba 13, 2007 don tallafawa marubuta masu ban mamaki. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Aboud |first=John |date=November 13, 2007 |title=Picket with the Stars: Tuesday, 12-2 at Universal |url=https://unitedhollywood.blogspot.com/2007/11/picket-with-stars-tuesday-12-2-at.html |access-date=November 10, 2016 |publisher=}}</ref> Har ila yau, ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin fim din Lifetime ''Love Sick: Secrets of a Sex Addict'', da kuma bako-tauraro a kan CBS sitcom ''The New Adventures of Old Christine'' a 2008. A 2013, ta sauka a matsayin jagora a cikin wani [[NBC]] comedy matukin jirgi ''Joe, Joe da Jane'' . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ausiello |first=Michael |date=January 22, 2013 |title=Exclusive: Army Wives' Sally Pressman Snags Female Lead in NBC Pilot Joe, Joe and Jane |url=http://tvline.com/2013/01/22/joe-joe-and-jane-nbc-comedy-sally-pressman/ |access-date=April 20, 2013 |website=TVLine |archive-date=May 4, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130504083656/http://tvline.com/2013/01/22/joe-joe-and-jane-nbc-comedy-sally-pressman/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin 2013, an jefa Pressman a matsayin Candace Marcus, 'yar halin Lisa Kudrow, a cikin kakar wasan kwaikwayo ta uku ta Shonda Rhimes ''Scandal'' . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Michael Ausiello |date=September 23, 2013 |title='Scandal' Season 2: Sally Pressman Joins Cast |url=http://tvline.com/2013/09/23/scandal-sally-pressman-season-2/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927084520/http://tvline.com/2013/09/23/scandal-sally-pressman-season-2/ |archive-date=September 27, 2013 |access-date=2013-09-24 |publisher=TVLine}}</ref> A cikin 2014 ta yi baƙo-tauraro a cikin shirin CBS ''na Mutum Mai Sha'awa'' . Ta kuma yi aiki tare tare da Brandon Routh da Dane Cook a cikin fim ɗin sci-fi mai ban sha'awa, ''Kwanaki 400'' . <ref>{{Cite web |title=400 Days ends production |url=http://www.screendaily.com/news/production/400-days-ends-production/5073483.article?referrer=RSS |access-date=November 10, 2016 |publisher=}}</ref> A watan Satumba, 2014 an jefa ta a karo na hudu a cikin jerin ABC, ''Sau ɗaya a Lokaci'', <ref>{{Cite web |last=Michael Ausiello |date=September 20, 2014 |title=Once Upon a Time Drafts Army Wives' Sally Pressman in Season 4 |url=http://tvline.com/2014/09/20/once-upon-a-time-sally-pressman-season-4-elsa-anna-mother/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924040044/http://tvline.com/2014/09/20/once-upon-a-time-sally-pressman-season-4-elsa-anna-mother/ |archive-date=September 24, 2014 |access-date=20 September 2014 |publisher=TVLine}}</ref> kuma ta bayyana a Shonda Rhimes' ''Grey's Anatomy'' a matsayin Matasa Ellis Grey a cikin walƙiya. Wannan rawar a baya ta taka Sarah Paulson a cikin Lokacin 6. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Michael Ausiello |date=September 25, 2014 |title=Grey's Anatomy Twist: [Spoiler] Recast! |url=http://tvline.com/2014/09/25/greys-anatomy-season-11-young-ellis-sally-pressman-replaces-sarah-paulson/ |access-date=26 September 2014 |publisher=TVLine}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 25, 2014 |title=Major Grey's Anatomy Role Recast! Find Out Who's In and Who's Out This Season |url=http://www.eonline.com/news/582708/major-grey-s-anatomy-role-recast-find-out-who-s-in-and-who-s-out-this-season |access-date=26 September 2014 |publisher=E! Online}}</ref> A cikin 2016, baƙo ta yi tauraro a cikin sassa biyu na ''The Catch'', wani wasan kwaikwayo na Rhimes. Daga baya a waccan shekarar, an jefa ta a cikin rawar da aka maimaita a matsayin Debi Mazar 's love sha'awa a kan ''Matashi'' . Daga 2018 zuwa 2021, ta yi maimaita rawa a cikin NBC jerin ''Good Girls'' . Pressman kuma tauraro a cikin wani episode mai taken "My Monster" na Disney + anthology jerin ''Just Beyond'' in <ref>{{Cite web |last=Petski |first=Denise |date=May 26, 2021 |title='Just Beyond': Christine Ko, Malcolm Barrett, Sally Pressman, Cedric Joe, Riki Lindhome, Tim Heidecker Among 17 Cast In Disney+ Series |url=https://deadline.com/2021/05/just-beyond-christine-ko-malcolm-barrett-sally-pressman-cedric-joe-riki-lindhome-tim-heidecker-cast-disney-plus-series-1234764104/}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == A ranar 19 ga Oktoba, 2010, Pressman ta yi alkawari da saurayinta mai suna David Clayton Rogers . <ref name="engaged">{{Cite web |last=Jordan |first=Julie |date=October 25, 2010 |title=Army Wives's Sally Pressman Engaged to Cougar Town Actor |url=https://people.com/celebrity/army-wivess-sally-pressman-engaged-to-cougar-town-actor/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101028104751/http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20436735,00.html |archive-date=October 28, 2010 |access-date=July 5, 2011 |website=[[People (magazine)|People]]}}</ref> Ma'auratan sun hadu a Lesly Kahn's Acting Studio. <ref name="engaged" /> Ma'auratan sun yi aure a ranar 17 ga Satumba, 2011. Pressman yana da ɗa, Josh, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Takeda |first=Allison |date=April 12, 2013 |title=Exclusive: Sally Pressman Welcomes Baby Boy! |url=http://www.usmagazine.com/celebrity-moms/news/sally-pressman-welcomes-baby-boy-2013124 |access-date=April 20, 2013 |publisher=UsMagazine.com}}</ref> da 'yarta, Chloe. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Login • Instagram |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/BnpR8welENK/?igshid=1oha8r8ug1plh |url-access=registration |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/instagram/sallypr81/1867102462533714762 |archive-date=December 25, 2021}}</ref> == Filmography == === Fim === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara ! Take ! Matsayi ! class="unsortable" | Bayanan kula |- | 2003 | ''Takubba da Siraran Maza'' | Monica | |- | 2006 | ''Ayyukan Matattu na Ƙarshe'' | Sunan mahaifi Angela | |- | 2007 | ''Rayuwa mara kyau'' | Amelia | Short film |- | 2007 | ''The Tsoro'' | Teri | |- | 2008 | ''Majinyatan Soyayya: Sirrin Madigo'' | Sunan Silverman | Fim ɗin talabijin |- | 2008 | ''Yarinyar Abokina Na'' | Courtney | |- | 2013 | ''Tsarin Barter'' | Jenna | Short film |- | 2013 | ''Speed Sarauniya'' | Jenna | Short film |- | 2014 | ''Mata a saman'' | Cassie Bieber asalin | Haka kuma marubuci kuma furodusa |- | 2015 | ''Kwanaki 400'' | Darla | |} === Talabijin === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Year !Title !Role ! class="unsortable" |Notes |- |2006 |''Shark'' |Deena Brock |Episode: "Pilot" |- |2007 |''Criminal Minds'' |Chrissy Wilkinson |Episode: "Birthright" |- |2007–2012, 2013 |''Army Wives'' |Roxy LeBlanc |Series regular (season 1-6), Special Guest Star (season 7), 105 episodes |- |2008 |''The New Adventures of Old Christine'' |Melanie |Episode: "Between a Rock and a Hard Place" |- |2011 |''Man Up'' |Kelly |Episode: "Camping" |- |2013 |''Joe, Joe & Jane'' |Jane Waxman |TV pilot |- |2013 |''Scandal'' |Candace Marcus |Recurring role, 3 episodes |- |2014 |''Person of Interest'' |Holly |Episode: "4C" |- |2014 |''Grey's Anatomy'' |Young Ellis Grey |Episodes: "I Must Have Lost It on the Wind" and "Only Mama Knows" |- |2014 |''Once Upon a Time'' |Helga |Episode: "The Snow Queen" |- |2015 |''Major Crimes'' |Gretchen Tucker |Episode: "Wish You Were Here" |- |2016 |''Girls'' |Coco |Episode: "Queen for Two Days" |- |2016 |''The Catch'' |Stephanie Duncan |Episodes: "The Happy Couple" and "The Wedding" |- |2016 |''Pure Genius'' |Suzie |Episode: "You Must Remember This" |- |2017 |''9JKL'' |Christina |Episode: "Pilot" |- |2017 |''iZombie'' |Tori Sutcliffe |Episode: "Zombie Knows Best" |- |2018 |''Reverie'' |Holly Maxwell |Episode: “Pas De Deux” |- |2018 |''13 Reasons Why'' |Chloe's mother |Episode: “Bryce and Chloe” |- |2016, 2018 |''Younger'' |Malkie |Recurring role, 6 episodes |- |2018-2021 |''Good Girls'' |Nancy |Recurring role seasons 1-2; guest role seasons 3-4, 10 episodes |- |2020 |''One Day at a Time'' |Nurse Sasha |Episode: "Checking Boxes" |- |2021 |''I Think You Should Leave with Tim Robinson'' |Janeane |Episode: "Everyone just needs to be more in the moment." |- |2021 |''Acapulco'' |Mrs. Bennett |Episode: "Pilot" |- |2021 |''Just Beyond'' |Brook |Episode: "My Monster" |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 44qqixgc63sf10tf1c634ohv70xgkqe Rashin iska 0 121134 889587 868329 2026-07-30T21:58:00Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889587 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Air sparging, wanda aka fi sani da in situ air stripping [1] kuma in situ volatilization wata hanyar warwarewa ce a cikin wuri, wacce ake amfani da ita don maganin ƙasa mai cike da ruwa da ruwa mai zurfi da aka gurɓata ta hanyar kwayoyin halitta masu saurin gudu (VOCs) kamar man fetur hydrocarbons, [2] wata matsala ce mai yawa ga ruwan ƙasa da Lafiyar ƙasa. [3] [4] [5] [6] [7][8] Cire tururi ya zama hanyar da ta yi nasara sosai kuma mai amfani da maganin VOC.[9] A cikin gyaran yanki mai cike da ruwa, iska tana nufin allurar matsakaiciyar iskar gas ba tare da hydrocarbon ba a cikin ƙasa inda aka sami gurɓata.[9] Lokacin da ya zo ga yanayin iska ya zama tsari mai rikitarwa wanda aka tabbatar da samun nasara a Turai tun daga shekarun 1980. A halin yanzu, an sami ci gaba da inganta ƙirar injiniya da tsarin iska.[9] == Hanyar aiki == Air sparging wata hanyar warkar da gurbataccen ruwa ce ta ƙasa wacce ta haɗa da allurar iska mai matsin lamba a cikin ruwan da aka gurbata <ref name="CPEO">{{Cite web |title=Air Sparging |url=http://www.cpeo.org/techtree/ttdescript/airspa.htm |publisher=CPEO}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Air Sparging Equipment Applications |url=http://www.enviroequipment.com/applications/air-sparging.html |publisher=Enviro-Equipment, Inc, Environmental Equipment & Supplies: Rental, Sales, Service & Repair}}</ref> wanda ke haifar da hydrocarbons don canza yanayin daga narkewa zuwa yanayin tururi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ji |first=Wei |display-authors=etal |date=Nov 1993 |title=Laboratory Study of Air Sparging: Air Flow Visualization |journal=Groundwater Monitoring & Remediation |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=115–126 |doi=10.1111/j.1745-6592.1993.tb00455.x}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=Sep 2012 |title=A Citizen's Guide to Soil Vapor Extraction and Air Sparging |url=http://www.epa.gov/tio/download/citizens/a_citizens_guide_to_soil_vapor_extraction_and_air_sparging.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130413215302/http://www.epa.gov/tio/download/citizens/a_citizens_guide_to_soil_vapor_extraction_and_air_sparging.pdf |archive-date=April 13, 2013 |publisher=EPA, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response}}</ref> Ana aika iska zuwa tsarin cire iska don cire gurbataccen abu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Suthersan |first=Suthan S. |year=1999 |title=''In Situ'' Air Sparging |url=http://www2.bren.ucsb.edu/~keller/courses/esm223/SuthersanCh04AirSparge.pdf |journal=Remediation Engineering: Design Concepts |access-date=2026-06-26 |archive-date=2024-03-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240325084634/https://www2.bren.ucsb.edu/~keller/courses/esm223/SuthersanCh04AirSparge.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-12-19 |title=Underground Storage Tanks |url=http://www.epa.gov/OUST/cat/airsparg.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990922002604/http://www.epa.gov/OUST/cat/airsparg.htm |archive-date=September 22, 1999 |publisher=U.S. Environmental Protection Agency}}</ref> Ana kula da iska da aka cire ko "motsa jiki" don cire duk wani gurbataccen guba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=None |first=United States Environmental Protection Agency |date=30 November 2017 |title=A Citizen's Guide to Soil Vapor Extraction and Air |url=https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-04/documents/a_citizens_guide_to_soil_vapor_extraction_and_air_sparging.pdf |access-date=30 November 2017 |website=EPA}}</ref> == Hanyoyi da magani == [[Cire tururi na ƙasa]] (SVE) ya haɗa da amfani da wuraren allura na iska da yawa da wuraren cire tururi na kasa da yawa waɗanda za a iya shigar da su a cikin ƙasa mai gurbatawa don cire gurbataccen yanayin tururi sama da teburin ruwa. Cutar dole ne ta kasance aƙalla {{Convert|3|ft|m}} zurfi a ƙarƙashin ƙasa don tsarin ya zama mai tasiri. Ana haɗa mai hurawa zuwa rijiyoyi, yawanci ta hanyar manifold, a ƙasa da teburin ruwa yana haifar da matsin lamba. Iska mai matsin lamba tana samar da ƙananan kumfa waɗanda ke tafiya ta hanyar gurɓataccen ruwa a ciki da sama. Fuskar iska tana lalata gurɓataccen abu kuma tana ɗaukar su zuwa ƙasa mara cikawa a sama. Ana shigar da wuraren da ba a cika su ba a cikin ƙasa da ba a haɗa su ba a saman yankin da aka cika. Abubuwan da ke cikin iska suna cire tururi ta hanyar tsarin cire tururi na ƙasa. Don iska don kauce wa jan iska daga farfajiya, dole ne a rufe ƙasa da tarkace ko wata hanyar rufe iska. Shigar da iska a cikin tsarin yana rage inganci kuma yana iya rage daidaito na ma'aunin tsarin. Ana amfani da tarka don dakatar da tururi daga ci gaba zuwa farfajiya a sama.<ref name="Environmental Protection Agency">{{Cite web |date=2015-04-09 |title=A Citizen's Guide to Soil Vapor Extraction and Air Sparging |url=https://www.epa.gov/remedytech/citizens-guide-soil-vapor-extraction-and-air-sparging |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151014134426/http://www2.epa.gov/remedytech/citizens-guide-soil-vapor-extraction-and-air-sparging |archive-date=October 14, 2015 |website=Environmental Protection Agency |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ot5hw7clfsrubaytf54o2hgy8hlgp8w Bayani game da bala'in Chernobyl 0 121170 889686 738720 2026-07-31T07:32:15Z BnHamid 12586 889686 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:IAEA_02790015_(5613115146).jpg|alt=Original [[Monochrome photography|black and white photo]] of the severely damaged Reactor 4 of the [[Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant]] several months after the disaster.|thumb|The severely damaged Reactor 4 of the [[Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant]] several months after the disaster, prior to the construction of the first [[Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant sarcophagus|sarcophagus containment structure]].]] Shaci mai zuwa yana ba da bayyani game da jagorar jigo ga bala'in Chernobyl, haɗarin nukiliya da ya faru a ranar 26 ga Afrilu 1986, lokacin da babu. 4 reactor na tashar makamashin nukiliya ta Chernobyl, dake kusa da Pripyat, Ukrainian SSR, Soviet Union (yanzu Ukraine), ya fashe yayin gwaji.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Accident of 1986 |url=https://chnpp.gov.ua/en/about/history-of-the-chnpp/accident-of-1986 |access-date=14 July 2022 |website=Chornobyl NPP}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=McCall |first=Chris |date=April 2016 |title=Chernobyl disaster 30 years on: lessons not learned |journal=The Lancet |volume=387 |issue=10029 |pages=1707–1708 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(16)30304-x |issn=0140-6736 |pmid=27116266 |s2cid=39494685}}</ref> Fashewar wutar lantarki da wutar lantarki ta yaɗa gurɓataccen radiyo a cikin Tarayyar Soviet da Turai. An kafa yankin keɓancewa a kusa da shukar, inda aka kwashe sama da mutane 100,000 da farko daga biranen Pripyat da Chernobyl. Tare da mutane da yawa waɗanda suka jikkata kai tsaye, ɗaya ne daga cikin hatsarurrukan makamashin nukiliya guda biyu da aka ƙididdige su a matsakaicin girman ma'aunin Matsalolin Nukiliya na Duniya. Amsar ta ƙunshi fiye da ma'aikata 500,000 kuma an kashe kimanin 18 rubles (kimanin dala biliyan 84.5 a 2025). <ref name="OECD02-Ch2">{{Cite web |year=2002 |title=Chernobyl: Assessment of Radiological and Health Impact, 2002 update; Chapter II – The release, dispersion and deposition of radionuclides |url=https://www.oecd-nea.org/rp/reports/2003/nea3508-chernobyl.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150622010856/https://www.oecd-nea.org/rp/reports/2003/nea3508-chernobyl.pdf |archive-date=22 June 2015 |access-date=3 June 2015 |publisher=OECD-NEA}}</ref> Ya kasance mafi munin bala'in nukiliya da bala'i mafi tsada a tarihi, tare da kiyasin farashin dalar Amurka biliyan 700.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Chornobyl Accident |url=https://www.unscear.org/unscear/en/areas-of-work/chernobyl.html |access-date=19 September 2023 |website=[[United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Steinhauser |first=Georg |last2=Brandl |first2=Alexander |last3=Johnson |first3=Thomas E. |date=2014 |title=Comparison of the Chernobyl and Fukushima nuclear accidents: A review of the environmental impacts |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S004896971301173X |journal=Science of the Total Environment |language=en |volume=470-471 |pages=800–817 |bibcode=2014ScTEn.470..800S |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.10.029 |pmid=24189103 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite report|last1=Jonathan M. Samet}}</ref>{{Spaces}}{{Spaces}}&nbsp; == Bayani na gaba ɗaya == * Lafazin lafazin: Chernobyl bala'i (/tʃɜːrˈnoʊbəl/ chur-NOH-bəl, UK kuma /tʃɜːrˈnɒbəl/ chur-NOB-əl); wanda kuma aka sani da bala'in Chornobyl * Suna: Bala'i na Chernobyl ko hatsarin nukiliya na Chernobyl; Hakanan bala'in Chornobyl ko hatsarin nukiliya na Chornobyl :* Sunan Belarusian: Bala'in Charnobeyl, Charnobylskaya catadata :* Sunan [[Rashanci|Rasha]]: Hadari a kan ASS na Чернобыль, Avariya na Chernobylskoy AES :* Sunan Ukrainian: Bala'in Chornobylska, Bala'in * Ranar: 26 ga Afrilu 1986 :* 26 ga Afrilu :* 1986 a cikin Tarayyar Soviet :* 1986 a cikin kimiyya * Wuri: Cibiyar Nukiliya ta Chernobyl, Pripyat, Chernobyl Raion, Kiev Oblast, Ukrainian SSR, Tarayyar Soviet (yanzu Chernobyl ware zone, Vyshhorod Raion, Kyiv Oblast, Ukraine) == Bala'i == * Kwatanta Chernobyl da sauran fitowar rediyo ** Kwatanta hatsarin nukiliya na Chernobyl da Fukushima * Sakamakon bala'in Chernobyl * Kayan kwalliya na Chernobyl * Yarjejeniyar Sanarwar Gaggawa ta Nukiliya, da aka karɓa don amsawa kai tsaye ga Chernobyl * Tasirin al'adu na bala'in Chernobyl * Mutuwa saboda bala'in Chernobyl * Kasancewar mutum a cikin bala'in Chernobyl ** Jerin Jarumai na Ukraine - masu kashe sakamakon bala'in Chernobyl * Rashin tsoron rediyo * Barazanar tafkin Dnieper == Yaƙin Rasha da Ukraine == * Kama Chernobyl == Wuraren da yanayin ƙasa == === Tashar wutar lantarki === * Tashar Nukiliya ta Chernobyl *: Chernobyl Reactors 5 da 6 * Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant sarcophagus * Sabuwar Tsaro ta Chernobyl === Yankin da aka ware === * Yankin warewa na Chernobyl, wanda aka fi sani da Yankin Alienation * Pripyat, garin da aka watsar * Chernobyl, birni da aka bari * Kopachi, ƙauyen da aka watsar * Poliske, garin da aka watsar * Red Forest === Sauran === * Slavutych, birni da aka kafa a 1986 bayan bala'in * Ƙafar Elephant (Chernobyl), wani nau'i mai karfi na corium a cikin reactor == Kafofin watsa labarai == === Ba tatsuniyoyi ba === * Bell na Chernobyl, fim din * Chernobyl: Tarihin Makonni Masu Rikici [uk], fim din * Chernobyl: Sakamakon Bala'i ga Mutane da Muhalli, littafin kimiyya na Rasha * Chernobyl Heart, fim din * ''Chornobyl.3828'', fim ne na Ukraine * {{Interlanguage link|Mi-cro-phone!|uk|Мі-кро-фон!}} * The Russian Woodpecker, fim din * Rahoton TORCH, rahoton kimiyya * ''Gaskiya Game da Chernobyl'', littafin tunawa * ''Muryoyi daga Chernobyl: Tarihin Magana na Bala'in Nukiliya'', littafi * ''Muryoyi daga Chernobyl'', fim din * White Horse, fim din * Chernobyl: The Lost Tapes, wani shirin fim na 2022 === Labari ne === * ''Aurora'', fim na 2006 * ''Kira na Aiki 4: Yaƙin Zamani'', wasan bidiyo * ''Chernobyl'', jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na 2019 * ''Chernobyl'', wani littafi na Frederik Pohl * ''Chernobyl: Abyss'', fim din bala'in Rasha na 2021 * Chernobyl Diaries, fim mai ban tsoro na bala'i na 2012 * Chernobyl: Yankin warewa, jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na Rasha * ''Chernobylite'', wasan bidiyo na rayuwa na fiction kimiyya na 2021 * Fim din Soviet na 1990[de] * The Gateway [uk], fim na 2017 * Lost City [uk], fim na 2015 * Luxembourg [uk], fim * ''[https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/691145/stalking-the-atomic-city-by-markiyan-kamysh/ Tsayar da Birnin Atomic. Rayuwa tsakanin masu lalacewa da marasa kyau na Chornobyl]'', wani littafi na Markiyan Kamysh game da Tafiye-tafiye ba bisa ka'ida ba zuwa Chernobyl * ''Swan Lake: Yankin'' * Ƙofar (fim) [uk], fim * S.T.A.L.K.E.R.: Shadow of Chernobyl, wasan bidiyo na 2007 * ''S.T.A.L.K.E.R.: Clear Sky'', wasan bidiyo na 2008 * ''S.T.A.L.K.E.R.: Kira na Pripyat'', wasan bidiyo na 2009 * ''S.T.A.L.K.E.R. 2: Zuciya ta Chornobyl'', wasan bidiyo na 2024 * Wolves Eat Dogs, wani littafi na Martin Cruz Smith * Chornobyl Liquidators, wasan bidiyo na 2024 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bailey |first=Kat |date=April 24, 2024 |title=Exclusive: Chornobyl Liquidators Is a Haunting Tribute Closer to the HBO Series Than STALKER, Releasing in June |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/chornobyl-liquidators-gameplay-trailer-release-date |access-date=October 23, 2024 |publisher=IGN}}</ref> == Ƙungiyoyin == * Bellesrad * Shirin Yara na Chernobyl na Duniya * Taron Chernobyl * Shirin Maidowa da Ci Gaban Chernobyl * Asusun Gida na Chernobyl * Hukumar Bincike Mai Zaman Kanta da Bayani game da Rediyo * Abokan 'Ya'yan Chernobyl * Jerin kungiyoyin agaji da suka shafi Chernobyl * Gidan Tarihi na Ƙasar Ukraine na Chernobyl * [[Chernobyl 2000]] == Mutane == * Kasancewar mutum a cikin bala'in Chernobyl * Aleksandr Akimov, shugaban sauyawa na 4 * Yury Bandazhevsky, masanin kimiyya na Belarus wanda aka daure shi shekaru 4 watakila saboda bincikensa game da sakamakon Chernobyl * Viktor Bryukhanov, darektan shuka * Anatoly Dyatlov, mataimakin babban injiniyan shuka, mai kula da gwajin * Elena Filatova, mai daukar hoto na Ukraine da aka sani da shafin yanar gizon ta, wanda ke dauke da hoton hoto na tafiye-tafiye na babur ta hanyar yankin Chernobyl na warewaYankin warewa * Nikolai Fomin, babban injiniyan masana'antu * Vasily Ignatenko, mai kashe gobara * Valery Khodemchuk, mai sarrafa famfo mai zagayawa * Viktor Kibenok, shugaban mai kashe gobara * Valery Legasov, shugaban kwamitin bincike na bala'in Chernobyl * Liquidator (Chernobyl), mutanen da suka shiga cikin kawar da sakamakon bala'in * Vassili Nesterenko, masanin kimiyyar lissafi daga Belarus da ke da hannu a matsayin mai kashewa, kuma yana aiki a kan sakamakon bala'in Chernobyl * Vladimir Pikalov, ya jagoranci Sojojin Chemical na USSR, kwamandan soja a fagen wasa * Volodymyr Pravyk, mai kashe gobara * [[Adi Roche]], shugaban zartarwa na kungiyar agaji ta Chernobyl Children International * Boris Shcherbina, Mataimakin Shugaban Majalisar Ministocin USSR, ya kula da kula da rikicin * Wladimir Tchertkoff, Jarida wanda ya yi fina-finai na shirye-shirye da ke nuna masu kashewa * Leonid Telyatnikov, mai kashe gobara, shugaban sashen kashe gobara * Leonid Toptunov, injiniyan sarrafa motsi == Sauran == * Hanyar Chernobyl * Chernobylite * Yaran Chernobyl Benefit Concert * Tasirin muhalli na makamashin nukiliya * Tattaunawar wutar lantarki ta nukiliya * Jerin hatsarin nukiliya na farar hula * Jerin littattafai game da bala'in Chernobyl * Jerin littattafai game da batutuwan nukiliya == Dubi kuma == * Jerin hatsarin nukiliya na farar hula * [[Timeline of nuclear accidents|Jerin lokaci na hatsarin nukiliya]] * Hadarin nukiliya na Fukushima == Bayanan da aka ambata == == Haɗin waje == noucg35zzp1bydfclr04143cyveritl Sabrina (mawakiyar Kamaru) 0 121238 889761 797861 2026-07-31T10:03:52Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889761 wikitext text/x-wiki Wamba Kuegou Sabrina Ruth (an haife ta a ranar 6 ga Nuwamba 2001), mawaƙiya ce kuma mawaƙiya 'yar asalin ƙasar Kamaru ta Afropop Afrobeats. Ita mawakiya ce da aka sanya wa suna Afrobit Productions tun daga shekarar 2019. A ranar 16 ga Nuwamba, 2021, ta fitar da kundin waƙoƙinta na farko mai suna Love Agenda. [ana buƙatar hujja][<nowiki><span title="Wannan ikirarin yana buƙatar nassoshi daga majiyoyi masu inganci. (Mayu 2024)">an buƙaci ambato</span></nowiki>] Waƙarta mai suna Abele ta samo asali ne daga haɗin gwiwarta da Koffi Olomide wanda zai ba wa matashiyar mawaƙi damar isa ga masu sauraro da yawa. Wannan waƙar yanzu tana cikin manyan haɗin gwiwa goma na mawaƙin Kongo.[ "Five Star" ya zama babbar waƙar kuma ya fara lamba 3 a kan jadawali Spotify Top 50 a Luxembourg.[2] Waƙar ta kai lamba goma sha ɗaya a kan sigogi a kan Boomplay a Najeriya, Gambiya, An haifi Wamba Kuegou Sabrina Ruth a ranar 6 ga Nuwamba, 2001 a Yaounde. Asalinta 'yar yankin Yamma ce (Cameroon) inda ta yi wani ɓangare na yarintarta tare da kakanninta. Bayan ta sami takardar shaidar kammala karatunta ta farko (FLSC), ta haɗu da mahaifiyarta a Yaounde kuma a cikin manhajar Turanci ta makarantar sakandare mai harsuna biyu ta Yaounde ce ta ci gaba da karatunta na sakandare.{{Databox}} ''a''.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<span''</sup> artist.<ref name="Opinion Actu">{{Cite web |date=March 27, 2023 |title=Showbiz : Sabrina Love s’impose graduellement dans l’univers musical |url=http://www.opinion-actu.com/showbiz-sabrina-love-simpose-graduellement-dans-lunivers-musical/ |access-date=March 28, 2023 |website=Opinion Actu |archive-date=March 28, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328093407/http://www.opinion-actu.com/showbiz-sabrina-love-simpose-graduellement-dans-lunivers-musical/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wamba {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<p''</sup> == Ayyuka == Ta nuna sha'awarta ga duniyar kiɗa tun tana ƙarama.<ref name="camer.be">{{Cite web |date=March 18, 2023 |title=Sabrina ou la passion de la musique au berceau |url=https://www.camer.be/94462/16:6/cameroun-arts-et-culture-sabrina-ou-la-passion-de-la-musique-au-berceau-cameroon.html/ |access-date=March 28, 2023 |website=camer.be }}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A lokacin da take da shekaru takwas, ta fara koyon waka a cikin mawaƙa na cocin Bafoussam . Daga nan, ta koma [[Yaounde]] kuma a makarantar sakandare ta harsuna biyu ne ta haɓaka ƙwarewarta ta waka tare da wasu abokan aji.<ref name="Inclusion Actu">{{Cite web |date=March 23, 2023 |title=Sabrina Love : De la chorale à une carrière musicale prometteuse |url=https://inclusionactu.com/2023/03/22/sabrina-love-de-la-chorale-a-une-carriere-musicale-prometteuse/ |access-date=March 28, 2023 |website=Inclusion Actu}}</ref> Da yake rarrabe kanta ta hanyar baiwarta, mai hankali da sauƙi, ta fara shafa kafadu tare da ƙananan ɗakunan karatu na babban birnin.<ref name="Marhaba Cameroun Info">{{Cite web |date=March 20, 2023 |title=Sabrina Love une artiste à la voix d’or |url=https://marhaba-cameroun.info/sabrina-love-une-artiste-a-la-voix-dor/ |access-date=March 28, 2023 |website=Marhaba Cameroun Info}}</ref> Ba da daɗewa ba, lakabin Afrobit Productions ya hango ta a lokacin jefawa inda aka yarda da ita gaba ɗaya. .<ref name="237 Lions">{{Cite web |date=March 15, 2021 |title=Sabrina Love : quand sport et musique vont de pair |url=https://www.237lions.com/sabrina-love-quand-sport-et-musique-vont-de-pair/ |access-date=March 29, 2023 |website=237 Lions |archive-date=March 29, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329120700/https://www.237lions.com/sabrina-love-quand-sport-et-musique-vont-de-pair/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Yayinda take tafiya, Za ta ba da mamaki ga masu son kiɗa yayin haɗin gwiwa a 2021 tare da Koffi Olomide a kan ''Abele'', taken da ya sa ta zama sananne ga jama'a a [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (yanki)|Afirka ta Tsakiya]] da [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yammacin Afirka]].<ref name="Mbote Congolese News website">{{Cite web |date=March 14, 2021 |title=Découvrez le clip " Abele " de Sabrina et Koffi Olomide |url=https://mbote.cd/musiques/decouvrez-le-clip-abele-de-sabrina-et-koffi-olomide/ |access-date=March 28, 2023 |website=Mbote Congolese News website}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2001]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] ==manazarta== rgzisxqgn7jq3czginjgjbdm0cc9aqi Rashin hankali (jerin talabijin na Kenya) 0 121808 889586 741435 2026-07-30T21:54:42Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889586 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Reckless jerin shirye-shiryen wasan kwaikwayo ne na talabijin na Kenya na 2025 wanda ke gudana a kan Showmax . An fara wasan kwaikwayon ne a ranar 23 ga Yuni 2025 kuma Auka Gecheo da Eddah Kiruhi ne suka samar da shi a karkashin Live Eye Limited. Tauraruwar ƙungiyar da ta haɗa da Brian Abajah, Georgina Mbira, Godfrey Odhiambo da sauransu.[1] == Makirci == Rashin hankali ya bi 'yan uwan Sonoko, wadanda suka sami kansu a kan hanya bayan mummunar hatsari a lokacin tseren titi ba bisa ka'ida ba. An tilasta musu su gudu daga babban birni kuma dole ne su kewaya mummunan gaskiyar rayuwa a cikin ƙauye mai nisa yayin ƙoƙarin kare gadon danginsu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 June 2025 |title=First look: New youth drama Reckless, on Showmax this June |url=https://stories.showmax.com/ke/first-look-new-youth-drama-reckless-on-showmax-this-june |access-date=19 June 2025 |website=Showmax Stories |archive-date=20 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250620075653/https://stories.showmax.com/ke/first-look-new-youth-drama-reckless-on-showmax-this-june |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Masu ba da labari == * Brian Abajah a matsayin Pete Sonoko, wani mutum mai shekaru 23 da haihuwa wanda aka tsara ta hanyar wadata da gata. * Sammy Okore a matsayin Mika Sonoko, mai son nishaɗi mai shekaru 18 wanda ke jin daɗin yin biki amma ba shi da ɗabi'ar aiki don ya fice a burinsa. Yana da dangantaka mai tsanani da babban ɗan'uwansa, Pete. * Godfrey Odhiambo a matsayin Edward Sonoko, shugaban iyali na Sonoko. * Georgina Mbira a matsayin Melinda Sonoko, mahaifiyar da ta fi tsayi kuma mai nisa wacce ƙaunarta mai tsanani ta haifar da tashin hankali tare da 'ya'yanta maza. * Ntinyari Mburukua a matsayin Ella, wata budurwa mai taurin kai daga ƙauyen da ke nesa wanda nan take bai yarda da 'yan uwan ba, yana ganinsu a matsayin masu son kai da lalacewa. * Ann Muli a matsayin Debbie, wata budurwa da ke gasa don kulawar Pete kuma tana da ƙiyayya ga Ella. * Eddie Mbugua a matsayin James, mai adawa mai wayo wanda yake shirye ya yi komai don kawo karshen iyalin Sonoko * Joyce Musoke a matsayin Agatha, matar James mai amfani, wanda amincinsa ya jimre duk da makircinsa. * Wanjiru Marima a matsayin Ziki, ƙanwar Ella. * Joan Kendunywa == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} cf1489nbrsm4y54zu9ozlvvhb3ah0ow Rasha Rizk 0 122041 889526 797595 2026-07-30T20:57:06Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889526 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Rasha Rizk''' ( Arabic ; an haife shi 5 Maris 1976) mawaƙin Siriya ne kuma marubuci. An fi saninta da aikinta tare da kamfanin buga wasan kwaikwayo na Siriya, Venus Center, da kuma rera waƙoƙin jigo na Larabci don shahararrun zane-zane / anime kamar: Remi, Yarinyar Babu Wanda, Detective Conan, Gundam Wing da Digimon Series . [1] A cikin Oktoba 2017, Rizk ta sanar a [[Instagram]] da [[Fezbuk|Facebook]] cewa ta sami lambar yabo [[Lambar yabo ta Grammy|ta Grammy]] na farko a cikin nau'i biyu daban-daban, Mafi Sabuwar Mawaƙi da Kundin Kiɗa na Duniya don kundinta Malak. <ref name="royanews">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Syrian singer nominated for 2018 Grammy Award |url=http://en.royanews.tv/news/11982/2017-10-23 |access-date=11 October 2017 |website=Roya News |publisher=}}</ref> <ref name="stepfeed">{{Cite web |last=Nabbout |first=Mariam |date=25 October 2017 |title=This Arab singer has been nominated for 2 Grammy Awards |url=https://stepfeed.com/this-arab-singer-has-been-nominated-for-2-grammy-awards-4689 |access-date=11 October 2017 |website=Step Feed |publisher= |archive-date=25 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171025183602/https://stepfeed.com/this-arab-singer-has-been-nominated-for-2-grammy-awards-4689 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Masoya da 'yan jarida sun yi mata lakabi da "Maƙoƙoƙin Zinare". == Rayuwar farko == Rizk ta fara horar da muryarta na yau da kullun tana da shekaru 9, kuma tana da shekaru 12, ta lashe gasar gwanintar yara. Ta karanci adabin Faransanci a Jami'ar Sorbonne da ke birnin Paris. Bugu da ari, ta sauke karatu daga Babban Cibiyar Kiɗa a Damascus kuma ta koyar da wasan opera a can. <ref name="alwan">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=5 March 2017 |title=رشا رزق.. صوت الطفولة المنسي |url=https://alwan.elwatannews.com/news/details/1922050 |access-date=23 November 2017 |website=Alwan Elwatan |publisher= }}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Sana'a == A ranar 12 ga Oktoba 2003, Rizk ya shiga <ref name="alwan"/> a cikin wasan opera na farko a cikin Larabci, ''Ibn Sina'' ta mawakin Dutch Michiel Borstlap, a [[Doha|Doha, Qatar]] . <ref name="aawsat">{{Cite web |last=Ahmed |first=Hassan |date=5 March 2017 |title=نجوم عرب يقدمون أوبرا "ابن سينا" في الدوحة |url=http://archive.aawsat.com/details.asp?issueno=8800&article=192895#.WhX20JdRU1I |access-date=23 November 2017 |website=Asharq Al-Awsat |publisher=}}</ref> A shekara ta 2000 ita da mawaki Ibrahim Sulaimani suka fara wakokin Jazz Band Itar Shame3 ( [[Larabci]] : إطار شمع). <ref name="akhbar2">{{Cite web |last=Sfeir |first=Bashir |date=24 May 2007 |title="إطار شمع": مغامرة طموحة، ولكن... |url=http://www.al-akhbar.com/node/146708 |access-date=3 December 2017 |website= |publisher=}}</ref> <ref name="stepfeed"/> A cikin 2008, ta yi aiki tare da ƙungiyar sabon ƙarni na Faransa Era akan waƙoƙin su ''Addu'a'' da ''Haihuwa'' . <ref name="akhbar">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=رشا رزق .. مرشحة لـ "غرامي" |url=http://www.al-akhbar.com/node/285225 |access-date=23 November 2017 |website=Al Akhbar |publisher=}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == A shekarar 2003, Rizk ya auri mawaki Ibrahim Sulaimani. Tare suna da diya mace, Sarah. <ref name="alwan"/> Ta goyi bayan juyin juya halin Siriya a cikin 2011 kuma tana zaune a yanzu tare da danginta a Faransa. <ref>[https://www.aljazeera.net/blogs/2017/4/11/%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%A7-%D8%B1%D8%B2%D9%82-%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7-%D8%AA%D8%BA%D9%86%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%81%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9 رشا رزق..]</ref> akai-akai, ta bayyana niyyarta ta komawa [[Siriya]], lokacin da sharuɗɗan suka dace, wanda ta ɗauka a matsayin wajibi ga ɗalibanta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=الفنانة السورية رشا رزق من باريس - انا من هناك |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wdYjiXmIPlQ |via=www.youtube.com}}</ref> Ana kuma la'akari da muryarta a matsayin alama mai kyau na dukkan lokuta masu kyau ga dukan Larabawa da waɗanda ba Larabawa waɗanda suka girma suna kallon tashar TV ta Spacetoon tun suna yara. Wannan shine jerin wasu jigon wakokin tashar Spacetoon TV da ta rera: == Wakoki == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Take ! Lafazin lafazin ! Fassarar Turanci ! class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}} |- | سكروا الشبابيك | Sakru Shababik | Rufe Windows | |- | mallam | Malak | Mala'ika | <ref name="royanews"/> |- | لو INA | Lau Inni | Idan na kasance | <ref name="royanews" /> |- | mu? | Maou'ouda | An binne shi da rai | <ref name="royanews" /> |- | nسيتني | Nissitani | Manta da ni | <ref name="royanews" /> |- | manufa | matar | Ruwan sama | |- | Zamani - Na yi imani | | Na yi imani | |- | ERA - 7 seconds | | 7 seconds | |- | Zamani.- Haihuwa | | Sake haihuwa | |- | ERA - Addu'a | | Addu'a | |- | bintna | Baytona | Gidanmu | |- | يمكن لو | Yimkin Law | Wataƙila idan | <ref name="royanews" /> |- | اللعبة | Al-Lou'ba | Wasan | |- | بيا ولا بيك | bi wala bik | Ni maimakon ku | <ref name="royanews" /> |- | يمكني جنيت | Yamkenni Jannet | Zan iya Hauka | <ref name="royanews" /> |- | ya gyale | Ya Gazali | Haba masoyina | <ref name="royanews" /> |- | ya ساكنه | ya sakinah | Hey mazauna | <ref name="royanews" /> |- | الجاذبيه | algathibiya | nauyi | |} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1976]] ibcftcrlzseyglop6kmxb5sar9ns86n Tattaunawar user:Gisrhgver 3 122848 889758 745781 2026-07-31T09:43:17Z EmausBot 1782 Fixing double redirect from [[Tattaunawar user:EACh5555]] to [[Tattaunawar user:AstroBeltCafe]] 889758 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Tattaunawar user:AstroBeltCafe]] 6xgv5wio4sc68relmwcy3gesgadf9al Kisan Stephen Oake 0 123438 889687 748528 2026-07-31T07:32:36Z BnHamid 12586 889687 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} DC '''Stephen Robin Oake''' jami'in 'yan sanda ne da ke aiki a matsayin mai bincike kan ta'addanci tare da' yan sanda na Greater Manchester a Burtaniya wanda aka kashe yayin da yake ƙoƙarin kama wani mai zargin ta'addanc a Manchester a ranar 14 ga Janairun 2003. An ba shi lambar yabo ta Sarauniya bayan mutuwarsa. == Tarihi == An haifi Oake a Poynton, Cheshire; mahaifinsa Robin Oake tsohon shugaban 'yan sanda ne na Isle of Man Constabulary kuma mai karɓar lambar yabo ta' yan sanda ta Sarauniya. Stephen Oake ya yi aiki tare da 'yan sanda na Greater Manchester kusan kusan shekaru 20 har zuwa mutuwarsa kuma a matsayin mai bincike na yaki da ta'addanci a reshe na musamman tun 1999. A shekara ta 2002 an yaba masa saboda kwarewarsa da ƙwarewarsa.<ref name="obit">{{Cite web |last=Cocking |first=Chris |date=7 October 2008 |title=Stephen Oake : Obituary |url=http://www.thisisannouncements.co.uk/5861923 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405170829/http://www.thisisannouncements.co.uk/5861923 |archive-date=5 April 2012 |access-date=19 June 2011 |publisher=ThisIsAnnouncements}}</ref> == Kisan kai == A ranar 14 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2003, Oake da abokan aiki sun tafi Flat 4, 4 Crumpsall Lane, a yankin Crumps All na arewacin Manchester, a matsayin wani ɓangare na aikin shige da fice. Ba a sa ran mazaunin ya kasance a can ba, amma 'yan sanda sun sami maza uku, ciki har da baƙon [[Aljeriya]] ba bisa ka'ida ba Kamel Bourgass, wanda ya isa Ingila a bayan babbar mota shekaru uku da suka gabata. Bourgass, wanda ya halarci tarurrukan ''Al-Muhajiroun'' a cikin watanni da suka kai ga harin, <ref name="hnh">{{Cite web |date=November 2013 |title=Gateway to Terror: Anjem Choudary and the Al-Muhajiroun Network |url=https://www.hopenothate.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/gateway-to-terror-2013-11.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423224928/https://www.hopenothate.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/gateway-to-terror-2013-11.pdf |archive-date=23 April 2019 |access-date=5 January 2024 |website=[[Hope not Hate]]}}</ref> ba a gane shi nan da nan ba duk da cewa ana neman shi a London dangane da abin da aka sani da Wood Green ricin plot, wani shirin Ta'addanci na kai hari kan London Underground. Ba a gan shi da barazana ba don haka jami'an ba su ɗaure shi ba. Koyaya, ya yi imanin cewa jami'an sun gano shi dangane da makircin ricin, Bourgass ya yi ƙoƙari ya tsere kuma, yayin yin hakan, ya buge wani jami'in kuma ya ɗauki wuka na kicin. Oake, wanda ba shi da makami kuma ba ya sanye da tufafi masu kariya, ya tafi ya hana wanda ake zargi amma an yi masa wuka sau takwas a kirji da jikinsa, gami da bugun daya wanda ya shiga zuciyarsa. Duk da raunin da ya samu, Oake ya ci gaba da kokarin taimakawa abokan aikinsa su kawo Bourgass a karkashin iko. Sauran jami'ai uku sun ji rauni kafin a kama wanda ake zargi. Oake daga baya ya mutu daga raunin da ya samu. == Sakamakon haka == [[Fayil:The_memorial_for_DC_Stephen_Oake_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1926875.jpg|thumb|Abin tunawa da DC Stephen Oake a Crumpsall, Manchester]] Yanayin kisan Oake ya haifar da muhawara kan ko 'yan sanda a Ingila da Wales ya kamata su sami' yanci su ɗaure duk wanda ake zargi, ba tare da la'akari da ko suna haifar da barazanar tashin hankali ko tserewa ba. Wani bincike game da lamarin ya soki abokan aikin Oake wadanda suka jagoranci harin saboda rashin iya tsara aikin.<ref name="bbc1" />   An yada cikakken jana'izar 'yan sanda na Oake a Manchester Cathedral kuma sama da mutane 1,000 ne suka halarta ciki har da Firayim Minista [[Tony Blair]]. An raka 'yan sanda a tsakiyar birnin Manchester da ke kan doki da ke sanye da cikakken tufafi na bikin, kuma tsoffin abokan aiki shida ne suka ɗauki akwatin Oake ta hanyar mai tsaron girmamawa zuwa cikin babban coci. Ayyukan da ke ciki an ba da su ga taron daruruwan mutane a waje ta hanyar murya. A shekara ta 2005 Hukumar Kula da Raunin Laifuka ta biya £ 13,000 ga gwauruwar Oake da kowane ɗayan 'ya'yansa uku, adadin da Babban Hukumar 'Yan Sanda ta Manchester ta ce ya kasa daidaita sadaukarwar da mai binciken ya yi. Wata titi a Manchester (53°30′02′′N 2°14′47′′W / 53.500419°N 2.246306°W / 53. 500419; -2.246306) an sake masa suna Stephen Oake Close don girmama shi.<ref name="obit">{{Cite web |last=Cocking |first=Chris |date=7 October 2008 |title=Stephen Oake : Obituary |url=http://www.thisisannouncements.co.uk/5861923 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405170829/http://www.thisisannouncements.co.uk/5861923 |archive-date=5 April 2012 |access-date=19 June 2011 |publisher=ThisIsAnnouncements}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCocking2008">Cocking, Chris (7 October 2008). </cite></ref> A shekara ta 2006, Hukumar Tunawa da 'yan sanda ta bayyana wani abin tunawa da dutse ga Oake a Crumpsall Lane, kusa da wurin da aka kashe shi (53°31′06′′N 2°14′52′′W / 53.5182853°N 2.2478478°W / 53. 5182853; -2.2478478). Kimanin mutane 150 ne suka halarci bikin buɗewa, ciki har da gwauruwarsa wacce tun lokacin da ta sake yin aure.<ref>{{cite news |date=28 March 2007 |title=Murdered officer memorial damaged |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/manchester/6503411.stm |publisher=BBC News}}</ref> Masu lalata sun lalata abin tunawa a watan Maris na shekara ta 2007 amma an maye gurbin su watanni shida bayan haka. Babu wanda aka gurfanar da shi saboda lalacewar tunawa duk da kyautar £ 15,000 da Manchester Evening News, Greater Manchester Police Authority, da kuma Police Memorial Trust suka bayar.<ref>{{cite news |date=28 March 2007 |title=Murdered officer memorial damaged |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/manchester/6503411.stm |publisher=BBC News}}</ref> A cikin shekarun da suka biyo bayan kisan da aka yi masa, an yi muhawara kan ko ya kamata a amince da Oake a hukumance saboda jaruntakarsa a kama Bourgass, gami da kiran daga babban jami'in 'yan sanda don ya karɓi mafi girman kayan ado na farar hula a Ƙasar Ingila - George Cross (GC). <ref>{{cite news |date=28 March 2007 |title=Murdered officer memorial damaged |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/manchester/6503411.stm |publisher=BBC News}}</ref> Kwamitin ma'aikatan gwamnati ya yanke shawarar a shekara ta 2006 cewa ayyukan Oake ba su cika ka'idojin jaruntaka "mai girma" fiye da kiran aiki ga GC ba. Duk da haka, an ba shi lambar yabo ta Sarauniya ta Gallantry - kayan ado na farar hula na uku bayan GC da George Medal - a cikin 2009, kawai lambar yabo ta tara ga jami'in 'yan sanda tun lokacin da aka kirkiro lambar yabo a cikin 1974.<ref>{{cite news |date=28 March 2007 |title=Murdered officer memorial damaged |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/manchester/6503411.stm |publisher=BBC News}}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin abokan aikinsa, wani Detective Sergeant wanda ba a san sunansa ba, wanda aka yi masa wuka sau biyu a cikin lamarin amma ya tsira, ya sami yabo na Sarauniya don jaruntaka. An ambaci lambobin yabo a cikin The London Gazette na 6 ga Janairun 2009.<ref>{{cite news |date=28 March 2007 |title=Murdered officer memorial damaged |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/manchester/6503411.stm |publisher=BBC News}}</ref> Mahaifin Oake Robin Kirista ne mai karfi na bishara, kamar yadda Stephen Oake ya kasance. Robin ya gafarta wa wanda ya kashe ɗansa a fili. === Hukuncin Bourgass da ɗaurin kurkuku === An yanke wa Kamel Bourgass hukunci a Old Bailey a ranar 29 ga Yuni 2004 na kisan Oake, na yunkurin kisan wasu jami'ai biyu da kuma rauni wani. Ya yi iƙirarin cewa ya kashe Oake saboda tsoro, amma an yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai tare da mafi ƙarancin shekaru 22 tare da ƙarin shekaru 15 don yunkurin kisan kai.<ref>{{cite news |date=28 March 2007 |title=Murdered officer memorial damaged |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/manchester/6503411.stm |publisher=BBC News}}</ref> Bourgass ya daukaka kara game da hukuncin, wanda aka tabbatar a watan Yulin shekara ta 2005. An kammala gwajin na biyu dangane da makircin ta'addanci a ranar 8 ga Afrilu 2005. An yanke wa Bourgass hukunci da makirci don yin matsala ta hanyar amfani da guba ko fashewa kuma an yanke masa hukuncin ƙarin shekaru 17. An bar wani zargi na makirci don aikata kisan kai dangane da makircin a cikin fayil bayan da juriya ta kasa cimma hukunci a kan wannan ƙididdigar. Sauran mutane hudu, Mouloud Sihali, David Khalef, Sidali Feddag da Mustapha Taleb, wadanda duk sun san Bourgass, an gwada su kuma an wanke su. An yi watsi da gwaji na biyu ga wasu hudu, Samir Asli, Khalid Alwerfeli, Mouloud Bouhrama da Kamel Merzoug. Ya zuwa 2010 Bourgass yana yin hukuncinsa a gidan yarin Wakefield a Yammacin Yorkshire. Da farko an tsare shi a Kurkukun Frankland kusa da Durham; a watan Yulin 2008 matsala ta ɓarke bayan fursunoni sun ƙone tantanin sa.[undefined] Bayan ya koma Wakefield, an ruwaito a shekara ta 2009 cewa Bourgass yana daukar 'yan fursunoni masu tsattsauran ra'ayi don sadarwa tare da jami'an al-Qaeda a London dangane da sabon makircin guba.[undefined] A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2011, wani alƙali na Kotun Koli ya ki amincewa da karar da lauyoyin Bourgass suka shigar cewa hanyoyin rarrabewa da hukumomin kurkuku suka dauka sun keta haƙƙin haƙƙin ɗan adam da haƙƙin ɗanɗano. Rarrabawar ta biyo bayan zargin cewa Bourgass yana ƙoƙarin yin iko a kan wasu fursunoni, musamman 'yan uwan Musulmai waɗanda ya "matsi" su halarci addu'o'i. An kuma zarge shi da kasancewa da hannu a shirya hari kan wani fursuna wanda ke buƙatar sutura 50 a fuskarsa.[1] == Dubi kuma == * Shirin ricin na itace Green * Jerin abubuwan da suka faru na ta'addanci a Burtaniya * Jerin jami'an 'yan sanda na Burtaniya da aka kashe a cikin aikin == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] dfm0arctvbp8hrpkjj4c0310imo1ih8 Ross Stanford 0 127551 889654 797816 2026-07-31T06:28:52Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889654 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ross Milton Stanford''' DFC, OAM (25 Satumba 1917 - 11 Yuli 2006) ya kasance dan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na farko na Kudancin Australia wanda ya yi aiki a cikin Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) a matsayin matukin jirgi a lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]], yana tashi da manyan bama-bamai na Avro Lancaster a Turai. A lokacin aikin soja, Stanford ya tashi a cikin ayyukan aiki 47 kuma ya yi aiki a cikin sanannen No. 617 Squadron RAF. Ya kuma wakilci Australian Services XI a wasan kurket, yana buga wasanni a Ingila, Indiya, Ceylon da Ostiraliya kafin a dakatar da shi a 1946. A rayuwar farar hula, Stanford ya gudanar da kasuwancin lambu na kasuwa, ya yi aiki a Bankin Jihar Kudancin Australia kuma yana da aikin siyasa mara nasara. An kuma san shi da aikin sadaka a [[Adelaide]]. == Rayuwa ta farko == Born in Fulham, South Australia, Stanford's parents own a market garden. Growing up he was a keen cricketer and as a 14-year-old scored 416 not out while playing for Lockleys Primary against Richmond Primary. At the time it was a world record for a schoolboy. His success resulted in a scholarship to Prince Alfred College in [[Adelaide]]. He continued his interest in cricket after completing his schooling, joining the West Torrens District Cricket Club. He went on to make his first-class cricket debut as an 18-year-old, playing for South Australia against Tasmania in the Sheffield Shield at the Adelaide Oval in February/March 1936.<ref name="advertiser" /><ref name="Williamson">{{Cite web |last=Williamson, Martin |date=13 July 2006 |title=Ross Stanford dies aged 88 |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/australia/content/story/257755.html |access-date=27 September 2013 |publisher=CricInfo}}</ref><ref name="cricketarchive">{{Cite web |title=Player Oracle: RM Stanford |url=https://cricketarchive.com/cgi-bin/player_oracle_reveals_results2.cgi?playernumber=16727&playermatch=contains&branding=cricketarchive&captain=&playername=Stanford&team=&resulttype=All&endscore=&startscore=&startwicket=&wicketkeeper=&endwicket=&matchtype=All&endseason=&searchtype=InningsList&opponentmatch=exact&opponent=&testing=0&startseason=&howout=All&teammatch=exact&homeawaytype=All |url-access=subscription |access-date=27 March 2024 |website=CricketArchive}}</ref> Farkonsa bai yi nasara ba. Haɗuwa da Donald Bradman a ƙuƙwalwar, Stanford ya gudu ba tare da ya ci kwallo ba, tare da abokin aiki daga baya ya bayyana cewa Stanford ya kasance mai matukar damuwa. Bai sake buga ba kuma an sauke shi daga tawagar don wasan na gaba.[1] Bayan ya fara aiki a Bankin Jihar Kudancin Australia, an dakatar da aikin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Stanford lokacin da aka sauya shi daga Adelaide zuwa Waikerie sannan Tailem Bend. A sakamakon haka, Stanford ba za ta sake buga wasan kurket na farko ba kafin barkewar Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu.[2] == Ayyukan soja == A lokacin da yake da shekaru 23, Stanford ya shiga cikin Royal Australian Air Force a ranar 21 ga Yuli 1941, yana ba da gudummawa don aiki a lokacin yakin.<ref name="ww2nomroll">{{Cite web |title=Stanford, Ross Milton |url=http://www.ww2roll.gov.au/Veteran.aspx?serviceId=R&veteranId=1064258 |access-date=27 September 2013 |website=World War Two Nominal Roll |publisher=Commonwealth of Australia |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303231325/http://www.ww2roll.gov.au/Veteran.aspx?serviceId=R&veteranId=1064258 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bayan kammala horo na matukin jirgi, an tura Stanford zuwa No. 467 Squadron RAAF a watan Agustan 1943, wanda aka ajiye a Ingila. Ya kasance tare da ƙungiyar har zuwa Fabrairu 1944, lokacin da aka tura shi zuwa No. 617 Squadron RAF, wanda kuma ya tashi Lancasters.<ref name="467_463assoc">{{Cite web |title=467 Pilots: Stanford |url=http://www.467463raafsquadrons.com/Pdat467/stanfordrm.htm |access-date=27 September 2013 |publisher=467 & 463 Squadron Association |archive-date=2 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002064252/http://www.467463raafsquadrons.com/Pdat467/stanfordrm.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> A lokacin da yake tare da No. 467 Squadron, Stanford ya tashi aiki 23 kuma an ba shi lambar yabo ta Distinguished Flying Cross.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=36525|supp=y|page=2350|date=19 May 1944}}</ref> An fara aikinsa na farko a daren 5/6 Satumba 1943 a kan wani manufa a Mannheim.<ref name="467_463assoc" /> Ya sake tashi sama da ayyuka 24 tare da No. 617 Squadron, ciki har da aikin yaudara a kusa da Cap d'Antifer a lokacin mamayewar Normandy, da kuma kai hari kan ramin jirgin kasa a Saumur tare da bama-bamai na Tallboy 12,000-pound a cikin kwanaki bayan saukowa. <ref name="advertiser" /><ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Herington|1963}}.</ref><ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Herington|1963}}.</ref> Ya kai matsayin mataimakin jirgin sama kuma daga baya aka tura shi zuwa Ma'aikatar samar da jirgin sama don ziyartar masana'antun kera jirgin sama don yin magana da ma'aikata.<ref name="advertiser" /> Yayinda yake Ingila, Stanford ya koma wasan kurket na farko, yana wasa da ƙungiyar RAAF da ƙungiyar Ingila a County Ground, Hove, a watan Yulin 1943. Ƙarin wasannin da suka biyo baya a cikin 1943-45.<ref name="cricketarchive"/> A shekara ta 1945, bayan kammala tashin hankali, an zaɓi Stanford don yin wasa ga Australian Services XI a cikin Victory Tests da aka buga a Ingila kafin yawon shakatawa Indiya da Ceylon. Bayan dawowa Ostiraliya, kungiyar ta kuma buga wasanni da yawa da kungiyoyin jihohin Ostiraliya a lokacin da Stanford ta zira kwallaye mafi girma a aji na farko na 153 a wasan da ta yi da Tasmania a TCA Ground a Hobart a watan Janairun 1946.<ref name="cricketarchive" /> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2006]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1917]] qvd7aclri0oowww5w91hhiyofv2g8ek Kungiyar Yanayi ta Malaysia 0 127611 889638 760363 2026-07-31T05:24:19Z Abdulrahman tahir shika 24962 Nayi gyara 889638 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ƙungiyar Halittar Malesiya''' (Malay, [[Abbreviation|abbrev]]: MNS) ita ce mafi tsufa kuma ɗaya daga cikin [[Non-governmental organisation|ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na gwamnati da ba na gwamnati]] [[Not for profit|ba]], waɗanda ba na muhalli ba ne a [[Maleshiya|Malaysia]]. An kafa ta a matsayin '''ƙungiyar Malayan Nature Society''', tare da ƙaddamar da ''Mujallar Malayan Nature'', a cikin 1940. Da farko a matsayin ƙungiyar kimiyya, a yau MNS tana cikin ayyukan da kamfen na muhalli iri-iri. A cikin 2008 an ba MNS [[Merdeka Award|lambar yabo ta Merdeka]] ta farko don muhalli, musamman saboda ƙoƙarinta na yin kamfen don kare dazuzzukan [[Belum-Temengor]] na Malaysia. MNS ƙungiya ce ta sa kai, wacce ke da mambobi kusan 3800. Ƙungiyar tana da rassanta a mafi yawan jihohin da ke Malaysia. Ɗaya daga cikin rassanta yana [[Singapore Airlines|Singapore]] saboda alaƙar tarihi da ƙasar tsibirin ke da ita da Malaysia. Daga baya reshen Singapore ya mayar da kansa ƙungiyar Nature Society mai zaman kanta (Singapore) a shekarar 1991. == Manyan nasarorin == An yaba wa MNS saboda nasarorin da ta samu a fannin kiyaye muhalli sakamakon kamfen na jama'a. Ɗaya daga cikin nasarorin farko shine dakatar da hakar ma'adinai a Kogunan Batu a shekarar 1980. Wannan ya biyo bayan ƙirƙirar Endau Rompin National Park, bayan balaguron da ta yi a can a shekarun 1985 da 1986. Kwanan nan, ta yi nasarar yaƙin neman zaɓen ta na tabbatar da yankin arewacin Belum-Temengor a matsayin wurin shakatawa na jiha da kuma kafa wurin shakatawa na ƙasa a tsibirin Penang . Ƙungiyar MNS ta kuma yi tasiri wajen sauya manufofin gwamnati kan batutuwan muhalli, tun daga gurɓatar masana'antu zuwa kare namun daji zuwa hana miyar kifi ta Shark daga ayyukan gwamnati. <ref>[http://www.nss.org.sg/about.html About NSS] {{Webarchive}}. Extracted November 10, 2006</ref> == Kiyayewa == MNS tana duba yadda za a gudanar da ingantattun hanyoyin kula da wuraren da ake da su da kuma kafa sabbin wurare masu kariya. MNS tana da nufin tabbatar da tsarin Yankin da aka Kare a Malaysia wanda aka haɗa kuma cikakke kuma a lokaci guda yana gina tushen ilimi na muhimman wurare da nau'ikan halittu da nufin yaɗa wannan bayanin ga masu yanke shawara. MNS kuma tana gano barazanar da ke tattare da rayuwar mazauna da nau'ikan halittu a cikin daji. Ana kuma jagorantar shirye-shiryen kiyaye muhallin MNS ta hanyar muhimman takardu kamar bayanai na Yankin Tsuntsaye Masu Muhimmanci (IBA) waɗanda aka tattara tun 1997 tare da taimakon Majalisar Kula da Tsuntsaye ta MNS da kuma BirdLife International. Haka kuma ana jagorantar kiyaye muhallin ta hanyar Tsarin Kare Muhalli na MNS (wanda aka kafa a 1974) wanda ke kira da a kiyaye wurare masu mahimmanci kamar wuraren shakatawa na ƙasa, wuraren ajiyar dabbobi, tsibirai, abubuwan tarihi na ƙasa, wuraren ajiyar namun daji, wuraren ajiyar ruwa da wuraren bincike a yankin Peninsular Malaysia. == Ilimi == MNS tana gudanar da shirin Kulab na Yanayi (Kelab Pencinta Alam, KPA) ga makarantu a faɗin Malaysia. Ya fara ne da ƙungiyar farko ta makarantu 12 a duk faɗin Klang Valley kuma a yau, membobinta sun kai makarantu 318 daga ko'ina cikin Malaysia. Shirin KPA yana da nufin ƙarfafa sha'awa, fahimta da shiga cikin ayyukan muhalli daban-daban da ƙoƙarin kiyayewa tsakanin tsararrakin da ke zuwa makaranta. Akwai wasu shirye-shirye na musamman da ake gudanarwa ga KPA, misali Taron Horar da Malamai na Ƙasa, sansanin KPA da bita, nazarin Peat Swamp, Raptor Watch da Kula da Ingancin Ruwa na Makarantar Kogin Makaranta da Kula da Ingancin Ruwa. A matsayin faɗaɗa shirin KPA, MNS ta gabatar da shirin KPA don Matasa wanda babban manufar shirin shine ƙarfafa membobin matasa inda MNS ke son haɓaka fahimtar kiyaye yanayi ta hanyar ayyukan muhalli da suka shafi matasa da al'ummomi. Coca-Cola Malaysia ta fara haɗin gwiwa da ƙungiyar halittu ta Malaysian Nature Society (MNS) don haɓaka shirin hangen nesa na ruwa wanda ke da nufin haifar da yanayin kiyaye ruwa a tsakanin matasa. Bugu da ƙari, MNS tana gudanar da shirye-shiryen ilimi a Rimba Ilmu na Jami'ar Malaya da kuma Cibiyar Binciken Daji ta Malaysia (FRIM). == Ofis == Hedkwatar MNS tana Bukit Persekutuan, [[Kuala Lumpur]] . == Manyan membobi == Wadanda suka kafa MNS sun hada da Gladys Le Mare, EO Shebbeare da Edred John Henry Corner . An ba da fitattun masana kimiyyar halitta da dama a matsayin memba na girmamawa na MNS, ciki har da Henry Nicholas Ridley, John Leonard Harrison, Loke Wan Tho, Lim Boo Liat da Earl na 6 na Cranbrook . Shugabannin MNS na baya sun hada da Elliott McClure da [[Salihu Mohd No|Salleh Mohd.]] [[Salihu Mohd No|Nor]] . Tsoffin masu goyon bayan sun hada da Abdul Aziz Abdul Majid da [[Mahathir Mohamad]] . Masanin tsirrai na Faransa, Francis Hallé shi ma memba ne na wannan kungiyar. <ref>[http://www.nss.org.sg/about.html About NSS] {{Webarchive}}. Extracted November 10, 2006</ref> == Manazarta == obe9ah3ais4qhirbnygeuejhnbgrdfx Tarihin nazarin yanayi na sama 0 128485 889724 762806 2026-07-31T07:59:25Z BnHamid 12586 889724 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tarihin nazarin yanayi na sama''' ya shafi jadawalin abubuwan da suka shafi nazarin yanayi na sama. Da farko kayan aiki ne na nazarin halayyar guguwa, nazarin yanayin ƙasa ya zama aikin da ke ci gaba don bayyana yanayin yanzu kuma a matsayin taimako ga Hasashen yanayi na ɗan gajeren lokaci. Kokarin farko na ƙirƙirar nazarin yanayi ya fara ne a tsakiyar karni na 19 ta hanyar amfani da lura da yanayin ƙasa don nazarin isobars, isotherms, da nuna zafin jiki da girgije. A tsakiyar karni na 20, ana sanya ƙarin bayani a kan samfuran tashar da aka tsara akan taswirar yanayi da gaban ƙasa, bisa ga samfurin guguwar Norway, ana nazarin su a duk duniya. A ƙarshe, makircin lura ya tafi daga motsa jiki na hannu zuwa aiki na atomatik don kwamfutoci da masu makirci. Binciken farfajiyar ya kasance motsa jiki ne na hannu kuma yana da ra'ayi, ko ta hanyar hannu da takarda, ko ta wurin aiki. == Tsakanin karni na sha tara == Amfani da sigogi na yanayi a cikin ma'anar zamani ya fara ne a tsakiyar karni na 19. Masu gabatar da taswirar yanayi sun hada da William Charles Redfield, William Reid, Elias Loomis, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Eric R. Miller |date=July 1933 |title=American Pioneers in Meteorology |url=http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/mwr/061/mwr-061-07-0189.pdf |journal=Monthly Weather Review |volume=61 |issue=7 |pages=189–193 |bibcode=1933MWRv...61..189M |doi=10.1175/1520-0493(1933)61<189:apim>2.0.co;2 |access-date=10 February 2011 |doi-access=free}}</ref> da Sir Francis Galton, wanda ya kirkiro taswirar yanayin yanayi na farko don tsara ka'idar kan tsarin guguwa. Abubuwan da aka ƙirƙira telegraph a cikin 1837 sun ba da damar tattara bayanan yanayi daga wurare masu nisa da sauri don adana darajarta don aikace-aikacen lokaci-lokaci. Cibiyar Smithsonian ta haɓaka cibiyar sadarwar masu sa ido a yawancin tsakiya da gabashin Amurka tsakanin shekarun 1840 da 1860 da zarar Joseph Henry ya ɗauki shugabanci. Da farko a 1849, Smithsonian ya fara samar da nazarin ƙasa a kowace rana ta amfani da tashoshin 150 a cikin hanyar sadarwar su. Rundunar Sojojin Amurka ta gaji wannan hanyar sadarwa tsakanin 1870 da 1874 ta hanyar aikin Majalisa, kuma ta fadada shi zuwa gabar yamma ba da daɗewa ba. Sau uku a kowace rana, duk tashoshin za su aika da telegraph a cikin abubuwan da suka lura zuwa ofishin tsakiya wanda zai tsara bayanai a kan taswirar da za a zana isobars, ko layin matsin lamba daidai, wanda zai gano cibiyoyin matsin lamba mai girma da ƙasa, da kuma layin iska. Da farko, ba a dauki duk bayanan da ke kan taswirar a daidai lokaci guda a farkon kwanakin waɗannan binciken ba saboda rashin daidaitattun lokaci. Kokarin farko a lokacin daidaitawa ya kasance a cikin Burtaniya ta 1855. Koyaya, a Amurka, daidaitattun lokaci bai wuce ba har zuwa 1883, lokacin da Yankunan lokaci suka fara amfani da su a duk faɗin Amurka don amfani da layin dogo. Dukan Amurka ba su zo ƙarƙashin tasirin yankuna ba har zuwa 1905, lokacin da [[Detroit]] ta kafa lokaci na yau da kullun. [[Fayil:10_PM_March_12_surface_analysis_of_Great_Blizzard_of_1888.png|right|thumb|277x277px|Binciken saman Great Blizzard na 1888 a ranar 12 ga Maris, 1888 da karfe 10 na yamma]] == Ƙarshen ƙarni na goma sha tara == Binciken farko na farfajiyar daga Amurka ya nuna taswirar nahiyar Amurka tare da alamun murfin girgije da jagorancin iska da aka shirya akan farkon nau'in abin da ya zama samfurin tashar. An kuma haɗa alamar yanayi ga birane daban-daban a duk faɗin ƙasar a kasan taswirar. A cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci, Signal Corps ya ƙara teburin da ke nuna canjin matsin lamba na awa takwas, canjin zafin jiki na awa 24, zafi mai dangi, da hazo na awa 24. Ofishin Sigina ya kuma kara tattaunawa ta gaba ɗaya game da fasalulluka na yanayi da tsinkaya, kafin ƙara isobars da isotherms a kan taswirar. A ƙarshen 1872, taswirar sun kafa tsarin da za ta yi amfani da shi har sai an gabatar da bincike na gaba. A cikin karni na 20, yawancin ayyukan da suka shafi yanayi a ƙarƙashin US Signal Corps sun rabu cikin sabon hukumar farar hula da aka sani da Ofishin Yanayi na Amurka, wanda ya kasance mai gabatarwa na Sabis na Yanayi na Yau. A kasa da kasa, wasu kasashe sun bi jagorancin Amurka, dangane da daukar abubuwan lura da yanayi a lokaci guda, farawa a 1873. [1] Sauran ƙasashe sun fara shirya nazarin ƙasa. A Ostiraliya, taswirar yanayi ta farko ta bayyana a cikin kafofin watsa labarai a 1877. [2] Cibiyar Kula da Yanayi ta Tokyo ta Japan, wanda ya fara aiki da Hukumar Kula da Yanayin Yanayi ta Japan, ya fara gina taswirar yanayi a cikin 1883.[3] The ''London Times'' ta buga taswirar yanayi ta farko a ranar 1 ga Afrilu, 1875. A Amurka, baje kolin Centennial na 1876 a Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ya nuna cewa ana iya kammala watsa taswirar yanayi ta yau da kullun ta hanyar telegraph. Jaridar New York Daily Graphic ta buga taswirar yanayi daga tsakiyar 1879 zuwa lokacin rani na 1882. A shekara ta 1894, akwai jaridu huɗu na yau da kullun da ke buga taswirar yanayi a Boston, New Orleans, Cincinnati, da San Francisco.<ref>Human Intelligence.[http://www.indiana.edu/~intell/galton.shtml Francis Galton.] Retrieved on 2007-04-18.</ref> == Karni na ashirin == [[Fayil:Airmassesorigin.png|right|thumb|Ana rarraba nau'ikan iska daban-daban ta hanyar iyakokin gaba]] Amfani da yankuna na gaba a kan taswirar yanayi bai bayyana ba har sai da aka gabatar da samfurin guguwar Norway a ƙarshen 1910s, duk da yunkurin Loomis na baya a irin wannan ra'ayi a 1841. Tun lokacin da manyan canjin iska suka yi kama da bangarorin soja na yakin duniya na farko, kalmar nan "gaba" ta fara amfani da ita don wakiltar waɗannan layin. Yawancin jaridu sun buga taswirar yanayi a farkon karni a duk faɗin Amurka, kafin al'adar ta wuce a 1912. Yayinda yawan jaridu da ke ɗauke da taswirar yanayi suka ragu bayan 1912, da yawa sun ci gaba da buga su har sai sha'awar jirgin ya kara sha'awar taswirar a cikin shekarun 1930. Da farko a cikin 1930, an watsa shirye-shiryen rediyo na bayanan yanayi da tsinkaye don amfani da jiragen ruwa a teku, daga sojojin Amurka da Ofishin Yanayi na Amurka akan hadin gwiwa.<ref>Frank Rives Millikan. [[Smithsonian Institution]]. [http://www.si.edu/archives/ihd/jhp/joseph03.htm Joseph Henry: Father of the Weather Service.] {{Webarchive}} Retrieved on 2006-10-22.</ref> Farawa a cikin 1935, an buga taswirar yanayi na Ofishin Yanayi / National Weather Service a cikin jaridu ta hanyar Associated Press a cikin tsarin da aka tsara dan kadan kamar taswirar yanayin Wirephoto. [[Fayil:US_Navy_030209-N-2972R-079_Illustrator_Draftsman_designs_a_training_slide_with_the_assistance_of_a_light_table.jpg|thumb|An yi amfani da teburin haske don gina nazarin farfajiyar a cikin shekarun 1990]] Duk da gabatarwar samfurin guguwa guguwa ta Norway bayan yakin duniya na farko, Amurka ba ta yi nazarin gaba a kan binciken farfajiyar ba har zuwa 1 ga Agusta, 1941, kafin Cibiyar Nazarin WBAN ta buɗe a cikin garin [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]]. Kokarin sarrafa taswirar ya fara ne a Amurka a shekarar 1969, tare da kammala aikin a cikin shekarun 1970. [[Hong Kong]] ta kammala tsarin su na makircin kai tsaye a shekarar 1987. A shekara ta 1999, tsarin kwamfuta da software sun zama masu ƙwarewa sosai don ba da damar yin amfani da hotunan tauraron dan adam guda ɗaya, hotunan radar, da filayen da aka samo daga samfurin kamar kaurin yanayi da gaba a hade tare da abubuwan lura da saman don yin mafi kyawun bincike. A Amurka, an sami wannan ci gaba lokacin da aka maye gurbin tashoshin Intergraph da tashoshin n-AWIPS. == Karni na ashirin da daya == [[Fayil:Surface_analysis.gif|thumb|250x250px|Binciken yanayi na [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] a ranar 21 ga Oktoba, 2006.]] A shekara ta 2001, an haɗa bincike daban-daban da aka yi a cikin Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Kasa a cikin Nazarin Yanayi, wanda ake bayarwa kowane sa'o'i shida kuma ya haɗu da nazarin cibiyoyi daban-daban guda huɗu. Ci gaban da aka samu kwanan nan a fannonin ilimin yanayi da tsarin bayanai na ƙasa sun ba da damar tsara samfuran da aka tsara da kyau waɗanda ke ɗauke da mu daga taswirar yanayi ta gargajiya zuwa sabon yanki gaba ɗaya. Ana iya daidaita bayanan yanayi da sauri da cikakkun bayanai na ƙasa. Misali, ana iya tsara yanayin icing a kan hanyar sadarwa. Wannan zai ci gaba da haifar da canje-canje a cikin hanyar da aka halicci nazarin farfajiyar kuma aka nuna a cikin shekaru masu zuwa. == Dubi kuma == * Kafofin watsa labarai na yanayi a Amurka == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} 3nquxf7jkvwkrgk4yk2jaf42t06c2j2 Pip Williams (marubuci) 0 129034 889365 764144 2026-07-30T13:22:32Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889365 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Pip Williams''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1969) marubuci ne na Australiya kuma mai binciken zamantakewa. An fi saninta da littafinta na farko The Dictionary of Lost Words, wanda aka buga a shekarar 2020. Littafinta na biyu, The Bookbinder of Jericho, an buga shi a cikin 2023. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Pip Williams a [[Landan]], Ingila a shekarar 1969. Mahaifiyarta ta Brazil ta yi aiki na ɗan lokaci a matsayin mai gyaran gashi kuma mahaifinta ɗan Welsh masanin kwamfuta ne, wanda kuma ya rubuta littattafan yara da ban dariya, kuma ya kasance mai fafutuka. Pip ta koma tare da iyayenta da ƙanwarta zuwa [[Sydney]], New South Wales, a cikin 1972.<ref name="abadee2023"/> Ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Mackellar Girls kuma ta girma a Arewacin Sydney.<ref name="abadee2023"/> Lokacin da take da shekaru 15, an buga waka da ta rubuta a cikin mujallar Dolly.<ref name="austlit">{{Cite web |date=23 January 2020 |title=Pip Williams |url=https://www.austlit.edu.au/austlit/page/13941541 |access-date=11 May 2024 |website=[[AustLit]] |quote=Source : [[Affirm Press]] website }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Tana son karatu, kuma littafin da ta fi so shi ne The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, amma ta karanta a hankali, kuma ta koyi tun tana 'yar shekara 17 cewa tana da [[Rashin jituwa|dyslexic]]. A shekara 18, tana so ta zama Mai tsara kayan ado.<ref name="abadee2023" /> == Ayyuka == Williams ta yi aiki a matsayin Mai binciken zamantakewa a Cibiyar Aiki da Rayuwa a Jami'ar Kudancin Ostiraliya, inda manajanta shine masanin tattalin arziki [[Barbara Pocock]], daga baya sanata na ''Australiya'' Greens.<ref name="abadee2023">{{Cite web |last=Abadee |first=Nicole |date=2023 |title=What Pip did next |url=https://www.sl.nsw.gov.au/stories/what-pip-did-next |access-date=11 May 2024 |website=[[State Library of New South Wales]]}}</ref> A wannan lokacin ta hada hannu da Time Bomb: Work, Rest and Play in Australia Today (NewSouth Press, 2012), tare da Barbara Pocock<ref name="abadee2023" /> da Natalie Skinner.<ref name="about">{{Cite web |title=About me |url=https://pipwilliams.com.au/about-me/ |access-date=11 May 2024 |website=Pip Williams}}</ref> Ta yi wasu shirye-shiryen rediyo don samar da Rediyo na Arewacin Beaches, kuma ta fara buga abubuwan da ba na fiction ba a cikin The Australian da InDaily,<ref name="abadee2023" /> bayan ta koma [[Adelaide]] a shekara ta 2003.<ref name="austlit"/> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Williams ta sadu da abokin aikinta, Shannon, lokacin da take da shekaru 19, kuma suna da 'ya'ya maza biyu. Sun ƙaura daga Sydney zuwa gonar nishaɗi a Adelaide Hills a shekara ta 2003, amma sun gano bayan wasu shekaru (yayinda Williams ke aiki a cikin birni) cewa "ba su da bege a ciki". Daga nan sai suka fitar da yaran daga makaranta suka tafi Italiya na watanni shida don yin aiki a matsayin [[WWOOF|WWOOFers]] (Willing Workers on Organic Farms), suna aiki a [[Tuscany]], [[Calabria]], da [[Piedmont]].<ref name="abadee20232">{{Cite web |last=Abadee |first=Nicole |date=2023 |title=What Pip did next |url=https://www.sl.nsw.gov.au/stories/what-pip-did-next |access-date=11 May 2024 |website=[[State Library of New South Wales]]}}</ref> Ya zuwa 2024 Williams yana zaune a cikin Adelaide Hills, kuma sau da yawa yana rubutu a cikin cafes a cikin garuruwan Hills. Ta bayyana kanta a matsayin mai ba da labari, wanda ba ya son zama cibiyar kulawa. Tana da [[Rashin jituwa|dyslexia]] da dysgraphia.<ref name="abadee2023"/> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1969]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] e2uzu6ptufw92dipd53fau55zj6dtrx Salma Samar Damluji 0 129328 889788 817889 2026-07-31T11:22:51Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889788 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Salma Samar Damluji''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1954) ƙwararriyar mai zane ce a Lebanon, farfesa kuma marubuciya da ke zaune a tsakanin Landan da Gabas ta Tsakiya. Ta yi aiki tare da mai zane na Masar [[Hassan Fathi|Hassan Fathy]] a Alkahira, a tsakanin 1975-6 da kuma a 1984-5. An naɗa ta mai ba da shawara kan gine-gine ga ministan [[Haɗaɗɗiyar Daular Larabawa|Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa]], [[Shehu|Shaykh]] Sultan bin Zayed Al Nahyan a tsakanin 2001-2004 a Babban Masallacin Sheikh Zayed da sauran ayyuka a [[Abu Dhabi (birni)|Abu Dhabi]] . A shekara ta 2008, ta kafa Gidauniyar Gine-gine ta Daw'an Mud Brick Architecture <ref>{{Cite web |title=Daw'an Mud Brick Architecture Foundation |url=http://www.dawanarchitecturefoundation.org/ |access-date=2020-10-02 |website=www.dawanarchitecturefoundation.org}}</ref> a Hadramaut, tare da abokan aiki a [[Yemen]] kuma tana aiki a can kan ayyukan gine-gine da gyaran ƙasa. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Damluji a [[Beirut]], Lebanon, ga uba ɗan ƙasar Iraqi kuma uwa Kirista 'yar Lebanon. Bayan rikicin 1958, iyalin sun ƙaura zuwa [[Bagdaza|Baghdad]] . Damluji ta koma Landan a shekarar 1972, inda ta kammala karatunta daga Makarantar AA a fannin gine-gine a shekarar 1977. Daga baya ta kammala karatun digirinta na uku a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Royal a shekarar 1987. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Daw'an Mud Brick Architecture Foundation |url=http://www.dawanarchitecturefoundation.org/ |access-date=2020-10-02 |website=www.dawanarchitecturefoundation.org}}</ref> == Sana'a == Shiga Damluji cikin gine-ginen Yemen ya fara ne bayan ziyarar aiki ta UNESCO a shekarar 1981. Ayyukanta a can sun haɗa da, 'Masallacin Aynat: Masjid al Faqih (2008-11), Masna'at 'Urah, Daw'an (2008-12), Husn Qarn Majid, Daw'an (2012-14), Masallacin 'Umar Ba Wazir, Wadi Sah (2008-10) da kuma kwanan nan (2017-19) gyaran ƙofar Shibam bayan yaƙi, da sake gina al-Habib Hamad bin Salih Dome' Bin Isma'il Domes, Masallacin Shaklanza da ke Al-Shihr da kuma Shaykh Ya'qub Dome da ke Mukalla . Waɗannan ayyukan an ba su kuɗi ne daga Asusun Yarima Claus na Netherlands da Asusun Kare Al'adu na Majalisar Burtaniya, Burtaniya. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> A shekarar 2014, Damluji ita ce mace ta farko da aka gayyata ta zama mai zanen gini don bayar da Leçon Inaugurale <ref>{{Cite web |title=Daw'an Mud Brick Architecture Foundation |url=http://www.dawanarchitecturefoundation.org/ |access-date=2020-10-02 |website=www.dawanarchitecturefoundation.org}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Daw'an Mud Brick Architecture Foundation |url=http://www.dawanarchitecturefoundation.org/ |access-date=2020-10-02 |website=www.dawanarchitecturefoundation.org}}</ref> a École de Chaillot da ke Paris, ta goma a cikin jerin. An buga wannan a cikin ''The Other Architecture: Geometry, Earth and the Vernacular'', <ref>{{Cite web |title=Salma Samar Damluji |url=http://www.citedelarchitecture.fr/fr/publication/salma-samar-damluji |access-date=2020-10-02 |website=Cité de l'architecture & du patrimoine |language=fr}}</ref> (Paris, 2015) kuma ta samar da taƙaitaccen bayani game da aikinta da bincikenta. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> An zaɓe ta a matsayin Memba na Académie d'Architecture da ke Paris a shekarar 2017, kuma an ba ta lambar yabo ta Académie d'Architecture's Restoration Award (lambar azurfa) a shekarar 2015. A shekarar 2012, ta sami lambar yabo ta Duniya don Tsarin Gine-gine Mai Dorewa a shekarar 2012, daga Cité d'architecture & du Patrimoine da Gidauniyar Locus. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> A shekarar 2013, an naɗa ta a matsayin Mu'allim Awad Binaldin Chairman na Farfesa a fannin Gine-gine a duniyar Musulunci, a Jami'ar Amurka ta Beirut . Damluji babbar malamar koyarwa ce a Makarantar Digiri ta Ƙungiyar Gine-gine (AA) da kuma Kwalejin Fasaha ta Royal (RCA) da ke Landan (UK). Tana da littattafai da dama da aka buga a kan gine-ginen ƙasa da na harsunan yankin Larabawa. Littattafan da ta wallafa sun haɗa da ''Hassan Fathy: Earth & Utopia'' (2018), ''The Architecture of Yemen'' (2007) da ''The Architecture of Oman'' (1998).&nbsp;Za a buga sabon bugu na ''The Architecture of Yemen and its Reconstruction'' a shekarar 2020. Ta shirya nune-nunen da dama kan ayyukanta a Landan (a RCA da RIBA), a Paris, Venice da kuma a Madrid. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> == Littattafai == === Littattafai === * ''Hassan Fathy: Duniya & Utopia,'' (Laurence King Publishing, London 2018) * ''Sauran Architecture: Geometry, Duniya da Vernacular'' (Leçon Inaugurale de l'École de Chaillot), Paris 2015, Faransanci da Ingilishi. (Gajeren jera ta Académie d'Architecture na Prix du Livre d'Architecture a watan Nuwamba 2015) * ''Al Diwan Al Amiri, Doha, Qatar'', Laurence King Publishing, London 2013 * ''Tsarin Gine-ginen Duniya, Alamomin Gine-gine Wadi Hadramut & Daw'an,'' Taron Gine-ginen Duniya Say'un- Fabrairu 2011, Beirut 2011 * Edita. ''[https://www.amazon.com/Italian-Excellence-Sheikh-Sultan-Nahyan/dp/0615276296 Masallacin Sheikh Zayed Al Nahayan Abu Dhabi: Kyawun Italiya a Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa] ,'' Fantini Mosaici, Milano 2009 * ''[https://www.amazon.com/Architecture-Yemen-Yafi-Hadramut/dp/185669514X Tsarin Gine-ginen Yemen Daga Yafi' zuwa Hadramut]'', Laurence King Publishing, London 2007 * ''[https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/200952518 Babban Masallacin Sultan Qaboos]'', Apex Publishing, Muscat 2007 * ''Tsarin Gine-ginen Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa'', Garnet Publishing, Reading 2006 * ''Tsarin Gine-ginen Oman'', Karatu na 1998 * Edita. ''Tsarin Masallacin Annabi Mai Tsarki Madina'', Landan 1998 * Edita. ''Tsarin Masallacin Mai Tsarki Makkah'', Landan 1998 * ''Zillij Fasahar Fasahohin Moroccan'', tare da John Hedgecoe; Karatu 1992 (Buga ta Faransa 1993) * Babban Edita, ''Fasaha da Gine-gine na Musulunci, Tsarin Tsarin Geometric'' Issam El Said; Tarek El Bouri & Keith Critchlow, Reading 1993 * ''Tsarin Gine-ginen Bulo na Kwarin Laka Shibam, Tarim da Wadi Hadramut'', Karatu na 1992 (Buga ta Larabci, Beirut 1996) * ''Gaskiyar Yemen; Gine-gine da aka sassaka a cikin Laka da Dutse'', Karatu na 1991 * Edita. ''Littafin Tarihin Gani na Wani Mai Zane na Larabawa'', Maath Alousi, Beirut & London 1983 === Surorin littafi === * [http://www.editionsalternatives.com/site.php?type=P&id=2147 http://www.gallimard.fr/Catalogue/GALLIMARD/Alternatives/Architecture-Alternatives/Sustainable-design-8 'Aikin Ammar Khammash' a cikin ''Tsarin Zane Mai Dorewa 8: Zuwa ga sabuwar Ɗabi'a don Gine-gine da Birni'', Contal, Marie-Hélène da Revedin, Jana, Gine-gine - Madadin Gallimard Editions, Paris, 2020 (shafi na 124-131).] * 'Masallaci & Gidaje Masu Tsarki a Wadi Sah: Hadramut (YEMEN)', a cikin ''ginin ƙasa da al'ada juzu'i na 2'' Ed. Hubert Feiglstorfer, IVA-ICRA (Cibiyar Bincike Mai Kwatanta Kan Gine-gine) Jami'ar Fasaha ta Vienna, Vienna, 2018 (shafi na&nbsp;313–337). * [http://www.iuav.it/Ateneo1/eventi-del/2017/W-A-VE--20/Scheda_Collana.pdf 'Sake ƙirƙiro M'alula'&nbsp;a cikin ''Wave 2017'' | ''Siriya (Syria the Making of the Future + bita 26)'', Incipit (Italiya), 2017]{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * 'La Médina et le renouveau de la ville nomade [Madina da nomad sabunta birane]', a cikin ''La Ville Rebelle,'' Ed. Jana Revedin, Paris, 2015 * "Salma Samar Damluji" a cikin ''Dorewa Design III'', ''vers une nouvelle ′ethique pour l'architecture et la ville'', Contal, Marie-Hélène da Revedin, Jana, Paris, 2014 (pp.82-95). === Labarai === * [https://issuu.com/pdezwart/docs/www.alefmag.com Mujallar Alef Fitowa ta 6] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226064409/https://issuu.com/pdezwart/docs/www.alefmag.com |date=2023-02-26 }} shafi na 70-73, 2008 * ''[https://www.architectural-review.com/buildings/earth/earthern-wear-mud-cities-in-hadramut-yemen/10046277.article Lalacewar Ƙasa: Birane Masu Laka a Hadramut, Yemen]'', Binciken Gine-gine, Fabrairu 2020 * ''[https://www.larchitecturedaujourdhui.fr/engagements/ Hassan Fathy, de la vérité en Architecture; Hassan Fathy, Game da Gaskiya a Gine-gine] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260212095852/https://www.larchitecturedaujourdhui.fr/engagements/ |date=2026-02-12 }} ,'' Haɗin kai, L'Architecture d'Aujourd'hui, 'A'A 424, Satumba 2018 * [https://www.larchitecturedaujourdhui.fr/generosites-espaces-en-plus/ ''Les Architectures de Terre de Salma Samar Damluji; Salma Samar Damluji's Earth Architecture,'' Générosités, espaces en plus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251212011220/https://www.larchitecturedaujourdhui.fr/generosites-espaces-en-plus/ |date=2025-12-12 }}, L'Architecture d'Aujourd'hui, 'A'A 426, Mayu 2018 === Nunin Nunin === * Nunin Zane-zane na Jami'ar Venice na Iuav akan Ma'lula: ' [http://wave2017.iuav.it Ginin babban kumfa mai girman rai ga Ma'lula, samfuran gidajen ibada da aka lalata, da birni]{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} ', Venice, Yuni-Yuli 2017 * [http://xx.aaschool.ac.uk/exhibition/ Matan AA XX 100 a fannin gine-gine a mahallinsu]{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 1917–2017, Ƙungiyar Gine-gine, London, 7 ga Oktoba-9 ga Disamba 2017 * Jami'ar Iuav Architecture 'Sketch for Syria', ayyukan fasaha, Janairu-Fabrairu 2017 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Daw'an Mud Brick Architecture Foundation |url=http://www.dawanarchitecturefoundation.org/ |access-date=2020-10-02 |website=www.dawanarchitecturefoundation.org}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Daw'an Mud Brick Architecture Foundation |url=http://www.dawanarchitecturefoundation.org/ |access-date=2020-10-02 |website=www.dawanarchitecturefoundation.org}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Daw'an Mud Brick Architecture Foundation |url=http://www.dawanarchitecturefoundation.org/ |access-date=2020-10-02 |website=www.dawanarchitecturefoundation.org}}</ref> * [https://www.citedelarchitecture.fr/fr/publication/reenchanter-le-monde-architecture-ville-transitions Re-Enchant the World], nunin rukuni na Cité de l'Architecture et du Patrimoine, Palais du Chaillot, Paris, Mayu-Oktoba 2014 * Mai ba da shawara ga Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Zamani na Louisiana, Denmark don baje kolin 'Arab Contemporary: Architecture, Culture and Identity', Denmark, Janairu- Mayu 2014 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Daw'an Mud Brick Architecture Foundation |url=http://www.dawanarchitecturefoundation.org/ |access-date=2020-10-02 |website=www.dawanarchitecturefoundation.org}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Salma Samar Damluji |url=http://www.citedelarchitecture.fr/fr/publication/salma-samar-damluji |access-date=2020-10-02 |website=Cité de l'architecture & du patrimoine |language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Daw'an Mud Brick Architecture Foundation |url=http://www.dawanarchitecturefoundation.org/ |access-date=2020-10-02 |website=www.dawanarchitecturefoundation.org}}</ref> * 'ARABIYA FELIX: Tsarin Gine-ginen Yemen', <ref>{{Cite web |title=Daw'an Mud Brick Architecture Foundation |url=http://www.dawanarchitecturefoundation.org/ |access-date=2020-10-02 |website=www.dawanarchitecturefoundation.org}}</ref> RIBA London, Nuwamba 2007- Fabrairu 2008 === Sharhi === * Casabella, Mayu 2020 [https://casabellaweb.eu/2020/05/17/909-maggio-2020/ 'Hassan Fathy' na Francesco Dal Co] * Nuwamba–Disamba 2019: Sabon Sharhin Hagu [https://newleftreview.org/issues/II120/articles/owen-hatherley-a-mud-brick-utopia 'A Laka-Brick Utopia' na Owen Hatherley] * Nuwamba 2018: Financial Times [https://www.ft.com/content/7c0c7b94-ee0c-11e8-89c8-d36339d835c0 'Mafi kyawun littattafai na 2018: Gine-gine da zane' na Edwin Heathcote] * 8 Nuwamba 2018: Corriere della Sera [http://living.corriere.it/tendenze/architettura/hassan-fathy-lutopia-continua/ 'Hassan Fathy: l'utopia continua' na Testo Massimo di Conto] * Mujallar bangon waya ta Oktoba 2018 [https://www.wallpaper.com/architecture/hassan-fathy-book-laurence-king 'Littafi na farko kan falsafa da aikin Hassan Fathy' na Harriet Thorpe] * [https://www.admiddleeast.com/book-review-hassan-fathys-tale-of-earth-utopia Sharhin Littafi na Hassan Fathy game da Duniya da Utopia na Oktoba 2018 na Gabashin Tsakiya 'Bita na Littafi: Labarin Hassan Fathy game da Duniya da Utopia' na Jumana Abdel-Razzaq] === Kyaututtuka === * [https://blogbaladi.com/architect-aub-professor-salma-samar-damluji-elected-member-of-the-academie-darchitecture-en-france/ Médaille de la Restauration], Kwalejin Gine-gine ta Faransa, Lambar Azurfa ta Kwalejin Gine-gine ta Faransa 2015 (Paris) * Kyauta ta Duniya don Gine-gine Mai Dorewa 2012 (Paris), Gidauniyar Locus === Siffofin bidiyo === * [https://www.bloomberg.com/news/videos/2022-11-02/the-architects-building-future-cities-with-mud-video Laka Mai Sanyi Ya Fi Siminti Kyau Don Gina Gidaje a Afirka Mai Zafi, 2 Nuwamba 2022] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_8uOxf22xDs&feature=emb_logo Gidauniyar Gine-gine ta Daw'an Mud Brick: Shekaru goma sha biyu na aiki] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m_D43y9cjhY 'Sake Ba da Tarihi ...', Sabon jerin Canonical Historystories, London, Birtaniya, Janairu 2019] * [http://wave2018iuav.com/w-a-ve-2018-italian-beauty-il-video-della-premiazione/ WAVe. 2018 Italiyanci Beauty: bidiyon bikin bayar da kyautar] * [https://www.citedelarchitecture.fr/en/node/33549 Salma Samar Damluji, Daw'an Architecture Foundation, Entrevue diffusée dans l'exposition "Réenchanter le monde: architecture, ville, transitions" présentée à la Cité de l'architecture et du patrimoine du mercredi 21 mai 2014 au lundi 2014 octobre] * [https://vimeo.com/255729622 Duniyar Duniya, tare da Roger Moukarzel, don Maimaita Nunin Duniya, Cité de l'Architecture & du Patrimoine, 2014] * [https://www.citedelarchitecture.fr/fr/video/salma-samar-damluji-0 Leçon Inaugurale de l'école de Chaillot, Cité de l'Architecture et du Patrimoine, 3 Maris 2014] * [https://vimeo.com/112070037 Rana Dust: Shibam tare da Roger Moukarzel, 2013] == Gidauniyar Gine-ginen Bulo Mai Laka ta Daw'an == An kafa Gidauniyar Gine-gine ta Daw'an Mud a shekarar 2007-8, ta hannun Salma Samar Damluji da abokan aikinta a Yemen, Dr. Abdullah BaGhumyan da kuma Architect Ali Ba Saad. Gidauniyar tana kafa ayyuka kuma tana neman kuɗi don tsara da ginawa tare da masu ginin Hadrami ta amfani da kayan ƙasa da dabarun gine-ginen Yemen. [[Fayil:Salma_Damluji_group_photo.jpg|thumb|Haɗuwa a Masjidul Faqih tare da (hagu zuwa dama): Mai kula da Masallaci, Sayyid Abu Bakr al-Hamid, Salma Samar Damluji, Mansab 'Aynat Umar al-Hamid, Umar BaSa'd (direbanmu) da Karamah 'Ubayd 'Ulaywah. ©Daw'an Mud Brick Architecture Foundation, 2012]] === An kammala ayyukan === * [http://www.dawanarchitecturefoundation.org/projectdetails.aspx?ProjectID=9 Masna'at 'Urah] Wuri: Wadi Daw'an Kwanan wata: 2006 - 2013 * [http://www.dawanarchitecturefoundation.org/projectdetails.aspx?ProjectID=12 Masallacin Aynat: Masjid al Faqih] Wuri: 'Aynat- Wadi Hadramut Ranar: 2008-2011 * [http://www.dawanarchitecturefoundation.org/projectdetails.aspx?ProjectID=13 Masallacin Umar Ba Wazir Wuri] : Ghayl 'Umar- Sah, Wadi Hadramut Ranar: 2008 - 2010 [[Fayil:Salma_Damluji.jpg|thumb|Masallacin Umar Ba Wazir ©Daw'an Laka Bulo Gine-gine, 2010]] * [http://www.dawanarchitecturefoundation.org/projectdetails.aspx?ProjectID=14 Wali Domes (Saint Shrines)] Wuri: Sah, Wadi Hadramut Kwanan wata: 2008 - 2010 * [http://www.dawanarchitecturefoundation.org/projectdetails.aspx?ProjectID=15 Husn Qarn Majid] Wuri: Wadi Daw'an Kwanan wata: 2012 - 2014 * [http://www.dawanarchitecturefoundation.org/projectdetails.aspx?ProjectID=18 Gidajen Shibam] Gidan BaSahi - Gidan BaSwatayn Wuri: Shibam, Wadi Hadramut Kwanan wata: 2012 - 2014 * [http://www.dawanarchitecturefoundation.org/projectdetails.aspx?ProjectID=19 Bayan Yaki Shibam] Shibam Gateway Shigar Fadar Shibam Wuri: Shibam, Wadi Hadramut Kwanan wata: 2017 - 2019 * Majalisar Burtaniya, Asusun Kare Al'adu (CPF), ta amince da tallafin kudi don wani aiki kan 'Sake Ginawa da Gyaran Al'adu bayan Yaƙi a Yemen', wanda Asusun CER-Net Prince Claus ya jagoranta. An ba da kwangilar Gidauniyar Gine-gine ta Daw'an don gudanar da aikin tare da haɗin gwiwar Ofishin Gwamnan Hadramut. Aikin ya shafi sake gina wuraren al'adu da wuraren tarihi a Hadramut waɗanda aka yi niyya a lokacin yaƙin: [[Fayil:Salma_Damluji_group_photo_1.jpg|thumb|Tawagar Gine-ginen ...]] * [http://www.dawanarchitecturefoundation.org/projectdetails.aspx?ProjectID=20 Shaykh Ya'qub Dome] Location: Al Mukallah, Hadramut Date: 2019 - 2020 [[Fayil:Salma_Damluji_Work.jpg|thumb|Al Habib Hamad Bin Salih Domes ©Daw'an Laka Bulo Gine-gine, 2019]] [[Fayil:Salma_Damluji_Work_Progress.jpg|thumb|Al Habib Hamad Bin Salih Domes ©Daw'an Laka Bulo Gine-gine, 2019]] * [http://www.dawanarchitecturefoundation.org/projectdetails.aspx?ProjectID=23 Masallacin Shaklanza] Wuri: Al Shihr, Hadramut Kwanan wata: 2019 - 2020 * [http://www.dawanarchitecturefoundation.org/projectdetails.aspx?ProjectID=21 Al Habib Hamad Bin Salih Wuri] : Al Shihr, Hadramut Kwanan wata: 2019 - 2020 * Gidan [http://www.dawanarchitecturefoundation.org/projectdetails.aspx?ProjectID=22 Bin Isma'il Wuri] : Al Shihr, Hadramut Kwanan wata: 2019 - 2020 == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1954]] k7763wv3e34qj9fcz8tpbc5tkt9v4r0 Pinnawala Elephant Orphanage 0 131279 889364 769444 2026-07-30T13:16:15Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889364 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Pinnawala Elephant Orphanage''' ( Sinhala ), wata cibiyar kiwon giwaye ne da aka kama da kuma kiyaye su a yankin Asiya da ke ƙauyen Pinnawala, {{Convert|13|km|mi}} arewa maso gabashin garin Kegalle a Lardin Sabaragamuwa na [[Sri Lanka]] . Pinnawala tana da mafi girman garken giwayen da aka kama a duniya. A shekarar 2023, akwai giwaye 71, ciki har da maza 30 da mata 41 daga tsararraki 3, da ke zaune a Pinnawala. An kafa gidan marayun ne don kula da kuma kare [[Giwa|giwayen]] daji da dama marasa yaye da aka samu suna yawo a cikin dazuzzukan Sri Lanka da kuma kusa da su. [[Ma'aikatar Kare namun daji (Sri Lanka)|Ma'aikatar Kula da Namun Daji ta Sri Lanka]] (DWC) ce ta kafa shi a shekarar 1975. <ref name="PEO">{{Cite web |title=Pinnawala Elephant Orphanage |url=https://www.facebook.com/ElephantOrphanage.Pinnawala |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160121231833/https://www.facebook.com/ElephantOrphanage.Pinnawala |archive-date=January 21, 2016 |access-date=2012-02-20 |website=Elephants in Sri Lanka |publisher=My Sri Lanka Tourism}}</ref> A ranar 31 ga Agusta, 2021, wata giwa mai shekaru 25 mai suna Surangi ta haifi jarirai biyu maza a gidan marayu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 2021 |title=Rare twin baby elephants born in Sri Lanka {{!}} World {{!}} tulsaworld.com |url=https://tulsaworld.com/news/world/video_183f86b0-5a52-5ee2-b844-a210787661be.html |access-date=2021-09-02 |website=tulsaworld.com |archive-date=2025-12-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251231130701/https://tulsaworld.com/news/world/video_183f86b0-5a52-5ee2-b844-a210787661be.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Reuters Editorial |date=September 2021 |title=Rare twin baby elephants born in Sri Lanka |url=https://www.reuters.com/video/watch/rare-twin-baby-elephants-born-in-sri-lan-idOVESW7YW1/ |website=Reuters Video |language=en}}</ref> Hakan kuma ya zama karo na farko da aka haifi giwaye biyu a Sri Lanka bayan tazarar shekaru 80 tun daga shekarar 1941. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gilbert |first=Asha C. |title=Twin elephants born for the first time in almost 80 years in Sri Lanka |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2021/09/01/rare-twin-elephants-born-sri-lanka/5681192001/ |access-date=2021-09-02 |website=USA TODAY |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sri Lanka Reports Rare Birth Of Elephant Twins |url=https://www.ndtv.com/offbeat/sri-lanka-reports-rare-birth-of-elephant-twins-2525990 |access-date=2021-09-02 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Pinnawala-Elephant-Orphanage-01.webm|thumb| Giwaye suna tafiya zuwa Kogin Maha Oya]] Ma'aikatar Kula da Namun Daji ta Sri Lanka ce ta kafa gidan marayun giwaye na Pinnawala a shekarar 1975 domin ciyarwa da kuma kula da jarirai giwaye marayu da aka samu a daji. <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 2021 |title=Rare twin baby elephants born in Sri Lanka {{!}} World {{!}} tulsaworld.com |url=https://tulsaworld.com/news/world/video_183f86b0-5a52-5ee2-b844-a210787661be.html |access-date=2021-09-02 |website=tulsaworld.com |archive-date=2025-12-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251231130701/https://tulsaworld.com/news/world/video_183f86b0-5a52-5ee2-b844-a210787661be.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Gidan marayun yana cikin wurin shakatawa na [[Wilpattu National Park]], sannan aka mayar da shi wurin yawon bude ido a [[Bentota]] sannan aka mayar da shi [[Dehiwala Zoo|gidan namun daji na Dehiwala]] . Daga gidan namun daji aka mayar da shi kauyen Pinnawala mai {{Convert|25|acre|ha}} gonar [[Attagara|kwakwa]] da ke kusa da Kogin [[Maha Oya]] . Iyalan Adhikaram Mudiyanse (Iyalan Pinnawala) na Kandy sun bayar da ƙasar ga Gwamnatin Sri Lanka. Babban yankin kula da gidaje yana gefen gabas na Babbar Hanya B199, Titin Rambukkana. Babban wurin yana kuma da wasu gidajen cin abinci da wuraren shan giya, da gine-ginen gudanarwa ciki har da rumfunan barci da wuraren kula da dabbobi. Wurin wanka da kallon giwaye a gefen Kogin Oya yana daura da juna kai tsaye a gefen yamma na babbar hanyar. <ref name="bornfree">{{Cite web |last=Jay |first=David |title=Pinnawala Elephant Orphanage, Sri Lanka |url=http://www.bornfree.org.uk/campaigns/zoo-check/activities/pinnewala-elephant-orphanage/pinnewela-report/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100813132815/http://www.bornfree.org.uk/campaigns/zoo-check/activities/pinnewala-elephant-orphanage/pinnewela-report/ |archive-date=13 August 2010 |access-date=16 October 2010 |website=bornfree.org.uk |publisher=Born Free Foundation}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 2021 |title=Rare twin baby elephants born in Sri Lanka {{!}} World {{!}} tulsaworld.com |url=https://tulsaworld.com/news/world/video_183f86b0-5a52-5ee2-b844-a210787661be.html |access-date=2021-09-02 |website=tulsaworld.com |archive-date=2025-12-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251231130701/https://tulsaworld.com/news/world/video_183f86b0-5a52-5ee2-b844-a210787661be.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> A lokacin da aka kafa gidan marayun, gidan marayun yana da jarirai giwaye guda biyar waɗanda suka samar da cibiyarsa. Ƙarin marayun ya ci gaba har zuwa 1995 lokacin da DWC ta ƙirƙiri Gidan Canja wurin Giwa (ETH) da ke kusa da wurin shakatawa na ƙasa na Udawalawe . Tun daga lokacin, an kai jarirai marayu zuwa gidan marayun ETH kuma ƙari ga garken Pinnawala galibi ya kasance ne ta hanyar haihuwa da ake yi a can. An tsara wurin don jawo hankalin baƙi na gida da na ƙasashen waje, waɗanda kuɗin shiga daga ciki zai taimaka wajen kula da gidan marayun. Gidan marayun Pinnawala ya zama wurin yawon buɗe ido tun daga lokacin. A shekarar 1978, Ma'aikatar Lambunan Dabbobi ta Ƙasa ta Sri Lanka ta karɓe gidan marayun. A shekarar 1982 aka ƙaddamar da shirin kiwon giwaye. Masu ziyara a wurin shakatawa za su iya ganin kulawar giwaye da kuma ayyukan yau da kullum, kamar ciyar da 'yan maruƙan giwaye a kwalba, ciyar da sauran giwaye, da kuma yin wanka a Ma Oya (Kogin). [[Fayil:Elephant_feeding_at_Pinnawela.jpg|thumb|An ba wa baƙi damar ciyar da Giwaye a Pinnawela, Sri Lanka.]] == Kula da giwaye == Wasu ƙananan giwaye kan faɗa cikin ramuka da kwaruruka a lokacin da suke neman ruwa a lokacin fari. Wasu marayu an kore su daga wurin da suke zaune a daji saboda ayyukan ci gaba ko kuma an same su an yi watsi da su kafin a yaye su, ko kuma a yi musu rashin lafiya ko kuma a ji musu rauni. <ref name="PEO"/> Akwai kimanin mahouts (masu kula da giwaye 70) waɗanda ke kula da giwayen. Giwayen mata da ƙanana a Pinnawala suna yawo cikin 'yanci a matsayin garken da rana a wani yanki mai kadada kaɗan. Ana kiwon su kimanin {{Convert|0.5|km|mi}} sau biyu a rana don sha da kuma yin wanka a cikin kogin. Da dare, mata suna ɗaure kansu a cikin rumfuna. Maza manya suna yin wasu ayyuka masu sauƙi kamar jigilar abinci. Ana ɗaure su da sarƙoƙi kuma ana kula da su daban-daban. Ba a ciyar da 'yan maraƙi da aka haifa a Pinnawala a kwalba, amma kaɗan daga ETH ana ajiye su a Pinnawala kuma ana ciyar da su a kwalba a matsayin wurin shakatawa na yawon buɗe ido. Ana ciyar da giwayen a cikin rumfunansu. Akwai ƙarancin abinci da za su iya tattarawa daga harabar gidan marayun sai dai ciyawa. Yawancin jackfruit, [[Attagara|kwakwa]], kitul (sugar palm), [[Tsamiya|tamarind]] da ciyawa, ana kawo su kowace rana, su ne mafi yawan abincin giwayen. <ref name="EE">{{Cite web |title=Pinnawala elephant orphanage in Sri Lanka |url=http://www.elephant.se/location2.php?location_id=43 |access-date=20 February 2012 |website=elephant.se |publisher=[[Dan Koehl#Elephant Encyclopedia|Koehl D, Elephant Encyclopedia]]}}</ref> Kowace dabba babba ana ba ta kimanin {{Convert|250|kg}} . na wannan abu mai kore a kowace rana kuma kusan {{Convert|2|kg}} daga jakar abinci mai ɗauke da shinkafa da [[masara]] . <ref name="PEO"/> [[Fayil:Elephants_in_water2.jpg|thumb|Masu yawon bude ido suna kallon giwaye suna wanka a Kogin Oya]] [[Fayil:Elephant_orphanage_near_Kandy,_Sri_Lanka.jpg|thumb|Jariran giwaye tare da iyayensu mata a Pinnawala]] [[Fayil:Tusker_Raja.jpg|thumb|Makaho "RAJA" a Pinnawala]] [[Fayil:Pinnawala_elephant_orphanage_with_tusker.jpg|thumb|Giwaye suna wanka a Pinnawala]] [[Fayil:Pinnawala_Elephant_Orphanage_34.JPG|thumb|Jaririn giwa a Pinnawala]] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] rq4u0247361h3bstadm8jzri5qolsia Rashin kula da gida 0 131733 889592 770462 2026-07-30T22:12:37Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889592 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{smalldiv|1=(a) PLN only. Does not include generation capacity in the main independent power producers which had an approximate capacity of another 5,600 MW at the end of 2012. (b) Includes wholesale electricity purchases by PLN from independent power producers (who had a total combined capacity of around 4,200 MW in 2011) and resold to consumers. (c) Average revenue shown (a proxy for the average price of electricity) = Output value divided by sales. (d) Estimate in US cents = Average Rp revenue adjusted by the end-year exchange rate.}}PT Perusahaan Listrik Negara (Persero) (lit. <nowiki>''</nowiki>, an taƙaita shi da '''PLN''') kamfani ne na gwamnatin [[Indonesiya|Indonesia]] wanda ke da iko kan Rarraba wutar lantarki a Indonesia . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Apriliyanti |first=Indri Dwi |last2=Nugraha |first2=Diwangkara Bagus |last3=Kristiansen |first3=Stein |last4=Overland |first4=Indra |date=2024-12-01 |title=To reform or not reform? Competing energy transition perspectives on Indonesia's monopoly electricity supplier Perusahaan Listrik Negara (PLN) |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214629624003888 |journal=Energy Research & Social Science |volume=118 |pages=103797 |doi=10.1016/j.erss.2024.103797 |issn=2214-6296 |doi-access=free}}</ref> PLN tana samar da mafi yawan wutar lantarki ta Indonesia, tana aiki da 46.8 GW na ƙarfin shigarwa kuma tana samar da 184.6 TWh a cikin 2024 da kanta da 343.9 TWh gami da gudummawa daga masu samar da wutar lantarki masu zaman kansu (IPPs). <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=PLN Statistics 2024 |url=https://web.pln.co.id/statics/uploads/2025/02/Statistik-PLN-2024-Unaudieted-28.2.25.pdf |access-date=9 May 2025 |website=PLN |archive-date=29 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250429133836/https://web.pln.co.id/statics/uploads/2025/02/Statistik-PLN-2024-Unaudieted-28.2.25.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 April 2014 |title=Indonesia-Investments.com:Perusahaan Listrik Negara company profile |url=http://www.indonesia-investments.com/doing-business/indonesian-companies/perusahaan-listrik-negara-pln-soe/item409}}</ref><ref name="statesdm">{{Cite web |date=September 2016 |title=Statistik Ketenagalistrikan T.A. 2016 |url=https://djk.esdm.go.id/pdf/Buku%20Statistik%20Ketenagalistrikan/Statistik%20Ketenagalistrikan%20T.A.%202016.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170815140912/https://djk.esdm.go.id/pdf/Buku%20Statistik%20Ketenagalistrikan/Statistik%20Ketenagalistrikan%20T.A.%202016.pdf |archive-date=15 August 2017 |access-date=17 August 2017 |publisher=[[Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (Indonesia)|Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources]] |language=Indonesian}}</ref> An haɗa shi a cikin jerin Fortune Global 500 na 2014 da 2015. <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 July 2015 |title=480. Perusahaan Listrik Negara |url=http://fortune.com/global500/2015/perusahaan-listrik-negara-480/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709123505/https://fortune.com/global500/2015/perusahaan-listrik-negara-480/ |archive-date=9 July 2023 |access-date=17 August 2017 |website=Fortune Global 500 |publisher=Fortune}}</ref> Yana da manyan basussuka saboda kwangilar wutar lantarki mai tsada.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-13 |title=Coal Fever in Indonesia |url=https://earthjournalism.net/stories/coal-fever-in-indonesia |access-date=2022-02-07 |website=Earth Journalism Network |language=en}}</ref> == Tarihi == Tarihin bangaren wutar lantarki a Indonesia ya fara ne a ƙarshen karni na 19 lokacin da masu mulkin mallaka na Holland suka shigar da janareto na farko na wutar lantarki.{{Sfn|McCawley|1971}} Mafi girma daga cikin kamfanonin rarraba wutar lantarki shine Nederlands Indische Gasmaatschappij (NIGM) wanda asalinsa kamfanin gas ne. A yakin duniya na biyu, Jafananci sun kwace iko da bangaren wutar lantarki. Bayan Indonesia ta sami 'yancin kai a ranar 17 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1945, matasan Indonesiya masu juyin juya hali sun mallaki bangaren wutar lantarki kuma sun mika kayan aikin ga gwamnatin jamhuriya. Tarihin bangaren wutar lantarki tun daga wannan lokacin ya kasance daya daga cikin ci gaba da canjin ma'aikata.{{Sfn|McCawley|1971}} A ranar 27 ga Oktoba, 1945, Shugaba Sukarno ya kafa Jawatan Listrik dan Gas (Ofishin Wutar Lantarki da Iskar Gas) tare da ƙarfin samar da wutar lantarki na 157.5 MW. A ranar 1 ga Janairu, 1961, an canza ofishin Wutar Lantarki da Iskar Gas zuwa BPU PLN ('Badan Pimpinan Umum Perusahaan Listrik Negara, Babban Kwamitin Daraktoci na Kamfanonin Wutar Lantarki na Jiha) wanda ke aiki a fannonin wutar lantarki, iskar gas, da coke (Indonesia: kokas). A ranar 1 ga Janairu, 1965, an maye gurbin BPU-PLN da kamfanoni biyu mallakar gwamnati, Perusahaan Listrik Negara (PLN) wanda ke kula da ɓangaren wutar lantarki da Perusahaan Gas Negara (PGN). Haɗin ƙarfin janareto na wutar lantarki na PLN a lokacin shine 300 MW. Akwai ƙarin canje-canje a hukumomi a shekarun 1970, 1980, da 1990. A watan Satumbar 2002, an gabatar da Dokar Wutar Lantarki (Dokar No. 20 ta 2002), [1] . Dokar ta soke tsarin wutar lantarki a hukumance. Sabuwar dokar ta buƙaci kawo ƙarshen ikon PLN kan rarraba wutar lantarki a cikin shekaru biyar bayan haka za a ba da izinin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu (na waje da na cikin gida) su sayar da wutar lantarki kai tsaye ga masu amfani. Dukkanin kamfanoni za su yi amfani da hanyar sadarwar PLN ta yanzu. Koyaya, Kotun Tsarin Mulki ta soke dokar a shekara ta 2004.[2] A sakamakon haka, bangaren wutar lantarki ya kasance cikin yanayin da ba a tabbatar da shi ba na wasu shekaru. An gabatar da sabuwar dokar wutar lantarki, Dokar No. 30 ta 2009, don samar da tabbacin doka mafi girma kodayake wannan aikin, ma, ya kasance mai kawo rigima saboda, kamar yadda ya faru da dokar 2002, ya ba da doka ta kawo ƙarshen ikon PLN.[3] == Ayyuka == A farkon rabin shekara ta 2011, PLN ta samar da sa'o'i 88 (TWh). Kamfanin ya samar da kusan 24% na fitarwa ta amfani da man fetur tare da shirye-shiryen rage rabon zuwa 3% ta 2013 da 1.7% ta 2014. Hasashen cikakken shekara (2011) yana kusa da 182 TWh (daidai da kusan 760 kWh ga kowane mutum). === Ikon da tsari === A ƙarshen shekara ta 2015, an kiyasta jimlar ƙarfin samar da PLN (wanda shuke-shuke daban-daban suka samar a duk faɗin Indonesia) a kusan 34,262 MW.<ref name="statesdm"/> A cikin shekara ta 2016, PLN ta shirya inganta ƙarfin ƙarni da aka shigar da shi da MW 1,932. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:40%;" |+PLN: Capacity da mafi girman kaya, ƙarshen 2011 (megawatts) | ! scope="col" |Matsakaicin ƙarfin ! scope="col" |Matsakaicin nauyi |- ! scope="row" |Java-Bali |21,257 |16,150 |- ! scope="row" |Yammacin Indonesia |4,602 |4,299 |- ! scope="row" |Gabashin Indonesia |2,603 |2,484 |- ! scope="row" |Jimillar |28,462 |22,933 |} Babban alamomi suna ƙaruwa tare da ci gaban tattalin arziki gaba ɗaya a Indonesia kodayake ci gaban kudaden shiga na kowane ɗayan da aka siyar (Rp / kWh) ya kasance mai jinkiri: {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:40%;" |+PLN: Muhimman kididdiga 2005-2017 | ! scope="col" |Ma'aikata ! scope="col" |Capacity (a) ! scope="col" |Fitarwa (b) ! scope="col" |An sayar da shi ! scope="col" |Darajar fitarwa ! scope="col" |Matsakaicin kuɗin shiga (c) ! scope="col" |Matsakaicin kuɗin shiga (d) |- ! scope="row" |Rukunin |Adadin |MW |TWh |TWh |Rp trill |Rp/kWh |US cents / kWh |- ! scope="row" |2005 |43,762 |22,515 |124.5 |105.9 |64.0 |604 |6.2 |- ! scope="row" |2006 |43,048 |24,846 |131.7 |112.6 |74.9 |665 |7.4 |- ! scope="row" |2007 |42,537 |25,224 |139.7 |121.2 |77.4 |639 |6.8 |- ! scope="row" |2008 |42,715 |25,594 |148.0 |129.0 |86.4 |670 |6.1 |- ! scope="row" |2009 |42,096 |25,637 |156.8 |134.6 |90.9 |676 |7.2 |- ! scope="row" |2010 |43,638 |26,895 |176.0 |149.0 |103.0 |700 |8.0 |- ! scope="row" |2011 |44,343 |29,268 |184.2 |158.7 |112.8 |714 |7.8 |- ! scope="row" |2012 |50,287 |32,901 |200.3 |174.0 |126.7 |728 |7.5 |- ! scope="row" |2013 |49,833 |34,206 |216.2 |187.5 |153.5 |818 |6.1 |- ! scope="row" |2014 |46,068 |37,226 |228.6 |198.6 |186.6 |940 |7.5 |- ! scope="row" |2015 |47,594 |38,265 |234.0 |202.8 |209.8 |1,034 |7.5 |- ! scope="row" |2016 |51,158 |39,785 |248.6 |216.0 |214.1 |991 |7.3 |- ! scope="row" |2017 |54,820 |39,652 |254.7 |223.1 |246.6 |1,105 |8.1 |} <small>Tushen: Ofishin Kididdiga na Indonesia, ''Statistik Indonesia'' (bugawa ta shekara-shekara: shekaru daban-daban), Jakarta, da Statistik PLN (bugawa na shekara-sheko; shekaru daban-ара), Jakarta.</small> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 1212t1v1siyozd7hio8s18mv6sezu9z Fiona Patten 0 133002 889345 815686 2026-07-30T12:06:24Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 889345 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Fiona Heather Patten''' (an haife ta a watan Mayu shekara ta 1964) 'yar siyasar Australiya ce. Ta kasance shugabar Reason [[Asturaliya|Australia]] (wanda aka fi sani da Reason Party) kuma ta kasance memba na Majalisar Dokokin Victoria tsakanin 2014 da 2022, tana wakiltar Yankin Arewacin Metropolitan, har sai da ta rasa kujerarta a Zaben jihar na 2022. Patten ya kafa Jam'iyyar Jima'i ta Australiya a cikin 2009 don mayar da hankali kan 'yancin mutum bayan zurfin takaici tare da tsayawa kan tantancewa, 'yanci, daidaito na aure da sake fasalin dokar miyagun ƙwayoyi. A ranar 22 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2017, an ba da sanarwar cewa Jam'iyyar Jima'i ta Australiya za ta canza sunanta zuwa Jam'iyyar Reason.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web |url=http://www.smh.com.au/federal-politics/political-news/australian-sex-party-to-become-the-reason-party-20170821-gy185f.html |title=Australian Sex Party to become the Reason Party |publisher=Smh.com.au |date=21 August 2017 |access-date=11 December 2018 |archive-date=22 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822134111/http://www.smh.com.au/federal-politics/political-news/australian-sex-party-to-become-the-reason-party-20170821-gy185f.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite web |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-08-22/sex-party-changes-its-name-to-reason-party/8830106 |title=Sex Party to change name to Reason Party, founder Fiona Patten announces |publisher=ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation) |date=22 August 2017 |access-date=11 December 2018 |archive-date=22 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822165557/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-08-22/sex-party-changes-its-name-to-reason-party/8830106 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="autogenerated3">{{cite web |url=http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/2017/08/22/sex-party-changes-its-name-mp-takes-aim-extremists-australian-politics |title=Sex Party changes its name, MP takes aim at 'extremists' in Australian politics |publisher=SBS News |date=22 August 2017 |access-date=11 December 2018 |archive-date=9 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171109211621/http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/2017/08/22/sex-party-changes-its-name-mp-takes-aim-extremists-australian-politics |url-status=live }}</ref> Kafin ya shiga siyasa, Patten ya kasance Shugaba na kungiyar masana'antar manya ta Australia, Eros Association. Ta goyi bayan haƙƙin jima'i da ƙungiyoyin kiwon lafiya sama da shekaru 20, musamman kan HIV / AIDS, bayan da ta fara ne a matsayin mai mallakar ƙaramin kasuwanci tare da lakabin tufafinta. A lokacin da take 'yar majalisa ta Victoria, an yaba wa Patten saboda taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen cimma sauye-sauyen zamantakewa a Victoria, tare da misalai ciki har da wucewar dokar da ta taimaka wa Victoria, gwajin dakin yin allurar miyagun ƙwayoyi a Richmond, sauƙaƙe dokoki ga kamfanonin hawa-shekara kamar Uber da kafa wuraren buffer don asibitocin zubar da ciki don kiyaye masu zanga-zangar daga marasa lafiya da ma'aikata.[1][2] A cewar The Age, tsakanin Nuwamba 2018 da Nuwamba 2021, Patten ya jefa kuri'a tare da matsayin Gwamnatin Andrews 74.3% na lokacin, na biyu mafi yawan kowane dan majalisa, bayan Andy Meddick na Jam'iyyar Adalci ta Dabbobi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sakkal |first=Paul |date=26 November 2021 |title='Is this what compliant looks like?': Victoria's crossbench conflict |url=https://www.theage.com.au/national/victoria/is-this-what-compliant-looks-like-victoria-s-crossbench-conflict-20211124-p59bnh.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240828025110/https://www.theage.com.au/national/victoria/is-this-what-compliant-looks-like-victoria-s-crossbench-conflict-20211124-p59bnh.html |archive-date=28 August 2024 |access-date=1 December 2021 |website=The Age |publisher=Fairfax Media}}</ref> A watan Maris na shekara ta 2024, Patten ta ba da sanarwar cewa tana cire rajistar Reason Australia.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Godde |first=Callum |date=2024-03-07 |title=Prominent ex-Victorian MP rules out political comeback |url=https://www.canberratimes.com.au/story/8547843/prominent-ex-victorian-mp-rules-out-political-comeback/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240920020243/https://www.canberratimes.com.au/story/8547843/prominent-ex-victorian-mp-rules-out-political-comeback/ |archive-date=20 September 2024 |access-date=2024-04-23 |website=The Canberra Times |language=en-AU}}</ref> A watan Agustan 2024, an ba da sanarwar cewa Fiona Patten za ta kasance babban dan takarar Majalisar Dattijai na Legalise Cannabis Australia (wanda aka fi sani da Jam'iyyar Legalise Cannabis) a Victoria a zaben Majalisar Dattijan Australia na 2025. <ref name="Legalise Cannabis, September 2024">{{Cite web |title=Lead Candidate Announcement |url=https://www.legalisecannabis.org.au/lead_candidate_announcement |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240920020243/https://www.legalisecannabis.org.au/lead_candidate_announcement |archive-date=20 September 2024 |access-date=5 September 2024 |website=legalisecannabis.org.au |publisher=Legalise Cannabis Australia}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da aiki == An haifi Patten a [[Kanberra|Canberra]], Babban Birnin Australiya, 'yar Colin Richard Lloyd "Rick" Patten, jami'in sojan ruwa na Australiya, da matarsa Anne, ma'aikaciyar gwamnati da aka haifa a Scotland wacce ke aiki a kamfanin sadarwa na gwamnati. Rick da Anne Patten sun hadu a [[Scotland]], inda aka buga tsohon, kuma bayan haihuwarta Patten ta yi wasu sassan yarinta a Ingila da Amurka, tare da bayanan mahaifinta. Patten yana da ƙaramar 'yar'uwa da ƙaramin ɗan'uwa. Patten ta sami karatun firamare a kasashen waje. Ta yi fice a wasanni kuma tana da sha'awar yin iyo. Bayan ta koma Ostiraliya tare da iyalinta a shekara ta 1978, Patten ta halarci Kwalejin Hawker a Canberra inda ta yi karatun lissafi, kimiyyar lissafi, fasahar masana'antu, zane-zane, zane-zanen ƙasa da nazarin muhalli. Ta ci gaba da karatun Landscape Architecture da Industrial Design a Jami'ar Canberra . Daga baya ta kammala karatu tare da cancanta a cikin zane-zane kuma ta fara lakabin tufafinta, Jiki Siyasa . An buɗe kantin sayar da kayayyaki na farko a Yarralumla a ƙarshen shekarun 1980, inda ta sayar da kayan aikinta da kuma zane-zanen abokan aiki a [[Sydney]]. A farkon shekarun 1990s a Ostiraliya, an karɓi sha'awar tarin Patten mai tsada daga ma'aikata a Masana'antar jima'i. == Ayyukan kasuwanci, 1988-2014 == === Siyasa ta jiki === Patten ta fara aikinta tare da kamfaninta Body Politics . Tare da manyan abokan ciniki na ma'aikatan jima'i, Patten ta zama mai sha'awar haƙƙin ma'aikatan mmekọahụ, daga ƙarshe ta shiga Ma'aikatan Aikin Jima'i (WISE), ƙungiyar lobbying, don sanar da masu haɗari na yawan jama'a game da barazanar HIV / AIDS. Patten ya yi aiki a matsayin mai magana da yawun kuma zai ziyarci gidajen karuwai sau ɗaya a mako don koya wa mata game da jima'i mai aminci. Daga 1990 zuwa 1992, Patten kanta ma'aikaciyar jima'i ce. Gamuwarta ta farko ta fara ne a ''Fadar Tiffany'' a Canberra, inda ta yi jima'i da abokin ciniki lokacin da wani ma'aikaci bai kasance ba. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1964]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] o8n6gounnl7givdjp5vbwvhk5cv68yr Muhammad Rashid Azmi 0 133024 889688 773333 2026-07-31T07:32:59Z BnHamid 12586 889688 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad Rashid Azmi''' (an haife shi a ranar 16 ga watan Disamba shekara ta 1959) masanin addinin Musulunci ne na Indiya, Mufti, kuma malami. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Mataimakin Shugaban kasa (Naib Mohtamim) na Darul Uloom Deoband tun watan Oktoba 2021, wanda ya gaji Abdul Khaliq Sambhali . == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Muhammad Rashid Azmi a ranar 16 ga Disamba 1959, a ƙauyen Bamhaur, Gundumar Azamgarh, Uttar Pradesh, Indiya. Mahaifinsa, Muhammad Muslim Bamhauri Azmi, shi ma masanin addinin Musulunci ne. Ya fara karatunsa na farko na Islama a Madrasah Korania da Jamia Husainia a Jaunpur . A shekara ta 1983, ya shiga Darul Uloom Deoband kuma ya kammala tsarin karatun Dars-e-Nizami a shekarar 1984. Ya ci gaba da karatu a fannin shari'ar Islama (Ifta) a wannan ma'aikatar kuma ya kammala a shekarar 1985.{{Sfn|Muzaffarnagari|Saharanpuri|2023}} == Ayyuka == Bayan kammala karatunsa, Azmi ya koyar a Jamia Husainia a Jaunpur har zuwa 1991. A shekara ta 1992, ya shiga Darul Uloom Deoband a matsayin malami, daga ƙarshe ya zama malami don aji masu ci gaba (Darja-e-'Ulya). Ya koyar da matani daban-daban na Islama, ciki har da ''Muwatta Imam Malik'' da [[Sunan ibn Majah|''Sunan Ibn Majah'']], kuma a halin yanzu yana koyar da [[Sunan Abu Dawood|''Sunan Abu Dawood'']] . <ref name="Khalili">{{Cite book|last3=Muhammadullah Khalili Qasmi}}</ref>{{Sfn|Muzaffarnagari|Saharanpuri||2023}} A cikin 1428 AH (2007 AZ), an nada Azmi a matsayin shugaban sashen Tahaffuz-e-Sunnah (Tsaron Sunnah) a Darul Uloom Deoband . Ayyukansa a cikin wannan sashen sun haɗa da magance akidar da aka ɗauka ba ta dace da addinin Islama ba.{{Sfn|Qasmi|2020}} A watan Oktoba na 2021, an nada Azmi Mataimakin Mataimakin Shugaban Darul Uloom Deoband ta majalisar dokoki, wanda ya gaji Abdul Khaliq Sambhali . <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 October 2021 |title=मुफ्ती राशिद आज़मी चुने गए दारुल उलूम देवबंद के नायब मोहतमिम |trans-title=Mufti Rashid Azmi elected as deputy Mohtamim of Darul Uloom Deoband |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/zeesalaam/news/mufti-rashid-azmi-has-been-selected-for-nayab-mohatamim-of-darul-uloom-deoband/1000065 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004135830/https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/zeesalaam/news/mufti-rashid-azmi-has-been-selected-for-nayab-mohatamim-of-darul-uloom-deoband/1000065 |archive-date=4 October 2021 |access-date=5 January 2025 |website=[[Zee News]] |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Choudhary |first=Sameer |date=4 October 2021 |title=Mufti Muhammad Rashid Azmi banaye gaye Darul Uloom Deoband ke naye Naib Mohtamim... |trans-title=Mufti Muhammad Rashid Azmi has been appointed as the new Deputy Vice-Chancellor of Darul Uloom Deoband... |url=https://urdu.millattimes.com/archives/75770 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004120853/https://urdu.millattimes.com/archives/75770 |archive-date=4 October 2021 |access-date=5 January 2025 |website=Millat Times |language=ur}}</ref> Azmi kuma memba ne na kwamitin zartarwa na Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind (M). <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 October 2021 |title=मुफ्ती राशिद आज़मी चुने गए दारुल उलूम देवबंद के नायब मोहतमिम |trans-title=Mufti Rashid Azmi elected as deputy Mohtamim of Darul Uloom Deoband |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/zeesalaam/news/mufti-rashid-azmi-has-been-selected-for-nayab-mohatamim-of-darul-uloom-deoband/1000065 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004135830/https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/zeesalaam/news/mufti-rashid-azmi-has-been-selected-for-nayab-mohatamim-of-darul-uloom-deoband/1000065 |archive-date=4 October 2021 |access-date=5 January 2025 |website=[[Zee News]] |language=hi}}</ref> == Ayyukan wallafe-wallafen == Azmi shine marubucin ayyuka da yawa, ciki har da: {{Sfn|Qasmi|2020}} * ''Muhaadharaat-e-Ilmiyyah'' (fassara. Magana ta Masana game da Karkatar da Ra'ayin da ba daidai ba) * ''Mas'ala-e-Taqlīd'' (fassara The Issue of Taqlid) == Dubi kuma == * Jerin Deobandis == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1959]] rgru9u7k507lfkryrfliylvhlz7jno1 Susan Love 0 133635 889691 774528 2026-07-31T07:34:53Z BnHamid 12586 889691 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Susan Margaret Love''' (9 ga Fabrairu, 1948 - 2 ga Yuli, 2023) likita ce ta Amurka, fitacciyar mai ba da shawara game da binciken rigakafin cutar kanjamau, kuma marubuciya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Smiley |first=Tavis |title=Breast cancer expert Dr. Susan Love |url=https://www.pbs.org/wnet/tavissmiley/interviews/breast-cancer-expert-dr-susan-love/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306113130/http://www.pbs.org/wnet/tavissmiley/interviews/breast-cancer-expert-dr-susan-love/ |archive-date=March 6, 2014 |access-date=6 March 2014 |publisher=PBS}}</ref> An dauke ta a matsayin daya daga cikin masu kula da Lafiyar mata da aka fi girmamawa a Amurka. == Tarihi == === Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi === An haifi Susan Margaret Love a Little Silver, New Jersey, a ranar 9 ga Fabrairu, 1948. Ta zauna a [[Mexico (ƙasa)|Mexico]] da [[Puerto Rico]] tun tana yarinya, sakamakon aikin mahaifinta a matsayin mai siyar da masana'antu. Ƙaunar ta shiga Jami'ar Fordham bayan ta kwashe watanni biyar da ba su yi nasara ba a Makarantar Sisters of Notre Dame . Love ta sami digiri na likita daga SUNY Downstate Medical School cum laude a 1974 kuma ta yi aikin tiyata a Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Beth Isra'ila ta Boston.<ref name="apbspeakers.com">[https://www.apbspeakers.com/speaker/susan-love Susan Love {{!}} Speaker Profile and Speaking Topics]</ref> Ta kuma kammala karatu daga shirin Executive MBA a UCLA Anderson School of Management . <ref name="apbspeakers.com" /> === Rayuwa, lafiya, da mutuwa === Ƙaunar ta fito ne a matsayin lesbian a farkon aikinta, a lokacin da irin wannan wahayi na iya ɗaukar "babban haɗari na ƙwararru da na mutum". Daga baya ta yi gwagwarmaya don fadada haƙƙin ma'aurata masu jinsi ɗaya a matsayin iyaye. A shekara ta 1993, ita da abokinta Dokta Helen Cooksey sun yi tarihi ta hanyar samun amincewa don tallafi na farko na ma'aurata masu luwadi daga Kotun Koli ta Massachusetts, jihar da ba ta amince da auren jinsi ɗaya a lokacin ba.<ref name="Fox" /> Ma'auratan sun yi aure a San Francisco a shekara ta 2004.<ref name="Fox" /> A cikin 2012, Love ta ba da sanarwar cewa an gano ta da cutar sankara kuma za ta ɗauki hutu don neman magani.[1] Bayan samun nasarar magani, Love ta koma aiki a shekara mai zuwa, amma ta mutu daga sake dawowar cutar a ranar 2 ga Yuli, 2023, tana da shekaru 75, a gidanta a Los Angeles. == Ayyuka == Love ta kammala karatunta na tiyata a asibitin Beth Israel na Boston, kuma a cikin 1988 an dauke ta don kafa Cibiyar Maɗaukaki ta Faulkner a asibitan Faulknar, tare da cikakkiyar kulawa wacce ta ba marasa lafiya damar ganin ƙungiyoyin da suka hada da masu warkar da radiation, oncologists da masu tiyata. Bayan barin asibitin Faulkner a Boston, an dauki Love don kafa abin da daga baya ya zama Cibiyar Revlon Breast a Jami'ar California, Los Angeles (UCLA) a shekarar 1992. Ta kafa kungiyar bayar da shawarwari kansar mama a farkon shekarun 1990, ta taimaka wajen shirya kungiyar National Breast Cancer Coalition (NBCC). Daga baya ta yi aiki a kan allon NBCC da Young Survival Coalition . A shekara ta 1996, ta yi ritaya daga aikin tiyata don ba da lokacinta don gano dalilin ciwon nono. A cewar The New York Times, Ƙauna ta nemi "ba don warkar da cutar ba amma don cinye ta gaba ɗaya ta hanyar ware abubuwan da ke haifar da ita da kuma hana su a matakin salula". A shekara ta 1998, Love ta sami digiri na kasuwanci daga shirin Executive MBA a Makarantar Anderson ta UCLA. Shugaba Clinton ne ya nada ta a Hukumar Ba da Shawara ta Ciwon daji ta Kasa, matsayin da ta rike daga 1998 zuwa 2004. Ta ci gaba da matsayi na kwamitin a Cibiyar Ciwon daji ta Kasa, kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin farfesa a fannin tiyata a UCLA . <ref name="SLRF">{{Cite web |title=Dr. Susan Love Research Foundation |url=http://www.dslrf.org/endingbc/content.asp?L2=1&L3=1&SID=278 |access-date=6 March 2014 |publisher=Dr. Susan Love Research Foundation}}</ref> Love ya kasance farfesa na asibiti na tiyata a Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta David Geffen a UCLA . Ƙaunar ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin Wanda ya kafa kuma Darakta na Kiwon Lafiya na Gidauniyar Dokta Susan Love don Binciken Ciwon Cutar Cutar Ciki, wanda aka fi sani da Cibiyar Ciwon Ciki ta Santa Barbara. A cikin 2020, Love ya zama Babban Jami'in hangen nesa. == Littattafai (zaɓaɓɓu) == === Littattafai === * Dr. Susan Love's Breast Book Farko (1990) * ''Dr. Susan Love's Breast Book Edition Na biyu'' (1995) * ''Dr. Susan Love's Breast Book Edition Na uku'' (2000) * Dr. Susan Love's Breast Book Fourth Edition (2005) * ''Dr. Susan Love's Breast Book Fifth Edition'' (2010) * Dr. Susan Love's Breast Book Edition na shida (2015) * Dr. Susan Love's Breast Book Na bakwai (2023) * Dr. Susan Love's Menopause and Hormone Book (2003) * Ka yi rayuwa kadan! : Karkatar da Dokoki Ba za ta karya Lafiyarku ba (2009) [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2023]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1948]] ece2qmdqfwofix5fzyibxpljfqzi4x2 889692 889691 2026-07-31T07:35:09Z BnHamid 12586 /* Littattafai */ 889692 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Susan Margaret Love''' (9 ga Fabrairu, 1948 - 2 ga Yuli, 2023) likita ce ta Amurka, fitacciyar mai ba da shawara game da binciken rigakafin cutar kanjamau, kuma marubuciya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Smiley |first=Tavis |title=Breast cancer expert Dr. Susan Love |url=https://www.pbs.org/wnet/tavissmiley/interviews/breast-cancer-expert-dr-susan-love/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306113130/http://www.pbs.org/wnet/tavissmiley/interviews/breast-cancer-expert-dr-susan-love/ |archive-date=March 6, 2014 |access-date=6 March 2014 |publisher=PBS}}</ref> An dauke ta a matsayin daya daga cikin masu kula da Lafiyar mata da aka fi girmamawa a Amurka. == Tarihi == === Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi === An haifi Susan Margaret Love a Little Silver, New Jersey, a ranar 9 ga Fabrairu, 1948. Ta zauna a [[Mexico (ƙasa)|Mexico]] da [[Puerto Rico]] tun tana yarinya, sakamakon aikin mahaifinta a matsayin mai siyar da masana'antu. Ƙaunar ta shiga Jami'ar Fordham bayan ta kwashe watanni biyar da ba su yi nasara ba a Makarantar Sisters of Notre Dame . Love ta sami digiri na likita daga SUNY Downstate Medical School cum laude a 1974 kuma ta yi aikin tiyata a Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Beth Isra'ila ta Boston.<ref name="apbspeakers.com">[https://www.apbspeakers.com/speaker/susan-love Susan Love {{!}} Speaker Profile and Speaking Topics]</ref> Ta kuma kammala karatu daga shirin Executive MBA a UCLA Anderson School of Management . <ref name="apbspeakers.com" /> === Rayuwa, lafiya, da mutuwa === Ƙaunar ta fito ne a matsayin lesbian a farkon aikinta, a lokacin da irin wannan wahayi na iya ɗaukar "babban haɗari na ƙwararru da na mutum". Daga baya ta yi gwagwarmaya don fadada haƙƙin ma'aurata masu jinsi ɗaya a matsayin iyaye. A shekara ta 1993, ita da abokinta Dokta Helen Cooksey sun yi tarihi ta hanyar samun amincewa don tallafi na farko na ma'aurata masu luwadi daga Kotun Koli ta Massachusetts, jihar da ba ta amince da auren jinsi ɗaya a lokacin ba.<ref name="Fox" /> Ma'auratan sun yi aure a San Francisco a shekara ta 2004.<ref name="Fox" /> A cikin 2012, Love ta ba da sanarwar cewa an gano ta da cutar sankara kuma za ta ɗauki hutu don neman magani.[1] Bayan samun nasarar magani, Love ta koma aiki a shekara mai zuwa, amma ta mutu daga sake dawowar cutar a ranar 2 ga Yuli, 2023, tana da shekaru 75, a gidanta a Los Angeles. == Ayyuka == Love ta kammala karatunta na tiyata a asibitin Beth Israel na Boston, kuma a cikin 1988 an dauke ta don kafa Cibiyar Maɗaukaki ta Faulkner a asibitan Faulknar, tare da cikakkiyar kulawa wacce ta ba marasa lafiya damar ganin ƙungiyoyin da suka hada da masu warkar da radiation, oncologists da masu tiyata. Bayan barin asibitin Faulkner a Boston, an dauki Love don kafa abin da daga baya ya zama Cibiyar Revlon Breast a Jami'ar California, Los Angeles (UCLA) a shekarar 1992. Ta kafa kungiyar bayar da shawarwari kansar mama a farkon shekarun 1990, ta taimaka wajen shirya kungiyar National Breast Cancer Coalition (NBCC). Daga baya ta yi aiki a kan allon NBCC da Young Survival Coalition . A shekara ta 1996, ta yi ritaya daga aikin tiyata don ba da lokacinta don gano dalilin ciwon nono. A cewar The New York Times, Ƙauna ta nemi "ba don warkar da cutar ba amma don cinye ta gaba ɗaya ta hanyar ware abubuwan da ke haifar da ita da kuma hana su a matakin salula". A shekara ta 1998, Love ta sami digiri na kasuwanci daga shirin Executive MBA a Makarantar Anderson ta UCLA. Shugaba Clinton ne ya nada ta a Hukumar Ba da Shawara ta Ciwon daji ta Kasa, matsayin da ta rike daga 1998 zuwa 2004. Ta ci gaba da matsayi na kwamitin a Cibiyar Ciwon daji ta Kasa, kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin farfesa a fannin tiyata a UCLA . <ref name="SLRF">{{Cite web |title=Dr. Susan Love Research Foundation |url=http://www.dslrf.org/endingbc/content.asp?L2=1&L3=1&SID=278 |access-date=6 March 2014 |publisher=Dr. Susan Love Research Foundation}}</ref> Love ya kasance farfesa na asibiti na tiyata a Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta David Geffen a UCLA . Ƙaunar ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin Wanda ya kafa kuma Darakta na Kiwon Lafiya na Gidauniyar Dokta Susan Love don Binciken Ciwon Cutar Cutar Ciki, wanda aka fi sani da Cibiyar Ciwon Ciki ta Santa Barbara. A cikin 2020, Love ya zama Babban Jami'in hangen nesa. == Littattafai (zaɓaɓɓu) == === Littattafai === * Dr. Susan Love's Breast Book Farko (1990) * ''Dr. Susan Love's Breast Book Edition Na biyu'' (1995) * ''Dr. Susan Love's Breast Book Edition Na uku'' (2000) * Dr. Susan Love's Breast Book Fourth Edition (2005) * ''Dr. Susan Love's Breast Book Fifth Edition'' (2010) * Dr. Susan Love's Breast Book Edition na shida (2015) * Dr. Susan Love's Breast Book Na bakwai (2023) * Dr. Susan Love's Menopause and Hormone Book (2003) * Ka yi rayuwa kadan! : Karkatar da Dokoki Ba za ta karya Lafiyarku ba (2009) ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2023]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1948]] mvxo4ie5gp2imr7v9xeqsx4qp4i0xc6 Cotton Tree Caravan Park 0 133998 889727 775236 2026-07-31T08:00:41Z BnHamid 12586 889727 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Cotton Tree Caravan Park''' wani wurin shakatawa ne da aka jera a cikin al'adun gargajiya a Cotton Tree Parade, Cotton Tree, Sunshine Coast Region, Queensland, Australia . An kara shi a cikin Queensland Heritage Register a ranar 3 ga Afrilu 2009. == Tarihi == Ƙananan Kogin Maroochy sun fara bunkasa a matsayin wurin shakatawa a cikin shekarun 1880. A kan kudancin bakin ta, inda Cotton Tree Caravan Park yake, an buga wani Wharf da Ruwa na 215-acre a cikin 1873. Masu yin hutu sun kafa sansani a kan ajiyar tsakanin bishiyoyin auduga na asali (''Hibiscus tiliaceus''). Amfani da ajiyar, kusa da kwanciyar hankali, mai zurfi na kogi, ya nuna abubuwan da aka fi so na [[Zamanin Victorian]] don yin iyo a bakin teku, jirgin ruwa da kamun kifi. Irin waɗannan wurare don shakatawa a Arewacin Coast (wanda yanzu ake kira Sunshine Coast) sun haɓaka a wannan lokacin a Caloundra da Tewantin . Sojojin Ceto sun kafa yankin a matsayin wurin shakatawa. An shirya sansanin "Maroochy Heads" na shekara-shekara a kan gajeren hutu tsakanin Kirsimeti da Sabuwar Shekara. sansanin ya samar da ayyuka da yawa na addini da na nishaɗi ga mazauna yankin da mutanen tsibirin Tekun Kudancin da ke aiki a gonakin sukari a Buderim da ke kusa, tare da barasa, caca da rawa da aka haramta. An fara bayar da rahoton sansanin ne a shekara ta 1896, lokacin da sama da mutane 200 suka zauna a wurin ajiya. Daga baya tallace-tallace da Sojojin Ceto suka yi ya nuna cewa sansanin na iya fara tun daga farkon shekara ta 1888. Sansanin ya zama sanannen taron shekara-shekara. A kan Kirsimeti 1905, mutane 400 sun kafa sansani a wurin ajiya. Yankin rairayin bakin teku nan da nan a kudancin bakin kogi a hankali ya zama sananne don yin iyo kuma a cikin 1908 an shigar da kayan ceton rai. Duk da yake kyawawan wuraren shakatawa na yankin Maroochy sun sami karin haske a cikin shekarun 1900 kuma masu yawon bude ido na waje sun zama gama gari, masu sansanin sun fi yawa daga Blackall Range da gundumomin da ke kewaye da Nambour har zuwa lokacin yakin basasa A cikin shekarun 1910, sansanin, wanda aka tallata a matsayin 'Nature's Pick Me Up', ya karu zuwa makonni biyu. Ana samun alfarwa don hayar, an gina su da karamin kuɗi. An ba da abinci a cikin alfarwar cin abinci kuma an yi amfani da babban marquee don tarurruka, yayin da kiosk da Sojojin Ceto ke sarrafawa ya sayar da burodi, abin sha, lollies da 'ya'yan itace. Sauran kiosks masu zaman kansu guda biyu suna aiki a shafin a shekarar 1913. An nutse rijiyoyi a cikin yashi don samun ruwa mai kyau kuma Majalisar Maroochy Shire ta gina sabon tashar jiragen ruwa da wuraren wanka a shekarar 1912. A cikin 1908, gwamnatin Queensland ta haɗa da yawancin ajiyar 1873 a cikin binciken da ta yi na garin Maroochydore (wanda ya haɗa da Cotton Tree). Rashin yiwuwar ƙasar jama'a ya jawo juriya mai ƙarfi daga masu sansani da Majalisar Maroochy Shire, kuma tallace-tallace na ƙasa ba su ci gaba nan take ba. Wani yunkuri na biyu a shekara ta 1914 don sayar da garin Maroochydore ya haɗu da tsayayyar jama'a. A ranar Boxing ta 1914, sama da mutane 500 sun nuna adawarsu a taron jama'a da aka gudanar a wurin ajiyar a cikin Salvation Army marquee. A farkon 1915 sabuwar Gwamnatin TJ Ryan Labor ta sanar da niyyar su ci gaba da tallace-tallace. Yayinda aka gabatar da rashin amincewa tare da Ma'aikatar Lands kuma masu zanga-zangar sun soki 'sanya al'adun mutane don kuɗi', gwamnati ta ci gaba da siyar da rabon a ƙarƙashin hayar har abada daga Disamba 1915. Sauran kadada goma sha bakwai na asalin ajiya an sake sanya su don sansani da nishaɗi a watan Satumbar 1916. Wannan ɓangaren arewa maso gabas na ajiyar ba a gabatar da shi don sayarwa ba saboda an dauke shi da ruwa. Bayan tallace-tallace na ƙasa, yawan masu sansani na yanayi a cikin ajiyar ya bayyana ya ragu, har zuwa 1926, lokacin da aka lura da "gidajen zane" fiye da shekarun da suka gabata. Haɗin Sojojin Ceto tare da shafin ya ragu, an maye gurbinsa da aikin Methodist a lokacin rani na 1919/20. An bayar da rahoton sansanin Sojojin Ceto na karshe a 1929, tare da alfarwa 100 a wurin ajiya. Harkokin Majalisar Maroochy Shire wajen gudanar da ajiyar Cotton Tree a hankali ya karu a lokacin yakin basasa. An gina sabon tashar jiragen ruwa a 1923 kuma an gina sabbin wuraren wanka a 1929. Tsabtacewar ta kasance muhimmiyar damuwa ga karuwar yawan baƙi zuwa shafin, tare da Sufetocin Lafiya yana tabbatar da cewa an tsabtace rijiyoyi da dakuna a Cotton Tree kafin hutu. A karkashin Shirin Ingantawa na Seaside, majalisar ta inganta damar shiga ajiyar a lokacin 1940, tare da kudaden sansanin da aka gabatar a wannan lokacin. An kuma kafa sabbin wuraren sansani a bakin rairayin bakin teku da ke kudu zuwa Mooloolaba. A shekara ta 1941, an sake sanya ajiyar, tare da Majalisar Maroochy Shire a matsayin mai kula. A lokacin yakin basasa, wuraren shakatawa na bakin teku a kudu da arewacin [[Brisbane]] (Gold da Sunshine Coasts na yau) sun zama masu dogaro da samar da isasshen hanyoyi da gadoji don jawo hankalin da isar da yawan masu yawon bude ido. Inganta hanyoyin sadarwa a wannan lokacin ya yi tasiri sosai ga ci gaban masana'antar yawon bude ido a yankin Maroochy. Har zuwa ƙarshen shekarun 1920, Kogin Maroochy shine babbar hanyar sufuri zuwa Maroochydore, tare da yawancin baƙi da suka isa ta hanyar kaddamar da mota a tashar jirgin kasa ta Cotton Tree, ta hanyar Tashar jirgin kasa ta Nambour da Moreton Mill. A cikin 1922 Majalisar Maroochy Shire ta fara aiki a kan hanyar da ta dace da motoci tsakanin Nambour da Maroochydore. A shekara ta 1927 an inganta hanyar zuwa Babban Hanyar, yadda ya kamata ya kawo karshen rawar da Kogin Maroochy ke takawa a matsayin babbar hanyar sufuri ga Maroochydore. Sashe na farko na Bruce Highway, tsakanin abin da ke yanzu Rothwell da Eumundi, an buɗe shi a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1934. A karo na farko, masu yawon bude ido daga Brisbane suna da damar shiga Arewacin Kogin, tare da tafiya zuwa Maroochydore da ke ɗaukar kusan awanni biyu. Halin ci gaban yawon bude ido a bakin tekun Arewa da wuraren shakatawa na dutse sun kasance babban abu a cikin yanke shawara don rarraba kudade na Main Roads ga wannan aikin, kuma lokacin da aka fara buɗewa, an rarraba babbar hanyar a matsayin hanyar "tafiya". Rahoton shekara-shekara na Main Roads na 1937 ya yi sharhi game da ci gaban "mai ban mamaki" na wuraren shakatawa na bakin teku na Arewacin Coast, musamman Maroochydore da Caloundra, bayan gina babbar hanyar, kuma ya rubuta karuwar zirga-zirga a kan babbar hanyar da hanyoyin da ke haɗawa. An kammala hanyar bitumen tsakanin Ofishin Jakadancin Maroochydore da Cotton Tree a watan Janairun shekara ta 1937. Ingantawa ga hanyar sadarwa ta inganta farkon yawon shakatawa a Arewacin Tekun. Caravanning, ainihin wani nau'i na sansani, ya bunkasa sakamakon karuwar amfani da mota a lokacin yakin basasa. Siffofin farko na caravans sun fi kama da motoci; motoci tare da jikin da masu su suka gyara don haɗawa da ɗakin baya don barci da ajiya. Masana'antun Australiya na motoci masu jan kaya sun bayyana a ƙarshen shekarun 1920, wasu suna motsawa cikin masana'antar daga gina jikin mota. Har ila yau, motocin da aka gina da kansu sun shahara, tare da littattafan da aka buga akan ginin su da kayan aiki. A shekara ta 1937, masu sha'awar Australiya suna da nasu mujallar kuma kayan aikin mota a cikin jaridu suna ba da sararin samaniya ga caravans. An bayar da rahoton Caravans tare da alfarwa a wuraren sansanin Maroochy a ƙarshen 1937, tare da wurin zama na farko na yankin, Tooway Park kusa da Caloundra, a cikin gini a wannan lokacin. A shekara ta 1939, an yi rajistar motoci 169 a Queensland. Ga masu yawon bude ido masu arziki waɗanda suka yi hutu a wuraren sansani na bakin teku, masu ba da izini sun ba da 'yanci da sassauci, ba tare da sadaukar da ta'aziyya ba. A matsayin "gida mai nisa daga gida", wanda ya dace da kayan zamani, motoci sun bambanta da sauƙin zango a ƙarƙashin alfarwa. Sun kasance madadin otal-otal da gidajen baƙi na gida, waɗanda suke da buƙata sosai a lokacin lokutan da suka fi dacewa kuma suna ba da matakan inganci daban-daban. Lambobin sansani a Cotton Tree sun karu a ƙarshen shekarun 1930, kuma sun ci gaba da yin hakan bayan ƙarshen [[Yaƙin Duniya na II]]. Lokacin bazara na 1945/46 ya ja hankalin jama'a zuwa Maroochy kuma a lokacin rani na 1950/51, an bukaci ƙarin rijiyar ruwa ga masu sansani. An kafa 'yan sanda a wurin ajiya a lokacin hutu kuma akwai halartar yau da kullun na jami'ai daga Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Maroochy Shire. An gina sabon ofishin ranger a lokacin Kirsimeti 1953, lokacin da kimanin mutane 4000 suka kafa sansani a bakin tekun tsakanin Maroochydore da Mooloolaba. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] t7g05uv8pf4s1ez1ymffd3h26usaxat 889728 889727 2026-07-31T08:02:41Z BnHamid 12586 889728 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Cotton Tree Caravan Park''' wani wurin shakatawa ne da aka jera a cikin al'adun gargajiya a Cotton Tree Parade, Cotton Tree, Sunshine Coast Region, Queensland, Australia . An kara shi a cikin Queensland Heritage Register a ranar 3 ga Afrilu 2009. == Tarihi == Ƙananan Kogin Maroochy sun fara bunkasa a matsayin wurin shakatawa a cikin shekarun 1880. A kan kudancin bakin ta, inda Cotton Tree Caravan Park yake, an buga wani Wharf da Ruwa na 215-acre a cikin 1873. Masu yin hutu sun kafa sansani a kan ajiyar tsakanin bishiyoyin auduga na asali (''Hibiscus tiliaceus''). Amfani da ajiyar, kusa da kwanciyar hankali, mai zurfi na kogi, ya nuna abubuwan da aka fi so na [[Zamanin Victorian]] don yin iyo a bakin teku, jirgin ruwa da kamun kifi. Irin waɗannan wurare don shakatawa a Arewacin Coast (wanda yanzu ake kira Sunshine Coast) sun haɓaka a wannan lokacin a Caloundra da Tewantin . Sojojin Ceto sun kafa yankin a matsayin wurin shakatawa. An shirya sansanin "Maroochy Heads" na shekara-shekara a kan gajeren hutu tsakanin Kirsimeti da Sabuwar Shekara. sansanin ya samar da ayyuka da yawa na addini da na nishaɗi ga mazauna yankin da mutanen tsibirin Tekun Kudancin da ke aiki a gonakin sukari a Buderim da ke kusa, tare da barasa, caca da rawa da aka haramta. An fara bayar da rahoton sansanin ne a shekara ta 1896, lokacin da sama da mutane 200 suka zauna a wurin ajiya. Daga baya tallace-tallace da Sojojin Ceto suka yi ya nuna cewa sansanin na iya fara tun daga farkon shekara ta 1888. Sansanin ya zama sanannen taron shekara-shekara. A kan Kirsimeti 1905, mutane 400 sun kafa sansani a wurin ajiya. Yankin rairayin bakin teku nan da nan a kudancin bakin kogi a hankali ya zama sananne don yin iyo kuma a cikin 1908 an shigar da kayan ceton rai. Duk da yake kyawawan wuraren shakatawa na yankin Maroochy sun sami karin haske a cikin shekarun 1900 kuma masu yawon bude ido na waje sun zama gama gari, masu sansanin sun fi yawa daga Blackall Range da gundumomin da ke kewaye da Nambour har zuwa lokacin yakin basasa A cikin shekarun 1910, sansanin, wanda aka tallata a matsayin 'Nature's Pick Me Up', ya karu zuwa makonni biyu. Ana samun alfarwa don hayar, an gina su da karamin kuɗi. An ba da abinci a cikin alfarwar cin abinci kuma an yi amfani da babban marquee don tarurruka, yayin da kiosk da Sojojin Ceto ke sarrafawa ya sayar da burodi, abin sha, lollies da 'ya'yan itace. Sauran kiosks masu zaman kansu guda biyu suna aiki a shafin a shekarar 1913. An nutse rijiyoyi a cikin yashi don samun ruwa mai kyau kuma Majalisar Maroochy Shire ta gina sabon tashar jiragen ruwa da wuraren wanka a shekarar 1912. A cikin 1908, gwamnatin Queensland ta haɗa da yawancin ajiyar 1873 a cikin binciken da ta yi na garin Maroochydore (wanda ya haɗa da Cotton Tree). Rashin yiwuwar ƙasar jama'a ya jawo juriya mai ƙarfi daga masu sansani da Majalisar Maroochy Shire, kuma tallace-tallace na ƙasa ba su ci gaba nan take ba. Wani yunkuri na biyu a shekara ta 1914 don sayar da garin Maroochydore ya haɗu da tsayayyar jama'a. A ranar Boxing ta 1914, sama da mutane 500 sun nuna adawarsu a taron jama'a da aka gudanar a wurin ajiyar a cikin Salvation Army marquee. A farkon 1915 sabuwar Gwamnatin TJ Ryan Labor ta sanar da niyyar su ci gaba da tallace-tallace. Yayinda aka gabatar da rashin amincewa tare da Ma'aikatar Lands kuma masu zanga-zangar sun soki 'sanya al'adun mutane don kuɗi', gwamnati ta ci gaba da siyar da rabon a ƙarƙashin hayar har abada daga Disamba 1915. Sauran kadada goma sha bakwai na asalin ajiya an sake sanya su don sansani da nishaɗi a watan Satumbar 1916. Wannan ɓangaren arewa maso gabas na ajiyar ba a gabatar da shi don sayarwa ba saboda an dauke shi da ruwa. Bayan tallace-tallace na ƙasa, yawan masu sansani na yanayi a cikin ajiyar ya bayyana ya ragu, har zuwa 1926, lokacin da aka lura da "gidajen zane" fiye da shekarun da suka gabata. Haɗin Sojojin Ceto tare da shafin ya ragu, an maye gurbinsa da aikin Methodist a lokacin rani na 1919/20. An bayar da rahoton sansanin Sojojin Ceto na karshe a 1929, tare da alfarwa 100 a wurin ajiya. Harkokin Majalisar Maroochy Shire wajen gudanar da ajiyar Cotton Tree a hankali ya karu a lokacin yakin basasa. An gina sabon tashar jiragen ruwa a 1923 kuma an gina sabbin wuraren wanka a 1929. Tsabtacewar ta kasance muhimmiyar damuwa ga karuwar yawan baƙi zuwa shafin, tare da Sufetocin Lafiya yana tabbatar da cewa an tsabtace rijiyoyi da dakuna a Cotton Tree kafin hutu. A karkashin Shirin Ingantawa na Seaside, majalisar ta inganta damar shiga ajiyar a lokacin 1940, tare da kudaden sansanin da aka gabatar a wannan lokacin. An kuma kafa sabbin wuraren sansani a bakin rairayin bakin teku da ke kudu zuwa Mooloolaba. A shekara ta 1941, an sake sanya ajiyar, tare da Majalisar Maroochy Shire a matsayin mai kula. A lokacin yakin basasa, wuraren shakatawa na bakin teku a kudu da arewacin [[Brisbane]] (Gold da Sunshine Coasts na yau) sun zama masu dogaro da samar da isasshen hanyoyi da gadoji don jawo hankalin da isar da yawan masu yawon bude ido. Inganta hanyoyin sadarwa a wannan lokacin ya yi tasiri sosai ga ci gaban masana'antar yawon bude ido a yankin Maroochy. Har zuwa ƙarshen shekarun 1920, Kogin Maroochy shine babbar hanyar sufuri zuwa Maroochydore, tare da yawancin baƙi da suka isa ta hanyar kaddamar da mota a tashar jirgin kasa ta Cotton Tree, ta hanyar Tashar jirgin kasa ta Nambour da Moreton Mill. A cikin 1922 Majalisar Maroochy Shire ta fara aiki a kan hanyar da ta dace da motoci tsakanin Nambour da Maroochydore. A shekara ta 1927 an inganta hanyar zuwa Babban Hanyar, yadda ya kamata ya kawo karshen rawar da Kogin Maroochy ke takawa a matsayin babbar hanyar sufuri ga Maroochydore. Sashe na farko na Bruce Highway, tsakanin abin da ke yanzu Rothwell da Eumundi, an buɗe shi a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1934. A karo na farko, masu yawon bude ido daga Brisbane suna da damar shiga Arewacin Kogin, tare da tafiya zuwa Maroochydore da ke ɗaukar kusan awanni biyu. Halin ci gaban yawon bude ido a bakin tekun Arewa da wuraren shakatawa na dutse sun kasance babban abu a cikin yanke shawara don rarraba kudade na Main Roads ga wannan aikin, kuma lokacin da aka fara buɗewa, an rarraba babbar hanyar a matsayin hanyar "tafiya". Rahoton shekara-shekara na Main Roads na 1937 ya yi sharhi game da ci gaban "mai ban mamaki" na wuraren shakatawa na bakin teku na Arewacin Coast, musamman Maroochydore da Caloundra, bayan gina babbar hanyar, kuma ya rubuta karuwar zirga-zirga a kan babbar hanyar da hanyoyin da ke haɗawa. An kammala hanyar bitumen tsakanin Ofishin Jakadancin Maroochydore da Cotton Tree a watan Janairun shekara ta 1937. Ingantawa ga hanyar sadarwa ta inganta farkon yawon shakatawa a Arewacin Tekun. Caravanning, ainihin wani nau'i na sansani, ya bunkasa sakamakon karuwar amfani da mota a lokacin yakin basasa. Siffofin farko na caravans sun fi kama da motoci; motoci tare da jikin da masu su suka gyara don haɗawa da ɗakin baya don barci da ajiya. Masana'antun Australiya na motoci masu jan kaya sun bayyana a ƙarshen shekarun 1920, wasu suna motsawa cikin masana'antar daga gina jikin mota. Har ila yau, motocin da aka gina da kansu sun shahara, tare da littattafan da aka buga akan ginin su da kayan aiki. A shekara ta 1937, masu sha'awar Australiya suna da nasu mujallar kuma kayan aikin mota a cikin jaridu suna ba da sararin samaniya ga caravans. An bayar da rahoton Caravans tare da alfarwa a wuraren sansanin Maroochy a ƙarshen 1937, tare da wurin zama na farko na yankin, Tooway Park kusa da Caloundra, a cikin gini a wannan lokacin. A shekara ta 1939, an yi rajistar motoci 169 a Queensland. Ga masu yawon bude ido masu arziki waɗanda suka yi hutu a wuraren sansani na bakin teku, masu ba da izini sun ba da 'yanci da sassauci, ba tare da sadaukar da ta'aziyya ba. A matsayin "gida mai nisa daga gida", wanda ya dace da kayan zamani, motoci sun bambanta da sauƙin zango a ƙarƙashin alfarwa. Sun kasance madadin otal-otal da gidajen baƙi na gida, waɗanda suke da buƙata sosai a lokacin lokutan da suka fi dacewa kuma suna ba da matakan inganci daban-daban. Lambobin sansani a Cotton Tree sun karu a ƙarshen shekarun 1930, kuma sun ci gaba da yin hakan bayan ƙarshen [[Yaƙin Duniya na II]]. Lokacin bazara na 1945/46 ya ja hankalin jama'a zuwa Maroochy kuma a lokacin rani na 1950/51, an bukaci ƙarin rijiyar ruwa ga masu sansani. An kafa 'yan sanda a wurin ajiya a lokacin hutu kuma akwai halartar yau da kullun na jami'ai daga Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Maroochy Shire. An gina sabon ofishin ranger a lokacin Kirsimeti 1953, lokacin da kimanin mutane 4000 suka kafa sansani a bakin tekun tsakanin Maroochydore da Mooloolaba. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} {{Commons category-inline|Cotton Tree Caravan Park}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 32ay2oq2qhdnr6tg80wott4i6a0zoz3 889729 889728 2026-07-31T08:04:23Z BnHamid 12586 889729 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Cotton Tree Caravan Park''' wani wurin shakatawa ne da aka jera a cikin al'adun gargajiya a Cotton Tree Parade, Cotton Tree, Sunshine Coast Region, Queensland, Australia . An kara shi a cikin Queensland Heritage Register a ranar 3 ga Afrilu 2009.<ref>"Cotton Tree Caravan Park (entry 602707)". Queensland Heritage Register. Queensland Heritage Council. Retrieved 1 August 2014.</ref> == Tarihi == Ƙananan Kogin Maroochy sun fara bunkasa a matsayin wurin shakatawa a cikin shekarun 1880. A kan kudancin bakin ta, inda Cotton Tree Caravan Park yake, an buga wani Wharf da Ruwa na 215-acre a cikin 1873. Masu yin hutu sun kafa sansani a kan ajiyar tsakanin bishiyoyin auduga na asali (''Hibiscus tiliaceus''). Amfani da ajiyar, kusa da kwanciyar hankali, mai zurfi na kogi, ya nuna abubuwan da aka fi so na [[Zamanin Victorian]] don yin iyo a bakin teku, jirgin ruwa da kamun kifi. Irin waɗannan wurare don shakatawa a Arewacin Coast (wanda yanzu ake kira Sunshine Coast) sun haɓaka a wannan lokacin a Caloundra da Tewantin . Sojojin Ceto sun kafa yankin a matsayin wurin shakatawa. An shirya sansanin "Maroochy Heads" na shekara-shekara a kan gajeren hutu tsakanin Kirsimeti da Sabuwar Shekara. sansanin ya samar da ayyuka da yawa na addini da na nishaɗi ga mazauna yankin da mutanen tsibirin Tekun Kudancin da ke aiki a gonakin sukari a Buderim da ke kusa, tare da barasa, caca da rawa da aka haramta. An fara bayar da rahoton sansanin ne a shekara ta 1896, lokacin da sama da mutane 200 suka zauna a wurin ajiya. Daga baya tallace-tallace da Sojojin Ceto suka yi ya nuna cewa sansanin na iya fara tun daga farkon shekara ta 1888. Sansanin ya zama sanannen taron shekara-shekara. A kan Kirsimeti 1905, mutane 400 sun kafa sansani a wurin ajiya. Yankin rairayin bakin teku nan da nan a kudancin bakin kogi a hankali ya zama sananne don yin iyo kuma a cikin 1908 an shigar da kayan ceton rai. Duk da yake kyawawan wuraren shakatawa na yankin Maroochy sun sami karin haske a cikin shekarun 1900 kuma masu yawon bude ido na waje sun zama gama gari, masu sansanin sun fi yawa daga Blackall Range da gundumomin da ke kewaye da Nambour har zuwa lokacin yakin basasa A cikin shekarun 1910, sansanin, wanda aka tallata a matsayin 'Nature's Pick Me Up', ya karu zuwa makonni biyu. Ana samun alfarwa don hayar, an gina su da karamin kuɗi. An ba da abinci a cikin alfarwar cin abinci kuma an yi amfani da babban marquee don tarurruka, yayin da kiosk da Sojojin Ceto ke sarrafawa ya sayar da burodi, abin sha, lollies da 'ya'yan itace. Sauran kiosks masu zaman kansu guda biyu suna aiki a shafin a shekarar 1913. An nutse rijiyoyi a cikin yashi don samun ruwa mai kyau kuma Majalisar Maroochy Shire ta gina sabon tashar jiragen ruwa da wuraren wanka a shekarar 1912. A cikin 1908, gwamnatin Queensland ta haɗa da yawancin ajiyar 1873 a cikin binciken da ta yi na garin Maroochydore (wanda ya haɗa da Cotton Tree). Rashin yiwuwar ƙasar jama'a ya jawo juriya mai ƙarfi daga masu sansani da Majalisar Maroochy Shire, kuma tallace-tallace na ƙasa ba su ci gaba nan take ba. Wani yunkuri na biyu a shekara ta 1914 don sayar da garin Maroochydore ya haɗu da tsayayyar jama'a. A ranar Boxing ta 1914, sama da mutane 500 sun nuna adawarsu a taron jama'a da aka gudanar a wurin ajiyar a cikin Salvation Army marquee. A farkon 1915 sabuwar Gwamnatin TJ Ryan Labor ta sanar da niyyar su ci gaba da tallace-tallace. Yayinda aka gabatar da rashin amincewa tare da Ma'aikatar Lands kuma masu zanga-zangar sun soki 'sanya al'adun mutane don kuɗi', gwamnati ta ci gaba da siyar da rabon a ƙarƙashin hayar har abada daga Disamba 1915. Sauran kadada goma sha bakwai na asalin ajiya an sake sanya su don sansani da nishaɗi a watan Satumbar 1916. Wannan ɓangaren arewa maso gabas na ajiyar ba a gabatar da shi don sayarwa ba saboda an dauke shi da ruwa. Bayan tallace-tallace na ƙasa, yawan masu sansani na yanayi a cikin ajiyar ya bayyana ya ragu, har zuwa 1926, lokacin da aka lura da "gidajen zane" fiye da shekarun da suka gabata. Haɗin Sojojin Ceto tare da shafin ya ragu, an maye gurbinsa da aikin Methodist a lokacin rani na 1919/20. An bayar da rahoton sansanin Sojojin Ceto na karshe a 1929, tare da alfarwa 100 a wurin ajiya. Harkokin Majalisar Maroochy Shire wajen gudanar da ajiyar Cotton Tree a hankali ya karu a lokacin yakin basasa. An gina sabon tashar jiragen ruwa a 1923 kuma an gina sabbin wuraren wanka a 1929. Tsabtacewar ta kasance muhimmiyar damuwa ga karuwar yawan baƙi zuwa shafin, tare da Sufetocin Lafiya yana tabbatar da cewa an tsabtace rijiyoyi da dakuna a Cotton Tree kafin hutu. A karkashin Shirin Ingantawa na Seaside, majalisar ta inganta damar shiga ajiyar a lokacin 1940, tare da kudaden sansanin da aka gabatar a wannan lokacin. An kuma kafa sabbin wuraren sansani a bakin rairayin bakin teku da ke kudu zuwa Mooloolaba. A shekara ta 1941, an sake sanya ajiyar, tare da Majalisar Maroochy Shire a matsayin mai kula. A lokacin yakin basasa, wuraren shakatawa na bakin teku a kudu da arewacin [[Brisbane]] (Gold da Sunshine Coasts na yau) sun zama masu dogaro da samar da isasshen hanyoyi da gadoji don jawo hankalin da isar da yawan masu yawon bude ido. Inganta hanyoyin sadarwa a wannan lokacin ya yi tasiri sosai ga ci gaban masana'antar yawon bude ido a yankin Maroochy. Har zuwa ƙarshen shekarun 1920, Kogin Maroochy shine babbar hanyar sufuri zuwa Maroochydore, tare da yawancin baƙi da suka isa ta hanyar kaddamar da mota a tashar jirgin kasa ta Cotton Tree, ta hanyar Tashar jirgin kasa ta Nambour da Moreton Mill. A cikin 1922 Majalisar Maroochy Shire ta fara aiki a kan hanyar da ta dace da motoci tsakanin Nambour da Maroochydore. A shekara ta 1927 an inganta hanyar zuwa Babban Hanyar, yadda ya kamata ya kawo karshen rawar da Kogin Maroochy ke takawa a matsayin babbar hanyar sufuri ga Maroochydore. Sashe na farko na Bruce Highway, tsakanin abin da ke yanzu Rothwell da Eumundi, an buɗe shi a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1934. A karo na farko, masu yawon bude ido daga Brisbane suna da damar shiga Arewacin Kogin, tare da tafiya zuwa Maroochydore da ke ɗaukar kusan awanni biyu. Halin ci gaban yawon bude ido a bakin tekun Arewa da wuraren shakatawa na dutse sun kasance babban abu a cikin yanke shawara don rarraba kudade na Main Roads ga wannan aikin, kuma lokacin da aka fara buɗewa, an rarraba babbar hanyar a matsayin hanyar "tafiya". Rahoton shekara-shekara na Main Roads na 1937 ya yi sharhi game da ci gaban "mai ban mamaki" na wuraren shakatawa na bakin teku na Arewacin Coast, musamman Maroochydore da Caloundra, bayan gina babbar hanyar, kuma ya rubuta karuwar zirga-zirga a kan babbar hanyar da hanyoyin da ke haɗawa. An kammala hanyar bitumen tsakanin Ofishin Jakadancin Maroochydore da Cotton Tree a watan Janairun shekara ta 1937. Ingantawa ga hanyar sadarwa ta inganta farkon yawon shakatawa a Arewacin Tekun. Caravanning, ainihin wani nau'i na sansani, ya bunkasa sakamakon karuwar amfani da mota a lokacin yakin basasa. Siffofin farko na caravans sun fi kama da motoci; motoci tare da jikin da masu su suka gyara don haɗawa da ɗakin baya don barci da ajiya. Masana'antun Australiya na motoci masu jan kaya sun bayyana a ƙarshen shekarun 1920, wasu suna motsawa cikin masana'antar daga gina jikin mota. Har ila yau, motocin da aka gina da kansu sun shahara, tare da littattafan da aka buga akan ginin su da kayan aiki. A shekara ta 1937, masu sha'awar Australiya suna da nasu mujallar kuma kayan aikin mota a cikin jaridu suna ba da sararin samaniya ga caravans. An bayar da rahoton Caravans tare da alfarwa a wuraren sansanin Maroochy a ƙarshen 1937, tare da wurin zama na farko na yankin, Tooway Park kusa da Caloundra, a cikin gini a wannan lokacin. A shekara ta 1939, an yi rajistar motoci 169 a Queensland. Ga masu yawon bude ido masu arziki waɗanda suka yi hutu a wuraren sansani na bakin teku, masu ba da izini sun ba da 'yanci da sassauci, ba tare da sadaukar da ta'aziyya ba. A matsayin "gida mai nisa daga gida", wanda ya dace da kayan zamani, motoci sun bambanta da sauƙin zango a ƙarƙashin alfarwa. Sun kasance madadin otal-otal da gidajen baƙi na gida, waɗanda suke da buƙata sosai a lokacin lokutan da suka fi dacewa kuma suna ba da matakan inganci daban-daban. Lambobin sansani a Cotton Tree sun karu a ƙarshen shekarun 1930, kuma sun ci gaba da yin hakan bayan ƙarshen [[Yaƙin Duniya na II]]. Lokacin bazara na 1945/46 ya ja hankalin jama'a zuwa Maroochy kuma a lokacin rani na 1950/51, an bukaci ƙarin rijiyar ruwa ga masu sansani. An kafa 'yan sanda a wurin ajiya a lokacin hutu kuma akwai halartar yau da kullun na jami'ai daga Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Maroochy Shire. An gina sabon ofishin ranger a lokacin Kirsimeti 1953, lokacin da kimanin mutane 4000 suka kafa sansani a bakin tekun tsakanin Maroochydore da Mooloolaba. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} {{Commons category-inline|Cotton Tree Caravan Park}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] com9pd2szbu02ztyv0fpitofszb9b4w Gloria Molina 0 134033 889698 775283 2026-07-31T07:37:57Z BnHamid 12586 889698 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Jesús Gloria Molina''' (31 ga Mayu, 1948 - 14 ga Mayu, 2023) ɗan siyasan Amurka ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na Majalisar Birnin Los Angeles, Majalisar Dokokin Jihar California, Kwamitin Masu Kula da Gundumar Los Angeles da Hukumar Kula da Sufuri ta Gundumar Лос Angeles . Kasancewa cikin motsi na Chicano a matsayin matashi mai fafutuka, Molina ya shiga siyasa a 1982, yana gudana a adawa da na'urar siyasa mai iko ta Eastside don zama a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar California, ya zama Latina ta farko da aka Gabas a majalisar. Ta yi dogon lokaci ba tare da an ci nasara ba a siyasar zabe, ta zama Latina ta farko da aka zaba a Majalisar Birnin Los Angeles da kuma Kwamitin Masu Kula da Gundumar Los Angeles, kuma ta yi aiki a Kwamitin na tsawon shekaru 23. Bayan ya fita a cikin Kwamitin, Molina ya sake tsayawa takarar Majalisar Birnin Los Angeles a shekarar 2015, amma José Huizar mai mulki ya ci shi.<ref name="leadsrace">{{Cite web |date=March 3, 2015 |title=Incumbent Councilman Jose Huizar Leads Race For Council Seat |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/losangeles/news/incumbent-councilman-jose-huizar-leads-early-in-race-for-council-seat/ |website=[[CBS News]]}}</ref> An dauki Molina a matsayin mai ba da hanya kuma ya taimaka wajen farfado da Grand Park na Los Angeles kuma ya goyi bayan aikin LA Plaza de Cultura y Artes, kuma an ce ya shirya hanya ga 'yan siyasa mata da Latina na gaba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Scauzillo, Steve |date=March 14, 2023 |title=Groundbreaking ex-LA County supervisor Gloria Molina faces terminal cancer |url=https://www.dailynews.com/2023/03/14/groundbreaking-ex-la-county-supervisor-gloria-molina-faces-terminal-cancer/ |website=[[Los Angeles Daily News]]}}</ref> Grand Park a Los Angeles an sake masa suna Gloria Molina Grand Park bayan mutuwarta a 2023. == Rayuwa ta farko da gwagwarmaya == [[Fayil:Gloria_Molina_and_Dolores_Madrigal_holding_news_conference_announcing_class_action_suit_against_hospital_in_Los_Angeles,_1975.jpg|left|thumb|Molina a taron manema labarai a 1975]] An haifi Molina a ranar 31 ga Mayu, 1948, a Montebello, California, ga Leonardo Castillo Molina da Concepción Molina, waɗanda suka yi ƙaura zuwa Los Angeles daga Mexico. Ta girma a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin yara goma a unguwar Los Angeles ta Pico Rivera, tana halartar Makarantar Sakandare ta El Rancho kafin ta tafi Kwalejin Gabashin Los Angeles da Jami'ar Jihar California, Los Angeles . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Scauzillo, Steve |date=March 14, 2023 |title=Groundbreaking ex-LA County supervisor Gloria Molina faces terminal cancer |url=https://www.dailynews.com/2023/03/14/groundbreaking-ex-la-county-supervisor-gloria-molina-faces-terminal-cancer/ |website=[[Los Angeles Daily News]]}}</ref> Yayinda take halartar kwaleji, ta yi aiki na cikakken lokaci a matsayin sakatariyar shari'a. Daga nan sai ta sami takardar shaidar a matsayin malami na ilimi na manya kuma ta koyar da ƙwarewar malamai a Cibiyar Kwarewar Gabashin Los Angeles.<ref name="ny" /> Ayyukan farko na Molina sun kasance ta hanyar shiga cikin ƙungiyar Chicano da kuma ba da shawara ga lafiyar mata. Wani nasarorin farko shi ne lokacin da ta fara Shirin Jagoran Nurses a kokarin magance karancin ma'aikatan jinya a kasar ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa tare da kwalejojin al'umma na gida don ƙarfafawa da taimakawa karin dalibai don neman digiri na jinya == Ayyukan siyasa == [[Fayil:Gloria_Molina_portrait,_1982.jpg|thumb|Molina a ofishinta a 1982]] Before being elected to public office, Molina served in the Carter Administration as a deputy for presidential personnel. After leaving the [[White House]], she served in San Francisco as a deputy director for the Department of Health and Human Services. She stated to the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' that she had seen that men had "kept dismissing the contributions of her and other women", which was why she ran for office in 1982.<ref name="fare">{{Cite web |last=Arellano, Gustavo |date=March 25, 2023 |title=Column: Gloria Molina's farewell message to L.A.: Don't be corrupt |url=https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2023-03-25/gloria-molina-farewell-message |website=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref> === Majalisar Dokokin Jihar California === A shekara ta 1982, Art Torres ya bar kujerarsa a Gundumar Majalisar Dokokin Jihar California ta 56 saboda sake rarraba, tare da Torres da memba Richard Alatorre suna sa Richard Polanco ya gudu a gundumar. Molina ta kusanci su biyu game da gudu a cikin gundumar, amma an gaya mata cewa ba za ta iya ba tun lokacin da Polanco ke gudu. Ta gudu duk da haka, kuma ta kayar da Polcano don zama mace ta farko ta Latina da aka zaba a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar California. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Scauzillo, Steve |date=March 14, 2023 |title=Groundbreaking ex-LA County supervisor Gloria Molina faces terminal cancer |url=https://www.dailynews.com/2023/03/14/groundbreaking-ex-la-county-supervisor-gloria-molina-faces-terminal-cancer/ |website=[[Los Angeles Daily News]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Scauzillo, Steve |date=March 14, 2023 |title=Groundbreaking ex-LA County supervisor Gloria Molina faces terminal cancer |url=https://www.dailynews.com/2023/03/14/groundbreaking-ex-la-county-supervisor-gloria-molina-faces-terminal-cancer/ |website=[[Los Angeles Daily News]]}}</ref> Nasararta za ta kafa mataki don rikici na siyasa tsakanin Torres da Molina, tare da magoya bayanta ana kiransu Torristas da Molinistas. === Kauracewa Arizona === A watan Yunin 2010, Molina ta kada kuri'a tare da wasu masu kula da gundumar Los Angeles guda biyu don kauracewa [[Arizona]] saboda SB 1070. Molina ta ce a cikin sanarwa cewa dokar "kawai ta yi nisa sosai" kuma "mutane da yawa sun nuna cewa an rantsar da ni a matsayin mai kula da gundumar LA don tabbatar da Kundin Tsarin Mulki. Abin da zan iya cewa na yi imanin cewa dokar Arizona ba ta dace da kundin tsarin mulki ba".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Scauzillo, Steve |date=March 14, 2023 |title=Groundbreaking ex-LA County supervisor Gloria Molina faces terminal cancer |url=https://www.dailynews.com/2023/03/14/groundbreaking-ex-la-county-supervisor-gloria-molina-faces-terminal-cancer/ |website=[[Los Angeles Daily News]]}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Molina ta auri Ron Martinez, ɗan kasuwa, tare da su biyun suna da 'yar, Valentina Martinez . Ta zauna a unguwar Los Angeles ta Dutsen Washington . A watan Maris na shekara ta 2023, Molina ta ba da sanarwar cewa an gano ta da ciwon daji mai tsanani shekaru uku da suka gabata, kuma tana fama da shi tare da jiyya amma ya zama mai tsananin fushi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Scauzillo, Steve |date=March 14, 2023 |title=Groundbreaking ex-LA County supervisor Gloria Molina faces terminal cancer |url=https://www.dailynews.com/2023/03/14/groundbreaking-ex-la-county-supervisor-gloria-molina-faces-terminal-cancer/ |website=[[Los Angeles Daily News]]}}</ref> Ta mutu a ranar 14 ga Mayu, 2023, kwana goma sha bakwai kafin ranar haihuwarta ta 75. [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2023]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1948]] sjylcm4jskw86s6j5u98j2rewmiecbf 889699 889698 2026-07-31T07:38:13Z BnHamid 12586 889699 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Jesús Gloria Molina''' (31 ga Mayu, 1948 - 14 ga Mayu, 2023) ɗan siyasan Amurka ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na Majalisar Birnin Los Angeles, Majalisar Dokokin Jihar California, Kwamitin Masu Kula da Gundumar Los Angeles da Hukumar Kula da Sufuri ta Gundumar Лос Angeles . Kasancewa cikin motsi na Chicano a matsayin matashi mai fafutuka, Molina ya shiga siyasa a 1982, yana gudana a adawa da na'urar siyasa mai iko ta Eastside don zama a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar California, ya zama Latina ta farko da aka Gabas a majalisar. Ta yi dogon lokaci ba tare da an ci nasara ba a siyasar zabe, ta zama Latina ta farko da aka zaba a Majalisar Birnin Los Angeles da kuma Kwamitin Masu Kula da Gundumar Los Angeles, kuma ta yi aiki a Kwamitin na tsawon shekaru 23. Bayan ya fita a cikin Kwamitin, Molina ya sake tsayawa takarar Majalisar Birnin Los Angeles a shekarar 2015, amma José Huizar mai mulki ya ci shi.<ref name="leadsrace">{{Cite web |date=March 3, 2015 |title=Incumbent Councilman Jose Huizar Leads Race For Council Seat |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/losangeles/news/incumbent-councilman-jose-huizar-leads-early-in-race-for-council-seat/ |website=[[CBS News]]}}</ref> An dauki Molina a matsayin mai ba da hanya kuma ya taimaka wajen farfado da Grand Park na Los Angeles kuma ya goyi bayan aikin LA Plaza de Cultura y Artes, kuma an ce ya shirya hanya ga 'yan siyasa mata da Latina na gaba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Scauzillo, Steve |date=March 14, 2023 |title=Groundbreaking ex-LA County supervisor Gloria Molina faces terminal cancer |url=https://www.dailynews.com/2023/03/14/groundbreaking-ex-la-county-supervisor-gloria-molina-faces-terminal-cancer/ |website=[[Los Angeles Daily News]]}}</ref> Grand Park a Los Angeles an sake masa suna Gloria Molina Grand Park bayan mutuwarta a 2023. == Rayuwa ta farko da gwagwarmaya == [[Fayil:Gloria_Molina_and_Dolores_Madrigal_holding_news_conference_announcing_class_action_suit_against_hospital_in_Los_Angeles,_1975.jpg|left|thumb|Molina a taron manema labarai a 1975]] An haifi Molina a ranar 31 ga Mayu, 1948, a Montebello, California, ga Leonardo Castillo Molina da Concepción Molina, waɗanda suka yi ƙaura zuwa Los Angeles daga Mexico. Ta girma a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin yara goma a unguwar Los Angeles ta Pico Rivera, tana halartar Makarantar Sakandare ta El Rancho kafin ta tafi Kwalejin Gabashin Los Angeles da Jami'ar Jihar California, Los Angeles . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Scauzillo, Steve |date=March 14, 2023 |title=Groundbreaking ex-LA County supervisor Gloria Molina faces terminal cancer |url=https://www.dailynews.com/2023/03/14/groundbreaking-ex-la-county-supervisor-gloria-molina-faces-terminal-cancer/ |website=[[Los Angeles Daily News]]}}</ref> Yayinda take halartar kwaleji, ta yi aiki na cikakken lokaci a matsayin sakatariyar shari'a. Daga nan sai ta sami takardar shaidar a matsayin malami na ilimi na manya kuma ta koyar da ƙwarewar malamai a Cibiyar Kwarewar Gabashin Los Angeles.<ref name="ny" /> Ayyukan farko na Molina sun kasance ta hanyar shiga cikin ƙungiyar Chicano da kuma ba da shawara ga lafiyar mata. Wani nasarorin farko shi ne lokacin da ta fara Shirin Jagoran Nurses a kokarin magance karancin ma'aikatan jinya a kasar ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa tare da kwalejojin al'umma na gida don ƙarfafawa da taimakawa karin dalibai don neman digiri na jinya == Ayyukan siyasa == [[Fayil:Gloria_Molina_portrait,_1982.jpg|thumb|Molina a ofishinta a 1982]] Before being elected to public office, Molina served in the Carter Administration as a deputy for presidential personnel. After leaving the [[White House]], she served in San Francisco as a deputy director for the Department of Health and Human Services. She stated to the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' that she had seen that men had "kept dismissing the contributions of her and other women", which was why she ran for office in 1982.<ref name="fare">{{Cite web |last=Arellano, Gustavo |date=March 25, 2023 |title=Column: Gloria Molina's farewell message to L.A.: Don't be corrupt |url=https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2023-03-25/gloria-molina-farewell-message |website=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref> === Majalisar Dokokin Jihar California === A shekara ta 1982, Art Torres ya bar kujerarsa a Gundumar Majalisar Dokokin Jihar California ta 56 saboda sake rarraba, tare da Torres da memba Richard Alatorre suna sa Richard Polanco ya gudu a gundumar. Molina ta kusanci su biyu game da gudu a cikin gundumar, amma an gaya mata cewa ba za ta iya ba tun lokacin da Polanco ke gudu. Ta gudu duk da haka, kuma ta kayar da Polcano don zama mace ta farko ta Latina da aka zaba a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar California. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Scauzillo, Steve |date=March 14, 2023 |title=Groundbreaking ex-LA County supervisor Gloria Molina faces terminal cancer |url=https://www.dailynews.com/2023/03/14/groundbreaking-ex-la-county-supervisor-gloria-molina-faces-terminal-cancer/ |website=[[Los Angeles Daily News]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Scauzillo, Steve |date=March 14, 2023 |title=Groundbreaking ex-LA County supervisor Gloria Molina faces terminal cancer |url=https://www.dailynews.com/2023/03/14/groundbreaking-ex-la-county-supervisor-gloria-molina-faces-terminal-cancer/ |website=[[Los Angeles Daily News]]}}</ref> Nasararta za ta kafa mataki don rikici na siyasa tsakanin Torres da Molina, tare da magoya bayanta ana kiransu Torristas da Molinistas. === Kauracewa Arizona === A watan Yunin 2010, Molina ta kada kuri'a tare da wasu masu kula da gundumar Los Angeles guda biyu don kauracewa [[Arizona]] saboda SB 1070. Molina ta ce a cikin sanarwa cewa dokar "kawai ta yi nisa sosai" kuma "mutane da yawa sun nuna cewa an rantsar da ni a matsayin mai kula da gundumar LA don tabbatar da Kundin Tsarin Mulki. Abin da zan iya cewa na yi imanin cewa dokar Arizona ba ta dace da kundin tsarin mulki ba".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Scauzillo, Steve |date=March 14, 2023 |title=Groundbreaking ex-LA County supervisor Gloria Molina faces terminal cancer |url=https://www.dailynews.com/2023/03/14/groundbreaking-ex-la-county-supervisor-gloria-molina-faces-terminal-cancer/ |website=[[Los Angeles Daily News]]}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Molina ta auri Ron Martinez, ɗan kasuwa, tare da su biyun suna da 'yar, Valentina Martinez . Ta zauna a unguwar Los Angeles ta Dutsen Washington . A watan Maris na shekara ta 2023, Molina ta ba da sanarwar cewa an gano ta da ciwon daji mai tsanani shekaru uku da suka gabata, kuma tana fama da shi tare da jiyya amma ya zama mai tsananin fushi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Scauzillo, Steve |date=March 14, 2023 |title=Groundbreaking ex-LA County supervisor Gloria Molina faces terminal cancer |url=https://www.dailynews.com/2023/03/14/groundbreaking-ex-la-county-supervisor-gloria-molina-faces-terminal-cancer/ |website=[[Los Angeles Daily News]]}}</ref> Ta mutu a ranar 14 ga Mayu, 2023, kwana goma sha bakwai kafin ranar haihuwarta ta 75. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2023]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1948]] fvpgy9rh5osf2rr1o4y3wk025zxoi5c Sallie Krawcheck 0 134082 889785 775404 2026-07-31T11:11:17Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889785 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Sallie L. Krawcheck''' (an haife ta a ranar 28 ga Nuwamba, 1964) ita ce Shugaba kasuwanci ta Amurka wacce ta kafa kuma tsohuwar Shugaba ta Ellevest, dandalin saka hannun jari ga mata da aka ƙaddamar a cikin 2016. <ref>[http://www.stpetersburgtimes.com/2002/10/31/Business/Citigroup_to_separate.shtml "Citigroup to separate units"] {{Webarchive}}, ''St. Petersburg Times'' (Florida), October 31, 2002.</ref> Ta kasance a baya shugabar [[Bankin Amurka]] na Duniya da Sashen Gudanar da Zuba Jari. An kira ta "mace mafi iko a Wall Street.<ref>name="powerful2011">{{Cite web |date=4 March 2011 |title=The most powerful woman on Wall Street |url=https://financialpost.com/investing/the-most-powerful-woman-on-wall-street |access-date=23 September 2021 |website=Financial Post |publisher=Bloomberg News |language=en-CA |archive-date=18 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918135545/https://financialpost.com/investing/the-most-powerful-woman-on-wall-street |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Early life and education == An haife shi a [[New Orleans|New Orleans, Louisiana]], ga tsohon wakilin South Carolina Leonard Krawcheck, Sallie ya girma a Charleston, South Carolina . <ref>[http://www.stpetersburgtimes.com/2002/10/31/Business/Citigroup_to_separate.shtml "Citigroup to separate units"] {{Webarchive}}, ''St. Petersburg Times'' (Florida), October 31, 2002.</ref> Ta bayyana yarinta a matsayin "rabi na Yahudawa, rabin WASP-y".<ref>[http://www.stpetersburgtimes.com/2002/10/31/Business/Citigroup_to_separate.shtml "Citigroup to separate units"] {{Webarchive}}, ''St. Petersburg Times'' (Florida), October 31, 2002.</ref> Ta halarci Makarantar Porter-Gaud . Yayinda take makarantar sakandare, ta shiga cikin ƙungiyar waƙa da filin makarantar. A shekara ta 1983, a matsayin babban jami'in makarantar sakandare, an girmama ta a matsayin Masanin Shugaban kasa na Kudancin Carolina . She received a Morehead Scholarship to the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, and graduated with a degree in [[journalism]]. In 1992, she obtained an MBA from Columbia Business School.<ref>[http://www.stpetersburgtimes.com/2002/10/31/Business/Citigroup_to_separate.shtml "Citigroup to separate units"] {{Webarchive}}, ''St. Petersburg Times'' (Florida), October 31, 2002.</ref> == Career == === Sanford C. Bernstein === Krawcheck ta fara aikinta a matsayin mai nazarin hannun jari wanda ke kula da kamfanonin Wall Street, inda ta zama darektan bincike sannan kuma shugabar kuma babbar jami'ar bincike ta Sanford C. Bernstein &amp;amp; Co. Ta yi suna wajen ba da shawara mai zaman kanta, kuma shawarar da ta yanke na cire Bernstein daga harkar kasuwanci mai riba, amma mai cike da takaddama, ta sa ''Fortune'' ta kira ta "The Last Honest Analyst." Citigroup ta neme ta don magance suka kan rikice-rikicen sha'awa a cikin harkokin gudanar da dukiya da bincike bayan da Eliot Spitzer ya tuhumi kamfanin. === Citigroup === An nada Krawcheck a matsayin Shugaba na sashin Smith Barney na Citigroup (wanda a lokacin yake sabo), wanda aka sanya mata suna cikin jerin "Masu Tasiri a Duniya" na ''Time'' a shekarar 2002 da kuma Mutumin da Ya Fi Tasiri a Fortune 'Yan Kasa da Shekaru 40. <ref>[http://www.stpetersburgtimes.com/2002/10/31/Business/Citigroup_to_separate.shtml "Citigroup to separate units"] {{Webarchive}}, ''St. Petersburg Times'' (Florida), October 31, 2002.</ref> An kafa sashen Smith Barney ne domin raba bankin saka hannun jari na Citigroup da ayyukan dillalan hannun jari da bincike, domin gujewa bayyanar rikicin sha'awa a wadannan fannoni. An nada Krawcheck a matsayin shugaban dillalai da manazarta 13,000 na sabon sashen dillalan dillalai. A shekara ta 2004, an naɗa Krawcheck a matsayin babban jami'in kuɗi na Citigroup. A shekara ta 2007, an nada Krawcheck a matsayin Shugabar Kamfanin Citi na Gudanar da Arziki, wanda ya haɗa da komawa ga Smith Barney da kuma ƙara Bankin Citi Private. A lokacin isowarta, an kori Bankin Masu Zaman Kansu daga Japan saboda matsalolin da suka shafi tallace-tallace; wannan, tare da ci gaba da batutuwan da suka shafi dokokin Citi, ya haifar da raguwar masu ba da shawara kan harkokin kuɗi wanda ya kai kololuwar matsayi. Ta yi aiki don sauya al'adun kamfanoni ga masu ba da shawara kan harkokin kuɗi na Smith Barney a matsayin mai fafutukar farko na amincewa da ƙa'idar aminci ga masana'antar dillalai. Krawcheck ta bar Citi a ranar 22 ga Satumba, 2008, bayan watanni da suka yi suna takaddama da babban jami'in gudanarwa Vikram Pandit saboda Krawcheck ya yi jayayya cewa Citi za ta mayar wa abokan ciniki da jarin da ya lalace da dillalan da ma'aikatan banki na hukumar kula da dukiya ta Citi suka raba. Pandit da sauran manyan jami'ai a Citi sun yi rashin jituwa, suna jayayya cewa Citi ba ta da wani takalifi na doka a cikin lamarin. === Bankin Amurka === Bayan sayen Merrill Lynch a shekarar 2009, [[Bankin Amurka]] ya ɗauki Krawcheck aiki don jagorantar [[Bankin Amurka|sabuwar sashin]] . Duk da cewa babban jami'in Bankin Amurka a wancan lokacin, Ken Lewis, ya yi ƙoƙarin soke yarjejeniyar a makonni kafin a rufe ta, yana tsoron Merrill Lynch yana cikin mawuyacin hali na kuɗi fiye da yadda aka sani a da, Krawcheck ta jagoranci sashin zuwa ribar dala biliyan 3.1 a cikin shekaru biyu da ta yi tana shugabantar sashin kula da dukiya. A cikin kwata na biyu na 2011, sashin Krawcheck ya ƙara yawan kuɗin shiga da kashi 54 cikin ɗari, daga dala miliyan 329 zuwa dala miliyan 506, yayin da Bankin Amurka ya yi asarar jimillar dala biliyan 8.8. Sabon babban jami'in kamfanin, Brian Moynihan, ya cire matsayin Krawcheck a Merrill a matsayin wani ɓangare na sake fasalin kamfanin, kuma Krawcheck ta bar Bankin Amurka a ranar 6 ga Satumba, 2011. Ta sami kuɗin sallama na dala miliyan 6. === Cibiyar sadarwa mai ƙarfi === Krawcheck ta mallaki 85 Broads Unlimited LLC. (wanda yanzu haka ke gudanar da kasuwanci a matsayin [[Cibiyar Tsaro|Ellevate Network]] ) a shekarar 2013 kuma yanzu ita ce shugabar ƙungiyar. === Ellevest === Krawcheck ita ce wadda ta kafa kuma Shugabar Ellevest, wani dandamali na saka hannun jari na dijital ga mata. Manufar Ellevest ita ce ta yi aiki don rufe gibin saka hannun jari tsakanin jinsi a Amurka ta hanyar "sake fasalta saka hannun jari ga mata." <ref>[http://www.stpetersburgtimes.com/2002/10/31/Business/Citigroup_to_separate.shtml "Citigroup to separate units"] {{Webarchive}}, ''St. Petersburg Times'' (Florida), October 31, 2002.</ref> == Ganewa == Krawcheck ta fito a cikin jerin mata 100 mafi ƙarfi a duniya na ''Forbes'' a cikin jerin mata 100 mafi ƙarfi a duniya a 2005 da 2006. <ref name="List2006">{{Cite web |date=2006-08-31 |title=The 100 Most Powerful Women |url=https://www.forbes.com/lists/2006/11/06women_The-100-Most-Powerful-Women_Rank.html |access-date=2008-01-28 |website=Forbes.com}} (2006 List)</ref> <ref name="List2005">{{Cite web |title=The Most Powerful Women |url=https://www.forbes.com/lists/2005/11/Rank_1.html |access-date=2008-01-28 |website=Forbes.com}} (2005 List)</ref> A shekarar 2008, an sanya ta a cikin mujallar ''Investment Advisor'' ta IA 25, jerin mutane 25 mafi tasiri a cikin da kewayen kasuwancin ba da shawara kan saka hannun jari. <ref>[http://www.stpetersburgtimes.com/2002/10/31/Business/Citigroup_to_separate.shtml "Citigroup to separate units"] {{Webarchive}}, ''St. Petersburg Times'' (Florida), October 31, 2002.</ref> World Economic Forum ta amince da ita a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin Shugabannin Matasa na Duniya. A shekarar 2012, The Daily Beast ta yaba mata a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin "muryoyin gaskiya marasa adadi a Wall Street." <ref>[http://www.stpetersburgtimes.com/2002/10/31/Business/Citigroup_to_separate.shtml "Citigroup to separate units"] {{Webarchive}}, ''St. Petersburg Times'' (Florida), October 31, 2002.</ref> A watan Disamba na 2017, an saka ta a cikin wani fim na TechCrunch akan mata 42 da suka yi nasara a fasaha a wannan shekarar. <ref name="2017-December-TC">{{Cite web |date=December 22, 2017 |title=A look at 42 women in tech who crushed it in 2017 |url=https://techcrunch.com/gallery/a-look-at-42-women-in-tech-who-crushed-it-in-2017/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180114064848/https://techcrunch.com/gallery/a-look-at-42-women-in-tech-who-crushed-it-in-2017/ |archive-date=January 14, 2018 |access-date=January 11, 2018 |website=[[TechCrunch]]}}</ref> Krawcheck ta kafa tallafin karatu bisa ga buƙata a tsohuwar makarantar sakandare, Porter-Gaud, inda ta ba wa ɗaliban da suka ƙware sosai cikakken kuɗin karatu. == Rayuwa ta sirri == Krawcheck ta auri mai kuɗi Gary Appel, wanda take da ɗa da 'ya mace. <ref>[http://www.stpetersburgtimes.com/2002/10/31/Business/Citigroup_to_separate.shtml "Citigroup to separate units"] {{Webarchive}}, ''St. Petersburg Times'' (Florida), October 31, 2002.</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1964]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 1ah0p7rojn5dmzz9a4d5gagjuhaf0lv Kenzaburo Hara 0 135513 889681 778024 2026-07-31T07:30:40Z BnHamid 12586 889681 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kenzaburo Hara''' (原 健三郎, ''Hara Kenzaburō'', 6 ga Fabrairu 1907 - 7 ga Nuwamba 2004) ɗan siyasa ne na Japan wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Kakakin Majalisar Wakilai daga 1986 zuwa 1989. Ya kasance memba na Majalisar na tsawon shekaru 54 daga 1946 har zuwa lokacin da ya yi ritaya a 2000, kuma ya mutu sakamakon bugun zuciya a [[Tokyo]] yana da shekaru 97. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Hara a Hokudan, a wani tsibiri a cikin ƙungiyar tsibirin Awaji, a gundumar Hyogo a shekarar 1907. Bayan kammala karatunsa daga sashen siyasa da tattalin arziki na Jami'ar Waseda da kuma kwas ɗin digiri na biyu na Jami'ar Oregon, ya shiga Kodansha Ltd., wani babban gidan buga littattafai. Ya yi aiki a matsayin babban editan mujallar " Gendai " kafin ya zama ɗan majalisa. An kuma san shi da marubucin asali ko kuma marubucin yanayi na fina-finai biyar daga cikin tara a cikin jerin "Wataridori" ("Migratory Tsuntsaye") wanda Nikkatsu Corp ya shirya. == Aikin siyasa == An fara zaɓen Hara a zaɓen Majalisar Dokoki ta farko a [[Japan]] bayan yaƙin basasa, wanda aka gudanar a shekarar 1946 tare da goyon bayan Jam'iyyar Ci Gaban Japan da ta ruguje. Daga baya ya shiga Jam'iyyar Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) mai mulki. Ya yi wa'adi 20, jimilla shekaru 54, a matsayin ɗan Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa har sai da ya yi ritaya daga siyasa yana da shekaru 93 a watan Yunin 2000 jim kaɗan kafin zaɓen gama gari. Hara shi ne ɗan majalisar dokoki na biyu mafi daɗewa a lokacin bayan yaƙin bayan yaƙi, bayan tsohon firayim minista Yasuhiro Nakasone . Bayan ya yi aiki a matsayin [[Minister of Labour (Japan)|ministan kwadago]] da kuma darakta janar na Hukumar Kasa da Hukumar Ci Gaban Hokkaido, ya yi aiki a matsayin kakakin Majalisar Wakilai daga Yulin 1986 zuwa Yunin 1989. An san Hara da shi ga mutanen da ke zaune a yankinsa da laƙabin "Haraken", kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin 'yan siyasa mafi tasiri a Japan a ƙarni na 20. Ya yi aiki a matsayin ɗan majalisa na tsawon fiye da rabin ƙarni kuma ya zama Shugaban Majalisar Wakilai. An fara zaɓensa a shekarar 1946 lokacin da Janar Douglas MacArthur ya isa don kula da mamayar da sake gina Japan, bayan miƙa wuya a ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu . A matsayinsa na ɗaya daga cikin 'yan majalisar dokoki kaɗan da suka iya Turanci sosai, an gayyaci Hara zuwa tattaunawar da aka yi da da'irar MacArthur. Hara ya yi kalamai masu tayar da hankali kamar yadda aka auna ta hanyar ƙa'idodin yamma. An soki shi da cewa, "Waɗanda za su je gidajen kula da tsofaffi [bayan sun tsufa] su ne mafi muni," a cikin wani jawabi da ya yi a wani bikin Ranar Hawan Shekaru a Sumoto, Tsibirin Awaji, a watan Janairun 1972. Ya yi wa masu zaɓe alƙawari a bainar jama'a a mazabarsa cewa za a gina gadar Akashi Strait tsakanin Kobe da Tsibirin Awaji . A matsayin alamar tasirin da yake da shi, an buɗe gadar ga masu ababen hawa a watan Afrilun 1998. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1907]] ccdpi9jkfzi00kf90pfkab3sjnafg2r 889683 889681 2026-07-31T07:31:24Z BnHamid 12586 /* Manazarta */ 889683 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kenzaburo Hara''' (原 健三郎, ''Hara Kenzaburō'', 6 ga Fabrairu 1907 - 7 ga Nuwamba 2004) ɗan siyasa ne na Japan wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Kakakin Majalisar Wakilai daga 1986 zuwa 1989. Ya kasance memba na Majalisar na tsawon shekaru 54 daga 1946 har zuwa lokacin da ya yi ritaya a 2000, kuma ya mutu sakamakon bugun zuciya a [[Tokyo]] yana da shekaru 97. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Hara a Hokudan, a wani tsibiri a cikin ƙungiyar tsibirin Awaji, a gundumar Hyogo a shekarar 1907. Bayan kammala karatunsa daga sashen siyasa da tattalin arziki na Jami'ar Waseda da kuma kwas ɗin digiri na biyu na Jami'ar Oregon, ya shiga Kodansha Ltd., wani babban gidan buga littattafai. Ya yi aiki a matsayin babban editan mujallar " Gendai " kafin ya zama ɗan majalisa. An kuma san shi da marubucin asali ko kuma marubucin yanayi na fina-finai biyar daga cikin tara a cikin jerin "Wataridori" ("Migratory Tsuntsaye") wanda Nikkatsu Corp ya shirya. == Aikin siyasa == An fara zaɓen Hara a zaɓen Majalisar Dokoki ta farko a [[Japan]] bayan yaƙin basasa, wanda aka gudanar a shekarar 1946 tare da goyon bayan Jam'iyyar Ci Gaban Japan da ta ruguje. Daga baya ya shiga Jam'iyyar Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) mai mulki. Ya yi wa'adi 20, jimilla shekaru 54, a matsayin ɗan Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa har sai da ya yi ritaya daga siyasa yana da shekaru 93 a watan Yunin 2000 jim kaɗan kafin zaɓen gama gari. Hara shi ne ɗan majalisar dokoki na biyu mafi daɗewa a lokacin bayan yaƙin bayan yaƙi, bayan tsohon firayim minista Yasuhiro Nakasone . Bayan ya yi aiki a matsayin [[Minister of Labour (Japan)|ministan kwadago]] da kuma darakta janar na Hukumar Kasa da Hukumar Ci Gaban Hokkaido, ya yi aiki a matsayin kakakin Majalisar Wakilai daga Yulin 1986 zuwa Yunin 1989. An san Hara da shi ga mutanen da ke zaune a yankinsa da laƙabin "Haraken", kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin 'yan siyasa mafi tasiri a Japan a ƙarni na 20. Ya yi aiki a matsayin ɗan majalisa na tsawon fiye da rabin ƙarni kuma ya zama Shugaban Majalisar Wakilai. An fara zaɓensa a shekarar 1946 lokacin da Janar Douglas MacArthur ya isa don kula da mamayar da sake gina Japan, bayan miƙa wuya a ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu . A matsayinsa na ɗaya daga cikin 'yan majalisar dokoki kaɗan da suka iya Turanci sosai, an gayyaci Hara zuwa tattaunawar da aka yi da da'irar MacArthur. Hara ya yi kalamai masu tayar da hankali kamar yadda aka auna ta hanyar ƙa'idodin yamma. An soki shi da cewa, "Waɗanda za su je gidajen kula da tsofaffi [bayan sun tsufa] su ne mafi muni," a cikin wani jawabi da ya yi a wani bikin Ranar Hawan Shekaru a Sumoto, Tsibirin Awaji, a watan Janairun 1972. Ya yi wa masu zaɓe alƙawari a bainar jama'a a mazabarsa cewa za a gina gadar Akashi Strait tsakanin Kobe da Tsibirin Awaji . A matsayin alamar tasirin da yake da shi, an buɗe gadar ga masu ababen hawa a watan Afrilun 1998. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.jmdb.ne.jp/person/p0096740.htm|title=原健三郎|publisher=[[Japanese Movie Database]]|accessdate=2010-01-23|language=ja}} * {{cite book|title=選挙だ!!選挙だ: ウラもオモテも楽しみたい|publisher=[[Takarajimasha]]|year=1998|isbn=9784796614238|pages=94–103|language=ja}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Hara, Kenzaburo}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1907]] 2s3k118t1rxocgid3cmx55pj3ylpsqp Rex Benson (marubucin waƙa) 0 135777 889618 778489 2026-07-31T00:29:44Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889618 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Rex Benson''' [[mai rubuta waka|marubuci]] ne kuma [[Music publisher (popular music)|mai buga waƙoƙi]] ɗan ƙasar Amurka wanda ya fi sha'awar [[Country music|kiɗan ƙasar]] . Aikin Benson ya fara ne lokacin da ya rubuta waƙoƙinsa na farko a shekarar 1972 kuma ya girma tare da yarjejeniyar buga waƙoƙinsa na farko a shekarar 1979. Tun daga lokacin ya kafa REX BENSON MUSIC GROUP wanda ya haɗa da kamfanonin bugawa na ƙungiyoyin kare haƙƙin masu wasan kwaikwayo guda uku na Amurka Broadcast Music, Inc. (BMI), American Society of Composers, Marubuta and Publishers (ASCAP), da Society of European Stage Authors and Composers (SESAC). Daga cikin ɗaruruwan waƙoƙin da Benson ke wakilta, an yi rikodin da yawa daga manyan mawakan rikodin da/ko kuma an sanya su cikin shirye-shirye a manyan hanyoyin sadarwar talabijin. == Rubuta waƙa == Benson ya rubuta ko ya rubuta waƙoƙi tare ga mawakan rekodi Kenny Rogers, Garth Brooks, Tammy Wynette, Don Williams, Joe Diffie, The Oak Ridge Boys, Mel Tillis, Bobby Vinton, Chesapeake (ƙungiyar mawaka), Linda Ronstadt, Rich McCready, Scott Joss, Shirley Myers da sauransu. Ya kuma rubuta waƙoƙin asali na shirin talabijin na Disney Channel ''Dumbo's Circus'' . Wakokin Benson sun haɗa da "Unto You This Night" (wanda Garth Brooks ya rubuta ); "Glass Houses" (wanda Tammy Wynette ya rubuta tare da Joe Diffie ); "Ged of Roses" (wanda Chesapeake ya rubuta tare da Linda Ronstadt, wanda Kenny Rogers ya rubuta tare da Linda Davis, wanda Mel Tillis ya rubuta, wanda Bobby Vinton ya rubuta ); "Healing Hands" (wanda Don Williams ya rubuta <ref>{{Cite web |title=Reflections - Don Williams &#124; Songs, Reviews, Credits &#124; AllMusic |url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/reflections-mw0002613867 |website=[[AllMusic]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Alan Cackett - Don Williams - Reflections |url=http://www.alancackett.com/don-williams-reflections}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 March 2014 |title=Don Williams Talks Songwriting, New Album |url=http://www.americansongwriter.com/2014/03/don-williams-talks-songwriting-new-album/ |access-date=11 January 2026 |archive-date=17 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117012909/http://americansongwriter.com/2014/03/don-williams-talks-songwriting-new-album |url-status=dead }}</ref> ); da kuma "What That Means" (wanda Kenny Rogers ya rubuta tare da Brad Paisley ). === Haɗin gwiwar rubuta waƙa === Benson ya haɗu da haɗin gwiwar rubuce-rubuce kuma ya yi aiki tare da Steve Gillette na tsawon shekaru sama da 15; an rubuta waƙoƙin "Unto You This Night", "Glass Houses", "Bed of Roses" da "Healing Hands" duk tare da haɗin gwiwar Gillette. Sauran marubutan da Rex ya rubuta tare da su sun haɗa da Edgar Struble, Earl Clark, Tony Stephens, Fran Holliday, Scott Wray, Buddy Cannon, Lee Bogan, Tim Veazey, Chris Cummings, Scott Eversoll, da Randy Bachman . [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] ==manazarta == obg2ilhjct71zjqna7ofg3nwymldasc Athanasios Roussopoulos 0 135911 889674 778744 2026-07-31T07:27:18Z BnHamid 12586 889674 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Athanasios Roussopoulos''' (Greek, 1903-1983) masanin kimiyya ne na Girka, Farfesa a Jami'ar Fasaha ta Athens kuma [[ɗan siyasa]], memba na Majalisar Girka kuma Ministan Ayyukan Jama'a. Ya kuma kasance Shugaban Kamfanin Fasaha na Girka . == Shekaru na farko == An haifi Roussopoulos a Athens, ɗan Ioannis Roussopoulo, lauya daga Athens, da Dionysia Veliotis (1871-1955?) na Prasino ca 20 km NW na Levidi a cikin Peloponnese. Yana da 'yar'uwa Eleni Roussopoulos (1911-1993), lauya kuma ma'aikacin gwamnati, wanda bai taba yin aure ba.&nbsp; == Rayuwar sana'a == A cikin 1930 an nada shi Farfesa a cikin Applied Statics da Iron Constructions a Jami'ar Fasaha ta Kasa ta Athens, wanda aka fi sani da Athens Polytechnic, inda aikinsa ya fi damuwa da ci gaban ka'idar tsarin aseismic, wanda ya buga takardu da yawa. Ya yi murabus kuma ya zama Farfesa Emeritus a 1958 don shiga rayuwar siyasa. Ya kasance jagora a cikin sake ginawa bayan girgizar ƙasa ta Koranti ta 1928, lokacin da ya yi aiki tare da Bishop na Koranti na lokacin, Damaskinos . A shekara ta 1932 ya yi rashin lafiya kuma ya tafi ƙauyen mahaifiyarsa don warkewa. Majalisar da ke can ta tuntube shi game da sabon sunan ƙauyen (an sake sunan wurare da yawa a Girka don su rabu da tsoffin sunayensu na Ottoman) kuma ya ba da shawarar Prasino, wanda aka karɓa. A lokacin yakin, Roussopoulos ya kasance mai ba da shawara ga Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Kirista ta Ƙasa wacce yanzu Archbishop Damaskinos ya kafa wanda ya taimaka wajen ceton dubban mutane daga yunwa ko kisa, kuma ya ɗauki ofishin haɗari na Shugaban kungiyar asiri ta Ƙungiyar Ƙaramar Kasa wanda ƙungiyar EAM ta kafa don tattara abinci, kuɗi da tufafi ga mayakan adawa. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 1944 an kama furofesoshi uku, ciki har da Rector Ioannis Theophanopoulos, da dalibai goma sha biyu na Athens Polytechnic, an kai su duwatsu kuma ƙungiyar ELAS ta kashe su. A jana'izar jama'a ta Rector, Roussopoulos ya ba da jawabin jana'izar inda ya bayyana cewa: "... Ya kunyata hangen nesa mai daraja na adalci na zamantakewa, wanda aka lalata shi sosai kuma ya gurɓata daga ayyukan da aka yi da sunansa. Ba za mu iya karɓar uzuri cewa a manyan sauye-sauye na tarihin ɗan adam ya buƙaci wadanda abin ya shafa ba, saboda muna da ƙarni na saurin da ya canza wannan labarin rayuwa kuma ya haifar da irin wannan farfadowar ruhaniya cewa ba lallai ba ne ga bil'adama ya wuce ta hanyar tarkace ta hanyar ci gaba. " ...<ref>{{Cite web |title=THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF GREECE > ACG ART > ARTISTS > Z > NICOS ZOGRAPHOS > ZogN1935theo |url=http://www.acgart.gr/acg-collection/artists/Z/ZogN/ZogN1935theo.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721074707/http://www.acgart.gr/acg-collection/artists/Z/ZogN/ZogN1935theo.htm |archive-date=2011-07-21 |access-date=2010-04-09}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1983]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1903]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 2mo75c69jpqo3j7f95jh175otwi1ezf Gordon Pinsent 0 136122 889719 779098 2026-07-31T07:50:33Z BnHamid 12586 889719 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gordon Edward Pinsent,''' CC FRSC (12 ga Yuli, 1930 - 25 ga Fabrairu, 2023) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na ƙasar Kanada, marubuci, darakta, kuma mawaƙi. An san shi da rawar da ya taka a cikin shirye-shiryen talabijin da dama, ciki har da ''Away from Her'', ''The Rowdyman'', ''John and the Missus'', ''A Gift to Last'', ''Due South'', ''The Red Green Show'', da ''Quentin Durgens, MP'' Shi ne muryar Sarki Babar a cikin shirye-shiryen talabijin da fina-finai na Babar the Elephant daga 1989 zuwa 2015. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Pinsent, ƙaramin yaro daga cikin yara shida, a Grand Falls, Newfoundland (wanda a yanzu ake kira Newfoundland da Labrador, Kanada). [1] Mahaifiyarsa, Florence "Flossie" (née Cooper), asalinta daga Clifton, Newfoundland ce, kuma mahaifinsa, Stephen Arthur Pinsent, ma'aikacin injin niƙa takarda ne kuma mai gyaran dutse wanda asalinsa daga Dildo, Newfoundland ne. [2] Mahaifiyarsa "mai magana da shiru" kuma mai addini ne na Anglican ; dangin sun fito ne daga bakin haure daga Kent da Devon a Ingila. [3] Yaro ne da aka kira kansa "marar kunya" wanda ke fama da rickets . Pinsent ya fara yin wasan kwaikwayo a kan dandamali a shekarun 1940 yana da shekaru 17. Ba da daɗewa ba ya fara taka rawa a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na rediyo a CBC, kuma daga baya ya koma talabijin da fina-finai. A farkon shekarun 1950, ya huta daga wasan kwaikwayo ya shiga Rundunar Sojojin Kanada, yana aiki na tsawon shekaru huɗu a matsayin mai zaman kansa a Rundunar Sojojin Kanada ta Royal Canadian . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Pinsent, Gordon Edward {{pipe}} History of Canadian Broadcasting |url=https://www.broadcasting-history.ca/personalities/pinsent-gordon-edward |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200710002158/https://www.broadcasting-history.ca/personalities/pinsent-gordon-edward |archive-date=July 10, 2020 |access-date=July 10, 2020}}</ref> == Sana'a == Aikin wasan kwaikwayo na Pinsent ya fara ne a shekarar 1957 a Winnipeg's Theatre 77 (wanda daga baya aka sani da Royal Manitoba Theatre Centre ) a ƙarƙashin jagorancin John Hirsch . A cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya, ya yi wasanni da yawa a Winnipeg, a Toronto a Crest Theatre da kuma a bikin Stratford . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Pinsent, Gordon Edward {{pipe}} History of Canadian Broadcasting |url=https://www.broadcasting-history.ca/personalities/pinsent-gordon-edward |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200710002158/https://www.broadcasting-history.ca/personalities/pinsent-gordon-edward |archive-date=July 10, 2020 |access-date=July 10, 2020}}</ref> A farkon shekarun 1960, ya fito a cikin ''Bikin Ado'', ''Scarlett Hill'' da ''The Forest Rangers'' . Daga baya ya zama babban jarumi a talabijin na Kanada tare da rawar da ya taka ciki har da shirin ''Quentin Durgens, MP'', ''A Gift to Last'' (wanda ya ƙirƙira), ''The Red Green Show'', ''Due South'', ''Wind at My Back'', da ''Power Play'' . Fim ɗin Pinsent sun haɗa da ''The Thomas Crown Affair'', ''The Rowdyman'', ''Who Has Seen the Wind'', ''John and the Missus'', ''The Shipping News'' da ''Away from Her'' . Ya rubuta fina-finan fim ɗin ''The Rowdyman'' da ''John and the Missus'' . Wataƙila rawar da ya fi shahara a farkon fim ɗinsa ita ce ta shugaban Amurka a cikin fim ɗin almara na kimiyya na 1970 ''mai suna Colossus: The Forbin Project'' . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Pinsent, Gordon Edward {{pipe}} History of Canadian Broadcasting |url=https://www.broadcasting-history.ca/personalities/pinsent-gordon-edward |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200710002158/https://www.broadcasting-history.ca/personalities/pinsent-gordon-edward |archive-date=July 10, 2020 |access-date=July 10, 2020}}</ref> Sauran wasannin kwaikwayo nasa sun haɗa da ''Easy Down Easy'' (1987) da ''Brass Rubbings'' (1989). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Pinsent, Gordon Edward {{pipe}} History of Canadian Broadcasting |url=https://www.broadcasting-history.ca/personalities/pinsent-gordon-edward |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200710002158/https://www.broadcasting-history.ca/personalities/pinsent-gordon-edward |archive-date=July 10, 2020 |access-date=July 10, 2020}}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin manyan rawar da Pinsent ta taka ita ce rawar da Hap Shaughnessy ya taka a ''shirin The Red Green Show'' daga 1991 zuwa 2006. Hap ya shahara wajen ba da labarai masu yawa game da abubuwan da ya gabata. Abokinsa Red Green (wanda ɗan wasan barkwanci ɗan ƙasar Kanada Steve Smith ya taka) ko wasu sun yi ta yi masa kirari game da abubuwan da ya ƙirƙira. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2023]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1930]] 0pedmulhke6us3geemdcixan7b5s1ue Angelos Roufos 0 136183 889685 779192 2026-07-31T07:31:45Z BnHamid 12586 889685 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Angelos Roufos''' ([[Girka (ƙasa)|Girkanci]]: , an haife shi a shekara ta 1852) [[ɗan siyasa]] Girka ne daga Akaya . An haife shi a cikin kimanin shekara ta 1852 a Patras ga Benizelos Roufos, zuriyar dangi na siyasa na gida. An zabe shi sau uku a majalisar dokokin Girka. A shekara ta 1899, ya tsaya takara a matsayin magajin gari na Patras amma ya rasa saboda kuri'un iyali sun raba tsakanin shi da ɗan'uwansa Athanasios Kanakaris-Roufos . == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] qmv43j3o6emujpyooanr7w2n00veeml Fotis Perlikos 0 136261 889726 779368 2026-07-31T08:00:07Z BnHamid 12586 889726 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Fotis Tefos Perlikos''' ([[Girka (ƙasa)|Girka]]: ; an haife shi a shekara ta 1979) shi ne shugaban Liberal Alliance, ƙaramar Jam'iyyar siyasa a Girka da aka kafa a shekara ta 2007. == Tarihin rayuwa == An haifi Perlikos a Piraeus, Girka. Ya zauna a Profitou Ilia, Nea Smirni, Paleo Faliro, da Kallithea, duk yankunan Athens, Girka. Ya yi karatun likitanci kuma yanzu yana aiki a matsayin likita a Asibitin Sotiria. Ya yi iƙirarin zama ɗan ƙasa na yau da kullun, ba ƙwararren ɗan siyasa ba, kuma ba mai arziki ba ne.[1] == Ra'ayoyin siyasa == A cewar rubuce-rubucensa, ya fara bincikensa a cikin siyasa ta hagu. Daga baya ya yi tir da hagu kuma ya yi rajista ga manufa ta 'yanci mutum. Ya koyi game da [[Liberalism|'yanci]] da' yanci daga Intanet. A cikin rubuce-rubucensa yana nufin [[Ayn Rand]] . == Ƙungiyoyin == A shekara ta 2004 ya kasance yana da alaƙa da kungiyar [[Diktyo Eleftherias]] (Liberty Network). Ya kasance shugaban Ƙungiyar Liberal Alliance . == Tattaunawa == Kungiyoyin yada labarai masu zuwa sun buga ko watsa tambayoyin Fotis Perlikos: <ref name="interviews">[http://www.greekliberals.net/civilaction/index.php?option=com_content&task=blogcategory&id=12&Itemid=133 Φιλελεύθερη Συμμαχία: στάση πολιτών - Συνεντεύξεις]{{Dead link|date=December 2019|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1978]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] otopfw5l8nafimxv6q41592j11z6f5m Hanli Prinsloo 0 137292 889349 784598 2026-07-30T12:10:11Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 889349 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hanli Prinsloo''' 'yar [[Afirka ta Kudu]] ce mai 'yanci, mai jawabi, marubuciya kuma [[Kiyaye ruwa|mai kare muhallin teku]] . Ita ce wadda ta kafa kuma babbar darakta a I Am Water, wata hukuma [[Kiyaye ruwa|mai kula da kiyaye halittun teku]] da aka sadaukar domin kiyayewa da kare tekuna na duniya ta hanyar kwarewar ɗan adam. <ref name="iamwater">{{Cite web |title=What We Do |url=http://iamwaterfoundation.org |website=iamwaterfoundation.org}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Marieke Prinsloo |url=http://www.mariekeprinsloo-rowe.com/}}</ref> A lokacin da take fafatawa a gasar 'yantar da mutane, ta karya rikodin 'yantar da mutane goma sha ɗaya na Afirka ta Kudu kuma ita ce 'yar Afirka ta Kudu ta farko da ta riƙe dukkan rikodin 'yantar da mutane shida a lokaci guda. <ref name="thedivesite.co.za">{{Cite web |title=Hanli Prinsloo Breaks Another Record |url=http://www.thedivesite.co.za/news/39/hanli-prinsloo-breaks-another-record |website=The Dive Site |access-date=2026-01-12 |archive-date=2014-08-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808182843/http://www.thedivesite.co.za/news/39/hanli-prinsloo-breaks-another-record |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Marieke Prinsloo |url=http://www.mariekeprinsloo-rowe.com/}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == An haifi Prinsloo ga iyayensa Hennie da Naomi Prinsloo a wata gona kusa da Cullinan, Afirka ta Kudu, kuma ta shafe shekaru 18 na farko a gonar dawaki a wajen [[Pretoria]] . Prinsloo tana da 'yar'uwa ɗaya, mai sassaka Marieke Prinsloo-Rowe, wacce ke aiki galibi a fannin siminti kuma galibi tana da jigon ruwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Marieke Prinsloo |url=http://www.mariekeprinsloo-rowe.com/}}</ref> == Ilimi == Bayan kammala karatunta daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Willowridge da ke [[Pretoria]], Prinsloo ta yi karatun ban mamaki a [[Jami'ar Pretoria]] na tsawon shekara guda kafin ta koma Gothenburg, [[Sweden]] inda ta yi karatun fasaha (Dramatik, Jami'ar Goteborgs) da kuma gudanar da ayyukan al'adu (Kulturverkstan). Ita kwararriyar malamar nutsewa ce a fannin nutsewa kyauta tare da AIDA, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Marieke Prinsloo |url=http://www.mariekeprinsloo-rowe.com/}}</ref> kuma kwararriyar malamar yoga ce (Sampoorna Yoga, Indiya). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Marieke Prinsloo |url=http://www.mariekeprinsloo-rowe.com/}}</ref> == Nasarorin 'yanci == A lokacin da take karatu da aiki a matsayin 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a Sweden, an gabatar da ita ga wasan nutsewa kyauta daga mai sha'awar teku kuma mai nutsewa kyauta Sebastian Naslund. A shekara ta 2003 Hanli ta karya tarihin nutsewa kyauta na farko na Afirka ta Kudu kuma a shekara ta 2006 ta wakilci Afirka ta Kudu a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya na 'Yanci a Dahab, Masar. A shekara ta 2008 ta karya tarihin Afirka ta Kudu guda hudu kuma ta lashe Gasar Nordic Deep Free-diving Competition. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Marieke Prinsloo |url=http://www.mariekeprinsloo-rowe.com/}}</ref> A shekara ta 2010 ta karya tarihinta na goma sha ɗaya ta Afirka ta Kudu kuma ta zama 'yar Afirka ta Kudu ta farko da ta riƙe rikodin a duk fannoni shida na nutsewa kyauta a lokaci guda. <ref name="thedivesite.co.za"/> {| class="wikitable" !Fanni na nutsewa kyauta ! Auna |- | Nauyin da ba ya canzawa | Mita 63 |- | Nutsewa kyauta | Mita 52 |- | Nauyin da ba ya canzawa ba tare da fin-fin ba | Mita 42 |- | Dynamic apnea | Mita 150 |- | Dynamic apnea babu fin | Mita 126 |- | Apnea mai tsauri | Minti 5 daƙiƙa 39 |} == Aiki da nasarorin da aka samu == A shekarar 2010, Prinsloo ta fara aiki a matsayin mai shirya fina-finai na shirin gaskiya. A shekarar 2010, ta kammala fim ɗin gaskiya na tsawon awa ɗaya tare da kamfanin shirya fina-finai na Filmkreatorerna a ƙarƙashin furodusa Klara Bjork. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Marieke Prinsloo |url=http://www.mariekeprinsloo-rowe.com/}}</ref> Fim ɗin 'White As Blood' an nuna shi a ƙasashe da dama kuma ya nuna tafiyar da ta yi ta dawowa gida. Ta yi aiki tare da manyan 'yan wasa da dama waɗanda ke koyar da darussan ƙarfin tunani da aka koya a cikin nutsewa cikin 'yanci. Ta yi aiki tare da ɗan tseren hanya Ryan Sandes, da kuma masu hawan igiyar ruwa masu yawa, ciki har da Grant "Twiggy" Baker, Chris Bertish, Frank Solomon, da Greg Long . Prinsloo ya yi aiki sosai tare da ƙungiyar rugby ta Springbok Sevens ta Afirka ta Kudu a lokacin kakar wasa ta 2012-2013 a ƙarƙashin koci Paul Treu. A shekarar 2014, an zaɓi Prinsloo a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin Matasan Shugabannin Duniya na Taron Tattalin Arziki na Duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Marieke Prinsloo |url=http://www.mariekeprinsloo-rowe.com/}}</ref> Ta yi aiki tare da marubuci James Nestor wajen koya masa yadda ake samun 'yanci, wanda ya rubuta abubuwan da ya fuskanta da ita a cikin littafinsa ''DEEP: Freediving, Renegade Science, da What the Ocean Tells Us about Ourselves.''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Marieke Prinsloo |url=http://www.mariekeprinsloo-rowe.com/}}</ref> === Ni Amintaccen Ruwa ne === A shekarar 2010, abubuwan da ta fuskanta wajen nutsewa da halittun ruwa masu rauni sun ba ta kwarin gwiwa. ta don ƙirƙirar I Am Water Trust a 2010 tare da taimakon Kamfanin Ewing Trust. I Am Water ya yi imanin cewa ba za a iya raba lafiyar ɗan adam da rijiyar daji ba. Prinsloo a halin yanzu shine babban darektan I Am Water.<ref name="iamwater2">{{Cite web |title=What We Do |url=http://iamwaterfoundation.org |website=iamwaterfoundation.org}}</ref> Tare da haɗin gwiwa da UBS da Catlin, I Am Water ta ƙaddamar da shirye-shiryen isar da saƙo ta teku a Afirka ta Kudu da Bermuda. == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{Official website|http://iamwaterfoundation.org/|I Am Water Foundation}} * Hanli Prinsloo on Instagram == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 58sv75bhu1v0g3ck78mf0gh3r2xkm98 Richard Bleier 0 138361 889620 811687 2026-07-31T00:58:25Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889620 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Richard Sidney Bleier''' (an haife shi a ranar 16 ga Afrilu, 1987) tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon baseball ne ɗan ƙasar Amurka. Ya buga wasa a Major League Baseball (MLB) ga [[New York Yankees]], Baltimore Orioles, [[Miami Marlins]], da Boston Red Sox . A makarantar sakandare, ya kasance ɗan wasan State of Florida All Star a 2005. A shekararsa ta farko a kwaleji a Jami'ar Florida Gulf Coast, an zaɓi Bleier gaba ɗaya a matsayin ɗan wasan Atlantik Sun Conference Pitcher of the Year da kuma ƙungiyar farko ta All Sun Conference. Texas Rangers ta zaɓi Bleier a zagaye na shida na daftarin MLB na 2008. A shekarar 2009, bugunsa 125 shi ne na biyu mafi yawa a tsarin ƙananan ƙungiyoyin Rangers, kuma ya daina yin tafiya kaɗan-kaɗan-9 a gasar California League . Bleier ya sanya hannu tare da ƙungiyar Washington Nationals kafin kakar wasa ta 2015, ya yi wa Sanata Harrisburg a wannan shekarar wasa, kuma ya sami mafi yawan nasara (14) da matsakaicin gudu mafi ƙanƙanta (ERA; 2.57) na duk ƙananan ƙungiyoyin 'yan wasa a tsarin ƙananan ƙungiyoyin Nationals. Ya kasance ɗan wasan gaba na Double-A Eastern League bayan kakar wasa ta 2015, kuma MiLB.com ta zaɓe shi a matsayin ɗan wasa na ƙungiyar Washington. Bleier ya fara buga wasa a manyan gasa a shekarar 2016 a [[New York Yankees]], bayan kakar wasanni tara da ya buga wasanni 956, kuma yana daya daga cikin 'yan wasan jefa kwallo 12 na Yankees tun daga shekarar 1919 don fara buga wasa bayan ya cika shekaru 29. A wasanni 23 na agaji a shekarar 2016, ya samu ERA 1.96. A watan Fabrairun shekarar 2017, Yankees sun yi ciniki da Bleier zuwa Baltimore Orioles . A wasanni 57 na agaji a shekarar 2017, ya samu ERA 1.99. A wasanni 31 na agaji a shekarar 2018, ya samu ERA 1.93. ERA 1.97 na kakar wasa ta 2016–2018 shine na biyu mafi ƙasƙanci a manyan wasannin baseball, na dukkan 'yan wasan jefa kwallo da suka buga wasanni 100 ko fiye. A lokacin 2020–2022, ya yi wasa a [[Miami Marlins]] . Ana amfani da shi azaman mai jefa kwallo, mai hannun hagu yana jefa ƙwallon sauri wadda ta kai ƙarshen 90s, canjin gudu, ƙwallon curveball, da kuma slider . <ref name="thrives">{{Cite web |last=David Dorsey |date=May 27, 2016 |title=Newest New York Yankee, from FGCU, thrives on control |url=http://www.news-press.com/story/sports/2016/05/27/newest-new-york-yankee-fgcu-thrives-control/85038618/ |access-date=July 2, 2016 |website=News-Press}}</ref> Hanyarsa ita ce "yin wasa don tuntuɓa," da kuma amfani da kyakkyawan iko. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mick Reinhard |date=May 12, 2015 |title=Richard Bleier's pitch-to-contact philosophy shows young arms the way |url=http://www.pennlive.com/senators/index.ssf/2015/05/richard_bleier_pitching_to_con.html |access-date=January 17, 2017}}</ref> Bleier ya yi wa ƙungiyar Isra'ila wasa a gasar World Baseball Classic ta 2023 . == Farko da rayuwar mutum == An haifi Bleier a Davie, Florida . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mick Reinhard |date=May 12, 2015 |title=Richard Bleier's pitch-to-contact philosophy shows young arms the way |url=http://www.pennlive.com/senators/index.ssf/2015/05/richard_bleier_pitching_to_con.html |access-date=January 17, 2017}}</ref> Mahaifin Bleier, Lawrence, ɗan Brooklyn ne, a birnin New York, kuma ya girma yana buga ƙwallon ƙwallo a Brownsville, Brooklyn ; mahaifiyarsa kuma Kathleen Bleier ce. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Greg Cote |date=May 30, 2016 |title=Latest Hot Button Top 10; plus who's feeling most heat in South Florida sports? 12 choices, you pick 3. Poll. Vote!; also, Memorial Day, long climb of Richard Bleier ... |url=http://blogs.herald.com/random_evidence/2016/05/xxx-xxx-heat-llosing-top-asst-c-david-fizdale-to-memphis-marlins-nba-pos-dolphins-um-baseball-belmont-indy-500-sun.html |access-date=July 2, 2016 |publisher=Greg Cote's Random Evidence Blog |archive-date=July 2, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160702074046/http://blogs.herald.com/random_evidence/2016/05/xxx-xxx-heat-llosing-top-asst-c-david-fizdale-to-memphis-marlins-nba-pos-dolphins-um-baseball-belmont-indy-500-sun.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="news-press.com">{{Cite web |last=David Dorsey |date=May 26, 2016 |title=FGCU grad Richard Bleier to pitch for New York Yankees |url=http://www.news-press.com/story/sports/2016/05/26/fgcu-grad-richard-bleier-pitch-yankees-rays/84982418/ |access-date=July 2, 2016 |website=News-Press}}</ref> <ref name="miamiherald.com">{{Cite web |last=Greg Cote |date=June 4, 2016 |title=Bronx cheer: Nine-year baseball odyssey through minors leads to debut with Yankees |url=http://www.miamiherald.com/sports/spt-columns-blogs/greg-cote/article81855647.html |access-date=July 2, 2016 |website=Miami Herald}}</ref> Bleier yana da ɗan'uwa da 'yar'uwa, kuma Bayahudiya ce. <ref name="miamiherald.com" /> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ron Kaplan |date=June 2, 2016 |title=Shalom, Richard Bleier, our latest JML » Kaplan's Korner on Jews and Sports |url=http://njjewishnews.com/kaplanskorner/2016/06/02/shalom-richard-bleier-our-latest-jml/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180522000454/http://njjewishnews.com/kaplanskorner/2016/06/02/shalom-richard-bleier-our-latest-jml/ |archive-date=May 22, 2018 |access-date=July 2, 2016 |website=New Jersey Jewish News}}</ref> An haifi mahaifinsa Bayahudiya kuma mahaifiyarsa ta koma addinin Yahudanci . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Peter Dreier |date=March 10, 2023 |title=Your guide to all the Jewish baseball players in the MLB |url=https://forward.com/news/sports/539252/jewish-baseball-bader-astros-alex-bregman-max-fried-players-yankees-phillies-israel-team/ |website=The Forward}}</ref> Matarsa kuma Brett Bleier ce. <ref name="thrives"/> Bleier ya girma a [[Shuka, Florida|Plantation, Florida]], kuma ya buga ƙwallon baseball a Makarantar Sakandare ta South Plantation, inda ya kammala karatunsa a shekarar 2005. A matsayinsa na ɗan shekara biyar, yana da {{Convert|5|ft|6|in}} tsayi, kuma nauyinsa ya kai {{Convert|117|lbs}} . <ref name="flbog.edu">{{Cite web |title=FGCU pitcher stirs scouts |url=http://www.flbog.edu/pressroom/newsclips_detail.php?id=1318 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160825200446/http://www.flbog.edu/pressroom/newsclips_detail.php?id=1318 |archive-date=August 25, 2016 |access-date=July 2, 2016 |website=Ft. Myers News-Press}}</ref> An zaɓe shi don wasannin gundumar da na jihar All Star a shekara ta 2005. <ref name="fgcuathletics.com">{{Cite web |title=Richard Bleier |url=http://fgcuathletics.com/roster.aspx?rp_id=9 |access-date=July 2, 2016 |publisher=The Official Site of The Florida Gulf Coast University Eagles Athletics}}</ref> Yana zaune a Fort Lauderdale, Florida. == Kwaleji == Bleier ya buga wasan ƙwallon baseball na kwaleji a Jami'ar Florida Gulf Coast (FGCU) ga Florida Gulf Coast Eagles da ke Fort Myers, Florida bisa tallafin karatu na ɗan lokaci. <ref name="miamiherald.com"/> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mick Reinhard |date=May 12, 2015 |title=Richard Bleier's pitch-to-contact philosophy shows young arms the way |url=http://www.pennlive.com/senators/index.ssf/2015/05/richard_bleier_pitching_to_con.html |access-date=January 17, 2017}}</ref> Ya yi karatun digiri a fannin shari'a. Zuwa shekarar 2008, Bleier ya girma zuwa {{Convert|6|ft|4|in}} da kuma {{Convert|210|lbs}}, kuma yana jifa {{Convert|90|mph}} . <ref name="flbog.edu"/> A shekararsa ta farko a kwaleji, an zaɓe shi gaba ɗaya a matsayin ɗan wasan da ya fi kowa zura kwallo a gasar Atlantic Sun Conference Pitcher of the Year da kuma ƙungiyar farko ta All Sun Conference bayan ya yi rikodin nasara da rashin nasara da ci 7-1 da kuma matsakaicin gudu da aka samu da ci 2.09 (ERA), wanda ya jagoranci taron a cikin nasarori, ERA, kammala wasanni, da kuma wasannin da aka jefa a cikin gasa (90.1). <ref name="Minor League Baseball">{{Cite web |title=Richard Bleier Stats, Highlights, Bio |url=https://www.milb.com/player/richard-bleier-542947 |access-date=July 2, 2016 |publisher=[[Minor League Baseball]]}}</ref> <ref name="miamiherald.com" /> <ref name="fgcuathletics.com"/> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mick Reinhard |date=May 12, 2015 |title=Richard Bleier's pitch-to-contact philosophy shows young arms the way |url=http://www.pennlive.com/senators/index.ssf/2015/05/richard_bleier_pitching_to_con.html |access-date=January 17, 2017}}</ref> A cikin shekaru uku da ya yi a jami'a, ya yi ERA 2.70 (na biyu mafi kyau a tarihin makaranta), nasara 17 (na bakwai) akan rashin nasara 4, da kuma 181 strikeouts (na bakwai) a cikin innings 209.2. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mick Reinhard |date=May 12, 2015 |title=Richard Bleier's pitch-to-contact philosophy shows young arms the way |url=http://www.pennlive.com/senators/index.ssf/2015/05/richard_bleier_pitching_to_con.html |access-date=January 17, 2017}}</ref> A shekarar 2021, an shigar da Bleier cikin ASUN Hall of Fame. <ref name="auto3">{{Cite web |date=November 16, 2022 |title=FGCU's Coleman, Jenks among six new members of university's Athletics Hall of Fame |url=https://www.naplesnews.com/story/sports/college/fgcu/2022/11/16/fgcu-hall-fame-names-new-class-including-casey-coleman-cheyenne-jenks/10710677002/ |website=Naples Daily News}}</ref> A watan Nuwamba 2022, an nada shi a FGCU Athletics Hall of Fame. <ref name="auto3" /> == Sana'ar ƙwararru == === Texas Rangers (2008–2013) === Texas Rangers ta zaɓi Bleier a zagaye na shida na zaɓen Major League Baseball na 2008, bayan shekararsa ta farko a kwaleji. <ref name="Minor League Baseball"/> Sa hannun da ya yi ya sa ya zama mafi girman wanda aka zaɓa a tarihin Jami'ar Florida Gulf Coast. <ref name="Minor League Baseball" /> Bleier ya buga wasa a tsarin Rangers. Yana buga wa Bakersfield Blaze wasa a shekarar 2009, yana da maki 7-11 kuma ya daina yin tafiya a kowace 9-innings a gasar California League (1.25), kuma yana da mafi kyawun rabon strikeout/tafiya a gasar (5.40). [1] A shekarar 2009 tsakanin Bakersfield da Hickory, yana da maki 9-12 kuma bugunsa 125 shi ne na biyu mafi yawa a tsarin ƙananan lig na Rangers. A shekara ta 2010, ya kasance 7-11 ga Frisco, ya jagoranci gasar Texas League da fara wasa 28 da kuma rufe wasanni biyu, kuma ya daina tafiya mafi ƙaranci a cikin innings 9 a gasar, a 1.54. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mick Reinhard |date=May 12, 2015 |title=Richard Bleier's pitch-to-contact philosophy shows young arms the way |url=http://www.pennlive.com/senators/index.ssf/2015/05/richard_bleier_pitching_to_con.html |access-date=January 17, 2017}}</ref> An zaɓi Bleier a matsayin Pitcher of the Week a gasar Texas League ta Class AA tare da Frisco RoughRiders ta Rangers a ranakun 10 ga Mayu, 2010, da kuma 6 ga Yuni, 2011. <ref name="Minor League Baseball"/> Ya shafe 2010 zuwa 2012 a Frisco, inda ya zira kwallaye 5.04 ERA a 2010, rikodin 7-8 da ERA 5.60 da tafiya 1.4 a kowace innings 9 a 2011, da rikodin 0-2 da ajiye ɗaya da ERA 3.94 a 2012. Ya raba kakar wasa ta 2013 tsakanin Triple-A Round Rock Express da Frisco, inda ya yi rikodin 6-6 gaba ɗaya tare da ceton huɗu da ERA 3.32 tare da bugun ƙwallo 49. <ref name="minor">{{Cite web |title=Richard Bleier Minor & Winter Leagues Statistics & History |url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/register/player.fcgi?id=bleier001ric |website=Baseball-Reference.com}}</ref> === Toronto Blue Jays (2014) === Bayan kakar wasa ta 2013, Toronto Blue Jays ta zaɓi Bleier daga Rangers a matakin Triple-A na daftarin Dokar 5. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mick Reinhard |date=May 12, 2015 |title=Richard Bleier's pitch-to-contact philosophy shows young arms the way |url=http://www.pennlive.com/senators/index.ssf/2015/05/richard_bleier_pitching_to_con.html |access-date=January 17, 2017}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mick Reinhard |date=May 12, 2015 |title=Richard Bleier's pitch-to-contact philosophy shows young arms the way |url=http://www.pennlive.com/senators/index.ssf/2015/05/richard_bleier_pitching_to_con.html |access-date=January 17, 2017}}</ref> Ya raba kakar wasa ta 2014 tsakanin Double-A New Hampshire Fisher Cats da Triple-A Buffalo Bisons, inda ya yi rikodin jimillar 6-5 tare da ceton da kuma 3.95 ERA tare da tafiya 11 (tafiya 1.1 a kowace innings 9; yana da mafi ƙarancin rabon tafiya a Eastern League ) da kuma strikeouts 45 a cikin innings 86.2 da aka jefa. <ref name="minor"/> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Greg Cote |date=May 30, 2016 |title=Latest Hot Button Top 10; plus who's feeling most heat in South Florida sports? 12 choices, you pick 3. Poll. Vote!; also, Memorial Day, long climb of Richard Bleier ... |url=http://blogs.herald.com/random_evidence/2016/05/xxx-xxx-heat-llosing-top-asst-c-david-fizdale-to-memphis-marlins-nba-pos-dolphins-um-baseball-belmont-indy-500-sun.html |access-date=July 2, 2016 |publisher=Greg Cote's Random Evidence Blog |archive-date=July 2, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160702074046/http://blogs.herald.com/random_evidence/2016/05/xxx-xxx-heat-llosing-top-asst-c-david-fizdale-to-memphis-marlins-nba-pos-dolphins-um-baseball-belmont-indy-500-sun.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Ƙungiyar 'Yan Ƙasa ta Washington (2015) === A ranar 13 ga Disamba, 2014, Bleier ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar ƙaramin lig tare da ƙungiyar Washington Nationals, kuma ya fara yin wasa ga Sanata Harrisburg a 2015, waɗanda a wasanni 16 (farawa 15) ya kasance 8-3 tare da ERA 2.45, kamar yadda a cikin innings 103 ya yi tafiya da batters 9 kawai (ɗaya da gangan ), kuma ya jagoranci Eastern League da ƙimar tafiya 0.8 a cikin innings 9. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mick Reinhard |date=May 12, 2015 |title=Richard Bleier's pitch-to-contact philosophy shows young arms the way |url=http://www.pennlive.com/senators/index.ssf/2015/05/richard_bleier_pitching_to_con.html |access-date=January 17, 2017}}</ref> An zaɓe shi a matsayin Eastern League Pitcher of the Week tare da Sanata a ranar 25 ga Mayu, 2015. <ref name="Minor League Baseball"/> Ya kasance ɗan wasan gaba na Class AA Eastern League All Star tare da Harrisburg bayan kakar wasa. <ref name="Minor League Baseball" /> An ɗaukaka shi zuwa Syracuse Chiefs na Class AAA International League, wanda ya kasance 6-2 tare da ERA 2.75, ya jagoranci gasar ta hanyar hana barin gudu a gida a cikin innings 68.2, kuma ya kasance na biyu a gasar da tafiya 0.9 a cikin innings 9. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Greg Cote |date=May 30, 2016 |title=Latest Hot Button Top 10; plus who's feeling most heat in South Florida sports? 12 choices, you pick 3. Poll. Vote!; also, Memorial Day, long climb of Richard Bleier ... |url=http://blogs.herald.com/random_evidence/2016/05/xxx-xxx-heat-llosing-top-asst-c-david-fizdale-to-memphis-marlins-nba-pos-dolphins-um-baseball-belmont-indy-500-sun.html |access-date=July 2, 2016 |publisher=Greg Cote's Random Evidence Blog |archive-date=July 2, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160702074046/http://blogs.herald.com/random_evidence/2016/05/xxx-xxx-heat-llosing-top-asst-c-david-fizdale-to-memphis-marlins-nba-pos-dolphins-um-baseball-belmont-indy-500-sun.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ron Kaplan |date=June 2, 2016 |title=Shalom, Richard Bleier, our latest JML » Kaplan's Korner on Jews and Sports |url=http://njjewishnews.com/kaplanskorner/2016/06/02/shalom-richard-bleier-our-latest-jml/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180522000454/http://njjewishnews.com/kaplanskorner/2016/06/02/shalom-richard-bleier-our-latest-jml/ |archive-date=May 22, 2018 |access-date=July 2, 2016 |website=New Jersey Jewish News}}</ref> A cikin 2015, Bleier ya sami mafi yawan nasara (14) da mafi ƙarancin ERA (2.57) na duk ƙananan 'yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a cikin tsarin ƙananan wasannin Washington Nationals. <ref name="Minor League Baseball" /> An zaɓe shi a matsayin ƙungiyar Washington All Star ta MiLB.com. <ref name="Minor League Baseball" /> A ranar 6 ga Nuwamba, 2015, Bleier ya zaɓi 'yan wasa masu zaman kansu. <ref name="auto6">{{Cite web |title=Richard Bleier Stats |url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/b/bleieri01.shtml |website=Baseball-Reference.com}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1987]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 2ohyafoedzfols3l7nbspxk5xg1iwbd Ibn Abi Zayd al-Qayrawani 0 140970 889695 796477 2026-07-31T07:37:09Z BnHamid 12586 889695 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ibn Abī Zayd''' (Arabic; 922-996), cikakken '''Abū Muḥammad ʿAbd Allāh ibn Abī Zayd ʿAbda al-Raḥmān al-Nafzawī ibn Abī Jayd al-Qayrawanī''', masanin [[Malikiyya|Maliki]] ne daga Kairouan a [[Tunisiya]] kuma ya kasance mai goyon bayan tunanin Ash'ari <ref>Herbert J. Liebesny, ''The Law of the Near & Middle East'', SUNY Press, 1975 {{ISBN|978-0-87395-256-9}}, p. 175</ref> Ayyukan da aka fi sani da shi shine ''Al-Risala'' ko Wasika, littafi mai koyarwa wanda aka sadaukar da shi ga ilimin yara ƙanana. Ya kasance memba na kabilar Nafzawah Berber kuma yana zaune a Kairouan . Bugu da kari, ya yi aiki a matsayin [[Liman|Imam]] (shugaban ruhaniya) na daya daga cikin [[Masallaci|Masallatai]] 'wanda ya bi al'adar Makarantar [[Malikiyya|Maliki]]. == Ka'idar == [[Fayil:Mosquée_Ibn_Abi_Zayd_al-Qayrawani.jpg|left|thumb|Masallaci mai suna bayan Ibn Abi Zayd al-Qayrawani a Lardin Tlemcen, [[Aljeriya]]]] Kasancewa a makarantar Ash, Ibn Abi Zayd al-Qayrawani (310-386) ya yi karatu a karkashin Abu Bakr ibn Abd al-Mu'min, wanda shi ma dalibi ne na Ibn Mujahid, dalibi ne ya zama Abu al-Hasan al-Ash. Qadi Iyad ya bayyana cewa a cikin 368, Ibn Abi Zayd ya aika da ɗalibansa biyu don su kai wasu littattafansa ga Ibn Mujahid, wanda ya nemi su, tare da cikakken izini don ba da labari ([[Ijazah|ijaza]]). Ibn Abi Zayd ya yi fice wajen kare makarantar Ash Chanin a cikin wasikar da ake kira "Al-Radd Chanin al-Qadariyya wa Munaqada Risala al-Baghdadi al-Mu Chanin," a kin amincewa da hare-haren da aka yi wa Mu Chanin Ali Chanin. Al-Mayurqi ya ci gaba da ba da labarin cewa Ibn Abi Zayd ya ce: "Al-Ash__wol____wol____wol__ mutum ne sananne don karyata mutanen Innovation, Qadariyya da Jahmiyya, kuma ya riƙe Sunan. " == Dubi kuma == * Jerin Ash'aris * [[Al-Risalah (Ibn Abi Zayd)|Al-Risalah al-Fiqhiyyah]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://www.sunnahonline.com/ilm/seerah/0067.htm islaam.org.uk "Ibn Abi Zayd al-Qairawani (d.386H) ", na Hassan Ahmad, daga ''Mujallar al-Jumuah'', Volume 12 Fitowa 9] (an dawo da shi Satumba 12, 2008) * [[hdl:10079/bibid/9379557|Rahman, Sayeed, The Legal and Theological Thought of Ibn Abi Zayd al-Qayrawani (Yale University Ph.D., 2009) shine mafi kyawun aikin harshen Ingilishi akan Ibn Abi Zay]] {{Maliki scholars}}{{Ash'ari}}{{Authority control}} epao0awopc0zlerkujxv580j093l1f1 889696 889695 2026-07-31T07:37:32Z BnHamid 12586 /* Haɗin waje */ 889696 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ibn Abī Zayd''' (Arabic; 922-996), cikakken '''Abū Muḥammad ʿAbd Allāh ibn Abī Zayd ʿAbda al-Raḥmān al-Nafzawī ibn Abī Jayd al-Qayrawanī''', masanin [[Malikiyya|Maliki]] ne daga Kairouan a [[Tunisiya]] kuma ya kasance mai goyon bayan tunanin Ash'ari <ref>Herbert J. Liebesny, ''The Law of the Near & Middle East'', SUNY Press, 1975 {{ISBN|978-0-87395-256-9}}, p. 175</ref> Ayyukan da aka fi sani da shi shine ''Al-Risala'' ko Wasika, littafi mai koyarwa wanda aka sadaukar da shi ga ilimin yara ƙanana. Ya kasance memba na kabilar Nafzawah Berber kuma yana zaune a Kairouan . Bugu da kari, ya yi aiki a matsayin [[Liman|Imam]] (shugaban ruhaniya) na daya daga cikin [[Masallaci|Masallatai]] 'wanda ya bi al'adar Makarantar [[Malikiyya|Maliki]]. == Ka'idar == [[Fayil:Mosquée_Ibn_Abi_Zayd_al-Qayrawani.jpg|left|thumb|Masallaci mai suna bayan Ibn Abi Zayd al-Qayrawani a Lardin Tlemcen, [[Aljeriya]]]] Kasancewa a makarantar Ash, Ibn Abi Zayd al-Qayrawani (310-386) ya yi karatu a karkashin Abu Bakr ibn Abd al-Mu'min, wanda shi ma dalibi ne na Ibn Mujahid, dalibi ne ya zama Abu al-Hasan al-Ash. Qadi Iyad ya bayyana cewa a cikin 368, Ibn Abi Zayd ya aika da ɗalibansa biyu don su kai wasu littattafansa ga Ibn Mujahid, wanda ya nemi su, tare da cikakken izini don ba da labari ([[Ijazah|ijaza]]). Ibn Abi Zayd ya yi fice wajen kare makarantar Ash Chanin a cikin wasikar da ake kira "Al-Radd Chanin al-Qadariyya wa Munaqada Risala al-Baghdadi al-Mu Chanin," a kin amincewa da hare-haren da aka yi wa Mu Chanin Ali Chanin. Al-Mayurqi ya ci gaba da ba da labarin cewa Ibn Abi Zayd ya ce: "Al-Ash__wol____wol____wol__ mutum ne sananne don karyata mutanen Innovation, Qadariyya da Jahmiyya, kuma ya riƙe Sunan. " == Dubi kuma == * Jerin Ash'aris * [[Al-Risalah (Ibn Abi Zayd)|Al-Risalah al-Fiqhiyyah]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://www.sunnahonline.com/ilm/seerah/0067.htm islaam.org.uk "Ibn Abi Zayd al-Qairawani (d.386H) ", na Hassan Ahmad, daga ''Mujallar al-Jumuah'', Volume 12 Fitowa 9] (an dawo da shi Satumba 12, 2008) * [[hdl:10079/bibid/9379557|Rahman, Sayeed, The Legal and Theological Thought of Ibn Abi Zayd al-Qayrawani (Yale University Ph.D., 2009) shine mafi kyawun aikin harshen Ingilishi akan Ibn Abi Zay]] {{Authority control}} 70ntijojyjpgrtcz3tnyoby22dlnfdf Ja'far ibn Abd al-Wahid ibn Ja'far al-Hashimi 0 141197 889675 797078 2026-07-31T07:27:50Z BnHamid 12586 889675 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Abu Abdallah Ja'far ibn Abd al-Wahid ibn Ja'far Ibn Sulayman ibn Ali al-Hashimi''' (Arabic) {{Sfn|Ibn Khallikan|1871}} (ya mutu 871/2?) ya kasance Babban Alkalin Khalifancin Abbasid, daga 854 zuwa 863/4. Ya kasance ƙaramin memba na daular Abbasid, kasancewar ya fito ne daga zuriyar Sulayman ibn Ali, kawun Khalifanci al-Saffah da al-Mansur.{{Sfn|Ibn Hazm|1982}} Kodayake asalin ikonsa ba shi da tabbas, <ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Melchert|1996}}; {{Harvard citation no brackets|Melchert|1997}}.</ref> al-Mutawakkil ne ya nada shi a matsayin babban alƙali (''qadi al-qudat'') a watan Yulin 854 a matsayin maye gurbin Yahya ibn Aktham. <ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Yarshater|1985–2007}}; {{Harvard citation no brackets|Gordon|Robinson|Rowson|Fishbein|2018}}; {{Harvard citation no brackets|Ibn Khallikan|1871}}.</ref> Lokacin da ya kasance a ofis sananne ne saboda shiga cikin Musayar fursunoni na Larabawa da Byzantine na 856, lokacin da [[al-Hasan ibn Muhammad ibn Abi al-Shawarib]] ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakinsa a Samarra . <ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Yarshater|1985–2007}}; {{Harvard citation no brackets|Al-Mas'udi|1896}}.</ref> Ya kasance a ofis har zuwa 863 ko 864, lokacin da aka kore shi kuma aka tura shi gudun hijira zuwa [[Basra]] bayan janar Wasif al-Turki ya zarge shi da yin hulɗa da sojojin ''shakiriyya'' a hanyar da ba a sani ba.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Yarshater|1985–2007}} (describing the dismissal and exile as separate events); {{Harvard citation no brackets|Melchert|1996}}.</ref> Daga bisani aka ba shi izinin komawa babban birnin, inda a cikin 866 ya yi ƙoƙari ya warware rikici tsakanin sojojin Turkiyya da Maghariba.{{Sfn|Yarshater|1985–2007}} A shekara ta 870 ya jagoranci addu'o'i a jana'izar Khalifa al-Muhtadi.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Yarshater|1985–2007}}; {{Harvard citation no brackets|Melchert|1996}}.</ref> Ya mutu a cikin 871/2, ko a cikin 881/2 ko 882/3 bisa ga wasu asusun.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Ibn Khallikan|1871}}; {{Harvard citation no brackets|Melchert|1997}}; {{Harvard citation no brackets|Al-Khatib al-Baghdadi|2001}}.</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Al-Shah == Bayani == {{Reflist|30em}} == Manazarta == * {{Cite book|last3=|edition=Chase F.|url-access=Fishbein}} * {{Cite book|last3=Ibn Hazm}} * {{Cite book|last3=Ibn Khallikan}} * {{Cite book|last3=Al-Khatib al-Baghdadi}} * {{Cite book|last3=Al-Masudi}} * {{Cite book|last3=Christopher Melchert}} * {{Cite journal |last=Melchert |first=Christopher |author-link=Christopher Melchert |year=1996 |title=Religious Policies of the Caliphs from al-Mutawakkil to al-Muqtadir: AH 232-295/AD 847-908 |journal=Islamic Law and Society |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=316–342 |doi=10.1163/1568519962599069 |jstor=3399413}} pvswfa5dikhjb3n0546o3wogyrcixv8 Rudolf Carnap 0 141798 889663 799473 2026-07-31T06:51:53Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889663 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Rudolf Carnap''' (/ˈkɑːrnæp/; []; 18 ga Mayu 1891 - 14 ga Satumba 1970) masanin falsafa ne na Jamus wanda ya kasance mai aiki a [[Turai]] kafin 1935 kuma a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] bayan haka. Ya kasance babban memba na Vienna Circle kuma mai ba da shawara game da positivism mai ma'ana.{{IPA|de|ˈkaʁnaːp|lang}}{{IPA|de|ˈkaʁnaːp|lang}}{{IPA|de|ˈkaʁnaːp|lang}} == Tarihin rayuwa == [[Fayil:Wuppertal_Ronsdorf_-_Villa_Carnap_01_ies.jpg|left|thumb|Gidan haihuwar Carnap a Wuppertal]] Mahaifin Carnap ya tashi daga kasancewa matalauci mai saƙa layin ya zama mai mallakar masana'antar yin layin. Mahaifiyarsa ta fito ne daga dangin ilimi; mahaifinta mai gyara ilimi ne kuma dan uwanta na fari shine masanin binciken tarihi [[Wilhelm Dörpfeld]] . Yayinda yake dan shekara goma, Carnap ya bi Wilhelm Dörpfeld a wani balaguro zuwa Girka. Carnap ta girma ne a cikin iyalin [[Protestan bangaskiya|Furotesta]] masu zurfin addini, amma daga baya ta zama mai musun wanzuwar Allah. Ya karatunsa na yau da kullun a Barmen Gymnasium da Gymnasium a Jena . Daga 1910 zuwa 1914, ya halarci Jami'ar Jena, yana da niyyar rubuta rubutun a fannin kimiyyar lissafi. Ya kuma yi nazarin [[Immanuel Kant]]'s Critique of Pure Reason a lokacin darasi da Bruno Bauch ya koyar, kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin ɗalibai kalilan da suka halarci darussan Gottlob Frege a cikin ilimin lissafi. A lokacin da yake jami'a, ya zama mai sha'awar Ƙungiyar Matasan Jamus. == Abubuwan tushe na farko == Rubutun Rudolf Carnap sun ƙunshi dubban haruffa, bayanin kula da rubuce-rubuce, da kuma littattafai. Yawancin takardunsa an sayi su ne daga 'yarsa, Hanna Carnap-Thost a shekara ta 1974, ta Jami'ar Pittsburgh, tare da ƙarin shiga. Takardun da ke dauke da bayanan kudi, kiwon lafiya, da na mutum an ƙuntata su.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite web |title=Guide to the Rudolf Carnap Papers, 1904–2007 ASP.1974.01 ULS Archives & Special Collections |url=https://digital.library.pitt.edu/islandora/object/pitt:US-PPiU-asp197401/from_search/c71086abf60e1bf70984aa8545b163af-1 |access-date=2015-12-02}}</ref> An rubuta waɗannan a duk rayuwarsa da aikinsa. Carnap ya yi amfani da wasikar a kai a kai don tattauna matsalolin falsafa tare da daruruwan wasu. Mafi sanannun sune: Herbert Feigl, Carl Gustav Hempel, Felix Kaufmann, Otto Neurath, da Moritz Schlick . Hotuna ma suna cikin tarin kuma an ɗauke su a duk rayuwarsa. Hotunan iyali da hotuna na takwarorinsa da abokan aiki suma ana adana su a cikin tarin. Wasu daga cikin wasikun an dauke su sanannun kuma sun kunshi bayanan ɗalibansa, tarurrukansa tare da Frege (bayyana Begriffsschrift da ma'ana a cikin lissafi). Bayanan Carnap daga taron Russell a Birnin Chicago, da kuma bayanan da ya dauka daga tattaunawa tare da Tarski, Heisenberg, Quine, Hempel, Gödel, da Jeffrey suma suna cikin Jami'ar Pittsburgh Library System's Archives and Special Collections. Abubuwan da aka tsara sun haɗa da: * Bayanan kula (tsohon), 1958-1966 <ref>{{Cite web |title=AS Notes (old), 1958–1966 Box 19, Folder 7 Rudolf Carnap Papers, 1905–1970, ASP.1974.01, Special Collections Department, University of Pittsburgh |url=http://digital.library.pitt.edu/u/ulsmanuscripts/pdf/31735061848242.pdf |access-date=2015-12-02 |archive-date=2015-12-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151212070745/http://digital.library.pitt.edu/u/ulsmanuscripts/pdf/31735061848242.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1970]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1891]] erjj3z7vir3kraeqtvc1iqbd5v1dyjf Ulrike Hiller 0 142756 889640 830646 2026-07-31T05:28:00Z Abdulrahman tahir shika 24962 Nayi gyara 889640 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ulrike Hiller''' (an haife ta a ranar 11 ga Yuni 1965) 'yar siyasa ce ta [[Jamus]] daga Jam'iyyar Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD). Ta kasance memba a Majalisar Bremen daga 2007 zuwa 2012. Daga Disamba 2012 zuwa Agusta 2019, ta kasance wakiliyar Birnin Free Hanseatic na Bremen ga gwamnatin tarayya da Turai a matsayin Kansilan Jihar Bremen. A watan Satumba 2021, an zabi Hiller a kwamitin kula da SV Werder Bremen. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Diese 4 Neuen sollen Werders Aufsichtsrat verstärken - buten un binnen |url=https://www.butenunbinnen.de/sport/werder-bremen-aufsichtsratswahl-kandidaten-hiller-weiss-ohlmeyer-wintermann-mitgliederversammlung-100.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630221038/https://www.butenunbinnen.de/sport/werder-bremen-aufsichtsratswahl-kandidaten-hiller-weiss-ohlmeyer-wintermann-mitgliederversammlung-100.html |archive-date=2022-06-30 |access-date=2022-03-17 |language=de}}</ref> == Tarihin Rayuwa == === Ilimi da aiki === Hiller ta sami takardar shaidar kammala karatun sakandare. Daga 1982 zuwa 1986 ta yi horo a matsayin malamar makarantar yara a kwalejin fasaha ta Birkenhof da ke Hanover kuma ta sami takardar shaidar shiga jami'a. Daga 1987 zuwa 1992 ta yi karatun ilimin zamantakewa a Jami'ar Bremen kuma ta kammala karatun digiri a matsayin ma'aikacin zamantakewa / ma'aikacin ilimin zamantakewa. Daga 1995 zuwa 2003 ta yi karatun lauya tare da mai da hankali kan dokar aiki a Jami'ar Bremen, wanda ta kammala da jarrabawar jiha ta farko. Baya ga karatunta, ta kammala horo na ɗan lokaci kan hulɗa da jama'a da aikin manema labarai a Kwalejin Remscheid a 1995/96 kuma ta yi horo a matsayin mai shiga tsakani tare da mai da hankali kan harkokin kasuwanci da aiki a Hamburg a 1998/99. Daga 1992 zuwa 1995 Hiller ta yi aiki a cibiyar rashin aikin yi ta Cocin Evangelical na Bremen. Daga 1985 zuwa 1986 ta yi aiki a fannin jin daɗin matasa a Sarstedt kuma daga 1986 zuwa 1987 ta kasance 'yar au pair a Paris. A lokacin karatunta ta riƙe mukamai daban-daban a fannin koyarwa da ilimin matasa a Ofishin Matasa na Jamusanci-Faransa, Aiki da Rayuwa, Cocin Furotesta da Birnin Bremen, sannan a 1991/92 a Haus der Familie da ke Bremen-Mitte, sannan daga 1992 zuwa 1995 a cibiyar rashin aikin yi ta Tenever ta Cocin Furotesta da ke Bremen. Daga 1995 zuwa 2006 ta kasance jami'ar mata ta birni kuma daga baya jami'ar daidaito tsakanin 'yan ƙasa da ƙasa ta gundumar Ottersberg. Bisa ga tanadin Dokar 'Yan Majalisa, an dakatar da dangantakarta ta aiki har tsawon lokacin da take zama memba a majalisar birnin har zuwa 2012. Daga 2003 ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai shiga tsakani, mai horarwa da kuma mai gudanarwa. Daga Disamba 2012 zuwa Agusta 2019, ta kasance wakiliyar Birnin 'Yanci na Bremen na Free Hanseatic zuwa gwamnatin tarayya, don hadin gwiwar Turai da ci gaba - har zuwa 2014 kuma don fannin haɗin kai. Tun daga 2017, ta kasance shugabar tawagar Jamus zuwa Kwamitin Yankuna, Brussels. Ta kasance Jakadiyar [[Kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross da Red Crescent ta kasa da kasa|Red Cross]] a Bremen kuma tun daga watan Yuni 2019 ta kasance a kwamitin Tarayyar Turai Jamus.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vorstand des Netzwerks Europäische Bewegung Deutschland |url=https://www.netzwerk-ebd.de/ueber-uns/organe-struktur/vorstand/ |access-date=2019-07-06 |publisher=Europäische Bewegung Deutschland }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Hiller ita ce mace ta farko da aka zaɓa a kwamitin kula da harkokin kasuwanci na SV Werder Bremen a watan Satumba na 2021 kuma ta zama mataimakiyar shugabar kwamitin kula da harkokin kasuwanci. A can ta himmatu wajen tabbatar da cewa mata da yawa sun ɗauki nauyin da ke kansu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Björn Knips |date=2021-12-27 |title=Werders Aufsichtsrätin Ulrike Hiller spricht über Helden und Ziele - WESER-KURIER |url=https://www.weser-kurier.de/werder/profis/werders-aufsichtsraetin-ulrike-hiller-spricht-ueber-helden-und-ziele-doc7j0qikjk67q1e0sr35kx |access-date=2022-03-17 |language=de}}</ref> Ta kasance mai shiga tsakani tare da mai da hankali kan magance rikici a harkokin kasuwanci da aiki a ''Brückenschlag'' da ke [[Hamburg]] kuma mai ba da shawara kan harkokin watsa labarai mai lasisi a Kwalejin Remscheid. Hiller ya auri Magajin Garin Bremen Andreas Bovenschulte kuma yana da 'ya'ya biyu daga wannan auren. A watan Yulin 2021, dukkansu sun sanar da rabuwarsu. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1965]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] nbyrgzyyay31hvcm7mzb6fsijrxyo5z Rusty Skuse 0 143608 889670 804671 2026-07-31T07:14:47Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889670 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Janet Skuse''' (wacce aka haifa '''a Field''' ; 20 ga Disamba 1943 - 12 ga Yuli 2007), wacce aka fi sani da '''Rusty Skuse''', ta shahara a matsayin mace mafi yawan zane a [[Birtaniya]] . == Tarihin Rayuwa == Skuse, direba a rundunar sojojin mata da ke Aldershot a Hampshire, ta yi zanen ta na farko tana da shekaru 17 a shekarar 1961, wanda hakan ya sa aka tuhume ta da laifin yin zane. <ref name="tattoo">{{Cite web |title=Tattoo Club of Great Britain |url=https://www.tattoo.co.uk/blog/post/tattoo-facts/janet-rusty-skuse-a-true-great-of-british-tattooing-history/ |access-date=4 April 2017 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A shekarar 1964 ta yi zane 62 kuma ta shahara sosai. Ba da daɗewa ba ta kashe fiye da rabin kuɗin aikinta na soja wajen samun ƙarin zane daga mijinta na gaba, Bill Skuse, a ɗakin studio ɗinsa da ke cikin babban titin Aldershot. Ta ƙi tayin wani mai nuna wasan kwaikwayo a [[Glasgow]], [[Scotland]] don zama abin jan hankali; duk da haka, tayin ya shawo kanta ta yi zane gaba ɗaya. Ta amfani da £100 da mahaifiyarta ta ba ta a matsayin kyautar ranar haihuwa ta 21, Skuse ta kashe kuɗin kan ƙarin zane, wanda hakan ya sa mahaifiyarta ta firgita. <ref name="tattoo" /> == Ganewa == Tsawon shekaru sama da ashirin ta fito a cikin Guinness World Records a matsayin mace mafi yawan zane a Birtaniya . A wani lokaci akwai wani zane mai girman gaske na ta da aka nuna a wajen baje kolin 'The Guinness World of Records' a Trocadero da ke Piccadilly, London . Ta yi horo a ƙarƙashin mijinta don zama mai zane a kan jarfa da kanta. A lokacin ritayarsu, Bill da Rusty Skuse sun buɗe gidan kula da karnuka da karnukan da ba su da kyau a Norfolk . Rusty Skuse ta koma yin jarfa na ɗan lokaci, tana gudanar da wani ɗakin zane na sirri a Dereham, Norfolk. A shekarar 1979 ta kasance batun wani shirin gaskiya mai taken Second Skin . [1] == Mutuwa == Skuse ya mutu a shekarar 2007, bayan doguwar fama da cutar koda. == Duba kuma == * Nikola Lowe == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Matattun 2007]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1943]] 9v8dw08t914w6x1z7nxwei4fby0lpyq Princess Lindiwe 0 144855 889415 807925 2026-07-30T14:52:01Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889415 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Princess Lindiwe''' sarauniya ce ta Eswatini, fasto kuma 'yar siyasa, Ministar Harkokin Cikin Gida ta Eswatini tun daga shekarar 2018. Ita ma 'yar Majalisar Dokoki ce tun daga shekarar 2018. == Ilimi == Lindiwe ta sami digiri a fannin gudanar da harkokin kasuwanci daga Jami'ar Akron da kuma digiri na biyu a fannin gudanar da otal daga Jami'ar Vincennes, dukkansu a Amurka. <ref name="gov">{{Cite web |title=Hon. Minister Princess Lindiwe Profile |url=https://www.gov.sz/index.php/about-us-sp-434013479/hon-minister-princess-lindiwe-profile |access-date=22 February 2026 |website=[[Government of Eswatini]]}}</ref> == Aiki == Ta fara aikinta na ƙwararru a shekarar 1985 a matsayin shugaba a Ofishin Gudanarwa na Ƙasa na Eswatini, daga baya ta zama ƙwararriyar mai kera motoci da wanki. <ref name="gov"/> A shekarar 2008, Sarki Mswati na III ya naɗa Lindiwe a matsayin memba na hukumar ba da shawara ta gargajiya ta Liqoqo. <ref name="gov"/> A shekarar 2018, ta zama 'yar majalisar dokoki kuma ministar harkokin cikin gida, kuma an sake naɗa ta a shekarar 2023. <ref name="gov" /> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Members of Parliament (MPs) 2023 — 2028 |url=https://parliament.gov.sz/houseofassembly/list/ |access-date=22 February 2026 |website=[[Parliament of Eswatini]]}}</ref> A watan Disamba a shekarar 2025, ta yi kira ga ƙasashe a lokacin taron ƙasa da ƙasa kan Matsayin Mata a cikin Al'umma ta Zamani da su ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwar ƙasa da ƙasa don "haɓaka ƙarfafa mata".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dlamini |first1=Bongiwe |title=Home Affairs Minister Princess Lindiwe addresses Turkmenistan Conference, urges countries to accelerate women empowerment. |url=http://www.swazilandnews.co.za/fundza.php?nguyiphi=10862 |access-date=22 February 2026 |work=Swaziland News |date=15 December 2025}}</ref> A wannan watan, ta kuma bayyana, a cikin wani taro da ta yi da wakilan addinai, cewa ma'aikatarta tana da niyyar haɓaka wata manufa ta ƙasa mai haɗin kai ga dukkan majami'u a ƙasar, tana ƙin amincewa da zarge-zargen son sarrafa ayyukansu kuma cewa yin rijistar majami'u zai zama alhakin Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Magagula |first1=Delisa |title=Asilwi nemasontfo – Princess Lindiwe |url=https://swazidailynews.com/archives/5656 |access-date=22 February 2026 |work=Eswatini Daily News |date=November 2025 |language=Zulu |trans-title=We are not fighting against churches – Princess Lindiwe |archive-date=12 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251212053703/https://swazidailynews.com/archives/5656 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Tare da mijinta Robert Kasaro, Lindiwe tana gudanar da Cibiyar Bauta ta Yesu (JCWC). <ref name="gov"/> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] n9argvg1fq62kw9zd3uyqrsjcdczveq Rolene Strauss 0 145443 889647 880152 2026-07-31T05:54:13Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889647 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Rolene Strauss (an haife ta a ranar 22 ga Afrilu 1992) sarauniya ce mai kyau ta Afirka ta Kudu wacce ta lashe Miss Afirka ta Kudu 2014 kuma daga baya aka lashe ta Miss World 2014. Ita ce mace ta uku a Afirka ta Kudu da ta lashe kambin Miss World, bayan Penelope Anne Coelen a 1958 da Anneline Kriel a 1974, da kuma ta farko tun Ƙarshen wariyar launin fata. Strauss a halin yanzu shine shugaban kungiyar ba da riba The Strauss Foundation . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rolene Strauss Has Much To Celebrate! |url=http://www.peoplemagazine.co.za/celebrity-news/rolene-strauss-much-celebrate |access-date=June 25, 2017 |publisher=People Magazine |archive-date=November 10, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110224919/https://www.peoplemagazine.co.za/celebrity-news/rolene-strauss-much-celebrate |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Strauss dalibi ne na likita a [[Jami'ar Free State]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014 |title=Rolene Strauss |url=https://www.facebook.com/pages/Miss-SA-Rolene-Strauss/705464392811293?id=705464392811293&sk=info |publisher=Facebook}}</ref> An haife ta ne a Volksrust, [[Afirka ta Kudu]], ga Theresa, ma'aikaciyar jinya, da Hennie Strauss, likita. Ita jariri ce ta gwajin gwaji. A cikin kalmominta "Ni jariri ne na gwajin tube kuma na yi imanin cewa an haifi sha'awar kiwon lafiya tare da ni".<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 December 2014 |title=10 Things You Didn't Know About The South African Miss World: Rolene Strauss |url=https://buzzsouthafrica.com/rolene-strauss/ |access-date=June 25, 2017 |publisher=Buzz South Africa}}</ref> Strauss ya yi alkawari da D'Niel Strauss (babu dangantaka) a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2014. Daga baya suka yi aure a ranar 6 ga Fabrairu 2016, a wurin bikin aure na Laurent a Somerset West . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rolene Strauss {{!}} Miss World 2014 |url=http://www.rolenestrauss.com/ |access-date=2016-02-07 |website=Rolene Strauss |language=en-GB |archive-date=2023-08-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230807213845/https://rolenestrauss.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rolene Strauss looked absolutely beautiful on her wedding day |url=http://www.you.co.za/news/rolene-strauss-looked-amazing-on-her-wedding-day/ |access-date=2016-08-03}}</ref> An haifi ɗansu na farko, ɗa, a watan Janairun 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Potter |first=Daniella |date=9 January 2017 |title=Rolene Strauss welcomes her 'little prince' |url=https://citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/1390837/rolene-strauss-welcomes-her-little-prince/ |publisher=The Citizen}}</ref> A watan Fabrairun 2020, ta haifi ɗanta na biyu. Rolene Strauss Kirista ce mai ibada.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 October 2019 |title=Former Miss World Rolene Strauss Launches Christian Devotional Book In South Africa |url=https://joynews.co.za/former-miss-world-rolene-strauss-launches-christian-devotional-book-in-south-africa/ |website=joynews.co.za |publisher=Joy News |access-date=15 March 2026 |archive-date=19 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250519235154/https://joynews.co.za/former-miss-world-rolene-strauss-launches-christian-devotional-book-in-south-africa/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Wasanni == Strauss ta lashe lambar yabo ta farko tana da shekaru 15, lokacin da ta lashe gasar Elite Model Look ta Afirka ta Kudu a 2007. Strauss daga baya ya sanya shi a saman 5 na Miss Afirka ta Kudu 2011, inda Melinda Bam ta zama mai nasara. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Eye For Beauty: Miss South Africa 2011: Telecast Review |url=http://www.eyeforbeautyblog.com/2011/12/miss-south-africa-2011-telecast-review.html |access-date=16 November 2014 |archive-date=31 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731070353/http://www.eyeforbeautyblog.com/2011/12/miss-south-africa-2011-telecast-review.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta dawo bayan shekaru uku don yin gasa, wakiltar [[Bloemfontein]], kuma an naɗa ta Miss Afirka ta Kudu 2014. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014 |title=And Miss South Africa 2014 |url=http://www.misssa.co.za/finalists/rolene/Pages/default.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140331222330/http://www.misssa.co.za/finalists/rolene/Pages/default.aspx |archive-date=2014-03-31 |publisher=Miss South Africa}}</ref> A matsayin Miss Afirka ta Kudu 2014, ana sa ran Strauss za ta yi gasa a duka Miss Universe 2014 da Miss World 2014. Strauss ta yi gasa a gasar Miss World 2014 a [[Landan]], United Kingdom kuma a lokacin tambaya da amsa ta ƙarshe, an tambayi Strauss - "Me ya sa ya kamata ka zama Miss World ta gaba?" wanda Strauss ya amsa ta hanyar cewa:   Daga bisani aka naɗa ta a matsayin Miss World 2014 a ƙarshen taron, ta zama ta uku a [[Afirka ta Kudu]] zuwa Miss World tun lokacin da aka fara gasar a 1951. Saboda wannan, ba ta iya yin gasa a Miss Universe 2014 ba. Ziphozakhe Zokufa, ta farko da ta zo na biyu, ta shiga matsayin Miss Afirka ta Kudu 2014 kuma ta wakilci kasar a gasar Miss Universe 2014. Bayan an naɗa ta Miss World 2014, Strauss ta fara aikinta a matsayin Miss World kuma tun daga lokacin ta yi tafiya zuwa [[Hong Kong]], [[Sin|China]], [[Indonesiya|Indonesia]], [[Indiya]], [[Filipin|Philippines]], [[Brazil]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Mexico (ƙasa)|Mexico]], [[Kenya]], [[Jamaika|Jamaica]], [[Kamaru]], United Kingdom, [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] da sauran ƙasashe don cika wajibai daban-daban a cikin rawar. An gayyaci Strauss a matsayin alƙali a Miss World 2018, ya zama na farko kuma ya zuwa yanzu shine kawai Miss World daga shekarun 2010 don zama alƙali na karshe na Miss World. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [http://www.tvspoilers.org/miss-world-2014-winner.html Miss Duniya ta 2014 Mai cin nasara] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141214192210/http://www.tvspoilers.org/miss-world-2014-winner.html |date=2014-12-14 }} * {{Official website|http://www.rolenestrauss.com/}} {{S-start}} {{S-ach}} {{S-bef}} {{S-ttl}} {{S-aft}} {{S-bef}} {{S-ttl}} {{S-aft}} {{S-bef}} {{S-ttl}} {{S-aft}} {{S-end}}{{Miss World titleholders}}{{Miss World 2014 delegates}}{{Big Four Pageants titleholders|Year=2014|Miss Universe={{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Paulina Vega]]|Miss World={{flagicon|South Africa}} '''Rolene Strauss'''|Miss International={{flagicon|Puerto Rico}} [[Valerie Hernandez]]|Miss Earth={{flagicon|Philippines}} [[Jamie Herrell]]}}{{Miss South Africa winners in the Grand Slam pageants}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1992]] 24yd0wzz6bnrg4ayq42m8zqsfkf701e Ruth Odinga 0 145833 889673 837321 2026-07-31T07:27:13Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889673 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ruth Busia Adhiambo Odinga''' 'yar siyasa ce ta ƙasar Kenya, kuma a halin yanzu wakiliyar mata ta gundumar Kisumu a Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=myleader.co.ke |title=Ruth Odinga - Women representative |url=https://myleader.co.ke/kisumu-county-women-rep/3148-ruth-odinga-women-representative |access-date=2023-03-03 |website=My Leader Kenya (MLK) |language=en |archive-date=2023-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230303210430/https://myleader.co.ke/kisumu-county-women-rep/3148-ruth-odinga-women-representative |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ita ce Mataimakiyar Gwamna ta farko a Gundumar Kisumu daga shekarun 2013 zuwa 2017. Odinga memba ce a ƙungiyar Orange Democratic Movement (ODM). Ita 'yar [[Jaramogi Oginga Odinga|Jaramogi Odinga]] ce, mataimakin shugaban ƙasa na farko na Kenya, kuma 'yar'uwar tsohon Firayim Minista [[Raila A Odinga|Raila Odinga]] da Oburu Odinga, Sanata mai ci a Gundumar Siaya. <ref name="Oudia">{{Cite web |last=Oudia |first=Rushdie |date=August 12, 2022 |title=With two seats in, a presidential win will crown Odinga dynasty trophies |url=https://nation.africa/kenya/counties/siaya/with-two-seats-in-a-presidential-win-will-crown-odinga-dynasty-trophies-3912540 |access-date=2023-11-21 |website=Nation}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 7, 2013 |title=Joy and tears among relatives |url=https://nation.africa/kenya/news/politics/joy-and-tears-among-relatives--850512 |access-date=2023-11-21 |website=The Nation}}</ref> == Ilimi == Ruth Odinga 'yar siyasa ce da aka haifa a cikin daular siyasa ta Kenya. <ref name="Oudia"/> Ta halarci Makarantar Firamare ta Xaverian, [[Kisumu]] inda ta sami Takardar Shaidar Karatu ta Gabashin Afirka (EACPE) a shekarar 1973. Ta sami Takardar Shaidar Karatu ta Gabashin Afirka (EAACE) daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Kenya a shekarar 1981. A shekarar 1983 ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta 'Yan Mata ta Mutare, Zimbabwe, inda ta sami A Levels. Ta sami digiri a [[Kimiyyar zamantakewa|fannin kimiyyar zamantakewa]] a shekarar 1985, da kuma takardar shaidar digiri na biyu a fannin nazarin ci gaba a shekarar 1989, daga Jami'ar Oslo. <ref name="Parliament">{{Cite web |title=HON. BUSIA RUTH ADHIAMBO ODINGA {{!}} The Kenyan Parliament Website |url=http://www.parliament.go.ke/index.php/the-national-assembly/hon-busia-ruth-adhiambo-odinga |access-date=2023-03-03 |website=www.parliament.go.ke}}</ref> == Aikin siyasa == Ruth Odinga tsohuwar Mataimakiyar Gwamna ce ta Gundumar Kisumu kuma shugabar da ta kafa ƙungiyar mata ta Kenya Network of Women Governors (KENWOG). <ref name="Kenyans.co.ke">{{Cite web |title=Inside the Life of Raila's Secretive Younger Sister {{!}} Kenyans.co.ke Website |url=http://www.kenyans.co.ke/news/45977-inside-life-railas-secretive-younger-sister |access-date=2023-12-24}}</ref> Ita ce ƙanwar [[Raila A Odinga|Rt. Hon. Raila Odinga]] Odinga ta shiga siyasa a shekarar 2013, inda ta fafata da Jack Ranguma don zama Gwamnan Gundumar Kisumu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Omello |first=Kevine |date=November 18, 2016 |title=I’m not ‘Raila sister’ Ruth Odinga tells journalists |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/entertainment/county-nairobi/article/2000223864/im-not-raila-sister-ruth-odinga-tells-journalists |access-date=2023-11-21}}</ref> Bayan ta sha kashi a hannun Ranguma, ta shiga tawagarsa kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakiyar Gwamna daga shekarun 2013 zuwa 2017. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mwanza |first=Eddy |date=November 3, 2019 |title=Inside the Life of Raila's Secretive Younger Sister |url=https://www.kenyans.co.ke/news/45977-inside-life-railas-secretive-younger-sister |access-date=2023-11-21 |website=Kenyans.co.ke}}</ref> Ta kasance babbar mai bai wa Gwamna shawara kuma darakta a Shirye-shirye na Musamman da Gudanar da Bala'i daga shekarun 2017 zuwa 2022. <ref name="Parliament"/> A watan Oktoban 2017 ta fuskanci tuhume-tuhume bayan ta shiga zanga-zangar adawa da jami'an zaɓe a Kisumu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=October 23, 2017 |title=Kenya's Ruth Odinga dey face charges over Kisumu protest |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/tori-41726407 |access-date=2023-11-21 |website=BBC |language=pcm}}</ref> A shekarar 2019, bayan kasancewarta a wani zanga-zangar da ta kawo cikas ga horon zaɓe a Kisumu, an sake yin kira da a kama ta a tuhume ta da laifin tayar da hankali. <ref>{{Cite web |date=December 9, 2019 |title=Sister of Kenya's opposition leader facing incitement charges |url=https://www.africanews.com/2017/10/24/sister-of-kenya-s-opposition-leader-facing-incitement-charges// |access-date=2023-11-21 |website=africanews |archive-date=2023-11-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121123745/https://www.africanews.com/2017/10/24/sister-of-kenya-s-opposition-leader-facing-incitement-charges// |url-status=dead }}</ref> An zaɓe ta a matsayin Wakiliyar Mata na Gundumar Kisumu a watan Agusta a shekarar 2022 ta hanyar amfani da tikitin Orange Democratic Movement inda ta kayar da abokin hamayyarta Valentine Anyango na jam'iyyar Movement for Democracy and Growth (MDG). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ruth Odinga wins Kisumu woman rep seat |url=https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/realtime/2022-08-12-ruth-odinga-wins-kisumu-woman-rep-seat/ |access-date=2023-03-03 |website=The Star |language=en-KE}}</ref> Odinga ƙwararriya ce a fannin [[Haƙƙoƙin Mata|kare haƙƙin mata]] kuma mai fafutukar ci gaban mata da kuma jagoranci ga mata. Ita ce ta kafa ƙungiyar gwamnonin mata ta Kenya, (KEWOG), <ref name="Parliament"/> kuma tana ci gaba da aiki a matsayin shugabar ƙungiyar. Ita ce kuma ta sami lambar yabo ta gwarzon jinsi daga Ma'aikatar Jinsi ta Kenya. <ref name="Parliament" /> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 3h68d1dikka19aphub35dfdnyct43ri Qaraqat Äbden 0 146327 889458 863995 2026-07-30T16:09:22Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889458 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Jaqsylyqqyzy''' Kazakh , {{IPA|kk|qɑɾɑqɑt ʐɑqsəɫɯqqɯzɯ æbdʲen|}} ; an haife ta a ranar 7 ga Mayu 1974) 'yar siyasa ce ta Kazakhstan, masanin tattalin arziki, kuma marubuciya wacce ta kasance memba na Mäjilis tun 2023. Ta taɓa yin aiki a Astana City Mäslihat daga 2016 zuwa 2021. Äbden ta fara aikinta a matsayin masanin tattalin arziki a kamfanonin kasuwanci masu zaman kansu kafin ta koma aikin gwamnati, inda ta yi aiki kan batutuwan da suka shafi haraji a ƙarƙashin ma'aikatun gwamnatin Kazakhstan daban-daban. Ta kasance memba a jam'iyyar Nur Otan mai mulki a mafi yawan ayyukanta, ta riƙe mukamai da yawa a cikin tsarinta kuma a halin yanzu tana aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara mai zaman kansa ga Äkim na Astana kan al'amuran zamantakewa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Seilkhanov |first=Adlet |date=7 October 2022 |title=Female candidate enters run for President of Kazakhstan |url=https://www.inform.kz/en/article/3988151 |access-date=29 October 2022 |website=Казинформ |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A shekarar 2022, ƙungiyar National Alliance of Professional Social Workers ta tsayar da Äbden a matsayin ɗan takarar shugaban ƙasa, inda ta zo ta uku da kashi 2.6% na ƙuri'un da aka kaɗa a zaɓen. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bulatkulova |first=Saniya |date=19 October 2022 |title=CEC Registers Karakat Abden as Presidential Candidate |url=https://astanatimes.com/2022/10/cec-registers-karakat-abden-as-presidential-candidate/ |access-date=29 October 2022 |website=The Astana Times |language=en}}</ref> A shekara mai zuwa, ta lashe zaɓen 'yan jam'iyya a Mäjilis a lokacin zaɓen 'yan majalisa na 2023, tana takara a ƙarƙashin jam'iyyar Auyl . <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 March 2023 |title=Auyl Party announces winners of deputy seats in Majilis: 28 March 2023, 10:51 - news on inform.kz |url=https://www.inform.kz/en/auyl-party-announces-winners-of-deputy-seats-in-majilis_a4050299}}</ref> Äbden ita ce kuma shugabar ƙungiyar jama'a ta Qazaq Qyzy da kuma ƙungiyar ƙungiyoyin makarantun firamare masu zaman kansu ta "Asyl Böbek", sannan kuma ita ce darakta a wasu gidajen renon yara da ke Astana. Ita ce mawallafin littafin ''"You Are a Kazakhstan Girl.'' ''Be Proud!"'' . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rozanskij |first=Vladimir |date=28 October 2022 |title=Astana, presidential elections: no real opponent for Tokaev |url=https://www.asianews.it/news-en/Astana%2C-presidential-elections%3A-no-real-opponent-for-Tokaev-56978.html?&page=all&single=1 |access-date=29 October 2022 |website=www.asianews.it |language=en}}</ref> == Tarihin Rayuwa == === Rayuwar farko da ilimi === An haifi Äbden a shekarar 1974 a ƙauyen 22 Partsyezda, Yankin Akmola, ga iyayenta Jaqsylyq Äbdenov da Rysbala Şalabaeva. Mahaifinta, Äbdenov, yana aiki a matsayin ma'aikacin gini, yayin da mahaifiyarta, Şalabaeva, malamar makaranta ce. Tun tana ƙarama, ta yi karatun Sakandare mai lamba 10 a ƙauyen Jäirem, Yankin Ulytau, inda ta kammala karatunta da lambar zinare. Bayan haka, ta yi rajista a [[Almaty Institute of National Economy|Cibiyar Tattalin Arziki ta Ƙasa ta Almaty]], inda ta sami digiri a fannin tallatawa da kasuwanci. Daga baya ta zama Ɗan takarar Kimiyyar Tattalin Arziki bayan ta kare takardar neman digirinta kan batun ''Samar da Kuɗaɗen Shiga na Kasafin Kuɗi na Gida ta Amfani da Biyan Kuɗin da Ba na Samarwa ba'' . <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 October 2020 |title=ҚАРАҚАТ ӘБДЕН |url=https://abden.kz/#about |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113205154/https://abden.kz/#about |archive-date=13 November 2022 |access-date=29 October 2022 |website=abden.kz |language=kk}}</ref> === Sana'a === Äbden ta fara aikinta a matsayin masanin tattalin arziki a kamfanin kasuwanci mai zaman kansa na Orda da ke Almaty . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=11 October 2022 |title=Қарақат Әбден Президенттікке үміткер талаптарына сай келеді |url=https://shahnews.kz/index.php/kogam/19-aza-standa/1317-ara-at-bden-prezidenttikke-mitker-talaptaryna-saj-keledi |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221121211159/https://shahnews.kz/index.php/kogam/19-aza-standa/1317-ara-at-bden-prezidenttikke-mitker-talaptaryna-saj-keledi |archive-date=21 November 2022 |access-date=29 October 2022 |website=shahnews.kz |language=kk}}</ref> Daga nan ta yi aiki a matsayin babbar ƙwararriya a Sashen Masu Biyan Haraji Masu Yawa a ƙarƙashin Ma'aikatar Kuɗi ta Jiha ta Kazakhstan. <ref name=":0" /> Tsawon shekaru goma, tun daga shekarar 1999, Äbden ta yi aiki a Ma'aikatar Kuɗi, inda ta riƙe mukamai daban-daban, ciki har da mukaddashin shugaban kwamitocin haraji da dama. Waɗannan mukamai sun haɗa da yin aiki a matsayin shugaban Sashen Kula da Masu Biyan Haraji, babban ƙwararre na Sashen Ƙorafe-ƙorafen Haraji, shugaban Sashen Aiki tare da Masu Biyan Haraji a Kwamitin Haraji na Yankin Ƙasa Mai Lamba 1, shugaban Sashen Biyan Kuɗi Marasa Samarwa, da kuma babban ƙwararre a Sashen Kula da Lamba 4 na Kwamitin Kula da Kuɗi. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Өміртай |first=Ая |date=11 October 2022 |title=Қазақ қыздарына арнап кітап шығарғаны үшін сынға ұшыраған кандидат Қарақат Әбден туралы тағы не білеміз? |url=https://halyq-uni.kz/aleumet/10360-zhigitterge-kandai-kyzdar-unaidy-synga-kalgan-kandidat-karakat-bden-kim/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221121205652/https://halyq-uni.kz/aleumet/10360-zhigitterge-kandai-kyzdar-unaidy-synga-kalgan-kandidat-karakat-bden-kim/ |archive-date=21 November 2022 |access-date=29 October 2022 |website=Halyq-uni.kz |language=kk}}</ref> A shekarar 2009, ta zama mataimakiyar darakta a Makarantar Nazarin Siyasa ta Ƙasa a Kwalejin Gudanar da Jama'a a ƙarƙashin Shugaban Kazakhstan. Ta kuma yi aiki a cikin jam'iyyar Nur Otan, inda ta jagoranci Sashen Nazarin Labarai da Haɗaka a Makarantar Babban Jam'iyyar Nur Otan da kuma yin aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga Kwamitin Ƙirƙira a ofishin Nur Otan da ke Astana. A shekarar 2013, Äbden ta kafa ƙungiyar jama'a ta Qazaq Qyzy, cibiyar farko ta mata ta ilimin al'adu da ɗabi'a ta Kazakhstan, da kuma Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Makarantun Yara Masu Zaman Kansu ta "Asyl Böbek" a Astana. <ref name=":1"/> A jajibirin [[Ranar mata ta duniya|Ranar Mata ta Duniya]] a watan Maris na 2016, Äbden tana cikin matan da suka halarci taron gargajiya na ''Köktem Şuağy'' ("Sunshin bazara"), wanda Shugaba Nursultan Nazarbayev ya halarta. <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Косенов |first=Алдияр |date=4 March 2016 |title=Назарбаев: Женщины - моя главная опора |url=https://tengrinews.kz/kazakhstan_news/nazarbaev-jenschinyi-moya-glavnaya-opora-290170/ |access-date=29 October 2022 |website=Tengrinews.kz |language=ru}}</ref> A ranar 20 ga watan Disamba na shekarar 2016, an zabi Äbden a matsayin mataimakiyar Nur Otan a taron jam'iyya na shida na birnin Nur-Sultan Mäslihat, wadda ke wakiltar gundumar zaɓe ta 19 wadda Qairat Jauhanov ta riƙe a baya. <ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date= |title=Бесінші шақырылым Астана қаласы мәслихаты депутаттары {{!}} Астана қаласының мәслихаты |url=http://www.maslihat.astana.kz/node/42404 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217024341/http://www.maslihat.astana.kz/node/42404 |archive-date=17 February 2013 |access-date=29 October 2022 |website=maslihat.astana.kz |language=kk}}</ref> Daga nan, ta yi aiki a matsayin memba na Hukumar Kula da Harkokin Ci gaban Al'adu. <ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=15 July 2019 |title=Абден Қарақат Жақсылыққызы |url=https://maslihat01.kz/kz/news/deputaty-bio/75 |access-date=29 October 2022 |website=Астана қаласының мәслихаты |language=kk}}</ref> === Zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na 2022 === A ranar 7 ga Oktoba, 2022, Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Jin Daɗi ta Ƙasa ta zaɓi Äbden a matsayin ɗan takarar zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na 2022. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Сатиева |first=Камшат |date=2022-10-07 |title=Президенттікке әйел үміткер ұсынылды |url=https://kaz.zakon.kz/6014091-prezidenttikke-iel-umitker-usynyldy.html |access-date=2022-11-03 |website=zakon.kz |language=kk |archive-date=2022-11-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130165525/https://kaz.zakon.kz/6014091-prezidenttikke-iel-umitker-usynyldy.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Yaƙin neman zaɓenta ya mayar da hankali kan inganta rayuwar 'yan Kazakhstan, da fafutukar samar da ingantacciyar rayuwa ga iyalai, da kuma jaddada cewa "babban arzikin jihar shine mutanenta." Ta sanya kanta a matsayin "mai da hankali kan zamantakewa," tare da wani dandali da nufin ƙarfafa tallafi ga iyalai, yara, matasa, da tsofaffi. Shawarwarin da ta bayar sun haɗa da haɓaka dabi'un al'adu, inganta ilimi da kiwon lafiya, da kuma ƙarfafa kariyar zamantakewa a matsayin ginshiƙai na ci gaban al'umma. <ref name=":184">{{Cite web |date=21 October 2022 |title=Қазақстан Республикасының Президенттігіне кандидат Қарақат Әбденнің сайлауалды БАҒДАРЛАМАСЫ |url=https://abden.kz/src/pdf/abden_program.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028025806/https://abden.kz/src/pdf/abden_program.pdf |archive-date=28 October 2022 |access-date=28 October 2022 |website=abden.kz |language=kk}}</ref> === Memba na Majijilis === ==== Zaɓen 'yan majalisa na 2023 ==== == Takaddama == === ''Ke yarinya ce 'yar Kazakh. Ki yi alfahari!'' === A cikin Disamba 2019, Äbden ta buga littafinta ''You are Kazakh Girl.'' ''Yi Alfahari!'' ( {{Lang|kk|Сен қазақтың қызысың. Мақтан ет!}} ), wanda ke binciko rawar da mace 'yar Kazakhstan ta zamani ke takawa a cikin al'ummar Kazakhstan. Littafin ya jaddada mahimmancin lura da dabi'un gargajiya yayin da yake gabatar da suka kan ra'ayin [[Feminism|mata]] . <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Московчук |first=Анастасия |date=6 December 2019 |title=Каракат Абден: Современная казахская девушка должна гордиться своей уникальностью |url=https://www.zakon.kz/4997862-karakat-abden-sovremennaya-kazahskaya.html |access-date=29 October 2022 |website=zakon.kz |language=ru |archive-date=6 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206124656/https://www.zakon.kz/4997862-karakat-abden-sovremennaya-kazahskaya.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bayan an fitar da shi kaɗan, littafin ya haifar da ce-ce-ku-ce mai yawa a bainar jama'a. An ba da babban ɓangare na kwafin ga ɗakunan karatu a makarantun karkara da gidajen marayu, amma littafin ya fuskanci suka kan zargin haɓaka ƙa'idodin ƙasa da na jinsi. <ref name=":2" /> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Молдаханова |first=Малика |date=11 December 2019 |title=О книге Каракат Абден "Ты – казашка. Гордись!" |url=https://esquire.kz/t-v-kazashka-smirisy/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221121205652/https://esquire.kz/t-v-kazashka-smirisy/ |archive-date=21 November 2022 |access-date=29 October 2022 |website=Esquire Kazakhstan |language=ru-RU}}</ref> <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=13 December 2019 |title="Бізге феминизм керек емес": "Қазақ қызы" институтымен не болып жатыр? |url=https://www.the-village-kz.com/village/city/qazaqsha/8721-bizge-feminizm-kerek-emes-aza-yzy-institutymen-ne-bolyp-zhatyr |access-date=29 October 2022 |website=The Village Казахстан |language=kk}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, an yi tambayoyi game da Aamfani da kuɗaɗen gwamnati don ƙungiyar jama'a ta Qazaq Qyzy ta Äbden, musamman game da ware sama da tenge miliyan 17.5 don tallafawa rarraba littafin. <ref name=":3"/> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ибраим |first=Ұлжан |date=10 December 2019 |title="Сен қазақтың қызысың. Мақтан ет!": Депутаттың жаңа кітабы қызу талқыға түсті |url=https://kaz.nur.kz/society/1831247-sen-kazakty-kyzysy-maktan-et-deputatty-zaa-kitaby-eldi-asuyna-tidi/? |access-date=29 October 2022 |website=kaz.nur.kz |language=kk}}</ref> Masu suka sun zarge ta da amfani da kuɗin masu biyan haraji don amfanin kansu. A martanin da ta mayar ga martanin, Äbden ta kare kanta, tana mai da'awar cewa an cire yawancin sukar daga mahallinsu. Ta kuma bayyana cewa, a gaskiya ma, tana goyon bayan ra'ayin mata, duk da sukar da aka yi wa ra'ayoyinta. <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 October 2022 |title=Кандидат в президенты Каракат Абден о своей скандальной книге: Казашки – по рождению феминистки |url=https://informburo.kz/novosti/kandidat-v-prezidenty-karakat-abden-o-svoei-skandalnoi-knige-kazaski-po-rozdeniyu-feministki |access-date=29 October 2022 |website=informburo.kz |language=ru}}</ref> === Shawarwarin hana hutu === A lokacin yakin neman zaben shugaban ƙasa na 2022, Äbden ta gabatar da shawarar haramta bukukuwa kamar Halloween da Ranar Masoya a Kazakhstan, tana mai ambaton damuwa game da ayyukan hutun da kuma illar da hakan zai iya yi wa al'adun Kazakhstan da dabi'unta. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Адай |first=Олжас |date=2022-11-04 |title=Әулие Валентин күнін тойлауға қарысымын - Қарақат Әбден |url=https://baq.kz/aulie-valentin-kunin-toylauga-qarysymyn-qaraqat-abden-291114/ |access-date=2024-12-14 |website=BAQ.kz |language=kk}}</ref> Musamman ma, ta soki amfani da abin rufe fuska, kayan sawa, da kuma tallata Halloween, tana mai jayayya cewa waɗannan abubuwan sun ci karo da dabi'un gargajiya na Kazakhstan kuma suna iya lalata asalin al'adun ƙasar. Äbden ta yi imanin cewa waɗannan ayyukan, waɗanda ta gani a matsayin waɗanda aka shigo da su daga Yamma, sun yi mummunan tasiri ga matasa kuma sun haifar da rashin jituwa da al'adun Kazakhstan. <ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=2 November 2022 |title=Президенттікке үміткер Қарақат Әбден Хэллоуин мерекесін тойламауға шақырады |url=https://adyrna.kz/post/135967 |access-date=10 November 2022 |website=adyrna.kz |language=kk}}</ref> Wannan shawara ta zo ne bayan wani mummunan taron jama'a na Halloween a Seoul a shekarar 2022, wanda ya ƙara rura wutar damuwarta game da haɗarin tsaro da ke tattare da irin waɗannan bukukuwa. Bayan lamarin, Äbden ta yi kira da a ɗauki matakin shari'a don hana bukukuwa kamar Halloween da ta ji suna "guba" zukatan matasa. Ta yi kira ga matasa da su yi bikin bukukuwan ƙasa na Kazakhstan, wanda ta ɗauka a matsayin abin da ke ba da alaƙa ta gaskiya da al'ada ga gadon ƙasar. === Harajin aure na ƙasashen waje === Äbden ta fuskanci ce-ce-ku-ce mai yawa saboda shawararta ta sanya haraji mai yawa ga matan Kazakhstan waɗanda suka auri baƙi. A matsayinta na 'yar takara a zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na 2022, da farko ta gabatar da wannan shawara a lokacin yakin neman zaɓenta, <ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last=adyrna.kz |title=Қарақат Әбден шетелдіктерге тұрмысқа шыққан қазақ қыздарына салық салуды ұсынды |url=https://adyrna.kz/post/137351 |language=kk}}</ref> <ref name=":10">{{Cite web |last=Ләззат Нұрсапақызы |date=12 November 2022 |title=Қарақат Әбден шетелдіктерге неке салығын енгізуді ұсынды |url=https://kaz.orda.kz/qaraqat-aebden-sheteldikterge-neke-salyghyn-engizwdi-usyndy/ |language=kk}}</ref> <ref name=":11">{{Cite web |last=ktk.kz |title=Дебаты: Каракат Абден предлагает обложить большими налогами девушек, выходящих замуж за иностранцев |url=https://www.ktk.kz/ru/newsfeed/article/2022/11/11/227467/ |language=ru}}</ref> wanda daga baya ta sake nanata a ranar 5 ga Afrilu 2023 a lokacin da take matsayin mataimakiya a Mäjilis . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-06 |title=Дина Тәңсәрі Қарақат Әбденді Парламенттен қууды талап ететін петиция жарияламақ |url=https://adyrna.kz/post/152344 |access-date=2024-12-14 |website=adyrna.kz |language=kk}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Адай |first=Олжас |date=2023-04-07 |title=Қарақат Әбденнің ұсынысына қарсы петиция жарияланды |url=https://baq.kz/qaraqat-abdennin-usynysyna-qarsy-petitsiya-zhariyalandy-301575/ |access-date=2024-12-14 |website=BAQ.kz |language=kk}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-07 |title=Қоғам белсендісі Қарақат Әбденді депутат мандатынан айыруға петиция жариялады |url=https://inbusiness.kz/kz/last/kogam-belsendisi-karakat-abdendi-deputat-mandatynan-ajyruga-peticiya-zhariyalady |access-date=2024-12-14 |website=inbusiness.kz |language=kk}}</ref> Shawarar ta haifar da suka mai yawa, gami da zargin wariyar launin fata . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rozanskij |first=Vladimir |date=2023-04-14 |title=Kazakh women against proposed tax to marry foreigners |url=https://www.asianews.it/news-en/Kazakh-women-against-proposed-tax-to-marry-foreigners-58182.html |access-date=2024-12-14 |website=www.asianews.it |language=en}}</ref> A martanin da ta mayar, jami'ar tsaro Dina Tanshari ta yi kira da a soke wa'adin mataimakin Äbden, tana mai iƙirarin cewa shawarar ta nuna wariya ga ƙananan kabilun Kazakhstan. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Шарипханова |first=Дина |date=2023-04-07 |title="Ауыл" депутат Қарақат Әбденді мандатынан айыру туралы өтінішке пікір білдірді |url=https://kaz.tengrinews.kz/kazakhstan_news/auyil-deputat-karakat-abdend-mandatyinan-ayyiru-turalyi-349695/ |access-date=2024-12-14 |website=Tengrinews.kz |language=kk}}</ref> Anas Bakkozhayev, shugaban ɓangaren majalisar dokoki na Auyl, ya amsa buƙatar Tanshari, yana mai amincewa da haƙƙinta na bayyana damuwarta da kuma bayyana buɗewarta ga ganawa da kuma amsa duk wata tambaya da take da ita. Ya jaddada cewa ba dukkan membobin ƙungiyar majalisar dokokin Auyl ne suka goyi bayan shawarar Äbden mai cike da ce-ce-ku-ce ba. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ерболат |first=Дәурен |date=2023-04-07 |title=«Қыздарға салық салынуға тиіс». Қарақат Әбденнің ұсынысын өз фракциясы қолдамады |url=https://halyq-uni.kz/news/18405-kyzdarga-salyk-salynuga-tiis-karakat-bdennin-usynysy-koldausyz-kaldy/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241214210944/https://halyq-uni.kz/news/18405-kyzdarga-salyk-salynuga-tiis-karakat-bdennin-usynysy-koldausyz-kaldy/ |archive-date=14 December 2024 |access-date=2024-12-14 |website=Halyq Uni |language=kk}}</ref> Äbden da kanta ta fayyace cewa ba a fahimci shawarar ba kuma ba a ci gaba da tattaunawa a kanta ba, tana mai lura da cewa ta magance matsalar sosai a shafukan sada zumunta. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Бөлек |first=Сұлу |date=2023-06-30 |title=Шетелдікке тұрмысқа шыққандарға салық салу: Қарақат Әбден жауабы |url=https://massaget.kz/news/sheteldkke-turmyiska-shyikkandarga-salyik-salu-karakat-abden-86363/ |access-date=2024-12-14 |website=Massaget.kz |language=kk}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1974]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] h5q3ifw4hon9hyioz4ml1yuixx3z7fa Rose Ogega 0 147092 889652 816308 2026-07-31T06:16:31Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889652 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} ''''''Rose Nyaboke''' Ogega''' (née Rose Nyaboka) 'yar [[Kenya]] ce mai lissafin kuɗi, 'yar kasuwa kuma mai gudanarwa ta kamfanoni, wacce ita ce babban jami'in zartarwa na Bloom Consultancy Limited, ƙungiyar da ke [[Nairobi]] wacce ke haɓaka ƙwarewar jagoranci ta hanyar jagorancin zartarwa da horarwa. Ta kasance memba na kwamitin manyan kamfanoni da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da yawa, gami da Safaricom, babbar kamfanin sadarwar wayar hannu a Kenya.<ref name="1R">{{Cite web |date=15 February 2019 |title=Safaricom appoints Executive Coach to its board |url=https://businesstoday.co.ke/rose-ogega-appointed-safaricom-board-directors/ |access-date=15 February 2019 |publisher=Business Today Kenya}}</ref> == Tarihi da ilimi == An haifi Ogega a [[Kenya]] a kusa da 1965. Tana da digiri na farko na kasuwanci, wanda [[Jami'ar Nairobi]] ta bayar. Ita 'yar'uwa ce ta Cibiyar Kasuwancin Kasuwancin Jama'a ta Kenya . Har ila yau, ita ce abokiyar kungiyar Afirka Leadership Initiative (Afirka ta Gabas) kuma memba ce ta Aspen Global Leadership Network . <ref name="1R"/> <ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=Wangui |first=Miriam |date=15 February 2019 |title=Rose Ogega Appointed to Board of Safaricom |url=https://kenyanwallstreet.com/rose-ogega-appointed-to-safaricom-board%EF%BB%BF/ |access-date=15 February 2019 |publisher=The Kenyan Wall Street |archive-date=16 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190216035304/https://kenyanwallstreet.com/rose-ogega-appointed-to-safaricom-board%EF%BB%BF/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="3R">{{Cite web |last=Aspen Institute |date=2018 |title=Biography of Rose Ogega |url=https://agln.aspeninstitute.org/profile/2486 |access-date=15 February 2019 |publisher=[[Aspen Institute]]}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Ogega ta fara aikinta a matsayin mai lissafi a PriceWaterhouse Kenya a shekarar 1985.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-30 |title=Safaricom Director Rose Ogega Resigns After 5 Years |url=https://thekenyatimes.com/latest-kenya-times-news/safaricom-director-resigns-after-5-years/ |access-date=2025-10-03 |language=en-US}}</ref> Daga nan ta yi aiki a DHL International a matsayin darektan kudi na [[Gabashin Afirka]], wanda ke zaune a [[Nairobi]], babban birnin Kenya.<ref name="2R"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=KANGETHE |first=KENNEDY |date=2019-02-15 |title=Executive Coach Rose Ogega joins Safaricom Board |url=https://www.capitalfm.co.ke/business/2019/02/executive-coach-rose-ogega-joins-safaricom-board/ |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=Capital Business |language=en-US}}</ref> A shekara ta 2009, tana da shekaru 34, ta bar DHL kuma ta fara kamfaninta na ba da shawara, Bloom Consultancy Limited . <ref>{{Cite web |title=User Profile |url=https://agln.aspeninstitute.org/profile/2486 |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=AGLN - Aspen Global Leadership Network |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rose Nyaboke Ogega: Positions, Relations and Network - MarketScreener |url=https://www.marketscreener.com/insider/ROSE-NYABOKE-OGEGA-A0X2XT/ |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=www.marketscreener.com |language=en-US}}</ref> A can, ta kasance mai lissafi, ƙwararren masaniyar gudanarwa, ɗan kasuwa, mai ba da shawara kan gudanarwa, wanda ba babban darakta ba kuma jami'in gwamnati.<ref name="1R"/><ref name="3R"/> A ranar 12 ga watan Disamba, 2024, Standard Bank Group Limited ta sanar da nadin ta a kwamitin su, daga watan Janairun 2025. <ref>{{Cite web |last=IQ |first=S&P Capital |date=2024-12-13 |title=Standard Bank Group Limited Appoints Rose Nyaboke Ogega to Its Board with Effect from 1 January 2025 {{!}} MarketScreener |url=https://www.marketscreener.com/quote/stock/STANDARD-BANK-GROUP-LIMIT-1413410/news/Standard-Bank-Group-Limited-Appoints-Rose-Nyaboke-Ogega-to-Its-Board-with-Effect-from-1-January-2025-48610244/ |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=www.marketscreener.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=sbkj.j - {{!}} Stock Price & Latest News {{!}} Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/companies/sbkj.j |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=www.reuters.com}}</ref> == Sauran la'akari == Ogega ya kasance memba na allon Barclays Bank of Kenya da UAP Old Mutual Holdings . Ta kasance shugabar kwamitin ba da shawara na Asusun Kasuwancin Mata (WEF). WEF tana da niyyar karfafa mata matalauta ta hanyar kirkirar dukiya da kuma ba su damar samun zabi da rayuwa da mutunci. Ta kuma kasance shugabar Cibiyar Tabbatar da Lissafin Jama'a ta Kenya (ICPAK). [1][2] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1965]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] rp1cyj2y8x70aji9luzxaxtplrjj5zm Dorothy Warren 0 147839 889344 826411 2026-07-30T12:04:09Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 889344 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Portrait_of_Dorothy_Warren.jpg|thumb|Dorothy Warren daga Glyn Philpot]] '''Dorothy Warren''' (Satumba 29, 1905 - Janairu 21, 2008) marubuciya ce 'yar Amurka, mai ɗaukar hoto kuma jami'a a Rundunar Sojojin Amurka a lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] . Ta yi aiki a kan shirye-shiryen horarwa a aikin soja, kuma bayan yaƙin ta yi aiki a matsayin darektan Gidan New York da Makarantar Masana'antu. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Warren a White Plains, New York . Iyayenta su ne Charles Clark Warren da Blanche Allien Warren. Mahaifinta zuriyar Thomas Leffingwell ne, wanda ya kafa Norwich, [[Connecticut]], <ref name="Norwich">{{Cite web |title=Society of the Founders of Norwich |url=http://www.leffingwellhousemuseum.org/society-of-the-founders-of-norwich/ |access-date=July 26, 2017 |publisher=The Leffingwell House Museum }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> kuma mahaifiyarta jikanyar William Moller ce, wanda ya kafa Havemeyer & Moller, wanda daga baya ya kafa American Sugar Refining Company. <ref name="Obituary" /> Ta kammala karatunta daga Makarantar Spence ta [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]] a shekarar 1925 sannan ta yi karatu a Makarantar Fasaha ta [[California]] da Jami'ar Columbia . <ref name="Papers">{{Cite web |title=Warren, Dorothy, 1905-2008. Papers of Dorothy Warren, 1905-1983 (inclusive), 1937-1974 (bulk): A Finding Aid |url=http://oasis.lib.harvard.edu/oasis/deliver/~sch00349 |access-date=July 26, 2017}}</ref> == Sana'a == Daga 1927 zuwa 1931, ta yi aiki a matsayin wakilin tafiye-tafiye, sannan ta yi aiki a fannin kula da gidaje da dillalan gidaje na tsawon shekaru tara. [1] A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, ta shiga Rundunar Taimakon Sojojin Mata a 1941 kuma ta zama babbar jami'a. [1] [2] Ta yi aiki a ofisoshin ma'aikata da cibiyoyin horarwa kuma jami'ar kwamanda ce, har sai da ta bar aikin soja a 1946. [3] Bayan yaƙin, ta ƙirƙiro wani shiri na horarwa don faɗaɗa ƙwarewar mata waɗanda ke aiki a ofisoshi. An ƙirƙiri shi ne don Gidan New York da Makarantar Masana'antu, inda ta kasance darakta, tare da haɗin gwiwar Ma'aikatar Aiki ta jiha da ta tarayya. Ta yi aiki a kwamitin ƙungiyoyi daban-daban, kamar Cocin United Presbyterian, Makarantar Kiɗa ta Turtle Bay da Ƙungiyar Masu Zaɓe ta Spence. Mai ɗaukar hoto kuma mai zane, ayyukanta suna cikin Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Metropolitan, Gidan Tarihi na Birnin New York da tarin Ƙungiyar Tarihi ta New York . Ta kasance mai kula da adanawa, tana aiki tare da Cooper Hewitt, Gidan Tarihi na Smithsonian Design . <ref name="Obituary" /> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1905]] hr7vwbn2mmmyeh8o5fklv4tc9j94h8l Saladi na kwai da kayan abinci 0 148926 889778 864948 2026-07-31T10:51:25Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889778 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Yawancin abinci suna da salads na eggplant da appetizers. == Nau'o'i == === Gabas ta Tsakiya, Caucasus, Afirka === ''[[Baba ghanoush|Baba ghanush]]'' ( Arabic ''bābā ghanūj'' ) sanannen abincin Levantine ne na eggplant (aubergine) wanda aka niƙa aka haɗa shi da kayan ƙanshi iri-iri. Sau da yawa ana gasa eggplant ko a gasa shi a kan wuta a buɗe kafin a bare shi, don ɓawon ya yi laushi kuma yana da ɗanɗanon hayaƙi. Ana cin Baba ghanoush a matsayin miya da burodin pita, kuma wani lokacin ana ƙara shi a wasu abinci. Yawanci launinsa launin ruwan ƙasa ne mai haske. A Habasha, wannan abincin ana kiransa ''blagadoush'' . [[Fayil:Baba_ganoush_and_pita.jpg|left|thumb|''Mutabbal'']] Kamar baba ghanoush, akwai wani abincin Levantine, ''mutabbal'' (wanda aka fassara a matsayin 'mai yaji'), wanda ya haɗa da aubergines da aka dafa da tahini, kuma aka haɗa da gishiri, barkono baƙi, [[man zaitun]], da tsaba anar . Wani lokaci ana cewa Mutabbal sigar baba ghanoush ce mai yaji. A ƙasar Armeniya, ana kiran abincin da ''mutabal'' . Sinadaran da ake amfani da su a cikin mutabal na Armeniya sune eggplant, tahini, tafarnuwa, lemun tsami, da albasa; yawancin Armeniya kuma suna ƙara cumin . [[Fayil:Eggplant_caviar_with_pomegranate.jpg|right|thumb|''Badrijnis khizilala'' na Georgia]] An yi ''naman badrijnis khizilala'' na Georgian ("caviar aubergine") da aka soya da yankakken eggplants. Sauran sinadaran da aka saba amfani da su sune albasa, tafarnuwa, rumman, barkono ja mai zafi, man kayan lambu da kuma cilantro kore sabo. A Isra'ila, ana yin salati na gargajiya da ake kira ''salati ḥatzilim'' da aubergines da aka gasa, tahini, man zaitun, lemun tsami, tafarnuwa da faski. Akwai nau'in mayonnaise da aka yi da tahini, wanda ake kira ''salati ḥatzilim b'mayonnaise'', kuma ana samunsa sosai. <ref>Levy, F. ''Feast from the Mideast'', Harper Collins (2003) {{ISBN|0-06-009361-7}}, p.41.</ref> A [[Moroko|ƙasar Maroko]], ana ''kiran'' abincin eggplant da aka soya da tumatir, tafarnuwa, man zaitun, cumin, paprika da faski. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Christine Benlafquih |title=Moroccan Zaalouk (Cooked Eggplant & Tomato Salad) Recipe |url=http://moroccanfood.about.com/od/saladsandsidedishes/r/Zaalouk_Recipe.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211001803/http://moroccanfood.about.com/od/saladsandsidedishes/r/Zaalouk_Recipe.htm |archive-date=11 February 2017 |access-date=15 March 2015 |website=About.com Food}}</ref> Abincin Eggplant abinci ne da ake ci a yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Algerian Eggplant Jam |url=http://www.kosherdelight.com/AlgeriaRecipesAlgerianEggplantJam.htm |access-date=2009-01-25 |publisher=Kosher Delight}}</ref> An yi shi da eggplant, gishiri, man zaitun, lemun tsami, da faski . A ƙasar Masar, ana yin ''Papa Ghannug'' ne da gasasshen eggplant sannan a bare shi da tahini, ruwa, gishiri, barkono, lemun tsami, da faski. Ana cin ''Papa Ghannug'' da burodi. A cikin abincin Iran, ana shirya eggplant don cin abinci mai daɗi wanda aka sani da ''kashk bademjan'' da ''Mirza ghasemi .'' Ana yin sa da miyar whey ( kashk ). <ref name="Kashk Bademjan">{{Cite web |last=Ashpazi |title=Kashk Bademjan |url=http://www.aashpazi.com/kashkbademjan |access-date=5 June 2013 |archive-date=17 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517181238/http://www.aashpazi.com/kashkbademjan |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Balkans da Gabashin Turai === [[Fayil:Eggplant_salad.JPG|thumb|''Melitzanosalata'' na Girka]] A Girka da Cyprus, ana yin ''melitzanosalata'' (μελιτζανοσαλάτα; "salatin eggplant") da [[man zaitun]] da [[Lemun tsami|ruwan lemun tsami]] . <ref>Milona, M. ''Culinaria Greece'' Könemann (2004) {{ISBN|3-8331-1053-8}}</ref> <ref>Salaman, R. ''The Complete Book of Greek Cooking'' Anness (2006) {{ISBN|0-681-18670-4}}</ref> Sauran sinadaran galibi sun haɗa da tafarnuwa, albasa, da faski. Wani lokaci ana ƙara kayan ƙanshi kamar cumin da barkono ja. Kayan ado na iya haɗawa da cukuwar feta ko zaitun. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gaifyllia |first=Nancy |title=Greek Eggplant Dip |url=https://www.thespruceeats.com/melitzanosalata-eggplant-dip-1705229 |access-date=29 August 2022 |website=The Spruce Eats |publisher=Dotdash Meredith |archive-date=29 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220829154210/https://www.thespruceeats.com/melitzanosalata-eggplant-dip-1705229 |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Karadsheh |first=Suzy |date=2 September 2020 |title=Melitzanosalata Recipe (Greek Eggplant Dip) |url=https://www.themediterraneandish.com/melitzanosalata-recipe/ |access-date=29 August 2022 |website=The Mediterranean Dish}}</ref> A cikin abincin Turkiyya, ''[[İmam bayıldı]]'' miyar eggplant ce, wadda aka fi so a dafa ta da man zaitun, albasa da tumatir. Ana kiran abincin a Girka da Ιμάμ μπαϊλντί (Imam bayildi) ko kuma kawai ''imam'' . ''Malidzano'', wani nau'in abincin gargajiya na Macedonian, ana yin sa ne daga eggplants masu purée, cukuwar sirenje, goro da kayan ƙanshi . Yawanci ana yin sa ne a matsayin abincin ciye-ciye tare da [[burodi]] . A wasu ƙasashen Yammacin Balkans (Serbia, Bosnia da Herzegovina, Croatia) ana yin sa ne da barkono kore da eggplant. [[Fayil:Salată_de_vinete.jpg|left|thumb|''Salatin Romanian de vinete'']] ''Salatin Eggplant'' (Salatin Eggplant) ko kuma kawai ''vinete'' salatin eggplant ne na Romania, Moldovan da Hungary wanda aka yi da eggplants da aka gasa, bare kuma aka yanka sosai, man sunflower da [[albasa]] da aka yanka. Ana gasa eggplants a wuta har sai sun rufe da ɓawon toka baƙi. Ana tsaftace ɓawon kuma sauran eggplant da aka dafa ana niƙa su da wuka mai kauri, mai kauri a kan faranti na katako (wanda aka yi imani da shi cewa amfani da wuka na ƙarfe zai mayar da naman eggplant baƙi, kafin ruwan wukake na bakin ƙarfe, amma kuma saboda yanke iri ya kamata a guji). Ana haɗa cakuda eggplants a cikin kwano, ana juyawa akai-akai, da man sunflower, albasa da aka yanka da [[gishiri]] . Ana bugun cakuda sosai. Ana iya ƙara tafarnuwa da barkono da aka niƙa suma. Maimakon mai, ana iya amfani da mayonnaise, kodayake ba a al'ada ba. Ana ƙara ɗan lemun tsami a ƙarshen kuma wani lokacin ana yi wa farantin ado da yanka tumatir. Zakuska na al'ada a Rasha da Ukraine (musamman Odesa ) ana kiransa baklažannaja ikra ( Russian ) ko baklažanna ikra ( Ukrainian ), ma'ana a zahiri "caviar aubergine". Wasu nau'ikan suna ƙara yankakken tumatir a cikin girke-girke na asali. [1] Wani salatin eggplant wanda aka fi sani a Rasha ana kiransa he iz baklažanov ( Russian: ), kuma wataƙila abincin Koriya ne ya yi tasiri a kansa. Eggplant ɗin yana dogara ne akan aubergines da aka dafa (maimakon da aka niƙa) da sauran kayan lambu, wanda aka shirya da vinegar mai ƙarfi. Bayan an ƙara vinegar ɗin, ana ajiye shi na tsawon awanni da yawa don ya warke kafin a ci. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] qfb5uwjsuwshn9r5i3yhok4gsfq965c Rashin Rayuwa 0 148929 889496 829038 2026-07-30T19:10:49Z ToadetteEdit 28065 889496 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Fatteh''' (Arabic: فتة, ma'ana ''niƙaƙƙe'' ko ''ɓawon burodi'', wanda aka fassara shi da roman kamar ''fette'', ''fetté'', ''fatta'' ko ''fattah'') abinci ne da ake ci a duniyar Larabawa wanda ya ƙunshi gutsuttsuran burodi sabo, gasashe, gasashe, ko soyayyen burodi mai faɗi wanda aka rufe da wasu sinadarai waɗanda suka bambanta dangane da yanki. Haka kuma a wasu lokutan ana kiransa da '''shâmiyât''' (Arabic "Damascene") a yankin Levant. Haɗa burodin da ya tsufa, wanda aka gasa ko kuma sabo a cikin abinci wata dabara ce da aka saba amfani da ita a cikin abincin Larabawa. == Shiri == A al'adance ana amfani da Fatteh a matsayin hanyar yin amfani da burodin da ya tsufa, da kuma manyan abinci idan babu wasu abinci. Gabaɗaya, ana sanya burodin da aka murƙushe a ƙasa, a ɗora shi da wasu abinci.<ref name="kassisFatteh1001">{{Cite web |last=Kassis |first=Reem |author-link=Reem Kassis |date=4 August 2025 |title=The 1,001 Faces of Fatteh—and How to Make This Iconic Arab Dish at Home |url=https://www.seriouseats.com/guide-to-fatteh-11784755 |access-date=15 September 2025 |website=[[Serious Eats]] |language=en}}</ref> Ana iya gasa shi ko ba za a iya gasa shi ba.<ref name="falastin" /> == Asalin Ma'anar == ''Fatteh'' ya samo asali ne daga {{Transl|ar|ALA-LC|fatta}} ta Larabci ({{Lang|ar|فتة}}), wanda aka samo daga tushen Larabci ({{Lang|ar|فتت}}) ma'ana "yagewa" ko "yagewa". == Tarihi == An yi imani da cewa fatteh ya samo asali ne daga ƙasar Masar ta Fir'auna. [[Tharid]], wani abinci da aka ce Annabi Muhammad ne ya fi so, wasu suna ɗaukarsa a matsayin abincin ''fatteh.''<ref name="kassisFatteh1001">{{Cite web |last=Kassis |first=Reem |author-link=Reem Kassis |date=4 August 2025 |title=The 1,001 Faces of Fatteh—and How to Make This Iconic Arab Dish at Home |url=https://www.seriouseats.com/guide-to-fatteh-11784755 |access-date=15 September 2025 |website=[[Serious Eats]] |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKassis2025">[[Reem Kassis|Kassis, Reem]] (4 August 2025). [https://www.seriouseats.com/guide-to-fatteh-11784755 "The 1,001 Faces of Fatteh—and How to Make This Iconic Arab Dish at Home"]. ''[[Serious Eats]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="BBC" /> An ambaci irin wannan abincin da fatteh ya ci a cikin littafin girkin Larabci na ƙarni na 10 na Ibn Sayyar al-Warraq.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nasrallah |first=Nawal |title=Salad With Toasted Pita Croutons from Delights from the Garden of Eden by Nawal Nasrallah |url=https://app.ckbk.com/recipe/deli98836c03s001ss003r003/salad-with-toasted-pita-croutons |access-date=19 Nov 2025 |website=app.ckbk.com |language=en}}</ref> Fatteh abinci ne da aka fi so a zamanin [[Halifancin Fatimid|Khalifancin Fatimid]] a ƙarni na 10-12. == Bambancin yanki == Fatteh wani tsohon abinci ne da ake samu a yankin Mashriq na ƙasashen Larabawa da kuma [[Misra|Masar]]. Abincin Fetté ya ƙunshi nau'ikan nau'ikan abinci iri-iri na yanki da na gida, waɗanda wasu daga cikinsu kuma suna da nasu sunaye daban-daban. === Yemen === [[Fayil:Fatootsamneh.jpg|thumb|166x166px|Yaman fatoot; burodi da aka gasa a cikin ''samneh'']] Ana iya samun nau'ikan fatteh iri-iri a cikin abincin Yemen, wannan ya haɗa da nau'ikan mai daɗi da mai daɗi. '''Fattah Tammer''' ( Arabic ) sigar zaki ce da aka yi da zuma da dabino.<ref name="yemencnn" /> <ref name="newarabYemen" /> Wani suna na ''fatta'' a Yemen shine '''fatoot''' ko '''ftut''' ( Arabic ). Bambance-bambancen fatta da ake kira ''ftout'' da ''fatoot samneh'' sun shahara a tsakanin Yahudawan Yemen, kuma har yanzu ana yin su a Yemen a yau. === Tekun Arabiya === A cikin abincin Gabas ta Larabawa, [[tharid]] sanannen abinci ne na fatteh, wanda aka yi shi da nama, kayan lambu, da miya.<ref name="helou">{{Cite web |last=Helou |first=Anissa |author-link=Anissa Helou |date=9 April 2021 |title=Tharid (Arabian Meat and Vegetable Stew Over Crispy Bread) |url=https://www.latimes.com/recipe/tharid-arabian-meat-and-vegetable-stew-over-crispy-bread |access-date=15 September 2025 |website=Los Angeles Times}}</ref> === Misira === [[Fayil:Fattah_at_Felfela_Restaurant_-_Cairo_Egypt_October_2009.jpg|thumb|Fatta na Masar]] [[Misra|Masarawa]] suna shirya abinci mai suna "fatta" a matsayin abincin biki. Ana shirya shi a lokuta na musamman, kamar bikin ɗaukar ciki na farko na mace ko don [[Sallar Idi ƙarama|Idin Al-Fitr]] da [[Sallar Idi Babba|Idin Al-Adha]]. Ana yin sa ne da miyar nama mai ɗanɗanon tafarnuwa da vinegar da burodi mai ƙyalli da aka yi a cikin kwano da shinkafa da miyar tumatir da tafarnuwa. Kiristocin Coptic suna shirya wannan ''fatteh'' a ranar Kirsimeti.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fattah Is the Most Delicious Centerpiece of Egyptian Orthodox Christmas |url=https://www.thekitchn.com/fattah-recipe-23470850 |access-date=1 February 2026 |website=[[Apartment Therapy|Kitchn]] |language=en}}</ref> {{Transl|ar|Fattat kawāriʻ}} ({{Lang|ar|فتة كوارع}}) is a fatteh traditionally prepared on Eid al-Adha in Egypt with feet of the [[Qurban (Islamic ritual sacrifice)|animal slaughtered for the holiday]]. === Maroko === Ana iya ɗaukar rfissa na ƙasar Moroccan a matsayin nau'in fatteh; tushensa yana da burodi mai kauri da aka jiƙa a cikin miya. === Iraki === [[Fayil:Red_Iraqi_Tashrib.jpg|thumb|Nau'in yankin ''tashrib'' na Iraki]] ''[[:ar:تشريب|Tashrib]]'' ( Arabic ) nau'in ''fatteh'' ne na ƙasar Iraqi, wanda aka yi da burodi da aka jiƙa a cikin miya sannan aka ɗora masa jan nama ko kaza. === Levant === [[Fayil:Hummus_Fatteh_with_lamb_Meat_and_Spiced_Chickpeas.jpg|thumb|Hummus Fatteh da naman rago da wake mai kayan ƙanshi.]] Akwai nau'ikan fatteh da yawa a yankin Levant, [1] ɗaya daga cikin nau'ikan fattet da aka fi sani shine Fattet Hummus, wanda shi kansa yana da nasa nau'ikan yankuna a faɗin Jordan, Siriya, Lebanon, da Falasdinu, manyan abubuwan da ke cikinsa sune burodi, wake, da tahini. Ana iya ƙara goro, naman da aka niƙa, da sauran abubuwan da aka ƙara don ado. [2] [1] Fatteh kuma ana kiransa tis'iyyeh ( Arabic ) a cikin Levant. [3] [4] Wani sanannen bambancin Levantine shine ''fattet betinjen'' ( Arabic ), wanda ake yi da eggplants soyayye ko gasashe, wasu ƙarin abubuwan da aka saba ƙarawa sun haɗa da yogurt da nama.<ref name="kassisFatteh1001">{{Cite web |last=Kassis |first=Reem |author-link=Reem Kassis |date=4 August 2025 |title=The 1,001 Faces of Fatteh—and How to Make This Iconic Arab Dish at Home |url=https://www.seriouseats.com/guide-to-fatteh-11784755 |access-date=15 September 2025 |website=[[Serious Eats]] |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKassis2025">[[Reem Kassis|Kassis, Reem]] (4 August 2025). [https://www.seriouseats.com/guide-to-fatteh-11784755 "The 1,001 Faces of Fatteh—and How to Make This Iconic Arab Dish at Home"]. ''[[Serious Eats]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> ''Fatit 'ajir'' wani nau'in abinci ne mai suna fatteh da aka fi sani da shi a kudancin Gaza, wanda aka gasa shi da kankana mara nuna ba tare da yisti ba da kuma kayan lambu da aka yanka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Connor |first=Jackson |title=Why Watermelons Are a Symbol of Political Protest for Palestinians |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/why-watermelons-are-a-symbol-of-political-protest-for-palestinians/ |access-date=27 October 2025 |website=Vice}}</ref> Ana iya samun irin wannan abincin a arewacin yankin Sinai, Masar. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 9h0bj7nuhhcegoyfvgs4vusa1apkvtz Renato Sanches 0 149934 889614 880109 2026-07-31T00:06:04Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889614 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Renato Sanches 2016.jpg|thumb]] {{Infobox dan kwallon kafa | suna = Renato Sanches | hoto = Renato Sanches 2022.jpg | cikakken_suna = Renato Júnior Luz Sanches | ranar_haihuwa = {{Haihuwa da shekaru|1997|8|18}} | wurin_haihuwa = Lisbon, Portugal | tsawo = 1.76 m | matsayi = Tsakiya | kulob_na_yanzu = Paris Saint-Germain | lamba = 18 | matasa_shekaru1 = 2005–2006 | matasa_kulob1 = Águias da Musgueira | matasa_shekaru2 = 2006–2014 | matasa_kulob2 = Benfica | shekaru1 = 2014–2016 | kulob1 = Benfica B | wasanni1 = 34 | kwallaye1 = 7 | shekaru2 = 2015–2016 | kulob2 = Benfica | wasanni2 = 24 | kwallaye2 = 2 | shekaru3 = 2016–2019 | kulob3 = Bayern Munich | wasanni3 = 35 | kwallaye3 = 1 | shekaru4 = 2017–2018 | kulob4 = → Swansea City (aro) | wasanni4 = 12 | kwallaye4 = 0 | shekaru5 = 2019–2022 | kulob5 = Lille | wasanni5 = 67 | kwallaye5 = 6 | shekaru6 = 2022– | kulob6 = Paris Saint-Germain | wasanni6 = 19 | kwallaye6 = 2 | kungiyar_kasa1 = Portugal U16 | kungiyar_kasa2 = Portugal U17 | kungiyar_kasa3 = Portugal U19 | kungiyar_kasa4 = Portugal U21 | kungiyar_kasa5 = Portugal | wasanni_kasa5 = 32 | kwallaye_kasa5 = 3 }} '''Renato Júnior Luz Sanches''' ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar [[Portugal]] wanda aka haifa a ranar 18 ga Agusta, 1997 a birnin [[Lisbon]]. Yana taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya kuma ya shahara saboda ƙarfinsa, gudunsa da iya sarrafa ƙwallo cikin sauri.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.transfermarkt.com/renato-sanches/profil/spieler/258027 |title=Renato Sanches Profile |website=Transfermarkt |access-date=2026-05-08}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Renato Sanches a yankin Musgueira da ke Lisbon, inda ya taso cikin mawuyacin hali tare da iyalinsa. Mahaifinsa ɗan asalin [[Cape Verde]] ne yayin da mahaifiyarsa ta fito daga Portugal. Tun yana ƙarami ya nuna sha’awar ƙwallon ƙafa sosai kuma hakan ya sa aka kai shi makarantar horaswa ta Benfica yana ɗan shekara tara.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2016/jul/09/renato-sanches-portugal-euro-2016 |title=Renato Sanches: Portugal’s teenage phenomenon |website=The Guardian |access-date=2026-05-08}}</ref> == Aikin kulob == === Benfica === Renato Sanches ya fara taka leda a makarantar matasa ta Benfica inda ya yi fice cikin sauri saboda ƙwarewarsa a tsakiya. A shekarar 2014 ya fara bugawa Benfica B wasa a gasar Segunda Liga. Daga baya a shekarar 2015 ya samu damar shiga babbar ƙungiyar Benfica.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.slbenfica.pt/en-us/futebol/plantel-principal/renato-sanches |title=Renato Sanches Benfica Profile |website=SL Benfica |access-date=2026-05-08}}</ref> A kakar 2015–16 Renato ya zama ɗaya daga cikin fitattun matasa a Turai bayan ya taimaka wa Benfica lashe gasar Firimiya ta Portugal. Salon wasansa mai cike da kuzari da ƙarfin jiki ya sa manyan kulob na Turai suka fara neman sa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.uefa.com/news-media/news/0253-0d8187a7b8f2-0e0a3a2a4f56-1000--renato-sanches-the-rise-of-a-star/ |title=The rise of Renato Sanches |website=UEFA |access-date=2026-05-08}}</ref> === Bayern Munich === A shekarar 2016 ƙungiyar [[Bayern Munich]] ta Jamus ta sayi Renato Sanches kan kuɗi masu yawa. Wannan canjin ya sanya shi cikin jerin matasan ‘yan wasa mafi tsada a duniya a lokacin.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://fcbayern.com/en/players/professionals/renato-sanches |title=Renato Sanches joins Bayern |website=Bayern Munich |access-date=2026-05-08}}</ref> Sai dai bai samu damar taka rawar gani sosai a Bayern Munich ba saboda yawan gogaggun ‘yan wasa da ke ƙungiyar. Duk da haka ya taimaka wa ƙungiyar wajen lashe Bundesliga da wasu kofuna na cikin gida.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bundesliga.com/en/bundesliga/player/renato-sanches |title=Renato Sanches Bundesliga Stats |website=Bundesliga |access-date=2026-05-08 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === Swansea City (aro) === A shekarar 2017 an bayar da Renato aro zuwa ƙungiyar [[Swansea City]] a gasar Firimiya ta Ingila domin samun damar buga wasa akai-akai. Duk da haka ya sha fama da rauni da rashin tabuka abin a zo a gani a lokacin zamansa a Ingila.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/41071944 |title=Renato Sanches joins Swansea City on loan |website=BBC Sport |access-date=2026-05-08 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === Lille === A shekarar 2019 Renato Sanches ya koma ƙungiyar [[Lille OSC]] ta Faransa. Wannan mataki ya taimaka masa wajen dawo da martabarsa saboda ya sake nuna bajintarsa a tsakiya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.losc.fr/effectif/lille/renato-sanches |title=Renato Sanches Lille Profile |website=Lille OSC |access-date=2026-05-08 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen taimaka wa Lille lashe gasar Ligue 1 ta Faransa a kakar 2020–21, inda suka doke manyan ƙungiyoyi kamar Paris Saint-Germain.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20210523-lille-crowned-french-champions-for-first-time-in-a-decade |title=Lille crowned French champions |website=France24 |access-date=2026-05-08}}</ref> === Paris Saint-Germain === A shekarar 2022 Renato Sanches ya koma [[Paris Saint-Germain]] domin ci gaba da taka leda a matakin koli. Duk da nuna ƙwarewa a wasu lokuta, ya ci gaba da fama da matsalolin raunuka wanda hakan ya rage yawan wasanninsa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://en.psg.fr/teams/first-team/squad/renato-sanches |title=Renato Sanches PSG Profile |website=PSG Official Website |access-date=2026-05-08 |archive-date=2025-06-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250614235723/https://en.psg.fr/teams/first-team/squad/renato-sanches |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Aikin ƙasa == Renato Sanches ya wakilci Portugal a matakan matasa daban-daban kafin ya fara bugawa babbar ƙungiyar ƙasa wasa a shekarar 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.fpf.pt/Jogadores/Jogador/playerId/780618 |title=Renato Sanches National Team Profile |website=Portuguese Football Federation |access-date=2026-05-08}}</ref> Ya yi suna sosai a gasar [[UEFA Euro 2016]] inda ya taimaka wa Portugal lashe kofin nahiyar Turai karo na farko a tarihinsu. A lokacin gasar ya zama ɗaya daga cikin matasan ‘yan wasa mafi kayatarwa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro/history/players/250042583--renato-sanches/ |title=Renato Sanches Euro 2016 Profile |website=UEFA |access-date=2026-05-08}}</ref> A wasan kusa da na ƙarshe da Poland, Renato ya ci muhimmiyar ƙwallo sannan ya taka rawar gani wajen kai Portugal wasan ƙarshe.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/mens/worldcup |title=Renato Sanches International Career |website=FIFA |access-date=2026-05-08}}</ref> == Salon wasa == Renato Sanches ya shahara wajen amfani da ƙarfi, saurin gudu da iya ratsa ‘yan adawa daga tsakiya. Yana iya taka rawa a matsayin mai kare baya ko mai kai hari daga tsakiya. Ana yawan kwatanta salon wasansa da na wasu fitattun ‘yan wasan tsakiya masu amfani da kuzari sosai.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/who-is-renato-sanches-portugal-midfielder/ |title=Who is Renato Sanches? |website=Goal |access-date=2026-05-08}}</ref> == Nasarori == === Benfica === * Primeira Liga: 2015–16 * Taça da Liga: 2015–16 === Bayern Munich === * Bundesliga: 2016–17, 2018–19 * DFB-Pokal: 2018–19 === Lille === * Ligue 1: 2020–21 === Portugal === * UEFA Euro: 2016 * UEFA Nations League: 2018–19 == Kyaututtuka == * Golden Boy Award: 2016 * UEFA Euro Young Player of the Tournament: 2016<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.eurosport.com/football/euro-2016/2016/renato-sanches-wins-young-player-award_sto5681081/story.shtml |title=Renato Sanches wins Young Player award |website=Eurosport |access-date=2026-05-08}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Manazarta}} == Hanyoyin waje == * {{Official website|https://en.psg.fr/teams/first-team/squad/renato-sanches}} * {{Soccerbase}} * {{Transfermarkt}} lt34j98yihee4gbnbeyx27a5alvpt4l Rayan Cherki 0 150183 889600 880059 2026-07-30T23:04:51Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889600 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Rayan Cherki 2019 (cropped).jpg|thumb]] {{Infobox dan kwallon kafa | suna = Rayan Cherki | hoto = Rayan Cherki 2025.jpg | cikakken_suna = Mathis Rayan Cherki | ranar_haihuwa = {{Haihuwa da shekaru|2003|8|17}} | wurin_haihuwa = Lyon, Faransa | tsawo = 1.77 m | matsayi = Dan wasan tsakiya mai kai hari, winger | kungiyar_yanzu = {{nowrap|Manchester City}} | lamba = 10 | matasan_kungiyoyi1 = Saint-Priest | shekarun_matasan1 = 2009–2010 | matasan_kungiyoyi2 = Lyon | shekarun_matasan2 = 2010–2019 | kungiyoyi1 = Lyon B | shekarun1 = 2019–2022 | wasanni1 = 13 | kwallaye1 = 5 | kungiyoyi2 = Lyon | shekarun2 = 2019–2025 | wasanni2 = 146 | kwallaye2 = 14 | kungiyoyi3 = Manchester City | shekarun3 = 2025– | wasanni3 = 0 | kwallaye3 = 0 | kungiyar_kasa1 = Faransa U16 | shekarun_kasa1 = 2018 | wasanni_kasa1 = 2 | kwallaye_kasa1 = 0 | kungiyar_kasa2 = Faransa U19 | shekarun_kasa2 = 2021 | wasanni_kasa2 = 3 | kwallaye_kasa2 = 2 | kungiyar_kasa3 = Faransa U21 | shekarun_kasa3 = 2021– | wasanni_kasa3 = 23 | kwallaye_kasa3 = 13 | kungiyar_kasa4 = Faransa Olympic | shekarun_kasa4 = 2024 | wasanni_kasa4 = 8 | kwallaye_kasa4 = 2 | kungiyar_kasa5 = Faransa | shekarun_kasa5 = 2025– | wasanni_kasa5 = 2 | kwallaye_kasa5 = 1 }} '''Mathis Rayan Cherki''' (an haife shi ranar 17 ga Agusta, 2003) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Faransa wanda yake taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya mai kai hari ko winger ga ƙungiyar {{nowrap|Manchester City}} da kuma tawagar ƙasar Faransa. Ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin matasan ‘yan wasa masu fasaha a Turai saboda iya dribbling, ƙirƙirar damammaki da kuma amfani da ƙafafunsa biyu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rayan_Cherki|title=Rayan Cherki|website=Wikipedia}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/sports/soccer/man-city-sign-cherki-lyon-five-year-contract-2025-06-10/|title=Man City sign Cherki from Lyon on five-year contract|publisher=Reuters}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Cherki a birnin Lyon na ƙasar Faransa, kuma yana da asalin Aljeriya da Italiya daga wajen iyayensa. Tun yana ƙarami aka fara gane bajintarsa a makarantar horas da matasa ta Olympique Lyonnais bayan ya fara taka leda a Saint-Priest. Masu horaswa sun bayyana shi a matsayin ɗan wasa mai baiwa ta musamman tun yana shekara bakwai saboda saurin sarrafa ƙwallo da iya amfani da ƙafafunsa biyu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.equipedefrance.com/athlete/rayan-cherki|title=Rayan Cherki – Équipe de France}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reddit.com/r/OlympiqueLyonnais/comments/d1e6it/|title=Rayan Cherki, la pépite de l'OL|website=Reddit}}</ref> == Aikin ƙungiya == === Lyon === Cherki ya shiga makarantar horas da matasa ta Lyon a shekarar 2010, inda ya yi fice cikin sauri. A shekarar 2018 ya zama mafi ƙarancin shekaru da ya taɓa zura kwallo a gasar UEFA Youth League yana da shekara 15 kacal. Wannan bajinta tasa Lyon ta ba shi kwangilar ƙwararru ta farko a shekarar 2019 duk da sha’awar da wasu manyan kulake suka nuna a kansa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reddit.com/r/OlympiqueLyonnais/comments/d1e6it/|title=L'Équipe – Rayan Cherki, la pépite de l'OL|website=Reddit}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.equipedefrance.com/en/athlete/rayan-cherki|title=Rayan Cherki profile}}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ya fara bugawa babbar ƙungiyar Lyon wasa a Ligue 1 ranar 19 ga Oktoba, 2019 a wasan da suka tashi babu ci da Dijon. Bayan wasu watanni kaɗan, ya kafa tarihi a Coupe de France inda ya zama mafi ƙarancin shekaru da ya ci wa Lyon kwallo a tarihin gasar. Haka kuma ya taka rawa a wasannin UEFA Champions League na Lyon lokacin da suka kai wasan kusa da na ƙarshe a shekarar 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rayan_Cherki|title=Rayan Cherki}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.equipedefrance.com/athlete/rayan-cherki|title=Rayan Cherki – Équipe de France}}</ref> Daga baya Cherki ya zama ɗaya daga cikin fitattun ‘yan wasan Lyon saboda iya kirkirar damar cin ƙwallaye da kuma dribbling. Duk da cewa wasu lokuta ana sukar rashin daidaitonsa, magoya baya da masu sharhi sun ci gaba da yaba masa saboda baiwar da yake da ita. A kakar 2024–25 ya yi fice sosai inda ya zura ƙwallaye tare da bayar da assists masu yawa a Ligue 1 da Europa League.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/sport/article/2025/06/10/rayan-cherki-signe-a-manchester-city-et-disputera-la-coupe-du-monde-des-clubs_6612092_3242.html|title=Rayan Cherki signe à Manchester City|publisher=Le Monde}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://talksport.com/football/3257419/rayan-cherki-transfer-man-city-liverpool-eden-hazard/|title=Man City to sign 'next Eden Hazard' Rayan Cherki|publisher=talkSPORT}}</ref> === Manchester City === A watan Yunin 2025, ƙungiyar {{nowrap|Manchester City}} ta sanar da ɗaukar Cherki daga Lyon kan yarjejeniyar shekaru biyar. Rahotanni sun bayyana cewa Pep Guardiola ya yaba da fasaharsa wajen ƙirƙirar damammaki da kuma iya taka leda a wurare daban-daban na kai hari. Sauyin nasa zuwa Premier League ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan cinikayyar bazarar shekarar 2025.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/sports/soccer/man-city-sign-cherki-lyon-five-year-contract-2025-06-10/|title=Manchester City sign Cherki|publisher=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/sport/article/2025/06/10/rayan-cherki-signe-a-manchester-city-et-disputera-la-coupe-du-monde-des-clubs_6612092_3242.html|title=Cherki joins Manchester City|publisher=Le Monde}}</ref> == Aikin tawagar ƙasa == Cherki ya cancanci bugawa Faransa, Aljeriya ko Italiya wasa saboda asalinsa, amma ya zaɓi wakiltar Faransa. Ya fara bugawa tawagar ‘yan ƙasa da shekara 16 ta Faransa wasa a shekarar 2018 kafin daga baya ya taka leda a U19 da U21. Ya yi fice musamman a tawagar U21 inda ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin fitattun ‘yan wasan ƙungiyar saboda yawan kwallaye da assists.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rayan_Cherki|title=Rayan Cherki}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.equipedefrance.com/athlete/rayan-cherki|title=Rayan Cherki – Équipe de France}}</ref> A shekarar 2024 an saka shi cikin tawagar Faransa ta gasar Olympics ta Paris. Ya taimaka wa Faransa kaiwa wasan ƙarshe inda suka lashe azurfa bayan sun sha kashi a hannun Spain. Bayan gasar, gwamnatin Faransa ta karrama shi saboda gudunmawar da ya bayar wajen wakiltar ƙasar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rayan_Cherki|title=Rayan Cherki international career}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.equipedefrance.com/en/athlete/rayan-cherki|title=Rayan Cherki Olympic profile}}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ya fara bugawa babbar tawagar Faransa wasa a shekarar 2025 a wasan Nations League da Spain, inda ya zura kwallo tare da bayar da assist a wasan mai cike da kayatarwa. Wannan wasa ya kara tabbatar da matsayinsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin sabbin taurarin ƙwallon ƙafar Faransa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rayan_Cherki|title=Rayan Cherki senior France debut}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/sport/article/2025/06/08/allemagne-france-rayan-cherki-d-indesirable-a-l-olympique-lyonnais-a-buteur-en-equipe-de-france_6611226_3242.html|title=Rayan Cherki shines for France|publisher=Le Monde}}</ref> == Salon wasansa == An san Cherki da ƙwarewa wajen dribbling, iya kirkirar damar cin ƙwallaye, da kuma amfani da ƙafafunsa biyu cikin sauƙi. Yawancin masu sharhi sun kwatanta salon wasansa da na fitattun ‘yan wasa masu fasaha irin su Lionel Messi da Eden Hazard saboda yadda yake iya wuce abokan hamayya cikin sauri da kirkira.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://talksport.com/football/3257419/rayan-cherki-transfer-man-city-liverpool-eden-hazard/|title=Rayan Cherki compared with Eden Hazard|publisher=talkSPORT}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://as.com/futbol/internacional/cherki-es-comparable-a-messi-n/|title=Cherki comparable to Messi|publisher=AS|access-date=2026-05-09|archive-date=2025-01-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250113224400/https://as.com/futbol/internacional/cherki-es-comparable-a-messi-n/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Nasarori == === Tawagar ƙasa === * Lambar azurfa a Gasar Olympics ta Paris 2024 tare da Faransa Olympic.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rayan_Cherki|title=Palmarès de Rayan Cherki}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} hsix7mlfzx4or6tmywfi4nwxzc4bg9k Djibril Sidibé (ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa) 0 150194 889642 833612 2026-07-31T05:33:32Z Abdulrahman tahir shika 24962 Nayi gyara 889642 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   '''Djibril Sidibé''' (an haife shi a ranar 29 ga Yuli 1992) [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwararren ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne]] ɗan ƙasar Faransa wanda ke taka [[Mai buga baya|leda]] a ƙungiyar Ligue 1 ta Toulouse. === Farkon aikina === Sidibé yana buga wasa a matsayin [[Mai buga baya|cikakken ɗan baya]], amma kuma ana iya amfani da shi a [[Mai buga tsakiya|tsakiyar fili]]. Ya fara aikinsa a ƙungiyar garinsu ta Troyes a shekara ta 2000 yana da shekaru takwas. <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 July 2010 |title=Les bons débuts de Djibril Sidibé! |url=http://www.lest-eclair.fr/index.php/cms/13/article/459978/FOOT__Estac__Les_bons_debuts_de_Djibril_Sidibe__ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120804031536/http://www.lest-eclair.fr/index.php/cms/13/article/459978/FOOT__Estac__Les_bons_debuts_de_Djibril_Sidibe__ |archive-date=4 August 2012 |access-date=17 September 2010 |publisher=L'Est Eclair |language=fr}}</ref> Sidibé ya fara buga wasa a ƙungiyar a kakar wasa ta 2009-10 yayin da ƙungiyar ke buga wasa a gasar Championnat National, ƙungiya ta uku ta ƙwallon ƙafa ta Faransa. Ya fara buga wasa a matsayin ɗan wasan baya a ranar 17 ga Satumba, 2010 a wasan lig da Grenoble. <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 September 2010 |title=Grenoble v. Troyes Match Report |url=https://rowdie.co.uk/fixtures/260461/2010-09-17-19-00-grenoble-foot-38-vs-troyes |access-date=17 September 2010 |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === Lille === Bayan ya taimaka wa Troyes ta samu gurbin shiga gasar Ligue 1, ɗan wasan mai shekaru 19 ya sanya hannu a Lille a watan Yulin 2012, a matsayin mai tsaron baya ga Mathieu Debuchy. <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 July 2012 |title=Lille seal Sidibe capture |url=http://soccernet.espn.go.com/news/story/_/id/1126968/lille-sign-djibril-sidibe-as-mathieu-debuchy-heads-for-exit?cc=5901 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130102205558/http://soccernet.espn.go.com/news/story/_/id/1126968/lille-sign-djibril-sidibe-as-mathieu-debuchy-heads-for-exit?cc=5901 |archive-date=2 January 2013 |publisher=ESPNFC}}</ref> Sidibé ya fara buga wasa a Lille a ranar 25 ga Agusta 2012 a wasan da suka yi da OGC Nice, farkon wasan shi ne wasansa na farko a Ligue 1 kuma ya zira kwallo, inda ya zura kwallo a minti na 59 a wasan da suka tashi 2-2. <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 August 2012 |title=OGC NICE 2 - 2 LOSC |url=http://www.losc.fr/actualite-foot-lille/250812resultat-ogc-nice-losc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140726053002/http://www.losc.fr/actualite-foot-lille/250812resultat-ogc-nice-losc |archive-date=26 July 2014 |publisher=LILLE OSC}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 August 2012 |title=OGC Nice 2-2 LOSC Lille |url=http://www.ligue1.com/ligue1/feuille_match/75943 |publisher=LFP}}</ref> A wasan rukuni na gasar UEFA Champions League na Lille da BATE Borisov a [[Miniska|Minsk]] a ranar 20 ga Nuwamba, Sidibé ya taimaka wa Lille ta rama rashin nasarar da ta sha a gida a wasansu na 3-1 a gida da BATE Borisov ta hanyar zura kwallo daga bugun kusurwa mai nisa a rabin farko. An kori Sidibé a rabin na biyu, don bugun da aka yi masa na biyu, amma Lille ta ci gaba da samun nasara a wasansu na 2-0, inda ta tabbatar da maki daya tilo a kakar wasa ta 2012-13 ta gasar UEFA Champions League. <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 November 2012 |title=LOSC boys drain the life from BATE |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/0203-0e9dd78b90c7-113076b6739d-1000--losc-loss-leaves-bate-in-peril/ |publisher=UEFA}}</ref> Sidibé ya ci wa Lille kwallon da ta daidaita da [[Paris Saint-Germain]] a wasan karshe na gasar Coupe de la Ligue na 2016 ; duk da haka PSG ta yi nasara a wasan da ci 2-1. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> === Monaco === A ranar 8 ga Yuli 2016, Sidibé ya koma Monaco kan yarjejeniyar shekaru biyar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Djibril Sidibé pour 5 saisons |url=http://www.asmonaco.com/fr/article/djibril-sidibe-jusqu-en-2021-7364.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612143520/http://www.asmonaco.com/fr/article/djibril-sidibe-jusqu-en-2021-7364.html |archive-date=12 June 2018 |access-date=8 July 2016 |publisher=AS Monaco}}</ref> A ranar 22 ga Nuwamba, Sidibé ya ci kwallon da Benjamin Mendy ya buga da kai, inda ya ci wa Monaco kwallo ta farko a minti na 48, sannan ya taimaka wa Thomas Lemar a minti na 53, wanda hakan ya bai wa Monaco damar doke [[Tottenham Hotspur FC|Tottenham Hotspur]] 2-1 a gida a wasan rukuni na gasar zakarun Turai ta UEFA na 2016-17, kuma ya tabbatar da cewa Monaco za ta kare a saman rukunin E a karshen wasannin rukuni a ranar 7 ga Disamba. <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 November 2016 |title=AS Monaco vs Tottenham Hotspur 2016-2017 UEFA Champions League group stage Group E match summary |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/match/2019347--monaco-vs-tottenham/ |publisher=[[UEFA]]}}</ref> A kakar wasa ta farko da ya yi da Monaco, Sidibé ya taka muhimmiyar rawa yayin da kungiyar ta lashe gasar Ligue 1 a karon farko cikin shekaru 17, kuma an nada shi cikin kungiyar UNFP [[Ligue 1]] ta shekara . ==== Aron zuwa Everton ==== A ranar 7 ga Agusta 2019, Sidibé ya koma ƙungiyar [[Premier League]] [[Everton FC|ta Everton]] a matsayin aro na farko na kakar wasa; yarjejeniyar ta haɗa da zaɓin sanya komawarsa ta dindindin a ƙarshen aro. <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 August 2019 |title=Everton seal loan deal for World Cup winner Djibril Sidibe |url=https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/everton-loan-deal-djbril-sidibe-16717960 |access-date=7 August 2019 |publisher=Liverpool Echo}}</ref> === AEK Athens === A ranar 9 ga Satumba, 2022, Sidibé ya koma ƙungiyar AEK Athens ta Girka Super League kan yarjejeniyar shekaru biyu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Djibril Sidibe signed for AEK FC! |url=https://www.aekfc.gr/newsdetails/stin-aek-o-tzimpril-sintimpe-128249.htm?lang=en&path=557224377 |access-date=9 September 2022 |website=aekfc.gr}}</ref> == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == Sidibé yana jiran tawagar Faransa ta UEFA Euro 2016. <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 May 2016 |title=N'Golo Kante in France's Euros squad; Lacazette, Gameiro, Ben Arfa miss out |url=http://www.espnfc.co.uk/france/story/2870292/ngolo-kante-in-france-squad-for-euro-2016-but-hatem-ben-arfa-and-alexandre-lacazette-out |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160922173028/http://www.espnfc.co.uk/france/story/2870292/ngolo-kante-in-france-squad-for-euro-2016-but-hatem-ben-arfa-and-alexandre-lacazette-out |archive-date=2016-09-22 |access-date=10 June 2016 |publisher=espnfc.co.uk}}</ref> A ranar 25 ga Agusta 2016, an kira Sidibé cikin manyan 'yan wasa a karon farko don wasan sada zumunci da Italiya da kuma wasan neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2018 da Belarus. <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 August 2016 |title=Corchia, Kurzawa et Sidibé appelés pour affronter l'Italie et la Biélorussie, pas Evra |url=http://sport24.lefigaro.fr/football/equipe-de-france/fil-info/corchia-kurzawa-et-sidibe-appeles-pour-affronter-l-italie-et-la-bielorussie-pas-evra-822175 |publisher=[[lefigaro.fr]]}}</ref> Ya fara buga wasa a ranar 1 ga Satumba a kan na farko a Stadio San Nicola inda ya buga dukkan wasan da ci 3-1. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Italy vs. France - 1 September 2016 - Soccerway |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2016/09/01/world/friendlies/italy/france/2242194/ |access-date=5 September 2016 |publisher=soccerway.com}}</ref> Sidibé ya zura kwallonsa ta farko ga Faransa a wasan sada zumunta da suka doke Ingila da ci 3-2 a ranar 13 ga Yuni 2017. A ranar 17 ga Mayu 2018, an kira shi cikin tawagar Faransa mai 'yan wasa 23 da za su fafata a [[Kofin kwallon kafar duniya ta 2018|gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2018]] a Rasha. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Alexandre Lacazette and Anthony Martial on standby for France World Cup squad and Dimitri Payet out - Football News - Sky Sports |url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/12025/11376691/alexandre-lacazette-and-anthony-martial-on-standby-for-france-world-cup-squad-and-dimitri-payet-out |website=www.skysports.com}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Sidibé [[Musulmi]] ne daga asalin ƙasar [[Mali]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 July 2018 |title=Beautiful diversity: Football to spur social reform as Muslim players shine for France at World Cup |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1759560/7-football-catalyst-change-seven-muslim-players-win-world-cup-france/ |website=tribune.com.pk}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Appearances and goals by club, season and competition ! rowspan="2" |Club ! rowspan="2" |Season ! colspan="3" |League ! colspan="2" |National cup{{Efn|Includes [[Coupe de France]], [[FA Cup]], [[Greek Football Cup|Greek Cup]]}} ! colspan="2" |League cup{{Efn|Includes [[Coupe de la Ligue]], [[EFL Cup]]}} ! colspan="2" |Europe ! colspan="2" |Other ! colspan="2" |Total |- !Division !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals |- | rowspan="4" |Troyes |2009–10 |Championnat National |1 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |1 |0 |- |2010–11 | rowspan="2" |Ligue 2 |6 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |6 |0 |- |2011–12 |34 |1 |3 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |38 |1 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !41 !1 !3 !0 !1 !0 ! colspan="2" |— ! colspan="2" |— !45 !1 |- | rowspan="4" |Lille II |2012–13 | rowspan="3" |CFA |3 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |3 |0 |- |2013–14 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |1 |0 |- |2014–15 |2 |1 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |2 |1 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !6 !1 ! colspan="2" |— ! colspan="2" |— ! colspan="2" |— ! colspan="2" |— !6 !1 |- | rowspan="5" |Lille |2012–13 | rowspan="4" |[[Ligue 1]] |14 |1 |2 |0 |1 |1 |3[c] |1 | colspan="2" |— |20 |3 |- |2013–14 |20 |0 |3 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |24 |0 |- |2014–15 |25 |2 |1 |0 |3 |0 |3{{Efn|One appearance in UEFA Champions League, two appearances in [[UEFA Europa League]]}} |0 | colspan="2" |— |32 |2 |- |2015–16 |37 |4 |2 |0 |4 |2 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |43 |6 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !96 !7 !8 !0 !9 !3 !6 !1 ! colspan="2" |— !119 !11 |- | rowspan="6" |Monaco |2016–17 | rowspan="5" |Ligue 1 |29 |2 |2 |0 |4 |0 |12{{Efn|Appearances in [[UEFA Champions League]]}} |1 | colspan="2" |— |47 |3 |- |2017–18 |27 |2 |1 |0 |3 |0 |3[c] |0 |1{{Efn|Appearance in [[Trophée des Champions]]}} |1 |35 |3 |- |2018–19 |26 |0 |1 |0 |1 |0 |4[c] |0 |0 |0 |32 |0 |- |2020–21 |30 |0 |4 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |34 |0 |- |2021–22 |17 |0 |3 |0 | colspan="2" |— |6{{Efn|Three appearances in UEFA Champions League, three appearances in UEFA Europa League}} |0 | colspan="2" |— |26 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !129 !4 !11 !0 !8 !0 !25 !1 !1 !1 !174 !6 |- |[[Everton FC|Everton]] (loan) |2019–20 |[[Premier League]] |25 |0 |1 |0 |2 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |28 |0 |- | rowspan="3" |AEK Athens |2022–23 | rowspan="2" |Super League Greece |12 |0 |5 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |17 |0 |- |2023–24 |17 |1 |2 |0 | colspan="2" |— |6{{Efn|Two appearances in UEFA Champions League, four appearances and one goal in UEFA Europa League}} |1 | colspan="2" |— |25 |2 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !29 !1 !7 !0 ! colspan="2" |— !6 !1 ! colspan="2" |— !42 !2 |- | rowspan="3" |Toulouse |2024–25 | rowspan="2" |Ligue 1 |28 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |28 |0 |- |2025–26 |31 |3 |3 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |34 |3 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !59 !3 !3 !0 ! colspan="2" |— ! colspan="2" |— ! colspan="2" |— !62 !3 |- ! colspan="3" |Career total !385 !17 !33 !0 !20 !3 !37 !3 !1 !1 !476 !24 |} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1992]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ==manazarta== <references /> 3p9i4hwv51v3pow2s6jg33ofg2ipgwf Sakina Karchaoui 0 150668 889776 834360 2026-07-31T10:49:07Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889776 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sakina Karchaoui''' (an haife ta a ranar 26 ga Janairu 1996) ƙwararriyar [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|'yar ƙwallon ƙafa]] ce ta Faransa wacce ke taka leda a matsayin 'yar [[Mai buga baya|wasan baya ta hagu]] ko kuma [[Mai buga tsakiya|'yar wasan tsakiya]] a ƙungiyar Premierère Ligue Paris Saint-Germain, wacce take kyaftin, kuma ita ce kyaftin a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Faransa . == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Karchaoui a Salon-de-Provence, a yankin Provence na Faransa, kuma iyayenta 'yan Morocco ne suka taso da ita a garin Miramas da ke kusa. <ref name="fifa_113016">{{Cite web |date=30 November 2016 |title=Rising star Karchaoui seeking more days in the sun |url=https://www.fifa.com/u20womensworldcup/news/y=2016/m=11/news=rising-star-karchaoui-seeking-more-days-in-the-sun-2850098.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114195501/http://www.fifa.com/u20womensworldcup/news/y=2016/m=11/news=rising-star-karchaoui-seeking-more-days-in-the-sun-2850098.html |archive-date=14 November 2016 |access-date=10 March 2017 |publisher=FIFA}}</ref> Ta fara buga ƙwallon ƙafa a unguwarsu tare da yara maza. <ref name="fifa_113016" /> Bayan shekaru biyu a kulob ɗin gida, US Miramas, ta koma Montpellier . <ref name="fifa_113016" /> == Aikin kulob == === Montpellier === Karchaoui ta fara buga wasa a Montpellier a ranar 18 ga Nuwamba, 2012 a gasar lig ta Montpellier da ci 6-0. <ref name="sw_stats">{{Cite web |title=S. Karchaoui |url=http://us.women.soccerway.com/players/sakina-karchaoui/270292/ |access-date=10 March 2017 |publisher=Soccer Way}}</ref> A kakar wasa ta 2013-14 Féminine, ta buga wasanni shida a kungiyar, inda ta yi jimillar mintuna 475 a filin wasa. <ref name="sw_stats" /> Montpellier ta kare a matsayi na hudu da rikodin 15–6–1 . <ref name="sw_stats" /> A kakar wasa mai zuwa, ta buga wasanni 12 tare da fara wasa 9. Kungiyar ta kammala kakar wasa ta 2014-15 a matsayi na hudu da rikodin 13–4–5 . <ref name="sw_stats" /> A lokacin kakar wasa ta 2015-16, Karchaoui ta fara wasa a wasanni 19 cikin 20 da ta buga. A ranar 1 ga Nuwamba 2015, ta zura kwallonta ta farko a wasan da ta yi nasara da ci 4-0 a kan Rodez . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 November 2015 |title=Montpellier HSC v Rodez 4–0 |url=http://au.eurosport.com/football/division-1-feminine/2015-2016/live-montpellier-hsc-rodez_mtc799973/live.shtml |access-date=10 March 2017 |publisher=Eurosport}}</ref> Montpellier ta kare a matsayi na uku a kakar wasa ta yau da kullun da rikodin 15–3–5 . <ref name="sw_stats"/> === Lyon === A ranar 24 ga Yuni 2020, Lyon, wacce ta lashe gasar sau 14, ta sanar da sayen Karchaoui don kakar wasa ta 2020-21 . <ref name="lyon">{{Cite web |title=SIGNATURE : SAKINA KARCHAOUI S'ENGAGE AVEC L'OL JUSQU'EN 2021 ! |url=https://www.ol.fr/fr-fr/contenus/articles/2020/06/24/signature-sakina-karchaoui-s-engage-avec-l-ol-jusqu-en-2021 |access-date=2 July 2020}}</ref> === Paris Saint-Germain === A ranar 10 ga Yuli, 2021, Karchaoui ta koma zakarun gasar Paris Saint-Germain mai mulki kan yarjejeniyar shekaru uku. <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 July 2021 |title=Officiel – Karchaoui a signé au PSG jusqu'en 2024 ! |url=https://www.parisfans.fr/transferts/officiel-karchaoui-a-signe-au-psg-jusquen-2024-549913.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117133509/https://www.parisfans.fr/transferts/officiel-karchaoui-a-signe-au-psg-jusquen-2024-549913.html |archive-date=17 January 2023 |access-date=10 July 2021}}</ref> A ranar 2 ga Mayu, 2024, ta tsawaita kwangilarta da kungiyar har zuwa Yuni 2028. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 May 2024 |title=Sakina Karchaoui extends with Paris Saint-Germain until 2028 |url=https://en.psg.fr/teams/womens-team/content/sakina-karchaoui-extends-with-paris-saint-germain-until-2028-psg-feminines-women-2023-2024 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503065703/https://en.psg.fr/teams/womens-team/content/sakina-karchaoui-extends-with-paris-saint-germain-until-2028-psg-feminines-women-2023-2024 |archive-date=3 May 2024 |access-date=3 May 2024}}</ref> A watan Satumba na 2025, an nada ta a matsayin kyaftin din kungiyar. == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == Karchaoui ta fara buga wasa da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Faransa a watan Afrilun 2016. <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 April 2016 |title=Karchaoui, première réussie |url=http://www.footdelles.com/article/Equipe-de-France-A_Karchaoui-premiere-reussie_130271.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603180619/http://www.footdelles.com/article/Equipe-de-France-A_Karchaoui-premiere-reussie_130271.html |archive-date=3 June 2016 |access-date=2 June 2016 |publisher=Foot d'Elles}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 February 2016 |title=Foot/France – Forfait de Sakina Karchaoui, Marion Torrent appelée pour la tournée américaine |url=http://www.lematin.ch/sports/depeches/footfrance--forfait-sakina-karchaoui-marion-torrent-appelee-tournee-americaine/story/23004883 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710225432/http://www.lematin.ch/sports/depeches/footfrance--forfait-sakina-karchaoui-marion-torrent-appelee-tournee-americaine/story/23004883 |archive-date=10 July 2017 |access-date=2 June 2016 |publisher=Le Matin}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 March 2016 |title=Dali, Agard et Karchaoui remplacent Georges, Boulleau et Lavogez |url=http://www.francefootball.fr/news/Dali-agard-et-karchaoui-remplacent-georges-boulleau-et-lavogez/648262 |access-date=2 June 2016 |publisher=France Football}}</ref> Daga baya aka zaɓe ta a gasar Olympics ta Rio ta 2016. <ref name="fifa_113016"/> A gasar, ta fara a wasan rukuni-rukuni da ƙungiyar New Zealand wanda ya haifar da nasara da ci 3-0, sannan kuma a wasan kwata-kwata da Kanada inda aka fitar da ƙungiyar a rashin nasara da ci 1-0. <ref name="fifa_113016" /> <ref name="sw_stats"/> A watan Maris na 2017, ta taimaka wa Faransa ta doke Amurka da ci 3-0, inda ta lashe Kofin SheBelieves na 2017 a karon farko. <ref name="guardian_030717">{{Cite web |last=Dure |first=Beau |date=7 March 2017 |title=USA women suffer worst defeat in a decade as France win SheBelieves Cup |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2017/mar/07/uswnt-loses-france-shebelieves-cup |access-date=10 March 2017 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> An kira Karchaoui cikin tawagar Faransa don gasar cin kofin mata ta UEFA Euro 2017. <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 May 2017 |title=Les joueuses pour l'Euro 2017 |url=https://www.fff.fr/articles/equipes-de-france-1/details-articles/176226-les-joueuses-pour-l-euro |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103082359/https://www.fff.fr/articles/equipes-de-france-1/details-articles/176226-les-joueuses-pour-l-euro |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=18 March 2025 |website=fff.fr}}</ref> An kira Karchaoui cikin tawagar Faransa don gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA ta 2019. A ranar 30 ga Mayu 2022, an kira Karchaoui cikin tawagar Faransa don gasar cin kofin Turai ta mata ta UEFA 2022. <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 May 2022 |title=Championnat d'Europe de l'UEFA 2022: Liste des joueuses retenues |url=https://media.fff.fr/uploads/files/2782fdcffc88597d793d4453e6b7afe4.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703151330/https://media.fff.fr/uploads/files/2782fdcffc88597d793d4453e6b7afe4.pdf |archive-date=3 July 2022 |access-date=18 March 2025 |website=Fédération Française de Football}}</ref> An kira Karchaoui cikin tawagar Faransa don gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA ta 2023. <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 July 2023 |title=Les vingt-trois Bleues retenues pour la Coupe du monde |trans-title=The twenty-three Blues selected for the World Cup |url=https://www.fff.fr/article/10577-les-vingt-trois-bleues-retenues-pour-la-coupe-du-monde.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230704125347/https://www.fff.fr/article/10577-les-vingt-trois-bleues-retenues-pour-la-coupe-du-monde.html |archive-date=4 July 2023 |publisher=[[French Football Federation]] |language=fr}}</ref> A ranar 23 ga Fabrairu 2024, ta zura kwallonta ta farko a gasar cin kofin duniya a wasan da suka doke Jamus da ci 2-1. <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 February 2024 |title=Women's Nations League semi-final report: France pip Germany, Spain defeat Netherlands |url=https://www.uefa.com/womensnationsleague/news/028a-1a40d48d800c-0a99aa57f363-1000--women-s-nations-league-semi-final-report-france-pip-germany/ |access-date=18 March 2025}}</ref> A watan Yulin 2024, an sanya sunan Karchaoui a cikin tawagar Faransa don gasar Olympics ta 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 July 2024 |title=JO 2024 : la liste définitive des Bleues d'Hervé Renard |url=https://www.footmercato.net/a3755298134096492710-jo-2024-la-liste-definitive-des-bleues-dherve-renard |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240709035949/https://www.footmercato.net/a3755298134096492710-jo-2024-la-liste-definitive-des-bleues-dherve-renard |archive-date=9 July 2024 |access-date=9 July 2024 |language=fr}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Karchaoui ta yi sha'awar [[Robin van Persie]], Hatem Ben Arfa da [[Samir Nasri]] tun tana ƙarama. <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 July 2022 |title=Euro de football féminin : Sakina Karchaoui, la bonne élève de l'école de la rue |url=https://www.lejdd.fr/Sport/euro-de-football-feminin-sakina-karchaoui-la-bonne-eleve-de-lecole-de-la-rue-4123553 |access-date=18 March 2025}}</ref> <ref name="feb2025">{{Cite web |date=15 March 2025 |title=Sakina Karchaoui, gauchère adroite |url=https://www.fff.fr/article/14278-sakina-karchaoui-gauchere-adroite.html |access-date=18 March 2025 |archive-date=18 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250318092724/https://www.fff.fr/article/14278-sakina-karchaoui-gauchere-adroite.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ƙididdigar aiki == === Kulob === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+Appearances and goals by club, season and competition ! rowspan="2" |Club ! rowspan="2" |Season ! colspan="3" |League ! colspan="2" |National cup ! colspan="2" |League cup ! colspan="2" |Continental ! colspan="2" |Other ! colspan="2" |Total |- !Division !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals |- | rowspan="9" |Montpellier |2012–13 |Première Ligue |1 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |1 |0 |- |2013–14 |Première Ligue |6 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |6 |0 |- |2014–15 |Première Ligue |12 |0 |6 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |18 |0 |- |2015–16 |Première Ligue |20 |1 |6 |1 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |26 |2 |- |2016–17 |Première Ligue |17 |0 |2 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |19 |0 |- |2017–18 |Première Ligue |22 |0 |4 |0 | colspan="2" |— |6{{Efn|Appearance(s) in [[UEFA Women's Champions League]]}} |0 | colspan="2" |— |32 |0 |- |2018–19 |Première Ligue |22 |2 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |23 |2 |- |2019–20 |Première Ligue |16 |3 |3 |1 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |19 |4 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !116 !6 !22 !2 !0 !0 !6 !0 !0 !0 !144 !8 |- | rowspan="3" |Lyon |2019–20 |Première Ligue | colspan="2" |— |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— |3[a] |0 | colspan="2" |— |3 |0 |- |2020–21 |Première Ligue |18 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— |5[a] |0 | colspan="2" |— |24 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !18 !0 !1 !0 !0 !0 !8 !0 !0 !0 !27 !0 |- | rowspan="6" |Paris Saint-Germain |2021–22 |Première Ligue |19 |2 |5 |1 | colspan="2" |— |9[a] |1 | colspan="2" |— |33 |4 |- |2022–23 |Première Ligue |17 |1 |3 |0 | colspan="2" |— |10[a] |0 |1{{Efn|Appearance in [[Trophée des Championnes]]}} |0 |31 |1 |- |2023–24 |Première Ligue |15 |2 |3 |0 | colspan="2" |— |12[a] |0 |3{{Efn|Two appearances in playoffs, one appearance in Trophée des Championnes}} |0 |33 |2 |- |2024–25 |Première Ligue |15 |4 |5 |0 | colspan="2" |— |1[a] |0 |2{{Efn|Appearance in playoffs}} |1 |23 |5 |- |2025–26 |Première Ligue |19 |6 |4 |0 |3 |0 |5[a] |1 |0 |0 |31 |7 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !85 !15 !20 !1 !3 !0 !37 !2 !6 !1 !151 !19 |- ! colspan="3" |Career total !219 !21 !43 !3 !3 !0 !51 !2 !6 !1 !322 !27 |} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1996]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ==manazarta== 00mb6go87al8dwd38sm2zvw9zne747e Ryan Alebiosu 0 151427 889740 836678 2026-07-31T08:54:00Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889740 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ryan Fiyinfoluwa Alebiosu''' Listen ⓘ (an haife shi a ranar 17 ga Disamba 2001) ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne wanda ke buga wasa a matsayin [[Mai buga baya|ɗan baya na dama]] a ƙungiyar EFL Championship ta Blackburn Rovers . An haife shi a Ingila, yana wakiltar [[Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafar Najeriya|Najeriya]] a matakin ƙasa da ƙasa. == Aikin kulob == An haife shi a [[Landan]], Alebiosu ya koma Arsenal a shekara ta 2010, yana da shekaru 8, ya zama [[Arsenal F.C.|ƙwararre]] a shekara ta 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ryan Alebiosu joins Crewe Alexandra on loan |url=https://www.arsenal.com/news/ryan-alebiosu-joins-crewe-alexandra-loan |website=www.arsenal.com}}</ref> Ya sanya hannu a matsayin aro ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta EFL League One, [[Crewe Alexandra FC|Crewe Alexandra,]] a watan Janairun 2022, kuma ya fara buga wasa a matsayin ƙwararren ɗan wasa a wasan da Crewe ta sha kashi a hannun Gillingham a ranar 1 ga Fabrairun 2022. Ya koma Kilmarnock a matsayin aro a watan Yulin 2022. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ryan Alebiosu joins Kilmarnock on loan |url=https://www.arsenal.com/news/ryan-alebiosu-joins-kilmarnock-loan |website=Arsenal.com}}</ref> A watan Satumba na 2023 ya sanya hannu a kulob din Belgian Pro League Kortrijk . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ryan Alebiosu joins KV Kortrijk in permanent deal |url=https://www.arsenal.com/ryan-alebiosu-joins-kv-kortrijk-permanent-transfer-academy |website=Arsenal.com}}</ref> A ranar 3 ga Fabrairu, 2025, Alebiosu ya koma St Mirren a matsayin aro. <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 February 2025 |title=Ryan Alebiosu joins on loan from K.V. Kortrijk |url=https://www.stmirren.com/all-news/5757-ryan-alebiosu-joins-on-loan-from-k-v-kortrijk |access-date=6 February 2025 |publisher=St Mirren F.C. |archive-date=16 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250216211418/https://www.stmirren.com/all-news/5757-ryan-alebiosu-joins-on-loan-from-k-v-kortrijk |url-status=dead }}</ref> A ranar 11 ga Yuli, 2025, Alebiosu ya rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekara uku da Blackburn Rovers ta EFL Championship, tare da damar ƙarin watanni 12. <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 July 2025 |title=Ryan Alebiosu: Blackburn Rovers sign KC Kortrijk full-back |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/articles/cd97gxyp819o |website=BBC Sport}}</ref> A ranar 25 ga Oktoba, 2025, Alebiosu ya zura kwallonsa ta farko ga Blackburn Rovers, inda ya daidaita a wasan da suka tashi 2-1 da Southampton . <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 October 2025 |title=Report: Rovers 2–1 Southampton |url=https://www.rovers.co.uk/news/2025/october/25/report--rovers-2-1-southampton/ |access-date=2 November 2025 |website=Blackburn Rovers FC}}</ref> == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == Alebiosu ya cancanci wakiltar Ingila da [[Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafar Najeriya|Najeriya]] a matakin ƙasa da ƙasa, saboda an haife shi a Ingila ga iyayensa 'yan Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigeria name Blackburn Rovers' Ryan Alebiosu in massive AFCON preliminary squad |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/story/_/id/47186176/nigeria-name-blackburn-rovers-ryan-alebiosu-massive-afcon-preliminary-squad |access-date=12 December 2025 |website=ESPN}}</ref> Ya sami fasfo na Najeriya kafin [[Kofin Kasashen Afirka na 2025|gasar cin kofin ƙasashen Afirka ta 2025]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=Passport Issue Solved – Blackburn Rovers Defender Gets All Clear To Represent Nigeria At The AFCON |url=https://owngoalnigeria.com/2025/12/02/passport-issue-solved-blackburn-rovers-defender-get-all-clear-to-represent-nigeria-at-the-afcon/ |access-date=12 December 2025 |website=OwnGoalNigeria}}</ref> kuma an sanya shi cikin jerin 'yan wasa 28 na Najeriya a gasar, wanda hakan ya zama karo na farko da aka gayyace shi zuwa gasar [[Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafar Najeriya|Super Eagles]] . A ranar 30 ga Disamba 2025, Alebiosu ya fara buga wa Najeriya wasa a matakin farko, inda ya buga cikakken wasan a wasansu na ƙarshe na matakin rukuni, inda suka yi nasara da ci 3-1 a kan Uganda, wanda hakan ya tabbatar da cewa Najeriya ta kai zagaye na 16. [1] [2] == Ƙididdigar aiki == === Kulob === {{Updated|2 May 2026}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! rowspan="2" |Club ! rowspan="2" |Season ! rowspan="2" |Division ! colspan="2" |League ! colspan="2" |National cup{{Efn|Includes [[Scottish Cup]], [[Belgian Cup]], [[FA Cup]]}} ! colspan="2" |League cup{{Efn|Includes [[Scottish League Cup]], [[EFL Cup]]}} ! colspan="2" |Other ! colspan="2" |Total |- !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals |- |Arsenal U21s |2021–22 |– | colspan="2" |– | colspan="2" |– | colspan="2" |– |4{{Efn|Appearances in the [[EFL Trophy]].}} |0 |4 |0 |- | rowspan="3" |[[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] |2021–22<ref name="SB2122" /> |[[Premier League]] |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |- |2022–23<ref name="SB2223" /> |Premier League |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 |- |[[Crewe Alexandra FC|Crewe Alexandra]] (loan) |2021–22<ref name="SB2122" /> |League One |6 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |6 |0 |- |Kilmarnock (loan) |2022–23 |Scottish Premiership |23 |0 |2 |0 |4 |0 | colspan="2" |– |29 |0 |- | rowspan="3" |KV Kortrijk |2023–24<ref name="SW">{{Soccerway|ryan-alebiousu/561921}}</ref> |Belgian Pro League |12 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |– | colspan="2" |– |12 |0 |- |2024–25<ref name="SW" /> |Belgian Pro League |13 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |– | colspan="2" |– |13 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !25 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !25 !0 |- |St Mirren (loan) |2024–25 |Scottish Premiership |13 |0 |1 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |– |14 |0 |- |Blackburn Rovers |2025–26 |Championship |39 |1 |0 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |– |40 |1 |- ! colspan="3" |Career total !107 !1 !2 !0 !5 !0 !4 !0 !118 !1 |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2001]] 3uu5o4jm38uwbb4s5g3lm2cuu6lt9zi Remo Stars Stadium 0 151565 889612 837211 2026-07-31T00:04:03Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889612 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox filin wasa | suna = Remo Stars Stadium | hoto = Remo Stars Stadium.jpg | cikakken_suna = Remo Stars Stadium | wuri = Ikenne, Jihar Ogun, Najeriya | an_bude = 2021 | mai_mallaka = Remo Stars Football Club | masu_amfani = [[Remo Stars F.C.]] | karfin_ɗauka = Kimanin mutane 10,000 | fili = Ciyawa | nau_in_gini = Filin ƙwallon ƙafa }} '''Remo Stars Stadium''' filin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne da ke garin Ikenne a cikin Jihar Ogun ta ƙasar Najeriya. Filin wasan shi ne gidan ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta [[Remo Stars F.C.]], wadda ke taka leda a gasar firimiya ta Najeriya wato Nigeria Premier Football League (NPFL). Filin wasan ya zama ɗaya daga cikin sabbin filayen wasa masu inganci a Najeriya, musamman saboda tsarin gine-ginen sa na zamani da kuma kyakkyawan yanayin ciyawarsa. <ref>{{cite web |title=Remo Stars Stadium Overview |url=https://remostarsfc.com/ |website=Remo Stars FC Official Website |access-date=17 May 2026}}</ref> An gina filin wasan ne domin bunƙasa harkar ƙwallon ƙafa a yankin kudu maso yammacin Najeriya tare da samar da muhalli mai kyau ga matasa masu sha’awar wasanni. Filin wasan yana cikin cibiyar wasanni ta kungiyar Remo Stars, wadda fitaccen ɗan kasuwa kuma mai son wasanni [[Kunle Soname]] ya kafa. Ana kallon wannan filin wasa a matsayin wani muhimmin ci gaba wajen inganta ƙwallon ƙafa ta zamani a Najeriya. <ref>{{cite web |title=Kunle Soname and the Rise of Remo Stars |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/06/18/kunle-soname-and-the-rise-of-remo-stars/ |website=ThisDay Live |access-date=17 May 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Filin wasan yana ɗaukar dubban masu kallo, kuma yana da kujeru na zamani tare da sassan ‘yan jarida, dakunan canza kaya, fitilun hasken dare, da sauran kayan more rayuwa da ake samu a manyan filayen wasa na zamani. Haka kuma filin wasan yana karɓar wasu manyan wasannin cikin gida da kuma shirye-shiryen horas da ‘yan wasa. <ref>{{cite web |title=Remo Stars Stadium Facilities |url=https://npfl.ng/remo-stars-stadium-facilities/ |website=Nigeria Premier Football League |access-date=17 May 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A shekarun baya-bayan nan, Remo Stars Stadium ya samu karɓuwa sosai a tsakanin magoya bayan ƙwallon ƙafa saboda yadda ƙungiyar Remo Stars ke samun nasarori a gasar NPFL. Filin wasan ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin wuraren da ake yabawa wajen tsaro, tsafta, da kuma ingancin gudanar da wasanni a Najeriya. <ref>{{cite web |title=Remo Stars Home Ground Gains Recognition |url=https://punchng.com/remo-stars-home-ground-gains-recognition/ |website=Punch Newspapers |access-date=17 May 2026}}</ref> == Tarihi == An fara amfani da filin wasan sosai bayan kammala ayyukan gine-gine da gyare-gyare a farkon shekarun 2020. Manufar gina filin wasan ita ce samar da cikakken muhalli na wasanni wanda zai taimaka wajen gano da bunƙasa hazikan ‘yan wasa daga Najeriya. Filin wasan ya taimaka wajen haɓaka martabar kungiyar Remo Stars a matakin ƙasa. <ref>{{cite web |title=History of Remo Stars FC |url=https://remostarsfc.com/history/ |website=Remo Stars FC Official Website |access-date=17 May 2026 |archive-date=21 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180121074657/http://www.remostarsfc.com/history/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Muhimmanci == Remo Stars Stadium na daga cikin filayen wasan da suka nuna yadda kungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa masu zaman kansu ke saka hannun jari wajen ci gaban wasanni a Najeriya. Ana amfani da filin wajen shirya wasannin lig, horaswa, da kuma shirye-shiryen bunkasa matasa masu tasowa a harkar ƙwallon ƙafa. <ref>{{cite web |title=Private Investment in Nigerian Football Infrastructure |url=https://guardian.ng/sport/private-investment-in-nigerian-football/ |website=The Guardian Nigeria |access-date=17 May 2026}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Remo Stars F.C.]] * [[Nigeria Premier Football League]] * [[Kunle Soname]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Filayen wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a Najeriya]] [[Category:Jihar Ogun]] [[Category:Remo Stars F.C.]] 9mpiq1tm8xinq9wueo0jilc64ytuug8 Rojenny International Stadium 0 151566 889646 837212 2026-07-31T05:52:12Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889646 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football venue | stadium_name = Rojenny International Stadium | image = | fullname = Rojenny International Stadium | location = Oba, Idemili South, Anambra State, Nigeria | coordinates = | opened = 1990 | owner = Rojenny Games Village | surface = Grass | tenants = Najeriya national football teams (some matches) | seating_capacity = 30,000 }} '''Rojenny International Stadium''' filin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne da ke garin Oba a ƙaramar hukumar Idemili ta Kudu, cikin Jihar Anambra ta Najeriya. Filin wasan yana cikin babban wurin wasanni da nishaɗi mai suna Rojenny Games Village, kuma yana daga cikin sanannun filayen wasa masu zaman kansu a yankin kudu maso gabashin Najeriya. An fi amfani da filin wajen gudanar da wasannin ƙwallon ƙafa, gasar matasa, da kuma wasu manyan tarukan wasanni.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rojenny Stadium |url=https://www.goalzz.com/main.aspx?showstadiums=1&stadium=5302 |website=Goalzz |access-date=17 May 2026}}</ref> An buɗe filin wasan ne a shekarar 1990 domin bunƙasa harkokin wasanni a Najeriya musamman a yankin Anambra. Wurin ya kasance wani ɓangare na Rojenny Tourist and Games Village wanda Cif Rojenny Uzochukwu ya kafa. Tun bayan kafuwarsa, filin ya taimaka wajen gano da haɓaka hazikan ‘yan wasa da dama daga yankin kudu maso gabashin ƙasar.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rojenny Games Village and Stadium |url=https://www.vymaps.com/NG/Rojenny-Games-Village-137534/ |website=VYMaps |access-date=17 May 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Filin wasan yana da damar ɗaukar kusan mutane 30,000 a lokaci guda, kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan filayen wasa masu zaman kansu a Najeriya. Filin yana da ciyawar wasa ta dabi'a, tare da wuraren zama ga masu kallo da kuma wasu muhimman kayan more rayuwa da ake amfani da su yayin gasanni. A wasu lokuta ana amfani da filin domin shirya wasannin sada zumunta da kuma atisayen kungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nigeria - Rojenny Stadium |url=https://int.soccerway.com/venues/nigeria/rojenny-stadium/v8521/ |website=Soccerway |access-date=17 May 2026}}</ref> Rojenny International Stadium ya karɓi bakuncin wasu wasanni na gida da kuma gasannin matasa a Najeriya. Wasu kungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa sun taba amfani da filin a matsayin wajen gudanar da wasanninsu saboda girman filin da kuma yanayin da ya dace da wasan ƙwallon ƙafa. Haka kuma, filin ya taimaka wajen bunkasa harkokin wasanni da yawon bude ido a jihar Anambra.<ref>{{cite web |title=Stadiums in Nigeria |url=http://www.worldstadiums.com/africa/countries/nigeria.shtml |website=World Stadiums |access-date=17 May 2026}}</ref> A tsawon shekaru, Rojenny International Stadium ya kasance daya daga cikin wuraren da matasa masu sha’awar ƙwallon ƙafa ke zuwa domin nuna kwarewarsu. Filin ya taimaka wajen shirya wasannin makarantu, gasannin matasa, da sauran shirye-shiryen bunkasa wasanni a Najeriya. Duk da cewa akwai sababbin filayen wasa a kasar, har yanzu filin yana da muhimmanci a tarihin wasannin yankin kudu maso gabashin Najeriya.<ref>{{cite web |title=Private Sports Centres in Nigeria |url=https://businessday.ng/sports/article/private-investments-and-sports-development-in-nigeria/ |website=BusinessDay Nigeria |access-date=17 May 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin waje == * [https://int.soccerway.com/venues/nigeria/rojenny-stadium/v8521/ Rojenny Stadium at Soccerway] * [https://www.goalzz.com/main.aspx?showstadiums=1&stadium=5302 Rojenny Stadium at Goalzz] [[Category:Filayen wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a Najeriya]] [[Category:Jihar Anambra]] [[Category:Wuraren wasanni a Najeriya]] nqt8v8ve6azqgw21o5d7oscqjyjjy4u Rashidi Yekini Main Bowl 0 151643 889532 837590 2026-07-30T21:05:40Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889532 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox wurin wasa | suna = Rashidi Yekini Main Bowl | hoto = | cikakken_suna = Rashidi Yekini Main Bowl | tsohon_suna = Kwara State Stadium Main Bowl | wuri = Ilorin, Jihar Kwara, Najeriya | an_bude = 1977 | mai_mallaka = Gwamnatin Jihar Kwara | mai_amfani = [[Kwara United F.C.]] | nauyi = Filin ƙwallon ƙafa | yawan_kujeru = 18,000 | fili = Ciyawa }} '''Rashidi Yekini Main Bowl''' babban filin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne da ke birnin Ilorin a [[Jihar Kwara]], Najeriya. Filin wasan yana daga cikin manyan wuraren wasanni a arewacin Najeriya, kuma ana amfani da shi wajen gudanar da wasannin ƙwallon ƙafa, wasannin motsa jiki, da sauran manyan tarukan jama'a. Filin yana ƙarƙashin kulawar gwamnatin jihar Kwara kuma shi ne gidan ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta [[Kwara United F.C.]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Kwara United FC Stadium Information |url=https://int.soccerway.com/teams/nigeria/kwara-united-fc/ |website=Soccerway |access-date=18 May 2026}}</ref> Tun farko ana kiran filin da suna '''Kwara State Stadium Main Bowl''', amma daga baya aka sauya sunan zuwa '''Rashidi Yekini Main Bowl''' domin karrama fitaccen ɗan wasan Najeriya marigayi [[Rashidi Yekini]], wanda ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan 'yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a tarihin ƙasar. Rashidi Yekini shi ne ɗan wasan Najeriya na farko da ya ci wa ƙasar ƙwallo a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA a shekarar 1994.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rashidi Yekini: Nigeria's legendary striker |url=https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/en/articles/rashidi-yekini-nigeria-legend |website=FIFA |access-date=18 May 2026}}</ref> Filin wasan na da kujerun zama kusan mutane 18,000, kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan filayen wasa da ake amfani da su a gasar [[Nigeria Premier Football League]]. An taɓa gudanar da wasannin lig na ƙasa da kuma wasu muhimman wasannin ƙwallon ƙafa a filin. Haka kuma filin yana taimakawa wajen bunƙasa harkokin wasanni da matasa a jihar Kwara.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kwara United home ground and club profile |url=https://www.flashscore.com/team/kwara-united/ |website=Flashscore |access-date=18 May 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A shekarun baya, gwamnatin jihar Kwara ta gudanar da ayyukan gyara da sabunta wasu sassan filin domin inganta yanayin kallon wasa da kuma dacewa da ƙa’idojin gudanar da wasannin zamani. Gyaran ya haɗa da inganta filin ciyawa, kujerun masu kallo, da kuma ɗakunan 'yan wasa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kwara renovates stadium facilities |url=https://guardian.ng/sport/kwara-renovates-stadium-facilities/ |website=The Guardian Nigeria News |access-date=18 May 2026}}</ref> Rashidi Yekini Main Bowl yana da muhimmiyar rawa wajen raya wasanni a Najeriya musamman a yankin arewa ta tsakiya. Filin ya kasance cibiyar gudanar da gasannin makarantu, horar da matasa, da kuma shirye-shiryen wasanni daban-daban da ke haɗa al’umma tare.<ref>{{cite web |title=Importance of sports development in Kwara State |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/kwara-and-sports-development/ |website=The Nation Nigeria |access-date=18 May 2026}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Rashidi Yekini]] * [[Kwara United F.C.]] * [[Nigeria Premier Football League]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin waje == * [https://int.soccerway.com/teams/nigeria/kwara-united-fc/ Kwara United FC Profile a Soccerway] k0qjvn4hbdzyafshonsgufxj3onh2gv Abdullahi Abubakar (Referee) 0 151726 889694 837908 2026-07-31T07:36:42Z BnHamid 12586 889694 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Abdullahi Abubakar''' ɗan Najeriya ne kuma alkalin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa wanda ya samu lasisin [[FIFA]] domin jagorantar wasannin ƙasa da ƙasa. Ya kasance cikin jerin alkalan wasan Najeriya da Hukumar Ƙwallon Ƙafa ta Duniya ta amince da su domin gudanar da wasannin duniya da na nahiyar Afirka.<ref>{{cite web |title=29 Nigerian referees receive officiating badges from FIFA |url=https://www.pulsesports.ng/story/29-nigerian-referees-receive-officiating-badges-from-fifa-2023020107221882580 |website=Pulse Sports Nigeria |date=1 February 2023 |access-date=19 May 2026 |language=en}}</ref> == Aikin alkalanci == Abdullahi Abubakar ya yi suna a harkar alkalancin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a Najeriya ta hanyar jagorantar wasanni daban-daban na cikin gida da kuma waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin kulawar [[Confederation of African Football|CAF]]. Ya kasance cikin alkalan wasan da aka bai wa takardar shedar FIFA a shekarar 2023 tare da wasu alkalai daga Najeriya.<ref>{{cite web |title=29 Nigerian referees receive officiating badges from FIFA |url=https://www.pulsesports.co.ke/story/29-nigerian-referees-receive-officiating-badges-from-fifa-2023020107221882580 |website=Pulse Sports |date=1 February 2023 |access-date=19 May 2026 |language=en}}</ref> A shekarar 2024, an tabbatar da sunansa cikin jerin alkalan wasan Najeriya da FIFA ta amince da su domin gudanar da wasannin ƙasa da ƙasa. Wannan ya nuna ci gaba da kasancewarsa cikin manyan alkalan wasan Najeriya masu lasisin duniya.<ref>{{cite web |title=FIFA Authorizes Thirty Nigerian Referees for 2024 Events |url=https://absl.ng/fifa-authorizes-thirty-nigerian-referees-for-2024-events/ |website=AMAC Broadcasting Service Limited |date=15 December 2023 |access-date=19 May 2026 |language=en}}</ref> == Wasannin ƙasa da ƙasa == Abdullahi Abubakar ya shiga cikin tawagar alkalan wasan Najeriya da suka jagoranci wasu wasannin neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA. A watan Yunin 2024, ya kasance jami'in wasa na huɗu a wasan neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin duniya tsakanin ƙasashen Gambiya da Seychelles a ƙasar Morocco.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ogabor Leads Nigerian Referees for World Cup Qualifier in Morocco |url=https://www.footballinnigeria.com.ng/football-culture/ogabor-leads-nigerian-referees-for-world-cup-qualifier-in-morocco/ |website=Football In Nigeria |date=7 June 2024 |access-date=19 May 2026 |language=en}}</ref> A shekarar 2026, an sake sanya Abdullahi Abubakar cikin jerin alkalan wasan Najeriya masu lasisin FIFA da CAF domin ci gaba da gudanar da wasannin duniya da na nahiyar Afirka.<ref>{{cite web |title=FIFA Releases Nigeria’s 2026 International Referees List |url=https://von.gov.ng/fifa-releases-nigerias-2026-international-referees-list/ |website=Voice of Nigeria |date=2026 |access-date=19 May 2026 |language=en}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[FIFA]] * [[Nigeria Football Federation]] * [[Confederation of African Football]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Abubakar, Abdullahi}} [[Category:Alƙalan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Najeriya]] [[Category:Mutanen Najeriya]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] 6yr0cp6alg3fhvggrgsab67mqh8xyhi Python (Missile) 0 151886 889457 838673 2026-07-30T15:52:06Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889457 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} Rafael '''Python''' (wanda aka rubuta shi da manyan haruffa; פיתון) yana cikin makamai masu linzami na iska zuwa iska (AAMs) wanda kamfanin kera makamai na Isra'ila Rafael Advanced Defense Systems, tsohon RAFAEL Armament Development Authority ya gina. Asalin farawa da ''Shafrir'' (Ibraniyawa: ש scorר, wanda aka fassara shi a matsayin dome, ko rigar kariya - amma kuma yana da kama da Dragonfly, nau'in namiji na juyawa don jerin Damselfly (שפירית), an haɓaka makami mai linzami na ''Shafrir-1'' a 1959, sannan ''Shafrir-2'' ya biyo baya a farkon shekarun 1970. Daga baya, kamfanin iyaye ya ba da sunan yammacin "''Python''" don dalilai na fitarwa, farawa da ''Python-3'' a cikin 1978. Tun daga wannan lokacin, an ci gaba da bunkasa shi kuma ya samo asali a cikin ''Python-4'', ''Python-5'', ''Derby'' da kuma, SPYDER, tsarin kare iska na ƙasa. A halin yanzu, makamai masu linzami suna aiki tare da sojojin kasashe sama da goma sha biyar daga ko'ina cikin duniya. == Zane da ci gaba == [[Fayil:PythonGenerHe.png|left|thumb|An lissafa daga sama zuwa ƙasa: Shafrir-1, Shafrir-2, Python-3, Python-4, Python-5.]] A shekarun 1950, Rundunar Sojan Sama ta Isra'ila (IAF) ta gabatar da buƙatu don ƙirƙirar makami mai linzami daga sama zuwa sama da aka ƙera a cikin gida, don haɓaka masana'antar tsaro ta cikin gida da rage dogaro da shigo da kaya daga ƙasashen waje. An ba da kwangilar Rafael Armament Development Authority don ƙirƙirar Shafrir (Ibrananci: שפריר, wanda aka fassara shi a matsayin Dragonfly, nau'in inflection na maza don Damselfly, שפרירית) a cikin 1959. Makamin ya shiga cikin yanayin aiki tare da jiragen saman Mirage na Isra'ila a cikin 1963, amma IAF ba ta ji daɗin aikinta ba kuma ba a sami nasarar kashe sojojin sama da shi ba a lokacin Yaƙin Kwanaki Shida, ana yin kisan kai da bindigogi. An gabatar da ingantaccen Shafrir-2 ba da daɗewa ba a cikin 1971, kuma ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan makamai masu linzami daga sama zuwa sama da aka taɓa yi. A lokacin Yaƙin Yom Kippur na 1973, IAF ta harba makamai masu linzami Shafrir-2 guda 176, inda ta lalata jiragen saman abokan gaba 89.<ref name="python2">{{Cite web |title=Shafrir-2 |url=http://www.israeli-weapons.com/weapons/missile_systems/air_missiles/python/Python2.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080914040916/http://www.israeli-weapons.com/weapons/missile_systems/air_missiles/python/Python2.html |archive-date=2008-09-14 |website=www.Israeli-Weapons.com}}</ref> An fitar da Shafrir-2 tare da jirgin sama na Isra'ila zuwa ƙasashen [[Amurka ta Kudu|Kudancin Amurka]]. Bayan Shafrir-2, an ba da sabon makamai masu linzami da Rafael ya yi sunan yammacin '''Python'''. Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa makami mai linzami na gaba da Rafael ya gina a farkon shekarun 1970 an kira shi Python-3, amma babu Python-1 ko Python-2 (sun kasance Shafrir-1, Shafrir-2). Python-3 ya inganta kewayon da kuma ikon kai farmaki, ya tabbatar da kansa kafin da kuma lokacin Yaƙin Lebanon na 1982, ya lalata jirgin saman abokan gaba 35. [[Sin|Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin]] ta burge ta da aikinta da kuma gina lasisi na Python-3 a matsayin PiLi-8 (PL-8) AAM.<ref name="SINOD">{{Cite web |date=12 October 2008 |title=PiLi-8 Short-Range Air-to-Air Missile |url=http://www.sinodefence.com/airforce/weapon/pl8.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120123130704/http://www.sinodefence.com/airforce/weapon/pl8.asp |archive-date=23 January 2012 |access-date=20 March 2012 |publisher=SinoDefence.com}}</ref> Ƙarin ci gaba ga Python-3 ya haifar da ci gaban Python-4 a tsakiyar shekarun 1980, wanda ya kara da zaɓi don jagorar gani.<ref name="python4">{{Cite web |title=Python-4 |url=http://www.israeli-weapons.com/weapons/missile_systems/air_missiles/python/Python4.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060721190258/http://www.israeli-weapons.com/weapons/missile_systems/air_missiles/python/Python4.html |archive-date=2006-07-21 |website=www.Israeli-Weapons.com}}</ref> A cikin shekarun 1990s Rafael ya fara ci gaba a kan Python-5 AAM, wanda aka sanye shi da ingantaccen mai neman hoto na lantarki tare da ikon kulle bayan ƙaddamarwa.<ref name="python5">{{Cite web |title=Python-5 |url=http://www.israeli-weapons.com/weapons/missile_systems/air_missiles/python/Python5.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060715230748/http://www.israeli-weapons.com/weapons/missile_systems/air_missiles/python/Python5.html |archive-date=2006-07-15 |website=www.Israeli-Weapons.com}}</ref> An nuna sabon makami mai linzami a cikin 2003 Paris Air Show, kuma an yi niyya don aiki tare da IAF F-15I Ra'am ("Thunder") da F-16I Sufa ("Storm"). An ce Python-5 yana da cikakken ikon kaddamar da shi ko kuma makami mai linzami ne, ma'ana ana iya kaddamar dashi a manufa ba tare da la'akari da wurin da aka yi niyya ba dangane da jagorancin jirgin sama mai kaddamarwa. Zai iya kulle a kan manufofi bayan ƙaddamarwa, koda kuwa sun kai digiri 100 daga hangen nesa na jirgin sama mai ƙaddamarwa. === Shafrir-1 === An ƙera '''Shafrir-1''' a tsakanin 1959-1964 don cika buƙatun IAF na makami mai linzami na cikin gida daga sama zuwa sama. An yi nufin gina ƙwarewar masana'antar tsaro ta cikin gida, da kuma rage dogaro da shigo da kayayyaki daga ƙasashen waje. Daga baya an tabbatar da fargabar dogaro da ƙasashen waje lokacin da Faransa ta haramta fitar da makamai zuwa Isra'ila. Shafrir-1 an yi amfani da shi ne a kan jiragen saman Mirage III da aka gina a Faransa. Gwajin farko ya faru ne a Faransa a 1963. Koyaya aikin makami mai linzami ya kasance mara kyau sosai cewa nan da nan an fara aiki a kan ingantaccen sigar gaba, Shafrir-2. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Shafrir 1 |url=http://www.israeli-weapons.com/weapons/missile_systems/air_missiles/python/Python1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080922153739/http://www.israeli-weapons.com/weapons/missile_systems/air_missiles/python/Python1.html |archive-date=2008-09-22 |website=www.Israeli-Weapons.com}}</ref> * Tsawon: {{Cvt|250|cm|in}} in) * Tsakanin: {{Cvt|55|cm|in}} in) * Diamita: {{Cvt|14|cm|in}} in) * Nauyin: {{Cvt|65|kg|lb}} * Jagora: IR * Warhead: {{Cvt|11|kg|lb}} kg (24 fashewar fashewa, daga baya {{Cvt|30|kg|lb}} kg (66 * Yankin: {{Cvt|5|km|mi|0}} * Saurin: Mach 1.7 Shafrir-2 an ba shi lambar yabo tare da kashe-kashen 89 a cikin Yakin Yom Kippur na 1973. <ref name="python2"/> A duk rayuwarta ta hidima, an ba ta lambar yabo tare da jimlar kashe-kashen 106. * Tsawon: {{Cvt|250|cm|in}} in) * Tsakanin: {{Cvt|55|cm|in}} in) * Diamita: {{Cvt|15|cm|in}} in) * Nauyin: {{Cvt|93|kg|lb}} kg (205 * Jagora: IR * Warhead: {{Cvt|11|kg|lb}} kg (24 * Yankin: {{Cvt|5|km|mi|0}} * Saurin: Mach 2.1 === Python-3 === [[Fayil:Rafael_Python_3_3.jpg|thumb|Python 3 makami mai linzami a ƙarƙashin fuka-fukan F-15 Eagle na Isra'ila.]] <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>Python-3 ingantaccen AAM ne tare da ikon kai farmaki, saurin sauri, kewayon, da aiki. Ya yi aiki sosai kafin da kuma lokacin Yaƙin Lebanon na 1982, inda ya zira kwallaye 35 (wasu kafofin sun ce 50) kashe-kashen.<ref name="python5"/> PLAAF ta kasar Sin ta yi farin ciki sosai da wannan makami mai linzami, kuma ta biya kudin samar da lasisi a matsayin PL-8 AAM a cikin shekarun 1980. <ref name="SINOD"/> Lambar shirin da ake kira "Number 8 Project" (八号工程) kuma an fara shi ne a ranar 15 ga Satumba, 1983. Daga Maris 1988 zuwa Afrilu 1989, an kammala canja wurin fasaha zuwa China yayin da lasisi da sassan lasisi suka ci gaba, kuma a lokacin bazara na 1989, cikakken makami mai linzami na kasar Sin ya sami takardar shaidar jihar. Babban mai samar da makami mai linzami shine [[Xi'an]] Eastern Machinery Factory (西安东方机械厂) wanda ke Xi'an, kuma an kuma ruwaito cewa kasar Sin ta haɓaka tsarin gani (HMS) don PL-8.<ref name="SINOD" /> * Tsawon: {{Cvt|295|cm|in}} cm (116 in) * Tsakanin: {{Cvt|80|cm|in}} in) * Diamita: {{Cvt|16|cm|in}} in) * Nauyin: {{Cvt|120|kg|lb}} * Jagora: IR * Warhead: {{Cvt|11|kg|lb}} kg (24 , mai aiki kusa fuse * Yankin: {{Cvt|15|km|mi}} * Saurin: Mach 3.5 === Python-4 === [[Fayil:Rafael_Python_4.jpg|thumb|Wani makami mai linzami na Python 4 a karkashin fuka-fukan F-15D Baz '957']] Python-4 ƙarni ne na 4th AAM tare da ikon kai farmaki, da haɗin kai tare da tsarin gani (HMS). <ref name="python4"/> Ya shiga aiki a cikin shekarun 1990, kuma kamar wanda ya riga shi Python-3, an haɗa shi da tsarin HMS na Elbit Systems DASH (Nuna da Sight Helmet) don Isra'ila F-15s da F-16s, Chilean F-16s (MLU da C / D block 50/52 plus), F-5E / F Tiger III, Kfirs na Kudancin Amurka da SAAB JAS 39 Gripen. An ruwaito mai neman makami mai linzami yana amfani da fasahar fasahar band biyu mai kama da na US FIM-92 Stinger (Infrared homing da ultraviolet), tare da ikon [[IRCCM]] (IR ECCM) don rage radiation na IR don rage tasirin flares na abokan gaba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Carlo Kopp |date=April 1997 |title=Fourth Generation AAMs – The Rafael Python 4 |url=http://www.sci.fi/~fta/python4.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060925143819/http://www.sci.fi/~fta/python4.html |archive-date=2006-09-25 |publisher=Australian Aviation}}</ref> * Tsawon: {{Cvt|300|cm|in}} cm (120 in) * Tsakanin: {{Cvt|50|cm|in}} cm (20 in) * Diamita: {{Cvt|16|cm|in}} in) * Nauyin: {{Cvt|120|kg|lb}} * Jagora: IR * Warhead: {{Cvt|11|kg|lb}} kg (24 , mai aiki laser kusanci fuse tare da back-up tasiri fuse * Yankin: {{Cvt|15|km|mi}} * Saurin: Mach 3.5 ko fiye === Python-5 === [[Fayil:Python5_missile.jpg|thumb|Python-5, sabon memba a cikin iyalin Python na AAMs]] [[Fayil:HAL_Tejas_(LSP-07)_firing_Python-5_missile_better_visibility.png|alt=A Python-5 AAM being fired from Indian Air Force HAL Tejas fighter during certification tests|thumb|An kori Python-5 AAM daga rundunar sojin saman Indiya HAL Tejas]] Python-5 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Python-5 Full Sphere IR Air-to-Air or Surface-to-Air Missile |url=http://www.rafael.co.il/marketing/SIP_STORAGE/FILES/9/1189.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160729222556/http://www.rafael.co.il/marketing/SIP_STORAGE/FILES/9/1189.pdf |archive-date=2016-07-29}}</ref> a halin yanzu shine mafi kyawun makami mai linzami na iska zuwa iska a cikin kayan Isra'ila.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Python-5 |url=https://www.rafael.co.il/system/python5/ |access-date= |website=www.rafael.co.il}}</ref> A matsayin gajeren Makami mai linzami daga iska zuwa iska, yana iya "kulle-on bayan kaddamarwa" (LOAL), kuma yana da cikakken sararin samaniya / duk hanyar (ciki har da baya). Makamin makami mai linzami yana da kai mai neman ci gaba wanda ya haɗa da mai neman wutar lantarki da kuma hotunan infrared wanda ke bincika yankin da aka yi niyya don jirgin sama mai ƙiyayya, sannan yana kulle don bin ƙarshe, da kuma ƙirar rikitarwa ta amfani da jimlar wurare goma sha takwas na iska.<ref name="python5"/> An fara amfani da Python-5 a yaƙi a lokacin Yaƙin Lebanon na 2006, lokacin da F-16 Fighting Falcons suka yi amfani da shi don lalata Ababil UAVs biyu da aka yi amfani da su a Iran da [[Hezbollah]] ta yi amfani da ita. A ranar 13 ga Mayu 2021, wani F-16 na Isra'ila ya harbe wani jirgin sama mai suna Shahed wanda ke aiki da makami mai linzami na Python-5.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 May 2021 |title=Iron Dome intercepts drone during combat for first time, says Israeli military |url=https://www.defensenews.com/unmanned/2021/05/17/iron-dome-intercepts-drone-during-combat-for-first-time-says-israeli-military/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210620002841/https://www.defensenews.com/unmanned/2021/05/17/iron-dome-intercepts-drone-during-combat-for-first-time-says-israeli-military/ |archive-date=2021-06-20 |access-date=2021-05-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gross |first=Judah Ari |date=13 May 2021 |title=Footage shows IDF fighter jet shooting down 'suicide drone' launched from Gaza |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/footage-shows-idf-fighter-jet-shooting-down-suicide-drone-launched-from-gaza/ |website=[[The Times of Israel]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Trevithick |first=Joseph |date=May 13, 2021 |title=Palestinian Militants Are Now Launching Suicide Drones At Israel |url=https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/40601/palestinian-militants-are-now-launching-suicide-drones-at-israel |website=The Drive}}</ref> * Tsawon: {{Cvt|310|cm|in}} cm (120 in) * Tsakanin: {{Cvt|64|cm|in}} cm (25 in) * Diamita: {{Cvt|16|cm|in}} in) * Nauyin: {{Cvt|105|kg|lb}} kg (231 * Jagora: IR + hoton lantarki * Warhead: {{Cvt|11|kg|lb}} kg (24 * Yankin: > {{Cvt|20|km|mi}} km (12 * Saurin: Mach 4 == Sauran ci gaban Python == === Derby === [[Fayil:Derby_missile.jpg|thumb|Mashin ''Derby'']] Har ila yau an san shi da Alto, makami mai linzami na Derby shine BVR, matsakaici (~ {{Cvt|50|km|mi}} ) mai aiki na radar homing. Kodayake a zahiri ba wani ɓangare na dangin "Python" ba, makami mai linzami babban nau'i ne na Python-4 tare da mai neman Radar mai aiki.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Derby Beyond Visual Range Air-to-Air Missile |url=http://www.israeli-weapons.com/weapons/missile_systems/air_missiles/derby/Derby.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060718065607/http://www.israeli-weapons.com/weapons/missile_systems/air_missiles/derby/Derby.html |archive-date=2006-07-18 |website=www.Israeli-Weapons.com}}</ref> * Tsawon: {{Cvt|362|cm|in}} in) * Tsakanin: {{Cvt|64|cm|in}} cm (25 in) * Diamita: {{Cvt|16|cm|in}} in) * Nauyin: {{Cvt|118|kg|lb}} * Jagora: Radar mai aiki * Warhead: {{Cvt|23|kg|lb}} kg (51 * Yankin: {{Cvt|50|km|mi}} * Saurin: Mach 4 ==== I-Derby ER ==== A watan Yunin 2015, Rafael ya tabbatar da wanzuwar I-Derby-ER, wani nau'in Derby mai tsayi wanda ke ƙara nisan zuwa 54 nmi (mita 62; kilomita 100), bayan an yi watsi da sigar "Python 6" bisa ga makami mai linzami Stunner da aka harba ta sama. Don cimma babban zango, an ƙara injin roka mai ƙarfi mai bugun jini biyu, inda bugun makamashi na biyu yayin da makamin ya kusa kaiwa ga inda aka nufa ya tsawaita lokacin tashi. Hakanan yana haɗa mai nema da fuse cikin tsarin firikwensin da haɗin kai don samar da sarari ga sabon motar.. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2019, an ruwaito cewa Indiya tana shirin shirya mayakan Sukhoi Su-30MKI da makamai masu linzami na I-Derby ER don maye gurbin makamai masu makamai masu lanzami na R-77. A baya, a cikin 2018, an riga an zaba shi don mayaƙin HAL Tejas na Sojojin Sama na Indiya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bedi |first=Rahul |date=29 May 2019 |title=IAF plans to arm its Su-30MKI fleet with I-Derby ER BVRAAMs |url=https://www.janes.com/article/88867/iaf-plans-to-arm-its-su-30mki-fleet-with-i-derby-er-bvraams |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190529175655/https://www.janes.com/article/88867/iaf-plans-to-arm-its-su-30mki-fleet-with-i-derby-er-bvraams |archive-date=2019-05-29 |website=Jane's Defence Weekly |language=en}}</ref><templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> [[Fayil:SPYDER.jpg|thumb|SPYDER - ƙungiyar harbi mai linzami (MFU) ]] '''S''' ('''PY''' da '''DER''') ingantaccen tsarin makami mai linzami ne wanda Rafael ya kirkira wanda ke amfani da nau'ikan makamai masu linzami na Python-5 da Derby. == Masu aiki == [[Fayil:Defense.gov_News_Photo_010124-D-0000X-001.jpg|thumb|Biyu PL-8 AAMs suna bayyane a fili a kan wani kasar Sin Navy Shenyang J-8 interceptor]] === Masu aiki na yanzu === * - Shafrir-2 (makamai masu linzami 350, an kawo su 1981). <ref name="SIPRI">{{Cite web |date=3 April 2014 |title=SIPRI arms transfer database |url=http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_register.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513073842/http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_register.php |archive-date=13 May 2011 |access-date=3 April 2014 |publisher=[[Stockholm International Peace Research Institute]]}}</ref>  * - Python-3. <ref>{{Cite book|last3=International Institute for Strategic Studies}}</ref>  * - Python-3 (400 makamai masu linzami, an kawo 2001), Python-4 da Derby (200 makamai masu makamai masu banƙyama kowannensu, duk an kawo 2011). <ref name="SIPRI" />{{BRA}} * - Shafrir-2 (50 makamai masu linzami, an kawo 1978), Python-3 (120 makamai masu makamai masu banƙyama, an kawo 1997), Python-4 (280 makamai masu lanƙyama, aka kawo 2011) da Derby (60 makamai masu kunƙyama, a kawo 2003). <ref name="SIPRI" />{{CHL}} * - Python-3 (3000 makamai masu linzami, an kawo 1983, sunan gida [[PL-8 (missile)|PiLi-8 (PL-8)]] ). <ref name="SIPRI" /> [1]<ref name="SINOD"/>{{CHN}} * - Shafrir-2 (makamai masu linzami 80, an kawo su 1989), Python-3/4 (makamai mai linzami 75 kowannensu, duk an kawo su 2005), Python-5 (makamai linzami 100, an kawo su 2011) da Derby (makamai lanzami 40, an kawo su 2010). <ref name="SIPRI" />  * - Shafrir-2 (makamai masu linzami 75, an kawo su 1984), Python-3 / Python-4 (makamai mai linzami 60, an kawo su 1996), Python-5 (makamai linzami 50, an kawo su 2001) da Derby (makamai lanzami 60, an ba su 2003). <ref name="SIPRI" />{{ECU}} * - Shafrir . <ref>{{Cite book|last3=International Institute for Strategic Studies}}</ref> [yanawa da ake buƙata]   * - Python-5 da Derby makamai masu linzami da aka kawo a matsayin wani ɓangare na tsarin SPYDER.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trade Registers |url=http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_register.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513073842/http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_register.php |archive-date=2011-05-13 |access-date=2012-03-20 |website=armstrade.sipri.org}}</ref>{{GEO}} * - Shafrir-2 (100 makamai masu linzami, an kawo 1978). <ref name="SIPRI" />{{HND}} * - Python-4 da Python-5 (100 makamai masu linzami, an kawo 2007) da kuma I-Derby ER.<ref name="SIPRI" />{{IND}} * - Shafrir-1/2, Python-4 da Python-5, (mai amfani na farko, sunan gida ''Zephyr'').  * - Python-5 da Derby tare da mai ƙarfafa roket mai ƙarfi (wani ɓangare na tsarin tsaron iska na SPYDER). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mario Alvaro |first=Limos |date=16 May 2021 |title=Israel Is Supplying Air Defense Missiles to the Philippines |url=https://id.summitmedia.com.ph?d=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.esquiremag.ph%2Fpolitics%2Fnews%2Fisrael-supplying-air-defense-missiles-philippines-a00293-20210516 |access-date= |website=[[Esquire (magazine)|Esquire]] }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nepomuceno |first=Priam |date=30 December 2022 |title=Yearender: AFP ends 2022 with anti-air missile capability |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1191493 |access-date= |website=www.pna.gov.ph |language=en}}</ref>  * - Python-3. <ref>{{Cite book|last3=International Institute for Strategic Studies}}</ref>  * - Python-4 (600 makamai masu linzami, an kawo 2004) da Python-5 da Derby makamai masu makamai masu banƙyama.<ref name="SIPRI" /> Ya zuwa 2023, ana amfani da Python-V a kan mayakan RSAF F-16C / D +.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Singapore Air Force upgraded F-16C/D+ fighter now armed with Python-5 air-to-air missiles |url=https://airrecognition.com/index.php/news/defense-aviation-news/2023-news-aviation-aerospace/september/9213-singapore-air-force-upgraded-f-16c-d-fighter-now-armed-with-python-5-air-to-air-missiles.html}}</ref>  * - Shafrir-2 (450 makamai masu linzami, an kawo 1977). <ref name="SIPRI" />  * - Python-4 (400-500 makamai masu linzami, an kawo su 1990). <ref name="SIPRI" />  * - Python-4 (54 makamai masu linzami, an kawo 2004). <ref name="SIPRI" />{{VEN}} * - Python-5 da Derby (makamai masu linzami 375 kowannensu, an kawo 2018 a matsayin wani ɓangare na tsarin SPYDER). <ref name="SIPRI" />{{VNM}} === Tsoffin masu aiki === * - Python-3 (sunan yankin V3S Snake, an kawo shi a 1989 kuma ya yi ritaya a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2008), <ref>{{Cite web |title=V3S Snake (Rafael Python 3) |url=http://www.saairforce.co.za/the-airforce/weapons/68/v3s-snake-rafael-python-3 |access-date=20 March 2012 |publisher=South African Air Force unofficial website}}</ref> Derby (sunan yanki a matsayin R-Darter ko V4).  === Masu aiki na gaba === * - I-Derby ER (48 makamai masu linzami, an kawo su ta 2027). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gosselin-Malo |first=Elisabeth |date=2023-10-27 |title=Czech Republic orders new batch of air-to-air missiles from Rafael |url=https://www.defensenews.com/global/europe/2023/10/27/czech-republic-orders-new-batch-of-air-to-air-missiles-from-rafael/ |access-date=2023-10-27 |website=Defense News |language=en}}</ref>  == Dubi kuma == * Jerin makamai da Sojojin Sama na Isra'ila suka yi amfani da su * AIM-9 Sidewinder - (Amurka) * IRIS-T - (Jamus, Italiya, Sweden, Girka) * Merlin (Turkey * ASRAAM - (United Kingdom) * R-73 - (Soviet Union) == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] o09byfq8dv0iaan55inlejn9cfgi09k Chris Piwuna 0 152206 889710 840086 2026-07-31T07:44:07Z BnHamid 12586 889710 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Christopher Piwuna Goson farfesa ne ɗan Najeriya wanda a halin yanzu yake aiki a matsayin shugaban Kungiyar Ma’aikatan Ilimi ta Jami’o’i (ASUU) na 14. A baya ya riƙe mukamin mataimakin shugaban ƙungiyar. Shi mamba ne na Ƙungiyar Masu Magungunan Hauka ta Duniya da kuma Ƙungiyar Likitocin Yammacin Afirka.''' Kwalejin Likitocin Yammacin Afirka. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Piwuna a Jos, babban birnin Jihar Plateau. Ya yi karatun digiri a Jami’ar Jos, inda ya yi karatun likitanci kuma ya kammala a shekarar 2000. Ya kuma sami digirin Babbar Digiri (Master’s) daga Jami’ar Malta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Piwuna |url=https://africanscientists.africa/business-directory/piwuna/ |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=African Scientists Directory |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Piwuna a halin yanzu yana aiki a matsayin shugaban harkokin ɗalibai a Jami’ar Jos. Har ila yau, shi ma babban likitan kwakwalwa ne a Asibitin Koyarwa na Jami’ar Jos (JUTH). {{Reflist}}Ayyukan Chris Piwuna da aka wallafa ana samun su ta Google Scholar. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 4j8wgcd2639rz6sqduw5toirr7tbmv7 889713 889710 2026-07-31T07:44:22Z BnHamid 12586 889713 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Christopher Piwuna Goson farfesa ne ɗan Najeriya wanda a halin yanzu yake aiki a matsayin shugaban Kungiyar Ma’aikatan Ilimi ta Jami’o’i (ASUU) na 14. A baya ya riƙe mukamin mataimakin shugaban ƙungiyar. Shi mamba ne na Ƙungiyar Masu Magungunan Hauka ta Duniya da kuma Ƙungiyar Likitocin Yammacin Afirka.''' Kwalejin Likitocin Yammacin Afirka. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Piwuna a Jos, babban birnin Jihar Plateau. Ya yi karatun digiri a Jami’ar Jos, inda ya yi karatun likitanci kuma ya kammala a shekarar 2000. Ya kuma sami digirin Babbar Digiri (Master’s) daga Jami’ar Malta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Piwuna |url=https://africanscientists.africa/business-directory/piwuna/ |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=African Scientists Directory |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Piwuna a halin yanzu yana aiki a matsayin shugaban harkokin ɗalibai a Jami’ar Jos. Har ila yau, shi ma babban likitan kwakwalwa ne a Asibitin Koyarwa na Jami’ar Jos (JUTH). Ayyukan Chris Piwuna da aka wallafa ana samun su ta Google Scholar. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] le9tsm5acmrnykbgrounjqv2a7e5uy6 889715 889713 2026-07-31T07:46:14Z BnHamid 12586 889715 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Christopher Piwuna Goson farfesa ne ɗan Najeriya wanda a halin yanzu yake aiki a matsayin shugaban Kungiyar Ma’aikatan Ilimi ta Jami’o’i (ASUU) na 14. A baya ya riƙe mukamin mataimakin shugaban ƙungiyar. Shi mamba ne na Ƙungiyar Masu Magungunan Hauka ta Duniya da kuma Ƙungiyar Likitocin Yammacin Afirka.''' Kwalejin Likitocin Yammacin Afirka. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Piwuna a Jos, babban birnin Jihar Plateau. Ya yi karatun digiri a [[Jami'ar Jos]], inda ya karanci fannin likitanci kuma ya kammala a shekarar 2000. Ya sami digiri na biyu (Master’s) daga Jami’ar Malta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Piwuna |url=https://africanscientists.africa/business-directory/piwuna/ |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=African Scientists Directory |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Piwuna a halin yanzu yana aiki a matsayin shugaban harkokin ɗalibai a Jami’ar Jos. Har ila yau, shi ma babban likitan kwakwalwa ne a Asibitin Koyarwa na Jami’ar Jos (JUTH). ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] mhfdkzozwh91och6crgi0ylo8vi2a45 889716 889715 2026-07-31T07:47:11Z BnHamid 12586 /* Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi */ 889716 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Christopher Piwuna Goson farfesa ne ɗan Najeriya wanda a halin yanzu yake aiki a matsayin shugaban Kungiyar Ma’aikatan Ilimi ta Jami’o’i (ASUU) na 14. A baya ya riƙe mukamin mataimakin shugaban ƙungiyar. Shi mamba ne na Ƙungiyar Masu Magungunan Hauka ta Duniya da kuma Ƙungiyar Likitocin Yammacin Afirka.''' Kwalejin Likitocin Yammacin Afirka. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Piwuna a Jos, babban birnin Jihar Plateau.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Suleiman |first=Qosim |date=2025-05-12 |title=ASUU gets new president as Osodeke hands over |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/793729-asuu-gets-new-president-as-osodeke-hands-over.html |access-date=2025-05-13 |newspaper=[[Premium Times]]|language=en}}</ref> Ya yi karatun digiri a [[Jami'ar Jos]], inda ya karanci fannin likitanci kuma ya kammala a shekarar 2000. Ya sami digiri na biyu (Master’s) daga Jami’ar Malta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Piwuna |url=https://africanscientists.africa/business-directory/piwuna/ |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=African Scientists Directory |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Piwuna a halin yanzu yana aiki a matsayin shugaban harkokin ɗalibai a Jami’ar Jos. Har ila yau, shi ma babban likitan kwakwalwa ne a Asibitin Koyarwa na Jami’ar Jos (JUTH). ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] g6j4uolwiawlp0mi8trqpjlle2gfwbu 889717 889716 2026-07-31T07:47:59Z BnHamid 12586 Sanya manazarta 889717 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Christopher Piwuna Goson farfesa ne ɗan Najeriya wanda a halin yanzu yake aiki a matsayin shugaban Kungiyar Ma’aikatan Ilimi ta Jami’o’i (ASUU) na 14. A baya ya riƙe mukamin mataimakin shugaban ƙungiyar. Shi mamba ne na Ƙungiyar Masu Magungunan Hauka ta Duniya da kuma Ƙungiyar Likitocin Yammacin Afirka.''' Kwalejin Likitocin Yammacin Afirka.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Bolawa |first=Pelumi |date=2025-05-12 |title=UNIJOS professor of medicine Chris Piwuna elected as ASUU president |url=https://www.thecable.ng/unijos-professor-of-medicine-chris-piwuna-elected-as-asuu-president/ |access-date=2025-05-13 |newspaper=[[TheCable]]|language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Piwuna a Jos, babban birnin Jihar Plateau.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Suleiman |first=Qosim |date=2025-05-12 |title=ASUU gets new president as Osodeke hands over |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/793729-asuu-gets-new-president-as-osodeke-hands-over.html |access-date=2025-05-13 |newspaper=[[Premium Times]]|language=en}}</ref> Ya yi karatun digiri a [[Jami'ar Jos]], inda ya karanci fannin likitanci kuma ya kammala a shekarar 2000.<ref name=":0" /> Ya sami digiri na biyu (Master’s) daga Jami’ar Malta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Piwuna |url=https://africanscientists.africa/business-directory/piwuna/ |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=African Scientists Directory |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Piwuna a halin yanzu yana aiki a matsayin shugaban harkokin ɗalibai a Jami’ar Jos. Har ila yau, shi ma babban likitan kwakwalwa ne a Asibitin Koyarwa na Jami’ar Jos (JUTH). ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] qdzegyid5ywz2mtgt9qawg1zdtha1ms 889718 889717 2026-07-31T07:49:01Z BnHamid 12586 /* Ayyuka */ Sanya manazarta 889718 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Christopher Piwuna Goson farfesa ne ɗan Najeriya wanda a halin yanzu yake aiki a matsayin shugaban Kungiyar Ma’aikatan Ilimi ta Jami’o’i (ASUU) na 14. A baya ya riƙe mukamin mataimakin shugaban ƙungiyar. Shi mamba ne na Ƙungiyar Masu Magungunan Hauka ta Duniya da kuma Ƙungiyar Likitocin Yammacin Afirka.''' Kwalejin Likitocin Yammacin Afirka.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Bolawa |first=Pelumi |date=2025-05-12 |title=UNIJOS professor of medicine Chris Piwuna elected as ASUU president |url=https://www.thecable.ng/unijos-professor-of-medicine-chris-piwuna-elected-as-asuu-president/ |access-date=2025-05-13 |newspaper=[[TheCable]]|language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Piwuna a Jos, babban birnin Jihar Plateau.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Suleiman |first=Qosim |date=2025-05-12 |title=ASUU gets new president as Osodeke hands over |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/793729-asuu-gets-new-president-as-osodeke-hands-over.html |access-date=2025-05-13 |newspaper=[[Premium Times]]|language=en}}</ref> Ya yi karatun digiri a [[Jami'ar Jos]], inda ya karanci fannin likitanci kuma ya kammala a shekarar 2000.<ref name=":0" /> Ya sami digiri na biyu (Master’s) daga Jami’ar Malta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Piwuna |url=https://africanscientists.africa/business-directory/piwuna/ |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=African Scientists Directory |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Piwuna a halin yanzu yana aiki a matsayin shugaban harkokin ɗalibai a Jami’ar Jos.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tolu-Kolawole |first=Deborah |date=2025-05-12 |title=ASUU elects new president - ASUU |url=https://punchng.com/just-in-asuu-elects-new-president/ |access-date=2025-05-13 |newspaper=[[The Punch]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Har ila yau, shi ma babban likitan kwakwalwa ne a Asibitin Koyarwa na Jami’ar Jos (JUTH).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tyohemba |first=Henry |date=2025-05-12 |title=JUST-IN: Piwuna Emerges New ASUU President |url=https://leadership.ng/just-in-piwuna-emerges-new-asuu-president/ |access-date=2025-05-13 |language=en-US|newspaper=[[Leadership (newspaper)|Leadership]]}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] slxf3jskjg6kqnmvjsj0iaer5hm2yqq Ruwa da tsaftacewa a El Salvador 0 152487 889714 880265 2026-07-31T07:45:58Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889714 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Samun '''ruwan sha da tsaftacewa a [[Salvador|El Salvador]]''' ya karu sosai. Wani binciken da Jami'ar North Carolina ta gudanar a shekarar 2015 ya kira El Salvador kasar da ta sami ci gaba mafi girma a duniya dangane da karuwar samun damar samar da ruwa da tsaftacewa da rage rashin daidaito tsakanin birane da yankunan karkara.<ref>{{Cite web |editor-last=The Water Institute, University of North Carolina |title=The WASH Performance Index Report |url=http://waterinstitute.unc.edu/wash-performance-index-report/}}</ref> Koyaya, albarkatun ruwa suna gurɓata sosai kuma ana fitar da mafi yawan ruwan da ba tare da wani magani ba a cikin muhalli. A cikin ma'aikata, ma'aikatar jama'a guda ɗaya tana da alhakin saita manufofin bangaren da kuma kasancewa babban mai ba da sabis. Kokarin sake fasalin da sabunta bangaren ta hanyar sabbin dokoki ba su haifar da 'ya'ya ba a cikin shekaru 20 da suka gabata. == Samun dama == A cikin 2015, kashi 98% na yawan jama'a a El Salvador suna da damar samun ruwa "aƙalla na asali" kuma kashi 93% suna da damar "aƙalalla na asali". Duk da haka, har yanzu akwai, a cikin 2015, mutane dubu 428 ba tare da samun damar "aƙalla na asali" ruwa ba kuma dubu 551 ba tare da damar "a ƙalla na asali".<ref>{{Cite web |title=WASHwatch.org - El Salvador |url=https://washwatch.org/en/countries/el-salvador/summary/statistics/ |access-date=2017-04-12 |website=washwatch.org |language=en |archive-date=2019-07-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190719213616/https://washwatch.org/en/countries/el-salvador/summary/statistics/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=WHO / UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme: Documents |url=https://www.wssinfo.org/documents/?tx_displaycontroller%5Bregion%5D=&tx_displaycontroller%5Bsearch_word%5D=el+salvador&tx_displaycontroller%5Btype%5D=country_files |access-date=2017-04-12 |website=www.wssinfo.org |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Samun ruwa da tsabta a El Salvador ya kasance ƙasa da ƙa'idodin yanki. Samun damar [[ingantaccen tushen ruwa]] ya tsaya a kashi 88 cikin 100 a cikin 2010 kuma samun damar ingantaccen tsabta a kashi 87 cikin 100. Samun dama ya fi ƙasa a yankunan karkara, inda kusan kashi 36 cikin dari na yawan jama'a ke zaune. A shekara ta 2010, ya tsaya a kashi 76% don inganta ruwa da kashi 83 cikin dari don inganta tsabta. {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="2" | !Urban (64% na yawan jama'a) !Karkara (36% na yawan jama'a) !Jimillar |- | rowspan="2" |Ruwa |Ingantawa |98% |83% |93% |- |An yi amfani da shi a kan gidaje |80% |42% |66% |- | rowspan="2" |Tsabtace Yanayi |Ingantawa |93% |87% |91% |- |Rashin ruwa (2006 JMP binciken & kididdigar bayanai) |62% |2% |n/a |} ''Tushen'': Shirin Kulawa na hadin gwiwa don samar da ruwa da tsabtace jiki na [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya|WHO]] da [[UNICEF]] === Tasirin samarwa da lafiyar jama'a na rashin samun ruwa da tsabta === Rashin samun ruwa yana tasiri ba kawai ga ingancin rayuwar matalauta ba, har ma da yawan aiki da lafiya. Dangane da binciken da aka gudanar a shekara ta 2001 ta hanyar FUSADES mai tunani na El Salvador, talakawa na karkara musamman suna ciyar da babban rabo na lokacin da suke da amfani don tattara ruwa. Iyalai ba tare da samun damar samun ruwa a gida ba suna amfani da matsakaicin kashi 8.5 cikin dari na lokacin da suke samarwa don samun ruwa, yayin da har ma da waɗanda ke da damar samun ruwa na gida suna amfani da kashi 4.9 cikin dari na lokutan da suke samar da ruwa. Ga matalautan tsarin dabi'u sun fi girma tare da kashi 13.6 da kashi 7.1 bi da bi. Duk da yake samun dama ya inganta ragowar rashin samun ruwa da tsabta a yankunan karkara yana da mummunar tasiri ga mutuwar jarirai, mutuwar yara da raguwa. Yawan mutuwar jarirai tsakanin gidaje ba tare da haɗin gida ba shine 40 a cikin haihuwa 1,000, idan aka kwatanta da 30 ga gidaje masu haɗin kai. Hakazalika, yawan mutuwar jarirai tsakanin gidaje ba tare da bayan gida ba shine 37, idan aka kwatanta da 30 ga gidaje masu bayan gida. Gidan wanka ba shi da kujerun wanka. Yawancin gidaje ba su da wanka. == Ingancin sabis == Ruwa a mafi yawan yankuna da ANDA ke aiki ba ta da kyau, ta bambanta daga awanni 16 a kowace rana a wasu yankuna zuwa kasa da awanni 4 a kowace rana ko ma sau ɗaya a kowace kwana huɗu, bisa ga Binciken Jama'a da Lafiya (wanda ake kira FESAL ta hanyar acronym na Mutanen Espanya) da aka gudanar a shekara ta 2002.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Encuesta Nacional de Salud Familiar FESAL |url=http://www.fesal.org.sv/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070318010619/http://www.fesal.org.sv/ |archive-date=2007-03-18 |access-date=2006-12-28}}</ref> Yawancin yankuna, duk da haka, suna karɓar ruwa aƙalla sau ɗaya a rana. Ingancin microbiological na ruwa bai isa ba.&nbsp;&nbsp; == Ma'adanai da gurɓataccen ruwa == [[Fayil:Colonia_escalon.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px|Colonia Escalón a San Salvador]] Abubuwan da ke cikin ruwa na El Salvador sun gurɓata sosai, saboda wani bangare na kusan rashin tsabtace ruwa na gari. Bugu da kari, kasar tana fama da karancin ruwa a lokacin fari da rikice-rikice tsakanin masu amfani. An kiyasta cewa kashi 90 cikin 100 na ruwa na saman sun gurɓata. Kusan dukkanin ruwan sharar gida (kashi 98) da kashi 90 cikin 100 na ruwan sharar masana'antu ana fitar da su zuwa koguna da koguna ba tare da wani magani ba. Mafi girman fifiko don rage gurɓataccen an kiyasta ya kasance a cikin kwandon Kogin Acelhuate da Kogin Sucio, yankin da ke samar da kashi ɗaya bisa uku na samar da ruwa na yankin Metropolitan na [[San Salvador]]. A cikin shekaru 20 da suka gabata amfanin samfurin maɓuɓɓugar ruwa ya ragu da kashi 30 cikin dari saboda [[Gandun daji|sare daji]]. Wannan ya rage wadatar ruwa ga mutanen karkara, a wasu lokuta yana tilasta musu su dogara da rijiyoyi masu tsada daga ruwa wanda teburin ruwa ya ragu da kusan mita 1 a kowace shekara a wasu yankuna.&nbsp;&nbsp; == Tarihi == An yi ƙoƙari daban-daban don sake fasalin sashin ruwa da ƙirƙirar sabon tsarin doka tun daga tsakiyar shekarun 1990. An yi watsi da yunkurin da aka yi bayan girgizar kasa ta 2001 lokacin da aka sauya abubuwan da suka fi muhimmanci a siyasa da sake fasalin. Wannan kunshin gyare-gyare zai haɗa da saita haraji bisa ga burin dawo da farashi, kirkirar mai sarrafawa da gabatar da shiga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. Gwamnatin Antonio Saca (2005-2009) ta yi la'akari da lissafin ruwa na gaba ɗaya da lissafin ruwan da tsabta. Dangane da dokar ruwa da tsabta, ANDA za ta iyakance ayyukanta ga samar da sabis. Babu wani daga cikin takardun da aka zartar har sai [[Mauricio Funes]] ya hau gadon shugaban kasa a watan Yunin 2009. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] odzjlwhqmnf7izzlwqssmce4iy17nsw Ruwa da tsaftacewa a Mali 0 152488 889730 878430 2026-07-31T08:11:04Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889730 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ruwa da tsabtace muhalli a Mali''' suna da ƙalubale da yawa. Mali ƙasa ce mai ƙarancin kuɗi a arewa maso yammacin Afirka: Ya zuwa 2025, tana cikin matsayi na 188 a kan Ƙididdigar Ci gaban Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (daga cikin ƙasashe 193). Saurin karuwar yawan jama'a a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, haɗe da iyakantaccen ababen more rayuwa, ya ba da gudummawa ga ƙuntataccen ruwa mai tsabta da tsabtace muhalli.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Aikins |first=Enoch |date=August 14, 2025 |title=Mali: current Path |url=https://futures.issafrica.org/geographic/guide.pdf?geography=ML&topic=02-current-path |journal=ISS African Future}}</ref> Shirye-shiryen da gwamnati, USAID da sauran kungiyoyin kasa da kasa suka yi sun inganta damar samun ruwan sha mai kyau.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Water, sanitation and hygiene {{!}} UNICEF |url=https://www.unicef.org/mali/en/water-sanitation-and-hygiene |access-date=2025-11-19 |website=www.unicef.org |language=en}}</ref> Rashin daidaito tsakanin yankunan karkara da birane ya ci gaba da ci gaba: Kimanin kashi 68% na yawan mutanen karkara a Mali suna da damar samun sabis na ruwan sha na asali, yayin da kashi 27% na yawan mutanen ƙauyuka ke amfani da albarkatun ruwa marasa kariya don ruwan sha ko amfani da gida.<ref name=":72">{{Cite web |title=Water / Mali {{!}} Interactive Country Fiches |url=https://dicf.unepgrid.ch/mali/water#:~:text=With%20its%20population%20of,is%20not%20operational%20%5B1%5D. |access-date=2025-11-19 |website=dicf.unepgrid.ch}}</ref> Ruwa mara kyau yana ƙara haɗarin cututtuka da ke cikin ruwa waɗanda zasu iya zama masu haɗari. Wadannan na iya haɗawa da cututtukan cututtukani ko cututtuken zawo kamar kwalara, [[Zazzabin Rawaya|typhoid]], da dysentery.<ref name=":62">{{Cite web |title=Drinking-water |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/drinking-water |access-date=2025-11-19 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref> Babban ruwan sama shine kogin Nijar da [[Senegal]] da kuma yankunansu. Ruwan sama na yau da kullun da raguwar ruwan sama yana shafar wadatar albarkatun ruwa. Rashin ruwa yana da mahimmanci ga tsaron abinci a Mali.<ref name=":72" /> Ci gaban Mali a fadada ruwa da ababen more rayuwa na tsaftacewa ya dogara da dalilai da yawa, kamar canjin manufofi da haɓaka ilimin al'umma, da kuma albarkatun don aiwatar da ababen hawa sun dogara sosai ga kudade na waje da manufofin ƙasa.<ref name=":3" /> == Tattalin Arziki == Matsayin yanzu na samar da ruwa da tsaftacewa a Mali an tsara shi ne ta hanyar tarihin kasar da tattalin arzikin kasar. Mali ta sami 'yancin kai a shekarar 1960. Babban kashi na yawan jama'arta yana cikin bangaren da ba na al'ada ba, kuma tun daga 2023, kashi 33% na GDP ya fito ne daga bangaren da na al'umma ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mali - ISS African Futures |url=https://futures.issafrica.org/geographic/countries/mali/ |access-date=2025-12-02 |website=futures.issafrica.org |language=en}}</ref> Yana da yawan jama'a da ke ƙaruwa da sauri: Yawan jama'a ya ninka sau huɗu daga miliyan 5 a cikin 1960 zuwa sama da miliyan 21 a cikin 2022.<ref name=":72"/> Mali ta fuskanci fari na shekaru goma daga ƙarshen shekarun 1960 har zuwa shekarun 1980. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sahel Drought and Famine, 1968–1985 |url=https://www.environmentandsociety.org/tools/keywords/sahel-drought-and-famine-1968-1985 |access-date=2025-11-20 |website=Environment & Society Portal |language=en}}</ref> Wannan rikicin ya karkatar da hankalin manufofi ga samar da ruwa na gaggawa Ba har zuwa tsakiyar shekarun 1980 ba ne aka kaddamar da aikin samar da ruwa ta farko a yankunan karkara ta hanyar mai saka hannun jari na waje.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Four-year effort kicks off in rural Mali to bring clean water to a growing population |url=https://www.niras.com/news/four-year-effort-kicks-off-in-rural-mali-to-bring-clean-water-to-a-growing-population/ |access-date=2025-11-20 |website=Niras |language=en-US}}</ref> Mali tana fuskantar matsalolin kudi a ci gaban ababen more rayuwa: Rashin kwanciyar hankali na siyasa da raunin tattalin arziki bayan 2012 sun hana ci gaba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mali |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/programs/sahel-adaptive-social-protection-program-trust-fund/country-work/mali |access-date=2025-12-02 |website=World Bank |language=en}}</ref> Mali tana da matukar damuwa ga tasirin canjin yanayi, gami da hamada, fari, mamayewar fari, da ambaliyar ruwa.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=Mali {{!}} Interactive Country Fiches |url=https://dicf.unepgrid.ch/mali |access-date=2025-12-02 |website=dicf.unepgrid.ch}}</ref> [[Koronavirus 2019|COVID-19]] da matsalolin kiwon lafiya, tsaro, zamantakewa, da siyasa na 2020 sun haifar da karuwar kashewa da ci gaban yawan talauci.<ref name=":8" /> Don haka, Mali ta dogara da kudade na waje don fadada ababen more rayuwa don samar da ruwa da tsaftacewa: USAID ta goyi bayan ayyukan ci gaban noma a Mali tun 1961, kuma ta kara ayyukan ci gabanta a Kudancin kasar tare da ayyukan ruwa da tsabtatawa na karkara.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-10 |title=USAID Mali: Agriculture and Economic Growth Program Overview (July 2023) - Mali {{!}} ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/mali/usaid-mali-agriculture-and-economic-growth-program-overview-july-2023 |access-date=2025-12-02 |website=reliefweb.int |language=en}}</ref> Kungiyar Ci Gaban Duniya da Bankin Duniya sun ba da kuɗi ga ayyukan shekaru da yawa a Mali, gami da rigakafin makantar kogi, taimakon fari, ci gaban karkara, taimakon bashi da ayyukan sake gina ruwa da ababen more rayuwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Bold Vision to Defeat River Blindness |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/archive/history/exhibits/A-Bold-Vision-to-Defeat-River-Blindness |access-date=2025-12-02 |website=World Bank |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=World Bank Group - Archives Country Historical Profiles |url=https://countryhistoricalprofiles.worldbank.org/home?year=2024 |access-date=2025-12-02 |website=countryhistoricalprofiles.worldbank.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mali {{!}} International Development Association - World Bank {{!}} International Development Association - World Bank |url=https://ida.worldbank.org/en/country/mali |access-date=2025-12-02 |website=ida.worldbank.org}}</ref> == Yanayi da Canjin Yanayi == [[Fayil:Mali_map_of_Köppen_climate_classification.svg|thumb|Yanayin yanayi, Mali]] Canjin yanayi yana ƙara tasiri ga samar da ruwa da tsabtace muhalli na Mali. Rashin yanayin zafi, fari mai yawa, ruwan sama mara kyau da raguwar sake caji na ruwa na ƙasa sun rage yawan ruwan sama da ruwan ƙasa da ke cikin ƙasar. Mali ta dogara sosai da rijiyoyi da aquifers don samar da ruwa. Rage wadatar ruwa kai tsaye yana tasiri ga ruwan sha, ayyukan noma da tsaro na abinci. Bugu da ƙari, rashin kwanciyar hankali na ruwa wanda ya haifar da yanayi na iya kara tsananta gasar albarkatu, musamman a yankunan karkara, yana ba da gudummawa ga tashin hankali na zamantakewa da rashin tsaro.<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Bank: the importance of groundwater on climate resilience in the Sahel |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2023/10/05/afw-world-bank-the-importance-of-groundwater-on-climate-resilience-in-the-sahel |access-date=2025-12-02 |website=World Bank |language=en}}</ref> == Bayanin Sashe == === Manufar Ci Gaban Ci Gaban 6 === [[Fayil:ISS-66_Niger_River,_Mali.jpg|thumb|Kogin Neja a Mali]] Manufofin Ci Gaban Ci gaba sun haɗa da SDG 6, wanda Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta bayyana a matsayin tabbatar da wadata da kuma gudanar da ruwa da tsabtace muhalli ga kowa da kowa nan da shekara ta 2030.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Martin |title=Goal 6: Water and Sanitation |url=https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/water-and-sanitation/ |access-date=2025-11-19 |website=United Nations Sustainable Development |language=en-US}}</ref> Dangane da ci gaba tare da SDG 6, yawan mutanen da ke amfani da akalla ayyukan shan giya na asali sun inganta.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |editor-last=Sustainable Development Report |title=SDG Progress in Mali |url=https://dashboards.sdgindex.org/profiles/mali/}}</ref> Koyaya, yawan jama'a da ke amfani da akalla ayyukan tsabtace muhalli sun tsaya.<ref name=":0" /> === Infrastructure na fasaha === Wells yana aiki ne a matsayin tushen ruwa na farko ga al'ummomi da yawa a Mali.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Birhanu |first=Birhanu Zemadim |last2=Tabo |first2=Ramadjita |date=2016-04-30 |title=Shallow wells, the untapped resource with a potential to improve agriculture and food security in southern Mali |journal=Agriculture & Food Security |volume=5 |issue=1 |page=5 |bibcode=2016AgFS....5....5B |doi=10.1186/s40066-016-0054-8 |issn=2048-7010 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Kudin rijiyoyi da famfo, tare da kula da su, sau da yawa yana da yawa kuma sabili da haka yana haifar da ayyukan tsabtace jiki.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Water Initiative: Mali |url=https://www.iied.org/global-water-initiative-mali |access-date=2025-11-19 |website=www.iied.org |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":22">{{Cite web |last=Vaught |first=Christopher |year=2003 |title=Water Treatment and Supply in Kayes, Mali, West Africa: Treatment Processes, Operations, and Economics |url=https://files.peacecorps.gov/multimedia/pdf/learn/whyvol/masters/theses/Engineering/VaughtChristopherAbstract.pdf |access-date=2025-11-19 |website=Peace Corps |publisher=Peace Corps / Michigan Technological University}}</ref> Ana yawan haƙa rijiyoyin da hannu, wanda sau da yawa yakan haifar da karuwar matakan rushewa wanda ke haifar da gurɓataccen ruwa daga turɓaya da tarkace.<ref name=":1" /> Har ila yau, akwai haɗarin ruwa mai tsayawa wanda ke samar da wurin haifuwa ga ƙwayoyin cuta da [[sauro]] waɗanda ke haifar da batun wurin haifuwar [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|zazzabin cizon sauro]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Dao |first=A. |last2=Yaro |first2=A. S. |last3=Diallo |first3=M. |last4=Timbiné |first4=S. |last5=Huestis |first5=D. L. |last6=Kassogué |first6=Y. |last7=Traoré |first7=A. I. |last8=Sanogo |first8=Z. L. |last9=Samaké |first9=D. |last10=Lehmann |first10=T. |date=2014-12-18 |title=Signatures of aestivation and migration in Sahelian malaria mosquito populations |journal=Nature |volume=516 |issue=7531 |pages=387–390 |bibcode=2014Natur.516..387D |doi=10.1038/nature13987 |issn=1476-4687 |pmc=4306333 |pmid=25470038}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, ana barin rijiyoyin ba a rufe su ba kuma ba a kula da su ba, saboda ana ɗaukar magani a matsayin mai tsada ko wanda ba a iya isa ba. Wannan yana gabatar da haɗari ga batutuwan lafiyar ɗan adam, musamman ta hanyar cututtukan da ke cikin ruwa.<ref name=":1" /> === Farashin Ruwa === Sanya farashin ruwa batu ne mai matukar rudarwa: A garin Kayes na ƙasar Mali, wani bincike da aka gudanar a farkon shekarun 2000 ya gano cewa gidaje suna kashe matsakaicin kashi 23% na kuɗan shigarsu na wata-wata wajen siyan ruwa. Farashin lita 1,000 na ruwa ya kasance tsakanin $1.50 USD zuwa $2 USD a cikin samfuran da aka ɗauka, wanda hakan babban farashi ne idan aka kwatanta da matsakaicin kuɗin shigar mazauna yankin.<ref name=":23">{{Cite web |last=Vaught |first=Christopher |year=2003 |title=Water Treatment and Supply in Kayes, Mali, West Africa: Treatment Processes, Operations, and Economics |url=https://files.peacecorps.gov/multimedia/pdf/learn/whyvol/masters/theses/Engineering/VaughtChristopherAbstract.pdf |access-date=2025-11-19 |website=Peace Corps |publisher=Peace Corps / Michigan Technological University}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, sayar da ruwa dalla-dalla shi ne babban hanyar samun ruwa ga matalautan al'ummomi waɗanda ba su haɗa da babban layin rarraba ruwa na gwamnati ba. Ana sayar da ruwan rijiya, kuma farashinsa ya kan bambanta dangane da nisan da ke tsakanin mutum da rijiyar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Champetier |first=S |year=2008 |title=Potable water production in Mali is mainly supplied by the mixed-economy company (EDM) |url=https://www.ircwash.org/sites/default/files/202.6-00INBA-18941.pdf |access-date=2025-11-19 |publisher=IRC International Water & Sanitation Centre}}</ref> === Ingancin Ruwa a Cibiyoyin Gwamnati === Tsaftar ruwa da ingancinsa su ma manyan matsaloli ne a asibitocin ƙasar Mali. A asibitoci, mata da ke shirin haihuwa suna fuskantar babban haɗari na matsalolin lafiya saboda rashin ƙarfin cibiyoyin lafiya wajen hana kamuwa da cututtuka daban-daban. Yawancinsu kan tilastu su yi baƙar buƙata a waje saboda rashin rukunonin gidajen wanka na jama'a. Kashi 20% ne kawai na cibiyoyin lafiya a Mali aka bayar da rahoton cewa suna da tsaftataccen ruwa. Irin wannan yanayi yana faruwa idan aka zo batun makarantun Mali. Kashi 57% ne kawai na makarantu ke samar da wani nau'i na wuraren tsafta, kuma mafi ƙanƙantar kaso na wannan adadin ne ke samar wa ɗalibai bandakuna daban-daban tsakanin maza da mata. Don magance wannan matsala, wata ƙungiyar sa-kai mai suna BECEYA ta yi aiki don inganta samar da ruwa, dakunan kewayawa, da kayan aikin tsafta a cibiyoyin lafiya na Mali. A cewar ma'aikata da masu amfani da cibiyoyin, inganta tsarin ruwa da tsafta (WASH) a cibiyoyin lafiya ya inganta ingancin kulawa, ya rage haɗarin kamuwa da cututtuka, sannan ya samar da kyakkyawan yanayi na lafiya ga marasa lafiya, ma'aikata, da ma al'umma baki ɗaya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ngangue |first1=Patrice |last2=Robert |first2=Katherine |last3=Ly |first3=Birama Apho |last4=Traoré |first4=Fatoumata |last5=Philibert |first5=Leonel |last6=Vezina |first6=Maude |last7=Bationo |first7=Nestor |date=2023-03-17 |title=Evaluating the effects of an intervention to improve the health environment for mothers and children in health centres (BECEYA) in Mali: a qualitative study |url=https://www.panafrican-med-journal.com//content/article/44/138/full |journal=The Pan African Medical Journal |language=English |volume=44 |issue=138 |doi=10.11604/pamj.2023.44.138.36736 |issn=1937-8688|doi-access=free }}</ref> Kodayake a cikin shekarar 2022, cututtukan da ake kamuwa da su a cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya a Mali sakamakon rashin isasshen tsarin ruwa da tsafta (WASH) sun lakume kiyasin kuɗi dala miliyan 73 USD, wanda ya kai kusan kashi 0.4% na jimillar arzikin ƙasar (GDP). Waɗannan cututtuka sun kuma yi sanadin mace-macen mutane kusan 5,300 na gaba da kiyasi a waccan shekarar, lamarin da ke nuna irin tasirin kai-tsaye da ƙarancin ruwa ko rashin tsafta a cibiyoyin gwamnati ke da shi a kan tsarin kiwon lafiya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=WaterAid |year=2024 |title=Costs of healthcare-acquired infections due to inadequate water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) in healthcare facilities in Mali |url=https://washmatters.wateraid.org/sites/g/files/jkxoof256/files/2024-04/Costs-healthcare-acquired-infections-Mali.pdf |access-date=2025-11-20 |publisher=WaterAid |archive-date=2026-02-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260206132421/https://washmatters.wateraid.org/sites/g/files/jkxoof256/files/2024-04/Costs-healthcare-acquired-infections-Mali.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rashin Samun Ruwa == === Noma === [[File:Mali ricefarmers.jpg|thumb|Manoman shinkafa a ƙasar Mali]] Noma shi ne babban fannin tattalin arziki na farko a ƙasar Mali. Ana ɗaukar Mali a matsayin 'kwandon abinci' na yankin Afirka ta Yamma. Fiye da kadada 200,000 (2000&nbsp;km^2) na fili ne a halin yanzu aka bayar da hayarsa don amfani da shi wajen shashen amfanin gona da ke buƙatar ruwa mai yawa kamar shinkafa da rake, wanda hakan ke haifar da buƙata ta gaggawa ta inganta tsarin sarrafa ruwa. Yawancin 'yan ƙasar Mali mazauna yankunan karkara matalauta ne masu harkar noman da na fita na daji, waɗanda suka dogara kacokan ga albarkatun ƙasa kuma suna fuskantar barazana daga matsalolin muhalli da rashin samun ruwa mai sauƙi. Rashin ingantaccen tsarin sarrafa ruwa ya haifar da almubazzaranci da rashin ingancin amfani da ruwa, wanda ke haifar da matsaloli kamar lalacewar ababen more rayuwa, lalacewar muhalli, da matsalolin samun ruwa ga wasu mutanen. Sakamakon karuwar birane da haɓakar masana'antu, tare da raguwar samun ruwan sama saboda canjin yanayi, ƙarancin kayan aiki da iyakokin samun ruwa sun fito fili sosai. An kafa hukumar Office du Niger (ON) don gudanarwa da haɓaka filaye da kafofin ruwa a yankin. Hukumar ON ba ta kai-tsaye take kula da kariyar muhalli ba amma tana iya shiga tsakani idan matsalolin muhalli suka shafi tsarin sarrafa ruwa.<ref>Sidibé, Y., & Williams, T. O. (2016). Agricultural land investments and water management in the office du niger, mali: Options for improved water pricing. Water International, 41(5), 738-755. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508060.2016.1178900</ref> Noma a ƙasar Mali mafi yawancinsa ya gudanar ne ta hanyar noman dogaro da ruwan sama, wanda hakan ke sa manoma fuskantar babban haɗari idan aka sami ƙarancin ruwa kuma ya sa sun dogara kacokan ga yanayi. Mafi yawancin ƙasashe masu kyau don noma a Mali sun dogara ne ga ruwan sama, ba ban ruwa ba, wanda hakan ke rage yawan amfanin gona baki ɗaya.<ref name=":5">{{Citation |last1=Mabhaudhi |first1=Tafadzwanashe |title=A Systematic Review of Irrigation Development and Agricultural Water Management in Mali |date=2025 |work=Enhancing Water and Food Security Through Improved Agricultural Water Productivity: New Knowledge, Innovations and Applications |pages=299–340 |editor-last=Mabhaudhi |editor-first=Tafadzwanashe |place=Singapore |publisher=Springer Nature |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-981-96-1848-4_14 |isbn=978-981-96-1848-4 |last2=Dirwai |first2=T. L. |last3=Taguta |first3=C. |last4=Kanda |first4=E. K. |last5=Nhamo |first5=L. |last6=Cofie |first6=O. |editor2-last=Chimonyo |editor2-first=Vimbayi G. P. |editor3-last=Senzanje |editor3-first=Aidan |editor4-last=Chivenge |editor4-first=Pauline P.|doi-access=free }}</ref> Akwai babbar damar gudanar da tsarin ban ruwa a Mali, amma ƙaramin kaso ne kawai na kusan kadada 566,000 na yankin da ya cancanta ake ban-ruwa a halin yanzu ta hanyar amfani da famfo, tsarin dogaro da magudanar ruwa na gravity, ko ma tsarin ban-ruwa da hannu. Ƙananan gonaki da yawa sun dogara ne akan sauƙaƙan dabarun amfani da famfo, igiya, da guga saboda ba su da damar samun sabbin fasahohi masu inganci.<ref name=":5" /> Bugu da ƙari, rashin amfanon ruwa a harkar noma kuma yana faruwa ne saboda canjin yanayi da fari. Farra a yankunan karkara na Mali yana da ikon iyakance wadatar ruwa ga amfanin gona da kuma damar samun ruwan sha ga mutane. Musamman ma, wadatar ruwa a wasu sassan ƙasar Mali galibi tana dogara ne akan sauye-sauyen yanayi na lokuta. Wannan yana nufin a lokutan rani ko kuma a yankuna masu nisa da manyan koramu, ruwa yakan yi ƙaranci ga amfanin gona da kuma mutanen da ke noman su.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mali |url=https://www.fao.org/in-action/drought-portal/preparedness/vulnerability-and-impact-assessment/national-case-studies/mali/en |access-date=2025-11-21 |website=drought-portal |language=en}}</ref> Wannan sauyin yana haifar da ƙarancin ruwa na tattalin arziki. Duk da samun gagarumin albarkatun ruwa a matakin ƙasa a Mali, rashin daidaiton rarraba wannan ruwan da kuma raunin tsarin sarrafa ruwa yana iyakance damar manoma da yawa da amfanin gona, kuma galibi ba sa samun nasara.<ref>{{Cite web |last=World Bank |year=2024 |title=Mali — Water Resource Challenges and Landscape Restoration |url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/099010225144542712/pdf/BOSIB11ae327ab049180221182b6ac50ed1.pdf |access-date=2025-11-21 |publisher=World Bank}}</ref> [[File:Men and children withdrawing water for irrigation in the Dogon plateau (Mali) during a sandstorm day.jpg|thumb|Gibar ruwa don ban-ruwa a Dogon Plateau, Mali]] === Tsarin Ban-ruwa na Ƙananan Ma'asuni === Sakamakon rashin kyawun rarraba ruwa a fadin ƙasa a Mali, manoma ba sa iya gudanar da daidaitaccen tsarin noma da samun nasarar girbi don ciyar da al'ummominsu. An ɗauki tsarin ban-ruwa na ƙananan ma'asuni a matsayin mafita ga wannan matsala. Buƙatar ruwan ban-ruwa ga manoman Mali na da wuyar gaske kuma ta wuce adadin da ake da shi, don haka al'ummomi da yawa suna buƙatar sabbin madatsun ruwa na micro-dams ko wuraren tara ruwa, duk da haka ikon ginawa da kula da su zai kasance mai tsada kuma mai iyakancewa. An kuma inganta famfo masu amfani da hasken rana, amma neman gina kasuwa mai dorewa kuma mai sauƙin kuɗi ga waɗannan famfuna tsakanin manoma ya kasance mai wahala kuma ya tsayar da ci gaba. An bayyana tsarin ban-ruwa na ƙananan ma'asuni a matsayin mafita, amma tare da fuskantar matsaloli da yawa, kamar rashin rance, raunin tsarin kasuwannin gida na kayan aikin ban-ruwa, da iyakantaccen ƙarfin fasaha tsakanin manoma, ba cikakkiyar mafita ba ce baki ɗaya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mali |url=https://ilssi.tamu.edu/countries/mali/ |access-date=2025-11-21 |website=Innovation Lab For Small Scale Irrigation |language=en-US}}</ref> == Lafiya == === WASH === WASH yana nufin Ruwa, Tsaftar Muhalli, da Tsaftar Jiki (Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene) kuma wani shiri ne da ke gudana a duk faɗin duniya da ke da nufin inganta wadatar ruwa, tsaftar muhalli, da dabarun tsaftar jiki.<ref name="who.int">{{Cite web |title=Water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) |url=https://www.who.int/health-topics/water-sanitation-and-hygiene-wash |access-date=2025-11-23 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref> Kamar yadda mafi kyawun ƙididdiga na Hukumar Asusun Tallafin Yara ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya (UNICEF) ya nuna, a ƙasar Mali, kashi 51% na makarantu ne kawai a yankunan masu ƙaramin ƙarfi ke da damar samun ruwa, kuma kashi 45% ke da isassun wuraren tsafta. Bugu da ƙari, ƙasa da kashi 20% na makarantu ke da bandakuna daban na maza da mata masu aiki yadda ya kamata. Haka kuma, kusan kashi 80% na 'yan ƙasar Mali sun ba da rahoton samun damar yin amfani da ingantattun hanyoyin samun ruwan sha, amma idan aka je yankunan karkara, wannan adadin yana sauka zuwa kusan kashi 70%.<ref name=":3"/> Ana aiwatar da shirye-shiryen WASH a Mali don inganta waɗannan adadi da kuma ƙara damar samun tsaftataccen ruwa. Ƙungiyoyi irin su UNICEF, World Vision, da CARE suna haɗuwa tare da tallafawa WASH don faɗaɗa tasirin ayyukansu.<ref name="who.int"/> === Cututtuka Masu Alƙaba da Ruwa === Cututtuka masu alƙaba da ruwa suna yaɗuwa ne ta hanyar shan ko haɗuwa da gurbataccen ruwa. Rashin ingantacciyar tsaftar ruwa yana ƙara haɗarin cututtuka sosai, inda ya zama babban barazana ga lafiyar ɗan adam a wurare kamar Mali da ke fama da rashin albarkatun tsafta. Cututtuka irin su kwalara, taifot (typhoid), da zawayi na dundee (dysentery) yawanci suna yaɗuwa ne ta hanyar ruwa kuma duk suna da alamomi kamar [[amai]], ciwon ciki, murɗawar tsoka, da matsanancin zawo.<ref name=":62"/> Rashin isasshen damar samun tsaftataccen ruwa da ingantacciyar tsafta a Mali bugu da ƙari yana kawo haɗarin kamuwa da cututtukan parasitic na ruwa. Cryptosporidium da Giardia wasu ƙwayoyin cuta ne (parasites) guda biyu na gama-gari da ke yaɗuwa ta ruwa a Mali da sauran sassan duniya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hossain |first1=M. Jahangir |last2=Powell |first2=Helen |last3=Sow |first3=Samba O. |last4=Omore |first4=Richard |last5=Roose |first5=Anna |last6=Jones |first6=Joquina Chiquita M. |last7=Zaman |first7=Syed M. A. |last8=Badji |first8=Henry |last9=Sarwar |first9=Golam |last10=Kasumba |first10=Irene N. |last11=Onwuchekwa |first11=Uma |last12=Doh |first12=Sanogo |last13=Awuor |first13=Alex O. |last14=Ochieng |first14=John B. |last15=Verani |first15=Jennifer R. |date=2023-04-19 |title=Clinical and Epidemiologic Features of Cryptosporidium-Associated Diarrheal Disease Among Young Children Living in Sub-Saharan Africa: The Vaccine Impact on Diarrhea in Africa (VIDA) Study |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases|volume=76 |issue=76 Suppl1 |pages=S97–S105 |doi=10.1093/cid/ciad044 |issn=1537-6591 |pmc=10116562 |pmid=37074443}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Fofana |first1=Hassan K. M. |last2=Schwarzkopf |first2=Maren |last3=Doumbia |first3=Mama N. |last4=Saye |first4=Rénion |last5=Nimmesgern |first5=Anna |last6=Landouré |first6=Aly |last7=Traoré |first7=Mamadou S. |last8=Mertens |first8=Pascal |last9=Utzinger |first9=Jürg |last10=Sacko |first10=Moussa |last11=Becker |first11=Sören L. |date=2019-05-23 |title=Prevalence of Giardia intestinalis Infection in Schistosomiasis-Endemic Areas in South-Central Mali |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |volume=4 |issue=2 |page=86 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed4020086 |doi-access=free |issn=2414-6366 |pmc=6630589 |pmid=31126163}}</ref> Shigar waɗannan parasites cikin jiki na kai tsaye ga alamomi iri ɗaya da suka haɗa da zawo, ciwon ciki, da amai. Cututtuka da cututtukan parasitic irin waɗannan na iya zama masu kaza-kaza muddin babu ingantaccen magani. Matsanancin zawo da yawancin cututtukan ruwa na gama-gari ke haifarwa na iya janyo matsananciyar tamowa ([[rashin abinci mai gina jiki]]) da rashin ruwa a jiki (dehydration) wanda ke kai ga ramewa da yuwuwar mutuwa idan ba a yi jiyya ba.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Cryptosporidiosis |url=https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/cryptosporidiosis |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250806024040/https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/cryptosporidiosis |archive-date=2025-08-06 |access-date=2025-11-19 |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> Mali na fama da ƙarancin isassun albarkatu da ababen more rayuwa don yi wa mutanen da ke nuna waɗannan alamun magani. Suna kuma fuskantar matsanancin matakin talauci da ke sa mutane kasa sayen iyakataccen magungunan da ake da su.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Water, sanitation and hygiene {{!}} UNICEF |url=https://www.unicef.org/mali/en/water-sanitation-and-hygiene |access-date=2025-11-23 |website=www.unicef.org |language=en}}</ref> Wannan yana barin mutane cikin haɗari ga illolin waɗannan alamun kuma ba sa iya samun damar yin jiyya. Saboda wannan dalili, cututtukan da ke da alaƙa da ruwa suna ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ke haddasa mutuwa a ƙasar Mali.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reports |first=Staff |date=2016-10-14 |title=Top Diseases in Mali: The Impact & Possible Solutions |url=https://www.borgenmagazine.com/impact-solutions-top-diseases-in-mali/ |access-date=2025-11-23 |website=BORGEN |language=en-US}}</ref> Yara sun fi kowa saurin kamuwa da cututtuka da kuma fuskantar illar alamunsu. Zawo a tsakanin yara shi ne babban dalilin mutuwa a cikin rukunin yara na ƙasar Mali. An gudanar da bincike da yawa da nufin rage wannan matsala, amma adadin yaran da ke mutuwa daga cututtukan ruwa a Mali ya ƙaru. An ambaci zawo a matsayin dalili na biyu mafi girma na rashin lafiya da mace-mace tsakanin yara a duk duniya, inda yake taimakawa wajen kashi 90% na mutuwar yara 'yan ƙasa da shekaru 5 a ƙasashe masu ƙaramin ƙarfi zuwa tsaka-tsaki.<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last1=Merid |first1=Mehari Woldemariam |last2=Alem |first2=Adugnaw Zeleke |last3=Chilot |first3=Dagmawi |last4=Belay |first4=Daniel Gashaneh |last5=Kibret |first5=Anteneh Ayelign |last6=Asratie |first6=Melaku Hunie |last7=Shibabaw |first7=Yadelew Yimer |last8=Aragaw |first8=Fantu Mamo |date=2023-06-15 |title=Impact of access to improved water and sanitation on diarrhea reduction among rural under-five children in low and middle-income countries: a propensity score matched analysis |journal=Tropical Medicine and Health |volume=51 |issue=1 |page=36 |doi=10.1186/s41182-023-00525-9 |doi-access=free |issn=1348-8945 |pmc=10268525 |pmid=37322559}}</ref> Ƙaruwar zawo a tsakanin yara tana da alaƙa ta kusa da ruwa, tsaftar muhalli, da tsaftar jiki, wanda galibi ake gajartawa da "WASH".<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Masset |first1=Edoardo |last2=Sharma Waddington |first2=Hugh |date=September 2025 |title=Effectiveness of stand-alone and multi-component water, sanitation and hygiene interventions to reduce mortality in childhood: a network meta-analysis |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s44221-025-00484-x |journal=Nature Water |language=en |volume=3 |issue=9 |pages=1070–1079 |doi=10.1038/s44221-025-00484-x |bibcode=2025NatWa...3.1070M |issn=2731-6084|doi-access=free }}</ref> Damar samun ingantaccen ruwa da tsafta ya nuna gagarumar alaƙa da raguwar cututtukan zawo baki ɗaya.<ref name=":02" /> === Ƙazantar Rijiyoyin Gidaje === Ƙazantar rijiyoyi da bandakunan rami (pit latrines) a yankunan karkara na Mali babban ƙalubale ne na yau da kullum ga inganta tsafta da ingancin ruwa. A cikin shekarar 2017, an gudanar da wani bincike akan rijiyoyin gidaje masu hakar ruwan ƙasa da kuma bandakunan rami a wani ƙauyen karkara a kudancin Mali. Sakamakon haka ya nuna cewa akwai gurɓataccen najasa a cikin rijiyoyin kuma gurɓataccen yana da alaƙa mai ƙarfi da yawa da kuma kusancin bandakunan. Yawan jama'a, yawan rijiyoyi, da yawan bandakuna duk sun kasance alamomin ƙididdiga na haɗarin gurɓatawa. Gidaje da yawa suna ƙoƙarin magance ruwansu na rijiyoyi ta amfani da abubuwa kamar bleach, sai dai, dabarun jiyyar tasu galibi ba su da tasiri kuma ba sa kawar da gurɓataccen.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Martínez-Santos |first1=P. |last2=Martín-Loeches |first2=M. |last3=García-Castro |first3=N. |last4=Solera |first4=D. |last5=Díaz-Alcaide |first5=S. |last6=Montero |first6=E. |last7=García-Rincón |first7=J. |date=October 2017 |title=A survey of domestic wells and pit latrines in rural settlements of Mali: Implications of on-site sanitation on the quality of water supplies |journal=International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health |volume=220 |issue=7 |pages=1179–1189 |doi=10.1016/j.ijheh.2017.08.001 |issn=1618-131X |pmid=28807472 |bibcode=2017IJHEH.220.1179M }}</ref> === Baƙar Buƙata a Waje === Yin baƙar buƙata a fili (waje) abu ne da ke faruwa akai-akai a Mali musamman a yankunan karkara. Fiye da mutane miliyan 1 a Mali har yanzu suna gudanar da baƙar buƙata a waje saboda rashin ingantaccen wuraren tsafta.<ref name=":3" /> Fiye da rabin al'ummar karkara ba su da damar yin amfani da ingantattun dabarun tsaftar ruwa, wanda ke sa wannan ya zama matsala ta gurɓatawa. Cututtuka suna yaɗuwa ta hanyar bayan gida (feces) da ke gurɓata kafofin ruwa, musamman ruwan ƙasa. Ana amfani da gurbataccen ruwa ba tare da sani ba don sha da kuma ayyukan yau da kullum, wanda ke daɗa tsananta yaɗuwar cututtukan da ke da alaƙa da ruwa. == Kamfen da Shiga Tsakani == === Ƙara Wanke Hannu === A cibiyoyin lafiya na ƙasashen Burkina Faso da Mali, an nuna cewa rashin tsaftar hannu a cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya, mafi yawanci saboda rashin ababen more rayuwa na WASH, ya nuna yana ƙara cututtuka.<ref name=":12"/> Lokacin da tsaftar hannu ta ƙaru, an sami raguwa mai yawa na haɗarin kamuwa da cututtukan asibiti (nosocomial infections) a cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya na Mali. Don ƙara tsaftar hannu a waɗannan cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya na Mali, ana buƙatar ingantattun ababen more rayuwa na WASH.<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last1=Galli |first1=Anaïs |last2=Winkler |first2=Mirko S. |last3=Hattendorf |first3=Jan |last4=Friedrich |first4=Max N. D. |last5=Bagayogo |first5=Issa |last6=Ballo |first6=Aboubacar |last7=Bänziger |first7=Carola |last8=Dembélé |first8=Hassane |last9=Keita |first9=Mamadou Sory |last10=Peter |first10=Maryna |last11=Tall |first11=Alimata Ousséni |last12=Utzinger |first12=Jürg |last13=Owen |first13=Branwen Nia |date=2025 |title=Baseline Characteristics of a Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial Targeting Hand Hygiene in Primary Healthcare in Burkina Faso and Mali |journal=International Journal of Public Health |volume=70 |article-number=1608406 |doi=10.3389/ijph.2025.1608406 |doi-access=free |issn=1661-8564 |pmc=12133522 |pmid=40470067}}</ref> Kyawawan ababen more rayuwa na WASH sun haifar da mafi girman kariya da sarrafa cututtuka baki ɗaya a Mali.<ref name=":12" /> === Ingantattun Tsafta === Bincike ya nuna cewa ingantacciyar tsafta tana da tasiri wajen rage yawan mace-mace, wanda a wasu lokutan ya kai kashi 45%. Waɗannan binciken sun nuna cewa ingantacciyar tsafta tana da tasiri sau biyu wajen rage cututtukan ruwa fiye da ingantattun hanyoyin samun ruwan sha, waɗanda ba su yi nasira ba saboda sake gurɓatawa. Sake gurɓatawa, a waɗannan lokutan, yawanci yana faruwa ne a cikin gidaje sakamakon rashin kyawun kula da adana ruwa. An aiwatar da shirye-shiryen rashin isasshen ruwa, tsaftar muhalli, da tsaftar jiki (WASH) don inganta damar samun tsaftataccen ruwa gami da inganta dabarun tsafta don rage gurɓataccen ruwa. Inganta WASH a makarantu ya nuna yana rage cututtukan zawo, cututtukan numfashi na gaggawa, cututtukan da ke yaɗuwa ta ƙasa, da rashin zuwa makaranta tsakanin ɗalibai, kodayake sakamakon ba ɗaya ba ne tsakanin bincike daban-daban. Wannan ya faru ne saboda abubuwa da yawa: raunin tsarin shirin, ƙarancin amincin shirin, iyakantaccen riko, raunin kimanta sakamako, da kuma sakamakon da ɗalibai suka bayar da rahoton kansu. Misali, a ƙasar Mali, fiye da rubu'in makarantu sun ba da rahoton zubar da shararsu a cikin harabar makarantar, wanda ke taimakawa wajen rashin kyawun tsafta, kuma kusan makaranta 1 cikin 10 a Mali ba su da tsari ko ababen more rayuwa na sarrafa shararsu kwata-kwata.<ref name=":02"/> == Manazarta == enwrlge8z7k3meq51ni265zpflhn221 Ruwa da tsabta a Mongolia 0 152489 889684 840917 2026-07-31T07:31:36Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889684 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Sharyngol_-_Water_Kiosk.jpg|thumb|Gidan shakatawa na ruwa a [[Darkhan-Uul Province|Darkhan-Uul]]" id="mwCQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Sharyngol, Darkhan-Uul">Sharyngol, Darkhan-Uul]] [[Samar da Ruwa|Ruwa]] da tsaftacewa a [[Mangoliya|Mongolia]] yana nufin samar da '''Ruwa da tsabta a Mongolia'''. == Ma'adanai na ruwa == [[Fayil:BlueHovsgol.jpg|thumb|Tafkin Khövsgöl]] Matsakaicin ruwan da ake samu a shekara-shekara a Mongolia shine 2,091 miliyan m<sup>3</sup>. A lokacin fari, wadatar ta kai miliyan 1,294 m<sup>3</sup>. Kimanin kashi 75% na ruwan da ke cikin Mongolia ana adana shi a cikin tabkuna, tare da mafi girman samuwa yana cikin Tafkin Khövsgöl a Lardin Khövsgöl.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 2020 |title=Making Water in Mongolia Available at the Right Time, at the Right Place, and in the Right Quality |url=https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/614221/adb-brief-140-making-water-available-mongolia.pdf |access-date=22 February 2025 |website=Asian Development Banks}}</ref> == Amfani da ruwa == Jimlar amfani da ruwa a Mongolia a cikin 2018 ya kasance 560 miliyan m<sup>3</sup>. Aikin noma ya yi amfani da 40%, masana'antu sun yi amfani da 25%, dabbobi sun yi amfani le 19% kuma bangarorin cikin gida sun yi amfani ga 16%.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 2020 |title=Overview of Mongolia's Water Resources System and Management: A Country Water Security Assessment |url=https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/institutional-document/618776/mongolia-country-water-security-assessment_0.pdf |access-date=22 February 2025 |website=Asian Development Bank}}</ref> === Gundumomin Ger === [[Fayil:A_Daily_Struggle_(7441042086).jpg|thumb|Yaro a cikin gundumar Ger dauke da kwantena marasa amfani don samun ruwa daga kiosk]] A cikin Gundumomin Ger, mazauna sun sami ruwa daga wuraren kiosks na ruwa da ke kusa, saboda rashin bututun ruwa zuwa gine-ginen zama da gine-gigidan ger. Ana haɗa kiosks na ruwa zuwa bututun ruwa da ke kusa don tushen ruwa. Idan babu bututun mai, ana kawo ruwa a wuraren kiosks na ruwa ta hanyar manyan motocin ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 August 2010 |title=Water kiosk project launched in Mongolia |url=https://staging.unhabitat.org/content.asp?cid=8819&catid=52&typeid=6 |access-date=4 April 2025 |website=UN Habitat }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Manazarta == 465sx7ahffawl7kjbpcsoc13yql1puk Ruwa da tsaftacewa a Paraguay 0 152492 889732 880268 2026-07-31T08:23:11Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889732 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Duk da shekaru da yawa na hadin gwiwa da nasarorin da aka samu wajen fadada ɗaukar hoto da inganta dorewar sabis, har yanzu ana magance batutuwa da yawa a bangaren '''ruwa''' da tsabta. Muhimman batutuwan sun haɗa da: (i) ƙananan matakin ɗaukar ruwa da tsabta, musamman a yankunan karkara; (ii) ƙananan matakin dawo da farashi, duk da wajibin doka don farashi don dawo da farashin; da kuma (iii) tsarin ma'aikata wanda yake da tasiri kaɗan.<ref>Output-Based Aid in Water - Lessons in Implementation from a Pilot in Paraguay" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-06-09. Retrieved 2007-12-26.</ref> == Samun dama == Duk da yake matakan ɗaukar hoto a cikin birane suna da yawa ta amfani da ma'anar sabis, ɗaukar hoto tare da matakan ayyuka mafi girma (gidan gida da magudanar ruwa) ya kasance ƙasa idan aka kwatanta da buƙata da sauran ƙasashe a yankin. '''Ruwa da tsabtace muhalli a Paraguay (2004) ''' {| class="wikitable" ! ! !Urban (58% na yawan jama'a) !Karkara (42% na yawan jama'a) !Jimillar |- |Ruwa |Bayani mai zurfi |99% |68% |86% |- | |Haɗin iyali |82% |25% |58% |- |Tsabtace Yanayi |Bayani mai zurfi |94% |61% |80% |- | |Rashin ruwa |16% |0% |9% |} ''Tushen'': Shirin Kula da hadin gwiwa na [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya|WHO]] / [[UNICEF]] ([https://www.wssinfo.org/en/welcome.html JMP] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100529182734/http://www.wssinfo.org/en/welcome.html |date=2010-05-29 }} An adana 2009-01-18 a /2006). Bayanai don [https://www.wssinfo.org/pdf/country/PRY_wat.pdf ruwa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071004201134/http://www.wssinfo.org/pdf/country/PRY_wat.pdf |date=2007-10-04 }} An adana su 2007-10-04 a da [https://www.wssinfo.org/pdf/country/PRY_san.pdf tsabtace muhalli] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061010060855/http://www.wssinfo.org/pdf/country/PRY_san.pdf |date=2006-10-10 }} An adanawa 2006-10-10 a Wayback Engine bisa ga Binciken Gidaje na Dindindin na Ƙididdigar (2002). == Abubuwan da suka faru kwanan nan == A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2007 wani taro da Cibiyar Horar da Kasuwanci ta Multidisciplinary (CAEM) -TECMA S.A. ta shirya kuma IDB ta ba da kuɗin ya kammala cewa Juntas suna buƙatar inganta gudanarwarsu da inganta tarin takardun kudi masu ban mamaki don kauce wa rushewar ma'aikata. In ba haka ba "tasirin mulkin mallaka" na iya faruwa kuma ya jefa kwanciyar hankali na kudi na SENASA da kuma alkawuran kasar ga Bankin Duniya cikin haɗari. == Hakki na samar da ruwa da tsaftacewa == [[Fayil:Paraguay-CIA_WFB_Map.png|right|thumb|322x322px]] === Manufofin da ka'idoji === [[Fayil:Chaco_Boreal_Paraguay.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px|Ra'ayi game da El Chaco]] Hakki na tsara manufofi an ba da shi a cikin Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a da Sadarwa kuma an ba da tsari ga wani bangare mai cin gashin kansa, [http://www.erssan.gov.py/ Hukumar Kula da Lafiya (ERSSAN)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070610090644/http://www.erssan.gov.py/ |date=2007-06-10 }} . An tsara tsarin ma'aikata a cikin Dokar 1614/00 na 2000 wanda ya kafa tsarin tsari da farashi ga bangaren. Dokar, wacce ta haifar da ERSSAN, an tsara ta ne tare da tsammanin cewa shiga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu a cikin sashin zai karu sosai, wanda bai faru ba. A aikace, Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a da Sadarwa ba ta haɓaka manufofin bangarorin ba, ta bar wani wuri a cikin wannan muhimmin yanki. Hukumar kula da tsarin, wacce aka kirkira don tsara kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, ba ta da tasiri wajen tsara kamfanin ESSAP na kasa. SENASA kuma tana fuskantar ƙalubale da yawa, tunda ba ta da isasshen damar samar da isaskiyar tallafi ga yawan Juntas da ke ƙaruwa. === Bayar da sabis === Hakki na samar da ruwa da tsabta a cikin birane ya dogara da kamfanonin jama'a na ƙasa, kuma tare da ƙungiyoyin ruwa sama da 1,621 da ke kula da al'umma (Juntas de Saneamiento) a cikin ƙananan birane da yankunan karkara. Kamfanin ƙasa, Empresa de Servicios Sanitarios de Paraguay (ESSAP), yana da alhakin yin hidima ga al'ummomin da ke da yawan mutane sama da 10,000. A cikin yankunan karkara da ƙananan garuruwa da ke da ƙasa da mazauna 10,000 ƙungiyoyin ruwa suna ba da sabis, yayin da taimakon fasaha da kuɗi ke ba da sabis na tsabtace muhalli na ƙasa (SENASA). Juntas an haɗa su cikin ƙungiyoyi 10 waɗanda ke ba da ruwa ga fiye da rabin yawan jama'ar ƙasar An kirkiro Juntas na farko tare da taimakon Bankin Duniya na farko na ruwa da rance na tsabtace muhalli ga Paraguay a cikin 1977, yana inganta haɗin gwiwa na dogon lokaci wanda ke ci gaba har zuwa yau. Wani abu mai ban sha'awa a [[Paraguay]] shine fitowar masu samar da kayayyaki masu zaman kansu, wanda ake kira "aguateros", tun daga shekarun 1970. Kokarinsu yana da babban rabo na fadada ruwan birane a yankin babban birnin. Aguateros masu zaman kansu ne, masu ba da sabis na al'ada waɗanda ke aiki da ƙananan tsarin tare da haɗin 3,000. Kimanin masu samar da kayayyaki masu zaman kansu 500 suna aiki da kimanin mutane 500,000. == Manazarta == d87ug68tc7pikxlvfft2vjwgr9gcky2 Ruwa da tsabta a Jamhuriyar Dominica 0 152494 889682 840929 2026-07-31T07:31:11Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889682 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Jamhuriyar Dominika|Jamhuriyar Dominica]] ta sami karuwa mai ban sha'awa a cikin samun ruwa da tsabta a cikin shekaru ashirin da suka gabata kafin 2010. Koyaya, ingancin samar da ruwa da ayyukan tsabtace muhalli sun kasance marasa kyau, duk da ci gaban tattalin arzikin ƙasar a cikin shekarun 1990 == Samun dama == A cikin shekara ta 2015, kusan mutane miliyan 1.6 ba su da damar samun ruwa "mai kyau" kuma miliyan 1.7 ba su da hanyar samun tsabta "mai kyau". A cikin Jamhuriyar Dominica, kashi 84% na yawan jama'a suna da damar samun ruwa "mai kyau", kashi 86% na yawan mutanen birane da kashi 81% na yawan mutanen karkara. Game da tsaftacewa, kashi 84% na yawan jama'a, 86% da 76%, birane da yankunan karkara bi da bi, suna da damar samun " ingantaccen" tsaftacewa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=WASHwatch.org - Dominican Republic |url=http://washwatch.org/en/countries/dominican-republic/summary/statistics/ |access-date=2017-03-22 |website=washwatch.org |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A cikin 2010 Jamhuriyar Dominica, tare da yawan mutane miliyan 8.8, wanda kusan kashi 60% suna cikin birane, suna da matakin samun damar samar da [[Samar da Ruwa|Ruwa]] da tsaftacewa, kodayake samun dama a wasu yankuna da kuma tsakanin matalauta ya kasance bai isa ba. {| class="wikitable" ! !Urban (60% na yawan jama'a) <br /> !Karkara (40% na yawan jama'a) <br /> !Jimillar |- |[[Ingantaccen tushen ruwa]] |87% |84% |86% |- |Inganta tsabtace muhalli |87% |75% |83% |} ''Tushen'': Shirin Kula da hadin gwiwa na [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya|WHO]] / [[UNICEF]] don Sayar da Ruwa da Tsabtace Ruwa (2010) bisa ga ƙaddamar da yanayin da aka samu daga sakamakon binciken jama'a da kiwon lafiya na Jamhuriyar Dominica guda shida da aka gudanar tsakanin 1986 da 2007 da kuma Binciken Ƙididdigar Ƙididdiga da aka gudanar a cikin 2000. Akwai bambance-bambance masu yawa na yanki a cikin ɗaukar ruwa. Misali, a cikin larduna tara da ke cikin Tsakiya, Arewa maso Gabas da Gabashin kasar kasa da kashi 70% na yawan jama'a suna da damar samun ingantaccen tushen samar da ruwa bisa ga ƙididdigar 2002. Gidajen matalauta suna nuna ƙananan matakan samun dama: kawai kashi 56% na gidajen matalautan suna da alaƙa da haɗin gidajen ruwa kamar yadda ya saba da kashi 80% na gidajen da ba matalauta ba. Kashi 20% ne kawai na gidaje matalauta suna da damar yin amfani da magudanar ruwa, sabanin kashi 50% ga wadanda ba matalauta ba. == Ingancin sabis == Duk da kokarin rarraba mulki da ci gaba da tallafin gwamnati, inganci da ci gaba na sabis bai isa ba a Jamhuriyar Dominica. [[Rashin ruwa]] yana ƙaruwa galibi saboda yawan amfani a cikin birane, rashin kula da buƙatu (ƙananan farashi, ƙarancin ma'auni, iyakancewar sanin muhalli) da lalacewar ruwa. Rashin lalacewar ruwa yana faruwa galibi a ƙananan sassan mafi yawan wuraren da ke bakin teku kuma sakamakon ƙauyuka da ayyukan da ba a tsara su ba da kuma rashin ayyukan tsabta. === Ci gaba === '''Ci gaba da ayyuka (%) ''' {| class="wikitable" ! !Ta hanyar tsarin !Ta hanyar yawan jama'a |- |Ci gaba da hidima |40% |10.5% |- |Ayyuka na lokaci-lokaci |60% |89.5% |} === Ingancin ruwan sha === Abubuwa daban-daban suna shafar ingancin ruwa a Jamhuriyar Dominica, gami da: mummunan yanayin tsarin tsarkakewa, ƙananan sarrafawa na aiki, ƙananan matakan kula da tsire-tsire na magani, kuma mafi yawan tsarin lokaci-lokaci. 38.4% na tsarin ruwa ba su da tsarin chlorination da aka shigar. Wadannan galibi ƙananan tsarin ne a yankunan karkara. Gaskiyar cewa akwai tsarin chlorination ba tabbacin cewa an kashe ruwa yadda ya kamata ba. '''Shirin chlorination na kasa''' {| class="wikitable" ! !Birni !Karkara !Kasar kasa |- |Tsarin ruwa tare da tsarin chlorination |87.3% |57.4% |61.4% |- |Tsarin ruwa ba tare da tsarin chlorination ba |12.7% |42.6% |38.4% |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Webarchive template wayback links]] nqgu6yj2z14sp4zgkr9ag43791plie2 Ruwa da tsabta a Yemen 0 152495 889693 840931 2026-07-31T07:36:23Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889693 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ruwa da tsabtace muhalli a Yemen''' ana nuna su da ƙalubale da yawa da kuma wasu nasarori. Babban ƙalubalen shine matsanancin karancin ruwa, musamman a cikin Highlands, wanda ya sa The Times na London ya rubuta "Yemen na iya zama al'umma ta farko da ta rasa ruwa".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/environment/article6883051 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629124451/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/environment/article6883051 |archive-date=June 29, 2011 |access-date=February 27, 2011}}</ref> Babban ƙalubale na biyu shine babban matakin talauci, yana mai da matukar wahala a dawo da farashin samar da sabis. Samun damar samar da ruwa a Yemen yana da ƙarancin ko ma ƙasa da wannan a yawancin ƙasashen Afirka da ke kudu da Sahara. Yemen ita ce kasa mafi talauci kuma kasa mafi karancin ruwa a Duniyar Larabawa. Na uku, ikon cibiyoyin bangarorin don tsarawa, ginawa, aiki da kula da ababen more rayuwa ya kasance iyakance. Na ƙarshe amma ba mafi mahimmanci yanayin tsaro ya sa ya fi wuya a inganta ko ma kula da matakan sabis na yanzu. Matsakaicin Yemen yana da damar samun mita 140 kawai na ruwa a kowace shekara (gallon 101 a kowace rana) don duk amfani, yayin da matsakaicin Gabas ta Tsakiya shine 1,000 m<sup>3</sup>/shekara, kuma ƙofar da aka ƙayyade a duniya don damuwa na ruwa shine mita 1,700 a kowace shekara.<ref name="grida.no">{{Cite web |title=Climate Change 2001: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability |url=http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg2/180.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626113733/http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg2/180.htm |archive-date=26 June 2015 |access-date=21 April 2015}}</ref> Ruwan ƙasa [[Yemen|'Yan Yemen]] shine babban tushen ruwa a cikin ƙasar amma teburin ruwa sun faɗi sosai suna barin ƙasar ba tare da tushen ruwa mai inganci ba. Misali, a [[Sanaa|Sana'a]], teburin ruwa ya kasance mita 30 a ƙasa a cikin 1970s amma ya sauka zuwa mita 1200 a ƙasa da 2012 a wasu yankuna. Gwamnatocin Yemen ba su tsara ruwan kasa ba. Ko da kafin juyin juya halin, yanayin ruwa na Yemen an bayyana shi da mummunar mummunar lalacewa ta hanyar masana da suka damu cewa Yemen za ta zama "ƙasa ta farko da za ta rasa ruwa". Aikin noma a Yemen yana ɗaukar kusan 90% na ruwa a Yemen duk da cewa yana samar da kashi 6% na GDP; duk da haka, babban ɓangare na Yemen sun dogara da karamin aikin gona. Ana amfani da rabin ruwan gona a Yemen don shuka khat, wani miyagun ƙwayoyi wanda yawancin mutanen Yemen suke cinyewa. Wannan yana nufin cewa a cikin irin wannan ƙasa mai karancin ruwa kamar Yemen, inda rabin yawan jama'a ba su da abinci, ana amfani da kashi 45% na ruwan da aka cire daga wuraren da ke raguwa don shuka miyagun ƙwayoyi wanda ba ya ciyar da Yemen.<ref name="IRIN" />&nbsp; == Samun dama == A cikin shekara ta 2014, kusan mutane miliyan 11.2 ba su da damar samun ruwa "mai kyau" kuma kusan mutane miliyan11.5 ba su da hanyar samun "mafi kyau" a Yemen.<ref name="washwatch">{{Cite web |title=WASHwatch.org - Yemen |url=http://washwatch.org/en/countries/yemen/summary/statistics/ |access-date=2017-03-22 |website=washwatch.org |language=en |archive-date=2018-05-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180530085422/http://washwatch.org/en/countries/yemen/summary/statistics/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A baya, a cikin 2012, kashi 55% na yawan jama'a suna da damar samun ruwa "mai kyau", ko kashi 72% na yawan mutanen birane da kashi 47% na yawan karkara. Game da tsaftacewa, a cikin 2012, kashi 53% na yawan jama'a suna da damar " ingantaccen" tsaftacewa، ko 93% na yawan birane da 34% na yawan karkara.<ref name="washwatch"/> Ana samun ruwa mai gudana a sassa da yawa na ƙasar, amma yawancin ƙauyuka sun kasance ba tare da shi ba. Mata a yankuna masu nisa yawanci suna shan ruwa daga rijiyar da ta fi kusa ko daga rami, wani lokacin suna tafiya har zuwa sa'o'i biyu a kowace hanya sau biyu a rana. Za su iya ɗaukar ruwa a cikin tukwane a kan kawunansu ko ɗora su a kan jaki. Kididdigar samun damar samar da ruwa da tsabta a Yemen sun sabawa juna. Misali, bayanan daga ƙididdigar kwanan nan, wanda aka gudanar a cikin 1997, sun bambanta sosai da bayanai a cikin Binciken Jama'a da Lafiya (DHS) da aka gudanar a wannan shekarar. Dangane da ƙididdigar, kashi 61% ko gidajen birane suna da damar samun haɗin ruwa a cikin gidansu, yayin da bisa ga DHS wannan adadi ya kasance 70%, amma ga yankunan karkara an juya tsari. Ƙididdigar ta ba da adadi mafi girma don samun damar haɗin gida (25%) fiye da DHS (19%). Sabon bayanan da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi amfani da su sun fito ne daga binciken Iyali da Lafiya na 2004 da kuma binciken tarin masu yawa na 2006. An yi kimantawa don shekara ta 2011 bisa ga ƙaddamar da abubuwan da suka faru daga shekarun da suka gabata. == Ingancin sabis == Ingancin sabis don samar da ruwa da tsaftacewa yana da girma da yawa. Misali, ana iya auna ingancin sabis don samar da ruwa ta hanyar ci gaba da samarwa, wanda gabaɗaya yana da ƙarancin gaske a Yemen, da gamsar da abokin ciniki, wanda yake da ban mamaki. Ɗaya daga cikin alamomi don ingancin sabis na tsaftacewa shine tasirin tsire-tsire na tsabtace ruwa a cire gurbataccen abu, wanda sau da yawa yana da ƙarancin gaske a Yemen. === Ci gaba da samar da ruwa === [[Fayil:Almawhit01_flickr.jpg|thumb|250x250px|A garin Mahwit, ruwan bututu yana zuwa kasa da sau ɗaya a mako.]] Ci gaba da samar da ruwa ba shi da kyau a yawancin biranen Yemen. Misali, a cikin Taiz, mitar isar da ruwa na jama'a sau ɗaya ne kawai a kowace kwanaki 40. Mutane da yawa dole ne su dogara da ruwa mai tsada da aka bayar ta rijiyoyi masu zaman kansu da ke samar da tankunan ruwa. Ingancin wannan ruwa yana da shakku saboda ana amfani da waɗannan tankuna don wasu dalilai ba tare da tsaftacewa ba. A cewar Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Muhalli, 15 daga cikin 23 na ruwa na birane sun samar da ruwa kowace rana tsakanin awanni 12 zuwa 24 a cikin 2007. Wadannan bayanan ba su bambanta tsakanin masu amfani da ci gaba da wadata da waɗanda ke da wadataccen nau'in "mai matsakaici" (fiye da awanni 12 na yau da kullun). Biranen 15 sun hada da Sana'a da Aden waɗanda ke samar da ruwa mai saurin lokaci. Sauran garuruwa huɗu sun samar da ruwa a kowace rana, amma ƙasa da awanni 12 a kowace rana. Birnin Ibb da garin [[Bajil]] suna samar da ruwa sau ɗaya kawai a mako. Kuma kayan aiki a Taiz da Mahwit sun samar da ruwa kasa da sau ɗaya a mako a cikin 2007. Koyaya, akwai yiwuwar rahotanni masu rikitarwa game da ci gaba da wadata. Misali, Ma'aikatar ta ba da rahoton cewa ana samar da ruwa a kowace rana a Amran a cikin 2007. Koyaya, 100% na masu amsawa ga binciken gida a cikin wannan garin a cikin 2008 sun nuna cewa suna karɓar ruwa sau ɗaya kawai a mako ko ma sau ɗaya a wata.&nbsp; === Farin cikin abokan ciniki === Dangane da binciken da aka gudanar a cikin 2008 a cikin garuruwa 7 88% na abokan ciniki na kayan aikin ruwa sun ce sun gamsu da matakin sabis na kayan aikin su na ruwa, kuma 9% ne kawai ba su gamsu ba. Ko da a cikin birnin Ibb, inda samar da ruwa ba ta da kyau, kashi 47% na abokan ciniki sun bayyana cewa sun gamsu. A garin Amran, inda halin da ake ciki ya yi kama da haka, har ma da kwastomomi - 74% - sun gamsu. Wataƙila kwastomomi sun saba da ingancin sabis mara kyau kuma sun rage tsammanin su. Kashi 77 cikin 100 na iyalai sun ce sun sha Ruwan famfo.<ref name="2008 Survey" /> == Manazarta == 5ohtbsoxbr4lfv19upvbhubbxb8i07k Ruwa da tsabtace muhalli a Maroko 0 152636 889700 864764 2026-07-31T07:38:41Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889700 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Ana '''samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Morocco''' ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar masu gudanar da ayyukan gwamnati na ƙasa da na yanki. Samar da ayyukan yi ya fuskanci gagarumin sauyi a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, inda kamfanonin gwamnati masu ayyuka da yawa na yanki (SRM) suka maye gurbin kamfanonin haya masu zaman kansu da kamfanonin samar da ayyukan yi na birni. Wadannan kamfanonin yanki suna da alhakin rarraba ruwa, wutar lantarki da sabis na tsabta a matakin yanki. A layi daya, Ofishin Lantarki da Ruwa mai sha na Kasa (ONEE) ya kasance babban dan wasan kwaikwayo, musamman a cikin samar da ruwa mai yawa, samarwa ga masu aiki na gida, da samar da sabis a cikin ƙananan garuruwa da yankunan karkara. Samun damar samar da ruwa ya inganta sosai tun farkon shekarun 2000, yayin da ci gaba a cikin tsaftacewa ya kasance a hankali. Ƙalubalen sun kasance, musamman iyakantaccen matakin [[Maganin shara a ruwa|Maganin ruwa mai guba]], rashin haɗin gida a wasu yankunan birane masu karamin kuɗi, da kuma dorewar wasu tsarin karkara. A mayar da martani, hukumomin gwamnati sun aiwatar da shirye-shiryen kasa da yawa. Shirin Kiwon Lafiya na Kasa, wanda aka ƙaddamar a shekara ta 2005, yana da niyyar fadada ikon kula da ruwa mai guba da inganta ɗaukar ruwa a cikin birane. An kuma yi ƙoƙari don fadada damar samun ruwa da ayyukan tsabtace muhalli ga marasa galihu, musamman ta hanyar Ci gaban Dan Adam na Kasa. == Ma'adanai na ruwa == === Ma'adanai na ruwa na al'ada === Maroko tana da kimanin Cubic mita biliyan 22 na albarkatun ruwa masu sabuntawa na al'ada a kowace shekara daidai da cubic mita 730 / babban mutum / shekara. Kafin la'akari da shekarun fari na shekarun 1990s da 2000s an kiyasta jimlar albarkatun ruwa masu sabuntawa sun fi girma a kusan mita cubic biliyan 29 Koyaya, kawai har zuwa mita cubic miliyan 20 a kowace shekara za a iya kama su ta hanyar tattalin arziki (ma'adanai masu amfani), gami da m3 biliyan 16 na ruwa da m3 na ruwa na ƙasa biliyan 4. Maroko tana da madatsun ruwa kusan 100 na girma daban-daban tare da jimlar damar ajiya na cubic mita biliyan 15. An kiyasta cewa a shekara ta 2004 an janye kimanin m3 biliyan 13.5, ko kuma kimanin kashi 67% na albarkatun da ke akwai. Kashi 83% na janyewar sun kasance don noma da kuma kashi 17% don amfani da birni da masana'antu. Koyaya, albarkatun ruwa ba a raba su daidai a sarari da lokaci ba, tare da mafi yawan albarkatun ruwan da ke Arewa da ruwan sama da aka iyakance ga hunturu. Bugu da kari, ingancin albarkatun ruwa ya lalace ta hanyar gurɓata, musamman a cikin tafkin Sebou. [[Fayil:Village_atlas.jpeg|thumb|300x300px|Snowpack a cikin Dutsen Atlas, inda mafi yawan manyan koguna a Maroko suke da tushe, suna ba da muhimmiyar ajiya ga albarkatun ruwa]] Maroko ta kasu kashi bakwai na manyan koguna da kuma wasu ƙananan koguna. Manyan tafkuna bakwai daga Arewa zuwa Kudu sune Kogin Loukkos, Kogin Moulouya, Kogin Sebou, Kogin Bou Regreg, Kogin Oum Er-Rbia, Kogin [[Kogin Tensift|Tensift]] da kwarin Souss-Massa-Drâa. Sai dai Kogin Loukkos, duk waɗannan koguna sun samo asali ne daga Dutsen Atlas. Akwai 'yan canjin ruwa a cikin Maroko, mafi mahimmanci shine tashar Rocade daga tafkin Oum Er-Rbia zuwa tafkin Tensift kusa da Marrakesh, canja wuri daga kusa da bakin Oum er-Rbia til Casablanca da canja wuri daga Kogin Bouregreg kuma zuwa Casablanca. Akwai shirye-shiryen gwaji don babban aikin canja wurin ruwa na arewa maso kudu tare da matsakaicin ƙarfin jigilar kusan 2.74 miliyan cubic mita / rana (0.75 biliyan m3/shekara) sama da kilomita 500-600 daga tafkin Sebou River zuwa tafkin Tensift mai matsin ruwa.&nbsp; Amfani da ruwa don amfani da birni da masana'antu ya kasance kusan 2.28 biliyan m3 a cikin 2003, wanda 0.7 biliyan m 3 (31%) ya fito ne daga ruwan kasa da 1.58 biliyan m6 (69%) daga ruwan sama. Ana amfani da albarkatun ruwa a wasu sassan kasar, musamman a yankin Sous-Massa a Kudu inda ban ruwa shine babban mai amfani da ruwa. === Magani da sake amfani da ruwa === Zuwa yanzu akwai iyakataccen shirin sake amfani da ruwan da aka sake amfani da shi a Morocco, ganin cewa kashi 21% ne kawai na ruwan da aka tattara ke shan magani. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2019)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> A shekarar 2009, akwai cibiyoyin tace ruwan shara sama da 100 a Maroko, galibi suna hidimar ƙananan da matsakaitan garuruwa da ke cikin gida ko kuma a ƙasar. Ƙananan hukumomi ne suka gina cibiyoyin tace ruwan shara na farko a Maroko ta amfani da fasahohi iri-iri. Saboda ƙarancin ƙarfin kuɗi da fasaha na waɗannan ƙananan hukumomi, kusan dukkan waɗannan cibiyoyin tace ruwan shara 28 sun daina aiki jim kaɗan bayan an kammala su. Wannan ya haifar da shawarar a shekara ta 2000 a hankali a mayar da alhakin tsaftace muhalli a ƙananan garuruwa zuwa ga kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na ƙasa ONEP. A shekara ta 2009, na biyun ya gina ko kuma yana cikin aikin gina masana'antu 43, galibi ta amfani da fasahar [[Tafkunan dake daidaita shara|daidaita tafkin]], amma kuma injin tace ruwa ɗaya da aka kunna da kuma wasu masana'antun [[Tace madara|tace ruwa]] . Tarihin sarrafa waɗannan masana'antun ya fi na masana'antun da ƙananan hukumomi ke sarrafawa, wani ɓangare saboda fasahar da ta fi yawa - tafkunan daidaita - ba sa buƙatar wutar lantarki. Ƙananan kuɗin aikin sa ya sa ya zama ƙasa da matsala idan aka yi la'akari da ƙarancin kasafin kuɗi na aiki. A manyan birane, ƙananan kamfanonin samar da wutar lantarki na birni (Régies) ne kawai ke gudanar da tashoshin tace ruwan shara. Tarihinsu na sarrafa su ya bambanta: Wata masana'anta da kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na Agadir ke gudanarwa tana aiki da kyau, yayin da masana'antun da kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na Beni Mellal da Nador ke gudanarwa ba sa aiki. Waɗannan masana'antun suna amfani da fasahar laka da aka kunna wadda ke buƙatar wutar lantarki. Kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na Marakkesh yana gina wani babban masana'anta a shekarar 2009, kuma kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na Fez yana cikin shirin neman kamfanin. Wannan tsari ya fuskanci koma-baya lokacin da hukumar ci gaban Faransa AFD da Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai suka janye tallafin da suke bayarwa ga kamfanin, suna masu cewa rashin girmama hanyoyin bayar da wutar lantarki a matsayin dalilin hakan. === Tsarkake Ruwan Teku === Maroko tana kara mai da hankali kan tsarkake ruwan teku domin biyan bukatun ruwan sha, masana’antu da hakar ma’adinai. A shekarar 2009, ''Secrétariat d'État chargé de l'Eau et de l'Environnement'' ta kammala wani bincike kan tsarkake ruwa, wanda ya hango gina babban tashar tsarkake ruwa a yankin Casablanca mai iya samar da kusan m3 685,000 a rana (m3 miliyan 250 a shekara), fiye da kashi 10% na amfani da ruwan birane a Maroko.<ref name="Desal"/> A watan Mayu 2014, hukumar ONEE ta rattaba hannu kan kwangilar [[Build-Operate-Transfer]] don gina tashar tsarkake ruwan teku ta hanyar [[reverse osmosis]] a Agadir mai iya samar da m3 100,000 a rana. An yi kwangilar ne da haɗin gwiwar kamfanin Spain Abengoa Water da asusun zuba jari InfraMaroc. Shirin ya dauki shekaru bakwai ana shiryawa, kuma Abengoa-led consortium ne kadai ya yi tayin saboda sauran kamfanoni sun ga aikin a matsayin mai cike da hadari.<ref>{{cite web|title=Agadir paves way for PPP in Moroccan desal|publisher=Global Water Intelligence, July 2014|access-date=26 July 2014}}</ref> A watan Yuni 2025, ''Yabiladi'' ta ruwaito cewa yankin [[Casablanca-Settat]] na shigar da na’urorin tsarkake da rage gishirin ruwa guda 28 domin magance matsalar karancin ruwa. An riga an kaddamar da goma sha bakwai, tare da jimillar jarin da ya kai miliyan 400 dirhams (272 daga gwamnati, 128 daga yankin). Wannan shiri, wanda Kamfanin Multiservice na Yanki ke jagoranta, yana cike gibin manyan ayyuka kamar canja wurin ruwan Sebou–Bouregreg da kuma shirin tashar Casablanca, wadda za ta rufe kashi 80% na bukatun ruwan sha na yankin.<ref>{{Cite news |date=June 17, 2025 |title=Casablanca-Settat to launch 28 desalination stations to combat water shortage |work=Yabiladi}}</ref> == Samun Ruwa == A shekarar 2011, kashi 82% na al'ummar ƙasar Maroko suna da damar samun ingantaccen tushen ruwa. Musamman, wannan yana nufin cewa kashi 59% na mutanen Maroko suna da famfon ruwa a cikin gidajensu ko a cikin farfajiyar gidansu.<ref name="JMP 2013">{{cite web|title=Data & Estimates for Morocco|url=http://www.wssinfo.org/data-estimates/table/|publisher=Joint Monitoring Programme for Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation of WHO and UNICEF|access-date=22 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209002836/http://www.wssinfo.org/data-estimates/table/|archive-date=9 February 2014|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Ya zuwa shekarar 2004, ga kashi 11% babban tushen samar da ruwansu shine famfon taron jama'a na gari, sannan ga kashi 5.6% kuma rijiya ce mai kariya. Kashi 1.5% na mutanen Maroko, musamman a yankunan karkara, sun dogara ne akan tatar ruwan sama a matsayin babban tushen ruwansu. Kashi 7% kuma suna diban ruwa ne daga idanun ruwa (bambaloli). Rabon wadannan idanun ruwan, wadanda ke samarwa kashi 3.5% na al'umma ruwa, an kiyasta cewa suna da kariya. Duk wadannan madatsun ruwa da aka ambata a sama Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) tana daukarsu a matsayin ingantattun hanyoyin samun ruwa, wanda hakan ya kawo jimillar zuwa kashi 82%.<ref name="JMP Water">WHO/UNICEF:Joint Monitoring Program for Water and Sanitation:[http://documents.wssinfo.org/download?id_document=1083 Coverage Estimates for Improved Drinking Water]{{dead link|date=September 2010}}, 2008, quoting a 2003-04 survey on population and family health (''Enquête sur la Population et la Santé Familiale'') of the Pan-Arab Project for Family Health (PAPFAM)</ref> Kashi 18% na al'umma ba su da damar samun ingantaccen tushen ruwa. Wannan rabo ya kasu kamar haka: Kashi 1%, a cikin birane da karkara, suna amfani da ruwan motar dako (tanker) a matsayin babban tushen ruwansu. Kashi 7% suna diban ruwa ne daga rijiyoyin taron jama'a marasa kariya, sannan kashi 4% daga rijiyoyin kashin kansu marasa kariya a cikin gida ko farfajiyar gida. Kashi 2.5% suna diban ruwansu ne kai tsaye daga koguna da budaddun madatsun ruwa. An kuma kiyasta cewa wasu kashi 3.5% suna amfani da idon ruwa mara kariya a matsayin babban tushen samar da ruwansu, ta yadda a fadin kasar gaba daya kashi 18% na al'umma ba su da damar samun ingantaccen tushen ruwa.<ref name="JMP Water"/> [[File:Atlas, Dades river, loundry.jpg|thumb|400px|A yankunan karkara mata suna wankin tufafi, kamar yadda aka nuna a nan akan Kogin Dades. Tare da karuwar samun ruwan famfo da famfon taron jama'a, wannan al'ada ta ragu sosai]] {|class="wikitable" |- ! RUWA ! Birane ! Karkara ! Jimilla |- | Famfo a cikin gida | 82.6% | 18.1% | 58.3% |- | Famfo a farfajiyar gida | 2.6% | 1.7% | 2.2% |- | Ruwan gwangwani/Gwalba | 0.6% | 0.3% | 0.5% |- | Famfon taron jama'a | 10.8% | 11% | 10.9% |- | Rijiyoyi masu kariya | 0.8% | 13.5% | 5.6% |- | Budaddun rijiyoyi | 1% | 26.6% | 10.7% |- | Idon ruwa (Bambalo) <ref>Hukumar hadin gwiwa ta WHO/UNICEF don sa ido kan samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ta kiyasta cewa rabin dukkan idanun ruwa na da kariya, kuma wannan rabin za a iya daukarsa a matsayin ingantaccen tushen ruwa.</ref> | 0.9% | 17.2% | 7.1% |- | Kogi ko rafi | 0.0% | 5.4% | 2.0% |- | Madatsar ruwa ta madaba | 0.0% | 0.3% | 0.1% |- | Tatar ruwan sama | 0.0% | 4.0% | 1.5% |- | Motar tankar ruwa | 0.6% | 1.5% | 0.9% |- | Sauransu | 0.1% | 0.4% | 0.2% |- | JIMILLA | 100% | 100% | 100% |} Tushe: ''Enquête sur la Population et la Santé Familiale'' (Binciken Al'umma da Lafiyar Iyali) 2004.<ref>EPSF, Morocco 2003/2004 (PAPFAM)</ref> Game da tsaftar muhalli, kashi 83% na al'ummar birane da kashi 52% na al'ummar karkara suna da damar amfani da ingantaccen ginin banɗaki a shekarar 2011. Kashi 14% na al'ummar birane suna amfani da banɗakin tarayya, wanda ba a lasafta shi a matsayin ingantaccen tsarin tsaftar muhalli ba. Kashi 6% na al'ummar karkara kuma suna amfani da banɗakin tarayya, sannan an kiyasta cewa kashi 38% suna yin bayan gari ne a sarari.<ref name="JMP 2013"/> Mafi fama da rashin samun tsarin tsaftar muhalli sune matalauta: Wani binciken Bankin Duniya na shekarar 2004 ya bayyana cewa "Ayyukan magudanar ruwa sun gaza gaba daya a yankunan da ke kewaye da biranen tsaka-tsaki. Shiyyoyin marasa galihu da ke warwatse a manyan birane su ma an hana su damar shiga tsarin tara tuka-tuka da magudanar ruwa, lamarin da ke kara hadarin lafiya da kuma sanya musu laccar talauci a wadannan unguwanni."<ref>World Bank:[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf Kingdom of Morocco. Recent Economic Developments in Infrastructure (REDI).Water Supply and Sanitation Sector], 2004, p. 17 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607014410/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf |date=June 7, 2011 }}</ref> == Kyawun Sabis == Samar da ruwa yana gudana babu kakkautawa a kusan dukkanin matsakaita da manyan birane.<ref>World Bank:[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf Kingdom of Morocco. Recent Economic Developments in Infrastructure (REDI).Water Supply and Sanitation Sector], 2004, p. 70 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607014410/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf |date=June 7, 2011 }}</ref> A birnin Layoune, wanda kamfanin tatar ruwan teku ke yi wa hidima amma ba shi da isasshen karfin da zai wadatar da daukacin birnin, samar da ruwa yana rarrabuwa ne lokaci-lokaci a shekarar 2010. Kashi 21 kacal na tuka-tukan da aka tara ake tacewa kafin a zubar da su a cikin muhalli.{{citation needed|date=November 2019}} == Tarihi da Abubuwan da Suka Faru Kwanan Nan == === Samar da Ayyuka na Kamfanoni Masu Zaman Kansu Lokacin Mulkin Kare Hakki === Lokacin mulkin kare hakki na Faransa a Maroko, tun daga shekarar 1912, harkar samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a manyan birane da yawa a Maroko ana gudanar da su ne a karkashin yarjejeniya da kamfani mai zaman kansa na ''Société Marocaine de Distribution d'eau, de gaz et d'electricité'' (SMD). SMD, wani kamfani na hadin gwiwa karkashin jagorancin Lyonnaise des Eaux, ya ba da ayyuka a Casablanca, Rabat, Salé, Tangier da Meknes. Tun daga shekarar 1950, SMD ya kuma gudanar da wani muhimmin aikin jigilar ruwa mai yawa: Samar da ruwa daga kogin Oum er-Rbia zuwa Casablanca. Samar da ruwa mai yawa ga sauran biranen da ba su da ikon wadatar da kansu daga tushen ruwan gida ya kasance alhakin wani kamfani na gwamnati ne da ake kira ''Régie d'exploitation industrielle du protectorat'' (REIP) wanda aka kafa a farkon shekarun 1930.<ref name="Miras">Claude de Miras and Xavier Godard:[http://www.cairn.info/revue-mediterranee-2006-1-p-113.htm Les firmes concessionnaires de service public au Maroc:eau potable, assainissement et transport collectifs], in:Méditerrannée, No. 106 (2006), p. 114-117</ref> Don haka, an riga an kafa harsashin muhimman abubuwa guda biyu na fannin ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na yau - yarjejeniyoyin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu don raba ruwa a manyan birane da kuma kamfanin gwamnati na kasa don samar da ruwa mai yawa - tun lokacin mulkin kare hakki. === Mayar da Kamfanoni ga Gwamnati Bayan Samun 'Yancin Kai === Bayan samun 'yancin kai a shekarar 1956, an mayar da tsarin raba ruwa karkashin ikon gwamnati kuma aka mika su ga kamfanonin gwamnati a manyan birane, wadanda ake kira ''Régies''. Tsarin samar da ruwa mai yawa daga Kogin Oum Er-Rbia zuwa Casablanca ya ci gaba da kasancewa a hannun kamfani mai zaman kansa SMD.<ref name="Miras"/> An amintar da samar da ruwa mai yawa a sauran sassan kasar ga sabon kamfanin ruwa na kasa da aka kafa a shekarar 1972, wato ''Office National de l'Eau Potable'' (ONEP).<ref>Office National de l'Eau Potable:[http://www.onep.org.ma/ Présentation ONEP]. Retrieved October 21, 2009.</ref> === Sabuwar Dokar Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa da Shirin Ruwan Karkara (1995) === A shekarar 1995, an fito da wata sabuwar '''Dokar Ruwa''' mai fadi (Loi 10-95). Da nufin sauya fifikon gudanar da albarkatun ruwa daga fadada samarwa zuwa gudanar da bukatu, an dauki hakan a matsayin "sauyin alkibla" a wancan lokacin. Ta hango matakan inganta amfani da ruwa cikin hikima, mafi kyawun rabon albarkatun ruwa da kuma kiyaye ingancin ruwa ta hanyar amfani da ka'idar mai amfani ke biya da kuma ka'idar mai gurbatawa ke biya. Dokar ta kuma ba da kariya ta shari'a don kafa hukumomin dausayin koguna don gudanar da albarkatun ruwa cikin hadin gwiwa, sakamakon koyi da misalan irin wadannan hukumomi a kasashen Faransa da Spain, da ma wasu kasashen. A shekarar 1996, aka kafa hukumar Oum Er-Rbia a matsayin hukumar dausayi ta farko a Maroko. A shekarar 2000, aka kafa hukumomi a sauran manyan dausayin kasar guda shida. Sai dai hukumomin dausayin sun dauki shekaru da dama kuma har yanzu sun kasance kungiyoyi masu rauni. Fiye da shekaru goma bayan kafa dokar, har yanzu ba a aiwatar da ita sosai ba. <ref name="LES AGENCES DE BASSINS HYDRAULIQUES">Ministère de l'Equipement et du Transport:[http://www.mtpnet.gov.ma/dgh/loi_instit/agences.htm LES AGENCES DE BASSINS HYDRAULIQUES] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090501145559/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf |date=2009-05-01 }}. Retrieved October 21, 2009.</ref> Haka kuma a shekarar 1995, gwamnati ta kaddamar da wani gagarumin '''Shirin Samar da Ruwa na Karkara''' (''Programme d'approvisionnement groupé en eau potable des populations rurales'' - PAGER) don fuskantar kalubalen karancin samun ruwan sha a yankunan karkara. An gudanar da shirin ne ta hannun ONEP, wanda aka fadada alhakinsa daga birane zuwa karkara ta hanyar shirin (duba kuma a kasa karkashin sabbin hanyoyin dabarun aiki da kyakkyawan aiki na kasa da kasa). === Mayar da Harkar Ruwa ga Kamfanoni Masu Zaman Kansu a Karshen Shekarun 1990 === Kamar yadda ''Régie'' dake hidimtawa Casablanca ke da karancin tarihin bajinta na ayyuka, gwamnati ta yanke shawara a tsakiyar shekarun 1990 na shigo da kamfani mai zaman kansa don gudanar da tsarin ruwa, magudanar ruwa da na wutar lantarki na birnin. Wani kamfani na hadin gwiwa mai suna Lydec, karkashin jagorancin Lyonnaise des Eaux (yanzu SUEZ), aka ba shi yarjejeniyar shekaru 30 ba tare da an yi takarar neman aikin ba a shekarar 1997. Yarjejeniyar Casablanca ta bude hanya ga sauran yarjejeniyoyi na gaba a Rabat, Tangier da Tetouan. Yayin da aka ba da yarjejeniyar Rabat kai tsaye ga Vivendi a shekarar 1998, yarjejeniyoyin Tangier da Tetouan an ba da su ne a shekarar 2002 bayan an yi gasar neman aiki ga Amendis, wani reshe na Vivendi. A shekarar 2000, an sabunta yarjejeniyar farko ta shekaru 50 ta SMD, wani reshe na Lyonnaise, don samar da ruwa mai yawa ga Casablanca.<ref name="Miras"/> === Shirin Tsaftar Muhalli na Kasa === A shekarar 2000, an yi wa Dokar ONEP kwaskwarima don hadawa da tsaftar muhalli (magudanar ruwa da tatar tuka-tuka) a cikin tsarin ONEP. A lokaci guda, an fara gabatar da kudaden harajin tuka-tuka (''redevance d'assainissement''), duk da cewa a matakin kasa-kasa na kasa da Dirham 1 kowane m3, kuma an kafa wani matsakaicin shirin tallafi. A shekarar 2005, an karfafa wannan manufar ta hanyar babban Shirin Tsaftar Muhalli na Kasa (''Programme National d'Assainissement'' - PNA). === Kafa ONEE Ta Hanyar Hadewar ONEP da ONE === Yayin da aka yi garambawul ga majalisar ministoci bayan zabe a shekarar 2007, Ma'aikatar Muhalli da Ruwa a gefe guda, da Ma'aikatar Makamashi da Ma'adinai a gefe guda, an hade su zuwa "Babban Ma'aikatar" guda daya. A cikin Ma'aikatar, Sakataren Jiha ya ci gaba da kula da ruwa da muhalli. An kafa Ma'aikatar Muhalli da Ruwa ne a shekarar 2002, inda ta tattara ayyukan da a da can suke warwatse a ma'aikatu da dama. A shekarar 2009, Majalisar Ministoci ta amince da wani kudirin doka (''Loi 40 09'') wanda ya hango kawance na musamman (''regroupement'') tsakanin ONEP da kamfanin wutar lantarki na kasa wato ONE. Manufar ita ce a tsawaita tanadin kudi na gudanarwa wajen tura takardun kudi da gyare-gyare, wadanda aka riga aka cimma a cikin yarjejeniyoyi da ''Regies'' a manyan birane, zuwa sauran yankunan kasar. Kudirin ya samo asali ne daga shawarwarin garambawul da aka gabatar a bincike daban-daban, gami da wanda kamfanin ba da shawara kan gudanarwa na McKinsey ya gudanar don Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida a shekarar 2004.<ref>La Vie Eco:[http://www.lavieeco.com/economie/14582-lydec-amendis-redal%E2%80%A6-le-modele-multiservice-duplique-dans-toutes-les-regions-du-royaume.html Lydec, Amendis, Rédal…, le modèle multiservice dupliqué dans toutes les régions du Royaume] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100101145901/http://www.lavieeco.com/economie/14582-lydec-amendis-redal%E2%80%A6-le-modele-multiservice-duplique-dans-toutes-les-regions-du-royaume.html |date=2010-01-01 }}, September 21, 2009. Retrieved October 21, 2009.</ref> A watan Satumban 2011, Majalisar Dokoki ta amince da kudirin kuma aka kafa sabuwar hukumar, wato ''Office National de l'Electricité et de l'Eau Potable'' (ONEE). Tsohon ONEP ya zama "bangaren ruwa" na hukumar.<ref>{{cite web|title=L'ONE et l'ONEP fusionnent sous la bannière de l'ONEE|date=23 September 2011 |url=http://www.labass.net/1520-lone-et-lonep-fusionnent-sous-la-banniere-de-l%E2%80%99onee.html|publisher=Labass.net|access-date=26 July 2014}}</ref> == Kyawawan Ayyuka na Duniya da Sabbin Hanyoyin Dabarun Aiki == Daga cikin ayyuka daban-daban na samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Maroko da aka kaddamar a cikin shekaru ashirin da suka gabata, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince da shirin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na karkara wato PAGER a matsayin kyakkyawan aiki na koyi a matakin kasa da kasa. Bugu da kari, an kaddamar da wani sabon shirin tallafi na musamman mai dogaro da sakamakon aiki (output-based aid) a shekarar 2007 domin fadada damar samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. === Shirin Samar da Ruwa na Karkara (PAGER) === A shekarar 2004, shirin samar da ruwa na karkara na kasa wato PAGER ya karbi lambar yabon hidimar al'umma ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (United Nations Public Service Award) a rukunin inganta sakamakon hidimar al'umma. Shirin ya dogara ne akan manyan ka'idoji guda biyu: amfani da sauƙaƙan fasahar zamani da kuma shigar da wadanda za su amfana da shirin a duk matakan aikin, tun daga tantance buƙatu, tsara aiki, aiwatarwa, har zuwa auna sakamako. Shirin wanda aka kiyasta zai ci dala biliyan 1 kuma aka kaddamar da shi a shekarar 1995, yana da nufin tallafawa mutane miliyan 12 zuwa shekarar 2010. Shirin ya rage wa mata da yara wahalar dako da gano ruwa.<ref>United Nations:[http://www.docstoc.com/docs/6071058/UNITED-NATIONS-PUBLIC-SERVICE-AWARDS-CEREMONY-AND-AD-HOC UN Public Service Award Ceremony, Report of the Second Award Ceremony, 23 June 2004, New York]. Retrieved October 21, 2009.</ref> Wani binciken kima da Bankin Duniya ya yi a shekarar 2001 ya nuna cewa adadin shigar yara makaranta a yankunan da suka amfana da shirin ya karu da kashi 16%.<ref>Abdelbikr Zahoud, Secretary of State for Water:[http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un/unpan017151.pdf Presentation of PAGER at the UN] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227035251/http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un/unpan017151.pdf |date=2012-02-27 }}, 2004, Slide 18. Retrieved October 21, 2009.</ref> Bisa ga bayanan hukuma da rahotanni daga kafofin yada labaran Maroko, PAGER ya habaka damar samun ruwa a yankunan karkara daga kashi 14% a shekarar 1995 zuwa kashi 61% a shekarar 2004, da kuma kashi 77% a shekarar 2006.<ref>Aujourd'hui le Maroc:[http://www.aujourdhui.ma/entreprise-details40053.html Pager : de l’eau potable pour tous] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100214030807/http://www.aujourdhui.ma/entreprise-details40053.html |date=2010-02-14 }}. Retrieved October 21, 2009.</ref><ref>Secretary of State for Water:[http://www.water.gov.ma/03programmes/ameliorations-pager.htm AMELIORATIONS APPORTEES PAR LE PAGER]. Retrieved October 21, 2009. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091001071058/http://www.water.gov.ma/03programmes/ameliorations-pager.htm |date=October 1, 2009 }}</ref> Kuma bisa ga bayanan binciken kididdiga, samun hadin famfo na gida a yankunan karkara ya karu daga kashi 10% a shekarar 1995 zuwa kashi 20% a shekarar 2004. A cewar wadannan bayanan binciken, damar samun ingantaccen tushen ruwa a yankunan karkara ta tsaya cak a kashi 58% tsakanin shekarar 1995 da 2004.<ref name="JMP Water"/> Har yanzu ba a fito da bayanin da zai daidaita banbancin dake tsakanin bayanan wannan binciken kididdigar da bayanan da PAGER ya bayar ba. === Tallafi Mai Dogaro da Sakamakon Aiki Don Fadada Samun Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli === A shekarar 2007, kamfanoni masu zaman kansu dake gudanar da ayyuka a Casablanca, Tangier, da Tetouan, tare da kamfanin ruwa na gwamnati dake Meknes sun fara aiwatar da ayyukan gwaji na samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli bisa tsarin tallafi mai dogaro da sakamakon aiki (output-based aid). Manufar ita ce a fadada hadin famfon ruwa da magudanar ruwa zuwa gidaje 11,300 a unguwannin matalauta na kewaye da birni wadanda ba su da tsarin rarraba filaye na hukuma. Wadannan ayyukan gwajin na cikin Shirin Habaka Dan Adam na Kasa (National Human Development Initiative) kuma ana daukar nauyinsu ne ta hanyar tallafin dala miliyan 7 daga Hukumar Kawancen Duniya don Tallafi Mai Dogaro da Sakamako (GPOBA) karkashin gudanarwar Bankin Duniya. Wannan ne karon farko da GPOBA, wacce galibi take tallafawa fanni mai zaman kansa, ta ba da tallafi ga kamfanin ruwa na gwamnati. Matsakaicin matakin tallafi ga kowane hadin famfo ya kai dala 169 na samar da ruwa da kuma dala 606 na tsaftar muhalli. Matsakaicin matakin tallafin kowane hadin famfo kashi 35 ne. Kamfanonin sun kuma samar da yakin neman zabi na fadakarwa don sanar da mutane cewa suna da damar hada magudanar ruwa ta hanyar tawagogi dake zuwa kasuwanni. Karkashin tsarin tallafi mai dogaro da sakamakon aiki, kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ko na gwamnati ne ke fara daukar nauyin zuba jari da kudadensu, sannan GPOBA take mayar musu da kudaden bayan an gudanar da binciken tantancewa wanda ke tabbatar da cewa an hada wa gidajen kuma suna samun gamsasshen sabis. A cewar Bankin Duniya, tsarin tallafin ya taimaka wajen inganta hanyoyin aiki, shawo kan cikas na kudi da kuma tattara hadin gwiwar masu ruwa da tsaki.<ref>[http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTMENA/Resources/water-in-the-arab-world-ch17.pdf Subsidies for the Poor: An Innovative Output-Based Aid Approach Providing Basic Services to Poor Periurban Neighborhoods in Morocco] Xavier Chauvot de Beauchêne and Pier Mantovani, 2009</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.gpoba.org/gpoba/node/213 |title=The Global Partnership on Output-based Aid - Further detailed information on the OBA project in Morocco |access-date=2009-12-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726125202/http://www.gpoba.org/gpoba/node/213 |archive-date=2011-07-26 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Alhakokin Fanni == Manyan jaruman da ke a matakin tsara manufofi a wannan fanni sune Ma'aikatar Makamashi, Ma'adinai, Ruwa da Muhalli wacce ke da alhakin gudanar da albarkatun ruwa, da kuma Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida wacce ke da alhakin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. A matakin samar da sabis kuma, manyan jaruman sune kamfanin wutar lantarki da ruwa na kasa wato ONEE, kamfanoni masu zaman kansu guda 3, da kuma kamfanoni 13 mallakar kananan hukumomi. Birni mafi girma a kasar, wato Casablanca, kamfani mai zaman kansa na Lydec ne ke yi masa hidima. Baya ga cibiyoyin da aka ambata a sama, hukumomin dausayi guda bakwai ne ke da alhakin gudanar da albarkatun ruwa. Sai dai wadannan cibiyoyin har yanzu suna da rauni sosai. Gaba daya, fannin yana da siffar tsari na cibiyoyi masu sarkakiya da rarrabuwa, wanda - a cewar rahoton Bankin Duniya na shekarar 2004 - "ya kawo cikas ga tsara cikakken hangen nesa na fannin baki daya da kuma kafa manufofi masu dacewa".<ref name="REDI4">World Bank:[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf Kingdom of Morocco. Recent Economic Developments in Infrastructure (REDI).Water Supply and Sanitation Sector], 2004, p.4-5 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607014410/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf |date=June 7, 2011 }}</ref> === Manufofi da Ka'idoji === Hukumar siyasa mafi daukaka a fannin ruwa na Maroko tana hannun Babban Majalisar Ruwa da Yanayi (Conseil Supérieur de l'Eau et du Climat) karkashin Firayim Minista da Shugabancin Karramawa na Sarki. An kafa ta ne a shekarar 1996, inda ta maye gurbin tsohuwar Babban Majalisa da aka kafa a shekarar 1981. Ta hada da wakilan daukacin Ma'aikatun da ke da ruwa da tsaki a harkar ruwa, wakilan gwamnatin shiyyoyi da kungiyoyin masu amfani da ruwa, gami da masana kimiyya, kungiyoyin kwararru, da kungiyoyin kasuwanci. Kodayake an nufi majalisar ta rika taro sau daya a shekara kamar yadda dokar kafata ta nuna, rabon da ta yi taro tun a shekarar 2001. Taronta na baya kafin wannan an gudanar da shi ne a shekarar 1994. A karkashin dokar, Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a ce ke tabbatar da ayyukan sakatariya na Majalisar.<ref>Secrétariat d'État chargé de l'Eau:[http://www.water.gov.ma/04textes-juridiques/dec_cons.htm DECRET N° 2-96-158 DU 8 rejeb 1417 (20 novembre 1996) RELATIF A LA COMPOSITION ET AU FONCTIONNEMENT DU CONSEIL SUPERIEUR DE L'EAU ET DU CLIMAT]. Retrieved October 21, 2009. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081123063143/http://www.water.gov.ma/04textes-juridiques/dec_cons.htm |date=November 23, 2008 }}</ref> Sai dai an mayar da daukacin ayyukan da suka shafi ruwa daga Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a zuwa sabuwar Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Muhalli da aka kafa a shekarar 2002. A cikin gwamnatin Maroko, ma'aikatu daban-daban ne ke raba alhakokin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. Ma'aikatar Makamashi, Ma'adinai, Ruwa da Muhalli (Ministère de l'Energie, des mines, de l'eau et de l'environnement) ita ce ke da alhakin gudanar da albarkatun ruwa da samar da ruwa mai yawa, yayin da Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida ke da alhakin kula da raba ruwa da tsaftar muhalli da kamfanonin kananan hukumomi ke gudanarwa. A cikin Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida, Hukumar Kula da Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli (DEA) tana taimaka wa gwamnatocin gida game da maganganun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli, kuma tana taka rawar gani wajen tsarawa, aiwatarwa, da tallafawa ayyukan ginin asali na ruwa da magudanar tuka-tuka. Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Jama'a da Yarjejeniyoyi (DRSC), wacce ita ma ke cikin Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida, tana sanya ido kan ayyukan ''Régies'' da yarjejeniyoyin kamfanoni. Wasu alhakokin fannin suna karkashin ikon sauran Ma'aikatu ne. Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Jama'a (MSP) ita ce babbar mai tsara ka'idojin ingancin ruwa a fannin, mai alhakin kafawa da aiwatar da mizanai na kiwon lafiyar jama'a na ruwan sha. Hukumar Kula da Kamfanonin Gwamnati da Mayar da Su ga Masu Zaman Kansu ta Ma'aikatar Kudi ce ke kula da al'amuran kasafin kudi na ayyukan kamfanonin gwamnati, da kuma kulla yarjejeniyoyi. Bugu da kari, Hukumar Kula da Farashi ta Ma'aikatun tana amincewa da shawarwarin karara kudaden harajin ruwa. === Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa === [[File:Oum Errabiaa.jpeg|200px|thumb|Kogin Oum Er-Rbia a tsakiyar Maroko shine kogi mafi tsawo a kasar. Baya ga kasancewarsa muhimmin tushen ruwa don ban ruwa, yana samar da mafi yawan ruwan sha ga birni mafi girma a kasar, wato Casablanca]] Hukumomin dausayin koguna guda tara ne ke da alhakin gudanar da albarkatun ruwa a Maroko. Hukumomin dausayin koguna suna da jerin muhimman alhakoki. Suna ba da izinin diban ruwa da zubar da tuka-tuka ga dukkan masu amfani, bisa ga babban tsarin dausayi (Plan directeur d'aménagement intégré des ressources en eau, PDAIRE) da su da kansu suke tsarawa. Suna kuma tara kudaden haraji na diban ruwa da zubar da tuka-tuka. Kuma an nufi su rika ba da taimakon kudi da na fasaha ga masu samar da sabis domin kariya daga gurbatar ruwa da kuma inganta amfani da albarkatun ruwa cikin hikima. Suna kuma sanya ido kan inganci da yawa na ruwan saman kasa da na karkashin kasa, kuma su ne ke da alhakin gudanar da al'amuran gaggawa da suka shafi ruwa. Daga karshe, ya kamata su habaka fadakarwar jama'a game da albarkatun ruwa. Hukumomin suna kula da wadannan dausayi da aka jera su gwargwadon albarkatun ruwan da ke akwai a kowane dausayi: Kogin Sebou, Kogin Moulouya, Kogin Oum Er-Rbia, Kogin Bou Regreg, Kogin Tensift, Kogin Loukkos da dausayin Souss-Massa, Ziz-Er Gheris da Sakia el Hamra-Oued Eddahab.<ref name="LES AGENCES DE BASSINS HYDRAULIQUES"/><ref>Mohamed Hachmi, Secrétariat d'État chargé de l'Eau et de l'Environnement:[http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/13/21/43316393.pdf Agences de Bassins Hydrauliques & Governance de l’eau], 8–9 July 2009. Retrieved October 20, 2009.</ref> Hanyoyin da ke akwai ga hukumomin dausayin sun yi karanci kwarai don gudanar da ayyukansu. === Samar da Sabis === Akwai rukunoni guda hudu na masu samar da sabis a biranen Maroko: kamfanoni masu zaman kansu dake da yarjejeniya (kashi 38% na abokan cinikin ruwa a birane), kamfanonin kananan hukumomi (kashi 31%), kamfanin gwamnati na kasa wato ONEE (kashi 28%), da kuma kananan hukumomin da ke ba da sabis kai tsaye (kashi 3%). A ka'idance, bisa ga dokar kananan hukumomi ta shekarar 1976 (Charte Communale), wadda aka yi wa kwaskwarima a shekarar 2002 da 2008, ayyukan jama'a kamar samar da ruwa, magudanar ruwa da raba wutar lantarki alhakin kananan hukumomi ne (communes). Akwai kananan hukumomi 1,547 a Maroko, gami da 249 na birane da 1,298 na karkara. Kamar yandda aka ambata a sama, wasu kananan hukumomin sun wakilta samar da sabis ga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. A wasu kananan hukumomin kuma ''Régies'' ne ke ba da wadannan ayyuka, galibi ba tare da wata takaitacciyar kwangila ba. A kananan hukumomi mafi kankanta, ONEE ne ke yawan ba da sabis, ko dai tare da ko ba tare da kwangila ba (contrat de gestion déléguée) da karamar hukumar. Dangane da magudanar ruwa kuma, kananan hukumomi da yawa masu kankanta har yanzu suna ba da wannan sabis din kai tsaye, kodayake akwai manufar mika ayyukan magudanar ruwa a hankali ga ONEE. Kwaskwarimar shekarar 2008 ga dokar kananan hukumomi ta ba da damar kafa kungiyoyin kananan hukumomi (groupement d'agglomérations urbaines). ==== Yarjejeniyoyin Kamfanoni Masu Zaman Kansu ==== [[File:Tanger1.JPG|thumb|left|200px|Kamfanin kashin kai na Amendis, wani reshe na kamfanin Veolia Environnement na kasar Faransa ne ke gudanar da ayyukan ruwa da magudanar tuka-tuka a birnin Tangier dake gabar tekun Gibraltar]] Kamfanoni masu zaman kansu dake da yarjejeniyar ayyuka da yawa suna samar da ruwan sha, ayyukan magudanar ruwa da wutar lantarki a Casablanca, Rabat, Tangier, da Tetouan. Lydec, mai rike da yarjejeniya a Casablanca, mallakar SUEZ Environnement ce (kashi 51%), kamfanin inshora na Maroko RMA Watanya (kashi 15%) da kamfanin zuba jari na Maroko FIPAR-Holding (kashi 19.75%). Bugu da kari, kashi 14.25% na hannun jarin ana kasuwancinsu a kasuwar hannun jari ta Casablanca tun shekarar 2005.<ref>Lydec:[http://www.lydec.ma/html/visite.htm Carte de visite] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614051701/http://www.lydec.ma/html/visite.htm |date=2012-06-14 }}. Retrieved October 10, 2009.</ref> Amendis, wani kamfani na reshen Veolia Environnement na Faransa, shine mai rike da yarjejeniya a Tangier da Tetouan.<ref>"The Veolia Group: In short." [https://www.amendis.ma/fr/qui-sommes-nous/en-bref] Retrieved September 26, 2020.</ref> A shekarar 2013, Veolia ta sayar da reshenta na Maroko wato Veolia Environnement Maroc mai rike da yarjejeniyar ga rukunin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu na Burtaniya Actis Capital akan euro miliyan 370 bayan da hukumomi suka ki amincewa da bukatun karara kudaden haraji. An kuma soki kamfanin saboda rashin cimma burinsa na zuba jari, musamman game da samar da sabis ga matalauta. Kamfanin Averda dake da babban gindi a UAE shine mai rike da yarjejeniyar yanzu haka a Rabat, bayan ya lashe kwangilar shekaru bakwai da aka tsara za ta kare a shekarar 2022.<ref>{{Cite news|date=22 June 2015|title=Averda wins competitive tender from city of Rabat|work=Construction Week|url=https://www.constructionweekonline.com/article-34134-averda-wins-competative-tender-from-city-of-rabat|access-date=26 September 2020}}</ref> Kamfani na hudu mai gudanar da yarjejeniya kuma yana samar da ruwa mai yawa ga Casablanca. ==== Kamfanonin Kananan Hukumomi: ''Régies autonomes'' ==== [[File:Nador seafront.JPG|thumb|200px|An mika harkar samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a birnin Nador na tsakiyar teku ga ONEP bayan da kamfanin karamar hukuma na RADEEN ya kasa tsaftace dausayin Nador]] Kwararrun kamfanonin jama'a guda 12 mallakar kananan hukumomi da ake kira ''Régies autonomes'' suna samar da ruwa a manyan birane matsakaita guda 12. Wadancan kamfanonin suna kuma ba da sabis na tsaftar muhalli a birane 11 da ayyukan raba wutar lantarki a birane 7. Mafi girma a cikin biranen da ''Régies autonomes'' ke yi wa hidima sune Agadir, Fez, Marrakesh, Meknes da Oujda. Regies suna kuma nan a Chaouia, El Jadida, Kenitra, Larache, Safi, Tadla da Taza. Da yawa daga cikin wadannan kamfanonin mallakar kananan hukumomi da dama ne (Régies intercommunales). ONEP ta karbe ikon Hukumar Gudanar da Ruwa da Wutar Lantarki ta Nador (RADEEN) a kusan shekarar 2007 sakamakon gazawar kamfanin wajen tsaftace gurbataccen dausayin Nador yadda ya kamata. ==== Kamfanin Gwamnati Na Kasa: ONEE ==== ONEE (Office National de l'Electricité et de l'Eau Potable) kamfani ne na wutar lantarki da samar da ruwa mai yawa wanda ke fitar da kashi 80 na ruwan sha na kasar kuma yana sayar da mafi yawansa ga ''Régies'' da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu dake da yarjejeniya. Yana kuma raba ruwa kai tsaye ga abokan ciniki a kusan matsakaita da kananan garuruwa 500. ONEE ta kuma karbi ayyukan tsaftar muhalli a sama da 65 daga cikin garuruwan da take raba ruwan sha zuwa shekarar 2009, kuma ana ranar za ta karbi ayyukan tsaftar muhalli a jimillar garuruwa 191 zuwa shekarar 2017. Bugu da kari, ONEE tana samar da ruwa ta hanyar famfon taron jama'a ga kashi daya cikin uku na al'ummar karkara wadanda ke da damar samun ingantaccen tushen ruwa. An kafa ONEE («Office national d'électricité et d'eau potable») ne ta hanyar kawancen kamfanin wutar lantarki na ONE da ONEP. ==== Samar da Sabis Kai Tsaye Daga Kananan Hukumomi: ''Régies directes'' ==== Kananan hukumomi 40 a kananan garuruwa suna yi wa kashi 3 na abokan ciniki a birane hidimar ruwa (Régies directes) ta hanyar "sassan kananan hukumomi maras kwarewa da karancin kudi".<ref name="REDI4"/> Suna kuma ba da ayyukan magudanar ruwa a garuruwa 280 (2003). === Kungiyoyi === Kungiyar Maroko don Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli (Association Marocaine de l'Eau Potable et de l'Assainissement - AMEPA) kungiyar kasuwanci ce da aka kafa a shekarar 1997 don "fuskantar kalubale masu zuwa da kuma kare muradun fannin". Ta shirya tarurrukan karawa juna sani da na manyan baki na kasa da na duniya da dama a Maroko. Tana kuma shiga cikin tarurrukan kasa da kasa. A shekarar 2009 tana da mambobi 120, gami da masu samar da sabis, 'yan kwangila, kamfanonin ba da shawara da kungiyoyin kwararru.<ref>[http://www.amepa-maroc.com/index.php Moroccan Association for Water Supply and Sanitation (''Association Marocaine de l’Eau Potable et de l’Assainissement'' - AMEPA)]. Retrieved October 21, 2009. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104003602/http://www.amepa-maroc.com/index.php |date=November 4, 2009 }}</ref> Fassi Fihri, Babban Daraktan ONEP, shine Shugaban AMEPA ya zuwa watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2009.<ref>ONEP:[http://www.onep.org.ma/Communiques-Presse-ONEP/communiques%202006/Communique-AMEPA_final_25-01-06.doc M. Ali Fassi Fihri, Directeur Général de l’ONEP réélu Président de l’Association Marocaine de l’Eau Potable et de l’Assainissement (AMEPA) à l’issue de son Assemblée Générale], January 25, 2006. Retrieved October 21, 2009.</ref> == Al'amuran kuɗi == === Haraji da ikon biya === Kasar Maroko tana da saromammen tsarin haraji da kudaden fito na ruwa da tsaftace muhalli wanda ya kunshi rukunoni da dama na haraji a matakai daban-daban na zagayowar ruwa: hako ruwa, sayarwa da yawa, sayarwa dalla-dalla, da kuma tarawa, magani da kuma zubar da gurbataccen ruwa.<ref>Mathilde Tenneson and Dominique Rojat:[http://www.cairn.info/revue-afrique-contemporaine-2003-1-page-151.htm LA TARIFICATION DE L’EAU AU MAROC : COMMENT SERVIR DIFFÉRENTES CAUSES?], Afrique Contemporaine, Dossier spécial no 205 2003/1. Retrieved October 24, 2009.</ref> Harajin birane ya bambanta dangane da gari, yawan ruwan da aka cinye, da kuma nau'in amfani (na gida, na jama'a, na kasuwanci da na masana'antu). Hanyoyin duba farashin harajin birane sun bambanta kuma dangane da ko mai samar da hidimar na kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ne ko na gwamnati, inda tsarin na karshen ya kasance mafi sarkakiya da daukar lokaci fiye da na farkon. Gabaɗaya, matakin harajin ruwa na birane yana da yawa idan aka kwatanta da sauran ƙasashe a Gabas Ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka, wanda hakan ke sanya da wuya ga matalautan birane da ke jone da hanyar sadarwar bututu su iya biya. A gefe guda kuma, bai isa ba don ba da damar dawo da cikakken kudin da aka kashe. Kashi 11% na duk masu amfani, gami da babban rabo na talakawa a birane da karkara, suna samun ruwa kyauta daga wuraren taba ruwa na jama'a. '''Kudaden hako ruwa'''. Kamfanin ONEE da Régies dole ne su biya kudade (redevances) na hako ruwa da zubar da gurbataccen ruwa ga hukumomin kula da madatsun ruwa na yankuna. An gabatar da wadannan kudaden ne a kan tushen Dokar Ruwa ta shekarar 1995. Matakinsu yana da kasa, wanda hakan baya ba hukumomin kula da madatsun ruwa damar biyan kudaden gudanarwa na kansu, balle ma su ba da gudummawa wajen daukar nauyin zuba jari na masu samar da hidima kamar yadda dokar ta tanada. Tun lokacin da aka gabatar da su, ba a daidaita matakin kudaden ba, ta yadda idan aka yi la'akari da hauhawar farashin kayayyaki, darajar kudaden da dama dama can suna da kasa ta kara raguwa. '''Harajin siyan ruwa da yawa'''. Kamfanin ONEE yana karbar haraji don samar da ruwa da yawa ga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da Régies. Wadannan harajin ana duba su ne ta hanyar gwamnati tare da haraji na Régies da kuma harajin sayarwa dalla-dalla da na magudanar ruwa na ONEE. Harajin siyan ruwa da yawa ya bambanta daga wani gari zuwa wani ta hanyar la'akari da kudaden samarwa. Misali, harajin siyan ruwa da yawa na Casabalanca, inda mai samar da hidimar yake na kamfani mai zaman kansa, ya linka na makwabcin garin Settat sau biyu.<ref>L'Economiste:[http://www.tamesna.net/eau%20electricite.html Eau et électricité: un vrai casse-tête] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090307100031/http://www.tamesna.net/eau%20electricite.html |date=2009-03-07 }}. Retrieved October 10, 2009.</ref> Akwai haraji na musamman na kashi 5% akan tallace-tallace na ruwa da yawa domin daukar nauyin shirin samar da ruwa a karkara mai suna PAGER <ref name="PAGER"/> gami da wani karon haraji mafi mahimmanci don daukar nauyin samar da ruwa a kananan garuruwa. '''Harajin sayar da ruwa dalla-dalla'''. Tsarin haraji na sayarwa dalla-dalla iri daya ne ya shafi daukacin kasar. Harajin ruwa da na magudanar ruwa a Maroko yana bin tsarin haraji mai rukunoni masu karuwa, inda harajin kowace mita cubic ke karuwa yayin da amfani ke karuwa. Harajin gida yana da rukunoni hudu, mafi kankanta ya shafi amfani da bai kai mita cubic 6 ba a kowane wata kuma mafi girma ya shafi amfani da ya wuce mita cubic 40 a kowane wata. Koyaya, matakin farashin sayarwa dalla-dalla ya bambanta daga wani yanki zuwa wani. Hidimar taba ruwa na jama'a, wadanda aka saba da su ga matalautan birane, yawanci kyauta ne. Kamfanonin amfani suna tura takardun kudi ga gwamnatocin gida. A wasu lokuta kalilan, an damka gudanarwar wuraren taba ruwa ga mai gadi/mai sarrafawa (gardien/gérant), wanda ke sarrafa fanfo kuma yake karbar kudi daga hannun masu amfani. Kamar yadda rahoton Bankin Duniya ya bayyana, hidimar taba ruwa kyauta tana da amfani ga talakawa. Amma kuma suna kara zama marasa dorewa ga masu gudanarwa, ta fuskar asarar ruwa (har zuwa kashi 40) da kuma rashin kudaden shiga. Masu gudanarwa suna goyon bayan inganta jonawa mutane daddaya bututu domin karfafa kudaden shigarsu.<ref>Bankin Duniya:[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf Kingdom of Morocco. Recent Economic Developments in Infrastructure (REDI).Water Supply and Sanitation Sector], 2004, p. 18 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607014410/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf |date=June 7, 2011 }}</ref> An kara harajin siyarwa dalla-dalla na ruwa da magudanar ruwa a shekarar 2006 a daukacin kasar ta hanyar rage girman rukunin farko na haraji mai rukunoni masu karuwa daga mita cubic 8 zuwa 6 a kowane wata da kuma kara kafaffen bangare na takardar kudin. Farashin gwargwadon amfani na kowane rukunin haraji ya kasance canja. Wadannan canje-canje sun yi daidai da karin haraji na kashi 11% (a duba). Bayan karin, matsakaicin harajin ruwa ya bambanta tsakanin Dirham 3.20 kowace mita cubic ($0.29) a Meknes da Dirham 7.18 kowace mita cubic ($0.66) a Casablanca. Harajin magudanar ruwa ya bambanta tsakanin Dirham 0.59 kowace mita cubic ($0.05) a Oujda da Dirham 1.64 kowace mita cubic ($0.15) a Marrakesh.<ref>Royaume du Maroc:Revue Strategique du Programme National d'Assainissement, Banque Mondiale/KfW, 2008, p. 101</ref> A shekarar 2002 an yanke shawarar cewa harajin magudanar ruwa a kananan garuruwa da ONEP ke yi wa hidima ya zama iri daya ga daukacin garuruwan, ta yin amfani da tsarin rukunoni masu karuwa. Matsakaicin harajin magudanar ruwa na ONEP ya kasance Dirham 1.50 kowace mita cubic a shekarar 2009. Duk da cewa an yanke shawara a shekarar 2004 na kara harajin magudanar ruwa zuwa Dirham 2.00 kowace mita cubic. Sai dai, an jinkirta amfani da wannan shawarar kuma har zuwa shekarar 2009 harajin magudanar ruwa ya karu ne kawai a gari guda. Duk da haka, an yi hasashen karawa zuwa Dirham 2.20 kowace mita cubic a shekarar 2009.<ref>Bilan d'Activité Assainissement de l'ONEP, 25 November 2009, Slide 41</ref> '''Kudaden jonawa'''. A yankunan birane, kudaden jonawa na lokaci guda na ruwa da magudanar ruwa ana biya ne ga mai samar da hidimar na daban. Ana kayyade matakin kudaden ne bisa wani tsari dake la'akari da tsayin hanyar sadarwar ruwa da magudanar ruwa a cikin birnin, sannan da tsayin gaban kowace dukiya (don kudaden jona ruwa da ONEP ke karba, da ake kira taxe riveraine) ko kuma yankin dukiya (don duk kudaden jonawa da Régies da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ke karba, da kuma kudaden jona magudanar ruwa da ONEP ke karba, wadanda gaba daya ake kira Participation au Premier Etablissement ko PPE). Wadannan kudaden ba su hada da kudaden gaske na samar da jona kanta daga layin hidima a kan titi ba, wanda mai amfana zai biya da kansa daban. Kamar yadda yake a sauran kasashe, hakan kuma baya hada da kudaden shigar da aikin famfo a cikin dukiya. Kudaden jonawa da hanyar sadarwar ruwa da magudanar ruwa babban tushen kudi ne ga masu samar da hidima. A lokaci guda kuma, babban matakinsu ya zama cikas wajen fadada hanyar sadarwar, duk da wata manufa ta barin abokan ciniki matalakawa su biya wani bangare na kudin jonawa ta kudaden rabi-rabi da ake karawa a takardar kudin ruwa na kowane wata na tsawon lokaci har zuwa shekaru 7 (branchements sociaux). Wadannan matsaloli an bayyana su ta misalin Casablanca inda aka sanya manufar farko ta shekara-shekara na guda 10,000 na jona na jin dadin jama'a, amma guda 1,250 ne kacal aka aiwatar a kowace shekara har zuwa shekarar 2006.<ref>Claude de Miras, Julien Le Tellier, Aahd Benmansour:[http://www.authorstream.com/presentation/Breezy-21910-saragosse-DeMiras-LeTellier-France-Maroc-2-Volont-explicite-de-faire-reculer-la-pauvret-et-ses-cons-quences-LYDEC-montage-du-co-financement-as-Entertainment-ppt-powerpoint/ Le modèle marocain de gouvernance de l'eau potable], Presentation in Saragossa, March 2007, Slide 5</ref> Shirin Tallafawa Cigaban Dan Adam na Kasa (National Human Development Initiative) yana yafe kudaden jonawa ga zababbun unguwannin birane na matalakawa.<ref>Claude de Miras, Julien Le Tellier, Aahd Benmansour:[http://www.authorstream.com/presentation/Breezy-21910-saragosse-DeMiras-LeTellier-France-Maroc-2-Volont-explicite-de-faire-reculer-la-pauvret-et-ses-cons-quences-LYDEC-montage-du-co-financement-as-Entertainment-ppt-powerpoint/ Le modèle marocain de gouvernance de l'eau potable], Presentation in Saragossa, March 2007, Slide 12</ref> Matsakaicin kudaden jonawa sun kasance daga daidai yake da $220 zuwa 500 na ruwa da kuma $880 zuwa 1,650 na magudanar ruwa a shekarar 2004.<ref>Bankin Duniya:[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf Kingdom of Morocco. Recent Economic Developments in Infrastructure (REDI).Water Supply and Sanitation Sector], 2004, p. 77 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607014410/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf |date=June 7, 2011 }}</ref> Koyaya, a cewar wani tushen daban, a shekarar 2008 kudin jona magudanar ruwa da ONEP ke karba ya kasance Dirham 1,600 kacal (kimanin $145).<ref>Royaume du Maroc:Revue Strategique du Programme National d'Assainissement, Banque Mondiale/KfW, 2008, p. 9</ref> '''Ikon biya'''. Bayanai daga binciken yanayin rayuwar gidaje na kasa na shekarar 1998/99 sun kimanta daukacin kudaden kashewa na samar da ruwa akan Dirham (MAD) 84.8/mutum/shekara a yankunan birane da MAD 147.4/mutum/shekara a yankunan karkara, ko kuma kashi 1.8 da 2.9 na matsakaicin daukacin kudaden kashewa na kowane mutum.<ref>Bankin Duniya:[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf Kingdom of Morocco. Recent Economic Developments in Infrastructure (REDI).Water Supply and Sanitation Sector], 2004, p. 28 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607014410/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf |date=June 7, 2011 }}</ref> === Dawo da kudaden da aka kashe === Dawo da kudaden da aka kashe a fannin ya kasance kalubale. Kamfanin ONEE yana da cin gashin kansa ta fuskar kudi ta hanyar kudaden shiga na harajinsa, amma yana samun tallafin zuba jari na Dirham miliyan 150 a kowace shekara don samar da ruwa a karkara sannan rabin jifansa na tsaftace muhalli ana daukar nauyinsu ne ta hanyar kasafin kudin gwamnati da na kananan hukumomi.<ref>Royaume du Maroc:Contrat de Programme entre l'État et l'ONEP 2008-2010, October 2008. p. 10</ref> Kamfanonin Regies dole ne su dogara sosai akan kudaden jonawa don kudaden shigarsu.<ref>Bankin Duniya:[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf Kingdom of Morocco. Recent Economic Developments in Infrastructure (REDI).Water Supply and Sanitation Sector], 2004, p. 58 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607014410/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf |date=June 7, 2011 }}</ref> === Zuba jari === Zuba jarin a fannin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ya karu sosai tsakanin shekarar 2003 da 2005. A rabon ruwa na birane ya karu daga Dirham biliyan 0.9 zuwa 1.5, a samar da ruwa na karkara daga Dirham biliyan 0.5 zuwa 0.8, a samar da ruwa kansa daga biliyan 0.3 zuwa 0.6, sannan a bangaren tsaftace muhalli daga Dirham biliyan 1.1 zuwa 2.8. Gabaɗaya zuba jarin ya ninka daga Dirham biliyan 2.8 ($337m) zuwa biliyan 5.7 ($687m).<ref>Revue strategique du PNA, 2008, p. 10</ref> Zuba jarin kowane mutum a fannin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ya tsaya akan $21 ga kowane mutum a shekara, mataki mai matukar yawa idan aka kwatanta da sauran kasashe masu matsakaicin kudin shiga. === Samar da kudi === Ana daukar nauyin zuba jari ne daga kudaden shiga na haraji, tallafi daban-daban da canja wurin kudi (kyauta da lamuni masu sauki) ta hanyar abokan hulda na waje. Sai dai kuma, akwai gagarumin tallafi na ketare. Misali, harajin siyan ruwa da yawa da ONEE ke karba daga hannun kamfanonin kwangila masu zaman kansu da Régies sun fi kudaden samarwa yawa. Ana amfani da rarar kudin ne don tallafawa ayyukan ONEE na samar da ruwa a karkara da tsaftace muhalli, inda haraji ba ya rufe kudaden da aka kashe. Haka kuma, a cewar wani binciken Bankin Duniya na shekarar 2008, akwai tallafin ketare na kusan Dirham biliyan 1 daga masu amfani da wutar lantarki wadanda ake karbar harajin rabawa da ya fi kudaden da aka kashe. Wannan yana bawa kamfanonin kwangila da Régies damar samar da kudaden shiga da ake bukata don biyan kumburarrun haraji na ruwa da yawa, wanda shi kuma ke bawa ONEE damar tallafawa samar da ruwa a karkara da tsaftace muhalli akan adadin da shima ya kai kusan Dirham biliyan 1.<ref>Royaume du Maroc:Mécanismes et Flux de Financement du Secteur de l'Eau, Banque mondiale, Avril 2008, p. xii</ref> == Hadin gwiwar waje == Hadin gwiwar waje yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a fannin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli na Maroko. Abokan hulda na waje suna samar da kudaden zuba jari da taimakon fasaha. Fara daga shekarar 2002, Bankin Cigaban Afirka, Tarayyar Turai sannan kuma Bankin Duniya sun samar da tallafin kasafin kudi (budget support) da ke da alaka da cika wasu sharuɗɗan manufofi. Manyan abokan hulda na waje a fannin sune, ban da ukun da aka ambata a sama, Faransa, Jamus da Japan. Sauran abokan hulda na waje sune Belgium, Bankin Cigaban Musulunci, Kuwait, Luxemburg, Spain da Amurka. Abokan hulda na waje suna kara yin aiki tare don daukar nauyin shirye-shiryen hadin gwiwa maimakon daukar nauyin takamaiman ayyuka daddaya. Misali shi ne shirin samar da ruwa a karkara na PAGER da aka fara a shekarar 1995 wanda Belgium, Tarayyar Turai, Faransa, Jamus, Japan, Kuwait, Luxemburg da Bankin Duniya suka tallafa mawa.<ref name="PAGER">Secrétariat d'État chargé de l'Eau:[http://www.water.gov.ma/03programmes/ameliorations-pager.htm AMELIORATIONS APPORTEES PAR LE PAGER]. Retrieved October 21, 2009. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091001071058/http://www.water.gov.ma/03programmes/ameliorations-pager.htm |date=October 1, 2009 }}</ref> Wani misali na baya-bayan nan shi ne tallafi ga Shirin Tsaftace Muhalli na Kasa ta hanyar Tarayyar Turai, Faransa da Jamus. === Bankin Cigaban Afirka === [[File:AFDB Logo.png|100px]] Bankin Cigaban Afirka (AfDB) ya dauki nauyin ayyukan ruwan sha guda tara a Maroko tun daga shekarar 1978. Gabaɗaya adadin kudadensa a fannin ya kasance dala miliyan 180 har zuwa shekarar 2006, inda garuruwan Maroko guda 20 suka amfana, musamman Tangier. Ayyukan da ake kai, wadanda duka ONEP ke aiwatarwa, sun hada da aikin ruwan sha da tsaftace muhalli na tara, da aka kiyasta a shekarar 2006, wanda ke amfanar mutanen karkara a larduna hudu kuma yana hasashen kula da gurbataccen ruwa a garuruwa uku (Khouribga, Oued Zem da Boujaâd) <ref>[[African Development Bank]]:[http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/MA-2006-059-EN-ADB-BD-WP-MOROCCO-NINTH-WATER-SUPPLY-AND-SANITATION-PROJECT-FINAL.PDF NINTH DRINKING WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT:APPRAISAL REPORT] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120222042933/http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/MA-2006-059-EN-ADB-BD-WP-MOROCCO-NINTH-WATER-SUPPLY-AND-SANITATION-PROJECT-FINAL.PDF |date=2012-02-22 }}, 2006</ref> da kuma aikin samar da ruwan sha na goma da aka amince da shi a shekarar 2008 wanda ke tallafawa samar da ruwan sha a Khénifra, Taounate, Settat, Marrakesh da Tamesna gami da kananan garuruwa makwabta.<ref>[[African Development Bank]] :[https://afchive.today/20110807095953/http://www.afdb.org/en/news-events/article/afdb-approves-10th-drinking-water-supply-project-in-morocco-3396/ AfDB Approves 10th Drinking Water Supply Project in Morocco]{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, November 19, 2008</ref> A shekarar 2003 AfDB ta samar da lamuni don shirin daidaita fannin ruwa. A shekarar 2012 AfDB ta amince da lamuni na dala miliyan 157 don daukar nauyin Aikin Samar da Ruwa na Yankin Marrakesh tare da AFD ($68.7m), ONEE da kuma Office Chérifien des Phosphates (OCP), inda kowannensu ya samar da dala miliyan 66.8. Zai dauki nauyin isar da ruwa da yawa daga Madatsar Ruwa ta Al Massira don ruwan sha, yawon bude ido da hakar gwal. Ana ranar kammala aikin a shekarar 2017. === Tarayyar Turai === [[File:Flag of Europe.svg|thumb|100px]] Tarayyar Turai tana tallafawa fannin ta hanyar kyauta, sannan da kuma lamuni daga Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai (EIB). EIB ta tallafa wa ayyukan samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a birane shida (Marrakesh, Settat, Meknes, Agadir, Oujda da Fez), gami da kananan garuruwa da dama. Tsakanin shekarar 1997 da 2006 ta samar da lamuni guda 10 da suka kai Euro miliyan 283. A shekarar 2006 ta amince da wani lamuni na Euro miliyan 40 don tsaftace muhalli a kwaron Sebou, kogi mai tsananin gurbata inda Fez da Meknes suke.<ref>[[European Investment Bank]]:[http://www.eib.org/projects/loans/regions/mediterranean-countries/ma.htm?start=1980&end=2009&sector=water%2C-sewerage Loans to Morocco for water and sanitation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303210420/http://www.eib.org/projects/loans/regions/mediterranean-countries/ma.htm?start=1980&end=2009&sector=water,-sewerage |date=2016-03-03 }}. Retrieved October 9, 2009.</ref> A shekarar 2002 Tarayyar Turai ta samar da kyautar Euro miliyan 120 don tallafawa shirin daidaita fannin ruwa na farko ga Maroko, wanda ke da nufin daidaita gudanarwar albarkatun ruwa.<ref>Maroc Hebdo International:[http://www.maroc-hebdo.press.ma/MHinternet/Archives_499/pdf_499/page22.pdf L'UE finance un programme d'ajustement du secteur de l'eau au Maroc]{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, N° 499, 22–28 February 2002. Retrieved October 20, 2009.</ref> Takamaiman manufofin shirin sun kasance aiwatar da Dokar Tsarin Ruwa ta shekarar 1995 yadda ya kamata, rage kudaden kashewa na kasafin kudin jiha da kuma kara tasirin hukumomin fannin.<ref>Délégation de la Commission Européenne au Maroc (Delegation of the European Commission in Morocco):[http://www.delmar.ec.europa.eu/fr/meda2/fiche25.pdf PROGRAMME D’AJUSTEMENT STRUCTUREL DU SECTEUR DE L’EAU AU MAROC] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070712053225/http://www.delmar.ec.europa.eu/fr/meda2/fiche25.pdf |date=2007-07-12 }}, no date. Retrieved October 20, 2009.</ref> === Faransa === Samun ruwan sha da aikin tsaftace muhalli na ɗaya daga cikin muhimman fannonin da haɗin gwiwar bunƙasa ƙasa na Faransa ke mayar da hankali kai tare da Maroko. A shekarar 2007, Hukumar Bunƙasa Ƙasa ta Faransa (AFD) ta tallafa wa ayyukan da suka kai darajar Yuro miliyan 130 don samar da ruwan sha a birane da karkara, da kuma Yuro miliyan 145 don aikin tsaftace muhalli. Ta fuskar yanayin ƙasa, ayyukan sun ta'allaka ne a kwarin kogin Sebou, a Agadir da kuma Nador.<ref>Agence Française de Développement: L’AFD et le Maroc:Quinze ans de partenariat, 2007. Retrieved October 20, 2009.</ref> A Nador, tallafin Faransa yana ba da gudummawa ta hanyar wani lamuni da aka amince da shi a shekarar 2007 don tsaftace gurbataccen tafkin Nador, wanda shi ne babban tafki mafi girma a cikin Tekun Mediterranean. Tsarin tsaftace tekun ya samo asali ne daga ire-iren abubuwan da suka faru a Faransa (''Contrats de Baie'') inda hukumomin gwamnati daban-daban ke aiki tare don cimma buri guda na tsaftace gaɓar teku.<ref>Agence Française de Développement: L’AFD ET L’EAU EN MÉDITERRANÉE, Ecnadré sur MAROC – LE PLAN DE DÉPOLLUTION DE LA LAGUNE DE NADOR, UNE APPROCHE INNOVANTE, 2008</ref> === Jamus === Jamus ta dade tana tallafawa fannin ruwa na Maroko tun farkon shekarun 1980, kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin masu ba da agaji na farko da suka tallafa wa ƙoƙarin gwamnatin Maroko na faɗaɗa damar samun aikin tsaftace muhalli a ƙananan birane da matsakaita a farkon shekarun 1990. KfW ne ke gudanar da ayyukan agajin Jamus wanda ke da alhakin ayyukan saka hannun jari, GTZ kuma ke da alhakin haɗin gwiwar fasaha, yayin da InWent ke da alhakin bayar da horo. A shekarar 2009, jimillar ayyukan saka hannun jari da aka amince da su kuma suke gudana waɗanda KfW ke tallafawa sun kai Yuro miliyan 407, waɗanda ONEP ta gudanar da su duka a ƙananan birane da matsakaita da kuma yankunan karkara.<ref>Deutsche Industrie- und Handelskammer in Marokko: La coopération financière avec le Royaume du Maroc dans le domaine de l'eau et de l'assainissement{{Dead link|date=May 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Christoph Krieger, 2009. Retrieved October 20, 2009.</ref> GTZ tana tallafa wa Ma'aikatar Makamashi, Ma'adinai, Ruwa da Muhalli da kuma hukumomin kwari guda uku (Tensift, Souss-Massa, da Oum er-Rbia) domin inganta dorewar gudanarwa da tattalin arziƙin albarkatun ruwa. An fara aikin na Yuro miliyan 12 a shekarar 2008 kuma an tsara za a kammala shi a shekarar 2017.<ref>Deutsche Industrie- und Handelskammer in Marokko: Programme Appui à la Gestion Intégrée des Ressources en Eau - AGIRE{{Dead link|date=May 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Christine Werner, 2009. Retrieved October 20, 2009.</ref> === Bankin Musulunci na Bunƙasa Ƙasa === A shekarar 2006, Bankin Musulunci na Bunƙasa Ƙasa ya ba da lamuni guda biyu na Dirham miliyan 270 (kimanin Yuro miliyan 27) don samar da ruwan sha. Hukumar ONEP ce ke gudanar da ayyukan.<ref>ONEP: Communiqués de Presse ONEP, January 4, 2006. Retrieved October 20.</ref> === Japan === Tun daga shekarar 1994, JBIC ta ba da lamuni na Dirham biliyan 3.6 ga ONEP. A shekarar 2008, JICA ta ba Maroko lamuni na Yen biliyan 13.6 (kimanin Yuro miliyan 90) don ɗaukar nauyin ayyukan samar da ruwan sha na karkara a lardunan Chefchaouen, Taounate da Khénifra.<ref>Aujourd'hui le Maroc ONEP-JBIC : Un prêt de 908 millions DH {{Cite web |url=http://www.aujourdhui.ma/instantanes-details60804.html |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2026-06-16 |archive-date=2008-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080406141811/http://www.aujourdhui.ma/instantanes-details60804.html |url-status=dead }}. Retrieved October 19, 2009.</ref> Aikin zai amfani ƙauyuka (douars) guda 408 tare da mazauna 241,335, kuma za a aiwatar da shi har zuwa shekarar 2013. Wannan shi ne lamuni mafi mahimmanci da JICA da tsohuwar hukumar JBIC suka ba ONEP.<ref>ONEP. Retrieved October 19, 2009.</ref> === Sifaniya === Gwamnatin Sifaniya tana tallafa wa ayyukan samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli da dama a Maroko. An amince da aikin samar da ruwa na karkara da tsaftace muhalli na Yuro miliyan 15 wanda ONEP ta aiwatar a lardunan Alhucemas, Nador, Taunat da Tazaand a shekarar 2006.<ref>Agencia Española de Cooperación Internacional para el Desarrollo (Spanish Agency for International Development Cooperation): Apoyo a la ONEP en su programa del abastecimiento de agua potable y el saneamiento a nivel rural Apoyo a la ONEP en su programa del abastecimiento de agua potable y el saneamiento a nivel rural{{Dead link|date=May 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A fannin gudanar da albarkatun ruwa, ta tallafa wa hukumar kwari ta kogin Loukkos tsakanin shekarun 2003 da 2009,<ref>Agencia Española de Cooperación Internacional para el Desarrollo (Spanish Agency for International Development Cooperation): Refuerzo institucional en materia de gestión integral del agua a través del apoyo al organismo de Cuenca del Lucos{{Dead link|date=May 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> sannan kuma ta tallafa wa hukumar kwari ta kogin Molouya a shekarar 2006/07.<ref>Agencia Española de Cooperación Internacional para el Desarrollo (Spanish Agency for International Development Cooperation): Apoyo a la Agencia del Muluya {{Cite web |url=http://www.aecid.es/web/es/cooperacion/prog_cooperacion/Azahar/Proyectos/47314010_Marruecos.Apoyo_a_la_Agencia_del_Muluya.html |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2026-06-16 |archive-date=2009-12-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091224123321/http://www.aecid.es/web/es/cooperacion/prog_cooperacion/Azahar/Proyectos/47314010_Marruecos.Apoyo_a_la_Agencia_del_Muluya.html |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> === Amurka === [[File:USAID-Identity.svg|thumb]] Hukumar USAID ta tallafa wa ingantaccen gudanar da albarkatun ruwa a kwarin Souss-Masa tsakanin shekarun 1999 da 2005.<ref>USAID Morocco: Program Data Sheet:Improved Water Resources Management in the Souss-Massa River Basin {{Cite web |url=http://www.usaid.gov/pubs/cbj2003/ane/ma/608-006.html |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2026-06-16 |archive-date=2008-11-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081116084507/http://www.usaid.gov/pubs/cbj2003/ane/ma/608-006.html |url-status=dead }}. Retrieved October 11, 2009.</ref> === Bankin Duniya === A shekarar 2009, ayyukan da Bankin Duniya ke gudanarwa sun haɗa da ba da lamuni na dalar Amurka miliyan 60 don aikin samar da ruwan sha da tsaftace muhalli a karkara wanda aka amince da shi a shekarar 2005 (wanda ONEP ta aiwatar) da kuma tallafin dalar Amurka miliyan 7 daga Haɗin Gwiwar Duniya don Tallafin Sakamakon Aiki (Output-based aid) don haɓaka damar samun ruwan sha da tsaftace muhalli a birane (wanda Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida ta aiwatar). Ya kuma haɗa da lamuni na dalar Amurka miliyan 100 don tallafa wa Shirin Bunƙasa Bil'adama na Ƙasa (National Human Development Initiative) da aka amince da shi a shekarar 2006, inda samar da ruwan sha da tsaftace muhalli ke cikin shirin. <ref>World Bank: Projects Search Water and Sanitation in Morocco. Retrieved October 11, 2009.</ref> Bankin Duniya ya kuma ba da tallafin kasafin kuɗi ta hanyar dalar Amurka miliyan 100 ga Maroko ta hanyar Lamunin Bunƙasa Manufofin Fannin Ruwa da aka amince da shi a shekarar 2007. Bankin ya shiga cikin ayyukan fannin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli na Maroko tun shekarar 1972 tare da ayyukan saka hannun jari guda tara da suka kai adadin rancen sama da dalar Amurka miliyan 500. ==Manazarta== {{reflist|2}} e00uy6u1vfq1o1gn6owst8um3824nj8 Masana'antar kamun kifi a Maroko 0 152637 889676 841250 2026-07-31T07:28:26Z BnHamid 12586 889676 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Essaouira_fishing_boats.jpg|right|thumb|250x250px|Jiragen kamun kifi a Essaouira]] '''Masana'antar kamun kifi a [[Moroko|Maroko]]''' ita ce babbar hanyar samun kudin shiga daga ƙasashen waje, tana da kashi 2,84% na jimillar fitar da kayayyaki zuwa ƙasashen waje. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Atlas of Economic Complexity by @HarvardCID |url=http://atlas.cid.harvard.edu/explore/?country=134&partner=undefined&product=undefined&productClass=HS&startYear=undefined&target=Product&year=2017 |access-date=2019-06-17 |website=atlas.cid.harvard.edu |language=en}}</ref> Tun da daɗewa masana'antar ta kasance ginshiƙi a tattalin arzikin ƙasar. Ana ɗaukar masarautar a matsayin babbar kasuwar kifi a Afirka, inda aka kiyasta cewa jimillar kamun kifi ya kai 1,084,638 MT a shekarar 2001. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hosting System File Manager |url=http://www.infosamak.org/english/actualite.cfm?id=283 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717191159/http://www.infosamak.org/english/actualite.cfm?id=283 |archive-date=2011-07-17 |access-date=2006-07-03}}</ref> == Sashin kamun kifi == Sashin kamun kifi yana da kashi 3% na GDP na Morocco. Gwamnati ta kiyasta yawan ayyukan kai tsaye da na kai tsaye a 400,000 (ciki har da masunta 104,000). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Redirect |url=http://ec.europa.eu/world/enp/pdf/country/enpi_csp_morocco_en.pdf}}</ref> Ƙananan ɓangaren kamun kifi (mutane 100,000) suna da nisa a bayan wasu rassan masana'antar kamun kiɗa saboda rashin ababen more rayuwa da wuraren tashar jiragen ruwa da shuka. Yankunan kamun kifi a cikin Canary Current a yammacin gabar tekun Maroko suna da wadataccen wadataccen sardines, bonito, da tuna, amma ƙasar ba ta da jiragen ruwa na zamani da wuraren sarrafawa don amfana sosai daga waɗannan albarkatun ruwa. Wani muhimmin bangare na babban yarjejeniyar kasuwanci da Morocco ta kammala tare da [[Tarayyar Turai]] a cikin 1996 ya shafi haƙƙin kamun kifi, wanda EU ke biyan Morocco kuɗin shekara-shekara don ba da izinin jiragen ruwa (musamman Mutanen Espanya) su kamun ruwan Morocco. Sabuwar yarjejeniyar kamun kifi ta shekaru huɗu tare da [[Tarayyar Turai]] za ta ba da damar jiragen Turai, galibi daga [[Ispaniya|Spain]], su yi aiki a cikin ruwan Maroko da Yammacin Sahara don musayar shirin diyya na tattalin arziki, wanda Ofishin Kifi na Maroko ya yi niyyar amfani da shi don bunkasa sabuntawar sashin kamun kifin gida.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hosting System File Manager |url=http://www.infosamak.org/english/actualite.cfm?id=283 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717191159/http://www.infosamak.org/english/actualite.cfm?id=283 |archive-date=2011-07-17 |access-date=2006-07-03}}</ref> == Gyara == An ba da gudummawar sake fasalin aikin gona na Maroko ga masana'antar kamun kifi. A ƙarshen Satumba 2009, Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona, Ci gaban Karkara da Kifi na Ruwa sun bayyana shirin Halieutis . Wanda ke da niyyar kara fitarwa daga DH8.3bn (€729m) a 2007 zuwa DH21.9bn (€1.9bn) nan da shekarar 2020. A lokaci guda, ana sa ran gudummawar bangaren ga GDP zai tashi daga DH16.2bn zuwa DH23.9bn (€2bn). Ayyuka kai tsaye a masana'antar kamun kifi, babban ma'aikaci, ana sa ran kusan ninki biyu, yana tashi daga 61,650 zuwa 115,000. == Rikici == Akwai rikice-rikice na yau da kullun tare da Spain game da haƙƙin kamun kifi tun 1973 lokacin da Morocco ta ayyana Yankin Tattalin Arziki na Musamman (EEZ), wanda ya haifar da iyakar kamun kifin bakin teku mai nisan kilomita 70 (130). An tsawaita wannan zuwa 200 nautical miles (370 a 1981. A watan Fabrairun 2012 an ruwaito cewa Firayim Ministan Spain yana roƙon Morocco da ta tattauna yarjejeniya game da waɗannan bambance-bambance.&nbsp; == Manqzarta == o63ryemr7k9s6euv6npav6r7iqyf2a5 889677 889676 2026-07-31T07:28:38Z BnHamid 12586 /* Manqzarta */ 889677 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Essaouira_fishing_boats.jpg|right|thumb|250x250px|Jiragen kamun kifi a Essaouira]] '''Masana'antar kamun kifi a [[Moroko|Maroko]]''' ita ce babbar hanyar samun kudin shiga daga ƙasashen waje, tana da kashi 2,84% na jimillar fitar da kayayyaki zuwa ƙasashen waje. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Atlas of Economic Complexity by @HarvardCID |url=http://atlas.cid.harvard.edu/explore/?country=134&partner=undefined&product=undefined&productClass=HS&startYear=undefined&target=Product&year=2017 |access-date=2019-06-17 |website=atlas.cid.harvard.edu |language=en}}</ref> Tun da daɗewa masana'antar ta kasance ginshiƙi a tattalin arzikin ƙasar. Ana ɗaukar masarautar a matsayin babbar kasuwar kifi a Afirka, inda aka kiyasta cewa jimillar kamun kifi ya kai 1,084,638 MT a shekarar 2001. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hosting System File Manager |url=http://www.infosamak.org/english/actualite.cfm?id=283 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717191159/http://www.infosamak.org/english/actualite.cfm?id=283 |archive-date=2011-07-17 |access-date=2006-07-03}}</ref> == Sashin kamun kifi == Sashin kamun kifi yana da kashi 3% na GDP na Morocco. Gwamnati ta kiyasta yawan ayyukan kai tsaye da na kai tsaye a 400,000 (ciki har da masunta 104,000). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Redirect |url=http://ec.europa.eu/world/enp/pdf/country/enpi_csp_morocco_en.pdf}}</ref> Ƙananan ɓangaren kamun kifi (mutane 100,000) suna da nisa a bayan wasu rassan masana'antar kamun kiɗa saboda rashin ababen more rayuwa da wuraren tashar jiragen ruwa da shuka. Yankunan kamun kifi a cikin Canary Current a yammacin gabar tekun Maroko suna da wadataccen wadataccen sardines, bonito, da tuna, amma ƙasar ba ta da jiragen ruwa na zamani da wuraren sarrafawa don amfana sosai daga waɗannan albarkatun ruwa. Wani muhimmin bangare na babban yarjejeniyar kasuwanci da Morocco ta kammala tare da [[Tarayyar Turai]] a cikin 1996 ya shafi haƙƙin kamun kifi, wanda EU ke biyan Morocco kuɗin shekara-shekara don ba da izinin jiragen ruwa (musamman Mutanen Espanya) su kamun ruwan Morocco. Sabuwar yarjejeniyar kamun kifi ta shekaru huɗu tare da [[Tarayyar Turai]] za ta ba da damar jiragen Turai, galibi daga [[Ispaniya|Spain]], su yi aiki a cikin ruwan Maroko da Yammacin Sahara don musayar shirin diyya na tattalin arziki, wanda Ofishin Kifi na Maroko ya yi niyyar amfani da shi don bunkasa sabuntawar sashin kamun kifin gida.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hosting System File Manager |url=http://www.infosamak.org/english/actualite.cfm?id=283 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717191159/http://www.infosamak.org/english/actualite.cfm?id=283 |archive-date=2011-07-17 |access-date=2006-07-03}}</ref> == Gyara == An ba da gudummawar sake fasalin aikin gona na Maroko ga masana'antar kamun kifi. A ƙarshen Satumba 2009, Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona, Ci gaban Karkara da Kifi na Ruwa sun bayyana shirin Halieutis . Wanda ke da niyyar kara fitarwa daga DH8.3bn (€729m) a 2007 zuwa DH21.9bn (€1.9bn) nan da shekarar 2020. A lokaci guda, ana sa ran gudummawar bangaren ga GDP zai tashi daga DH16.2bn zuwa DH23.9bn (€2bn). Ayyuka kai tsaye a masana'antar kamun kifi, babban ma'aikaci, ana sa ran kusan ninki biyu, yana tashi daga 61,650 zuwa 115,000. == Rikici == Akwai rikice-rikice na yau da kullun tare da Spain game da haƙƙin kamun kifi tun 1973 lokacin da Morocco ta ayyana Yankin Tattalin Arziki na Musamman (EEZ), wanda ya haifar da iyakar kamun kifin bakin teku mai nisan kilomita 70 (130). An tsawaita wannan zuwa 200 nautical miles (370 a 1981. A watan Fabrairun 2012 an ruwaito cewa Firayim Ministan Spain yana roƙon Morocco da ta tattauna yarjejeniya game da waɗannan bambance-bambance.&nbsp; == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} i6ntgp8mxpfk3l4x38wlj8ll082q1q0 Prince Nico Mbarga 0 152672 889413 841348 2026-07-30T14:48:57Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889413 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Nico Mbarga''' (1 ga Janairu 1950 – 23 ga Yuni 1997),<ref name="AMG">{{Cite web |title=Prince Nico Mbarga Biography, Songs, & Albums |url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/prince-nico-mbarga-mn0000362321/biography |access-date=28 September 2021 |website=[[AllMusic]]}}</ref> wanda aka fi sani da <nowiki>'''Prince Nico Mbarga'''</nowiki>, fitaccen mawaƙin Highlife ne ɗan asalin Kamaru da Najeriya. An haife shi ne ga mahaifiya ’yar Najeriya daga yankin Mbembe na Ƙaramar Hukumar [[Obubra]] a [[Cross River|Jihar Cross River]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Bridge |first=The Head |date=2024-03-07 |title=The Untold Tale of Nigerian Music Icon: Prince Nico Mbarga |url=https://theheadbridge.com/the-untold-tale-of-nigerian-music-icon-prince-nico-mbarga/ |access-date=2024-10-10 |website=The Head Bridge |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-12-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241214185712/https://theheadbridge.com/the-untold-tale-of-nigerian-music-icon-prince-nico-mbarga/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> da mahaifi ɗan Kamaru a garin Abakaliki da ke [[Najeriya]]. Ya shahara musamman saboda waƙarsa mai suna “Sweet Mother” wadda ya yi tare da ƙungiyarsa ta <nowiki>'''Rocafil Jazz'''</nowiki>. Ana kallon waƙar a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin waƙoƙin da suka fi sayuwa a tarihin mawakan Afirka.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 June 2017 |title=His Biggest Hit Sold More Copies Than Any of the Beatles'. So Why Haven't You Heard of Him? |url=https://narratively.com/his-biggest-hit-sold-more-copies-than-any-of-the-beatles-so-why-havent-you-heard-of-him/ |website=Narratively.com}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == Mbarga ya taso ne a Ikom da ke Jihar Cross River tare da mahaifinsa ɗan Kamaru wanda yake sana’ar sare itatuwa, da kuma mahaifiyarsa ’yar Najeriya mai aikin noma. Yawancin lokacinsa yana shafe shi ne wajen kamun kifi a bakin kogi. Tun yana ƙarami, mahaifinsa ne ba tare da niyya ba ya haifar masa da sha’awar kiɗan Highlife lokacin da ya kawo wata tsohuwar rediyon Philips gida. Mbarga ya kamu da son waƙar “Taxi Driver” ta Bobby Benson.<ref name=":0"/> Daga wannan lokaci ne kiɗan Highlife ya zama wani ɓangare na rayuwarsa. Yana ɗaukar dogon lokaci yana sauraron rediyo tare da koyon salon kiɗan. Mahaifinsa ya fito ne daga zuriyar masu kaɗa 'xylophone', kuma shi ne ya koya masa amfani da kayan kiɗan. Wannan xylophone ɗin ƙaramin kayan kiɗa ne da ake kaɗawa da manyan yatsu. Sai dai Mbarga yana son samar da sautin da ya fi kama da kayan kiɗan yammacin duniya da ake amfani da su a Highlife, saboda haka ya ƙera nasa xylophone da kansa ta amfani da busassun bawon ayaba da itace.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Prince Nico’s ‘Sweet Mother’ Sold More Than Any Beatles’ Record – SISTER FROM ANOTHER PLANET |url=https://www.sisterfromanotherplanet.com/prince-nicos-sweet-mother-sold-more-copies-than-any-beatles-songs-facts/ |access-date=2024-10-10 |language=en-US}}</ref> Bayan rasuwar mahaifinsa sakamakon wata rashin lafiya ta bazata, rayuwa ta yi musu tsauri. Mahaifiyarsa ta shiga cikin wahalar neman abin dogaro da kai. Domin taimaka wa iyalinsa, Mbarga ya fara rerawa a mashaya, kuma sau da yawa ba a biyansa kuɗi.<ref name=":1"/> A lokacin [[Yaƙin basasar Najeriya|Yaƙin Basasar Najeriya]] na shekarar 1967, Mbarga ya tsere zuwa Mamfe a Kamaru, yayin da mahaifiyarsa da ’yan’uwansa suka ci gaba da zama a Najeriya. A can ne ya haɗu da budurwarsa ta farko mai suna Lucy.<ref name=":0"/> A Mamfe ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ɗaukar kayan kiɗa ga wata ƙungiyar mawaƙa daga Kongo, inda aikinsa ya haɗa da ɗaukar kayan kiɗa zuwa wuraren wasanni a otal-otal. A wannan lokaci ne ya koyi kuma ya kamu da son kiɗan <nowiki>'''</nowiki>Congolese rumba<nowiki>'''</nowiki>, wanda ya shahara da amfani da sautukan guitar masu daɗin ji. Saboda ƙudurin da yake da shi na koyon kiɗa, Mbarga ya koyar da kansa yadda ake kaɗa <nowiki>'''conga drum'''</nowiki>, bass da kuma salon kaɗa guitar na Kongo.<ref name=":1"/> Bayan shekaru uku na yaƙi sun ƙare, Mbarga ya yanke shawarar komawa Najeriya domin fara sana’arsa ta kiɗa. Shi da Lucy sun yi yunƙurin tsallaka iyaka karo na farko amma aka kama su saboda rashin fasfo, aka tsare su a kurkuku na tsawon kwanaki uku. Daga baya suka samu nasarar shiga Najeriya ta hanyar amfani da hanyoyin daji a shekarar 1970. Sun isa garin Onitsha, wani babban birnin kasuwanci da ke bakin Kogin Neja.<ref name=":1"/> == Rayuwar kai == Mbarga ta auri Esame Mbarga kuma ta sami 'ya'ya 10; Nico, Descrow, Estelle, Slimphilz, Pauline, Joan, Lillian, Lucy, Lionel, da Nicoline. A shekara ta 2011, Pauline, daya daga cikin 'ya'yansa ya mutu bayan wani ɗan gajeren rashin lafiya wanda ya sa sauran yara tara. Daga cikin yaran Mbarga guda tara da suka tsira, Nico, Descrow, Estelle da Slimphilz ne kawai ke da hannu sosai a cikin kiɗa kuma suna aiki don inganta salon kiɗa na 'panco' na marigayi mahaifinsu. Joan, Lillian, Lucy, Lionel, da Nicoline an ce a halin yanzu suna yin kasuwanci ko aiki a fararen ma'aikata a hukumar ma'aikatan Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-01-08 |title=‘Sweet Mother' crooner, Prince Nico Mbarga, immortalised in Calabar {{!}} Premium Times Nigeria |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/music/254858-sweet-mother-crooner-prince-nico-mbarga-immortalised-calabar.html |access-date=2021-10-18 |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Waƙoƙi == Ya buga [[xylophone]], [[conga]], drums, bass guitar da guitar na lantarki. Ya fara wasa a cikin ƙungiyoyin makaranta kuma ya fara aikinsa na farko a matsayin memba na ƙungiyar otal, Melody Orchestra, a cikin 1970. <ref name="AMG"/> == Ayyuka == === Shekaru na farko === Kodayake ya rubuta wani muhimmin abu ne kawai, "Sweet Mother," a cikin 1976, wanda ya sayar da fiye da miliyan 13, Mbarga ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin juyin halitta na shahararren kiɗa na Afirka.<ref name="AMG"/> Tare da muryoyinsa masu rai da aka saita zuwa waƙoƙin haske na guitar dinsa, Mbarga ya kirkiro wani nau'i na musamman na wasan guitar na Najeriya da 'Yan Kongo da kuma inganta rhythms na rayuwa.<ref name="AMG" /> Ya kafa ƙungiyarsa, Rocafil Jazz bayan [[Yaƙin basasan Najeriya|Yaƙin basasar Najeriya]], don yin wasan kwaikwayo a kai a kai a Otal din Plaza a gabashin birnin [[Onitsha]] na Najeriya.<ref name="AMG" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Media |first=DailyHighlife |date=2025-08-10 |title=Prince Nico Mbarga Biography, Age, Height and Net Worth 2025 |url=https://dailyhighlife.ng/artist/prince-nico-mbarga |access-date=2025-08-09 |website=Dailyhighlife |language=en}}</ref> Bayan da suka saki wani abin takaici a 1973, Mbarga da Rocafil Jazz sun sami nasarar farko tare da na biyu, "Ba Ni Ta Marry My Papa", wani yanki ne.<ref name="AMG"/> Rashin iyawar ƙungiyar ta wucewa ta cikin gida ya haifar da kwangilar rikodin su ta EMI, yanke shawara da ta zama mara kyau lokacin da ƙungiyar ta sanya hannu tare da Rogers All Stars, kamfanin rikodin Najeriya da ke Onitsha, kuma ta rubuta "Sweet Mother".<ref name="nicombarga">{{Cite web |title=Nigeria NigeriaExchange - Entertainment -> Profiles |url=https://www.ngex.com/entertainment/pages/nicombarga.htm |website=Ngex.com}}</ref> An rubuta shi a [[Pidgin]], "Sweet Mother" ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu siyarwa a tarihin kiɗa na Najeriya. A cikin shekaru shida da Mbarga da Rocafil Jazz suka kasance tare da Rogers All Stars, 1975 zuwa 1981, sun rubuta kundi tara.<ref name="AMG"/> A kan maimaita yawon shakatawa zuwa Ingila a 1982, Mbarga ya zama sananne ga wasan kwaikwayon da ya yi na glam na shekarun 1970s.<ref name="AMG"/> Yayinda ya ci gaba da bayyana tare da Rocafil Jazz, Mbarga ya kuma yi tare da ƙungiyar Ivory Coasters da tsohuwar memba na Rocafil jazz, mai ba da labari na Kamaru Louisiana Tilda . <ref name="AMG" /> Duk da cewa Mbarga ya kaddamar da lakabin rikodin kansa na Polydor, a lokacin da ya dawo Najeriya, shi da mambobin Rocafil Jazz na asali sun rabu bayan wasu rashin jituwa.<ref name="AMG" /> Kodayake daga baya ya kafa New Rocafil Jazz Band, Mbarga ya kasa daidaita nasarar da ya samu na farko.<ref name="AMG" /> Bayan barin kiɗa, ya mayar da hankalinsa ga gudanar da otal din taurari huɗu da ya mallaka, Sweet Mother Hotel, <ref name="AMG" /> wanda ke cikin garin Ikom a Jihar Cross River Najeriya, 'yan mintoci kaɗan daga iyakar Kamaru-Nijeriya. == Mutuwa == Prince Nico Mbarga died on his way to Ikom to see his mother in a motorcycle accident on 23 June 1997 in Calabar while trying to buy spare parts for his car along the ever busy Mayne Avenue Road, leaving behind "Sweet Mother" as the most popular song among Nigerians. "Sweet Mother" is sometimes called "Africa's anthem" and has been voted Africa's favourite song by [[BBC]] readers and listeners. His mother died shortly after learning of his death.<ref name=":2"/> == Bayanan da aka yi == === Kundin studio === * ''Uwar Mai Kyau'' (1976) * ''Yarima Nico Mbarga & Rocafil Jazz'' (1976) * ''Rocafil Jazz 76'' (1976) * ''Yarima Nico Mbarga & Rocafil Jazz'' (1977) * ''Ilimi na kyauta a Najeriya'' (1977) * ''Motsi na Iyali'' (1978) * ''Rockafil Jazz & Nicholas Mbaraga'' (1978) * ''Yarima Nico Mbarga & Rocafil Jazz'' (1978) * ''Kudin Kyau'' (1979) * ''Kwarewar 001'' (1979) * ''Aure mai sa'a!'' (1980) * ''Babu Mutuwa, Babu Hutu'' (1980) * ''Saƙon Kiɗa'' (1981) * ''Bari su ce'' (1982) * ''Ziyarar Paparoma'' (1982) * ''Chameleon'' (1984) * ''Tsarin Panco Juju'' (1986) * ''Iyali Mai Kyau'' (1987) * Allah Ɗaya kawai (1989) == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Mahaɗan waje == * [https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4137879.stm Uwar Mai Kyau ita ce taken Afirka] * [http://museke.com/node/880 Waƙoƙin Uwa Mai Kyau] * [http://www.radionetherlandsarchives.org/afroscene-interview-with-prince-nico-mbarga/ "Radio Netherlands ganawa da Yarima Nico Mbarga", Rediyon Netherlands Archives] {{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1997]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1950]] 2ua97lh3ip5wyofr3qjkclsi09pgy32 SS Kavirondo 0 152769 889754 841557 2026-07-31T09:32:00Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889754 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''SS ''Kavirondo''''' mai jan tururi ne a [[Tafkin Victoria]] a [[Gabashin Afirka]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=The History and Research of the East African Freshwater Fisheries Research Organization from 1946 - 1966 |url=http://aquaticcommons.org/16878/1/History%20and%20Research%20Results%20of%20EAFFRO%20from%201946-1966.pdf |access-date=11 June 2017}}</ref> An sanya mata suna ne saboda yankin Tafkin Victoria na gida kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan jiragen ruwa na Tafkin Victoria da Jirgin Ƙasa na Uganda ke sarrafawa. Bow, McLachlan da Kamfanin Paisley da ke [[Renfrewshire]], [[Scotland]] sun gina ta a matsayin jirgin ruwa mai "buga"; wato, an haɗa ta a cikin tashar jiragen ruwa da ke Paisley, dukkan sassan da aka yiwa alama da lambobi, an raba su zuwa ɗaruruwan sassa kuma an kai su cikin kayan aiki ta teku zuwa [[Mombasa]], [[Tsaro na Gabashin Afirka|Kenya]] . An jigilar kayan ta jirgin ƙasa zuwa [[Kisumu]] a bakin tafkin Victoria don sake haɗa su da kuma ƙaddamar da su a shekarar 1913. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Uganda Railway |url=http://ugfacts.com/uganda-railway/ |access-date=11 June 2017 |website=UGFacts |archive-date=20 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170820164848/http://ugfacts.com/uganda-railway/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya,]] ''Kavirondo'' ta kasance mai ɗauke da makamai a matsayin jirgin ruwa mai ɗaukar bindiga . <ref>{{Cite web |last=UK |first=The National Archives |title=Folio 305: telegram from The Officer Administering the Government of Uganda to the Secretary of State for the Colonies 18th September 1914 |url=http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C10763630 |access-date=11 June 2017 |website=discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |date=23 Jan 1915 |title=Stories of the Border Fighting in Africa |journal=The Globe and Sunday Times War Pictorial |issue=Sydney, NSW |page=16}}</ref> A shekarar 1921 har yanzu ana ɗaukarta a matsayin jirgin ruwa mai aiki a Kisumu - an yi rikodin adireshin wayarta a matsayin 'Kavirontug'. <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 October 1921 |title=Kenya Gazette |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x3S63r2u-bAC&q=ss+Kavirondo&pg=PP6 |access-date=11 June 2017 |language=en}}</ref> Tsakanin 22 ga Agusta 1927 da 19 ga Fabrairu 1928, Michael Graham ne ya ɗauki hayar SS ''Kavirondo'' a madadin [[Ofishin mulkin mallaka|Ofishin Mulkin Mallaka]] na Burtaniya don gudanar da Binciken Kamun Kifi na farko a Tafkin Victoria . A wannan lokacin, an yi amfani da jirgin don jigilar nau'ikan kayan kamun kifi iri-iri da kuma samar da sufuri ga masana kimiyya. A kusan shekarar 1984, an ajiye ta a Kisumu kuma daga baya aka yi amfani da ita a matsayin jirgin ruwa na masauki. <ref name="ClydeKavirondo">{{Cite web |last=Cameron |first=Stuart |last2=Asprey |first2=David |date= |title=SS Kavirondo |url=http://www.clydesite.co.uk/clydebuilt/viewship.asp?id=22793 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090821143718/http://www.clydesite.co.uk/clydebuilt/viewship.asp?id=22793 |archive-date=2009-08-21 |access-date=2011-05-22 |website=Clyde-built Database |publisher=}}</ref> Daga baya ta nutse tare da ita, amma a shekarar 2005 aka ɗaga ta. <ref name="ClydeKavirondo" /> Masu siyanta sun yi niyyar tsawaita ta da kuma sake yin amfani da ita a matsayin tanki . <ref name="ClydeKavirondo" /> == Manazarta == ogbx1qrxuom3ijwtux8e7xyy5ui551w Ruwa da tsabta a Vietnam 0 152830 889689 841704 2026-07-31T07:33:15Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889689 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ruwa da tsabtace muhalli a Vietnam''' ana nuna su da ƙalubale da nasarori. Daga cikin nasarorin akwai karuwar samun ruwa da tsaftacewa tsakanin 1990 da 2010, kusan ma'auni na duniya, da kuma karuwar saka hannun jari a cikin maganin ruwa mai guba tun 2007. Daga cikin kalubalen akwai ci gaba da gurɓataccen ruwa, ƙarancin sabis, ƙaranci damar inganta tsabta a yankunan karkara, rashin dorewar tsarin ruwa na karkara, ƙaranciyar farfadowa don tsabtace birane, da raguwar tallafin ƙasashen waje da kudaden rance masu laushi yayin da tattalin arzikin Vietnamese ke girma kuma masu ba da gudummawa ke canzawa zuwa kudaden ranta.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-30 |title=BORGEN Magazine - The Borgen Project |url=https://www.borgenmagazine.com/ |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=BORGEN |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Water, sanitation and hygiene {{!}} UNICEF Viet Nam |url=https://www.unicef.org/vietnam/water-sanitation-and-hygiene |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=www.unicef.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=August 2011 |title=Output-Based Aid in Vietnam : Access to Piped Water Services for Rural Households |url=https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/entities/publication/b85f75f7-65fb-5782-a2a6-a529b8a07577}}</ref> Har ila yau, gwamnati tana inganta karuwar farfadowa ta hanyar kudaden shiga kuma ta kirkiro kayan aikin ruwa masu cin gashin kansu a matakin lardin, amma manufofin sun sami nasarori masu yawa yayin da matakan farfadowar suka kasance ƙasa kuma wasu kayan aiki sun shiga cikin ayyukan da ba su da ikon su. == Samun dama == A cikin 2015, kashi 98% na yawan jama'a a Vietnam suna da damar samun ruwa "mai kyau", ko 99% da 97%, ga mazauna birane da yankunan karkara, bi da bi. Wannan yana nufin cewa kusan mutane miliyan 2 ba su da damar samun ruwa "mai kyau" a lokacin. Game da tsaftacewa, kashi 78% na yawan jama'a a Vietnam suna da damar " inganta" tsaftacewa، ko kashi 94% na yawan birane da kashi 70% na yawan karkara. Duk da haka, kimanin mutane miliyan 21 a Vietnam, a cikin 2015, ba su da damar samun " ingantaccen" tsabtace jiki.<ref>{{Cite web |title=WASHwatch.org -Viet Nam |url=http://washwatch.org/en/countries/viet-nam/summary/statistics/ |access-date=2017-03-22 |website=washwatch.org |language=en |archive-date=2020-04-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200414115630/https://washmatters.wateraid.org/washwatch-has-ended |url-status=dead }}</ref> Dangane da Shirin Kulawa na hadin gwiwa na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don Sayar da Ruwa da Tsabtace Ruwa, samun damar [[ingantaccen tushen ruwa]] a kasar ya karu daga 58% a 1990 zuwa 96% a 2010. Koyaya, yawancin Vietnamese suna karɓar ruwa daga famfo a cikin yadi ko famfo na jama'a a ƙauyen daga inda dole ne su ɗauki ruwa zuwa gidansu. A shekara ta 2010, kashi 23% ne kawai na Vietnamese ke da maɓallin a gidansu. Akwai bambance-bambance masu yawa a cikin samun dama tsakanin birane da yankunan "ƙauyuka". Kashi 70% na yawan mutanen Vietnam suna zaune a yankunan karkara, amma yawancin yankunan karamar hukuma a zahiri ƙananan garuruwa ne, misali a cikin Red River Delta da ke zaune a cikin Red. A cikin birane, 59% suna da maɓallin a gidansu, yayin da a yankunan karkara wannan rabo ya kasance 8% kawai.<ref name="JMP">{{Cite web |last=WHO / UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) for Water Supply and Sanitation |title=Vietnam Data Search |url=http://www.wssinfo.org/data-estimates/table/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209002836/http://www.wssinfo.org/data-estimates/table/ |archive-date=9 February 2014 |access-date=19 January 2013}}</ref> A shekara ta 2009 sama da 200 daga cikin kusan garuruwan gundumar 650 ba su da tsarin ruwa.<ref name="ADB Sector Review">{{Cite web |date=June 2010 |title=Viet Nam Water and Sanitation Sector Assessment Strategy and Roadmap |url=http://www.wastewater-vietnam.org/images/201006.ADB.VN%20WaterSanitation%20AssessmentStrategyRoadmap.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200414110835/http://www.wastewater-vietnam.org/images/201006.ADB.VN%20WaterSanitation%20AssessmentStrategyRoadmap.pdf |archive-date=14 April 2020 |access-date=30 May 2013 |publisher=Asian Development Bank |pages=2–14}}</ref> == Ma'adanai na ruwa == Vietnam tana da albarkatun ruwa masu yawa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vietnam water report |url=http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries_regions/VNM/index.stm |access-date=30 May 2013 |publisher=FAO Aquastat}}</ref> Duk da haka, karancin gida na iya faruwa a lokacin fari. Misali, ana sa ran tafkunan Kogin Dong Nai a Kudancin Vietnam, Kogin Kudu maso Gabas, Kogin Ma a Arewacin Tsakiyar Vietnam, Kogi Kone da Kogin Huong za su kasance cikin haɗarin wuce bukatun ruwa da aka tsara a cikin 2020.<ref name="ADB Sector Review"/> Mutane miliyan 7 a [[Birnin Ho Chi Minh]] suna karɓar kashi 93% na ruwan sha daga shuke-shuke biyu na magani a kan Kogin Dong Nai da kuma karamin Kogin Sai Gon, tare da sauran kashi 7% suna fitowa daga ruwan da aka yi amfani da shi sosai wanda aka gurɓata ta hanyar shigar da ruwan teku da gurɓata. Kogin Dong Nai, wanda aka tsara shi ta hanyar madatsun ruwa guda biyu, yana da isasshen albarkatun ruwa don samar da birni mai girma da ƙarin ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2007 |title=Water Resources Management in Ho Chi Minh City |url=http://enviroscope.iges.or.jp/modules/envirolib/upload/981/attach/06_chapter3-3hochiminh.pdf |access-date=30 May 2013 |website=Sustainable Groundwater Management In Asian Cities |publisher=IGES Freshwater Resources Management Project |pages=69–78}}</ref> Koyaya, a cikin shekaru masu bushewa samar da ruwa mai sha yana gasa da amfani da aikin gona wanda zai iya wucewa tare da wadatar ruwa. [[Hanoi]] tare da mazauna sama da miliyan 6 suna karɓar kashi 80% na ruwansa daga ruwan kasa. Ruwa na ƙasa yana gurɓata da ammonium tare da maida hankali wanda ya kai sau 5 zuwa 10 (7-20 MG / L) sama da ma'auni da aka ba da izini.<ref name="Le Van Duc">{{Cite web |last=LÊ VĂN DỤC, Vice Director – Department of Construction, Hanoi, Vietnam |date=November 2012 |title="Sanitation of Water Source and Treatment of Garbage and Wastes" in Hanoi City |url=http://www.mofa.go.jp/region/latin/fealac/pdfs/4-6_vietnam.pdf |access-date=30 May 2013 |website=Statement at East Asian and Middle-South American Conference on Environmental Industry}}</ref> Ruwa na sama ya fito ne daga masana'antar Gia Lam da aka kammala a 1994 da kuma masana'antar Thang Long North-Van Tri da aka kammala da ita a 2004, dukansu sun sami tallafin ci gaban Japan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ex-post evaluation: Project for the Improvement of Water Supply Facilities in Gia Lam Area, Hanoi City |url=http://www.jica.go.jp/english/our_work/evaluation/tech_and_grant/project/ex_post/asia/vietnam_2002_1.html |access-date=30 May 2013 |publisher=JICA}}</ref> An shirya cewa ruwan sama daga Kogin Da, Kogin Red da Kogin Duong za su gamsar da buƙatun ruwa mai girma a nan gaba kuma a hankali su maye gurbin ruwan ƙasa da ke akwai.<ref name="Le Van Duc" /> A lokacin fari a cikin 2013 gundumomi da yawa na Hanoi sun tafi gaba ɗaya ba tare da ruwa ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hanoi to increase water supply |url=http://en.vietnamplus.vn/Home/Hanoi-to-increase-water-supply/20135/35015.vnplus |access-date=30 May 2013 |publisher=Vietnam+}}</ref> Jirgin watsawa daga shuka da ke akwai a kan Kogin Da ya sha wahala da yawa, wanda ya kara karancin ruwa. Kamfanin Vietnamese Vinaconex ya gina bututun tare da bututun fibreglass-reinforced wanda ya ƙera kansa ta amfani da shi. Tare da ra'ayi na adawa da kasar Sin da ke hawa sama a Vietnam, an zargi kurakurai da fasahar kasar Sin mai tsada a bayan tsarin masana'antu. Lokacin da wani kamfani na kasar Sin ya lashe kwangila don gina bututun mai na biyu a cikin 2016, gwamnati ta soke kwangilar.<ref name="GWI Hanoi">{{Cite web |date=July 2016 |title=Oman-Vietnam group clinches Hanoi WTP without tender |publisher=Global Water Intelligence |pages=10–11}}</ref>&nbsp; == Ingancin sabis == === Ingancin ruwan sha === A farkon shekara ta 2009 gwaje-gwaje da Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya ta Vietnam ta yi sun nuna yaduwar gurɓataccen ruwan famfo na gari, gami da matakan e-coli. Yawancin mazauna suna tafasa ruwan sha, saboda ba su amince da ingancin ruwan famfo ba, ko kuma suna amfani da ruwan kwalba. Wasu samfurori na ruwa sun kuma gurɓata da ammoniya a matakan da suka kasance sau 6-18 sama da matakin da aka ba da izini.<ref name="IRIN">{{Cite web |date=17 April 2009 |title=VIETNAM: Even bottled water unsafe |url=http://www.irinnews.org/report/83965/vietnam-even-bottled-water-unsafe |access-date=30 May 2013 |publisher=IRIN}}</ref> Ammoniya a cikin ruwan sha ba haɗarin lafiya kai tsaye ba ne, amma yana iya daidaita ingancin disinfection, haifar da gazawar wasu matattarar, kuma yana haifar da matsalolin dandano da wari.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chemical Fact Sheets |url=https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/chemicals/ammoniasum.pdf |access-date=30 May 2013 |publisher=WHO}}</ref> Matakan arsenic sun ninka sau biyu zuwa uku fiye da yadda aka yarda da su bisa ga jagororin Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya. An kuma sami kwayoyin cuta a cikin samfurori na ruwa mai kwalliya, bisa ga binciken da sashen kiwon lafiya na Ho Chi Minh City ya yi a cikin 2009, wanda ya haifar da rufe kamfanonin kwalban ruwa 38.<ref name="IRIN" /> == Manazarta == 0btllhcd7hhcnu6na4yrbvf4jhrzhnv Tafkin Kamnarok 0 152919 889462 841956 2026-07-30T16:45:03Z DaSupremo 9834 Added databox 889462 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tafkin Kamnarok''' tafki ne na yanayi kuma ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan tafkunan shanu a [[Kenya]], <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 January 2019 |title=Lake Kamnarok National Reserve |url=https://ventesventures.com/attractions/wildlife/lake-kamnarok-national-reserve/}}</ref> da ake samu a gindin kwarin Kerio. Sunan ya samo asali ne daga kalmar [[Yaren Kalenjin|Kalenjin]] ''Narok'', wacce ake amfani da ita wajen nufin wani nau'in shukar ruwa da aka samu a cikin tafkin. Dasashi mai kauri yana kewaye da tafkin, wanda hakan ke sa samun damar shiga ya zama ƙalubale. Tafkin ya mamaye yanki na kusan 1&nbsp;<sup>km2</sup> duk da cewa tafkin yanayi ne, girmansa na iya zama ƙarami a wasu lokutan. Ya kasance kafin 1961 amma ruwan sama na wannan shekarar ya haifar da faɗaɗa shi. Bala'in ambaliyar ruwan ya sa aka kwashe mutanen da ke zaune a yankin domin ceton rayuka. An yi amfani da jiragen sama masu saukar ungulu a lokacin aikin kwashe mutane daga yankin don jigilar mutane zuwa tudun Maab Konga wani tudu kusa da cibiyar kasuwanci ta Muchukwo. == Darajar muhalli == An yi [[wiktionary:gazette#Verb|wa]] tafkin kallon teku a shekarar 1983, lokacin da aka ƙirƙiri [[Lake Kamnarok Game Reserve|Tafkin Kamnarok Namun]] Daji kuma an taɓa kiransa da shi a matsayin na biyu mafi girman yanayin halittu a Afirka tare da mafi yawan dabbobi bayan Tafkin Chad. A cewar rahoton Nation Media Group, tafkin ya samar da mafaka ga fararen kada sama da 10,000, giwaye 400, nau'ikan wasu dabbobi masu shayarwa 13 da nau'ikan tsuntsaye iri-iri nan da shekarar 2020, wanda hakan ya sanya shi ɗaya daga cikin wuraren adana namun daji mafi arziki dangane da bambancin halittu a ƙasar da kuma Afirka. Wannan ya jawo hankalin dubban masu yawon buɗe ido waɗanda suka yi tururuwa zuwa tafkin don kallon kyawawan namun daji na Afirka, wanda ya samar da babbar riba ga gundumar. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kimuge |first=Stanley |date=2023-03-08 |title=Animals perish as dry spell sounds death knell for Lake Kamnarok Game Reserve |url=https://nation.africa/kenya/counties/baringo/animals-perish-as-dry-spell-sounds-death-knell-for-lake-kamnarok-game-reserve-4151096 |access-date=2023-06-07 |website=Nation |language=en}}</ref> == Barazana da kiyayewa == Kamar sauran tafkunan [[Babban kwarin Rift, Kenya|Great Rift Valley]], wanzuwar Tafkin Kamnarok na fuskantar barazana, galibi saboda ayyukan noma a yankin, kiwo fiye da kima da [[Canjin yanayi|sauyin yanayi]]. Magudanan ruwa da ke ciyar da Tafkin Kamnarok sun haɗa da kogunan Ketipborok, Cheplogoi, Oiwo da Lelabei. Duk da ƙoƙarin da mazauna yankin da gwamnati suka yi don ceto tafkin, namun daji na Tafkin Kamnarok har yanzu suna fuskantar barazanar ɓacewa sakamakon mamayewar mutane da kuma sauyin yanayi. Da yake magana da ƙungiyar Nation Media Group, hukumar [[Lake Kamnarok Game Reserve|kula da gandun daji na Tafkin Kamnarok]] ta tabbatar da cewa aƙalla fararen kada 200 sun mutu sakamakon yunwa da ƙishirwa tsakanin watan Janairu da Maris, 2023, yayin da waɗanda suka tsira ke tilasta musu ƙaura zuwa sama don neman ingantaccen wurin zama. Rahoton ya bayyana cewa wasu fararen kada har yanzu suna makale a cikin laka za su iya halaka idan ba a ɗauki mataki ba. Mutanen yankin suna kuma roƙon hukumomin jihar da suka dace kamar Hukumar Kula da Dabbobin Daji ta Kenya da su ɗauki matakai masu mahimmanci waɗanda za su iya ceton rayukan sauran namun daji. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wafula |first=Paul |date=2019-03-08 |title=The tragedy of Lake Kamnarok |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/special-report/the-tragedy-of-lake-kamnarok/ |access-date=2023-06-07 |website=The Standard |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == fbx8sxdsspbmeve405ixvt555kzcfr8 Saad Kassis-Mohamed 0 152947 889759 842099 2026-07-31T09:43:37Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889759 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Saad Kassis-Mohamed''' (an haife shi a ranar 23 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 2001) dan kasar Zimbabwe ne kuma mai ba da agaji. Yana jagorantar Gidauniyar WeCare, kungiyar agaji ta Cape Town, Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam (HRA), da Ƙungiyar Kare Hakki ta Dan Adam (PHRA). Ya kuma yi aiki a kwamitin mai ba da shawara kan kamfanonin zamantakewar jama'a na Masar Zavi & Co . <ref name="zavi">{{Cite web |date=13 August 2024 |title=Egyptian consultancy Zavi & Co appoints Saad Kassis Mohamed |url=https://www.consultancy-me.com/news/8969/egyptian-consultancy-zavi-co-appoints-saad-kassis-mohamed |website=Consultancy ME}}</ref> Gidauniyar WeCare, wacce Kassis-Mohamed ta kafa don mayar da martani ga yakin basasar Sudan (2023-yanzu), ta tura kudade a duk faɗin Afirka ta Tsakiya tun daga 2025, tana rufe taimakon rikici, samun ruwa mai tsabta, makamashi mai sabuntawa, da ilimi.[1][2][3] A cikin 2022, an ba shi lambar yabo ta Order of the Republic (Sudan) don gudummawa ga sake ginawa da ababen more rayuwa na jin kai, kuma an sanya masa suna a cikin jerin Forbes 30 Under 30 a cikin rukunin Tasirin Jama'a.[4][3] Ta hanyar HRA, Kassis-Mohamed ya yi kamfen kan haƙƙin ma'aikata na dijital da kuma kula da ma'aikatan ƙaura a yankunan rikici. A matsayinsa na shugaban PHRA, ya ja hankalin duniya ga jin daɗin dabbobin da aka watsar a Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa a rikicin yakin Iran na 2026. <ref name="newscomau">{{Cite web |date=March 2026 |title=Influencer slammed for leaving dog behind in war zone |url=https://www.news.com.au/travel/travel-updates/travel-stories/influencer-slammed-for-leaving-dog-behind-in-war-zone/news-story/50971c911eabac0fc1e269d8835be7f6 |website=News.com.au}}</ref><ref name="newsweek">{{Cite web |date=March 2026 |title=Dubai Residents Accused of Abandoning Pets As They Flee |url=https://www.newsweek.com/dubai-residents-accused-abandoning-pets-evacuations-iran-wa-11660228 |website=Newsweek}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Kassis-Mohamed a ranar 23 ga Yuni 2001 kuma ta girma tsakanin [[Indiya]] da yankin Gulf. Yana da digiri na farko daga Kwalejin Ilimi ta Manipal da kuma digiri na biyu daga [[Jami'ar Oxford]] . <ref name="f1oxford">{{Cite web |date=21 August 2025 |title=Kuwaiti investor aiming for 2027 F1 entry with Caterham name |url=https://www.motorsportweek.com/2025/08/21/kuwaiti-investor-aiming-for-2027-f1-entry-with-caterham-name/ |website=Motorsport Week}}</ref><ref name="TRTAfrika">{{Cite web |date=21 January 2026 |title=Funding boost helps disabled women footballers in Kenya stay in the game |url=https://www.trtafrika.com/english/article/b20f888d0a81 |website=TRTAfrika}}</ref> <ref name="Newsweek">{{Cite web |date=21 January 2026 |title=Iconic Motorsport Brand Confirms Plan For Stunning F1 Comeback in 2027 |url=https://www.newsweek.com/sports/racing/iconic-motorsport-brand-confirms-plan-stunning-f1-comeback-2027-2117591 |website=Newsweek}}</ref> == Gidauniyar WeCare == Gidauniyar WeCare kungiya ce mai zaman kanta da ke da hedikwata a Cape Town, Afirka ta Kudu, tana aiki a karkashin kwamitin ba da shawara na kasa da kasa.<ref name="armenianweekly">{{Cite web |date=17 November 2025 |title=Philanthropist Saad Kassis-Mohamed announces early childhood support across Armenia |url=https://armenianweekly.com/2025/11/17/philanthropist-saad-kassis-mohamed-announces-early-childhood-support-across-armenia/ |website=Armenian Weekly}}</ref> Ya zuwa 2025, tushe ya tura kudade don tallafawa ayyukan a duk faɗin Afirka ta Tsakiya, gami da shirye-shiryen taimakon rikici, makamashi mai sabuntawa, da ilimi.<ref name="forbes30">{{Cite web |date=18 March 2025 |title=Saad Kassis-Mohamed Makes Forbes 30 Under 30 for Transformative Social Impact in Africa |url=https://www.techinafrica.com/saad-kassis-mohamed-makes-forbes-30-under-30-for-transformative-social-impact-in-africa/ |website=Tech In Africa}}</ref> === Sudan === Yakin tsakanin Sojojin Sudan (SAF) da Sojojin Taimako na Saurin (RSF) ya ɓarke a ranar 15 ga Afrilu 2023. Ya zuwa watan Janairun 2024, rikici ya kashe fiye da mutane 12,000, ya kori sama da miliyan 5.8, kuma ya tilasta fiye da miliyan 1.5 su tsere daga kasar.<ref name="500words">{{Cite web |title=WeCare Raises USD100,000 to Aid Sudan's Recovery Efforts |url=https://500wordsmag.com/sudan-news/wecare-raises-usd100000-to-aid-sudans-recovery-efforts/ |website=500 Words Magazine |access-date=2026-05-29 |archive-date=2024-08-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815053624/https://500wordsmag.com/sudan-news/wecare-raises-usd100000-to-aid-sudans-recovery-efforts/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> WeCare ta tara USD 100,000 ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa tare da SilverLake Capital, wanda aka tsara don sake gina gida da samar da abinci, tufafi, da bargo ga iyalai da suka rasa muhallinsu.<ref name="mideast">{{Cite web |date=18 March 2024 |title=WeCare, spearheaded by Saad Kassis Mohamed, raises $100,000 for Sudan |url=https://mid-east.info/wecare-spearheaded-by-saad-kassis-mohamed-raises-100000-for-sudan/ |website=Mid-East Info}}</ref><ref name="techinafrica2">{{Cite web |date=21 March 2024 |title=WeCare Raises $100,000 for Sudan Relief Efforts |url=https://www.techinafrica.com/wecare-secures-100000-in-support-of-sudans-rehabilitation-initiatives/ |website=Tech In Africa}}</ref> === Ayyukan Darfur da Blue Nile === WeCare ta kaddamar da shirye-shiryen ababen more rayuwa guda biyu a Sudan. Shirin Sabunta Ruwa na Darfur ya shigar da tsarin tsarkake ruwa mai amfani da hasken rana a cikin al'ummomi masu nisa a Darfur, inganta damar samun ruwa mai tsabta da rage cututtukan da ke cikin ruwa a yankunan da rikici ya lalata ababen more rayuwa na jama'a.<ref name="forbes30"/> Blue Nile Renewable Energy Initiative ta kafa hasken rana don samar da wutar lantarki ga al'ummomin karkara a yankin Blue Nile.<ref name="forbes30" /><ref name="todayafrica">{{Cite web |date=11 April 2025 |title=Saad Kassis-Mohamed awarded Forbes 30 Under 30 & Presidential award for Social Impact |url=https://todayafrica.co/saad-kassis-mohamed-awarded-forbes-30-under-30/ |website=Today Africa}}</ref> === Zimbabwe da Uganda === A cewar bayanan ZIMSTAT da [[UNICEF]] da aka ambata a cikin shirin, fiye da 900,000 Zimbabweans kusan kashi 7% na yawan jama'a suna rayuwa tare da wani nau'i na nakasa, tare da kasa da kwata yana samun damar taimakon motsi.<ref name="zimeye">{{Cite web |date=29 October 2025 |title=Philanthropist Saad Kassis-Mohamed Donates 300 Mobility Devices to Zimbabwe and Uganda |url=https://www.zimeye.net/2025/10/29/philanthropist-saad-kassis-mohamed-donates-300-mobility-devices-to-zimbabwe-and-uganda/ |website=ZimEye}}</ref> === Armenia === A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2025, Gidauniyar WeCare ta ba da sanarwar wani shiri na ci gaban yara a [[Armeniya|Armenia]], tana aiki tare da hukumomin ilimi na birni a [[Yerevan]], Gyumri, da Vanadzor. Mataki na farko ya yi niyya ga yara 1,200 masu shekaru uku zuwa takwas da kuma horar da malamai da masu kulawa 150, samar da kayan ilmantarwa, gwajin kiwon lafiya, bitar masu kulawa, da inganta ruwa da tsabta a wuraren da suka halarci.<ref name="armenianweekly"/> === Dutse mai daraja na ɗabi'a === WeCare ta tara sama da USD 350,000 don binciken lu'u-lu'u da aka shuka a dakin gwaje-gwaje a matsayin madadin ka'ida ga lu'u'u-ulu'u na al'ada.<ref name="miningoutlook">{{Cite web |date=4 December 2024 |title=WeCare: Shine Bright Like a Lab-Grown Diamond |url=https://www.mining-outlook.com/commodities/diamond-mining-sector/wecare-shine-bright-like-a-lab-grown-diamond |website=Mining Outlook Magazine}}</ref> == Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Dan Adam == Kassis-Mohamed ya kafa kuma yana jagorantar Petitarian Rights Alliance (PHRA), ƙungiyar da ke ba da shawara don kare dabbobi masu zaman kansu a lokacin rikice-rikicen jin kai da kuma yankunan rikici.<ref name="greekcity">{{Cite web |date=13 March 2026 |title=Pets Abandoned in Dubai as Crisis Forces Departures |url=https://greekcitytimes.com/2026/03/13/pets-abandoned-in-dubai-as-crisis-forces-departures |website=Greek City Times}}</ref> A farkon 2026, karuwar watsi da dabbobi a [[Dubai (birni)|Dubai]] wanda ya haifar da saurin tashiwar mazauna kasashen waje a cikin rikice-rikicen yanki ya jawo hankalin kafofin watsa labarai na duniya.<ref name="newscomau"/><ref name="newsweek"/><ref name="greekcity"/><ref name="qazinform">{{Cite web |date=March 2025 |title='The increase has been significant and alarming' — PHRA Chair Saad Kassis-Mohamed on abandoned pets in Dubai |url=https://qazinform.com/news/the-increase-has-been-significant-and-alarming-phra-chair-saad-kassis-mohamed-on-abandoned-pets-in-dubai-688968 |website=Qazinform News Agency}}</ref> An bayar da rahoton cewa an sami dabbobi a cikin gidajen da aka kulle, an ɗaure su a waje da gine-gine, kuma an mika su ga wuraren ceto da suka cika. Kassis-Mohamed ya yi kira ga hukumomin Dubai da su kafa rajistar mika wuya ta gaggawa da kuma takardun sake komawa dabbobi masu sauri, yana mai cewa: "Dubai ya nuna cewa zai iya gina ababen more rayuwa lokacin da ya zaɓa. Yana buƙatar zaɓar, yanzu. " <ref name="greekcity"/> Sanarwar PHRA ga masu mallakar dabbobi ya karanta: "Rashin kai ba kawai zaɓi ba ne. " <ref name="greekcity" /> Dole ne ku nemi taimako kafin ya makara. " == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2001]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] trc3vi2wtpmifub7v35qv7wr893nfs0 Kogin Manambolo 0 153034 889465 842317 2026-07-30T17:02:32Z DaSupremo 9834 Added databox 889465 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Tsingy_-_016.jpg|left|thumb|Kogin Manambolo]] '''Kogin Manambolo''' [[kogi]] ne a cikin tsaunukan tsaunuka na yammacin [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]] mai nisan kilomita 370.<ref name=":0" /> Ya ketare Tsingy de Bemaraha Tsantsan Yanayin da Maningoza Reserve. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Maningoza Special Reserve |url=http://www.madagaskar.com/parks-and-reserves/maningoza-special-reserve.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160702223624/http://www.madagaskar.com/parks-and-reserves/maningoza-special-reserve.html |archive-date=2 July 2016 |access-date=26 October 2016 |website=Madagaskar.com}}</ref> [[Fayil:Carte_bassin_Manambolo.svg|left|thumb|Kogin Manambolo Bassin]] Hanyar ƙasa mara shimfidawa ta 8 (Madagascar) ta ratsa wannan kogin ta jirgin ruwa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Maningoza Special Reserve |url=http://www.madagaskar.com/parks-and-reserves/maningoza-special-reserve.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160702223624/http://www.madagaskar.com/parks-and-reserves/maningoza-special-reserve.html |archive-date=2 July 2016 |access-date=26 October 2016 |website=Madagaskar.com}}</ref> Wannan kogin yana gudana ta Tsiroanomandidy, Bekopaka, [[Ambakaka]], [[Ankaramena]], Ankavandra da Soaloka. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Maningoza Special Reserve |url=http://www.madagaskar.com/parks-and-reserves/maningoza-special-reserve.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160702223624/http://www.madagaskar.com/parks-and-reserves/maningoza-special-reserve.html |archive-date=2 July 2016 |access-date=26 October 2016 |website=Madagaskar.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == spkdue6lvbldeewvmle0cq9qvv89xcz Ronnie Mutimusekwa 0 153089 889648 842447 2026-07-31T05:59:37Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889648 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ronnie Mutimusakwa''' (1955-1992) shi ne mai fafutukar [[Kanjamau|Cutar kanjamau]] na farko a [[Zimbabwe]], [[Afirka]]. Ronnie Mutimusakwa (sunan haihuwa Rogers Mutimuskwa) ɗan ƙasar Zimbabwe ne wanda ya zama babban labari na duniya a shekarar 1989 lokacin da ya bayyana a fili cewa shi, mutumin da ke jima'i da jima'i, an gano shi da cutar [[Kanjamau|HIV / AIDS]]. Manufarsa ita ce ta karya haramtacciyar cutar kanjamau, tana fatan zai karfafa wasu kamar shi, da kuma taimakawa a kokarin rigakafin. A lokacin an yi la'akari da cewa HIV / AIDS ƙaramin batu ne a Zimbabwe, an tsare shi ga maza masu luwadi da mata masu karuwanci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Africans are Main Victims of the Global Spread of AIDS |url=https://apnews.com/4416af50cc0dd0a4449d226fb496e049 |website=www.apnewsarchive.com}}</ref> == Ilimi == Mutimusakwa ya yi aiki ba tare da gajiyawa ba don inganta wayar da kan jama'a game da cutar, yana ba da labarinsa a makarantu, majami'u da wuraren giya. Ya kafa ƙungiyar tallafi ga mutanen da ke fama da cutar kanjamau, wanda ake kira Ihawu (Shield), wanda shi ne shugaban.[1] Ihawu ta shirya tarurruka a wuraren shakatawa da masana'antu inda membobin suka yi ƙoƙari su ilimantar da jama'a.[2] Mutimusakwa ya sami wasu kudade daga UNESCO da Majalisar Cutar AIDS ta Matabeleland don kafa ofis a Bulawayo inda ya taimaka wajen bunkasa hanyoyin ilimi don rigakafin cutar kanjamau a yankunan karkara, kamar gidan wasan kwaikwayo na al'umma. An kuma haɗa labarin Mutimusakwa a cikin kayan koyarwa a ƙasashen waje.[3] Kusan dukkanin yara a Zimbabwe a halin yanzu ana koyar da su game da cutar kanjamau da cutar kansar a makarantu. == Canjin Halin == Tallafin da ke kewaye da ikirarin Mutimusakwa ya haifar da jerin canje-canje a cikin halin da ake ciki game da cutar kanjamau / AIDS a Zimbabwe, tare da nadin Dokta Timothy Stamps a matsayin minista, wanda ya karɓi nauyin kiwon lafiya a cikin 1990, da kuma labarin dan mataimakin shugaban [[Joshua Nkomo|Nkomo]] Ernest Thuthani ya mutu daga cutar a cikin 1996.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Matambanadzo, Isabella (July 19, 1996). "ZIMBABWE-HEALTH: Breaking The Silence On AIDS". Inter Press Service. |url=http://ipsnews2.wpengine.com/1996/07/zimbabwe-health-breaking-the-silence-on-aids/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112094635/http://ipsnews2.wpengine.com/1996/07/zimbabwe-health-breaking-the-silence-on-aids/ |archive-date=November 12, 2013 |access-date=April 8, 2013 |publisher=}}</ref> Yaduwar cutar ta kai kololuwa a shekarar 1997 lokacin da aka kiyasta fiye da kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na yawan jama'a sun kamu da cutar, bayan haka wannan adadi ya ragu zuwa kusan 13% a shekarar 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 July 2015 |title=HIV and AIDS in Zimbabwe |url=https://www.avert.org/professionals/hiv-around-world/sub-saharan-africa/zimbabwe}}</ref> == Wurin hutawa na Ƙarshe == Ronnie Mutimusakwa ya mutu a ranar 13 ga Yuli 1992 a Njube, wani gari na Bulawayo, kuma an binne shi a ƙauyen Mutimuskwa a yankin Mhondoro . == Sauran sanannun masu fafutukar cutar kanjamau a Zimbabwe == * '''Auxillia Chimusoro''' (1956-1998): Mace ta farko da ta sanar da cewa tana da cutar kanjamau, kuma a shekarar 1989.<ref>UNAIDS (2004).2004 report on the global HIV/AIDS epidemic : 4th global report, p. 183. {{ISBN|92 9173 355 5}}</ref> Chimusoro ta shiga cikin gwagwarmayar yaki da cutar kanjamau a shekarar 1992 lokacin da ta kafa kungiyoyin tallafi na Batanai da ZNNP + . <ref>{{Cite web |title="The Journey of Auxilia Chimusoro and BHASO". Website of Batanai Hiv & Aids Service Organisation (2013) |url=http://www.bhaso.org/about-us.php |publisher= |access-date=2026-05-29 |archive-date=2013-08-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130820063057/http://www.bhaso.org/about-us.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> An ba da lambar yabo ta shekara-shekara ta Hukumar Kula da Ci Gaban Duniya ta Amurka ([[Hukumar Kula da Ci Gaban Kasa da Kasa ta Amurka|USAID]]) bayan ta. * '''Eliot Magunje''' (1965-2003): Dan wasan kwaikwayo na Zimbabwe wanda [[CNN]] ta bayyana matsayin cutar kanjamau ba zato ba tsammani a Zimbabwe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CNN - Zimbabwe grapples with AIDS epidemic - Feb. 8, 1996 |url=http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/9602/aids_zimbabwe/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304074245/http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/9602/aids_zimbabwe/ |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |website=CNN}}</ref> Magunje ya yanke shawarar yin mafi kyawun halin da ake ciki kuma ya zama jami'in bayanai, ilimi da sadarwa na Cibiyar, ɗaya daga cikin manyan kungiyoyin sabis na cutar kanjamau na Zimbabwe. * '''Frenk Guni''': Guni tsohon mai kula da ZNNP+ ne kuma tsohon memba ne na kwamitin zartarwa na Majalisar AIDS ta Zimbabwe, yana zaune a ƙarƙashin mafaka ta siyasa a Amurka tun shekara ta 2003. <ref>"AIDS, Politics and NGOs in Zimbabwe" by Jake Batsell, in: Patterson, Amy (2005), "The African State And The AIDS Crisis", Burlington USA, p. 68. {{ISBN|0 7546 3967 3}}</ref> A wannan shekarar ya sami lambar yabo ta Jonathan Mann don Lafiya da 'Yancin Dan Adam.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 October 2009 |title=Two Africans Honored for Their Fight Against HIV/AIDS - 2003-05-29 |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/a-13-a-2003-05-29-46-two/289989.html}}</ref> * '''Sunanda Ray''': Sunanda Ray likita ce ta Burtaniya wacce ta kafa Cibiyar Taimako ta Mata (WASN) a watan Nuwamba 1989. Dokta Ray ya taimaka wajen samar da kungiyoyin tallafin cutar kanjamau da yawa ga mata, a cikin ilimi kan hanyoyin rigakafin cutar kansar cuta da kuma kimanta manyan abubuwan haɗari daga ra'ayi na kimiyya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 July 2020 |title=ABOUT US Reproductive Health Matters (RHM) |url=http://www.rhmjournal.org.uk/publications/...acceptability/097_Ray.pdf |website=Reproductive Health Matters (RHM)}}</ref> Dokta Ray ya kafa wasu kungiyoyi da yawa wadanda SAfAIDS ta lashe kyautar Auxillia Chimusoro a shekara ta 2002. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1955]] ojfg6rqo00vs6etk16hhca89qlnp0sw Bernice Tlalane Mohapeloa 0 153486 889680 843437 2026-07-31T07:30:14Z BnHamid 12586 889680 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Bernice Tlalane Mohapeloa''' BEM (1899-1997) malamar [[Lesotho]] ce kuma mai fafutuka. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haife ta '''Nee Morolong''' a Mafeteng, ta sami karatun firamare a can, ta wuce jarrabawar ta shida a 1913. A shekara ta gaba ta fara horar da malamai a [[Thabana Morena Girls' School|Makarantar 'yan mata ta Thabana Morena]], ta kammala karatun a 1915, kuma a wannan shekarar ta tafi [[Afirka ta Kudu]] don halartar [[Lovedale High School|Makarantar Sakandare ta Lovedale]]. Da ta sami ƙaramin takardar shaidarta a 1918, ta tafi [[Jami'ar Fort Hare|Kwalejin Jami'ar Fort Hare]] a 1919, ta sami difloma ta malaminta a 1922. == Ayyuka == Ta koyar a Makarantar Tiger Kloof sannan kuma a Makarantar Masana'antu ta Indana don 'yan mata a Natal . Lokacin da aka nada ta shugabar makarantar Mafeteng Intermediate School a 1929, ta zama mace ta farko ta Basotho da ta rike wannan mukamin. Ta gabatar da Girl Guiding zuwa makaranta. A cikin 1942, Mohapeloa ya koma Basutoland. A shekara ta 1943, ta fara koyarwa a [[Basutoland High School|Makarantar Sakandare ta Basutoland]] . Daga 1944 har zuwa lokacin da ta yi ritaya a shekarar 1955, ta koyar a makarantar masana'antar 'yan mata ta St Catherine. A shekara ta 1944, Mohapeloa ta kafa kungiyar Basutoland Homemakers' Association, wanda aka tsara a kan irin waɗannan kungiyoyi, kamar su Home Improvement Club a Kwalejin Jami'ar Fort Hare, wanda ta shiga a shekara ta 1931. Ta kasance shugabar kungiyar daga 1945 zuwa 1983. A cikin shekarun 1950, akwai kusan mambobi 3000 a cikin kungiyoyi sama da 100 a cikin Kungiyar kuma akwai mambobi sama da 13,000 da kungiyoyi 200 bayan samun 'yancin kai. A shekara ta 1951, Mohapeloa ta yi aiki a matsayin mai fassara da kuma uwargidan jira ga Babban Jami'in [[‘Mantšebo Seeiso|'Mantšebo Seeiso]] a kan tafiya zuwa Ingila. A shekara ta 1974, Mohapeloa ta zama mace ta farko a majalisar dokoki a Lesotho . <ref name=":0" /> == Daraja == Ta sami lambar yabo ta Daular Burtaniya a cikin girmamawar ranar haihuwar shekara ta 1946, <ref>{{London Gazette|date=4 June 1946|title=}}</ref> a wannan shekarar ta zama mace ta farko ta Afirka da ta karbi Dorothy Cadbury Fellowship. Ta sami Order of Ramatseatsana daga gwamnatin Lesotho da kuma digirin digirin girmamawa daga Jami'ar Kasa ta Lesotho a shekarar 1991. Mohapeloa na ɗaya daga cikin mata masu tasiri a tarihin zamani na Lesotho; daga cikin waɗanda suka ƙidaya ta a matsayin abin koyi shine 'Matlelima Hlalele . == Rayuwa ta mutum == A shekara ta 1930 ta auri [[Joel Thabiso Mohapeloa]] . == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1997]] a4vsg7lrgmap22esvuldjmattbenpv3 Ruwa da tsaftacewa a Misira 0 153615 889731 886035 2026-07-31T08:15:33Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889731 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ruwa da tsabtace muhalli a Misira''' an tsara su ne ta hanyar manyan nasarori da ƙalubale masu ɗorewa. Kasar ta dogara sosai da Kogin Nilu, wanda ke samar da kashi 90% na jimlar albarkatun ruwa, wanda ya kai cubic mita biliyan 55 a kowace shekara, adadi da bai canza ba tun 1954. Koyaya, buƙatar ruwa ta ƙasa ta wuce cubic mita biliyan 90, wanda ke haifar da karancin ruwa na yau da kullun. A sakamakon haka, wadatar ruwa ga kowane mutum ya ragu zuwa mita 570 a cikin shekara ta 2018, da kyau a ƙasa da ƙarancin ruwa na mita 1,000.<ref name="sanitation">{{Cite web |title=Egypt |url=https://sdgs.un.org/basic-page/egypt-34124#:~:text=The%20country%20highlights%20the%20following,soap%20and%20water%20increased%20from |access-date=3 March 2025 |publisher=United Nations Sustainable Development Goals}}</ref> A mayar da martani, Masar ta ba da fifiko ga kiyaye ruwa da kayan aikin tsabtace ruwa don inganta iyakantaccen albarkatun yayin magance ƙaruwar amfani daga ƙaruwar yawan jama'a da faɗaɗa aikin gona. Tsakanin shekarar 1990 zuwa 2010, Masar ta fadada damar samun ruwa mai bututu, ta kara yawan birane daga 89% zuwa 100% da kuma yankunan karkara daga 39% zuwa 93%, yayin da kuma kawar da buɗewa a yankunan ƙaramar hukuma. A shekara ta 2019, kashi 96.9% na yawan jama'a suna da damar samun ruwan sha mai kyau, yayin da isasshen tsabtace muhalli ya tashi daga kashi 50% a shekarar 2015 zuwa 66.2% a shekarar 2019, kuma rabon ruwan da aka tsabtace ya kai kashi 74% a shekarar 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Egypt - SDG 6 Data |url=https://www.sdg6data.org/en/country-or-area/Egypt |access-date=3 March 2025 |publisher=United Nations SDG 6 Data Portal}}</ref> Sauye-sauyen ma'aikata sun tsara ɓangaren ruwa da tsabtace muhalli na Masar, tare da Kamfanin Kula da Ruwa da Ruwa (HCWW) da aka kirkira a shekara ta 2004 da kuma Hukumar Kula da Rashin Ruwa ta Masar (EWRA) da aka kafa a shekara ta 2006 don kula da samar da sabis da aiwatar da tsari.<ref name="mehsip">{{Cite journal |last=European Investment Bank |author-link=European Investment Bank |year=2008 |title=Horizon 2020 - Elaboration of a Mediterranean Hot Spot Investment Programme (MeHSIP) |url=http://ec.europa.eu/environment/enlarg/med/pdf/mehsip_report.pdf |access-date=2009-02-05}}</ref> Duk da yake kashi 98% na Masarawa yanzu suna da damar samun akalla maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, ƙalubalen suna ci gaba. Rabin yawan jama'a ne kawai ke da alaƙa da magudanar tsabta, kuma farfadowa mai ƙarancin farashi saboda wasu ƙananan farashin ruwa a duniya suna buƙatar tallafin gwamnati mai yawa. Wadannan matsalolin kudi, wadanda suka ƙara tsanantawa ta hanyar karuwar albashi bayan shekarar 2011 ba tare da daidaitawar farashi ba, sun hana fadada ababen more rayuwa. Bugu da ƙari, rashin aiki na kayan aiki, iyakancewar lissafin gwamnati, da ƙarancin nuna gaskiya sun kara matsawa ɓangaren. Taimako na ƙasashen waje ya kasance mai mahimmanci, tare da Amurka, Tarayyar Turai, Faransa, Jamus, Bankin Duniya, da sauran masu ba da gudummawa na duniya da ke ba da kuɗi da ƙwarewar fasaha. Duk da yake sauye-sauyen ɓangarorin sun yi niyyar inganta farfadowa da ingancin sabis, shigar kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ta kasance mai iyaka, da farko an tsare shi ga ayyukan Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) don tsire-tsire na magani. == Ma'adanai na ruwa a Misira == [[Fayil:View_from_Cairo_Tower_31march2007.jpg|thumb|250x250px|[[Nil|Kogin Nilu]] shine kawai tushen ruwa ga mafi yawan Masar, gami da babban birnin [[Kairo|Alkahira]] da aka nuna a nan.]] Babban tushen ruwan sha na Masar shi ne Kogin Nilu. Kogin yana samar da ruwa <sup>mai</sup> tsafta miliyan 55 a kowace shekara, wanda ke wakiltar kashi 97% na dukkan albarkatun ruwa masu sabuntawa a Masar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Egypt {{!}} Department of Economic and Social Affairs |url=https://sdgs.un.org/basic-page/egypt-34124 |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=sdgs.un.org}}</ref> Gabaɗaya, Kogin Nilu yana samar da kusan kashi 90% na ruwan da Masar ke samarwa. An kiyasta matsakaicin [[ruwan sama]] a Masar ya kai kashi 18.&nbsp;mm ko biliyan 1.8 <sup>m3</sup> a kowace shekara. Bugu da ƙari, Masar tana da magudanan ruwa guda huɗu daban-daban na [[Ruwa na kasa|ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa]] : Kogin Nilu, Nubian Sandstone Aquifer, Moghra Aquifer da Coastal Aquifer. Tun daga shekarar 2005, an sanya Masar a matsayin ƙasa [[Rashin ruwa|mai ƙarancin ruwa]] saboda tana da ƙasa da mita <sup>1000</sup> na ruwa mai tsafta a kowace shekara ga kowane mutum. Bugu da ƙari, an yi hasashen cewa a shekarar 2025 yawan jama'a zai kai miliyan 95, wanda ke nufin kason kowane mutum na mita 600 <sup>kawai</sup> a kowace shekara. Birane a bakin Tekun Ja kamar [[Hurghada]] suna samun ruwa daga kogin Nilu da ake turawa ta bututun mai. Duk da haka, a shekarar 2015 an ba da kwangilar tashar tace ruwan teku mai mita 80,000 a <sup>kowace</sup> rana don samar wa birnin ruwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Egypt puts seal on desalination sea change |publisher=Global Water Intelligence, May 2015}}</ref> == Samun ruwa == A cikin shekara ta 2015, kashi 98% na yawan jama'a suna da damar samun ruwa "akalla na asali" kuma kashi 93% suna da damar yin amfani da [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace muhalli]]. Duk da haka, har yanzu akwai mutane miliyan 1.8 ba tare da samun damar "aƙalla ruwa na asali" da miliyan 6.4 ba tare da damar "a ƙalla" tsabtace muhalli ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Egypt |url=https://www.washwatch.org/en/countries/egypt/summary/statistics/ |access-date=21 March 2017 |website=WASHWatch }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=WHO / UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme: Documents |url=https://www.wssinfo.org/documents/?tx_displaycontroller%5Bregion%5D=&tx_displaycontroller%5Bsearch_word%5D=egypt&tx_displaycontroller%5Btype%5D=country_files |access-date=2017-04-12 |website=www.wssinfo.org |language=en |archive-date=2017-04-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170413070816/https://www.wssinfo.org/documents/?tx_displaycontroller&#91;region&#93;=&tx_displaycontroller&#91;search_word&#93;=egypt&tx_displaycontroller&#91;type&#93;=country_files |url-status=dead }}</ref> {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="5" style="background:#E6E6FA" |Samun Ruwa da Tsabtace Ruwa a Misira (2010) <ref name="JMP">{{Cite web |title=Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation. Coverage Estimates Improved Drinking Water. |url=http://www.wssinfo.org/data-estimates/table/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209002836/http://www.wssinfo.org/data-estimates/table/ |archive-date=2014-02-09 |access-date=2012-10-19}}</ref> |- ! colspan="2" | !Bira ne (43% na yawan jama'a) <br /> !Karkara (57% na yawan jama'a) <br /> !Jimillar |- | rowspan="2" |Ruwa |[[Ingantaccen tushen ruwa|Bayani mai zurfi]] |100% |63% |63% |- |Haɗin gida |100% |93% |96% |- | rowspan="2" |Tsabtace Yanayi |Bayani mai zurfi |97% |93% |95% |- |Rashin ruwa |n/a |n/a |50% (ƙidayar shekara ta 2006) |} A cewar Jamhuriyar Larabawa ta Masar: Sabuntawa na Sashin Birane, Masar ta kai ga Manufar Ci Gaban Millennium na rage yawan mutane ba tare da samun damar samun ruwa mai kyau da tsabta ba ta hanyar Shekarar 2015 kafin lokaci a cikin shekarar 2008. Koyaya, bisa ga rahoton gwamnati na wannan shekarar, Misira har yanzu ba ta da hanya don cimma burin tsabta a yankunan karkara, musamman a Upper Egypt da kuma gwamnatocin iyaka. Gidan wanka na Soakaway, wanda ya zama ruwan dare a yankunan karkara, sau da yawa ba sa aiki yadda ya kamata saboda babban teburin ruwa na ƙasa. Rashin ruwa da tsagewa a cikin ganuwar yana haifar da zubar da ruwa wanda ke gurɓata titunan da ke kewaye, canals, da ruwan kasa. Motocin da ke zubar da latrines da tankuna na septic ba lallai bane su fitar da septage a cikin tsire-tsire na tsabtace ruwa, amma a maimakon haka su zubar da abun ciki a cikin muhalli.<ref name="UNHRC Sanitation">{{Cite web |last=United Nations |last2=General Assembly |last3=Human Rights Council |date=5 July 2010 |title=Report of the independent expert on the issue of human rights obligations related to access to safe drinking water and sanitation, Catarina de Albuquerque Addendum Mission to Egypt |url=http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G10/149/35/PDF/G1014935.pdf?OpenElement |access-date=31 October 2016 |pages=12–13}}</ref> == Amfani da ruwa da halayyar tsabta == [[File:Egypt_water_allocation_use.gif|thumb|309x309px|Rarraba amfani da ruwa a Misira]] A matakin kasa, an kiyasta amfani da ruwa na cikin gida a Misira a mita cubic biliyan 5.5 a kowace shekara, wanda ya kai kashi 8% na jimlar amfani da ruwa. Wannan ya dace da matsakaicin amfani na yau da kullun na lita 200 ga kowane mutum, kusan ninki biyu na matakin amfani a Jamus. Koyaya, ainihin amfani da cikin gida ya kasance ƙasa saboda asarar cibiyar sadarwa kuma ya bambanta sosai a cikin yankuna daban-daban. A ƙarshen ƙarni na 20, shigar da damar samar da ruwan sha ya kasance daga lita 70 ga kowane mutum a kowace rana (L / c / d) a Upper Egypt zuwa 330 L / c /d a Alkahira, yayin da Alexandria ta rubuta amfani da kusan 300 L / c. == Abubuwan More Rayuwa == Ya zuwa shekarar 2008, akwai manyan masana'antun tace ruwan sha guda 153 da ƙananan masana'antu guda 817, gami da masana'antun tace gurbataccen ruwa (ruwan kashin gari) guda 239. Tsawon hanyoyin rarraba ruwa ya kai kilomita 107,000 kuma tsawon hanyoyin tattara gurbataccen ruwa ya kai kilomita 29,000.<ref name="HCWW Figures" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Egypt - Water and Environment |url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/egypt-water-and-environment |access-date=2023-10-09 |website=www.trade.gov |language=en}}</ref> === Ingancin ruwan sha === [[File:Assyout city Egypt.jpg|thumb|250px|Birnin Assiut inda rahotanni game da gurbataccen ruwan sha suka bayyana a shekarar 2009.]] A cikin dukkan shekarun 2000 da farkon shekarun 2010, ƙarancin abubuwan mo re rayuwa na tsaftar muhalli a Masar ya haifar da gagarumar barazana ga lafiyar jama'a. Wani rahoto na shekarar 2007 ya ƙiyasta cewa yara 17,000 ne ke mutuwa a kowace shekara sakamakon cututtukan gudawa da ke da alaƙa da ƙarancin tsaftar muhalli, wanda hakan ke nuna mummunan sakamakon rashin isasshen tsarin gudanar da gurbataccen ruwa.<ref name="IDRC">National Water Research Center, Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation (2007): [https://web.archive.org/web/20160118112500/http://web.idrc.ca/en/ev-127200-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html Actualizing the Right to Water: An Egyptian Perspective for an Action Plan], Shaden Abdel-Gawad. Retrieved 30 April 2012.</ref> Masana'antun tace ruwa da yawa sun fuskanci matsalar rashin kulawa da kyau, wanda hakan ya sa ba su da tasiri wajen kawar da ƙwayoyin cuta (parasites), ƙwayoyin cuta na virus, da sauran ƙananan halittu masu cutarwa.<ref>Noha Donia, Assistant Professor Engineering Dep. Institute of Environmental Studies and Research:[http://www.iwtc.info/2007_pdf/13-7.pdf SURVEY OF POTABLE WATER QUALITY PROBLEMS IN EGYPT], Eleventh International Water Technology Conference (2007), Sharm el-Sheikh, p. 1051, retrieved on 2011-07-21</ref> A shekarar 2009, wani bincike na Ma'aikatar Lafiya ya bayyana cewa ruwan sha na mutane 500,000 a Asyut bai dace da amfanin ɗan adam ba.<ref>{{cite web|title=Drinking water in Asyut unfit for human consumption|url=http://bikyamasr.com/wordpress/?p=1915|access-date=23 July 2011|date=4 August 2009|archive-date=8 December 2011|archive-url=http://web.archive.bibalex.org/web/20111208134329/http://bikyamasr.com/wordpress/?p=1915|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ya zuwa watan Yuni na shekarar 2011, ba a ɗauki wani mataki na gyara ba. Tsarin sanya sinadarin chlorine da aka kafa a shekarun baya don yaƙar gurbacewar ƙwayoyin cuta (bacteria) a cikin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa ya gaza saboda rashin kulawa, wanda hakan ya kai ga dainawa da aiki da su tare da jefa mazauna cikin haɗarin amfani da ruwan da ba a tace ba.<ref>{{cite web|website=Habi Center for Environmental Rights|title=Report: 80% of Assiut residents drink unclean water|url=http://hcer.info/en/?p=496|access-date=23 July 2011|date=1 June 2011|archive-date=6 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180506164950/http://hcer.info/en/?p=496|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sauran yankuna ma sun fuskanci irin waɗannan matsaloli na ƙunci. A shekarar 2007, mazauna ƙauyen Wardan da ke arewacin Giza sun ba da rahoton cewa ruwansu ya yi baƙi, wanda hakan ya tayar da hankali game da gurbacewa. Hukumomi sun yi watsi da alhakin hakan, inda suka danganta matsalar ga rijiyoyin ƙarƙashin ƙasa na haram da kuma famfunan haɓaka matsin ruwa masu zaman kansu da mazauna yankin ke amfani da su don samun ruwa da matsin lamba. A gefe guda kuma, Ma'aikatar Muhalli ta amince da rassan gazawar hukumomi, tana mai bayyana ƙarancin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin hukumomin, rashin daidaitaccen tsarin sanya ido, da rashin tabbas a hanyoyin bincika ingancin ruwa.<ref>{{cite web|author1=United Nations |author2=General Assembly |author3=Human Rights Council |title=Report of the independent expert on the issue of human rights obligations related to access to safe drinking water and sanitation, Catarina de Albuquerque Addendum Mission to Egypt|url=http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G10/149/35/PDF/G1014935.pdf?OpenElement|access-date=19 October 2012|pages=10–11|date=5 July 2010}}</ref> === Tace gurbataccen ruwa === [[File:ISS067-E-153823 - View of Egypt - Abu Rawash Wastewater Treatment Plant - El Hassana Dome - Kafr Hakim agricultural land - Kirdasah - Nahia (cropped).jpg|thumb|Masana'antar Tace Gurbataccen Ruwa ta Abu Rawash]] Masar ta faɗaɗa ƙarfin masana'antun tace gurbataccen ruwanta sosai a cikin shekaru ashirin da suka gabata don magance karuwar buƙatar ruwa da matsalolin gurbacewa. Ya zuwa shekarar 2012, ƙasar tana da masana'antun tace gurbataccen ruwa na gundumomi guda 375, waɗanda ke tace matsakaicin mita kubik miliyan 10.1 a kowace shekara.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Global Water Intelligence|title=Wastewater focus moves out of the city|date=November 2012}}</ref> Adadin masana'antun ya ninka sau goma tsakanin shekarar 1985 da 2005, kuma ya zuwa shekarar 2021, jimillar ƙarfin tace gurbataccen ruwa ya wuce mita kubik miliyan 16 a kowace rana.<ref name=sanitation/> Masana'antar Tace Gurbataccen Ruwa ta Gabal El Asfar, wacce ke arewa maso gabashin Cairo, ta kasance babbar cibiya ta tace ruwa. Da fari an kammala ta ne a shekarar 1999 mai ƙarfin mita kubik miliyan 1.2 a kowace rana, kuma an faɗaɗa ta zuwa mita kubik miliyan 2 a kowace rana ya zuwa shekarar 2009. An tsara wani ƙarin faɗaɗawa zuwa mita kubik miliyan 2.5 a kowace rana, wanda Bankin Cigaban Afirka ya ba da kuɗaɗen sa a shekarar 2013, tare da babban burin kaiwa mita kubik miliyan 3 a kowace rana, domin yi wa mutane miliyan 12 hidima.<ref>African Development Bank:[http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Environmental-and-Social-Assessments/ADB-BD-IF-2008-55-EN-EGYPT-ESIA-GABAL-EL-ASFAR-WASTEWATER-TREATMENT-PLANT.PDF EGYPT: GABAL EL ASFAR WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT - ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT SUMMARY], undated, retrieved on May 30, 2010</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Wastewater infra spending flows again in Egypt|url=http://www.globalwaterintel.com/archive/14/11/general/wastewater-infra-spending-flows-again-egypt.html|publisher=Global Water Intelligence|access-date=28 December 2013|date=November 2013}}</ref> Masana'antar Abu Rawash da ke yammacin Giza, da farko tana tace mita kubik miliyan 0.4 ne a kowace rana a matakin farko. An faɗaɗa wannan zuwa mita kubik miliyan 1.2 a kowace rana ya zuwa shekarar 2008. A shekarar 2013, an ƙaddamar da wani tsari na haɓaka masana'antar zuwa matakin tace ruwa na biyu da kuma faɗaɗa ƙarfinta zuwa mita kubik miliyan 1.6 a kowace rana a ƙarƙashin haɗin gwiwar gwamnati da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu tare da tallafi daga Bankin Turai na Sake Gini da Cigaba (EBRD).<ref>{{cite web|title=Abu Rawash Wastewater Treatment Plant In Egypt: Development And Implementation Of A Public-Private Partnership For Upgrade And Expansion|url=https://www.devex.com/procurement/tenders/abu-rawash-wastewater-treatment-plant-in-egypt-development-and-implementation-of-a-public-private-partnership-for-upgrade-and-expansion/92159|publisher=Devex|access-date=28 December 2013}}</ref> A shekarar 2021, an kammala Masana'antar Tace Gurbataccen Ruwa ta Bahr El Baqar a matsayin mafi girma a duniya a wancan lokacin, mai ƙarfin mita kubik miliyan 5 a kowace rana, tana samar da ruwan da aka tace don shayar da kadada 342,000 a cikin Tsarin Cigaban Tsibirin Sinai.<ref name=sanitation/> Wannan masana'antar an zarce ta a shekarar 2023 ta hanyar Masana'antar Tace Gurbataccen Ruwa ta New Delta, wacce ita ce mafi girma a duniya baki ɗaya, mai ƙarfin mita kubik miliyan 7.5 a kowace rana. A matsayin babban ɓangare na dabarun faɗaɗa aikin gona na Masar, tana tallafawa aikin maido da ƙasa na New Delta yayin da take rage gurbacewa a Tafkin Mariout da Tekun Mediterranean.<ref name=treatmentplant>{{cite news | url=https://www.metito.com/news-detail/egypts-new-delta-treatment-plant-sets-four-guinness-world-records-revolutionizing-and-setting-unprecedented-agriculture-and-environmental-preservation-standards/ | title=Egypt's New Delta Treatment Plant Sets Four Guinness World Records | date=29 March 2023 | access-date=1 March 2025 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ana gudanar da wani ƙoƙari na iyakance microplastics daga kaiwa teku ga masana'antun tace gurbataccen ruwa a Alexandria, tare da rancen Yuro miliyan 120 daga Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai. Tace laka (sewage sludge treatment) yana cikin aikin, wanda zai samar da biogas da rage buƙatar amfani da makamashin burbushin halittu (fossil fuels). Wannan ƙoƙari yana da burin haɓaka kayan aikin tace gurbataccen ruwa ga mutane miliyan 1.5 a yankin.<ref name=":322">{{Cite book |url=https://www.eib.org/en/publications/the-clean-oceans-initiative |title=The Clean Oceans Initiative |date=2022-02-04 |publisher=European Investment Bank |language=EN}}</ref> == Tarihi == === Daga ƙarni na 19 zuwa Masar ta zamani === [[File:Alexandria 2122972.jpg|thumb|300px|Kamfanin rassa masu zaman kansu na ƙasashen waje ne ya samar da ruwan sha a Alexandria daga shekarar 1860 har zuwa 1956.]] Kamfanonin ruwa na zamani na farko a Masar an kafa su ne ta hannun masu zuba jari masu zaman kansu na Turai a Alexandria da Cairo a shekarun 1860 a ƙarƙashin Masarautar Khedivate ta Masar. A lokaci guda, Kamfanin Magudanar Ruwa na Suez na Faransa da Birtaniya ya gudanar, tare da shi kansa Magudanar Ruwan na Suez, tsarin samar da ruwan sha ga biranen Magudanar Ruwa na Suez kamar Port Said, Suez da Ismailia, inda birni na ƙarshe kamfanin ne ya kafa shi. An mayar da kamfanonin ruwa na Cairo da Alexandria ƙarƙashin ikon gwamnati a shekarar 1956, tare da mayar da Magudanar Ruwa na Suez ƙarƙashin ikon gwamnati ta hannun gwamnatin gurguzu ta Gamal Abdel Nasser. Don haɓaka zuba jari a biranen larduna, an kafa hukumomin jiha guda biyu, ɗaya mai kula da samar da ruwa kuma ɗaya mai kula da tsaftar muhalli. === Buɗe tattalin arziki da zuwan tallafin ƙasashen waje a shekarun 1970 === Sakamakon buɗe tattalin arzikin Masar a ƙarƙashin gwamnatin Anwar Sadat a shekarun 1970 (Infitah), gagarumin tallafin ƙasashen waje ya fito. Musamman ma, USAID ta ba da taimako don samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Babban Cairo, Alexandria da biranen Magudanar Ruwa na Suez. Sayi dai, an yi watsi da biranen larduna da yankunan karkara da farko.<ref name="WB Beheira PCR"/> Kusan rabin jarin da aka gudanar a wancan lokacin an yi shi ne a Cairo da Alexandria, kodayake kashi ɗaya bisa huɗu na aliyara ne kawai ke zaune a can.<ref name="Sharabas"/> '''Nasorori'''. Sakamakon manyan zuba jari da aka samu ta hanyar kuɗaɗen waje, samun damar amfani da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ya ƙaru sosai a cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya. Misali, ƙarfin samar da ruwa ya ƙaru daga mita kubik miliyan 5.5 a kowace rana a shekarar 1982 zuwa miliyan 21 a shekarar 2004 kuma amfani da ruwa na kowane mutum ya ƙaru daga lita 130 zuwa 275 a kowace rana a daidai wannan lokacin.<ref name="HCWW 2006">EU Water Initiative: COUNTRY DIALOGUES PROCESS ON WATER IN MEDITERRANEAN PARTNER COUNTRIES, Inaugural Meeting of the Country Dialogue in Egypt (Cairo 22/11/06) [http://www.minenv.gr/medeuwi/dialogues/Country.Dialogue.on.Water.in.Egypt/00/Holding%20Company%20of%20Water%20&%20Wastewater.pdf Holding Company of Water & Wastewater] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308122213/http://www.minenv.gr/medeuwi/dialogues/Country.Dialogue.on.Water.in.Egypt/00/Holding%20Company%20of%20Water%20%26%20Wastewater.pdf |date=2012-03-08 }}, retrieved on July 23, 2011</ref> '''Kalubale'''. Sai dai kuma, ƙungiyoyin da ke kula da gudanarwa da adana abubuwan more rayuwa sun kasance masu rauni ta fuskar kuɗi da albarkatun ɗan adam, musamman a lardunan Masar, yadda ingancin sabis ɗin ya kasance matsi. Wani binciken fanni na Bankin Duniya a ƙarshen shekarun 1970 ya lura da "mummunan yanayi", kamar: {{blockquote | "(i) rarrabuwar alhakin gudanarwa;<br /> (ii) rashin kulawa da gudanarwa da kyau;<br /> (iii) yawan asarar ruwa;<br /> (iv) rashin isasshen matakin zuba jari;<br /> (v) ƙarancin ma'aikata ƙwararru; da<br /> (vi) ƙananan haraji da rashin isasshen dawo da kuɗaɗen da aka kashe."<ref name="WB Beheira PCR"/> }} Game da rashin isasshen dawo da kuɗaɗen, a lardunan Masar kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na kuɗin gudanarwa ne kawai ake dawo da shi. Samar da ruwa a karkara mafi yawancinsa ta hanyar famfunan tsaye ne waɗanda ke ba da ruwa kyauta. Ana tura dukkan ƙananan kudaden shiga ga Gwamnatin Tsakiya, wacce ita kuma ke ba da tallafin kuɗi da bai isa ba don ingantaccen gudanarwa da kulawa. Ɗaya ce kawai daga cikin matsaloli guda shida da aka gano a shekarun 1970 aka iya warwarewa: matakan zuba jari sun ƙaru sosai kuma sun kasance a babban mataki. Sayi dai, sauran matsalolin har yanzu suna nan da gaske bayan fiye da shekaru talatin duk da gyare-gyaren fanni guda biyu da aka gudanar a shekarar 1981 zuwa 2004. '''Rarrabuwar fanni da sakamakonsa'''. Tsarin fannin samar da ruwan sha a tsakiyar shekarun 1970 yana nuna matsalar rarrabuwa: * A Cairo da Alexandria abubuwan more rayuwa na ruwa mallakar hukumomin ruwa na gida ne kuma sune ke gudanar da su - Hukumar Kula da Ruwa ta Alexandria (AWGA) da Babban Ƙungiyar Samar da Ruwa ta Babban Cairo (GOGCWS); * a biranen Magudanar Ruwa na Suez, duka abubuwan more rayuwa na ruwa da magudanar ruwa mallakar Hukumar Magudanar Ruwa ta Suez (SCA) ne kuma ita ce ke gudanar da su; * Babban Ƙungiyar Ruwan Sha (GOPW) ta gina kuma ta gudanar da tsarin ruwa na yanki guda bakwai, musamman a lardunan yankin Nilu; * gundumomi 115 ne suka mallaki kuma suka gudanar da tsarin ruwa a manyan garuruwan larduna; da * daraktocin gidaje na gwamnati sun gudanar da kusan tsarin samar da ruwa na karkara guda 1250 da ke dogaro da rijiyoyin burtsatse ko rijiyoyin da ke hidima ga waɗancan yankunan da gundumomi ko GOPW ba su kai gare su ba.<ref name="WB Beheira PCR">World Bank:[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/1995/06/30/000009265_3961029215029/Rendered/PDF/multi_page.pdf Project Completion Report, Arab Republic of Egypt, Beheira Provincial Potable Water Supply Project], June 30, 1995, p. 1-3, retrieved on July 23, 2011</ref> Alhakin tattarawa da zubar da gurbataccen ruwa ya kasance kusan a rarrabe yake ta wannan salon. Ya ƙunshi: * Tsarin gundumomi guda 17 inda na Cairo da Alexandria sune mafi girma nesa ba kusa ba. Sun kasance mallakar Babban Ƙungiyar Magudanar Ruwa ta Babban Cairo (GOGCSD) da Babban Ƙungiyar Magudanar Ruwa ta Alexandria (AGOSD) bi da bi, kuma sune ke gudanar da su. * A lardunan Masar, zuba jari a tsarin magudanar ruwa ya kasance alhakin Babban Ƙungiyar Magudanar Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli (GOSSD) ne. * Sayi dai, gudanar da irin waɗannan tsarin ya kasance alhakin gundumomi ne.<ref name="WB Beheira PCR"/> Tsara abubuwan more rayuwa don samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ya kasance rarrabe tsakanin ƙungiyoyi biyu, GOPW da GOSSD. Sakamakon haka, wasu garuruwa ko unguwanni sun sami damar yin amfani da ruwan famfo, amma ba su da magudanar ruwa, wanda hakan ya kai ga tabarbarewar yanayin tsafta. === Gyare-gyaren shekarar 1981: Rage rarrabuwa da kafa kamfanonin gwamnati === Don gyara wannan yanayi, masu ba da tallafi sun matsa lamba don yin gyaran fanni. Gwamnati ta ƙaddamar da gyaran a shekarar 1981 tare da abubuwa masu mahimmanci guda biyu: Na farko, ta haɗe hukumar zuba jarin ruwa ta GOPW da hukumar zuba jarin tsaftar muhalli ta GOSSD a cikin wata sabuwar hukuma guda ɗaya mai suna NOPWASD. Na biyu, ta haɓaka kafa kamfanonin ruwa da gurbataccen ruwa masu zaman kansu a kowane lardi, bin misalin kamfanonin da ke akwai a Cairo da Alexandria. Sayi dai, gwamnatin tsakiya ba ta matsa lamba sosai don kafa su ba. Bayan shekaru ashirin, kamfanoni uku kacal na irin wannan aka kafa.<ref name="WB Beheira PCR"/> [[File:Damanhur1.jpg|thumb|250px|Wani gini a Damanhur, babban birnin lardin Beheira inda aka kafa kamfanin ruwa na gwamnati na farko mai zaman kansa a Masar a wajen Cairo da Alexandria a shekarar 1861.]] '''Kamfanonin Ruwa a Yankin Nilu'''. Gwamnan lardin Beheira, da ke kusa da Alexandria, ya kafa kamfani na farko na irin wannan, Kamfanin Ruwa na Beheira, ta hanyar doka a shekarar 1981. Tare da kuɗaɗe daga Bankin Duniya da Faransa, an sabunta tare da faɗaɗa wuraren aiki a lardin. Wannan ya haifar da wasu sakamako masu kyau: samar da ruwa ya kasance mai dorewa kuma an sami dawo da kuɗaɗen gudanarwa. Sayi dai, aikin ya ɗauki shekaru 13 kafin a kammala shi, wato shekaru 7 fiye da yadda ake tsamani, kuma an sami ƙarin kuɗaɗen kashewa da kashi 67 cikin ɗari.<ref>World Bank:[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/1995/06/30/000009265_3961029215029/Rendered/PDF/multi_page.pdf Project Completion Report, Arab Republic of Egypt, Beheira Provincial Potable Water Supply Project], June 30, 1995, Cover Memorandum, retrieved on July 23, 2011</ref> An sake kafa ƙarin kamfanonin ruwa guda biyu a ƙarshen shekarun 1980, duka biyun a lardunan yankin Nilu da kuma ƙarƙashin tasirin masu ba da kuɗi na waje: kamfanin ruwa na Damietta tare da tallafi daga Bankin Duniya da kuma kamfanin ruwa da gurbataccen ruwa na Kafr el-Sheikh tare da tallafi daga Jamus. A sauran lardunan kuma, kamar a Daqahliya, juriya daga gwamnoni da kuma daga NOPWASD ta hana kafa kamfanin ruwa duk da matsin lamba daga masu ba da tallafi na waje.<ref>World Bank:[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/1988/11/30/000009265_3960925191112/Rendered/PDF/multi_page.pdf Project Completion Report, Arab Republic of Egypt, Water Supply and Sewerage Engineering Project], November 30, 1988, p. 4 and 6, retrieved on July 23, 2011</ref> Kamfanonin ruwa guda uku sun kasance ba su yi nasara ba kamar yadda ake tsamani. Wani rahoto na USAID na shekarar 1991 ya kammala da cewa: {{blockquote | "Wadannan kamfanonin ruwa an yi niyyar su kasance masu zaman kansu, don samar da kudaden shiga da suka isa su biya kudaden gudanarwa da kulawa da kuma samun sauyi a ayyukan ma'aikata. Kamfanonin guda uku ba su kai ga burin da aka yi niyya ba. (...) Kamfanonin ruwan ba su da yanci ko raba madafun iko kamar yadda aka tsara, kuma ba su da inganci ta fuskar kudi."<ref>NOPWASD, Boyle Engineering Corporation and National Education Corporation:[https://web.archive.org/web/20120313053503/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PDABG411.pdf Water and Wastewater Institutional Support Project (WWISP), Basic Contract Completion Report], August 1991, retrieved on July 23, 2011</ref> }} '''Hukumomin Tattalin Arziki na Gwamnati a sauran larduna'''. Wasu lardunan guda bakwai (Lardin Aswan, Lardin Minya, Lardin Beni Suef, Lardin Faiyum, Lardin Dakahlia, Lardin Gharbia da Lardin Sharqia) sun kafa Hukumomin Tattalin Arziki na Gwamnati don samar da ruwa waɗanda suka karɓi alhakin gudanar da tsarin samar da ruwa daga tsoffin tsarin yanki da GOPW ta gudanar. Waɗannan rassan suna da ƙarancin kafar ikon gudanarwa da na kuɗi idan aka kwatanta da kamfanonin ruwa. '''Manufofin Farashin Ruwa na Ƙasa'''. A shekarar 1985 gwamani ta ɗauki Manufar Farashin Ruwa na Ƙasa da nufin cimma cikakken dawo da kuɗaɗen gudanarwa da kulawa don ruwa a hankali zuwa shekarar 1991. Manufar ta kuma gabatar da ƙarin harajin magudanar ruwa da aka saita a kashi 10% kacal na lissafin kuɗin ruwa. Manufar ta kuma ba da kwarin gwiwa (kashi 10 cikin ɗari na jimillar kuɗin shiga) a matsayin kyauta ga ma'aikata a fannin masana'antar ruwa.<ref name="WB Beheira PCR"/> Sayi dai, harajin bai ƙaru ba kamar yadda manufar ta hango. '''Kalubalen da suka rage'''. A shekarar 2000, kusan shekaru 10 bayan haka, abubuwa ba su canza sosai ba. Wani rahoto na NOPWASD ya bayyana cewa ƙarfin hukumomi da dawo da kuɗaɗen da aka kashe a fannin sun kasance ƙasa. Abubuwan more rayuwa sun ci gaba da lalacewa, yayin da hukumomin da ke kula da tsarin samar da ruwa da magudanar ruwa suka fuskanci babban gibi na kuɗi wanda aka cike shi ta hanyar tallafin kuɗi kaɗan kawai. A wancan lokacin, Kamfanin Ruwa na ===Sauye-sauyen shekarar 2004: Kafuwar Kamfanin Holding da shiga na ɓangaren masu zaman kansu=== '''Asalin sauye-sauyen'''. Lokacin da masu bayar da tallafi suka nuna rashin jin daɗin su da rashin kyakkyawan aiki na sashen, gwamnati ta ƙaddamar da wani sabon sauye-sauye da ya sake nufin inganta ingancin sabis, a hankali samun daidaiton kuɗi da kuma inganta ƙwarewar ma’aikata. Ma’aikatar gidaje ta ɗora wa NOPWASD nauyin yin binciken gano matsaloli da bayar da shawarwari kan sauye-sauye. Wannan ya kasance ƙarƙashin taken sauƙaƙe ikon gudanarwa ta hanyar ƙirƙirar kamfanoni masu kasuwanci a matakin jihohi, kamar yadda aka ba da shawara shekaru ashirin da suka gabata. Duk da haka, an ƙara abubuwa biyu a cikin sauye-sauyen: shiga na ɓangaren masu zaman kansu da kuma kafa hukumar da ke da ikon kansa. An gabatar da binciken ga Majalisar Ministoci a shekarar 1998. Majalisar ta ɗora wa Ma’aikatar gidaje nauyin ƙirƙirar takardu biyu: dokar sake tsarawa na sashen ruwa da magudanar ruwa, da kuma dokar ba da lasisin ayyukan jama’a na ruwa da magudanar ruwa. Dukansu an amince da su a ka’ida a shekarar 2000. Sai dai dokar lasisin ruwa ba ta taɓa wucewa ba. An kuma rarraba wata doka don ƙirƙirar hukumar kula. Tsarin aiwatar da sauye-sauyen ya ɗauki shekaru da dama. A wannan lokacin an gyara dokar sake tsarawa na sashen, inda aka ƙirƙiri Kamfanin Holding wanda ya fara yin gogayya da NOPWASD. '''Kafuwar Kamfanin Holding'''. A watan Afrilu 2004 an kafa dokar da ta ƙirƙiri Kamfanin Holding, wanda ya zama cibiyar tsakiya ta sashen. Kamfanonin ruwa da magudanar ruwa guda 7 da ke akwai (2 a Cairo, 2 a Alexandria, da 3 a Nile Delta) da kuma Hukumar Tattalin Arziki ta Jama’a guda 7 duk an mayar da su Kamfanonin da ke ƙarƙashin Kamfanin Holding. Duk da cewa Kamfanin Holding bai zama mai kula da saka hannun jari ba, ya zama mai kula da sayen kayan aiki don sabunta kamfanonin da ke ƙarƙashinsa da kuma horar da ma’aikatansu. Haka kuma, ya zama babban abokin tattaunawa da masu bayar da tallafi daga ƙasashen waje. '''Kafuwar hukumar kula'''. A shekarar 2006 an ƙara sauye-sauyen sashen da kafa hukumar kula, wato Hukumar Kula da Ruwa ta Masar. Kafuwar hukumar da ke da ikon kansa don kula da ayyukan jama’a ya kasance shawarar da masu bayar da tallafi ke bayarwa ga sauye-sauyen sashen gine-gine a ƙasashe masu tasowa a lokacin. Ayyukan hukumar sun haɗa da duba shawarwarin daidaita farashi, sa ido kan bin ƙa’idojin fasaha da kuma duba ƙorafe-ƙorafen kwastomomi. Hukumar tana da ikon inganta da kuma kula da shiga na ɓangaren masu zaman kansu.<ref>Egyptian Water Regulatory Agency (EWRA): Mission and Objectives {{Cite web |url=http://www.ewra.gov.eg/Fetchpage.aspx?page=MissionAndObjectives |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2026-06-17 |archive-date=2013-06-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602161041/http://www.ewra.gov.eg/Fetchpage.aspx?page=MissionAndObjectives |url-status=dead }} (a harshen Larabci), an dawo da shi a ranar 23 ga Yuli, 2011</ref> Waɗannan ayyuka suna maimaita ayyukan wasu hukumomi, kamar Kamfanin Holding (wanda shima ke duba shawarwarin daidaita farashi tare da Ma’aikatar gidaje da Majalisar Ministoci), kamfanonin jama’a (wanda shima ke duba ƙorafe-ƙorafe) da kuma PPP Central Unit (wanda shima ke inganta shiga na ɓangaren masu zaman kansu). Bayan shekaru biyar da kafuwarsa, hukumar kula ta kasance mai rauni da ƙarancin tasiri, kuma ikon kansa abin shakka ne. '''Shiga na ɓangaren masu zaman kansu'''. A shekarar 2006 gwamnati ta ƙirƙiri PPP Central Unit a Ma’aikatar Kuɗi don inganta saka hannun jari na masu zaman kansu a sabbin ayyukan gine-gine a fannoni daban-daban. A sashen ruwa, wannan hukumar ta inganta manyan ayyukan BOT don sabbin wuraren tace magudanar ruwa a Cairo da Alexandria. Hukumar ta bar ayyukan kamfanonin jama’a ba tare da ta taɓa su ba.<ref>Ministry of Finance: PPP Central Unit, an dawo da shi a ranar 23 ga Yuli, 2011</ref> '''Aiwarar da sauye-sauyen'''. Bayan aiwatar da sauye-sauyen, an ƙara farashin ruwa a Babban Cairo daga matakin ƙasa ƙwarai da kashi 100% a matsayin alama ga masu bayar da tallafi cewa sauye-sauyen suna da muhimmanci. Kamfanin Holding ya fara shirin maye gurbin mita 800,000 da ba sa aiki, ya ƙirƙiri babban dakin gwaje-gwaje, ya sayi tsarin SCADA da GIS ga kamfanonin jama’a kuma ya kafa layin waya na kwastomomi.<ref name="HCWW 2006"/> Haka kuma, Kamfanin Holding ya kafa tsarin kwatanta aiki da biyan kari ga kamfanonin da suka inganta aikinsu. Sakamakon sauye-sauyen, masu bayar da tallafi sun sake shiga cikin sashen. '''Kalubale da ba a warware ba'''. Duk da cewa sauye-sauyen sun magance wasu matsaloli, wasu sun rage ba a warware ba. Misali, rarrabuwar sashen ba ta ragu ba. Babu wata hukuma da aka rushe; maimakon haka an ƙirƙiri sabbin hukumomi da dama. Samun kuɗin shiga har yanzu yana da ƙasa; yawan ma’aikata ma ya ƙaru daga kusan ma’aikata 6.5 a kan haɗin ruwa 1000 a farkon shekarun 2000<ref name="Sage"/> zuwa kusan 10 a shekarar 2008.<ref name="HCWW Figures"/> Haka kuma, rarrabuwar nauyin saka hannun jari da aiki a yankunan Masar ba a magance ba: NOPWASD har yanzu yana da alhakin saka hannun jari, yayin da Kamfanonin da ke ƙarƙashin Holding ke da alhakin aiki kawai. '''Shawo kan rarrabuwar saka hannun jari da aiki?'''. A rashin cikakken sauye-sauye, masu bayar da tallafi daga Turai sun fara magance wannan matsala a matakin ayyuka. A ƙarƙashin Improved Water and Sanitation Program (IWSP), wanda aka amince da shi a shekarar 2009, kamfanonin ruwa da tsaftacewa za su zama masu kula da aiwatar da saka hannun jari, ta haka suna kauce wa NOPWASD. IWSP ana tallafawa tare da kuɗi daga masu bayar da tallafi na Turai guda huɗu da gwamnatin Masar da jimillar Euro miliyan 295 don matakin farko. Duk da haka, Bankin Duniya ƙarƙashin Integrated Sanitation and Sewerage Infrastructure Project wanda aka amince da shi a shekarar 2008 (US$320m a matakai biyu) ya ci gaba da tura saka hannun jari ta hanyar NOPWASD. ===Tasirin Juyin Juya Halin Larabawa (Daga 2011 zuwa Sama)=== Juyin juya halin Larabawa ya janye hankalin manufofin gwamnati na ɗan lokaci daga gyare-gyaren ɓangaren ruwa, yayin da yanayin kuɗi na hukumomin samar da ruwa na Masar ya taɓarbare sakamakon ƙarin albashi wanda ba a daidaita shi ba ta hanyar ƙarin tallafi daga gwamnati. Haka kuma, rabon kuɗaɗen shiga da ake tarawa daga takardun kuɗi ya ƙara raguwa. A shekara ta 2012, gwamnatin Mohamed Morsi ta kafa Ma'aikatar Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli, wacce a da take ƙarƙashin Ma'aikatar Gidaje. ==Nauyin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli== ===Manufofi da tsari=== Hukumomi da dama ne ke tsara manufofin ɓangaren ruwa na Masar. Ma'aikatar Samar da Ruwa da Kayayyakin Tsaftar Muhalli, wacce aka kafa a shekara ta 2012, ta karɓi ayyukanta ne daga Ma'aikatar Gidaje, Kayayyakin Amfanar Jama'a da Al'ummomin Birane wacce ita ce ke da alhakin ɓangaren a baya. Ma'aikatar Albarkatun Ruwa da Ban ruwa (wacce a da ake kira Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a da Albarkatun Ruwa) ita ce ke da alhakin gudanar da albarkatun ruwa da tsarin ban ruwa.<ref>US Agency for International Development 2008, IMPLEMENTING IWRM in Egypt:from concept to reality, Eric Viala, Retrieved on 200-01-15</ref> Ma'aikatar Lafiya da Jama'a ce ke da alhakin sanya ido kan ingancin ruwan sha. Hukumar Kula da Al'amuran Muhalli ta Masar ita ce ke da alhakin al'amuran muhalli da kuma aunawa da sanya ido kan amfani da ruwa. Kamfanin Holding na Ruwa da Ruwan Suda (HCWW), wanda aka kafa ta hanyar doka a shekara ta 2004, shi ke da alhakin dorewar kuɗi da fasaha na hukumomin da ke ƙarƙashin gwamnatocin larduna (Governorates). Hukumar Tsara Tsaftar Ruwa ta Masar (EWRA), wacce aka kafa a shekara ta 2006, ita ce ke da alhakin tsara tattalin arziki da fasaha na hukumomin amfanar jama'a.<ref name="mehsip"/> Bayan ziyarar da Wakiliya ta Musamman ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya kan haƙƙin ɗan adam na samun gari da ingantaccen ruwan sha da tsaftar muhalli ta kai a shekara ta 2009, ta lura da ƙarancin gaskiya da riƙon amana na gwamnati ga ƴan ƙasarta game da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. Ta karɓi korafe-korafe da dama da aka kai wa hukumomi game da samar da ruwan sha da suka rage ba tare da ba da amsa ba. Ta bayyana cewa "yana da matukar wahala a sami bayanai game da ingancin (...) ruwan sha" kuma "an sami rudani game da inda za a aika korafe-korafe" - ko zuwa ga Kamfanin Holding, ko Ma'aikatar Lafiya ko kuma Hukumar Tsara Tsaftar Ruwa. "Rarraba nauyin ayyuka ya haifar da yanayin da babu wata hukuma da ke ɗaukar kanta da alhakin matsalar da ake magana kai," in ji ta, ta ƙara da cewa "rashin gaskiya gaba ɗaya da samun bayanai a ɓangaren ruwa da tsaftar muhalli yana haifar da yanayi na zargi, wanda ke nuna rashin amincewa da ingancin ruwan sha da kuma rashin amincewa gaba ɗaya ga Gwamnati da Kamfanin Holding."<ref name="UNHRC Participation">{{cite web|author1=United Nations |author2=General Assembly |author3=Human Rights Council |title=Report of the independent expert on the issue of human rights obligations related to access to safe drinking water and sanitation, Catarina de Albuquerque Addendum Mission to Egypt|url=http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G10/149/35/PDF/G1014935.pdf?OpenElement|access-date=19 October 2012|pages=15–17|date=5 July 2010}}</ref> Ma'aikatar Gidaje, Kayayyakin Amfanar Jama'a da Al'ummomin Birane ta amince da Takardar Manufofin Ɓangaren Ruwa da Ruwan Suda a watan Satumba na shekara ta 2010, wanda ya tabbatar da haƙƙin ɗan adam na samun ruwa a cikin manufofin. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2012, Ma'aikatar tana kan aiwatar da fito da wata dabarar ƙasa da ta ginu bisa takardar manufofin, gami da ƙananan dabarun kan batutuwa kamar su kuɗin fito, matsugunai marasa tsari da tsaftar muhalli na karkara. ===Samar da sabis=== ====Hukumomin gwamnati==== Ma'aikatar Samar da Ruwa da Kayayyakin Tsaftar Muhalli ce ke kula da duk hukumomin da ke da alhakin samar da ayyukan ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. A faffadan jawabi, waɗannan hukumomi iri biyu ne: waɗanda ke da alhakin saka hannun jari da kuma waɗanda ke da alhakin gudanar da ayyuka. Sai dai, wannan rarrabuwa ba koyaushe take a bayyane ba, tunda wasu kamfanoni da ke da alhakin gudanarwa su ma suna yin saka hannun jari. Hukumomi guda uku ne ke da alhakin tsarawa da kula da ginin ababen more rayuwa: * '''Hukumar Kula da Ruwan Sha ta Alkahira da Alexandria''' (CAPWO) don manyan biranen ƙasar guda biyu, * '''Hukumar Kula da Ruwan Sha da Magudanar Ruwa ta Ƙasa''' (NOPWASD) don sauran sassan ƙasar in ban da sabbin al'ummomi, da kuma * '''Hukumar Sabbin Al'ummomin Birane''' tana da alhakin saka hannun jari na samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a sabbin al'ummomi, waɗanda zuwa yanzu aka gina guda 22 masu mazauna miliyan biyar tare da masana'antar ruwan sha guda 29, kilomita 10,000 na bututun ruwa, kilomita 7,000 na bututun magudanar ruwa da masana'antar sarrafa ruwan suda guda 26.<ref name="mehsip"/><ref>Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (2008), http://www.hcww.com.eg/En/Content.aspx?ID=1 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107122059/http://www.hcww.com.eg/En/Content.aspx?ID=1 |date=2014-11-07 }}</ref> '''Kamfanin Holding na Ruwa da Ruwan Suda''' (HCWW) da kamfanoninsa guda 26 da ke da alaƙa da shi su ne ke da alhakin gudanarwa da gyaran ababen more rayuwa na ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. Kamfanin Holding ya mallaki duk ababen more rayuwa na ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Masar. Kamfanoninsa da ke da alaƙa sun haɗa da: * Babban Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Babban Alkahira (GOGCWS) * Babban Tsarin Magudanar Ruwa da Tsafta na Alkahira (CGOSD) * '''Kamfanin Ruwa na Alexandria''', AWCO * Kamfanin Magudanar Ruwa na Alexandria (ASDCO) * Kamfanoni 22 da ke da alaƙa, kowanne yana kula da ɗaya ko fiye na lardunan Masar guda 29 (Governorates of Egypt) kuma suna da alhakin samar da ruwa da magudanar ruwa. Kamfanonin da ke kula da larduna da dama sun haɗa da ɗaya na lardunan Canal (Suez, Port Said da Ismailia), da ɗaya na Tsibirin Sinai (lardunan Arewa da Kudancin Sinai).<ref>Holding Company for Water and Wastewater:About us {{Cite web |url=http://www.hcww.com.eg/En/Content.aspx?ID=1 |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2026-06-17 |archive-date=2014-11-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107122059/http://www.hcww.com.eg/En/Content.aspx?ID=1 |url-status=dead }}, retrieved on July 22, 2011. The number of companies cited there is 23, but as of 2012 the number had increased to 26.</ref> A wasu lardunan, har yanzu Kamfanin Holding ne ke samar da ayyukan ruwa da magudanar ruwa kai tsaye. An yi niyyar kafa Kamfanoni masu alaƙa a duk lardunan, wanda zai kawo jimillar Kamfanoni masu alaƙa zuwa 28. A cewar Hukumar Tsara Tsaftar Ruwa ta Masar, manyan Kamfanoni biyar masu alaƙa da suka fi nuna kwazo a cikin shekarar 2012/13 su ne Behira, Gharbia, Dakahlia, Sharkia da Kamfanin Ruwa na Alexandria a jere kamar yadda aka jera, waɗanda duk suke yankin Nile Delta. Kamfanoni biyar masu alaƙa da suka fi nuna rashin kwazo su ne, a jere kamar yadda aka jera, Aswan, Luxor, Qena (duk suna yankin Upper Egypt), Sinai da Marsa Matrouh (suna yankunan gefe). Ana auna kwazon aiki ta hanyar maki mai nauyi wanda ya ƙunshi alamomi masu zuwa: dawo da kuɗaɗen kashewa (nauyin 30%), ingancin taron kuɗi (30%), masu biyan kuɗi da aka yi wa lissafi bisa mita, adadin ma'aikata a kowane haɗin gwiwa 1000, asarar ruwa, da haɗin gwiwa da EWRA (kowanne yana da nauyin 10%).<ref name=EWRA>Egyptian Water Regulatory Agency: Annual Report Fiscal Year 2012/13</ref> ====Shigar ɓangaren masu zaman kansu==== Goyon bayan gwamnati ga shigar ɓangaren masu zaman kansu a cikin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ya mayar da hankali ne kan tsarin Gina-Gudanar-Mayarwa (BOT) don masana'antar sarrafa ruwan suda, ta hanyar da ake tattara kuɗaɗen masu zaman kansu. Wannan tsarin ya takaitu ne ga Alkahira da Alexandria inda masu ba da taimako na ƙasashen waje suka rage sha'awar ba da taimako. Kwangilar BOT ta farko ta dala miliyan 160 don masana'antar sarrafa ruwan suda ta Sabuwar Alkahira mai ƙarfin mita kyubik 250,000 a rana an ba da ita a shekara ta 2010 kuma an tsara za a kammala ta a ƙarshen shekara ta 2012. Sai dai, haɗin gwiwar Orascom da Aqualia daga Spain, wani kamfani na Fomento de Construcciones y Contratas (FCC), sun tsinci kansu cikin matsalolin canjin kuɗi da matsalolin ƙaddamar da masana'antar. Jagoran mai ba da shawara don tsara wannan harka shi ne Hukumar Kuɗi ta Duniya (IFC) ta rukunin Bankin Duniya.<ref>{{cite web|title=Egypt: New Cairo Wastewater|url=http://www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/b21864804983906081ecd3336b93d75f/SuccessStories_NCWWweb.pdf?MOD=AJPERES|work=Success Stories - Infrastructure Advisory Services|publisher=IFC/devco|access-date=28 December 2013|date=October 2009}}</ref> Kwangilar wata babbar masana'antar sarrafa ruwan suda, wato haɓaka masana'antar Abu Rawash mai ƙarfin mita kyubik miliyan 1.2 a rana akan dala miliyan 500, ta jinkirta na tsawon shekaru da dama.<ref>Global Water Intelligence:Egypt's PPPs need to beat currency risk, November 2012</ref> Bankin Turai don Sake Gini da Haɓakawa ya sanar da sha'awar sa na tallafawa aikin ta hanyar rance na kuɗin cikin gida.<ref>Global Water Intelligence:Egypt gets ready for long-awaited PPP award, April 2015</ref> Kamfanin Holding na Ruwa da Ruwan Suda yana shirin ƙaddamar da BOTs don kawar da gishiri daga ruwan teku a jajayen teku da Sinai, tare da sashin Haɗin Gwiwar Gwamnati da Masu Zaman Kansu (PPP) na gwamnati wanda zai ba da garantin kariya.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Global Water Intelligence|title=Tourist resorts in need of desal PPPs|date=November 2012}}</ref> Ɓangaren masu zaman kansu kuma ya shiga cikin wasu ayyuka bayan gini da ba da shawara. Misali, a Alkahira, Suez da Ismailia an ɗauki hayar wani kamfani mai zaman kansa don bincika hanyoyin sadarwa na ruwa da ruwan suda, rage zubar ruwa da kuma girka mitocin ruwa.<ref name="Escwa">Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (2004), The Optimization of Water Resource Management in the ESCWA countries, Retrieved on 2009-12-15</ref> ==Ingancin tattalin arziki== Kason ruwan da ba ya kawo kuɗin shiga (non-revenue water) a Masar an ƙasaita shi da kashi 32% a cikin shekarar 2012/13.,<ref name=EWRA/> ƙasa kaɗan da matakin 34% a shekara ta 2005<ref name="Sage">SAGE (2006), Financial and operational performance assessment: water/wastewater Egyptian utilities, Amr AG Hassanein and R A Khalifa, Retrieved on 2009-01-15</ref> kuma ƙasa sosai da matakin kashi 40-50% da aka ƙasaita don shekarun 1990.<ref name="Sharabas">Adel Sharabas:Water and wastewater sector reform:the Egyptian experience, NOPWASD, Chief of Central Department of Lower Egypt Projects, ca. 2000, p. 156-160</ref> Kyakkyawan misali na kwazo a yankin yana cikin ƙasar Tunisia inda matakin ruwan da ba ya kawo kuɗin shiga yake kashi 18%.<ref name="Regul">Private Sector Participation and Regulatory Reform in Urban Water Supply: The Middle East and North African Experience, Edouard Perard, OECD Experts’ Meeting on Access to Drinking Water and Sanitation in Africa, Paris, December 1, 2006</ref> Hukumomin Masar suna da yawan ma'aikata da ya wuce kima. Sun ɗauki ma'aikata 98,500 a shekara ta 2008 don masu biyan kuɗi miliyan 9.5, daidai da fiye da ma'aikata 10 a kowane haɗin gwiwa 1000.<ref name="HCWW Figures">Holding Company for Water and Waste Water:About Us {{Cite web |url=http://www.hcww.com.eg/En/Content.aspx?ID=1 |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2026-06-17 |archive-date=2014-11-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107122059/http://www.hcww.com.eg/En/Content.aspx?ID=1 |url-status=dead }}, retrieved on July 20, 2011</ref> A cikin shekarar 2012/13 wannan adadin ya ragu zuwa 6.5 a cewar EWRA.<ref name=EWRA/> Kyakkyawan misali don hukumomin ruwa da tsaftar muhalli shi ne samun ma'aikata ƙasa da 5.<ref name="Tynan/Kingdom">{{cite journal | last = Tynan | first = Nicola | author2 = Kingdom, Bill | title = A Water Scorecard. Setting Performance Targets for Water Utilities | journal = Public Policy Journal | issue = 242 | publisher = The World Bank Group | date = 2002-04-01 | url = http://rru.worldbank.org/documents/publicpolicyjournal/242Tynan-040802.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-19 | archive-date = 2009-03-04 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090304173501/http://rru.worldbank.org/documents/publicpolicyjournal/242Tynan-040802.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref> ==Ɓangarorin kuɗi== Kuɗaɗen fito na ruwa da magudanar ruwa a Masar suna cikin mafi ƙanƙanta a duniya. Duk da cewa farashin yana da sauƙi, kusan rabin takardun kuɗi na haraji ba a biya su, kuma ƴan siyasa suna fargabar ƙara kuɗin fito, musamman tun bayan Juyin Juya Halin Larabawa. Don haka, ƙaramin kashi ne kawai na kuɗaɗen kashewa ake dawo da shi ta hanyar kuɗaɗen shiga na haraji. Gwamnati ce ke cike gurbin rashi ta hanyar ba da tallafi ga saka hannun jari da gudanar da ayyuka da ya kai dala biliyan 2.5 a kowace shekara, wanda kusan kashi 10 cikin ɗari kawai ne masu ba da taimako na ƙasashen waje ke ɗaukar nauyinsa. ===Kuɗaɗen fito da sauran farashi=== '''Matakin kuɗin fito'''. Kuɗaɗen fito na ruwa da magudanar ruwa a Masar suna da ƙaranci sosai idan aka kwatanta da na duniya. Kashi 80% na masu biyan kuɗi suna karɓar takardar kuɗi ne dangane da abin da mita ta nuna.<ref name=EWRA/> Sauran masu biyan kuɗi ana cajinsu ne a kan ƙayyadaddun farashi wanda aka ƙasaita shi gwargwadon nau'in ginin.<ref name="Urban Sector Update"/> A Alkahira, kuɗaɗen fito na ruwan gidaje sun kasance piastres 29 (kimanin sandi 5 na dalar Amurka<ref name="EGP 2008">1 Egyptian Pound = 0.18317 US Dollar (2008-12-31); source: http://oanda.com/convert/classic {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024051637/https://www.oanda.com/convert/classic/ |date=2018-10-24 }}</ref>) a kowace mita kyubik a shekara ta 2008. Ana cajin magudanar ruwa a matsayin ƙarin kashi 63% a kan takardar kuɗin ruwa. A watan Agustan 2017, gwamnatin Masar ta amince da ƙarin kuɗaɗen fito na ruwan gidaje har zuwa kashi 50%, sakamakon sharuɗɗan IMF na rage tallafi. Farashin ruwa zai ƙaru zuwa tsakanin EGP0.45-2.15/m3 ($0.03-$0.12/m3). Kuɗaɗen fito na abokan ciniki na masana'antu da kasuwanci sun fi na gidaje yawa nesa ba kusa ba. Don haka, ƴan kasuwa za su biya har zuwa EGP6.95/m3 ($0.39/m3).<ref>{{cite web|title=Egypt to slash subsidies in water and wastewater|url=https://www.globalwaterintel.com/news/2017/31/egypt-to-slash-subsidies-in-water-and-wastewater?dm_i=36G3,IGWK,2MX9NG,1XJV0,1|publisher=Global Water Intelligence|access-date=15 August 2017}}</ref> A cewar wani bincike da GIZ ta gudanar a shekara ta 2009, kuɗaɗen fito a lokacin sun bambanta tsakanin Euro 0.04 a kowace mita kyubik a lardin Gharbiya zuwa Euro 0.07 a kowace mita kyubik a Alexandria.<ref name="USAID Cost Recovery"/> Kamfanin Coca-Cola ya biya Fam na Masar 3 a kowace mita kyubik a Alexandria a shekara ta 2012.<ref>{{cite web|title=Egypt's Iron Lady of Water and how she increased tariffs|date=March 2012 |url=http://www.waterworld.com/articles/wwi/print/volume-27/issue-1/regional-spotlight/middle-east-africa/egypt-s-iron-lady.html|publisher=WaterWorld, ca. 2012|access-date=30 December 2014}}</ref> '''Tsarin kuɗin fito'''. Akwai rarrabuwa da dama na abokan ciniki da ke haifar da riƙaƙƙun kuɗaɗen fito waɗanda suka bambanta, da sauran abubuwa, dangane da nau'in kasuwancin abokin ciniki, ruwan da abokin ciniki ke fitarwa, yanayin amfani da ruwa na lokaci-lokaci, da kuma nisan abokin ciniki daga babban famfon ruwa. Yawancin kuɗaɗen fito na ruwa iri ɗaya ne, wato farashi ɗaya yana aiki ga kowane sashe na amfani, idan ma ana auna amfanin ruwan da mita. Wasu Kamfanoni masu alaƙa suna da tsarin ƙarin farashi ga abokan ciniki masu mita, wato farashin kowane sashe na ƙaruwa yayin da aka ƙara amfani da ruwa. Amma ko a wannan yanayin ma, adadin ruwan da ke cikin rukunin farko yana da yawa sosai har ya zama babu wani ƙaimi na rage amfani da ruwa.<ref name="USAID Cost Recovery"/> '''Tsara kuɗin fito'''. Ana tsara kuɗaɗen fito na gidaje ne daga tsakiya kuma kusan iri ɗaya ne a duk fadin Masar. A wasu yankuna an ƙara su bayan gyare-gyaren shekara ta 2005, sannan kuma a shekara ta 2017. Dole ne ƙarin kuɗaɗen fito na gidaje ya sami amincewar kamfanin holding, hukumar tsara ruwa ta ƙasa EWRA, Ma'aikatar Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli, Majalisar Ministoci, Shugaban Ƙasa da kuma Majalisar Ƙasa. Kuɗaɗen fito a wasu yankunan ba a ƙara su ba na tsawon shekaru sama da ashirin tun daga shekarar 1992.<ref name="Badran"/> Tun bayan Juyin Juya Halin Larabawa, amincewa da ƙarin kuɗaɗen fito na gidaje ya ƙara zama mai wahala. Sai dai, kuɗaɗen fito na masana'antu, Kamfanoni masu alaƙa za su iya tsara su ba gami da amincewar gwamnati ba. Duk da haka, hauhawar kuɗaɗen tallafi ya tilasta wa gwamnati amincewa da ƙarin kuɗaɗen fito a shekara ta 2017. '''Iya biya'''. Dangane da kuɗin fito na sandi 5 na dalar Amurka a kowace mita kyubik da kuma amfani da lita 200 ga kowane mutum a rana, wanda ya fi na Tsakiyar Turai yawa, takardar kuɗin ruwa ta kowane wata ga iyali mai mutane biyar tana kaiwa daidai da dala 1.50 kacal. Kamar yaddda binciken da kamfanin ba da shawara na Chemonics ya gudanar ga Tarayyar Turai a shekara ta 2009 ya nuna, gida ɗaya da ke amfani da lita 218 ga kowane mutum a rana ya biya takardar kuɗin ruwa da magudanar ruwa daidai da kashi 0.81% na jimillar kuɗaɗen da gidan ke kashewa. Kashi 11% na gidaje kawai (waɗanda ke kashi 7.4% na al'umma) ne suka kashe sama da kashi 1% a kan ruwa da ruwan suda.<ref name="USAID Cost Recovery">{{cite web|title=Cost Recovery and Pricing Models Policy Paper|url=http://www.wprregypt.com/VirtualFileSystem/VirtualFileSystem.ashx?path=File+System%2fReports%2fDeliverables%2fCost+Recovery+Policy+Paper_Dec2011.pdf|work=Water Policy and Regulatory Reform Project|pages=12–16|date=January 2012|access-date=2012-10-12|archive-date=2013-06-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617191011/http://www.wprregypt.com/VirtualFileSystem/VirtualFileSystem.ashx?path=File+System/Reports/Deliverables/Cost+Recovery+Policy+Paper_Dec2011.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> '''Kuɗaɗen haɗawa'''. Kuɗaɗen haɗa bututun ruwa babban kuɗi ne da gidaje ke kashewa. A yankuna matalauta, ana rage kuɗaɗen haɗawa kuma ana iya biya su daki-daki ta hanyar wani asusu na musamman da Kamfanin Holding, UNICEF da USAID suka kafa.<ref name="UNHRC Affordability">{{cite web|author1=United Nations |author2=General Assembly |author3=Human Rights Council |title=Report of the independent expert on the issue of human rights obligations related to access to safe drinking water and sanitation, Catarina de Albuquerque Addendum Mission to Egypt|url=http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G10/149/35/PDF/G1014935.pdf?OpenElement|access-date=19 October 2012|pages=14|date=5 July 2010}}</ref> '''Farashin da ake biya masu sayar da ruwa'''. A wasu matsugunai marasa tsari, yawancin mazauna ba su da damar samun ruwa ta hanyar doka, kuma yawancin mutane suna samun ruwa ne daga motocin dakon ruwa ko wuraren shan ruwa. Saboda mazauna yankin ba su da takaddun mallakar ƙasa na shari'a a kan filayen da suke zaune, ba su da ikon haɗa bututun ruwa da tsarin tsaftar muhalli ta hanyar doka. Ruwan da motocin dakon ruwa ke samarwa yana da farashin fam na Masar biyu zuwa uku a kowace lita 25, kimanin sau 300 fiye da kuɗin fito na ruwan famfo.<ref name="UNHRC Affordability"/> '''Kuɗin kwashe ramin bayan gida'''. Kuɗin kwashe ramin bayan gida (septic tanks) na iya zama mai yawa. Wasu mutane suna guje wa amfani da ramin bayan gidansu, domin idan sun yi amfani da shi ramin yana cika da sauri kuma dole ne su biya kuɗin kwashe shi akai-akai. Don haka suna ci gaba da gurɓata muhallin da ke kewaye da su, koda baka da cewa suna da kayan tsaftar muhalli a gida.<ref name="UNHRC Affordability"/> ===Dawo da kuɗaɗen kashewa da tallafi=== Gwamnatocin Masar suna ba da tallafi mai yawa ga ɓangaren. Hukumar Tsara Tsaftar Ruwa ta Masar ta ƙasaita matakin dawo da jimillar kuɗaɗen kashewa a shekara ta 2012/13 a kan kashi 62%, da kuma dawo da kuɗaɗen gudanarwa da gyarawa ban da na raguwar darajar kaddarori (depreciation) a kan kashi 76%. Hukumar tsara tsarin ta siffanta wannan a matsayin abin da bai isa ba idan aka kwatanta da kyakkyawan kwazo na dawo da sama da kashi 80% na cikakkun kuɗaɗen kashewa da sama da kashi 100% na dawo da kuɗaɗen gudanarwa da gyarawa.<ref name=EWRA/> Wannan ya gaza matakin dawo da kuɗaɗen kashewa da aka samu a shekara ta 2010, lokacin da dawo da kuɗaɗen gudanarwa da gyarawa, ban da raguwar darajar kaddarori, ta hanyar kuɗaɗen shiga na gudanarwa ya kasance kashi 95% don samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli, kama daga kashi 31% a Sinai zuwa kashi 134% a Beheira.<ref name="USAID Cost recovery"/> Duk da haka, matakin dawo da kuɗaɗen kashewa a fili yake cewa ya fi yadda yake a farkon shekarun 2000. Kamar yadda wani ƙasaitaccen bayani na kafin shekara ta 2007 ya nuna, dawo da kuɗaɗen kashewa kashi 20% ne kawai, tare da kuɗaɗen fito a kan 0.23 EP kowace mita kyubik da kuɗaɗen kashewa a kan 1.10 EP kowace mita kyubik.<ref name="IDRC"/> A cewar wani ƙasaitaccen bayanin kuma, tsakanin shekara ta 1982 da 2004 gwamnati ta kashe fam biliyan 65 na Masar (kimanin dala biliyan 10.73 na Amurka a canjin kuɗi na shekarar 2004<ref>65 Egyptian Pound = 10.72820 US Dollar (2004-12-31); source: http://oanda.com/convert/classic {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024051637/https://www.oanda.com/convert/classic/ |date=2018-10-24 }}</ref>) don samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli, wanda kashi 40% na kuɗin aka dawo da shi ta hanyar kuɗaɗen shiga na haraji.<ref>Perard, Edouard (2008): [https://ssrn.com/abstract=1115555 OECD Development Centre Working Paper No. 265: Private Sector Participation and Regulatory Reform in Water Supply: The Southern Mediterranean Experience]. Retrieved on October 18, 2008</ref> Matsakaicin rabon taron kuɗin haraji (jimillar ingancin taron kuɗi) an ƙasaita shi a kan kashi 47% a cikin shekarar 2012/13.<ref name=EWRA/> A shekara ta 2010 ya kasance kashi 57%, kama daga kashi 48% a Alkahira zuwa kashi 85% a Beni Suef.<ref name="USAID Cost recovery">{{cite web|title=Cost Recovery and Pricing Models Policy Paper|url=http://www.wprregypt.com/|work=Water Policy and Regulatory Reform Project|pages=24|date=January 2012}}</ref> ===Saka hannun jari da samar da kuɗi=== '''Saka hannun jari''' a fannin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ga Masar ya zarce dala biliyan 9.15 a cikin shekaru 20 kafin shekarar 2007.<ref name="Urban Sector Update"/> Ya kai dala biliyan 2.2 a cikin shekarar 2009/2010, wanda ke nuna gagarumin ƙaruwa na saka hannun jari a shekarun baya.<ref name="USAID Subsidies"/> A cewar wata majiya ta daban, saka hannun jari ya yi ƙasa sosai a kan fam biliyan 4 na Masar (dala miliyan 650) a shekara ta 2011 da fam biliyan 3 na Masar (dala miliyan 490) a shekara ta 2012.<ref name="GWI Finance">{{cite web|publisher=Global Water Intelligence|title=Financial worries dampen Egypt's revival|date=November 2012}}</ref> Babban Tsarin Ƙasa na Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli ya ƙasaita buƙatun saka hannun jari na tsawon shekaru 30 bayan shekara ta 2007 a kan kusan Euro biliyan 20, wanda kusan kashi biyu cikin uku na kuɗin za a buƙace shi ne don tsaftar muhalli.<ref>The Holding Company for Water and Wastewater of the Arab Republic of Egypt:National Strategy for Water Supply and Sanitation, Report for the European Commission, May 2009, retrieved on July 22, 2011</ref> '''Samar da kuɗi'''. Gwamnati ce ke ɗaukar nauyin saka hannun jari mafi yawancinsa tare da tallafin masu ba da taimako na ƙasashen waje. Ɓangaren masu zaman kansu yana ba da ƙaramin gudunmawa wajen samar da kuɗi, galibi ta hanyar kwangilar BOT guda ɗaya wacce aka bayar zuwa yanzu don masana'antar sarrafa ruwan suda ta dala miliyan 160. Tsakanin shekara ta 2005 da 2010 Masar ta karɓi fiye da Euro biliyan 1 na tallafin ƙasashen waje don samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli, wanda kashi 30% daga ciki tallafin kyauta ne (grants) sannan sauran kuma rance ne mai sauƙi tare da matsakaicin kuɗin ruwa na kashi 1%.<ref>Ahmed Badr, Delegation of the European Union to Egypt:Water Sector Reform in Egypt, p. 17, retrieved on July 22, 2011</ref> Wannan ya yi daidai da Euro miliyan 200 kowace shekara, wanda ke nuna kusan kashi 10% kawai na kasafin kuɗin saka hannun jari na gwamnati don ɓangaren a cikin shekarar 2009/10. A cewar Ma'aikatar Gidaje, tallafin gwamnati ga hukumomin ruwa da ruwan suda ya kai fiye da fam biliyan 15 na Masar (dala biliyan 2.5) a shekarar 2009/10, gami da fam biliyan 13.4 na Masar (dala biliyan 2.2) na tallafin saka hannun jari, fam biliyan 0.66 na Masar (dala biliyan 0.1) na tallafin gudanarwa da fam biliyan 1 na Masar (dala biliyan 0.2) na tallafin gyarawa da farfaɗowa.<ref name="USAID Subsidies">{{cite web|title=Cost Recovery and Pricing Models Policy Paper|url=http://www.wprregypt.com/|work=Water Policy and Regulatory Reform Project|pages=20–21|date=January 2012}}</ref><ref name="EGP 2010">1 Egyptian Pound = 0.17 US Dollar (2010-10-12); source: http://oanda.com/convert/classic {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024051637/https://www.oanda.com/convert/classic/ |date=2018-10-24 }}</ref> ==Haɗin gwiwar ƙasashen waje== [[File:Egypt Zagazig Aug-2007.jpg|thumb|300px|Wani sashe na birnin Zagazig, babban birnin lardin Al Sharqia, ɗaya daga cikin larduna huɗu da masu ba da kuɗi na Turai huɗu ke ba da tallafi a ƙarƙashin Shirin Inganta Ayyukan Ruwa da Ruwan Suda.]] Tarayyar Turai, Faransa, Jamus, Amurka da Bankin Duniya suna cikin manyan abokan haɗin gwiwar ƙasashen waje mafi mahimmanci a ɓangaren ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na Masar ta fuskar samar da kuɗi. Da sauran masu ba da taimako na ƙasashe da dama, da kuma UNDP da UNICEF, su ma suna taka rawa a ɓangaren. Masu ba da taimako na Turai suna ƙara ba da kuɗaɗen ayyuka tare a ƙarƙashin Asusun Saka Hannun Jari na Maƙwabta na EU (NIF), wanda ke tallafawa Shirin Inganta Ayyukan Ruwa da Ruwan Suda (IWSP) a larduna huɗu na yankin Delta a lokacin matakinsa na farko (Gharbia, Sharkia, Damietta, da Beheira) da larduna huɗu a Upper Egypt a lokacin matakinsa na biyu. IWSP yana tattara rance daga Jamus, Faransa da Bankin Saka Hannun Jari na Turai gami da tallafin kyauta daga Hukumar Tarayyar Turai, wanda ake amfani da shi azaman ƙaimi ga sauran masu ba da taimako don haɗa rance da juna don haka su daidaita hanyoyinsu na aiki. Akwai ƙungiyar masu ba da taimako ta ɓangaren ruwa wacce EU da Netherlands ke jagoranta tare. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2012, ƙasar Netherlands tana kan aiwatar da janye taimakonta a hankali daga ɓangaren ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. === Tarayyar Turai === Tarayyar Turai tana ba da tallafin kasafin kuɗi ta hanyar kyauta, ƙarfafa hukumomi, tallafawa Babban Tsarin Ƙasa na Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli, gami da samar da kuɗi don hanyar sadarwa ta rediyo da mitocin ruwa.<ref name="HCWW"/> Tallafin kasafin kuɗi yana gudana ne ta hanyar abin da ake kira Shirin Gyaran Ɓangaren Ruwa, gami da matakin farko na Euro miliyan 80 (2005-2009) da matakin biyu na Euro miliyan 120 (2011-2015). Ana ba da kuɗaɗen ƙarfafa hukumomi ga Hukumar Tsara Tsaftar Ruwa ta Masar (Euro miliyan 6 daga shekarar 2008 zuwa 2010 da miliyan 1.5a a daga shekarar 2011 zuwa 2013) da Kamfanin Holding (Euro miliyan 1.5 don 2011-2013). EU kuma tana haɗin gwiwa wajen ba da kuɗin saka hannun jari tare da masu ba da taimako na ƙasashen Turai da Bankin Saka Hannun Jari na Turai, musamman Shirin Inganta Ayyukan Ruwa da Ruwan Suda na IWSP.<ref>Ahmed Badr, Delegation of the European Union to Egypt:Water Sector Reform in Egypt, p. 3-5, retrieved on July 22, 2011</ref> ===Faransa=== Hukumar Raya Ƙasashe ta Faransa tana tallafawa shirin IWSP (duba sama). Tana ba da gudunmawar Euro miliyan 40 ga jimillar kuɗin aikin da ya kai Euro miliyan 295.<ref>{{cite web | website = Agence Française de Développement | title = Improved water and wastewater services programme in the Nile Delta region | url = http://www.afd-egypte.org/jahia/Jahia/site/afd/lang/en/pid/9201 | access-date = 2009-02-06 | archive-date = 2020-03-05 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200305084905/http://www.afd-egypte.org/jahia/Jahia/site/afd/lang/en/pid/9201 | url-status = dead }}</ref> === Jamus === Jamus tana samar da kuɗaɗen saka hannun jari da taimakon fasaha don ayyuka a Qena da Kafr El Sheikh, da kuma shirin IWSP (duba sama), wanda KfW ita ce ke gaba wajen bayar da taimakon.<ref name="HCWW"/> Hukumar haɗin gwiwar fasaha ta GIZ tana taka rawa wajen ƙarfafa ƙarfin aiki na Kamfanin Holding da Kamfanoni biyu masu alaƙa a Qena da Kafr el Sheikh.<ref>Water Supply and Wastewater Management Program of the German-Egyptian Development Cooperation, retrieved on July 22, 2011</ref> === Amurka === Ƙasar Amurka ta tallafawa haɓaka ɓangaren ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na Masar tun farkon shekarun 1980. Ta ba da tallafi ga gyare-gyaren ɓangaren da suka kafa kamfanin holding da hukumar tsara tsarin. USAID ta ɗauki nauyin masana'antar sarrafa ruwan suda a duk faɗin ƙasar, gami da Alexandria inda ta ba da kuɗin faɗaɗa tsarin taron ruwan suda da sarrafa shi don kawar da zubar da ruwan suda maras sarrafawa a cikin teku.<ref>USAID Egypt:2004 - 2009 Accomplishments:Potable Water and Sanitation</ref> Ta kuma ba da kuɗin taimakon fasaha ga Babban Hukumar Ruwa ta Alexandria (AGWA) ta hanyar tsarin dabarun aiki, horo da tsarin bayanan gudanarwa.<ref>Global Water Partnership Integrated Water Resources Management Toolbox:Egypt: Improving public sector performance - institutional strengthening of the Alexandria general water authority</ref> Ta kuma ba da kuɗin masana'antar sarrafa ruwa a ƙauyuka a lardunan Minya da Beni Suef gami da birnin Mansoura, babban birnin lardin Dakahlia, waɗanda duk suke yankin Nile Delta.<ref>USAID: USAID funds slow sand filter treatment plants to provide clean village drinking water</ref><ref>USAID:Meeting water demands and improving health conditions for 650,000 Egyptians</ref> A shekara ta 2008 USAID ta fara ayyukan taimakon fasaha guda biyu, ɗaya don samar da tsarin gudanarwa da kayan aiki ga hukumomin amfanar jama'a, ɗayan kuma da nufin "ɓullo da tsarin dabarun aiki ga ɓangaren", "ƙirƙirar tsari don haɗin gwiwar gwamnati da masu zaman kansu", da "inganta tsarin saka hannun jari" a matakin ƙasa.<ref>Chemonics:Current Projects in the Middle East {{Cite web |url=http://www.chemonics.com/projects/submit_search_contracts.aspx?showBack=1&selRegion=%7B493488B1-885F-4FB7-B01D-54C73217F21A%7D |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2026-06-17 |archive-date=2011-09-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930132526/http://www.chemonics.com/projects/submit_search_contracts.aspx?showBack=1&selRegion=%7B493488B1-885F-4FB7-B01D-54C73217F21A%7D |url-status=dead }}, accessed on November 22, 2010</ref> ===Bankin Duniya=== An amince da '''Aikin Haɗaɗɗen Ababen More Rayuwa na Tsafta da Ruwan Suda''' a shekara ta 2008 kuma ana saƙon zai ƙare a shekara ta 2014. Babban makasudinsa shi ne inganta yanayin tsafta da muhalli mai dorewa gami da ingancin ruwa a lardunan Delta guda uku na Beheira, Gharbia da Kafr El-Sheikh. Bugu da ƙari, za a kafa tsarin sanya ido da auna sakamako na cikin gida domin inganta yanayin tsaftar muhalli don haka inganta yanayin muhalli da lafiya. Aikin kuma ya ƙunshi sashe na haɓaka hukumomi da gina ƙarfin aiki. Kamar yaddda Bankin Duniya ya bayyana, aikin shi ne ƙoƙari na farko na babban mataki don tattauna tsaftar muhalli na karkara a Masar. Jimillar kuɗin aikin dala miliyan 201.5 ne, wanda Bankin Duniya ke samar da fiye da rabinsa (dala miliyan 120).<ref>{{cite web | website = World Bank | title = Projects - Egypt, Arab Republic of : Integrated Sanitation& Sewerage Infrastructure Project | url= http://web.worldbank.org/external/projects/main?Projectid=P094311&Type=Overview&theSitePK=40941&pagePK=64283627&menuPK=64282134&piPK=64290415 | access-date = 2009-02-05 }}</ref> Mataki na biyu na aikin, wanda ya faɗaɗa shi zuwa wasu larduna huɗu (Menoufia da Sharkia a Delta, Assiut da Sohag a Upper Egypt) an amince da shi a shekara ta 2011 tare da adadin kuɗi dala miliyan 200.<ref>{{cite web|website=IRC|title=Egypt: World Bank supports improved rural sanitation for 1.2 million people|url=http://www.source.irc.nl/page/65316|access-date=23 July 2011|archive-date=27 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120327093036/http://www.source.irc.nl/page/65316|url-status=dead}}</ref> ===Sauransu=== Sauran abokan haɗin gwiwar ƙasen waje na gaba sun kasance masu ƙwazo a ɓangaren a shekara ta 2008: * Ƙasar Denmark ta ba da taimakon fasaha ga Kamfanin Ruwa da Ruwan Suda na Aswan, * Ƙasar Italiya ta ba da taimako ga Kamfanon Ruwa na Alkahira don sayo kayan gano zubar ruwa da ba da horo, * Ƙasar Japan ta ba da taimakon fasaha ga Kamfanin Ruwa da Ruwan Suda na Sharqia, da kuma * Ƙasar Netherlands ta tallafawa wani Aikin Haɗaɗɗen Tsaftar Muhalli.<ref name="HCWW">[http://www.minenv.gr/medeuwi/dialogues/Country.Dialogue.on.Water.i{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} == Manazarta == b3aw7dezlcq4xhfwg600gg7xro1cwi2 Mohamed Ali Ould Sidi Mohamed 0 153751 889708 844124 2026-07-31T07:42:46Z BnHamid 12586 889708 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Mohamed Ali Ould Sidi Mohamed (an haife shi 31 Disamba 1963) ɗan siyasan Mauritaniya ne. Ya kasance ministan makamashi da mai na Mauritania a karkashin mulkin soja na rikon kwarya wanda ya jagoranci kasar daga watan Agusta 2005 zuwa Afrilu 2007. Daga baya ya zama ministan kayan aiki da sufuri daga 4 ga Yuli 2023 zuwa 2 ga Agusta 2024 a cikin gwamnati ta uku ta Mohamed Ould Bilal.[1][2] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1963]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] cw7bapljh8tq700ikrrlxd2xik4oqcz 889709 889708 2026-07-31T07:43:27Z BnHamid 12586 Sanya manazarta 889709 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Mohamed Ali Ould Sidi Mohamed (an haife shi 31 Disamba 1963) ɗan siyasan Mauritaniya ne. Ya kasance ministan makamashi da mai na Mauritania a karkashin mulkin soja na rikon kwarya wanda ya jagoranci kasar daga watan Agusta 2005 zuwa Afrilu 2007. Daga baya ya zama ministan kayan aiki da sufuri daga 4 ga Yuli 2023 zuwa 2 ga Agusta 2024 a cikin gwamnati ta uku ta Mohamed Ould Bilal.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.panapress.com/newslatf.asp?code=eng102357&dte=02/01/2006|title=Mauritania increases oil prices|publisher=Panapress|date=2006-02-01|accessdate=2010-01-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=MOHAMED ALI OULD SIDI MOHAMED – Ministre de l’équipement et des Transports {{!}} Ministère de l'Equipement et des Transports |url=https://www.transports.gov.mr/fr/node/484 |access-date=2023-12-12 |website=www.transports.gov.mr}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1963]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] n48xaxej7b4r3d15ygpts6833aplgij Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftaceshi a Uganda 0 153846 889796 880395 2026-07-31T11:48:03Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889796 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Bangaren '''samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na Uganda''' ya samu ci gaba mai yawa a yankunan birane tun daga tsakiyar shekarun 1990 har zuwa akalla 2006, tare da karuwar ayyukan da suka shafi muhalli da kuma ayyukan kasuwanci.<ref name="Mugisha">{{Cite journal |last=Mugisha |first=Silver |last2=Berg |first2=Sanford V. |date=September 2008 |others=African Development Bank |title=State-Owned Enterprises: NWSC's Turnaround in Uganda |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-8268.2008.00188.x |journal=African Development Review |location=Oxford, UK & Malden, MA |publisher=Blackwell Publishing Ltd |publication-date=17 July 2008 |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=305–334 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-8268.2008.00188.x |issn=1017-6772 |ssrn=1088139 |id={{EBSCOhost|33208218}} |url-access=subscription}}</ref> {{Rp|pages 3–4}} Gyaran sassan daga 1998 zuwa 2003 ya haɗa da tallatawa da sabunta Hukumar Ruwa da Najasa ta Ƙasa (NWSC) da ke aiki a birane da manyan garuruwa, da kuma rarraba iko da kuma shiga cikin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu a ƙananan garuruwa.<ref name="Shared" /> {{Rp|page 15}} Waɗannan gyare-gyaren sun jawo hankalin ƙasashen duniya sosai. Duk da haka, kashi 38 cikin 100 na al'ummar ƙasar ba su da damar samun [[ingantaccen tushen ruwa]] a shekarar 2010. Dangane da samun ingantaccen tsafta, alkaluma sun bambanta sosai. A cewar alkaluman gwamnati, kashi 70 cikin 100 ne a yankunan karkara da kuma kashi 81 cikin 100 a birane <ref name="SPR 2011">{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Water and Environment |year=2011 |title=Third Water and Environment Sector Performance Report |url=http://www.mwe.go.ug/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=138:sector-performance-report-2011&catid=31:general |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007004221/http://www.mwe.go.ug/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=138:sector-performance-report-2011&catid=31:general |archive-date=7 October 2011 |access-date=16 July 2012}}</ref> yayin da a cewar Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya (MDD), samun damar ya kai kashi 34 cikin 100 kacal. <ref name="JMP">{{Cite web |last=World Health Organization |author-link=World Health Organization |last2=UNICEF |title=Joint Monitoring Program |url=http://www.wssinfo.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216075751/http://www.wssinfo.org/ |archive-date=16 February 2008 |access-date=16 July 2012}}</ref> An amince da ɓangaren ruwa da [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsafta]] a matsayin muhimmin yanki a ƙarƙashin Tsarin Aiki na Kawar da Talauci na 2004 (PEAP), babban takardar dabarun yaƙi da talauci [[Uganda|ta Uganda]] . <ref name="PEAP">{{Cite journal |last=Republic of Uganda |last2=Ministry of Finance |last3=Planning and Economic Development |title=Poverty Eradication Action Plan (2004/5-2007/8) |url=http://www.finance.go.ug/docs/PEAP%202005%20Apr.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010162613/http://www.finance.go.ug/docs/PEAP%202005%20Apr.pdf |archive-date=10 October 2008 |access-date=7 May 2008}}</ref> An gabatar da cikakken tsarin kashe kuɗi don daidaita tallafin kuɗi daga masu ba da gudummawa na waje, gwamnatin ƙasa, da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu . {{Rp|page 5}}Hukumar PEAP ta kiyasta cewa daga shekarar 2001 zuwa 2015, ana buƙatar kimanin dala biliyan 1.4 (dala miliyan 92 na Amurka a kowace shekara) don ƙara yawan ruwan da ake samarwa zuwa kashi 95 cikin ɗari. <ref name="PEAP 182-183">Rural areas: US$956&nbsp;million; Urban areas: large towns (US$281 million) and small towns (US$136 million).{{Cite journal |last=Republic of Uganda |last2=Ministry of Finance |last3=Planning and Economic Development |title=Poverty Eradication Action Plan (2004/5-2007/8) |url=http://www.finance.go.ug/docs/PEAP%202005%20Apr.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010162613/http://www.finance.go.ug/docs/PEAP%202005%20Apr.pdf |archive-date=10 October 2008 |access-date=7 May 2008}}</ref> == Samun dama == A shekarar 2015, kusan kashi 24 cikin 100 na al'ummar ƙasar Uganda ba su da damar samun "mafi [[Ingantaccen tushen ruwa|ƙarancin ruwa]] " a ƙasar. Samun aƙalla ruwan da ake buƙata shine kashi 39 cikin 100 na jimillar al'ummar ƙasar, ko kuma kashi 73 cikin 100 na al'ummar birni da kuma kashi 32 cikin 100 na al'ummar karkara. Dangane da tsaftar muhalli, kashi 19 cikin 100 na al'ummar ƙasar ne kawai ke da damar samun "mafi ƙarancin tsaftar muhalli ", ko kuma kashi 28 cikin 100 na al'ummar birane da kuma kashi 17 cikin 100 na al'ummar karkara. Kimanin mutane miliyan 31 ba su sami damar samun "mafi ƙarancin tsaftar muhalli" a shekarar 2015 ba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=WASHwatch.org-Uganda |url=http://washwatch.org/en/countries/uganda/summary/statistics/ |access-date=22 March 2017 |website=washwatch.org |language=en |archive-date=24 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824045614/http://washwatch.org/en/countries/uganda/summary/statistics/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |year=2017 |title=Progress on drinking water, sanitation and hygiene: 2017 update and SDG baselines |url=https://www.wssinfo.org/documents/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140418142528/http://www.wssinfo.org/documents/ |archive-date=2014-04-18 |access-date=23 August 2017 |publisher=Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation, World Health Organization & UNICEF}}</ref> Shirin auna haƙƙin ɗan adam ya bai wa Uganda maki 22.9% dangane da tsaftar muhalli, da kuma kashi 9.5 cikin 100 na samar da ruwa. A shekarun baya, samun "ingantaccen ruwa" ya karu daga kashi 43 cikin 100 a shekarar 1990 zuwa kashi 72 cikin 100 a shekarar 2010, a cewar kiyasin da Shirin Kulawa da Tsabtace Ruwa da Samar da Ruwa (JMP) na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya yi. A wannan lokacin, samun "ingantaccen tsafta" ya karu kadan daga kashi 27 zuwa kashi 34 cikin 100. <ref name="JMP"/> Rahoton Ayyukan Sashen Ruwa da Muhalli na Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Ban Ruwa ta Uganda, duk da haka, ya nuna alkaluman hanyoyin shiga daban-daban. A cewar wannan rahoton, a shekarar 2011, samun "ruwa mai aminci" ya kai kashi 66 cikin 100, yayin da samun ingantaccen tsafta ya kai kashi 70 cikin 100 a yankunan karkara da kuma kashi 81 cikin 100 a yankunan birane. <ref name="SPR 2011"/> Kashi 87 cikin 100 na al'ummar sun rayu ne a yankunan karkara a shekarar 2010. <ref name="JMP"/> A cewar Tarayyar Turai (EU), adadin mutanen da ke yin bayan gida a fili ya ragu sosai tsakanin 2000 da 2008, duk da cewa gwamnati ba ta ba da tallafi ga gina bandakuna ba. <ref name="EU aid">{{Cite web |last=EU Water Initiative Africa |date=April 2011 |title=Update on EU Aid to Water and Sanitation in Africa Political Briefing Note EU Water Initiative Africa Working Group |url=http://www.euwi.net/files/Update_on_EU_Aid_to_Water_and_Sanitation_EUWI-Political_Briefing_Note.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120422121910/http://www.euwi.net/files/Update_on_EU_Aid_to_Water_and_Sanitation_EUWI-Political_Briefing_Note.pdf |archive-date=22 April 2012 |access-date=23 October 2011 |page=5}}</ref> Duk da haka, bisa ga kiyasin JMP, adadin mutanen da ke yin bayan gida a fili ya ragu daga miliyan 3.5 a shekarar 2000 zuwa miliyan 3.2 a shekarar 2010. <ref name="SPR 2011"/> Dalilan tantancewar daban-daban ba su da tabbas. Zaɓuɓɓukan fasaha da aka fi amfani da su don samar da ruwan karkara sune [[Bazara (Ilimin Ruwa)|maɓuɓɓugan]] ruwa masu kariya, [[Rijiya Mai Zurfi|ramukan rijiyoyi]], [[Rijiya Mai Zurfi|rijiyoyin]] da aka kare, da kuma tsarin kwararar ruwa mai nauyi. <ref name="Shared">{{Cite journal |last=UNESCO World Water Assessment Programme |year=2006 |orig-date=2005 |title=Case study: Uganda / National Water Development Report: Uganda |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000146760 |url-status=live |journal=UN World Water Development Report |volume=2, "Water, a shared responsibility" |id=UN-WATER/WWAP/2006/9 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061107214029/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001467/146760e.pdf |archive-date=7 November 2006 |access-date=5 May 2008}}</ref> {{Rp|page 64}}Waɗanda ba su da damar samun ingantaccen tushen ruwa dole ne su dogara da hanyoyin da ba su da aminci kamar koguna, tafkuna, da rijiyoyi marasa kariya. Ɗaya daga cikin sakamakon rashin isa da inganci shi ne cewa cututtukan da ake ɗauka daga ruwa su ne babban abin da ke haifar da mutuwar jarirai . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=African Development Fund |author-link=African Development Fund#Group Entities |date=March 2005 |title=Appraisal Report. Rural water supply and sanitation program, Uganda |url=http://www.afdb.org/pls/portal/url/ITEM/084B449D5E817267E040C00A0C3D4328 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070610071615/http://www.afdb.org/pls/portal/url/ITEM/084B449D5E817267E040C00A0C3D4328 |archive-date=10 June 2007 |access-date=6 May 2008}}</ref> Samun damar samun hanyoyin ruwa masu aiki ya bambanta sosai a tsakanin gundumomi a cikin 2007, daga kashi 12 zuwa 95 cikin ɗari. Gwamnatin ƙasa ta yi niyyar cimma burin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na bai ɗaya a birane da kuma kashi 77 cikin ɗari na samar da ruwa da kuma kashi 95 cikin ɗari na tsaftace muhalli nan da shekarar 2015. A lokacin da aka tsara waɗannan manufofi, gwamnati ta ayyana samun ingantaccen samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli kamar haka: ana ba da ingantaccen samar da ruwa a birane ta hanyar ingantaccen tushen ruwa a cikin nisan tafiya na {{Convert|1.5|km|mi}} a yankunan karkara da {{Convert|0.2|km|mi}} a yankunan birane. Ana ba da kariya ga tsafta ta hanyar wuraren tsafta a wurin zama. <ref name="Shared"/> {{Rp|page 12}} == Ingancin sabis == === Ci gaba da wadata === A cewar Maxwell Stamp PLC, waɗanda suka sami ruwan famfo a shekarar 2003 a babban birnin ƙasar [[Kampala|Kampala,]] "yawanci" ana ba su ruwa akai-akai na tsawon awanni 24 a rana. <ref name="MS">{{Cite journal |last=Maxwell Stamp PLC |date=19 August 2003 |title=Poverty Impact Assessment of Privatisation of the Urban Water Sector in Uganda |location=uganda |page=15}}</ref> Duk da haka, NWSC ta amince cewa sassan Kampala kamar Kyaliwajala, Kulambiro, da yawancin wurare a kan tuddai suna fama da ƙarancin ruwa na tsawon mako guda lokacin da aka yi gyare-gyare. A wasu garuruwa, Maxwell Stamp PLC ta gano a shekarar 2003 cewa yawancin abokan ciniki suna samun ruwa fiye da kwana biyar a mako. <ref name="MS" /> === Ingancin ruwan sha === A ƙarƙashin Binciken Ayyukan Bangaren Ruwa da Tsabtace Ruwa na huɗu, bisa ga nazarin da wasu ƙananan sassa da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu suka gudanar a shekarar 2006, an gano cewa kashi 90 cikin 100 da 95 cikin 100 na samfuran ruwan da aka ɗauka daga albarkatun ruwa masu kariya da waɗanda aka yi wa magani, bi da bi, sun cika ƙa'idodin ƙasa na ingancin ruwan sha. Wannan kimantawa ta ƙunshi samar da ruwan karkara da birane. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=WaterAid |author-link=WaterAid |date=April 2006 |title=Uganda country strategy 2006–2011 |url=http://www.wateraid.org/documents/plugin_documents/uganda_csp_web.pdf |access-date=8 May 2008 |archive-date=18 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090318062317/http://www.wateraid.org/documents/plugin_documents/uganda_csp_web.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Maganin ruwan sharar gida === [[Fayil:Sewage_ponds_of_Katete_in_Mbarara_in_western_Uganda_17.jpg|alt=NWSC Sewage ponds in Katete in Mbarara in western Uganda near River Rwizi|thumb|'''Wurin ruwa na NWSC a cikin Katete a Mbarara a yammacin Uganda kusa da kogin Rwizi''']] Ya zuwa shekarar 2012, kashi 90 cikin 100 na sharar da aka tara a Kampala an fitar da ita ba tare da wani magani ba. NWSC tana gudanar da ƙaramin [[Cire abubuwan gina jiki|kamfanin tace najasa]] na gargajiya a Kampala da kuma wani a [[Masaka]] . <ref name="NWSC treatment">{{Cite web |last=National Water and Sewerage Corporation |title=National Water & Sewerage Corporation - iContent |url=http://www.nwsc.co.ug/modules/icontent/index.php?page=42 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080330010520/http://www.nwsc.co.ug/modules/icontent/index.php?page=42 <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date=30 March 2008 |access-date=8 May 2008}}</ref> A yanayin Kampala, ana fitar da ruwan shara zuwa yankin dausayin [[Nakivubo]] . An kiyasta cewa yankin dausayin zai samar da fa'idodin tattalin arziki har zuwa dala miliyan 1.75 a kowace shekara, yana cire abubuwan gina jiki daga ruwan dausayin da ba a yi masa magani ba kuma wanda aka yi masa magani kaɗan daga Kampala ta cikin yankin dausayin zuwa Tafkin Victoria. <ref>{{Cite web |last=International Union for the Conservation of Nature |title=Nakivubo Swamp, Uganda: managing natural wetlands for their ecosystem services. |url=http://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/casestudy07nakivubo.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121027174833/https://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/casestudy07nakivubo.pdf |archive-date=27 October 2012 |access-date=2 September 2012 |website=Case Studies in Wetland Valuation #7: May 2003}}</ref> <ref name="Shared"/> {{Rp|page 106}} [[Fayil:Sewage_ponds_of_Katete_in_Mbarara_in_western_Uganda_03.jpg|alt=NWSC Sewage ponds in Katete in Mbarara City in western Uganda|thumb|Wurin ruwa na NWSC a cikin Katete a cikin Mbarara City a yammacin Uganda]] A wani ɓangare na Tsarin Tsabtace Ruwa na Kampala wanda Fichtner Consultants ta gudanar tare da tallafin kuɗi daga Jamus, an tsara tasoshin tace ruwan shara guda huɗu. Shirye-shiryen sun haɗa da masana'antar da ke da ƙarfin {{Convert|45000|m3|ft3}} a kowace rana a Nakivubo, wata masana'anta mai ƙarfin {{Convert|8000|m3|ft3}} kowace rana a Kinawataka, wani kamfanin tace laka mai girman {{Convert|200|m3|ft3}} a kowace rana a Lubigi, da kuma wani masana'anta a Nalukolongo. Shirin ya kuma yi hasashen gina bandakuna na muhalli a makarantu, kasuwanni, da cibiyoyin lafiya da kuma ilimin tsafta a makarantu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=NATIONAL WATER AND SEWERAGE CORPORATION |title=ANNUAL ACTIVITY REPORT JULY 2008 – JUNE 2009, JULY 2009 |pages=14–15}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Fichtner |title=Sanitation strategy and master plan for Kampala/ Uganda |url=http://www.fwt.fichtner.de/php/main/page/php/referenzen.php/ukat_id/10/kat_id/2/idc1/46/z1/1/map/1/sprache/e/li/0re_s |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091118033540/http://www.fwt.fichtner.de/php/main/page/php/referenzen.php/ukat_id/10/kat_id/2/idc1/46/z1/1/map/1/sprache/e/li/0re_s |archive-date=18 November 2009 |access-date=16 July 2012}}</ref> Tarayyar Turai, Bankin Duniya, Bankin Raya Afirka, da Jamus ne za su dauki nauyin jarin. An shirya dakatar da aikin masana'antar Bugolobi da zarar sabbin masana'antun suka fara aiki. <ref>{{Cite web |last=The Daily Monitor |date=22 March 2011 |title=NWSC to construct four sewage plants |url=http://www.nwsc.co.ug/index03.php?id=76 |access-date=16 July 2012 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A ƙananan garuruwa, NWSC tana gudanar da [[Tafkunan dake daidaita shara|tafkuna 21 na daidaita najasa]] . <ref name="NWSC treatment"/> A cewar MWE, wani bincike da aka yi kan fitar da ruwa daga cikin ƙananan hukumomi a watan Yulin 2008 ya nuna cewa galibin wuraren tace ruwan sharar gida na NWSC ba su cika ƙa'idodin ƙasa ba. Daga cikin bayanan bayanai 223, kashi 12 cikin ɗari sun bi ƙa'idodin buƙatar iskar oxygen ta sinadarai, kashi 26 cikin ɗari tare da ƙa'idodin phosphorus, da kashi 40 cikin ɗari tare da jimillar ƙa'idodin daskararru da aka dakatar . Wannan yana haifar da gurɓatar ruwa da ake fitar da ruwa daga ciki. A wasu lokuta, an zubar da najasa kai tsaye cikin muhalli ba tare da wani magani ba. <ref name="Shared"/> {{Rp|page 85}}Rashin tsaftace ruwan shara mai aiki yana barazana ga muhalli da lafiyar ɗan adam. === Gamsar da abokin ciniki === An gudanar da wani bincike kan gamsuwar abokan ciniki tsakanin 2009-2010 ga dukkan garuruwan da NWSC ke yi wa hidima. Ya ƙunshi tambayoyi kamar gamsuwa da ingancin ruwa, matsin lamba na ruwa, ingancin ruwa, kuɗaɗen ruwa na lokaci da daidai, amsawa wajen warware koke-koke, amsawa wajen samar da sabbin hanyoyin sadarwa, kula da abokan ciniki, da kuma sauƙin tsarin biyan kuɗi. Daga cikin abokan ciniki 5,319 da aka tuntuɓa a cikin samfurin da aka raba, 2,731 sun amsa. Kula da abokan ciniki ya sami mafi girman ƙima, yayin da ingancin ruwa da matsin lamba suka sami ƙasa, amma gabaɗaya suna da kyau. An ƙididdige ma'aunin gamsuwar abokan ciniki a duk tambayoyin, wanda ya nuna cewa kashi 85 cikin 100 na abokan ciniki sun gamsu, sama da kashi 83 cikin 100 a lokacin binciken da ya gabata. Gamsuwa ta fi yawa a Hoima, Iganda, da Masindi da kashi 95 cikin 100 kuma mafi ƙasƙanci a garin Mubende na tsakiyar Uganda, inda babu jami'in kula da abokan ciniki ko tebur, da kashi 62 cikin 100. A Kampala, gamsuwa ta kai kashi 83 cikin 100. Abokan ciniki sun yaba da yanayin da ake ciki a ofisoshin yankin, cewa ana kiran waya don tunatar da abokan ciniki game da biyan kuɗi, cewa abokan ciniki za su iya biyan basussukansu ta hanyar shirye-shiryen biyan kuɗi a lokuta na musamman, kuma ana sanar da rage ruwa ta rediyo. Abokan ciniki sun koka game da ƙarancin matsin lamba na ruwa, ruwan laka a lokacin damina, katsewar samar da kayayyaki a lokacin rani, ƙarancin matsin lamba na ruwa, jinkirin aiwatar da sabbin hanyoyin sadarwa, kuɗaɗen da ba su dace ba, katsewar duk da biyan kuɗin ruwansu, da kuma rashin ladabin ma'aikatan filin. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sheba Bamwine |last2=Customer Relations Monitoring |title=Customer Satisfaction Survey July–Oct 2010: Survey Findings and Discussions |url=http://www.nwsc.co.ug/files/surveyreports/July_October%202010.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729214510/http://www.nwsc.co.ug/files/surveyreports/July_October%202010.pdf |archive-date=29 July 2014 |access-date=26 May 2013 |publisher=NWSC}}</ref>   Babu wani kimantawar sake cika ruwan karkashin kasa a Uganda, shi ya sa ba a san yuwuwar ruwan karkashin kasa a kasar ba. Duk da haka, kimantawar yankuna a garuruwan Uganda ta nuna cewa sake cika ruwan karkashin kasa ya cika adadin da ake bukata a yanzu. Domin sa ido kan adadi da ingancin ruwan karkashin kasa da kuma ruwan saman kasa, an kafa cibiyar kula da albarkatun ruwa ta kasa a karkashin kulawar Sashen Kula da Albarkatun Ruwa. <ref name="Shared"/> {{Rp|pages 38–57}} === Tafkin Victoria === Tsakanin 2003 da 2006, Tafkin Victoria ya rasa mita cubic miliyan 75, kimanin kashi 69 cikin 100 na yawan ruwansa, amma tun daga lokacin ya farfado zuwa sama da yadda aka saba. <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 May 2017 |title=Lake Victoria (0314) Height Variations from TOPEX/POSEIDON/Jason-1 and Jason-2/OSTM Altimetry |url=https://ipad.fas.usda.gov/cropexplorer/global_reservoir/gr_regional_chart.aspx?regionid=eafrica&reservoir_name=Victoria |access-date=9 June 2017 |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |archive-date=16 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190916232109/https://ipad.fas.usda.gov/cropexplorer/global_reservoir/gr_regional_chart.aspx?regionid=eafrica&reservoir_name=Victoria |url-status=dead }}</ref> An yi jayayya kan musabbabin raguwar ruwan sama da kashi 10-15 cikin 100 ya sa tafkin ya ragu. A cewar Daniel Kull, a lokacin wani masanin ruwa a fannin Dabaru na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Rage Bala'i a Nairobi, da fari ya haifar da rabin asarar ruwa da aka gani idan aka yi amfani da madatsun ruwa guda biyu a mashigar tafkin zuwa [[White Nile]] bisa ga "layin da aka amince da shi" wanda aka ƙayyade a cikin yarjejeniyar 1953 kan kwararar Nilu tsakanin Uganda da Masar. <ref name="newscientist.com" /> Sandy-Stevens Tickodri-Togboa, farfesa a fannin lissafi na injiniya a [[Jami'ar Makerere]], ya ƙi amincewa kuma ya ƙididdige cewa fari ya haifar da kashi 80 zuwa 85 cikin 100 na raguwar. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tickodri-Togboa |first=Sandy Stevens |title=On the Contribution of Victoria Nile River Discharge to the Hydrological Performance of East Africa's Lake Victoria |url=http://mak.ac.ug/documents/Makfiles/aet2011/Tickodri-Togboa.pdf |access-date=5 September 2013 |publisher=Second International Conference on Advances in Engineering and Technology |page=698 |archive-date=22 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222044804/http://mak.ac.ug/documents/Makfiles/aet2011/Tickodri-Togboa.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ana samar wa Kampala da Entebbe ruwa daga Tafkin Victoria ta hanyar cibiyoyin tace ruwa guda huɗu: Ggaba I, II da III da kuma wani kamfanin da aka gina kwanan nan a Katosi a gundumar Mukono. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> == Amfani da ruwa == A cewar PEAP na 2004-5 zuwa 2007-8, amfani da ruwa a yankunan karkara ya kama daga lita 12 zuwa 14 ga kowane mutum a kowace rana (L/p/d). A cikin garuruwa da cibiyoyin birane da ke da yawan jama'a sama da 5,000, PEAP ta kiyasta matsakaicin amfani da ruwa bai wuce 17 ba.&nbsp;L/p/d. Manufar ƙasa ita ce matsakaicin amfani da 20&nbsp;L/p/d. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Republic of Uganda |last2=Ministry of Finance |last3=Planning and Economic Development |title=Poverty Eradication Action Plan (2004/5-2007/8) |url=http://www.unpei.org/PDF/UG-PEAP2005-2008.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111103151617/http://www.unpei.org/PDF/UG-PEAP2005-2008.pdf |archive-date=3 November 2011 |access-date=7 November 2011}}</ref> A cewar rahoton shekara-shekara na NWSC, jimillar samar da ruwa daga watan Yulin 2007 zuwa Yunin 2008 (shekarar kuɗi ta 2007/2008) ga garuruwa 23 ya kai {{Convert|63600000|m3|ft3}} , wanda kashi 79 cikin 100 an samar da su ne a Kampala. Abokan ciniki na cikin gida sun yi amfani da kashi 46.9 cikin 100 ko kuma {{Convert|29800000|m3|ft3}} na jimillar samar da NWSC. An raba shi da mutane 1,944,741 waɗanda NWSC ta yi wa hidima a ƙarshen watan Yunin 2008, wannan ya yi daidai da {{Convert|15.3|m3|ft3}} ga kowane mutum a shekara ko 44&nbsp;L/p/d. == Tarihi da abubuwan da suka faru kwanan nan == An kammala tsarin ruwa na farko da aka yi amfani da bututu a lokacin mulkin mallaka a shekarun 1930. An gabatar da magudanar ruwa ta ruwa bayan 1937. Gina sabbin wurare ya karu daga 1950 zuwa 1965 a karkashin tsarin manyan shirye-shiryen ci gaban kasa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nilsson |first=David |year=2006 |title=A heritage of unsustainability? Reviewing the origin of the large-scale water and sanitation system in Kampala, Uganda |journal=Environment and Urbanization |publisher=International Institute for Environment and Development |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=369–385 |bibcode=2006EnUrb..18..369N |doi=10.1177/0956247806069618 |doi-access=}}</ref> Daga baya, tsarin da ake da shi an gyara shi ne kawai kuma ba a gina sabbin wurare ba har zuwa 1990. A cewar wani takarda da UN-Water ta fitar, zuwa 1990, kayayyakin more rayuwa na ruwa na birane sun yi aiki kasa da kashi 10 cikin 100 na yawan jama'a a manyan garuruwa. <ref name="Shared"/> {{Rp|page 78}} A kusan ƙarshen shekarun 1980, masu ba da gudummawa na ƙasashen duniya sun fara saka hannun jari mai yawa a fannin kuɗi don gyara da sabunta hanyoyin samar da ruwa a Kampala. <ref name="jammal 3">{{Cite journal |last=Jamma |first=Yahya |last2=Jones, Leroy |date=October 2006 |title=Impact of privatization in Africa: Uganda Water. One of Eight Papers from a Project Entitled: Assessing the Impact of Privatization in Africa. |url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTNTFPSI/Resources/UgandaWater.pdf?resourceurlname=UgandaWater.pdf |publisher=Boston Institute for Developing Economies |access-date=7 May 2008}}</ref> Misali, Bankin Duniya ya ba da gudummawar dala miliyan 60 a ƙarƙashin Aikin Samar da Ruwa, wanda ya fara aiki daga 1990 zuwa 1998 (duba ƙasa). <ref>{{Cite web |last=World Bank |author-link=World Bank |title=Projects - Uganda : Water Supply Project (02) |url=http://web.worldbank.org/external/projects/main?Projectid=P002969&Type=Overview&theSitePK=40941&pagePK=64283627&menuPK=64282134&piPK=64290415 |access-date=7 May 2008}}</ref> Duk da cewa tallafin kuɗi ya taimaka wajen gyara ababen more rayuwa, aikin kasuwanci na NWSC har yanzu bai gamsar ba. <ref name="jammal 3" /> === Gyaran Hukumar Ruwa da Najasa ta Ƙasa === ==== Bayanin tsarin gyara ==== An ƙirƙiri NWSC a matsayin ƙungiya mai zaman kanta mallakar gwamnati a shekarar 1972 a ƙarƙashin gwamnatin [[Idi Amin|Idi Amin Dada]] ta ƙasa, tana aiki ne kawai a Entebbe, Jinja, da babban birnin Kampala. <ref name="Improve">{{Cite journal |last=Dr. Muhairwe |first=William Tsimwa |date=March 2003 |title=Improving performance through internal reforms by the public sector. A case of national water and sewerage corporation, Uganda. Presented for: Water Week, World Bank |url=http://worldbank.org/html/fpd/water/waterweek2003/Presentations/Session%208%20-%20Modes%20of%20Engagement%20of%20public%20sector%20in%20Urban%20WSS/WilliamMuhairwe-Paper.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080510111509/http://www.worldbank.org/html/fpd/water/waterweek2003/Presentations/Session%208%20-%20Modes%20of%20Engagement%20of%20public%20sector%20in%20Urban%20WSS/WilliamMuhairwe-Paper.pdf |archive-date=10 May 2008 |access-date=7 May 2008}}</ref> {{Rp|p. 3}}Daga nan yankin hidimarsa ya girma a hankali har ya haɗa da manyan birane da matsakaitan birane a duk faɗin Uganda, inda ya kai jimillar birane da garuruwa 23 a shekarar 2008, da kuma birane da garuruwa 40 a wani faɗaɗa na yankin hidimarsa a watan Fabrairun 2014. A shekarar 1995 <ref name="Reform">{{Cite journal |last=Republic of Uganda |year=1995 |title=National Water and Sewerage Corporation}}</ref> da 2000, An sake tsara NWSC a ƙarƙashin Dokar NWSC da Dokar NWSC, wanda ya ba ta ikon gudanar da ayyuka mai yawa da kuma ikon yin aiki da samar da ruwa da najasa a yankunan da aka damka mata, bisa ingantaccen tushe, na kasuwanci, da kuma inganci. <ref name="Reform" /> An fara gyare-gyaren cikin gida a NWSC a shekarar 1998, inda aka fara da nazarin "Ƙarfi, Rauni, Damammaki, Barazana" (SWOT) wanda sabuwar ƙungiyar gudanarwa ta fara. A wancan lokacin, kamfanin ya amfana da tsarin samar da ruwa da najasa da aka gyara kwanan nan, gami da wadataccen ƙarfin samar da ruwa da kuma babban matakin aunawa, ƙungiyar manyan manajoji masu ƙwarewa, da kuma kyakkyawan tsarin dokoki na ruwa wanda ke ba NWSC 'yancin kai. A gefe guda kuma, NWSC tana cikin mummunan yanayi dangane da fannoni na aiki da kuɗi. Misali, ruwan da ba na samun kuɗi ba (NRW), ruwan da ake samarwa amma ba a caje shi ba saboda dalilai da dama kamar zubewar ruwa da haɗin gwiwa ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, ya kai kashi 60 cikin ɗari. Kamfanin yana da ma'aikata da yawa, kuma kuɗin ma'aikata ya kai kashi 64 cikin ɗari na jimillar kuɗin gudanar da aiki. <ref name="Improve"/> {{Rp|p. 5}} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] tf446usrk8c78wu5weik1855nq8h78n Francis Edo-Osagie 0 153948 889690 844774 2026-07-31T07:34:23Z BnHamid 12586 889690 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Francis Edo-Osagie | birth_date = 1914 | death_date = 1993 | birth_place = Benin City, Edo State, Najeriya | nationality = Ɗan Najeriya | occupation = Ɗan kasuwa | known_for = Kasuwancin itace da fitar da kayayyakin gandun daji zuwa ƙasashen waje }} '''Francis Edo-Osagie''' (1914–1993) fitaccen ɗan kasuwa ne daga Najeriya wanda ya fito daga Benin City a jihar Edo. Ya kasance cikin fitattun 'yan kasuwar Najeriya na ƙarni na ashirin, musamman a harkar kasuwancin itace da kayayyakin gandun daji. Ana kallonsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mutanen da suka taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen bunƙasa kasuwancin 'yan Najeriya a lokacin mulkin mallaka da kuma bayan samun 'yancin kai.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Forrest |first=Tom |title=The Advance of African Capital: The Growth of Nigerian Private Enterprise |publisher=University Press of Virginia |year=1994}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Francis Edo-Osagie a shekara ta 1914 a Benin City. Ya fito daga sanannen gidan Osagie-Oloke, iyali da suka kasance masu tasiri a tarihin masarautar Benin. Mahaifinsa ya yi aiki a sashen gandun daji na gwamnatin mulkin mallaka kafin daga baya ya koma aikin noma.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://dokumen.pub/the-advance-of-african-capital-the-growth-of-nigerian-private-enterprise-9781474496889.html |title=The Advance of African Capital: The Growth of Nigerian Private Enterprise |publisher=Dokumen Publishing Archive |access-date=2026-06-01}}</ref> == Ilimi == Edo-Osagie ya fara karatunsa a Baptist Primary School da ke Benin City. Daga baya ya halarci makarantu a Ifon da Sapele kafin ya shiga Baptist High School, Ibadan. A lokacin karatunsa ya kuma yi nazarin lissafin kuɗi da harkokin kasuwanci ta hanyar kwasa-kwasan wasiƙa daga wata cibiyar ilimi ta Birtaniya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://dokumen.pub/the-advance-of-african-capital-the-growth-of-nigerian-private-enterprise-9781474496889.html |title=The Advance of African Capital: The Growth of Nigerian Private Enterprise |publisher=Dokumen Publishing Archive |access-date=2026-06-01}}</ref> == Aikin kasuwanci == Bayan kammala karatunsa, Francis Edo-Osagie ya yi ayyuka daban-daban kamar magatakardan sufuri, wakilin tallace-tallace, da kuma mai kula da lissafin kuɗi. A lokacin da yake aiki a matsayin akanta ne ya fahimci irin damar da ke cikin kasuwancin itace, musamman a yankunan kudancin Najeriya masu yalwar gandun daji.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.biographies.net/people/en/francis_edo_osagie |title=Francis Edo-Osagie Biography |publisher=Biographies.net |access-date=2026-06-01}}</ref> Daga baya ya shiga haɗin gwiwa da wasu abokan kasuwanci domin gudanar da harkar sare da fitar da itace, amma wannan yunƙurin bai yi nasara sosai ba saboda faɗuwar farashin itace a kasuwannin duniya. Bayan rushewar haɗin gwiwar, ya kafa kamfaninsa mai suna '''Osagie & Sons'''. Kamfanin ya mayar da hankali kan kasuwancin itace da fitar da shi zuwa Turai da Amurka.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Edo-Osagie |title=Francis Edo-Osagie |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-06-01}}</ref> An ruwaito cewa ya samu gagarumar nasara bayan gano hanyar amfani da wasu bishiyoyi da kwari suka lalata ɓangarensu na waje, amma ainihin itacen na ciki yana nan cikin inganci. Wannan ya ba shi damar fadada harkar fitar da itace zuwa kasuwannin ƙasashen waje.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Edo-Osagie |title=Francis Edo-Osagie |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-06-01}}</ref> == Matsayinsa a al'umma == Baya ga harkokin kasuwanci, Francis Edo-Osagie ya kasance jagoran al'umma a yankin Edo. An san shi da shiga tsakani a rikice-rikicen da suka shafi kamfanonin mai, ma'aikatansu da kuma al'ummomin da suke gudanar da ayyukansu. Wannan ya sa ya zama mutum mai tasiri wajen warware matsalolin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki a yankinsa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Edo-Osagie |title=Francis Edo-Osagie |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-06-01}}</ref> == Gadon tarihi == Masana tarihi da tattalin arziki suna ɗaukar Francis Edo-Osagie a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin fitattun 'yan kasuwar Najeriya da suka taimaka wajen bunƙasa mallakar kamfanoni da jarin cikin gida a ƙasar. An ambace shi cikin bincike da littattafai da dama da suka tattauna ci gaban kasuwancin 'yan Afirka a Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Forrest |first=Tom |title=The Advance of African Capital: The Growth of Nigerian Private Enterprise |publisher=University Press of Virginia |year=1994}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Benin City]] * [[Tarihin tattalin arzikin Najeriya]] * [[List of Nigerian entrepreneurs]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category: Haifaffun 1914]] [[Category:Mutuwan 1993]] [[Category:Nigerian businesspeople]] [[Category:People from Benin City]] [[Category:Mutanen Edo]] [[Category:20th-century Nigerian businesspeople]] 2w1babf07pf48iocjjr6i09c3hs5rh0 Kogin Klip (Gauteng) 0 153963 889594 844797 2026-07-30T22:33:31Z DaSupremo 9834 Added databox 889594 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kogin Klip''' shine babban kogin da ke zubar da yankin [[Johannesburg]] a kudancin Witwatersrand, kuma yankin ruwansa ya haɗa da Johannesburg CBD da Soweto. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Klip Basin map |url=http://ceroi.net/reports/johannesburg/csoe/images/scan/KLIPRIVE.GIF |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050505170929/http://ceroi.net/reports/johannesburg/csoe/images/scan/KLIPRIVE.GIF |archive-date=2005-05-05 |access-date=2014-03-11}}</ref> Bakin kogin yana Vereeniging inda yake kwarara zuwa [[Kogin Vaal]], wanda ke ƙarƙashin ruwa ga [[Kogin Orange]]. Bayan Vereeniging, sauran garuruwan da ke gefen kogin sun haɗa da Henley a kan Klip, Lenasia da Meyerton. == Gidan Kidson == '''Kidson Weir''' wani yanki ne da ke ƙauyen Henley a kan Klip a kan kogin Klip a [[Afirka ta Kudu]], kuma an sanya masa suna ne bayan Fenning Kidson, jikan wani mazaunin ƙasar a shekarar 1820. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kidson Weir - Henley on Klip - Water Dams on Waymarking.com |url=http://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WM9GNT_Kidson_Weir_Henley_on_Klip |access-date=24 April 2012 |publisher=Groundspeak, Inc.}}</ref> [[Fayil:Kidson_Wier_in_Henley_on_Klip.jpg|thumb|Kidson Weir - Henley on Klip]] [[Fayil:Flooding_at_the_Kidson_Weir_-_January_2010.JPG|thumb|Ambaliyar Ruwa a Kidson Weir - Janairu 2010]] [[Fayil:Flooding_at_the_Kidson_Weir,_Dec_2010.JPG|thumb|Ambaliyar Ruwa a Kidson Weir - Disamba 2010]] === Tarihi === Fenning ya yi karatu a Ingila, amma ya koma Afirka ta Kudu yana matashi kuma ya zama mai hawa mota, wanda ya yi zamani da Sir Percy FitzPatrick. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan ɓarkewar Yaƙin Anglo Boer, labari ya zo wa Kidson cewa wani kwamandan sojoji yana kan hanyarsa ta zuwa gonarsa don kama shi. A ƙarƙashin hancin Boers, ya tsere, yana hawa siket ɗin gefe, ginshiƙinsa ya cika da halin hawa motar matarsa. Daga ƙarshe ya nufi Natal, amma ya koma Transvaal bayan yaƙin, ya zauna a Henley a kan Klip tare da matarsa, Edith. Gidan dangin an sanya masa suna Tilham, wanda shine gidan sarauta a kan kogin da ke kusurwar Regatta da Titin Shillingford. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Henley on Klip |url=http://archiver.rootsweb.ancestry.com/th/read/SOUTH-AFRICA/2004-09/1095156939 |access-date=20 June 2017 |publisher=The South Entertainment, September 2004, Issue No.59}}</ref> === A yau === A watan Disamba na shekarar 2010, ƙauyen Henley da ke kan Klip ya fuskanci ambaliyar ruwa mai yawa, bayan haka aka yanke shawarar yin wasu ayyuka don inganta rufin. A watan Janairun 2012 an fara aikin gyaran bututun da ke gefen yamma na rufin. A watan Maris na shekarar 2012 an tsara tsare-tsare don gina sabuwar gada a kan rufin.<ref>{{cite web|title=Henley on Klip|url=http://www.henleyherald.co.za/.cm4all/iproc.php/November.pdf?cdp=a|publisher=The Henley Herald|accessdate=20 June 2017}}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=MIDVAAL APPROVES A BUDGET OF R930 MILLION FOR 2012/2013|url=http://www.midvaal.gov.za/files/newsletters/Newsletter%20Final%20-%20individual%20pages%20(3rd%20edition%202012).pdf|publisher=Midvaal Local Municipality|accessdate=20 June 2017}}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> == Damuwar muhalli == An gano cewa yanayin dausayin kogin Klip da ke Lenasia, Soweto da kewaye yana da yawan sinadarin hydrocarbons masu kama da polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) waɗanda [[kwararar ruwa]] daga gonaki da masana'antu da sharar birane ke haifarwa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mabuza |first=Ernest |title=University researchers uncover toxic legacy in Klip River |url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2025-03-25-university-researchers-uncover-toxic-legacy-in-klip-river/}}</ref> Rahotanni a shekarar 2016 <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |date=2016-06-01 |title=Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the aquatic ecosystems of Soweto/Lenasia |url=https://www.wrc.org.za/wp-content/uploads/mdocs/2242-1-16.pdf |journal=Water Research Commission |volume=2242 |issue=16 |isbn=978-1-4312-0801-2}}</ref> da kuma a shekarar 2025 <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Makobe |first=Samuel |last2=Seopela |first2=Mathapelo P. |last3=Ambushe |first3=Abayneh A. |date=2025-02-08 |title=Seasonal variations, source apportionment, and risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sediments from Klip River, Johannesburg, South Africa |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10661-025-13724-0 |journal=Environmental Monitoring and Assessment |language=en |volume=197 |issue=3 |pages=257 |doi=10.1007/s10661-025-13724-0 |issn=1573-2959 |pmc=11807025 |pmid=39921783}}</ref> sun nuna yawan PAHs a cikin kifaye, halittu masu ƙashi, tsirrai, da kuma a cikin laka na ƙasa waɗanda ke haifar da haɗari ga lafiyar ɗan adam. <ref name=":0" /> : 99, 78 Tsoffin kifayen Zebrafish sun fuskanci mummunan lahani, jinkirin kyankyaso da kuma mace-mace kashi 80%. <ref name=":1" /> == Duba kuma == * [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]] * Kogin Jukskei == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.henley-on-klip.co.za HENLEY-ON-KLIP] * [https://archiver.rootsweb.ancestry.com/th/read/SOUTH-AFRICA/2004-09/1095156939 HENLEY-ON-KLIP] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20111111114651/http://www.communitypages.co.za/index.php?option=com_sobi2&catid=71&Itemid=56 Shafukan al'umma] - Henley akan Klip * 32u1w6djdlojl51l998oij6gy7cniw4 Ruwan jini 0 154266 889738 864792 2026-07-31T08:44:55Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889738 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Reflist|30em}}{{Reflist|30em}} "'''Raining Blood'''" waƙa ce ta ƙungiyar mawaƙan ta Amurka mai suna Slayer . Jeff Hanneman da Kerry King ne suka rubuta ta a [[Albom|Kundin studio]] na 1986 Reign in Blood, ra'ayin addini na waƙar shine game da hambarar da Sama. Waƙar tana da minti huɗu da sakonni goma sha huɗu. Yana farawa da sakan 33 na tsarin sauti na ruwan sama kuma yana ƙare da minti daya na ƙarin tasirin sauti na sama. An bayyana shi a matsayin "kyakkyawan" ta Allmusic, <ref name="allmusic album">{{Cite web |last=Huey |first=Steve |title=Reign in Blood - Slayer |url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/reign-in-blood-mw0000191741 |access-date=November 10, 2017 |website=[[AllMusic]] |publisher=[[All Media Network]]}}</ref> magoya baya sun lura da shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin fitattun waƙoƙan Slayer.  A matsayin kusan ƙari na dindindin ga shirye-shiryen su na rayuwa, Hanneman da King duka sun yarda da ita a matsayin waƙar da suka fi so don kunna kai tsaye.  Yawancin wasannin raye-rayen Slayer na waƙar an kama su akan kundi na raye-raye na ƙungiyar da kuma kundin tarin tarin tarin yawa ciki har da ''MTV2 Headbangers Ball''. == Rubuce-rubuce da ra'ayi == "Raining Blood" Jeff Hanneman da Kerry King ne suka rubuta. D. X. Ferris ya ce "lokacin da Hanneman ya rubuta waƙar, ya yi tunanin wani abu daga cikin duhu ko kuma hanyar jini", kuma daga baya ya ci gaba da cewa waƙar "ta bayyana rai da aka fitar da shi da ya farka kuma yana jin yunwa don ramawa. " Sarki ne ya rubuta aya ta biyu, wanda "ya ɗauki taken Hanneman kuma a cikin sabon shugabancinsa". <ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Ferris|2008}}</ref>[ed] Waƙar, tare da sauran Reign in Blood, an rubuta ta a 1986 a [[Los Angeles]], [[California]], tare da furodusa Rick Rubin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=An exclusive oral history of Slayer |url=http://www.decibelmagazine.com/features_detail.aspx?id=4566 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060813155123/http://www.decibelmagazine.com/features_detail.aspx?id=4566 |archive-date=2006-08-13 |access-date=2010-07-15 |publisher=Decibel Magazine}}</ref><ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Ferris|2008}}</ref> Hanneman ya bayyana cewa "yana game da wani mutumin da ke cikin Purgatory saboda an jefa shi daga Sama. Yana jiran fansa kuma yana so ya yi amfani da wannan wuri. " Sarki daga baya ya ce "sauran waƙar ta bayyana abin da ke faruwa lokacin da ya fara yin amfani da mutane. Kalmomin 'Return to power draw near' saboda yana jiran ya sake samun ƙarfi don ya sake jefa sama. Sa'an nan kuma 'Fall into me, da sky' jinin mutum yana gudana a kansa.<ref name="ferris 139">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Ferris|2008}}</ref> == Rubuce-rubuce == "Raining Blood" yana da minti huɗu da sakan goma sha huɗu, kuma shine Reign in Blood ta rufe waƙa.<ref name="allmusic album"/> Waƙar tana ɗaya daga cikin waƙoƙi uku daga cikin kundin da ya wuce minti uku a tsawon.<ref name="allmusic album" /> Steve Huey daga Allmusic ya ba da shawarar cewa "Reign in Blood ya buɗe kuma ya rufe tare da waƙoƙi masu tsawo (masu gargajiya 'Angel of Death' da 'Raining Blood') waɗanda saurin saurin sautin sautin saurin sa sautin saitin sautin sahun sautin sawun sautin sa'a. " Waƙar ta rubuta ta guitarist Hanneman ne kawai (wanda shi ma marubucin farko ne na kalmomin waƙar), wanda ya gabatar da ƙiyayya da fushi a rubuce-rubucensa. <ref name="allmusic album" /> Huey ya kuma lura cewa "an gina riffs a kan atonal chromaticism wanda ke sauti kamar yadda tashin hankali da aka nuna a yawancin kalmomin", kuma ya ce "ya kasance mai ban tsoro" kuma "mai ban tsoro".<ref name="allmusic album" /> Clay Jarvis daga ''Stylus Magazine'' ya rubuta cewa waƙar tana da "ja-herring, ƙone-ƙone-ƙasa shigarwa, mai ban tsoro tsawa-da-tom-tom-triplet interlude da ɗaya daga cikin mafi yawan sanannun riffs a tarihin ƙarfe. Yana da ƙarfi, fashewa kuma ya dace da ƙarshen mai ban mamaki, tashin hankali" marubucin D. X. Ferris, littafin Reign Inbarbarbarbar, ya ƙare cewa waƙar nan gaba tana gudana zuwa rayuwa tare da ainihin riffff ya fi sananne, ƙarfe na wannan rukuni mai suna Black<ref name="stylus">{{Cite web |last=Jarvis, Clay |date=1 September 2003 |title=Reign in Blood |url=http://www.stylusmagazine.com/reviews/slayer/reign-in-blood.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060511163047/http://www.stylusmagazine.com/reviews/slayer/reign-in-blood.htm |archive-date=11 May 2006 |access-date=7 April 2007 |publisher=[[Stylus Magazine]]}}</ref>{{Sfn|Ferris|2008}}<ref name="ferris 138">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Ferris|2008}}</ref><ref name="mudrian 53">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Bennet|2009}}</ref><ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Bennet|2009}}</ref> == Ayyuka na rayuwa == "Raining Blood", tare da Reign in Blood ta bude waƙa "Angel of Death", kusan ƙari ne na dindindin ga jerin abubuwan da Slayer ya fi so, kuma shine Hanneman da King suka fi so don yin wasa kai tsaye.<ref name="Knac.com interview with Jeff Hanneman">{{Cite web |last=Davis, Brian |date=26 July 2004 |title=Knac.com interview with Jeff Hanneman |url=https://www.knac.com/article.asp?ArticleID=3153 |access-date=13 December 2006 |publisher=KNAC.com |archive-date=4 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204211311/https://www.knac.com/article.asp?ArticleID=3153 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A ƙarshen DVD ɗin Still Reigning, akwai ƙarshen tare da ƙungiyar da aka rufe da jini na karya yayin wasan kwaikwayon "Raining Blood".<ref name="Slayer: Still Reigning The landmark metal album performed in its entirety.">{{Cite web |last=Patrizio, Andy |date=11 January 2005 |title=Slayer: Still Reigning The landmark metal album performed in its entirety |url=http://au.dvd.ign.com/articles/579/579116p1.html |access-date=5 February 2007 |publisher=IGN |archive-date=13 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713004403/http://au.dvd.ign.com/articles/579/579116p1.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Lokacin da aka tambaye shi wane waƙa ce ta fi kyau, duka Slayer guitarists sun amsa "Raining Blood". Hanneman ya yarda cewa "har yanzu yana son yin wannan waƙa kai tsaye. Kuna tunanin za mu gaji da shi - Ina nufin, ina son sanin sau nawa ne muka buga shi kai tsaye. " Sarki ya ce "za mu iya yin wasa a gaban Alanis Morissette, kuma taron suna son ɓangaren".[s]<ref name="mudrian 53">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Bennet|2009}}</ref> Sarki ya gaya wa D. X. Ferris cewa "duk lokacin da 'Raining Blood' ya zo a cikin saiti, kawai yana ba da wutar lantarki ga dukan taron. Mutane kawai suna zubar lokacin da kuka buga bayanan farko. Kamar 'Yesu Kristi guitar ne, ku zauna a ƙasa.'" <ref name="ferris 139">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Ferris|2008}}</ref> A baya, Slayer ya yi amfani da jinin karya don rufe jikinsu yayin yin waƙar kai tsaye. Koyaya, lokacin da aka tambaye shi game da amfani da jinin karya a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na gaba, Sarki ya ce "Lokaci ya yi da za a ci gaba, amma kada a taɓa cewa ba. Na san Japan ba ta taɓa ganin shi ba, Kudancin Amurka da Ostiraliya ba su taɓa ganin shi. Don haka ba ku taɓa sani ba".<ref name="King interview">{{Cite web |last=Atkinson, Peter |date=24 April 2006 |title=Songs about God and Satan – Part 1: An Interview with Slayer's Kerry King |url=https://www.knac.com/article.asp?ArticleID=4550 |access-date=9 February 2007 |publisher=KNAC.com |archive-date=17 November 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061117141509/http://knac.com/article.asp?ArticleID=4550 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Bayyanawa == An gabatar da waƙar a cikin shirin 127 na South Park, "Die Hippie, Die", wanda aka watsa a ranar 16 ga Maris, 2005. Slayer guitarist Kerry King ya sami labarin mai ban dariya kuma ya nuna sha'awarsa ga wasan kwaikwayon, ya ambaci shi a cikin wata hira, yana cewa "Yana da kyau a ga waƙar da ake amfani da ita sosai. Idan za mu iya tsoratar da wasu hippies, mun yi aikinmu. "<ref name="King interview"/> An kuma haɗa waƙar a cikin Grand Theft Auto: Mataimakin City a cikin gidan rediyo na wasan "V-Rock".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Phares |first=Heather |title=Grand Theft Auto: Vice City, Vol. 1: V-Rock review |url={{AllMusic|class=album|id=r614786|pure_url=yes}} |access-date=August 15, 2010 |website=[[Allmusic]]}}</ref> "Raining Blood" waƙa ce da za a iya bugawa a cikin wasan bidiyo Guitar Hero III: Legends of Rock, inda aka san shi da kasancewa ɗaya daga cikin waƙoƙin da suka fi wuya a cikin jerin abubuwan da suka faru a cikin Career Mode: tallan aiki na 2008 don masu buga Guitar Hero na gaba sun lissafa waƙar a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin huɗu waɗanda masu neman za su iya yin wasa a matakin mafi girma.<ref name="gametesters">{{Cite web |date=3 December 2008 |title=Test the New Guitar Hero!-Neversoft is hiring now! |url=http://game-testers.com/video-game-qa-tester-jobs/test-the-new-guitar-hero-neversoft-is-hiring-now/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141209054652/http://game-testers.com/video-game-qa-tester-jobs/test-the-new-guitar-hero-neversoft-is-hiring-now/ |archive-date=9 December 2014 |access-date=18 March 2010 |publisher=Become A Video Game Tester}}</ref> Waƙar kuma an nuna ta a cikin Guitar Hero: Smash Hits, tare da na farko kuma kawai biyar note chord a cikin jerin. An sake shi azaman waƙar da za a iya saukewa don ''Rock Band 3'' a ranar 10 ga Afrilu, 2012, tare da "South of Heaven" da "Seasons in the Abyss". An kuma sake shi azaman waƙar da za a iya saukewa don ''Rocksmith 2014'' a ranar 19 ga Mayu, 2015, a matsayin wani ɓangare na Slayer Song Pack . <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 19, 2015 |title='5 Slayer classics including "Raining Blood" & "Angel of Death" arrive as #Rocksmith2014 DLC this week!' |url=https://twitter.com/Rocksmithgame/status/600696214300983297 |access-date=May 30, 2015 |publisher=[[Twitter]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rocksmith® 2014 – Slayer Song Pack |url=https://store.steampowered.com/app/342841/ |access-date=May 30, 2015 |publisher=[[Steam (service)|Steam]]}}</ref> A taron wasan kwaikwayo na gardama na UFC 97 a ranar 18 ga Afrilu, 2009, mayaƙin Chuck Liddell ya fito fili a cikin UFC kuma ya yi amfani da "Raining Blood" a matsayin kiɗan shigarsa. A cikin 2018, an yi amfani da waƙar don tallan OVO Energy inda muka ga tarin kayan aiki daban-daban kamar na'urorin wanki, microwaves da TVs a kan rairayin bakin teku. Waƙar ta fara da sakan 30 a cikin talla yayin da muke jin jawabin daga fim din 1976 NetworkCibiyar sadarwa == Bayanan murfin == Malevolent Creation, Havok, Natalie Prass, Body Count, Vader, Diecast, Quiet Company, Reggie da Full Effect, da Erik Hinds, waɗanda suka rufe dukkan kundin Reign in Blood a kan H'arpeggione.<ref>{{Cite web |title=All artists that have performed Raining Blood |url=http://www.allmusic.com/search/track/Raining+Blood/order:default-asc |access-date=2010-08-12 |website=[[Allmusic]]}}{{Dead link|date=April 2018}}</ref><ref name="RIB - Erik Hinds">{{Cite web |last=Couture, François |title=RIB – Erik Hinds |url={{AllMusic|class=album|id=r1779818|pure_url=yes}} |access-date=2007-04-07 |publisher=Allmusic}}</ref> Waƙoƙin guitar daga "Raining Blood" da "Mandatory Suicide" an samo su ne daga rapper Lil Jon a cikin waƙar "Stop Fuckin Wit' Me" daga kundin Crunk Juice na 2004. Wannan shi ne kawai haɗin gwiwar Rick Rubin tare da Lil Jon a cikin rikodin. Jon yana so ya kirkiro "baƙar fata" na waƙar Suicidal Tendencies "Institutionalized".<ref name="Lil Jon and the East Side Boyz Stop Fuckin Wit Me">{{Cite web |last=Breihan, Tom |date=2005-01-14 |title=Lil Jon and the East Side Boyz "Stop Fuckin Wit Me" |url=http://www.pitchforkmedia.com/article/track_review/30037-stop-fuckin-wit-me |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080309012952/http://www.pitchforkmedia.com/article/track_review/30037-stop-fuckin-wit-me |archive-date=2008-03-09 |access-date=2007-04-04 |publisher=Pitchforkmedia.com}}</ref> Kungiyar [[New Zealand]] drum da bass Concord Dawn ta samar da drum da bass cover version a kan kundin su Uprising, wanda suka ɗan gwada sanannen buɗewar waƙar. === Tori Amos === A shekara ta 2001, Tori Amos ta rufe waƙar a cikin kundin studio dinta na Strange Little Girls . Rubutun "Raining Blood" ya ba da shawarar ne daga bassist Justin Meldal-Johnsen, wanda ya gaya wa Amos cewa ta "yi ƙoƙarin kusan kowane nau'in kiɗa, daga rap zuwa sabon raƙuman ruwa zuwa punk zuwa ƙasar zuwa pop, me ya sa ba ƙarfe ba?" Meldal'Johnsen ya zaɓi kundin Reign in Blood, kuma bayan sauraron shi, Amos ya amince da yin wani nau'in murfin "Raining jini". A cikin wata hira, ta bayyana cewa a lokacin da ta fara jin waƙar, hoton da ta yi tunanin shi ne "wannan kyakkyawa ta vulva [duka] ... ruwan sama da jini a kan wannan ikon namiji".<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 September 2009 |title=The Quietus &#124; Features &#124; A Quietus Interview &#124; Tori Amos Interview: Song, Slayer & Staying True To Her Vision |url=https://thequietus.com/articles/02683-tori-amos-interview |website=The Quietus}}</ref> Sarki ya ce murfin ya kasance m;  "Na ɗauki minti daya da rabi kafin in sami wuri a cikin waƙar inda na san inda take, abin mamaki ne, da ba ta taba gaya mana ba, da ba mu taba sani ba, da kun kunna mana kuma mun kasance, 'Mene ne haka?'  Kamar minti daya da rabi na ji layi na kasance kamar, 'Na san inda take!!'" <ref name="A Conversation With Kerry King">{{Cite web |last=Barker, Samuel |date=2002-02-09 |title=A Conversation With Kerry King |url=http://www.rockzone.com/interviews/slayer.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020228204422/http://www.rockzone.com/interviews/slayer.shtml |archive-date=2002-02-28 |access-date=2007-02-09 |publisher=Rockzone.com}}</ref> A mayar da martani, Slayer ta aika da wasu T-shirts ga Amos, wanda ta ce ana godiya da shi. <ref name="Meade">{{Cite web |last=Meade |first=Zaedryn |date=September 10, 2001 |title=Archetypes and Wine: Tori Amos Roundtable Interview |url=https://www.musiqqueen.com/2001/11/06/archetypes-and-wine-tori-amos-roundtable-interview/ |access-date=August 13, 2010 |website=MusiqQueen}}</ref> == Karɓar baƙi == Clay Jarvis na ''Stylus Magazine'' ya ce waƙar ta dace da zama waƙar rufewa don Reign in Blood, kuma ya lura cewa waƙar, tare da wasu waƙoƙi daga Reign in blood, yana da "manic, hacksaw guitars, monsoons na sau biyu-bass drum rolling da kuma daga-kirtar barking - duk bayanin kula-cikakke da daidai - wanda har yanzu yana shan sigari na kowane rukuni da ke wasa da sauri da / ko nauyi a yau".<ref name="stylus"/> J. Bennett ya tabbatar da cewa waƙar "har yanzu tana yin wasu rukunin ƙarfe kamar ƙarancin ƙuƙwalwa".[s]<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Bennet|2009}}</ref> Steve Huey ya ce classic ne, kuma cewa "slow riffs yana ba da mafi yawan 'yan kaɗan na kundin". <ref name="allmusic album"/> Erik Hinds daga About.com ya ce wannan yanki ya zama ba zato ba tsammani ballad. Derrick Harris, editan jaridar hukuma ta Jami'ar Wisconsin-Eau Claire, ya ce tana da "solo mai banƙyama".<ref>Harris, Derrick. [http://media.www.spectatornews.com/media/storage/paper218/news/2001/09/06/Spotlight/Cd.Review.Old.Slayer.Album.Makes.Up.For.What.New.Bands.Lack-89354.shtml "CD REVIEW: Old Slayer album makes up for what new bands lack"]{{Dead link|date=January 2018}}. ''The Spectator''. 2001-09-06.</ref> Ya kai lamba 64 a Ƙasar Ingila, inda zai kasance a kan ginshiƙi na makonni uku. "Raining Blood" an dauke shi daya daga cikin waƙoƙin mafi kyau na ƙungiyar kuma daya daga cikin mafi kyawun waƙoƙi a cikin ƙarfe. A cikin 2012, ''Loudwire'' ya sanya waƙar lamba ɗaya a cikin jerin sunayen 10 mafi girma na Slayer, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hartmann |first=Graham |date=September 26, 2012 |title=10 Best Slayer Songs |url=https://loudwire.com/best-slayer-songs/ |access-date=February 22, 2022 |website=[[Loudwire]]}}</ref> kuma a cikin 2020, ''Kerrang'' ya sanya waƙoƙin lamba biyu a cikin jerin manyan waƙoƙinsu na Slayer 20. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Law |first=Sam |date=September 29, 2020 |title=The 20 greatest Slayer songs – ranked |url=https://www.kerrang.com/the-20-greatest-slayer-songs-ranked |access-date=February 22, 2022 |website=[[Kerrang!|Kerrang]]}}</ref> A cikin 2023, Rolling Stone ta sanya waƙar lamba takwas a cikin jerin sunayen 100 mafi girma na waƙoƙin ƙarfe. == Shafuka == {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" !Shafin (1987) !Matsayi mafi girma<br /> |-{{singlechart|UK|64|date=1987-06-13|rowheader=true|access-date=May 30, 2015|refname=UKsingles}} |- |} [[Rukuni:Articles with hAudio microformats]] 9rlqry2mgtayh4ci6csc2dz14xn0lh6 Ruwan Jini Mai Ruwa 0 154268 889736 864782 2026-07-31T08:37:18Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889736 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Reflist|30em}}{{Reflist|30em}} "'''Raining Blood'''" waƙa ce ta ƙungiyar mawaƙan ta Amurka mai suna Slayer . Jeff Hanneman da Kerry King ne suka rubuta ta a [[Albom|Kundin studio]] na 1986 Reign in Blood, ra'ayin addini na waƙar shine game da hambarar da Sama. Waƙar tana da minti huɗu da sakonni goma sha huɗu. Yana farawa da sakan 33 na tsarin sauti na ruwan sama kuma yana ƙare da minti daya na ƙarin tasirin sauti na sama. An bayyana shi a matsayin "kyakkyawan" ta Allmusic, <ref name="allmusic album">{{Cite web |last=Huey |first=Steve |title=Reign in Blood - Slayer |url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/reign-in-blood-mw0000191741 |access-date=November 10, 2017 |website=[[AllMusic]] |publisher=[[All Media Network]]}}</ref> magoya baya sun lura da shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin fitattun waƙoƙan Slayer.  A matsayin kusan ƙari na dindindin ga shirye-shiryen su na rayuwa, Hanneman da King duka sun yarda da ita a matsayin waƙar da suka fi so don kunna kai tsaye.  Yawancin wasannin raye-rayen Slayer na waƙar an kama su akan kundi na raye-raye na ƙungiyar da kuma kundin tarin tarin tarin yawa ciki har da ''MTV2 Headbangers Ball''. == Rubuce-rubuce da ra'ayi == "Raining Blood" Jeff Hanneman da Kerry King ne suka rubuta. D. X. Ferris ya ce "lokacin da Hanneman ya rubuta waƙar, ya yi tunanin wani abu daga cikin duhu ko kuma hanyar jini", kuma daga baya ya ci gaba da cewa waƙar "ta bayyana rai da aka fitar da shi da ya farka kuma yana jin yunwa don ramawa. " Sarki ne ya rubuta aya ta biyu, wanda "ya ɗauki taken Hanneman kuma a cikin sabon shugabancinsa". <ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Ferris|2008}}</ref>[ed] Waƙar, tare da sauran Reign in Blood, an rubuta ta a 1986 a [[Los Angeles]], [[California]], tare da furodusa Rick Rubin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=An exclusive oral history of Slayer |url=http://www.decibelmagazine.com/features_detail.aspx?id=4566 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060813155123/http://www.decibelmagazine.com/features_detail.aspx?id=4566 |archive-date=2006-08-13 |access-date=2010-07-15 |publisher=Decibel Magazine}}</ref><ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Ferris|2008}}</ref> Hanneman ta bayyana cewa "ya shafi wani mutum da ke Purgatory saboda an kore shi daga Aljanna. Yana jiran ɗaukar fansa kuma yana son ya lalata wannan wurin." Daga baya King ya ce "sauran waƙar ya bayyana abin da ke faruwa lokacin da ya fara lalata mutane. Waƙoƙin 'Komawa ga iko ya kusa' saboda yana jiran ya sake samun ƙarfi don ya kifar da Aljanna. Sannan kuma 'Fall into me, jajayen hawayen sama' shine jinin kowa da ke gudana a cikinsa. Don haka a zahiri, 'Raining Blood' shine jinin mala'iku da ke faɗo masa.<ref name="ferris 139">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Ferris|2008}}</ref> == Rubuce-rubuce == "Raining Blood" yana da minti huɗu da sakan goma sha huɗu, kuma shine Reign in Blood ta rufe waƙa.<ref name="allmusic album"/> Waƙar tana ɗaya daga cikin waƙoƙi uku daga cikin kundin da ya wuce minti uku a tsawon.<ref name="allmusic album" /> Steve Huey daga Allmusic ya ba da shawarar cewa "Reign in Blood ya buɗe kuma ya rufe tare da waƙoƙi masu tsawo (masu gargajiya 'Angel of Death' da 'Raining Blood') waɗanda saurin saurin sautin sautin saurin sa sautin saitin sautin sahun sautin sawun sautin sa'a. " Waƙar ta rubuta ta guitarist Hanneman ne kawai (wanda shi ma marubucin farko ne na kalmomin waƙar), wanda ya gabatar da ƙiyayya da fushi a rubuce-rubucensa. <ref name="allmusic album" /> Huey ya kuma lura cewa "an gina riffs a kan atonal chromaticism wanda ke sauti kamar yadda tashin hankali da aka nuna a yawancin kalmomin", kuma ya ce "ya kasance mai ban tsoro" kuma "mai ban tsoro".<ref name="allmusic album" /> Clay Jarvis daga ''Stylus Magazine'' ya rubuta cewa waƙar tana da "ja-herring, ƙone-ƙone-ƙasa shigarwa, mai ban tsoro tsawa-da-tom-tom-triplet interlude da ɗaya daga cikin mafi yawan sanannun riffs a tarihin ƙarfe. Yana da ƙarfi, fashewa kuma ya dace da ƙarshen mai ban mamaki, tashin hankali" marubucin D. X. Ferris, littafin Reign Inbarbarbarbar, ya ƙare cewa waƙar nan gaba tana gudana zuwa rayuwa tare da ainihin riffff ya fi sananne, ƙarfe na wannan rukuni mai suna Black<ref name="stylus">{{Cite web |last=Jarvis, Clay |date=1 September 2003 |title=Reign in Blood |url=http://www.stylusmagazine.com/reviews/slayer/reign-in-blood.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060511163047/http://www.stylusmagazine.com/reviews/slayer/reign-in-blood.htm |archive-date=11 May 2006 |access-date=7 April 2007 |publisher=[[Stylus Magazine]]}}</ref>{{Sfn|Ferris|2008}}<ref name="ferris 138">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Ferris|2008}}</ref><ref name="mudrian 53">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Bennet|2009}}</ref><ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Bennet|2009}}</ref> == Ayyuka na rayuwa == "Raining Blood", tare da Reign in Blood ta bude waƙa "Angel of Death", kusan ƙari ne na dindindin ga jerin abubuwan da Slayer ya fi so, kuma shine Hanneman da King suka fi so don yin wasa kai tsaye.<ref name="Knac.com interview with Jeff Hanneman">{{Cite web |last=Davis, Brian |date=26 July 2004 |title=Knac.com interview with Jeff Hanneman |url=https://www.knac.com/article.asp?ArticleID=3153 |access-date=13 December 2006 |publisher=KNAC.com |archive-date=4 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204211311/https://www.knac.com/article.asp?ArticleID=3153 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A ƙarshen DVD ɗin Still Reigning, akwai ƙarshen tare da ƙungiyar da aka rufe da jini na karya yayin wasan kwaikwayon "Raining Blood".<ref name="Slayer: Still Reigning The landmark metal album performed in its entirety.">{{Cite web |last=Patrizio, Andy |date=11 January 2005 |title=Slayer: Still Reigning The landmark metal album performed in its entirety |url=http://au.dvd.ign.com/articles/579/579116p1.html |access-date=5 February 2007 |publisher=IGN |archive-date=13 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713004403/http://au.dvd.ign.com/articles/579/579116p1.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Lokacin da aka tambaye shi wane waƙa ce ta fi kyau, duka Slayer guitarists sun amsa "Raining Blood". Hanneman ya yarda cewa "har yanzu yana son yin wannan waƙa kai tsaye. Kuna tunanin za mu gaji da shi - Ina nufin, ina son sanin sau nawa ne muka buga shi kai tsaye. " Sarki ya ce "za mu iya yin wasa a gaban Alanis Morissette, kuma taron suna son ɓangaren".[s]<ref name="mudrian 53">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Bennet|2009}}</ref> Sarki ya gaya wa D. X. Ferris cewa "duk lokacin da 'Raining Blood' ya zo a cikin saiti, kawai yana ba da wutar lantarki ga dukan taron. Mutane kawai suna zubar lokacin da kuka buga bayanan farko. Kamar 'Yesu Kristi guitar ne, ku zauna a ƙasa.'" <ref name="ferris 139">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Ferris|2008}}</ref> A baya, Slayer ya yi amfani da jinin karya don rufe jikinsu yayin yin waƙar kai tsaye. Koyaya, lokacin da aka tambaye shi game da amfani da jinin karya a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na gaba, Sarki ya ce "Lokaci ya yi da za a ci gaba, amma kada a taɓa cewa ba. Na san Japan ba ta taɓa ganin shi ba, Kudancin Amurka da Ostiraliya ba su taɓa ganin shi. Don haka ba ku taɓa sani ba".<ref name="King interview">{{Cite web |last=Atkinson, Peter |date=24 April 2006 |title=Songs about God and Satan – Part 1: An Interview with Slayer's Kerry King |url=https://www.knac.com/article.asp?ArticleID=4550 |access-date=9 February 2007 |publisher=KNAC.com |archive-date=17 November 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061117141509/http://knac.com/article.asp?ArticleID=4550 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Bayyanawa == An gabatar da waƙar a cikin shirin 127 na South Park, "Die Hippie, Die", wanda aka watsa a ranar 16 ga Maris, 2005. Slayer guitarist Kerry King ya sami labarin mai ban dariya kuma ya nuna sha'awarsa ga wasan kwaikwayon, ya ambaci shi a cikin wata hira, yana cewa "Yana da kyau a ga waƙar da ake amfani da ita sosai. Idan za mu iya tsoratar da wasu hippies, mun yi aikinmu. "<ref name="King interview"/> An kuma haɗa waƙar a cikin Grand Theft Auto: Mataimakin City a cikin gidan rediyo na wasan "V-Rock".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Phares |first=Heather |title=Grand Theft Auto: Vice City, Vol. 1: V-Rock review |url={{AllMusic|class=album|id=r614786|pure_url=yes}} |access-date=August 15, 2010 |website=[[Allmusic]]}}</ref> "Raining Blood" waƙa ce da za a iya bugawa a cikin wasan bidiyo Guitar Hero III: Legends of Rock, inda aka san shi da kasancewa ɗaya daga cikin waƙoƙin da suka fi wuya a cikin jerin abubuwan da suka faru a cikin Career Mode: tallan aiki na 2008 don masu buga Guitar Hero na gaba sun lissafa waƙar a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin huɗu waɗanda masu neman za su iya yin wasa a matakin mafi girma.<ref name="gametesters">{{Cite web |date=3 December 2008 |title=Test the New Guitar Hero!-Neversoft is hiring now! |url=http://game-testers.com/video-game-qa-tester-jobs/test-the-new-guitar-hero-neversoft-is-hiring-now/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141209054652/http://game-testers.com/video-game-qa-tester-jobs/test-the-new-guitar-hero-neversoft-is-hiring-now/ |archive-date=9 December 2014 |access-date=18 March 2010 |publisher=Become A Video Game Tester}}</ref> Waƙar kuma an nuna ta a cikin Guitar Hero: Smash Hits, tare da na farko kuma kawai biyar note chord a cikin jerin. An sake shi azaman waƙar da za a iya saukewa don ''Rock Band 3'' a ranar 10 ga Afrilu, 2012, tare da "South of Heaven" da "Seasons in the Abyss". An kuma sake shi azaman waƙar da za a iya saukewa don ''Rocksmith 2014'' a ranar 19 ga Mayu, 2015, a matsayin wani ɓangare na Slayer Song Pack . <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 19, 2015 |title='5 Slayer classics including "Raining Blood" & "Angel of Death" arrive as #Rocksmith2014 DLC this week!' |url=https://twitter.com/Rocksmithgame/status/600696214300983297 |access-date=May 30, 2015 |publisher=[[Twitter]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rocksmith® 2014 – Slayer Song Pack |url=https://store.steampowered.com/app/342841/ |access-date=May 30, 2015 |publisher=[[Steam (service)|Steam]]}}</ref> A taron wasan kwaikwayo na gardama na UFC 97 a ranar 18 ga Afrilu, 2009, mayaƙin Chuck Liddell ya fito fili a cikin UFC kuma ya yi amfani da "Raining Blood" a matsayin kiɗan shigarsa. A shekarar 2018, an yi amfani da waƙar don tallan OVO Energy inda muke ganin tarin kayan aiki daban-daban kamar injinan wanki, microwaves da talabijin a bakin teku. Waƙar ta fara daƙiƙa 30 tun daga lokacin da aka fara tallan yayin da muke jin jawabin fim ɗin Network na shekarar 1976. == Bayanan murfin == Malevolent Creation, Havok, Natalie Prass, Body Count, Vader, Diecast, Quiet Company, Reggie da Full Effect, da Erik Hinds, waɗanda suka rufe dukkan kundin Reign in Blood a kan H'arpeggione.<ref>{{Cite web |title=All artists that have performed Raining Blood |url=http://www.allmusic.com/search/track/Raining+Blood/order:default-asc |access-date=2010-08-12 |website=[[Allmusic]]}}{{Dead link|date=April 2018}}</ref><ref name="RIB - Erik Hinds">{{Cite web |last=Couture, François |title=RIB – Erik Hinds |url={{AllMusic|class=album|id=r1779818|pure_url=yes}} |access-date=2007-04-07 |publisher=Allmusic}}</ref> Waƙoƙin guitar daga "Raining Blood" da "Mandatory Suicide" an samo su ne daga rapper Lil Jon a cikin waƙar "Stop Fuckin Wit' Me" daga kundin Crunk Juice na 2004. Wannan shi ne kawai haɗin gwiwar Rick Rubin tare da Lil Jon a cikin rikodin. Jon yana so ya kirkiro "baƙar fata" na waƙar Suicidal Tendencies "Institutionalized".<ref name="Lil Jon and the East Side Boyz Stop Fuckin Wit Me">{{Cite web |last=Breihan, Tom |date=2005-01-14 |title=Lil Jon and the East Side Boyz "Stop Fuckin Wit Me" |url=http://www.pitchforkmedia.com/article/track_review/30037-stop-fuckin-wit-me |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080309012952/http://www.pitchforkmedia.com/article/track_review/30037-stop-fuckin-wit-me |archive-date=2008-03-09 |access-date=2007-04-04 |publisher=Pitchforkmedia.com}}</ref> Kungiyar [[New Zealand]] drum da bass Concord Dawn ta samar da drum da bass cover version a kan kundin su Uprising, wanda suka ɗan gwada sanannen buɗewar waƙar. === Tori Amos === A shekara ta 2001, Tori Amos ta rufe waƙar a cikin kundin studio dinta na Strange Little Girls . Rubutun "Raining Blood" ya ba da shawarar ne daga bassist Justin Meldal-Johnsen, wanda ya gaya wa Amos cewa ta "yi ƙoƙarin kusan kowane nau'in kiɗa, daga rap zuwa sabon raƙuman ruwa zuwa punk zuwa ƙasar zuwa pop, me ya sa ba ƙarfe ba?" Meldal'Johnsen ya zaɓi kundin Reign in Blood, kuma bayan sauraron shi, Amos ya amince da yin wani nau'in murfin "Raining jini". A cikin wata hira, ta bayyana cewa a lokacin da ta fara jin waƙar, hoton da ta yi tunanin shi ne "wannan kyakkyawa ta vulva [duka] ... ruwan sama da jini a kan wannan ikon namiji".<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 September 2009 |title=The Quietus &#124; Features &#124; A Quietus Interview &#124; Tori Amos Interview: Song, Slayer & Staying True To Her Vision |url=https://thequietus.com/articles/02683-tori-amos-interview |website=The Quietus}}</ref> Sarki ya ce murfin ya kasance m;  "Na ɗauki minti daya da rabi kafin in sami wuri a cikin waƙar inda na san inda take, abin mamaki ne, da ba ta taba gaya mana ba, da ba mu taba sani ba, da kun kunna mana kuma mun kasance, 'Mene ne haka?'  Kamar minti daya da rabi na ji layi na kasance kamar, 'Na san inda take!!'" <ref name="A Conversation With Kerry King">{{Cite web |last=Barker, Samuel |date=2002-02-09 |title=A Conversation With Kerry King |url=http://www.rockzone.com/interviews/slayer.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020228204422/http://www.rockzone.com/interviews/slayer.shtml |archive-date=2002-02-28 |access-date=2007-02-09 |publisher=Rockzone.com}}</ref> A mayar da martani, Slayer ta aika da wasu T-shirts ga Amos, wanda ta ce ana godiya da shi. <ref name="Meade">{{Cite web |last=Meade |first=Zaedryn |date=September 10, 2001 |title=Archetypes and Wine: Tori Amos Roundtable Interview |url=https://www.musiqqueen.com/2001/11/06/archetypes-and-wine-tori-amos-roundtable-interview/ |access-date=August 13, 2010 |website=MusiqQueen}}</ref> == Karɓar baƙi == Clay Jarvis na ''Stylus Magazine'' ya ce waƙar ta dace da zama waƙar rufewa don Reign in Blood, kuma ya lura cewa waƙar, tare da wasu waƙoƙi daga Reign in blood, yana da "manic, hacksaw guitars, monsoons na sau biyu-bass drum rolling da kuma daga-kirtar barking - duk bayanin kula-cikakke da daidai - wanda har yanzu yana shan sigari na kowane rukuni da ke wasa da sauri da / ko nauyi a yau".<ref name="stylus"/> J. Bennett ya tabbatar da cewa waƙar "har yanzu tana yin wasu rukunin ƙarfe kamar ƙarancin ƙuƙwalwa".[s]<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Bennet|2009}}</ref> Steve Huey ya ce classic ne, kuma cewa "slow riffs yana ba da mafi yawan 'yan kaɗan na kundin". <ref name="allmusic album"/> Erik Hinds daga About.com ya ce wannan yanki ya zama ba zato ba tsammani ballad. Derrick Harris, editan jaridar hukuma ta Jami'ar Wisconsin-Eau Claire, ya ce tana da "solo mai banƙyama".<ref>Harris, Derrick. [http://media.www.spectatornews.com/media/storage/paper218/news/2001/09/06/Spotlight/Cd.Review.Old.Slayer.Album.Makes.Up.For.What.New.Bands.Lack-89354.shtml "CD REVIEW: Old Slayer album makes up for what new bands lack"]{{Dead link|date=January 2018}}. ''The Spectator''. 2001-09-06.</ref> Ya kai lamba 64 a Ƙasar Ingila, inda zai kasance a kan ginshiƙi na makonni uku. "Raining Blood" an dauke shi daya daga cikin waƙoƙin mafi kyau na ƙungiyar kuma daya daga cikin mafi kyawun waƙoƙi a cikin ƙarfe. A cikin 2012, ''Loudwire'' ya sanya waƙar lamba ɗaya a cikin jerin sunayen 10 mafi girma na Slayer, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hartmann |first=Graham |date=September 26, 2012 |title=10 Best Slayer Songs |url=https://loudwire.com/best-slayer-songs/ |access-date=February 22, 2022 |website=[[Loudwire]]}}</ref> kuma a cikin 2020, ''Kerrang'' ya sanya waƙoƙin lamba biyu a cikin jerin manyan waƙoƙinsu na Slayer 20. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Law |first=Sam |date=September 29, 2020 |title=The 20 greatest Slayer songs – ranked |url=https://www.kerrang.com/the-20-greatest-slayer-songs-ranked |access-date=February 22, 2022 |website=[[Kerrang!|Kerrang]]}}</ref> A cikin 2023, Rolling Stone ta sanya waƙar lamba takwas a cikin jerin sunayen 100 mafi girma na waƙoƙin ƙarfe. == Shafuka == {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" !Shafin (1987) !Matsayi mafi girma<br /> |-{{singlechart|UK|64|date=1987-06-13|rowheader=true|access-date=May 30, 2015|refname=UKsingles}} |- |} [[Rukuni:Articles with hAudio microformats]] jd1cs1jhfzwu57kleptnde1ng8ui9lq Ruhaniya 0 154463 889664 864755 2026-07-31T06:55:11Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889664 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Reflist}} {{Reflist}}{{Reflist}}{{Reflist}}{{Reflist}}  '''Ruhaniya''' (wanda aka fi sani da Negro spirituals, African American spirituals, Black spirituals, ko kuma '''Waƙoƙin ruhaniya''') wani nau'i ne na kiɗa na Kirista wanda ke da alaƙa da [[Afirkawan Amurka|'Yan Afirka na Afirka]], <ref name="Grove_oxfordmusiconline">{{Cite web |last=Graham |first=Sandra Jean |year=2012 |title=Spiritual |url=https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-1002225625 |access-date=February 28, 2021 |website=Grove Music Online |doi=10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.A2225625 |isbn=978-1-56159-263-0}}</ref> wanda ya haɗu da tasirin al'adun Afirka daban-daban tare da abubuwan da ake gudanar da su a cikin bautar, da farko a lokacin cinikin bayi na transatlantic <ref name="UN_DayOfRemembrance">{{Cite web |title=Background on Remember Slavery: Remembrance of the Victims of Slavery and the Transatlantic Slave Trade |url=https://www.un.org/en/events/slaveryremembranceday/background.shtml |access-date=February 27, 2021 |website=United Nations |series=International Day of Remembrance of the Victims of Slavery and the Transatlantic Slave Trade (March 25) |quote="The transatlantic slave trade was the largest forced migration in history, and undeniably one of the most inhumane. The extensive exodus of Africans spread to many areas of the world over a 400-year period and was unprecedented in the annals of recorded human history.}}</ref> kuma ƙarni bayan haka, ta hanyar cinikin bayi ta cikin gida. Ruhaniya sun haɗa da "waƙoƙin waka", waƙoƙin aiki, da waƙoƙun shuka waɗanda suka samo asali cikin waƙoƙi na blues da waƙoƙi na bishara a coci. A cikin karni na sha tara, kalmar "ruhaniya" tana nufin duk waɗannan ƙananan waƙoƙin gargajiya.<ref name="NMAAHC_2012">{{Cite web |date=June 29, 2012 |title=Celebrating Black Music Month |url=http://nmaahc.si.edu/Blog/blackmusicmonth |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402132952/http://nmaahc.si.edu/Blog/blackmusicmonth |archive-date=April 2, 2015 |website=[[National Museum of African American History and Culture]] |quote=Sacred music, which includes spirituals and gospel music, illustrates the central role that music plays in African American spiritual and religious life. The earliest form of black musical expression in America, spirituals were based on Christian psalms and hymns and were merged with African music styles and secular American music forms. Spirituals were originally an oral tradition and imparted Christian values while also defining the hardships of slavery.}}</ref> Duk da yake sau da yawa suna da tushe a cikin labarun Littafi Mai-Tsarki, sun kuma bayyana matsanancin wahalar da 'yan Afirka na Afirka suka jimre waɗanda aka bautar da su daga karni na 17 har zuwa shekarun 1860, [[Shelar 'Yanci|'yanci]] ya canza ainihin yanayin (amma ba ci gaba ba) na bautar ga mutane da yawa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Franklin |first=Bruce H. |date=Spring 1979 |title=Songs of an Imprisoned People |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/467516 |journal=MELUS |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=17 |doi=10.2307/467516 |jstor=467516 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Yawancin sababbin nau'ikan kiɗa irin su blues sun fito ne daga waƙoƙin ruhaniya.<ref name="Nketia_1973">{{Cite journal |last=Nketia |first=J.H. Kwanbena |date=1978 |title=The Study of African and Afro-American Music |journal=Black Perspectives in Music |volume=1 |pages=9 |doi=10.2307/1214119 |jstor=1214119}}</ref> An yi amfani da waɗannan waƙoƙin don raba saƙonnin da aka tsara, haɗa mutane, bayyana motsin rai da motsin rai, da kuma kiyaye al'adunsu da rai a cikin tsararraki. Daga ƙarshe an yi su a majami'u, makarantu, da kide-kide. Wannan nau'in al'adun Afirka na Amurka ya rinjayi kiɗa a duniya. Baya ga muhimmancin kiɗa, ruhaniya ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen ƙarfafawa da kuma inganta 'yan Afirka na Afirka a duk tarihin. Wadannan waƙoƙin sun ba da bege, ta'aziyya, da juriya a lokacin mafi duhu na bautar da rarrabewa. Yin waka tare ya ba da damar bayi su gina hadin kai, su kula da al'umma, kuma su sami ƙarfi daga gwagwarmayar da aka raba. Sau da yawa ruhaniya sun haɗa da jigogi na Littafi Mai-Tsarki na ceto da 'yanci, suna da ma'ana ga masu sauraro waɗanda ke marmarin' yanci da adalci. Ta hanyar juyawa ga labarun kamar Fitowa, 'yan Afirka na Afirka sun sami wahayi da tsarin ruhaniya don jimrewa da wahala da kiyaye bangaskiya ga yiwuwar kyakkyawar makoma. Hadisin ruhaniya ya fara ne a farkon shekarun 1700 tsakanin 'yan Afirka da suka yi bautar a Kudancin Amurka, musamman a kan shuke-shuke inda waƙoƙin al'umma ya kasance dabarun rayuwa da kuma nau'in juriya. Wannan nau'in ya fito ne daga haɗuwa da al'adun kiɗa na Afirka tare da waƙoƙin Kirista da masu wa'azi a ƙasashen waje da masu bautar suka gabatar. Ruhaniya ta fara bunƙasa a cikin tarurrukan ibada na sirri, wanda aka fi sani da "teku," inda bayi suka taru daga idanun masu kulawa. A tsawon lokaci, ruhaniya ta bazu zuwa tarurrukan sansanin da farfadowa, ta zama tsakiya ga furcin addini da al'adun Afirka na Amurka. Ta hanyar waɗannan waƙoƙin, tsararraki sun sami ƙarfafawa da haɗin kai da ake buƙata don jimrewa kuma a ƙarshe sun kalubalanci kafa bautar.[https://christianhistoryinstitute.org/magazine/article/secret-religion-of-the-slaves] Ba wai kawai 'yan Afirka na Afirka sun rufe waƙoƙinsu ba, dole ne su yi sujada a asirce. "Cocin da ba a ganuwa" yana nufin tarurrukan addini na sirri da 'yan Afirka na Amurka suka kafa lokacin da aka hana su' yancin yin sujada a bayyane ko bayyana ayyukansu na ruhaniya. Wadannan tarurruka masu ɓoye sun faru ne a yankuna masu nisa kamar dazuzzuka, gidaje, ko wuraren da aka ɓoye kuma sun ba da damar bayi su haɗa koyarwar Kirista tare da al'adun Afirka ta hanyoyin da ba a yarda da su ba a ƙarƙashin idanun bayi. A cikin waɗannan tarurruka, mahalarta na iya yin addu'a, raira waƙa, da kuma ba da shaida ba tare da tsoron azabtarwa ba, ƙirƙirar al'umma ta ruhaniya da ta samo asali a cikin gwagwarmaya da bege. Ayyukan kiɗa waɗanda suka haɓaka a cikin cocin da ba a ganuwa - musamman waƙoƙin kira da amsawa, kukan zobe, da kuma abubuwan ruhaniya - sun zama muhimman tushe na kiɗa mai tsarki na Afirka ta Amirka. Wadannan waƙoƙin suna ɗauke da ma'anoni masu yawa, suna ba da ta'aziyya ta addini da saƙonnin ƙididdiga na juriya ko tserewa. Ikilisiyar da ba a ganuwa ta ba da ƙarfin motsin rai, adana al'adu, da kuma fahimtar haɗin kai, suna tsara rayuwar kiɗa da addini ta Afirka ta Amirka ga tsararraki. Kafin ƙarshen Yaƙin basasar Amurka da 'yanci, ruhaniya asali ne na al'adar baki da aka wuce daga ƙarni ɗaya zuwa na gaba. An haddace labarun Littafi Mai-Tsarki sannan aka fassara su cikin waƙa. Bayan 'yanci, an buga kalmomin ruhaniya a cikin bugawa. Kungiyoyi irin su Fisk Jubilee Singers - wanda aka kafa a 1871 - sun shahara da ruhaniya, suna kawo su ga masu sauraro da yawa, har ma da na duniya. Da farko, manyan ɗakunan rikodin suna yin rikodin fararen mawaƙa ne kawai da ke yin ruhaniya da abubuwan da suka samo asali. Wannan ya canza tare da nasarar kasuwanci ta Mamie Smith a shekarar 1920. Farawa a cikin shekarun 1920, masana'antar rikodin kasuwanci ta kara yawan masu sauraro ga ruhaniya da abubuwan da suka samo asali. Masu baƙar fata Harry Burleigh da R. Nathaniel Dett sun kirkiro "sabon repertoire don matakin kide-kide" ta hanyar amfani da ilimin gargajiya na Yammacin Turai ga ruhaniya. Duk da yake an halicci ruhaniya ta hanyar "al'umma mai kewaye da mutane a cikin bautar", a tsawon lokaci sun zama sanannun kiɗa na farko na "sa hannu" na Amurka.<ref name="spiritualsproject_20150725">{{Cite web |title=Sweet Chariot: the story of the spirituals |url=http://www.spiritualsproject.org/sweetchariot/History |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150725040520/http://www.spiritualsproject.org/sweetchariot/History |archive-date=July 25, 2015 |access-date=March 1, 2021 |website=[[The Spirituals Project]]}}</ref> == Kalmomin == The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians - daya daga cikin manyan ayyukan bincike kan kiɗa da mawaƙa : 284-290 - an tsara su kuma an bayyana su "ruhaniya" a cikin albarkatun lantarki, Grove Music Online - wani muhimmin bangare na Oxford Music Online, a matsayin "irin waƙar da aka kirkira da kuma ga 'yan Afirka na Afirka waɗanda suka samo asali daga al'adar baki. Ko da ba a san ainihin asalinsa ba, ana iya gano su a matsayin nau'i a farkon karni na 19. " Sun yi amfani da kalmar ba tare da mai bayyanawa ba, "Amurka ta Afirka ba".<ref name="Grove_oxfordmusiconline"/> Kalmar "Negro spirituals" kalma ce ta ƙarni na 19 "wanda aka yi amfani da shi don waƙoƙi tare da matani na addini waɗanda Afirka ta kirkira a Amurka". Littafin farko da aka buga na waƙoƙin bayi ya kira su "na ruhaniya". A cikin ilimin kiɗa da ethnomusicology a cikin shekarun 1990, ana amfani da kalmar nan "ruhaniya" don bayyana "The Spirituals Project".<ref name="Jones_1998">{{Cite web |title=The Spirituals Project |url=https://liberalarts.du.edu/lamont/spirituals-project |access-date=23 February 2021 |website=[[University of Denver]] Arts, Humanities & Social Sciences}}</ref> Cibiyar Nazarin Majalisa ta Amurka tana amfani da kalmar nan "African American Spirituals", don shigarwa mai lamba da kuma abubuwan da aka tsara. A cikin gabatarwa, ana amfani da nau'i ɗaya ba tare da adjective "African American ba. " A duk lokacin shigarwar encyclopedic ana amfani da siffar guda ɗaya da jam'i na kalmar ba tare da mai bayyana "Africon American" ba. Maganar gabatarwa ta LOC ta ce, "A ruhaniya wani nau'i ne na waƙoƙin gargajiya na addini wanda ke da alaƙa da bautar mutanen Afirka a Kudancin Amurka. Waƙoƙin sun karu a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata na karni na sha takwas wanda ya kai ga kawar da bautar da aka halatta a cikin shekarun 1860. Ruhaniya ta Afirka ta Amirka (wanda ake kira Negro Spiritual) ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan kuma mafi mahimmancin siffofin waƙoƙar gargajiya na Amurka. " <ref name="LOC_ihas.200197495" /> == Yanayi == Wani rahoto na [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] ya bayyana cinikin bayi a matsayin mafi girman ƙaura da aka tilasta a tarihin ɗan adam.<ref name="UN_DayOfRemembrance"/> A matsayin sakamakon kai tsaye na cinikin bayi na transatlantic, babban motsi na 'yan Afirka ya kasance zuwa Amurka - tare da kashi 96 cikin 100 na fursunoni daga gabar tekun Afirka da suka isa a kan jiragen bautar da ke cikin tashar jiragen ruwa a Kudancin Amurka da Tsibirin Caribbean. Daga 1501 zuwa 1830, 'yan Afirka huɗu sun haye Tekun Atlantika ga kowane Turai, suna yin yawan jama'a na Amurka a wannan zamanin ya fi fadada Afirka fiye da Turai. Kyautar wannan ƙaura har yanzu tana bayyane a yau, tare da yawancin mutanen da suka fito daga Afirka da ke zaune a ko'ina cikin Amurka. Miliyoyin da suka fi zama bayi a Afirka, inda bautar ta kasance wani bangare ne mai rikitarwa da zurfi na al'adun da suka koma baya ƙarni kafin yaduwar Turai a nahiyar.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Painter |first=Nell Irvin |last2=Berlin |first2=Ira |date=2000 |title=Many Thousands Gone: The First Two Centuries of Slavery in North America |journal=African American Review |volume=34 |issue=3 |page=515 |doi=10.2307/2901390 |issn=1062-4783 |jstor=2901390}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Clifford. |date=1988 |title=Asante: Human Sacrifice or Capital Punishment? An Assessment of the Period 1807–1874 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/219449 |journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=433–441 |doi=10.2307/219449 |jstor=219449 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>R. Rummel (1997)"''[https://books.google.com/books?id=N1j1QdPMockC Death by government]''". Transaction Publishers. p. 63. {{ISBN|1-56000-927-6}}</ref> Daga 1501 zuwa 1867, kimanin "Afirkawa miliyan 12.5" daga "kusan kowace ƙasa da ke da iyakar tekun Atlantika" an sace su kuma an tilasta su cikin bautar, a cewar ''Atlas'' na 2015 wanda ya dogara da kusan tafiye-tafiye na bautar 35,000. Kimanin kashi 6% na dukkan 'yan Afirka da aka kawo ta hanyar cinikin bayi na Atlantic sun isa [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], kafin da kuma bayan zamanin mulkin mallaka; sauran sun tafi Brazil, West Indies ko wasu yankuna. Yawancin waɗannan 'yan Afirka sun fito ne daga bakin tekun bayi na Yammacin Afirka. Sauran kafofin sun kiyasta cinikin bayi na Islama ya sace irin wannan adadin 'yan Afirka, tare da tsakanin mutane miliyan 8 zuwa miliyan 17 da aka dauka daga Afirka tsakanin ƙarni na 8 zuwa 19 tare da hanyoyin cinikayya na [[Kasuwancin Trans-Sahara|Trans-Sahara]]. Daular Portuguese ta kai 'yan Afirka na farko zuwa Sabon Duniya a cikin shekarun 1560, har zuwa shekarun 1700 [[Mexico (ƙasa)|Mexico]] ita ce babbar manufa ga waɗancan fursunoni a ƙarƙashin [[Harshen Ibo|Ibo]] Mutanen Espanya.<ref>Rawley, James A.; Behrendt, Stephen D. (December 2005). ''The Transatlantic Slave Trade: A History''. p. 63. {{ISBN|0-8032-0512-0}}.</ref> Mutanen Afirka na farko da suka zama bayi a cikin abin da ke yanzu Amurka sun isa a shekara ta 1526, suna sauka a Winyah Bay na yanzu, South Carolina a cikin wani ɗan gajeren mulkin mallaka da ake kira San Miguel de Gualdape a ƙarƙashin ikon Daular Spain. Sun kuma kasance 'yan Afirka na farko da suka yi bautar a Arewacin Amurka don shirya tawaye na bayi.<ref name="GHQ_Cameron_2012">{{Cite journal |last=Cameron |first=Guy |last2=Vermette |first2=Stephen |date=2012 |title=The Role of Extreme Cold in the Failure of the San Miguel de Gualdape Colony |journal=The Georgia Historical Quarterly |volume=96 |issue=3 |pages=291–307 |issn=0016-8297 |jstor=23622193}}</ref> A shekara ta 1619, jirgin bawa na farko ya ɗauki mutane ashirin daga [[Masarautar Kongo]] ta tsakiya ta Afirka - zuwa rayuwar bautar a cikin abin da ke yanzu Mexico. [[Masarautar Kongo]], a wannan lokacin ta shimfiɗa sama da yanki na kilomita 60,000 (kilomita 97,000) a cikin ruwa na [[Kogin Congo|Kogin Kongo]] - kogin na biyu mafi tsawo a Afirka - kuma yana da yawan mutane miliyan 2.5 - yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan masarautun Afirka. A ɗan gajeren lokaci, Sarki João I na Kongo, wanda ya yi mulki daga 1470 zuwa 1509, ya tuba da son rai zuwa [[Cocin katolika|Katolika]], kuma kusan ƙarni uku - daga 1491 zuwa 1750 - masarautar Kongo ta yi Kiristanci kuma "mai zaman kanta mulkin duniya ne". Zuriyar shinkafa sun bautar mutanen [[Gullah]] - wanda ƙasarsu ta asali ita ce [[Saliyo]] - sun fi warewa a tsibirai da ke bakin tekun [[South Carolina|Kudancin Carolina]].[and]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schrag |first=Norm |last2=Hilton |first2=Anne |date=1987 |title=Review of The Kingdom of Kongo |journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=145–147 |doi=10.2307/219308 |issn=0361-7882 |jstor=219308}}</ref> Gullah ruhaniya ana raira waƙa a cikin yaren Creole wanda ya rinjayi Afirka ta Amirka ta Turanci tare da yawancin kalmomin Afirka da suka fito daga [[Yaren Akan|Akan]], [[Yarbanci|Yoruba]] da Igbo. Kafawar bautar a Amurka ta ƙare tare da ƙarshen Yaƙin basasar Amurka a 1865. [[Cinikin bayi a Amurka|Cinikin bayi na cikin gida]] wanda ya fito bayan Majalisa ta Amurka ta haramta cinikin bayi na duniya a cikin 1808 kuma ya kasance har sai yakin basasar Amurka ya lalata tsararraki na iyalai na Afirka. Bautar a Amurka ta bambanta da ma'aikata a wasu yankuna na Amurka, kamar su West Indies, Dutch Guiana da [[Brazil]]. A cikin Amurka, bayi suna da ƙimar rayuwa mafi girma kuma ta haka ne akwai "ƙaruwar ƙaruwa a cikin yawan bayi sama da ƙarni daya da rabi - tare da lambobi kusan ninka sau uku a ƙarshen cinikin bayi na cikin gida a cikin shekarun 1860. " A wannan lokacin, "kimanin maza, mata, da yara miliyan 1.2. waɗanda aka haifa a Amurka, " sun rasa - ma'aurata sun rabu da juna, kuma iyaye sun rabu da yaransu. <ref name="Yale_GLC_Context" /> A shekara ta 1850, yawancin 'yan Afirka na Afirka sun kasance "Amurkawa na uku, na huɗu, ko na biyar". <ref name="Yale_GLC_Context" /> A cikin 1800s, an haifi yawancin bayi a cikin British West Indies da [[Brazil]] a Afirka, yayin da a Amurka, sun kasance "tsara da aka cire daga Afirka".<ref name="Yale_GLC_Context" /> == Bayani na gaba ɗaya == [[Fayil:Frontispiece_of_Frederick_Douglass_in_Narrative_of_the_Life_of_Frederick_Douglass,_an_American_Slave_(1845).jpg|left|thumb|Hoton Douglass daga labarinsa na 1845]] A cikin 1845 Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, a American Slave, wani rubutu game da kawar da kuma wani memoire, Frederick Douglass (1818-1895) - babban mai magana - ya bayyana waƙoƙin bawa kamar yadda yake ba da "''Labari'' wanda ya wuce cikakkiyar fahimta; sun kasance sautuna, da ƙarfi, suna numfashi da gunaguni na rayuka da ke tafasa tare da baƙin ciki mafi muni. Kowane sautin da aka yi waƙoƙi, da addu'a ga Allah don ceto daga sarƙoƙi da aka rubuta a farkon NLC, har yanzu suna bautarsu, wanda aka rubuta a cikin waɗannan sanannun nan, wanda ya fi sani da kuma ya fi sani. Waƙoƙin bayi an kira su "Waƙoƙin Gobe" ta [[W. E. B. Du Bois|W.E.B. Du Bois]] a cikin littafinsa na 1903, The Souls of Black Folk.<ref name="APT_Kirkland_2015">{{Cite journal |last=Kirkland |first=Paul E. |date=Summer 2015 |title=Sorrow Songs and Self-Knowledge: The Politics of Recognition and Tragedy in W.E.B. Du Bois's ''Souls of Black Folk'' |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/full/10.1086/682046?mobileUi=0 |journal=American Political Thought |volume=4 |pages=412–437 |doi=10.1086/682046 |s2cid=155920736 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> [https://scalar.usc.edu/works/will-the-circle-be-unbroken/hansonia-caldwell Hansonia Caldwell], marubucin kiɗa na Afirka ta Amirka, ruhaniya: ainihin kiɗa na jama'a na Baƙar fata da kiɗa na Baƙar Amurka: jerin lokuta: 1619-1995, ya ce ruhaniya "sun ci gaba da 'yan Afirka lokacin da aka bautarsu. Ta bayyana su a matsayin "waƙoƙin ƙididdiga" wanda "zai sanar da tarurruka, kamar yadda a cikin "Sashe Away", kuma bayyana hanyar gudu, kamar a cikin "Bayan Drinkin' Gourd". Sun yi amfani da Harriet Down Moses - wannan sunan lakabi ne a Jami' ya zama san shi a fannoni mai yawa - don haka ne - don haka a fannonin Jihar CCS "<ref name="CSUDH_20110502" /><ref name="CSUDH_20110502" /> "Afirka ta Afirka ta ruhaniya (wanda ake kira Negro Spiritual) ya zama ɗaya daga cikin mafi girma kuma mafi mahimmancin nau'ikan waƙoƙin gargajiya na Amurka," a cewar Laburaren Majalisa na 2016 labarin.<ref name="LOC_SOA_2016">{{Cite web |date=July 1, 2016 |title=Spirituals |url=https://www.loc.gov/collections/songs-of-america/articles-and-essays/musical-styles/ritual-and-worship/spirituals |access-date=February 25, 2021 |website=[[Library of Congress]] |series=The Library of Congress Celebrates the Songs of America}}</ref><ref name="LOC_AAS_2016"/> Ruhaniya da farko ana magana da ita, amma a shekara ta 1867 an buga tarin farko, mai taken "Slave Songbook". A cikin gabatarwar littafin, ɗaya daga cikin masu tarawa, William Francis Allen, ya gano "ci gaban Negro Spirituals da alaƙar al'adu zuwa Afirka. " <ref name="Slave_songs_1867" /> Littafin 1867 ya haɗa da ruhaniya waɗanda aka sani sosai kuma ana rera su akai-akai a cikin majami'u na Amurka amma waɗanda asalin su a cikin shuke-shuke, ba a amince da su ba. Allen ya rubuta cewa, kusan ba zai yiwu a isar da ruhaniya a cikin bugawa ba saboda ingancin muryoyin Afirka ta Amirka tare da "sauti da bambance-bambance masu mahimmanci", inda ba za a iya "sake maimaitawa a kan takarda ba". Allen ya bayyana rikitarwa na waƙoƙi kamar "Ba zan iya zama a baya ba, Ubangijinmu", ko kuma "Turn, mai zunubi, juya O!" waɗanda ke da "kiran da ke da rikitarwa" inda babu ɓangarorin raira waƙa, kuma babu mawaƙa biyu "sun yi kama da suna raira waƙa iri ɗaya. "Mawara "mai raira waƙa yana fara kalmomin kowane aya, sau da yawa yana ingantawa, kuma wasu, waɗanda suka "kafa" shi, kamar yadda ake kira, ya shiga cikin maimaitawa, ko ma shiga cikin solo, lokacin da kalmomin sun saba".<ref name="Slave_songs_1867" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=April 2, 2015 |title=The Negro Spiritual |url=https://spirituals-database.com/the-negro-spiritual/ |access-date=March 1, 2021 |website=The Spirituals Database}}</ref> [[Fayil:(Portrait_of_James_Weldon_Johnson)_(LOC)_-_Flickr_-_The_Library_of_Congress.jpg|right|thumb|Hoton James Weldon Johnson a cikin 1932]] A cikin littafin su na 1925, The Books of American Negro Spirituals, James Weldon Johnson da Grace Nail Johnson sun ce ruhaniya, waɗanda "kawai kuma kawai halittar" na 'yan Afirka na Amirka, suna wakiltar "Amurka kawai irin kiɗa na gargajiya...Lokacin da ya zo ga amfani da kalmomi, mai kirkirar waƙar yana gwagwarmaya a ƙarƙashin iyakokinsa a cikin harshe kuma, watakila, kuma a ƙarƙashin kuskuren fahimta ko kuskuren gaskiyar a cikin tushen kayan sa, gabaɗaya Littafi Mai-Tsarki". Ma'aurata masu aiki ne a lokacin Harlem Renaissance National Association of Colored People of Colored Johnson. Arthur C. Jones, farfesa a cikin Musicology, Ethnomusicology da Theory Department a Lamont School of Music a Jami'ar Denver, ya kafa "The Spirituals Project" don adanawa da sake farfado da "kiɗa da koyarwar waƙoƙin gargajiya masu tsarki da ake kira spirituals, "wanda 'yan Afirka na Amurka suka kirkira kuma suka fara rerawa a cikin bautar". <ref name="Jones_1998"/> "Al'ummar da ke cikin bauta" ne suka halicci ruhaniya, a tsawon lokaci sun zama sanannun kiɗa na farko na "sa hannu" na Amurka.<ref name="spiritualsproject_20150725"/> An hana su yin magana da yarensu, gabaɗaya sun tuba zuwa Kiristanci. Tare da ƙayyadaddun ƙamus, sun yi amfani da kalmomin da suka sani don fassara bayanan Littafi Mai-Tsarki da gaskiyar daga sauran tushe zuwa waƙa. == Asalin al'adu == === Tushen Afirka === J.H. Kwabena Nketia (1921-2019), wanda ''New York Times'' ta bayyana a cikin 2019 a matsayin "mafi kyawun masanin kiɗa na Afirka", ya ce a cikin 1973 cewa akwai muhimmiyar, mai dogaro da juna, mai ƙarfi, da kuma "dangantaka mai mahimmanci tsakanin kiɗa na Afrika da na Afirka ta Amirka". <ref name="Nketia_1973"/> {{Rp|7–15}}<ref name="Jones_1954">{{Cite journal |last=Jones |first=A. M. |date=1954 |title=African Rhythm |journal=Africa: Journal of the International African Institute |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=26–47 |doi=10.2307/1156732 |issn=0001-9720 |jstor=1156732 |s2cid=245910672}}</ref> 'Yan Afirka na Afirka "a cikin shuka ta Kudu sun samo asali ne daga al'adun asali da al'adun Afirka. " <ref name="mcgc">{{Cite web |title=Morehouse College Glee Club: History |url=http://www.mcgclub.com/ |access-date=2010-11-01}}</ref> A cewar wata hira ta PBS ta Mayu 2012, "ruhaniya sune waƙoƙin gargajiya na addini, galibi suna da tushe a cikin labarun Littafi Mai-Tsarki, an sa su tare, an raira su, kuma sun wuce daga ƙarni ɗaya zuwa wani. <ref name="PBS_Faw_20120504">{{Cite journal |last=Faw |first=Bob |date=May 4, 2012 |title=African-American Spirituals |url=https://www.pbs.org/wnet/religionandethics/2012/05/04/may-4-2012-african-american-spirituals/10896/ |journal=[[Religion & Ethics Newsweekly]] |publisher=[[PBS]] |access-date=November 20, 2018}}</ref> [Lura 1][Lura 2][Lura 3] A cewar littafin Walter Pitts na 1996 Old Ship of Zion, ruhaniya wani nau'i ne na kiɗa wanda yake na asali kuma takamaiman ga kwarewar addini na bayi na Afirka da zuriyarsu a Amurka. Pitts ya ce sun kasance sakamakon hulɗar kiɗa da addini daga Afirka tare da kiɗa da addinin asalin Turai. : 74 {{Rp|74}} A cikin wata hira da PBS ta Mayu 2012, Uzee Brown Jr. ya ce ruhaniya sune "kaya aiki na rayuwa ga bawa na Afirka".<ref name="PBS_Faw_20120504"/> Brown ya ce yayin da wasu al'adun da aka zalunta "kusan an shafe su", bawan Afirka ya tsira saboda ruhaniya ta hanyar "raira waƙa ta yawancin matsalolinsu", ta hanyar kirkirar nasu "hanyar sadarwa".<ref name="PBS_Faw_20120504" /> Mutanen da aka bautar sun gabatar da sabbin kayan kida da yawa zuwa Amurka: ƙasusuwa, ƙwanƙwasa jiki, da kayan aiki daban-daban da ake kira bania, banju, ko banjar, wanda ya kasance mai gabatarwa ga banjo amma ba tare da frets ba.<ref name="PBS_Faw_20120504"/> Sun kawo tare da su daga Afirka al'adun addini na dogon lokaci wanda ya nuna muhimmancin ba da labari.<ref name="PBS_Abernethy_20050826">{{Cite journal |last=Abernethy |first=Bob |date=August 26, 2005 |title=African-American Spirituals |url=https://www.pbs.org/wnet/religionandethics/2005/08/26/august-26-2005-african-american-spirituals/10900/ |journal=[[Religion & Ethics Newsweekly]] |publisher=[[PBS]] |access-date=February 25, 2021}}</ref><ref name="NHC_Q&A_forum_200010">{{Cite web |date=October 2000 |title=African-American Religion |url=http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/tserve/getback/gbafricanam.htm |access-date=February 25, 2021 |website=[[National Humanities Center]] |series=Getting Back To You – Divining America: Religion in American History}}</ref> Shaidar muhimmiyar rawar da kiɗa na Afirka ya taka wajen kirkirar ruhaniya ta Afirka ta wanzu, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, a cikin amfani da "rhythms mai rikitarwa" da "polyrhythms" daga Afirka ta Yamma.<ref name="Nketia_1973"/> : 7–15 {{Rp|7–15}} === Addini a rayuwar yau da kullun === Dangane da imanin [[Bauta|Addinin bawa]], "abubuwa da ruhaniya suna cikin haɗin kai".<ref name="JBS_Barker_2015" /> Kiɗa, addini, da rayuwar yau da kullun ba za a iya raba su ba a cikin ruhaniya, kuma ta hanyar su, an shigar da manufofin addini cikin ayyukan rayuwar yau da kullum.<ref name="JBS_Barker_2015">{{Cite journal |last=Barker |first=Thomas P. |date=2015 |title=Spatial Dialectics |url=https://www.academia.edu/12335806 |journal=Journal of Black Studies |volume=46 |issue=4 |pages=363–383 |doi=10.1177/0021934715574499 |issn=0021-9347 |s2cid=146488455 |access-date=February 28, 2021 |doi-access=free}}</ref> :{{Rp|372}} Ruhaniya sun ba da wasu rigakafi don kare addinin Afirka na Amurka daga zama mulkin mallaka, kuma ta wannan hanyar sun adana "mai tsarki a matsayin wuri mai yuwuwa na juriya".<ref name="JBS_Barker_2015" /> :{{Rp|372}} Wani labarin 2015 a cikin Journal of Black Studies ya ce ba abin mamaki ba ne saboda haka "an raira waƙoƙin ruhaniya da farko a matsayin waƙoƙun motsa jiki, waƙoƙan filin, waƙoƙi na aiki, da waƙoƙen zamantakewa, maimakon kawai a cikin coci. " <ref name="JBS_Barker_2015" />:{{Rp|372}} Labarin ya bayyana yadda, "ta hanyar amfani da metonymy (ya maye gurbin kalmomin da aka haɗa don canza abubuwan da ke cikin ma'ana), ruhaniya sun yi aiki a matsayin nau'in ilimin addini, suna iya magana a lokaci guda game da 'yanci na zahiri da' yanci na ruhaniya", misali a cikin ruhaniya, "Sashe zuwa Yesu". : 372 {{Rp|372}} A cikin William Eleazar Barton's (1899-1972) Old Plantation Hymns, marubucin ya rubuta cewa "waƙoƙin Afirka na Afirka ba sa ambaton Littafi Mai-Tsarki a matsayin tushen wahayi. Sun fi son "addini na zuciya" fiye da "addini mai littafi". Barton, wanda ya halarci hidima tare da 'yan Afirka na Amirka, ya ce ba su raira waƙoƙin "allaka" waɗanda suka ƙarfafa "ta' tabbaci ta hanyar alkawarin Allah a cikin Nassi Mai Tsarki"; maimakon haka, a cikin waƙoƙarcen Afirka-Amurka, suna kira ga ƙarin "bayani daga Ubangiji. "Ya ambaci misalai na "Mu Wasu daga cikin Masu Addu'a" da kuma waƙar yabo daga Alabama - "Saɓi kambi mai taurari". Ya kuma lura cewa waɗannan waƙoƙin suna da "maimaitawa uku da layin ƙarshe. ": 16 A cikin ƙarshen, mun sami "sanannen juyawa da haɗin kai" na Ba'amurke. Ruhaniya ba kawai nau'o'i daban-daban na waƙoƙi ko labarun Littafi Mai-Tsarki ba ne, amma a maimakon haka sauye-sauye ne na kayan; sabbin waƙoƙoƙi da kiɗa, da kuma bambance-bambance na salon sun taimaka wajen ware kiɗa a matsayin Afirka-Amurka. Babban farkawa na farko, ko "farkawar bishara" - jerin farkawar Kirista a cikin shekarun 1730 da 1740 sun mamaye Biritaniya da yankunanta na Arewacin Amurka, ya haifar da bayi da yawa a cikin yankuna suna juyawa zuwa Kristanci.<ref name="McGrawHill_AAS">{{Cite web |title=African American Spirituals |url=http://spotlightonmusic.macmillanmh.com/n/teachers/articles/folk-and-traditional-styles/african-american-spirituals |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315041456/http://spotlightonmusic.macmillanmh.com/n/teachers/articles/folk-and-traditional-styles/african-american-spirituals |archive-date=March 15, 2015 |access-date=March 11, 2015 |website=spotlightonmusic.macmillanmh.com |series=Spotlight on music |publisher=McGraw Hill}} A connectED program for Grades 1–8.</ref> A wannan lokacin masu wa'azi na Baptist da Methodist sun tuba da 'yan Afirka na Afirka, gami da wadanda suka zama bayi. A wasu al'ummomi an yarda da 'yan Afirka a cikin al'ummomin Kirista a matsayin dattawa.<ref>{{Cite book|last3=Thomas S. Kidd}}</ref> Daga 1800 zuwa 1825 an fallasa bayi ga kiɗa na addini na tarurrukan sansanin a kan iyakar da ke fadadawa.<ref name="NMAAHC_2012"/> Yayinda al'adun addinai na Afirka suka ragu a Amurka a ƙarni na 18 da 19, yawancin 'yan Afirka na Afirka suka fara juyawa zuwa Kiristanci.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lambert |first=Frank |date=Winter 2002 |title='I Saw the Book Talk': Slave Readings of the First Great Awakening |journal=The Journal of African American History |volume=87 |issue=1 |pages=12–25 |doi=10.1086/JAAHv87n1p12 |jstor=1562488 |s2cid=142221704}}</ref> A cikin wani 1982 "rashin amincewa" na malaman farkawa, masanin tarihin Jami'ar Yale, Jon Butler, ya rubuta cewa farkawa tatsuniyar ce da masana tarihi suka gina a karni na 18 wadanda suka yi ƙoƙari su yi amfani da labarin farkawa don nasu "ma'anar addini".<ref name="JAH_Butler_198209">{{Cite journal |last=Butler |first=Jon |author-link=Jon Butler |date=September 1982 |title=Enthusiasm Described and Decried: The Great Awakening as Interpretative Fiction |journal=Journal of American History |volume=69 |issue=2 |pages=305–325 |doi=10.2307/1893821 |jstor=1893821}}</ref> === Jigogi na Littafi Mai-Tsarki === A karni na 17, 'yan Afirka masu bautar sun saba da labarun Littafi Mai-Tsarki na Kirista, kamar labarin [[Musa]] da Daniyel, suna ganin labaran kansu sun nuna a cikinsu. Wani nau'i na Kiristanci na Afirka ya samo asali ne a cikin yawan bayi tare da ruhaniya na Afirka na Amurka wanda ke ba da hanyar "bayyana sabuwar bangaskiyar al'umma, da kuma baƙin ciki da fatanta".<ref name="LOC_SOA_2016"/> Yayin da 'yan Afirka suka fallasa labarun Littafi Mai-Tsarki, sun fara ganin kamanceceniya da abubuwan da suka faru. Labarin gudun hijira na Yahudawa da bautar da suka yi a Babila, ya yi daidai da bautar kansu.<ref name="McGrawHill_AAS"/> Kalmomin ruhaniya na Kirista suna nuni da siffofi na alama na siffofin Littafi Mai-Tsarki kamar [[Musa]] da Fitowa Isra'ila daga Misira a cikin waƙoƙi kamar "Michael Row the Boat Ashore". Har ila yau, akwai nau'i biyu a cikin kalmomin ruhaniya. Sun sanar da ra'ayoyin Kirista da yawa yayin da suke sadarwa game da wahalar da ta haifar da zama bawa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=http://www.negrospirituals.com/history.htm |access-date=February 15, 2010}}</ref> Kogin Jordan a cikin waƙoƙin addini na gargajiya na Afirka ya zama iyaka ta alama ba kawai tsakanin wannan duniya da na gaba ba. Hakanan yana iya nuna alamar tafiya zuwa arewa da 'yanci ko kuma yana iya nuna iyaka mai ban mamaki daga matsayin bautar zuwa rayuwa kyauta. Syncopation, ko lokaci mai tsayi, wani bangare ne na halitta na kiɗa na ruhaniya. An buga waƙoƙi a kan kayan kida na Afirka. == Tarin kalmomin ruhaniya == Masu ruhaniya na Afirka-Amurka suna da alaƙa da waƙoƙin shuka, waƙoƙun bayi, waƙoƙi na 'yanci, da waƙoƙoƙin Railway na karkashin kasa, kuma suna magana har zuwa ƙarshen Yaƙin basasar Amurka. Bayan yakin basasa da 'yanci, an sami "tattarawa mai yawa da adana ruhaniya a matsayin al'adar waƙoƙin gargajiya". An buga tarin farko na Negro spirituals a 1867, shekaru biyu bayan yakin ya ƙare. An kira shi Slave Songs of the United States, an tattara shi ne ta hanyar 'yan abolitionist uku na arewa - Charles Pickard Ware (1840-1921), Lucy McKim Garrison (1842-1877), William Francis Allen (1830-1889) Tarin 1867 da aka gina akan dukan tarin Charles P. Ware, wanda yafi tattara waƙoƙi a Coffin's Point, St. Helena Island, South Carolina, gidan mutanen Afirka-Amurka [[Gullah]] da suka fito daga Afirka ta Yamma. Yawancin littafin 1867 sun ƙunshi waƙoƙin da aka tattara kai tsaye daga 'yan Afirka na Afirka.<ref name="Slave_songs_1867" /> A cikin shekarun 1830 aƙalla, "waƙoƙin shuka", "waƙoƙi na bawa na gaskiya", da "Melodies Negro", sun zama sananne sosai. A ƙarshe, an halicci "kayan kwaikwayon ƙarya" don ƙarin "ɗanɗano mai ban sha'awa". Marubutan sun lura cewa "Lokacin da suka gabata", "Kusa da tafkin inda willow ya nutse", da kuma "Hanyar da za ta sauka a Raccoon Hollow" an aro su ne daga waƙoƙin Afirka na Amurka.<ref name="Slave_songs_1867" /> An sake sha'awar waɗannan waƙoƙin ta hanyar Gwajin Port Royal (1861-), inda sabbin ma'aikatan gonar Afirka ta Amurka suka sami nasarar karɓar aikin gonakin Port Royal Island a 1861, inda aka bautar da su. Masu wa'azi a ƙasashen waje na Arewa, malamai da likitoci sun zo don kula da ci gaban Port Royal. Marubutan sun lura cewa, a shekara ta 1867, "na farko bakwai na ruhaniya a cikin wannan tarin" an "raira waƙa a coci a kai a kai".<ref name="Slave_songs_1867" /> A cikin 1869, Colonel Thomas Wentworth Higginson, wanda ya umarci rundunar Afirka ta farko ta yakin basasa, 1st South Carolina Volunteers - "an tattara, an horar da shi, kuma an ajiye shi a Beaufort, South Carolina" daga 1862 zuwa 1863. Higginson ya yi sha'awar tsoffin bayi a cikin rundunarsa yana cewa, "Halin su ne a ƙarƙashin makamai wanda ya kunyata al'ummar ta gane su a matsayin maza. "Ya haɗu da sojoji kuma a cikin littafinsa na 1869 Army Life in a Black Regiment wanda ya haɗa da kalmomin zaɓaɓɓun ruhaniya. <ref name="Atlantic_Higginson_1867" /> A lokacin yakin basasa, Higginson ya rubuta wasu abubuwan ruhaniya da ya ji a sansanin. "Kusan dukkanin waƙoƙin su na addini ne sosai a cikin sautin su, ...kuma suna cikin ƙaramin maɓalli, duka game da kalmomi da kiɗa. " Farawa a 1871, Fisk Jubilee Singers sun fara yawon shakatawa, suna haifar da ƙarin sha'awa ga "ruhaniya a matsayin wasan kwaikwayo na kide-kide". A shekara ta 1872, Jubilee Singers suna buga nasu littattafan waƙoƙi, wanda ya haɗa da "The Gospel Train". {{Reflist}}{{Reflist}}  Reverend Alexander Reid ya halarci wasan kwaikwayon Fisk Jubilee Singers a 1871, kuma ya ba da shawarar cewa su kara waƙoƙi da yawa ga repertoire. Reid, wanda ya kasance mai kula a Kwalejin Spencerville a Oklahoma a yankin Choctaw Nation a cikin shekarun 1850, ya ji ma'aikata biyu da mutanen Choctaw suka bautar, - dangin Afirka-Amurka - mahaifin Wallace Willis da 'yar Minerva Willis - suna raira "waƙoƙin shuka da suka fi so" daga ƙofar gidansu da yamma. Sun koyi waƙoƙin a cikin "Mississippi a farkon ƙuruciyarsu. " Reid ya ba wa mawaƙa na Jubilee tare da kalmomin "Swing Low, Sweet Chariot", Roll, Jordan, Roll, "The Angels are Coming", "I'm a Rolling", da "Steal Away To Jesus", da sauransu da Willis da matarsa suka raira waƙa. Masu raira waƙa na Jubilee sun shahara da waƙoƙin Willis.{{Rp|}} {{Reflist}} == Yaduwa == === Fisk Jubilee Waƙoƙi da suka shahara da ruhaniya === [[Fayil:The_Story_of_the_Jubilee_Singers.jpg|left|thumb|Masu raira waƙa na Jubilee na Fisk, 1875]] Mawallafin Fisk Jubilee na asali, ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta maza da mata masu yawon shakatawa na ɗalibai tara na sabuwar makarantar Fisk da aka kafa a Nashville, Tennessee waɗanda suka kasance masu aiki daga 1871 zuwa 1878, sun shahara da Negro spirituals.<ref name="FJS_history_2006">{{Cite web |date=2006 |title=Our History |url=http://www.fiskjubileesingers.org/our_history.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070321165614/http://www.fiskjubileesingers.org/our_history.html |archive-date=March 21, 2007 |access-date=February 23, 2021 |website=Fisk Jubilee Singers}}</ref> Sunan "jubilee" yana nufin "shekarar jubilee" a cikin [[Tsohon Alkawari]] - lokacin 'yancin bayi. A ranar 9 ga Janairu, 1866, jim kadan bayan ƙarshen Yaƙin basasar Amurka (1861 zuwa 9 ga Mayu, 1865), Ƙungiyar Mishaneri ta Amurka ta kafa Jami'ar Fisk a Nashville, Tennessee, [[Kwalejoji da Jami'o'i na Baƙar Fata a Tarihi|kwalejin baƙar fata na tarihi]]. A matsayinta na mai tara kudade a makaranta, Fisk Jubilee Singers sun yi rangadin su na farko a kan abin da ake kira yanzu Jubilee Day - 6 ga Oktoba, 1871. <ref name="FJS_history_2006" /> Masu sauraro na farko sun kasance ƙananan, na gida, kuma masu shakku, amma a shekara ta 1872, sun yi a bikin zaman lafiya na duniya na Boston da kuma Fadar White House, kuma a shekara ta 1879 sun zagaya Turai.<ref name="FJS_history_2006" /> A farkon kwanakin su, Jubilee Singers ba su raira waƙoƙin bayi ba. Sheppard - wanda kuma ya kirkiro kuma ya shirya kiɗa - ya bayyana yadda waƙoƙin bayi, kamar waɗanda aka buga a cikin ''Waƙoƙin Bawa'' na 1867, da farko ba su kasance wani ɓangare na waƙoƙinsu ba saboda waƙoƙinsa, "sun kasance masu tsarki ga iyayensu, waɗanda suka yi amfani da su a cikin bautar addininsu kuma suka yi ihu a kansu". Shephard ya ce, "Sannu bayan watanni ne kawai zukatanmu suka buɗe ga tasirin waɗannan abokai kuma mun fara godiya ga kyakkyawa da ikon waƙoƙinanmu masu ban mamaki". A ƙarshe waƙoƙinku sun fara haɗa waɗannan waƙoƙoninmu. A shekara ta 1878, ƙungiyar mawaƙan (Singers) ta watse. A shekara ta 1890 kuma, an farfaɗo da gadon da suka bari lokacin da Ella Sheppard Moore—ɗaya daga cikin asalin mambobi tara na Fisk Jubilee Singers—ta koma Fisk, ta fara horas da sabbin mawaƙan jubilee, ciki har da John Wesley Work Jr. (1871–1925). A shekara ta 1899, shugaban Fisk University, E. M. Cravath, ya yi kira da a kafa ƙungiyar mawaƙan jubilee mai haɗa maza da mata wadda za ta riƙa yin rangadi domin wakiltar jami'ar. Sai dai cikakkiyar ƙungiyar maza da mata ta yi tsadar da ba za a iya ci gaba da kai ta yawon waƙa ba, don haka aka maye gurbinta da ƙungiyar mawaƙa huɗu maza ta John Work II. Wannan ƙungiyar ta samu karɓuwa sosai daga jama'a, kuma daga baya ta yi jerin rikodin waƙoƙi masu matuƙar sayuwa ga kamfanonin Victor, Edison, Columbia, da Starr tsakanin shekarun 1909 zuwa 1916. John Work Jr.—wanda kuma ake kira John Work II—ya shafe kusan shekaru talatin yana aiki a Fisk University, inda ya tattara tare da yaɗa salon waƙoƙin jubilee na asalin Fisk Jubilee Singers. A shekara ta 1901 kuma, shi da ɗan'uwansa, Frederick J. Work, sun wallafa littafin mai suna New Jubilee Songs as Sung by the Fisk Jubilee Singers, wanda ya ƙunshi sabbin waƙoƙin jubilee kamar yadda Fisk Jubilee Singers suke rerawa. Daga 1890 zuwa 1919, "Amurkawa na Afirka sun ba da gudummawa sosai ga masana'antar rikodin a cikin shekarun da suka fara", tare da rikodin da Fisk Jubilee Singers da sauransu suka yi. === Masu raira waƙa na Hampton === A shekara ta 1873, Hampton Singers sun kafa rukuni a Hampton, Virginia a abin da yanzu ake kira Jami'ar Hampton. Su ne rukuni na farko da suka yi "tsayayya da Jubilee Singers". Tare da Robert Nathaniel Dett (1882-1943) a matsayin mai gudanarwa har zuwa 1933, Hampton Singers "sun sami mabiya na duniya".<ref name="LOC_AAS_2016"/> === Cibiyar Tuskegee Quartet === An shirya Tuskegee Quartet na farko a cikin 1884 ta hanyar Booker T. Washington, wanda shi ne kuma ya kafa Cibiyar Tuskegee. Tun daga shekara ta 1881, Washington ta nace cewa duk wanda ke halartar hidimar addini ta mako-mako ya kamata ya shiga cikin waƙoƙin ruhaniya na Afirka. An kafa Quartet don "tabbatar da sha'awar Cibiyar Tuskegee". A cikin 1909 an kafa sabon quartet. Mawakin sun yi tafiya a hankali har zuwa shekarun 1940.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Choir History |url=https://www.tuskegee.edu/student-life/join-a-student-organization/choir/choir-history |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303175441/https://www.tuskegee.edu/student-life/join-a-student-organization/choir/choir-history |archive-date=2021-03-03 |access-date=February 25, 2021 |website=Tuskegee University |url-status=live }}</ref> Kamar Fisk Jubilee Singers, Tuskegee Institute Singers sun raira waƙoƙi na ruhaniya a cikin salon da aka gyara. === Hadisin ruhaniya na kide-kide === Mawallafin Afirka na Amurka - Harry Burleigh, R. Nathaniel Dett, da William Dawson, sun kirkiro "sabon repertoire don matakin kide-kide" ta hanyar amfani da ilimin gargajiya na Yammacin Turai ga ruhaniya. Sun kawo ruhaniya zuwa saitunan kide-kide kuma sun jagoranci ƙarni na gaba na ƙwararrun mawaƙa na ruhaniya tun daga farkon karni na 20. [[Fayil:Maud_Cuney_Hare-Harry_T_Burleigh_328.jpg|right|thumb|Hoton Harry T. Burleigh, 1936]] Harry Burleigh's (1866-1949) - wani mawaki na gargajiya na Afirka-Amurka da baritone da aka yi a cikin saitunan kide-kide da yawa da aka buga Jubilee Songs of the United States a 1929, wanda ya sanya "ruhaniya ga mawaƙa na kide-kiye a matsayin waƙoƙin fasaha a karon farko". :{{Rp|102}} Burleigh ya shirya ruhaniya tare da tsari na gargajiya. Ya kuma kasance baritone, wanda ya yi a wurare da yawa na kide-kide. Ya gabatar da masu zane-zane masu horar da gargajiya, kamar Antonín Dvořák ga masu ruhaniya na Afirka. Wasu sun yi imanin cewa Dvorak ya yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ta hanyar ruhaniya a cikin Symphony From the New World . Ya horar da 'yan Afirka na Afirka, kamar [[Marian Anderson]], a matsayin mawaƙa na gargajiya. Sauran, kamar Roland Hayes da Paul Robeson sun ci gaba da gadonsa. {{Rp|284}}<ref name="AMRC_Glover_1998" /> [[Fayil:Robert_Nathaniel_Dett.jpg|left|thumb|Robert Nathaniel Dett a cikin 1920s]] R. Nathaniel Dett (1882-1943) an san shi da shirye-shiryen da ya yi wanda ya haɗa da kiɗa da ruhun mawaƙa na Romantic na Turai tare da ruhaniya na Afirka. A shekara ta 1918, ya ce, "Muna da wannan kantin sayar da kiɗa na gargajiya - waƙoƙin bayi" amma ba zai da amfani idan ba a yi amfani da shi ba. Dole ne mu bi da ruhaniya "a irin wannan hanyar da za a iya gabatar da shi a cikin nau'in mawaƙa, a cikin ayyukan lyric da operatic, a cikin kide-kide da suites da kiɗa na salon". :{{Rp|280}} R. Nathaniel Dett ya kasance mai ba da shawara ga Edward Boatner (1898-1981), wani mawaki na Afirka na Amurka wanda ya rubuta shirye-shiryen kide-kide da yawa na ruhaniya.<ref name="Southern_1997" /> Boatner da Willa A. Townsend sun buga Spirituals triumphant old and new a 1927. Boatner "ya ci gaba da muhimmancin sahihanci game da tarin da rubutun ruhaniya, amma kuma an gano shi a sarari tare da sababbin hanyoyin da aka tsara su kuma aka yi su".<ref name="AMRC_Glover_1998" /> : 102 {{Rp|102}} William L. Dawson (1876 - 1938), mawaƙi, darektan mawaƙa, farfesa na kiɗa, kuma Masanin kiɗa, an san shi, a tsakanin sauran nasarorin, don gabatarwa ta duniya ta Orchestra na Philadelphia na 1934 Negro Folk Symphony wanda aka sake shi tare da ƙarin rhythms na Afirka a 1952 bayan tafiyar Dawson zuwa Afirka ta Yamma. Ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun abubuwan ruhaniya shine "Ezekiel Saw the Wheel". <ref>{{Cite book|last3=Eileen Southern}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Dawson |first=William Levi |date=July 24, 2006 |title=William Levi Dawson papers, 1903–1990 |url=https://findingaids.library.emory.edu/documents/dawson892/ |website=findingaids.library.emory.edu}}</ref>{{Spaced en dash}} == Ruhaniya a rayuwar zamani == Fisk ''Jubilee'' Singers sun ci gaba da kula da shahararsu a karni na 21 tare da wasan kwaikwayo na kai tsaye a wurare kamar Grand Ole Opry House a cikin 2019 a Nashville, Tennessee . A cikin 2019 Tazewell Thompson ya gabatar da wani kiɗa na cappella mai suna Jubilee, wanda kyauta ce ga Fisk Jubilee Singers . Ruhaniya ta kasance muhimmiyar mahimmanci musamman a cikin ƙananan majami'u masu baƙar fata, sau da yawa Baptist ko Pentecostal, a cikin zurfin Kudu.<ref name="Banks">{{Cite web |title=African American Spirituals (unable to access title, author, date, live url) |url=http://archive.sltrib.com/printfriendly.php?id=2918780&itype=ngpsid |website=The Salt Lake Tribune}}</ref> Rabin ƙarshen karni na 20 ya ga sake farfado da ruhaniya. Wannan yanayin ya sami tasiri sosai daga mawaƙa da daraktocin kiɗa kamar Moses Hogan da Brazeal Dennard. Arthur Jones ya kafa "The Spirituals Project" a Jami'ar Denver a 1999 don taimakawa wajen kiyaye saƙo da ma'anar waƙoƙin da suka ƙaura daga filayen Kudu zuwa dakunan kide-kide na Arewa.<ref name="Banks"/> Everett McCorvey ya kafa The American Spiritual Ensemble <ref>{{Cite web |title=ASE |url=https://www.americanspiritualensemble.com/ |website=American Spiritual Ensemble}}</ref> a cikin 1995, ƙungiyar kusan mawaƙa masu sana'a guda biyu waɗanda ke zagayawa suna yin ruhaniya a Amurka da ƙasashen waje. Kungiyar ta samar da CD da yawa, gami da "The Spirituals", kuma ita ce mayar da hankali ga shirin watsa shirye-shiryen jama'a. <ref name="Gospel_Singers">{{Cite web |date= |title=African American Spirituals |url=https://www.singers.com/gospel/spirituals/ |access-date=February 25, 2021 |website=Singers: Primarily a capela}}[https://www.singers.com/gospel/spirituals/ www.singers.com]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=October 19, 2023 |title=KET Documentaries &#124; American Spiritual Ensemble &#124; KET |url=https://video.ket.org/video/american-spiritual-ensemble-pj9ksm/ |via=video.ket.org |access-date=June 3, 2026 |archive-date=June 9, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250609224810/https://video.ket.org/video/american-spiritual-ensemble-pj9ksm/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Asalin salo da halaye == Halayen ruhaniya sun haɗa da ƙwarewar haɗakar muryoyi, lokaci, da kuma sautin sauti.<ref name="PBS_Faw_20120504"/> Na ruhaniya sun kasance waƙoƙi ne da ba a haɗa su ba. Ana iya rage saurin a wasu waƙoƙi a wasu lokuta - ''Ritararando'' - kamar yadda yake a cikin "waƙoƙin makoki" da / ko nuna "kyakkyawan da haɗuwa da muryoyin".<ref name="JSAM_Graham_201205">{{Cite journal |last=Graham |first=Sandra Jean |date=May 2012 |title=There Breathes a Hope: The Legacy of John Work II and His Fisk Jubilee Quartet, 1909–1916 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-the-society-for-american-music/article/abs/there-breathes-a-hope-the-legacy-of-john-work-ii-and-his-fisk-jubilee-quartet-19091916-archeophone-arch-5020-2010/090B47B50CB7C3FB065B0FFEC2472260 |journal=Journal of the Society for American Music |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=253–255 |doi=10.1017/S1752196312000107 |issn=1752-1971 |s2cid=190735108 |url-access=subscription |access-date=February 23, 2021}}</ref> Tare da "kira kawai da amsawar hadin kai", waƙoƙi na iya haɗawa da "ƙididdigar da ke rufewa, da ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwa. "<ref name="JSAM_Graham_201205"/> Asalin salo ya haɗa da kiɗa na Afirka, Waƙoƙin Kirista, waƙoƙi na aiki, mai kuka, . Masanin tarihi Jonathan Curiel ya kuma lura da yiwuwar tasirin daga kiɗa na Islama. A cewar wani littafin McGraw Hill don makarantar sakandare, "An raira waƙoƙi na ruhaniya a matsayin waƙoƙoƙi da waƙoƙa. Wasu ruhaniya an daidaita su a matsayin waƙoƙin aiki.<ref name="McGrawHill_AAS"/> Black spirituals "amfani da microtonally flatted notes, syncopation da counter-rhythms alama da hannu a cikin baƙar fata ruhaniya wasan kwaikwayo. " <ref name="LOC_AAS_2016"/> Yana tsaye ne ga mawaƙa's striking murya murya muryar murya cewa siffofi da ihu, exclamations na kalmar "Glory! "da kuma sautin falsetto mai tsayi da tsayi".<ref name="LOC_AAS_2016" /> Za'a iya gano abubuwa masu yawa na ruhaniya da sauti zuwa tushen Afirka, gami da amfani da sikelin pentatonic (maɓallan baki akan piano). A cikin littafinsa na 1954 Studies in African Music, Arthur Morris Jones (1889-1980), mai wa'azi a ƙasashen waje kuma masanin ilimin kabilanci, ya ce a cikin kiɗa na Afirka, "mai rikitarwa na bambancin alamu" ya kasance tsakiya ga kiɗa na Afrika, kamar yadda aka kimanta jituwa a cikin kiɗan Turai. Jones ya bayyana drum shine mafi girman furcin rhythms, amma kuma ana iya samar da su ta hanyar bugawa da hannu, bugawa da sanda, rattles, da kuma "bugawa da pestles a cikin turmi". : 26 [Lura 1] A tsawon lokaci "al'adar kide-kide ta samo asali," <ref name="Gospel_Singers"/> wanda ya haɗa da aikin Hampton Singers a ƙarƙashin mawaƙa R. Nathaniel Dett.<ref name="LOC_AAS_2016"/> A cikin karni na 20, mawaƙa, kamar su Moses Hogan, Roland Carter, Jester Hairston, Brazeal Dennard da Wendell Whalum sun canza "shirye-shiryen cappella na ruhaniya don mawaƙa" fiye da "tushen waƙoƙin gargajiya na gargajiya".<ref name="LOC_AAS_2016">{{Cite web |date=July 1, 2016 |title=African American Spirituals |url=https://www.loc.gov/item/ihas.200197495 |access-date=February 25, 2021 |website=[[Library of Congress]]}}</ref> [[Fayil:Bach,_Komm,_Jesu_komm.png|thumb]] === Kira da amsawa === Farfesa na Jami'ar Denver, Arthur Jones, wanda ya kafa "The Spirituals Project a cikin 1998, daga makarantar Lamont ta jami'a, ya bayyana yadda za a iya gabatar da kalmomin da aka ƙayyade a cikin kira da amsawa, wanda kawai masu hankali da ke sane da saƙon da aka ɓoye zasu iya fahimta. : 51, 55 Ya bayyana "abubuwan ruhaniya da suka riga sun kasance" an yi amfani da su "a ɓoye" a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin da mutane suka yi amfani da shi a cikin "gwagwarmayar da yawa don 'yanci. "<ref name="Jones_1993" />{{Rp|51, 55}}<ref name="Gospel_Singers"/> === Waƙoƙin baƙin ciki === Waƙoƙin bayi an kira su "Waƙoƙin Gobe" ta [[W. E. B. Du Bois|W.E.B. Du Bois]] a cikin littafinsa, littafin 1903, The Souls of Black Folk . <ref name="APT_Kirkland_2015"/> Waƙoƙin baƙin ciki na ruhaniya ne, kamar, "Wani lokaci Ina Jin Kamar Yaro marar Uwa", da kuma "Babu Wanda Ya San Matsalar da Na gani" - waƙoƙin da ke da ƙarfi da baƙin ciki - ana rera su a hankali.<ref name="LOC_AAS_2016"/> === Waƙoƙin Jubilee === [[Fayil:Fisk_jubilee_singers_come_let_us_all_go_down_00987787_4834_0178.jpg|thumb]] Fisk Jubilee Singers sun yi nasara sosai har aka halicci wasu kungiyoyi don yin irin wannan kiɗa.<ref name="Ginell">{{Cite web |last=Ginell |first=Cary |title=Golden Gate Quartet: Gospel Train (1937–1942) |url=https://www.naxos.com/mainsite/blurbs_reviews.asp?item_code=8.120731&catNum=120731&filetype=About%20this%20Recording&language=English |access-date=February 25, 2021}}</ref> A tsawon lokaci an yi amfani da kalmar "jubilee" don komawa ga wasu ƙungiyoyi waɗanda suka raira waƙoƙin rukunin asali.<ref name="Ginell" /> A farkon shekarun 1900 mawaƙa na jubilee sun kuma ambaci mawaƙa waɗanda suka yi waƙoƙin bishara, da waƙoƙi da na ruhaniya.<ref name="Ginell" /> Misalan waɗannan ƙungiyoyin farkon ƙarni na sha tara sun haɗa da Norfolk Jubilee Quartet, Utica Jubilee Singers, da Tuskegee Institute Singers . <ref name="Ginell" /> Jubilee songs, also known as "camp meeting songs," such as and "[https://hymnary.org/text/fare_ye_well_fare_ye_well_fare_ye_well_f Fare Ye Well]" and "Rocky my soul in the bosom of Abraham" are fast-paced, "rhythmic and often syncopated".<ref name="LOC_AAS_2016"/> Spiritual songs which looked forward to a time of future happiness, or deliverance from tribulation, were often known as 'jubilees.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2021}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> A wasu majami'u, kamar cocin Pentecostal a cikin 1910s da 1920s a [[New Orleans]], babu wani kwayar halitta ko mawaƙa kuma kiɗa ya fi ƙarfi, ya fi ƙanƙanta kuma ya haɗa da saurin ruhaniya da ake kira "jubilees". Sun "yi amfani da drum, cymbal, tambourine, da triangle na ƙarfe. Kowa a can ya raira waƙa, kuma sun yi bulala da ƙafafunsu, kuma sun raira waƙa tare da dukkan jikinsu. Suna da bugun, rhythm da muka riƙe daga kwanakin bautar, kuma kiɗan su yana da ƙarfi da bayyanawa. "<ref name="Broughton_1985">{{Cite book|last3=Viv Broughton}}</ref>{{Rp|52–53}} === Waƙoƙin 'yanci === [[Fayil:Frederick_Douglass_(circa_1879).jpg|right|thumb|Frederick Douglass]] Frederick Douglass, wani abolitionist kuma tsohon bawa ya ce waƙoƙin bayi sun farka shi ga halin rashin mutunci na bautar, "Kamarwa kawai, har ma yanzu, yana wahalar ruhuna, kuma yayin da nake rubuta waɗannan layin, hawaye na suna fadowa. Ga waɗancan waƙoƙin na gano ra'ayoyi na farko game da halin rashin mutunci na bautar. Ba zan iya kawar da wannan ra'ayi ba. Wadannan waƙoƙin har yanzu suna bin ni, don zurfafa ƙiyayya da bautar, da kuma hanzarta jinƙai ga 'yan'uwana da ke cikin dangantaka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Frederick Douglass |year=1855 |title=My Bondage and My Freedom |url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/202/202-h/202-h.htm |access-date=June 6, 2013 |website=Project Gutenberg}}</ref> A cikin 2017 ''PBS Newshour'', ɓangaren da ake kira "Singing in Slavery: Songs of Survival, Songs of Freedom" ya ce, yayin da "ba a tabbatar da shi ba, an yi imani" - cewa "Wade in the Water" yana ɗaya daga cikin waƙoƙin da ke da alaƙa da Underground Railroad - cibiyar sadarwa ta hanyoyin sirri da gidaje masu aminci da bayi a Amurka ke amfani da su don neman 'yanci. gargadi bayi su fita daga hanya kuma su shiga cikin ruwa don hana karnuka - waɗanda masu bautar ke amfani da su - daga bin hanyarsu.<ref name="PBS_Berry_20170123" /> : 18 {{Rp|18}} Jones ya bayyana yadda a cikin shekarun Railroad na karkashin kasa "an riga an yi amfani da ruhaniya" "a ɓoye" a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin da mutane suka yi amfani da su a cikin "gwagwarmayar da aka yi amfani da ita don 'yanci". : 51, 55 Ya bayyana yadda za a iya gabatar da kalmomin da aka ƙayyade a cikin kira da amsawa, wanda kawai masu ciki suka san saƙon da aka ɓoye. : 51, 55 {{Rp|51, 55}} Wani hadin gwiwa da Maryland Public Television, Maryland Historical Society, da Maryland State Archives suka yi mai taken "Hanyar zuwa 'Yanci: Maryland da Jirgin Ruwa na Ƙasa" sun haɗa da wani sashi kan yadda waƙoƙin da bayi da yawa suka sani suna da "ma'anar sirri" cewa za a iya amfani da su don nuna abubuwa da yawa. " An yi imanin cewa wasu waƙoƙi sun ƙunshi bayyane umarni ga bayi masu gudu game da yadda za a guje wa kamawa da kuma hanyar da za a bi don samun nasarar samun 'yanci.<ref name="Ponomarenko_2001">{{Cite web |last=Ponomarenko |first=John |date=2001 |title=Understanding pages: coded |url=http://www.localdial.com/users/jsyedu133/Soulreview/Understandingpages/coded.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724090201/http://www.localdial.com/users/jsyedu133/Soulreview/Understandingpages/coded.htm |archive-date=24 July 2008 |access-date=8 August 2008 |series=Soul Review}}</ref><ref name="negrospirituals">{{Cite web |title=The Official Site of the Negro Spirituals, antique Gospel Music |url=http://www.negrospirituals.com/ |website=www.negrospirituals.com}}</ref> Sauran ruhaniya waɗanda wasu suka yi imanin suna da saƙonnin da aka ƙayyade sun haɗa da "The Gospel Train", "Song of the Free", da kuma "Swing Low, Sweet Chariot", "Bollow the Drinking Gourd".<ref>{{Cite web |title="Follow the Drinking Gourd"—African American Spiritual |url=http://www.eduplace.com/kids/socsci/ca/books/bkc/sources/bkc_template.jsp?name=spiritual&state=ca |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402164323/http://www.eduplace.com/kids/socsci/ca/books/bkc/sources/bkc_template.jsp?name=spiritual&state=ca |archive-date=2015-04-02 |website=www.eduplace.com |access-date=2026-06-03 |url-status=dead }}</ref> James Kelley a cikin labarinsa na 2008 ya ce akwai rashin tushe don tabbatar da cewa akwai saƙo mai lamba a cikin "Bayan Gourd mai shan giya".<ref name="songstory">{{Cite journal |last=Kelley |first=James |date=April 2008 |title=Song, Story, or History: Resisting Claims of a Coded Message in the African American Spiritual "Follow the Drinking Gourd" |url=https://www.academia.edu/30498167 |journal=The Journal of Popular Culture |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=262–280 |doi=10.1111/j.1540-5931.2008.00502.x}} Kelley said that the 1928 popular account by H.B. Parks was implausible.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bresler |first=Joel |title=Follow the Drinking Gourd: A Cultural History |url=http://www.followthedrinkinggourd.org/ |access-date=May 5, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=August 4, 2012 |title=About the African-American Spiritual |url=http://www.charlestonspiritual.com/about/about-the-african-american-spiritual/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402180204/http://www.charlestonspiritual.com/about/about-the-african-american-spiritual/ |archive-date=April 2, 2015 |access-date=November 20, 2018 |website=Charleston Spiritual Ensemble |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wata kasida ta 1953 ta Sterling Brown ta ce akwai malamai waɗanda "sun yi imani da cewa lokacin da Negro ya raira waƙar 'yanci, yana nufin kawai abin da fararen ke nufi, wato' yanci daga zunubi. " <ref name="Brown_1953">{{Cite web |last=Brown |first=Sterling Allen |date=Winter 1953 |title=Negro Folk Expression: Spirituals, Seculars, Ballads and Work Songs |url=http://www.english.illinois.edu/maps/poets/a_f/brown/folkexpression.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150208182327/http://www.english.illinois.edu/maps/poets/a_f/brown/folkexpression.htm |archive-date=2015-02-08 |access-date=June 6, 2013 |website=University of Illinois, Department of English |url-status=dead }}</ref> Brown ya ce, ga bautar ɗan' yanci zai ma'anar' yanci ካብ bautar. Lokacin da bawa ya raira waƙa, "An tsawata mini, an raina ni; an yi ni da wuya ka yi ka ba'a," ba wai kawai yana nufin 'yanci daga zunubi ba amma daga bautar jiki.<ref name="Brown_1953" /> Brown ya ambaci Douglass, yana cewa Kan'ana Tab tsaye ne ga Kanada; kuma "a sama da ɓoyayyen satire waƙoƙin ma sun kasance inabi don sadarwa. [[Harriet Tubman]], kanta da ake kira Musa na mutanenta, ta gaya mana cewa "Ku tafi Musa" an tsara shi a cikin jihohin bayi, amma duk da haka mutane sun raira shi".<ref name="Brown_1953" /><ref name="Brown_1953" /> Wani labarin Library of Congress na 2016 ya ce waƙoƙin Freedom da waƙoƙun zanga-zanga, kamar su, [[Bob Marley]]'s "Redemption Song" da Billy Bragg's "Sing their souls back home'" sun dogara ne akan ruhaniya na Afirka ta Amirka, kuma hakan ya zama tushen kiɗa na kiran dimokuradiyya a duniya.<ref name="LOC_AAS_2016"/> Yawancin [[Wakar 'yanci|Waƙoƙin 'yanci]], kamar su "Oh, Freedom!" da "Eyes on the Prize," waɗanda suka bayyana ƙungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama (1954-1968) an daidaita su daga wasu daga cikin ruhaniya na Afirka na farko. Wasu kamar su, "Za mu shawo kan," sun haɗu da waƙar bishara "Zan shawo kan Wata rana" tare da ruhaniya "[[I'll Be all right|Zan yi daidai]]"<ref name="LOC_AAS_2016" /><ref name="UT_MusicLibrary">{{Cite web |title=Wade in the Water |url=https://databases.lib.utk.edu/songdb/songdb.php?list=1&antitle=FREEDOM%20IS%20A%20CONSTANT%20STRUGGLE:%20SONGS%20OF%20THE%20FREEDOM%20MOVEMENT |website=University Libraries at the [[University of Tennessee]], Knoxville |series=Music Library UT Song Index}}</ref> A cikin tarihin 1927, The American Songbag, wanda Carl Sandburg (1878-1967), mawaki da masanin gargajiya na Amurka ya tattara, ya rubuta cewa "Ain' Go'n' to Study War No Mo'" misali ne na ruhaniya wanda 'yan Afirka na Amurka suka yi amfani da shi azaman waƙoƙin aiki. Ya ce, "Yayin da mawaƙa ke ci gaba, awa da awa, suna kawo layi daga wasu ruhaniya da yawa. Saurin yana da mahimmanci. Ba a taɓa yin farin ciki ba, duk da haka yana da ƙarfi a cikin motsi, tabbas game da bugun sa. Ayyukan waƙoƙi ne na ruhaniya. An furta War "waw" ko " kamar dai don yin rhyme tare da "saw". "Doki shine "hawss. "Kuma haka tare da tattalin arzikin Negro na kalmomi a cikin magana da waƙa. " : 480-481{{Rp|480–481}} === Masu kuka a filin === Kiɗa na filin, wanda aka fi sani da kiɗa na filin ruwa, wani nau'i ne na farko na kiɗa na Afirka ta Amirka, wanda aka bayyana a karni na 19. Mai kuka a filin sun kafa tushe ga blues, ruhaniya, kuma a ƙarshe rhythm da blues. Masu kuka a filin, masu kuka da masu kuka na bayi kuma daga baya masu cin gashin kansu da ke aiki a filayen auduga, ƙungiyoyin kurkuku, ƙungiyoyin jirgin ƙasa (masu rawa) ko sansanin turpentine sune farkon kira da amsawa masu ruhaniya na Afirka da kiɗa na bishara, ga ƙungiyoyin jug, minstrel shows, piano, kuma a ƙarshe ga blues, rhythm da blues, jazz da kiɗa ta Afirka gabaɗaya.<ref name="shaw" /> == Abubuwan da aka samo asali == Blues da waƙoƙin bishara sun samo asali ne daga ruhaniya na Afirka. [[Fayil:Twelve-Bar_Blues_Progression-rev.png|thumb]] === Rashin haske === A farkon shekarun 1960, Blues People by Amiri Baraka - sunan da aka zaba ga LeRoi Jones (1934-2014) - ya ba da tarihin 'yan Afirka ta hanyar kiɗan su, farawa da ruhaniya zuwa blues. A shekara ta 1967, Jones ya zama babban mai magana da yawun masu ilimi na Afirka, ya maye gurbin [[James Baldwin]], bisa ga bita na 1965 na Blues People. The blues form originated in the 1860s in the Deep South—[[South Carolina]], [[Mississippi (jiha)|Mississippi]], [[Florida]], [[Alabama]], [[Georgia (Tarayyar Amurka)|Georgia]], [[Louisiana]], [[Tennessee]], and [[Texas]]—states that were most dependent on the [[Bauta a Amurka|slave labor]] on plantations and that held the largest number of enslaved people.<ref name="AAIHS">{{Cite web |date=May 9, 2018 |title=The Historical Roots of Blues Music |url=https://www.aaihs.org/the-historical-roots-of-blues-music/ |access-date=March 1, 2020 |publisher=[[African American Intellectual History Society]]}}</ref> The form was collectively developed by generations and communities of enslaved African Americans starting as "unaccompanied work-songs of the plantation culture".<ref name="Grove_Oliver">{{Cite web |last=Oliver |first=Paul |author-link=Paul Oliver |title=Blues |url=http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/grove/music/03311 |url-access=subscription |access-date=3 October 2015 |website=[[Grove Music Online]] |publisher=Oxford Music Online}}</ref> The historical roots of the blues have been traced farther back to West African sources by scholars such as Paul Oliver and Gerhard Kubik—with elements such as the "responsorial 'leader-and-chorus' form".<ref name="Grove_Oliver" />{{Rp|10–13}} The blues became the "most extensively recorded of all traditional music types" and since the "early 1960s,—the "most important single influence on the development of Western popular music,"<ref name="Grove_Oliver" /> and are now widespread.{{Rp|131}} [[Fayil:MamieSmith.png|left|thumb|Mamie Smith]] Lokacin da Mamie Smith ta Agusta 10, 1920, Okeh rikodin mawaƙa Perry Bradford's (1893-1970) New York City ''Crazy Blues'' ya zama nasarar kasuwanci, ya buɗe kasuwar rikodin kasuwanci don kiɗa ga masu sauraron Afirka na Afirka. <ref name="LOC_2005_Komara">{{Cite web |last=Komara |first=Ed |date=2005 |title="Crazy Blues"—Mamie Smith (1920) – Added to the National Registry: 2005 |url=https://www.loc.gov/static/programs/national-recording-preservation-board/documents/CrazyBlues.pdf |access-date=August 9, 2020 |website=[[Library of Congress]]}}</ref> Kafin nasarar wannan rikodin, kamfanonin rikodin kasuwanci sun nuna mawaƙa na Afirka da ba na Afirka ba suna wasa da kiɗa na Afirka. : 343-345 Bradford's African-American band, the Jazz Hounds, "ya buga rayuwa, improvised", "unpredictable", "breakneck" kiɗa wanda ya kasance "bambanci mai ban sha'awa ga maɓallin maɓallin blues da fararen masu zane-zane suka fassara a cikin 1910s".<ref name="NYT_Brooks_20200810" /> Wani littafi na 1976, Stomping the Blues na Albert Murray, ya ce wannan hulɗa tsakanin Kiristanci da ruhaniya na Afirka ya faru ne kawai a Amurka. 'Yan Afirka da suka tuba zuwa Kristanci a wasu sassan duniya, har ma a [[Karibiyan|Caribbean]] da Latin Amurka, ba su samo asali daga wannan nau'i ba. Shahararren mawaƙin bishara Mahalia Jackson (1911-1972) yana ɗaya daga cikin fitattun masu kare waƙoƙin bishara. Ta ce, "Blues sune waƙoƙin fidda rai. Waƙoƙin Linjila sune waƙoƙi na bege. Lokacin da ka raira waƙar bishara kuna jin cewa akwai magani ga abin da ba daidai ba. " <ref name="Broughton_1985"/>: 52 Horace Clarence Boyer ya gano fitowar kiɗa na Linjila a matsayin "style na kiɗa mai zurfi" zuwa Deep South a 1906 a cikin majami'u na Pentecostal. Ta hanyar Babban ƙaura na Ba'amurke na Afirka daga kudu zuwa arewa, musamman a cikin shekarun 1930, waƙoƙin bishara sun shiga "babban al'adun gargajiya na Amurka". Waƙoƙin Bishara sun kasance masu tasowa daga 1945 zuwa 1955 - "Golden Age of Gospel". Gospel Quartets, kamar [[Golden Gate Quartet]]">Golden Jubilee Quartet da Golden Gate Quartet, sun canza salon ruhaniya tare da sababbin su, salon jubilee wanda ya haɗa da sababbin jituwa, haɗin kai tare da shirye-shiryen sophisticated.<ref name="Ginell"/> Misali na kiɗan su shine wasan kwaikwayon "Oh, Jonah!" <ref name="Ginell" /> <ref name="LOC_AAS_2016"/> The Golden Gate Quartet - waɗanda suka kasance masu aiki daga 1934 zuwa ƙarshen 1940s - sun yi a cikin kide-kide ''Daga Ruhaniya zuwa Swing'' a Carnegie Hall a ƙarshen 1930s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oh Jonah! |url=https://www.loc.gov/item/ftvbib000056/ |website=Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.}}</ref> [[Zora Neale Hurston]], a cikin littafinta na 1938 The Sanctified Church, ta soki abin da ta kira "Glee Club style" na Fisk Jubilee Singers, Tuskegee Institute Quartet, da Hampton Singers a cikin shekarun 1930. Ta ce suna amfani da salon" wanda "ya cika da dabarun mawaƙa" waɗanda ba su da gaskiya ga asalinsu a cikin asalin ruhaniya na Afirka ta Amirka. Ana iya samun ainihin ruhaniya ne kawai a cikin "cocin Negro mara kyau". === Fararen ruhaniya === In his 1938 book, ''White Spirituals in the Southern Uplands'', Vanderbilt University's George Pullen Jackson in Nashville drew attention to the existence of a white spiritual genre which differed in many aspects from African American spirituals.<ref name="LOC_AAS_2016"/> The core of Jackson's argument, however, supported by many musical examples, is that African-American spirituals draw heavily on textual and melodic elements found in white hymns and spiritual songs. Jackson extended the term "spirituals" to a wider range of folk hymnody but this does not appear to have been widespread usage previously. The term, however, has often been broadened to include subsequent arrangements into more standard European-American hymnodic styles, and to include post-emancipation songs with stylistic similarities to the original African American spirituals.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2026}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2026)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Masanin tarihi [[Sylviane Diouf]] da masanin ilimin kabilanci Gerhard Kubik sun gano kiɗan Islama a matsayin tasiri. Diouf ya lura da kamanceceniya tsakanin kiran Islama ga addu'a (wanda ya samo asali ne daga [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal ibn Rabah]], sanannen [[Musulunci a Afrika|Musulmi na Afirka]] na Abyssinian a farkon karni na 7) da kuma kiɗa na filin na ƙarni na 19, yana lura cewa duka biyu suna da irin waɗannan kalmomin da ke yabon Allah, waƙoƙi, canje-canje na lura, "kalmomin da ke da alama suna girgiza" a cikin muryoyin murya, canje-canjen kiɗa, da sautin hanci. Ta danganta asalin kiɗa na filin ga bayi Musulmai na Afirka waɗanda suka kai kimanin kashi 30% na bayi na Afirka a Amurka. A cewar Kubik, "hanyar murya ta mawaƙa da yawa da ke amfani da melisma, wavy intonation, da sauransu al'adun wannan babban yankin na [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yammacin Afirka]] ne wanda ke hulɗa da duniyar Larabci-Islama ta Maghreb tun daga ƙarni na bakwai da na takwas. " <ref name="Curiel" /> Akwai musamman muhimmiyar giciye ta Sahara tsakanin al'adun kiɗa na Maghreb da [[Sahel]]. <ref name="Tottoli" /><ref name="Tottoli" /> Akwai bambanci a cikin kiɗa da yawancin bayi na [[Sahel|Sahelian]] Musulmai da kuma yawancin bayi wadanda ba Musulmai ba daga gabar tekun Yammacin Afirka da [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (yanki)|Afirka ta Tsakiya]]. Bayin Musulmi na Sahelian gabaɗaya sun fi son iska da kayan kirtani da kuma raira waƙa, yayin da bayin da ba Musulmai ba gabaɗaya suka fi son drum da waƙoƙin rukuni. Masu mallakar shuke-shuke waɗanda suka ji tsoron tawaye sun haramta karafa da waƙoƙin rukuni, amma sun ba da damar bayi na Sahelian su ci gaba da raira waƙa da kunna kayan iska da igiya, waɗanda masu mallakar shuka suka sami ƙarancin barazana. A cewar Curiel kayan kida na igiya waɗannan kayan kida na iya samun farkon banjo. Yayinda aka matsa wa mutane da yawa su tuba zuwa Kiristanci, an ba da izinin bayi na Sahelian su kula da al'adun kiɗa, suna daidaita ƙwarewarsu zuwa kayan kida kamar fiddle da [[Jita|guitar]]. An kuma ba wasu damar yin wasan kwaikwayo ga masu mallakar bayi, suna ba da izinin ƙaurawar kiɗan su a fadin Kudancin Kudancin.<ref name="Tottoli" /> == Dubi kuma ==   * Waƙoƙin Afirka da Amurka * Deep River Boys * Waƙoƙin Bishara * [[Bauta a Amurka|Tarihin bautar a Amurka]] * Dalibai na asali na Nashville * Waƙoƙin addini * [[Waƙoƙin yanci a Jirgin ƙasa|Waƙoƙin Jirgin ƙasa]] {{Reflist}}{{Reflist}} == Bayani == {{Reflist}}{{Reflist}} {{Reflist}}  {{Reflist}}{{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Articles with hAudio microformats]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] k4a485yjmz3x183ba572ard1rpq6fam Safed Koh 0 154726 889767 846778 2026-07-31T10:25:27Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889767 wikitext text/x-wiki ==== {{Databox}}====   [[Fayil:Mountain_passes_Afghanistan_Pakistan.png|thumb|290x290px|Taswirar Arewa maso gabashin Afghanistan tare da Spīn Ghar a kasa]] The '''Safēd Kōh''' (Dari: سلسلئہ سفید کوہ, romanized: Selseleh-ye Safīd Kūh) or '''Spīn Ghar''' (Pashto: سپین غر) wani yanki ne na tsaunuka da ke kudu da Hindu Kush.[1] Ya miƙe daga gabashin Afghanistan zuwa Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, kuma ya samar da iyaka tsakanin ƙasashen biyu. Babbar tsaunuka ita ce Dutsen Sikaram a kan iyakar Afghanistan da Pakistan, wanda ke da hasumiya sama da dukkan tsaunuka da ke kewaye da shi zuwa {{Convert|4755|m|ft|0}} m (15,600 sama da matsakaicin matakin teku. == Magana == Pashto "Spīn Ghar" da Dari Farisa 'Safēd Kōh' duka a zahiri suna nufin 'White Mountains'.<ref name="EB1911">{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Safed Koh}}<cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFChisholm1911">[[Hugh Chisholm|Chisholm, Hugh]], ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Safed Koh">[[wikisource:1911_Encyclopædia_Britannica/Safed_Koh|"Safed Koh"&nbsp;]]</span>. ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition|Encyclopædia Britannica]]''. Vol.&nbsp;23 (11th&nbsp;ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp.&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">994–</span>995.</cite> [[Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference]]</ref> == Yanayin ƙasa == [[Fayil:Khogyani_district.jpg|thumb|Yankin kamar yadda aka gani daga Gundumar Khogyani, Afghanistan]] Yankin ya kai daga Kwarin Peshawar a Pakistan a gabas kimanin kilomita 160 zuwa yamma zuwa Kwarin Logar a Afghanistan. Kogin Kabul ya yanke wani karami rami ta cikin tsaunukan Spīn Ghar don gudana zuwa gabas zuwa [[Kogin Indus]]. Yankin ya haɗu kai tsaye da reshen Shandur Top na tsarin tsaunukan Hindu Kush. [[Fayil:Spin_Ghar_(5398022569).jpg|thumb|Yankin kamar yadda aka gani daga [[Jalalabad]], Afghanistan]] Babbar tudu ita ce Dutsen Sikaram, kusa da garin Pakistan na Parachinar a cikin [[Kurram River|Kurram]]_Valley" id="mwcA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Kurram Valley">Kwarin Kurram . Daga nan ya wuce zuwa Tari Mangal, Pewar, Alizai, Khewas, Shilawzan, Luqman Khel, Maikay, Chappri Rest House, Zeran, da Landi Kotal Tehsil. Duwatsun Spīn Ghar sun samar da ruwa tsakanin tsarin kogin Kabul da Kurram. [[Fayil:Spin_Ghar_Mountains_-_120224-N-CI175-014.jpg|thumb|Jirgin saman Amurka yana tashi a kan duwatsu a Afghanistan]] Biranen da suka fi kusa da Spīn Ghar sune [[Jalalabad]] a arewa; Gardez a yamma; da [[Khōst, Afghanistan|Khost]], da Parachinar a Pakistan a kudu. Yankin da ke tsakanin [[Herat]] a yamma da Chaghcharan a gabas ana kiransa Paropamisus Mountains . == Ilimin ƙasa == White Mountains wani bangare ne na gefen yamma wanda ke raba [[Geology na yankin Indiya|Yankin Indiya]] daga Eurasian Plate. Tushen tsaunuka ya kunshi gneisses na Proterozoic da granites tare da haɗuwa da Gabbros, duwatsun metavolcanic, marmara da Migrmatites. A kan taron akwai kankara na cirque, wasu daga cikinsu suna cike da scree. A gefen kudancin Sikaram Sar bi daga 2500 m daga kasa zuwa saman: ƙasa mai laushi a cikin kwari, dutse mai laushi da dolomite har zuwa 4000 m, wani yanki na tsakiya na dutse a 4000 m, sama da dutse mai lu'u-lu'u. == Dabbobi == An lissafa wani yanki mai girman hekta 20,000 a kudu maso yammacin Spīn Ghar a matsayin muhimmin yanki na tsuntsaye a Afghanistan. Tuddai na ƙasa galibi ba su da bishiyoyi kuma ba su da bishiyoyi, amma pine yana tsiro a manyan tsaunukan da ke samar da dazuzzukan tsaunukan gabashin Afghanistan..{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2023}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> === Aikin noma da gandun daji === Sama da kusan gangaren da ba su da kyau, gandun daji na pine da deodar cedar sun bunƙasa a kan babban kewayon, amma lalacewa a lokacin Yaƙe-yaƙe na Afghanistan ya rage albarkatun katako. Kwarin har yanzu suna tallafawa aikin gona. Kogunan White Mountains suna ba da aikin ban ruwa Wikimedia Commons yana da kafofin watsa labarai da suka shafi Spīn Ghar. Kuskuren Script: Babu irin wannan tsarin "Idan an duba". na filayen da ke cikin kwarurukan kogi masu yawan jama'a, wanda ke ba da damar ƙwanƙolin Jalalabad girbi da yawa. Alkama, masara, nau'ikan kayan lambu daban-daban (albasa, wake kore, okra, tumatir, da sauransu), auduga, opium poppies, lemun tsami, rake, da zaitun suma ana noma su a kusa da Jalalabad. Babban kwarin Bara a kudu maso gabashin yankin yana ɗaya daga cikin yankunan noma da ake amfani da su sosai a yankunan ƙabilun Pakistan a ƙarƙashin Khyber Pakhtunkhwa..{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2023}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Tsoffin rahotanni suna magana game da gonakin 'ya'yan itace masu arziki a cikin kwarin Spīn Ghar tare da itatuwan mulberry da pomegranate.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Imperial Gazetter of India, Volume 21, page 349 -- Imperial Gazetteer of India -- Digital South Asia Library |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V21_355.gif |access-date=2024-12-29 |website=dsal.uchicago.edu |archive-date=2025-01-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250124121844/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V21_355.gif |url-status=dead }}</ref> An fitar da itace daga gandun daji na gabashin Afghanistan galibi zuwa Pakistan tun daga karni na 19, kuma a cikin adadi mara kyau, don haka Afghanistan ta sanya cikakken haramcin fitarwa a 1975, wanda masu safarar mutane suka kewaye. Baya ga ainihin gandun daji akwai ko kuma akwai tattalin arzikin tattarawa don kwayoyin pistachio da tsaba masu cin abinci na ''Pinus gerardiana'' . == Fitarwa == [[Fayil:Tari_Mengal_Kurram_Agency.jpg|thumb|Tari Mangal, Gundumar Kurram, Pakistan, a ƙasa da Peiwar Pass]] [[Fayil:Trucks_crossing_into_Kyber_Pakhtunkhwa_at_Torkham.jpg|thumb|Ƙetare iyaka a Torkham a kan Khyber Pass a cikin 2011]] Akwai wasu sanannun hanyoyin dutse a cikin ko kusa da tsaunukan Spīn Ghar. Shahararren Khyber Pass ya haye wani sashi na Spīn Ghar . Hanya ta biyu, kusa da Dutsen Sikaram, ana kiranta Peiwar Pass ko Gawi Pass kuma tana haɗa garin Parachinar a gefen Pakistan tare da kwarin Aryob na Lardin Paktia, Afghanistan. Hanyar da ta fi dacewa a kan babban tudun White Mountains ita ce Agam Pass (3586 m), wanda nisan daga Jalalabad zuwa Parachinar shine kilomita 92.&nbsp; == Tarihi == Yankin Durand Line da aka kafa a 1893 tsakanin Afghanistan da Birtaniya Indiya ta ratsa wadannan duwatsu. A cewar bayanan soja na Amurka, yawancin mayakan [[al-Qaeda]], ciki har da [[Osama bin Laden]], sun haye Spīn Ghar don tserewa zuwa Pakistan a lokacin [[Tora Bora]]">Yakin Tora Bora a shekara ta 2001. An yi zargin cewa Bin Laden ya ɓoye a cikin tsaunuka masu tsayi a arewacin yankin, wanda ake kira Tora Bora . Bayan shekara ta 2004, tsaunukan Spīn Ghar sun kasance wuri mai mahimmanci da kuma filin wasan da aka yi yaƙe-yaƙe da yawa tsakanin mayakan kasashen waje na al-Qaeda da hadin gwiwar Arewacin Rundunar Sojojin Pakistan, tare da ƙarshen ƙoƙarin hana mamayewar mayakan kasashen duniya zuwa Pakistan. == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin tsaunuka]] * Jerin tsaunuka mafi tsawo * Koh-i-Baba == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 9d4hrv0t7z42byzz5hbhft7dwjwrcb7 Preye Agedah 0 154831 889408 847110 2026-07-30T14:41:57Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 4 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889408 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Preye Agedah | image = | caption = Nigerian lawyer | birth_name = Preye Agedah | nationality = Nigerian | occupation = Lawyer | known_for = Legal Practice | organization = Preye Agedah Lex | title = Principal Counsel | alma_mater = | years_active = }} '''Preye Agedah''' lauya ne ɗan Najeriya wanda yake shugabantar kamfanin lauyoyi na '''Preye Agedah Lex''' a Yenagoa, Jihar Bayelsa, Najeriya. Ana saninsa a matsayin ''Principal Counsel'' na kamfanin, inda yake jagorantar ayyukan shari'a da bayar da shawarar doka ga daidaikun mutane da kamfanoni.<ref>{{cite web |title=About Us – Preye Agedah Lex |url=https://www.preyeagedahlex.com/about |publisher=Preye Agedah Lex |access-date=4 June 2026 |archive-date=9 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240809021852/https://preyeagedahlex.com/about |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Sana'a == A matsayin shugaban kamfanin '''Preye Agedah Lex''', Agedah yana kula da gudanar da harkokin shari'a na kamfanin. Gidan yanar gizon kamfanin ya bayyana cewa yana da manufar samar da ingantattun ayyukan doka tare da bin ƙa'idojin gaskiya, ƙwarewa da aminci wajen kare muradun abokan hulɗarsa.<ref>{{cite web |title=About Us – Vision and Mission |url=https://www.preyeagedahlex.com/about |publisher=Preye Agedah Lex |access-date=4 June 2026 |archive-date=9 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240809021852/https://preyeagedahlex.com/about |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Kamfanin Preye Agedah Lex == '''Preye Agedah Lex''' kamfanin lauyoyi ne da ke da hedikwata a Yenagoa, Jihar Bayelsa. Kamfanin yana ba da ayyuka a fannoni daban-daban na doka, ciki har da dokokin kamfanoni (Corporate Law) da sauran harkokin shari'a. Kamfanin ya bayyana manufarsa a matsayin gina suna a fannin aikin lauya a Bayelsa, Najeriya da ma duniya baki ɗaya.<ref>{{cite web |title=Preye Agedah Lex |url=https://preyeagedahlex.com/ |publisher=Preye Agedah Lex |access-date=4 June 2026 |archive-date=28 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250428050133/https://preyeagedahlex.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Jagoranci == Agedah yana jagorantar ƙungiyar lauyoyi a kamfanin Preye Agedah Lex. Daga cikin mambobin ƙungiyar akwai Gloria Agedah-Ariole, Victoria Nengi Agedah da Ephraim Nengi Oborie, waɗanda ke aiki a fannoni daban-daban na ayyukan shari'a a ƙarƙashin jagorancinsa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Meet the Team – Preye Agedah Lex |url=https://www.preyeagedahlex.com/about |publisher=Preye Agedah Lex |access-date=4 June 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin waje == * [https://preyeagedahlex.com/ Official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250428050133/https://preyeagedahlex.com/ |date=2025-04-28 }} sd6rw6ia9h2tw6stcsbx0nuc1go0tg7 Rashin lafiya da yawa 0 155048 889593 847669 2026-07-30T22:18:02Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889593 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Multimorbidity, wanda aka fi sani da yanayin dogon lokaci ('''MLTC'''), yana nufin rayuwa tare da cututtuka biyu ko fiye.<ref name="NIHR Evidence_2021">{{Cite journal |vauthors= |date=2021-03-30 |title=Multiple long-term conditions (multimorbidity): making sense of the evidence |url=https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/collection/making-sense-of-the-evidence-multiple-long-term-conditions-multimorbidity/ |journal=NIHR Evidence |language=en |publisher=National Institute for Health and Care Research |doi=10.3310/collection_45881 |s2cid=243406561 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Misali, mutum na iya samun [[Ciwon suga|Ciwon sukari]], cututtukan zuciya da baƙin ciki a lokaci guda. Multimorbidity na iya yin tasiri sosai ga lafiyar mutane da jin daɗi. Har ila yau, yana haifar da ƙalubale mai rikitarwa ga [[Tsarin kiwon lafiya]] waɗanda aka mayar da hankali ga al'adun mutum.<ref name="NIHR Evidence_2021" /> '''yanayi masu yawa na dogon lokaci''' na iya shafar mutane na kowane zamani, amma sun fi yawa a cikin tsofaffi, suna shafar fiye da rabin mutanen da suka wuce shekaru 65.<ref name="Marengoni_2011">{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Marengoni A, Angleman S, Melis R, Mangialasche F, Karp A, Garmen A, Meinow B, Fratiglioni L |date=September 2011 |title=Aging with multimorbidity: a systematic review of the literature |journal=Ageing Research Reviews |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=430–439 |doi=10.1016/j.arr.2011.03.003 |pmid=21402176 |s2cid=40912813}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Nguyen H, Manolova G, Daskalopoulou C, Vitoratou S, Prince M, Prina AM |date=2019-01-01 |title=Prevalence of multimorbidity in community settings: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies |journal=Journal of Comorbidity |volume=9 |doi=10.1177/2235042X19870934 |pmc=6710708 |pmid=31489279}}</ref> == Ma'anar == Ma'anar yanayin dogon lokaci da yawa ba a bayyana shi a sarari ba <ref name="NIHR Evidence_2021"/> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Johnston MC, Crilly M, Black C, Prescott GJ, Mercer SW |date=February 2019 |title=Defining and measuring multimorbidity: a systematic review of systematic reviews |journal=European Journal of Public Health |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=182–189 |doi=10.1093/eurpub/cky098 |pmid=29878097 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> kuma ana iya kiran shi da sunaye daban-daban.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Xu X, Mishra GD, Jones M |date=August 2017 |title=Evidence on multimorbidity from definition to intervention: An overview of systematic reviews |url=https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:673588/UQ673588_OA.pdf |journal=Ageing Research Reviews |volume=37 |pages=53–68 |doi=10.1016/j.arr.2017.05.003 |pmid=28511964 |s2cid=3665446 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === Bambanci daga comorbidity === Sau da yawa ana kiran multimorbidity a matsayin comorbidity duk da cewa ana ɗaukar su biyu a matsayin yanayin asibiti daban-daban.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Nicholson K, Makovski TT, Griffith LE, Raina P, Stranges S, van den Akker M |date=January 2019 |title=Multimorbidity and comorbidity revisited: refining the concepts for international health research |journal=Journal of Clinical Epidemiology |volume=105 |pages=142–146 |doi=10.1016/j.jclinepi.2018.09.008 |pmid=30253215 |s2cid=52825086}}</ref><ref name="Harrison_2021">{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Harrison C, Fortin M, van den Akker M, Mair F, Calderon-Larranaga A, Boland F, Wallace E, Jani B, Smith S |date=2021-01-01 |title=Comorbidity versus multimorbidity: Why it matters |journal=Journal of Comorbidity |volume=11 |doi=10.1177/2633556521993993 |pmc=7930649 |pmid=33718251}}</ref> Comorbidity yana nufin cewa yanayin 'index' ɗaya shine mai da hankali, kuma ana kallon wasu dangane da wannan. Sabanin haka, multimorbidity yana bayyana wani da ke da yanayi biyu ko fiye na dogon lokaci (na dogon lokaci) ba tare da wani daga cikinsu yana da fifiko a kan sauran ba. Wannan bambancin yana da mahimmanci a yadda tsarin kiwon lafiya ke bi da mutane kuma yana taimakawa wajen bayyana takamaiman saitunan da za a iya amfani da ɗaya ko ɗayan kalma. Multimorbidity yana ba da ra'ayi na gaba ɗaya da na mutum wanda ke ba da damar mai da hankali kan duk alamun mai haƙuri da kuma samar da kulawa mai zurfi. A wasu saitunan, alal misali a cikin binciken magunguna, comorbidity na iya zama mafi amfani da amfani don amfani.[1][2] === Ma'anar === Ma'anar cuta mai yawa, daidai da abin da yawancin masu bincike ke amfani da shi, [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya|WHO]] da Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kiwon Lafiya ta Burtaniya shine "''kasancewar yanayi biyu ko fiye''". Wadannan na iya zama cututtukan jiki marasa yaduwa, cututtukani masu yaduwa da cututtukano a kowane haɗuwa mai yuwuwa kuma suna iya ko bazai yi hulɗa da juna ba. Lokacin da yanayin da ke akwai suna da irin wannan asali ko jiyya kalmomin da aka yi amfani da su shine multimorbidity mai jituwa, yayin da ake amfani da multimorpidity mai jaddada don komawa ga yanayin da ba su da alaƙa da juna.<ref name="Academy of Medical Sciences_2018" /> Ma'anar multimorbidity yawanci sun bambanta a cikin mafi ƙarancin adadin yanayin da suke buƙata (yawanci wannan shine biyu ko fiye) kuma a cikin nau'ikan yanayin da suke la'akari.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Chua YP, Xie Y, Lee PS, Lee ES |date=February 2021 |title=Definitions and Prevalence of Multimorbidity in Large Database Studies: A Scoping Review |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |volume=18 |issue=4 |page=1673 |doi=10.3390/ijerph18041673 |pmc=7916224 |pmid=33572441 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Misali Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya da Kulawa ta Burtaniya (NICE) ta haɗa da shan giya da amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi a cikin jerin abubuwan da aka ɗauka sun zama multimorbidity.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 September 2016 |title=Multimorbidity: clinical assessment and management - Recommendations |url=https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng56/chapter/Recommendations |access-date=2022-05-27 |website=National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE)}}</ref> === Sunayen === Kalmar da aka fi amfani da ita don bayyana manufar ita ce ''multimorbidity''. Koyaya, wallafe-wallafen kimiyya suna nuna nau'ikan kalmomi daban-daban da aka yi amfani da su tare da ma'anar iri ɗaya. Wadannan sun hada da comorbidity, polymorbidity. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Almirall J, Fortin M |date=January 2013 |title=The coexistence of terms to describe the presence of multiple concurrent diseases |journal=Journal of Comorbidity |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=4–9 |doi=10.15256/joc.2013.3.22 |pmc=5636023 |pmid=29090140}}</ref> Cibiyar Nazarin Lafiya da Kulawa ta Burtaniya (NIHR) tana amfani da kalmar yanayi na dogon lokaci (''MLTC'') kamar yadda marasa lafiya da jama'a suka fi karɓa da fahimta.<ref name="National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR)">{{Cite web |title=NIHR Strategic Framework for Multiple Long-Term Conditions (Multimorbidity) MLTC-M Research |url=https://www.nihr.ac.uk/documents/nihr-strategic-framework-for-multiple-long-term-conditions-multimorbidity-mltc-m-research/24639 |access-date=2022-06-27 |website=National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) |language=EN |archive-date=2022-05-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526051938/https://www.nihr.ac.uk/documents/nihr-strategic-framework-for-multiple-long-term-conditions-multimorbidity-mltc-m-research/24639 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] bykbg2k58s024qoklfze61wfko59zbd Rigakafin ƙwaƙwalwa 0 155632 889623 850448 2026-07-31T01:40:11Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889623 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ana yin nazarin allurar rigakafin fahimta a fannin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam, galibi tare da [[Babban rashin damuwa|babban ciwon damuwa]] da kuma matsalar damuwa ta gabaɗaya . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kube |first=Tobias |last2=Glombiewski |first2=Julia Anna |last3=Gall |first3=Jeremias |last4=Touissant |first4=Leslie |last5=Gärtner |first5=Thomas |last6=Rief |first6=Winfried |date=1 May 2019 |title=How to modify persisting negative expectations in major depression? An experimental study comparing three strategies to inhibit cognitive immunization against novel positive experiences |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0165032718332737 |journal=Journal of Affective Disorders |volume=250 |pages=231–240 |doi=10.1016/j.jad.2019.03.027 |issn=0165-0327 |pmid=30870773 |url-access=subscription}}</ref>Rigakafin fahimta''' yana nufin tsarin tunani na ƙin yarda da bayanai da ba su dace da imanin mutum ba. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Würtz |first=Felix |last2=Kube |first2=Tobias |last3=Woud |first3=Marcella |last4=Blackwell |first4=Simon |last5=Margraf |first5=Jürgen |date=1 December 2021 |title=The interplay of interpretation biases and cognitive immunization in depression |url=https://osf.io/6bx4v/ |journal=Open Science Framework |language=en}}</ref> Maimakon sabunta imani lokacin da aka gabatar da su da sabbin bayanai, waɗanda ke nuna rigakafin fahimta za su kiyaye zato game da kansu da kuma duniya. == Clinical relevance == Aaron T. Beck, wani majagaba a fannin ilimin halayyar fahimta, ya fara tunanin cewa baƙin ciki ya samo asali ne daga mummunan imani game da kai. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Negative Core Beliefs Inventory: Development and Psychometric Properties {{!}} Springer Publishing |url=https://connect.springerpub.com/highwire_display/entity_view/node/87518/full |access-date=29 April 2025 |website=connect.springerpub.com |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Sakamakon haka, yawancin ka'idojin fahimta suna ba da shawarar cewa imani mara kyau na son zuciya wata hanya ce da ke ci gaba da haifar da baƙin ciki. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Uwajeh |first=K. |last2=Egbuchulem |first2=K. I. |last3=Afolabi |first3=O. A. |date=30 April 2024 |title=Major Depressive Disorder: Cognitive, Emotive and Motivational Consequences in Adolescents |journal=Annals of Ibadan Postgraduate Medicine |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=116–120 |issn=1597-1627 |pmc=11205714 |pmid=38939890}}</ref> Bincike ya gano cewa waɗanda ke fama da babban rashin jin daɗi, ko kuma irin wannan yanayin tunani mara kyau, sun fi amfani da rigakafin fahimta don yin watsi da bayanai masu kyau don kiyaye mummunan imaninsu. Wannan na iya haifar da ci gaba da mummunan imani game da kai da kuma ci gaba da fuskantar matsalolin baƙin ciki. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kube |first=Tobias |last2=Glombiewski |first2=Julia Anna |date=1 June 2021 |title=How Depressive Symptoms Hinder Positive Information Processing: An Experimental Study on the Interplay of Cognitive Immunisation and Negative Mood in the Context of Expectation Adjustment |url=https://repository.publisso.de/resource/frl:6468386 |journal=Cognitive Therapy and Research |language=en |volume=45 |issue=3 |pages=517–528 |doi=10.1007/s10608-020-10191-4 |issn=1573-2819 |doi-access=free}}</ref> An kuma yi nazari kan alaƙar da ke tsakanin tsammanin kai da rigakafin fahimta dangane da matsalolin kwakwalwa da ke ci gaba. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rief |first=Winfried |last2=Joormann |first2=Jutta |date=29 March 2019 |title=Revisiting the Cognitive Model of Depression: The Role of Expectations |url=https://zenodo.org/record/2631011 |journal=Clinical Psychology in Europe |language=en |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=1–19 |doi=10.32872/cpe.v1i1.32605 |issn=2625-3410}}</ref> An gano cewa waɗanda ke da matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa sun fi amfani da rigakafin fahimta don ƙin tsammanin da ake da su daga kansu fiye da waɗanda ba su da matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ewen |first=Anne-Catherine I. |last2=Rief |first2=Winfried |last3=Wilhelm |first3=Marcel |date=8 December 2022 |title=Exploring the path of persisting dysfunctional expectations—Development of the immunization scale IMS |journal=Frontiers in Psychology |language=English |volume=13 |doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1033078 |issn=1664-1078 |pmc=9773141 |pmid=36570994 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wannan yana nuna cewa hana rigakafin fahimta muhimmin tsari ne da za a yi niyya a cikin maganin warkewa . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kube |first=Tobias |last2=Rief |first2=Winfried |last3=Gollwitzer |first3=Mario |last4=Gärtner |first4=Thomas |last5=Glombiewski |first5=Julia Anna |date=July 2019 |title=Why dysfunctional expectations in depression persist – Results from two experimental studies investigating cognitive immunization |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/psychological-medicine/article/abs/why-dysfunctional-expectations-in-depression-persist-results-from-two-experimental-studies-investigating-cognitive-immunization/478F2E774C50E428ACDAE02BA32A591C |journal=Psychological Medicine |language=en |volume=49 |issue=9 |pages=1532–1544 |doi=10.1017/S0033291718002106 |issn=0033-2917 |pmid=30131084 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> A wannan mahallin, Tsarin Kula da Lafiyar Dan Adam Mai Mayar da Hankali Kan Tsammani (EFPI), <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kube |first=Tobias |last2=Glombiewski |first2=Julia Anna |last3=Rief |first3=Winfried |date=2018 |title=Using Different Expectation Mechanisms to Optimize Treatment of Patients With Medical Conditions: A Systematic Review |journal=Psychosomatic Medicine |volume=80 |issue=6 |pages=535–543 |doi=10.1097/PSY.0000000000000596 |issn=1534-7796 |pmid=29697530}}</ref> ko maganin da ke gwada sahihancin tsammanin majiyyaci, na iya zama kayan aiki mai tasiri ga waɗanda ke nuna rigakafin fahimta. EFPI yana ba wa masu ilimin hanyoyin kwantar da hankali da masu aiki damar gwada imanin waɗanda ke da damuwa ko damuwa da kuma iya gyara duk wani misali na rigakafin fahimta. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vîslă |first=Andreea |date=4 May 2018 |title=The relation between outcome expectation, therapeutic alliance, and outcome among depressed patients in group cognitive-behavioral therapy |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10503307.2016.1218089 |journal=Psychotherapy Research |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=446–456 |doi=10.1080/10503307.2016.1218089 |issn=1050-3307 |pmid=27494662 |url-access=subscription |via=Google Scholar}}</ref> == Tsarin aiki da tsarin fahimta == Ana ɗaukar rigakafin fahimta a matsayin wata hanyar fahimta mara dacewa wadda ke ƙin ko watsi da bayanai masu karyata tsammani. Wannan lamari na iya danganta da samfurin violEx, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Panitz |first=Christian |last2=Endres |first2=Dominik |last3=Buchholz |first3=Merle |last4=Khosrowtaj |first4=Zahra |last5=Sperl |first5=Matthias F. J. |last6=Mueller |first6=Erik M. |last7=Schubö |first7=Anna |last8=Schütz |first8=Alexander C. |last9=Teige-Mocigemba |first9=Sarah |last10=Pinquart |first10=Martin |date=11 November 2021 |title=A Revised Framework for the Investigation of Expectation Update Versus Maintenance in the Context of Expectation Violations: The ViolEx 2.0 Model |journal=Frontiers in Psychology |language=English |volume=12 |doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2021.726432 |issn=1664-1078 |pmc=8632008 |pmid=34858264 |doi-access=free}}</ref> wanda ke bincika yadda mutane ke daidaita tsammaninsu dangane da sabbin shaidu. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Panitz |first=Christian |last2=Endres |first2=Dominik |last3=Buchholz |first3=Merle |last4=Khosrowtaj |first4=Zahra |last5=Sperl |first5=Matthias F. J. |last6=Mueller |first6=Erik M. |last7=Schubö |first7=Anna |last8=Schütz |first8=Alexander C. |last9=Teige-Mocigemba |first9=Sarah |last10=Pinquart |first10=Martin |date=2021 |title=A Revised Framework for the Investigation of Expectation Update Versus Maintenance in the Context of Expectation Violations: The ViolEx 2.0 Model |journal=Frontiers in Psychology |volume=12 |doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2021.726432 |issn=1664-1078 |pmc=8632008 |pmid=34858264 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A cewar wannan tsarin, idan mutum ya ƙi sabbin bayanai don kiyaye tsoffin imani ko son zuciya, to yana yi wa kansa rigakafi daga bayanan da ba su da tushe. == Manazarta == ox1qb6w7ozhd713jkyjzh5h5s0mlvcv Porto Grande Bay 0 155754 889389 851027 2026-07-30T14:16:15Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889389 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Porto Grande Bay''' ( Portuguese ), kuma '''Mindelo Bay''', bakin teku ne a bakin tekun arewacin tsibirin São Vicente, [[Cabo Verde|na Cape Verde]] . Babban birnin São Vicente, Mindelo, yana bakin teku. Porto Grande Bay tashar ruwa ce ta halitta. Ya shimfida tsakanin manyan filayen Ponta João Ribeiro a arewa maso gabas da Ponta do Morro Branco a yamma. Zuwa arewa maso yamma yana buɗewa zuwa Canal de São Vicente, tashar tsakanin tsibiran São Vicente da Santo Antão . Karamin tsibiri mai dutse Ilhéu dos Pássaros yana arewa da bakin teku. == Kayayyakin tashar jiragen ruwa == Kamfanin ENAPOR ne ke da kuma sarrafa tashar jiragen ruwa, hukumar tashar jiragen ruwa ta Cape Verde. Tun bayan sabunta tashar a shekarar 2014, tashar jiragen ruwa tana da dogayen jiragen ruwa guda 4, gajerun jiragen ruwa guda 4, tashar jiragen ruwa ta jiragen ruwa masu sarrafa kifi, tashar kwantena (an faɗaɗa ta kuma sabunta ta a shekarar 1997), matattakalar hawa biyu da kuma tashoshin fasinjoji guda 3. Jimillar tsawon tashoshin jiragen ruwa shine mita 1,560, kuma matsakaicin zurfin shine mita 12. <ref name="ENAPOR">{{Cite web |title=Porto Grande |url=http://www.enapor.cv/web/guest/porto-grande |access-date=31 August 2018 |publisher=[[ENAPOR]] |language=pt |archive-date=31 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180831174736/http://www.enapor.cv/web/guest/porto-grande |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tare da tan 847,602 na kaya da fasinjoji 350,213 da aka kula da su (2017), ita ce tashar jiragen ruwa mafi cunkoso a Cape Verde. Akwai ayyukan jiragen ruwa zuwa tsibiran Santo Antão, São Nicolau, Santiago da Sal . Porto Grande tashar jiragen ruwa ce ta memba ta Ƙungiyar Tashoshin Jiragen Ruwa ta Duniya da Tashoshin Jiragen Ruwa (IAPH). == Hotunan Hotuna == <gallery> Fayil:Mindelo.jpg|alt=The Harbor of Mindelo facing Monte Verde| Harbour na Mindelo yana fuskantar Monte Verde Fayil:20121027-IMG_1049.jpg|alt=The city of Mindelo with a view of its bay| Birnin Mindelo mai kallon bakin teku Fayil:Cabo_2010_Monte_Cara.jpg|alt=Porto Grande Bay with Monte Cara| Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Porto Grande da Monte Cara Fayil:CV-mind-hafenzufahrt.jpg|alt=A monument located at the port's entrance west of Fortinho| Wani abin tunawa da ke bakin ƙofar tashar jiragen ruwa a yammacin Fortinho </gallery> == Manazarta == iokoz2hwcavw481hzuwe7cokop5xiv2 Precrastination 0 156185 889403 852397 2026-07-30T14:35:00Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889403 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Rikicewa,''' wanda aka bayyana a matsayin aikin kammala ayyuka nan da nan, sau da yawa tare da ƙarancin ƙoƙari ko raguwar ingancin sakamako, wani abu ne da ake gani a wasu mutane. Sau da yawa ana amfani da wannan hanyar don guje wa damuwa da damuwa da ke tattare da aiki na ɗan lokaci da jinkiri . Rikicewa na iya zama yanayin ɗabi'a mara kyau kuma yana tare da alamu kamar lamiri, sha'awar faranta rai, da kuzari mai yawa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Desai |first=Raijvi |date=2020-07-17 |title=What is Pre-crastination |url=https://theswaddle.com/what-is-precrastination/ |access-date=2020-07-17 |website=The Swaddle}}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani|<span title="The current source is insufficiently reliable (WP:NOTRS). (August 2025)">mafi kyau&nbsp;tushe&nbsp;ana buƙata</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> Mutanen da ke yin jinkiri na iya ƙoƙarin nemo hanyoyin da za su fi inganci da inganci, amma wannan na iya haifar da amfani da tsarin sarrafa makamashi mara inganci kuma yana sa mutumin ya cika ayyukansa zuwa matakin da bai cika ba ko kuma bai isa ba. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Boni |first=M. S. A. G. |date=2019-12-19 |title=How to be more efficient: stop "precrastinating" |url=https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20191229-how-to-be-more-efficient-stop-precrastinating |access-date=2019-12-19 |website=BBC Worklife }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Masu yin jinkiri na iya yin aiki ba tare da gangan ba maimakon tsara shirin gaba a hankali. == Asalin Ma'anar == Kalmar ''precrastination'' cakuda ce ta ''pre-'' ' da ''-crastinus'' ' . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Latin Dictionary and Grammar Resources - Latdict |url=https://latin-dictionary.net/ |access-date=2022-05-20 |website=latin-dictionary.net}}</ref> Wataƙila wasa ne kawai da kalmar <nowiki><i id="mwMA">jinkirtawa</i></nowiki>, wadda ke da ma'anar akasin haka. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="The material near this tag possibly contains original research. (August 2025)">binciken asali?</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> == Bincike == Rosenbaum da abokan aikinsa sun ƙirƙiro kalmar ''precrastination'' a shekarar 2014. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Rosenbaum |first=David A. |last2=Gong |first2=Lanyun |last3=Potts |first3=Cory Adam |date=July 2014 |title=Pre-Crastination: Hastening Subgoal Completion at the Expense of Extra Physical Effort |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0956797614532657 |journal=Psychological Science |language=en |volume=25 |issue=7 |pages=1487–1496 |doi=10.1177/0956797614532657 |issn=0956-7976 |pmid=24815613 |s2cid=18762387 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> David A. Rosenbaum farfesa ne a Sashen Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam a Jami'ar California, Riverside . Binciken ya gano shaidar cewa ɗan adam yana da precrastination <ref name=":12" /> . === Gwaje-gwajen bokiti === Takardar mai taken "Kafin Ƙoƙari: Gaggauta Kammala Ƙoƙari a Lokacin da Ake Bukata" ta ƙunshi gwaje-gwaje guda tara daban-daban waɗanda za a iya kira gwaje-gwajen bokiti. <ref name=":12"/> Manufar binciken ita ce "samun fahimtar kimanta nau'ikan kuɗaɗe daban-daban a cikin tsarin aiki". <ref name=":12" /> Yayin da yake tabbatar da imanin cewa mutane sun fi son ɗaukar nauyin kaya a ɗan gajeren nisa maimakon ɗaukar nauyin nauyi daidai gwargwado, sun sami sakamako masu karo da juna. <ref name=":12" /> Yawancin ɗaliban jami'a sun ɗauki bokitin da ke kusa da su ba tare da wata dabara ba a kan dogon nisa, maimakon bokitin da ke kusa a ɗan gajeren nisa zuwa ƙarshen. <ref name=":12" /> Lokacin da aka yi hira da su, mahalarta sun amsa cewa suna son "a yi aikin da sauri". <ref name=":12" /> Waɗannan sakamakon ban mamaki daga gwaje-gwaje uku na farko sun canza manufar bincike zuwa "bayyana da samar da fassarar ka'ida ta wannan abin mamaki". <ref name=":12" /> ==== Gwaje-gwaje uku na farko ==== An gudanar da gwaje-gwajen bokiti ta amfani da ɗaliban Jami'ar Jihar Pennsylvania a matsayin mahalarta kuma an fara da gwaje-gwaje uku waɗanda suka haɗa da sa wani mahalarci ya yi tafiya a kan titi daga nan ya ɗauki ɗaya daga cikin bokiti biyu masu nauyi ya kai shi nesa har zuwa layin tsayawa. Sabanin tsammanin masu gwajin, mahalarta sun fi son ɗaukar bokitin da ya fi kusa da su fiye da ɗaukar bokitin kusa da layin tsayawa, ma'ana cewa mahalarci zai kashe ƙarin kuzari don kammala aikin fiye da yadda ake buƙata. Lokacin da aka yi wa mahalarta tambayoyi game da zaɓin su, sun bayyana ra'ayin son kammala aikin da wuri-wuri. <ref name=":12"/> ==== Gwada sabon abin da ya faru ==== An yi amfani da gwaji na huɗu don tabbatar da sakamakon ukun da suka gabata yayin da aka rage bambancin ƙididdiga ta hanyar motsa wurin farawa na bokiti {{Convert|6|ft|m}} daga mahalarta. An tabbatar da sakamakon da ya gabata kuma an tabbatar da bambancin ƙididdiga don kammala nisan kusanci wanda shine babban abin da ke haifar da ɗaukar bokiti daga hagu ko dama. <ref name=":12"/> An yi amfani da gwaje-gwaje na biyar da na shida don cire ɓangaren daidaitawar ƙafa da hannu daga aikin; an yi wannan ta hanyar sanya mahalarta a cikin keken guragu yayin da suke kammala aikin. Sakamakon wannan gwajin ya yi daidai da sauran gwaje-gwajen. <ref name=":12"/> A cikin gwaji na bakwai, masu binciken sun binciki "yiwuwar mahalarta sun fi son dogon nisa fiye da gajeren nisa na ɗaukar kaya". <ref name=":12"/> An yi wannan ta hanyar canza jimillar nisa da bokitin hagu ko dama zai buƙaci a ɗauka, maimakon kawai canza hanyar da kuma ɗaukar nisan bokitin. Sakamakon wannan gwajin shine cewa ba a goyi bayan ka'idar cewa mahalarta sun fi son dogon nisa ba kuma ɗaliban har yanzu suna damuwa da jimillar nisa na aikin (tsarin kusanci + nisan ɗaukar kaya), yana nuna cewa lokacin da ake yanke shawara kan hanyar aiki, ana la'akari da duka hanyar kusanci da cikakken nisa. <ref name=":12" /> A gwaji na takwas, masu gwajin sun gwada hasashen cewa "masu halartar taron sun yi kama da abin da ke kusa, suna kama shi ba tare da la'akari da abin da ke kusa ba saboda abin da ke kusa ya ja hankalinsu". <ref name=":12"/> An gwada wannan hasashen hankali ta hanyar sanya allo a ƙarshen titin da ke gaya wa mahalarta su jira kafin su fara aikin, wannan na iya zama na daƙiƙa biyu ko huɗu. Bayan haka, saƙo mai kyau zai bayyana kuma mahalarta za su iya kammala aikin a lokacin da suke so. Masu binciken sun yi jayayya cewa allon "shine don sa mahalarta su kalli ƙasan titin don su ga nesa da kuma kusa da bokiti." <ref name=":12" /> kuma cewa dalilinsu na nuna saƙon jira "shine don hana mahalarta fara tafiyarsu zuwa titin da gaggawa". <ref name=":12" /> A ƙarshe babu wani muhimmin bambanci daga sakamakon gwaje-gwajen da suka gabata, ma'ana an maimaita fifikon abin da ke kusa. <ref name=":12" /> A ƙarshe, gwajin na tara ya tabbatar da cewa akwai bambanci mai mahimmanci a cikin motsa jiki tsakanin zaɓuɓɓuka biyu na ɗaukar nisa da kuma cewa za a guji zaɓin da ya fi ƙarfin aiki. An yi wannan ta hanyar samun zaɓuɓɓukan bokiti masu sauƙi da nauyi don aikin yayin da ake maimaita saitin gwaje-gwajen ɗaya zuwa uku. Sakamakon gwaji na tara ya tabbatar da fifikon gaba ɗaya ga bokiti mai sauƙi, <ref name=":12"/> ta haka yana tabbatar wa masu bincike cewa ƙoƙari yana da mahimmanci ga mahalarta, kuma duk da haka zai shiga cikin fifikon abu kusa lokacin yin sauran gwaje-gwajen - ko da lokacin da zai haifar da dogon nisa na ɗaukar nauyi, don haka ƙarin ƙoƙari. <ref name=":12" /> === Ƙarin bincike === ==== Abubuwan da ake so a jera su ==== A watan Afrilun 2018, Lisa R. Fournier, Alexandra M. Stubblefield, Brian P. Dyre, da David A. Rosenbaum sun buga wani labarin bincike mai taken "Fara ko kammalawa da wuri? Zaɓin jeri a cikin ayyukan canja wurin abu". <ref name=":15">{{Cite journal |last=Fournier |first=Lisa R. |last2=Stubblefield |first2=Alexandra M. |last3=Dyre |first3=Brian P. |last4=Rosenbaum |first4=David A. |date=2018-04-23 |title=Starting or finishing sooner? Sequencing preferences in object transfer tasks |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00426-018-1022-7 |journal=Psychological Research |volume=83 |issue=8 |pages=1674–1684 |doi=10.1007/s00426-018-1022-7 |issn=0340-0727 |pmid=29687233 |s2cid=22610626 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Wannan labarin ya binciki jeri na ayyuka dangane da ayyukan canja wurin abu wanda ɗayan ayyuka biyu masu yiwuwa zai iya zuwa cikin sauƙi ko a hankali kafin ɗayan aikin. An yi wannan ne da fatan tantance ko jinkirtawa zai samar da cikakkiyar dabarar wanne daga cikin ayyukan biyu za a fara yi. <ref name=":15" /> Don gwajin, sun gwada yanayi daban-daban waɗanda suka bambanta dangane da "wane aiki za a iya fara shi da wuri, a kammala shi da wuri, ko kuma a kawo yanayin da mutum yake ciki yanzu kusa da yanayin burinsa". [1] Gwajin gwajin shine mahalarta su canja ƙwallon ping pong daga bokiti biyu na asali, bokiti ɗaya a lokaci guda, zuwa cikin kwano da aka sanya a ƙarshen hanyar shiga. Adadin ƙwallaye a cikin bokiti, da kuma nisan bokiti a kan hanyar shiga, ya bambanta tsakanin gwaje-gwajen. Wani muhimmin abu ga wannan gwajin shine gaskiyar cewa zaɓin bokiti bai shafi jimillar lokacin kammala ayyukan jigilar guda biyu tare ba. Hakanan, mahalarta sun yi tafiya, a cikin [1] Kammalawar gwajin ita ce "Mun gano cewa tsarin aikin da aka zaɓa ya shafi aikin da za a iya fara da wuri", <ref name=":15"/> don haka ya kwaikwayi halin shiga cikin shirin jinkirtawa wanda aka fara lura da shi a cikin 2014 Rosenbaum et al. <ref name=":12"/> Ƙarshen labarin ya bambanta da binciken Rosenbaum na 2014 <ref name=":12" /> ta hanyar faɗin cewa, maimakon shirin jinkirtawa ya zama abin ƙarfafawa saboda sha'awar kammala ƙananan manufofi da sauri, shirin jinkirtawa ya fi yiwuwa sakamakon sha'awar fara ƙananan manufofi da wuri-wuri. <ref name=":15" /> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] jxzbg73qvwprpura6is270bzyt5pa0n Gidan da aka yi amfani da shi 0 156224 889395 852562 2026-07-30T14:23:39Z ~2026-42236-76 47426 889395 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Asystole (daga Sabon Latin, daga Girkanci a- 'a'a', 'ba tare da' + {{Lang|grc-Latn|systolē}} 'ƙuntatawa' ) shine rashin raguwar ventricular a cikin mahallin mummunan [[zuciya]], ya bambanta da asystole da aka haifar a kan mai haƙuri mai sanyaya a kan na'urar zuciya- huhu, da kuma anesthesia gaba ɗaya yayin tiyata da ke buƙatar dakatar da zuciya. Asystole shine mafi munin nau'in dakatar da zuciya kuma yawanci ba za a iya juyawa ba. Har ila yau ana kiranta da flatline na zuciya, asystole shine yanayin dakatar da aikin lantarki gaba ɗaya daga zuciya, wanda ke nufin babu raguwar nama daga tsokoki na zuciya sabili da haka babu jini zuwa sauran jiki. Bai kamata a rikita asystole tare da ɗan gajeren hutu a ƙasa da sakan 3 a cikin aikin lantarki na zuciya wanda zai iya faruwa a wasu sautin da ba su da tsanani. Asystole ya bambanta da kyawawan abubuwan da suka faru na ventricular fibrillation, kodayake dukansu suna da mummunan hangen nesa, kuma VF mai kyau wanda ba a kula da shi ba zai haifar da asystole. Ya kamata a kawar da rashin amfani da waya, katsewar wutar lantarki da jagora, da kuma katsewar wutar. Marasa lafiya na asystolic (kamar yadda ya saba da waɗanda ke da "rashin ƙarfi" kamar su fibrillation mai laushi ko mai kyau na ventricular, ko kuma unstable Ventricular tachycardia wanda ba ya samar da bugun jini, wanda za'a iya magance shi da defibrillation) yawanci yana nan tare da mummunan hangen nesa. An samo Asystole da farko a cikin kusan kashi 28% na lokuta na kama zuciya a cikin marasa lafiya da ke asibiti, <ref name="Bal2016">{{Cite journal |last=Baldzizhar |first=Aksana |last2=Manuylova |first2=Ekaterina |last3=Marchenko |first3=Roman |last4=Kryvalap |first4=Yury |last5=Carey |first5=Mary G. |date=September 2016 |title=Ventricular Tachycardias |journal=Critical Care Nursing Clinics of North America |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=317–329 |doi=10.1016/j.cnc.2016.04.004 |pmid=27484660}}</ref> amma kashi 15% ne kawai daga cikin waɗannan suka tsira, koda tare da amfanin sashin kulawa mai tsanani, tare da ƙarancin (6%) ga waɗanda aka riga aka ba da magungunan don hawan jini. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kutsogiannis |first=Demetrios J. |last2=Bagshaw |first2=Sean M. |last3=Laing |first3=Bryce |last4=Brindley |first4=Peter G. |date=4 October 2011 |title=Predictors of survival after cardiac or respiratory arrest in critical care units |journal=CMAJ: Canadian Medical Association Journal |volume=183 |issue=14 |pages=1589–1595 |doi=10.1503/cmaj.100034 |pmc=3185075 |pmid=21844108}}</ref> Ana kula da Asystole ta hanyar cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) tare da vasopressor na intravenous kamar [[Adrenaline|epinephrine]] (adrenaline). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kempton |first=Hannah |last2=Vlok |first2=Ruan |last3=Thang |first3=Christopher |last4=Melhuish |first4=Thomas |last5=White |first5=Leigh |date=March 2019 |title=Standard dose epinephrine versus placebo in out of hospital cardiac arrest: A systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=The American Journal of Emergency Medicine |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=511–517 |doi=10.1016/j.ajem.2018.12.055 |pmid=30658877 |s2cid=58580872 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Wani lokaci ana iya gano wani dalili mai juyawa kuma a kula da shi (wanda ake kira "Hs da Ts", misali wanda shine hypokalaemia). Yawancin abubuwan da aka ba da shawarar a baya - kamar su defibrillation (wanda aka sani ba shi da tasiri a kan asystole, amma a baya an yi shi idan rhythm ya kasance mai kyau sosai ventricular fibrillation) da kuma intravenous atropine - ba sa cikin ka'idojin yau da kullun da yawancin manyan hukumomin duniya suka ba da shawarar.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Neumar |first=R. W. |last2=Otto |first2=C. W. |last3=Link |first3=M. S. |last4=Kronick |first4=S. L. |last5=Shuster |first5=M. |last6=Callaway |first6=C. W. |last7=Kudenchuk |first7=P. J. |last8=Ornato |first8=J. P. |last9=McNally |first9=B. |last10=Silvers |first10=S. M. |last11=Passman |first11=R. S. |last12=White |first12=R. D. |last13=Hess |first13=E. P. |last14=Tang |first14=W. |last15=Davis |first15=D. |date=17 October 2010 |title=Part 8: Adult Advanced Cardiovascular Life Support: 2010 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care |journal=Circulation |volume=122 |issue=18_suppl_3 |pages=S729–S767 |doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.970988 |pmid=20956224 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ana ba da 1 MG na epinephrine ta hanyar intravenous kowane minti 3-5 don asystole.&nbsp; Yawan rayuwa a cikin mai haƙuri na kama zuciya tare da asystole sun fi ƙasa da mai haƙuri tare da sautin da ke iya defibrillation; asystole kanta ba sautin "mai girgiza". Ko da a cikin waɗannan lokuta inda mutum ke fama da dakatarwar zuciya tare da asystole kuma an canza shi zuwa saurin da ba shi da tsanani (ventricular fibrillation, ko ventricular tachycardia), wannan ba lallai bane ya inganta damar mutum na tsira don sallamawa daga asibiti, kodayake idan farar hula ne ya shaida lamarin, ko kuma mafi kyau, likitan asibiti, wanda ya ba da CPR mai kyau da magungunan zuciya, wannan muhimmin abu ne da za a yi la'akari da shi a yi laʼakari da wasu lokuta.[1] Yawan mutanen da ba sa tsira daga asibiti (ko da taimakon gaggawa) kasa da kashi 2.[2] == Dalilin da ya sa == Abubuwan da ke haifar da su, waɗanda zasu iya zama masu magani da kuma juyawa a wasu lokuta, sun haɗa da Hs da Ts. <ref name="ECC_2005_7.2">{{Cite journal |last=ECC Committee, Subcommittees and Task Forces of the American Heart Association |date=December 2005 |title=2005 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care – Part 7.2: Management of Cardiac Arrest |journal=Circulation |volume=112 |issue=24 Suppl |pages=IV1–203 (7.2 IV58–66) |doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.166550 |pmid=16314375 |doi-access=}}</ref> * Rashin lafiya * Rashin lafiya * Ions na Hydrogen (acidosis) * Rashin zafi * Hyperkalemia ko hypokalemia * Toxins (misali yawan shan miyagun ƙwayoyi) * Cutar zuciya * Rashin ƙarfi na huhu * Thrombosis (myocardial infarction ko Embolism na huhu) Duk da yake zuciya tana da asystolic, babu jini da ke gudana zuwa kwakwalwa sai dai idan an yi CPR ko massage na zuciya na ciki (lokacin da aka buɗe kirji kuma an matse zuciya da hannu), har ma a lokacin yana da karamin adadi. Bayan an yi amfani da magunguna na gaggawa da yawa amma zuciya har yanzu ba ta amsawa, lokaci ya yi da za a yi la'akari da furta mai haƙuri [[Mutuwa|ya mutu]]. Ko da a cikin yanayin da ba a saba gani ba cewa rhythm ya sake bayyana, idan asystole ya ci gaba da minti goma sha biyar ko fiye, ƙwaƙwalwar za a hana ta iskar oxygen har tsawon lokaci don haifar da mummunar lalacewar ƙwaƙwalwa, wanda ke haifar da Mutuwar kwakwalwa ko yanayin ci gaba.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shah |first=Sandy |date=16 October 2021 |title=Asystole: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology |url=https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/757257-overview#a2}}</ref><gallery> Fayil:Lead_II_rhythm_generated_asystole.JPG|ECG lead showing asystole (flatline) Fayil:Asystole.png|Asystole Fayil:Asystole_Coarse.png|Ventricular fibrillation </gallery> == Dubi kuma == * Sautin zuciya na Agonal * Ictal asystole == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 90s4kq07epfroaunveg06n7nkuagtuw Rashin cin abinci mai yawa 0 156245 889576 852668 2026-07-30T21:32:39Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889576 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Cutar cin abinci mai laushi (BED) cuta ce ta cin abinci mai yawa wanda ke nuna sau da yawa da kuma maimaitawa tare da matsalolin tunanin mutum da zamantakewa marasa kyau, amma ba tare da halayen biyan diyya na bulimia nervosa ba, OSFED, ko kuma nau'in Anorexia nervosa. BED wani yanayi ne da aka bayyana kwanan nan, wanda aka gabatar don rarrabe cin abinci mai kama da wanda aka gani a cikin bulimia nervosa amma ba tare da tsarkakewa ba.{{Sfn|NICE|2017}} Mutanen da aka gano da bulimia nervosa ko rikicewar cin abinci suna nuna irin wannan alamu na cin abinci mai yawa, siffofin neurobiological kamar su kula da hankali da [[Cin zarafin abinci|Jarabawar abinci]], da abubuwan haɗari na halitta da muhalli.<ref name="Set-shifting ability across the spe">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Wu M, Brockmeyer T, Hartmann M, Skunde M, Herzog W, Friederich HC |date=December 2014 |title=Set-shifting ability across the spectrum of eating disorders and in overweight and obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=Psychological Medicine |volume=44 |issue=16 |pages=3365–85 |doi=10.1017/S0033291714000294 |pmid=25066267 |s2cid=27815868}}</ref> Wasu kwararru suna la'akari da BED a matsayin nau'in bulimia mai sauƙi, tare da yanayin biyu a kan wannan bakan.<ref name="Hay2009">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hay PP, Bacaltchuk J, Stefano S, Kashyap P |date=October 2009 |title=Psychological treatments for bulimia nervosa and binging |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2009 |issue=4 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD000562.pub3 |pmc=7034415 |pmid=19821271}}</ref> Cin abinci mai yawa yana daya daga cikin cututtukan cin abinci mafi yawa tsakanin manya, <ref name="Saguy Gruys 2010">{{Cite journal |last=Saguy |first=Abigail C. |last2=Gruys |first2=Kjerstin |date=May 2010 |title=Morality and Health: News Media Constructions of Overweight and Eating Disorders |url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7dj1320j |journal=Social Problems |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=231–250 |doi=10.1525/sp.2010.57.2.231}}</ref> kodayake yana karɓar ƙarancin ɗaukar hoto da kulawa ta bincike fiye da anorexia nervosa da bulimia nervosa. == Alamomi da alamomi == * Cin da sauri fiye da yadda aka saba, <ref name="NHS choices">{{Cite web |title=Binge eating disorder - NHS Choices |url=http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Binge-eating/Pages/Introduction.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170130044447/http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Binge-eating/Pages/Introduction.aspx |archive-date=30 January 2017 |access-date=19 January 2017 |website=www.nhs.uk |publisher=Nation Health Service |language=en}}</ref> watakila a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci <ref name="Michalska2016">{{Cite journal |last=Michalska |first=Aneta |last2=Szejko |first2=Natalia |last3=Jakubczyk |first3=Andrzej |last4=Wojnar |first4=Marcin |date=2016 |title=Nonspecific eating disorders - a subjective review |journal=Psychiatria Polska |volume=50 |issue=3 |pages=497–507 |doi=10.12740/PP/59217 |pmid=27556109 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * Cin abinci har sai da jin daɗi ba shi da kyau <ref name="NHS choices" /> * Cin abinci mai yawa ko da ba a jin yunwa ba <ref name="NHS choices" /> * Rashin iko akan yawan ko abin da aka ci <ref name="ICD-11">{{Cite web |title=6B82 Binge eating disorder |url=https://icd.who.int/browse/2025-01/mms/en#1673294767 |access-date=2025-11-21 |website=icd.who.int |publisher=[[World Health Organization]]}}</ref> * Shirye-shiryen da rarraba takamaiman lokutan don yin amfani da shi <ref name="NHS choices" /> * Cin abinci kadai ko a asirce <ref name="NHS choices" /> * Rashin iya tunawa da abin da aka ci bayan cin abinci <ref name="NHS choices" /> * Jin laifi, kunya, ko ƙyamar bin cin abinci <ref name="NHS choices" /> <ref name="ICD-11" /> * Rashin jinin jiki<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ahrberg |first=Merle |last2=Trojca |first2=Dorothea |last3=Nasrawi |first3=Nadia |last4=Vocks |first4=Silja |date=September 2011 |title=Body Image Disturbance in Binge Eating Disorder: A Review |journal=European Eating Disorders Review |volume=19 |issue=5 |pages=375–381 |doi=10.1002/erv.1100 |pmid=21341345}}</ref> Sabanin bulimia nervosa, abubuwan da suka faru na cin abinci ba a bi su a kai a kai da ayyukan da aka nufa don biyan kuɗin yawan abincin da aka cinye ba, kamar amai da aka haifar da kai, laxative ko rashin amfani da [[Enema]], ko motsa jiki mai tsanani.{{Sfn|NICE|2017}}<ref name="ICD-11"/> BED yana da halaye da yawa ta hanyar cin abinci fiye da ƙuntataccen abinci.<ref name="nationaleatingdisorders">{{Cite web |date=26 February 2017 |title=Binge Eating Disorder |url=https://www.nationaleatingdisorders.org/learn/by-eating-disorder/bed |access-date=9 June 2026 |archive-date=27 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327053311/https://www.nationaleatingdisorders.org/learn/by-eating-disorder/bed |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wadanda ke da BED sau da yawa suna da mummunan siffar jiki kuma suna cin abinci akai-akai, amma ba su yi nasara ba saboda tsananin cin abincin su.<ref name="nationaleatingdisorders" /> Girman kiba ya zama ruwan dare a cikin mutanen da ke fama da BED, kamar yadda baƙin ciki, <ref name="Michalska2016"/> ƙarancin girman kai, damuwa da gajiyar.{{Sfn|NICE|2017}} Game da iyawar fahimta, mutane da ke nuna alamun cin abinci mai tsanani na iya fuskantar ƙananan dysfunctions a cikin ayyukan zartarwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Prunell-Castañé |first=Anna |last2=Jurado |first2=María Ángeles |last3=García-García |first3=Isabel |date=June 2021 |title=Clinical binge eating, but not uncontrolled eating, is associated with differences in executive functions: Evidence from meta-analytic findings |journal=Addictive Behaviors Reports |language=en |volume=13 |doi=10.1016/j.abrep.2020.100337 |issn=2352-8532 |pmc=7815657 |pmid=33506087 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wadanda ke da BED suma suna cikin haɗarin cututtukan hanta marasa ƙwayoyin cuta, rashin daidaito na haila kamar amenorrhea, da matsalolin gastrointestinal kamar su acid reflux da zuciya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zhang |first=Jinyu |last2=Abbasi |first2=O |last3=Malevanchik |first3=L |last4=Mohan |first4=N |last5=Denicola |first5=R |last6=Tarangelo |first6=N |last7=Marzio |first7=DH |date=2017 |title=Pilot study of the prevalence of binge eating disorder in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease patients |journal=Annals of Gastroenterology |volume=30 |issue=6 |pages=664–669 |doi=10.20524/aog.2017.0200 |pmc=5670286 |pmid=29118561}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wassenaar |first=Elizabeth |last2=Friedman |first2=Julie |last3=Mehler |first3=Philip S. |date=June 2019 |title=Medical Complications of Binge Eating Disorder |journal=Psychiatric Clinics of North America |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=275–286 |doi=10.1016/j.psc.2019.01.010 |pmid=31046929 |s2cid=143433618}}</ref> == Manazarta == kqpua2ynjs9yugnz0sytj3v5coc0wkx Ruwa da tsaftacewa a Burkina Faso 0 156630 889711 864767 2026-07-31T07:44:15Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889711 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Burkina Faso''' suna da alaƙa da yawan samun ruwa a birane, yayin da samun aƙalla albarkatun ruwa na asali a yankunan karkara, inda kashi uku cikin huɗu na al'umma ke zaune, har yanzu yana da ƙarancin yawa. Kimanin kashi ɗaya bisa uku na wuraren samar da ruwa a yankunan karkara ba su da aiki saboda rashin kulawa. Samun tsaftar muhalli na asali yana da matuƙar koma baya ga samun ruwa. Gwamnati da hukumomin bayar da gudummawa sun dauki samar da ruwan sha a birane a [[Burkina Faso]] a matsayin daya daga cikin nasarorin ci gaba da ba kasafai ake samu ba a [[Yankin Saharar Afirka|yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara]] . Samun ingantaccen tushen ruwa a yankunan birane ya karu daga kashi 73% a shekarar 1990 zuwa kashi 95% a shekarar 2008. Samar da ruwan sha wanda a da yake kasancewa na dan lokaci yanzu yana ci gaba da dorewa. ''Ofishin samar da ruwan sha na kasa na National de l'Eau et de l'Assainissement'' (ONEA) ya kasance mai rashin kudi shekaru ashirin da suka gabata kuma yana ba da kyakkyawan sabis ga kananan kwastomomi. Ya zuwa shekarar 2010, ya bunkasa sosai kuma yana da lafiya a fannin kudi. Bankin Duniya da [[Hukumar Kula da Ci Gaban Kasa da Kasa ta Amurka|USAID]] a yau suna daukar kamfanin gwamnati a matsayin daya daga cikin mafi kyawun kamfanonin samar da ruwa a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara. Karin farfado da farashi da inganta ingancin samar da ayyuka sun kasance muhimman abubuwa a cikin sauya tsarin samar da ruwan sha. A karshen shekarun 1990, Bankin Duniya ya dage cewa ya kamata kamfanoni masu zaman kansu su taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen samar da ayyukan ruwa a Burkina Faso. Gwamnati ta yi watsi da wannan hanyar. Madadin haka, ta hada wasu ka'idoji na gyare-gyaren fannin da suka shafi kasuwa cikin manufofinta domin kara inganta aikin kamfanonin samar da ruwan sha na jama'a. A yankunan karkara, wata doka ta rarraba iko ta shekarar 2004 ta bai wa ƙananan hukumomi 301 na ƙasar alhakin samar da ruwa ( ''communities'' ) waɗanda ba su da tarihin samar da ko bayar da waɗannan ayyukan. Aiwatar da rarraba iko ya yi jinkiri. Ƙananan hukumomi, waɗanda ake ƙarfafa ƙarfinsu, suna ba da kwangilar samar da ayyuka ga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu na gida, ko kuma a wasu lokuta ga ONEA. Gwamnati ta amince da Tsarin Tsaftace Tsafta na Ƙasa a shekarar 2008 kuma Shugaba [[Blaise Compaoré]] ya ƙaddamar da wani kamfen a shekarar 2010 don haɓaka aiwatar da dabarun. == Samun dama == [[Fayil:Access_to_Improved_Water_Sources_and_Sanitation_in_Sub-Saharan_Africa.png|thumb|Samun damar samun ingantaccen samar da ruwa da tsafta, a cikin [[Ruwa da tsabtace muhalli a yankin Sahara na Afirka|ƙasashe 7 na kudu da hamadar Sahara]], daga 1990 zuwa 2008. ]] '''Hanyoyi da hanyoyin samun bayanai.''' Shirin Hadin Gwiwa na Kula da Samar da Ruwa da Tsafta (JMP) na [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya|WHO]] da [[UNICEF]], wanda shine tushen da aka yarda da shi a duniya don aunawa don cimma [[Manufofin Ci Gaban Shekaru Dubu|burin ci gaban Millennium]] (MDGs) don samar da ruwa da tsafta, ya dogara ne akan tattara bincike daban-daban ( Binciken Jama'a da Lafiya (DHS), Binciken Indicators Multiple Cluster (MCIS)) don kafa ƙimar samun dama. Waɗannan binciken yawanci suna tantance samuwar kayayyakin more rayuwa, ba ingancin sabis ba. Kiyasin 2017 na Burkina Faso ya nuna ƙimar samun damar zuwa aƙalla tushen ruwa na asali na kashi 79 cikin ɗari a cikin birane da kashi 43 cikin ɗari a yankunan karkara. Gwamnati ta dogara da wata hanya daban gaba ɗaya, bisa ga manufar "shigarwa mai ma'ana". Wannan ra'ayi ya bambanta da hanyar JMP ta hanyar la'akari da ɓangarorin ingancin sabis, kamar lokacin jira da ingancin ruwa. Dangane da hanyar gwamnati, ƙimar samun ruwa a 2005 ta yi ƙasa da ta ƙarƙashin hanyar JMP, ta tsaya a kashi 74 cikin ɗari a yankunan birane da kashi 60 cikin ɗari a yankunan karkara. Duk da cewa hanyar "samun dama mai kyau" ta fi zamani, tana kuma fuskantar ƙalubale mafi girma dangane da samuwar bayanai. '''Samar da ruwa''' . A shekarar 2015, kashi 54% na al'ummar kasar sun sami damar samun ruwan "aƙalla na asali", kashi 79% da 43%, a birane da yankunan karkara bi da bi. Duk da haka, a shekarar 2015, kimanin mutane miliyan 8 ba su da damar samun ruwan "aƙalla na asali". <ref name="Stats">{{Cite web |title=WASHwatch.org - Burkina Faso |url=http://washwatch.org/en/countries/burkina-faso/summary/statistics/ |access-date=2017-04-12 |website=washwatch.org |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> '''Tsafta''' . A shekarar 2015, kashi 23% na al'ummar ƙasar sun sami damar yin tsafta, kashi 48% da 12%, a birane da yankunan karkara bi da bi. Duk da haka, a shekarar 2015, kusan mutane miliyan 13 ba su da damar yin tsafta "aƙalla" a cikin gida. <ref name="Stats"/> Tsafta a Burkina Faso galibi tana cikin nau'in tsaftace muhalli a wurin, gami da bandakuna don yin bayan gida da kuma ramukan da ke jika ruwa daga shawa da wuraren wanke-wanke. Idan aka kwatanta da karuwar samun ruwa mai yawa, samun isasshen tsafta ya ƙaru kaɗan ne tsakanin 2000 da 2015 daga 75% zuwa 79% a birane da kuma daga 2% zuwa 12% a yankunan karkara. Yin bayan gida a fili ya kasance yaɗuwa, wanda aka kiyasta ya kai kashi 48% na yawan jama'a. Waɗanda ba su da isasshen tsafta ko yin bayan gida a wuraren da ake amfani da su a fili ko kuma waɗanda ba a inganta su ba. WHO ba ta ɗauki waɗannan a matsayin isassun wuraren tsaftace muhalli ba. Burkina Faso ta ba da cikakken tallafin kuɗaɗen babban jari ga bandakuna a yankunan karkara. Duk da wannan ƙoƙarin, tsakanin 2000 da 2008 adadin mutanen da ke yin bayan gida a fili a yankunan karkara ya ƙaru. <ref>{{Cite web |last=EU Water Initiative Africa |date=April 2011 |title=Update on EU Aid to Water and Sanitation in Africa Political Briefing Note EU Water Initiative Africa Working Group |url=http://www.euwi.net/files/Update_on_EU_Aid_to_Water_and_Sanitation_EUWI-Political_Briefing_Note.pdf |access-date=23 October 2011 |page=5 |archive-date=22 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120422121910/http://www.euwi.net/files/Update_on_EU_Aid_to_Water_and_Sanitation_EUWI-Political_Briefing_Note.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> ONEA ta zuba jari sosai a fannin tsafta ta hanyar taimaka wa gidaje wajen gina irin waɗannan wuraren wanka da wanke-wanke da aka haɗa da ramukan da ke nutsewa, da kuma inganta bayan gida. ONEA tana ba da tallafin waɗannan wuraren tare da tallafin masu ba da gudummawa na ƙasashen duniya da kuma kuɗin da aka samu daga ƙarin kuɗin tsafta akan kuɗin ruwa. Tallafin da ONEA ta bayar a matsakaici zuwa kashi 40 cikin ɗari na kuɗin kayan aiki, don haka ya sa su zama masu araha ga gidaje. Najasa tana taka muhimmiyar rawa a Burkina Faso. Akwai hanyoyin sadarwa 235 kawai zuwa magudanar ruwa a duk faɗin ƙasar, duk a Ouagadougou. == Ingancin sabis == A yankunan birane, samar da ruwa galibi yana ci gaba da gudana. A Ouagadougou wannan ya nuna babban ci gaba idan aka kwatanta da zamanin da aka gina madatsar ruwan Ziga da kuma ingantaccen aikin samar da ruwa na ƙasa lokacin da samar da ruwa ke ci gaba da dorewa. A yankunan karkara, yawancin mazauna suna ɗebo ruwa daga rijiyoyi ko famfunan hannu. Kamar yadda yake a wasu ƙasashen Afirka, dorewar famfunan hannu da sauran tsarin samar da ruwa matsala ce. Akwai bayanai masu karo da juna game da rabon tsarin ruwa a yankunan karkara waɗanda ba su da aiki a Burkina Faso. A cewar bayanan da UNICEF ta ruwaito, kashi 23% na famfunan a yankunan karkara ba su da aiki saboda rashin kulawa. A cewar bayanan da Bankin Duniya ya ruwaito, daga cikin wuraren ruwa sama da 50,000 a yankunan karkara, 33,000 (rijiyoyin zamani 8,000 da rijiyoyin ruwa 25,000 da aka sanye da famfunan hannu) suna aiki, wato fiye da kashi ɗaya bisa uku na rijiyoyi ba su da aiki. Daga cikin ƙananan tsarin bututu 570 a yankunan karkara, 400 suna aiki, wato kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku ba sa aiki. == Albarkatun ruwa, amfani da ruwa da kayayyakin more rayuwa == [[Fayil:Nakambe_burkina.jpg|left|thumb|The [[White Volta|Nakambe River]] in Burkina Faso in February 2009 during the dry season]] '''Bayani na ƙasa game da albarkatun ruwa''' . Albarkatun ruwa suna da ƙaranci a Burkina Faso. Samun ruwa ya bambanta sosai tsakanin yankuna da yanayi, da kuma daga shekara zuwa shekara. A Kudu, matsakaicin ruwan sama yana da yawa har zuwa 1,200mm a lokacin damina na watanni shida, yayin da a Arewa lokacin damina yana ɗaukar watanni uku kawai kuma ruwan sama shine 300mm kawai. Koguna ɗaya tilo a ƙasar da ke ɗaukar ruwa duk shekara sune Kogin Mouhoun ( [[Black Volta]] ) da Kogin Nakambe ( [[White Volta]] ), sauran koguna suna ɗauke da ruwa kawai a lokacin damina. Gina madatsun ruwa shine hanyar da aka fi amfani da ita wajen adana ruwa don lokacin rani, duk da cewa ƙafewar ruwa na iya kaiwa 2,000&nbsp;mm/shekara wanda hakan ke haifar da asarar ruwa mai yawa daga madatsun ruwa. Wani kaso mai yawa na albarkatun ruwa na saman ƙasa yana rabawa da ƙasashe maƙwabta. Misali, Kogin Nakambe - babban tushen samar da kayayyaki ga babban birnin ƙasar, Ouagadougou - da Kogin Mouhoun suna rabawa da Ghana. Albarkatun ruwan saman ƙasa sun bambanta tsakanin mita cubic biliyan 8 (BCM)/shekara a matsakaicin shekara da kuma BCM 4 a cikin shekara busasshiyar shekara. <ref name="FAO" /> Ƙananan adadi ya yi daidai da ƙasa da mita cubic 300 ga kowane mutum da shekara, wanda ya yi ƙasa da matakin mita cubic 1,000 ga kowane mutum da kuma shekarar da ake ɗaukarta a matsayin maƙasudin "matsalar ruwa". Ruwan ƙasa ba shi da daidaito kuma ana iya haƙo shi ne kawai a wasu wurare, musamman a wuraren da yanayi ya yi zafi a saman dutse da kuma yankunan da suka karye . Ko da akwai amfanin gona da aka iyakance zuwa kimanin m3 10 a kowace rana a kowace rijiya, wanda bai isa ya wadatar da ƙaramin ƙauye da ruwa ba. '''Amfani da ruwa''' . Amfani da ruwa a shekarar 2000 ya kasance 0.7 BCM ko ƙasa da 10% na albarkatun ruwa a saman ƙasa a cikin matsakaicin shekara kuma ƙasa da 20% a cikin shekarar bushewa. Kimanin BCM 0.1 kawai, ko kuma ɗan fiye da 1% na jimillar albarkatun ruwa, ana amfani da su don samar da ruwan gida. Ban ruwa da shayar da dabbobi su ne manyan hanyoyin amfani da ruwa. [[Fayil:Ouagadougou_SPOT_1087.jpg|thumb|Hoton tauraron dan adam na Ouagadougou wanda ke nuna cewa yankin da ke samar da ruwan sha na [[Lake Ouagadougou|Tafkin Ouagadougou]] wanda ke samar da sama da kashi ɗaya bisa biyar na ruwan sha ya zama cikakken birni]] '''Kayayyakin samar da ruwan Ouagadougou.''' Babban birnin [[Ouagadougou|Ouagadougou,]] wanda ke da mazauna sama da miliyan 1.2, shi ne birni mafi girma a Burkina Faso. Ana samar da ruwan saman ne daga ma'ajiyar ruwa guda biyar: * "Madatsun ruwa na tuddai" na Ouaga 1, 2 da 3 suna cikin birnin kuma suna samar da tafkin Ouagadougou. * ma'ajiyar Lumbila (ajiyar miliyan 36 m3) a kan kogin Massili, kimanin 10&nbsp;kilomita daga nesa kuma an kammala shi a shekarar 1947, kuma * Ma'ajiyar Ziga (ma'ajiyar miliyan 200 m3) wacce take da kusan 50&nbsp;kilomita nesa da birnin, kuma hakan ya fara samar da ruwa ga babban birnin a shekarar 2004, wanda ya samar da kusan kashi 70% na bukatunsa a shekarar 2008. Yankin magudanar ruwa na "madatsun tuddai" a yau an gina shi gaba ɗaya da matsugunan da ba su da isasshen tsarin tsafta. Bugu da ƙari, ana wanke shara a cikin magudanar ruwa a lokacin damina. Bugu da ƙari, tsawon shekaru, magudanar ruwa na madatsun tuddai da ma'adanar ruwa ta Lumbila sun cika da laka da laka a hankali. Ana kula da ruwa daga madatsun ruwa na tuddai da ma'adanar ruwa ta Lumbila a cikin masana'antar tace ruwa ta Paspanga, wadda ta samar da kusan kashi 20-25% na buƙatun ruwa na birnin a shekarar 2008. Ruwan ƙasa yana samar da kusan kashi 5-10% na buƙatun ruwa na birnin. <ref>{{In lang|fr}} P. Cecchi, Institut de Recherche pour le développement (IRD):[http://www.ird.bf/activites/Les%20lacs%20de%20Ouaga.pdf L’alimentation en eau de la ville de Ouagadougou], ca. 2003, accessed on August 19, 2010 {{Dead link|date=June 2016}}</ref> '''Kayayyakin tsafta na Ouagadougou''' . Yawancin mutanen Ouagadougou suna amfani da bandakuna. Kusan kashi 5% ne kawai ke amfani da tankunan septic kuma ƙaramin kaso yana da alaƙa da 43&nbsp;An kammala hanyar sadarwa ta magudanar ruwa ta kilomita a shekarar 2006 a tsakiyar birnin kuma wacce ke hidima ga abokan ciniki na kasuwanci, masana'antu da kuma cibiyoyi. Hanyar sadarwa tana kwarara zuwa wani [[Tafkunan dake daidaita shara|tafki mai fadin]] hekta 20 a yankin masana'antu na Kossodo, wanda kuma ke magance laka daga tankunan septic da tankunan ruwa suka kawo. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Projet d'assainissement collectif de la ville de Ouagadougou, Série Evaluation et Capitalisation n° 16, July 2008 |url=https://www.pseau.org/outils/biblio/resume.php?docu_document_id=1492 |publisher=Agence française de développement}}</ref> == Tarihi da abubuwan da suka faru kwanan nan == === Ƙirƙirar kamfanin samar da ruwa na ƙasa (1977-1990) === Har zuwa shekarar 1977, wani kamfani mai zaman kansa ne ke samar da ayyukan ruwa, wanda ya mayar da hankali kan wasu unguwannin arziki na babban birnin Ouagadougou. An dakatar da kwangilarsa a shekarar 1977. <ref name="PPIAF">{{Cite web |title=Corporatizing a water utility. A successful case using a performance-based service contract for ONEA in Burkina Faso, Gridlines, Note 53, March 2010 |url=http://www.ppiaf.org/ppiaf/sites/ppiaf.org/files/publication/53-corporatizing-water-utility.pdf |access-date=August 9, 2010 |publisher=Public-Private Infrastructure Advisory Facility (PPIAF) |archive-date=July 27, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727122119/http://www.ppiaf.org/ppiaf/sites/ppiaf.org/files/publication/53-corporatizing-water-utility.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> A wannan shekarar ne kamfanin ruwa na ƙasa ONE, wanda aka canza sunansa zuwa ''Office National de l'Eau et de l'Assainissement'' (ONEA) a shekarar 1985, ya ɗauki nauyin samar da ruwan birane a ƙasar. A cikin shekarun farko na wanzuwarsa, waɗanda aka yi wa alama da lokacin rashin zaman lafiya na siyasa, kamfanin bai cimma wani abu ba dangane da faɗaɗa hanyoyin shiga da inganta ingancin sabis. === Ƙarfafa kamfanin ruwa na ƙasa ONEA a shekarun 1990 === A farkon shekarun 1990, gwamnati ta fara wani tsari na sake fasalin da kuma ƙarfafa hukumar samar da ruwa ta ƙasa ONEA, yayin da take zuba jari sosai wajen faɗaɗa hanyoyin shiga tare da taimakon agajin ƙasashen waje. Ta wannan tsari, an mayar da hukumar samar da ruwa ta zama ɗaya daga cikin kamfanonin samar da ruwa mafi nasara da inganci a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara na Afirka. Inganta dawo da farashi muhimmin abu ne na wannan tsari: An ƙara kuɗin fito da kashi 30% zuwa kusan €1 a kowace mita mai siffar cubic, don haka ONEA ta ji daɗin yanayin kuɗi mai kyau kuma ta ba da rahoton ribar lissafi. <ref name="PPIAF"/> Ƙara inganci wani muhimmin abu ne: Ruwan da ba shi da kuɗaɗen shiga ya ragu zuwa kashi 16 cikin ɗari, matakin da ya dace idan aka kwatanta da ƙa'idodin yanki. An ƙara yawan ma'aikata ta hanyar rage yawan ma'aikata daga 670 a shekarar 1991 zuwa 570 a shekarar 1995, yayin da adadin abokan ciniki ya ƙaru sosai. Bugu da ƙari, an sabunta hanyoyin kasuwanci ta hanyar tsarin lissafin kuɗi na abokin ciniki ta kwamfuta, an inganta dangantakar abokan ciniki, an gabatar da tsarin kula da ciki don yaƙi da cin hanci da rashawa kuma an kafa dakin gwaje-gwaje. An tsara nauyin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin kamfanin gwamnati da gwamnati a cikin tsarin Kwantiragi wanda ya tsara manufofi na adadi tsawon shekaru da dama, kamar yadda ya zama ruwan dare ga kamfanonin gwamnati a yawancin ƙasashen Faransa. <ref name="ONEA" /> Duk da waɗannan nasarorin da kamfanin gwamnati ya samu, Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya da Bankin Duniya sun dage kan kafa haɗin gwiwa tsakanin gwamnati da masu zaman kansu don samar da ruwa a Burkina Faso a ƙarshen shekarun 1990. An ambaci kwangilar hayar shekaru 10 da wani kamfanin Faransa mai zaman kansa da aka sanya hannu a baya a [[Tsaftar ruwa da yanda ake sakin sa a senegal|Senegal]] a matsayin misali mai kyau. Duk da haka, gwamnati ta ƙi zaɓin kwangilar hayar, wanda aka yi la'akari da shi mai nisa ba tare da yin watsi da dukkan abubuwan da suka shafi gyare-gyaren fannin da aka fara a wasu ƙasashen Yammacin Afirka maƙwabta ba. Don haka gwamnati ta ɗauki waɗannan fannoni ne kawai waɗanda ta ɗauka sun dace da yanayin Burkina Faso. A wannan yanayin, gwamnati ta fara gyare-gyaren fannin a shekarar 2001 don cimma abin da ta kira "haɗin gwiwa tsakanin gwamnati da jama'a tsakanin Gwamnati da ONEA." Wani muhimmin abu a cikin gyaran yankunan birane shi ne cewa gwamnati ta guji tsoma baki a harkokin siyasa ta kuma kafa kayan aiki don sa ido kan ayyukan ONEA cikin gaskiya da kuma kashin kanta. A cikin muhimmin fanni na dawo da farashi, an samar da tsarin kuɗi na ONEA ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa kuma an yi amfani da shi, wanda ya ba gwamnati damar tantance ci gaban da aka samu zuwa ga daidaiton kuɗi na ONEA da kuma samar da tushe mai ma'ana don ƙarin buƙatun sake fasalin kuɗin fito. Daga nan gwamnati ta amince da buƙatun ƙarin kuɗin fito da kamfanin ya gabatar kuma sakamakon lissafin samfurin ya tabbatar da shi a kan lokaci, wanda yake da mahimmanci don kiyaye kamfanin a cikin kyakkyawan lafiyar kuɗi. Gwamnati ta kuma taimaka wajen ƙarfafa kamfanin ta hanyar rashin tsoma baki ga yanke shawara kan saka hannun jari da ma'aikata da kuma biyan kuɗin ruwa akan lokaci. Wani abu na gyaran shine, sabanin da aka yi a da kuma sabanin sauran ƙasashe da dama masu kwangilolin aiki na gwamnati da na gwamnati, yanzu an yi wa Tsarin Kwantiragi na shekaru uku da ke tsakanin Gwamnati da ONEA kimantawa masu zaman kansu lokaci-lokaci. === Tallafin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu don ƙara ƙarfafa amfanin jama'a (2001-2006) === === Faɗaɗa hanyar shiga da madatsar ruwan Ziga (2000s) === A watan Yulin 2004, Shugaban Burkina Faso ya ƙaddamar da tashar tace ruwa da bututun mai da ke samar da ruwa daga sabuwar madatsar ruwan Ziga kuma ya ba ONEA damar iyakance rabon ruwa a Ouagadougou. <ref>{{In lang|fr}} LeFaso.net [https://www.lefaso.net/spip.php?article3129 Barrage de Ziga : L’eau jaillit à Ouagadougou], 12 July 2004</ref> Madatsar ruwan da jarin da ke tare da ita sun ba da damar ƙaruwa sosai a hanyoyin haɗa ruwa a Ouagadougou, inda adadin hanyoyin haɗa gidaje ya ninka sau uku tsakanin 2001 da 2007. === Rarraba iko a yankunan karkara tun daga shekarar 2004 === Dangane da samar da ruwan karkara, a shekarar 2004 gwamnati ta kafa manufar rarraba iko, tana hasashen mayar da alhakin gudanar da ayyukan ruwa na karkara da kuma kula da su daga jihar zuwa ga al'ummomin yankin. Da farko aiwatarwa ya kasance a hankali, amma an ci gaba da aiwatarwa akan lokaci. A watan Maris na 2009, wata doka ta mika ikon mallakar bututun mai a ƙananan garuruwa a wajen yankin sabis na ONEA zuwa ƙananan hukumomi, wanda hakan ke ba da kwangilar aiki da kulawa ga masu aiki na gida ko kuma zuwa ga ONEA. <ref name="Tsitsikalis pS-Eau">{{In lang|fr}} Alicia Tsitsikalis (Gret):[https://www.pseau.org/outils/ouvrages/pseau_lettre_62.pdf Pour une gestion partagée de l'eau entre associations d'usagers], La lettre du pS-Eau No. 62, June 2010</ref> A cewar Bankin Duniya, kafin rarraba iko, ci gaban ayyukan karkara ya sha wahala daga tsarin tsare-tsare da saka hannun jari da aka yi a tsakiya, wanda ya kauce wa gwamnatocin kananan hukumomi. Samar da ruwan karkara, kuma har yanzu yana da alaƙa da bambancin dokokin aiki, hanyoyin aiwatarwa, da zaɓuɓɓukan fasaha waɗanda hukumomin kuɗi da ƙungiyoyin sa kai ke da ikon yanke hukunci. == Nauyin samar da ruwa da tsafta == Manufofin gwamnati game da samar da ruwa da tsafta an tsara su a cikin manyan dokoki guda biyu da kuma a cikin tsare-tsare da dabarun ƙasa da dama don takamaiman sassa. Manyan dokoki guda biyu sune Dokar Gudanar da Ruwa ta 2001, wacce ta tsara ƙa'idodi don haɗakar kula da albarkatun ruwa da kuma haɓaka amfani da ruwa daban-daban, da kuma Dokar Rarraba Ƙasa ta 2004 ( ''Charge Générale des Collectivites Territoriales'', CGCT), wacce ke ƙayyade alhakin isar da ayyuka na asali, gami da samar da ruwa da tsafta. A shekara ta 2006, gwamnati ta amince da Shirin Samar da Ruwa da Tsafta na Ƙasa (PN-AEPA) don cimma [[Manufofin Ci Gaban Shekaru Dubu|burin Ci Gaban Karni na Millennium]] . A shekara ta 2008, gwamnati ta kuma amince da Takardar Gyaran Gyaran Samar da Ruwa a Karkara. Haka kuma a shekara ta 2008, gwamnati ta amince da sabon Tsarin Tsafta. Domin tallafawa dabarun, Shugaban Burkina Faso ya ƙaddamar da wani kamfen na ƙasa don ƙara yawan damar samun isasshen tsafta a watan Yunin 2010. [[Fayil:Application_of_urine_in_agriculture_(demonstration_event)_(2957048773).jpg|thumb|Amfani da [[fitsari]] a fannin noma]] A cikin gwamnati, Ma'aikatar Noma, Ruwa da Kamun Kifi ce ke da alhakin tsara manufofin ƙasa don samar da ruwa. A cikin Ma'aikatar, Babban Daraktan Albarkatun Ruwa ( ''Direction Générale des Ressources en Eau'', DGRE) ke da alhakin kula da albarkatun ruwa kuma Babban Daraktan Samar da Ruwan Sha ( ''Direction Générale de l'Approvisionnement en Eau Potable'', DGAEP) ke da alhakin samar da ruwan sha. === Samar da sabis === '''Yankunan birane''' . Kamfanin samar da ruwan sha da tsaftar muhalli na birane na Burkina Faso shine ''Ofishin samar da wutar lantarki na ƙasa na National de l'Eau et de l'Assainissement'' (ONEA). A cewar Bankin Duniya da USAID, ONEA tana da kyakkyawan tarihin aiki a Yammacin Afirka. <ref name="PPIAF"/> Tana hidimar birane da garuruwa 43 a faɗin ƙasar. An tsara nauyin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin ONEA da gwamnati a cikin kwangilolin aiki na shekaru uku (tsare-tsaren kwangila) tare da manufofin aiki a bayyane. Kwamitin gudanarwa ne ke da alhakin kula da aikin ONEA da kuma duk shawarwarin dabaru. Tana da ikon naɗa (da kuma korar) babban manaja da kuma tantance ma'aunin albashin ma'aikata, yayin da babban manaja ke yanke shawara kan ayyukan yau da kullun. An ba wa kamfanin damar yanke sabis saboda rashin biyan kuɗin ruwa, kuma ma'aikatanta suna ƙarƙashin ƙa'idodin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu (ba na ma'aikatan gwamnati ba). <ref name="PPIAF" /> Cibiyoyin biranen da ONEA ke yi wa hidima suna da kimanin mutane miliyan 3.3 a shekarar 2008, kimanin kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na yawan jama'ar ƙasar. Manyan biranen biyu, Ouagadougou da [[Bobo-Dioulasso]], sun kai kashi 64 cikin ɗari na jimillar yawan jama'ar da kamfanin ke yi wa hidima. Sashen tsafta ( ''Direction de l'assainissement'', DASS) ne ke da alhakin tsaftace birane. [[Fayil:Balga,_February_2010,_Women_around_the_water_pump.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Famfon ruwa na ƙauye a Balga, wani ƙauye a Gabashin Burkina Faso.]] '''Yankunan karkara''' . A yankunan karkara da ƙananan garuruwan da ke wajen yankin hidima na ONEA, inda kusan kashi uku cikin huɗu na al'umma ke zaune, masu samar da ayyukan al'umma ( ''Associations d'usagers de l'eau'' ) sun dogara ne da tallafi daga masu ba da gudummawa na ƙasashen duniya da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na gida da na ƙasashen waje (NGO). Tsarin rarraba iko wanda aka fara a shekara ta 2004 ya haifar da canja nauyin samar da ruwa da tsafta ga ƙananan hukumomi (al'ummomi) a shekara ta 2009, amma ya tabbatar da umarnin ONEA na isar da ayyukan birane da tsafta a cikin yankin sabis ɗin da yake da shi. Kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, ba a sa ran ƙananan hukumomi za su isar da ayyuka da kansu ba, sai dai su miƙa wa ƙungiyoyin gwamnati kamar ONEA ko kamfanonin masu zaman kansu na gida. A wasu yankuna masu samar da ayyukan al'umma sun haɗa kansu a matakin yanki. Misali ɗaya shine ''Fédération des users de l'eau de la région de Bobo-Dioulasso'' (Faureb). Membobin ƙungiyar sun kafa jadawalin kuɗin ruwa na musamman ga ƙananan garuruwa da ƙauyuka 40 a yankinsu. Suna kuma gudanar da kuɗaɗen kulawa, sabuntawa da sabbin jari ta hanyar cibiyar gudanarwa ta Tarayya ( ''Cibiyar rage talauci'' ). Wannan tsarin kuma yana ba da damar samun tallafi tsakanin ƙananan garuruwa da ƙauyuka daban-daban a Tarayyar. <ref name="Tsitsikalis pS-Eau"/> A matakin ƙananan hukumomi, ana shirin kafa kwamitocin ruwa ( ''Comités Locaux de l'Eau'', CLE) don gudanar da Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa Mai Haɗaka (IWRM). A matsayin mataki na farko, ana sa ran kwamitocin za su yi bayani dalla-dalla kan tsare-tsaren kula da ruwa ( ''Schemas Directoreurs de la Gestion de l'Eau'', SAGE). === Sauran nauyi === Akwai kuma wata ƙungiyar agaji ta ruwa da tsafta da kuma wata ƙungiyar 'yan jarida ta ruwa da tsafta. == Inganci == Game da ONEA, kashi 18% na ruwan da ba na kudin shiga ba yana ɗaya daga cikin mafi ƙasƙanci a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara. Matsakaicin yawan aiki yana da ma'aikata 4.3 a kowace haɗin gwiwa 1,000, wanda aka ƙididdige bisa ga ma'aikata 775 da haɗin gwiwa 182,000 a shekarar 2010. <ref>{{Cite web |last=ONEA |title=L'ONEA en chiffres |url=http://www.oneabf.com/lentreprise/chiffres-cles.html |access-date=2 December 2012 |archive-date=16 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121116093538/http://www.oneabf.com/lentreprise/chiffres-cles.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Bangarorin kuɗi == '''Tarin Kuɗi''' . Tarin Kuɗi iri ɗaya ne ga dukkan yankin sabis na ONEA, tare da manufar tallafin kuɗi tsakanin yankuna. Tarin Kuɗin ruwa na ONEA yana cikin mafi girma a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara na Afirka, wanda ya kai matsakaicin [[CFA franc ( sefar yammaci Afirka)|CFA franc]] 440/m3 (US$0.87/m3). Tsarin kuɗin fiton ya dogara ne akan tsarin hauhawar farashin tubali, tare da tsarin zamantakewa wanda ya haɗa da amfani na yau da kullun na mita cubic 8 ga kowane gida da kuma wata a CFAF 209/m3 (US$0.41/m3) gami da ƙarin kuɗin tsafta. Duk da haka, idan aka yi la'akari da kuɗin wata-wata na CFAF 1,000 (US$2), gida mai cin 6 m3 a kowane wata yana biyan daidai da CFAF 375/m3 (US$0.75/m3). Masu amfani da kasuwanci, gine-ginen jama'a da masu amfani da gidaje waɗanda suka ci fiye da 30m3/wata suna biyan CFAF 1,040 a kowace m3 (US$2.05/m3). Masu amfani da bututun hayaki ya kamata su biya CFAF 5 (US$0.01) don bokiti mai lita 20, CFAF 10 (US$0.02) don bokiti mai lita 40 da CFAF 60 (US$0.12) don ganga mai lita 220. Farashin kowanne bokiti ya yi daidai da CFAF 250/m3 (US$0.50/m3). Duk da haka, wannan ƙimar hukuma ba a aiwatar da ita sosai ba kuma a aikace masu amfani suna biyan tsakanin CFAF 350 da 600/m3 (US$0.75/m3 – US$1.20/m3). <ref name="WB Urban Water PAD" /> Masu kula da bututun hayaki suna biyan CFAF 188/m3 (US$0.37/m3) ga kamfanin kuma suna samun abin rayuwa bisa ga ribar da suke karɓa. Masu amfani da kayayyaki suna biyan kuɗi mafi girma, kusan CFAF 1,000–1,500/m3 (US$2–3/m3). <ref name="WB Urban Water PAD" /> A ƙarƙashin shirin haɗin gwiwa na zamantakewa, kuɗin haɗin gwiwa da hukumar samar da wutar lantarki ta ƙasa ke caji don haɗin gida, wanda aka saita a CFAF 120,000 (US$240) a shekarar 2005, wanda ya yi daidai da cikakken kuɗin kafa haɗin, an fara rage shi zuwa CFAF 50,000 (US$lOO) sannan kuma zuwa CFAF 30,000 (US$60). <ref name="WB Urban Water PAD" /> == Haɗin gwiwar ƙasashen waje == Ana sa ran samun dabarun agaji na haɗin gwiwa ga Burkina Faso a shekarar 2009 biyo bayan matakan "Plan d'Action National de l'Efficacité de l'Aide" (PANEA).<ref name=USAID/> Daga cikin manyan abokan haɗin gwiwa na ƙasashen waje a fannin ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Burkina Faso akwai Bankin Haɓaka Afirka, Bankin Larabawa don Ci Gaban Tattalin Arziki a Afirka, Denmark, Asusun Kuwait don Ci Gaban Tattalin Arzikin Larabawa, Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai, Tarayyar Turai, Faransa, Jamus, Bankin Haɓaka Musulunci, Asusun OPEC don Ci Gaban Ƙasa da Ƙasa, Bankin Haɓaka Yammacin Afirka da Bankin Duniya. Masu ba da agajin suna ƙara ba da kuɗaɗen ayyuka tare a cikin ruhun Bayanin Paris kan Ingancin Agaji, ta yadda za a rage rarrabuwar kawuna a haɗin gwiwar ƙasashen waje. Baya ga hukumomin ba da agaji na gwamnati, ƙungiyoyin sa-kai (NGOs) da yawa suna taka rawar gani a fannin ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Burkina Faso. === Abokan haɗin gwiwa na gwamnati === '''Ayyukan da aka haɗa kuɗaɗensu ta hanyar masu ba da agaji da yawa'''. Aikin Samar da Ruwa na Ouagadougou na dala miliyan 270 (2001–2007), wanda ya tabbatar da samar da ruwa a babban birnin ƙasar ta hanyar madatsar ruwa ta Ziga da sauran abubuwan more rayuwa masu alaƙa, an sami tallafin ne daga masu ba da agaji 15 da Bankin Duniya ya kira.<ref name="Turning the Water On"/> '''Jamus'''. Haɗin gwiwar ci gaba na Jamus yana tallafawa ayyukan ruwa da tsaftar muhalli da shirye-shiryen da ONEA ke aiwatarwa gami da hukumomin rassa na ma'aikatun da hukumomin shiyya. Ta tallafawa ingantawa da faɗaɗa samar da ruwa a Bobo-Dioulasso gami da tattarawa da sarrafa ruwan guda na masana'antu da na gidaje a cikin birni guda. Tare da sauran masu ba da agaji 13, Jamus kuma ta shiga cikin ginin madatsar ruwa ta Ziga wanda ke tabbatar da wadatar ruwa mai dorewa ga al'ummar Ouagadougou da mutanen da ke zaune a kewayen madatsar ruwan. Wani aikin na Jamus yana haɓaka samar da ruwa a Fada N’Gourma. Haɗin gwiwar Jamus kuma yana tallafawa gina da gyara rijiyoyin burtsatse a yankunan karkara a lardin Boucle du Mouhoun da kuma larduna biyar na Yankin Gabas. Jamus kuma tana tallafawa samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ga gidaje, makarantu da asibitoci a ƙananan birane da matsakaita a kudu maso yammacin ƙasar.<ref>[[GTZ]]: [http://www.gtz.de/en/weltweit/afrika/burkina-faso/23195.htm Drinking Water and Sanitation Programme in Small and Medium-Sized Towns]</ref> '''UNICEF'''. UNICEF tana taka rawar gani sosai musamman wajen samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a makarantu, gami da ilmantarwa kan tsafta ta hanyar makarantu. Ta taimaka wajen samar wa makarantu rijiyoyi 170 da gyara famfunan ruwa 50. Wannan ya ba da gudummawa wajen rage yaduwar cutar tsutsar ciki (guinea worm) daga mutane 1,956 a shekarar 2000 zuwa mutane 30 a shekarar 2005, sannan kuma an sami ƙarin damar samun ruwa a makarantu daga kashi 39% zuwa kashi 82% a cikin wannan lokacin. An tsananta ilmantarwa kan tsaftar muhalli da tsafta ta hanyar amfani da makarantun firamare a matsayin mashiga: an samar wa makarantu 139 ban-daki na musamman, an horar da malamai da ɗalibai kan ilimin tsafta, kuma yara sun shiga cikin ayyukan da ke nufin canza ɗabi'u a cikin iyalai.<ref name="UNICEF"/> === Ƙungiyoyin sa-kai === '''WaterAid'''. Biye da wani aikin gwaji da ya fara a shekarar 2001, WaterAid ta fara haɓaka haɗin gwiwa da shirye-shirye a yankunan karkara na gundumomin Garango, Ramongo da Bokin. A shekarar 2003 an faɗaɗa aikin don haɗawa da gundumomin Bogodogo da Sigh-Noghin a Ouagadougou. WaterAid yanzu tana aiki tare da ƙungiyoyin abokan haɗin gwiwa guda bakwai. Kamar yadda shafin yanar gizon ta ya nuna, ta taimaka wa mutane sama da 32,000 samun ruwa mai tsafta kuma ta fito da tsarin ba da rance ga masana'antun samar da tsaftar muhalli da kera sabulu tare da mata.<ref name="Water Aid">[[WaterAid]]: [http://www.wateraid.org/international/what_we_do/where_we_work/burkina_faso/ Burkina Faso] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226114523/http://www.wateraid.org/international/what_we_do/where_we_work/burkina_faso/ |date=2012-02-26 }}, accessed on July 29, 2010</ref> '''Initiative: Eau'''. Initiative: Eau ƙungiyar sa-kai ce ta Amurka wadda ta ƙaddamar da kanta don haɓaka aminci da ingancin ayyukan ruwan sha a yankuna masu tasowa da yankunan da ke cikin rikici. Ƙungiyar tana da ofishinta na shiyyar Yammacin Afirka a Fada N'gourma kuma a halin yanzu tana aiki a yankunan Gabas, Tsakiya maso Gabas, da Sahel na Burkina Faso, inda take gudanar da ayyukan samar da ababen more rayuwa na ruwa da sanya idanu kan ingancinsa. Ta hanyar ayyukan bincikenta, ta kula da ingancin ruwa ga mutane sama da 15,000 kuma tana aiki dabarun haɗin gwiwa tare da gwamnati da kamfanonin ruwa na gwamnati don samar da bayanai don yanke shawara.<ref name="Initiative: Eau">[[Initiative: Eau]]: [http://www.initiativeeau.org/our-work/#our-approach]. accessed on October 13, 2016</ref> ==Manazarta== [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 6gvps3z6m87gpd4brgzdw9yq5c32ijg Salmon na tafkin 0 156862 889789 855252 2026-07-31T11:28:58Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889789 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Kifin '''salmon na tafkin''' ko '''mpasa''' ( '''''Opsaridium microlepis''''' ) nau'in kifi ne na Afirka mai ruwa-ruwa, wanda ya shahara a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]], a cikin dangin Danionidae da ake samu a Malawi, Mozambique, da Tanzania. Matsuguninsa na halitta sune [[Kogi|koguna]] da [[Tafki|tafkuna]] masu ruwa-ruwa. == Bayani == Kifi ne mai launin azurfa wanda yayi kama da kifi na dangin Salmonidae kuma baya da fin-fifin ruwan hoda ko lemu na yawancin danginsa. Suna iya girma har zuwa {{Cvt|4|kg}} a cikin nauyi da {{Cvt|47|cm}} a jimillar tsayi Manyan mutane suna da launin fata mai haske yayin da ƙananan yara ke da sandunan duhu a tsaye a jikinsu waɗanda suke rasa yayin da suke girma. <ref name="Malawicichlids">{{Cite web |year=2009 |title=mpasa |url=https://malawicichlids.com/mw11016b.htm |access-date=8 October 2017 |publisher=M.K. Oliver |archive-date=18 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318051713/http://malawicichlids.com/mw11016b.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Mazauna da muhalli == Kifin salmon na tafkin yana faruwa ne a yankin pelagic na Tafkin Malawi, a kan ƙasa mai yashi. Kifin matasa suna kusa da bakin kogunan magudanar ruwa. Manya suna cin ƙananan kifayen pelagic, musamman ''Engraulicypris sardella'', yayin da ƙananan suke cin plankton, kwari da sauran ƙananan abubuwa na halitta. A lokacin damina, manyan kifaye suna ƙaura zuwa kogunan magudanar ruwa daga tafkin don yin haihu, wannan galibi yana faruwa ne da dare a cikin ruwa mai zurfi, mai iskar oxygen, mai gudana akan ƙasa mai tsakuwa ba tare da laka ba. Akwai lokacin haihu mai tsawo wanda ke farawa da farkon ruwan sama kuma yana ci gaba bayan ruwan sama, daga Mayu zuwa Oktoba. Ƙananan suna zama a cikin kogunan har sai sun yi girma kaɗan kuma sun sami damar komawa tafkin. <ref name="Malawicichlids"/> == Kare Muhalli == Kifin salmon na tafkin yana fuskantar barazanar kamun kifi fiye da kima kuma akwai mace-mace mai yawa a cikin manyan kifaye a lokacin haihuwar, domin galibi ana toshe kogunan da igiyoyi da ragar gill wanda ke hana kifin guduwa sama, musamman a lokacin shekarun ƙarancin ruwan sama. Sauran barazanar sun haɗa da guba da gangan da lalacewar wuraren haihuwar saboda zaftarewar ƙasa sakamakon sare dazuzzuka da noma, wanda hakan kuma ke haifar da lalacewar muhalli yayin da ake cire ruwa daga kogunan kiwon dabbobi don ban ruwa kuma wannan yana sa ya yi wa yara wahala su koma tafkin daga wuraren haihuwar. Ana kama shi ta amfani da ragar zobe da kuma kamun kifi. Kogin Bua yana ratsawa ta wurin ajiyar namun daji na Nkhotakota da ke tsakiyar Malawi kuma wannan shine kawai kogin da ake kiyaye wuraren haifuwa saboda dazuzzukan da ke kewaye suna da kariya daga sharewa. Ruwan wani kogin haifuwa, Arewacin Rukuru, yana cikin wurin shakatawa na Nyika National Park amma akwai karuwar sare dazuzzuka tsakanin wurin shakatawa da wuraren haifuwa. Kogin Linthipe babban kogi ne mai haifar da haihuwa kuma ba shi da kariya kuma an gurɓata shi da najasa mara magani daga birnin [[Lilongwe]] . Ba a san yanayin kogunan da ke haifar da haihuwa a Tanzania da Mozambique ba. == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> tgx8nxtml0wd038kxlajgh66d0525j9 Protomelas 0 156932 889456 855471 2026-07-30T15:12:33Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889456 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Protomelas''''' nau'in haplochromine cichlids ne da ke zaune a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] a [[Gabashin Afirka]] . Wannan nau'in wani ɓangare ne na ƙabilar haplochromine kuma yana da [[Aquarium|bambancin]] magana da kuma bambancin jima'i wanda ya saba da wannan rukunin. Shahararrun nau'ikan ''Protomelas'' suna sayar da su a ƙarƙashin sunaye daban-daban na kasuwanci (misali, [https://petfish101.com/taiwan-reef-cichlid-the-comprehensive-guide/ Taiwan Reef Cichlid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250427034311/https://petfish101.com/taiwan-reef-cichlid-the-comprehensive-guide/ |date=2025-04-27 }}, [https://petfish101.com/red-empress-cichlid/ Red Empress Cichlid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250519054237/https://petfish101.com/red-empress-cichlid/ |date=2025-05-19 }} ). == Nau'o'i == A halin yanzu akwai nau'ikan halittu 16 da aka gane a cikin wannan nau'in: <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dierickx |first=Katrien |last2=Snoeks |first2=Jos |date=2020-06-23 |title=Protomelas krampus, a new paedophagous cichlid from Lake Malawi (Teleostei, Cichlidae) |url=https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/view/999 |journal=European Journal of Taxonomy |language=en |issue=672 |doi=10.5852/ejt.2020.672 |issn=2118-9773 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * ''Protomalas annectens'' <small>( Regan, 1922)</small> * ''Protomelas dejunctus'' <small>Stauffer, 1993</small> (wasan shuɗi mai wuta) * ''Protomelas fenestratus'' <small>( Trewavas, 1935)</small> (fenestratus hap) * ''Protomalas insignis'' <small>( Trewavas, 1935)</small> (ɗaya-da-rabi hap) * ''Protomlas kirki'' <small>( Günther, 1894)</small> * ''[[Protomelas krampus]]'' {{Small|Dierickx & Snoeks, 2020}} * ''Protomalas labridens'' <small>( Trewavas, 1935)</small> * ''Protomelas macrodon'' <small>[[David Henry Eccles|Eccles]], 1989</small> * ''Protomelas marginatus'' <small>( Trewavas, 1935)</small> * ''Protomelas pleurotaenia'' <small>( Boulenger, 1901)</small> * ''Protomalas similis'' <small>( Regan, 1922)</small> * ''Protomelas spilonotus'' <small>( Trewavas, 1935)</small> * ''Protomelas spilopterus'' <small>( Trewavas, 1935)</small> * ''Protomelas taeniolatus'' <small>( Trewavas, 1935)</small> (ja empress, [https://petfish101.com/red-empress-cichlid/ spindle hap] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250519054237/https://petfish101.com/red-empress-cichlid/ |date=2025-05-19 }} ) * ''Protomelas triaenodon'' <small>( Trewavas, 1935)</small> * ''Protomalas virgatus'' <small>( Trewavas, 1935)</small> == Manazarta == 0o0ynvraaeyzjsl1v750if432i7191q Rashin jin daɗi na ƙarshen rayuwa 0 156960 889591 880022 2026-07-30T22:03:40Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889591 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baƙin cikin da ya ƙare''' yana nufin baƙin ciki da ke faruwa a cikin tsofaffi kuma yana da halaye daban-daban, ciki har da sake dawowa da baƙin cikin da ya fara tun farko, sabon ganewar cutar baƙin cikin da ya ƙare, da kuma rashin lafiyar yanayi da ya samo asali daga wani yanayi na daban na lafiya, amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi, ko tsarin magani. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Aziz |first=Rehan |last2=Steffens |first2=David C. |date=2013-12-01 |title=What Are the Causes of Late-Life Depression? |url=https://www.psych.theclinics.com/article/S0193-953X(13)00083-X/abstract |journal=Psychiatric Clinics |language=English |volume=36 |issue=4 |pages=497–516 |doi=10.1016/j.psc.2013.08.001 |issn=0193-953X |pmc=4084923 |pmid=24229653}}</ref> Bincike game da baƙin cikin da ya ƙare yakan mayar da hankali kan baƙin cikin da ya ƙare, wanda aka bayyana a matsayin [[Babban rashin damuwa|babban abin da]] ke faruwa a karon farko a cikin tsofaffi (majiyoyi daban-daban sun bayyana wannan matakin ta hanyoyi daban-daban, yawanci tsakanin shekaru 60-65). <ref name=":3" /> <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Taylor WD |date=September 2014 |title=Clinical practice. Depression in the elderly |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=371 |issue=13 |pages=1228–36 |doi=10.1056/NEJMcp1402180 |pmid=25251617 |s2cid=36201456}}</ref> Ba a gano ɓacin rai a ƙarshen rayuwa ba sau da yawa, wanda ya faru ne saboda dalilai da yawa, ciki har da cewa yanayin baƙin ciki yawanci ba ya bayyana kamar sauran alamomin damuwa da na hankali kamar rashin ci, rashin barci, rashin kuzari ko rashin kuzari, gajiya, da rashin sha'awa da jin daɗi a cikin ayyukan rayuwa na yau da kullun. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lebowitz |first=Barry D. |last2=Pearson |first2=Jane L. |last3=Schneider |first3=Lon S. |last4=Reynolds |first4=Charles F. III |last5=Alexopoulos |first5=George S. |last6=Bruce |first6=Martha Livingston |last7=Conwell |first7=Yeates |last8=Katz |first8=Ira R. |last9=Meyers |first9=Barnett S. |last10=Morrison |first10=Mary F. |last11=Mossey |first11=Jana |last12=Niederehe |first12=George |last13=Parmelee |first13=Patricia |date=1997-10-08 |title=Diagnosis and Treatment of Depression in Late Life: Consensus Statement Update |journal=JAMA |volume=278 |issue=14 |pages=1186–1190 |doi=10.1001/jama.1997.03550140078045 |issn=0098-7484 |pmid=9326481}}</ref> <ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Husain-Krautter |first=Sehba |last2=Ellison |first2=James M. |date=2021-07-01 |title=Late Life Depression: The Essentials and the Essential Distinctions |journal=FOCUS |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=282–293 |doi=10.1176/appi.focus.20210006 |issn=1541-4094 |pmc=8475940 |pmid=34690594}}</ref> Matsalolin lafiya masu alaƙa da rashin tsammanin aiki na tsofaffi suma galibi suna ɓoye matakin nakasa da ɓacin rai ke haifarwa a ƙarshen rayuwa. Tsofaffi wani lokacin suna watsi da ƙarancin baƙin ciki a matsayin martani mai karɓuwa ga damuwa ta rayuwa ko wani ɓangare na tsufa. <ref name="pmid19812743">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Alexopoulos GS, Kelly RE |date=October 2009 |title=Research advances in geriatric depression |journal=World Psychiatry |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=140–9 |doi=10.1002/j.2051-5545.2009.tb00234.x |pmc=2755271 |pmid=19812743}}</ref> <ref name="pmid17588275">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Steffens DC, Potter GG |date=February 2008 |title=Geriatric depression and cognitive impairment |journal=Psychological Medicine |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=163–75 |doi=10.1017/S003329170700102X |pmid=17588275 |s2cid=36713188}}</ref> <ref name="pmid16135616">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Mitchell AJ, Subramaniam H |date=September 2005 |title=Prognosis of depression in old age compared to middle age: a systematic review of comparative studies |journal=The American Journal of Psychiatry |volume=162 |issue=9 |pages=1588–601 |doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.162.9.1588 |pmid=16135616}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Yohannes AM, Baldwin RC |year=2008 |title=Medical Comorbidities in Late-Life Depression |journal=Psychiatric Times |volume=25 |issue=14}}</ref> Ƙarin dalilan wahalar ganewar asali sun haɗa da: cututtukan likita da illolin magunguna waɗanda ke kama da baƙin ciki, wahalar sadarwa da masu ba da sabis, rashin lokaci a lokacin ganawa, da imani game da cututtukan kwakwalwa da magani daga majiyyaci, abokai, 'yan uwa, da al'umma. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=UpToDate |url=https://www.uptodate.com/contents/diagnosis-and-management-of-late-life-unipolar-depression |access-date=2019-11-20 |website=uptodate.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sirey JA, Bruce ML, Alexopoulos GS, Perlick DA, Raue P, Friedman SJ, Meyers BS |date=March 2001 |title=Perceived stigma as a predictor of treatment discontinuation in young and older outpatients with depression |journal=The American Journal of Psychiatry |volume=158 |issue=3 |pages=479–81 |doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.158.3.479 |pmid=11229992}}</ref> <ref name="pmid17095750">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Krishnan KR |date=January 2007 |title=Concept of disease in geriatric psychiatry |journal=The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=1–11 |doi=10.1097/01.JGP.0000224600.37387.4b |pmid=17095750}}</ref> <ref name="pmid15936426">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Alexopoulos GS |date=2005 |title=Depression in the elderly |journal=Lancet |volume=365 |issue=9475 |pages=1961–70 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66665-2 |pmid=15936426 |s2cid=34666321}}</ref> Ko da lokacin da aka gano shi, ba a kula da ɓacin rai a ƙarshen rayuwa akai-akai. <ref name=":5" /> [[Kulawa na farko|Kulawa ta farko]] galibi ita ce inda ganewar asali da maganin baƙin cikin da ya faru a ƙarshen rayuwa ke faruwa. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":4" /> Abin lura shi ne, DSM-5 ba ta fayyace takamaiman sharuɗɗan ganewar asali na baƙin cikin da ya faru a ƙarshen rayuwa ba kuma ta kammala da cewa halayen babban rashin jin daɗi ba sa bambanta da shekaru, kodayake bincike ya nuna cewa baƙin cikin da ya faru a ƙarshen rayuwa na iya bayyana daban-daban, kamar yadda aka bayyana a sama. <ref name=":5" /> A takaice dai, duk da haka, ana yin ganewar asali kamar yadda sauran ƙungiyoyin shekaru ke yi, ta amfani da ƙa'idodin DSM-5 don babban rashin jin daɗi. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=UpToDate |url=https://www.uptodate.com/contents/image?imageKey=PSYCH/89994&topicKey=PULM/1619 |access-date=2019-11-20 |website=uptodate.com}}</ref> <ref name=":0" /> Ƙungiyar Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam ta Amurka da sauran shawarwarin asibiti sun kuma fahimci nau'ikan alamomin damuwa waɗanda suka wuce ƙa'idodi na yau da kullun don babban rashin lafiyar damuwa, gami da rashin kwanciyar hankali na ƙarƙashin ƙasa/ƙaramin damuwa da rashin lafiyar dysthymic; waɗannan cututtukan da ke ƙarƙashin laima na baƙin ciki na ƙarshen rayuwa suma suna iya kasancewa tare da alamun rauni da rikicewa. <ref name=":3" /> <ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=American Psychological Association |title=APA Clinical Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Depression Across Three Age Cohorts |url=https://www.apa.org/depression-guideline/guideline.pdf |access-date=12 September 2022}}</ref> <ref name=":5" /> Magunguna don baƙin ciki na ƙarshen rayuwa sun haɗa da magani da ilimin halayyar ɗan adam, tare da canje-canjen salon rayuwa kamar motsa jiki, maganin haske mai haske, da tallafin iyali. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":6" /> A cikin marasa lafiya waɗanda ba su amsa jiyya ta farko ba, ana iya amfani da dabarun motsa jiki kamar maganin electroconvulsive (ECT) . <ref name=":1" /> ECT ya nuna tasiri wajen kula da tsofaffi. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=van der Wurff FB, Stek ML, Hoogendijk WJ, Beekman AT |date=October 2003 |title=The efficacy and safety of ECT in depressed older adults: a literature review |journal=International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry |volume=18 |issue=10 |pages=894–904 |doi=10.1002/gps.944 |pmid=14533122 |s2cid=20799377 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Alamomi da ganewar asali == Diagnosis of depression in late life is made using the same criteria for [[Babban rashin damuwa|Major Depressive Disorder]] found in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) Domin cika ka'idojin [[Babban abin baƙin ciki|babban yanayin damuwa]], dole ne majiyyaci ya kasance yana da alamomi biyar daga cikin tara da aka lissafa a ƙasa kusan kowace rana na tsawon akalla makonni biyu kuma dole ne ya kasance yana da aƙalla yanayin damuwa ko rashin lafiyar zuciya. <ref name="pmid15168957">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Birrer RB, Vemuri SP |date=May 2004 |title=Depression in later life: a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge |journal=American Family Physician |volume=69 |issue=10 |pages=2375–82 |pmid=15168957}}</ref> Alamomin da suke fuskanta dole ne su kuma cutar da ikonsu na aiki a rayuwar yau da kullun kuma ba dole ba ne a yi musu bayani mai kyau ta hanyar rashin lafiya ko wani abu. <ref name=":2" /> Domin ƙara cika ka'idojin [[Babban rashin damuwa|Babban Ciwon Damuwa]], ba dole ba ne a danganta yanayin damuwa da wata cuta ta tabin hankali kamar tabin hankali ko [[Cutar bipolar|rashin lafiyar bipolar]] . <ref name=":2" /> # Yanayin baƙin ciki ko baƙin ciki # Rashin sha'awar ayyukan jin daɗi (Anhedonia ) # Matsalar barci (ƙaruwa ko raguwar barci) # Matsalar ci (ƙara ko raguwar ci) yawanci tare da canjin nauyi # Matsalar kuzari (ƙaruwa ko raguwar matakin kuzari/aiki), yawanci gajiya # Rashin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya ko maida hankali sosai # Jin laifi ko rashin amfani # Jinkirin motsin rai ko tashin hankali (canji a saurin tunani da jiki da wasu mutane ke gani) # Tunanin fatan sun mutu; tunanin kashe kansu ko yunƙurin kashe kansu == Dalilai da abubuwan da ke haifar da haɗari == Ba a san ainihin canje-canjen da ke faruwa a cikin sinadarai da aikin kwakwalwa waɗanda ke haifar da baƙin ciki na ƙarshe ko na farko ba. Wasu ka'idoji suna da'awar cewa baƙin cikin ƙarshe na iya faruwa ne sakamakon rashin daidaituwar dopamine da norepinephrine. Bugu da ƙari, rashin daidaiton pituitary da adrenal suna tare da lamuran yau da kullun na baƙin cikin ƙarshe. Canje-canjen da aka saba samu a cikin sinadarai da aikin kwakwalwa waɗanda ke haifar da baƙin cikin ƙarshe ko na farko ba a fayyace su ba. Duk da haka, an san cewa canje-canjen kwakwalwa na iya faruwa ne ta hanyar damuwa na wasu abubuwan rayuwa kamar rashin lafiya, haihuwa, mutuwar ƙaunatacce, sauye-sauyen rayuwa (kamar ritaya), rikice-rikice tsakanin mutane, ko warewar zamantakewa . Abubuwan da ke haifar da baƙin ciki ga tsofaffi sun haɗa da tarihin baƙin ciki, warewar zamantakewa, ƙarancin yanayin tattalin arziki, ciwo mara tsari, [[Yanayin da ba shi da kyau|rashin lafiya na yau da kullun]], rashin barci, jima'i na mata, rashin aure ko saki, rashin fahimtar aiki ko na kwakwalwa, rashin [[Shaye-shaye|shan giya]], amfani da wasu magunguna, abubuwan da suka faru na rayuwa masu wahala, da takamaiman rikice-rikicen zuciya da jijiyoyin jini. Waɗannan rikice-rikicen sun haɗa da hauhawar jini, ciwon suga, sha'awar shan taba, da [[hypercholesterolemia]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lichtenberg |first=Pesach |last2=Belmaker |first2=R.H. |date=2010 |title=Subtyping Major Depressive Disorder |journal=Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics |volume=79 |issue=3 |page=132-133 |doi=10.1159/000286957 |jstor=48511252 |pmid=20185969}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Aziz |first=Rehan |last2=Steffens |first2=David C. |date=December 2013 |title=What are the causes of late-life depression? |journal=The Psychiatric Clinics of North America |volume=36 |issue=4 |pages=497–516 |doi=10.1016/j.psc.2013.08.001 |issn=1558-3147 |pmc=4084923 |pmid=24229653}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Büchtemann |first=Dorothea |last2=Luppa |first2=Melanie |last3=Bramesfeld |first3=Anke |last4=Riedel-Heller |first4=Steffi |date=2012-12-15 |title=Incidence of late-life depression: a systematic review |journal=Journal of Affective Disorders |volume=142 |issue=1–3 |pages=172–179 |doi=10.1016/j.jad.2012.05.010 |issn=1573-2517 |pmid=22940498}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cole |first=Martin G. |last2=Dendukuri |first2=Nandini |date=June 2003 |title=Risk factors for depression among elderly community subjects: a systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=The American Journal of Psychiatry |volume=160 |issue=6 |pages=1147–1156 |doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.160.6.1147 |issn=0002-953X |pmid=12777274}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sekhon |first=Sandeep |last2=Patel |first2=Jason |last3=Sapra |first3=Amit |date=2024 |title=Late-Life Depression |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551507/#:~:text=Depression%20that%20occurs%20among%20individuals,is%20underdiagnosed%20and%20inadequately%20treated. |pmid=31855351}}</ref> Bincike ya nuna cewa mutanen da ke fama da baƙin ciki a ƙarshen rayuwa sun fi kamuwa da cutar Alzheimer, ciwon hauka na jijiyoyin jini, da kuma ciwon hauka da ke haifar da dukkan nau'ikan ciwon hauka. Duk da haka, ciwon hauka na iya bayyana a farkon lokacin da cutar ke faruwa da alamun baƙin ciki, ma'ana wannan alaƙar na iya nuna cewa ciwon hauka yana haifar da baƙin ciki a ƙarshen rayuwa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Diniz |first=Breno S. |last2=Butters |first2=Meryl A. |last3=Albert |first3=Steven M. |last4=Dew |first4=Mary Amanda |last5=Reynolds |first5=Charles F. |date=May 2013 |title=Late-life depression and risk of vascular dementia and Alzheimer's disease: systematic review and meta-analysis of community-based cohort studies |journal=The British Journal of Psychiatry: The Journal of Mental Science |volume=202 |issue=5 |pages=329–335 |doi=10.1192/bjp.bp.112.118307 |issn=1472-1465 |pmc=3640214 |pmid=23637108}}</ref> Nazarin da suka yi ƙoƙarin tantance ko baƙin ciki wani abu ne mai zaman kansa da ke haifar da ciwon hauka ya haifar da sakamako marasa ma'ana. Akwai jagororin da za su taimaka wa likitoci su bambanta ciwon hauka da ciwon hauka na farko a matsayin sanadin gano baƙin ciki a ƙarshen rayuwa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ducharme |first=Simon |last2=Pearl-Dowler |first2=Leora |last3=Gossink |first3=Flora |last4=McCarthy |first4=Jillian |last5=Lai |first5=Jimmy |last6=Dickerson |first6=Bradford C. |last7=Chertkow |first7=Howard |last8=Rapin |first8=Lucile |last9=Vijverberg |first9=Everard |last10=Krudop |first10=Welmoed |last11=Dols |first11=Annemieke |last12=Pijnenburg |first12=Yolande |date=2019-01-01 |title=The Frontotemporal Dementia versus Primary Psychiatric Disorder (FTD versus PPD) Checklist: A Bedside Clinical Tool to Identify Behavioral Variant FTD in Patients with Late-Onset Behavioral Changes |url=https://content.iospress.com/articles/journal-of-alzheimers-disease/jad180839 |journal=Journal of Alzheimer's Disease |language=en |volume=67 |issue=1 |pages=113–124 |doi=10.3233/JAD-180839 |issn=1387-2877 |pmid=30584146 |s2cid=58626686 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Jiyya == Maganin yana da tasiri a kusan kashi 80% na waɗanda aka gano, idan aka bayar da magani. Ingantaccen kulawa yana buƙatar [[Tsarin zamantakewar halittu|hanyar biopsychosocial]], haɗa magungunan gargajiya, maganin fasaha, da kuma ilimin halayyar ɗan adam. Gabaɗaya magani yana haifar da ingantaccen rayuwa, haɓaka ƙarfin aiki, yuwuwar inganta yanayin lafiyar likita, ƙaruwar tsawon rai, da ƙarancin kuɗin kula da lafiya. Ya kamata a bayyana ci gaba da makonni biyu bayan fara maganin, amma cikakken tasirin magani na iya buƙatar watanni da yawa na magani. Ya kamata a ci gaba da maganin tsofaffi na tsawon lokaci fiye da yadda ake amfani da shi a ƙananan marasa lafiya. <ref name="pmid15963019">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Frazer CJ, Christensen H, Griffiths KM |date=June 2005 |title=Effectiveness of treatments for depression in older people |journal=The Medical Journal of Australia |volume=182 |issue=12 |pages=627–32 |doi=10.5694/j.1326-5377.2005.tb06849.x |pmid=15963019 |s2cid=18342952}}</ref> <ref name="pmid19593778"> {{Cite journal |vauthors=Smith GS, Alexopoulos GS |date=August 2009 |title=Neuroimaging in geriatric psychiatry |journal=International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry |volume=24 |issue=8 |pages=783–7 |doi=10.1002/gps.2335 |pmc=5675131 |pmid=19593778}}</ref> === Ilimin halin dan Adam === Ana ba da shawarar magungunan tabin hankali ga tsofaffi marasa lafiya da ke fama da baƙin ciki saboda raunin wannan rukunin ga illolin da ke tattare da su da kuma yawan matsalolin likita da amfani da magunguna. Hanyoyin magance matsalolin tabin hankali sun haɗa da maganin halayyar fahimta, maganin tabin hankali mai taimako, maganin magance matsaloli, da kuma maganin hulɗa da mutane. <ref name="pmid18213605" /> Maganin bita na rayuwa wani nau'in magani ne wanda ke nuna amfanin sa ga tsofaffi masu fama da baƙin ciki mai matsakaici. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Korte J, Bohlmeijer ET, Cappeliez P, Smit F, Westerhof GJ |date=June 2012 |title=Life review therapy for older adults with moderate depressive symptomatology: a pragmatic randomized controlled trial |url=https://ris.utwente.nl/ws/files/6751301/Korte12life.pdf |journal=Psychological Medicine |volume=42 |issue=6 |pages=1163–73 |doi=10.1017/S0033291711002042 |pmid=21995889 |s2cid=38756731 |access-date=2026-06-12 |archive-date=2024-04-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240418081529/https://ris.utwente.nl/ws/files/6751301/Korte12life.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Amfanin ilimin tabin hankali ba ya raguwa ta hanyar ƙaruwar shekaru. Tsofaffi galibi suna da ingantaccen bin umarnin magani, ƙarancin adadin waɗanda suka daina zuwa makaranta, da kuma amsoshi masu kyau ga ilimin tabin hankali fiye da ƙananan marasa lafiya. <ref name="pmid18213605">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Alexopoulos GS, Raue PJ, Kanellopoulos D, Mackin S, Arean PA |date=August 2008 |title=Problem solving therapy for the depression-executive dysfunction syndrome of late life |journal=International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry |volume=23 |issue=8 |pages=782–8 |doi=10.1002/gps.1988 |pmid=18213605 |s2cid=35390619}}</ref> Duk da cewa maganin na iya zama mai amfani, ba koyaushe ake bayarwa ba saboda dalilai kamar rashin ƙwararrun masu ilimin tabin hankali ko rashin ɗaukar nauyin inshorar lafiya. <ref name="uptodate.com">{{Cite web |title=UpToDate |url=https://www.uptodate.com/contents/diagnosis-and-management-of-late-life-unipolar-depression |access-date=2019-12-04 |website=uptodate.com}}</ref> === Maganin fasaha === Ana iya ba da shawarar yin amfani da maganin fasaha ga waɗanda ke fama da baƙin ciki, cutar Alzheimer, ciwon hauka, damuwa, da sauran matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa. Har zuwa kashi 27% na tsofaffi an gano suna da baƙin ciki a Amurka. Don haka ana iya amfani da maganin fasaha da amfaninsa daban-daban, ko na jiki (rawa), na ji (kiɗa), ko na gani (zane), don taimakawa waɗanda ke fama da matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa amma nakasa ta hankali, ta jiki, da ta hali/ta motsin rai. <ref name="Felicity A 2018">{{Cite journal |last=Dunphy |first=Kim |last2=Baker |first2=Felicity A. |last3=Dumaresq |first3=Ella |last4=Carroll-Haskins |first4=Katrina |last5=Eickholt |first5=Jasmin |last6=Ercole |first6=Maya |last7=Kaimal |first7=Girija |last8=Meyer |first8=Kirsten |last9=Sajnani |first9=Nisha |last10=Shamir |first10=Opher Y. |last11=Wosch |first11=Thomas |date=2019 |title=Creative Arts Interventions to Address Depression in Older Adults: A Systematic Review of Outcomes, Processes, and Mechanisms |journal=Frontiers in Psychology |volume=9 |page=2655 |doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02655 |issn=1664-1078 |pmc=6331422 |pmid=30671000 |doi-access=free}}</ref> An ga cewa maganin fasaha yana taimaka wa waɗanda ke cikin ƙarshen rayuwarsu, yana jan hankali, da kuma tallafawa halaye masu kyau. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Aging: What's Art Got To Do With It? |url=https://www.todaysgeriatricmedicine.com/news/ex_082809_03.shtml |access-date=2022-09-26 |website=todaysgeriatricmedicine.com}}</ref> Musamman, an ga waɗanda ke fama da baƙin ciki suna hutawa, suna fuskantar damuwa ta jiki da ta motsin rai, kuma gabaɗaya suna ƙara jin daɗi a kan lokaci, tsawon lokacin da ake ɗauka ana shiga. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Stallings |first=J. W. |last2=Thompson |first2=S. K. |date=June 2012 |title=Use of Art Therapy in Geriatric Populations |url=https://www.hmpgloballearningnetwork.com/site/altc/articles/use-art-therapy-geriatric-populations |access-date=2022-09-26 |website=Population Health Learning Network |publisher=Annals of Long Term Care}}</ref> Marasa lafiya suna iya bayyana kansu ta hanyoyin da zai iya zama da wahala a iya sadarwa. <ref name="Felicity A 2018" /> An kuma gano cewa marasa lafiya ba sa buƙatar shiga cikin amfani da fasaha, kamar yadda "bincike ya gano cewa hoton shimfidar wuri a ɗakin asibiti ya rage buƙatar magungunan kashe radadi na miyagun ƙwayoyi da ƙarancin lokaci a asibiti." <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stuckey |first=Heather L. |last2=Nobel |first2=Jeremy |date=February 2010 |title=The Connection Between Art, Healing, and Public Health: A Review of Current Literature |journal=American Journal of Public Health |volume=100 |issue=2 |pages=254–263 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.2008.156497 |issn=0090-0036 |pmc=2804629 |pmid=20019311}}</ref> Amfani da fasaha a matsayin hanyar magani yana taimaka wa marasa lafiya da ke fama da ita ta jiki ko ta gani. Waɗanda ke cikin ƙarshen rayuwarsu, waɗanda aka gano suna da baƙin ciki za su iya shiga ba tare da la'akari da shekaru, jinsi, ko nakasa ta jiki/ta hankali ba. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Flood |first=Matthew |date=2019-08-01 |title=Art Therapy for Seniors – How Art Can Help the Elderly |url=https://www.completecare.ca/blog/art-therapy-seniors/ |access-date=2022-10-05 |website=Complete Care |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-10-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005140117/https://www.completecare.ca/blog/art-therapy-seniors/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ciasca |first=Eliana C. |last2=Ferreira |first2=Rita C. |last3=Santana |first3=Carmen L.A. |last4=Forlenza |first4=Orestes V. |last5=dos Santos |first5=Glenda D. |last6=Brum |first6=Paula S. |last7=Nunes |first7=Paula V. |date=2018-02-01 |title=Art therapy as an adjuvant treatment for depression in elderly women: a randomized controlled trial |journal=Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry |volume=40 |issue=3 |pages=256–263 |doi=10.1590/1516-4446-2017-2250 |issn=1516-4446 |pmc=6899401 |pmid=29412335}}</ref> === Maganin Magunguna === Maganin magani ga cututtukan damuwa mai tsanani yawanci yana da tasiri kuma ba shi da rikitarwa. Magungunan rage damuwa galibi sune zaɓin magani na farko ga manya masu matsakaicin damuwa ko mai tsanani, wani lokacin tare da ilimin psychotherapy. Ana samun mafi kyawun tasirin magani lokacin da maganin ya ci gaba na tsawon akalla makonni shida. <ref name="AntiD 2001">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Wilson K, Mottram P, Sivanranthan A, Nightingale A |date=2001 |title=Antidepressant versus placebo for depressed elderly |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2001 |issue=2 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD000561 |pmc=7066642 |pmid=11405969}}</ref> Yin amfani da magungunan rage damuwa kaɗan ko rashin amfani da su da kuma rubuta magunguna marasa isassu su ne kurakuran da likitoci ke yi yayin da suke kula da tsofaffi marasa lafiya saboda baƙin ciki. Kashi 10% zuwa 40% ne kawai na tsofaffi marasa lafiya da ke cikin baƙin ciki ke samun magani. Ana ɗaukar magungunan hana sake amfani da serotonin masu zaɓi, waɗanda aka fi sani da SSRIs, a matsayin maganin farko don baƙin ciki a ƙarshen rayuwa saboda sun fi jurewa da aminci fiye da sauran magungunan hana damuwa. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Solai LK, Mulsant BH, Pollock BG |date=2001 |title=Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors for late-life depression: a comparative review |journal=Drugs & Aging |volume=18 |issue=5 |pages=355–68 |doi=10.2165/00002512-200118050-00006 |pmid=11392444 |s2cid=23519411}}</ref> Ana ɗaukar magungunan hana sake amfani da serotonin-norepinephrine (SNRIs) a matsayin na biyu amma kuma suna iya zama da amfani ga marasa lafiya da ke fama da ciwo na yau da kullun. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Nelson JC, Wohlreich MM, Mallinckrodt CH, Detke MJ, Watkin JG, Kennedy JS |date=March 2005 |title=Duloxetine for the treatment of major depressive disorder in older patients |journal=The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=227–35 |doi=10.1176/appi.ajgp.13.3.227 |pmid=15728754}}</ref> <ref name="UpToDate">{{Cite web |title=UpToDate |url=https://www.uptodate.com/contents/image?imageKey=PC/57207&topicKey=PSYCH/1719&source=see_link |access-date=2019-12-04 |website=uptodate.com}}</ref> Ba a yi nazari sosai kan magungunan hana damuwa kamar bupropion da mirtazapine a cikin tsofaffi ba amma da alama suna ba da wasu fa'idodi. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Steffens DC, Doraiswamy PM, McQuoid DR |date=September 2001 |title=Bupropion SR in the naturalistic treatment of elderly patients with major depression |journal=International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry |volume=16 |issue=9 |pages=862–5 |doi=10.1002/gps.424 |pmid=11571765 |s2cid=26398542}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Anttila SA, Leinonen EV |date=2001 |title=A review of the pharmacological and clinical profile of mirtazapine |journal=CNS Drug Reviews |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=249–64 |doi=10.1111/j.1527-3458.2001.tb00198.x |pmc=6494141 |pmid=11607047}}</ref> An nuna cewa magungunan hana monoamine oxidase (MAOIs) suma suna ba da wasu fa'idodi, amma ba a yi nazari sosai ba <ref>{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Georgotas A, McCue RE, Hapworth W, Friedman E, Kim OM, Welkowitz J, Chang I, Cooper TB |date=October 1986 |title=Comparative efficacy and safety of MAOIs versus TCAs in treating depression in the elderly |journal=Biological Psychiatry |volume=21 |issue=12 |pages=1155–66 |doi=10.1016/0006-3223(86)90222-2 |pmid=3756264 |s2cid=44627288 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Dole ne a yi amfani da MAOIs da taka tsantsan don hana illolin kamar ciwon serotonin da [[Hadari na Adrenergic|rikicin adrenergic]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=UpToDate |url=https://www.uptodate.com/contents/diagnosis-and-management-of-late-life-unipolar-depression?source=history_widget#H29 |access-date=2019-12-04 |website=uptodate.com}}</ref> Magungunan hana damuwa na Tricyclic ba su ne maganin farko na baƙin ciki ba, amma har yanzu suna iya amfanar marasa lafiya waɗanda ba sa amsawa ga magungunan farko. <ref name="UpToDate"/> TCAs sun kuma nuna ikon hana sake faruwar baƙin ciki bayan maganin electroconvulsive. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Flint AJ, Rifat SL |date=January 1998 |title=The treatment of psychotic depression in later life: a comparison of pharmacotherapy and ECT |journal=International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=23–8 |doi=10.1002/(SICI)1099-1166(199801)13:1<23::AID-GPS725>3.0.CO;2-J |pmid=9489577 |s2cid=27593765}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Sackeim HA, Haskett RF, Mulsant BH, Thase ME, Mann JJ, Pettinati HM, Greenberg RM, Crowe RR, Cooper TB, Prudic J |date=March 2001 |title=Continuation pharmacotherapy in the prevention of relapse following electroconvulsive therapy: a randomized controlled trial |journal=JAMA |volume=285 |issue=10 |pages=1299–307 |doi=10.1001/jama.285.10.1299 |pmid=11255384 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Mittmann N, Herrmann N, Shulman KI, Silver IL, Busto UE, Borden EK, Naranjo CA, Shear NH |date=October 1999 |title=The effectiveness of antidepressants in elderly depressed outpatients: a prospective case series study |journal=The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry |volume=60 |issue=10 |pages=690–7 |doi=10.4088/jcp.v60n1008 |pmid=10549686}}</ref> Ba a amfani da TCAs da farko saboda illolinsu da haɗarin shan su fiye da SSRIs. <ref>{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Anderson IM, Ferrier IN, Baldwin RC, Cowen PJ, Howard L, Lewis G, Matthews K, McAllister-Williams RH, Peveler RC, Scott J, Tylee A |date=June 2008 |title=Evidence-based guidelines for treating depressive disorders with antidepressants: a revision of the 2000 British Association for Psychopharmacology guidelines |url=https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/ws/files/52545391/PMH_24_3_15_British_Association_forPsychopharmacology_Final_Reconciliation_Draft_2_.docx |journal=Journal of Psychopharmacology |volume=22 |issue=4 |pages=343–96 |doi=10.1177/0269881107088441 |pmid=18413657 |s2cid=25658129}}</ref> Yawan shan TCA na iya zama mai kisa idan aka kwatanta da SSRIs. <ref name="Nelson" /> Magungunan rage damuwa gabaɗaya, na iya aiki ta hanyar taka rawa wajen kare jijiyoyi a yadda suke rage damuwa da baƙin ciki. Ana tsammanin magungunan rage damuwa na iya ƙara tasirin masu karɓar kwakwalwa waɗanda ke taimaka wa ƙwayoyin jijiyoyi su kasance masu saurin amsawa ga glutamate wanda wani sinadari ne na amino acid wanda ba shi da mahimmanci. Wannan ƙaruwar tallafin ƙwayoyin jijiyoyi yana rage ƙarfin glutamate, yana ba da kariya daga glutamate mai ƙarfi da ban sha'awa a cikin sassan kwakwalwa masu mahimmanci waɗanda ke da alaƙa da baƙin ciki. Kodayake magungunan rage damuwa ba za su iya warkar da baƙin ciki ba, suna iya haifar da sassauci, wanda shine ɓacewa ko kusan rage alamun baƙin ciki gaba ɗaya. <ref name="pmid18813343">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Taylor WD, Kuchibhatla M, Payne ME, Macfall JR, Sheline YI, Krishnan KR, Doraiswamy PM |date=September 2008 |title=Frontal white matter anisotropy and antidepressant remission in late-life depression |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=3 |issue=9 |bibcode=2008PLoSO...3.3267T |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0003267 |pmc=2533397 |pmid=18813343 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="pmid14514498">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Murphy GM, Kremer C, Rodrigues HE, Schatzberg AF |date=October 2003 |title=Pharmacogenetics of antidepressant medication intolerance |journal=The American Journal of Psychiatry |volume=160 |issue=10 |pages=1830–5 |doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.160.10.1830 |pmid=14514498}}</ref> <ref name="pmid12515726">{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Serafeim A, Holder MJ, Grafton G, Chamba A, Drayson MT, Luong QT, Bunce CM, Gregory CD, Barnes NM, Gordon J |date=April 2003 |title=Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors directly signal for apoptosis in biopsy-like Burkitt lymphoma cells |journal=Blood |volume=101 |issue=8 |pages=3212–9 |doi=10.1182/blood-2002-07-2044 |pmid=12515726 |doi-access=free}}</ref> '''Ci gaba da kuma kula da matsalolin baƙin ciki ga tsofaffi''' Wani bita na Cochrane na 2016 ya bayar da ƙayyadadden shaida cewa ci gaba da shan magungunan rage damuwa na tsawon shekara ɗaya yana rage haɗarin sake dawowar baƙin ciki ba tare da ƙarin lahani ba. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Wilkinson P, Izmeth Z |date=September 2016 |title=Continuation and maintenance treatments for depression in older people |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2016 |issue=9 |doi=10.1002/14651858.cd006727.pub3 |pmc=6457610 |pmid=27609183}}</ref> Duk da haka, ba za a iya samun shawara mai ƙarfi game da magungunan tunani ko hanyoyin haɗin gwiwa don hana sake dawowa ba. === Ƙarfafa Jijiyoyin Jiki === Jiyya mai ƙarfi ga damuwa, musamman maganin electroconvulsive (ECT) magani ne mai tasiri ga baƙin ciki ga tsofaffi. Yana da amfani musamman wajen magance [[Babban rashin damuwa|babban baƙin ciki]] mai tsanani wanda ba ya amsawa da kyau ga jiyya da ke sama. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Pagnin D, de Queiroz V, Pini S, Cassano GB |date=March 2004 |title=Efficacy of ECT in depression: a meta-analytic review |journal=The Journal of ECT |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=13–20 |doi=10.1097/00124509-200403000-00004 |pmid=15087991 |s2cid=25843283}}</ref> A cikin mutanen da ke cikin tsufa musamman, ciki har da marasa lafiya sama da shekaru 85, ECT yana ba da zaɓi mai aminci da inganci na magani. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kerner N, Prudic J |date=February 2014 |title=Current electroconvulsive therapy practice and research in the geriatric population |journal=Neuropsychiatry |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=33–54 |doi=10.2217/npy.14.3 |pmc=4000084 |pmid=24778709}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Geduldig ET, Kellner CH |date=April 2016 |title=Electroconvulsive Therapy in the Elderly: New Findings in Geriatric Depression |journal=Current Psychiatry Reports |volume=18 |issue=4 |page=40 |doi=10.1007/s11920-016-0674-5 |pmid=26909702 |s2cid=44569093}}</ref> Idan aka kwatanta da magani ga ƙananan marasa lafiya, ECT ya bayyana yana aiki mafi kyau ga tsofaffi marasa lafiya. <ref>{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Rhebergen D, Huisman A, Bouckaert F, Kho K, Kok R, Sienaert P, Spaans HP, Stek M |date=March 2015 |title=Older age is associated with rapid remission of depression after electroconvulsive therapy: a latent class growth analysis |journal=The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=274–82 |doi=10.1016/j.jagp.2014.05.002 |pmid=24951182}}</ref> Tsarin maganin ECT na yau da kullun yana farawa daga jiyya 6 zuwa 12, wasu kuma suna buƙatar ƙari ko ƙasa da haka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=UpToDate |url=https://www.uptodate.com/contents/unipolar-major-depression-in-adults-indications-for-and-efficacy-of-electroconvulsive-therapy-ect |access-date=2019-11-27 |website=uptodate.com |archive-date=2019-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210150650/https://www.uptodate.com/contents/unipolar-major-depression-in-adults-indications-for-and-efficacy-of-electroconvulsive-therapy-ect |url-status=dead }}</ref> Jadawalin magani na yau da kullun a Amurka na iya haɗawa da jiyya uku a mako a ranar Litinin, Laraba, da Juma'a. Jiyya biyu a mako yana kwatanta da uku kuma ana iya amfani da shi. Kulawa ECT, wanda ake bayarwa a tsawon lokaci bayan saitin farko na jiyya mai tsanani, yana kuma taimakawa baƙin ciki a ƙarshen rayuwa kuma yana taimakawa hana sake faruwar baƙin ciki. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=van Schaik AM, Comijs HC, Sonnenberg CM, Beekman AT, Sienaert P, Stek ML |date=January 2012 |title=Efficacy and safety of continuation and maintenance electroconvulsive therapy in depressed elderly patients: a systematic review |journal=The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=5–17 |doi=10.1097/JGP.0b013e31820dcbf9 |pmid=22183009}}</ref> Idan wani dattijo yana buƙatar a kwantar da shi a asibiti saboda baƙin cikinsa, an nuna cewa ECT yana aiki da sauri fiye da magani kuma yana rage mace-macen da ke tattare da baƙin ciki. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Philibert RA, Richards L, Lynch CF, Winokur G |date=September 1995 |title=Effect of ECT on mortality and clinical outcome in geriatric unipolar depression |journal=The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry |volume=56 |issue=9 |pages=390–4 |pmid=7665536}}</ref> <ref name="pmid25323140">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Spaans HP, Sienaert P, Bouckaert F, van den Berg JF, Verwijk E, Kho KH, Stek ML, Kok RM |date=January 2015 |title=Speed of remission in elderly patients with depression: electroconvulsive therapy v. medication |journal=The British Journal of Psychiatry |volume=206 |issue=1 |pages=67–71 |doi=10.1192/bjp.bp.114.148213 |pmid=25323140 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ko da a lokuta kamar baƙin ciki bayan bugun jini, ECT na iya zama mai tasiri; duk da haka, shaidar ba ta da ƙarfi a kan iyawarsa na magance baƙin cikin jijiyoyin jini da cututtuka na dogon lokaci ke haifarwa, idan aka kwatanta da wani lamari mai tsanani kamar bugun jini. <ref>{{Cite journal |author-link=Helen Kales |vauthors=Kales HC, Maixner DF, Mellow AM |date=February 2005 |title=Cerebrovascular disease and late-life depression |journal=The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=88–98 |doi=10.1176/appi.ajgp.13.2.88 |pmid=15703317}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Currier MB, Murray GB, Welch CC |date=1992 |title=Electroconvulsive therapy for post-stroke depressed geriatric patients |journal=The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=140–4 |doi=10.1176/jnp.4.2.140 |pmid=1627974}}</ref> Motsa jiki na maganadisu na transcranial (TMS) wani misali ne na motsa jiki na neurostimulation da ake amfani da shi don magance baƙin ciki, amma ana ɗaukar ECT a matsayin hanya mafi inganci. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Berlim MT, Van den Eynde F, Daskalakis ZJ |date=July 2013 |title=Efficacy and acceptability of high frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) versus electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) for major depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials |journal=Depression and Anxiety |volume=30 |issue=7 |pages=614–23 |doi=10.1002/da.22060 |pmid=23349112 |s2cid=2173645 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Slotema CW, Blom JD, Hoek HW, Sommer IE |date=July 2010 |title=Should we expand the toolbox of psychiatric treatment methods to include Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS)? A meta-analysis of the efficacy of rTMS in psychiatric disorders |journal=The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry |volume=71 |issue=7 |pages=873–84 |doi=10.4088/JCP.08m04872gre |pmid=20361902}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Health Quality |first=Ontario |date=2016 |title=Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Treatment-Resistant Depression: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials |journal=Ontario Health Technology Assessment Series |volume=16 |issue=5 |pages=1–66 |pmc=4808719 |pmid=27099642}}</ref> == Ilimin Cututtuka == [[Babban rashin damuwa|Babban damuwa]] wata cuta ce ta kwakwalwa da ke tattare da rashin kwanciyar hankali tare da ƙarancin girman kai, da kuma rashin sha'awa ko jin daɗi a cikin ayyukan da suka dace. Kusan miliyan biyar daga cikin Amurkawa miliyan 31 waɗanda suka kai shekaru 65 ko sama da haka suna cikin mawuyacin hali, kuma miliyan ɗaya suna da babban baƙin ciki. Kimanin kashi 3% na tsofaffi masu lafiya da ke zaune a cikin al'umma suna da babban baƙin ciki. Maimaitawar na iya kaiwa har zuwa 40%. Yawan [[Kisan kai|kashe kai]] kusan ninki biyu ne a cikin marasa lafiya da ke cikin baƙin ciki kamar yadda yake a cikin jama'a gabaɗaya. Babban baƙin ciki ya fi yawa a cikin marasa lafiya da ke fama da rashin lafiya waɗanda suka girmi shekaru 70 kuma aka kwantar da su a asibiti ko kuma aka kwantar da su a asibiti. Cututtuka masu tsanani ko na yau da kullun da ke da alaƙa da yawan baƙin ciki sun haɗa da [[bugun jini]] (30-60%), [[Cutar jijiyoyin Zuciya|cututtukan zuciya]] (8-44%), [[Sankara|ciwon daji]] (1-40%), [[cutar Parkinson]] (40%), [[cutar Alzheimer]] (20-40%), da [[Dementia|ciwon hauka]] (17-31%). Ƙaramin baƙin ciki cuta ce mai matuƙar wahala a asibiti wadda ba ta cika ƙa'idar tsawon lokaci ko adadin alamun da ake buƙata don gano babban baƙin ciki ba. Ƙaramin baƙin ciki, wanda ya fi yawa fiye da babban baƙin ciki a cikin tsofaffi marasa lafiya, na iya biyo bayan babban abin da ke faruwa na baƙin ciki. Hakanan yana iya zama martani ga abubuwan da ke haifar da damuwa na yau da kullun a cikin tsofaffi. Kashi 15-50% na marasa lafiya da ke da ƙaramin baƙin ciki suna samun babban baƙin ciki cikin shekaru biyu. <ref>{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Rapaport MH, Judd LL, Schettler PJ, Yonkers KA, Thase ME, Kupfer DJ, Frank E, Plewes JM, Tollefson GD, Rush AJ |date=April 2002 |title=A descriptive analysis of minor depression |journal=The American Journal of Psychiatry |volume=159 |issue=4 |pages=637–43 |doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.159.4.637 |pmid=11925303}}</ref> == Bincike == Hoton kwakwalwa (na'urar MRI mai aiki /tsarin jiki) na iya taimakawa wajen jagorantar binciken ƙananan matsaloli a cikin tsarin kwakwalwa da aikin da ke haifar da baƙin ciki a ƙarshen rayuwa. A ƙarshe, fasahar daukar hoto na iya zama kayan aiki don gano cutar da wuri da kuma nau'in baƙin ciki. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Soares JC, Mann JJ |date=January 1997 |title=The anatomy of mood disorders--review of structural neuroimaging studies |journal=Biological Psychiatry |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=86–106 |doi=10.1016/S0006-3223(96)00006-6 |pmid=8988799 |s2cid=32444863 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Binciken kwayoyin halitta da ke nazarin baƙin cikin rayuwar marigayi yana mai da hankali kan gano alamun kwayoyin halitta da ke da alaƙa da haɓakar baƙin cikin rayuwar marigayi. An fahimci cewa bambance-bambancen kwayoyin halitta na APOE, BDNF, da SLC6A4 na iya danganta su da ƙaruwar haɗari. Yankunan kwakwalwa da aka haɗa da waɗannan kwayoyin halitta sune gyaran hippocampal da hanyar endocrine ta axis na Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Adrenal lokacin sarrafa damuwa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tsang |first=Ruby S. M. |last2=Mather |first2=Karen A. |last3=Sachdev |first3=Perminder S. |last4=Reppermund |first4=Simone |date=April 2017 |title=Systematic review and meta-analysis of genetic studies of late-life depression |url=http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/unsworks_43075 |journal=Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews |volume=75 |pages=129–139 |doi=10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.01.028 |issn=1873-7528 |pmid=28137459 |s2cid=39796461 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 6sqximzd9dizj481nmjvmgasuru379s REGIDESO Burundi 0 157116 889464 879935 2026-07-30T16:52:09Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889464 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''REGIDESO Burundi''' Hukumar Kera da Rarraba Ruwa da Lantarki ta Burundi) wani kamfani ne na gwamnati da ke rarraba ruwa da wutar lantarki a ƙasar Burundi. == Mandate (Aiki) == REGIDESO tana da manufar hako ruwa, tacewa da rarraba shi; kera da rarraba wutar lantarki; da kuma tallata waɗannan kayayyaki a cibiyoyin birane da sauran wuraren da hukumar gudanarwa ta ayyana. REGIDESO tana gudanar da, ko bayar da kwangilar bincike da ayyukan da ake buƙata don cimma wannan manufa. REGIDESO tana ƙarƙashin kulawar Ma'aikatar da ke da alhakin Makamashi da Ma'adinai, wadda ke duba da amincewa da shawarwarin da hukumar gudanarwa ta yanke.{{sfn|Régie de Production et de Distribution...}} == Samar da wutar lantarki da wadata ta == Ya zuwa shekarar 2008, REGIDESO tana samar da mafi yawan wutar lantarki a ƙasar daga madatsun ruwa na samar da wutar lantarki guda bakwai, tare da jimillar ƙarfin da aka girka na megawatt 30.6 (MW). Madatsar ruwa ta Rwegura (18 MW) da ta Mugere (8 MW) a tsakaninsu suna samar da kashi 85% na wadatar wutar lantarki na cikin gida.{{sfn|IBP|2008|p=34}} REGIDESO ita ke sarrafawa da kula da duk gidajen samar da wutar lantarki na thermal (na hayaki/man fetur) a Burundi, sannan tana tafiyar da ƙananan rukunoni daban-daban na samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa a yankunan karkara. Ita ke da alhakin samar da ruwa da rarraba wuta a yankunan birane, galibi a ciki da kewayen Bujumbura.{{sfn|IBP|2008|p=37}} Hukumar ''Direction Generale de l'Hydraulique et de l'Électrifacation Rurales'' (DGHYER) tana siyan wutar lantarki daga REGIDESO kuma tana rarraba ta ga abokan ciniki na yankunan karkara. Ta kasance tana tafiyar da nata gidajen samar da wuta, amma yanzu tana da ƙananan masana'antu na micro guda kaɗan waɗanda ba za a iya dogara da su ba.{{sfn|IBP|2008|p=38}} REGIDESO tana da injin janareta na dizal mai ƙarfin 10 MW da aka yi hayarsa. Tana shigo da 3 MW daga Kamfanin Wutar Lantarki na Ƙasa na Jamhuriyar Dimokaraɗiyyar Kongo (SNEL) daga madatsar ruwa ta haɗin gwiwa ta Ruzizi I, sannan tana shigo da 13.3 MW daga Kamfanin Wutar Lantarki na Ƙasa da Ƙasa na Ƙasashin Manyan Tafkuna (SINELAC). Burundi tana cikin rukunin raba wutar lantarki na Gabashin Afirka (EAPP), wanda ke da nufin kafa hanyoyin sadarwa ta yadda za a iya kasuwancin wutar lantarki tsakanin ƙasashe mambobi. Akwai yuwuwar Burundi ta fitar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa mai rahusa. Ya zuwa shekarar 2024, tana da ma'aikata guda 1272.{{sfn|Historique de la REGIDESO}} == Tarihi == === Lokacin mulkin mallaka (1939–1962) === An kafa hukumar ''Régie de Production et de Distribution d’Eau et d’Electricité'' (REGIDESO) ''du Congo-Belge et du Ruanda-Urundi'' (Hukumar Kera da Rarraba Ruwa da Lantarki ta Kongo ta Beljiyam da Ruanda-Urundi) ta hanyar doka a ranar 30 ga Disamba 1939.{{sfn|Régie de Production et de Distribution...}} Kafin Burundi ta sami ƴancin kai, Hukumar Ƙasa da Ƙasa don Ci gaban Karkara (AIDR) ce ke samar da ruwa ga cibiyoyi a cikin ƙasar, kuma REGIDESO ta Kongo ta Beljiyam da Ruanda-Urundi ce ke kera da rarraba ruwa da wutar lantarki a yankunan birane.{{sfn|Historique de la REGIDESO}} === Shekarun farko (1962–1975) === An kafa ''Régie de Distribution d’Eau et d’Electricité du Burundi'' (Hukumar Rarraba Ruwa da Lantarki ta Burundi: REGIDESO Burundi) a ranar 22 ga Yuni 1962 ta hannun Babban Wakilin Beljiyam a Burundi. Wani tsari ne na gudanarwa mai zaman kansa ta fuskar shari'a, gudanarwa, da cin gashin kai na kuɗi.{{sfn|Régie de Production et de Distribution...}} Lokacin da aka gane ta, REGIDESO ba ta da kowane ƙarfin samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa. Ana samar da wutar lantarki ne ta hanyar ƙananan janareto a cikin karkara, da kuma ta gidajen samar da wuta na thermal na Bujumbura da Gitega. Haka kuma an samar da makamashin lantarki ta hanyar Madatsar Ruwa ta Ruzizi I a kan Kogin Ruzizi ta hanyar tashar SNEL. Birnin Bujumbura ya sami ruwa daga maɓuɓɓugar kogin Ntahangwa, Gatunguru da Kinuke.{{sfn|Historique de la REGIDESO}} Tsakanin shekarun 1962 na 1975, yawancin ayyukan REGIDESO sun mayar da hankali ne kan tsara kanta, neman abokan haɗin gwiwa, da gano ayyukan da za a gudanar.{{sfn|Historique de la REGIDESO}} A ranar 2 ga Oktoba 1968, an sanya REGIDESO a ƙarƙashin ikon Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a, Makamashi da Ma'adinai.{{sfn|Régie de Production et de Distribution...}} === Haɓakawa (1975–1992) === Daga shekarar 1975 zuwa 1992, REGIDESO ta faɗaɗa don samar da ruwan sha da wutar lantarki ga dukkan cibiyoyin birane da taimakon ƙasashen Jamus, Faransa, Sin da Bankin Duniya. An gina madatsun ruwa na samar da wutar lantarki a Gikonge, Kayenzi, Buhiga, Sanzu, Marangara, Rwegura da Nyemanga (a cikin 1988), gami da madatsar ruwa ta al'ummar Rusizi. An gina layukan watsawa da rarraba wutar lantarki a wannan lokacin.{{sfn|Historique de la REGIDESO}} A ranar 11 ga Maris 1986, wata dokar shugaban ƙasa ta mai da REGIDESO ta zama cibiyar shari'a ta jama'a mai yanayin kasuwanci da masana'antu tare da ikon kanta na shari'a, kuɗi, da tsari. === Yaƙin basasa (1992–2004) === Tsakanin shekarun 1992 da 2004, an raba sassan gudanarwa, lissafin kuɗi, da ayyukan kasuwanci tsakanin sassan Gudanar da Lantarki da na Ruwa. Wannan ya kasance lokacin tarzoma na basasa inda aka lalata mafi yawan abubuwan more rayuwa na REGIDESO.{{sfn|Historique de la REGIDESO}} A cikin 1995, REGIDESO ta sayi gidan samar da wutar lantarki na thermal mai ƙarfin 5.5 MW a Bujumbura, amma har zuwa shekarar 2008 yawanci ba ya aiki, ana ajiye shi ne kawai a matsayin madadin gaggawa. Arha na farashin wutar lantarki da tsadar man dizal sun sa gudanar da shi ya zama rashin tattalin arziki.{{sfn|IBP|2008|p=34}} A ranar 5 ga Satumba 1997, doka mai lamba 100/164 ta mai da REGIDESO-S.P. ta zama "Hukuma" a ƙarƙashin Kundin Tsarin Kamfanoni na Masu Zaman Kansu da na Gwamnati. An kafa hedkwatar a cikin gundumar birni ta Rohero, a Bujumbura.{{sfn|Régie de Production et de Distribution...}} REGIDESO wani kamfani ne mai haɗin gwiwar jama'a wanda ke ƙarƙashin kulawar Ma'aikatar Makamashi da Ma'adinai.{{sfn|Historique de la REGIDESO}} Kamfanin ya yi fama sosai wajen sake ginawa da kula da abubuwan more rayuwa saboda janyewar masu ba da gudummawa da kuma rashin kuɗaɗen shiga daga tallace-tallace. A ranar 20 ga Agusta 2000, REGIDESO ta rasa ikon mallakar ta na keɓancewa (monopoly) a kan kera wutar lantarki.{{sfn|Historique de la REGIDESO}} === Sake gine-gine bayan yaƙi (2004–yanzu) === A ƙarƙashin sharuɗɗan Tallafin Tallafawa Gyaran Tattalin Arziki na Bankin Duniya, REGIDESO tana ɗaya daga cikin kamfanonin gwamnati 14 da aka yi niyya a cikin shirin mayar da hannun jari ga masu zaman kansu na 2006-2008. Sauran sun haɗa da OCIBU, BRB, Abattoir Public de Bujumbura (APB), OPHAVET, ONATEL, SOSUMO, COTEBU, Union Commerciale d'Assurances et de Réassurance (UCAR), Office du Thé du Burundi (OTB), SOCABU da Société Immobilière Publique (SIP).{{sfn|Proposed grant in the amount of SDR 12 million|p=36}} Tsakanin shekarun 2005 da 2016, REGIDESO ta sake ginawa da haɓaka abubuwan more rayuwa, kuma ta tsawaita samar da ruwa da wutar lantarki zuwa sabbin wurare. Ta kuma ƙara farashin kayayyaki ga masu amfani don sa kamfanin ya kasance mai kyau ga masu saka hannun jari na gaba.{{sfn|Historique de la REGIDESO}} A cikin watan Yuni 2016, gundumomi da yawa na Bujumbura Mairie sun fuskanci ƙarancin ruwa mai tsanani, inda wasu ba su sami ruwa ba na tsawon kwanaki. Regideso ta bayyana cewa yawancin bututun rarraba ruwa sun karye ko sun toshe, kuma ta yi alkawarin magance matsalar cikin mako guda.{{sfn|Burundi-Regideso : Le problème de manque d’eau}} Ya zuwa shekarar 2020, REGIDESO tana cikin mummunan yanayin kuɗi. Tana da manyan bashi da ba a biya ba, kuma tana fuskantar wahala wajen biyan masu bin ta bashi, gami da kamfanin gudanar da gidajen wutar lantarki na thermal na Interpetrol Burundi.{{sfn|Rugira|2021}} Wani rahoto a cikin watan Janairu 2024 ya ambato babban darektan Regideso, Jean-Albert Manigomba, yana cewa duk da yawan ɗaukewar wuta akai-akai a Bujumbura Mairie, samar da wutar lantarki yana inganta cikin sauri. An kammala Madatsar Ruwa ta Rusumo, kuma ana kan ginin Madatsar Ruwa ta Kabu 16. Ya kamata duka biyun su bayar da makamashi a wannan shekarar. Haka kuma ya kamata a kammala Madatsar Ruwa ta Jiji-Murembwe a cikin shekarar 2024.{{sfn|Kwizera|2024}} Katsewar wutar ta kasance ne saboda tsarin wayoyi na ƙarƙashin ƙasa a Bujumbura wanda aka kafa tun shekarun 1960. Ana kan gudanar da ayyuka, tare da tallafi daga Bankin Duniya da sauran abokan haɗin gwiwa, don gyara wannan tsarin wayoyi da inganta tsarin a sauran sassan ƙasar. A cikin dogon lokaci, wani layi ta Ruwanda, Uganda, da Kenya, zai kai ga Babban Madatsar Ruwa ta Habasha (Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam), wanda yakamata ya samar da 200 MW. Hakanan, wani layi daga Madatsar Ruwa ta Ruzizi III zai iya samar da 26 MW ga Burundi a cikin shekarar 2028. Wani aikin kuma zai samo 200 MW daga madatsar ruwa da ake gina wa a Tanzaniya.{{sfn|Kwizera|2024}} == Manazarta == {{reflist|25em}} == Majiyoyi == {{refbegin}} * {{citation |url=https://indundiculture.com/burundi-regideso-le-probleme-de-manque-deau-sera-resolu-dans-une-semaine/ |accessdate=2024-08-11 |language=fr |title=Burundi-Regideso : Le problème de manque d'eau sera résolu dans une semaine |date=29 June 2016 |work=IndundiCulture Radio |ref={{harvid|Burundi-Regideso : Le problème de manque d’eau}} }} * {{citation |url=https://regideso.bi/historiques/ |accessdate=2024-08-11 |language=fr |title=Historique de la REGIDESO |publisher=REGIDESO |ref={{harvid|Historique de la REGIDESO}} |archive-date=2024-08-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240811143759/https://regideso.bi/historiques/ |url-status=dead }} * {{citation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LvX_BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA37 |accessdate=2024-08-11 |title=Burundi Energy Policy, Laws and Regulations Handbook Volume 1 Strategic Information and Regulations |author=IBP |date=3 March 2008|publisher=Lulu.com |isbn=978-1-4330-7118-8 }} * {{citation |url=https://www.iwacu-burundi.org/coupures-repetitives-delectricite-la-regideso-donne-toujours-des-raisons-desperer/ |accessdate=2024-08-11 |last=Kwizera |first=Emery |title=Coupures répétitives d'électricité : La Regideso gives always reasons to hope |date=16 January 2024 |work=Iwacu |language=fr}} * {{citation |url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/219901468238758990/pdf/516570PAD0P107101Official0Use0Only1.pdf |accessdate=2024-10-22 |title=Proposed grant in the amount of SDR 12 million to the Republic of Burundi for a financial and private sector development project |date=25 November 2009 |publisher=World Bank |ref={{harvid|Proposed grant in the amount of SDR 12 million}} }} * {{citation |url=https://www.esoko.bi/akazi/business/info/regideso/ |accessdate=2024-08-11 |language=fr |title=Régie de Production et de Distribution d'eau et d'électricité |publisher=Esoko |ref={{harvid|Régie de Production et de Distribution...}} }} * {{citation |url=https://www.yaga-burundi.com/regideso-gouvernement-qui-dit-vrai/ |accessdate=2024-08-11 |language=fr |last=Rugira |first=Aimé|date=18 February 2021 |title=Regideso vs Gouvernement : qui dit vrai ? |work=yaga-burundi}} {{refend}} == Ƙarin karatu == {{refbegin}} * {{citation|url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/517851468017390166/pdf/BURUNDI0EE0PID000Appraisal00final.pdf |accessdate=2024-08-11 |title=AB6769 Burundi - Energy Efficiency Project |date=2 February 2012 |publisher=World Bank |ref={{harvid|AB6769 Burundi - Energy Efficiency Project}} }} * {{citation |url=https://www.iwacu-burundi.org/enquete-sur-leau-de-la-regideso-alimentation-en-eau-potable-un-secteur-presque-oublie/ |accessdate=2024-08-11 |last=Manirakiza |first=Fabrice |date=23 February 2024 |title=Enquête sur l'eau de la Regideso/Alimentation en eau potable : Un secteur presque oublié |work=Iwacu |archive-date=2024-08-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240811214934/https://www.iwacu-burundi.org/enquete-sur-leau-de-la-regideso-alimentation-en-eau-potable-un-secteur-presque-oublie/ |url-status=dead }} {{refend}} jzwth18wbphed3c8i07km6dfm41aa0w Rarraba ruwan sha da tsaftar muhalli a Namibia 0 157386 889516 880015 2026-07-30T20:38:19Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889516 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Namibiya]] ƙasa ce mai bushewa wadda take yawan fuskantar matsalar fari. Manyan koguna suna gudana ne kawai a kan iyakokinta na arewa da kudu, amma suna da nisa sosai da cibiyoyin da jama'a ke zaune. Haka kuma suna da nisa da mahakan ma'adanai na ƙasar, waɗanda ke amfani da ruwa mai yawa. Domin fuskantar wannan ƙalubale, ƙasar ta gina madatsun ruwa domin tareshe gudanar ruwa daga kogunan lokaci-lokaci (ephemeral rivers), ta gina manyan bututu na jigilar ruwa zuwa nisa mai nisa, ta samar da dabarun sake amfani da ruwan sha a babban birninta Windhoek da ke tsakiyar Namibia, kuma ta gina babban kamfanin tace ruwan teku na farko a yankin Saharar Afirka domin samar da ruwa ga mahakar uranium da birnin Swakopmund. Wani babban shiri na kawo ruwa daga Kogin Okavango da ke Arewa zuwa Windhoek, wato Eastern National Water Carrier, an kammala shi ne kawai a wani sashi a lokacin shekarun 1980. Mafi yawancin mazauna birane suna da damar samun ruwan sha, amma samun ruwa yana baya-baya a yankunan karkara. Haka kuma, inganta tsaftar muhalli (sanitation) ma yana baya sosai idan aka kwatanta da samun ruwan sha. Hukumar NamWater ce ta mallaki mafi yawancin manyan kayan aikin samar da ruwa, wata hukuma ce ta gwamnati da ke aiki a kan tsarin kasuwanci. Tana sayar da ruwa ga kamfanonin hakar ma'adanai, da kuma hukumomin ƙananan hukumomi waɗanda su kuma suke sayar da shi ga mazauna birane da kamfanoni. ==Albarkatun Ruwa == [[File:Namibia-1113.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Mafi yawancin kasar Namibia babban hamada ce da kuma tsaunuka masu bushewa.]] Yanayin kasar Namibia yana da zafi da bushewa tare da samun ruwan sama maras tabbas a lokutan damina biyu a lokacin rani. A cikin Afirka, yanayinta yana biye da na hamadar Sahara ne kawai wajen bushewa. Namibia tana raba manyan koguna da yawa da sauran ƙasashe, kamar Kogin Orange a Kudu, wanda take rabawa da Afirka ta Kudu, da kuma kogunan Zambezi da Okavango a Arewa, waɗanda take rabawa da Angola, Zambia, da Botswana. Amma waɗannan koguna suna da nisa sosai da cibiyoyin jama'a, kuma kuɗin janyo ruwa daga gare su don ruwan sha yana da tsada sosai. Kogin Cunene ne kawai, wanda ake rabawa da Angola, yake samar da ruwan sha ga yankuna huɗu na Arewa a Namibia. Jimillar matsakaicin "ruwa mai aminci" da za a iya samu daga albarkatun ruwan Namibia an kiyasta shi a matakin mita cubic miliyan 660 a kowace shekara ($660 \text{ million m}^3/\text{year}$), wanda aka raba shi kamar haka: ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa miliyan 300, kogunan lokaci-lokaci miliyan 200, kogunan da ba sa kafewa miliyan 150, da kuma sauran hanyoyin zamani kamar ruwan datti da aka tace miliyan 10.<ref name="Namibia Water Report">{{cite web |title=Namibia Water Report |url=http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries_regions/nam/index.stm |publisher=FAO |access-date=11 June 2016 |date=2005 |archive-date=23 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200123055244/http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries_regions/NAM/index.stm |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Ruwan ƙasa === Ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa bai kafu daidai ba a fadin yankin Namibia, wanda hakan ya sa ginin bututun ruwa ya zama dole domin amfana da shi. Musamman ma yankin da ke gabar teku kusan ba shi da ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa sam. Ruwan sama da ke shiga ƙasa a waɗannan yankuna yana da ƙaranci kuma ba shi da tabbas, ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa yana da zurfi sosai kuma wani lokacin ba shi da kyau. Wasu yankunan kuma suna da kyau, suna zaune ne a kan manyan madatsun ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa (aquifers) masu albarka waɗanda ke ɗauke da ruwa mai yawa fiye da yadda manoma da al'ummomi ke buƙata a halin yanzu. Ƙananan idanun ruwa masu yawa a faɗin ƙasar suna rayawa namun daji, mutane, da dabbobi. A cikin ƙarni da suka gabata, an haƙa rijiyoyin burtsatse fiye da 100,000 a Namibia. Rabinsu har yanzu suna aiki.<ref>{{cite web |title=Groundwater in Namibia |url=http://www.iwrm-namibia.info.na/iwrm/fundaments-in-iwrm/groundwater-in-namibia/index.php |publisher=GIZ: Integrated Water Resource Management in Namibia |access-date=12 June 2016 |archive-date=29 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160729155617/http://www.iwrm-namibia.info.na/iwrm/fundaments-in-iwrm/groundwater-in-namibia/index.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekarar 2012, masana kimiyyar ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa sun gano wani katoton rariyar ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa (aquifer) a Arewacin Namibia wanda zai iya samar da ruwa ga yankin, inda kashi 40% na al'ummar ƙasar ke zaune, har na tsawon shekaru 400. Wannan madatsar ruwa, da ake kira Ohangwena II, tana ɗauke da kusan mita cubic biliyan 5 na ruwa wanda shekarunsa sun kai mazaunin 10,000. Madatsar tana da zurfin mita 300 kuma tana da matsin lamba, ta yadda za a iya famfo ruwanta a kan farashi mai sauƙi. Sai dai wani gishirin ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa yana zaune a saman ruwan mai daɗi, don haka dole ne a yi hakar a tsanake don guje wa haɗuwar gishiri da ruwan daɗi. Madatsar tana samun ruwa daga Angola a Arewa. Masana sun ba da shawarar cewa, a lokacin da yanayi yake daidai, yawan fitar da ruwa ya zama daidai da adadin da ke shigowa daga Arewa domin gudanar da madatsar ruwan cikin dorewa. Duk da haka, a lokacin dogon fari da sauyin yanayi ke haifarwa, za a iya amfani da ruwan madatsar sosai a matsayin garkuwa mai mahimmanci ga fari.<ref>{{cite web |author=Matt McGrath |title=Vast aquifer found in Namibia could last for centuries |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-18875385 |publisher=BBC News Science and Environment |access-date=12 June 2016 |date=20 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bgr.bund.de/EN/Themen/Zusammenarbeit/TechnZusammenarb/Projekte/Laufend/Afrika/1062_2009-2096-7_Namibia_Grundwassererkundung_Cuvelai_PhaseII_en.html |access-date=12 June 2016 |title=Video: Namibia's new groundwater treasure - The Ohangwena II Aquifer |publisher=BGR - The German Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources |archive-date=16 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160616110410/http://www.bgr.bund.de/EN/Themen/Zusammenarbeit/TechnZusammenarb/Projekte/Laufend/Afrika/1062_2009-2096-7_Namibia_Grundwassererkundung_Cuvelai_PhaseII_en.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> A wasu yankunan, ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa yana da ɗan gishiri (brackish). A yankin Omusati da ke Arewacin Namibia, an girka ƙananan masana'antu huɗu na tace ruwan gishiri a shekarar 2010 a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin bincike na Jamus da Namibia mai suna CuveWaters. Masana'antun suna amfani da makamashin rana (solar energy) kuma suna samar da tsakanin mita cubic 0.5 zuwa 3.3 na ruwan sha mai kyau a kowace rana, wanda ya isa ya biya bukatun yau da kullum na mutane tsakanin 10 zuwa 66. A kan Yuro 15 ga kowace mita cubic, farashin tace ruwan gishiri a waɗannan ƙananan masana'antu yana da tsada sosai.<ref>{{cite web |title=Groundwater Desalination |url=http://www.cuvewaters.net/Groundwater-Desalination.77.0.html |publisher=CuveWaters |access-date=18 June 2016 |archive-date=21 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160621034126/http://www.cuvewaters.net/Groundwater-Desalination.77.0.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Tace ruwan teku (domin ya zama ruwan sha) === [[File:HardapDam.JPG|left|thumb|upright=1.15|Madatsar ruwa ta Hardap Dam a kan kogin lokaci-lokaci na Fish River a Kudancin Namibia ita ce mafi girma a kasar.]] Mafi yawancin kogunan lokaci-lokaci (ephemeral) na cikin kasar Namibia ana gina musu madatsun ruwa, kuma a cewar FAO, suna samar da tabbacin ruwa na kashi 95% mai yawan mita cubic miliyan 96 a kowace shekara, bisa bayanan ruwan sama na tarihi. Waɗannan madatsun suna da ƙarancin ruwa mai aminci idan aka kwatanta da girman jimlarsu, saboda rashin daidaiton gudanar ruwa a tsawon lokaci da kuma asarar ruwa ta hanyar dumi (evaporation). Saboda haka, kusan rabin ruwan kogunan lokaci-lokaci ne kawai za a iya amfani da shi. Akwai rarar ruwa a wasu madatsun, misali a Oanob Dam, Hardap Dam, Naute Dam, da Friedenau Dam.{{sfn|Puz|2000|p=10}} Wannan rarar ruwa ba za a iya amfani da ita ba saboda nisan wuraren madatsun da kuma ƙarancin buƙatar mutanen yankin. Namibia tana fuskantar fari akai-akai, inda na kwanan nan ya afkawa ƙasar a shekarar 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=State of drought emergency extended |url=https://www.namibian.com.na/index.php?page=archive-read&id=193796 |access-date=2020-11-24 |website=The Namibian |language=en}}</ref> [[File:Namibia 124.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Kogin Cunene, da ake gani a nan a wurin Ruacana Falls a kan iyakar Namibia da Angola, wata muhimmiyar hanyar samun ruwa ce ga Arewacin Namibia.]] Ruwan da ake amfani da shi a Namibia daga kogunan da ba sa kafewa (perennial rivers) ya yi daidai da ƙarancin rabon da Namibia ke da shi a kogunan iyakokinta. Haƙiƙanin ruwan da aka ɗiba tun daga shekarar 1999 (bayanai na baya-bayan nan da ake da su) sun kai miliyan 23 daga Kogin Cunene a Ruacana, miliyan 49 daga Kogin Orange a Noordoewer, miliyan 22 daga Kogin Okavango (wanda ke ratsa Namibia ta yankin Caprivi Strip) a Rundu, da miliyan 7 daga Kogin Zambezi. Namibia tana da yarjejeniyoyi da Angola da Afirka ta Kudu game da raba kogunan Cunene da Orange. Rabon ruwa daga Kogin Cunene mita cubic miliyan 180 ne, wanda hakan ya ninka adadin da ake ɗiba a halin yanzu nesa ba kusa ba.<ref name="Namibia Water Report" />{{sfn|Puz|2000|p=11}} === Samar da abinci da ruwan sama === A Arewacin Namibia ruwan sama yana da ɗan yawa, amma yana faɗuwa ne kawai a lokacin damina, yana ƙirƙirar tafunnan halitta na ɗan lokaci da ake kira Oshanas. A lokacin kololuwar damina, ruwan waɗannan tafunnan yana da tsabta da inganci. A cikin wani shirin gwaji na shirin bincike na CuveWaters, a mace-macen ƙauyen Lipopo da ke kudancin yankin Oshana, an famfo ruwa daga Oshana zuwa tankin ajiya don amfani da shi wajen ban ruwa na kayan lambu a lokacin rani ta amfani da tsarin ban ruwa na diga (drip irrigation). Bugu da ƙari, ana tattara ruwan sama daga rufin gidan greenhouse da kuma rufin da ke kare tafunnan ajiya.<ref>{{cite web |title=Floodwater Harvesting |url=http://www.cuvewaters.net/Floodwater-Harvesting.78.0.html |publisher=CuveWaters |access-date=18 June 2016 |archive-date=21 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160621034121/http://www.cuvewaters.net/Floodwater-Harvesting.78.0.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> A wani ƙauyen kuma, Epyeshona kusa da Oshakati, ruwan sama ne kawai ake tattarawa, ko dai na mutum ɗaya daga rufin gidaje, ko na dukkan al'umma daga wani shafi na kankare a ƙasa da aka gina musamman don tattara ruwan sama. A duka biyun, ana amfani da ruwan don ban ruwa na kayan lambu lokacin rani, ko dai a buɗaddiyar gona ko a gidan greenhouse na al'umma.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rainwater Harvesting |url=http://www.cuvewaters.net/Rainwater-Harvesting.75.0.html |publisher=CuveWater |access-date=18 June 2016 |archive-date=21 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160621032443/http://www.cuvewaters.net/Rainwater-Harvesting.75.0.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Ruwan saman ƙasa === Babban kamfanin tace ruwan teku na farko a yankin Saharar Afirka<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.irinnews.org/Report/1914/NAMIBIA-First-sub-Saharan-sea-water-desalination-plant |title=NAMIBIA: First sub-Saharan sea water desalination plant |date=12 September 2000 |publisher=[[The New Humanitarian|IRIN]]}}</ref> an ƙaddamar da shi ne ta hannun kamfanin Areva a ranar 16 ga Afrilu 2010. Kamfanin Erongo yana kusa da Wlotzkasbaken, kilomita 30 arewa da Swakopmund. Matsakar ƙarfinsa ita ce miliyan 20 mita cubic a kowace shekara<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.namibian.com.na/index.php?id=28&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=66901&no_cache=1 |title=First desalination plant inaugurated |last=Hartman |first=Adam |date=19 April 2010 |work=[[The Namibian]]}}</ref> amma da farko zai samar da miliyan 13 mita cubic. Babban dalilin gina shi shi ne samar da ruwa ga mahakar uranium da ke Trekkopje, wadda ke da nisan kilomita 48 a cikin ƙasa.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.namibian.com.na/index.php?id=28&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=61189&no_cache=1 |title=Desalination plant comes to life |last=Hartman |first=Adam |date=29 October 2009 |work=[[The Namibian]]}}</ref> Sai dai mahakar Trekkopje ba ta taɓa buɗewa ba saboda tsayuwar faɗuwar farashin uranium, don haka kamfanin yana da kwangilar sayar da ruwa ga hukumar samar da ruwa ta gwamnati NamWater kuma yana samar da wani ɓangare na buƙatun ruwa na birnin Swakopmund. A lokacin rariyar fari ta shekarar 2016, Areva ta yi tayin sayar da kamfaninta ga gwamnatin Namibia a kan dala miliyan 200.<ref name="OOSKA Drought" /> === Sake amfani da ruwa === Ana aiwatar da sake amfani da ruwan datti da aka tace a Namibia a yankunan birane da yawa kamar Swakopmund, Walvis Bay, Tsumeb, Otjiwarongo, Ngandjera, Mariental, Oranjemund, da Windhoek. A mafi yawan wurare, ana amfani da ruwan ne don ban ruwa. A Windhoek, ana amfani da ruwan da aka dawo da shi har don ruwan sha. Windhoek tana amfani da ruwan da aka dawo da shi tsawon shekaru hamsin. Kusan kashi 30% na ruwan sha na mazauna birnin guda 400,000 a halin yanzu ya ƙunshi ruwan datti ne da aka tace.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Namibia: Windhoek has been producing drinking water from its wastewater for 50 years |url=https://www.veolia.com/en/newsroom/news/drinking-water-recycling-wastewater-windhoek-namibia |access-date=2022-08-29 |website=Veolia |date=18 October 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Recycling sewage into drinking water is no big deal. They've been doing it in Namibia for 50 years. |url=https://theworld.org/stories/2016-12-15/recycling-sewage-drinking-water-no-big-deal-theyve-been-doing-it-namibia-50-years |access-date=2022-08-29 |website=The World from PRX |language=en |archive-date=2022-08-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220828195726/https://theworld.org/stories/2016-12-15/recycling-sewage-drinking-water-no-big-deal-theyve-been-doing-it-namibia-50-years |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Wastewater resource recovery can fix water insecurity and cut carbon emissions |url=https://www.eib.org/en/essays/wastewater-resource-recovery |access-date=2022-08-29 |website=European Investment Bank |language=en}}</ref> Misali bayyananne na sake amfani da ruwan kai tsaye don sha shi ne yanayin Windhoek (Namibia, New Goreangab Water Reclamation Plant (NGWRP)), inda aka gauraya ruwan datti da aka tace da ruwan sha sama da shekaru 45. Wannan ya ginu ne a kan tsarin matakai da yawa na tacewa (wato pre-ozonation, ingantaccen coagulation/dissolved air flotation/rapid sand filtration, sannan kuma ozone, biological activated carbon/granular activated carbon, ultrafiltration (UF), da sanya sinadarin chlorine) domin rage haɗari da inganta ingancin ruwa.<ref>{{cite journal |last2=Van Buynder |first2=Paul |last3=Lugg |first3=Richard |last4=Blair |first4=Palenque |last5=Devine |first5=Brian |last6=Cook |first6=Angus |last7=Weinstein |first7=Philip |date=17 March 2009 |title=Indirect Potable Reuse: A Sustainable Water Supply Alternative |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=1174–1203 |doi=10.3390/ijerph6031174 |last1=Rodriguez |first1=Clemencia |pmc=2672392 |pmid=19440440 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last2=Michael |first2=C. |last3=Duan |first3=X. |last4=He |first4=X. |last5=Dionysiou |first5=D.D. |last6=Mills |first6=M.A. |last7=Fatta-Kassinos |first7=D. |date=June 2015 |title=Dissolved effluent organic matter: Characteristics and potential implications in wastewater treatment and reuse applications |journal=Water Research |volume=77 |pages=213–248 |doi=10.1016/j.watres.2015.03.011 |last1=Michael-Kordatou |first1=I. |pmid=25917290 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/5070331}}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 1968, babban birnin Namibia, Windhoek, yake amfani da ruwan datti da aka tace a matsayin ɗayan hanyoyin samun ruwan sha,<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=726SCwAAQBAJ&q=Water+reuse+in+Windhoek%2C+Namibia%3A+37+years+and+still+the+only+case+of+direct+water+reuse+for+human+consumption&pg=PA424 |title=Water and Health - Volume II |publisher=EOLSS Publications |isbn=978-1-84826-183-9 |language=en |last1=Grabow |first1=W. O. K. |date=26 May 2009}}</ref> wanda a yau yake wakiltar kusan kashi 14% na samar da ruwan sha na birnin.<ref name=":2">{{cite report |title=Treatment of wastewater for re-use in the drinking water system of Windhoek |url=http://www.wastewater.co.za/images/files/Treatment_of_wastewater_for_Drinking_Water_in_Windhoek_J_Menge.pdf |last1=Menge |first1=J. |date=January 2010}}</ref> A shekarar 2001, birnin Windhoek ya gina New Goreangab Reclamation Plant (NGWRP) kuma ta fara bayar da ruwan sha a shekarar 2002 (kusan mita cubic 21,000 na ruwa kowace rana).<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://publications.lib.chalmers.se/records/fulltext/150138.pdf |title=Microbiological Risk Assessment of the Water Reclamation Plant in Windhoek, Namibia |access-date=29 July 2016}}</ref> Akwai kuma wani shirin gwaji na ƙaramin sashi na sake amfani da ruwan datti a yankunan karkara a Outapi da ke Arewacin Namibia a matsayin wani ɓangare na binciken CuveWaters. Ana tattara ruwan datti na mutane 1,500 ta amfani da vacuum sewers kuma ana tace shi ta yadda za a fitar da ƙwayoyin cuta (pathogens), amma sinadirai masu gina jiki suna raguwa sosai a cikin ruwan. Fasahar tana da ɗan rikitarwa ga yankunan karkara a ƙasashe masu tasowa, tana amfani da upflow anaerobic sludge blanket digestion sannan kuma sai a yi amfani da rotating biological contactor, microsieve, da kuma tsaftace ruwan ta hanyar hasken ultraviolet (ultraviolet disinfection). Bayan haka ana amfani da ruwan don ban ruwa na kayan lambu na kasuwar gida. An horar da mambobin al'umma kan yadda za su sarrafa kayan aikin, kuma an fitar da tsarin biyan kuɗi don dawo da kuɗaɗen gudanar da kamfanin daga masu amfani da shi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sanitation and Water Reuse |url=http://www.cuvewaters.net/Sanitation-and-Water-Reuse.79.0.html |publisher=CuveWaters |access-date=18 June 2016 |archive-date=21 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160621032513/http://www.cuvewaters.net/Sanitation-and-Water-Reuse.79.0.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Amfani da ruwa da samu damar shi=== [[File:Mandume Ndemufayo Street Ongwediva 2.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.15|Hasumiyar ruwa a garin Ongwediva a Arewacin Namibia.]] Jimillar amfani da ruwa a Namibia an kiyasta shi a matakin mita cubic miliyan 300 a shekarar 2000. Sassan gudanarwa na birane gami da yawon buɗe ido da masana'antu sun yi amfani da miliyan 73 (kashi 24 cikin ɗari), yayin da mafi yawancin amfani da ruwan na fannin noma ne da kiwon dabbobi. Miliyan 13 ne kawai (kashi 4 cikin ɗari) aka yi amfani da shi a hakar ma'adanai a lokacin,{{sfn|Puz|2000|p=15}} kodayake wannan adadin ya ƙaru saboda haɓakar hakar ma'adanai – musamman hakar uranium – bayan shekarar 2000. Hakar ma'adanai a Namibia yana amfani da ruwa mai yawa, wanda ake amfani da shi don ayyuka da dama da suka haɗa da sarrafa ma'adanai, sarrafa ƙura, jigilar laka (slurry), da kuma amfanin yau da kullum na ma'aikata. Hakar uranium yana amfani da ruwa mai yawa don sarrafawa ta hanyar amfani da alkali heap leaching. Misali, mahakar Trekkopje da ke hamadar Namib tana amfani da mita cubic miliyan 14 a kowace shekara na ruwa mai inganci wanda dole ne ya kasance ba shi da gishiri ko kaɗan. Ruwan gishiri da ake ɗibowa ta hanyar rijiyoyin gida ana amfani da shi ne don kashe ƙura, ta yadda za a rage buƙatar ruwa mai daɗi. Bugu da ƙari, wasu ruwan datti ana tace su kuma a sake amfani da su, ta yadda za a rage buƙatar ruwa. Ana samun buƙatar ruwa mai daɗi daga Erongo Desalination Plant wanda kuma ke samarwa al'ummomin da ke maƙwabtaka ruwa. Tunda tsawon rayuwar kamfanin (shekaru 30) ya fi tsawon rayuwar mahakar ma'adanar (shekaru 12), tun lokacin da aka tsara gina shi an yi tsammanin cewa NamWater ce za ta karɓi ragamar tafiyar da shi bayan rufe mahakar.<ref>{{cite web |title=Water management in mining – a selection of case studies: Trekkopje uranium mine Namibia |url=https://www.icmm.com/document/3660 |publisher=International Council on Mining and Metals |access-date=12 June 2016 |pages=14–15 |archive-date=12 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160612150512/http://www.icmm.com/document/3660 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ===Samar da ruwa da amfani da ruwa a Windhoek=== [[File:S-Von-Bach-Dam-1.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Bendin Von Bach yana samar da ruwan sha ga Windhoek da wasu wurare a tsakiyar Namibiya.]] [[File:Goreangab Damm.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Hoton sama na Bendin Goreangab]] Ana samar da ruwa ga Windhoek daga hanyoyi uku daban-daban. A shekarar 2006, kimanin miliyan 17 m<sup>³</sup> na bukatar ruwan an cika ta daga benduna a kusa da Windhoek, kamar Bendin Von Bach, miliyan 5.4 m<sup>³</sup> daga Masana’antar Tace Ruwan Goreangab, sannan tsakanin miliyan 1 zuwa 2 m<sup>³</sup> daga rijiyoyin burtsatse. Birnin ya kiyasta amfani da ruwa na kowanne mutum a rana (ciki har da masana’antu, kasuwanci da yawon bude ido) a lita 200, wanda ya fi na Turai kadan. Bincike kan amfani da ruwa a gidaje kadai ya kiyasta shi a lita 163 a kowanne mutum a rana a shekarar 2010, tare da bambance-bambance masu yawa tsakanin unguwanni. Misali, a unguwannin masu kuɗi a kudu maso gabas, amfani ya kai lita 306, yayin da a unguwannin marasa tsari a arewa ya kasance lita 27 kawai.<ref>{{cite web |author1=T. Uhlendahl |author2=D. Ziegelmayer |author3=A. Wienecke |author4=M. L. Mawisa |author5=Piet du Pisani |title=Water consumption at household level in Windhoek, Namibia |url=https://www.freidok.uni-freiburg.de/fedora/objects/freidok:7937/datastreams/FILE1/content |publisher=Albert Ludwigs University Institute for Culture Geography |access-date=11 June 2016 |pages=16–18 |date=2010}}</ref> A lokacin matsanancin fari na shekarar 2015/16, masu amfani da ruwa a tsakiyar Namibiya an tilasta musu rage amfani da ruwa har zuwa kashi 30 cikin ɗari. A watan Afrilu 2016, birnin Windhoek ya ƙaddamar da manufofin “Zero Tolerance to Water Wastage”, inda za a yanke ko kuma a ci tarar duk wanda ya yi amfani da ruwan sha wajen shayar da lambu ko wanke motoci. Bendin Swakoppoort, Bendin Von Bach da Bendin Omatako, waɗanda ke samar da ruwa ga yankin, sun cika ne kawai da kashi 11 cikin ɗari na ƙarfin su. A watan Mayu, Kamfanin Coca-Cola Namibia Bottling ya dakatar da samarwa saboda matsanancin ƙarancin ruwa.<ref name="OOSKA Drought">{{cite web |title=Namibia Needs $1.6 Billion to Relieve Water Shortages: President |url=https://www.ooskanews.com/story/2016/06/namibia-needs-16-billion-relieve-water-shortages-president171781 |publisher=OOSKA News |access-date=9 June 2016 |date=8 June 2016 |archive-date=1 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701215734/https://www.ooskanews.com/story/2016/06/namibia-needs-16-billion-relieve-water-shortages-president171781 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Nauyin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli == Ma'aikatar Noma, Ruwa da Gandun Daji ita ce ke da alhakin gudanar da albarkatun ruwa, samar da ruwan sha da tsaftace muhalli a Namibia. A cikin Ma'aikatar, Sashen Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa da Sashen Daidaita Ruwan Karkara da Tsaftace Muhalli ne ke da alhakin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli.<ref>{{cite web |title=Namibia Water Corporation Ltd |url=http://www.ncci-namibia.org/m/sites/view/Namibia-Water-Corporation-Ltd |access-date=18 August 2011 |archive-date=30 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330225829/http://www.ncci-namibia.org/m/sites/view/Namibia-Water-Corporation-Ltd |url-status=dead }}</ref> NamWater kamfani ne na gwamnati mai samar da ruwa da yawa wanda ke kula da madatsun ruwa, pipelines (hanyoyin bututun ruwa) da masana'antar tace ruwa a fadin kasar. An kafa shi a shekarar 1997, yana samarwa da sayar da ruwa ga mahakar ma'adinai, gami da hukumomin gundumomi wadanda su kuma suke rarrabawa da sayar da ruwan ga gidaje, kasuwanci da ofisoshi a yankunan da suke yi wa hidima.{{sfn|Banerjee|Skilling|Foster|Briceño-Garmendia|2009|p=66}} A yankunan karkara, Hukumar Samar da Ruwan Karkara ta Ma'aikatar Noma, Ruwa da Gandun Daji ce ke da alhakin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli. == Kayan Aiki == NamWater tana kula da madatsun ruwa 16, hanyoyin rarraba ruwa 14 (wadanda ake kira "hanyoyin sadarwar samar da ruwa") da masana'antar tace ruwa 16. Hanyoyin rarraba ruwan sune kamar haka:<ref>{{cite web |title=Water Supply Networks |url=http://www.namwater.com.na/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=60&Itemid=68 |publisher=NamWater |access-date=11 June 2016 |archive-date=16 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160616162631/http://www.namwater.com.na/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=60&Itemid=68 |url-status=dead }}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Suna !! Manfata !! Tsawo (km) !! Karfin aiki m<sup>3</sup>/h !! Shekarar farawa |- | Tsarin Berg Aukas-Grootfontein || Canja wurin ruwan karkashin kasa daga Mahakar Berg Aukas da ke Gundumar Grootfontein zuwa Babban Hanyar Ruwa na Kasa na Gabas domin samarwa ga Tsakiyar Yankunan Namibia a lokutan karancin ruwa. || 18 || 720 || 1998 |- | Tsarin Dreigratsdrift-Skorpion Mine || Samar da ruwan sha ga mahakar Skorpion da garin Rosh Pinah. || 42 || 870 || 2002 |- | Tsarin Koichab Pan-Lüderitz || Samar da ruwan sha daga Koichab Aquifer zuwa Lüderitz. || 120 || 200 || 2002 |- | Tsarin Naute-Keetmanshoop || Samar da ruwan sha ga Keetmanshoop a Kudancin Namibia da ruwan ban ruwa ga tsarin ban ruwa na Naute da ke kasa da Madatsar Ruwa ta Naute. || 44 || 400 || 1972 |- | Tsarin Omatako-Von Bach || Canja wurin danyen ruwa daga Omatako zuwa Madatsar Ruwa ta Von Bach. || 94 || 720 || 1984 |- | Tsarin Swakopmund-Langer Heinrich || Samar da ruwan sha ga Mahakar Langer Heinrich, wato mahakar sinadarin uranium. || 82 || 205 || 2006 |- | Tsarin Swakoppoort-Von Bach || Canja wurin danyen ruwa daga Madatsar Ruwa ta Swakoppoort zuwa Madatsar Ruwa ta Von Bach don samarwa yankin Windhoek, tare da zabin tura ruwan ta hanyar karfin maganadisu (gravity flow) daga Madatsar Ruwa ta Von Bach zuwa Madatsar Ruwa ta Swakoppoort. || 54 || 1450 || 1979/2004 |- | Hanyar Calueque–Oshakati || Canja wurin danyen ruwa daga Kogin Cunene a Ruacana da ke kan iyakar Angola ta hanyar Ogongo zuwa masana'antar tace ruwa ta Oshakati don bukatun ruwan sha, dabbobi da ban ruwa. Bututun ya lalace a shekarar 1988 lokacin yakin Angola da Afirka ta Kudu. || 150 || b.u. || 1997 (Hanyar Ogongo-Oshakati) |- | Hanyar Grootfontein-Omatako || Wani babban bangare na Babban Hanyar Ruwa na Kasa na Gabas wanda ba a kammala ba, kuma a yanzu ba a amfani da shi. || 300 || 7,200 || 1987 |- | Tsarin Kuiseb-Mile7 || Samar da ruwan sha ga Walvis Bay. || 30 || 800 || b.u. |- | Tsarin Omafo-Eenhana || Canja wurin ruwan sha daga Omafo zuwa Eenhana. || 48 || 20 || 1995 |- | Tsarin Omdel-Swakopmund || Samar da ruwan sha ga Henties Bay, Swakopmund, Arandis da mahakar uranium na Rössing da Langer Heinrich. || 115 || 685 || 1975 |- | Tsarin Swakopmund-Rössing || Samar da ruwan sha ga mahakar uranium na Arandis & Rössing. || 55 || 1,100 || 1976 |- | Tsarin Von Bach-Windhoek || Canja wurin ruwan sha daga Masana'antar Tace Ruwa ta Von Bach zuwa Windhoek. || 62 || 2,740 || 1971/1981 |} == Tarihi == [[File:Goreangabdam.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Madatsar ruwan Goreangab kusa da Windhoek, kallon can kasar nesa da birnin.]] A Windhoek, ruwan karkashin kasa ne kusan kadai tushen ruwa har zuwa shekarar 1958 lokacin da aka gina wata karamar madatsar ruwa a saman kasa, wato Madatsar Ruwa ta Goreangab, a can kasa da Windhoek. An kuma gina masana'antar tace ruwa ta gargajiya domin tace ruwan saman kasa daga wannan madatsar ruwa. A shekarar 1960, aka kaddamar da Masana'antar Tace Ruwan Sifata ta Gammams kusa da Madatsar Ruwa ta Goreangab, tana zubar da gurbataccen ruwan da aka tace a can kasa da madatsar ruwan. Bayan haka, an raba gurbataccen ruwan masana'antu da na gida a masana'antar tace ruwan sifata. Masana'antar da ke tace ruwan gida an inganta ta ta yadda za a iya sake tace ruwanta a cikin masana'antar tace ruwa da ke akwai.<ref name="Pisani" /> An kuma inganta masana'antar tace ruwan, ta yadda za ta iya sake tace gurbataccen ruwan da aka tace a layi guda, tare da layin da ke akwai na danyen ruwa daga Madatsar Ruwa ta Goreangab. Ta haka ne aka haifi Masana'antar Sake Dawo da Ruwa ta Goreangab a shekarar 1968. An gauraya ruwanta da ruwa daga rijiyoyin birnin kuma aka rarraba shi a matsayin ruwan sha ga mazaunan birnin.<ref name="Pisani" /> Lokacin da birnin ya ci gaba da fadada, hukumar gundumar ta fara karbar ruwa daga Madatsar Ruwa ta Von Bach da ke da tazarar kilomita 170 a arewacin Windhoek wanda aka kaddamar a shekarar 1970. Shirin Jagoran Ruwa na shekarar 1974 ya yi hasashen Babban Hanyar Ruwa na Kasa na Gabas zai samar da ruwa ga tsakiyar yankin Namibia daga Kogin Okavango, kimanin kilomita 750 zuwa arewa a kan iyakar Angola. An fara gina hanyar ruwan a karshen shekarun 1970 a matakai da dama daga Kudu zuwa Arewa, da farko an hada Madatsar Ruwa ta Von Bach da sabuwar madatsar ruwa ta Omatako da ke can Arewa a kan tazarar kilomita 94, sannan aka hada Madatsar Ruwa ta Omataku da Grootfontein a kan tazarar wani kilomita 300. Sai dai kuma, mataki na gaba kuma na karshe na shirin wanda zai hada Grootfontein da Kogin Okavango kusa da Rundu ba a taba gina shi ba. Madatsar Ruwa ta Omatako, wadda aka kammala a shekarar 1981, yanzu tana karbar ruwan ambaliya ne kawai kuma mafi yawancin lokuta tana bushewa.<ref>{{cite web |title=THE OMATAKO DAM – SARTORIUS VON BACH DAM COMPONENTS OF THE EASTERN NATIONAL WATER CARRIER Brochure issued for the opening of the scheme on 4 May 1984. |url=http://www.namwater.com.na/images/data/The%20Omatako%20Dam.pdf |access-date=11 June 2016 |date=1984 |archive-date=5 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305204941/https://www.namwater.com.na/images/data/The%20Omatako%20Dam.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekarun 1990, birnin ya gabatar da tsarin farashin ruwa mai tsauri da shirye-shiryen ilimantarwa wadanda suka rage amfani da ruwa sosai. Amfani da ruwa na yau da kullun ga kowane mutumi a gidaje ya ragu daga lita 201 a shekarar 1990/91 zuwa lita 117 a shekarar 1996/97, wani bangare saboda gabatar da harajin fari mai tsada sosai. Lokacin da aka dawo da daidaitaccen farashin ruwa a shekarar 1997/98, amfani da ruwa ya karu zuwa lita 130 ga mutum daya a rana. Jimillar amfani da ruwa ga kowane mutum hadda na kasuwanci da masana'antu ya nuna raguwa daga lita 322 ga mutum a rana a shekarar 1990/91 zuwa lita 201 ga mutum a rana a shekarar 1997/98. Kamar yadda binciken Kungiyar Kasa da Kasa domin Kare Muhalli (IUCN) ya nuna, an rage amfani da ruwa a duk fannoni, wanda hakan babban rabo ne domin rage amfani da ruwa a gine-ginen gwamnati ba abu ne mai sauki ba. A makarantu, gine-ginen gwamnati da lambunan gundumomi, sansanonin soja da gidajen yari, an rage amfani da ruwa da kusan kashi 50%. Wadannan tanade-tanade sun dage gina sabbin kayan aikin samar da ruwa da kusan shekaru 10.<ref>{{cite web |author=Ben van der Merwe |title=WATER DEMAND MANAGEMENT COUNTRY STUDY NAMIBIA |url=http://www.the-eis.com/data/literature/WATER%20DEMAND%20MANAGEMENT_Report%20to%20IUCN.pdf |publisher=IUCN |access-date=12 June 2016 |pages=10–38 |date=1999}}</ref> Amma duk da wadannan tanade-tanade, ana bukatar karin ruwa. Saboda haka, an kusan ninka karfin masana'antar har sau uku a shekarar 2002, wanda hakan ya ba ta damar samar da fiye da kashi daya bisa uku na bukatar ruwan birnin tare da rage wa albarkatun ruwan karkashin kasa da aka yi amfani da su fiye da kima lodi.<ref name="Pisani" /> [[File:Karte Vorstadt Windhoek-Goreangab.png|thumb|left|Yankin magudanar ruwa na madatsar ruwan Goreangab ya cika da gine-ginen birni sosai, kamar yadda aka nuna a wannan taswira.]] Domin dorewar amincewar jama'a, ana sanya idanu kan ingancin ruwa a Masana'antar Tace Ruwa ta Goreangab a kai-a kai bayan kowane mataki na tacewa. Idan aka samu wata matsala ta inganci, masana'antar tana komawa tsarin sake tace ruwan (recycle mode) kuma ba a rarraba ruwan. A cewar Pisani "Mazauna Windhoek cikin lokaci sun saba da ra'ayin cewa sake amfani da ruwan sha yana cikin tsarin samar musu da ruwa. A gaskiya ma, sun girma suna alfahari da cewa birninsu a fannoni da dama yana gaba da duniya wajen sake dawo da ruwa kai tsaye."<ref name="Pisani">{{cite web |author=Petrus L. Du Pisani |title=Surviving in an arid land: Direct reclamation of potable water at Windhoek's Goreangab Reclamation Plant |url=http://ag.arizona.edu/oals/ALN/aln56/dupisani.html |publisher=Arid Lands Newsletter No.56 |access-date=11 June 2016 |date=November–December 2004 |archive-date=6 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606065428/http://ag.arizona.edu/oals/ALN/aln56/dupisani.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> An tallafa wa inganta masana'antar ne wani bangare ta hanyar Babban Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai (EIB) da Jamus ta hanyar bankin ci gaba na KfW. A cikin kimantawarta ta baya kan aikin, KfW ta lura cewa masana'antar ta fuskanci matsalolin fasaha na gaske da rufewa na dan lokaci na tsawon shekaru bakwai har sai da ta fara aiki yadda ya kamata. KfW ta lura cewa a cikin tsarin gudanar da albarkatun ruwa cikin hadin gwiwa, ya kamata a yi fiye da haka don rage amfani da ruwa ga kowane mutumi a Windhoek da kuma kare Madatsar Ruwa ta Goreangab daga gurbataccen ruwa, misali ta hanyar kafa shiyyar kariya mai takaita ayyuka a kewayen madatsar ruwan. Ta kuma lura cewa masana'antar ta cimma burinta na rage lodi a kan albarkatun ruwan karkashin kasa da aka yi amfani da su fiye da kima.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ex Post-Evaluierung: Kurzbericht Namibia: Abwasserrückgewinnung Windhoek |url=https://www.kfw-entwicklungsbank.de/Evaluierung/Ergebnisse-und-Publikationen/PDF-Dokumente-L-P/Namibia_Abwasser_Windhoe_2011.pdf |publisher=KfW |access-date=11 June 2016 |date=2011}}</ref> == Fannonin kudi == Namibia tana kashe kusan kashi 3% na Jimillar Abubuwan da Kasar ke Fitarwa (Gross Domestic Product) wajen gudanar da ayyukan kamfanonin ruwanta. Wannan shi ne mafi girman kaso a tsakanin daukacin kasashen kudu da hamadar Sahara.{{sfn|Banerjee|Skilling|Foster|Briceño-Garmendia|2009|p=56}} Ga kowane mutum, Namibia tana kashe kusan dala 80 na Amurka (US$) duk shekara wajen samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli, yayin da sauran kasashe a yankin ke kashe tsakanin dala 1 zuwa 10 na Amurka. Samar da hanyar samun ruwan kamfani a Namibia yana cin kudin dalar Amurka 4,000 ga kowane mutum a matsakaici.{{sfn|Banerjee|Skilling|Foster|Briceño-Garmendia|2009|pp=60-61}} === Samar da Kudi === Babban kaso na wadannan kudade kamfanin NamWater ne ke daukar nauyinsa. NamWater yana mika kudaden ayyukansa gaba daya ga abokan cinikinsa. Tun lokacin da aka kafa shi, wasu abokan ciniki sun gaza biyan kudaden ruwansu, wanda hakan ya haifar da rashin kyawun gudanar da kudi. Sai dai kuma, tun daga shekarar 2003 kamfanin ya gyaru ta fannin kudi, har ma da rage kudaden da ake kashewa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Business Plan |url=http://www.namwater.com.na/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=9 |publisher=NamWater |access-date=12 June 2016 |archive-date=16 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160616192722/http://www.namwater.com.na/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=9 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A yau NamWater yana samarwa kansa kudi mafi yawancin lokuta ta hanyar takardun kudi (notes) da ake bayarwa a kasuwar hannun jari ta Namibia. Ya zuwa shekarar 2015, kudin ruwa da aka biya a kan takardun kudi na shekaru biyar da aka bayar a daidai wannan shekarar ya kai kashi 9.05 cikin dari kuma kamfanin yana da darajar BBB daga hukumar tantancewa ta Fitch.<ref>{{cite web |author=Fitch Ratings |title=FITCH RATES NAMWATER'S NAD200M SENIOR UNSECURED BONDS 'BBB' |url=http://www.namwater.com.na/images/data/bond/Fitch%20NamWater%202015%20Report.pdf |publisher=NamWater |access-date=12 June 2016 |date=12 May 2015 |archive-date=16 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160616202829/http://www.namwater.com.na/images/data/bond/Fitch%20NamWater%202015%20Report.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Farashin Ruwa === Farashin ruwa a Namibia yana cikin mafi tsada a Afirka. Sashe na farko na farashin ruwan gidaje a Windhoek yana cin kudin N$13.86 (USD 0.92) a kowace mita mai siffar daki (cubic metre) a shekarar 2016.<ref>{{cite news |title=Namibia: Windhoek Faces 10 Percent Water Increase |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201606080132.html |newspaper=Namibian |access-date=11 June 2016 |date=8 June 2016}}</ref> Farashin ruwan ya hada da tsayayyen kudin kowane wata na N$74.43 (USD 5) wanda bai danganta da yawan amfani da ruwa ba. Sashe na farko na amfani da ruwa ya hada da amfanin yau da kullun na lita 200 ga kowane gida a rana, adadin da yake da yawa ga kananan gidaje amma yana iya yin kadan ga manyan gidaje.Amfani da ruwa mafi girma ana cajinsa ne a farashi mafi tsada wanda ya kasance N$20.93 a kowace mita mai siffar daki (USD 1.40) a shekarar 2015. Hukumar gundumar tana lissafa kudin ruwa tare da na wutar lantarki, kwashe shara da harajin dukiya.<ref>{{cite web |title=City of Windhoek: Understand your statement |url=http://www.cityofwindhoek.org.na/documents/145_cow_-_001498_-_df_-_understand_your_statement_-_pt1_final_.pdf |access-date=11 June 2016 |archive-date=24 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224052638/http://www.cityofwindhoek.org.na/documents/145_cow_-_001498_-_df_-_understand_your_statement_-_pt1_final_.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mazauna matsugunai na wucin gadi suna samun ruwa ne ta hanyar famfunan gwamnati na bai-daya wadanda ke sanye da mita mai biyan kudi tukunna (prepaid water meters). Abokan ciniki masu amfani da prepaid suna biyan kusan dalar Amurka 1.9 ga kowace kilolita (mita mai siffar daki), ko kuma kusan dalar Amurka 0.038 ga kowace jidda mai lita 20. <ref>{{cite web |author1=Chris Heymans |author2=Kathy Eales |author3=Richard Franceys |title=Prepaid Water in Windhoek: Case Study, in: The Limits and Possibilities of Prepaid Water in Urban Africa:Lessons from the Field |url=https://www.wsp.org/sites/wsp.org/files/publications/Windhoek-Africa-Prepaid-Water-Case-Study-2014.pdf |publisher=Water and Sanitation Program (WSP) of the World Bank |access-date=11 June 2016 |date=August 2014 |archive-date=26 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150726014644/http://www.wsp.org/sites/wsp.org/files/publications/Windhoek-Africa-Prepaid-Water-Case-Study-2014.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Farashin ruwa a sauran hukumomin gundumomi ya bambanta. Wadancan gundumomi da ke karbar ruwa mai yawa daga NamWater, wanda ya hada da dukkan manyan gundumomi, dole ne su dawo da kudaden samar da ruwa mai yawa tare da kudin rarraba ruwa ga abokan ciniki ta hanyar hanyoyin sadarwar su na kansu. Kadan daga cikin kananan gundumomi da ke da nasu tushen ruwa ba sa karkashin wannan takaitawa. Misali, hukumar gundumar Oranjemund tana ba da ruwa ne kyauta don haka tana da mafi girman amfani da ruwa a kasar da ke da mamaki kwarai da lita 2,667 ga mutum daya a rana. Farashin ruwa mai yawa da NamWater ke cajinsa ya bambanta kadan a fadin kasar dangane da kudin samar da shi ga takamaiman wuri, amma wadannan bambance-bambance ba a mika su gaba daya ga gundumomi ba. Don haka NamWater yana tallafawa yankunan da ke da tsadar samar da ruwa ta hanyar amfani da rarar kudaden da aka samu daga yankunan da ke da karancin tsadar samar da ruwa.<ref>{{cite web |author=Ben van der Merwe |title=WATER DEMAND MANAGEMENT COUNTRY STUDY NAMIBIA |url=http://www.the-eis.com/data/literature/WATER%20DEMAND%20MANAGEMENT_Report%20to%20IUCN.pdf |publisher=IUCN |access-date=12 June 2016 |pages=3–37 |date=1999}}</ref> ==Tsabtace Muhalli== Idan aka kwatanta da ƙoƙarin da aka yi wajen inganta samun ruwan sha mai tsabta, Namibiya tana baya wajen samar da isasshen tsabtace muhalli.<ref name="UN2011" /> Wannan ya haɗa da makarantu 298 da ba su da wuraren bayan gida.<ref name="N2014">{{cite news |url=http://www.namibian.com.na/indexx.php?id=11284&pagetype=storydetail&category_id=1 |title=More than 1 million Namibians defecate in open |last=Tjihenuna |first=Theresia |date=2 April 2014 |work=The Namibian }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Sama da kashi 50% na mutuwar yara suna da alaƙa da rashin ruwa, tsabtace muhalli, ko tsafta; kashi 23% na mutuwar yara daga gudawa ne kawai. Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta gano cewa akwai “rikicin tsabtace muhalli” a ƙasar.<ref name="RedAlert" /> [[File:Agglomeration um den Goreangab Damm.jpg|thumb|Unguwar talakawa kusa da Bendin Goreangab]] Banda gidajen masu kuɗi da matsakaita, tsabtace muhalli bai wadatu ba a yawancin unguwanni. Bayan-gidan da ake amfani da ruwa (flush toilets) suna da tsada sosai ga yawancin mazauna unguwannin talakawa saboda yawan ruwan da suke bukata da kuma kuɗin shigarwa. Sakamakon haka, samun tsabtace muhalli mai inganci bai ƙaru sosai ba tun bayan samun ‘yancin kai: A yankunan karkara na Namibiya a shekarar 2008, kashi 13% na al’umma ne kawai ke da tsabtace muhalli fiye da na asali, daga kashi 8% a 1990. Yawancin mazauna Namibiya suna amfani da “bayan-gidan tashi” (flying toilets), wato jakunkunan roba da ake yin bayan gida a ciki sannan a jefa su cikin daji.<ref name="N2008">{{cite news |url=http://www.namibian.com.na/index.php?id=28&txttnews%5Bttnews%5D=42630&nocache=1 |title=Namibia is lagging behind on sanitation |last=Cloete |first=Luqman |date=28 April 2008 |work=The Namibian}}</ref> Yin amfani da fili kusa da gidaje wajen yin fitsari da bayan gida abu ne gama gari,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Deffner |first1=Jutta |last2=Mazambani |first2=Clarence |title=Participatory empirical research on water and sanitation demand in central northern Namibia: A method for technology development with a user perspective |url=http://www.drfn.info/docs/water/cuve7deffner.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322212906/http://www.drfn.info/docs/water/cuve7_deffner.pdf |url-status=usurped |archive-date=March 22, 2012 |publisher=Institute for Social-Ecological Research (ISOE), CuveWaters Papers No. 7 |access-date=18 June 2016 |date=September 2010 |page=17}}</ref> kuma an gano shi a matsayin babban barazana ga lafiya.<ref name="N2014" /> Manufar Tsabtace Muhalli ta Ƙasa 2010-15 ta kiyasta cewa za a kashe N$1.64&nbsp;biliyan a cikin shekaru biyar domin cimma burin wannan tsari ta hanyar aiwatar da shirin guda 186. Tsarin ya kuma nuna cewa ba zai yiwu gwamnati ta iya ɗaukar waɗannan kuɗaɗen ba.<ref>{{cite web |title=Namibia: National Sanitation Strategy 2010/11-2014/15 |url=http://www.iwrm-namibia.info.na/downloads/nat-sanitation-strategy-0910.pdf |publisher=Republic of Namibia: Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Forestry |access-date=12 June 2016 |date=September 2009 |archive-date=15 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160615205006/http://www.iwrm-namibia.info.na/downloads/nat-sanitation-strategy-0910.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta== {{reflist}} Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta kiyasta a shekarar 2011 cewa Namibia ta inganta hanyoyin sadarwar samun ruwa sosai tun bayan samun 'yancin kai a shekarar 1990. Haka kuma, a yankunan karkara samun ruwa wani lokacin yana fuskantar cikas saboda nisan da ke tsakanin gidaje da wuraren janyen ruwa.<ref name="UN2011">{{cite news |url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?Cr1=&NewsID=39000&Cr=sanitaition |title=Independent UN expert urges Namibia to expand access to sanitation services |date=11 July 2011 |work=UN News Centre |publisher=[[United Nations]] News service}}</ref> Sakamakon haka, yawancin 'yan Namibia sun gwammace amfani 8kex865qoihp9mrmwqkmwmnlhrm5lil Tattaunawa:BARAGI VIKRAM REDDY 1 157617 889734 862441 2026-07-31T08:32:28Z ~2026-42199-81 47457 /* */ 889734 wikitext text/x-wiki == BARAGI VIKRAM REDDY == BARAGI VIKRAM REDDY (an haife shi a ranar 26 ga Janairu shekara ta 2000), wanda aka fi sani da sunan aiki BARAGI VIKRAM REDDY mawakin rap ne na Indiya, marubucin wakoki, mai shirya kida, kuma mai tsara kida. An san shi da ayyukansa a fagen Hindi hip-hop da kidan trap. [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-35075-18|&#126;2026-35075-18]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-35075-18|talk]]) 16:10, 14 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == इंडिया rapper == He is an Indian rapper [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-36002-77|&#126;2026-36002-77]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-36002-77|talk]]) 20:30, 20 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) pfuus0jomjmrz5osjh8z1zf23l21ez1 Ruwa da tsaftacewa a Zimbabwe 0 157795 889733 864775 2026-07-31T08:29:12Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889733 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a Zimbabwe''' ana siffanta shi da shirye-shirye masu nasara na ƙananan hukumomi amma kuma da babban rashin ingantaccen tsarin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ga mafi yawancin al'ummar Zimbabwe. Samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a Zimbabwe yana fuskantar ƙalubale masu yawa, waɗanda ke nuna ta hanyar ƙoƙarin cikin gida masu nasara da kuma rashi na ko-ina a cikin ababen more rayuwa. A cewar Binciken Haɗin Kan Masu Nuna Alamomi Daban-daban (MICS) na shekarar 2019, wanda UNICEF ta gudanar, rashin daidaito yana ci gaba da kasancewa wajen samun ruwan sha mai tsafta da wuraren tsaftace muhalli. Yayin da damar samun ingantattun hanyoyin ruwan sha guda ɗaya ta karu zuwa kashi 77.1% a shekarar 2019 daga kashi 76.1% a shekarar 2014, har yanzu akwai manyan gibba tsakanin birane da karkara, da kuma a cikin biranen da kansu. Misali, kashi 97.3% na gidaje a birane suna da damar samun ingantaccen ruwan sha idan aka kwatanta da kashi 67.9% kacal na gidajen karkara. Haka kuma, akwai rashin daidaito a fadin yankuna, inda Harare ke da mafi girman damar samun kashi 96.6%, wanda ya banbanta sosai da kashi 64.8% a Matabeleland ta Kudu. Bugu da ƙari, kusan kashi 67.8% na gidaje suna da damar samun ingantattun wuraren tsaftace muhalli na sirri da ba na tarayya ba, wanda ke nuna ƙalubalen da ake ci gaba da fuskanta a wannan fanni. Yankunan birane, musamman, suna fama da ƙarancin ruwa na yau da kullum a tsakanin karuwar buƙatun amfani.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=Zimbabwe's Second Voluntary National Review |url=https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/279562021_VNR_Report_Zimbabwe.pdf}}</ref> Akwai abubuwa da yawa waɗanda ke ci gaba da ƙayyade yanayin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a Zimbabwe a nan gaba. Manyan abubuwa guda uku su ne matsanancin halin koma bayan tattalin arzikin Zimbabwe, shirin kungiyoyin agaji na ƙasashen waje don ginawa da kuma ba da kuɗaɗen ayyukan ababen more rayuwa, da kuma kwanciyar hankali na siyasar ƙasar Zimbabwe.<ref name="wsp">"Water Supply and Sanitation in Zimbabwe." AMCOW. Collaboratively published report circa 2010. http://www.wsp.org/sites/wsp.org/files/publications/CSO-Zimbabwe.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200130142528/https://www.wsp.org/sites/wsp.org/files/publications/CSO-Zimbabwe.pdf |date=2020-01-30 }}.</ref><ref name="hrw">"Troubled Water Burst Pipes, Contaminated Wells, and Open Defecation in Zimbabwe's Capital." Human Rights Watch. Independently published report, 2o13, U.S.A.. https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/zimbabwe1113_forUpload_1.pdf.</ref> == Tarihi == Bayan samun 'yancin kai a shekarar 1980, Zimbabwe ta gaji tsarin ababen more rayuwa na samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli na karkara da bai ci gaba ba, amma kuma tana da tsarin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli na birni mafi kyawun aiki.<ref name="wsp"/><ref name="hrw"/> Yanayi a duk lokacin shekarun 1980 da farkon 1990 sun kasance masu fa'ida sosai ga sassan ruwa da tsaftace muhalli na Zimbabwe saboda gagarumin tallafi daga zaɓaɓɓar gwamnatin mafi rinjaye da kuma kwararar juyarin kuɗaɗe na ƙasashen waje. Wannan tallafin ya bayyana kansa a cikin babban Shirin Haɗin Kan Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli na Karkara (IRWSSP) a shekarar 1985. IRWSSP ya yi ƙoƙarin samar da ingantaccen ruwa da wuraren tsaftace muhalli ga daukacin mutanen karkara na Zimbabwe nan da shekarar 2005.<ref name="its">"The Zimbabwe Experience, Lessons From a Review of 15 Years of the Zimbabwe integrated Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Program." Water and Sanitation Program. Published May 2002. https://www.its.caltech.edu/~e105/readings/cases/rural_sanitation-zimbabwe.pdf.</ref> Kodayake IRWSSP bai cimma wannan buri ba, har yanzu ya kasance mai fa'ida sosai yayin da Zimbabwe ta fuskanci, a cewar Bankin Raya Afirka, "ɗaya daga cikin mafi girman ƙimar girma a ayyukan samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli"<ref name="afdb"/> tsakanin shekarun 1980 zuwa 2000. Bayan juyawar karni na millennium, tattalin arzikin Zimbabwe ya shiga wani lokaci na faduwa mai tsanani kuma masu zuba jari na ƙasashen waje da yawa sun fice.<ref name="fao">{{cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries_regions/zimbabwe/index.stm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111222053023/http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries_regions/zimbabwe/index.stm|title=AQUASTAT - FAO's Information System on Water and Agriculture|archive-date=22 December 2011}}</ref> Wannan ya faru ne sashi saboda sauye-sauyen siyasa, musamman na sake raba ƙasa, da gwamnatin Shugaba Robert Mugabe ta kafa.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-07-11 |title=Zimbabwe profile - Timeline |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14113618 |access-date=2023-08-11}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, yawan al'ummar Zimbabwe yana ta ƙaruwa tun daga shekarun 1980, kuma sakamakon haka akwai buƙatar gaggawa ta sabuntawa da faɗaɗa tsofaffin ababen more rayuwa na ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a duk faɗin Zimbabwe.<ref name="hrw" /> Tabarbarewar sassan samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ya rutsa da Zimbabwe a shekarar 2008 da 2009, yayin da Zimbabwe ta fuskanci mummunar ɓarnar cutar kwalara (ɓarnar kwalara ta Zimbabwe), inda kusan mutane 100,000 suka kamu da cutar kuma sama da 4,000 suka mutu.<ref name="wsp" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=2009-05-26 |title=Zimbabwe cholera 'to top 100,000' |language=en-GB |work=[[BBC News]] |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8068232.stm |access-date=19 October 2014}}</ref> Kwanan nan, Zimbabwe ta shiga ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwa ta Tsaftace Muhalli da Ruwa ga Kowa (SWA) a shekarar 2013,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2020-01-30 |title=Zimbabwe {{!}} Sanitation and Water for All (SWA) |url=https://www.sanitationandwaterforall.org/partners/countries-map/zimbabwe |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=www.sanitationandwaterforall.org |language=en}}</ref> wacce ke magance Manufar Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa ta 6 (tsaftataccen ruwa da samar da ruwan sha) don samar da damar samun ruwan sha na yau da kullum, ayyukan tsaftace muhalli na yau da kullum, da tsaftar jiki ta yau da kullum. Wannan ya kasance mai taimako musamman yayin farfadowa daga COVID-19 wajen magance ƙarancin waɗannan abubuwan buƙata na rayuwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=4 November 2020 |title=Zimbabwe Country Overview |url=https://www.sanitationandwaterforall.org/sites/default/files/2020-12/2020%20Country%20Overview_Zimbabwe.pdf |journal=Africa Finance Ministers' Meeting |pages=1–7}}</ref> Samun ruwan sha yana da mahimmanci a cikin ci gaban ƙasa, zamantakewa, da tattalin arziki, musamman a ƙasa irin Zimbabwe da ke fafutuka a matsayinta na ƙasa mai tasowa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 22, 2021 |title=Zimbabwe: Dire Lack of Clean Water in Capital |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/09/22/zimbabwe-dire-lack-clean-water-capital}}</ref> === Batutuwa na yanzu === A cewar UNICEF, sama da kashi 60% na ababen more rayuwa na samar da ruwa a karkara a Zimbabwe suna cikin mawuyacin hali na lalacewa,<ref name="unicef" /> kuma sakamakon haka, rijiyoyin burtsatse da rijiyoyi da yawa suna ɗauke da ruwan da ba shi da kyau ga sha kuma suna buƙatar lalata ƙwayoyin cuta. Ko da a tsakiyar birane, samar da ruwan bututu yana da matuƙar rashi kuma wani lokacin ba shi da tsafta. Wannan ya faru ne sashi saboda rashin ingantaccen tsarin tsaftace muhalli da na kwashe shara wanda ya haifar da magudanun ruwa da yawa waɗanda galibi ke da gurbatawa sosai.<ref name="hrw" /> Akwai kuma rashin wadatar banɗakunan jama'a da na kashin kai.<ref name="its"/> Wata matsala ta daban da ke zuwa tare da buƙatar sabuntawa da faɗaɗa tsohon tsarin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli da ya gurɓata (rijiya, rijiyoyin burtsatse, ruwan bututu, banɗakuna, da sauransu) ita ce buƙatar ilimantar da daukacin al'ummar Zimbabwe kan damar da ake da ita don inganta damar kashin kai na samun ingantaccen ruwa da tsaftace muhalli. Lokacin da cutar kwalara ta ɓalle a shekarar 2008-2009, bayanai daga gwamnatin Zimbabwe game da amincin samar da ruwan sha ga mutane ba su fito fili ba sam.<ref name="hrw" /> Hanyar da ta tabbatar da inganci wajen inganta dabarun tsaftace muhalli na al'umma ita ce ƙungiyoyin lafiya na al'umma, waɗanda kuma suka tabbatar da cewa suna da arha da kuma shahara sosai.<ref name="its" /> Tun daga lokacin, Zimbabwe ta kasance tana halartar tarurrukan SWA akai-akai da kuma yanke shawara na kewaye, wanda ya haifar da ingantaccen fahimtar ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwar da tsarin ta a matakin ƙasa, don haka yana nuna shirin ƙasar da ƙudurin siyasa don inganta matakan samun ruwa a ma'aunin ci gaba.<ref name=":0" /> Wasu daga cikin alkawuran Zimbabwe ta hanyar SWA sun haɗa da, amma ba a iyakance su ga, 1) “haɓakawa, ƙaddamarwa da kuma fitar da wata dabarar ƙasa don rage yin ba-gari a fili daga kashi 21.7% zuwa kashi 9% nan da shekarar 2025, 2) ba da kuɗi cikakkiya don gina ingantattun cibiyoyin tsari, isar da saƙon da aka mika da kuma ikon daidaitawa nan da shekarar 2022, da kuma 3) cimma kashi 80% na samun ruwan sha mai tsafta nan da shekarar 2025.”<ref name=":0" /> Rahoton Shekara-shekara na UNICEF Zimbabwe na shekarar 2023 ya ba da haske kan manyan shirye-shirye don amfanar mata da yara mafi rauni a ƙasar, gami da batun samun ruwa mai tsafta da amfani.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=UNICEF Zimbabwe releases its 2023 Annual Report showcasing results for women and children |url=https://www.unicef.org/zimbabwe/press-releases/unicef-zimbabwe-releases-its-2023-annual-report-showcasing-results-women-and |access-date=2024-04-01 |website=www.unicef.org |language=en}}</ref> Suna aiki tare da Gwamnati, masu ba da tallafi, abokan haɗin gwiwa na ci gaba, Kungiyoyin Jama'a, sauran Hukumomin MDD kuma suna samun jagoranci daga Tsarin Haɗin Kan Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNSDCF),<ref name=":5" /> kuma suna ƙarfafa waɗannan alaƙa, domin taimakawa waɗannan mata da yara da ke cikin haɗari a Zimbabwe. == Bayanin sashi == === Labarin ƙasa === Zimbabwe ƙasa ce da ke tsakiyar tudu ba ta da iyaka da teku, saboda haka manyan hanyoyin samar da ruwanta su ne tabkuna, koguna, da madatsun ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Manyan koguna biyu a Zimbabwe su ne Kogin Zambezi a arewa, da Kogin Limpopo a kudu. Wasu koguna da yawa masu mahimmanci da ke gudana ta Zimbabwe su ne Kogunan Save, Manyame, da Sanyati. Mafi girman tabki a Zimbabwe shi ne Tabkin Kariba wanda ke kan iyaka da Zambia.<ref name="fao"/> Akwai manyan madatsun ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa da yawa a Zimbabwe. === Yanayi === Sauyin yanayi na Zimbabwe yana da siffar tsarin yanayi na musamman na lokuta. Lokacin damina yana faruwa ne daga watan Oktoba zuwa Maris, yana daidai da yanayin zafi mai girma, yayin da daga watan Yuni zuwa Agusta, hazo yana raguwa, tare da yanayin sanyi. Waɗannan sauye-sauye a cikin hazo suna tasiri ne ta hanyar El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), wani lamari na yanayi wanda ke nuna ta hanyar ɗumamar lokaci (El Niño) da sanyaya (La Niña) na Tekun Pacific na tsakiyar layi. Bambancin hazo, musamman a lokacin damina, yana shafar samar da ruwa na ƙasar kai tsaye. Yayin abubuwan da suka faru na El Niño, Zimbabwe yawanci tana fuskantar ƙarancin ruwan sama na matsakaici, wanda ke haifar da yanayin fari da ƙarancin ruwa. Sabanin haka, abubuwan da suka faru na La Niña galibi suna kawo ruwan sama sama da matsakaici, suna sake cika majiɓobin ruwa da tallafawa tsarin samar da ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal |url=https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/ |access-date=2024-03-18 |website=climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org |language=en}}</ref> Kusan kashi 90% na ruwan sama a ƙasar yana faruwa ne sakamakon ƙarfin convective forces, motsi na sama na iska mai ɗumi wanda ke haifar da samuwar gajimare da ruwan sama. Kashi 10% na ruwan sama da ya rage yana tasiri ne ta hanyar abubuwa kamar siffar ƙasa (orography) da motsin gaba-gaban yanayi.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/zwenc3.pdf |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=unfccc.int}}</ref> Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara ya bambanta daga 300mm (kusan inci 12) a yankunan kudu da kudu maso yamma zuwa fiye da 1,000 mm (kusan inci 40) a arewa da arewa maso gabas.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://unfccc.int/NDCREG |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=unfccc.int}}</ref> Sai dai, wasu bincike sun nuna cewa matsakaicin ruwan sama a Zimbabwe ya ragu da kashi 10% ko 100 mm a cikin ƙarni da suka gabata.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mazvimavi |first=D. |date=2010-12-22 |title=Investigating changes over time of annual rainfall in Zimbabwe |url=https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/14/2671/2010/ |journal=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences |language=English |volume=14 |issue=12 |pages=2671–2679 |doi=10.5194/hess-14-2671-2010 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2010HESS...14.2671M |issn=1027-5606|hdl=10566/8373 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Ganin cewa hazo yana tasiri ne ta hanyar abubuwa daban-daban, yana da mahimmanci a bincika abubuwan da ka iya haifar da raguwar sa a Zimbabwe. Wannan yana da mahimmanci musamman saboda yawancin mutane a Zimbabwe manoma ne na dogaro da kai waɗanda suka dogara da aikin gona na ruwan sama.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Makoni |first1=Fungai S. |last2=Manase |first2=Gift |last3=Ndamba |first3=Jerry |date=2004-01-01 |title=Patterns of domestic water use in rural areas of Zimbabwe, gender roles and realities |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1474706504001755 |journal=Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C |series=Water, Science, Technology and Policy Convergence and Action by All (A Meeting Point for Action leading to Sustainable Development) |volume=29 |issue=15 |pages=1291–1294 |doi=10.1016/j.pce.2004.09.013 |bibcode=2004PCE....29.1291M |issn=1474-7065|url-access=subscription }}</ref> === Ababen more rayuwa na fasaha === A tsakiyar biranen Zimbabwe, mafi yawancin samar da ruwa yana zuwa ne daga ruwan bututu. A yankunan karkara, mutanen Zimbabwe sun fi dogaro ne ga rijiyoyi da rijiyoyin burtsatse waɗanda ke shiga cikin rumbun ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa na Zimbabwe.<ref name="afdb"/> Ginin rijiyoyi da yawa an ba da kuɗaɗen su ne galibi ta hanyar gidajen da kansu. Kyakkyawan ci gaba na kamfanoni masu zaman kansu misali ne mai kyau na yadda ayyukan samar da kai zasu iya kaiwa ga babban ɓangare na al'umma.<ref>{{Citation|last=Olschewski|first=Andre|title=Supported Self-supply – learning from 15 years of experiences|url=https://rwsnforum7.files.wordpress.com/2016/11/full_paper_0044_submitter_0121_olschewski_andre.pdf|year=2016|publisher=7th RWSN Forum “Water for Everyone”, 7ème Forum RWSN « L'eau pour tous », 29 Nov - 02 Dec 2016, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire}}</ref> Mutanen Zimbabwe da dama har yanzu suna yin ba-gari a fili, musamman a yankunan karkara.<ref name="unicef"/> Sai dai, a manyan birane kamar Harare, akwai tsarin magudanun ruwa na shara, kuma gidaje da yawa a faɗin Zimbabwe suna da banɗakunan rami na kashin kai ko kuma suna raba banɗakunan tarayya.<ref name="its"/> [[File:Women and children at a borehole.jpg|thumb|left|Wata kungiyar mata da yara a wata rijiya burtsatse a Norton, Zimbabwe]] A shekarar 2018 an ce matsaloli a Morton Jeffray Waterworks a Harare su ne sanadin sake ɓallewar cutar kwalara.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Makoni |first1=Munyaradzi |title=Inside Zimbabwe's efforts to tame cholera |url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(18)32352-3/fulltext |access-date=8 November 2018 |publisher=Lancet |date=29 September 2018}}</ref> A shekarar 2018, an gano kamfanin Morton Jeffray Waterworks da ke Harare a matsayin tushen sake ɓallewar cutar kwalara, wanda aka danganta da matsaloli a cikin ginin. Bayan haka, Lisben Chipfunde, shugaban ababen more rayuwa da muhalli a cikin mazaunin Birnin Harare, ya tabbatar da cewa ƙarancin ruwa ya ci gaba, yana ƙara dagula lamarin, musamman a lokacin damina na 2019-2020. Kamfanin Ruwa na Prince Edward ya fuskanci ƙarancin ruwa saboda yanayin fari, wanda ya tilastawa mazaunin Birnin Harare mayar da ayyukan samar da ruwa a ginin Morton Jaffray Water Works. Sakamakon haka, yankunan mazauna da yawa sun fuskanci tsawaitaccen lokaci ba tare da samun damar yin amfani da ruwa mai tsafta ba. Wannan mummunan lamari ya tilastawa mazauna wurin komawa ga amfani da hanyoyin ruwa marasa kyau da gurbatattu, kamar rijiyoyi da rijiyoyin burtsatse, wanda ke ƙara jefa lafiyar jama'a cikin haɗari da kuma ƙara haɗarin cututtukan da ke yaduwa ta ruwa kamar kwalara.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-11 |title=In Zimbabwe, Disaster at the Intersection of Cholera and Climate Change |url=https://globalpressjournal.com/africa/zimbabwe/zimbabwe-disaster-intersection-cholera-climate-change/ |access-date=2024-03-31 |website=Global Press Journal |language=en-US}}</ref> Wasu sauye-sauye na fasaha masu banƙasawa sun inganta damar samun da ingancin samar da ruwa a Zimbabwe sosai. Misali an nuna Fanfon daji na Zimbabwe a matsayin fasaha ta "ruwa" wacce ta faɗaɗa damar samun ruwa mai tsafta a duk faɗin ƙasar. Yaduwar wannan fasaha za a iya fahimtar ta saboda daidaituwarta mai ban mamaki. Aiwatarwa, aiki, da gyaran fanfon daji yana ƙayyade ne ta hanyar shigarwa da zaɓin al'ummomin gida, kuma saboda haka wannan fasaha ba ta da "iyaka mai tsanani" tunda za a iya daidaita ta, amfani da ita, da kuma keɓance ta ta al'ummomi a duk faɗin Zimbabwe.<ref>De Laet, Marianne, and Annemarie Mol. (2000) "The Zimbabwe bush pump mechanics of a fluid technology." Social studies of science 30.2: 225-263.</ref>[[Image:KaribaDam.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Madatsar ruwa ta Kariba kamar yadda ake gani daga Zimbabwe.]] == Bayanin cibiyoyi == Samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a Zimbabwe ana tafiyar da su ne ta ma'aikatu da sassan gwamnati daban-daban, ƙarƙashin kulawar ƙungiyoyi kamar Kwamitin Aiwatarwa na Ƙasa (NAC) da Ma'aikatar Haɓaka Albarkatun Ruwa da Gudanarwa (MoWRDM).<ref name="wsp"/> Waɗannan hukumomi suna aiki tare da haɗin gwiwar WASH, gami da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, UNICEF, da rukunoni masu zaman kansu ƙarƙashin jagorancin Ma'aikatar Lafiya da Jin Daɗin Yara, don ba da kuɗi da gina tsarin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli daidai da Manufar Ci Gaban Millennium ta MDD.<ref name="wsscc">[http://www.wsscc.org/countries/africa/zimbabwe/wash-coalition-overview Wash coalition overview]wsscc.org {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150812135218/http://www.wsscc.org/countries/africa/zimbabwe/wash-coalition-overview |date=12 August 2015 }}</ref> NAC da MoWRDM suna kuma kula da Hukumar Ruwa ta Ƙasa ta Zimbabwe (ZINWA), wacce ke da alhakin rarraba ruwa a sassa daban-daban, gami da gudanar da manyan madatsun ruwa guda 250 <ref name="afdb">"Water Resource Management, Supply, and Sanitation Zimbabwe Report." African Development Bank Group. Accessed September 7, 2014. http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Generic-Documents/9.%20Zimbabwe%20Report_Chapter%207.pdf.</ref> NAC tana aiki ta hanyar ƙananan kwamitoci kamar Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli na Karkara, da Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli na Birni, yana haɗa hukumomin gwamnati daban-daban a cikin tsara ababen more rayuwa na ruwa na karkara da birane.<ref name="wsp"/> Hukuomin ƙauyuka ko na shiyyoyi ne ke gudanar da rarraba ruwa na cikin gida kuma lokaci-lokaci ta ZINWA. Zimbabwe tana da tsarin ruwa mai aiki har zuwa ƙarshen shekarun 1980, wanda ya samar da kashi 85% na al'ummar gida tare da samun ruwan sha mai tsafta.<ref name=":3" /> Yayin da wasu sassa na wannan tsarin aiki har yanzu ana san su a Harare, gwamnati ba ta yi aiki mai gamsarwa ba wajen kula da ababen more rayuwa na bututu. Haɗuwar iyakantaccen tsarin, karuwar yawan al'umma, da rashin ikon mutane da yawa na samun ruwa, ya haifar da matsananciyar cin hanci da rashawa da rashin daidaito. Rikicin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a Harare, Zimbabwe, yana haifar da babban haɗarin lafiya, kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin rahoton 2013 na Human Rights Watch. Duk da ƙoƙarin da aka yi a baya, yanayin da ke haifar da annoba ya ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin unguwannin birni masu yawan jama'a. Rahoton ya bayyana ƙalubale kamar ƙarancin samun ruwa mai tsafta da ayyukan tsaftace muhalli, wanda ke tilastawa mazauna wurin sha daga gurbatattun hanyoyi da yin ba-gari a fili. Tabarbarewar ababen more rayuwa na ruwa da karuwar yawan al'umma suna ƙara dagula matsalar rashin tsaro da gurbataccen ruwa. Rashin gazawar gwamnati wajen kula da tsarin yana tilasta dogaro ga hanyoyin da ba su da kyau, yana keta haƙƙin mazauna wurin na samun ruwa mai tsafta. Rahoton ya ba da shawarar saka hannun jari a cikin dabarun tsaftace muhalli da ruwa masu arha, farashi mai kyau don ruwan gunduma, da rashin yanke ruwa ga rashin biyan kuɗi. Kodayake ayyukan gwamnati suna ba da bege, damuwa game da gaskiya da cin hanci da rashawa har yanzu suna nan.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2013-11-19 |title=Zimbabwe: Water and Sanitation Crisis {{!}} Human Rights Watch |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2013/11/19/zimbabwe-water-and-sanitation-crisis |access-date=2024-03-20 |language=en}}</ref> Wannan ya haɗa da lokutan da aka karkatar da kasafin kuɗin birni don amfanin da ba na tsarin kulawa da ingantawa ba, wanda aka yi niyyar kasafin kuɗin dominsa. Sakamakon haka, ba a ba da kuɗin hanyoyin da suka dace na ɗaukar matakai ba, kamar siyan sinadarai na tace ruwa, yadda ya kamata, wanda ke haifar da wannan lallen danyen ruwa maras kyau.<ref name=":3" /> An lura da yawancin waɗannan lokuta daga rahoton Human Rights Watch da aka fitar a watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2013, amma sun ci gaba da faruwa a kwanakin baya-bayan nan. Saka hannun jari a cikin dabarun tsaftace muhalli da ruwa masu arha yana ci gaba da kasancewa mai mahimmanci wajen cimma ingantaccen tsaftace ruwa ga Zimbabwe. A shekarar 2013, gwamnatin ƙasar ta karɓi rancen dala miliyan 144 (na Amurka) daga gwamnatin Sin don "haɓaka ababen more rayuwa na ruwa musamman ta hanyar inganta masana'antun sarrafa ruwan shara."<ref name=":3"/> Yayin da wannan ya kasance kyakkyawan mataki zuwa kyakkyawan shiri, da yawa har yanzu suna jin cewa akwai rashin gaskiya da ke fitowa daga gwamnati, da kuma dumbin cin hanci da rashawa da sakaci da ke bayyane ga al'ummomin da ke fafutuka. Zimbabwe kuma ta amince da sabon tsarin mulki a shekarar 2013 wanda ya amince da bayyanannen haƙƙin samun ruwa, amma ko an ba wa wannan haƙƙin fifiko tun lokacin ba a tabbatar ba.<ref name=":3"/> Sun kuma amince da Dokar PPP ta Hukumar Ci Gaban Zimbabwe (ZIDA) ta shekarar 2020 wacce ke ƙarfafa amfani da PPPs (haɗin gwiwar jama'a da masu zaman kansu).<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last1=Mutandwa |first1=Hudson |last2=Vyas-Doorgapersad |first2=Shikha |date=2023-12-07 |title=The State of Water Infrastructure Development in Zimbabwe |url=https://ojs.sabinet.co.za/index.php/african_journal_of_governance/article/view/114 |journal=African Journal of Governance & Development |language=en |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=40–57 |doi=10.36369/2616-9045/2023/v12i2a4 |issn=2616-9045|doi-access=free }}</ref> Bayan wannan, babu wata doka guda ɗaya da ta shafi musamman kan gudanar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli, kuma rashin ba da kuɗi ga ayyukan yana iyakance ikon gina sabbin madatsun ruwa, gyara tsofaffi, da gina wuraren tace ruwa, wanda zai ci dala biliyan 2.2 (na Amurka) cikin shekaru goma kafin a yi hakan.<ref name=":8" /> == Hadin kan ƙasashen waje == Gwamnatocin ƙasashe da dama da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na ƙasashen waje suna aiki tuƙuru don inganta samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a Zimbabwe ta hanyar ayyukan samar da ababen more rayuwa na ƙanana da manyan sassa. Baya ga shiga tsakani kai tsaye, waɗannan ƙungiyoyi suna ba da kuɗi ga sauran ƙoƙarin da ake yi. Waɗannan ƙungiyoyi sun haɗa da [[Banka Duniya]], [[Asusun Haɓaka Afirka]] (AfDB), da Gwamnatin Jamus, wacce ta hanyar hukumar haɗin gwiwar fasaha ta, [[Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit]] (GIZ), ta ba da dala miliyan 6 (na Amurka) don inganta tsarin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a garuruwan [[Gweru]], [[Kadoma, Zimbabwe|Kadoma]], da [[Kariba, Zimbabwe|Kariba]]. Gwamnatin Ostareliya kuma ta samar da sama da dala miliyan 10 (na Amurka) don bincike da inganta tsarin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli.<ref name="afdb"/> === Bangaren WASH === UNICEF tana jagorantar manyan ayyuka da dama tare da haɗin gwiwar cikakken shirin Ruwa, Tsaftace Muhalli, da Tsabtace Jiki ([[WASH]]), da nufin inganta tsarin ruwa da magudanar ruwa a duniya. Ta hanyar shirinta na WASH, UNICEF ta sadaukar da kanta don tabbatar da samun ruwa mai tsafta, tsarin tsaftace muhalli, da wuraren tsabtace jiki ga kowa da kowa a cikin al'ummomi a duniya. A shekarar 2018, UNICEF ta faɗaɗa samar da ruwa a karkara ta hanyar haƙa rami na tuka-tuka da gyara tsarin bututun ruwa tare da mai da hankali kan amfani da hasken rana. Samar da ruwa a birane ya ninka sau biyu a ƙananan garuruwa 14, kuma an gyara tsarin magudanar ruwa na shara. Ƙoƙarin sun haɗa da haɓaka tsarin haɗin gwiwar jama'a da masu zaman kansu na ƙasa da kuma tallafawa ayyukan gwaji don inganta sa ido. An haɓaka halartar al'umma ta hanyar haɗa Sabis na Saƙon Turewa (SMS) zuwa tsarin bayanan WASH na karkara.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) {{!}} UNICEF Zimbabwe |url=https://www.unicef.org/zimbabwe/water-sanitation-and-hygiene-wash |access-date=2024-03-18 |website=www.unicef.org |language=en}}</ref> Tana aiki a ƙasashe sama da 100, UNICEF tana ba da muhimman ayyukan WASH ga wasu rukunin mutane mafi rauni a duniya. Yayin bala'in annobar COVID-19, UNICEF ta tsananta ayyukanta na WASH, inda ta rarraba sabulu da kayan tsafta ga mutane miliyan 74, yayin da kuma ta kafa wuraren wanke hannu da bayan gida don haɓaka lafiyar jama'a da ayyukan tsabtace jiki.<ref name=":2" /> A Zimbabwe, ayyukan UNICEF sun haɗa da sabunta tsarin tsaftace muhalli a garuruwan [[Masvingo]], [[Plumtree, Zimbabwe|Plumtree]], da [[Zvishavane]], gami da gudanar da wani aiki na dala miliyan 30 (Dalar Amurka) don samar da ruwan sha da ingantaccen tsarin tsaftace muhalli ga 'yan Zimbabwe 500,000. Cikin haɗin gwiwa, UNICEF da shirin WASH suna ƙoƙarin faɗaɗa damar samun ruwa mai tsafta da tsarin tsaftace muhalli ga mutane miliyan 2.3 a Zimbabwe waɗanda a halin yanzu ba su da waɗannan muhimman ayyuka.<ref name="unicef">"Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene." UNICEF. Accessed September 7, 2014. http://www.unicef.org/zimbabwe/water_san_hygiene.html.</ref> Rahoton Shekara-shekara na UNICEF Zimbabwe na shekarar 2023 ya kuma nuna amincewa da sadaukarwa ga ɓangaren WASH, wanda ya haɗa da "ƙiyasin kasafin kuɗi na ƙasa don isassun ayyukan WASH a wuraren kula da lafiya."<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |title=UNICEF Zimbabwe Annual Report 2023 |url=https://www.unicef.org/zimbabwe/media/9961/file/UNICEF%20Zimbabwe%20Annual%20Report%202023.pdf |journal=UNICEF |pages=23–24}}</ref> UNICEF ta kai wa ƙasashen mutane dubun-dubatar da "ruwa mai tsafta, mai jure canjin yanayi, da aminci ta hanyar tsari na sanin haɗari, tsarin amfani da yawa da haɓaka iko don dorewa."<ref name=":6" /> Sun kuma kai wa dubun-dubatar mutane da ayyukan tsabtace muhalli na yau da kullun, gami da tsarin tsaftace muhalli da mazauna ke jagoranta da kuma a lokutan gaggawa, gami da ruwa mai aminci daga motocin jigilar ruwa a yankunan da kwalara ta shafa, da "kayayyakin WASH masu ceton rai kamar na'urorin adana ruwa na gida da sinadarai na tace ruwa."<ref name=":6" /> == Damuwar muhalli == Sakamakon ayyukan ma'adinai, masana'antu, aikin gona na sikelin da ba ya dorewa, da kuma sassaucin dokokin ƙazanta da rashin aiwatar da su yadda ya kamata, koguna da tafkuna da yawa a Zimbabwe sun gurbata. Wannan ya sa shan ruwa da yin wanka a waɗannan koguna da tafkuna kasancewa maras kyau.<ref name=":2" /><ref>Gogo, Jeffrey. "Water Pollution Major Problem." The Herald. Published May 19, 2014. http://www.herald.co.zw/water-pollution-major-problem/</ref> Musamman ma ruwan wasu koguna da ke ratsa ta [[filayen lu'u-lu'u na Marange]] a gabashin Zimbabwe ya yi matukar gurbata har ya kashe dabbobin da suka sha, kuma ya haifar da kuraje ga masu wanka.<ref>Mambondiyani, Andrew. "The Pollution Fallout From Zimbabwe's Blood Diamonds." Yale University. May 24, 2012. http://e360.yale.edu/feature/the_pollution_fallout_from_zimbabwes_blood_diamonds/2533/{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Wani yanki na Zimbabwe mai matukar girman matakan gurbatar ruwa shine [[Harare]] da unguwanninta na kusa. Wannan ya faru ne saboda yawan jama'ar Harare, tsarin magudanar ruwa da suka lalace da kuma lalacewa, da rashin gudanarwa na hukumomin gwamnati da aka ware don aiwatar da ƙa'idodin muhalli da ingancin ruwa.<ref>Nhapi, Innocent. "The water situation in Harare, Zimbabwe: a policy and management problem." Water Policy 11. Published 2009. http://test.iwaponline.com/wp/01102/0221/011020221.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230509132249/http://test.iwaponline.com/wp/01102/0221/011020221.pdf |date=2023-05-09 }}.</ref> Abin farin ciki, akwai shirye-shirye da ke duba ingancin ruwan yawancin manyan koguna gami da tashoshin aunawa da ke auna matakan samar da ruwa na madatsun ruwa na Zimbabwe.<ref>"Zimbabwe." FAO. Accessed November 1, 2014. https://www.fao.org/docrep/005/x9751e/x9751e08.htm.</ref> == Damuwar bil'adama == === Tasirin ingancin ruwa ga lafiya === Rashin ingantaccen samar da ruwa da tsarin tsaftace muhalli yana shafar rayuwar dukkan 'yan Zimbabwe sosai. Idan babu ruwa mai tsafta da ingantaccen tsarin tsaftace muhalli, bil'adama na fuskantar barazanar kamuwa da cututtuka cikin sauƙi, don haka suna fama da mace-mace mafi yawa saboda waɗannan cututtuka. Ingantaccen samar da ruwa da sassan tsaftace muhalli an nuna su suna da tasiri sosai wajen rage yawan mace-mace da rashin lafiya ga cututtuka da yawa ciki har da [[ascariasis]], [[kwalara]], [[zawo]], [[dracunculiasis]] (kurkunu), cutar [[tsutsotsin ciki]], [[schistosomiasis]] (guba/shawara), da [[trachoma]].<ref>{{cite journal | pmc=2393264 | pmid=1835675 | volume=69 |issue = 5| title=Effects of improved water supply and sanitation on ascariasis, diarrhoea, dracunculiasis, hookworm infection, schistosomiasis, and trachoma | year=1991 | journal=Bull. World Health Organ. | pages=609–21 | last1 = Esrey | first1 = SA | last2 = Potash | first2 = JB | last3 = Roberts | first3 = L | last4 = Shiff | first4 = C}}</ref> Zawo cuta ce mai tsanani sosai idan aka yi la'akari da cewa ita ce mafi girman kisa ga yara 'yan ƙasa da shekaru biyar a Afirka.<ref name="hrw"/> Kwalara kuma babbar cuta ce mai tsanani a Zimbabwe. Ɓallewar cutar kwalara a shekarar 2008 ya kasance abin damuwa sosai saboda taɓarɓarewar rikicin siyasa da tattalin arziki, wanda ya kai ga durƙushewar ayyukan gwamnati da dama da kuma rashin daidaituwar samar da ruwa mai tsafta.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=After three outbreaks, Zimbabwe is on high alert to curtail cholera |url=https://www.gavi.org/vaccineswork/after-three-outbreaks-zimbabwe-high-alert-curtail-cholera |access-date=2024-04-01 |website=www.gavi.org |language=en}}</ref> Barkewar cutar ta 2018 ta kasance mafi ƙanƙanta, kuma an shawo kanta, saboda kyakkyawan shiri da gudanar da allurar rigakafin kwalara ta baki (OCV), wanda aka samar da allurai miliyan 2.5, musamman a tsakanin rukunin mutanen da ke cikin babban haɗari.<ref name=":7" /> Kwanan nan, a shekarar 2023, ɓallewar cutar kwalara ta dawo, inda ta shafi aƙalla ƙasashe shida a yankin. Malawi, kasancewar ita ce mafi muni da abin ya shafa, ta karɓi kayayyaki guda uku na OCV "a matsayin amsa ga aikace-aikacen asusun rigakafin kwalara na baki na duniya da Gavi ke tallafawa, wanda aka kafa a shekarar 2013."<ref name=":7" /> === Yin ba-gari a fili === Samar da ruwa da tsarin tsaftace muhalli a Zimbabwe yana fuskantar gagarumin ƙalubale, tare da samun nasarar ƙoƙarin cikin gida da kuma babban rashi na ababen more rayuwa a ko'ina. Mummunan tasirin rashin ingantaccen samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ga lafiya da mutuncin ɗan adam yana ƙara jaddada mahimmancin shirye-shiryen duniya kamar Manufofin Ci Gaban Millennium na MDD, waɗanda ke da nufin rage rabi "rabon adadin mutanen da ba su da dorewar samun ruwan sha mai aminci da tsarin tsaftace muhalli na yau da kullun".<ref>{{cite web |title=Target 7.A: Integrate the principles of sustainable development into country policies and programmes and reverse the loss of environmental resources |url=https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/environ.shtml |access-date=1 May 2023 |website=UN}}</ref> Don magance waɗannan ƙalubale, UNICEF, tare da haɗin gwiwar Gwamnatin Zimbabwe kuma ƙarƙashin kuɗaɗen Sashen Cigaban Ƙasa da Ƙasa na Burtaniya, suna aiwatar da Shirin WASH na Karkara. Wannan shirin yana da nufin rage yin ba-gari a fili da inganta ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a yankunan karkara ta hanyar hanyoyin tsaftace muhalli da mazauna ke jagoranta. Tun lokacin da aka fara shi, shirin ya sami nasarar samar da al'ummomi sama da 3,300 da ba sa yin ba-gari a fili a cikin gundumomi 45, tare da tsarin al'umma da aka horar da su wajen haɓaka tsabtace jiki don cusa kyawawan ayyukan tsaftace muhalli. Bugu da ƙari, Ma'aikatar Lafiya da Kulawa da Yara tana horar da magina na cikin gida wajen gina bayan gida da kuma ba da tallafi ga iyalai masu rauni don gina bayan gida.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How Chikare Village became open defecation free {{!}} UNICEF Zimbabwe |url=https://www.unicef.org/zimbabwe/stories/how-chikare-village-became-open-defecation-free |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=www.unicef.org |language=en}}</ref> Daidai da Manufofin Ci Gaban Mai Dorewa (SDGs), Gwamnatin Zimbabwe ta amince da Tsarin Tsaftace Muhalli da Tsafta na kula da jinsi, da nufin samar da Zimbabwe mai 'yanci daga yin ba-gari a fili nan da shekarar 2030. Wannan tsari yana amfani da Ilimin Lafiya da Tsafta na Haɗin Gwiwa wanda ke Maida Hankali kan Tsaftace Muhalli da Jama'a ke jagoranta (SafPHHE), wanda aka aiwatar a cikin gundumomin karkara 45 da ake tallafawa. Ƙoƙarin rage yin ba-gari a fili ya nuna ci gaba, inda adadin ya ragu zuwa 21.7% a shekarar 2019. Sai dai kuma, rashin daidaito ya ci gaba da kasancewa tsakanin mazauna birane da na karkara, inda kashi 0.7% na mazauna birane ne kawai ke yin ba-gari a fili idan aka kwatanta da kashi 31.3% a yankunan karkara a cikin shekarar da aka ambata.<ref name=":4" /> === Daidaiton jinsi === Ta hanyar samar da ingantaccen ruwa da ayyukan tsaftace muhalli, rayuwar mata tana samun babban iko da 'yanci. Yawanci mata ne ke da alhakin samar da ruwan da iyali ke amfani da shi a kullum. Sakamakon samun bandakuna masu tsafta da amintaccen ruwa kusa da gidajensu, mata suna rage lokacin da suke ɗauka wajen ɗakar ruwa kuma suna samun ƙarin lokaci don neman burinsu ko yin wasu ayyuka na daban masu mahimmanci.<ref name="its"/> Yayin Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya a ranar 22 ga Maris, 2016, Ministar Ruwa, Muhalli, da Yanayi ta Zimbabwe, Oprah Muchinguri, ta jaddada cewa rashin samun ruwa mai tsafta babban cikas ne ga 'yan mata, inda ta nuna cewa galibi suna fasa zuwa makaranta don neman ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=Lack of water is a stumbling block to gender equality in Zimbabwe |url=https://www.afdb.org/ar/news-and-events/lack-of-water-is-a-stumbling-block-to-gender-equality-in-zimbabwe-15526}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, rashin bandakuna masu tsafta a makarantun Zimbabwe da yawa yana hana 'yan mata zuwa makaranta yayin da suke al'ada. Saboda haka, kawar da ƙarancin tsaftace muhalli da ƙara samun ruwan sha yana haɓaka mutunci da ikon ɗan adam ƙwarai da gaske.<ref name="hrw"/> Shirin Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli na Biranen Zimbabwe (UWSP) ya tabbatar da mahimmancin yanayin jinsi a cikin batun samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli, wanda ya kai su ga amfani da tsari na sanin jinsi "tare da aiwatar da ayyukan da aka tsara don samar da sarari don daidaiton dama."<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Zimbabwe: Addressing gender specific needs vs creating space and opportunity to challenge gender roles and promote gender equality {{!}} GIZ Gender |url=https://gender-works.giz.de/competitions/zimbabwe-addressing-gender-specific-needs-vs-creating-space-and-opportunity-to-challenge-gender-roles-and-promote-gender-equality/ |access-date=2024-03-19 |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-03-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319155813/https://gender-works.giz.de/competitions/zimbabwe-addressing-gender-specific-needs-vs-creating-space-and-opportunity-to-challenge-gender-roles-and-promote-gender-equality/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Sun gudanar da bincike tare da nazarin yadda mata ke kallon damar samun ruwa da tsaftace muhalli, idan aka kwatanta da maza. Sun kammala da cewa maza a yankin sun fi mayar da hankali ne kan lamuran fasaha, gami da gine-gine ko walda, yayin da mata kuma suka fi damuwa da bukatun ruwa da amfani da shi da ya shafi gida, gami da tabbatar da samunsa don ayyukan yau da kullun da kuma ingancin ruwa gaba ɗaya. Hakikanin *bukatun* tsakanin maza da mata sun kasance kusan iri ɗaya ne, in ban da fannoni kamar waɗanda aka ambata a sama kamar al'ada, amma UWSP ta fahimci mahimmancin karkatar da tallafinsu don dacewa da abubuwan da ba su dace ba da masu amfani mata suka bayyana.<ref name=":1" /> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} 8ll3j2slantgrtm6qh3ae5vxzph9d08 Ruwa da tsabtace muhalli a Tanzaniya 0 158027 889707 880264 2026-07-31T07:42:22Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 7 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889707 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Samun ruwan sha da aikin tsaftace muhalli a Tanzania''' yana da alaƙa da raguwar damar samun ingantattun hanyoyin samun ruwa a shekarun 2000 (musamman a yankunan birane), daidaiton samun wani nau'i na tsaftace muhalli (kusan 1% tun daga shekarun 1990), katsewar samar da ruwa da kuma gabaɗaya ƙarancin ingancin sabis.<ref name="mowi" /> Kamfanoni da yawa da kyar suke iya biyan kuɗaɗen gudanarwa da gyare-gyare ta hanyar kuɗaɗen shiga saboda ƙarancin haraji da rashin inganci. Akwai gagarumin bambance-bambance na shiyyoyi kuma kamfanonin da suka fi yin fice su ne Arusha da Tanga.<ref name="pubexp">Caroline van den Berg, Eileen Burke, Leonard Chacha and Flora Kessy, [http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?action=downloadfile&filename=Public%20Expenditure%20Review%20Report%202009.pdf&directory=Reports& Public Expenditure Review of the Water Sector] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006005715/http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?action=downloadfile&filename=Public%20Expenditure%20Review%20Report%202009.pdf&directory=Reports& |date=6 October 2011 }}, September 2009</ref> Gwamnatin Tanzania ta ɗauki wani babban mataki na sake fasalin fannin tun a shekarar 2002 lokacin da aka sabunta Manufofin Ruwa na Ƙasa (NAWAPO). A wancan lokacin, gwamnatin tsakiya ta ba da rahoton cewa kashi 42% ne kawai na gidajen karkara ke da damar samun ingantaccen ruwa kuma kashi 30% na dukkan tsarin ruwa a ƙasar ba sa aiki.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last1=Giné|first1=Ricard|last2=Pérez-Foguet|first2=Agustí|date=November 2008|title=Sustainability assessment of national rural water supply program in Tanzania|journal=Natural Resources Forum|language=en|volume=32|issue=4|pages=327–342|doi=10.1111/j.1477-8947.2008.00213.x|hdl=2117/8151|hdl-access=free}}</ref> An amince da wani babban Tsarin Bunƙasa Fannin Ruwa na Ƙasa wanda ke haɓaka gudanar da ingantaccen albarkatun ruwa da haɓaka samar da ruwa a birane da karkara a shekarar 2006. Rarraba madafun iko ya nuna cewa alhakin samar da sabis na ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ya koma ga hukumomin ƙaramar hukuma, kuma kamfanonin birane 20 da kamfanonin gundumomi kusan 100 ne ke gudanar da shi, da kuma Ƙungiyoyin Samar da Ruwa na Al'umma a yankunan karkara.<ref name="mowi" /> Wadannan sauye-sauye sun sami goyon bayan gagarumin ƙarin kasafi tun daga shekarar 2006, lokacin da aka saka fannin ruwa a cikin muhimman fannoni na Tsarin Maƙasudin Ƙasa don Haɓakawa da Rage Talauci (MKUKUTA). Fannin ruwa na Tanzania ya rage kacokan ya dogara da masu ba da agaji na waje: kashi 88% na kuɗaɗen da ake da su ƙungiyoyin ba da agaji na waje ne ke samar da su.<ref name="NWSDS" /> Sakamakon ya kasance maza-da-mata. Misali, wani rahoto da GIZ ta fitar ya nuna cewa "duk da gagarumin jarin da Bankin Duniya da Tarayyar Turai suka kawo, (kamfanin da ke yi wa Dar es Salaam hidima) ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin kamfanonin ruwa mafi rashin ƙwazo a Tanzania."<ref name="GIZ">GIZ:[http://www2.GIZ.de/dokumente/bib/GIZ2008-0361en-water-supply-sanitation.pdf Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Reforms in Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia:Challenges and Lessons]{{Dead link|date=February 2020|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}, 2008, pp. 8-9</ref> == Samun Dama == Samun ingantattun hanyoyin samun ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a Tanzania ya kasance mai iyaka, musamman a yankunan karkara, inda ƙalubalen ababen more rayuwa da ƙarancin kuɗi ke ci gaba da kawo cikas ga ci gaba. Tabbatar da bayanai kan samun dama yana da wahala musamman saboda ana amfani da ma'anoni da madogara daban-daban, wanda ke haifar da gagarumin saɓani. A shekarar 2015, kashi 50% na al'umma ne ke da damar samun "aƙalla tabbataccen" ruwa, kashi 79% da kashi 37% a yankunan birane da karkara biyo da biyo.<ref>WASHwatch [url=https://washwatch.org/en/countries/tanzania/summary/statistics/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170324170857/http://washwatch.org/en/countries/tanzania/summary/statistics/ |date=2017-03-24 }}]</ref> A Tanzania, kusan mutane miliyan 26 a shekarar 2015 ba su da damar samun "aƙalla tabbataccen" ruwa. Game da tsaftace muhalli kuma, kusan mutane miliyan 40 a shekarar 2015 ba su da damar samun "aƙalla tabbataccen" aikin tsaftace muhalli. A Tanzania, a shekarar 2015, kashi 24% ne kawai na al'umma ke da damar samun "aƙalla tabbataccen" aikin tsaftace muhalli, kashi 37% da kashi 17% a yankunan birane da karkara biyo da biyo.<ref>WASHwatch</ref> Bisa ga wani rahoto, binciken gidaje a kai-a-kai yana nuna ƙarancin samar da ruwa a karkara fiye da ƙiyasin Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Ban-ruwa (waɗanda injiniyoyin ruwa na gundumomi da hukumomin birane na ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ke tattarawa). Ga yankunan birane, bayanan binciken sun kasance mafi girma saboda sun haɗa da gidajen da ba su da alaƙa da rukunin samar da ruwa na hukuma kuma suna samun ruwa daga maƙwabta, rijiyoyi masu kariya ko rijiyoyin burtsatse.<ref name="repoa" /> '''Samur da ruwa.''' Kusan rabin mutanen Tanzania ne ake ƙiyasin suna da damar samun ingantaccen ruwa, tare da gagarumin bambanci tsakanin yankunan birane (kusan kashi 79% a shekarar 2010) da yankunan karkara (kusan kashi 44% a shekarar 2010).<ref name=JMP/> A yankunan karkara, an bayyana samun dama da cewa gidaje su yi tafiyar da ba ta kai kilomita ɗaya ba zuwa inda ake samun amintaccen ruwan sha a lokacin rani. Canje-canje a fannin samun ruwa yana da wuyar fahimta saboda saɓani da rashin amincin bayanai. Sai dai, ya bayyana cewa samun dama ya ƙaru a lokacin shekarun 1990, musamman a yankunan karkara, amma ya tsaya cik a lokacin shekarun 2000. Kamar yaddda bayanan Binciken Kasafin Kuɗi na Gidaje na 2000/2001 da 2007 suka nuna, samun ingantaccen ruwa a babban yankin Tanzania ma ya ragu daga kashi 55% a shekarar 2000 zuwa kashi 52% a shekarar 2007.<ref name="NHBS" /> Ta amfani da ƙunƙuntar ma'ana, a shekarar 2007 kusan kashi 34% na gidaje ne ke da damar samun ruwan famfo, sabanin kashi 40% a shekarar 2000. Sai dai, ta amfani da faffadan ma'ana ta samun dama wadda ta haɗa da dabarun famfuna na jama'a da madaidaitan maɓuɓɓugar ruwa masu kariya, an sami ɗan ƙaruwa a cikin adadin gidajen da ke ba da rahoton samun wurin ruwan sha a tsakanin kilomita ɗaya.<ref name="NHBS">[http://www.nbs.go.tz/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=72&Itemid=20 Household Budget Survey 2007 - Mainland Tanzania], pp.13-16. Link was broken on 28 February 2010. 7 November 2011 - HBS document is still available on website of [http://www.nbs.go.tz Tanzanian National Bureau Of Statistics] via link to Tanzania National Data Archive (TNDA). This requires a logon which is freely available.</ref> Ƙididdiga daga Tsarin Haɗin Gwiwa na Kula da Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli (JMP) ya nuna wani yanayi daban. Sun nuna ɗan koma baya wajen samun dama daga kashi 55% a shekarar 1990 zuwa kashi 53% a shekarar 2010. Bisa ga waɗannan alkaluma, samun dama a yankunan karkara ya tsaya cik, yayin da a yankunan birane ya ragu daga kashi 94% zuwa kashi 79% a daidai wannan lokacin. Ƙididdigar JMP ta dogara ne akan hasashen amfani da bayanai, cikinsu har da bayanan Binciken Kasafin Kuɗi na Gidaje na 2000/2001 da 2007, Ƙidayar Jama'a ta 2002 da Binciken Alkaluman Jama'a da Kiwon Lafiya na 1999, 2005 da 2010.<ref name=JMP/><ref name="JMP country tables">Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation:[http://www.childinfo.org/files/mdg_country_regional_tables.pdf Drinking water and sanitation coverage: country estimates by type of drinking water] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000451/http://www.childinfo.org/files/mdg_country_regional_tables.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }}, accessed on 28 February 2010</ref><ref>Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation:[http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/TZA_wat.pdf United Republic of Tanzania, Water Data] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200416024122/https://washdata.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/TZA_wat.pdf |date=16 April 2020 }}, March 2012, accessed on 19 April 2012</ref> '''Tsaftace muhalli.''' Binciken Kasafin Kuɗi na Gidaje na Ƙasa yana tambayar mutane game da nau'in banɗaki da suke da shi. A shekarar 2007, kashi 93% na 'yan Tanzania sun amsa cewa suna da wani nau'i na bayan gida na rami, amma kashi 3% ne kawai ke da banɗaki na janyewa (flush toilet). Kididdigar ƙasa da ƙasa da ke sanya idanu kan cimma Burin Ci Gaban Milleniyum na tsaftace muhalli ta dogara ne kan waɗannan alkaluma, amma sai bayan an yi wasu gyare-gyare masu mahimmanci don daidaita kwatanci tsakanin ƙasashe. Tsarin Haɗin Gwiwa na Kula da Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli (JMP) ya bayyana ingantaccen tsarin tsaftace muhalli a matsayin tsarin zubar da bayan gida na sirri wanda ke raba najasar ɗan adam da mu'amalar ɗan adam. An cire banɗakunan rami na tarayya ko na buɗe daga wannan ma'anar. JMP ta ƙiyasta cewa kusan rabin banɗakunan rami ne kawai a Tanzania za a iya ɗaukarsu a matsayin ingantaccen tsarin tsaftace muhalli. Dangane da waccan ma'anar, samun ingantaccen aikin tsaftace muhalli ya yi ƙasa sosai fiye da yawan jama'ar da ke da damar samun kowane nau'in banɗaki na rami. Kamar yadda ma'anar JMP ta nuna, samun ingantaccen aikin tsaftace muhalli kashi 10% ne kawai a shekarar 2010, bayan ya tashi daga kashi 8% a shekarar 1990, tare da ƙaruwa a yankunan birane da ɗan raguwa a yankunan karkara.<ref name=JMP/><ref name="who">[https://web.archive.org/web/20060604024148/http://www.who.int/whosis/en/ WHO Statistical Information System - Tanzania], retrieved 4 Feb 2010</ref><ref>Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation:[http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/TZA_san.pdf United Republic of Tanzania, Sanitation Data] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200416024118/https://washdata.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/TZA_san.pdf |date=16 April 2020 }}, March 2012, accessed on 19 April 2012</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+Samun Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli a Tanzania (2007)<ref name="NHBS" /> |- ! colspan=2| ! Dar es Salaam (6% na yawan jama'a) <ref>An lissafa bisa kimanin mutane miliyan 2.5 a yankin birnin Dar es Salaam daga cikin jimillar mutane miliyan 44</ref> ! Sauran yankunan birane (19% na yawan jama'a) ! Karkara (75% na yawan jama'a) <ref name="JMP country tables"/> ! Jimilla |- | rowspan=2|Ruwa | Faffadan ma'ana | 85% | 76% | 40% | 52% |- | Haɗin kai na gida<ref>[http://www.nbs.go.tz/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=72&Itemid=20 Household Budget Survey 2007 - Mainland Tanzania] "Private piped (tap) water in housing unit"</ref> | 8% | 13% | 1% | 4% |- | rowspan=2|Tsaftace muhalli |Duk wani nau'i, har da banɗakunan rami | 97% | 97% | 90% | 93% |- |Banɗaki na janyewa | 10% | 6% | 1% | 3% |} == Ingancin sabis == '''Dorewar samar da ruwa.''' Daga cikin hukumomin samar da ruwa na birane da tsaftace muhalli guda ashirin (UWSSAs) da ke aiki a Tanzania, guda uku ne kawai ke iya samar da ruwa akai-akai (Arusha, Songea da Tanga). A wasu birane goma sha ɗaya ana samar da ruwa na aƙalla sa'o'i 19. A Babati da Mtwara ana samar da ruwa na sa'o'i 12 kowace rana. Mafi ƙarancin alkaluma (sa'o'i 5 kowace rana) sun fito ne daga biranen Kigoma, Lindi da Singida. A Dar es Salaam ana samar da ruwa a matsakaicin sa'o'i 9 kowace rana.<ref name="mowi" /> '''Ingancin ruwa.''' Ingancin ruwa ya sha bamban sosai a cikin ƙasar. A yankunan da ba su da bushewa sosai (da suka haɗa da Dodoma, Singida, Tabora, Shinyanga, da Arusha), launuka da matakan datti suna zama matsala lokacin damina. Koguna da ke yankin fluoride (da suka haɗa da yankunan Arusha, Kilimanjaro, Singida, da Shinyanga na kwarin Rift Valley, kuma ya miƙa zuwa kwarurukan Pangani da Internal Drainage) suna da babban taro na fluoride. Ruwan tafkin Tanganyika da Nyasa gabaɗaya suna da kyawawan inganci in ban da kusa da yankunan birane inda ruwan datti da na hadari ke haifar da gurɓataccen yanayi na cikin gida, yayin da ingancin ruwan tafkin Victoria yake da rauni: babban datti da matakan sinadarai suna haifar da yawan tsirowar ganyaye da ciyawar ruwa.<ref name="NWSDS" /> Ikon kula da ingancin ruwan sha yana ƙarƙashin alhakin ma'aikata masu samar da sabis na cikin gida a wuraren da ake samar da ruwa. Suna komawa ga Ma'aunin Ingancin Ruwa da aka kafa don yankunan birane da karkara a shekarun 1970.<ref name="mowi" /> Wani lamari na gurɓataccen ruwa ya faru a mahakar zinariya ta Barrick Gold North Mara a watan Mayun 2009, lokacin da ruwa mai guba (pH 4.8) ya fito daga wurin ajiyar duwatsun mahakar ya shiga cikin kogin Tigithe, wanda ake amfani da shi don ban-ruwa, wanka da kuma azaman hanyar samun ruwan sha mara kariya.<ref>[http://www.barrick.com/CorporateResponsibility/KeyTopics/Bill-C-300-Submission-to-the-Standing-Committee/default.aspx Barrick Gold Corporation's response to the Mara Mine incident] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100210070637/http://www.barrick.com/CorporateResponsibility/KeyTopics/Bill-C-300-Submission-to-the-Standing-Committee/default.aspx |date=10 February 2010 }}, 8 October 2009</ref><ref>allAfrica.com [http://allafrica.com/stories/200912310017.html Tanzania: Community Still Worried By Mine Contamination], 30 December 2009</ref> '''Kula da ruwan datti.''' Daga cikin manyan kamfanonin ruwa na birane guda ashirin, 11 suna samar da wasu hanyoyin haɗi na magudanar ruwa. A Moshi rahoton adadin haɗin kai shine kashi 45% (kodayake wannan ya haɗa da wasu haɗin gwiwar masana'antu), a Morogoro rahoton adadin shine kashi 15% kuma a Dodoma da Iringa kashi 13% ne. A Dar es Salaam, tsawon hanyar sadarwa ta magudanar ruwa an ƙiyasta shi duka kilomita 188, kodayake kashi 4% na gidaje ne kawai ke da damar yin amfani da shi.<ref name="mowi" /> Bisa ga wani makala da wata ƙungiyar masu bincike daga Ƙungiyar Bincike kan Tafukan Tsaftace Ruwa da Rukunin Gidajen Ruwa (WSP & CW) a Jami'ar Dar es Salaam suka rubuta, tafukan daidaitawa sun kasance fasaha mafi fice don kula da ruwan datti a Tanzania. An ƙaddamar da tafukan daidaitaccen ruwan datti tun a ƙarshen shekarun 1960, saboda yanayin zafi mai kyau da kuma wadatar wuraren dausayi na halitta. A wancan lokacin, an yi rikodin akwai tsarin tafukan ruwan datti guda ashirin, biyar daga cikinsu an yi amfani da su wajen sarrafa yadi, injin takarda, wuraren jiko da sauran sarrafa ruwan datti na masana'antu. Sai dai tsarin tafukan daidaitawa da yawa ba su da tasiri saboda ƙarancin aiki da kulawa, kuskuren tsari da daidaitawa gami da haɗa sharar gida da na masana'antu.<ref>Science in Africa [http://www.scienceinafrica.co.za/2001/september/wsp.htm Constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment in Tanzania] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020306190140/http://scienceinafrica.co.za/2001/september/wsp.htm |date=6 March 2002 }}, retrieved 24 February 2010</ref> An fara ne a shekarar 1998, inda aka ƙaddamar da rukunin dausayi na jucin fasaha a Tanzania. An gina rukunoni guda goma don gidajen zama da cibiyoyi kamar makarantu, gidajen yari da kwalejoji. Suna yi wa mutane kusan 12,000 hidima.<ref>[http://wspcw.udsm.ac.tz/ Waste Stabilisation Ponds and Constructed Wetlands (WSP & CW) Research Group website]</ref> Bugu da ƙari, an ba da rahoton cewa masana'antun sarrafa ruwan datti suna aiki a cikin gundumomin Morogoro, Dodoma, Iringa, Arusha da Songea<ref name="mowi" /> da kuma biranen Dar es Salaam da Mwanza. Ana tattara samfuran ruwan datti daga waɗannan masana'antun sarrafa ruwan datti. Sakamakon binciken samfurori 250 ya nuna cewa an cika madaidaitan ƙasa na ruwan datti kafin a fitar da shi a kashi 88% na lokuta. == Albarkatun ruwa == [[File:Mwanza.JPG|thumb|right|Mwanza, birni na biyu mafi girma a Tanzania, yana samun ruwansa ne daga Tafkin Victoria]] Gabaɗaya kuma a matsakaice, Tanzania tana da faffadan albarkatun ruwa. Hukumar Abinci da Noma (FAO) ta bayyana cewa a shekarar 2008 Tanzania tana da kilomita mai siffar sūkuwa 96.27 (km³) na sabbin albarkatun ruwa a kowace shekara (idan aka kwatanta, ƙiyasin albarkatun ruwan duniya yana kusa da 43,750 km³/shekara). Wannan ya yi daidai da mita mai siffar sūkuwa 2,266 (m³) ga kowane mutum a kowace shekara.<ref>FAO, [http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/data/factsheets/aquastat_fact_sheet_tza.pdf ''Aquastat Fact Sheet Tanzania''], generated 2 Feb 2010</ref> Sai dai albarkatun ruwan sun rabu ba daidai ba - ta fuskar lokaci da sarari. A lokacin rani, wanda yawanci yakan ɗauki tsawon watanni daga Yuni zuwa Oktoba, har ma manyan koguna na iya bushewa ko kuma kwarararsu ta ragu sosai. Wasu sassan ƙasar suna samun matsakaicin adadin ruwan sama da ya kai 3,000mm a kowace shekara, yayin da a wasu yankunan (kamar Lardin Dodoma ko kwarin Rift Valley) matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara yake kasancewa 600mm.<ref name="repoa">Ministry of Planning, Economy and Empowerment / Research on Poverty Alleviation (REPOA) Tanzania: [http://www.repoa.or.tz/documents_storage/PHDR%202007%20Complete.pdf ''Poverty and Human Development Report 2007''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413183114/http://www.repoa.or.tz/documents_storage/PHDR%202007%20Complete.pdf |date=13 April 2020 }}, December 2007, retrieved on 19 April 2012</ref> Hasashe na nuni da cewa zuwa shekarar 2025 Tanzania za ta fuskanci ƙarancin ruwa (wanda aka bayyana shi a matsayin matsakaicin albarkatun ruwa ga kowane mutum da ya gaza 1,500 m³) saboda haɓakar yawan jama'a da kuma sakamakon ƙaruwar amfani da shi.<ref>World Bank (2006), [http://siteresources.worldbank.org/TANZANIAEXTN/Resources/Water_Resources_Factsheets.pdf ''Water Resources in Tanzania - Factsheet'']</ref> Ya zuwa shekarar 2002, amfani da ruwa don samar da ruwan sha na birane a babban yankin Tanzania ya kasance kusan mita miliyan 493 (m³)/shekara, ko kuma kashi 0.5% na jimillar sabbin albarkatun ruwa.<ref name="aquastat" /> [[File:Dry Great Ruaha River and.jpg|thumb|left|Busasshen babban kogin Ruaha a shekarar 2006 yana nuna ƙarancin ruwa a lokacin rani a sassan Tanzania]] Tafuka kadai sun mamaye kusan kashi 7% na saman ƙasar Tanzania. A kan iyakokin ƙasar akwai Manyan Tafukan Afirka guda uku: Tafkin Victoria, Tafkin Tanganyika da Tafkin Nyasa; tafukan cikin ƙasa sun haɗa da Tafkin Rukwa, Tafkin Eyasi da Tafkin Manyara. Akwai manyan kwarurukan magudanar ruwa guda tara a Tanzania, waɗanda aka raba su gwargwadon inda ruwan ke gudanarwa. Kwari na Tafkin Victoria yana kwarara zuwa Tekun Mediterranean (ta hanyar kwarin Kogin Nile). Suna kwarara zuwa Tekun Indiya kuma akwai kwarin Kogin Pangani, kwarin Kogin Ruvu/Wami, kwarin Kogin Rufiji, Kogin Ruvuma da kwarin Gaɓar Tekun Kudu, da kwarin Tafkin Nyasa. Kwari na Tafkin Tanganyika yana kwarara zuwa Tekun Atlantika ta kwarin Kogin Congo. Kwari na Magudanar Ruwa na Cikin Gida da na Tafkin Rukwa suna cikin kwarin Rift Valley (endorheic).<ref name="aquastat">FAO,[http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries/tanzania/index.stm United Republic of Tanzania, Aquastat country profile 2005]</ref> An raba Tanzania zuwa sassan gudanarwa guda tara da suka dace da manyan koguna tara ko kwarurukan tafuka. Ofisoshin Ruwa na Kwaruruka (BWOs) suna da alhakin tsara da tsara amfani da albarkatun ruwa, bisa ga Dokar Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa lamba 11 na shekarar 2009. Sashen gudanar da albarkatun ruwa na Shirin Bunƙasa Fannin Ruwa yana buƙatar a gudanar da ayyukansu daidai da ƙa'idodin Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa. Duk da haka, an lura cewa BWOs suna fama da matsalolin raunin hukumomi: galibi ba su da mahimman bayanai, bayyanannun tsare-tsaren bunƙasa don jagorantar saka hannun jari da tallafawa sa ido sannan kuma suna da ƙarancin rukunin ɗan adam.<ref name="repoa" /> == Tarihi == Tarihin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a Tanzania sakamako ne na mulkin mallaka wanda ya tsara rashin samun ruwa, farawa da ayyukan gudanarwa na Jamus da Birtaniya. Daga shekarar 1889 zuwa 1914 a Gabashin Afirka na Jamus, an gina rijiyoyi, magudanar ruwan datti, da magudanar ruwa don amfanin mazauna Jamus kaɗai waɗanda ke zaune a gine-gine a yankunan gabashin Tanzania. Ayyukan tsaftace muhalli sun kasance a kan ƙarancin kuɗi a cikin shiyyoyi, waɗanda aka ƙirƙira bisa tsarin launin fata, don mazauna Jamus da Indiya.<ref name=":06">{{Cite journal |last1=Mwesongo |first1=Chaeka Semango |last2=Mwakipesile |first2=Augustino Edgar |date=2023-04-01 |title=Trends for sanitation practices in Tanzania: the history from colonial to current times |url=https://iwaponline.com/washdev/article/13/4/265/94203/Trends-for-sanitation-practices-in-Tanzania-the |journal=Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development |language=en |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=265–275 |doi=10.2166/washdev.2023.158 |issn=2043-9083|doi-access=free }}</ref> A lokaci guda, 'yan Tanzania da ke yankin yamma ba su da damar yin amfani da magudanar ruwa da tsarin kwashe ruwan datti, sannan kuma an hana su aikin kwashe shara; sun zauna ne a cikin mummunan yanayin rayuwa kuma suna da ƙarancin wuraren tsaftace muhalli, kamar banɗakun rami da ke kusa da rijiyoyin burtsatse.<ref name=":06" /> Daga shekarar 1918 zuwa 1961, Birtaniya ta karɓi ikon gudanarwa na Gabashin Afirka na Jamus kuma ta canza masa suna zuwa Tanganyika. Babu wani ci gaba da aka samu wajen samun amintaccen ruwa ga 'yan Tanzania karkashin mulkin Birtaniya. Kamar Dokokin Jamus, Birtaniyar ma ta yi cajin kuɗaɗe masu yawa don samun amintaccen ruwa a Dar es Salaam.<ref name=":06" /> Sai dai, mazauna Birtaniya sun gina tsarin kwashe ruwan datti da magudanar ruwa a yankunansu na zama tun daga shekarun 1930 yayin da suka ci gaba da sarrafa damar samun ruwa da tsaftace muhalli bisa ga launin fata, tattalin arziki, da shiyyoyin zama.<ref name=":06" /> Turawa sun ƙirƙiri tsarin shiyyoyi a cikin garuruwa inda aka kawar da sauro kuma aka raba su gida uku: na Birtaniya, na Indiya, da na 'yan ƙasar Tanzania. Ban da haka ma, 'yan Tanzania ba su da ikon siyan filaye, kuma da yawa sun zauna ne a cikin matsattsun wurare masu cunkoso, wanda hakan ya haifar da yaduwar cututtuka masu alaƙa da ruwa sakamakon amfani da banɗakunan rami da buɗatun wurare saboda ƙarancin samun tsaftataccen ruwa.<ref name=":06" /> Waɗanda ke zaune a rukunonin gidajen da ba a tsara su ba ba su da damar samun ruwa ko tsarin tsaftace muhalli har sai a shekarun 1950. Yankunan karkara sun ci gaba da samar wa kansu ruwa da kansu, inda suka ƙara gina rijiyoyin burtsatse da amfani da banɗakunan rami.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Msami |first=Jamal Babu |url=https://www.repoa.or.tz/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/An-Institutional-account-of-public-service-reforms.pdf |title=AN INSTITUTIONAL ACCOUNT OF PUBLIC SERVICE REFORMS: A Case Study of Civic Engagement in Water and Sanitation in Tanzania |date=August 2018 |publisher=Organization for Social Science Research in Eastern and Southern Africa (OSSREA) |edition=1 |location=Addis Ababa, Ethiopia |publication-date=2018 |pages=59–56}}</ref> Waɗannan yankuna ba su nuna wata fito-na-fito ko haɗin gwiwar jama'a ba game da ƙarancin ababen more rayuwa na ruwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Grönwall |first1=Jenny |last2=Danert |first2=Kerstin |date=2020-02-05 |title=Regarding Groundwater and Drinking Water Access through A Human Rights Lens: Self-Supply as A Norm |journal=Water |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=419 |doi=10.3390/w12020419 |doi-access=free |issn=2073-4441}}</ref> A shekarun 1950, fafaran rukunonin gidajen da ke da tsarin ruwan famfo suna yin caji ga ruwan da ake siyarwa a kantunan ruwa (kiosks) ko ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa na gida. A yankunan karkara, ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwa ne ke gudanarwa da kula da tsarin ruwan, kamar Ƙungiyar Bunƙasa Ruwa ta Makonde a Lardin Mtwara da ke Kudancin Tanzania. Ɗaya daga cikin alkawuran da ƙungiyar fafutukar neman 'yancin kai ta ɗauka a wancan lokacin shi ne samar da ruwa kyauta, alƙawarin da aka cika lokacin da Tanganyika ta sami 'yancin kai a shekarar 1961.<ref name="Mashauri and Katko">Damas A. Mashauri and Tapio S. Katko: [https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02393792 Water Supply Development and Tariffs in Tanzania:From Free Water Policy Towards Cost Recovery], Environmental Management, Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 31-39</ref> === Ayyukan sama-zuwa-ƙasa da samar da ruwan karkara kyauta (1964–1991) === Bayan haɗewar tsoffin ƙasashen mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya wato Tanganyika da Zanzibar don kafa Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Tanzania a shekarar 1964, Shugaba Julius Nyerere na wancan lokacin ya aiwatar da manufar gurguzu ta Afirka da ake kira Ujamaa. Wannan ya haɗa da tilasta wa ƙananan manoma na karkara ƙaurace wa matsugunansu zuwa gona-gonakin haɗin gwiwa na tarayya. Ɗaya daga cikin manufofin da aka bayyana na wannan ƙaura shi ne sauƙaƙe samar da ilimi, ayyukan kiwon lafiya da kuma samar da ruwa.<ref name="Time">Time Magazine:[https://web.archive.org/web/20100323000016/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,912757,00.html TANZANIA: Ujamaa's Bitter Harvest], 27 Jan. 1975, accessed on 27 February 2010</ref> Sakamakon akidar Ujamaa, gwamnati ta ƙaddamar da Shirin Samar da Ruwan Karkara na Tsawon Shekaru 20 (RWSP) a shekarar 1971 da nufin samar da damar samun wadataccen ruwa mai amfani a cikin tazarar taku 400 daga kowane gida zuwa shekarar 1991. A ƙarƙashin wannan shirin, ana samar da ruwa kyauta a yankunan karkara, yayin da ake cajin haraji matsakaici don haɗin ruwa na gida a yankunan birane. Aiwatar da shirin ya kasance mai tsanani daga tsakiya: A shekarar 1972, gwamnatin tsakiya ta soke hukumomin ƙananan hukumomi waɗanda aka maye gurbinsu da wakilan gwamnatin tsakiya a cikin kwamitoci a matakin gunduma da ƙauye ƙarƙashin manufar da aka yi wa lakabi cikin baƙar magana da "rarraba madafun iko".<ref name="PMO">[http://www.pmoralg.go.tz/about_us/history.php PMO-RALG: HISTORY OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT SYSTEM IN TANZANIA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090518042519/http://www.pmoralg.go.tz/about_us/history.php |date=2009-05-18 }}, retrieved 23 February 2010</ref> Bisa rahoton da WaterAid ta fitar, "ayyukan ruwa da suka biyo baya ba su dore ba kuma sun bar mummunan tarihi na rashin amincewa tsakanin mazauna ƙauye ga shirye-shiryen gwamnati".<ref name="WAMMA">WaterAid: [http://www.wateraid.org/documents/wamma.pdf WAMMA: Empowerment in practice, How an evolutionary Government/NGO partnership has helped Tanzanian villagers to attain sustainable water and sanitation services] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226114354/http://www.wateraid.org/documents/wamma.pdf |date=2012-02-26 }}, Julie Jarman and Catherine Johnson, Edited by Brian Appleton March 1997, p. 10-15</ref> Ma'aikatar ruwa ta gunduma ce ke zaɓar ƙauyuka bisa ƙa'idojin fasaha kaɗai ba tare da tuntuɓar al'ummomin ba. An hane rijiyoyin burtsatse masu zurfi kuma aka sanye su da injina da injinan dizal waɗanda ya kamata gwamnati ta kula da su ta amfani da kuɗaɗen tsakiya. Wannan bai yi aiki da kyau ba kuma yawancin injinan ba sa aiki.<ref name="WAMMA" /> A sauran al'ummomi, rashin tafiyar da kuɗaɗen da gwamnati ke samarwa yadda ya kamata da kuma sha'awar aiwatar da tsarin ruwa da yawa ya haifar da fara ginin ayyukan da ba a taɓa kammala su ba.<ref name="Mashauri and Katko" /> A shekarun baya, ayyukan gwamnati sun durƙushe kuma an sami mummunan ɓulluwar cutar kwalara a yankunan birane da yawa tsakanin shekarun 1976 da 1980.<ref name="PMO" /> Don magance wannan gazawar, an sake kafa Majalisun Garuruwa da na Gundumomi a shekarar 1978, amma sun kasance ba su da wani kuɗin shiga na kansu kuma sun dogara kacokan a kan kuɗaɗen gwamnatin tsakiya. Samar da ayyukan gwamnati ya kasance matsalarre. Kodayake 'yan siyasa da masu ba da agaji sun gane a wancan lokacin cewa manufar samar da ruwan karkara kyauta da gudanarwa daga tsakiya ta gaza, ya ɗauke su fiye da shekaru ashirin tun daga farkon ta kafin su canza wannan manufa.<ref name="Mashauri and Katko" /> Wani bincike na tsakiyar lokaci na shirin RWSP da aka gudanar a shekarar 1985 ya nuna cewa kashi 46% ne kawai na al'ummar karkara ke da damar samun sabis na samar da ruwa. Daga cikin dalilan har da rashin sanya hannun waɗanda aikin zai amfana, amfani da dabarun fasaha maras dacewa, rashin isassun albarkatun kuɗi, ƙarancin hanyoyin gudanarwa da kulawa, da kuma tsarin hukumomi mara kyau da ya wuce kima daga tsakiya.<ref name="Mashauri and Katko" /><ref name="PMO" /><ref name="iaadb">International Academy of African Business and Development - IAABD, ''Repositioning African Business and Development for the 21st Century'' (May 2009) [http://www.iaabd.org/2009_iaabd_proceedings/track15a.pdf Tobias A. Swai, ''Efficiency Measurement of the Urban Water and Sewerage Authorities (UWSAs) in Tanzania: A Data Envelopment Analysis''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303233158/http://www.iaabd.org/2009_iaabd_proceedings/track15a.pdf |date=2012-03-03 }}, p.481</ref> === Haɗin gwiwar al'umma da gudanarwa (1991–yanzu) === [[File:Urban blight at the Michenzani housing project, Zanzibar town, Tanzania.jpg|thumb|left|Ginin rukunin gidaje na Michenzani kusa da Stone Town a tsibirin Zanzibar, wanda taba kasancewa abin alfahari na haɗin gwiwar bunƙasa ƙasa na Gabashin Jamus, yana nuna ƙalubalen da ke akwai wajen kula da ababen more rayuwa yadda ya kamata da kuma amfani da ababen more rayuwa na yanzu don buɗe hanya ga sababbin ayyuka (duba buɗaɗɗen magudanar ruwa a gaba)]] Manufar gurguzu ta Ujamaa an daina amfani da ita a hankali lokacin da Nyerere ya mika mulki ga Ali Hassan Mwinyi, fara a matsayin shugaban ƙasa a shekarar 1985 sannan a matsayin shugaban jam'iyya mai mulki a shekarar 1990. Gwamnati ta ƙaddamar da sauye-sauyen siyasa da na gudanarwa, wani ɓangare na abin da aka amince da Manufofin Ruwa na Ƙasa na farko a shekarar 1991. Babban jigon sauye-sauyen shi ne Shirin Sake Fasalin Ƙananan Hukumomi da nufin rarraba madafun iko ta hanyar mika albarkatu da alhakin samar da sabis ga majalisun gundumomi da na birane, gami da tura tallafin kuɗi na sharɗi da maras sharɗi ga majalisun.<ref name="gov">[http://www.tanzania.go.tz/waterf.html Government of Tanzania, ''Water in Tanzania''], retrieved February 2010</ref> Manufar Ruwa ta Ƙasa ta jaddada haɗin gwiwar al'umma wajen zaɓen ayyukan da kuma gudanarwa da kula da su ta hanyar kwamitocin ruwa waɗanda ke karɓar kuɗi don ruwa. Mazauna ƙauyen kuma sun bayar da gudummawar kuɗi don kuɗaɗen babban birnin ƙasar kuma sun ba da lokaci da aiki, kayan cikin gida da karɓar baƙi ga maƙaikatan gwamnati da ke ziyara. Sun kuma gudanar da ilimin tsafta kuma sun yi aiki a kwamitocin lafiya. Gwamnatin gunduma tare da WaterAid ne suka ƙaddamar da gwajin sabuwar manufar a Gundumar Birnin Dodoma. Wani sabon fasali na aikin shi ne cewa ma'aikatar ruwa ta yi aiki kafadada da kafada da ma'aikatar bunƙasa al'umma da ma'aikatar lafiya. Dukkaninsu a baya ba su shiga cikin ayyukan ruwa ba. Ta amfani da taƙaitaccen sunayen ma'aikatun guda uku da na WaterAid, an kira ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwar da WAMMA, wanda ya ba aikin sunansa. Kowane ɗayan ƙungiyoyin ma'aikatun guda uku dole ne ya kasance da maza da mata a cikin ma'aikatansa, kodayake wannan yana da wuyar aiwatarwa saboda ƙarancin ma'aikata mata. Sabanin da, an zaɓi al'ummomi bisa ga binciken buƙatu.<ref name="WAMMA"/> Sai dai kuma ma'aikatan gwamnati a dukkan matakai suna da ƙarancin albashi kuma ba su da ayyuka masu ban sha'awa da za su gudanar. Sakamakon haka, wasu sun kasance marasa karsashi. Kamar sauran ayyukan da ake ɗaukar nauyinsu daga waje, aikin WAMMA ya biya kuɗaɗen alawus ga ma'aikatan fage don ayyukan da aka gudanar a wajen ofisoshinsu domin ƙarfafa musu gwiwa. Duk da haka, "an biya kuɗaɗen ne a kan farashin hukuma, domin duk wani alawus mai yawa zai gurgunta ƙarfin gwamnati na dorewa ko maimaita aikin ba tare da tallafin masu ba da agaji ba."<ref name="WAMMA"/> WaterAid da farko ta yi aiki kai tsaye a matakin gunduma ba kakkautawa ba tare da wata yarjejeniya ta hukuma da gwamnatin shiyya ba har zuwa shekarar 1995. Shirin, wanda WaterAid da gwamnatocin gundumar suka ɗauka a matsayin nasara, daga baya an tsawaita shi daga Gundumar Birnin Dodoma zuwa wasu gundumomi uku a Lardin Dodoma. An gina ayyuka 86 a tsakanin shekarun 1991 da 1996. Sabon aikin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin ma'aikatun gundumomi guda uku da tsarin sa hannun jama'a ya janyo baƙi daga daukacin sassan Tanzania.<ref name="WAMMA"/> Wani Binciken Fannin Ruwa da aka gudanar a shekarar 1993 ya bayyana cewa matsalolin fannin ruwa da aka gano a shekarar 1985 sun ci gaba da kasancewa a matakin ƙasa kuma ya ba da shawarar ƙarin sauye-sauye.<ref name="NWSDS">[http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?&direction=0&order=&directory=Strategies National Water Sector Development Strategy 2006 to 2015] {{Webarchive|url=https://afchive.today/20130419000151/http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?&direction=0&order=&directory=Strategies |date=19 April 2013 }}, retrieved 23 February 2010</ref> Don aiwatar da waɗannan sauye-sauye a yankunan birane, an ƙaddamar da Dokar Ayyukan Ruwa, Cap 272 a shekarar 1993. Nufinta shi ne daidaita samar da ruwa ta hanyar hukumomin gwamnatin birane.<ref>[http://aolex.fao.org/docs/texts/tan18383.doc FAOlex, ''Laws of Tanzania - Waterworks Act, Cap 272'']{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, retrieved 23 February 2010</ref> A shekarar 1996, an fitar da sabbin jagorori na Manufar Ruwa ta Ƙasa, waɗanda aka samo asali daga jagororin da aka ɓunƙasa a ƙarƙashin shirin WAMMA. Game da yankunan karkara sun bayyana cewa ƙauyuka ne ke da alhakin dukkan kuɗaɗen gudanarwa da kulawa kuma ana sa ran raba tsadar kuɗi don kuɗaɗen babban birnin ƙasar.<ref name="WAMMA"/> Tun daga shekarar 1997, Hukumomin Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli na Birane guda 19 (UWSSAs) sun gudanar da ayyuka a manyan cibiyoyin birane a ƙarƙashin Yarjejeniyar Fahimtar Juna (MoU) tare da Ma'aikatar Ruwa, wadda ke ɗauke da alamun ƙwazo da za a kai rahoto ga Ma'aikatar.<ref name="GIZ"/> === Ɗan gajeren lokaci na mayar da hannun 'yan kasuwa a Dar es Salaam (2003–2005) === Sakamakon sharuɗɗan Bankin Duniya na cewa gwamnati ta mayar da ayyukan ruwa hannun 'yan kasuwa don musanya da agaji, a watan Agustun 2003, an ba City Water Services Ltd., wata ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwa ta Birtaniya da Jamus, kwangilar hayar shekaru goma don gudanar da dabarun samar da ruwa na Dar es Salaam. City Water ta karɓi alhakin gudanar da tsarin ruwa, aika takardun kuɗi, karɓar haraji da kulawa na yau da kullum, yayin da DAWASA ta ci gaba da kula da gyarawa da faɗaɗa hanyoyin sadarwa na ruwa. An soke kwangilar bayan shekaru biyu saboda karkatar da sharuddan kwangilar da kuma rashin ƙwazo da nuna rauni.<ref>WaterAid [http://www.wateraid.org/documents/plugin_documents/city_water_report_online_version.pdf Why did City Water fail?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226114326/http://www.wateraid.org/documents/plugin_documents/city_water_report_online_version.pdf |date=2012-02-26 }}, retrieved Feb 2010</ref><ref>BBC News 18 May 2005 [https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4558725.stm Tanzania ditches private water supplier]</ref> == Alhakin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli == Manufofi da dabarun samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ana bayyana su ne ta hanyar Ma'aikatun Gwamnati a matakin ƙasa; ka'idojin tattalin arziki na samar da ayyuka ana gudanar da su ne ta hanyar hukumar ƙasa, sannan ka'idojin muhalli ta hanyar Majalisar Ƙasa; samar da ayyuka kuma alhaki ne na hukumomin gida daban-daban. === Manufofi da ƙa'idoji === ==== Tsarin doka ==== Tsarin doka na samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli yana da gindin gwiwa ne a kan ''Dokar Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli Lamba 12'' da aka kafa a watan Mayun shekarar 2009. Dokar ta zayyana alhakin hukumomin gwamnati da ke da hannu a fannin ruwa, ta kafa Hukumomin Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli a matasayin hukumomin kasuwanci, sannan ta ba da damar haɗa su waje guda idan hakan zai haifar da ingantuwar kasuwancinsu. Haka zalika, ta tanadi yin rajista da gudanar da Ƙungiyoyin Samar da Ruwa na Al'umma (COWSOs) da kuma daidaita naɗin mambobin kwamitin gudanarwa.<ref>[http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?&direction=0&order=&directory=The%20Water%20Supply%20and%20Sanitation%20Act full text of the Water Supply and Sanitation Act nr. 12 (2009)], retrieved 23 February 2010</ref> ==== Alhakin hukumomi a matakin ƙasa ==== [[File:Dar es Salaam before dusk.jpg|thumb|right|Tsohon birnin tarayya Dar es Salaam shi ne mazaunin Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Banruwa da sauran Ma'aikatun da ke da alhaki a fannin.]] '''Ma'aikatun Gwamnati'''. Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Banruwa (MoWI) ita ce hukumar da ke da alhakin tsara manufofin WSDP gaba ɗaya, haɗin gwiwa, sa ido, kimantawa, da kuma daidaita samar da ruwa na al'umma.<ref name="GIZ"/> Haɓaka tsaftar jiki da ta muhalli tana ƙarƙashin ikon Ma'aikatar Kiwon Lafiya da Jin Daɗin Jama'a. Rarraba madafun iko a fannin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli na Tanzania ya mika alhakin samar da ayyuka ga Hukumomin Ƙananan Hukumomi (LGAs). LGAs sun ƙunshi majalisun birane, gundumomi, da na garuruwa guda 132: su ke da alhakin saye, samar da kuɗi, gudanarwa, da kuma sa ido kan masu samar da ayyuka a yankunansu na gudanarwa.<ref name="draft">Ministry of Water and Irrigation: [http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTTANZANIA/Resources/WATER-SECTOR-2008.pdf Draft Water Sector Performance Report for the Year 2007/2008]</ref> A kan wannan, Ofishin Firayim Minista - Gudanar da Yankuna da Ƙananan Hukumomi (PMO-RALG) ke ba su shawara. PMO-RALG tana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tsara shirye-shirye da haɓaka ƙarfin hukumomin gida. Haka kuma ita ce ke da alhakin raba albarkatu don samar da ayyuka. Sakatariyar Shiyya tana ba da tallafin fasaha ga LGAs tare da sa ido kan ayyukansu.<ref name="track" /> Sauran ma'aikatun suna taka rawa gadan-gadan a fannin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli. Ma'aikatar Kuɗi da Tattalin Arziki (MoFEA) tana kula da kuɗaɗen cikin gwamnati kuma ita ce ke da alhakin tsara shiri da kasafin kuɗi gaba ɗaya, gami da fannin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli. Ma'aikatar Ilimi da Horon Sana'o'i ita ce ke da alhakin ilimantar da tsaftar jiki da samar da ababen tsafta a makarantu. Ma'aikatun fanni kuma su ne ke da alhakin amfani da albarkatun ruwa don banruwa, amfanin masana'antu, da samar da wutar lantarki. '''Haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Ma'aikatun Gwamnati'''. A shekarar 2009, Ma'aikatar Kiwon Lafiya da Jin Daɗin Jama'a, MoWI, Ma'aikatar Ilimi da Horon Sana'o'i da PMO-RALG sun sanya hannu kan ''Yarjejeniyar Fahimtar Juna (MoU)'' don aiwatar da ayyukan tsaftace muhalli da tsaftar jiki cikin haɗin gwiwa. Nufin yarjejeniyar shi ne sauƙaƙe haɗin gwiwa da tsara ayyukansu wajen gudanar da alhakinsu mai alaƙa da tsaftace muhalli da tsaftar jiki. Haɗin gwiwar zai gudana ne ta hanyar Kwamitocin Gudanarwa da Fasaha na Tsaftace Muhalli da Tsaftar Jiki na Ƙasa.<ref>Ministry of Water and Irrigation, [http://maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?PHPSESSID=51ae8af5142cc94c6ac0dfeca4c79c8c&direction=0&order=&directory=Water%20Sector%20Development%20Programme/WSSR%202009%20Bibliography MoU for the Integrated Implementation of Sanitation & Hygiene Activities] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303230944/http://maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?PHPSESSID=51ae8af5142cc94c6ac0dfeca4c79c8c&direction=0&order=&directory=Water%20Sector%20Development%20Programme/WSSR%202009%20Bibliography |date=2012-03-03 }} 2009</ref> '''Ƙa'idojin Tattalin Arziki.''' Masu samar da ayyukan ruwa na kasuwanci ana daidaita su ne ta hanyar ''Hukumar Kayyadewa da Tsara Ayyukan Makamashi da Ruwa'' (EWURA) wacce aka kafa a shekarar 2001 ta hanyar ''Dokar Hukumar Kayyadewa da Tsara Ayyukan Makamashi da Ruwa, Cap 414''. EWURA tana da alhakin ba da lasisi, dubawa da amincewa da haraji, sa ido kan ƙwazo, da ƙa'idoji.<ref name="autogenerated1">[http://www.ewura.go.tz/water.html EWURA Homepage], retrieved Feb 2010</ref> Ta fara aiki a fannin ruwa a shekarar 2006. '''Ƙa'idojin Muhalli'''. Tantance illolin da ka iya zuwa ga muhalli a wuraren da aka shawarta gina ayyuka ana gudanar da shi ne ta hanyar Majalisar Gudanar da Muhalli ta Ƙasa (NEMC) a matsayin ɓangare na Tsarin Gudanar da Muhalli da Jama'a. NEMC ce ke da alhakin kafa ƙa'idoji da ba da izini don zubar da ruwan datti ko guba zuwa cikin muhalli, gami da cikin albarkatun ruwa.<ref name="NWSDS" /> ==== Manufofi da dabarun aiki ==== ''Dabarun Bunƙasa Fannin Ruwa na Ƙasa'' (NWSDS) 2006-2015 <ref name="NWSDS" /> ya tsara dabarun aiwatar da Manufar Ruwa ta Ƙasa ''NAWAPO'' ta shekarar 2002.<ref>Ministry of Water and Irrigation: [http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?action=downloadfile&filename=Water%20Policy.pdf&directory=Policies& National Water Policy], accessed on 5 March 2010</ref> NAWAPO tana da nufin cimma ci gaba mai dorewa a fannin ta hanyar "ingantaccen amfani da albarkatun ruwa da ƙoƙarin ƙara samar da ayyukan ruwa da tsaftace muhalli." Ana jagorantar ta ne ta hanyar ƙa'idojin rarraba madafun iko da mayar da gudanarwa da ayyuka a matakin gida. Shirin Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli na Karkara na Ƙasa (NRWSSP) 2006-2025 yana da nufin samar da tsarin manufofi don samar da daidaito da dorewar samun ruwa ga kashi 65% na al'ummar karkara zuwa shekarar 2010, kashi 74% zuwa 2015, da kashi 90% zuwa 2025. Shirin NRWSSP shi ne jigo na biyu na Aikin Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli na Karkara (RWSSP) wanda aka gwada a shekarar 2002. Ma'aikatar Ruwa ce ke gudanar da shirin kuma ya haɗa da manufofin sake tsara hukumomi gami da mayar da hankali kan tattara bayanai da sa ido ta hanyar Tsarin Bayanan Gudanarwa. Har zuwa shekarar 2008, ƙalubalen da suka shafi rashin isasshen babban birni, jinkirin tsarin aiki na ofis (bureaucracy), da rashin sa ido na cikin gida sun haifar da ƙarancin ci gaba.<ref name=":2" /> ''Shirin Bunƙasa Fannin Ruwa na Ƙasa'' (WSDP) na 2006-2025 ya ta'allaka ne a kan samar da ayyukan kasuwanci gami da sa hannun kamfanoni masu zaman kansu a yankunan birane, da mallakar al'umma da gudanarwa a yankunan karkara. Haka kuma ya tsara aiwatar da "hanyoyin da buƙata ke jagoranta". Matakinsa na farko ya kamata ya kasance har zuwa shekarar 2012, amma an tsawaita shi. Shirin "yana haɓaka haɗakar samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli tare da ilimantar da tsaftar jiki." WSDP yana da ɓangorori guda huɗu: * Gudanar da albarkatun ruwa; * Bunƙasa hukumomi da haɓaka ƙarfin aiki; * Samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli na karkara - a matsayin wani ɓangare na wannan ɓangaren, za a ɓunƙasa cikakkun tsare-tsaren samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli na gundumomi; * Samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli na birni - wanda ke da nufin aiwatar da tsare-tsaren kasuwanci na amfani da ruwa a babban birnin shiyya da gundumomi, gami da aiwatar da tsarin ruwa na ƙasa da ƙananan garuruwa.<ref name="mowi">Ministry of Water and Irrigation [http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?action=downloadfile&filename=2009%20Water%20Sector%20Status%20Report.pdf&directory=Reports& Water Sector Status Report 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006005638/http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?action=downloadfile&filename=2009%20Water%20Sector%20Status%20Report.pdf&directory=Reports& |date=6 October 2011 }} retrieved Feb 2010</ref><ref name="track" /> Manufofin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a Tanzania an ɓunƙasa su ne daidai da ''Hangen Nesa na Ci Gaba na 2025'' (Development Vision 2025) da Dabarun Ƙasa na Haɓakawa da Rage Talauci, wanda aka fi sani da sunansa na Harshen Swahili wato MKUKUTA (Mkakati wa Kukuza Uchumi na Kupunguza Umasikini Tanzania). Samun amintaccen ruwa ga kowa na ɗaya daga cikin manufofin Hangen Nesa na 2025, wanda za a cimma "ta hanyar sa hannun kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da ba da iko ga ƙananan hukumomi."<ref>[http://www.tanzania.go.tz/vision.htm#3.0 Development Vision 2025] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113193226/http://www.tanzania.go.tz/vision.htm#3.0 |date=13 November 2013 }} retrieved 4 Feb 2010</ref> An amince da mahimmancin samar da ruwa da isasshen tsaftace muhalli a cikin rukuni na biyu na MKUKUTA ("Inganta ingancin rayuwa da jin daɗin jama'a"). A nan, ɗaya daga cikin manyan manufofin shi ne cimma "ƙarin damar samun tsaftataccen ruwa, mai sauƙin kuɗi, da amintaccen ruwa, tsaftace muhalli, matsuguni na gari, da kuma muhalli mai aminci kuma mai dorewa."<ref>Government of Tanzania (2005)[http://www.povertymonitoring.go.tz/documents/mkukuta_main_eng.pdf ''National Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081118143326/http://www.povertymonitoring.go.tz/documents/mkukuta_main_eng.pdf |date=2008-11-18 }} For an overview of goals in water supply and sanitation cf. page 21-22 of the Annex</ref> === Samar da ayyuka === ==== Yankunan birane ==== A '''Dar es Salaam''' da gundumomi biyu na Lardin Pwani, alhakin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ya kasu kashi biyu tsakanin kamfanin riƙe kadarori wanda ke da alhakin zuba jari na babban birni (Hukumar Ruwa da Ruwan Datti ta Dar es Salaam - DAWASA - tare da ma'aikata kusan 60) da kuma kamfanin gudanarwa wanda ke tafiyar da tsarin ruwa da magudanar ruwa yau da kullum tare da aika takardun kuɗi ga abokan ciniki (Kamfanin Ruwa da Ruwan Datti na Dar es Salaam - DAWASCO - tare da ma'aikata kusan 1,500). DAWASCO tana aiki ne a ƙarƙashin kwangilar hayar shekaru 10 tare da DAWASA wacce ta kusa yin daidai da kwangilar hayar da DAWASA ta sanya wa hannu da wani kamfani mai zaman kansa na ƙasashen waje a shekarar 2003 a matsayin wani ɓangare na yunƙurin mayar da hannun 'yan kasuwa da ya gaza. Don haka rabe-rabon hukumomi tsakanin mallakar kadarori da gudanarwa sakamako ne na tarihin yunƙurin mayar da hannun 'yan kasuwan.<ref>{{cite web|last=Pigeon|first=Martin|title=From Fiasco to DAWASCO: Remunicipalising Water Systems in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania|url=http://www.municipalservicesproject.org/sites/municipalservicesproject.org/files/uploadsfile/remunicipalisation-chap3-DarEsSalaam.pdf|access-date=6 December 2013|date=c. 2012|archive-date=15 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215002454/http://www.municipalservicesproject.org/sites/municipalservicesproject.org/files/uploadsfile/remunicipalisation-chap3-DarEsSalaam.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> A Dar es Salaam, ƙarancin samar da ruwan famfo, musamman a matsugunai da unguwanni matsalarta na matasatsun gidaje, ya tilasta wa mazauna wurin neman wasu hanyoyin samar da ruwa na daban don biyan bukatunsu na yau da kullum. Waɗannan sun haɗa da haɗin ruwa ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, famfo ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, da siyan ruwa daga masu sayarwa da baro-baro waɗanda ke sake siyarwa a kan farashi mai ninki 15 zuwa 25 na farashin hukuma.<ref name=":3" /><ref name="Mashauri and Katko" /> An kiyasta cewa kashi 29% na ruwan da ake samarwa a birnin yana zuwa ne daga haɗin ruwa ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, kuma kashi 30% na mazauna birnin ne kawai ke da halitaccen haɗin gwiwa da layin rarraba kayan aiki.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Kjellen|first=Marianne|date=March 2000|title=Complementary Water Systems in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: The Case of Water Vending|journal=International Journal of Water Resources Development|language=en|volume=16|issue=1|pages=143–154|doi=10.1080/07900620048626|bibcode=2000IJWRD..16..143K |s2cid=154140180|issn=0790-0627}}</ref> A '''sauran birane''', gudanarwa, kulawa, da bunƙasa ababen more rayuwa na ruwa da magudanar ruwan datti ana gudanar da su ne ta hanyar Hukumomin Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli na Birane (UWSSAs). UWSSAs hukumomi ne masu zaman kansu na doka waɗanda aka yi niyyar gudanar da su bisa ƙa'idojin kasuwanci. An kafa su a cikin manyan birane 19 daidai da ''Dokar Ayyukan Ruwa Lamba 8'' na shekarar 1997.<ref name="track">African Ministers' Council on Water, AMCOW and Water and Sanitation Program - East and Southern Africa -Nairobi, KE (2006) [http://www.wsp.org/UserFiles/file/27200752445_MDGsAfrica.pdf ''Getting Africa on Track to Meet the MDGs on Water Supply and Sanitation - A Status Review of Sixteen African Countries'']{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, p. 85</ref> An raba UWSSAs guda 19 zuwa rukunoni uku daga A zuwa C cikin jerin raguwar dawo da kuɗaɗen kashewa (duba ƙasa don ƙarin cikakkun bayanai). Har zuwa shekarar 2010, an raba su a cikin rukunoni masu zuwa: [[File:Tz-map2.png|280px|thumb|right|Taswirar ƙasar Tanzania]] Rukuni na A (Hukumomi 13): * Arusha, * Iringa, * Shinyanga, * Songea, * Mbeya, * Morogoro, * Moshi, * Mwanza, * Musoma, * Tabora, * Tanga, * Dodoma, da * Mtwara. Rukuni na B (Hukumomi 4): * Bukoba, * Kigoma, * Sumbawanga, da * Singida. Rukuni na C: * Babati, da * Lindi. A '''gundumomi da ƙananan garuruwa''', akwai kusan ƙananan hukumomin samar da ayyukan gwamnati guda ɗari, wato Hukumomin Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli na Biranen Gundumomi (DUWSSAs). A shekarar 2007, MoWI ta ƙaddamar da tsarin haɗa su waje guda da nufin ƙara inganci da ƙwazon sabis.<ref name="NWSDS" /> Sai dai, har zuwa shekarar 2012 haɗawar ba ta sami ci gaba sosai ba domin tana karo da tsarin rarraba madafun iko na yanzu gaba ɗaya. Don haka hukumomin ba da agaji kamar GIZ sun dakatar da tallafinsu ga wannan tsari na haɗawa. Hukumomin amfani da ruwa na birane da gundumomi ba su da alhakin tsaftace muhalli na cikin gida (on-site sanitation), wanda ke ci gaba da kasancewa a hannun majalisar gida da ta dace.<ref name="NWSDS" /> ==== Yankunan karkara ==== '''Bayanai na gaba ɗaya'''. A yankunan karkara, kungiyoyin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli na al'umma (Community Owned Water Supply Organisations - COWSOs) ne ke samar da ayyukan samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. An kafa su ne ta hanyar tsarin ƙaramar hukuma na majalisun ƙauyuka biyo bayan amincewa da Tsarin Bunƙasa Sashen Ruwa. Daga cikin ƙauyuka 10,639, ƙauyuka 8,394 suna da Kwamitin Ruwa da ke kula da rumbun al'amura a sashen ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ya zuwa shekarar 2007.<ref name="draft" /> Guda cikin aikin COWSOs shi ne gudanarwa da gyara tsarin samar da ruwa a madadin al'umma. Ana sauran su biya dukkan kuɗaɗen gudanarwa da gyaran tsarin samar da ruwansu ta hanyar haraji da ake karba daga masu amfani da ruwa, sannan su ba da tasu gudunmawar ga kuɗaɗen babban birnin na tsarin nasu. Sai dai kuma, rashin isasshen horon fasaha ga ƙungiyoyin al'umma a fannin gudanarwa da gyare-gyare ya haifar da rashin amfani da shi yadda ya kamata da kuma lalacewar tsarin ruwan karkara, inda kashi 40% na tsare-tsaren ruwan karkara ke fuskantar matsalar rashin aiki mai dorewa.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Mandara|first1=Christina Geoffrey|last2=Butijn|first2=Carja|last3=Niehof|first3=Anke|date=November 2013|title=Community management and sustainability of rural water facilities in Tanzania|journal=Water Policy|language=en|volume=15|issue=S2|pages=79–100|doi=10.2166/wp.2013.014|issn=1366-7017|doi-access=free}}</ref> Babban tushen jarin zuba kuɗi shi ne tallafin gundumomi ga hukumomin ƙananan hukumomi, wanda Sakatariyar Shiyya ke bayarwa. Akwai manyan nau'ikan COWSOs guda biyu: Ƙungiyoyin Masu Amfani da Ruwa (Vikundi vya Huduma ya Maji), waɗanda ke da alhakin samar da ruwan sha, da kuma Ƙungiyoyin Masu Amfani da Ruwa (Vikundi vya Watumiaji Maji), waɗanda ke da alhakin albarkatun ruwa da kuma magance rikici tsakanin masu amfani da ruwa. Ya zuwa shekarar 2006, an kafa Ƙungiyoyin Masu Amfani da Ruwa guda 121.<ref name="mowi" /> A bisa ƙa'ida, Ƙungiyoyin Masu Amfani da Ruwa suna buƙatar biyan kuɗin memba, shiga cikin tarurruka, samar da kudurori da dokoki, da kuma tsarin zaɓe na matsayoyin shugabanci. Sai dai kuma, shigar mambobi akai-akai ya kasance kaɗan domin mazauna ƙauyen sun gwammace su shiga ƙungiyoyin da ba na gwamnati ba waɗanda ke da ƙarancin buƙatu.<ref name=":1" /> '''Misali: Gundumar Hai'''. A Gundumar Hai da ke Yankin Kilimanjaro mutane 200,000 a ƙauyuka 55 ne ke samun hidima ta hanyar amfani da tsarin igiyar ruwa (gravity systems) daga asali a cikin dajin rani a kan gangaren Dutsen Kilimandjaro. Har zuwa farkon shekarun 1990, tsarin ruwan yana cikin mummunan yanayi: Al'ummomin yankin ba su gyara ababen more rayuwa ba, ingancin ruwa ya kasance mara kyau kuma wasu tsarin ma sun gaza samar da kowane irin ruwa. Manufofin ruwa na ƙasa na shekarun 1991 da 2002, waɗanda suka jaddada shigar da mutanen gida da mallakar mallaka da kuma biyan kuɗin ruwa da auna lissafi, sun canza lamarin. Tare da jarin da aka samu a matsayin wani ɓangare na haɗin gwiwar ci gaba da ƙasar Jamus, sabuwar hanyar ta sami gagarumin ci gaba. Ta amfana daga nuna ƙarfi na al'ada na taimakon kai da kai. Yanzu haka ana gudanar da tsarin ruwa da kula da su ta hanyar ma'aikatan amintattun samar da ruwa - sunan gida na COWSO. Kowane amintaccen yana da mambobi goma, waɗanda kashi rabinsu dole ne su kasance mata bisa doka, waɗanda al'ummomi ke zaɓen su. Suna tsara farashi, sarrafa kuɗaɗen kansu da kuma ɗaukar manajoji na kowane tsarin ruwa. Manajojin kuma suna kula da masana fasaha da akantoci da kwamitin ruwa ya ɗauka. Ana sayar da ruwa a famfunan taron jama'a ta hannun wakilan famfo ko kuma a samar da shi ga haɗin gida mai auna lissafi. Wani kimantawa a shekarar 2002 ya nuna cewa bullar cututtukan da ke samuwa ta hanyar ruwa ta ragu sosai idan aka kwatanta da farkon shekarun 1990 kuma an dawo da kuɗaɗen da aka kashe fiye da kima.<ref>KfW: [http://www.kfw-entwicklungsbank.de/EN_Home/Ex-post_Evaluation_at_KfW/Ex-post_evaluation_reports/PDF-Dokumente_R-Z/Tanzania_Uroki_Boma.pdf Ex-post evaluation. Tanzania: Water Supply Uroki-Hai District, Phase I] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719051833/http://www.kfw-entwicklungsbank.de/EN_Home/Ex-post_Evaluation_at_KfW/Ex-post_evaluation_reports/PDF-Dokumente_R-Z/Tanzania_Uroki_Boma.pdf |date=19 July 2011 }}, 2002</ref> Ya zuwa shekarar 2009, samar da ruwa ya ci gaba da kasancewa ba tare da tsayawa ba kuma ingancin ruwa yana da kyau. Kwamitocin ruwa sun kasance masu dorewa ta fuskar kuɗi tare da fiye da kashi 90% na abokan ciniki suna biyan kuɗin ruwan su.<ref>Immaculata Raphael: [http://www.inwent.org/ez/articles/193005/index.en.shtml No more cholera] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809032029/http://www.inwent.org/ez/articles/193005/index.en.shtml |date=9 August 2011 }}, Development and Cooperation, March 2011</ref><ref>Rogers C. Marandu: [http://www.arcworld.org/downloads/Water-and-a-church-in-tanzania.pdf Hai district water supply project. A model of community rural water supply initiated by a church in Tanzania], Workshop of Faith Schools Water Sanitation and Hygiene, held at Sarum College Salisbury – England, 5– 7 July 2009</ref> '''Haɗin gwiwa Tsakanin Hukumomin Gwamnati da na Gargajiya.''' A yankunan karkara da ba su da tsarin ruwa na hukuma ko gudanar da ruwa, ana mika dabarun gudanar da albarkatun ruwa na gargajiya da tsaftar muhalli ta tsara zuwa tsara a matsayin ilimin muhalli na gargajiya. Anan, rashin amincewa tsakanin gwamnati da ƙungiyoyin asali da ya samo asali daga gazawar manufar Ruwa Kyauta ya haifar da rashin bin dokokin hukuma.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Strauch|first1=Ayron M.|last2=Almedom|first2=Astier M.|date=2011-01-27|title=Traditional Water Resource Management and Water Quality in Rural Tanzania|journal=Human Ecology|language=en|volume=39|issue=1|pages=93–106|doi=10.1007/s10745-011-9376-0|s2cid=154598852|issn=0300-7839}}</ref> Misali, rigingimun ruwa a matakin ƙauye galibi ana warware su ne ta hanyar gargajiya maimakon kai su gaban kotunan share fage da na gundumomi waɗanda suke ganin suna ɗaukar lokaci, tsada, da rashin adalci.<ref name=":1">{{Citation|last1=Koppen|first1=B. van|chapter=Water rights and water fees in rural Tanzania.|pages=143–164|publisher=CABI|isbn=9781845932923|last2=Sokile|first2=C. S.|last3=Lankford|first3=B. A.|last4=Hatibu|first4=N.|last5=Mahoo|first5=H.|last6=Yanda|first6=P. Z.|doi=10.1079/9781845932923.0143|title=Irrigation water pricing: The gap between theory and practice|year=2007|hdl=10568/36896|s2cid=56137089|url=http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/158013 |chapter-url=http://publications.iwmi.org/pdf/H040605.pdf|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Maimakon haka, ana gudanar da ayyukan gudanar da ruwa na al'ada ta hanyar manyan mutane na ƙauye, kamar mwanamijie a ƙauyukan Sonjo. Dokoki gami da lokacin da inda za a iya tatar ruwa gami da hukunci ko tara lokacin da aka keta waɗannan dokoki suna da alaƙa ta kusa da imanin addini na gida, al'adu, da dabi'u.<ref name=":0" /> Hukumomin gwamnati waɗanda ba su da ƙwarewar fasaha da jari don ginawa da kula da tsarin ruwa a cikin al'ummomin asali za su iya amfani da damar tsarin na gargajiya don sauƙaƙe nauyin da ke kansu, amma gwamnatin tsakiya sau da yawa ta kan kasa amincewa da waɗannan tsarin a matsayin halatattu.<ref name=":1" /> Hukumomin gwamnati da na agajin ƙasa da ƙasa su ma suna jaddada samar da ruwan sha, suna watsi da sauran buƙatun ruwa da al'ummomin karkara ke fuskanta, gami da samar da ruwan da ake buƙata don noman rani, shanu, da wanke-wanke. Lokacin da ake samar da ruwan da aka tace kawai a cikin wadatar da ta isa don amfani, mazauna yankin suna ci gaba da amfani da gurbatattun hanyoyin gargajiya don dukkan sauran ayyukan da ke haifar da dorewar cututtukan hanji da rikici kan wadatar ruwa. Shiga tsakanin masu ruwa da tsaki na al'umma a cikin tsarin ci gaban tsarin ruwa na karkara na iya hana rashin ba da muhimmanci ga waɗannan buƙatun.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Madulu|first=Ndalahwa F.|date=January 2003|title=Linking poverty levels to water resource use and conflicts in rural Tanzania|journal=Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C|language=en|volume=28|issue=20–27|pages=911–917|doi=10.1016/j.pce.2003.08.024|bibcode=2003PCE....28..911M}}</ref> === Kungiyoyin farar hula === Masu fada a ji na kungiyoyin farar hula su ma suna shiga cikin sashen ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. A shekarar 2008 sun kafa TaWaSaNet, wata hanyar sadarwa da ke da nufin karfafa gwiwar kungiyoyin farar hula don shiga cikin harkokin ruwa da tsaftar muhalli da kuma tabbatar da cewa an gudanar da manufofi cikin adalci.<ref>TAWASANET [http://www.tzdpg.or.tz/uploads/media/Water_Equity_Report_2009_1__01.pdf ''Water and Sanitation equity report 2009''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303230945/http://www.tzdpg.or.tz/uploads/media/Water_Equity_Report_2009_1__01.pdf |date=3 March 2012 }}</ref><ref>[https://afchive.today/20120711100650/http://groups.yahoo.com/group/tawasanet/ TaWaSaNet on Yahoo! Groups]{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Daga cikin kungiyoyin masu zaman kansu (NGOs) da ke aiki a sashen ruwa na Tanzaniya (kuma aka ambata a cikin rahoton Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Ban Ruwa - MoWI) sune: WaterAid, Kungiyar Ci Gaban Netherlands (SNV); Concern Worldwide, Plan International, WWF, Shahidi wa Maji,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.shahidiwamaji.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=49&Itemid=56 |title=Shahidi wa Maji - What we do |access-date=26 February 2010 |archive-date=3 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303230945/http://www.shahidiwamaji.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=49&Itemid=56 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Daraja,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.daraja.org/our-work/rtwp |title=Daraja - Our work |access-date=26 February 2010 |archive-date=16 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100516173813/http://www.daraja.org/our-work/rtwp |url-status=dead }}</ref> da kuma MSABI. == Shirye-shiryen zuba jari da yanke shawara == Tsara zuba jarin ruwa ga yankunan karkara ana yin sa ne a matakin gundumomi ta sassan ruwa daban-daban. A shekarar 2009 kungiyar mai zaman kanta ta WaterAid ta yi nazari kan tsarin tsara gwamnatocin taron na gida don zuba jarin ruwa a gundumomin karkara hudu na kasar cikin gundumomi 99, wato a Mpwapwa, Kongwa, Iramba da Nzega. Tsare-tsare yana farawa da dogon jerin buri dangane da buƙatu daga matakin ƙauye. Tun da yake da wuya a gano ainihin abubuwan da suka fi dacewa, ƙa'idar zaɓi ɗaya da ake amfani da ita ita ce ma'aunin kuɗin da aka ajiye a asusun ruwa na ƙauyen. Wannan ana kallonsa a matsayin alamar mallakar al'umma kuma ana iya bayyana shi cikin sauƙi ga kansiloli da mazauna ƙauyen. Sauran sharuɗɗan da aka bayyana sune kididdigar lafiya da bayanan da aka tattara daga aikin taswirar wuraren ruwa, amma ba a ba su babban fifiko ba a aikace. Ana yin zaɓin ne ta yadda za a raba ayyukan ruwa daidai gwargwado tsakanin mazaɓun gundumar na Membobin Majalisa. Bugu da ƙari, kansiloli suna tura ayyukan zuwa ƙauyuka a cikin mazaɓunsu, tare da ƙarin kansiloli masu fada a ji suna nuna tasiri mafi girma. Wata tabbatacciyar ka'ida kuma ita ce bayanan da suka gabata wajen kula da ababen more rayuwa: A wasu yankunan an sace famfunan hannu, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama da wuya a ba da hujjar sabon zuba jari. Al'ummomin da ke kusa da gari, dake kan manyan hanyoyi ko kuma masu ayyukan zamantakewa da ke akwai suna da fa'ida a cikin tsarin yanke shawara, tun da jami'ai suna ziyartarsu akai-akai kuma farashin samar da ababen more rayuwa ya yi ƙasa kaɗan. Rahoton WaterAid ya nuna cewa idan har akwai ingantattun bayanai game da samar da ababen more rayuwa na samar da ruwa a karkara hakan zai iya taimaka wa wakilan al'ummomin da ba su da isasshen hidima su yi fafutuka a madadin mazaɓunsu.<ref>{{cite web|last=Ben Taylor, Daraja and WaterAid Tanzania|title=Obstacles to Equity in Local Government Planning, in Tanzania Water and Sanitation Network (TAWASANET): Out of sight and out of mind? Are marginalised communities being overlooked in decision making?|url=http://www.waterwitness.org/images/stories/ww/reports/tanzania-water-sector-equity-report-2009.pdf|work=Water and sanitation equity report, 2009|access-date=11 September 2011|pages=14–15}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Ra'ayin jama'a == Binciken Afrobarometer na shekarar 2008 ya tattara bayanai game da ra'ayoyin 'yan kasar Tanzaniya game da sashen ruwa. Bambancin samun gurbataccen ruwa da tsaftataccen ruwa tsakanin yankunan karkara da birane yana bayyana ta hanyar martani: kashi 51% na mazauna birane sun gamsu da kokarin gwamnati na samar da ayyukan ruwa da tsaftar muhalli, idan aka kwatanta da kashi 39% a yankunan karkara. Don haka, 'yan Tanzaniya na karkara suna kallon sashen ruwa a matsayin mafi muhimmanci da ya kamata gwamnati ta dauki mataki a kai. Kashi 44% na wadanda aka tambaya a yankunan karkara sun ambaci samar da ruwa a matsayin daya cikin manyan batutuwa guda uku da ya kamata gwamnati ta magance (ga kashi 16% wannan ita ce babbar matsala guda daya mafi muhimmanci). A yankunan birane, samar da ruwa ya zo na uku bayan damuwar tattalin arziki da lafiya a cikin kashi 25% na martani. Binciken ya kuma bincika batutuwan cin hanci da rashawa a sashen ruwa: kashi 4% na wadanda aka tambaya sun amince cewa dole ne su biya cin hanci, bayar da kyauta, ko yi wa jami'an gwamnati alfarma domin su sami ayyukan ruwa ko tsaftar muhalli a cikin shekarar da ta gabata.<ref>[http://www.afrobarometer.org/Summary%20of%20Results/Round%204/tan_R4SOR_6mar09_final.pdf Afrobarometer Survey 2008 - Tanzania]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Survey based on a nationally representative random sample of 1,208 Tanzanians. Retrieved 23 February 2010</ref> == Taimakon tattalin arziki == Wasu alamomin gama gari na ingancin tattalin arziki na kayan aikin ruwa da na magudanar ruwa sune ingancin lissafin kudi (billing efficiency), matakin ruwan da ba ya kawo kudin shiga (non-revenue water) da kuma yawan aikin kwadago. Dangane da wadannan alamomin, ingancin tattalin arziki na samar da ayyukan birane a sashen ruwa a Tanzaniya yana da karanci. '''Ingancin lissafin kudi.''' Bayanan gwamnati sun nuna cewa kamfanonin ruwa na birane suna da matakan ingancin lissafin kudi masu yawa (ba su taba kasancewa kasa da kashi 70% ba).<ref name="mowi" /> Sai dai wani Rahoton Binciken Kashe Kudade na Jama'a a shekarar 2009 ya bayyana cewa kashi 15% na kudaden shiga na manyan kamfanoni 20 da EWURA ke tsarawa ba a tattara su ba.<ref name="pubexp" /> '''Ruwan da ba ya kawo kudin shiga.''' Matsakaicin matakin ruwan da ba ya kawo kudin shiga a tsakanin kamfanonin ruwa na shiyya 20 ya kasance kashi 45% a shekarar kudi ta 2006-2007. Bayanan da Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Ban Ruwa ta bayar a shekarar 2009 sun nuna cewa ruwan da ba ya kawo kudin shiga a yankunan birane ya bambanta tsakanin kashi 55% a Dar es Salaam da kashi 25% a Tanga. An kiyasta cewa ruwan da ba ya kawo kudin shiga ya fi yawa a kananan garuruwa da na gundumomi.<ref name="mowi" /> '''Yawan aikin kwadago.''' A matsakaici, akwai ma'aikata 10 ga kowane haɗin ruwa 1000 a cikin manyan kamfanonin ruwa ya zuwa shekarar 2007. Mafi karancin lamba a UWSSAs na Tanzaniya shi ne ma'aikata 6 ga kowane haɗin gwiwa 1000, wanda aka samu a Tanga, Mbeya da Arusha.<ref name="mowi" /> Wannan ya kusan dacewa da matsakaicin yankin Saharar Afirka wanda ke da ma'aikata 5.<ref>World Bank, [https://www.infrastructureafrica.org/aicd/tools/data African Infrastructure Country Diagnostic] (AICD) Database: Quick Query Employees per 1000 water connections for the period 2001-2008</ref> == Sassan kuɗi == === Farashi da dawo da kuɗaɗen da aka kashe === Manufar ruwa ta ƙasa (NAWAPO) tana bayyana kamfanoni a matsayin hukumomin kasuwanci waɗanda ke samar da kayayyaki na tattalin arziki da zamantakewa. Don haka, tana haɓaka batun '''dawo da kuɗaɗen gudanarwa da gyare-gyare''' (operational and maintenance - O&M) a matsayin tushe na samar da ayyuka masu dorewa. Ana sa ran Hukumomin Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli na Karkara za su biya cikakkun kuɗaɗen O&M da kuma kashi 5% na kuɗaɗen jarin gudanarwa.<ref name="track" /> An raba Hukumomin Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli na Birane zuwa guda uku bisa ga yadda suke nuna ƙwazo wajen dawo da kuɗaɗen: * Rukunin A: hukumomin da ke biyan dukkan kuɗaɗen O&M, gami da albashin ma'aikata, kuɗin wutar lantarki da wasu gudunmawa ga zuba jari; * Rukunin B: hukumomin da ke biyan kuɗaɗen O&M, suna raba kuɗin wutar lantarki da gwamnati, kuma suna iya biyan cikakken albashi ga ma'aikata na dindindin; * Rukunin C: hukumomin da ke buƙatar tallafin gwamnati don biyan kuɗin wutar lantarki da kuma biyan albashi ga ma'aikata na dindindin. [[File:Lindi.jpg|thumb|right|Lindi tana ɗaya daga cikin birane biyu a Tanzaniya inda kamfanin ruwa ba ya tara isassun kuɗaɗen shiga don biyan kuɗin wutar lantarki da albashi, duk da cewa tana da mafi girman farashin ruwa a ƙasar.]] An tsara wannan tsarin ne don ya zama kwarin gwiwa ga kamfanoni don inganta ayyukansu. A cewar MoWI, guda 14 daga cikin UWSSAs na shiyya 20 suna cikin rukunin A, guda 4 an rarraba su azaman B, yayin da kamfanoni a Babati da Lindi suna cikin rukunin C. Sai dai sakamakon wani bincike da Tobias A. Swai na Jami'ar Dar es Salaam ya yi, ya nuna cewa UWSSAs na Rukunin A sune mafi karancin inganci duk da cewa suna dogaro da kansu.<ref name="iaadb" /> Bayanan EWURA sun kuma nuna cewa guda biyu daga cikin kamfanonin shiyya ashirin suna da rabon kuɗin gudanarwa mafi girma fiye da ɗaya, wanda ke nufin za su iya dorewar matakin hidimar yanzu. Wasu kamfanoni guda bakwai kuma suna iya tafiyar da ayyukansu na yanzu da kyar.<ref name="pubexp" /> '''Matakan farashi''' ana tsara su ne a matakin gida, amma suna buƙatar amincewar hukumar kula da kayayyaki ta ƙasa wato EWURA. A yankunan birane, UWSSAs suna ƙayyade farashi gwargwadon buƙatun kuɗaɗensu da rukunin da suke aiki a ciki. A cikin tsare-tsaren samar da ruwa da Hukumomin Ƙananan Hukumomi ke gudanarwa, ana ƙayyade matakan farashi ta Majalisar Gundumar da abin ya shafa, amma ba tare da takamaiman manufa ta dawo da kuɗaɗen ba. Farashin yawanci yana da arha kuma ba a sake duba shi ba a shekarun baya.<ref name="NWSDS" /> A Dar es Salaam matsakaicin farashin ruwa a shekarar 2008 ya kasance TSh 599 ko dalar Amurka 0.46 ga kowace m<sup>3</sup>. Lindi ce ke da mafi girman matsakaicin farashin ruwa: TSh 833 ko dalar Amurka 0.64 ga kowace m<sup>3</sup>. Matsakaicin farashin ruwan birni ya kasance TSh 437.40, daidai da dalar Amurka 0.34 ga kowace m<sup>3</sup>.<ref name="mowi" /> UWSSAs suna gudanar da '''auna lissafin ruwa''' (water metering). A Arusha, Dodoma, Moshi, Mwanza da Tanga an ba da rahoton cewa kashi 100% na haɗin gidaje an auna su. Alkaluman sun fito fili sama da kashi 50% a wasu birane guda goma sha ɗaya, inda Lindi ta kasance mafi muni da kashi 26% na haɗin gwiwar da aka auna. Ya zuwa shekarar 2008 akwai jimillar haɗin gidaje sama da 331,000 da aka auna a yankin da kamfanonin shiyya ke yi wa hidima (adadin ya kusan ninkawa idan aka kwatanta da na shekarar 2007 - kusan haɗin gwiwa 169,000 da aka auna). Kula da mita na ruwa da kuɗaɗen da ke tattare da hakan an bayyana su ta MoWI a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin matsalolin gaggawa ga masu samar da ruwa na birane.<ref name="mowi" /> Game da '''ikon biya''', wani nazari na binciken kasafin kuɗin gida na shekarar 2007 ya nuna cewa mafi yawan masu kuɗi na 'yan Tanzaniya suna kashe fiye da TSh 4,000 (dalar Amurka 3.10) kowane wata don ruwa, wanda ya dace da kusan kashi 1 cikin ɗari na kuɗaɗen shigar su. Waɗanda ke cikin mafi rashi suna kashe kusan TSh 1,000 (dalar Amurka 0.77) kowane wata don ruwa, amma wannan yana wakiltar kashi 4.5 na kuɗaɗen shigar su. Guda cikin dalilan da suka sa talakawa ke kashe kuɗi kaɗan a zahiri akan ruwa shi ne cewa suna ɗebo ruwa kyauta daga rijiyoyi da rafuka. Ba a bambance bayanan tsakanin yankunan karkara da birane ba, kodayake akwai yuwuwar talakawan birni waɗanda ba su da hanyar samun ruwa kyauta suna biyan kuɗi mai yawa don ruwa fiye da waɗanda ke yankunan karkara.<ref>{{cite web|last=Tanzania Water and Sanitation Network (TAWASANET)|title=Out of sight and out of mind? Are marginalised communities being overlooked in decision making?|url=http://www.waterwitness.org/images/stories/ww/reports/tanzania-water-sector-equity-report-2009.pdf|work=Water and sanitation equity report, 2009|access-date=11 September 2011|pages=11}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === Zuba jari da samar da kuɗaɗe === '''Zuba jari.''' A cewar Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Ban Ruwa, jimillar kasafin kuɗi na sashen ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a shekarar kuɗi ta 2008-2009 ya kasance biliyan TSh 286.5, daidai da dalar Amurka miliyan 220. Daga cikin waɗannan, dalar Amurka miliyan 175 ne aka kashe a zahiri. Kasafin kuɗin da aka amince da shi na shekarar kuɗi ta 2009-2010 shi ne biliyan TSh 309.6, ko dalar Amurka miliyan 238. An ware kashi 40.1% ga ruwan karkara da tsaftar muhalli sannan kashi 43.9% ga ruwan birane da magudanar ruwa. Gudanar da albarkatun ruwa da ci gaban hukumomi da gina ƙarfin aiki an ware musu kashi 8.5% da kashi 7.4% na kasafin kuɗin bi da bi.<ref name="mowi 31">Ministry of Water and Irrigation [http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?&direction=0&order=&directory=Water%20Sector%20Development%20Programme/WSSR%20Bibliography Water Sector Status Report 2009] p.31</ref> Rahoton UN Water Country Brief na Tanzaniya, ya nuna kiyasin matsakaicin kuɗaɗen shiga na shekara-shekara na ruwan sha da tsaftar muhalli a lokacin 2002–2011. A cewar rahoton, kuɗaɗen zuba jari na gwamnati dalar Amurka miliyan 30 ne kawai a kowace shekara tare da tallafin ci gaba na hukuma na dalar Amurka miliyan 82 a kowace shekara, kusan sau bakwai ƙasa da alkaluman gwamnati na shekarar kuɗi ta 2008-09. Kuɗaɗen da ake kashewa sun canza sosai daga shekara zuwa shekara, tare da kololuwa a 2008-09.<ref>{{cite web|last=UN Water|title=Republic of Tanzania: UN-Water Country Brief|url=http://www.unwater.org/downloads/WCB/finalpdf/TZA_pagebypage.pdf|access-date=14 September 2013|archive-date=22 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822033747/http://www.unwater.org/downloads/WCB/finalpdf/TZA_pagebypage.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Rahoton Kashe Kuɗaɗen Jama'a na Sashen Ruwa ya ba da cikakken bincike kan tsarin kashe kasafin kuɗi. Ya bayyana cewa a sashen ruwa babban ɓangare na kasafin kuɗi ya ƙunshi kuɗaɗen ci gaba kuma kashi 15% ne kawai kuɗaɗen da ake kashewa akai-akai (idan aka kwatanta da kashi 55% na kuɗaɗen ci gaba a cikin jimillar kasafin kuɗin gwamnati). Haka kuma, sakamakon manufar rarraba madafun iko na gwamnati, kasafin kuɗin da aka ware wa hukumomin ƙananan hukumomi da shiyyoyi ya ƙaru cikin sauri. A shekarar kuɗi ta 2008-2009 LGAs suna da rabo a cikin jimillar kasafin kuɗin sashen ruwa na kusan kashi 25%, yayin da adadin ya kasance kashi 20% ga shiyyoyi. Sabanin haka, wani sashe na kasafin kuɗin gwamnatin tsakiya da ke ƙaruwa ana sadaukar da shi ne ga nazarin dacewar ayyuka (feasibility studies): wannan yana nuna irin rawar haɗin gwiwa da tsara manufofi da MoWI ke canzawa zuwa gare ta.<ref name="pubexp" /> '''Financing.''' Tanzaniya tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashen da suka fi karɓar tallafin ƙasashen waje a yankin Saharar Afirka.<ref>Development Partners Group Tanzania [http://www.tzdpg.or.tz/external/dpg-tanzania/overview-of-aid-in-tanzania.html Overview of Aid in Tanzania] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100524091313/http://www.tzdpg.or.tz/external/dpg-tanzania/overview-of-aid-in-tanzania.html |date=24 May 2010 }}, retrieved 24 February 2010</ref> Wannan ya haɗa da taimako ta hanyar tallafi, lamuni na rangwame da sauƙaƙe bashi. Gudanar da taimako a Tanzaniya yana jagorantar da Tsarin Haɗin Gwiwa (JAST) wanda aka amince da shi a cikin shekarar 2006 kuma an yi niyya don aiwatar da ƙa'idodin Sanarwar Paris kan Ingantaccen Taimako. JAST tana ba da shawarar haɗa dukkan kuɗaɗen ci gaba cikin kasafin kuɗin gwamnati, tana haɓaka ikon mallakar ƙasa da haɓaka "rarraba ayyuka" tsakanin masu ba da gudunmawa.<ref>Development Partners Group Tanzania [http://www.tzdpg.or.tz/external/aid-effectiveness/joint-assistance-strategy-for-tanzania-jast.html JAST for Tanzania] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007124201/http://www.tzdpg.or.tz/external/aid-effectiveness/joint-assistance-strategy-for-tanzania-jast.html |date=7 October 2010 }}, retrieved 4 February 2010</ref> Sai dai Rahoton Kashe Kuɗaɗen Jama'a ya nuna cewa ba duka kashe kuɗi a sashen ruwa ke cikin kasafin kuɗin gwamnati ba. Kwatanta tsakanin bayanan OECD da na Ma'aikatar Kuɗi akan tallafin bangarori biyu ya nuna cewa akwai gibi tsakanin tushen guda biyu. Wannan yana nuna cewa an sami tallafin da ba ya cikin kasafin kuɗi na kusan kashi 26% na jimillar tallafin bangarori biyu a cikin shekaru biyar da suka gabata.<ref name="pubexp" /> Dangane da bayanan da MoWI ta amurke, na kuɗaɗen da aka tsara don sashen ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na shekarar kuɗi ta 2009-2010, kusan kashi 88% za a samar da su ne daga canja wurin kuɗaɗen waje.<ref name="mowi" /> == Haɗin gwiwar waje == Tanzaniya tana karɓar tallafin waje daga hukumomin bayar da gudunmawa da yawa. An tsara su a cikin Rukunin Abokan Ci Gaba (DPG) wanda ke da nufin inganta daidaiton masu ba da gudunmawa da ingantaccen taimako. Ana gudanar da tattaunawa tsakanin DPG da Ma'aikatun da ke da alhakin ruwa ta hanyar rukunoni guda huɗu na ayyuka na jigo waɗanda ke nuna al'amuran ruwa, tsaftar muhalli da lafiyar muhalli.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.tzdpg.or.tz/external/home.html |title=Development Partners Group Tanzania |access-date=26 February 2010 |archive-date=25 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100525162332/http://www.tzdpg.or.tz/external/home.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Manyan masu ba da gudunmawa guda biyar a sashen ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na Tanzaniya sune: Bankin Ci Gaban Afirka, Hukumar Tarayyar Turai, Jamus, Netherlands da Bankin Duniya. A cikin iyakokin JAST, Gwamnatin Tanzaniya, Bankin Duniya, Jamus, da gwamnatin Dutch suna ba da gudunmawa ga Asusun WSDP Basket Fund wanda wani tsari ne na Tsarin Sashi Guda (SWAp).<ref name="mowi" /> Sauran masu ba da gudunmawa sun haɗa da: AFD ta Faransa, JICA ta Japan, Belgium, Switzerland, UK (DFID), Amurka (USAID da MCC). === Bankin Ci Gaban Afirka === Bankin Ci Gaban Afirka (AfDB) yana cikin sashen ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na Tanzaniya tare da ayyuka guda uku. Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli na Dar es Salaam, wanda aka fara a shekarar 2001, yana mai da hankali kan inganta damar samun ruwa, inganci da amincin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Dar es Salaam.<ref>African Development Fund, [http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/TZ-2001-129-EN-ADF-BD-WP-COMPLETE-TANZANIA-DAR-ES-SALAM.PDF ''Dar Salaam Water Supply & Sanitation Project, Appraisal Report''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726091819/http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/TZ-2001-129-EN-ADF-BD-WP-COMPLETE-TANZANIA-DAR-ES-SALAM.PDF |date=26 July 2011 }}</ref> An amince da Aikin Samar da Ruwa na Gundumar Monduli a shekarar 2003 da nufin tabbatar da isasshen damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha ga mazauna ƙauyuka goma sha takwas a Gundumar Monduli. AfDB ta ba da tallafin kusan dalar Amurka miliyan 10 wanda ya rufe kashi 90% na kuɗaɗen aikin.<ref>African Development Fund, [http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/TZ-2003-145-EN-ADF-BD-WP-TANZANIA-MONDULI-DISTRICT-WATER-PROJECT.PDF ''Monduli District Water Supply Project, Appraisal Report'']</ref> Tun daga shekarar 2006, AfDB tare da sauran masu ba da gudunmawa suna ba da gudunmawa ga Shirin Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli na Karkara. Shirin yana da nufin inganta damar samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ga al'ummomin karkara da kuma inganta ƙarfin hukumomi - a matakin gunduma da gwamnati - don gudanar da ayyukan ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na karkara bisa ga buƙata.<ref>African Development Fund [http://www.afdb.org/en/projects-operations/project-portfolio/project/no-sap-rural-water-supply-sanitation-program-760 ''Rural Water Supply & Sanitation Program, Overview''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091010225108/http://www.afdb.org/en/projects-operations/project-portfolio/project/no-sap-rural-water-supply-sanitation-program-760/ |date=10 October 2009 }}</ref><ref>African Development Fund, [http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/TZ-2006-086-EN-ADF-BD-WP-TANZANIA-RWSSI-APPRAISAL-REPORT.PDF ''Rural Water Supply & Sanitation Program, Appraisal Report''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927114530/http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/TZ-2006-086-EN-ADF-BD-WP-TANZANIA-RWSSI-APPRAISAL-REPORT.PDF |date=27 September 2011 }}, retrieved Feb 2010</ref> === Hukumar Tarayyar Turai === Hukumar Tarayyar Turai tana ba da tallafi ga sashen ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na Tanzaniya ta hanyar albarkatun Asusun Ci Gaban Turai National Indicative Programme (NIP) da kuma Tsarin Ruwa na EU. A ƙarshen shekarar 2008, ayyuka goma sha uku da aka haɗa gwiwa da Tsarin Ruwa don tallafawa suna kan aiwatarwa, akan jimillar kuɗi yuro miliyan 20.08.<ref>European Commission [http://ec.europa.eu/development/icenter/repository/jar08_tz_en.pdf JOINT ANNUAL REPORT, Tanzania 2008]</ref> Haɗin gwiwar EU a sashen ruwa da tsaftar muhalli yana mai da hankali ne kan talakawa a yankunan birane da na kewaye da birane. Tsakanin 2003 da 2007, EU ta ƙaddamar da kusan yuro miliyan 33 ga Shirin Samar da Ruwa zuwa Cibiyoyin Shiyya, wanda aka ba da kuɗin haɗin gwiwa ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar kuɗi na Jamus. Babban makasudin shirin shi ne inganta damar samun daidaiton samar da ruwa mai dorewa da sabis na gudanar da ruwan sha a cibiyoyin shiyya guda uku na Mwanza, Iringa da Mbeya. An samar da ƙarin kuɗaɗe na kusan yuro miliyan 6.6 don Aikin Gyaran Magudanar Ruwa na Mwanza tsakanin 2000 da 2004, wanda manufarsa ita ce hana ambaliyar danyen ruwan sha daga Mwanza zuwa Tafkin Victoria. Ana tallafawa ruwan karkara da tsaftar muhalli ta hanyar babban tsarin kasafin kuɗi na EU don haɗa kuɗaɗen ƙungiyoyin masu zaman kansu (NGOs) a ƙasashe masu tasowa.<ref>European Commission's Delegation in Tanzania [http://deltza.ec.europa.eu/en/cooperation/sectors/water.htm EU Water Projects]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === Jamus === [[File:Mbeya.jpg|thumb|right|Mbeya birni ne inda haɗin gwiwar ci gaban Jamus ke tallafawa ingantaccen damar samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli.]] Tun daga shekarun 1970, Jamus tana haɗa gwiwa da Gwamnatin Tanzaniya a yunƙurinta na inganta yanayin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a ƙasar. Ana gudanar da haɗin gwiwar ci gaban Jamus galibi ta hanyar KfW da GIZ. Tsakanin 2007 da 2009, KfW ta samar da EUR 17.25 miliyan don Water Basket. Bugu da ƙari, KfW tana aiki a cikin ayyukan ƙasa da na shiyya da yawa a Tanzaniya. Misali, a cikin shekarar 2003 KfW ta ba da yuro miliyan 21 don aikin ''Supporting Regional Center's Water Supply and Sewerage'' a cikin garuruwan Mbeya da Mwanza da ke haɓaka cikin sauri. An kuma shirya nazarin dacewa da tsarin zuba jari don Iringa, inda aka fara aiwatarwa a shekarar 2006. Makasudin aikin shi ne inganta samar da ruwa, tsaftar muhalli da ayyukan magudanar ruwa ta hanyar ƙarfafa ƙarfin hukumomin samar da ruwa na birane masu zaman kansu. Don cimma wannan, an faɗaɗa tare da gyara ababen more rayuwa na samar da ruwa, an inganta ababen more rayuwa na tsaftar muhalli kuma an gudanar da matakan gina ƙarfi, gami da inganta tsarin IT da ake amfani da su don lissafin kuɗi.<ref>KfW Tanzania Office [http://www.kfw-entwicklungsbank.de/EN_Home/LocalPresence/Sub-Sahara62/Office_Tanzania/Activities_in_Tanzania/Water_Supply_and_Sanitation.jsp KfW Water Supply and Sanitation Projects in Tanzania], retrieved 4 Feb 2010</ref> GIZ tana haɓaka damar cikin gida a cikin sashen, gami da ma'aikatar, EWURA da kuma masu samar da sabis na kasuwanci, kamar waɗanda ke Tanga da kuma Yankin Kilimanjaro.<ref>GIZ [http://www.GIZ.de/de/dokumente/en-tanzanian-german-development-cooperation.pdf ''Tanzanian-German Development Cooperation - Water sector'']{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, p.10-13</ref> === Indiya === A shekarar 2012 gwamnatan Indiya ta ba da lamunin dalar Amurka miliyan 178 don aiwatar da ayyukan ruwa don rage ƙarancin ruwa a Dar es Salaam "zuwa 2014". Lamunin zai ba da kuɗin haɓaka ƙarfin masana'antar Upper Ruvu zuwa mita cubic 196,000 daga mita cubic 82,000 na yanzu a rana guda kuma a gina sabon layin watsawa daga masana'antar zuwa birnin. Ya zuwa shekarar 2012, wasu sassa na birnin suna karɓar ruwa sau biyu a mako yayin da wasu ba su sami ko ɗaya ba.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tanzania: Dar es Salaam Gets U.S. $271 Million for Water|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201210081281.html|publisher=allafrica.com|access-date=12 May 2013|date=8 October 2012}}</ref> === Netherlands === Gwamnatin Netherlands ta ba da kuɗi don WSDP Water Basket (ta hanyar umarni ga KfW). Bugu da ƙari, Ƙungiyar Ci Gaban Netherlands (SNV) tana ba da tallafi a manyan fannoni guda uku na sashen ruwa da tsaftar muhalli: (a) inganta aikin wuraren ruwa da ke akwai ta hanyar taswirar wuraren ruwa (wanda aka gudanar tare da haɗin gwiwar WaterAid), (b) tallafi ga ayyukan ruwa, tsaftar muhalli da lafiyar muhalli a makarantu, da (c) gina ƙarfi a cikin IWRM.<ref name="mowi" /><ref>[http://www.snvworld.org/en/countries/tanzania/aboutus/news/Pages/NewsPage0906000.aspx] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728034836/http://www.snvworld.org/en/countries/tanzania/aboutus/news/Pages/NewsPage0906000.aspx |date=28 July 2011 }}[[SNV Netherlands Development Organisation|SNV]]<span> joins hands with WaterAid and CONCERN during Water Week</span>, retrieved Feb 2010</ref> === Amurka === Amurka ta ba da tallafin dalar Amurka miliyan 66.3 don ba da kuɗin faɗaɗa Masana'antar Lower Ruvu wacce ke samar da ruwa ga Dar es Salaam daga mita cubic 180,000 zuwa 270,000 kowace rana, gami da rage ruwan da ba ya kawo kuɗin shiga da kuma gyara masana'antun tace ruwa guda biyu a Morogoro kusa da Dar es Salaam.<ref>{{cite web|last=Millennium Challenge Account Tanzania|title=The Water Sector|url=http://www.mca-t.go.tz/en/about-us-v15-70/vision/projects-v15-96/the-water-sector.html|access-date=12 May 2013|date=20 June 2012|archive-date=24 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724042704/http://mca-t.go.tz/en/about-us-v15-70/vision/projects-v15-96/the-water-sector.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, USAID/Tanzania ta ba da kuɗin shirin shekaru 3 na dala miliyan 15 na Tanzania Integrated Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (iWASH<ref>{{cite web|title=Tanzania iWASH Project|url=http://www.globalwaters.net/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/August-21-NEW-iWASH-brief.pdf|access-date=19 June 2014|archive-date=12 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151012173151/http://www.globalwaters.net/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/August-21-NEW-iWASH-brief.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>) wanda ya haɗa da tallafin dacewa daga haɗin gwiwar Water and Development Alliance (WADA) tsakanin USAID da Kamfanin Coca-Cola. Shirin ya fara ne a watan Janairun shekarar 2010 kuma an tsawaita ba da kuɗaɗen farko ta hanyar 2013, sannan kuma ta hanyar 2015 (tare da ƙarin kuɗi dala miliyan 4.6). Wani ƙarin shirin na shekaru 2, WADA II, ya fara a watan Satumban shekarar 2010 kuma an tsawaita shi zuwa watan Agusta 2013 ta hanyar ba da kuɗi tare da Global Environment and Technology Foundation (GETF). Wannan haɗaɗɗen shirin (iWASH) yana aiki ne don tallafawa ayyukan samar da ruwa mai dorewa, masu dogaro da kasuwa, === Bankin Duniya === Bankin Duniya yana ba da goyon baya sosai ga Tanzaniya. A watan Disamba 2009, ya amince da Tallafin Rage Talauci na Bakwai (PRSC): wanda shi ne na hudu cikin jerin tallafin kasafin shekara biyar don aiwatar da MKUKUTA. Wannan PRSC na Bakwai ya ƙunshi alkawarin dala miliyan 170.<ref>World Bank, ''Seventh Poverty Reduction Support Credit, Tanzania''</ref> A fannin ruwa, Bankin Duniya ya bayar da dala miliyan 200 ga ''Shirin Tallafin Fannin Ruwa'' daga 2007 zuwa 2012. Shirin ya ƙunshi sassa huɗu: a) ƙarfafa ikon cibiyoyi wajen inganta sarrafa albarkatun ruwa; b) tallafawa hukumomin ƙananan gwamnati wajen faɗaɗa samar da ruwan karkara da tsaftace muhalli don cimma MDGs; c) tallafawa Dar es Salaam, manyan birane da ƙananan birane wajen faɗaɗa samar da ruwan birane da tsaftace muhalli; d) tallafawa gina ikon cibiyoyi, haɗa da daidaita manufofi da tsarin aiki.<ref>World Bank, ''Water Sector Support Project, Overview''</ref><ref>Tanzania Receives IDA Credit for Water Sector Support Project</ref> Bankin Duniya yana kuma gudanar da '''Shirin Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli''' a Tanzaniya, inda yake bayar da tallafi a fannin tsaftace muhalli da tsabtace jiki.<ref>Water and Sanitation Program, ''Sector Support to Tanzania National WSS Program''</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} 793menxh7tqxb4kl2pehc89ijg57ewo Ruwa da tsaftacewa a Habasha 0 158337 889720 864769 2026-07-31T07:52:51Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889720 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Samun [[Wadata ruwa|ruwan sha]] da [[Tsaftar muhalli|tsaftar muhalli]] a [[Etiyopiya]] yana cikin [[Samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a yankin Kudu da Sahara|mafi ƙanƙanta a yankin Kudu da Sahara]] da ma duniya baki ɗaya. Kodayake samun ruwan ya ƙaru sosai sakamakon tallafi daga [[Agajin ƙasashen waje ga Etiyopiya|agajin ƙasashen waje]], har yanzu akwai sauran aiki mai yawa a gaba. Wasu daga cikin abubuwan da ke kawo cikas ga cimma waɗannan manufofi sun haɗa da ƙarancin ƙarfin hukumomin kula da ruwa a yankuna 13 na ƙasar, gwamnatocin birane biyu, da rassan kula da ruwa a cikin [[gundumomin Etiyopiya]] 770 (''woreda''); rashin isassun kuɗaɗen da ake samu don gudanarwa da gyara da ya dace; da kuma mabanbantan manufofi da hanyoyin da masu ba da tallafi daban-daban ke amfani da su, duk da cewa akwai [[Tasirin agaji#Yalwar Paris kan Tasirin Agaji, Fabrairu 2005|Yalwar Paris kan Tasirin Agaji]]. A shekarar 2001, gwamnati ta amince da dabarun samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli wanda ya buƙaci raba ikon yanke shawara; haɓaka sa hannun duk masu ruwa da tsaki, haɗi da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu; haɓaka matakan dawo da kuɗaɗen gudanarwa; gami da haɗa ayyukan samar da ruwa, tsaftar muhalli, da haɓaka tsaftar jiki. Alamu sun nuna cewa aiwatar da wannan manufa ya bambanta a wurare daban-daban. A shekarar 2005, gwamnati ta sanar da wasu manyan manufofi masu cike da buri na ƙara yawan wadatar ruwa a cikin Shirinta na Haɓaka Tattalin Arziki Mai Dorewa da Kawar da Talauci (PASDEP) na shekarar 2010. Jarin da ake buƙata don cimma wannan buri ya kai kusan dala miliyan 300 na Amurka a duk shekara, idan aka kwatanta da ainihin jarin da aka zuba na dala miliyan 39 a shekarar 2001-2002. A shekarar 2010, gwamnati ta gabatar da [[Shirin Haɓakawa da Sauyawa]] (GTP) na 2011-2015, wanda ke da nufin ƙara yawan samun ruwan sha, bisa ga ma'anar gwamnati, daga 68.5% zuwa 98.5%.<ref name="GTP">Ministry of Finance and Economic Development:[http://www.ethiopians.com/Ethiopia_GTP_2015.pdf Growth and Transformation Plan], Draft, September 2010, p. 18</ref> Kodayake masu ba da tallafi sun ware maƙudan kuɗaɗe ga ɓangaren, yin amfani da kuɗaɗen yadda ya dace da kuma tabbatar da ingantaccen gudanarwa da gyaran abubuwan more rayuwa da aka gina da waɗannan kuɗaɗe sun kasance babban ƙalubale. == Albarkatun ruwa da amfani da su == [[Fayil:Blue Nile near Bahar Dar.jpg|thumb|Babban kogi a Etiyopiya shi ne Blue Nile. Sai dai mafi yawancin ruwan sha a Etiyopiya yana fitowa ne daga ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa, ba daga koguna ba.]] Etiyopiya tana da magudanan ruwa na koguna guda 12 tare da adadin ruwan da ke gudu a shekara wanda ya kai mita biliyan 122 kubik ($m^3$) na ruwa da kuma kiyasin mita biliyan 2.6-6.5 kubik ($m^3$) na ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Wannan ya yi daidai da matsakaicin mita 1,575 kubik ($m^3$) na ruwan da ke akwai ga kowane mutum a shekara, adadi mai yawa sosai. Sai dai, saboda babban bambancin yanayin damuna a wurare da lokuta daban-daban da kuma rashin wuraren adana ruwa, galibi ba a samun ruwan a inda ake buƙatarsa da kuma lokacin da ake buƙatarsa.<ref name="IWMI">International Water Management Institute:[https://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/publications/iwmi-working-papers/iwmi-working-paper-123/ Water Resources and Irrigation Development in Ethiopia], Working Paper 123, by Seleshi Bekele Awulachew, Aster Denekew Yilma, Makonnen Loulseged, Willibald Loiskandl, Mekonnen Ayana and Tena Alamirew, 2007</ref> Kashi 3% ne kawai na albarkatun ruwan ake amfani da su, wanda a ciki kashi 11% ne kawai (0.3% na jimillar) ake amfani da shi don samar da ruwan sha na gida.<ref>[[World Resources Institute]]:[https://web.archive.org/web/20040914102249/http://earthtrends.wri.org/text/water-resources/country-profile-60.html Water Resources and Freshwater Ecosystems COUNTRY PROFILE - Ethiopia],{{dead link|date=October 2019}} accessed on September 10, 2010, withdrawal data are for 1987</ref> Babban tushen ruwan sha na babban birnin ƙasar, [[Addis Abeba|Addis Ababa]], shi ne madatsar ruwa ta Gafsara da aka gina lokacin mulkin mallakar Italiya kuma aka gyara ta a shekarar 2009. Rijiyoyin burtsatse da wata madatsar ruwan na daban suna taimakawa wajen samar da ruwan.<ref>Jigjiga TV News. [http://jigjigatvnews.com/081620095.htm Gafarsa Water Dam Project Completed] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624023851/http://jigjigatvnews.com/081620095.htm |date=2016-06-24 }}, 16 August 2009</ref><ref>[[UN Habitat]]. Water for African Cities. [http://www.unhabitat.org/content.asp?typeid=19&catid=499&cid=3207 Addis Ababa City Programme] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130905195803/http://www.unhabitat.org/content.asp?typeid=19&catid=499&cid=3207 |date=2013-09-05 }}, retrieved on 25 September 2010</ref> [[Fayil:Addis Abeba.png|thumb|Wannan jadawalin yana nuna canjin yanayin ruwan sama a Etiyopiya, anan an ɗauki misalin babban birnin ƙasar, Addis Abeba.]] Birnin [[Dire Dawa]] kuma yana samun ruwansa ne kawai daga ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa wanda ke fama da gurbatawa sosai.<ref>[[UN Habitat]]. Water for African Cities. [http://www.unhabitat.org/content.asp?typeid=19&catid=499&cid=3210 Dire Dawa City Programme] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130905192754/http://www.unhabitat.org/content.asp?typeid=19&catid=499&cid=3210 |date=2013-09-05 }}, retrieved on 25 September 2010</ref> Al'amarin ya fi muni a [[Harar]] inda "raguwar ruwa akai-akai a [[Tafkin Alemaya]] ya haifar da rufe gaba ɗaya na kamfanin tace ruwa". Saboda ƙarancin ruwa, masu sayar da ruwa suna sayar da ruwan da ba a tace ba a kan farashi mai tsada sosai.<ref>[[UN Habitat]]. Water for African Cities.[http://www.unhabitat.org/content.asp?typeid=19&catid=499&cid=3211 Harar City Programme] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130905200513/http://www.unhabitat.org/content.asp?typeid=19&catid=499&cid=3211 |date=2013-09-05 }}, retrieved on 25 September 2010</ref> Tafkin yana kafewa ne saboda canjin yanayi na gida, canjin amfanin ƙasa a madatsar ruwan, da kuma ƙaruwar ban ruwa na gonakin [[khat]], wani ganye mai sa maye da ake nomawa don amfanin gida da kuma fitarwa zuwa ƙasashen waje.<ref>[[UNEP]] Atlas of our changing environment. [https://unepatlas.blogspot.com/2008/06/lake-alemaya.html Lake Alemaya], Ethiopia, 12 June 2008, retrieved on 26 September 2010</ref> Ana sa ran wani babban bututu zai kawo ruwa daga nisan kilomita 75 daga filin rijiyoyi kusa da Dire Dawa zuwa Harar.<ref>[[African Development Bank]]. [http://www.afdb.org/en/projects-operations/project-portfolio/project/p-et-e00-005/ Harar Water Supply & Sanitation Project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200602163534/https://www.afdb.org/en/projects-operations/project-portfolio/project/p-et-e00-005/ |date=2020-06-02 }}, approved on September 4, 2002, retrieved on September 27, 2010</ref> Mutanen da ba su da damar samun ingantaccen ruwa galibi suna samun ruwa ne daga koguna, maɓuɓɓugan ruwa da ba su da kariya, da rijiyoyin da aka gina da hannu. Rijiyoyi, koguna, da maɓuɓɓugai na iya gurɓata kuma suna iya haifar da cututtuka na ruwa.<ref name="IWMI"/> Haka kuma, [[kama ruwan sama]] ma ya zama ruwan dare. === Ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa === Mafi yawancin hanyoyin samar da ruwa na al'ummomin mazauna karkara sun dogara ne akan ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa ta hanyar rijiyoyi marasa zurfi, rijiyoyin burtsatse masu zurfi, da maɓuɓɓugai.<ref name="IWMI" />{{rp|6}} Bayanai na shekarar 2012 sun kiyasta cewa kashi 70% na amfanin ruwan gida a karkara a Etiyopiya ana samunsa ne daga ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa, kuma manyan birane kamar Addis Ababa suna samun kusan kashi 40% na ruwansu da kuma ruwan masana'antu daga ƙarƙashin ƙasa.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Nowicki |first1=Saskia |last2=Birhanu |first2=Behailu |last3=Tanui |first3=Florence |last4=Sule |first4=May N. |last5=Charles |first5=Katrina |last6=Olago |first6=Daniel |last7=Kebede |first7=Seifu |date=2023 |title=Water chemistry poses health risks as reliance on groundwater increases: A systematic review of hydrogeochemistry research from Ethiopia and Kenya |journal=Science of the Total Environment |language=en |volume=904 |article-number=166929 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166929 |pmid=37689199 |bibcode= 2023ScTEn.90466929N|doi-access=free}} [[Fayil:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]</ref> Duwatsun wuta (volcanic rocks) sune mafi faɗi da sauƙin samun ruwa a tsakiyar Etiyopiya. Idan aka duba ta fuskar ajiyar ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa, daddauran lissafi (loose sediments) sune mafi mahimmancin wuraren adana ruwa.<ref name=":2" /> Wuraren ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa marasa zurfi suna samun ruwa ne daga maɓuɓɓugan cikin gida, misali rijiyoyin aljihu na Addis Ababa, filayen rijiyoyin [[Akaki (woreda)|Akaki]], da filayen Ada'a.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Hailu |first1=Kidist |last2=Birhanu |first2=Behailu |last3=Azagegn |first3=Tilahun |last4=Kebede |first4=Seifu |date=2023-05-04 |title=Regional groundwater flow system characterization of volcanic aquifers in upper Awash using multiple approaches, central Ethiopia |journal=Isotopes in Environmental and Health Studies |language=en |volume=59 |issue=3 |pages=269–289 |doi=10.1080/10256016.2023.2222221 |pmid=37327136 |s2cid=259183843 |issn=1025-6016|doi-access=free |bibcode=2023IEHS...59..269H }}</ref> Waɗannan filayen rijiyoyin suna cikin yankunan birane kuma ana amfani da su azaman hanyoyin samun ruwa na manyan matsugunai da masana'antu. Saboda haka, waɗannan albarkatun ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa suna cikin haɗarin [[Gurɓataccen ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa|gurɓacewar ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa]]. A Tsakiyar Etiyopiya, yawancin wuraren ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa na duwatsun wuta ne wanda ke haifar da babban bambanci a tsarin tafiyar ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Ana buƙatar cikakken bincike na tsarin tafiyar ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa domin yanke shawara don cimma [[gudanar da albarkatun ruwa]] mai dorewa.<ref name=":1" /> Ana ci gaba da binciken ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa a yankin saman kogin [[Kogin Awash|Awash]]: "An haƙa rijiyoyin burtsatse sama da 300 a wannan yanki don amfanin gundumar, ban ruwa, masana'antu, da kuma masu zaman kansu daban-daban a ƙarƙashin manufar samar da ruwa da kansa da gwamnati ke ƙarfafawa."<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last1=Hailu |first1=Kidist |last2=Birhanu |first2=Behailu |last3=Azagegn |first3=Tilahun |last4=Kebede |first4=Seifu |date=2023 |title=Regional groundwater flow system characterization of volcanic aquifers in upper Awash using multiple approaches, central Ethiopia |journal=Isotopes in Environmental and Health Studies |language=en |volume=59 |issue=3 |pages=269–289 |doi=10.1080/10256016.2023.2222221 |pmid=37327136 |s2cid=259183843 |issn=1025-6016|doi-access=free |bibcode=2023IEHS...59..269H }}</ref> Misali, an haƙa rijiyoyin burtsatse masu zurfi don samar da ruwa ga birnin Addis Ababa. Akwai kuma filayen rijiyoyi a birnin Addis Ababa, Akaki, South Ayat, Legedadi, da Sebeta Tefki. Rijiyoyin burtsatse masu zurfi kuma suna samar da ruwa ga manyan tsare-tsaren [[ban ruwa]] a filayen [[Becho]] da Alliadege. Sai dai, akwai saurin raguwa na matakin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa a cikin manyan filayen rijiyoyin kamar filin rijiya na Akaki.<ref name=":3" /> Akwai tunanin cewa rijiyoyin ƙarƙashin ƙasa suna samun ruwa ne daga tafiyar ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa na yankunan tuddai, wanda hakan zai sa su jure canjin yanayi. To sai dai bincike ya nuna cewa hanyoyin samun ruwan suna da rikitarwa. Akwai "tsarin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa marasa zurfi da ke samun ruwa daga maɓuɓɓugan cikin gida" gami da "tsarin ruwa mai zurfi da ke haɗe da tafiyar ruwa na shiyya daga tuddai". Waɗannan tsarin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa da ke samun ruwa daga maɓuɓɓugan cikin gida suna buƙatar sanya idanu sosai da kuma kare su daga gurɓataccen gida.<ref name=":3" /> Rashin ingantaccen tsarin sarrafa shara a birnin Addis Ababa da yankunan Akaki yana da damar gurɓata tsarin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa marasa zurfi. Haka kuma, sabbin matsugunan birane da shiyyoyin masana'antu a wuraren da dā can gonaki ne, kamar filin Ada'a (yankunan [[Bishoftu]] da Mojo), su ma suna iya zama barazana ga tsarin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa.<ref name=":3" /> === Raba Ruwa === Haɗin gwiwa da Ofishin Haɓaka Magudanan Ruwa na Awash (AwBDO) da Ma'aikatar Ruwa, Ban Ruwa da Lantarki (MoWIE) ya haifar da haɓaka sabbin dabarun raba ruwa a magudanar ruwa na Awash. Wannan na iya inganta [[tsaron ruwa]] ga mazauna miliyan 18.3 a magudanar ruwan. Da wannan, za su sami isasshen ruwa don amfanin gidajensu, ban ruwa, da kuma masana'antu.<ref name="Murgatroyd-2021">Murgatroyd, A., Charles, K.J., Chautard, A., Dyer, E., Grasham, C., Hope, R., Hoque, S.F., Korzenevica, M., Munday, C., Alvarez-Sala, J., Dadson, S., Hall, J.W., Kebede, S., Nileshwar, A., Olago, D., Salehin, M., Ward, F., Washington, R., Yeo, D. and Zeleke, G. (2021). [https://reachwater.org.uk/resource/climate-and-water-report/ Water Security for Climate Resilience Report: A synthesis of research from the Oxford University REACH programme] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005100254/https://reachwater.org.uk/resource/climate-and-water-report/ |date=2022-10-05 }}. University of Oxford, UK: [https://reachwater.org.uk/ REACH].[[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> == Samun Ruwa == === Ruwan sha === [[Fayil:Proportion of respondents by Kebele (sub-city) in Wukro indicating months in which water shortages restrict their activities (in 2019).jpg|thumb|Rabon masu ba da amsa ta [[Yankunan Etiyopiya|Kebele]] (ƙaramin birni) a [[Wukro]] dake nuna watannin da ƙarancin ruwa ke iyakance ayyukansu (a cikin 2019).<ref name=":33" />]] A shekarar 2017, kashi 11% kawai na al'ummar ƙasar ke amfani da ingantaccen sabis na ruwan sha a gidajensu. Wani kashi 30% kuma suna amfani da "sabis na yau da kullun" (kasa da mintuna 30 na tafiya don ɗibar ruwa), yayin da sauran suka dogara da "sabis mai iyaka" (sama da mintuna 30), "maɓuɓɓugan da ba a inganta ba" (kamar rijiyoyin da aka haƙa ba tare da kariya ba ko maɓuɓɓugai) ko ruwan saman ƙasa.<ref name=":4">{{cite web |last1=SDG 6 Monitoring |title=Ethiopia |url=https://www.sdg6data.org/country-or-area/Ethiopia#anchor_6.1.1 |access-date=29 November 2020 |website=UN Water}}</ref> Etiyopiya tana ƙasa da matsakaicin duniya na samun ruwan famfo amma tana sama da [[Samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a yankin Kudu da Sahara#Access|matsakaicin yankin Kudu da Sahara]]: kashi 41% na al'ummar ƙasar suna amfani da ruwan famfo (88% a birane da 22% a karkara).<ref name=":33" /> A cikin waɗannan alkaluma, samun ingantaccen ruwan sha ya bambanta a tsakanin manyan birane, matsakaitan birane, da ƙananan garuruwa. [[Rashin tsaron ruwa]] a birane a Etiyopiya yana faruwa ne sakamakon tsarin zamantakewa da siyasa, canjin yanayi, da haɓakar birane.<ref name=":33">{{Cite journal |last1=Grasham |first1=Catherine Fallon |last2=Hoque |first2=Sonia Ferdous |last3=Korzenevica |first3=Marina |last4=Fuente |first4=David |last5=Goyol |first5=Kitka |last6=Verstraete |first6=Lavuun |last7=Mueze |first7=Kibrom |last8=Tsadik |first8=Mache |last9=Zeleke |first9=Gete |last10=Charles |first10=Katrina Jane |date=2022 |title=Equitable urban water security: beyond connections on premises |journal=Environmental Research: Infrastructure and Sustainability |volume=2 |issue=4 |page=045011 |doi=10.1088/2634-4505/ac9c8d |issn=2634-4505 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2022ERIS....2d5011G }} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> A cikin al'ummomin da ba su da damar samun ruwa a kusa da gidajensu, mata ne ke ɗaukar mafi nauyin dabarar ɗibar ruwa. Misali, a ƙauyen Foro da ke saman dutse a [[gundumar musamman ta Konso]] ta kudancin Etiyopiya, mata suna yin tafiya sau uku zuwa biyar a rana don ɗibar gurbataccen ruwa daga kogin Koiro. Kowane zagaye na tafiyar yana ɗaukar sa'o'i biyu zuwa uku kuma ana ɗaukar ruwan ne a cikin "[[jerrycan|jeri-kan]] mai nauyin fam 50".<ref name="The Burden of Thirst" /> === Tsaftar muhalli da tsaftar jiki === Kashi 7% kawai na al'ummar ƙasar ke amfani da [[sabis na tsaftar muhalli amfani da kariya]], kashi 7% kuma suna da "sabis mai iyaka" (salanga da ake raba amfani da wasu gidaje), kashi 63% sun dogara da "sabis ɗin da ba a inganta ba" (misali rami mai sauƙi ko guga) kuma kashi 22% suna [[Gayan fili|gayan fili]].<ref name=":4" /> == Ingancin sabis == === Ingancin ruwan sha === [[Fayil:Percentage of households in Wukro using a variety of drinking water sources reported used in the last two weeks.jpg|thumb|Kashi na gidaje a [[Wukro]] dake amfani da hanyoyin ruwan sha daban-daban da aka ruwaito an amfani da su a cikin makonni biyu da suka gabata.<ref name=":33" />]] Ingancin ruwan sha a Etiyopiya ya bambanta. Mafi cikakken hoton ingancin ruwan sha shi ne sakamakon binciken ƙasa na kididdiga na samar da ruwan famfo, rijiyoyin burtsatse, rijiyoyin da aka kiyaye, da maɓuɓɓugai masu kariya da [[WHO]] da [[UNICEF]] suka gudanar a shekarar 2004-2005. Ya nuna cewa kashi 72% na samfuran sun dace da ƙimar [[kwayoyin cuta na coliform]] a cikin ma'aunin ruwan sha na Etiyopiya ES 261:2001 da jagororin WHO na ruwan sha. Dangane da samar da ruwan famfo ta kamfanoni, dacewar ta fi girma da kashi 88%. Ba a haɗa rijiyoyin fili da maɓuɓɓugan da ba su da kariya a cikin binciken ba. Bayan gurɓataccen ƙwayoyin cuta, gurɓataccen yanayi da fluoride babban al'amari ne a kofar Rift Valley. Sakamakon binciken ya tabbatar da sakamakon sa ido na yau da kullun da aka gudanar a dakunan bincike na Hukumomin Ruwa na Shiyya da Hukumomin Lafiya na Shiyya. An adana sakamakon ƙarshe a Cibiyar Binciken Lafiya da Abinci ta Etiyopiya. Sadarwa da musayar bayanai tsakanin hukumomin lafiya na shiyya da hukumomin ruwa na shiyya ba su da kyau.<ref>{{cite web|last=WHO/UNICEF|title=Rapid assessment of drinking-water quality in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia|url=http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/RADWQ_Ethiopia.pdf|access-date=20 August 2011|year=2010|archive-date=3 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203005401/https://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/RADWQ_Ethiopia.pdf}}</ref> A yankunan da ake samun ruwan sha daga ƙarƙashin ƙasa, ana buƙatar kula da ingancin sinadarai na ruwa: Sinadaran ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa wani fanni ne na damuwa ga gudanar da ruwa a Etiyopiya saboda haɗarin ƙasa (geogenic hazards), kutsen gishiri, da matsin lamba daga magudanar shara da sauran ayyukan da ke da alaƙa da noma, masana'antu, da haɓakar birane.<ref name=":2" /> Haɗarin lafiya daga sinadaran ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa sun yaɗu sosai. Gurɓataccen sinadarai yana faruwa sosai a cikin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa da ake amfani da shi don sha amma ba a cika sa ido akai a kai a kai ba. Misalan abubuwan da ke da mahimmanci sune fluoride, arsenic, nitrate, ko gishiri.<ref name=":2" /> Gaba ɗaya babu isasshen bayanai don cikakken fahimtar rarraba haɗarin.<ref name=":2" /> Bayanan da ke akwai suna da son zuciya saboda bincike yakan mayar da hankali ne kawai ga yankunan da ke da babban gurɓataccen ruwa. Bugu da ƙari, akwai ƙananan dakunan bincike kawai a Etiyopiya da za su iya gudanar da waɗannan binciken sinadarai.<ref name=":2" /> === Ruwa mai katsewa === [[Fayil: Map of Wukro town showing spatial distribution of household water security in August 2019 (WASH dataset, 2019).jpg|thumb|Taswirar garin Wukro dake nuna rarraba tsaron ruwan gidaje a watan Agusta 2019. Yankunan ja suna da ƙarancin [[tsaron ruwa]] na gidaje.<ref name=":33" />]] An ruwaito a shekarar 2023 cewa "mafi yawancin tsarin samar da ruwa na katsewa ne, suna ba da ruwa na ƴan sa'o'i kalilan a mako a wasu wuraren".<ref name=":0">Grasham, C.F., Hoque, S.F., Korzenevica, M., Fuente, D., Goyol, K., Verstraete, L., Mueze, K., Tsadik, M., Zeleke, G., and Charles, K.J. 2022. [https://reachwater.uk/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Wukro-p]{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} === Sauran fannonin ingancin sabis === A shekarar 2010, kashi 20 cikin dari na tsarin samar da ruwa na karkara sun lalace, kasa da kashi 25% a shekarar 2007.<ref name="WB results">World Bank: http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/AFRICAEXT/ETHIOPIAEXTN/0,,menuPK:295939~pagePK:141132~piPK:141107~theSitePK:295930,00.html Ethiopia Country Brief:Results, an duba shi a ranar 17 ga Yuli, 2011</ref> Kusan kashi 35 cikin dari na famfunan tuka-tuka da aka kiyasta sun kai 30,000 a Habasha, wadanda ke yi wa kimanin mutane miliyan 2 hidima, ba sa aiki a tsakiyar shekarun 2000.<ref>{{cite web|last=Rural Water Supply Network|title=Handpump Data, Selected Countries in Sub-Saharan Africa|url=http://www.rwsn.ch/documentation/skatdocumentation.2009-03-09.7304634330/file|access-date=19 July 2012|date=April 21, 2009|archive-date=2012-11-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121118133513/http://www.rwsn.ch/documentation/skatdocumentation.2009-03-09.7304634330/file}}. Bayanan sun fito ne daga Demographic and Health Survey 2000 kuma B.Muluneh ne ya kiyasta adadin famfunan tuka-tuka.</ref> A cikin tsarin samar da ruwa na bututu, ana yawan samun rabo-rabo da katsewar sabis akai-akai.<ref name="WBank-24-25">World Bank: http://web.worldbank.org/external/projects/main?pagePK=64283627&piPK=73230&theSitePK=40941&menuPK=228424&Projectid=P076735 Water supply and sanitation project, Project Appraisal Document, 2004, p. 24-25, an duba shi a ranar 27 ga Satumba, 2010</ref> == Alhakin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli == Don ƙarin cikakkun bayanai duba: Yankunan Habasha Domin fahimtar nauyin da ke wuyan wannan bangare, ya zama dole a ba da taƙaitaccen bayani kan ƙaramar hukuma a Habasha. Habasha kasa ce ta tarayya da ta kunshi rabe-rabe kamar haka: * Yankuna 10 na Habasha dangane da kabilanci (kililoch), tare da yawan jama'a tsakanin 200,000 zuwa miliyan 25 kowannensu; * Shiyyoyi 68 na Habasha, tare da yawan jama'a tsakanin 100,000 zuwa miliyan hudu kowannensu; * Gundumomi 770, tare da yawan jama'a tsakanin 10,000 zuwa fiye da 300,000 kowannensu, mafi girma ana samunsu a yankunan birane; * Dubban Kebele, wadanda ke zama mafi kankantar sassan gudanarwa a Habasha tare da yawan jama'a na 'yan dubu kowannensu. Baya ga yankuna, akwai "birane masu izini na musamman" guda biyu, (Addis Ababa da Dire Dawa), inda babu ƙananan hukumomin gudanarwa da aka ambata a sama. Akwai bambanci daban-daban a cikin ci gaba da ikon cibiyoyi tsakanin yankuna da kuma cikin yankuna. Yankunan Amhara, Oromia, Tigray da kuma karamin yankin Harari sun fi samun ci gaba. Kusan kashi 70% na mutanen Habasha suna zaune ne a wadannan yankuna hudu. Yankin Kudancin Kasashe, Kabilu, da Al'ummai, inda kusan kashi 20% na al'ummar kasar ke zaune, yana da rabe-rabe da yawa. A cikin yankunan "masu tasowa" na makiyaya da ke nesa kamar Somali, Afar, Gambela da Benishangul-Gumuz, inda kusan kashi 10% na al'ummar kasar ke zaune, karfin aiki yakan kasance mafi karanci.<ref name="WBank-24-25" /> === Manufofi da tsari === Akwai ingantattun manufofin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na ƙasa kuma manyan hukumomi suna da bayyanannun ayyuka da dabarun aiki.<ref name="USAID">USAID: https://web.archive.org/web/20100609141311/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADO930.pdf Ethiopia Water and Sanitation Profile, kusan 2007, an duba shi a ranar 18 ga Satumba, 2010</ref> Ma'aikatar Ruwa, Ban ruwa da Makamashi (MWE) ce ke tsara manufofin kasa, inda Karamin Ministan Jiha ke da alhakin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. A baya, Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Habasha ce ke kula da tsaftar muhalli. Ya zuwa shekarar 2009, abin da a lokacin yake Ma'aikatar Albarkatun Ruwa yana da ma'aikata 737 a sassa takwas da "sabis" guda 10. Ɗaya daga cikin sassa takwas ɗin shine Sashen Samar da Ruwa da Magudanar Ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://geoinfo.uneca.org/geoinfo/ethiopia/mowr.html |title=UN Economic Commission for Africa MWR |access-date=2007-06-20 |archive-date=2012-02-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225115148/http://geoinfo.uneca.org/geoinfo/ethiopia/mowr.html }}</ref> A shekarar 2006 gwamnati ta amince da Tsarin Samun Ruwa na Bai-daya (UAP) domin cimma kashi 98% na samun ruwa a karkara da kashi 100% na samar da ruwa a birane da tsaftar muhalli nan da shekarar 2012. An kiyasta kudin sa a kan dala biliyan 2.5. A lokacin matakin farko har zuwa shekarar 2012 an fi mayar da hankali ne kan fasahohi masu sauki da suka dace, tare da ka'idojin sabis kamar haka:<ref>{{cite web |last=Ministry of Water and Energy |title=Universal Access Plan |url=http://www.mowr.gov.et/index.php?pagenum=2.4 |access-date=21 August 2011 |archive-date=6 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006073232/http://www.mowr.gov.et/index.php?pagenum=2.4 |url-status=dead }}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Wuri !! Amfani ga kowane mutum !! Nisa na sabis |- | Karkara|| lita 15/mutum/rana || 1.5&nbsp;km |- | Birni || lita 20/mutum/rana || 0.5&nbsp;km |} A shekarar 2001 gwamnati ta amince da Dabarun Ruwa na Kasa da aka shirya. Gabaɗayan dabarun sun haɗa da dabarun albarkatun ruwa, dabarun haɓaka wutar lantarki, dabarun samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli, da dabarun ban ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.uneca.org/eca_resources/major_eca_websites/sdd/Groundwater/ethiopian_water_sector_strategy.pdf|title=National Water Strategy|access-date=2007-06-20|archive-date=2012-02-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120222023603/http://www.uneca.org/eca_resources/major_eca_websites/sdd/Groundwater/ethiopian_water_sector_strategy.pdf}}</ref> Samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli sun mayar da hankali ga: * Yanke shawara mai zaman kanta (gudanarwa na karkon kasa) * Haɓaka sa hannun duk masu ruwa da tsaki, gami da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu * Haɓaka matakan dawo da kuɗaɗen da aka kashe * Haɗa ayyukan samar da ruwa, tsaftar muhalli da inganta tsaftar jiki. Takardar dabarun ba ta haɗa da binciken yanayin da ake ciki yanzu ba. Bangaren ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na dabarun kadai ya kunshi shawarwari guda 44 da suka shafi fasaha, hukumomi, ginin iko, zamantakewa, tattalin arziki da kuma batutuwan muhalli. Babu wani fifiko a tsakanin shawarwarin kuma dabarun ba su kafa hanyoyin sanya idanu kan aiwatar da dabarun ba. Hukumomin Ruwa na Yanki da Ofisoshin Ruwa na Woreda ne ke da alhakin tsara zuba jari, sanya idanu da kuma taimakon fasaha ga masu samar da ruwa. Karfin su na sauke wadannan ayyuka wani lokaci yana da iyaka. Dangane da rahoton bincike da DFID ta dauki nauyinsa, tsarin samar da sabis na gudanarwar al'umma wanda ya mamaye yankunan karkara a Habasha "ya ketare hukumomin kananan hukumomi kuma ya rage ikon mallakarsu; duk da haka ana bukatar wadannan jami'ai idan ana son ayyukan karkara su kasance masu dorewa da kuma iya fadada su."<ref name="RiPPLE Financing" /> [[File:5. UDDT external overview (6946613078).jpg|thumb|Kayan bandaki na jama'a a Jami'ar Adama (Nazret). Wannan bandaki yana amfani da fasahar raba fitsari da take ba da damar tattara fitsari da bayan gida daban a matsayin taki. ]] Lokacin da take kula da tsaftar muhalli a wurare takaitattu, Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta amince da Dabarun Tsaftar Muhalli da Inganta Tsaftar Jiki.<ref name="AfDB RWSSP" /> Dabarun Tsaftar Muhalli da Inganta Tsaftar Jiki sun sake mayar da hankalin albarkatun gwamnati kan inganta ayyuka masu sauki ga talakawa.<ref name="USAID" /> === Samar da sabis === A babban birnin kasar, Hukumar Ruwa da Magudanar Ruwa ta Addis Ababa ce ke ba da ayyukan ruwa da magudanar ruwa. A sauran birane da garuruwa, Hukumar Ruwa ta Garuruwa ce ke da alhakin samar da sabis. Ana sauran ran za su kulla yarjejeniya da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu don gudanar da sabis ɗin. A yankunan karkara, kwamitocin ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na al'umma suna gudanar da tsarin ruwa da kuma inganta tsaftar muhalli. Ba duka kwamitocin gida ne aka yi wa rajista ba, wanda hakan ya zama sharadi na bude asusun banki domin ajiye kudaden da aka tara daga wajen masu amfani da ruwa. === Sauransu === Asusun Farfado da Taimakon Zamantakewa na Habasha (ERSDF) – Asusun Tallafawa Al'umma da aka kafa a shekarar 1996 kuma aka soke shi a shekarar 2007 – ya kasance babban jami'i, musamman a yankunan karkara. Ya dauki nauyin kusan ayyukan ruwa na karkara guda 2,000 da ke yi wa kusan mutane miliyan 2.5 hidima. An tura ma'aikatansa zuwa sauran cibiyoyi.<ref name="AfDB RWSSP" /> == Tarihi da ci gaban kwanan nan == Har zuwa shekarar 1995 gwamnatin kasa ce ke da alhakin tsara shirye-shirye da aiwatar da ayyukan ruwa da tsaftar muhalli daga tsakiya. A karkashin tsarin mulkin kasar na shekarar 1995 Habasha ta zama kasa ta tarayya, wanda hakan ke nufin mika ayyuka da yawa zuwa matakan gwamnati na kasa. Wannan tsari ya kwashe sama da shekaru goma yana gudana, amma mika ikon ya fuskanci cikas saboda karancin karfin kananan hukumomi na sauke sabbin nauyin da aka dora musu. Haka kuma a shekarar 1995, an kafa Ma'aikatar Albarkatun Ruwa, wadda ta karbi yawancin ayyukan sashen albarkatun ruwa na tsohuwar Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a.<ref name="AfDB RWSSP" />ya A shekarar 1999 gwamnati ta amince da Manufar Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa ta Kasa, wanda aka biyo baya da kafa Asusun Haɓaka Albarkatun Ruwa (2002) da Shirin Haɓaka Ɓangaren Ruwa. Na baya ya haɗa da shirin samar da ruwa da magudanar ruwa (lura da mayar da hankali kan magudanar ruwa na zamani saboda haka rashin tsaftar muhalli na cikin gida a cikin shirin). Shirin gwamnati na Haɓaka Taimako Cikin Sauri da Kawo Karshen Talauci (PADEP), wanda ya shafi lokacin 2005–2010, ya yi niyyar ƙara samun ingantaccen tushen ruwa zuwa 84% da samun ingantacciyar tsaftar muhalli zuwa 80% nan da shekarar 2010. Waɗannan maƙasudai masu cikar buri sun wuce maƙasudan ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na Muradun Ci Gaban Alubalen Karni, waɗanda ke da nufin rage rabon mutanen da ba su da agaji zuwa rabi nan da shekarar 2015. Rahoton alkaluman gwamnati guda daya, wanda Ma'aikatar Kudi da Ci Gaban Tattalin Arziki ke amfani da shi don tsara ayyuka, ya nuna cewa samun ruwan sha ya kai 68.5% a shekarar 2010. A cewar wani rukunin alkaluman gwamnati, bisa bayanan binciken kasa da WHO da UNICEF ke amfani da su don sanya idanu kan Muradun Ci Gaban Alubalen Karni, a shekarar 2008 samun ingantaccen tushen ruwa ya kasance kashi 38% kacal kuma ingantaccen tsaftar muhalli kashi 12%. A shekarar 2010 gwamnati ta gabatar da Tsarin Ci Gaba da Sauyi (GTP) na 2011-2015 wanda shi ma ke da buri babba, wanda ke da nufin kara samar da ruwan sha, bisa ga ma'anar gwamnati, daga 68.5% zuwa 98.5%.<ref name="GTP"/> == Kudade da dawo da kudaden da aka kashe == === Kudaden ruwa === A Habasha, samun ruwan famfo a cikin gida na kankashin ikon gudanarwa na hukumar samar da ruwa ta garin kuma yana bukatar biyan kudin haɗi na lokaci guda da kuma kudin sabis na kowane wata daga gidan.<ref name=":33" /> A shekarar 2014 kudaden ruwa a Addis Abeba sun kasance na nau'ikan ƙarin ƙira (increasing-block), inda m3 15 na farko a kowane wata ke cin amfanin kwatankwacin dala 0.14 akan kowace m3, yana tashi zuwa dala 0.21 akan kowace m3 har zuwa m3 50 da dala 0.24 akan kowace m3 sama da haka.<ref>{{cite web |title=Addis Ababa Water and Sewerage Authority(Ethiopia) |url=https://tariffs.ib-net.org/ViewTariff?tariffId=65&countryId=0 |publisher=International Benchmarking Network for Water and Sanitation Utilities (IBNET) |access-date=29 November 2020 |archive-date=30 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220330025930/https://tariffs.ib-net.org/ViewTariff?tariffId=65&countryId=0 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin karamin garin Wukro (mazauna 50,000), hukumar samar da ruwa tana amfani da karin kudin fito tare da tsayayyen kudin aiki don lissafin kudaden ruwan abokan ciniki. Matsakaicin farashin da gidaje ke biya na ruwa daga hukumar ya kasance birr 6.5 na Habasha akan kowace m3 a shekarar 2022 (ko dala 0.12 tare da canjin kudi na watan Oktoba 2023). Domin hukumar ba ta ba da hidimar ruwa ta sa'o'i 24 a cikin kwanaki 7 ba, gidaje sun ba da rahoton yin amfani da hanyoyi da yawa don biyan bukatunsu na ruwa. Gidajen sun ba da rahoton biyan birr 120 akan kowace m3 (dala 2.2) na ruwa daga wasu hanyoyin daban, wanda ya ninka farashin da ake biya hukumar ruwa sau dari.<ref name=":33" /> A matsakaita, a cewar Bankin Duniya dawo da kudaden da aka kashe ya yi kasa sosai don biyan kudaden gudanarwa, ballantana a samar da isassun gyare-gyare na kayan aiki.<ref name="World Bank 2007">World Bank 2007 Urban water supply and sanitation project, an duba shi a ranar 27 ga Satumba, 2010</ref> Kudaden da ake kashewa akai-akai – wadanda aka kiyasta sun kai dala miliyan 29 a shekarar 2001–02 – an tallafa musu ne ta hanyar kudaden masu amfani (64%), haka kuma ta hanyar tallafi daga gwamnatocin shiyya (31%) da gwamnatin tarayya (5%).<ref name="WSP-web">Water and Sanitation Program: Ethiopia Water Supply Sector Resource Flows Assessment 2004 https://web.archive.org/web/20110901170749/http://vle.worldbank.org/bnpp/files/TF050345developmentofsustainablefinancingsystems4.pdf , an duba shi a ranar 18 ga Satumba, 2010, p. 4</ref> Duk da haka, kalilan daga cikin masu samar da sabis suna dawo da duk kudaden gudanarwa kuma suna samar da dan ragi na kudi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Standard Country Report Ethiopia |url=https://database.ib-net.org/countries_results?ctry=10&years=2018&type=report&ent=country&mult=true&report=1&table=true&chart=false&chartType=column&lang=EN&exch=1 |publisher=International Benchmarking Network for Water and Sanitation Utilities (IBNET) |access-date=29 November 2020 |archive-date=9 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201209121344/https://database.ib-net.org/countries_results?ctry=10&years=2018&type=report&ent=country&mult=true&report=1&table=true&chart=false&chartType=column&lang=EN&exch=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya zuwa shekarar 2022, hukumomin samar da ruwa yawanci ba sa iya dorewar kansu ta fuskar kudi saboda kudin ruwa bai isa ya biya cikakken kudin samar da shi ba. Wannan yana da tasiri mai mahimmanci akan samar da daidaiton ayyukan samar da ruwa a birane.<ref name=":33" /> Manufar Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa ta Kasa tana da nufin dawo da cikakken kudin da aka kashe don tsarin birane da kuma dawo da kudaden gudanarwa da gyarawa don tsarin karkara. Ba lallai ba ne a bayyana ko an sami ci gaba wajen cimma wannan babban buri tun bayan amincewa da manufar. == Zuba jari da samar da kudade == === Zuba jari === '''Zuba jari na gaske'''. Babu wasu kiyasi na baya-bayan nan masu inganci game da matakan zuba jari na gaske a cikin wannan bangare, kuma kiyasin da ake da su sun bambanta sosai. Wani cikakken kiyasi na zuba jari da kudaden da ke gudana a bangaren ruwa na Habasha an gudanar da shi ta hanyar Shirin Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli na Bankin Duniya (WSP) na shekarar kudi na 2001-02. Ya kiyasta jimillar zuba jari a bangaren a kan dala miliyan 39 ko kasa da rabin dala ga kowane mutum, wanda hakan ya kasance daya daga cikin mafi kankantar matakan zuba jari a bangaren da aka taba gani a duniya.<ref name="WSP-web" /> Ruwa da tsaftar muhalli sun ragu a matsayin rabon jimillar kudaden da aka mayar da hankali kan talakawa daga 7.4% a shekarar 2005/06 zuwa 3.4% a shekarar 2009/10. Bugu da kari, a cewar binciken da DFID ta dauki nauyinsa, "ainihin kudaden da ake kashewa na iya yin kasa da wadannan matakan. Ya nuna cewa babban rabo na albarkatun ba a amfani da su kuma suna fuskantar cikas."<ref name="RiPPLE Financing">{{cite web |last=Getnet Alemu and David Thomas |title=Financing in the water, sanitation and hygiene (WaSH) sector in Ethiopia: May 2009 Evidence from Benishangul-Gumuz regional state |url=http://www.rippleethiopia.org/documents/stream/20090611-finance-synthesis-paper |publisher=Research-inspired Policy and Practice Learning in Ethiopia and the Nile region (RiPPLE) / DFID |access-date=21 August 2011 |date=May 2009 |page=vi-vii |archive-date=31 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331004642/http://www.rippleethiopia.org/documents/stream/20090611-finance-synthesis-paper |url-status=dead }}</ref> '''Hasashen zuba jari'''. Gwamnati ta kiyasta cewa zuba jari na shekara-shekara a cikin lokacin 2006-2015 zai kai kusan dala miliyan 100 kowace shekara, ko kuma kusan ninki biyu da rabi na matakinsu a shekarar 2001-2002. Wannan hasashe ya ginu ne a kan alkawuran samar da kudade da masu ba da tallafi da gwamnati suka yi.<ref name="MDG">AMCW/AfDB/EUWI/WSP/UNDP: http://www.wsp.org/wsp/sites/wsp.org/files/publications/319200725615_312007101903_MDGs_All_final3_high.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229215938/http://www.wsp.org/wsp/sites/wsp.org/files/publications/319200725615_312007101903_MDGs_All_final3_high.pdf |date=2012-02-29 }} Getting Africa on Track to meet the MDGs on Water and Sanitation - A Status Overview of Sixteen African Countries, 2006, p. 21</ref> Don haka ba ya yin la'akari da cikas wajen aiwatarwa saboda karancin karfi ko wasu matsaloli masu yiwuwa. Gwamnati ta kiyasta cewa ainihin bukatun zuba jari sun ninka kusan sau uku ko dala miliyan 297 kowace shekara na tsawon lokacin 2006–2015.<ref name="MDG" /> === Samar da kudade === '''Hanyoyi'''. A cewar kiyasin WSP da aka ambata, a shekarar 2001-2002 kashi 9% kacal na zuba jari na bangaren ne aka samar ta hanyar kasafin kudin tarayya, kashi 55% ta hanyar kasafin kudin shiyya, kashi 33% a wajen kasafin kudi ta hanyar kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, kashi 2% ta ERSDF da kashi 1% ta wasu hanyoyin.<ref name="WSP-web" /> Wannan kiyasin bai hada da gudunmawar al'umma ta kayan aiki ba, wacce ke da yawa ga samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a karkara. Babban rabo amma da ba a sani ba na kasafin kudin tarayya kuma wataƙila na kasafin kudin Woreda da aka keɓance ga ɓangaren yana samun kuɗi ne daga masu ba da tallafi. Game da hasashen zuba jari na 2006-2015, an kiyasta cewa kashi 12% (dala miliyan 12) gwamnati za ta samar da nata albarkatun, kashi 15% (dala miliyan 16) daga al'ummomi da kashi 73% (dala miliyan 75) daga masu ba da tallafi. Ba a bayyana ba idan wannan kiyasin ya haɗa da tallafin waje na kasafin kuɗi ta ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu. Saboda nau'ikan daban-daban da aka yi amfani da su, kwatantawa tsakanin hanyoyin samar da kudade na tarihi da na hasashe ba zai yiwu ba.<ref name="MDG" /> '''Tsare-tsare'''. A cewar wani rahoton bincike da DFID ta dauki nauyinsa, matakan samar da kudade ga ayyukan da gwamnatocin shiyya da na gida ke bayarwa suna da wahalar hasashe. Babban rabo na kudaden masu ba da tallafi ana tura su ne a wajen kasafin kudin gwamnati, kodayake ya zuwa shekarar 2009 akwai dabi'a ga masu ba da tallafi da gwamnati don "tabbatar da daidaiton hanyoyin samar da kudade". Inda ake ba da kuɗi ta hanyar kasafin kuɗi, sharuɗɗa da hanyoyin bayar da rahoto suna da "tsauri da yawa". Bayyana kasafin kudi da rikon amana suna da iyaka, kodayake ana kokarin samar da tsarin budaddiyar kasafin kudi a kowane mataki na gwamnati. A cewar rahoton, gwamnati, musamman a matakan kasa, "ba ta amince da hakkin 'yan kasa na samun bayanai game da rabon kasafin kudi ba". Tsarin Samun Ruwa na Bai-daya yana amfani da farashin sassa na matakin kasa don raba kudaden gwamnati ga kananan hukumomi. Tsarin farashin sassa ya kasa yin la'akari da bambance-bambancen shiyya. Babu wani kudi na gudanarwa da gyarawa ko kudaden kananan hukumomi don tallafawa al'ummomi wajen gudanarwa da gyarawa. Wannan yana kara hadarin cewa sabbin tsarin da aka gina za su lalace.<ref name="RiPPLE Financing" /> Ga Woredas 550 na kasar, wata muhimmiyar hanyar samar da kudade ita ce tallafin toshewa (block grants) daga gwamnatin tsakiya wanda za su iya amfani da shi da kansu a cikin faffadan ka'idoji da Asusun Haɓaka Albarkatun Ruwa (WRDF) ya gindaya.<ref name="WBank-24-25" /> WRDF da kanta tana ba da rance kuma hukumar da ke da alhakin MWE ce ke gudanar da ita kuma ana samun kudin ne ta hanyar rabon kasafin kudi da kudaden masu ba da tallafi. == Hadin gwiwar waje == [[File:US Navy 110311-N-SN160-227 Ethiopian children play in the water of a well built by Seabees assigned to Naval Mobile Construction Battalion (NMCB) 7.jpg|thumb|Yara suna wasa kusa da sabon famfon tuka-tuka da aka girka a ƙauyen Jedane.]]Masu ba da tallafi suna ba da kudaden ayyuka da yawa a fannin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Habasha – wasu ta hanyar Gwamnatin Tarayya wasu kuma kai tsaye ga shiyya-shiyya, garuruwa da al'ummomi. Masu ba da tallafi sun kafa rukunin aiki na fasaha (TWG) akan ruwa a matsayin wani ɓangare na babban rukunin masu ba da tallafi da ake kira Rukunin Tallafin Ci Gaba.<ref>Development Assistance Group Ethiopia:Thematic Area Water, an duba shi a ranar 19 ga Satumba, 2010</ref> Haka kuma ana tallafawa Babban Taron Masu Ruwa da Tsaki ta hanyar Shirin Ruwa na Tarayyar Turai.<ref name="USAID" /> Duk da ingantuwar tsari, masu ba da tallafi har yanzu suna amfani da tsare-tsaren aiwatarwa daban-daban. Sakamakon haka, a cewar Bankin Duniya, kudin ma'amala yana da yawa.<ref name="WBank-24-25" /> Masu ba da tallafi masu mahimmanci a fannin sune Bankin Ci Gaban Afirka, CIDA, China, DFID ta Burtaniya, Tarayyar Turai (EU), FINIDA, AFD daga Faransa, Jamus (ta hanyar GTZ da KfW), JICA, Netherlands, UNDP, UNICEF da Bankin Duniya. Akwai kuma kusan kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu 500 na gida da na waje, wadanda da yawa daga cikinsu suna taka rawar gani a fannin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli.<ref name="AfDB RWSSP"/> Bankin Ci Gaban Afirka ya ba da tallafin dala miliyan 64 don samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a karkara da aka amince da shi a shekarar 2005.<ref name="AfDB RWSSP">Bankin Ci Gaban Afirka: Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project, Appraisal Report, Disamba 2005 (karyayyen rami)</ref> A watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2011 an sanar da cewa kasar Sin za ta ba da rance na dala miliyan 100 domin samar da ruwa a Addis Ababa.<ref>{{cite web|work=Reuters|title=China to lend Ethiopia $100 mln -Xinhua|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/ethiopiaNews/idAFL3E7MH06F20111117|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304063318/http://af.reuters.com/article/ethiopiaNews/idAFL3E7MH06F20111117|archive-date=4 March 2016|access-date=19 July 2012|date=17 November 2011}}</ref> === WaterAid === Kungiyar mai zaman kanta ta Burtaniya WaterAid ta kasance tana aiki a Habasha tun shekarar 1983. Tana aiki kafada da kafada da kwararrun kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na gida. A yankin Oromia, ayyukan ruwa sun kasance na tsarin magudanar ruwa mai karfin fita daga mabunƙusa (spring-fed gravity schemes), waɗanda wasu daga cikinsu suna da girma sosai, suna samar da ruwa ga dubun-dubatar mutane. A Kudancin Kasashe, Kabilu, da Al'ummai tsare-tsaren sun hada da rami mai zurfi (deep boreholes) domin ruwa wani lokaci ana samunsa ne kawai kasa da mita 200.<ref name="Water Aid Ethiohpia"/> Misali, a kauyen Orbesho mazauna gari - galibi mata - sun gina wa kansu hanyar shiga don ba da damar kawo kayan aikin hako rami, sun haka ramuka na bututu kuma suka tara duwatsu don gine-gine.<ref name="The Burden of Thirst">National Geographic: https://web.archive.org/web/20100327161902/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2010/04/water-slaves/rosenberg-text/6 The Burden of Thirst, na Tina Rosenberg, Afrilu 2010, an duba shi a ranar 27 ga Satumba, 2010</ref> A Amhara da Tigray manyan fasahohin sun kasance rijiyoyin da aka haka da hannu da kuma bunkasa mabunƙusa. A Benishangul-Gumuz ana amfani da famfon igiya (rope pumps) kuma. Tun daga shekarar 1998 WaterAid tana aiki a yankunan marasa galihu na Addis Ababa. Ayyukan sun haɗa da kafa wuraren samar da ruwa na al'umma da ke da alaƙa da tsarin bututun birni, da kuma fannonin wanka da bandaki.<ref name="Water Aid Ethiohpia">WaterAid. Where we work: Ethiopia, an duba shi a ranar 27 ga Satumba, 2010</ref> === Bankin Duniya === [[File:Addis Abeba06 (Sam Effron).jpg|thumb|Titi a Addis Abeba, babban birnin Habasha, inda Bankin Duniya, China da sauran masu ba da tallafi na waje ke taimakawa wajen samar da kudaden samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli]] A watan Mayun shekarar 2012 Bankin Duniya ya amince da bayar da rancen kudi mai sauki na dala miliyan 150 don aikin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a birane a matsayin kararin kudi ga rancen kudi mai sauki na dala miliyan 100 da aka amince da shi a shekarar 2007.<ref>Bankin Duniya. Project Appraisal Document: Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project, 2007</ref> Aikin ya shafi Addis Ababa, Gondar, Hawassa, Jimma, Mekelle da Diredawa. A bangaren tsaftar muhalli, zai inganta bandakunan gidaje, ayyukan tsafta da tsaftar muhalli da gina wuraren tsaftar muhalli na al'umma. Ana sauran ran samar da ruwa zai karu daga lita 50 zuwa 75 ga kowane mutum a kowace rana a Addis Ababa kuma daga lita 30 zuwa 50 a birane na biyu guda biyar. Za a fadada hanyar raba ruwa don yi wa kararin mutane 400,000 (haɗi 40,000) hidima a Addis Ababa da ƙarin mutane 500,000 (haɗi 50,000) a birane na biyu guda biyar. Aikin zai kuma inganta fahimtar kiyaye ruwa a tsakanin abokan ciniki. Aikin zai kuma rage asarar ruwa: A Addis Ababa cikin lita 50 ga kowane mutum a kowace rana da ake samarwa, lita 35 kacal ke kaiwa ga masu amfani saboda asarar ruwa. A sauran biranen, lita 20 kacal cikin lita 30 da ake samarwa ke kaiwa ga masu amfani.<ref>{{cite web|last=World Bank|title=World Bank Helps to Provide Improved Water and Sanitation Services to over 4 million Ethiopians|url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/2012/05/31/world-bank-helps-provide-improved-water-sanitation-services-4-million-ethiopians|access-date=19 July 2012|date=31 May 2012|archive-date=5 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120605070301/http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/2012/05/31/world-bank-helps-provide-improved-water-sanitation-services-4-million-ethiopians}}</ref> A watan Maris na shekarar 2010, Bankin Duniya ya amince da kararin kudi na dala miliyan 80 don aikin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a karkara na dala miliyan 100 da aka amince da shi a shekarar 2004. A cewar Bankin Duniya, har zuwa shekarar 2010 aikin na asali ya dauki nauyin gina rijiyoyi 1288 da aka haka da hannu, mabunƙusa 835 da aka kiyaye, rijiyoyi marasa zurfi 576, rijiyoyi masu zurfi 99, tsarin bututun karkara 75 da ginin taron ruwan sama 35, gami da gudanar da inganta tsafta da tsaftar muhalli. A yankunan karkara kadai, a cewar Bankin Duniya aikin ya saukaka samun tsaftataccen ruwa da ingantattun wuraren tsaftar muhalli ga kusan mutane miliyan 1.4. A yankunan birane, aikin ya ba da "ingantuwar sabis na gaggawa" a garuruwa 87 wanda ya amfani kusan mutane 143,000.<ref>World Bank. Water Supply and Sanitation Project-Additional Financing, Project Information Document, an duba shi a ranar 27 ga Satumba, 2010</ref><ref>Bankin Duniya. Project Appraisal Document: Ethiopia Water Supply and Sanitation Project, 2004</ref> == Misalan garuruwa == === Wukro === [[File:Aerial Photo Wukro Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|Hoton Wukro ta sama, yana kallon kudu, latti da yamma, Janairu 2020, an dauka a saman Wukro Lodge]] Ruwa a Wukro ya kasance karancin albarkatu saboda karuwar yawan jama'ar birni, gine-gine, da yanayin samun ruwa na lokaci-lokaci.<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last1=Korzenevica |first1=Marina |last2=Fallon Grasham |first2=Catherine |last3=Johnson |first3=Zoé |last4=Gebreegzabher |first4=Amleset |last5=Mebrahtu |first5=Samrawit |last6=Zerihun |first6=Zenawi |last7=Ferdous Hoque |first7=Sonia |last8=Charles |first8=Katrina Jane |date=2022 |title=Negotiating spaces of marginality and independence: On women entrepreneurs within Ethiopian urbanization and water precarity |journal=World Development |language=en |volume=158 |article-number=105966 |doi=10.1016/j.worlddev.2022.105966 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] An kofoshi ne daga wannan tushe, wanda ke akwai a karkashin Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</ref> Canjin yanayi shi ne ke haifar da samun ruwa a Wukro, tare da samun damar yin amfani da ruwa mafi girma a lokacin damina, musamman Yuli zuwa Satumba. A lokacin rani, kusan kashi 43%–45% na gidaje sun dogara ne kawai ga ruwan bututu don biyan bukatun ruwa na gida, wanda galibi ana cika shi da siyan ruwa. A lokacin damina, fiye da rabin gidaje sun dogara ne da ruwan bututu kawai don sha da girki, yayin da ake amfani da ruwan sama ko'ina don wankin kaya, tsaftacewa da wanka; mafi kankantar kaso na gidaje har yanzu suna dogara ne akan siyan ruwa don sha da girki.<ref name=":33" /> Don inganta samun ruwa a birnin Wukro, hukumar samar da ruwa ta garin ta fadada tare da gyara tsarin ruwan bututu da ake da shi. Aikin ya sami tallafin kudi daga shirin ONEWASH na kasa, UNICEF da Ofishin Jakadancin Burtaniya na Kasashen Waje, Commonwealth & Ci Gaba, da kuma gwamnatocin shiyyar Tigray da na kasa, An kaddamar da shi a shekarar 2018, wannan ya hada da samar da rijiyoyin burtsatse masu inganci da dorewa tare da lokacin tsara aiki daga 2015 zuwa 2035, wanda aka tsara don samar da ruwa daidai gwargwado a dukkan wuraren da ake bukatar ruwa na hanyar rarraba kayan aiki.<ref name=":33" /> A matsayin wani bangare na wannan aikin, an gina sabbin rijiyoyin burtsatse guda uku a cikin wani ramin ruwa na karkashin kasa (artesian aquifer) a kauyen Abreha-we-Athsbeha kusa da Wukro.<ref name=":12" /> A cewar hukumar samar da ruwa ta birnin a shekarar 2019, rijiyoyin burtsatse suna samar da m3 1900 kacal (tare da kashi 19 cikin dari na barna) a kowace rana, kasa da mafi kankantar bukata ta m3 3141.<ref name=":12" /> Duk da wannan fadada tsarin ruwan bututu, har yanzu akwai (ya zuwa shekarar 2022) babban matakin bambancin yanki a cikin dorewar samar da ruwan bututu. Wasu gidaje a Wukro suna samun ruwan famfo kwanaki shida a mako, wasu kwanaki 1-3 kacal a mako, wasu kuma ba sa samun ruwan bututu na tsawon makonni ko ma watanni; wasu ma ba su da ruwan bututu a cikin gidajensu kwata-kwata.<ref name=":12" /> A cikin wannan yanayi na rashin tabbas na ruwa, rashin haske, da rashin adalci na yanki, mutane suna komawa ga amfani da hanyoyin samar da ruwa daban-daban. Mutane suna siyan ruwa daga manyan motocin daukar ruwa ko kuma cike bukatunsu na ruwa ta hanyar rance ko siya daga makwabta, ko masu sayar da ruwa na boye, akan farashin da ya kama daga birr 2 zuwa 10 [0.07–0.34 EUR] kowace jeri-kan na lita 20. Wannan ya yi yawa sosai fiye da birr 5 [0.17 EUR] akan kowace lita 1000 ta hanyar tsarin bututu.<ref name=":12" /> == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} l6zd2il70sbztozxfb1us9yx8e3uez5 Cinchona calisaya 0 158489 889678 860597 2026-07-31T07:29:21Z BnHamid 12586 889678 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Cinchona calisaya''''' wani nau'in shrub ne ko [[Bishiya|itace]] a cikin iyalin Rubiaceae . Yana da asali a cikin gandun daji na gangaren gabashin [[Andes]], inda suke girma daga mita 200-3,300 (660-10,830 a tsawo a [[Peru]] da [[Bolibiya|Bolivia]].<ref name=":0" /> An san nau'in ne saboda babban abun ciki na quinine, maɓallin alkaloid na cutar malaria. Daga shekarun 1860, an shuka shi a cikin shuke-shuke (a ƙarƙashin ma'anar C. ledgeriana Wedd.) a cikin Dutch East Indies don samar da cinikin quinine na duniya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Roersch van der Hoogte |first=Arjo |last2=Pieters |first2=Toine |date=2014-09-01 |title=Science in the service of colonial agro-industrialism: The case of cinchona cultivation in the Dutch and British East Indies, 1852–1900 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1369848614000703 |journal=Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences |volume=47 |pages=12–22 |doi=10.1016/j.shpsc.2014.05.019 |issn=1369-8486 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Rashin guba == Cinchona bark da quinine alkaloids na iya haifar da toshewar sodium na zuciya da potassium channel, CNS da guba na koda. Cinchonism trio: GI fushi, ciwon kai, da tinnitus. Ventricular arrhythmias, hypoglycemia, gazawar koda, gazawar numfashi, jaundice da mutuwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Feng |first=Chris |last2=Fay |first2=Kathryn E. |last3=Burns |first3=Michele M. |date=2023-06-01 |title=Toxicities of herbal abortifacients |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0735675723001201 |journal=The American Journal of Emergency Medicine |volume=68 |pages=42–46 |doi=10.1016/j.ajem.2023.03.005 |issn=0735-6757}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Karin Karatu== * {{Cite journal |last=Maehara |first=Shoji |last2=Simanjuntak |first2=Partomuan |last3=Maetani |first3=Yoshihide |date=April 2013 |title=Ability of endophytic filamentous fungi associated with ''Cinchona ledgeriana'' to produce Cinchona alkaloids |journal=Journal of Natural Medicines |volume=67 |issue=2 |pages=421–423 |doi=10.1007/s11418-012-0701-8 |pmid=22886817 |s2cid=17989846}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q15399753}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] i5zvxfp54445gxrlxnlpcy735yh4t9s 889679 889678 2026-07-31T07:29:35Z BnHamid 12586 /* Karin Karatu */ 889679 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Cinchona calisaya''''' wani nau'in shrub ne ko [[Bishiya|itace]] a cikin iyalin Rubiaceae . Yana da asali a cikin gandun daji na gangaren gabashin [[Andes]], inda suke girma daga mita 200-3,300 (660-10,830 a tsawo a [[Peru]] da [[Bolibiya|Bolivia]].<ref name=":0" /> An san nau'in ne saboda babban abun ciki na quinine, maɓallin alkaloid na cutar malaria. Daga shekarun 1860, an shuka shi a cikin shuke-shuke (a ƙarƙashin ma'anar C. ledgeriana Wedd.) a cikin Dutch East Indies don samar da cinikin quinine na duniya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Roersch van der Hoogte |first=Arjo |last2=Pieters |first2=Toine |date=2014-09-01 |title=Science in the service of colonial agro-industrialism: The case of cinchona cultivation in the Dutch and British East Indies, 1852–1900 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1369848614000703 |journal=Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences |volume=47 |pages=12–22 |doi=10.1016/j.shpsc.2014.05.019 |issn=1369-8486 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Rashin guba == Cinchona bark da quinine alkaloids na iya haifar da toshewar sodium na zuciya da potassium channel, CNS da guba na koda. Cinchonism trio: GI fushi, ciwon kai, da tinnitus. Ventricular arrhythmias, hypoglycemia, gazawar koda, gazawar numfashi, jaundice da mutuwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Feng |first=Chris |last2=Fay |first2=Kathryn E. |last3=Burns |first3=Michele M. |date=2023-06-01 |title=Toxicities of herbal abortifacients |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0735675723001201 |journal=The American Journal of Emergency Medicine |volume=68 |pages=42–46 |doi=10.1016/j.ajem.2023.03.005 |issn=0735-6757}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Karin Karatu== * {{Cite journal |last=Maehara |first=Shoji |last2=Simanjuntak |first2=Partomuan |last3=Maetani |first3=Yoshihide |date=April 2013 |title=Ability of endophytic filamentous fungi associated with ''Cinchona ledgeriana'' to produce Cinchona alkaloids |journal=Journal of Natural Medicines |volume=67 |issue=2 |pages=421–423 |doi=10.1007/s11418-012-0701-8 |pmid=22886817 |s2cid=17989846}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] mdkq183ewf4o7yekwue0jgbqe3jfsvo Posaconazole 0 158513 889393 863884 2026-07-30T14:22:23Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889393 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Drugbox|Verifiedfields=changed|Watchedfields=changed|verifiedrevid=464210822|image=Posaconazole.svg|image_class=skin-invert-image|width=200|image2=Posaconazole3d.png|image_class2=bg-transparent|width2=200 <!--Clinical data-->|tradename=Noxafil, Posanol, others|Drugs.com={{drugs.com|monograph|posaconazole}}|MedlinePlus=a607036|DailyMedID=Posaconazole|licence_EU=yes|licence_US=Posaconazole|pregnancy_AU=B3|pregnancy_AU_comment=<ref name="Drugs.com pregnancy">{{cite web | title=Posaconazole (Noxafil) Use During Pregnancy | website=Drugs.com | date=23 April 2019 | url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/posaconazole.html | access-date=30 January 2020 | archive-date=30 January 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200130064302/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/posaconazole.html | url-status=live }}</ref>|pregnancy_category=|routes_of_administration=[[Oral administration|By mouth]], [[Intravenous therapy|intravenous]]|ATC_prefix=J02|ATC_suffix=AC04 <!-- Legal status -->|legal_AU=S4|legal_AU_comment=<ref>{{cite web | title=Posaconazole suspension ARX/Posaconazole TIH/APX-Posaconazole (Arrow Pharma Pty Ltd) | website=Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) | date=16 February 2023 | url=https://www.tga.gov.au/resources/prescription-medicines-registrations/posaconazole-suspension-arxposaconazole-tihapx-posaconazole-arrow-pharma-pty-ltd | access-date=29 April 2023 | archive-date=18 March 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318023605/https://www.tga.gov.au/resources/prescription-medicines-registrations/posaconazole-suspension-arxposaconazole-tihapx-posaconazole-arrow-pharma-pty-ltd | url-status=live }}</ref>|legal_BR=<!-- OTC, A1, A2, A3, B1, B2, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, D1, D2, E, F -->|legal_BR_comment=|legal_CA=Rx-only|legal_CA_comment=<ref>{{cite web | title=Posanol Product information | website=Health Canada | date=25 April 2012 | url=https://health-products.canada.ca/dpd-bdpp/info.do?lang=en&code=77877 | access-date=3 July 2022 | archive-date=16 May 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516213116/https://health-products.canada.ca/dpd-bdpp/info.do?lang=en&code=77877 | url-status=live }}</ref>|legal_DE=<!-- Anlage I, II, III or Unscheduled -->|legal_DE_comment=|legal_NZ=<!-- Class A, B, C -->|legal_NZ_comment=|legal_UK=POM|legal_UK_comment=<ref>{{cite web | title=Noxafil 100 mg Gastro-resistant Tablets - Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC) | website=(emc) | date=10 January 2022 | url=https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/5388/smpc | access-date=3 July 2022 | archive-date=24 February 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224234448/https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/5388/smpc | url-status=live }}</ref>|legal_US=Rx-only|legal_US_comment=<ref name="Noxafil FDA label" />|legal_EU=Rx-only|legal_EU_comment=<ref name="Noxafil EPAR">{{cite web | title=Noxafil EPAR | website=European Medicines Agency | date=28 March 2007 | url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/noxafil | access-date=3 July 2022 | archive-date=19 October 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019032440/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/noxafil | url-status=live }}</ref>|legal_UN=<!-- N I, II, III, IV / P I, II, III, IV -->|legal_UN_comment=|legal_status=<!-- For countries not listed above --> <!-- Pharmacokinetic data -->|bioavailability=Low (8 to 47% Oral)|protein_bound=98 to 99%|metabolism=[[Liver]] ([[glucuronidation]])|elimination_half-life=16 to 31 hours|excretion=Fecal (71–77%) and [[Kidney]] (13–14%) <!--Identifiers-->|CAS_number_Ref={{cascite|correct|??}}|CAS_number=171228-49-2|PubChem=147912|ChEBI_Ref={{ebicite|changed|EBI}}|PDB_ligand=X2N|ChEBI=64355|DrugBank_Ref={{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}}|DrugBank=DB01263|ChemSpiderID_Ref={{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}|ChemSpiderID=130409|UNII_Ref={{fdacite|correct|FDA}}|UNII=6TK1G07BHZ|KEGG_Ref={{keggcite|correct|kegg}}|KEGG=D02555|ChEMBL_Ref={{ebicite|changed|EBI}}|ChEMBL=1397|synonyms=<!--Chemical data-->|IUPAC_name=4-[4-[4-[4-<nowiki/>{{Square bracket open|2}}(3''R'',5''R'')-5-(2,4-difluorophenyl)tetrahydro-5-(1''H''-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)-3-furanyl]methoxy]phenyl]-1-piperazinyl{{Square bracket close}}phenyl{{Square bracket close}}-2-[(1''S'',2''S'')-1-ethyl-2- hydroxypropyl]-2,4-dihydro-3''H''-1,2,4-triazol-3-one|C=37|H=42|F=2|N=8|O=4|SMILES=O=C1N(/N=C\N1c2ccc(cc2)N7CCN(c6ccc(OCC3C[C@@](OC3)(c4ccc(F)cc4F)Cn5ncnc5)cc6)CC7)[C@@H](CC)[C@@H](O)C|StdInChI_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}|StdInChI=1S/C37H42F2N8O4/c1-3-35(26(2)48)47-36(49)46(25-42-47)31-7-5-29(6-8-31)43-14-16-44(17-15-43)30-9-11-32(12-10-30)50-20-27-19-37(51-21-27,22-45-24-40-23-41-45)33-13-4-28(38)18-34(33)39/h4-13,18,23-27,35,48H,3,14-17,19-22H2,1-2H3/t26-,27?,35-,37-/m0/s1|StdInChIKey_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}|StdInChIKey=RAGOYPUPXAKGKH-AGDNISCASA-N}}<templatestyles src="Infobox drug/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> {| class="infobox" style="border-spacing:2px;" |+ class="infobox-title" id="7" |<span title="International nonproprietary name (INN): <nowiki&gt;Posaconazole</nowiki&gt;">Posaconazole</span> | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Posaconazole.svg|class=skin-invert-image|200x200px]] |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Posaconazole3d.png|class=bg-transparent|200x200px]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Bayanan asibiti |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |[[Drug nomenclature#Trade names|Sunayen kasuwanci]] | class="infobox-data" |Noxafil, Posanol, da sauransu |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |[[American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|AHFS]]/[[Drugs.com]] | class="infobox-data" |<span title="www.drugs.com">[https://www.drugs.com/monograph/posaconazole.html Littafin da aka rubuta]</span> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |[[MedlinePlus]] | class="infobox-data" |<span title="medlineplus.gov">[https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a607036.html a607036]</span> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |[[Regulation of therapeutic goods|Bayanan lasisi]] | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist"> * <small><abbr class="country-name" title="<nowiki&gt;European Union</nowiki&gt;">EU</abbr></small> EMA: ta INN&nbsp;&nbsp;<span title="www.ema.europa.eu: 'Posaconazole' ">[https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/search_api_aggregation_ema_active_substance_and_inn_common_name/Posaconazole ta hanyar INN]{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</span> * <small><abbr class="country-name" title="<nowiki&gt;United States</nowiki&gt;">US</abbr></small> DailyMed: <span title="dailymed.nlm.nih.gov">[https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/search.cfm?labeltype=all&query=Posaconazole Posaconazole]</span>&nbsp;&nbsp; * <small><abbr class="country-name" title="<nowiki&gt;United States</nowiki&gt;">US</abbr></small>&nbsp;<span title="www.accessdata.fda.gov">[[Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna|FDA]]: [https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/drugsatfda/index.cfm?fuseaction=Search.SearchAction&SearchTerm=Posaconazole&SearchType=BasicSearch Posaconazole]&nbsp;</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Matsayi na ciki<nowiki><br></nowiki> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist"> * <small><abbr class="country-name" title="<nowiki&gt;Australia</nowiki&gt;">AU</abbr>:</small> B3 &#x20; </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Hanyoyin gudanarwa<nowiki><br></nowiki> | class="infobox-data" |Ta hanyar baki, ta hanyar intravenous |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Lambar ATC | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * J02AC04 (<span title="www.whocc.no">[https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J02AC04 WHO]</span>) &#x20;&#x20; </div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Matsayi na Shari'a |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Matsayi na Shari'a | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist"> * <small><abbr class="country-name" title="<nowiki&gt;Australia</nowiki&gt;">AU</abbr>:</small> S4 (Kayan aiki kawai) &#x20; * <small><abbr class="country-name" title="<nowiki&gt;Canada</nowiki&gt;">CA</abbr></small>: kawai&#x20; * <small>Burtaniya:</small> POM (Kayan aiki kawai) &#x20; * <small><abbr class="country-name" title="<nowiki&gt;United States</nowiki&gt;">US</abbr>:</small>&#x20;Sai dai<ref name="Noxafil FDA label"/> * <small><abbr class="country-name" title="<nowiki&gt;European Union</nowiki&gt;">EU</abbr>:</small> Rx-kawai &#x20; </div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Bayanan Magunguna |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Bioavailability | class="infobox-data" |Ƙananan (8 zuwa 47% Magana) |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Haɗin furotin | class="infobox-data" |98 zuwa 99% |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Metabolism | class="infobox-data" |Jiki (glucuronidation) |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Kashe <nowiki><span class="nowrap">rabin rayuwa</span></nowiki> | class="infobox-data" |Sa'o'i 16 zuwa 31 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Rashin fitarwa | class="infobox-data" |Fecal (71-77%) da Kidney (13-14%) |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Bayyanawa |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Sunan IUPAC</div></div> * <div style="font-size: 97%;">4-[4-[4-[[ (3''R'',5''R'') -5- (2,4-difluorop''H'') tetra''H''-5- (1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl) -3-furanyl]methoxy]phenyl]-1-piperazinyl]phenyl][-2-[ (1''S'',2''S'') -1-ethyl-2- hydroxypropyl]-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,4-triazol-3-one</div> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Lambar CAS | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="commonchemistry.cas.org">[https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=171228-49-2 171228-49-2]</span><sup>&nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]<span style="display:none">Y</span></sup> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |[./PubChem#&#x3C;span&#x20;style= <abbr title="<nowiki&gt;Compound ID</nowiki&gt;">CID</abbr>" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="PubChem">PubChem] CID | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov">[https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/147912 147912]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Bankin Magunguna | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="www.drugbank.ca">[https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB01263 DB01263] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200521154814/https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB01263 |date=2020-05-21 }}</span><sup>&nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]<span style="display:none">Y</span></sup> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |ChemSpider | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="www.chemspider.com">[https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.130409.html 130409]</span><sup>&nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]<span style="display:none">Y</span></sup> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |UNII | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="precision.fda.gov">[https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/6TK1G07BHZ 6TK1G07BHZ]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |KEGG | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="www.kegg.jp">[https://www.kegg.jp/entry/D02555 D02555]</span><sup>&nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]<span style="display:none">Y</span></sup> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |ChEBI | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="www.ebi.ac.uk">[https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:64355 CHEBI: 64355]</span><sup>&nbsp;[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|link=|alt=&#x2612;|8x8px]]<span style="display:none">N</span></sup> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |ChEMBL | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="www.ebi.ac.uk">[https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/explore/compound/ChEMBL1397 ChEMBL1397]</span><sup>&nbsp;[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|link=|alt=&#x2612;|8x8px]]<span style="display:none">N</span></sup> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |PDB ligand | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * X2N (<span title="www.ebi.ac.uk">[https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbe-srv/PDBeXplore/ligand/?ligand=X2N PDBe]</span>, <span title="www.rcsb.org">[https://www.rcsb.org/ligand/X2N RCSB PDB&nbsp;]</span>) </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |CompTox Dashboard <span style="font-weight:normal"> (<abbr title="<nowiki&gt;U.S. Environmental Protection Agency</nowiki&gt;">EPA</abbr>) </span> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="comptox.epa.gov">[https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID6049066 DTXSID6049066][[File:OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg|link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q906453#P3117|text-top|class=noprint|frameless|10x10px|Edit this at Wikidata]]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |<nowiki><span title="echa.europa.eu">ECHA InfoCard</span></nowiki> | class="infobox-data" |[https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.208.201 100.208.201][[File:OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg|link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q906453#P2566|text-top|class=noprint|frameless|10x10px|Edit this at Wikidata]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Bayanan sunadarai da na jiki |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Tsarin | class="infobox-data" |<span title="Carbon">C</span><sub>37</sub><span title="Hydrogen">H</span><sub>42</sub><span title="Fluorine">F</span><sub>2</sub><span title="Nitrogen">N</span><sub>8</sub><span title="Oxygen">O</span><sub>4</sub> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Ma'auni na ƙuƙwalwa | class="infobox-data" |<span class="nowrap">700.792</span> g·mol-1&nbsp;<sup>−1</sup> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Tsarin 3D (JSmol) | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="chemapps.stolaf.edu (3D interactive model)">[https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=O%3DC1N%28%2FN%3DC%5CN1c2ccc%28cc2%29N7CCN%28c6ccc%28OCC3C%5BC%40%40%5D%28OC3%29%28c4ccc%28F%29cc4F%29Cn5ncnc5%29cc6%29CC7%29%5BC%40%40H%5D%28CC%29%5BC%40%40H%5D%28O%29C Hoton hulɗa]</span> </div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Rashin kunya</div></div> * <div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">O=C1N (/N=C\N1c2ccc (cc2) N7CCN (c6ccc (OCC3C[C@@] (OC3) (c4ccc (F) cc4F) Cn5nc5) cc6) CC7) [C@H] (CC) [C@@H]</div> </div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>InChI</div></div> * <div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">InChI=1S/C37H42F2N8O4/c1-3-35 (26 (2) 48) 47-36 (49) 46 (25-42-47) 31-7-5-29 (6-8-31) 43-14-16-44 (17-15-43) 30-9-11-32 (12-10-30) 50-20-27-19-37 (51-27,22-45-24-40-23-41-45) 33-13-4-28 (38) 18-34 (33) 39/h4-13,18,23-27,35,48H,3,14-17,19-22H2,1-23,27-,27? ,35-,37-/m0/s1 <sup>&nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]<span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></div> * <div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">Maɓalli:RAGO<sup>&nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]<span style="display:none">Y</span></sup>-AGDNISCASA-N Y</div> </div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-below" |<templatestyles src="Nobold/styles.css" /><span class="nobold">&nbsp;<sup>[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|link=|alt=&#x2612;|8x8px]]<span style="display:none">N</span>[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]<span style="display:none">Y</span></sup>&nbsp; (mece wannan?) </span><templatestyles src="Nobold/styles.css" /><span class="nobold">&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&rev1=464210822&page2=Posaconazole (Gaskiya)]</span></span> |} '''Posaconazole''', wanda ake siyarwa a ƙarƙashin sunan '''Noxafil''' da sauransu, magani ne na triazole anti-fungal.<ref name="pmid18035188">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Schiller DS, Fung HB |date=September 2007 |title=Posaconazole: an extended-spectrum triazole antifungal agent |journal=Clinical Therapeutics |volume=29 |issue=9 |pages=1862–86 |doi=10.1016/j.clinthera.2007.09.015 |pmid=18035188}}</ref><ref name="pmid18713852">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Rachwalski EJ, Wieczorkiewicz JT, Scheetz MH |date=October 2008 |title=Posaconazole: an oral triazole with an extended spectrum of activity |url=http://www.theannals.com/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=18713852 |journal=The Annals of Pharmacotherapy |volume=42 |issue=10 |pages=1429–38 |doi=10.1345/aph.1L005 |pmid=18713852 |s2cid=21777822 |url-access=subscription |access-date=11 December 2008 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> An amince da shi don amfani da magani a Tarayyar Turai a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2005, kuma a Amurka a watan Satumbar shekara ta 2006.<ref name="Noxafil FDA label"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 November 2006 |title=Drug Approval Package: Noxafil (Posaconazole) NDA #022003 |url=https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2006/022003s000_NoxafilTOC.cfm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210403042324/https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2006/022003s000_NoxafilTOC.cfm |archive-date=3 April 2021 |access-date=15 August 2020 |website=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA)}}</ref> Ana samunsa azaman magani na yau da kullun. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Posaconazole: FDA-Approved Drugs |url=https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/daf/index.cfm?event=overview.process&ApplNo=212411 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020140140/https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/daf/index.cfm?event=overview.process&ApplNo=212411 |archive-date=20 October 2020 |access-date=15 August 2020 |website=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 October 2022 |title=First Generic Drug Approvals |url=https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-and-biologic-approval-and-ind-activity-reports/first-generic-drug-approvals |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126083800/http://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-and-biologic-approval-and-ind-activity-reports/first-generic-drug-approvals |archive-date=26 January 2021 |access-date=28 November 2022 |website=U.S. Food and Drug Administration}}</ref> == Amfani da kiwon lafiya == Ana amfani da Posaconazole don magance cututtukan ''Aspergillus'' da ''Candida''.<ref name="Noxafil FDA label">{{Cite web |date=20 March 2020 |title=Noxafil- posaconazole suspension Noxafil- posaconazole tablet, coated Noxafil- posaconazole solution |url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=b073b082-7b57-4423-8c06-4fd4263d6f84 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226164143/https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=b073b082-7b57-4423-8c06-4fd4263d6f84 |archive-date=26 February 2021 |access-date=15 August 2020 |website=DailyMed}}</ref> Hakanan ana amfani dashi don maganin Oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC), gami da OPC refractory ga wasu magunguna kamar su itraconazole da fluconazole . <ref name="Noxafil FDA label"/> Shaidar asibiti na inganci a cikin maganin cututtukan da ke haifar da nau'in ''Fusarium'' (fusariosis) yana da iyaka.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Raad II, Hachem RY, Herbrecht R, Graybill JR, Hare R, Corcoran G, Kontoyiannis DP |date=May 2006 |title=Posaconazole as salvage treatment for invasive fusariosis in patients with underlying hematologic malignancy and other conditions |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |volume=42 |issue=10 |pages=1398–403 |doi=10.1086/503425 |pmid=16619151 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Gudanar da jini ya zama mai taimako a cikin samfurin linzamin kwamfuta na [[Amoebic meningoencephalitis na farko|naegleriasis]] <ref name="ColonRice2019">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Colon BL, Rice CA, Guy RK, Kyle DE |date=March 2019 |title=Phenotypic Screens Reveal Posaconazole as a Rapidly Acting Amebicidal Combination Partner for Treatment of Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis |journal=The Journal of Infectious Diseases |volume=219 |issue=7 |pages=1095–1103 |doi=10.1093/infdis/jiy622 |pmc=6420171 |pmid=30358879}}</ref> kuma maganin ya kashe ''Acanthamoeba castellanii'' cysts ''in vitro''. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Iovieno A, Miller D, Ledee DR, Alfonso EC |date=September 2014 |title=Cysticidal activity of antifungals against different genotypes of Acanthamoeba |journal=Antimicrob Agents Chemother |volume=58 |issue=9 |pages=5626–8 |doi=10.1128/AAC.02635-14 |pmc=4135811 |pmid=25001304}}</ref> An yi amfani da shi don magance [[mucormycosis]] (cutar baƙar fata) wanda ''Rhizopus'' mold ya haifar.<ref> {{Cite journal |vauthors=Fatemizadeh R, Rodman E, Demmler-Harrison GJ, Dinu D |date=April 2020 |title=Rhizopus Infection in a Preterm Infant: A Novel Use of Posaconazole |url= |journal=Pediatr Infect Dis J |volume=39 |issue=4 |pages=310–312 |doi=10.1097/INF.0000000000002554 |pmid=32084112}}</ref> == Ilimin Magunguna == === Hanyar aiki === Posaconazole yana aiki ta hanyar rushe ayyukan wasu tsarin enzyme na fungal da protozoal membrane. Yana yin wannan ta hanyar toshe kira da juyawa na ɓangaren membrane na eukaryotic cell [[ergosterol]] ta hanyar hana wani enzyme da aka sani da CYP51. Posaconazole ya fi karfi a ɗaure zuwa CYP51 fiye da itraconazole.<ref name="Noxafil FDA label"/><ref name="ClinicalPharm">{{Cite web |title=Clinical Pharmacology Posaconazole |url=http://www.clinicalpharmacology-ip.com/Forms/Monograph/monograph.aspx?cpnum=2811&sec=monmech |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210830002750/https://dpm.demdex.net/id?d_visid_ver=5.2.0&d_fieldgroup=MC&d_rtbd=json&d_ver=2&d_verify=1&d_orgid=4D6368F454EC41940A4C98A6%40AdobeOrg&d_nsid=0&ts=1630283270255 |archive-date=30 August 2021 |access-date=18 February 2010}}</ref> === Magunguna === Posaconazole yana shanyewa cikin sa'o'i uku zuwa biyar. Ana kawar da shi ta hanyar hanta, kuma yana da rabin rayuwa na kimanin awanni 35. Gudanar da baki na posaconazole da aka ɗauka tare da abinci mai kitse ya wuce 90% bioavailability kuma yana ƙara maida hankali sau hudu idan aka kwatanta da yanayin azumi.<ref name="Noxafil FDA label" /> == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{Commons category-inline}} {{Antifungals}}{{Piperazines}}<templatestyles src="Module:Portal bar/styles.css"></templatestyles>  [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] pv5c6t51himzayprss6ogpexad8cd7a Sulfadoxine 0 158523 889672 860682 2026-07-31T07:26:50Z BnHamid 12586 889672 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sulfadoxine''' (wanda aka fi sani da '''sulphadoxine''') wani sulfonamide ne mai tsawo wanda aka yi amfani da shi tare da pyrimethamine don magance [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|zazzabin cizon sauro]]. Hakanan ana amfani dashi don hana zazzabin cizon sauro <ref>{{Cite web |title=WHO &#124; Intermittent preventive treatment in pregnancy (IPTp) |url=http://www.who.int/malaria/areas/preventive_therapies/pregnancy/en/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305032600/http://www.who.int/malaria/areas/preventive_therapies/pregnancy/en/ |archive-date=March 5, 2014 |access-date=27 November 2021 |website=Who.int}}</ref> amma saboda matakan sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine masu tsayayya, wannan amfani ya zama ba a saba gani ba. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Matondo SI, Temba GS, Kavishe AA, etal |year=2014 |title=High levels of sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine resistance ''Pfdhfr-Pfdhps'' quintuple mutations: a cross sectional survey of six regions in Tanzania. |journal=Malar J |volume=13 |doi=10.1186/1475-2875-13-152 |pmc=3998221 |pmid=24751352 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ana kuma amfani da ita, yawanci tare da wasu magunguna, don magance ko rigakafin cututtuka daban-daban a cikin dabbobi. [ana yanayi hujja] [citation need] == Hanyar aiki == Sulfadoxine yana hana dihydropteroate synthase, yana tsoma baki tare da kira na folate. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2023}} == Dubi kuma == * Sulfadoxine / pyrimethamine == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] b4pgnn6fbwz5n34rerut50m1flykn5d Ruwan Rondebosch 0 158637 889737 864786 2026-07-31T08:42:05Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889737 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ruwan Rondebosch''' wani wurin sha ne na gargajiya na Victorian da ke tsaye a kan tsibiri mai cunkoso a kan hanyar da ke tsakanin titin Belmont da babban titin a tsakiyar Rondebosch a [[Cape Town|Cape Town, Afirka ta Kudu]] . An ayyana shi a matsayin abin tunawa na ƙasa a ranar 10 ga Afrilu, 1964. <ref name="castings">{{Cite web |title=Project to reproduce landmark Rondebosch fountain almost complete |url=http://castingssa.com/project-to-reproduce-landmark-rondebosch-fountain-almost-complete/ |access-date=22 December 2018 |publisher=Castings SA}}</ref> Asalin sunan maɓuɓɓugar ruwan Moodie, an yi maɓuɓɓugar ruwan ne da ƙarfe a shekarar 1891 kuma ta ƙunshi maɓuɓɓugar ruwan sha mai zagaye a ƙafafun dawaki, tare da sandar tsakiya da aka ɗora da fitila mai siffar hexagonal. Maƙallan da aka yi wa ado guda huɗu na iya samun kofuna waɗanda aka rataye don mutane su sha daga ruwan da ke fitowa, yayin da dawaki ke shan daga maɓuɓɓugar ruwan, da kuma karnuka daga ƙananan kwano a ƙasa. <ref name="racedo">{{Cite web |date=3 December 2014 |title=Racedo Fountain |url=https://memorialdrinkingfountains.wordpress.com/tag/entre-rios/ |publisher=Memorial Drinking Fountains}}</ref> Walter Macfarlane & Co. ne ya jefa shi a Saracen Foundry da ke [[Glasgow|Glasgow, Scotland]], kuma George Pigot Moodie ya gabatar wa al'umma a shekarar 1891. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rondebosch Fountain |url=https://www.sahra.org.za/sahris/sites/921110036 |access-date=22 December 2018 |publisher=SAHRA}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Plug |first=C |title=Moodie, Mr George Pigot |url=http://www.s2a3.org.za/bio/Biograph_final.php?serial=1950 |access-date=28 December 2018 |publisher=S2A3 Biographical Database of Southern African Science}}</ref> Fitilar ba ita ce fitilar titi ta farko da Afirka ta Kudu ta fara amfani da ita ba. An fara kunna ta ne a ranar 25 ga Afrilu 1892, kusan shekaru 10 bayan an kunna fitilun titi a Kimberley. Da farko dai tashar wutar lantarki ta Moodie ce ta fara amfani da ita har sai da aka kammala tashar wutar lantarki ta birni a Kogin Liesbeek . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Eskom Heritage: First Central Power Station – 1891 |url=http://heritage.eskom.co.za/electricity_in_south_africa.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181231134905/http://heritage.eskom.co.za/electricity_in_south_africa.htm |archive-date=31 December 2018 |access-date=21 December 2018 |website=Eskom |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Harvey |first=John |date=2016-04-28 |title=Hope for landmark Rondebosch fountain |url=https://www.southernsuburbstatler.co.za/news/hope-for-landmark-rondebosch-fountain-5152028 |access-date=2019-01-24 |website=Southern Suburbs Tatler |language=en-GB |archive-date=2019-01-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190125020611/https://www.southernsuburbstatler.co.za/news/hope-for-landmark-rondebosch-fountain-5152028 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An lalata asalin maɓuɓɓugar ƙarfen da aka yi amfani da ita a watan Agusta na 2015 lokacin da wata mota da ke gudu ta kutsa kai cikinta, kuma aka sace wasu daga cikin sassan. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jeranji |first=Tiyese |date=25 August 2015 |title=History smashed into pieces |url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/Local/Peoples-Post/History-smashed-into-pieces-20150824-3 |publisher=People's Post}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 August 2016 |title=Can you help solve the restoration mystery of SA's first electric lamp post? |url=https://www.traveller24.com/News/can-you-help-solve-the-restoration-mystery-of-sas-first-electric-lamp-post-20160830 |publisher=People's Post}}</ref> Kamfanin Heritage Castings na gida ya sake gina maɓuɓɓugar da aluminum <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 September 2018 |title=Replication of the Rondebosch Fountain |url=https://www.seeff.com/news/replication-of-the-rondebosch-fountain/ |publisher=Seeff}}</ref> . <ref name="castings"/> <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2018 |title=Project to reproduce landmark Rondebosch fountain almost complete |url=http://www.capetalk.co.za/articles/316692/in-pics-project-to-reproduce-landmark-rondebosch-fountain-almost-complete |publisher=CapeTalk}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Heritage Castings |url=https://www.heritagefoundry.co.za/ |access-date=22 December 2018}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ford |first=Wesley |date=7 March 2019 |title=Hope for fountain |url=https://www.southernsuburbstatler.co.za/news/hope-for-fountain-19695711 |publisher=Southern Suburbs Tatler |access-date=19 June 2026 |archive-date=15 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250415024022/https://southernsuburbstatler.co.za/news/hope-for-fountain-19695711/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> An girka maɓuɓɓugar da aka sake ginawa a ranar 24 ga Satumba, 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |last=FORD |first=WESLEY |date=2020-10-01 |title=Rondebosch fountain restored |url=https://www.southernsuburbstatler.co.za/news/rondebosch-fountain-restored |access-date=2024-05-12 |website=Southern Suburbs Tatler |language=en-ZA |archive-date=2024-05-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240512191237/https://www.southernsuburbstatler.co.za/news/rondebosch-fountain-restored |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Hotunan Hotuna == <gallery mode="packed"> Fayil:Rondebosch_Fountain_early_20th_century.jpg|alt=A street scene of Main Road Rondebosch, Cape Town around the turn of the 20th century. The recently installed Rondebosch Fountain can be seen to the left in the foreground.| Wani abin kallo a titin Main Road Rondebosch, Cape Town a farkon karni na 20. Ana iya ganin Ruwan Maɓuɓɓugar Rondebosch da aka gina kwanan nan a hagu a gaba. Fayil:Rondebosch_Fountain_Detail.jpg Fayil:Rondebosch_Fountain_lamp.JPG Fayil:Rondebosch_Fountain,_Main_Road,_Rondebosch,_Cape_Town_2.JPG|alt=A photograph of the original fountain a few years before it was accidentally destroyed.| Hoton asalin marmaro shekaru kaɗan kafin a lalata shi bisa kuskure. </gallery> == Maɓuɓɓugan ruwa makamantan su == Akwai maɓuɓɓugan ruwa guda biyu iri ɗaya da aka ƙera a Saracen Foundry waɗanda suka yi kama da juna a Afirka ta Kudu: ɗaya a unguwar Rosebank da ke makwabtaka da ita, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hassen |first=Tauriq |date=26 April 2018 |title=Fountain of worries |url=https://www.southernsuburbstatler.co.za/news/fountain-of-worries-14657883 |publisher=Southern Suburbs Tatler |access-date=19 June 2026 |archive-date=15 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250415032257/https://southernsuburbstatler.co.za/news/fountain-of-worries-14657883/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> amma ba tare da ƙafafun dawaki ba, ɗaya kuma a [[Nxuba|Cradock]] a Gabashin Cape, yanzu ba tare da fitilar hexagonal ta asali ba. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Martinson |first=William |date=August 2016 |title=Memorial Drinking Fountain, Cradock, Eastern Cape |url=http://www.artefacts.co.za/main/Buildings/bldgframes.php?bldgid=13480 |access-date=22 December 2018 |publisher=Artefacts.co.za}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Coronation Fountain |url=https://memorialdrinkingfountains.wordpress.com/2016/10/19/coronation-fountain-2/ |publisher=Memorial Drinking Fountains}}</ref> Maɓuɓɓugar ruwa mai ƙarfe mai kama da ƙira mai sauƙi a Jubilee Square, garin Simon . Sauran maɓuɓɓugan ruwa masu irin wannan ƙira sun haɗa da Adye Douglas Water Trough a Ostiraliya, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Adye Douglas Water Trough |url=https://www.glasgowengineering.com.au/history/adye-douglas-water-trough |access-date=22 December 2018 |publisher=Glasgow Engineering}}</ref> Maɓuɓɓugar Ruwa ta Racedo a [[Argentina]] a Boulevard Racedo a gaban tashar jirgin ƙasa a Paraná, Entre Ríos, <ref name="racedo" /> da Maɓuɓɓugar Ruwa ta Coronation a Loanhead, [[Scotland]], an wargaza ta a 1933. <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 February 2014 |title=Fountains, Distant Twins & Cousins |url=https://memorialdrinkingfountains.wordpress.com/tag/loanhead/ |publisher=Memorial Drinking Fountains}}</ref> == Manazarta == 4ejlitpqlo194qjj2lqljhivbrz9ml0 SS Cathay (1924) 0 158847 889751 861940 2026-07-31T09:26:03Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889751 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''SS ''Cathay''''' jirgin ruwa ne na fasinjoji na P&amp;amp;O wanda aka gina a [[Scotland]] a shekarar 1925 kuma ya nutse a [[Bahar Rum|Tekun Bahar Rum]] a shekarar 1942. A [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu,]] da farko ta kasance jirgin ruwa mai ɗauke da makamai na 'yan kasuwa sannan kuma jirgin sojoji . A shekarar 1942 ta shiga cikin [[Aikin Torch|Operation Torch]], kuma an nutsar da ita a wani harin jiragen sama na Jamus a kusa da [[Béjaïa|Bougie]], [[Aljeriya ta Faransa|Algeria]] . <ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|''The Times'', 1 February 1945}}</ref> ''Cathay'' ita ce ta farko a cikin jerin jiragen ruwa uku na teku da aka yi wa P&O, duk an gina su a lokaci guda. Jiragen ruwan 'yan uwanta sune ''Comorin'' da ''Chitral'' . Wannan shi ne na biyu daga cikin jiragen P&O guda uku da ake kira ''Cathay'' . Na farko jirgin ruwa ne mai tururi wanda aka gina a Scotland a shekarar 1872 kuma aka lalata shi a Japan a shekarar 1903. <ref name="SBS">{{Cite web |title=Cathay |url=http://www.clydeships.co.uk/view.php?ref=1736 |access-date=6 November 2019 |website=Scottish Built Ships |publisher=Caledonian Maritime Research Trust}}</ref> Na uku jirgin ruwa ne mai tururin tururi wanda P&O ya mallaka tsakanin 1961 da 1976. An gina ta a [[Beljik|Belgium]] a shekarar 1957 a matsayin ''Baudouinville'' . A shekarar 1976 P&O ta sayar da ita ga [[Sin|China]], inda aka sake mata suna zuwa ''Kengshin'' sannan aka sake mata suna zuwa ''Shanghai'' . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Cathay (1957) |url=https://www.poheritage.com/Upload/Mimsy/Media/factsheet/92895CATHAY-1957pdf.pdf |access-date=2 June 2022 |website=P&O Heritage |publisher=P&O SN Co}}</ref> == Gine-gine == Har zuwa shekarar 1914, P&O ta ci gaba da gudanar da ayyukan layin dogo na yau da kullun tsakanin Birtaniya da [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]] a kowane mako. Amma kamfanin ya rasa jiragen ruwa da dama a [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya]], don haka bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya, ya sami damar dawo da sabis na wata-wata kawai a kan hanyar. {{Sfn|Wilson|1956}} A farkon shekarun 1920, P&O ta yi odar sabbin jiragen fasinja da dama, masu girma dabam-dabam, don hanyoyinta daban-daban. {{Sfn|Wilson|1956}} Ta yi odar ''Cathay'' da 'yan uwanta mata a shekarar 1923. <ref name="Heritage">{{Cite web |title=Cathay (1925) |url=https://www.poheritage.com/Upload/Mimsy/Media/factsheet/92894CATHAY-1925pdf.pdf |access-date=2 June 2022 |website=P&O Heritage |publisher=P&O SN Co}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Chitral (1925) |url=https://www.poheritage.com/Upload/Mimsy/Media/factsheet/92934CHITRAL-1925pdf.pdf |access-date=2 June 2022 |website=P&O Heritage |publisher=P&O SN Co}}</ref> Barclay Curle & Company da ke [[Glasgow]] sun gina ''Cathay'' da ''Comorin'', kuma suka ƙaddamar da su a ranar ɗaya, 31 ga Oktoba 1924. Lady Inchcape, matar Shugaban P&O The Earl of Inchcape, ta yi bikin ƙaddamar da ''Cathay'' . <ref name="SBS"/> Alexander Stephen and Sons sun gina ''Chitral'', suka ƙaddamar da ita a ranar 27 ga Janairu 1925. <ref name="SBS-Chitral">{{Cite web |title=Chitral |url=http://www.clydeships.co.uk/view.php?ref=17046 |access-date=2 June 2022 |website=Scottish Built Ships |publisher=Caledonian Maritime Research Trust}}</ref> ''Cathay'' ita ce ta farko daga cikin 'yan'uwa mata uku da suka kammala. Ta ci jarrabawarta ta teku a ranar 12 ga Maris 1925. <ref name="PIH-1924">{{Cite web |title=Cathay – 1924 |url=http://passengersinhistory.sa.gov.au/file/27363 |access-date=6 July 2016 |website=Passengers in History |publisher=South Australian Maritime Museum |archive-date=22 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822121909/http://passengersinhistory.sa.gov.au/file/27363 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An kammala ''Comorin'' a watan Afrilu <ref>{{Cite web |title=Comorin |url=http://www.clydeships.co.uk/view.php?ref=1737 |access-date=2 June 2022 |website=Scottish Built Ships |publisher=Caledonian Maritime Research Trust}}</ref> kuma Alexander Stephen & Sons sun kammala ''Chitral'' a watan Yuni. <ref name="SBS-Chitral"/> ''Cathay'' ya kasance {{Cvt|546.9|ft}} tsayi gaba ɗaya kuma {{Cvt|522.2|ft}} tsakanin madaidaiciyar layuka . <ref name="Heritage"/> Tsawonta da aka yi rijista ya kai {{Convert|523.5|ft}}, tsayin ta ya kai {{Convert|70.2|ft}} kuma zurfinta ya kai {{Convert|42.3|ft}} . Harinta ya kai 15,121 GRT da 8,696 NRT . <ref name="LR27">{{Harvard citation no brackets|''LLoyd's Register'', 1927}}</ref> ''Cathay'' da 'yan'uwanta mata kowannensu yana da jirgin ruwa mai saukar ungulu, yayin da jiragen P&O da aka gina kafin Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya suna da jiragen ruwa masu ƙarfi . ''Cathay'' tana da sukurori biyu. Kowace sukurori tana amfani da injin tururi mai silinda huɗu mai faɗaɗawa . Tsakanin su, injunan tagwayen nata an ƙiyasta su ne a 1,905 NHP <ref name="LR27">{{Harvard citation no brackets|''LLoyd's Register'', 1927}}</ref> ko 13,437 ihp, <ref name="Heritage"/> kuma sun ba ta gudun {{Convert|16|kn|km/h}} . {{Sfn|Harnack|1930}} Tana da magudanar ruwa guda biyu. Na bayan ɗaya wawa ne. <ref name="Heritage" /> ''Cathay'' tana da wurin kwana ga fasinjoji 306: <ref name="SBS"/> 203 a aji na farko da 103 a aji na biyu. <ref name="Heritage"/> Ɗaya daga cikin 'ya'yan Inchcape, Honourable Elsie Mackay, ta kula da kayan ado na cikin gidan fasinjojin. <ref name="Heritage" /> An sanya gidajen ''Cathay'' a cikin firiji, kuma suna da sarari ga {{'}} {{Cvt|196270|cuft}} na kaya. {{Sfn|''LLoyd's Register'', 1926}} == Manazarta == 9czkfzd5rpi8l6rpj5qrve31et9x4tj Samfurin ruwan ƙasa 0 159314 889799 865057 2026-07-31T11:53:29Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889799 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Tsarin kwaikwayon ruwan ƙasa''' (Groundwater models) siri ne na tsarin kwamfuta na kwararar ruwan ƙasa, kuma masana ilimin ruwa (hydrologists) da masana ilimin ƙasa da ruwa (hydrogeologists) suna amfani da su. Ana amfani da tsarin kwaikwayon ruwan ƙasa don kwaikwayo da hasashen yanayin madatsar ruwan ƙasa (aquifer). == Halaye == [[File:Aquifer multilang.svg|thumb|Giciyen sassan madatsar ruwan ƙasa na yau da kullum]] Yana da wahala a ba da ma'ana guda ɗaya tabbatacciya ta "tsarin kwaikwayon ruwan ƙasa", amma akwai halaye da yawa na gama-gari. Tsarin kwaikwayon ruwan ƙasa na iya zama sikelin samfuri (scale model) ko tsarin lantarki na yanayin ruwan ƙasa ko madatsar ruwan ƙasa. Ana amfani da tsarin kwaikwayon ruwan ƙasa don wakiltar kwararar ruwan ƙasa na halitta a cikin muhalli. Wasu tsarin kwaikwayon ruwan ƙasa sun haɗa da ɓangarorin ingancin (sinadarai na) ruwan ƙasa. Irin waɗannan tsarin na ƙoƙarin hasashen rabo da motsin sinadarin a cikin yanayi na halitta, birni ko kuma yanayin da aka zata. Ana iya amfani da tsarin kwaikwayon ruwan ƙasa don hasashen sakamakon canje-canjen yanayin ruwa (kamar hako ruwan ƙasa ko ci gaban aikin ban ruwa) akan halayyar madatsar ruwan ƙasa, kuma galibi ana kiran su tsarin kwaikwayon ruwan ƙasa (groundwater simulation models). Ana amfani da tsarin kwaikwayon ruwan ƙasa a tsare-tsaren sarrafa ruwa daban-daban na yankunan birane. Tun da lissafi a cikin tsarin kwaikwayon ruwan ƙasa na lissafi (mathematical models) ya dogara ne akan daidaiton kwararar ruwan ƙasa (groundwater flow equations), waɗanda daidaiton mabanbanta (differential equations) ne waɗanda galibi ana iya magance su ta hanyar hanyoyin ƙididdiga na kusa (approximate methods) ta amfani da nazarin ƙididdiga (numerical analysis), ana kiran waɗannan tsarin kuma da tsarin kwaikwayon ruwan ƙasa na lissafi, ƙididdiga, ko na kwamfuta.<ref>Rushton, K.R., 2003, Groundwater Hydrology: Conceptual and Computational Models. John Wiley and Sons Ltd. {{ISBN|0-470-85004-3}}</ref> Tsarukan lissafi ko na ƙididdiga yawanci suna dogara ne akan ainihin ilimin lissafin jiki (physics) wanda kwararar ruwan ƙasa ke bi. Ana magance waɗannan daidaiton lissafin ta amfani da lambobin ƙididdiga kamar MODFLOW, ParFlow, HydroGeoSphere, OpenGeoSys da sauransu. Iri daban-daban na "hanyoyin ƙididdiga" (numerical solutions) kamar hanyar bambancin iyaka (finite difference method) da hanyar abubuwan iyaka (finite element method) ana tattauna su a cikin labarin akan "Ilimin Ƙasa da Ruwa" (Hydrogeology). == Abubuwan Shigarwa == Don lissafin ana buƙatar abubuwan shigarwa (inputs) kamar: *Abubuwan shigarwa na yanayin ruwa (hydrological inputs), *Abubuwan shigarwa na ayyuka (operational inputs), *Yanayin waje: yanayin farko (initial condition) da yanayin iyaka (boundary condition), *Ma'aunai (hydraulic parameters). Tsarin na iya samun abubuwan sinadarai kamar gishirin ruwa, gishirin ƙasa da sauran alamomin ingancin ruwa da ƙasa, waɗanda kuma za'a iya buƙatar abubuwan shigarwa dominsu. === Abubuwan shigarwa na yanayin ruwa === [[File:Surface water cycle.svg|thumb|upright|left|Abubuwan da ke faruwa na ruwa a saman ƙasa waɗanda ke ƙayyade sake cika ruwan ƙasa]] Haɗin farko tsakanin ruwan ƙasa da abubuwan shigarwa na yanayin ruwa shine yankin da bai cika jikewa ba (unsaturated zone ko vadose zone). Ƙasa tana aiki don raba abubuwan shigarwa na yanayin ruwa kamar ruwan sama ko narkewar ƙanƙara zuwa kwararar ruwa ta sama (surface runoff), dandin ɗanshi na ƙasa (soil moisture), fitar numfashin ruwa (evapotranspiration) da sake cika ruwan ƙasa (groundwater recharge). Kwarara ta cikin yankin da bai cika jikewa ba wanda ke haɗa ruwan sama zuwa ɗanshin ƙasa da ruwan ƙasa na iya zama sama ko ƙasa, ya danganta da ma'aunin matsa lamba na ruwa (hydraulic head) a cikin ƙasa, ana iya yin samfurinsa ta amfani da hanyar ƙididdiga ta daidaiton Richards (Richards' equation)<ref>Richards, L. A. (1931), Capillary conduction of liquids through porous mediums, ''J. Appl. Phys''., 1(5), 318–333.</ref> partial differential equation, ko kuma daidaiton mabanbanta na yau da kullum (ordinary differential equation) na hanyar Finite Water-Content <ref>Ogden, F. L., W. Lai, R. C. Steinke, J. Zhu, C. A. Talbot, and J. L. Wilson (2015), A new general 1-D vadose zone solution method, ''Water Resour. Res.'', 51, doi:10.1002/2015WR017126.</ref> kamar yadda aka tabbatar don tsarin kwaikwayon ruwan ƙasa da hulɗar yankin vadose zone.<ref>Ogden, F. L., W. Lai, R. C. Steinke, and J. Zhu (2015), Validation of finite water-content vadose zone dynamics method using column experiments with a moving water table and applied surface flux, ''Water Resour. Res''., 51, doi:10.1002/2014WR016454.</ref> === Abubuwan shigarwa na ayyuka === Abubuwan shigarwa na ayyuka sun shafi tsoma bakin ɗan adam tare da 'sarrafa ruwa' kamar aikin ban ruwa (irrigation), magudanar ruwa (drainage), hako ruwa daga rijiyoyi, sarrafa matakin ruwan ƙasa (watertable control), da gudanar da madatsun riƙe ruwa (retention) ko na tace ruwa zuwa ƙasa (infiltration), waɗanda galibi suna da alaƙa da yanayin ruwa. <br /> Waɗannan abubuwan shigarwa kuma suna iya bambanta a lokaci da sarari. Ana yin tsarin kwaikwayon ruwan ƙasa da yawa don manufar tantance tasirin matakan aikin injiniyan ruwa (hydraulic engineering). === Yanayin iyaka da na farko === [[File:Boundary value problem-en.svg|thumb|Yanayin iyaka]] 'Yanayin iyaka' (Boundary conditions) na iya kasancewa da alaƙa da matakan teburin ruwa (water table), matsa lamba na artesian (artesian pressures), da matsa lamba na ruwa (hydraulic head) tare da iyakokin tsarin a gefe guda (yanayin matsa lamba), ko kuma ga kwararar ruwan ƙasa ciki da waje tare da iyakokin tsarin a ɗayan gefen (yanayin kwarara). Wannan kuma yana iya haɗawa da ɓangarorin ingancin ruwa kamar gishiri. 'Yanayin farko' (Initial conditions) yana nufin ƙimar farko na abubuwa waɗanda zasu iya ƙaruwa ko raguwa a cikin tsawon lokaci a 'cikin' yankin tsarin kuma sun ƙunshi kusan abubuwa iri ɗaya kamar yadda yanayin iyaka yake yi. Yanayin farko da na iyaka na iya bambanta daga wuri zuwa wuri. Ana iya ajiye yanayin iyaka ko dai a tsayayye ko kuma a sanya shi mai canzawa a cikin lokaci. === Ma'aunai (Parameters) === [[File:File-Saltmod8 (2).JPG|thumb|Misali na ma'aunai na aikin ban ruwa da tsarin ruwan ƙasa]] Ma'aunai yawanci sun shafi siffar kasa (geometry) da nisa a cikin yankin da za a yi kwaikwayonsa da kuma waɗancan halaye na zahiri na madatsar ruwan ƙasa waɗanda ke da ɗan tsayawa tare da lokaci amma suna iya kasancewa masu canzawa a sarari. Muhimman ma'aunai sune yanayin ƙasa (topography), kaurin ƙasa / rukunonin duwatsu da kwararar ruwa a cikinsu ta kwance/tsaye (hydraulic conductivity), kwararar madatsar ruwa (aquifer transmissivity) da juriya (resistance), kofofin madatsar ruwa (aquifer porosity) da ma'aunin ajiya (storage coefficient), gami da capillary na yankin da bai cika jikewa ba. Don ƙarin cikakkun bayanai duba labarin akan ilimin ƙasa da ruwa (hydrogeology). Wasu ma'aunai na iya tasiri ta hanyar canje-canje a yanayin ruwan ƙasa, kamar kaurin sassan ƙasa wanda zai iya raguwa lokacin da teburin ruwa ya faɗi kuma/ko matsin lamba na ruwa ya ragu. Wannan al'amari ana kiransa subsidence. Kaurin, a wannan yanayin, yana canzawa a cikin lokaci kuma ba madaidaicin ma'audai ba ne na gaskiya. == Amfani == Amfani da tsarin kwaikwayon ruwan ƙasa ga ainihin yanayi ya dogara ne akan '''daidaito''' (accuracy) na bayanan shigarwa da ma'aunai (parameters). Ƙayyade waɗannan yana buƙatar nazari mai zurfi, kamar tattara bayanan ruwa (ruwan sama, fitar numfashin ruwa, aikin ban ruwa, magudanar ruwa) da ƙayyade ma'aunai da aka ambata a baya gami da gwajin hako ruwa (pumping tests). Kamar yadda ma'aunai da yawa ke da sauƙi su canza a sarari, ana buƙatar hukuncin masana don isa ga ƙididdiga masu wakiltar gaskiya. Hakanan ana iya amfani da tsarin don '''nazarin idan-haka-ya-faru''' (if-then analysis): idan darajar ma'audai shine A, to menene sakamakon, kuma idan darajar ma'audai ya zama B fa, menene tasirin? Wannan nazarin na iya isa don samun ra'ayi na gabaɗaya game da halayyar ruwan ƙasa, amma kuma yana iya aiki don yin 'nazarin hankali' (sensitivity analysis) don amsa tambayar: waɗanne abubuwa ne ke da babban tasiri kuma waɗanne ne ke da ƙarancin tasiri. Tare da irin wannan bayanin mutum zai iya karkatar da ƙoƙarin bincike mafi yawa ga abubuwan da ke da tasiri. Lokacin da aka tara isassun bayanai, zai iya yiwuwa a ƙayyade wasu ɓatattun bayanai ta hanyar '''daidaitawa''' (calibration). Wannan yana nuna cewa mutum ya ɗauki kewayon ƙididdiga na abin da ba a sani ba ko kuma darajar da ake shakka akanta na wani ma'audai sannan a gudanar da tsarin akai-akai yayin kwatanta sakamakon da sanannun bayanan da suka dace. Misali, idan alkaluman gishiri (salinity) na ruwan ƙasa suna nan kuma darajar kwararar ruwa (hydraulic conductivity) ba ta da tabbas, mutum ya ɗauki kewayon gudanarwa sannan ya zaɓi waccan darajar gudanarwa a matsayin "gaskiya" wacce ke ba da sakamakon gishiri kusa da ƙimar da aka lura, ma'ana kwararar ruwan ƙasa kamar yadda kwararar ruwa ke iko da ita tana cikin yarjejeniya da yanayin gishiri. Wannan tsari yana kama da auna kwararar ruwa a cikin kogi ko magudanar ruwa ta hanyar barin ruwa mai gishiri sosai na sanannen taro na gishiri ya ɗiga a cikin tashar kuma auna sakamakon taron gishiri a can ƙasa. == Girma (Dimensions) == Tsarin kwaikwayon ruwan ƙasa na iya zama mai girma ɗaya (one-dimensional), girma biyu (two-dimensional), girma uku (three-dimensional) da kuma rabi-girma-uku (semi-three-dimensional). Tsarin girma biyu da uku na iya yin la'akari da bambancin nuni (anisotropy) na madatsar ruwan ƙasa dangane da kwararar ruwa (hydraulic conductivity), wato wannan siffar na iya bambanta ta fuskoki daban-daban. === Girma ɗaya, biyu da uku === [[File:DrainSection2.png|thumb|right|Tsarin girma biyu na magudanar ruwa ta ƙarƙashin ƙasa a cikin tsaye]] [[File:MODFLOW 3D grid.png|thumb|right|Grid mai girma uku, Modflow]] #Ana iya amfani da tsarin girma ɗaya don kwararar tsaye a cikin tsarin sassan kwance masu jeri guda. #Tsarin girma biyu (Two-dimensional models) yana shafar sashi na tsaye yayin da ake zaton cewa yanayin ruwan ƙasa yana maimaita kansa a cikin sauran sassan tsaye masu jeri guda (Sura ta 4). Daidaiton tazarar magudanar ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa da ma'aunin makamashin ruwan ƙasa da aka yi amfani da su ga daidaiton magudanar ruwa<ref>''The energy balance of groundwater flow applied to subsurface drainage in anisotropic soils by pipes or ditches with entrance resistance'', International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement (ILRI), Wageningen, The Netherlands. Download from : http://www.waterlog.info/articles.htm, or directly as PDF : http://www.waterlog.info/pdf/enerart.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090219221547/http://www.waterlog.info/pdf/enerart.pdf|date=2009-02-19}} Paper based on: R.J. Oosterbaan, J. Boonstra and K.V.G.K. Rao, 1996, ''The energy balance of groundwater flow''. Published in V.P.Singh and B.Kumar (eds.), Subsurface-Water Hydrology, p. 153-160, Vol.2 of Proceedings of the International Conference on Hydrology and Water Resources, New Delhi, India, 1993. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands. {{ISBN|978-0-7923-3651-8}}. Download as PDF : http://www.waterlog.info/pdf/enerbal.pdf . The corresponding EnDrain model can be downloaded from: http://www.waterlog.info/endrain.htm</ref> sune misalan tsarin kwaikwayon ruwan ƙasa mai girma biyu. #Tsarin girma uku (Three-dimensional models) kamar Modflow<ref>https://water.usgs.gov/nrp/gwsoftware/modflow2000/MFDOC/guide.html Online guide to MODFLOW-2000 and MODFLOW-2005</ref> yana buƙatar rarraba (discretization) daukacin yankin kwarara. Don haka dole ne a raba yankin kwarara zuwa ƙananan abubuwa (ko sel), ta fuskar kwance da tsaye. A cikin kowane sel ana kiyaye ma'aunai a tsayayye, amma suna iya bambanta tsakanin sel (Sura ta 5). Yin amfani da hanyoyin ƙididdiga (numerical solutions) na daidaiton kwararar ruwan ƙasa, ana iya samun kwararar ruwan ƙasa a matsayin kwance, tsaye kuma, galibi, a matsayin '''tsakatsaki''' (intermediate). === Rabi-girma-uku (Semi three-dimensional) === [[File:Well arrangement.svg|thumb|right|Taswirar tsarin rabi-girma-uku na radial wanda ya ƙunshi silinda na tsaye ta inda kwararar ke wucewa zuwa rijiya]] A cikin tsarin rabi-girma-uku, kwararar kwance (horizontal flow) ana siffanta ta ta hanyar daidaiton kwararar girma 2 (wato a cikin kwance x da y). Kwararar tsaye (a cikin z-direction) ana siffanta ta (a) tare da daidaiton kwararar girma 1, ko (b) an samo ta daga ma'aunin ruwa (water balance) na kwararar kwance wanda ke canza rarar ruwan ƙasa da ke shiga ta kwance akan wanda ke fita ta kwance zuwa kwararar tsaye a ƙarƙashin zaton cewa ruwa ba ya matsewa (incompressible). Akwai azuzuwan biyu na tsarin rabi-girma-uku: *''Tsarukan ci gaba'' (Continuous models) ko ''tsarukan radial'' (radial models) waɗanda suka ƙunshi ƙananan tsarukan girma 2 a cikin sassan radial na tsaye waɗanda ke tsallake juna a cikin babban axis guda ɗaya. Tsarin kwarara yana maimaita kansa a cikin kowane sashi na tsaye da ke fitowa daga tsakiyar axis. *''Tsarukan da aka rarraba'' (Discretized models) ko ''tsarukan prism'' (prismatic models) waɗanda suka ƙunshi ƙananan tsarukan da aka kafa ta hanyar rukunoni na tsaye ko prisms don kwararar kwance haɗe da hanya ɗaya ko fiye na haɗakar kwararar tsaye. ==== Tsarin radial na ci gaba ==== Misali na tsarin radial da ba a rarraba ba shine bayanin kwararar ruwan ƙasa da ke motsawa ta radial zuwa rami mai zurfi (deep well) a cikin hanyar sadarwa na rijiyoyin da ake hako ruwa daga gare su.<ref>''Subsurface drainage by (tube)wells: well spacing equations for fully and partially penetrating wells in uniform or layered aquifers with or without anisotropy and entrance resistance''. Paper explaining the basics of the WellDrain model, International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement (ILRI), Wageningen, The Netherlands. Updated version of: R.J.Oosterbaan, ''Tube well spacing formulas for subsurface drainage.'' Published in: Smith, K.V.H. and D.W. Rycroft (eds.) Hydraulic Design in Water Resources Engineering: Land Drainage. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference, Southampton University, p. 75‑84. Springer‑Verlag, Berlin, 1986. Download as PDF : http://www.waterlog.info/pdf/wellspac.pdf . Download the WellDrain model from: http://www.waterlog.info/weldrain.htm</ref> Kwararar radial tana ratsawa ta cikin silinda na tsaye, mai giciye sashi wanda ke wakiltar ma'aunin ƙarfin hydraulic (equipotential) wanda samansa ke raguwa a cikin hanyar axis na mahaɗar sassan radial inda rijiyar take. [[File:Garmsar.gif|thumb|left|Taswirar grid mai girma biyu akan fan na alluvial don tsarin rabi-girma-uku na prism, SahysMod]] ==== Tsarin da aka rarraba na Prism ==== Tsarukan da aka rarraba na prism kamar SahysMod<ref>ILRI, 1995. ''SahysMod: Spatial Agro-Hydro-Salinity Model. Description of Principles, User Manual, and Case Studies''. International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement (ILRI), Wageningen, Netherlands. On line: http://waterlog.info/pdf/sahysmod.pdf</ref> suna da grid akan saman ƙasa kawai. Hanyar sadarwar grid mai girma 2 ta ƙunshi alwatika (triangles), murabba'ai (squares), rectangles ko polygons. Don haka, an raba yankin kwarara zuwa rukunoni na tsaye ko prisms. Prisms za a iya rarraba su zuwa sassan kwance (layers) masu halaye daban-daban waɗanda kuma zasu iya bambanta tsakanin prisms. Ana lissafin kwararar ruwan ƙasa tsakanin prisms maƙwabta ta amfani da daidaiton kwararar ruwan ƙasa na kwance na girma 2. Ana samun kwararar tsaye ta hanyar amfani da daidaiton kwararar girma ɗaya a cikin tsaye, ko kuma za'a iya samo su daga ma'aunin ruwa: rarar shigar kwance akan fitar kwance (ko akasin haka) an fassara shi zuwa kwararar tsaye, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin labarin Ilimin Ruwa na Noma (Hydrology (agriculture)). A cikin tsarin rabi-girma-uku, kwararar tsakatsaki tsakanin kwance da tsaye ba a kwaikwayon ta kamar a cikin ainihin tsarin girma 3. Duk da haka, kamar ainihin tsarin girma 3, irin waɗannan tsarukan suna ba da damar shigar da tsarin magudanar ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa na kwance da tsaye (subsurface drainage systems). Madatsun ruwa na semiconfined masu ɗauke da sashe mai kaurin kwarara a hankali da ke sama da madatsar ruwan (aquitard) ana iya haɗa su a cikin tsarin ta hanyar kwaikwayon kwararar tsaye ta cikinsa ƙarƙashin tasirin matsin lamba a cikin madatsar ruwan da kanta dangane da matakin teburin ruwa a ciki ko sama da aquitard. == Manhajojin kwaikwayon ruwan ƙasa da nassoshi == * Analytic Element Method * FEFLOW * PORFLOW (https://www.acricfd.com/software/porflow/default.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241223101508/https://www.acricfd.com/software/porflow/default.htm |date=2024-12-23 }}) * SVFlux * FEHM * HydroGeoSphere * Integrated Water Flow Model * MicroFEM (http://www.microfem.nl/) * MODFLOW ** GMS ** Visual MODFLOW ** Processing Modflow * OpenGeoSys (http://www.ufz.de/index.php?en=18345) * SahysMod, Spatial agro-hydro-salinity-aquifer model, akan layi: http://www.waterlog.info/sahysmod.htm * US Geological Survey Water Resources Ground Water Software (https://water.usgs.gov/software/lists/ground_water/) * MARTHE daga Hukumar Binciken Ƙasa ta Faransa (BRGM) (https://www.brgm.fr/en/software/marthe-modelling-software-groundwater-flows) * ZOOMQ3D * Karatun kwaikwayon ruwan ƙasa kyauta ga masu farawa (http://www.hydrology.nl/ihpnews/391-a-simple-groundwater-modelling-course-microfem.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240915110004/https://hydrology.nl/ihpnews/391-a-simple-groundwater-modelling-course-microfem.html |date=2024-09-15 }}) == Bayanan ƙasa == <references/> at7y2xpqroh2uqfvdbjdnll6u20kwt9 SAS Skilpad 0 159382 889747 864708 2026-07-31T09:16:37Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889747 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''SAS ''Skilpad''''' jirgin ruwa ne mai ma'adinai na rundunar sojin ruwan Afirka ta Kudu a lokacin da kuma bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu. An ƙaddamar da ita a matsayin jirgin ruwan jigilar kaya na Jamus ''mai suna Polaris'', kuma bayan da ƙawayenta suka kama ta a shekarar 1940, an tura ta cikin rundunar sojojin ruwa ta Royal Navy a matsayin kyautar yaƙi, aka kuma sake mata suna zuwa HMS ''Spindrift'' . A lokacin yaƙin, an mayar da ita ga rundunar sojojin ruwan Afirka ta Kudu, inda take da hedikwata a [[Bayar Saldanha|Saldanha Bay]], daga baya kuma a [[Durban]] . Bayan ta ajiye ta na tsawon shekaru da dama bayan ƙarshen yaƙin, ta nutse a ma'ajiyarta a Durban a lokacin guguwa a shekarar 1953, wanda ya sa aka dakatar da aikinta aka sayar da ita don tarkace a shekarar 1957. == Tarihi == An gina ''Polaris'' a Jamus a shekarar 1936 a matsayin jirgin ruwa na kasuwanci na gama gari kuma {{Lang|de|[[Kriegsmarine]]}} ne ya buƙaci a yi amfani da shi. a shekarar 1939 kuma aka mayar da ita jirgin ruwa mai ɗaukar kaya. {{Sfn|Du Toit|1992}} Daga nan aka sanya mata bututun torpedo da aka ɓoye kuma ''Kriegsmarine'' ta ƙara mata na'urorin dumama ruwa a cikin tukunyar don inganta saurin "gudun gudu" na ɗan gajeren lokaci kamar yadda ake buƙata. An yi niyyar sanya ta cikin teku tare da jiragen ruwa na jigilar kaya na yau da kullun da fatan kai hari ga duk wani jigilar kaya na ƙawance da ya zo cikin kewayon torpedo. {{Sfn|Du Toit|1992}} {{HMS|Arrow|H42|6}} ta kama ta{{HMS|Arrow|H42|6}} a kusa da Norway a ranar 26 ga Afrilu 1940 kuma aka raka shi zuwa Scapa Flow <ref>{{Cite web |title=This Day in the War in Europe: The Beginning |url=https://ww2aircraft.net/forum/threads/this-day-in-the-war-in-europe-the-beginning.41546/page-41}}</ref> a matsayin kyautar yaƙi daga {{HMS|Griffin|H31|6}} . {{Sfn|Du Toit|1992}} A matsayin kyautar yaƙi, Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Royal ta karɓe ''Polaris'' kuma aka ba ta aikin HMS ''Spindrift'' kuma an fara amfani da ita don horar da ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa a Portland <ref>{{Cite web |title=Western Approaches, June 1940 |url=http://www.naval-history.net/xDKWW2-4006-15RNHome3.htm}}</ref> amma daga baya aka mayar da ita wani wurin hakar ma'adinai mai sarrafawa, wanda ya fito daga tashoshin jiragen ruwa a watan Janairun 1942. {{Sfn|Du Toit|1992}} An mayar da ita zuwa [[Bayar Saldanha|Saldanha Bay]] a gabar tekun Cape West a ƙarƙashin jagorancin tashar Royal Navy South Atlantic da ke garin Simon's, tana da alhakin shimfida kariyar filin hakar ma'adinai a cikin ruwan gabar tekun Afirka ta Kudu. <ref name="SAMuseum">{{Cite web |date=25 July 2020 |title=SAS Skilpad - from the Kriegsmarine to the South African Navy |url=https://sanavymuseum.co.za/2020/07/25/sas-skilpad-from-the-kriegsmarine-to-the-south-african-navy/ |access-date=22 June 2026 |archive-date=9 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209075640/https://sanavymuseum.co.za/2020/07/25/sas-skilpad-from-the-kriegsmarine-to-the-south-african-navy/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> An miƙa HMS ''Spindrift'' ga rundunar sojin ruwan SA gaba ɗaya a ranar 5 ga Yuli, 1943 a garin Simon's kuma aka sake masa suna HMSAS ''Spindrift'', wanda yanzu rundunar sojin ruwan Afirka ta Kudu ke jagoranta. A ƙarshen yaƙin, ta ci gaba da zama a Saldanha Bay har zuwa 1948 lokacin da jirgin ruwan HMSAS ya ja ta zuwa [[Durban|Durban.]] An ajiye HMSAS a cikin kulawa da kulawa a Tsibirin Salisbury a matsayin wani ɓangare na rundunar kiyayewa . A shekarar 1951 aka sake mata suna zuwa HMSAS ''Skilpad'' (sunan ''Skilpad'' ya fassara zuwa ''Tortoise'' kuma ya nuna daidai gudunta (rashin) gudu - ba tare da manyan na'urorin dumama da aka cire lokacin da take cikin Rundunar Sojojin Ruwa ta Royal; babban gudu shine knots 9!). <ref name="SAMuseum" /> == Manazarta == ft829kjcioq7n7lxgg205funukhlp3k SS Frontier (1922) 0 159480 889753 880309 2026-07-31T09:28:53Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889753 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Frontier''''' ya kasance 1,000 Jirgin ruwan kaya wanda aka gina a shekarar 1922 a matsayin '''''Cattaro''''' ta hannun Memeler Schiffswerke, Lindenau & Co, Memel, [[Jamus]] . Bayan an sayar da shi a shekarar 1930, an sake masa suna '''''Finkenau''''' . A shekarar 1945, an sake masa suna '''''Levensau''''' kuma an kwace shi daga baya a wannan shekarar daga hannun kawance a Brunsbüttel, aka mayar da shi ga Ma'aikatar Sufuri ta Yaƙi (MoWT) aka kuma sake masa suna '''''Empire Convoy''''' . An mayar da ita ga [[Holand|Netherlands]] a shekarar 1946 aka kuma sake mata suna '''''Grebburg''''' . An sayar da ita ga dillalan kayayyaki a shekarar 1947 aka kuma sake mata suna '''''Echo''''' . An sayar da ita ga [[Afirka ta Kudu]] a shekarar 1952, aka sake mata suna ''Frontier'' . Jirgin ya yi aiki har zuwa shekarar 1957 lokacin da ta yi hatsari ta wargaje. == Bayani == An gina Frontier a cikin 1922 ta Memeler Schiffsbau, Lindenau & Co Memel, Jamus. Jirgin ya kasance {{Convert|227|ft|2|in|m|2}} tsayi, tare da katako mai girman {{Convert|34|ft|3|in|m|2}} da zurfin {{Convert|20|ft|1|in|m|2}} . <ref name="Cattaro30">{{Cite web |title=LLOYD'S REGISTER, STEAMERS & MOTORSHIPS |url=https://plimsoll.southampton.gov.uk/shipdata/pdfs/30/30b0225.pdf |access-date=23 October 2010 |publisher=Plimsoll Ship Data}}</ref> Injin tururi mai faɗaɗawa sau uku ne ke tuƙa ta, wanda ke da silinda na , {{Convert|26|in|cm}} da kuma diamita ta bugun jini. Vulcan Werke, Stettin, Jamus ce ta gina injin. <ref name="Cattaro30" /> == Tarihi == Jirgin ruwa na farko da Lindenau ya gina a Memeler Schiffswerke, <ref name="First">{{Cite web |title=Mažosios Lietuvos įvykių chronologija 1918-1922 m. |url=http://www.mazoji-lietuva.lt/article.php?article=440 |access-date=24 October 2010 |publisher=Mažoji Lietuva |language=lt |archive-date=22 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722152003/http://www.mazoji-lietuva.lt/article.php?article=440 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An gina ''Cattaro'' ne don Hamburg Amerikanische Packetfahrt AG, [[Hamburg]] . An ba ta Lambar Haruffa RDFQ kuma an kimanta ta a matsayin 1,424 GRT, 810 NRT . <ref name="Cattaro30" /> A cikin 1930, an sayar da ita ga Bugsier Reederei & Bergungs AG, [[Bremerhaven]] kuma an sake masa suna ''Finkenau'' . An kiyasta ta a matsayin 916 GRT, 473 NRT . <ref name="Finkenau30">{{Cite web |title=LLOYD'S REGISTER, STEAMERS & MOTORSHIPS |url=https://plimsoll.southampton.gov.uk/shipdata/pdfs/30/30b1370.pdf |access-date=23 October 2010 |publisher=Plimsoll Ship Data}}</ref> A shekarar 1934, an canza wasiƙun Lambobinta zuwa DQOY. <ref name="Finkenau34">{{Cite web |title=LLOYD'S REGISTER, NAVIRES A VAPEUR ET A MOTEURS |url=https://plimsoll.southampton.gov.uk/shipdata/pdfs/34/34b0303.pdf |access-date=23 October 2010 |publisher=Plimsoll Ship Data}}</ref> A watan Mayu na 1940, an lalata ''Finkenau'' ta hanyar ma'adinan da ke [[Tekun Baltic]] . <ref name="Ships" /> A shekarar 1945, an mayar da gidanta zuwa ''Levensau'' . An kwace ta a watan Mayu na 1945 a Brunsbüttel, aka mika ta ga MoWT sannan aka sake mata suna ''Empire Convoy'' . An mayar da tashar jiragen ruwanta ta rajista zuwa [[Landan|London]] . An sanya ta a ƙarƙashin kulawar Atkinson & Co Ltd. An ware Haruffan Lambobi GJBX da Lambar Hukuma ta Burtaniya 180585. An kimanta ''Empire Convoy'' a matsayin 1,000 GRT, 433 NRT . <ref name="Convoy45">{{Cite web |title=LLOYD'S REGISTER, STEAMERS & MOTORSHIPS |url=https://plimsoll.southampton.gov.uk/shipdata/pdfs/45/45a1185.pdf |access-date=23 October 2010 |publisher=Plimsoll Ship Data}}</ref> A shekarar 1946, an ba wa [[Holand|Netherlands]] ''Empire Convoy'' suna kuma aka sake masa suna ''Grebberg'' . <ref name="Ships" /> A shekarar 1947, an sayar da ita ga Huidig & Veder kuma aka sake mata suna ''Echo'' . A shekarar 1952, an sayar da ita ga African Coasters (Pty) Ltd, [[Durban]], [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . A shekarar 1953, an sake mata suna ''Frontier'', jirgin ruwan Afirka na huɗu da ya ɗauki wannan sunan. An kimanta ta a kan 1,400 DWT. <ref name="African">{{Cite web |title=BUSY SHIPPING INDUSTRY DESERVES EXCELLENT POLITICAL LEADERSHIP |url=http://www.capeports.co.za/files/PP_200804.pdf |access-date=23 October 2010 |publisher=Capeports |archive-date=25 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725205152/http://www.capeports.co.za/files/PP_200804.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta yi aiki har zuwa 27 ga Satumba, 1957 lokacin da ta yi karo da ruwa kusa da bakin [[Ncera River|Kogin Ncera]], {{Convert|23|nmi|km}} gabashin Gabashin London yayin da take kan tafiya daga Durban zuwa [[Port Elizabeth]] . A ranar 29 ga Satumba, ta rabu kuma aka ayyana ta a matsayin wacce ta yi asara gaba ɗaya. <ref name="Ships" /> == Manazarta == 54a02yt1ty1vlfamwyrlk9crgu5i4jm SAS Walvisbaai 0 159484 889748 865073 2026-07-31T09:18:32Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889748 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''HMS ''Packington''''' ( lambar rubutu : M1214) ta kasance {{Sclass2|Ton|minesweeper||ship}}An kammala a shekarar 1959 ta hannun Harland &amp;amp; Wolff don rundunar sojojin ruwa ta Royal Navy, amma an mayar da shi kafin a tura shi ga rundunar sojojin ruwan Afirka ta Kudu a matsayin '''SAS ''Walvisbaai''''' . An dakatar da aikin jirgin a watan Maris na 2001 kuma an sayar da shi ga [[The Walt Disney Company|Kamfanin Walt Disney]] a shekarar 2003 don amfani da shi a fim ɗin Wes Anderson ''mai suna The Life Aquatic tare da Steve Zissou'' . Bayan ɗaukar fim ɗin, an sayar da jirgin ruwan kuma daga baya aka mayar da shi [[Jirgin Ruwa na Alfarma|jirgin ruwa]] na sirri. == Zane da bayanin == An gina injinan share ma'adinan bakin teku na Ton-class da harsashin katako kuma kusan dukkan tsarinsu an yi su ne da aluminum don rage tasirin maganadisu don taimakawa wajen share ma'adinan maganadisu . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ton History |url=http://tca2000.co.uk/?page_id=30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161015174454/http://tca2000.co.uk/?page_id=30 |archive-date=15 October 2016 |access-date=26 October 2016 |website=tca2000.co.uk |publisher=Ton Class Association}}</ref> Jiragen ruwan sun kori {{Convert|360|LT|t}} a kan nauyin da aka saba da shi da kuma {{Convert|1940|LT|t}} a cikin babban nauyi . Suna da tsayi tsakanin madaidaiciyar {{Convert|153|ft|m|1}}, katako mai girman {{Convert|27|ft|7|in|m|1}} da kuma zane na {{Convert|8|ft|2|in|m|1}} . Injinan dizal guda biyu na Napier Deltic suna amfani da Tons ɗin, kowannensu yana amfani da shaft ɗaya na propeller . Injinan sun ƙera {{Convert|6000|bhp}} kuma ya ba da matsakaicin gudu na {{Convert|15|kn}} Suna da nisan mil {{Convert|2300|nmi}} . a {{Convert|13|kn}}Jirgin ruwan Ton-class yana dauke da makamai guda ɗaya mai tsawon milimita 40 (1.6 kuma yana da ƙarin jami'ai 4 da kuma ƙimar 25. Jiragen ruwan Ton-class suna ɗauke da makamai guda ɗaya == Gine-gine da aiki == Harland &amp;amp; Wolff ne suka ƙaddamar da ''Packington'' a ranar 3 ga Yuli, 1958 a tashar jiragen ruwansu ta Belfast. An mayar da ita zuwa Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Afirka ta Kudu kafin a ba ta aiki a ranar 20 ga Satumba, 1959 a ƙarƙashin sunan SAS ''Walvisbaai'' . An yi ritayar jirgin a watan Maris na 2001 kuma aka sayar wa Kamfanin Walt Disney a shekarar 2003 don a yi amfani da shi a matsayin '''R/V ''Belafonte''''' a cikin fim ɗin Wes Anderson ''mai suna The Life Aquatic tare da Steve Zissou'' . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Packington M1214 |url=http://tca2000.co.uk/?page_id=1210 |access-date=26 October 2016 |website=tca2000.co.uk |publisher=Ton Class Association }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Manazarta == 1eooxrroh4u8jxvb2exw6kudpkbdlzm SS Elisabethville (1921) 0 159510 889752 865358 2026-07-31T09:27:42Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889752 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Elisabethville''''' ta kasance 8,851 An gina layin teku a shekarar 1921 ga Compagnie Belge Maritime du Congo . A shekarar 1930, kamfanin ya zama Compagnie Maritime Belge. Ta yi hidimar hanyar [[Birnin Antwerp|Antwerp]] zuwa Matadi, inda ta haɗa [[Beljik|Belgium]] da [[Belgian Congo|Belgium Congo]] . An sanya wa ''Elisabethville'' suna ne bayan wani birni a ƙasar da a da ake kira [[Belgian Congo]] . Yanzu birnin [[Lubumbashi]] ne, wanda shine birni na biyu mafi girma a [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokraɗiyar Kongo]], bayan babban birnin [[Kinshasa]] . A shekarar 1940, Ma'aikatar Sufuri ta Yaƙi (MoWT) ta nemi ''Elisabethville'' ta yi amfani da ita a matsayin jirgin ruwa na sojoji . Ta koma aikin dillanci na ɗan lokaci a shekarar 1946 kafin a sake buƙatarta a shekarar 1947 don ƙarin ayyukan soja, kuma ta sake yi wa Empire Bure lakabi da '''''Empire Bure''''' . == Bayani == J Cockerill SA, Hoboken [[Beljik|Belgium]] ne ya gina ''Elisabethville'' don Kamfanin Compagnie Belge Maritime du Congo. Lambar filin jirginta ita ce 562. An ƙaddamar da ''Elisabethville'' a ranar 19 ga Mayu 1921 kuma an kammala shi a watan Nuwamba 1921. Tana da jirgin ruwa mai kama da juna, Thysville, wanda aka kammala a watan Yuni 1922. Jirgin ya kasance {{Convert|439|ft|1|in|m|2}} tsayi, tare da katako mai tsawon {{Convert|57|ft|m|2}} da zurfin {{Convert|34|ft|1|in|m|2}} . <ref name="LR33">{{Cite web |title=Lloyd's Register, Steamers & Motorships |url=https://plimsoll.southampton.gov.uk/shipdata/pdfs/33/33b0286.pdf |access-date=30 December 2009 |publisher=Plimsoll Ship Data}}</ref> Yayin da aka gina ta, tan ɗinta sun kai 8,178 GRT da 4,869 NRT . Tana da masauki ga fasinjoji 700 a aji ɗaya. <ref name="Simplon">{{Cite web |title=Compagnie Belge Maritime du Congo / Compagnie Maritime Belge |url=http://www.simplonpc.co.uk/2CoBelge.html |access-date=30 December 2009 |publisher=Simplon Postcards}}</ref> Jirgin yana da injunan tururi masu faɗaɗawa guda huɗu, tare da silinda masu {{Convert|48|in|cm}}tsawon santimita {{Convert|23|in|cm}}, {{Convert|33|in|cm}}, {{Convert|47|in|cm}} da {{Convert|67|in|cm}} bor . SA J Cockerill, Seraing, Belgium ne ya gina injin. <ref name="LR33" /> Tsakanin su sun samar da 964 NHP, wanda ya ba ta gudun {{Convert|14|knots|km/h}} . An samar da injinan ta hanyar amfani da injinan da injinan dumamawa guda shida masu nauyin 215 <nowiki><sub id="mwYA">lb</sub></nowiki> /a cikin guda <nowiki><sup id="mwYQ">biyu</sup></nowiki> {{Convert|14100|sqft|0}} . An ɗumama tukunyar ta da murhu 18 masu siffar kwano mai faɗin {{Convert|345|sqft|0}} . <ref name="LR33" /> == Sana'a == Kamfanin Compagnie Belge Maritime du Congo ne ke gudanar da ''Elisabethville'', wanda a shekarar 1930 ya zama Compagnie Maritime Belge (CMB). <ref name="Simplon"/> An yi amfani da ita a kan hanyar [[Birnin Antwerp|Antwerp]] zuwa Matadi . <ref name="CMB">{{Cite web |title=About this site |url=http://www.cmb.be/about-this-site.html |access-date=30 December 2009 |publisher=Compagnie Maritime Belge |archive-date=1 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100301053829/http://www.cmb.be/about-this-site.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekarar 1930 aka sake gina ''Elisabethville'', wanda ya kara tan dinta zuwa 8,351 GRT . An sanya ta a ƙarƙashin kulawar Agence Maritime Internationale. == Manazarta == sdcozfrhwre0aw45zvsd33kffo9trnj Halin da ya fi dacewa 0 159586 889388 866099 2026-07-30T14:15:15Z Najeebyusuf 45048 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1343769518|Hyperthymic temperament]]" 889388 wikitext text/x-wiki Yanayin hyperthymic, ko '''hyperthymia''', daga Tsohon Girkanci São Piέρ ("''Sanya''", ma'ana a nan ''wuce gona da iri'') + ''[[Thumos|θυμός]]'' ("ruhu"), wani nau'in mutum ne da aka tsara wanda ke nunawa ta hanyar ban mamaki, ko kuma a wasu lokuta, mai kyau ko fushi. Gabaɗaya ana bayyana shi ta hanyar ƙara kuzari, ƙwarewa da ƙwazo ga ayyukan rayuwa, sabanin [[Dysthymia|Dythymia]]. Hyperthymia yayi kama da amma ya fi kwanciyar hankali fiye da [[hypomania]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=hyperthymia - Wiktionary |url=http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hyperthymia |access-date=2015-05-13 |publisher=en.wiktionary.org}}</ref> Halaye na yanayin hyperthymic sun hada da: <ref>{{Cite journal |date=2001 |title=Clinical Validation of The Bipolar Spectrum: Focus on Hypomania, Cyclothymia, and Hyperthymia |url=http://www.medscape.org/viewarticle/418724 |journal=154th Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110619051546/http://www.medscape.org/viewarticle/418724 |archive-date=2011-06-19}}</ref> * karuwar makamashi da yawan aiki * gajeren tsarin bacci * Tabbacin kai, amincewa da kai * Magana * neman haɗari / jin dadi * soyayya da kulawa * farin ciki da farin ciki * fadadawa * Rashin gajiya Wadannan fasalulluka yawanci suna farawa da wuri a rayuwa (matasa ko farkon balaga) kuma suna da kwanciyar hankali a tsawon lokaci. A aikace, sau da yawa ana kimanta yanayin hyperthymic tare da tambayoyin daidaitaccen yanayin kamar TEMPS-A, wanda ke auna shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin girman yanayin motsin rai.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Akiskal |first=Hagop S. |last2=Mendlowicz |first2=Mauro V. |last3=Jean-Louis |first3=Girardin |last4=Rapaport |first4=Mark H. |last5=Kelsoe |first5=John R. |last6=Gillin |first6=J. Christian |last7=Smith |first7=Tom L. |date=2005 |title=TEMPS-A: validation of a short version of a self-rated instrument designed to measure variations in temperament |journal=Journal of Affective Disorders |volume=85 |issue=1–2 |pages=45–52 |doi=10.1016/j.jad.2003.10.012 |issn=0165-0327 |pmid=15780675}}</ref> == Clinical significance == === Adaptive functioning === Mutane da yawa da ke da yanayin hyperthymic suna aiki da kyau kuma suna da kyau a cikin sana'a da zamantakewa. Matsayinsu na sama da ƙarfin su na iya ba da gudummawa ga nasarar aiki da kwanciyar hankali.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Luciano |first=Mario |last2=Steardo |first2=Luca |last3=Sampogna |first3=Gaia |last4=Caivano |first4=Vito |last5=Ciampi |first5=Carmen |last6=Del Vecchio |first6=Valeria |last7=Di Cerbo |first7=Arcangelo |last8=Giallonardo |first8=Vincenzo |last9=Zinno |first9=Francesca |last10=De Fazio |first10=Pasquale |last11=Fiorillo |first11=Andrea |date=2021-01-09 |title=Affective Temperaments and Illness Severity in Patients with Bipolar Disorder |journal=Medicina |language=en |volume=57 |issue=1 |page=54 |doi=10.3390/medicina57010054 |issn=1648-9144 |pmc=7826695 |pmid=33435391 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Halayen hyperthymic kamar amincewa da babban motsawa suna iya fa'ida. Suna da alaƙa da rage haɗarin halayyar kashe kansa da ƙarancin asibiti tsakanin marasa lafiya waɗanda ke fama da rikicewar yanayi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Şenormancı |first=Güliz |last2=Turan |first2=Çetin |last3=Çelik |first3=Sevim Karakaş |last4=Çelik |first4=Aycan |last5=Edgünlü |first5=Tuba Gökdoğan |last6=Akbaş |first6=Dilek |last7=Akca |first7=Ayşe Semra Demir |last8=Şenormancı |first8=Ömer |date=2022 |title=Prodynorphin (PDYN) gene polymorphisms in Turkish patients with methamphetamine use disorder, changes in PDYN serum levels in withdrawal and the relationship between PDYN, temperament and depression |journal=Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=522–537 |doi=10.1080/15332640.2020.1785361 |issn=1533-2659 |pmid=32597371 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Yanayin hyperthymic ya bayyana yana da tasiri mai kariya daga yanayin rashin lafiya da yawa. Mutanen da ke samun babban ci gaba a kan yanayin hyperthymic ba su da damar fuskantar matsananciyar damuwa, Dythymia, ko rikicewar damuwa.<ref name="Luciano-2021">{{Cite journal |last=Luciano |first=Mario |last2=Steardo |first2=Luca |last3=Sampogna |first3=Gaia |last4=Caivano |first4=Vito |last5=Ciampi |first5=Carmen |last6=Del Vecchio |first6=Valeria |last7=Di Cerbo |first7=Arcangelo |last8=Giallonardo |first8=Vincenzo |last9=Zinno |first9=Francesca |last10=De Fazio |first10=Pasquale |last11=Fiorillo |first11=Andrea |date=2021-01-09 |title=Affective Temperaments and Illness Severity in Patients with Bipolar Disorder |journal=Medicina |language=en |volume=57 |issue=1 |page=54 |doi=10.3390/medicina57010054 |issn=1648-9144 |pmc=7826695 |pmid=33435391 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Yana nuna kadan ko babu wani comorbidity tare da babban baƙin ciki, yana nuna cewa yana iya zama a matsayin mai buffer ko mai juriya game da rashin lafiya. Daga cikin marasa lafiya na bipolar, yanayin hyperthymic yana da alaƙa da shekarun farawa daga baya, rashin lafiya mai sauƙi, da ƙananan ƙoƙarin kashe kansa, yana nuna kyakkyawan hangen nesa.<ref name="Luciano-2021" /> Wannan yanayin na iya inganta mafi girman juriya da ingantaccen dabarun jimrewa, saboda haɗuwa da babban makamashi da salon kimantawa mai kyau.<ref name="Luciano-2021" /> === Dangantaka da rikicewar bipolar spectrum === Yanayin hyperthymic yana da kamanceceniya da rikicewar bipolar spectrum. Mutanen da ke da yanayin hyperthymic suna kula da yanayin da ya fi girma amma suna iya canzawa zuwa baƙin ciki ko mania.<ref name="Rihmer-2010">{{Cite journal |last=Rihmer |first=Zoltán |last2=Akiskal |first2=Kareen K. |last3=Rihmer |first3=Annamária |last4=Akiskal |first4=Hagop S. |date=2010 |title=Current research on affective temperaments |journal=Current Opinion in Psychiatry |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=12–18 |doi=10.1097/YCO.0b013e32833299d4 |issn=1473-6578 |pmid=19809321}}</ref> Idan mutumin da ke da yanayin hyperthymic yana fuskantar [[Babban abin baƙin ciki]], tarihin su na ci gaba da kasancewa mai girma na iya nuna yanayin bipolar.<ref name="Rihmer-2010" /> Masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam na Amurka Akiskal ya kira wannan labarin "bipolar IV" - baƙin ciki da aka sanya a kan yanayin hyperthymic.<ref name="Rihmer-2010" /> A irin waɗannan lokuta, abin da zai iya zama mutum mai kyakkyawan fata ya riga ya fara abubuwan da suka faru, wanda zai iya canzawa zuwa tsarin bipolar.<ref name="Rihmer-2010" /> == Manazarta == m06pslp4i4thp2tog7umd6wyh4povby 889390 889388 2026-07-30T14:16:33Z Najeebyusuf 45048 889390 wikitext text/x-wiki Yanayin hyperthymic, ko '''hyperthymia''', daga Tsohon Girkanci São Piέρ ("''Sanya''", ma'ana a nan ''wuce gona da iri'') + ''[[Thumos|θυμός]]'' ("ruhu"), {{Databox}} wani nau'in mutum ne da aka tsara wanda ke nunawa ta hanyar ban mamaki, ko kuma a wasu lokuta, mai kyau ko fushi. Gabaɗaya ana bayyana shi ta hanyar ƙara kuzari, ƙwarewa da ƙwazo ga ayyukan rayuwa, sabanin [[Dysthymia|Dythymia]]. Hyperthymia yayi kama da amma ya fi kwanciyar hankali fiye da [[hypomania]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=hyperthymia - Wiktionary |url=http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hyperthymia |access-date=2015-05-13 |publisher=en.wiktionary.org}}</ref> Halaye na yanayin hyperthymic sun hada da: <ref>{{Cite journal |date=2001 |title=Clinical Validation of The Bipolar Spectrum: Focus on Hypomania, Cyclothymia, and Hyperthymia |url=http://www.medscape.org/viewarticle/418724 |journal=154th Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110619051546/http://www.medscape.org/viewarticle/418724 |archive-date=2011-06-19}}</ref> * karuwar makamashi da yawan aiki * gajeren tsarin bacci * Tabbacin kai, amincewa da kai * Magana * neman haɗari / jin dadi * soyayya da kulawa * farin ciki da farin ciki * fadadawa * Rashin gajiya Wadannan fasalulluka yawanci suna farawa da wuri a rayuwa (matasa ko farkon balaga) kuma suna da kwanciyar hankali a tsawon lokaci. A aikace, sau da yawa ana kimanta yanayin hyperthymic tare da tambayoyin daidaitaccen yanayin kamar TEMPS-A, wanda ke auna shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin girman yanayin motsin rai.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Akiskal |first=Hagop S. |last2=Mendlowicz |first2=Mauro V. |last3=Jean-Louis |first3=Girardin |last4=Rapaport |first4=Mark H. |last5=Kelsoe |first5=John R. |last6=Gillin |first6=J. Christian |last7=Smith |first7=Tom L. |date=2005 |title=TEMPS-A: validation of a short version of a self-rated instrument designed to measure variations in temperament |journal=Journal of Affective Disorders |volume=85 |issue=1–2 |pages=45–52 |doi=10.1016/j.jad.2003.10.012 |issn=0165-0327 |pmid=15780675}}</ref> == Clinical significance == === Adaptive functioning === Mutane da yawa da ke da yanayin hyperthymic suna aiki da kyau kuma suna da kyau a cikin sana'a da zamantakewa. Matsayinsu na sama da ƙarfin su na iya ba da gudummawa ga nasarar aiki da kwanciyar hankali.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Luciano |first=Mario |last2=Steardo |first2=Luca |last3=Sampogna |first3=Gaia |last4=Caivano |first4=Vito |last5=Ciampi |first5=Carmen |last6=Del Vecchio |first6=Valeria |last7=Di Cerbo |first7=Arcangelo |last8=Giallonardo |first8=Vincenzo |last9=Zinno |first9=Francesca |last10=De Fazio |first10=Pasquale |last11=Fiorillo |first11=Andrea |date=2021-01-09 |title=Affective Temperaments and Illness Severity in Patients with Bipolar Disorder |journal=Medicina |language=en |volume=57 |issue=1 |page=54 |doi=10.3390/medicina57010054 |issn=1648-9144 |pmc=7826695 |pmid=33435391 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Halayen hyperthymic kamar amincewa da babban motsawa suna iya fa'ida. Suna da alaƙa da rage haɗarin halayyar kashe kansa da ƙarancin asibiti tsakanin marasa lafiya waɗanda ke fama da rikicewar yanayi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Şenormancı |first=Güliz |last2=Turan |first2=Çetin |last3=Çelik |first3=Sevim Karakaş |last4=Çelik |first4=Aycan |last5=Edgünlü |first5=Tuba Gökdoğan |last6=Akbaş |first6=Dilek |last7=Akca |first7=Ayşe Semra Demir |last8=Şenormancı |first8=Ömer |date=2022 |title=Prodynorphin (PDYN) gene polymorphisms in Turkish patients with methamphetamine use disorder, changes in PDYN serum levels in withdrawal and the relationship between PDYN, temperament and depression |journal=Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=522–537 |doi=10.1080/15332640.2020.1785361 |issn=1533-2659 |pmid=32597371 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Yanayin hyperthymic ya bayyana yana da tasiri mai kariya daga yanayin rashin lafiya da yawa. Mutanen da ke samun babban ci gaba a kan yanayin hyperthymic ba su da damar fuskantar matsananciyar damuwa, Dythymia, ko rikicewar damuwa.<ref name="Luciano-2021">{{Cite journal |last=Luciano |first=Mario |last2=Steardo |first2=Luca |last3=Sampogna |first3=Gaia |last4=Caivano |first4=Vito |last5=Ciampi |first5=Carmen |last6=Del Vecchio |first6=Valeria |last7=Di Cerbo |first7=Arcangelo |last8=Giallonardo |first8=Vincenzo |last9=Zinno |first9=Francesca |last10=De Fazio |first10=Pasquale |last11=Fiorillo |first11=Andrea |date=2021-01-09 |title=Affective Temperaments and Illness Severity in Patients with Bipolar Disorder |journal=Medicina |language=en |volume=57 |issue=1 |page=54 |doi=10.3390/medicina57010054 |issn=1648-9144 |pmc=7826695 |pmid=33435391 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Yana nuna kadan ko babu wani comorbidity tare da babban baƙin ciki, yana nuna cewa yana iya zama a matsayin mai buffer ko mai juriya game da rashin lafiya. Daga cikin marasa lafiya na bipolar, yanayin hyperthymic yana da alaƙa da shekarun farawa daga baya, rashin lafiya mai sauƙi, da ƙananan ƙoƙarin kashe kansa, yana nuna kyakkyawan hangen nesa.<ref name="Luciano-2021" /> Wannan yanayin na iya inganta mafi girman juriya da ingantaccen dabarun jimrewa, saboda haɗuwa da babban makamashi da salon kimantawa mai kyau.<ref name="Luciano-2021" /> === Dangantaka da rikicewar bipolar spectrum === Yanayin hyperthymic yana da kamanceceniya da rikicewar bipolar spectrum. Mutanen da ke da yanayin hyperthymic suna kula da yanayin da ya fi girma amma suna iya canzawa zuwa baƙin ciki ko mania.<ref name="Rihmer-2010">{{Cite journal |last=Rihmer |first=Zoltán |last2=Akiskal |first2=Kareen K. |last3=Rihmer |first3=Annamária |last4=Akiskal |first4=Hagop S. |date=2010 |title=Current research on affective temperaments |journal=Current Opinion in Psychiatry |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=12–18 |doi=10.1097/YCO.0b013e32833299d4 |issn=1473-6578 |pmid=19809321}}</ref> Idan mutumin da ke da yanayin hyperthymic yana fuskantar [[Babban abin baƙin ciki]], tarihin su na ci gaba da kasancewa mai girma na iya nuna yanayin bipolar.<ref name="Rihmer-2010" /> Masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam na Amurka Akiskal ya kira wannan labarin "bipolar IV" - baƙin ciki da aka sanya a kan yanayin hyperthymic.<ref name="Rihmer-2010" /> A irin waɗannan lokuta, abin da zai iya zama mutum mai kyakkyawan fata ya riga ya fara abubuwan da suka faru, wanda zai iya canzawa zuwa tsarin bipolar.<ref name="Rihmer-2010" /> == Manazarta == 3n1gquejfgog45nqde7je79b5i96lkj SS Letchworth (1942) 0 159612 889756 866348 2026-07-31T09:34:01Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889756 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Letchworth''''' ya kasance 2,873 GRT  jirgin ruwa na ɗaukar kaya wanda aka gina a shekarar 1942 ga Ma'aikatar Sufuri ta Yaƙi (MoWT) a matsayin '''''Empire Caxton''''' . A shekarar 1945 aka sayar da ita aka sake mata suna ''Letchworth'' . A shekarar 1956 aka sayar da ita aka sake mata suna '''''Peterland''''' . A shekarar 1959, aka sayar da ita ga [[Girka (ƙasa)|Girka]] aka sake mata suna '''''Pamit''''', aka sake mata suna '''''Christos''''' lokacin da aka sake sayar da ita a shekarar 1962. Ta yi aiki har zuwa shekarar 1967 lokacin da ta yi karo da ruwa sannan ta nutse. == Bayani == Kamfanin William Gray &amp;amp; Co. Ltd., West Hartlepool ne ya gina jirgin. An harba shi a ranar 31 ga Maris 1942 kuma an kammala shi a watan Mayu. Jirgin ya kasance {{Convert|315|ft|4|in|m|2}} tsayi, tare da katako mai girman {{Convert|46|ft|5|in|m|2}} da zurfin {{Convert|23|ft|0|in|m|2}} . Tana da GRT na 2,873 da NRT na 1,693. <ref name="Caxton41">{{Cite web |title=LLOYD'S REGISTER, STEAMERS & MOTORSHIPS |url=https://plimsoll.southampton.gov.uk/shipdata/pdfs/41/41b0996.pdf |access-date=17 March 2010 |publisher=Plimsoll Ship Data}}</ref> Injin tururi mai faɗaɗawa sau uku ne ke tuƙa ta, wanda ke da silinda mai {{Convert|20|in|cm}}, {{Convert|31|in|cm}} da {{Convert|55|in|cm}}diamita da {{Convert|55|in|cm}} bugun jini. An gina injin ta hanyar Central Marine Engine Works, West Hartlepool. <ref name="Caxton41"/> == Tarihi == An gina ''Empire Caxton'' don MoWT. An sanya ta a ƙarƙashin kulawar Martyn, Martyn & Co Ltd. An ba ta lambar hukuma ta Burtaniya mai lamba 168940. An ware wasiƙun Lambobin BDVW kuma tashar rajistarta ita ce West Hartlepool. <ref name="Caxton41" /> ''Empire Caxton'' memba ne na wasu ayarin motoci a lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] . '''SC 141''' Jirgin Convoy SC 141 ya tashi daga Halifax, Nova Scotia a ranar 3 ga Satumba, 1943 ya isa [[Liverpool]] a ranar 17 ga Satumba. ''Empire Cavalier'' yana ɗauke da kayan [[Karfe|ƙarfe]] da kayan aikin rami kuma yana kan hanyarsa ta zuwa Tyne . <ref name="SC141">{{Cite web |title=CONVOY SC 141 |url=http://warsailors.com/convoys/sc141.html |access-date=15 March 2010 |publisher=Warsailors}}</ref> '''MKS 64''' Jirgin ruwa kirar MKS 64 ya tashi daga [[Alexandria]], [[Misra|Masar]] a ranar 7 ga Oktoba, 1944 zuwa Burtaniya. ''Empire Caxton'' ya shiga cikin ayarin motocin a Augusta, [[Italiya]] ya bar su a [[Gibraltar]] . <ref name="MKS"/> '''MKS 65G''' Jirgin ruwa kirar MKS 65G ya tashi daga Gibraltar a ranar 29 ga Oktoba, 1944 zuwa Burtaniya. ''Empire Caxton'' yana ɗauke da kayan ƙarfe . <ref name="MKS"/> '''MKS 73G''' Jirgin ruwa kirar MKS 73G ya tashi daga Gibraltar a ranar 26 ga Disamba, 1944 zuwa Burtaniya. ''Empire Caxton'' yana dauke da kayan karafa. <ref name="MKS"/> '''MKS 87G''' Jirgin ruwa kirar MKS 87G ya tashi daga [[Kasabalanka|Casablanca]], [[Moroko|Morocco]] a ranar 6 ga Maris, 1945 zuwa Burtaniya. ''Empire Caxton'' yana dauke da kayan karafa. <ref name="MKS">{{Cite web |title=MKS Convoys – Nov. 1942-1945, MKS 61 through MKS 103 |url=http://www.warsailors.com/convoys/mksconvoys4.html |access-date=17 March 2010 |publisher=Warsailors}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.warsailors.com/convoys/mksconvoys4.html "MKS Convoys – Nov. 1942-1945, MKS 61 through MKS 103"]. Warsailors<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite></ref> '''MKS 100G''' Jirgin ruwan MKS 100G ya shiga cikin jerin gwanon motoci kirar OS 128 a ranar 15 ga Mayu 1945. ''Empire Caxton'' yana ɗauke da kayan ƙarfe. <ref name="MKS"/> A shekarar 1945, an sayar da ''Empire Caxton'' ga Watergate Steamship Co Ltd, [[Newcastle|Newcastle upon Tyne]], aka kuma sake mata suna ''Letchworth'' . An sanya ta a ƙarƙashin kulawar RS Dalgleish Ltd, Newcastle upon Tyne. An canza tashar rajistar ta zuwa Newcastle upon Tyne. <ref name="Letchworth45">{{Cite web |title=LLOYD'S REGISTER, STEAMERS & MOTORSHIPS |url=https://plimsoll.southampton.gov.uk/shipdata/pdfs/45/45a1246.pdf |access-date=17 March 2010 |publisher=Plimsoll Ship Data}}</ref> A shekarar 1956, an sayar da ''Letchworth'' ga Sagaland Ltd kuma aka sake mata suna ''Peterland'' . An gudanar da ita a ƙarƙashin kulawar Buries, Markes LTd. <ref name="Ships" /> A shekarar 1959, an sayar da ''Peterland'' ga Padre Compagnia Navigazione SA, Girka sannan aka sake mata suna ''Pamit'' . An gudanar da ita a ƙarƙashin jagorancin A Halcoussis & Co. <ref name="Ships" /> A shekarar 1962, an sayar da ''Pamit'' ga Solmare Compania Maritima SA kuma aka sake masa suna ''Christos'' . An sake mayar da ita zuwa [[Laberiya|Liberia]] . <ref name="Letchworth">{{Cite web |title=Greek tragedy of the Letchworth |url=http://www.shieldsgazette.com/cookson/Greek-tragedy-of-the-Letchworth.3694695.jp |access-date=17 March 2010 |publisher=The Shields Gazette }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> An yi wa ''Christos'' aiki a ƙarƙashin kulawar hukumar T Samourkas, Girka. A ranar 31 ga Maris 1967, ta yi karo da ruwa a Tsibirin Kandeliusa, kusa da Kos . Duk da cewa an sake mayar da ita ruwa washegari, ''Christos'' ya sami ɓullar ruwa da dama kuma ya nutse a == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] agmorx4pik1opmpgs6tyb24tfrqq265 SS Beaverburn (1944) 0 159614 889750 866355 2026-07-31T09:24:06Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889750 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Beaverburn''''' ya kasance 9,875 Jirgin jigilar kaya mai sauri wanda aka gina a shekarar 1944 don Ma'aikatar Sufuri ta Yaƙi ta Burtaniya (MoWT) a matsayin '''''Kyaftin''''' . A shekarar 1946 aka sayar da ita ga Kanada aka sake mata suna zuwa ''Beaverburn'' . A shekarar 1960, aka mayar da ita ga Birtaniya aka sake mata suna zuwa '''''Bennachie''''' . A shekarar 1964, aka sayar da ita ga Liberia aka sake mata suna zuwa '''''Silvana''''' . Ta yi aiki har zuwa shekarar 1971 lokacin da aka soke ta. == Bayani == An gina jirgin ne a ƙarƙashin shirin jiragen ruwa na Empire ta Caledon Shipbuilding &amp;amp; Engineering Co Ltd, Dundee, a matsayin yadi mai lamba 404. <ref name="Dundee">{{Cite web |title=Photographs in Caledon Collection sorted by yard number |url=https://www.dundeecity.gov.uk/archive/caledonyardnumber/ |access-date=6 March 2010 |publisher=Dundee City Council |archive-date=12 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110612175351/https://www.dundeecity.gov.uk/archive/caledonyardnumber/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> An ƙaddamar da shi a ranar 25 ga Fabrairu 1944 kuma an kammala shi a watan Yuli. <ref name="Ships" /> Jirgin ya kasance {{Convert|475|ft|8|in|m|2}} tsayi, tare da katako na {{Convert|64|ft|4|in|m|2}} da zurfin {{Convert|40|ft|0|in|m|2}} . GRT ɗinta shine 9,875, tare da NRT na 7,110. <ref name="Captain43">{{Cite web |title=LLOYD'S REGISTER, STEAMERS & MOTORSHIPS |url=https://plimsoll.southampton.gov.uk/shipdata/pdfs/43/43b1115.pdf |access-date=6 March 2010 |publisher=Plimsoll Ship Data}}</ref> DWT ɗinta shine 11,975. <ref name="Postcard" /> An tura ta injinan tururi guda biyu, tana tuƙa propeller guda ɗaya ta hanyar amfani da gear mai rage gudu biyu. Richardsons Westgarth & Co Ltd, Hartlepool ne suka gina injinan tururin <ref name="Captain43" /> kuma suna iya tuƙa ta a {{Convert|15|kn|km/h}} . == Tarihi == An gina ''Kyaftin Empire'' don MoWT. An sanya ta a ƙarƙashin kulawar T & J Harrison Ltd. An ware lambar hukuma 166217 da haruffan Lambobi BFKF; tashar jiragen ruwanta ita ce Dundee. <ref name="Captain43"/> Ta kasance memba na wasu ayarin motoci a lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] . == Manazarta == 5gzhvklzbsr0anb25xwkdwk7439iz8d Regdalin 0 159740 889608 867539 2026-07-30T23:51:58Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889608 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Regdalin''' ( [[Larabci]] : رقدالين ) birni ne, da ke a gundumar Nuqat al Khams kusa da gabar tekun Bahar Rum na Arewa maso yammacin [[Libya]], 10.&nbsp;kilomita kudu maso yammacin babban birnin gundumar [[Zuwarah|Zuwara]] da kuma 111&nbsp;kilomita yamma da [[Tripoli]] . == Yanayin ƙasa == Birnin yana da kimanin karfe 11&nbsp;kilomita (mil 6.2) daga Zuwarah, 10&nbsp;kilomita arewa da Tekun Bahar Rum, da kuma 10&nbsp;kilomita arewa maso yamma da Zliten . Garin Al Assad yana da nisan mil 35&nbsp;kilomita (mil 22) yamma maso yamma. Garin yana kudu maso yammacin [[Zuwarah]] . == Sufuri == Filin jirgin sama na duniya mafi kusa da birnin shine Filin jirgin sama na Zuwarah. == Tarihi == Sunan Regdalin ya samo asali ne daga harshen Larabci na asalin ƙasar Libya, ma'ana ''garin barci'' . Domin dattawansu a wancan lokacin suna kwana a ƙarƙashin bishiyoyi. == Tattalin Arziki == Bangaren kasuwanci shine ginshiƙin ayyukan tattalin arziki. Yana da yankin masana'antu mai aiki bisa ga cinikin kayayyakin gyaran motoci, gyaran injina, cinikin kayan gini, da kuma kasuwar kayan lambu da dabbobi. Ana gudanar da kasuwar sau biyu a mako. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-09-15 |title=ارتفاع الأسعار يضرب في رقدالين - اقتصاد |url=https://www.libyaakhbar.com/business-news/748327.html |access-date=2019-03-15 |website=اخبار ليبيا |language=ar |archive-date=2019-03-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327161339/https://www.libyaakhbar.com/business-news/748327.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tattalin arzikin noma na birnin ya dogara ne akan amfanin gona kamar [[zaitun]], almond, inabi, da ɓaure, musamman a yankunan Kudu da Yamma. == Ilimi == Regdalin tana bayar da ilimin firamare da sakandare ta hanyar makarantu huɗu. Ilimi ya kai ga cibiyar horo a fannin injiniya. Sashen injiniya na Jami'ar Al-Zawia ne. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> == Duba kuma == * Jerin biranen da ke Libya * [[Zuwara Berber]] == Manazarta == dbm3k9aldqd9agtvxibdlukrdeo78w1 Usman Haruna 0 159862 889667 889323 2026-07-31T07:06:42Z ~2026-42200-58 47450 889667 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Usman Haruna | image = usman_haruna.jpg | caption = Usman Haruna (Communicator) | birth_name = | birth_place = Lafiagi, Karamar Hukumar Edu, Jihar Kwara, Najeriya | nationality = Ɗan Najeriya | education = Kwalejin Larabci da Nazarin Shari'ar Musulunci legal ta Jihar Kwara da ke Ilorin (CAILS), Ilorin<br>Jami'ar Bayero Kano | occupation = Ɗan jarida, marubucin | known_for = Aikin jarida na zamani da fafutukar al'umma<br>Editor In Chief - NupekoTV }} '''Usman Haruna''', wanda aka fi sani da '''Communicator''', ɗan jarida ne kuma marubucin fasaha daga Jihar Kwara, Najeriya. Ya fi mayar da hankali wajen rubuce rubuce kan fasaha, sadarwa, fasahar kuɗi da kuma harkokin jama'a. Haka kuma an san shi da fafutukar wayar da kai kan matsalolin tsaro a wasu sassan Jihar Kwara.<ref>{{cite web |title=Usman Haruna author profile |url=https://www.naijanews.com/author/usman-haruna |website=Naija News |access-date=19 June 2026}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == Haruna ya fito ne daga garin Lafiagi da ke Karamar Hukumar Edu a Jihar Kwara. Ya yi karatu a Kwalejin Larabci da Nazarin Shari'ar Musulunci legal ta Jihar Kwara da ke Ilorin (CAILS), Ilorin, sannan ya ci gaba da karatunsa a Jami'ar Bayero Kano. == Aiki == Haruna ɗan jarida ne kuma marubucin fasaha wanda rubuce rubucensa suka fi mayar da hankali kan sadarwa, tsarin tantance ɗan ƙasa ta hanyar fasaha, fasahar kuɗi da fasahar zamani. Shi marubuci ne a Naija News inda yake wallafa labarai da maƙaloli kan fasaha da harkokin jama'a.<ref>{{cite web |title=Usman Haruna author profile |url=https://www.naijanews.com/author/usman-haruna |website=Naija News |access-date=19 June 2026}}</ref> An kuma tattara rubuce rubucensa a shafin Muck Rack.<ref>{{cite web |title=Author profile: communicator |url=https://muckrack.com/__communicator_/articles |website=Muck Rack |access-date=19 June 2026}}</ref> == Fafutukar al'umma == A watan Fabrairun shekarar 2026, Haruna ya shiga zanga zangar matasan Kwara ta Arewa da aka gudanar a Gidan Gwamnatin Jihar Kwara da ke Ilorin. Zanga zangar ta mayar da hankali ne kan matsalar rashin tsaro a yankunan Edu, Patigi da Kaiama, inda ake yawan samun satar mutane da kashe kashe.<ref>{{cite news |title=Insecurity: Youths demand end to incessant killings in Kwara |url=https://punchng.com/insecurity-youths-demand-end-to-incessant-killings-in-kwara/ |work=The Punch |date=26 February 2026 |access-date=19 June 2026}}</ref> Masu zanga zangar sun kuma nuna adawa da shirin mayar da sansanin horas da masu yi wa ƙasa hidima (NYSC) na Jihar Kwara zuwa sansanin 'yan gudun hijira.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kwara Insecurity: Residents Reject Conversion Of NYSC Camp To IDP Camp |url=https://www.legit.ng/nigeria/1699268-kwara-insecurity-residents-reject-conversion-nysc-camp-idp-camp-displaced-families/ |work=Legit.ng |date=26 February 2026 |access-date=19 June 2026}}</ref> Jaridu da dama a Najeriya sun ruwaito wannan zanga zanga.<ref>{{cite news |title=Security Crisis: Kwara North Youths Stage Peaceful Protest In Ilorin |url=https://leadership.ng/security-crisis-kwara-north-youths-stage-peaceful-protest-in-ilorin/ |work=Leadership |date=26 February 2026 |access-date=19 June 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Kwara Residents Demand Decisive Action Against Bandits |url=https://dailytrust.com/kwara-residents-demand-decisive-action-against-bandits |work=Daily Trust |access-date=19 June 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Kwara residents protest killings, kidnappings, accuse government of negligence |url=https://gazettengr.com/kwara-residents-protest-killings-kidnappings-accuse-abdulrazaqs-govt-of-negligence/ |work=Peoples Gazette |date=26 February 2026 |access-date=19 June 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Kwara youths march to Government House over killings, kidnappings |url=https://saharareporters.com/2026/02/26/breaking-tib-movement-kwara-youths-march-govt-house-over-killings-kidnappings-five-lgas |work=Sahara Reporters |date=26 February 2026 |access-date=19 June 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Kwara youths storm Govt House to protest kidnappings, killings |url=https://www.naijanews.com/2026/02/26/just-in-kwara-youths-storm-govt-house-protest-incessant-kidnappings-killings/ |work=Naija News |date=26 February 2026 |access-date=19 June 2026}}</ref> == Fitowa a kafafen yaɗa labarai == Haruna ya halarci shirye shirye a kafafen yaɗa labarai inda aka tattauna batutuwan shugabanci da rashin tsaro a Jihar Kwara. A shekarar 2026 ya kasance baƙo a The Informant247 TV, inda ya tattauna kan siyasa da matsalar tsaro a yankin Kwara ta Arewa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Communicator To Feature Live On TheInformant247 TV Today Over Politics, Insecurity In Kwara North |url=https://www.nupekotv.com/2026/06/communicator-to-feature-live-on.html |website=NupekoTV |access-date=19 June 2026}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} [[Rukuni:Nigerian]] [[Rukuni:Online person databases]] [[Rukuni:Living people]] [[Rukuni:Biography]] [[Rukuni:Bayero University Kano alumni]] [[Rukuni:Social Media Manager]] __NOEDITSECTION__ __INDEX__ fen7j2xi77wv2rmfau78lcdqehamm5o Nupeko tv 0 159865 889665 889324 2026-07-31T07:00:14Z ~2026-42200-58 47450 889665 wikitext text/x-wiki {{DISPLAYTITLE:NupekoTV}} {{Infobox person | name = NupekoTV | image = NupekoTv.jpg | caption = NupekoTV | other_names = NupekoTV, Nupeko TV | company_types = Kamfani mai zaman kansa | occupation = Kafar yaɗa labarai ta dijital | years_active = 2021–zuwa yanzu | people = Mohammed Alhaji Tauheed | citizenship = Lafiagi, Jihar Kwara, Najeriya | known_for = Labaran cikin gida, labaran ƙasashen duniya, sharhin al'amuran jama'a da bunƙasa al'adun Nupe | website = {{URL|https://www.nupekotv.com}} }} '''NupekoTV''' (wanda aka fi sani da '''NupekoTV''' ko '''Nupeko TV''') kafar yaɗa labarai ce mai zaman kanta ta Najeriya wadda ke da hedikwata a Lafiagi, Karamar Hukumar Edu, Jihar Kwara. An kafa ta a shekarar 2021 ta hannun '''Mohammed Alhaji Tauheed'''. Kafar tana wallafa labaran cikin gida da na ƙasashen duniya tare da sharhin al'amuran jama'a da kuma bunƙasa al'adun Nupe da na Afirka.<ref>{{cite web |title=NupekoTV.com: About Us - NupekoTV|url=https://www.nupekotv.com/p/about-us.html|website=NupekoTV}}</ref> Kafar tana gudanar da ayyukanta ne ta hanyar wallafa labarai a yanar gizo da sauran kafafen sadarwa na zamani. == Tarihi == An kafa NupekoTV a shekarar 2021 ta hannun '''Mohammed Alhaji Tauheed''' domin samar da kafar yaɗa labarai mai zaman kanta da za ta mayar da hankali kan rahotannin labarai, harkokin jama'a da kuma bunƙasa al'adu. A shekarar 2026, NupekoTV ta sake ƙaddamar da shafinta na yanar gizo domin faɗaɗa ayyukan yaɗa labarai ta hanyar dijital da kuma ƙarfafa aikin jaridar al'umma.<ref>{{cite web |title=NupekoTV Relaunches Website to Strengthen Independent Community Journalism |url=https://factualtimesng.com/nupekotv-relaunches-website-to-strengthen-independent-community-journalism |website=Factual Times}}</ref> == Ayyuka == NupekoTV tana wallafa labaran cikin gida, na ƙasa da na ƙasashen duniya tare da maƙaloli, ra'ayoyi da bayanai masu amfani ga jama'a. Haka kuma tana ba da muhimmanci ga rahotannin da suka shafi yankin Kwara ta Arewa.<ref>{{cite web |title=NupekoTV Relaunches Website to Strengthen Independent Community Journalism |url=https://factualtimesng.com/nupekotv-relaunches-website-to-strengthen-independent-community-journalism |website=Factual Times}}</ref> == Kasancewa a kafafen sada zumunta == NupekoTV tana da shafuka masu aiki a kafafen sada zumunta kamar Facebook da YouTube, inda take yaɗa labarai da sauran shirye shirye ga masu bibiyarta. Har ila yau, kafar tana gudanar da rahotannin da suka shafi ci gaban al'umma tare da ba da muhimmanci ga batutuwan tsaro da shugabanci a yankin Kwara ta Arewa. == Jagoranci == Jagorancin NupekoTV ya haɗa da: * '''Mohammed Alhaji Tauheed''' — Wanda ya kafa kafar kuma Babban Darakta (CEO) * '''[[Usman Haruna]]''' — Mataimakin Babban Darakta (Sub CEO) * '''Mohammed Idris Shaaba''' — Mairubutu * '''Abdullahi Adam Santali''' — Mataimakin Mairubutu == Lambar yabo == A shekarar 2025, kungiyar Initial Language Legacy and Culture (ILLEC) ta karrama NupekoTV saboda gudummawar da take bayarwa wajen bunƙasa harshen Nupe da al'adunsa a Jihar Kwara.<ref>{{cite web |title=NupekoTV Gets Award for Promoting Nupe Language |url=https://factualtimesng.com/nupekotv-gets-award-for-promoting-nupe-language |website=Factual Times}}</ref> == Shari'o'i da muhawara == NupekoTV ta shiga wasu shari'o'i da suka shafi 'yancin aikin jarida, waɗanda kafafen yaɗa labarai daban daban suka ruwaito. A wani lamari, wani kwamishina na Jihar Kwara ya shigar da ƙarar bata suna ta Naira miliyan 10 a kan kafar.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kwara commissioner slams N10m lawsuit against media outlet over allegations of negligence |url=https://theinformant247.com/kwara-commissioner-slams-n10m-lawsuit-against-media-outlet-over-allegations-of-negligence |website=The Informant247}}</ref> Kungiyoyin kare aikin jarida da na farar hula, ciki har da ASKOMP, sun soki abin da suka bayyana a matsayin matsin lamba ga kafafen yaɗa labarai a Jihar Kwara.<ref>{{cite web |title=ASKOMP condemns govt official’s clampdown on media in Kwara |url=https://theinformant247.com/askomp-condemns-govt-officials-clampdown-on-media-in-kwara |website=The Informant247}}</ref> A shekarar 2025, wasu rahotanni sun ce an tsare wani ɗan jaridar NupekoTV bisa zargin bata suna, lamarin da jam'iyyun siyasa da ƙungiyoyin farar hula suka yi Allah wadai da shi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kwara PDP condemns Abdulrazaq’s govt over NupekoTV journalist’s remand, accuses it of silencing critics |url=https://saharareporters.com/2025/10/16/kwara-pdp-condemns-abdulrazaqsa-govt-over-nupekotv-journalists-remand-accuses-it |website=SaharaReporters }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=TIB Movement condemns Kwara govt over NupekoTV journalist’s remand in prison, calls charges ‘malicious’ |url=https://saharareporters.com/2025/10/15/tib-movement-condemns-kwara-govt-over-nupekotv-journalists-remand-prison-calls-charges |website=SaharaReporters}}</ref> Daga baya, wata kotu ta bayar da belin mawallafin NupekoTV a cikin shari'ar bata sunan da aka shigar a kansa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Court grants bail to NupekoTV publisher in defamation suit filed by Kwara commissioner Usman Lade |url=https://saharareporters.com/2025/10/21/court-grants-bail-nupekoTV-publisher-defamation-suit-filed-kwara-commissioner-usman-lade |website=SaharaReporters}}</ref> == Manufa == A cewar bayanan da kafar ta wallafa, manufar NupekoTV ita ce yaɗa labaran cikin gida da na ƙasashen duniya tare da bunƙasa al'adun Afirka da na al'ummar Nupe. == Hanyoyin waje == * [https://www.nupekotv.com Shafin yanar gizon NupekoTV] == Manazarta == {{reflist}} __FORCETOC__ __NOEDITSECTION__ [[Rukuni:Jarida]] [[Rukuni:Jarida mai wallafa labaran ta a yanar gizo]] [[Rukuni:Jarida a Najeriya]] __INDEX__ pzdyqtdvmo5lh5mdwenr68jet93yw6j Rarraba ruwan sha da tsaftar muhalli a Benin 0 160091 889513 880014 2026-07-30T20:35:40Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889513 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Wadata da tsaftace ruwan sha a Benin''' ya sami gagarumin ci gaba tun shekarun 1990, musamman a yankunan karkara, inda ake samun ruwa fiye da sauran kasashen Afirka da yawa,<ref name="WSP">{{cite journal|last=Water and Sanitation Program |title=Benin Challenges and Opportunities |url=http://wsp.org/filez/country/117200715921_Benin.pdf |access-date=2008-05-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070714011544/http://www.wsp.org/filez/country/117200715921_Benin.pdf |archive-date=July 14, 2007 }}</ref> kuma kusan duk abokan haɗin gwiwa na ci gaba suna bin dabarun kasa na mayar da martani ga buƙatu, wanda aka amince da shi a shekarar 1992.<ref>{{cite journal | last = World Bank | author-link = World Bank | title = Benin - Enhancing the effectiveness of public spending - a review of three sectors | date = 2004-12-20 | url = http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/01/11/000012009_20050111085004/Rendered/PDF/296560BEN.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21}}, p. 106</ref> An amince da sabbin dabarun haɓaka wadatar ruwa a yankunan karkara da na birane a cikin shekarun 2005 da 2006.<ref name="DANIDA 12-13">{{cite journal | last = Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA) | author-link = DANIDA | title = Programme d'Appui au Développement du Secteur Eau et assainissement (PADSEA) (PhaseII) | date = August 2004 | url = http://www.danidadevforum.um.dk/NR/rdonlyres/67C09687-D240-40FB-A668-B9A8CE079C51/0/WS_ProgDocPhase2.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-16 | language = fr }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, p. 12-13</ref> Haraji a yankunan birane da na karkara yawanci yana da yawa yadda zai iya biyan kuɗaɗen gudanarwa da kulawa.<ref name="Thibault 43" /><ref name="World Bank 126" /> Koyaya, kalubale suna nan da sauran su. An samar da ingantaccen tsarin hukumomi don yankunan karkara kuma an aiwatar da ayyuka tare da gagarumin taimako daga masu ba da agaji na waje. An ayyana nauyin da ke wuyan wadatar ruwa a cikin dabarun kasa na shekarar 2007 kuma kamfanin samar da ruwa na kasa SONEB yana samun gagarumin taimako ta fuskar zuba jari da tallafin fasaha.<ref name="WSP" /> Sha'anin tsaftace muhalli ba ya samun kulawa sosai. Kula da gurbataccen ruwa kusan ma ba ya wanzu.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Heidecke | first = Claudia | title = Development and evaluation of a regional water poverty index for Benin | journal = EPTD Discussion Papers | volume = 145 | publisher = International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) | location = Washington, D.C. | year = 2006 | url = http://www.ifpri.org/divs/eptd/dp/papers/eptdp145.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-20}}, p. 21</ref> Domin cimma Muradun Tattalin Arziki na Millenium (MDGs) game da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli, Ma'aikatar Ci Gaban Tattalin Arziki da Kuɗi ta kiyasta cewa ana buƙatar dalar Amurka miliyan 80 da dalar Amurka miliyan 22 kowace shekara daga 2006 zuwa 2015.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development | title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_Envir_Assainissement_Benin.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-23 | language = fr | archive-date = 2008-07-24 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080724111650/http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_Envir_Assainissement_Benin.pdf | url-status = dead }}, p. 17-18</ref><ref name="MEPN 24">{{cite journal | last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development | title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_Envir_Assainissement_Benin.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-23 | language = fr | archive-date = 2008-07-24 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080724111650/http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_Envir_Assainissement_Benin.pdf | url-status = dead }}, p. 24</ref><ref name="CFA 2006">1 CFA Franc BCEAO = US$0.002093 (2006-12-31); source: http://oanda.com</ref> Don kwatantawa, ƙasa da dalar Amurka miliyan 10 kowace shekara aka zuba hannun jari a fannin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a yankunan karkara inda kashi 55% na al'ummar Benin ke rayuwa. Babu alkalumma da ke akwai kan ainihin jंधarin da aka yi a yankunan birane. Mafi kusantar magana, dole ne a ninka jंधarin zuba kudi sau da yawa don cimma MDGs. == Samun Ruwa == A shekarar 2015, kashi 78% na al'ummar Benin suna da damar samun "ingantaccen" ruwa, kashi 85% a yankunan birane da kashi 72% a yankunan karkara. A shekarar 2015, har yanzu akwai kusan mutane miliyan 2 da ba su da damar samun "ingantaccen" ruwa. Game da tsaftace muhalli, kashi 20% na al'ummar suna da damar samun "ingantaccen" tsarin tsafta, kashi 36% a birane da kashi 7% a yankunan karkara.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://washwatch.org/en/countries/benin/summary/statistics/|title=WASHwatch.org - Benin|website=washwatch.org|language=en|access-date=2017-04-12|archive-date=2019-07-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190719214830/https://washwatch.org/en/countries/benin/summary/statistics/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation</ref> Bisa rahoton hadin gwiwa na Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya da UNICEF, kashi uku cikin hudu na al'ummar Benin suna da damar samun ingantaccen tushen ruwa a shekarar 2008, yayin da kashi 12% ke da damar samun ingantaccen tsarin tsaftace muhalli. Wannan rabo ya tashi daga kashi 63% na ruwa da kashi 5% na tsafta a shekarar 1990. Samun ruwa a yankunan birane ya fi na yankunan karkara yawa nesa ba kusa ba.<ref name="JMP" /> {| class="wikitable" ! style="background:#E6E6FA" colspan=5|Damar samun ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a Benin (2008)<ref name="JMP" /> |- ! colspan=2| ! Na birni<br>(41% na al'umma) ! Na karkara<br>(59% na al'umma) ! Jimilla |- | rowspan=2|Ruwa | Ingantaccen tushen ruwa | 84% | 69% | 75% |- | Ruwan famfo a cikin gida | 26% | 2% | 12% |- | Tsafta | Ingantaccen tsarin tsafta | 24% | 4% | 12% |} An sami gagarumin bambance-bambance a fannin wadatar ruwa tsakanin yankuna. Lamarin ya dogara ne da sauƙin samun ruwan karkashin kasa, tsarin zuba jari na masu ba da agaji, da kuma ainihin buƙatun mazauna kowace al'umma ko yanki.<ref>{{cite journal | last = World Bank | author-link = World Bank | title = Benin - Enhancing the effectiveness of public spending - a review of three sectors | date = 2004-12-20 | url = http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/01/11/000012009_20050111085004/Rendered/PDF/296560BEN.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21}}, p. 113</ref> A yankunan birane, rashin samun ingantaccen ruwa ya fi ta'allaka ne a gefen birane.<ref name="RoB 52">{{cite journal | last = Republic of Benin | title = Growth Strategy for Poverty Reduction | date = April 2007 | url = http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2008/cr08125.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21}}, p. 52</ref> Gwamnatin kasa tana amfani da wani ma'anar daban na samun ruwa,<ref>A yankunan karkara da na kusa da birane, yawan samun ruwa yana wakiltar kashi na al'ummar da ke samun ruwa ta wuraren samar da ruwa, wadanda ke hidima ga mazauna har 250 bisa la'akari da lita 20 kowace rana ga kowane mutum (l/p/d) a nisa da bai wuce mita 500 daga wurin amfani ba. Ana amincewa da wadannan hanyoyin a matsayin wuraren samar da ruwa: *Rijiyar burtsatse (borehole) sanye da famfon hannu tana daidai da wurin ruwa guda daya *Ingantacciyar rijiya tana daidai da wurin ruwa guda daya *Famfon jama'a a tsarin samar da ruwa na karkara yana daidai da wuraren ruwa guda biyu *Wurin tsayuwar ruwa mai zaman kansa (Poste d'Eau Autonome) yana daidai da wuraren ruwa guda hudu A yankunan birane da na kewaye da birane, an bayyana samun ruwa a matsayin haɗin gwiwa ga hanyar sadarwar ruwa na birni. Haɗin gwiwa guda ɗaya yana ba da ruwa ga kusan mutane goma sha biyu (gidaje biyu masu mutane shida a kowane gida). Source: {{cite journal |last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development |author2 = Ministry of Mines |author3 = Energy and Water |title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de la cible 10 de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) |date = December 2006 |url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_EAU.pdf |access-date = 2008-05-21 |language = fr |archive-date = 2008-07-24 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080724111432/http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_EAU.pdf |url-status = dead }}, p. 15-16</ref> wanda a karkashinsa samar da ruwa ya kasance kashi 50% a yankunan birane da na kewaye da birane, da kuma kashi 41% a yankunan karkara da na kusa da birane a shekarar 2005. Binciken shekara-shekara na fannin ruwa na shekarar kuɗi ta 2009 ya nuna kashi 55.1% na samun ruwa a yankunan karkara da kashi 57% a yankunan birane.<ref name="com">Personal communication with sector practitioners, April 2011</ref> Domin cimma MDGs, dabarun gwamnatin kasa shi ne ƙara yawan samun ruwa zuwa kashi 75% a yankunan birane da na kewaye da birane, da kuma kashi 67.5% a yankunan karkara da na kusa da birane nan da shekarar 2015.<ref name="Ministry of Economic and Financial Development">{{cite journal |last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development |author2 = Ministry of Mines |author3 = Energy and Water |title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de la cible 10 de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) |date = December 2006 |url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_EAU.pdf |access-date = 2008-05-21 |language = fr |archive-date = 2008-07-24 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080724111432/http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_EAU.pdf |url-status = dead }}, p. 5</ref> Game da tsaftace muhalli, Ma'aikatar Ci Gaban Tattalin Arziki da Kuɗi ta ba da rahoton cewa a shekarar 2003 kashi 67% na al'ummar kasar ba su da isassun kayan aiki na zubar da bayan gida.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development | title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_Envir_Assainissement_Benin.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-23 | language = fr | archive-date = 2008-07-24 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080724111650/http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_Envir_Assainissement_Benin.pdf | url-status = dead }}, p. 9</ref> Binciken sashin na shekara-shekara ya nuna cewa samun damar gidaje ga kayan aikin tsafta ya kasance kashi 39.4% da kuma kashi 71.6% na yara 'yan makaranta a shekarar 2009.<ref name="com"/> ===Ma'anar yankunan birni da na karkara=== Kamar yadda yake a sauran ƙasashe, an raba fannin samar da ruwa na Benin zuwa fannin birni da na karkara sannan kuma a mika shi ga talakawa. Sai dai a cikin takardun, yankunan karkara sun hada da yankunan kusa da birane, kuma yankunan birane sun hada da yankunan kewaye da birane. A shekarar 2002, an bayyana yankunan karkara da na kusa da birane a matsayin matsatsun gidaje masu mazauna kasa da 10,000 da kuma manyan garuruwa 22 masu mazauna sama da 10,000,<ref name="World Bank">{{cite journal | last = World Bank | author-link = World Bank | title = Benin - Enhancing the effectiveness of public spending - a review of three sectors | date = 2004-12-20 | url = http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/01/11/000012009_20050111085004/Rendered/PDF/296560BEN.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21}}, p. 104</ref> yayin da sauran yankunan kuma aka kira su na birni da kewaye da birni. ==Ingancin Sabis== ===Ci gaba da samar da ruwa=== Ba a yi gagarumin zuba jari ba a yankin Greater Cotonou tun shekarar 1991. Bukatar ruwa da ke haɓaka cikin sauri (kashi 6-8% kowace shekara) tana wuce iyakar ƙarfin rijiyoyin, masana'antu biyu na tace ruwa, da tsarin rarraba ruwa. Wannan yana haifar da ƙarfe-ƙarfe ko ƙarancin karfin ruwa, wanda galibi ke takaita amfani da ruwa a yankunan gefen birni. Wadatar ruwa a Cotonou yawanci ana samun ta na tsawon sa'o'i 24 a rana, sai dai tsarin yana samun matsala sosai saboda daukewar wutar lantarki daga Kamfanin Lantarki da Ruwa na Benin. Kamfanin na iya samar da kusan kashi 50% na bukatar wutar lantarki ta hanyar janareto domin cika tsarin famfo da babban tankin ruwa. Yawan katsewar wutar lantarki yana rage amincin tsarin.<ref name="Thibault 48" /> Sai dai an ba da kuɗi tare da tsara gagarumin ayyukan faɗaɗa tun a shekarun 2007/2008 tare da tallafin manyan masu ba da agaji (Banka na Ci Gaban Afirka ta Yamma, Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai, KfW Entwicklungsbank, Netherlands). Ana ci gaba da aiwatarwa (duba ƙasa).<ref name="com"/> ===Ingancin ruwan sha=== Ba a yi wani gagarumin bincike na ko'ina ba game da ingancin ruwa a Benin. A karkashin tsarin wani bincike da ya binciko wadatar ruwa a yankunan kewaye da birnin Cotonou, an tattara samfuran ruwa daga rumfunan sayar da ruwa, mai sayar da ruwa, rijiyar al'umma da Tafkin Nokoué a cikin gundumomin Ladji da Vossa da ke kewaye da Cotonou. Binciken ya kammala da cewa samfuran da aka samu daga rumfunan ruwa da mai sayar da ruwa suna da inganci mai kyau.<ref name="Thibault 48" /> Masu sayar da ruwa masu zaman kansu da ke da alaƙa da hanyar sadarwar SONEB sun bazu ko'ina a yankunan birane, suna hidima ga gidajen da ba su da haɗin gwiwa da bututun ruwa tukuna.<ref name="Thibault 43" /> Ma'aikatar da ke kula da ruwa da SONEB sun sanya wani farashi na musamman 'don talakawa' don sake sayar da ruwa domin daidaita wannan lamari, a watan Yulin 2009. Ana ci gaba da aiwatar da hakan tare da haɗin gwiwar ƙaramar hukuma.<ref name="com"/> An ba da rahoton shigar ruwan gishiri kusa da Cotonou, inda ake hako ruwan sha.<ref>{{cite journal |last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development |author2 = Ministry of Mines |author3 = Energy and Water |title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de la cible 10 de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) |date = December 2006 |url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_EAU.pdf |access-date = 2008-05-21 |language = fr |archive-date = 2008-07-24 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080724111432/http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_EAU.pdf |url-status = dead }}, p. 11</ref> ===Kula da gurbataccen ruwa=== Kula da gurbataccen ruwa yana da matukar karanci a Benin. A mafi yawan lokuta, ba ma a zubar da gurbataccen ruwa yadda ya kamata. Kamar yadda binciken lafiya na kasa na shekarar 2001 ya nuna, a biranen Cotonou, Parakou da Porto-Novo, gidaje biyu kacal cikin 1,000 ke zubar da gurbataccen ruwansu ta hanyar da ta dace, yayin da akasarinsu ke zubar da shi kai tsaye zuwa cikin muhalli ko magudanar ruwa. Wannan yana haifar da gurbataccen muhalli kuma yana iya haifar da cututtukan da ake samu daga ruwa kamar malariya da zazzabin taifot.<ref name="panapress">{{cite book | last = Bénin | title = Enquête Démographique et de Santé | year = 2001|language=fr}}, cited in: {{cite news |title = 0,1% des ménages béninois accèdent aux équipements d'assainissement |publisher = Panapress |date = 2004-11-22 |url = http://www.panapress.com/newslatf.asp?code=fre066617&dte=22/11/2004 |access-date = 2008-05-20 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080606031901/http://www.panapress.com/newslatf.asp?code=fre066617&dte=22%2F11%2F2004 |archive-date = 2008-06-06 |url-status = dead }}</ref> Bisa ga wani labari na shekarar 2004, Cotonou ne kadai gari a Benin da ke da masana'antar kula da gurbataccen ruwa da ke aiki, inda ake tace duka datti daga tanka na bayan gida (septic tanks) da bayan gida na rami.<ref name="panapress" /> Wani labarin kuma ya ba da rahoton cewa masana'antar tacewa, wacce kamfanin tsabtace muhalli mai zaman kansa na Industrial Society of Urban Equipment and Sanitation (SIBEAU) ke gudanarwa, tana tace kusan m³ 240-300 kowace rana. Kamfanin yana cajin kuɗi don tace datti daga motocin kwashe bayan gida. Ruwan gurbataccen yana samun tace na matakin farko da na biyu sannan bayan haka sai a zubar da shi cikin teku.<ref name="Solo">{{cite journal | last = Solo | first = Tova Maria | title = Small-scale entrepreneurs in the urban water and sanitation market | journal = Environment and Urbanization | volume = 11 | issue = 1 | pages = 133–144 | publisher = International Institute for Environment and Development | date = April 1999 | doi = 10.1177/095624789901100120| doi-access = }}, p. 124</ref> Bugu da kari, wasu cibiyoyi na cikin gida kamar asibiti da hotuna suna gudanar da nasu wuraren tace ruwan.<ref name="panapress" /> ==Albarkatun Ruwa== [[Image:Pendjari river.jpg|300px|thumb|Kogi a cikin Gidan shakatawa na Pendjari a lokacin rani]] An kiyasta cewa wadatar albarkatun ruwa da ake da su a Benin sun isa su biya buƙatun na yanzu da na gaba, koda kuwa an haɗa da amfanin gona da na masana'antu. Amfani da ruwa na yanzu kusan kashi 1% ne na albarkatun da ake da su.<ref>{{cite journal |last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development |author2 = Ministry of Mines |author3 = Energy and Water |title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de la cible 10 de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) |date = December 2006 |url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_EAU.pdf |access-date = 2008-05-21 |language = fr |archive-date = 2008-07-24 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080724111432/http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_EAU.pdf |url-status = dead }}, p. 3</ref> Adadin sabbin albarkatun ruwa a kasar an kiyasta shi akan 3,954 m³ ga kowane mutum a shekara,<ref>{{cite journal | last = UNESCO | author-link = UNESCO | title = World Water Development Report | year = 2003 | url = http://www.unesco.org/bpi/wwdr/WWDR_chart1_eng.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-20}}</ref> adadin da ke nuna cewa karancin ruwa yana faruwa ne kawai lokaci-lokaci ko a wasu takamaiman wurare kamar yadda ma'anar Falkenmark da Widstrand ta bayyana.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Falkenmark | first = M. |author2=Widstrand, C. | title = Population and water resources: a delicate balance. | journal = Population Bulletin | volume = 47 | issue = 3 | pages = 1–36 | publisher = Population Reference Bureau | location = Washington, D.C. | year = 1992| pmid = 12344702 }}</ref> Murabba'in kilomita 2000 ko kuma kashi 1.8% na fadin kasar Benin (kilomita murabba'i 112,620) ruwa ne ya rufe shi. Ruwan sama yana kaiwa matsakaicin milimita 1,039 kowace shekara, amma ya bambanta sosai tsakanin yanki da lokaci.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Heidecke | first = Claudia | title = Development and evaluation of a regional water poverty index for Benin | journal = EPTD Discussion Papers | volume = 145 | publisher = International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) | location = Washington, D.C. | year = 2006 | url = http://www.ifpri.org/divs/eptd/dp/papers/eptdp145.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-20}}, p. 2</ref> A shekarar 2021, Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai ya ba da rancen yuro miliyan 50 don taimakawa Cotonou wajen inganta magudanar ruwan sama, musamman ta hanyar haɓaka magudanar ruwan sama don kama filastik. Wannan shiri zai rage ambaliyar ruwa kusa da gine-gine, wanda zai amfani mutane 187,000 a ciki da kewayen Cotonou tare da rage robobi da sauran gurbataccen abu a cikin Tekun Guinea. <ref name=":322">{{Cite book |last=Bank |first=European Investment |url=https://www.eib.org/en/publications/the-clean-oceans-initiative |title=The Clean Oceans Initiative |date=2022-02-04 |publisher=European Investment Bank |language=EN}}</ref> ==Amfani da ruwa== Wani bincike da aka buga a shekarar 2005 ya nuna cewa matsakaicin amfani da ruwa ya kai lita 17 ga kowane mutum a rana (L/c/d) a yankunan karkara da kuma 29 L/c/d a birane. Marubutan sun bayyana karancin amfani da ruwa a yankunan karkara da rashin hanyoyin samun ruwa, nisa mai nisa daga kauyuka zuwa rijiyoyi da kuma karancin ruwa a lokacin rani. A gefen yankunan garuruwa, sun sami yanayi irin na yankunan karkara. Suna sa ran karuwar bukatar ruwa sakamakon habakar birane da kuma inganta yanayin rayuwa.<ref name="M'bareka 366" /> Hukumar Abinci da Aikin Noma (FAO) ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta nuna cewa a shekarar 2001, kashi 32% na jimillar ruwan da aka hako an yi amfani da shi ne don amfanin gida, yayin da kashi 45% aka yi amfani da shi don aikin gona da kashi 23% na masana'antu.<ref>{{cite web | last = Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) | author-link = Food and Agriculture Organization | title = Summary Fact Sheet Benin | date = 2008-05-02 | url = http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/data/factsheets/aquastat_fact_sheet_ben_en.pdf | access-date = 2011-04-06}}</ref> A shekarar 2021, mamakon ruwan sama a Benin ya haifar da ambaliyar ruwa mai yawa, wanda ya haifar da barna mai yawa ga albarkatun ruwa da asarar kuɗi. Saboda ci gaba da tafka ruwan sama a yankin, ana fitar da manyan robobi da sauran tarkace zuwa Tafkin Nokoué da Tekun Guinea ta hanyar budaddun magudanar ruwa, wanda hakan ke sanya albarkatun ruwa yin karanci. <ref name=":32">{{Cite book |last=Bank |first=European Investment |url=https://www.eib.org/en/publications/the-clean-oceans-initiative |title=The Clean Oceans Initiative |date=2022-02-04 |publisher=European Investment Bank |language=EN}}</ref> == Tarihi da abubuwan da suka faru kwanan nan == === Tarihi === Gine-ginen karkashin kasa (Souterrains) tun daga karni na 17 zuwa na 19 Masarautar Dahomey ce ta gina su don ayyuka daban-daban da suka hada da adana ruwa<ref>{{cite book|last=Monroe|first= J. Cemeron|title= The Precolonial State in West Africa: Building Power in Dahomey|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=7DeNAwAAQBAJ&q=Dahomey+souterrain|year=2014|publisher=Cambridge University Press|pages=137–142|isbn=9781107040182}}</ref> ko kuma su zama tankunan ruwa na lokaci-lokaci (cisterns).<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Merkyte | first1=Inga | last2=Randsborg| first2=Klavs | title=Graves from Dahomey: Beliefs, Ritual and Society in Ancient Bénin| journal= Journal of African Archaeology| volume=7|issue=1 | pages=55–77 | year=2009|doi=10.3213/1612-1651-10126|jstor=43135468}}</ref> '''Yankunan karkara:''' A karkashin tsarin shekaru goma na samar da ruwan sha da tsabtace muhalli na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (1981–1990), Benin ta kaddamar da yakin neman zabe tare da kafa wurare 5,350 na samar da ruwa. Sakamakon wadannan kokarin ya bayyana wasu kasawa a cikin dabarun, wadanda suka hada da (i) rashin sa hannun masu amfani wajen kafa wuraren ruwan; (ii) rashin ilimantarwa kan lafiya da tsabta; (iii) rashin zuba jari a fannin tsafta da kiyaye muhalli; (iv) rashin sanya al'umma cikin gudanarwa da sarrafa wuraren ruwan; da kuma (v) karancin yawan wuraren ruwa da ke aiki yadda ya kamata.<ref name="Ministry of Economic and Financial Development" /> Tunda wadannan kokari da jंधarin zuba kudi a fannin sun nuna cewa ba su da dorewa, an shirya sabuwar dabarar samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a yankunan karkara mai amsa bukatar jama'a tare da taimakon Bankin Duniya kuma aka amince da ita a shekarar 1992. Dabarar ta ginu ne a kan madaidaitan maki guda hudu: *Raba iko wajen yanke shawara (Decentralization) *Gudunmawar kudi ta al'ummomi ga jंधarin zuba kudi na farko (kusan kashi 3-10% na jimillar kudaden da aka kashe<ref name="DANIDA 7">{{cite journal | last = Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA) | author-link = DANIDA | title = Programme d'Appui au Développement du Secteur Eau et assainissement (PADSEA) (PhaseII) | date = August 2004 | url = http://www.danidadevforum.um.dk/NR/rdonlyres/67C09687-D240-40FB-A668-B9A8CE079C51/0/WS_ProgDocPhase2.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-16 | language = fr }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, p. 7</ref>) *Neman matakan rage tsada game da gudanarwa da kula da ababen more rayuwa *Sanya fannoni masu zaman kansu a cikin ayyukan gine-gine da gudanarwa Bugu da kari, dabarar ta kunshi karin wasu madaidaitan maki guda biyu na asali, wadanda ba a bayyana su kai tsaye ba kamar haka: *Sanya ilimin tsafta a cikin shirye-shiryen ruwa na karkara *Sake ayyana rawar da Hukumar Kula da Ruwa ta Kasa (DGEau) ke takawa, wadda ta zama mai tsara fanni da saukaka ayyuka Tun daga wannan lokacin ne aka aiwatar da sabuwar dabarar ta hanyar wasu ayyuka da ake kira Shirin Tallafawa Ci Gaban Fannin Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli a Yankunan Karkara (PADEAR) tare da gagarumin taimako na abokan hadin gwiwa da dama. An sake duba dabarar a shekarar 2003 domin dacewa da sabon tsarin hukumomi, dabarun rage radadin talauci na kasa da MDGs, tallafawa mika ayyuka da kuma nazarin lokacin da ya shude tun bayan fara amfani da dabarar.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA) | author-link = DANIDA | title = Programme d'Appui au Développement du Secteur Eau et assainissement (PADSEA) (PhaseII) | date = August 2004 | url = http://www.danidadevforum.um.dk/NR/rdonlyres/67C09687-D240-40FB-A668-B9A8CE079C51/0/WS_ProgDocPhase2.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-16 | language = fr }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, p. 6-9</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development |author2 = Ministry of Mines |author3 = Energy and Water |title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de la cible 10 de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) |date = December 2006 |url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_EAU.pdf |access-date = 2008-05-21 |language = fr |archive-date = 2008-07-24 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080724111432/http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_EAU.pdf |url-status = dead }}, p. 5-6</ref> A shekarar 1995, an amince da manufar tsaftace muhalli ta kasa. Manufofinta sun yi kama da na dabarar shekarar 1992 na samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a yankunan karkara.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA) | author-link = DANIDA | title = Programme d'Appui au Développement du Secteur Eau et assainissement (PADSEA) (PhaseII) | date = August 2004 | url = http://www.danidadevforum.um.dk/NR/rdonlyres/67C09687-D240-40FB-A668-B9A8CE079C51/0/WS_ProgDocPhase2.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-16 | language = fr }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, p. 20</ref> '''Yankunan birane da na kewaye da birane:''' Har zuwa shekarar 2002, duka kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki da na ruwa na Benin ne ke samar da ruwa da wutar lantarki. Bayan haka, an mayar da babban bangare na fannin wutar lantarki ga masu zaman kansu, yayin da fannin ruwa na birane ya kasance na gwamnati kuma Kamfanin Ruwa na Kasa na Benin (SONEB) ne ke samar da shi.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Heidecke | first = Claudia | title = Development and evaluation of a regional water poverty index for Benin | journal = EPTD Discussion Papers | volume = 145 | publisher = International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) | location = Washington, D.C. | year = 2006 | url = http://www.ifpri.org/divs/eptd/dp/papers/eptdp145.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-20}}, p. 7</ref> === Sabbin dabarun kasa === A yankunan birane da na karkara an amince da sabbin dabarun a cikin shekarun 2005 da 2006 da nufin cimma burin MDGs game da samar da ruwa nan da shekarar 2015. '''Yankunan karkara da na kusa da birane:''' Sabuwar dabarar na tsawon lokaci daga 2005 zuwa 2015 tana bin dabarar kasa ta shekarar 1992 kuma tana da nufin cimma MDGs. Ka'idodinta sun yi kama da na dabarar shekarar 1992, amma an daidaita su da sauye-sauyen tsarin siyasa da na hukumomi. Kamar waccan ta baya, dabarar ta ginu ne a kan tsarin amsa bukatun jama'a kuma tana da maki guda biyar: *Raba ikon yanke shawara ga kananan hukumomi, wadanda ke aiki bisa tsarin amsa bukatar jama'a *Kasancewar mai amfani wajen samar da kudi, gudanarwa da kulawa gami da gyara ababen more rayuwa da ayyukan gine-gine *Bincike don nemo hanyoyin rage farashin ruwa ta hanyar yin la'akari da fasahohi masu rahusa *Mayar da ayyukan gine-gine, gudanarwa, kulawa da sulhun jama'a ga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu tare da kokari na musamman na kara kwarewar ma'aikata na cikin gida a fannin *Garfafa raba ikon fasaha da gudanarwa na tsakiyar gwamnati a rarraba ayyukanta a matsayin mai tsara fanni da kuma kafa alakar aiki tsakanin tsarin kananan hukumomin da aka raba wa iko<ref>{{cite journal |last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development |author2 = Ministry of Mines |author3 = Energy and Water |title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de la cible 10 de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) |date = December 2006 |url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_EAU.pdf |access-date = 2008-05-21 |language = fr |archive-date = 2008-07-24 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080724111432/http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_EAU.pdf |url-status = dead }}, p. 11-12</ref> A watan Mayun 2004, an yi kiran da a samar da Tsarin Ruwa na yankunan kusa da birane wadanda SONEB bai gudanar da ayyuka a can ba. Wannan shiri, wanda ba a aiwatar da shi ba a shekarar 2006, yana da nufin cimma MDGs a wadannan yankuna ta hanyar gina tsare-tsaren samar da ruwa na karkara a kusan garuruwa 500 nan da shekarar 2015.<ref>{{cite journal |last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development |author2 = Ministry of Mines |author3 = Energy and Water |title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de la cible 10 de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) |date = December 2006 |url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_EAU.pdf |access-date = 2008-05-21 |language = fr |archive-date = 2008-07-24 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080724111432/http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_EAU.pdf |url-status = dead }}, p. 12</ref> '''Yankunan birane da na kewaye da birane:''' Dabarar 2006 zuwa 2015 ta samar da ruwa a birane, baya ga cimma MDGs nan da shekarar 2015, tana da manufar saukaka dorewar kudi na samar da ruwa na gwamnati da kuma ba da damar samun ruwa ga gidaje mafi fama da talauci. Dabarar ta ginu ne a kan madaidaitan maki guda hudu: *Hukumomi da mutanen da abin ya shafa suna taka rawar gani a cikin ingantaccen tsarin doka da na hukumomi *Cimma burin MDGs ya ginu ne a kan ci gaba da daidaiton fannin *Dorewar fannin tana samun goyon baya ta hanyar tattalin arziki da ingantaccen tsarin samar da ruwa na gwamnati *Samun damar samun ruwa ga mutanen da ke da karancin kudin shiga wani babban lamari ne na hadin kan kasa<ref name="MMEE 13">{{cite journal |last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development |author2 = Ministry of Mines |author3 = Energy and Water |title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de la cible 10 de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) |date = December 2006 |url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_EAU.pdf |access-date = 2008-05-21 |language = fr |archive-date = 2008-07-24 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080724111432/http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_EAU.pdf |url-status = dead }}, p. 13</ref> Game da '''tsaftace muhalli''', Shirin Tsaftace Muhalli da Tsaftar jiki na Kasa ya kunshi lokaci daga 2004 zuwa 2008. An raba shi zuwa kananan shirye-shirye guda uku: *Inganta tsafta da tsaftace muhalli na asali a yankunan karkara *Inganta tsafta da tsaftace muhalli na asali a yankunan birane *Taimakon hukumomi ga Hukumar Tsafta da Tsaftace Muhalli na Asali (DHAB) a karkashin Ma'aikatar Lafiya da tsarukan da aka raba wa iko<ref>{{cite journal | last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development | title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_Envir_Assainissement_Benin.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-23 | language = fr | archive-date = 2008-07-24 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080724111650/http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_Envir_Assainissement_Benin.pdf | url-status = dead }}, p. 17</ref> == Nauyin da ke wuyan samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli == === Manufofi da tsari === [[Image:Benin-CIA WFB Map.png|200px|thumb|Taswirar Benin]] Ma'aikatar Makamashi da Ruwa ta kasa tana tsara manyan manufofin fannin ruwa tare da sanya ido kan yadda ake amfani da su. An ayyana manufofin tsaftace muhalli na kasa ta Hukumar Tsafta da Tsaftace Muhalli na Asali (DHAB) a karkashin Ma'aikatar Lafiya.<ref name=gettingafrica /> A halin yanzu Benin tana kan aiwatar da manufar raba iko, inda samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ya zama nauyi na gundunoni 77 na Benin, wadanda ke da mazauna tsakanin 25,000 zuwa 600,000. Kowace gunduma tana karkashin jagorancin zababbun kansiloli da magajin gari (mayor). Kamar yaddda doka ta 97-029 na shekarar 1999 ta tanada kan tsarin gudanar da kananan hukumomi, suna da cikakken nauyin samar da ruwan sha da tsaftace muhalli. Dokar ta kuma tanadi hakkin kananan hukumomi na neman tallafin fasaha daga matakin kasa ko fannoni masu zaman kansu. Bugu da kari, gwamnatin kasa tana da alhakin tura kudaden da suka dace don gudanar da ayyukan ga kananan hukumomin.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA) | author-link = DANIDA | title = Programme d'Appui au Développement du Secteur Eau et assainissement (PADSEA) (PhaseII) | date = August 2004 | url = http://www.danidadevforum.um.dk/NR/rdonlyres/67C09687-D240-40FB-A668-B9A8CE079C51/0/WS_ProgDocPhase2.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-16 | language = fr }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, p. 23-27</ref> A yankunan karkara da na kusa da birane, ana sa ran Hukumar Kula da Ruwa ta Kasa (DGEau) a karkashin Ma'aikatar Makamashi da Ruwa za ta aiwatar da manufofin kasa, da daidaita amfanin ruwa don manufofi daban-daban da kuma inganta Tsarin Kula da Albarkatun Ruwa na Tare. Bugu da kari, DGEau yana da aikin kafawa da kula da rumbun bayanai kan albarkatun ruwa da yadda ake tattara su. Domin tabbatar da cewa an aiwatar da manufofin kasa a matakin gida, DGEau yana da wakilci ta hanyar sassa 11 na Hidimar Ruwa kuma yana amfani da sassa shida na Ma'aikatar Makamashi da Ruwa na sassan kasar. A karkashin tsarin raba iko, an canza nauyi daga DGEau zuwa sassan sa na cikin gida.<ref name="DANIDA 12-13" /> Babu wata hukuma mai zaman kanta don tsara tattalin arziki na fannin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli. Dabarar bunkasa tattalin arziki don rage radadin talauci na kasa na shekarar 2007 ta yi kiran da a kafa irin wannan hukuma.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Republic of Benin | title = Growth Strategy for Poverty Reduction | date = April 2007 | url = http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2008/cr08125.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21}}, p. 37</ref> === Samar da sabis === Tun bayan tsarin raba iko, kananan hukumomi da Kungiyoyin Masu Amfani da Ruwa da suka kafa sun zama da alhakin gudanarwa da kula da samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli.<ref name="DANIDA 27">{{cite journal | last = Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA) | author-link = DANIDA | title = Programme d'Appui au Développement du Secteur Eau et assainissement (PADSEA) (PhaseII) | date = August 2004 | url = http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/01/11/000012009_20050111085004/Rendered/PDF/296560BEN.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-16|language=fr}}, p. 27</ref> A yankunan karkara da na kusa da birane, suna samun tallafi daga DGEau. A yankunan birane da na kewaye da birane, an sanya wa Kamfanin Ruwa na Kasa na Benin (SONEB) alhakin tabbatar da samar da ruwa a birane da tace gurbataccen ruwa a madadin hukumomin gida.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Thibault | first = Adrien | title = Sustainability of the extension of water supply network from urban to periurban area in Cotonu, Benin | publisher = Cranfield University | date = September 2007 | url = https://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/bitstream/1826/2185/1/Thibault-2007.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-19}}, p. 3</ref> SONEB ya samar da ruwa ga gundumomin birane 69 a shekarar 2007. Kashi tamanin na bukatar samar da ruwa a birane yana ta'allaka ne a Cotonou, Porto Novo, Parakou da Abomey/Bohicon. Kamar DGEau, SONEB yana karkashin Ma'aikatar Makamashi da Ruwa ne.<ref name="RoB 52" /> SONEB kamfani ne na gwamnati, amma yana da ikon cin gashin kansa wajen yanke shawara da gudanar da kudi.<ref>{{cite journal | publisher = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development: Ministry of Energy and Water | title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de la cible 10 de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_EAU.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21 | language = fr | archive-date = 2008-07-24 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080724111432/http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_EAU.pdf | url-status = dead }}, p. 4</ref> Game da tsaftace muhalli, Hukumar Tsafta da Tsaftace Muhalli na Asali tana samar da tsafta a wuraren gwamnati kamar makarantu da cibiyoyin lafiya. Hukumar tana raba alhakin tsaftace muhalli tare da SONEB, al'ummomi da sassa na Ma'aikatar Muhalli, Gidaje da Tsara Birane da kuma Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Gwamnati da Sufuri.<ref name=gettingafrica /> === Sauran ayyuka === '''Fannoni masu zaman kansu:''' A yankunan karkara, ana tallafawa sa hannun fannoni masu zaman kansu a karkashin dabarar PADEAR. Misali, kamfanonin hakar rijiyoyi masu zaman kansu FORAG da FORATECH suna kafa sabbin wuraren ruwa kusan 1,000 kowace shekara kuma ma'aikata masu zaman kansu ma suna da hannu a ayyukan kulawa.<ref name=gettingafrica /> Bayan wannan, ofisoshin tsare-tsare masu zaman kansu suna shirya binciken dacewar ayyuka (feasibility studies) kuma suna duba ginin ababen more rayuwa. Ma'aikata na cikin gida suna karbar kananan ayyuka.<ref>{{cite web | last = Office International de l'Eau (OIEAU) | title = Alimentation en eau potable et assainissement en milieu rural au Bénin | url = http://www.oieau.fr/ciedd/contributions/at2/contribution/toupe2.htm | access-date = 2008-05-21 | language = fr | archive-date = 2012-02-10 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120210191235/http://www.oieau.fr/ciedd/contributions/at2/contribution/toupe2.htm | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last = Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA) | author-link = DANIDA | title = Programme d'Appui au Développement du Secteur Eau et assainissement (PADSEA) (PhaseII) | date = August 2004 | url = http://www.danidadevforum.um.dk/NR/rdonlyres/67C09687-D240-40FB-A668-B9A8CE079C51/0/WS_ProgDocPhase2.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-16 | language = fr }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, p. 27-28</ref> A yankunan birane, ba a sa ran wani sa hannu na masu zaman kansu na SONEB ba.<ref name=gettingafrica /> Sai dai a Cotonou kamfanin mai zaman kansa SIBEAU yana gudanar da masana'antar tace gurbataccen ruwa daya tilo a kasar.<ref name="Solo" /> '''Kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu:''' Kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu (NGOs) da dama suna gudanar da ayyuka a Benin.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA) | author-link = DANIDA | title = Programme d'Appui au Développement du Secteur Eau et assainissement (PADSEA) (PhaseII) | date = August 2004 | url = http://www.danidadevforum.um.dk/NR/rdonlyres/67C09687-D240-40FB-A668-B9A8CE079C51/0/WS_ProgDocPhase2.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-16 | language = fr }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, p. 28</ref> Yawanci suna ba da bayanai, shawarwari da tallafi ga al'ummomi game da nauyin da ke wuyansu na samar da ruwa.<ref>{{cite journal | last = IGIP Afrique | title = Intégration des aspects genre et développement dans le Programme d'Appui au Développement du Secteur Eau et Assainissement (PADSEA) et dans le Projet d'Assistance au Développement du secteur de l'alimentation en Eau et de l'Assainissement en zone Rurale.(PADEAR) au Bénin. Rapport Provisoire Version 2 | location = Cotonou | year = 2002|language=fr}}, p. 31</ref> == Ingantaccen tattalin arziki == Ana iya auna ingantaccen tattalin arziki na samar da ruwa ta hanyar wasu alamomi. Sai dai a Benin, samun damar yin amfani da bayanan da suka dace, idan ma akwai su, yana da wahala. Duk da haka, an rattaba hannu kan wani babban kwangila (tsarin kwangila) na lokacin 2008-2010 tsakanin SONEB da Ma'aikatar da ke da alhakin kula da ruwa a watan Janairun 2008. Ya kunshi jerin alamomi da ke ba da damar auna nasarorin da aka samu na manufofin dabarun ruwa na birane da aka amince da su a shekarar 2007. SONEB yana rubuta wadannan nasarori a cikin nazarin fanni na shekara-shekara. Wata kafuwar alama ita ce rabon ruwan da ba ya kawo kudin shiga (NRW), wato ruwan da aka samar amma ba a caje shi ba saboda dalilai da dama kamar yayyo (leakage) da hakar bututu ba bisa ka'ida ba. A cewar Ma'aikatar Tattalin Arziki da Ci Gaban Kudi ta Benin, NRW na SONEB ya kasance kashi 21% a shekarar 2004.<ref name="MMEE 9">{{cite journal |last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development |author2 = Ministry of Mines |author3 = Energy and Water |title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de la cible 10 de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) |date = December 2006 |url = http://www.bj.undp.org/docs/omd/OMD_EAU.pdf |access-date = 2011-04-09 |language = fr |archive-date = 2011-09-10 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110910181654/http://www.bj.undp.org/docs/omd/OMD_EAU.pdf |url-status = dead }}, p. 9</ref> Kodayake babu yarjejeniya kan matakan da suka dace na NRW tsakanin kwararru, Tynan da Kingdom sun ba da shawarar manufar mafi kyawun tsari na kashi 23% a kasashe masu tasowa.<ref name="Tynan/Kingdom"> The study uses data from 246 water utilities, of which half are in 44 developing countries. The utilities range from small ones, which serve fewer than 125,000 people to large ones, serving more than 500,000. All regions and within countries, all income levels are included. In each of the five categories (NRW, labor productivity, service coverage, water prices and connection costs and continuity of service), at least 30 utilities from developing countries and 30 from developed countries are included. The best practice targets for developing countries are based on the performance of the top 25 utilities of developing country utilities. The study uses data from the World Bank's Water and Sanitation Utilities database and the Asian Development Bank; see: {{cite journal | last = Tynan | first = Nicola | author2 = Kingdom, Bill | title = A Water Scorecard. Setting Performance Targets for Water Utilities | journal = Public Policy Journal | issue = 242 | publisher = The World Bank Group | date = 2002-04-01 | url = http://rru.worldbank.org/documents/publicpolicyjournal/242Tynan-040802.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-19 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090304173501/http://rru.worldbank.org/documents/publicpolicyjournal/242Tynan-040802.pdf | archive-date = 2009-03-04 | url-status = dead }} </ref> Kamar yadda alkaluman ma'aikatar suka nuna, SONEB ya cika wannan manufa. == Bangarorin kudi == === Kudin fito da dawo da kudaden da aka kashe === '''Yankunan birane da na kewaye da birane''' An amince da garambawul ga kudin fito a watan Yulin 2009, bisa ga binciken kudin fito da aka gudanar a shekarar 2006. An kayyadewa kudin haɗi na musamman akan CFA 50,000 a cikin tsarin kudin fito. Babu bambanci tsakanin nau'ikan masu amfani daban-daban (na gida, na kasuwanci, na masana'antu), amma akwai guda biyu na kudin fito na rukuni daban-daban gwargwadon adadin amfani da ruwa.<ref name="com"/> Kafin garambawul din kudin fito, ana cajin dalar Amurka 0.41 akan kowace m³ ba tare da karin haraji ba na farkon m³ guda biyar. Ga amfani da ya wuce m³ biyar, kudin fito ya kasance dalar Amurka 1.03 gami da haraji akan kowace m³. Tsarin kudin fito ya kasance yana aiki tun a shekarar 2002. Bugu da kari, ana kara tsayayyen kudin fito na dalar Amurka 0.99 don kula da mita na ruwa.<ref name="CFA 2006" /><ref>The document does not give information on metering coverage. However, it seems to be universal or almost universal.</ref> Kamar yadda wani binciken digiri ya nuna, kudin fito yana rufe yawancin kudaden manyan ayyuka da dukkan kudaden gudanarwa.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Thibault | first = Adrien | title = Sustainability of the extension of water supply network from urban to periurban area in Cotonu, Benin | publisher = Cranfield University | date = September 2007 | url = https://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/bitstream/1826/2185/1/Thibault-2007.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-19}}, p. 43-44</ref> A shekarar 2004, kudaden da aka samu ta hanyar sayar da ruwa sun kasance dalar Amurka miliyan 16.7.<ref name="MMEE 9" /><ref name="CFA 2004">1 CFA Franc BCEAO = US$0.002083 (2004-12-31); source: http://oanda.com</ref> '''Yankunan karkara da na rabin birane''' Inda AUE ke gudanarwa da kula da ayyuka, ana sa ran za su dauki nauyin kudaden wadannan ayyuka. A cewar Hukumar Raya Kasashe ta Danmaku (DANIDA), sayar da ruwa na iya zama mai matukar riba kuma yana iya rufe kudaden gudanarwa da kulawa.<ref name="DANIDA 27" /> Yawanci ana cajin amfani da ruwa idan akwai tsare-tsaren samar da ruwa na karkara da ke akwai. Cajin kudin fito ba kasafai ba ne idan ana amfani da rijiyoyi ko famfunan hannu.<ref name="DANIDA 7" /> Wani bincike na Bankin Duniya na shekarar 2004 ya kiyasta matsakaicin kudin ruwa na karkara akan dalar Amurka 1.04 (CFA 500)<ref name="CFA 2004" /> akan kowace m³ kuma ya yanke shawarar cewa wannan kudin fito yawanci yana rufe kudaden gudanarwa da kulawa, gami da sauyawa. Binciken ya kuma ambata cewa a mafi yawan lokuta ana amfani da ruwan sha ne kawai don girki da sha, sannan ana amfani da wasu hanyoyin daban don sauran bukatun. Ya kiyasta matsakaicin amfani da lita 5 kacal ga mutum daya a kowace rana daga ingantattun hanyoyi. Don haka, kudin fito na ruwa yana da sauki ga yawancin gidaje.<ref name="World Bank 126" /> === Zuba jari da samar da kudi === An yi gagarumin zuba jari a fannin ruwa na kasar tun da dadewa a cikin shekarun 1980. Zuba jari a fannin tsafta ya fara ne daga baya sosai kuma ya kasance mafi karanci. Duk da haka, ba a sake duba jंधarin zuba kudi na fannin ba har sai a shekarar 2004.<ref name="World Bank"/> Tun daga shekarar 2002, albarkatun kudi da aka ware wa Ma'aikatar Makamashi da Ruwa suna bin tsarin kasafin kudin shirin na shekaru uku, yana mai da hankali kan hadakar dukkan kudaden (kudaden gudanarwa da na zuba jari) da kuma ingantacciyar damar sake yin amfani da kudaden da tasirinsa.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA) | author-link = DANIDA | title = Programme d'Appui au Développement du Secteur Eau et assainissement (PADSEA) (PhaseII) | date = August 2004 | url = http://www.danidadevforum.um.dk/NR/rdonlyres/67C09687-D240-40FB-A668-B9A8CE079C51/0/WS_ProgDocPhase2.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-16 | language = fr }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, appendix 9</ref> Yana da wahala a fitar da cikakken bincike kan kudaden da gwamnati ke kashewa a fannin ruwa. Wadannan alkaluma na gaba sun fito ne daga binciken Bankin Duniya na shekarar 2004, wanda ke amfani da takardun kasafin kudi da dama.<ref>The sources are: *Public Investment Program (PIP) *''Comptes administratifs'', prepared by the budget department of the Ministry of Finance, recording the expenditure at the payment order stage. According to the World Bank document, they have numerous inconsistencies *2001 and 2002: Integrated System of Public Finances Administration (SIGFIP) Investments of other ministries (e.g. Agriculture, Planning) are not included.; see: {{cite journal | last = World Bank | author-link = World Bank | title = Benin - Enhancing the effectiveness of public spending - a review of three sectors | date = 2004-12-20 | url = http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/01/11/000012009_20050111085004/Rendered/PDF/296560BEN.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21}}, p. 118</ref> Tun da yake kudaden da DGEau ke kashewa ne kawai aka nuna, zuba jari a yankunan birane ba ya ciki. {| class="wikitable" ! style="background:#E6E6FA" colspan=7|Kasafin kudin da aka aiwatar na DGEAu gwargwadon tushen samar da kudi a cikin miliyan dalar Amurka<ref>1 CFA Franc BCEAO = US$0.001606 (2002-12-31); source: http://oanda.com</ref> |- ! ! 1997 ! 1998 ! 1999 ! 2000 ! 2001 ! 2002 |- | Na gida | 1.01 | 0.88 | 0.87 | 0.86 | 0.87 | 2.17 |- | Na waje | 10.86 | 10.34 | 6.32 | 8.59 | 6.08 | 6.40 |- | '''Jimilla''' | '''11.87''' | '''11.22''' | '''7.19''' | '''9.45''' | '''6.96''' | '''8.57''' |} Rabon kudaden na gida ya karu daga kashi 9% a shekarar 1997 zuwa kashi 25% a shekarar 2002. Duk da haka, fannin har yanzu ya dogara sosai kan tallafin waje. Jimillar kudaden da aka kashe sun ragu daga dalar Amurka miliyan 11.87 a shekarar 1997 zuwa dalar Amurka miliyan 8.57 a shekarar 2002. Rabon jimillar kudaden da gwamnati ke kashewa a fannin ya bambanta tsakanin kashi 1.2 zuwa 3.5%.<ref>{{cite journal | last = World Bank | author-link = World Bank | title = Benin - Enhancing the effectiveness of public spending - a review of three sectors | date = 2004-12-20 | url = http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/01/11/000012009_20050111085004/Rendered/PDF/296560BEN.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21}}, p. 119-120; 127</ref> Ma'aikatar Tattalin Arziki da Ci Gaban Kudi ta ruwaito a shekarar 2006 cewa babu wani tsari da ya dace don ci gaban samar da ruwa a birane. Taimakon waje yana da muhimmanci don aiwatar da shirye-shiryen zuba jari.<ref name="MMEE 9" /> A shekarar 2009, Ma'aikatar Makamashi da Ruwa da SONEB sun ruwaito cewa rashawa babbar barazana ce ga ci gaban fannin. Albarkatun kudi galibi suna bacewa cikin aljihun 'yan siyasa da ‘yan kwangila. Kwangilolin gine-gine yawanci sun hada da karin kudaden jंधari na boge. Musamman a yankunan karkara, cin hancin jami'an gida ya zama ruwan dare gama gari don tabbatar da samar da ruwa.<ref>{{cite news | last = Global Water News Watch | title = Benin: "Enormous" corruption in the water sector | publisher = SAHRA - Sustainability of semi-Arid Hydrology and Riparian Areas | date = 2009-02-19 | url = http://www.sahra.arizona.edu/cgi-bin/newsclips/newsclip_view.pl?mode=newsclip_view&ID=20163 | access-date = 2009-02-27 | archive-date = 2011-08-08 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110808224804/http://sahra.arizona.edu/cgi-bin/newsclips/newsclip_view.pl?mode=newsclip_view&ID=20163 | url-status = dead }}</ref> ==== Samar da kudi ga sabbin dabarun kasa ==== '''Yankunan karkara da na rabin birane''' Albarkatun kudi da ake bukata don cimma MDGs a yankunan karkara da na rabin birane daga 2006 zuwa 2015 an kiyasta kusan dalar Amurka miliyan 396 (CFA biliyan 189) jewa dalar Amurka miliyan 40 a kowace shekara.<ref name="CFA 2006" /> Ma'aikatar Tattalin Arziki da Ci Gaban Kudi ta kammala da cewa ba za a cimma burin MDGs ba idan kudaden da ake kashewa a fannin suka ci gaba da kasancewa a daidai adadin da aka kashe a shekarun 2002 zuwa 2005. To sai dai idan aka tattara dukkan albarkatun da ake da su, Benin za ta iya cimma burin MDGs game da samar da ruwa a karkara.<ref>Based on an extrapolation of the provided financial resources for the years 2006-2009; source: {{cite journal | publisher = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development: Ministry of Energy and Water | title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de la cible 10 de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_EAU.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21 | language = fr | archive-date = 2008-07-24 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080724111432/http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_EAU.pdf | url-status = dead }}, p. 24</ref> '''Yankunan birane da na kewaye da birane''' Albarkatun kudi da ake bukata don samar da kudaden cimma burin MDGs a yankunan birane da na kewaye da birane an kiyasta kusan dalar Amurka miliyan 400 (CFA biliyan 191) jewa dalar Amurka miliyan 40 a kowace shekara daga 2006 zuwa 2015.<ref name="CFA 2006" /><ref>{{cite journal | publisher = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development: Ministry of Energy and Water | title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de la cible 10 de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_EAU.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21 | language = fr | archive-date = 2008-07-24 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080724111432/http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_EAU.pdf | url-status = dead }}, p. 18; 24</ref> Aiwatar da dabarar 2006-2015 don cimma MDGs a yankunan birane ana sa ran za a samu kudaden ne daga gwamnatin kasa, kananan hukumomi, abokan hadin gwiwa na ci gaba, cibiyoyin kudi da SONEB. Ga kananan da matsakaitan tsarin ruwa, kananan hukumomi za su samar da kudi, da gwamnatin tsakiya ta hanyar kasafin kudin gwamnati, da kuma abokan hadin gwiwa na ci gaba. Za a samar da manyan tsare-tsare ta hanyar gwamnatin kasa, kananan hukumomi, bankunan raya kasa da hukumomin ci gaba ta hanyar basussuka. Yankunan da ke kewaye da birane da mutanen da ke da karancin kudin shiga za su sami tallafi da gudunmawa tare da taimakon abokan hadin gwiwa na ci gaba. SONEB zai samar da kudaden zuba jari don kulawa da farfado da ayyukan lantarki da na'urori tare da albarkatun kudin kansa. Don haka, an yi shirin inganta ikon samar da kudi na SONEB ta hanyar tsarin kudin fito da ya dace da sauran matakan.<ref name="MMEE 13" /> '''Tsaftace muhalli''' Domin cimma burin MDGs game da tsaftace muhalli, Ma'aikatar Tattalin Arziki da Ci Gaban Kudi ta kiyasta cewa dalar Amurka miliyan 218 (CFA biliyan 104) ko dalar Amurka miliyan 22 a kowace shekara za a bukata daga 2006 zuwa 2015.<ref name="MEPN 24" /><ref name="CFA 2006" /> ==== Hadin gwiwar gwamnati da masu zaman kansu da kananan masu samar da ruwa a yankunan karkara ==== Wani babban kalubale da hukumomin kula da ruwa ke fuskanta shi ne yadda za su tafiyar da wajibansu na samar da ayyuka ga al'ummomin karkara. Haka kuma ko a fannonin da aka raba wa iko hukumomin ruwa na iya samun wahalar samar da ayyuka ga al'ummomin karkara masu nisa. Benin ta raba ikon ayyukan ruwa a shekarar 1999 kuma mallakar kadarori da alhakin samar da ruwa ya koma hannun "communes" (gundumomi). Hukumar Kula da Ruwa ta Kasa (Direction Generale D’Eau) ta samar da Jagora ga gundumomi wajen bunkasa ayyukan ruwa ga yankunan karkara da kuma jerin takardun kwangila da na bayar da bidi'a da za a yi amfani da su a cikin yanayi daban-daban da aka tattauna a wannan jagora. Tsarin doka ya nuna cewa inda akwai hanyar ruwa da ke da ko babu hanyar sadarwa ta bututu, gundumomin su mika aikin samar da ruwa ga mai samar da hidimar ruwa ko kuma ga kungiyar masu amfani da ruwa.<ref>{{cite web|last=PPPIRC|title=Public-Private Partnership in Infrastructure Resource Center|url=http://ppp.worldbank.org/public-private-partnership/ppp-sector/water-sanitation/small-water-providers#Water }}</ref> == Hadin gwiwar kasashen waje == An aiwatar da dabarun ba da amsa ga bukatun jama'a na shekarar 1992 don samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a karkara (duba sama) tun daga shekarar 1993 tare da gagarumin taimakon abokan hadin gwiwa na ci gaba na waje a sassan kasar da dama. An takaita shirye-shirye daban-daban a karkashin Shirin Taimakawa don Bunkasa fannin samar da ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli a Yankunan Karkara (PADEAR).<ref name="MMEE 6">{{cite journal |last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development |author2 = Ministry of Mines |author3 = Energy and Water |title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de la cible 10 de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) |date = December 2006 |url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_EAU.pdf |access-date = 2008-05-21 |language = fr |archive-date = 2008-07-24 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080724111432/http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_EAU.pdf |url-status = dead }}, p. 6</ref> === Hukumar Raya Kasashe ta Danmaku (DANIDA) === DANIDA ita ce abokiyar ci gaba ta farko, wadda tare da Bankin Dunia suka ba da kudaden aiwatar da dabarar 1992 a sassan Zou da Atlantique a shekarar 1993. Bayan shekaru biyar, PADEAR wanda DANIDA ke tallafawa ya fara a sassan Alibori da Borgou.<ref name="MMEE 6" /> Kashi na Biyu na Shirin Taimakawa Fannin Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli ya fara ne a shekarar 2005 kuma ana sa ran zai kare a shekarar 2010. Manufar shirin ita ce rage radadin talauci a yankunan karkara da na rabin birane ta hanyar inganta samar da ruwa, bunkasa tsafta da tsaftace muhalli na asali da dorewar amfani da albarkatun ruwa. Shirin ya kunshi sassa guda biyar: tallafin kasafin kudin fanni, tallafin hukumomi, samar da ruwa da ilimantarwa kan tsafta, tsaftace muhalli da kuma tallafi ga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. Jimillar kasafin kudin ya kai kusan dalar Amurka miliyan 65 (DKK miliyan 306.4).<ref>1 Danish Krone = US$0.21150 (2008-05-26); source: http://oanda.com</ref><ref>{{cite web | last = Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark | author-link = Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark | title = Benin - Danida DevForum | date = 2007-10-05 | url = http://www.danidadevforum.um.dk/en/menu/Topics/SocialDevelopment/Water+and+Sanitation/Programmes/CountryProgrammes/Benin/ | access-date = 2008-05-26 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080607032348/http://www.danidadevforum.um.dk/en/menu/Topics/SocialDevelopment/Water+and+Sanitation/Programmes/CountryProgrammes/Benin/ <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date = 2008-06-07}}</ref> === Hukumar Raya Kasar Faransa === Hukumar Raya Kasar Faransa (AFD) tana ba da gudunmawar kusan dalar Amurka miliyan 22 (EUR miliyan 13.8)<ref>1 Euro = US$1.57672 (2008-05-26); source: http://oanda.com</ref> ga kasafin kudin shirin na 2005-2008, wanda ke da nufin yaki da talauci da kuma tabbatar da ingantaccen damar samun ruwa da tsaftace muhalli. Baya ga gudunmawar da aka bayar ga kasafin kudin shirin na Sashen Collines, tallafin shirin ya hada da wani bangare na tallafawa tsarin kasafin kudin shirin na manufofi (BPO) da raba iko, da sauran su, da kuma wani bangare na taimakawa wajen ayyana dorewar manufofin gudanarwa na tsare-tsaren samar da ruwa na karkara.<ref>{{cite journal|last=French Development Agency |author-link=French Development Agency |title=Base projets - Hydraulique Rural |date=2007-10-16 |url=http://www.afd.fr/jahia/jsp/jahia/templates/myjahiasite//AFD/projet/pdf_import/20071214_CBJ1108_HYDRAULIQUE_RURALE.pdf |access-date=2008-05-06 |language=fr }}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> === Jamus === Abokan hadin gwiwa na ci gaba na Jamus, wato Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) da Bankin Raya Kasar Jamus (KfW) sun ba da kudaden PADEAR a sassan Oueme da Mono a shekarar 1996. Tun daga shekarar 2001, sun kuma ba da kudaden PADEAR a kananan hukumomi biyar na Sashen Atakora da kananan hukumomi biyu na Sashen Donga.<ref name="MMEE 6" /> Bugu da kari, hadin gwiwar ci gaban kasar Jamus yana tallafawa samar da ruwa a birane ta hanyar SONEB da rassan sa na yankuna.<ref>{{cite web | last = Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit | author-link = Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit | title = GTZ. Priority areas in Benin | url = http://www.gtz.de/en/weltweit/afrika/benin/1006.htm | access-date = 2008-05-26}}</ref> === Netherlands === Godiya ga tallafin kasar Netherlands, sama da mutane 300,000 aka samar mawa da sabbin wuraren ruwa. Daga shekarar 2007 zuwa 2011, kasar Netherlands ta ba da kudin shirin inganta samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a karkara. Gwamnatin kasar Benin ta kuma karbi kudaden don aiwatar da yakin neman wanke hannu. Bugu da kari, ana tallafawa aiwatar da raba iko a hankali ga cibiyoyin gida da kananan hukumomi.<ref>{{cite web | last = Dutch Embassy in Cotonou | title = Ambassade Cotonou (Fr) - Coopération | url = http://larepubliquedubenin.nlambassade.org/cooperation | access-date = 2008-05-26 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080517065228/http://larepubliquedubenin.nlambassade.org/cooperation <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date = 2008-05-17|language=fr}}</ref> ===Bankin Duniya=== Tun daga shekarar 2003, Bankin Duniya ya tallafa wa Jamhuriyar Benin ta hanyar ''Poverty Reduction Support Credits (PRSCs)''. Na farko (2004–2005) da na biyu (2005–2006) sun bayar da dala miliyan 50, kuma an tsara su don taimakawa wajen aiwatar da ''Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper'' na 2002 tare da tallafi wajen inganta samar da ruwan sha.<ref>{{cite journal | last = World Bank | title = Poverty Reduction Strategy Credit - 1st PRSC | date = 2004-02-24 | access-date = 2008-05-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last = World Bank | title = Second Poverty Reduction Strategy Credit | date = 2005-05-24 | access-date = 2008-05-26}}</ref> '''Shirin Gudanar da Birane na biyu''' Tare da Hukumar Ci gaban Faransa, Bankin Duniya yana ba da gudummawa ga shirin ''Second Decentralized City Management'' wanda ya fara a 2005 kuma ake sa ran zai ƙare a 2010. Manufar shirin ita ce ƙara samun damar amfani da ababen more rayuwa da sabis na asali a manyan biranen Benin kamar Cotonou, Porto-Novo, Parakou, Abomey-Calavi, Kandi da Lokossa. A karkashin shirin, ana gyara ko gina sabbin ababen more rayuwa ciki har da magudanar ruwa. Ana kuma tallafawa shiga da haɗin kan al’umma musamman a unguwanni masu talauci.<ref>{{cite journal | last = World Bank | title = Projects - Benin : Second Decentralized City Management | date = 2005-09-22 | access-date = 2008-05-26}}</ref> '''Shirin Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli''' Bankin Duniya yana da haɗin gwiwar ƙasashe da dama a cikin ''Water and Sanitation Program (WSP)'' wanda ya fara aiki a Benin tun 2004. Ayyukan suna mai da hankali kan cimma ''MDGs'' musamman a yankunan karkara, inda WSP ke tallafawa ci gaba da aiwatar da shirin sadarwa da kuma gwajin kulawa. Tare da sauran abokan ci gaba, WSP na ƙoƙarin gabatar da dabarun samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a birane. Bugu da ƙari, WSP na taimakawa wajen haɓaka shirin ƙasa na wanke hannu. Shirin yana aiki tare da ''Water and Urban Unit - West Africa'' na Bankin Duniya da kuma hukumomin ci gaban ƙasa.<ref name="WSP" /> == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} 4pbnxrrregtip4yn1vunghwfgv07o85 Rabies na Ofishin Jakadancin 0 160188 889466 870856 2026-07-30T17:10:00Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889466 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox organization|type=International non-governmental organisation|headquarters=Cranborne, UK}}<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />Mission [[rabies]] wani shiri ne na Worldwide Veterinary Service (WVS), wata kungiya ce ta sadaka ta Burtaniya wacce ke taimakawa dabbobi. Mission Rabies yana da hanyar Kiwon Lafiya guda ɗaya wanda bincike ya haifar don kawar da cututtukan da aka kamu da su (rashin lafiya da aka kiyasta zai kashe mutane 59,000 a kowace shekara <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hampson |first=Katie |display-authors=etal |date=2015-04-16 |title=Estimating the Global Burden of Endemic Canine Rabies |journal=PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases |language=en |volume=9 |issue=4 |doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0003709 |issn=1935-2735 |pmc=4400070 |pmid=25881058 |doi-access=free}}</ref>). An ƙaddamar da shi a watan Satumbar 2013 tare da manufa don yin [[Alluran rigakafi|allurar rigakafi]] karnuka 50,000 daga cutar rabies a duk faɗin [[Indiya]], ƙungiyoyin Mission Rabies tun daga wannan lokacin sun yi allurar rigata fiye da karnuka 4,000,000 kuma sun ilimantar da yara 8,000,000 a rigakafin cin zarafin karnuka a cikin ƙasashe masu fama da cutar rabies.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mission Rabies |url=http://www.missionrabies.com |access-date=17 December 2018 |publisher=Mission Rabies}}</ref> == Yankin ƙasa == Kungiyar ta yi aiki a Indiya a wurare kamar [[Kerala]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Odisha|Orissa]], West Bengal, [[Jharkhand]], [[Rajasthan]], Goa da [[Assam]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gamble |first=Luke |title=Mission Rabies |url=http://www.missionrabies.com/theteam/ |access-date=18 December 2013 |publisher=Mission Rabies |archive-date=19 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219005741/http://www.missionrabies.com/theteam/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Hakanan yana aiki a Kambodiya, Malawi, Mozambique, Uganda da Thailand. == Ofishin Jakadancin Rabies Cambodia == A cikin 2024, Mission Rabies ya jagoranci kamfen ɗin rigakafin cutar rabies mafi girma a Asiya. A lokacin aikin makonni biyu, an yi wa karnuka 229,488 allurar rigakafi a duk faɗin Cambodia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Campaign to combat rabies in Asia reports nearly 230K dogs vaccinated |url=http://www.dvm360.com/ |access-date=5 November 2024 |publisher=dvm360}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=One Health in practice: towards effective and feasible rabies elimination in Cambodia |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/feature-stories/detail/one-health-in-practice--towards-effective-and-feasible-rabies-elimination-in-cambodia |access-date=5 January 2024 |publisher=World Health Organisation}}</ref> '''WVS Cambodia''' ce ta aiwatar da wannan kamfen ɗin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Project Cambodia |url=http://www.missionrabies.com |publisher=Mission Rabies}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} === Ƙarin karantawa === * {{Cite web |date=2013-10-27 |title=Mission Rabies Leads the Pack in Dog Vaccinations in India |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2013/10/131027-mission-rabies-dogs-india-world-veterinary-service/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030003712/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2013/10/131027-mission-rabies-dogs-india-world-veterinary-service/ |archive-date=October 30, 2013 |access-date=2013-12-20 |publisher=[[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]]}} * {{Cite web |last=Shenoy |first=Sonali |date=2013-09-19 |title=Mission Rabies or mission impossible? |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/Mission-Rabies-or-mission-impossible/2013/09/19/article1791023.ece1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130922051516/http://newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/Mission-Rabies-or-mission-impossible/2013/09/19/article1791023.ece1 |archive-date=September 22, 2013 |access-date=2013-12-20 |publisher=[[The New Indian Express]]}} * {{Cite web |last=Clifton, Merritt |date=2013-10-25 |title=Mission Rabies vaccinates 60,000 dogs in 10 Indian cities in 30 days |url=http://www.animalpeoplenews.org/anp/2013/10/25/mission-rabies-vaccinates-60000-dogs-in-10-indian-cities-in-30-days/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220174601/http://www.animalpeoplenews.org/anp/2013/10/25/mission-rabies-vaccinates-60000-dogs-in-10-indian-cities-in-30-days/ |archive-date=2013-12-20 |access-date=2013-12-20 |publisher=Animal People Online}} * {{Cite web |date=2013-06-11 |title=Vet Luke Gamble's mission to beat rabies in India |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/uk-england-dorset-22855321 |access-date=2013-12-20 |publisher=[[BBC News]]}} * (da ake buƙatar biyan kuɗi) {{Cite journal |date=2013-09-28 |title=Target in sight for Mission Rabies |url=http://veterinaryrecord.bmj.com/content/173/12/281.extract |journal=Veterinary Record |volume=173 |issue=12 |page=281 |doi=10.1136/vr.f5803 |pmid=24077135 |s2cid=207045204 |url-access=subscription |access-date=2013-12-20}} * Cire rabies na mutum a Goa, Indiya ta hanyar hadin gwiwar One Health approach, Gibson, AD, Yale, G., Corfmat, J. et al. Cire rables na mutum a cikin Goa, Indiya hanyar hadin gwiwa One Health approach. [https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-022-30371-y Nat Commun 13, 2788 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-30371-y] == Haɗin waje == * {{Official website|http://www.missionrabies.com}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] rfhfbkiviubm0dh8cn3gtuv3vqkj2x9 Wani Takaitaccen Bayani game da Rashin Zazzabi 0 160221 889701 871197 2026-07-31T07:38:49Z BnHamid 12586 /* Manazarta */ 889701 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:A_Short_Account_of_the_Malignant_Fever.jpeg|thumb|Wani Takaitaccen Bayani game da zazzabin cizon sauro ]] A Short Account of the Malignant Fever (1793) wani ɗan littafin ne wanda Mathew Carey ya buga (Janairu 28, 1760 - Satumba 16, 1839) game da barkewar cutar Yellow Fever Yellow Fever Epidemic na 1793 a Philadelphia a Amurka. Littafin farko na shafuka 12 daga baya an fadada shi a cikin nau'o'i uku na gaba. Shugabannin baƙar fata na yankin Absalom Jones da Richard Allen sun yi tunanin cewa asusun Carey bai ba da isasshen yabo ga mazauna baƙar fata waɗanda suka ba da kansu a matsayin ma'aikatan jinya a lokacin barkewar cutar ba, kuma sun buga wani labari mai rikitarwa, "A Narrative of the Proceedings of the Black People During the Late Awful Calamity in Philadelphia (1794). Wannan duk ya faru ne saboda zargin da Carey ya yi wa 'yan Afirka na Afirka a cikin littafinsa wanda ya ƙunshi sata da karbar albashi daga mutane.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Gould |first=Philip |year=2000 |title=Race, Commerce, and the Literature of Yellow Fever in Early National Philadelphia |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25057192 |journal=Early American Literature |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=157–186 |jstor=25057192 |pmid=17649616}}</ref> Carey ya yarda da kimantawarsu kuma ya sake fasalin littafinsa a karo na huɗu don gabatar da wannan ra'ayi. == Tarihi == [[Thomas Jefferson]] ya rubuta wa [[James Madison]] a farkon watan Satumba, yana gargadi game da bala'in da annobar za ta haifar a duk fadin birnin. A lokacin, yawan mutanen Philadelphia ya kai kimanin 45,000. (Wasu kimantawa sun kai 50,000.) Daga cikin mazauna, an ce kimanin 17,000 sun yi rashin lafiya, kuma kusan 5,000 sun mutu. A cewar masana da yawa, Dokta Benjamin Rush ya rubuta wa Richard Allen, mai wa'azi baƙar fata kuma shugaban Free African Society, yana roƙon shi da mutanensa don taimako. Wannan ya faru ne saboda rashin fararen masu sa kai a lokacin. Rush ya kuma yi imanin cewa baƙi na iya samun rigakafi ga cutar, kamar yadda ya karanta bayanan wani likita na zazzabin zazzabi a cikin annobar a Charleston, inda aka ruwaito su da tsira a mafi girma fiye da fararen. Ya yi kira ga Allen don taimako a cikin annobar.<ref name=":0" /> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Ƙarin karantawa == * ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20150914112652/http://collections.nlm.nih.gov/catalog/nlm:nlmuid-2559020R-bk Labari game da ayyukan baƙar fata, a lokacin mummunar bala'i a Philadelphia, a cikin shekara ta 1793: da kuma karyata wasu zargi, da aka jefa musu a wasu wallafe-wallafen baya, Absalom Jones (1794)]'' * Wani Asusun Malignant Fever wanda ya kasance a cikin Birnin New-York a lokacin kaka na 1805 (sauran kwafin Intanet Archive; Google Books) na James Hardie, Southwick & Hardcastle (mai bugawa) (1805) (kwafin dijital ta hanyar Google Books & Internet Archive) == Haɗin waje == * Mathew Carey, A Short Account of the Malignant Fever which Prevailed in Philadelphia, 1793 (Philadelphia, 1793), 13-28,65-68,83-92, takarda ta asali, wanda aka shirya a Jami'ar Oregon. {{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 7w0bl0mf2knhptmpxdujpglsq253egl Richard K. Betts 0 160244 889622 871411 2026-07-31T01:12:29Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889622 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Richard Kevin Betts''' (an haife shi a ranar 15 ga Agusta, 1947) [[Kimiyyar siyasa|masanin kimiyyar siyasa]] ne na Amurka kuma masanin hulɗa da ƙasashen duniya wanda ya mai da hankali kan manufofin ƙasashen waje na Amurka. Shi ne Leo A. Shifrin Farfesa na Nazarin Yaƙi da Zaman Lafiya a Sashen Kimiyyar Siyasa, tsohon darektan Shirin Manufofin Tsaro na Duniya a Makarantar Harkokin Ƙasa da Jama'a ta Jami'ar Columbia, kuma tsohon darektan Cibiyar Nazarin Yaƙi da Zaman Lafiya ta Saltzman . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Richard K. Betts &#124; Columbia SIPA |url=https://www.sipa.columbia.edu/faculty-research/faculty-directory/richard-k-betts |access-date=2026-06-29 |archive-date=2022-08-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815132443/https://www.sipa.columbia.edu/faculty-research/faculty-directory/richard-k-betts |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Betts a Easton, Pennsylvania kuma ya girma a Newton, Massachusetts, inda ya kammala karatunsa daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Newton a shekarar 1965. Ya ci gaba da karatu da kuma kammala karatunsa daga [[Jami'ar Harvard|Jami'ar Harvard,]] inda ya sami digiri na farko, digiri na biyu, da kuma digiri na uku a fannin gwamnati a shekarun 1965, 1971 da 1975. Digirinsa na farko, a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Samuel P. Huntington, ya kasance kan rawar da shawarar soja ke takawa wajen yanke shawara kan amfani da ƙarfi, wanda daga baya ya zama littafinsa na farko, ''Soldiers, Statesmen, da Cold War Crises'' . An ba shi lambar yabo ta Sumner Prize, saboda mafi kyawun digiri a fannin hulɗa da ƙasashen duniya. A lokacin da yake ɗalibi a Harvard, Betts ya yi aiki a matsayin malami daga 1971 zuwa 1975. Ya shiga jami'a a matsayin malami a shekarar ilimi ta 1975 zuwa 1976. A shekarar 1976, Betts ya shiga Cibiyar Brookings inda ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin bincike, sannan daga baya a shekarar 1981 ya zama babban jami'i har zuwa 1990. A lokacin da yake Brookings, Betts ya kasance malami a fannin farfesa a Makarantar Nazarin Ƙasa da Ƙasa ta Paul H. Nitze ta Jami'ar Johns Hopkins, Harvard, da Jami'ar Columbia . Ya kasance ma'aikacin Kwamitin Zaɓe na Majalisar Dattawa ta Amurka kan Leƙen Asiri (Kwamitin Coci) a 1975-76, da Majalisar Tsaron Ƙasa a 1977, da kuma ma'aikatan manufofin ƙasashen waje na yakin neman zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na [[Walter Mondale]] a 1984, da kuma Kwamishinan Hukumar Kula da Ta'addanci ta Ƙasa a 2000-01. == Daga baya aiki == A shekarar 1990, Betts ya shiga jami'ar Columbia. A can, ya jagoranci shirin manufofin tsaro na duniya a Makarantar Harkokin Ƙasa da Jama'a, ya zama darektan Cibiyar Nazarin Yaƙi da Zaman Lafiya . Betts ya koyar da darasin gabatarwa ''na yaƙi, zaman lafiya, da dabarun'' ɗalibai na digiri na biyu da na digiri na biyu sama da shekaru 25. A shekarar 1996, Betts ya shiga Majalisar Hulɗa da Ƙasashen Waje a matsayin Daraktan Nazarin Tsaron Ƙasa. Ya yi aiki a wannan matsayin har zuwa shekarar 2000, lokacin da ya koma wani babban mukami na gaba, wanda a halin yanzu yake riƙe da shi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=CFR Bio: Richard K. Betts - Council on Foreign Relations |url=http://www.cfr.org/bios/5/richard_k_betts.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060717224412/http://www.cfr.org/bios/5/richard_k_betts.html |archive-date=2006-07-17}}</ref> Rubuce-rubucensa sun sami kyaututtuka biyar, ciki har da kyautar Woodrow Wilson ta Ƙungiyar Kimiyyar Siyasa ta Amurka saboda mafi kyawun littafi a fannin kimiyyar siyasa. <ref>As coauthor of ''The Irony of Vietnam'' (1979) {{Cite web |title=Woodrow Wilson Foundation Award |url=http://www.apsanet.org/imgtest/Woodrow%20Wilson%20Foundation%20Award.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518064714/http://www.apsanet.org/imgtest/Woodrow |archive-date=2015-05-18 |access-date=2013-01-01 |publisher=American Political Science Association}}</ref> == Littattafai == === Marubuci kaɗai === * ''Sojoji, 'Yan Kasashe, da Rikicin Yaƙin Cacar Baki'' (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1977; bugu na 2 Columbia University Press, 1991) * ''Harin Bazata: Darussa don Tsarin Tsaro'' (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1982) * ''Batar da Makamin Nukiliya da Daidaiton Makamashi'' (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1987) * ''Shirye-shiryen Soja: Ra'ayoyi, Zaɓuɓɓuka, Sakamako'' (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1995) * ''[[iarchive:enemiesofintelli0000bett|Maƙiyan Hankali: Ilimi da Ƙarfi a Tsaron Ƙasa]]'' (New York: Columbia University Press, 2007) * ''Rundunar Amurka: Haɗari, Ruɗani, da Matsaloli a Tsaron Ƙasa'' (New York: Columbia University Press, 2012) === Marubuci kuma edita === * (tare da Leslie H. Gelb) ''Labarin Ba'a na Vietnam: Tsarin da Aka Yi Aiki'' (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1979) * (tare da Joseph Yager [edita] da sauransu) ''Rashin Yaɗuwa da Manufofin Harkokin Waje na Amurka'' (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1980) (babi shida daga Betts) * (edita kuma mai ba da gudummawa) ''Makamai masu linzami na Yawon Bude Ido: Fasaha, Dabaru, Siyasa'' (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1981), * (edita kuma mai ba da gudummawa) ''Rikici Bayan Yaƙin Cacar Baki: Hujjoji kan Sanadin Yaƙi da Zaman Lafiya'' (New York: Allyn & Bacon, 1994) * (edita tare da Thomas Mahnken, kuma mai ba da gudummawa) ''Paradoxes of Strategic Intelligence: Essays in Honor of Michael I. Handel'' (London: Frank Cass, 2003) == Labarai == * "The Soft Underbelly of American Primacy: Tactical Advantages of Terror," a cikin ''Political Science Quarterly'' (bazara 2002), an sake bugawa a ranar 11 ga Satumba, Hare-haren Ta'addanci, da Manufofin Harkokin Waje na Amurka, wanda Demetrios James Caraley ya shirya (Academy of Political Science, 2002). == Nassoshi == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://www.sipa.columbia.edu/communities-connections/faculty/richard-k-betts Tarihin Rayuwar Malaman Jami'a a Jami'ar Columbia] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S4EvxHr-XTg "Cikakken Malami: Taro Don Girmama Richard K. Betts"], 2021. [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1947]] 99xwo834zysgo69astdb6juvp59p3zn Robert A.W. Carleton Ƙarfin Kayan Kayan Kimiyyar Kayan K 0 160248 889634 871566 2026-07-31T05:06:37Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889634 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Carleton_Laboratory_Hi-Bay_Panorama.jpg|thumb|400x400px|View of Carleton Laboratory testing hi-bay and mezzanine. An array of universal testing machines can be seen on the test floor.]]{{Databox}} Robert AW Carleton Strength of Material Laboratory (Carleton Lab) dakin gwaje-gwaje ne na kayan aikin injiniya wanda ke da alaƙa da Sashen Injiniya da Injiniya na Injiniya (CEEM) a Makarantar Injiniya ta Columbia da Kimiyya. Gidan gwaje-gwaje yana kan harabar Jami'ar Columbia ta Morningside Heights a [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]]. Carleton Laboratory yana ba da wuraren ilimi ga Sashen CEEM, yana tallafawa bincike game da ababen more rayuwa da ka'idodin injiniya, kuma yana gudanar da gwaje-gwaje na musamman na kayan da aka yi amfani da su a cikin ababen more more rayuwa a Birnin New York da duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Carleton Lab's Mission Statement |url=http://carleton.columbia.edu/mission-statement-0 |access-date=2016-08-31 |website=Mission Statement {{!}} Carleton Laboratory Website |publisher=Columbia University |archive-date=2016-09-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911121841/http://carleton.columbia.edu/mission-statement-0 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Overview == [[Fayil:Southwark-Emery_Universal_Testing_Machine.jpg|thumb|371x371px|The Southwark Emery universal testing machine has a capacity of 600,000 lb (3 MN) and can test specimens up to 18 ft (5.5 m) tall.]] Carleton Lab, an endowed research center overseen by the Trustees of the Robert A.W. Carleton Laboratory, is one of the largest labs on Columbia’s Morningside Heights campus. Within the lab, students may participate in hands-on engineering testing through courses such as Soil Mechanics, Experimental Soil Mechanics, Structural Assessment and Failure, Experimental Mechanics of Materials, Fluid Mechanics, The Art of Engineering, and Independent Study courses. The lab hosts the Columbia University chapter of the American Society of Civil Engineers/American Institute of Steel Construction Steel Bridge competition. === Member laboratories === The Carleton Lab hosts various specialized laboratories within its proper: * Centrifuge Laboratory * Concrete Materials Laboratory * Donald M. Burmister Soil Mechanics Laboratory * Eugene Mindlin Laboratory for Structural Deterioration Research * Heffner Laboratory for Hydrologic Research * Shake Table Laboratory * Suspension Bridge Cable Monitoring * Sensing, Monitoring, and Robotics Technology Laboratory (SMaRT) * Sustainable Engineering and Materials Laboratory (SEML) The Lab also maintains its own machine shop and library for staff, student, and faculty use. === Areas of research === * Structural deterioration * Suspension bridge structural health monitoring * Sustainable engineering and materials * Sensing, monitoring, and robotics * Hydrologic research * Soil mechanics * Geotechnical research and slope stability * Structural dynamics * Concrete mechanical, thermal, and acoustics research and modelling == History == Robert A.W. Carleton graduated among the Class of 1904 with a degree of civil engineer from the School of Applied Science. After graduating, Carleton served as the lifetime Class President of the Class of 1904; Chairman of the Columbia University Engineering Center Fund Committee, the committee responsible for raising the funds to build engineering and science buildings on the Northeast corner of Columbia University's Morningside Campus; President of the Columbia Engineering Council; and a member of The Society of Older Graduates of Columbia. Carleton also co-founded The Carleton Company, Inc. in the 1920s. The engineering firm that took part in the construction of the Pennsylvania Railroad, Long Island Railroad, the New York City Subway that ran under Eighth Avenue and Sixth Avenue, and the Holland Tunnel. Carleton was lauded for his ability to work on these transportation hubs without interrupting regular service. In 1941 Carleton negotiated with the United States Government so that The Carleton Company Inc. could build the largest receiving and distributing centers to support war efforts by facilitating the transfer of materials during the Second World War. [[Fayil:Carleton_Lab_Bronze_Plaque.jpg|thumb|281x281px|Bronze plaque located at the entrance of the laboratory, officially dedicating the space as the Robert A.W. Carleton Strength of Materials Laboratory.]] Robert Carleton was appointed the head of the Engineering Center Development Fund Committee, which oversaw the fundraising and design of what would become the Seeley Wintersmith Mudd and the Engineering Terrace buildings. Under his leadership, construction of the facility was completed in six months. On 4 April 1959, Carleton was awarded the Egleston Medal, Columbia University’s highest award for distinguished engineering achievement due to the breadth of engineering work undertaken during his career. In 1962, the Trustees of the University authorized the establishment of the Robert A.W. Carleton Strength of Materials Laboratory in the department of Civil Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, due to the support of Robert A.W. (1881–1971) and his wife Christine S. Carleton (1905–1983). Eight years later, the Columbia Engineering Alumni Association commissioned a portrait of Carleton, painted by artist Lester Bentley. The painting was dedicated and given a place inside the Monnell Engineering Library in the Seeley W. Mudd Building in December 1970. This painting has since been moved into Carleton Lab and placed at the top of the staircase on the main floor. Robert A.W. Carleton died in 1971, but his wife continued to support Carleton Lab and Columbia Engineering in her husband’s name until her death in 1983. === Directors of Research === * William G. Burr (1893–1916) * Albin S. Beyer (1917–1936) * William J. Krefeld (1936–1960) * Rene B. Testa (1965–1992, 2007–2013) * Andrew W. Smyth (2013–2018) * Adrian Brügger (2018–present)<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 19, 2018 |title=Civil Engineering & Engineering Mechanics News |url=https://civil.columbia.edu/news/adrian-br%C3%BCgger-promoted-director-carleton-laboratory}}</ref> <templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|40.809441|-73.959723|type:landmark_globe:earth_region:US-NY}} == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> 5bxc4drwb9h6g5fbzrow0884dy6est4 Ruwan Daɗi 0 160389 889735 872533 2026-07-31T08:33:52Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889735 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ruwan daɗi''' ko '''ruwa mara gishiri''' shine kowane irin ruwa na halitta mai gudanarwa ko daskarewa wanda ke ɗauke da ƙarancin sinadaran gishiri da sauran daskararrun abubuwa da suka narke a ciki. Wannan kalma ba ta haɗa da ruwan teku ko ruwan gishiri-gishiri ba, amma tana haɗa da ruwan ma'adinai mara gishiri, kamar maɓubbugan ruwa na chalybeate. Ruwan daɗi na iya haɗawa da daskarewar ruwa da narkakken ƙanƙara a cikin kankara ta fili, kankara ta daji, kankara ta glacier, filayen dusar ƙanƙara da kankara ta iceberg, ruwan sama na halitta kamar ruwan sama, dusar ƙanƙara, kankara/ƙanƙara mai gauraye da ruwa, da kuma guduwar ruwa na saman ƙasa wanda ke samar da sassan ruwa na cikin ƙasa kamar dausayi, tafkuna, guraren ruwa, koramu, da koguna, gami da ruwan ƙasa dake cikin rumbun ruwa na ƙasa (aquifers), kogunan ƙarƙashin ƙasa, da tafkunan ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Ruwa yana da matukar muhimmanci ga rayuwar dukkan halittu masu rai. Yawancin halittu suna iya rayuwa a cikin ruwan gishiri, amma yawancin tsirrai masu jijiyoyin jiki da yawancin kwari, dabbobi masu rayuwa a ruwa da kan ƙasa (amphibians), dabbobi masu rarrafe, dabbobi masu shayarwa da tsuntsaye suna buƙatar ruwan daɗi don su rayu. Ruwan daɗi shine albarkatun ruwa wanda yafi amfani da gaggawa ga ɗan adam. Ruwan daɗi ba koyaushe bane yake zama ruwan sha, wato ruwan da yake da lafiya don ɗan adam ya sha. Yawancin ruwan daɗi na duniya (na saman ƙasa da na ƙarƙashin ƙasa) ba su dace da amfanin ɗan adam ba idan ba a tace su ko yi musu magani ba. Ruwan daɗi na iya gurɓata cikin sauƙi ta hanyar ayyukan ɗan adam ko kuma saboda hanyoyin halitta, kamar zaizayar ƙasa. Ruwan daɗi ya kai ƙasa da kashi 3% na albarkatun ruwa na duniya, kuma kashi 1% kaɗai na wannan adadin ne ake iya samun sa cikin sauƙi. Kusan kashi 70% na ajiyar ruwan daɗi na duniya yana daskare a Antarctica. Kashi 3% kaɗai na sa ake ɗebowa don amfanin ɗan adam. Harkar noma tana amfani da kusan kashi biyu cikin uku na duk ruwan daɗi da ake ɗebowa daga muhalli.<ref name=":68">{{Cite web |title=Wastewater resource recovery can fix water insecurity and cut carbon emissions |url=https://www.eib.org/en/essays/wastewater-resource-recovery |access-date=29 August 2022 |website=European Investment Bank |language=en |archive-date=29 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220829150040/https://www.eib.org/en/essays/wastewater-resource-recovery |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 January 2010 |title=Competing for Clean Water Has Led to a Crisis |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/freshwater-crisis |access-date=29 August 2022 |website=Environment |language=en |archive-date=19 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210219192438/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/freshwater-crisis |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Freshwater Resources {{!}} National Geographic Society |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/freshwater-resources/ |access-date=29 August 2022 |website=education.nationalgeographic.org |archive-date=26 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526195118/https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/freshwater-resources |url-status=live }}</ref> Ruwan daɗi abu ne mai sabuntuwa kuma mai canzawa, amma iyataccen albarkatun ƙasa ne. Ruwan daɗi yana sake cika ta hanyar tsarin dabi'ar zagayowar ruwa, inda ruwa daga tekuna, tafkuna, gajimare, ƙasa, koguna da madatsun ruwa yake yin tiruri, ya samar da gajimare, kuma ya dawo cikin ƙasa a matsayin ruwan sama ko dusar ƙanƙara.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Fundamentals of the Water Cycle|url=https://www.usgs.gov/special-topic/water-science-school/science/fundamentals-water-cycle?qt-science_center_objects=0#qt-science_center_objects|access-date=17 September 2021|website=www.usgs.gov|archive-date=27 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191127053410/https://www.usgs.gov/special-topic/water-science-school/science/fundamentals-water-cycle?qt-science_center_objects=0#qt-science_center_objects|url-status=dead}}</ref> To sai dai a wasu yankuna, idan aka yi amfani da ruwan daɗi ta hanyar ayyukan ɗan adam fiye da yadda yake sabuntuwa ta halitta, wannan na iya haifar da raguwar samun ruwan daɗi (ko ƙarancin ruwa) daga saman ƙasa da hanyoyin ƙarƙashin ƙasa kuma yana iya haifar da mummunar barna ga muhallin da ke kewaye da shi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tuklas.up.edu.ph/Record/IPN-00000053237?sid=961997|title=Laguna de Bay drying up fast, says task force|website=UP collection of Inquirer|first=Rene|last=Alviar|date=1998|accessdate=December 30, 2024|archive-date=January 21, 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250121172714/https://tuklas.up.edu.ph/Record/IPN-00000053237?sid=961997|url-status=dead}}</ref> Gurɓataccen ruwa shima yana rage samun ruwan daɗi. A inda ake da ƙarancin albarkatun ruwa, mutane sun ɓullo da fasahohi kamar cire gishiri daga ruwan teku (desalination) da sake sarrafa ruwan sha don faɗaɗa wadatar ruwan. Sai dai, saboda tsadar kuɗi (na farawa da na gudanarwa) da kuma - musamman ga cire gishiri - buƙatar makamashi mai yawa, waɗannan hanyoyi sun kasance galibi ana amfani da su ne kawai a takaitattun gurare. Wata hanya madaidanciwa amma mara dorewa ita ce amfani da abinda ake kira "ruwan burbushin halittu" (fossil water) daga rumbun ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Kamar yadda wasu daga cikin waɗannan rumbun ruwan suka fito tun daruruwan shekaru ko ma miliyoyin shekaru da suka gabata lokacin da yanayin yankunan yake da ruri mafi yawa (misali lokacin lokutan Sahara Kore) kuma ba sa sake cika a ƙarƙashin yanayin yanzu - aƙalla idan aka kwatanta da yadda ake kwashe su, waɗannan rumbun ruwan suna samar da albarkatun da ba za su iya sabuntuwa ba kamar peat ko lignite, waɗanda su ma ake ci gaba da kafuwa a wannan zamanin amma cikin sauri mai matukar gajiyarwa idan aka kwatanta da yadda ake hako su. ==Ma'anoni== === Ma'anar Lissafi === Ana iya bayyana ruwan daɗi a matsayin ruwa mai ƙasa da kashi 500 na sassa a cikin miliyan (ppm) na gishirin da ya narke.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.groundwater.org/gi/gwglossary.html#F | title=Groundwater Glossary | date=27 March 2006 | access-date=14 May 2006 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060428102341/http://www.groundwater.org/gi/gwglossary.html#F | archive-date=28 April 2006 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> Sauran majiyoyi suna ba da mafi girman iyaka na gishiri don ruwan daɗi, misali, 1,000 ppm<ref>{{cite web |title = Freshwater |work = Glossary of Meteorology |publisher = American Meteorological Society |date = June 2000 |url = http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?p=1&query=freshwater |access-date = 27 November 2009 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110606104533/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?p=1&query=freshwater |archive-date = 6 June 2011 |df = dmy-all }}</ref> ko 3,000 ppm.<ref>{{cite web|title=Freshwater |work=Fishkeeping glossary |publisher=Practical Fishkeeping |url=http://www.practicalfishkeeping.co.uk/pfk/pages/glossary.php?entry_name=Freshwater |access-date=27 November 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060511182717/http://www.practicalfishkeeping.co.uk/pfk/pages/glossary.php?entry_name=Freshwater |archive-date=11 May 2006 }}</ref> === Tsarin Muhalli === Muhallin ruwan daɗi an rarraba su zuwa ko dai tsarin lentic, wanda ke nufin ruwan da ke tsaye ciki har da tafkuna, guraren ruwa, da dausayi; lotic wanda ke nufin tsarin ruwa mai gudu; ko ruwan ƙasa wanda ke gudana a cikin duwatsu da rumbun ruwa na ƙasa. Akwai kuma wani yanki da ke haɗa tsakanin ruwan ƙasa da tsarin lotic, wato hyporheic zone, wanda ke ƙarƙashin manyan koguna da yawa kuma yana iya ƙunshi ruwa mai yawa fiye da wanda ake gani a fili. Hakanan yana iya kasancewa yana da alaƙa kai tsaye da ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa. == Hanyoyin Samun Ruwa == Asalin tushen kusan duk ruwan daɗi shine hazo daga sararin samaniya, a cikin nau'ikan hazo, ruwan sama da dusar ƙanƙara. Ruwan daɗi dake faɗuwa a matsayin hazo, ruwan sama ko dusar ƙanƙara yana ɗauke da abubuwan da suka narke daga sararin samaniya da abubuwa daga teku da ƙasa waɗanda gajimare mai ɗauke da ruwan sama ya ratsa ta kansu. Hazo a ƙarshe yana kaiwa ga kafuwar sassan ruwa waɗanda mutane zasu iya amfani da su azaman hanyoyin samun ruwan daɗi: tafkuna, guraren ruwa, ruwan sama, koguna, koramu, da ruwan ƙasa dake cikin rumbun ruwa na ƙasa. A yankunan bakin teku, ruwan daɗi na iya ƙunshi babban adadin gishiri da aka samo daga teku idan yanayin iska ya ɗaga ɗigon ruwan teku zuwa cikin gajimare mai ɗauke da ruwan sama. Wannan na iya haifar da ƙarin sinadaran sodium, chloride, magnesium da sulfate gami da sauran mahadi da dama a cikin ƙananan adadi. A yankunan hamada, ko yankunan da ke da busasshiyar ƙasa ko mai ƙura, iska mai ɗauke da ruwan sama na iya kwashe yashi da ƙura kuma ana iya ajiye wannan a wani wuri a cikin hazo, hakan yana sa ruwan daɗi ya gurɓata ta hanyar daskararrun abubuwa marasa narkewa da kuma abubuwan da ke narkewa na waɗancan ƙasashe. Ana iya jigilar adadi mai yawa na baƙin ƙarfe ta wannan hanyar gami da faduwar ruwan sama mai arzikin baƙin ƙarfe da aka rubuta sosai a Brazil wanda aka samo daga guguwar yashi a hamadar Sahara a rukunin Arewacin Afrika.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rizzolo |first1=Joana A. |last2=Barbosa |first2=Cybelli G. G. |last3=Borillo |first3=Guilherme C. |last4=Godoi |first4=Ana F. L. |last5=Souza |first5=Rodrigo A. F. |last6=Andreoli |first6=Rita V. |last7=Manzi |first7=Antônio O. |last8=Sá |first8=Marta O. |last9=Alves |first9=Eliane G. |last10=Pöhlker |first10=Christopher |last11=Angelis |first11=Isabella H. |last12=Ditas |first12=Florian |last13=Saturno |first13=Jorge |last14=Moran-Zuloaga |first14=Daniel |last15=Rizzo |first15=Luciana V. |date=22 February 2017 |title=Soluble iron nutrients in Saharan dust over the central Amazon rainforest |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/314247273 |journal=Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages=2673–2687 |doi=10.5194/acp-17-2673-2017 |bibcode=2017ACP....17.2673R |via=ResearchGate|hdl=10536/DRO/DU:30091978 |hdl-access=free |doi-access=free }}</ref> A cikin ƙasar Afrika, an bayyana cewa tsarin kula da ruwan ƙasa yana da sarkakiya kuma baya dacewa kai tsaye da abu guda ɗaya. Ruwan ƙasa ya nuna mafi juriya ga canjin yanayi fiye da yadda ake tsammani, kuma yankunan da ke da ƙarin iyaka tsakanin 0.34 da 0.39 na ma'anar bushewa sun nuna gagarumar fahimta ga canjin yanayi. Amfani da ƙasa zai iya shafar tsarin tacewa da guduwar ruwa. Shekarun da aka fi samun sake cika ruwa sun yi daidai da mafi yawan canje-canjen hazo, kamar lokacin El Niño da La Niña. An rarrabe hankali guda uku na sake cikar ruwan sama: a yankunan da suka bushe sosai da ke da fiye da 0.67 na ma'anar bushewa, akwai daidaitaccen sake cika ruwa tare da ɗan canji kaɗan ta hanyar hazo; a mafi yawan gurare (busassun, masu rabi da rabi, da masu laushi), sake cikar ruwa na shekara-shekara yana ƙaruwa yayin da hazo na shekara-shekara ya kasance sama da wani iyakance; kuma a cikin yankuna masu sarkakiya har zuwa 0.1 na ma'anar bushewa (sake cika ruwa na musamman), an sami sake cika ruwa maras tabbas (ƙarancin hazo amma babban sake cika ruwa). Fahimtar waɗannan alaƙoƙi na iya haifar da haɓaka dabarun dorewa don tattara ruwa. Wannan fahimta tana da matukar muhimmanci musamman a Afrika, inda albarkatun ruwa galibi ke da ƙaranci kuma canjin yanayi ke haifar da babban ƙalubale.<ref>{{Citation |chapter=Global climate change impacts on Sub-Sahara Africa: The case of Nigeria's shorelines |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.3726/978-3-653-04584-0/15 |title=The Impact of Climate Change on Sub-Sahara Africa |date=2015 |access-date=2023-12-19 |publisher=Peter Lang|doi=10.3726/978-3-653-04584-0/15 |isbn=978-3-653-04584-0 |chapter-url-access=subscription }}</ref> == Rarraba Ruwa == [[Fayil:Earth_water_distribution_ppm_chart.svg|thumb|upright=1.3|Hoton rarraba adadin ruwa a Duniya{{efn|Kowane ƙaramin akwati{{efn-lr|Gabaɗayan babban akwatin yana ɗauke da ƙananan akwatuna miliyan 1.}} (kamar wanda ke wakiltar ruwan halitta) ya yi daidai da kusan kilomita mai siffar sukari 1400 na ruwa, tare da nauyin kusan ton tiriliyan 1.4 (sau 235000 na babban dala na Giza ko sau 8 na tafkin Kariba, wanda za a iya cewa shi ne abu mafi nauyi da ɗan adam ya ƙera).<ref>[http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/waterdistribution.html USGS – Earth's water distribution] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120629055146/http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/waterdistribution.html |date=29 June 2012 }}. Ga.water.usgs.gov (11 December 2012). Retrieved on 29 December 2012.</ref>}}]] [[Fayil:Earth's_water_distribution.svg|thumb|upright=1.2|Zane na rarraba wuraren da ruwa yake a Duniya{{efn|Kashi 3% kawai na ruwan Duniya ne yake daɗi. Yawancinsa yana cikin kankara ta daji da kankara ta glacier (69%) da ruwan ƙasa (30%), yayin da dukkan tafkuna, koguna da dausayi idan aka haɗa su gaba ɗaya suna wakiltar ƙaramin sashe ne kawai (0.3%) na duk ajiyar ruwan daɗi na Duniya.{{citation needed|date=November 2022}}}}]] Ruwan gishiri a cikin tekuna, tekuna na gida da ruwan ƙasa mai gishiri suna samar da kusan kashi 97% na duk ruwan da ke Duniya. Kashi 2.5–2.75% kaɗai ne ruwan daɗi, gami da kashi 1.75–2% dake daskare a cikin kankara ta glacier, kankara da dusar ƙanƙara, kashi 0.5–0.75% azaman ruwan ƙasa mai daɗi. Teburin ruwa shine matakin da dukkan gurare dake ƙasa da shi ke cike da ruwa, yayin da yankin da ke sama da wannan matakin, inda gurare a cikin dutse da ƙasa ke ɗauke da iska da ruwa duka, ana kiransa yanki mara laushi (unsaturated zone). Ruwa a cikin wannan yanki ana kiransa da lawancin ƙasa. A ƙarƙashin teburin ruwa, duk yankin ana kiransa yanki mai laushi (saturated zone), kuma ruwa a cikin wannan yanki ana kiransa ruwan ƙasa.<ref name=":0">{{Citation |chapter=Natural Quality of Water and Groundwater Contamination |date=2000-04-14 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781482278934-9 |title=Groundwater Contamination, Volume I |pages=35–56 |access-date=2023-12-19 |publisher=CRC Press|doi=10.1201/9781482278934-9 |isbn=978-0-429-18165-8 |chapter-url-access=subscription }}</ref> Ruwan ƙasa yana taka rawar gani sosai azaman babban tushen ruwa don dalilai daban-daban da suka haɗa da sha, wanki, noma, da masana'antu, kuma koda lokacin da ba a amfani da shi kai tsaye azaman hanyar ruwan sha, yana da mahimmanci a kiyaye shi saboda ikon sa na ɗaukar gurɓataccen abu daga ƙasa zuwa cikin tafkuna da koguna, waɗanda ke zama babban kaso na ruwan daɗi na sauran mutane. Kusan yana nan a ko'ina a ƙarƙashin ƙasa, yana rayuwa a cikin gurare tsakanin ɓangarorin dutse da ƙasa ko a cikin tsagewar duwatsu, yawanci a cikin mita 100 na saman ƙasa,<ref name=":0" /> da lawancin ƙasa, kuma ƙasa da kashi 0.01% na sa a matsayin ruwan saman ƙasa a cikin tafkuna, dausayi da koguna.<ref>[http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/earthwherewater.html Where is Earth's water?] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214091601/http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/earthwherewater.html |date=14 December 2013 }}, United States Geological Survey.</ref><ref>[http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/8b.html Physicalgeography.net] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126072955/http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/8b.html |date=26 January 2016 }}. Physicalgeography.net. Retrieved on 29 December 2012.</ref> Tafkunan ruwan daɗi suna ɗauke da kusan kashi 87% na wannan ruwan saman ƙasa mai daɗi, gami da kashi 29% a cikin manyan tafkunan Afrika (African Great Lakes), kashi 22% a tafkin Baikal dake Rasha, kashi 21% a manyan tafkunan Arewacin Amurka (North American Great Lakes), da kashi 14% a sauran tafkuna. Dausayi yana da mafi yawan sauran rago tare da ƙananan adadi kawai a cikin koguna, musamman ma kogin Amazon. Sararin samaniya yana ɗauke da kashi 0.04% na ruwa.<ref>{{cite book |last= Gleick |first= Peter |author-link=Peter Gleick|editor= Stephen H. Schneider |title= Encyclopedia of Climate and Weather|url= https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofcl02schn |url-access= registration |publisher= Oxford University Press |year= 1996|display-authors=etal}}</ref> A yankunan da babu ruwan daɗi a saman ƙasa, ruwan daɗi da aka samo daga hazo na iya kasancewa a saman ruwan ƙasa mai gishiri a cikin shimfidu ko rukunoni saboda ƙarancin nauyin sa. Yawancin ruwan daɗi na duniya yana daskare a cikin kankara ta fili. Yankuna da yawa suna da ƙarancin ruwan daɗi, kamar hamada. == Tsarin Muhalli na Ruwan Daɗi == Ruwa abu ne mai matukar muhimmanci ga rayuwar dukkan halittu masu rai. Wasu na iya amfani da ruwan gishiri amma yawancin halittu da suka haɗa da mafi yawan manyan tsirrai da yawancin dabbobi masu shayarwa dole ne su sami ruwan daɗi don su rayu. Wasu dabbobi masu shayarwa na ƙasa, musamman ɓeraye na hamada, suna iya rayuwa ba tare da sun sha ruwa ba, amma suna samar da ruwa ta hanyar narkar da kwayoyin hatsi a jikinsu (metabolism), sannan suna da hanyoyin kiyaye ruwa zuwa mafi girman mataki.{{tsari|Freshwater ecosystem|sassan rubutu=1,2}} ==Ƙalubale== Ƙaruwar yawan jama'ar duniya da ƙaruwar amfani da ruwa ga kowane mutum yana sanya ƙarin matsin lamba ga iyataccen samun ruwan daɗi mai tsabta. Martanin da tsarin muhalli na ruwan daɗi yake bayarwa ga canjin yanayi ana iya bayyana shi ta fuskoki uku masu alaƙa da juna: ingancin ruwa, yawan ruwa ko girma, da lokacin ruwa. Canji a guda ɗaya galibi yana haifar da sauyi a sauran fannonin duka.<ref>The World Bank, 2009 {{cite web|title=Water and Climate Change: Understanding the Risks and Making Climate-Smart Investment Decisions|url=http://water.worldbank.org/water/publications/water-and-climate-change-understanding-risks-and-making-climate-smart-investment-decisi|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407105752/http://water.worldbank.org/water/publications/water-and-climate-change-understanding-risks-and-making-climate-smart-investment-decisi/|archive-date=7 April 2012|access-date=24 October 2011|pages=19–22}}</ref> === Iyataccen Albarkatu === ===Mafi ƙarancin guduwar kogi=== Wata muhimmiyar damuwa ga tsarin muhallin ruwa ita ce tabbatar da mafi ƙarancin guduwar kogi, musamman kiyayewa da mayar da rarraba ruwa na cikin kogi.<ref>{{cite book |title=The world's water, 2006–2007: the biennial report on freshwater resources |author1=Peter Gleick |author-link1=Peter Gleick |author2=Heather Cooley |author3=David Katz |year=2006 |publisher=Island Press |isbn=978-1-59726-106-7 |pages=29–31 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lttb1qPh4Z8C |access-date=12 September 2009 |archive-date=17 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317181510/https://books.google.com/books?id=Lttb1qPh4Z8C |url-status=live }}</ref> Ruwan daɗi muhimmin albarkatun ƙasa ne da ya zama dole don rayuwar dukkan tsarin muhalli. ===Gurɓataccen ruwa=== == Al'umma da Al'ada == === Amfanin Ɗan Adam === Amfanin ruwa sun haɗa da ayyukan noma, masana'antu, na gida, na nishaɗi da na muhalli ta halitta. === Manufofin duniya na kiyayewa === Manufofin Taimakawa Masu Dorewa taritari ne na manufofin duniya guda 17 da ke da alaƙa da juna waɗanda aka tsara don su zama "tsari na cimma kyakkyawar rayuwa mai dorewa ga kowa".<ref name=":17">United Nations (2017) Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017, [[:File:A RES 71 313 E.pdf|Work of the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development]] ([https://undocs.org/A/RES/71/313 A/RES/71/313] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023121826/https://undocs.org/A/RES/71/313 |date=23 October 2020 }})</ref> Manufofin kiyaye ruwan daɗi suna cikin Manufar Dorewa ta 6 (Tsaftataccen ruwa da tsabtar muhalli) da kuma Manufar Dorewa ta 15 (Rayuwa a ƙasa). Misali, an tsara Manufa ta 6.4 kamar haka "Gabanin shekarar 2030, a ƙara ingancin amfani da ruwa sosai a duk fannoni kuma a tabbatar da ɗosana ruwa da samar da ruwan daɗi mai dorewa don magance ƙarancin ruwa da kuma rage yawan mutanen da ke fama da ƙarancin ruwa sosai."<ref name=":17" /> Wata manufar kuma, wato Manufa ta 15.1, ita ce: "Gabanin shekarar 2020, a tabbatar da kiyayewa, dawo da amfani mai dorewa na tsarin halittun ƙasa da na cikin ƙasa na ruwan daɗi da ayyukansu, musamman ma duddurukan bishiyoyi, dausayi, duwatsu da busassun ƙasashe, daidai da wajibai a ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa."<ref name=":17" /> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} bz2n7rt4zjv0dnjphoxg14jpl7jr91a Cutar ƙwayar cuta ta mahaifa 0 160438 889721 872946 2026-07-31T07:53:03Z BnHamid 12586 889721 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Glassy cell carcinoma na cervix, kuma glassy cell carfinoma, wani ciwon daji ne mai banƙyama na uterine cervix.<ref name="pmid19527406">{{Cite journal |last=Nasu |first=K. |last2=Takai |first2=N. |last3=Narahara |first3=H. |date=Jun 2009 |title=Multimodal treatment for glassy cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix. |journal=Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=584–7 |doi=10.1111/j.1447-0756.2008.00968.x |pmid=19527406 |s2cid=23501330}}</ref> Ciwon ya sami sunansa daga bayyanarsa ta microscopic; cytoplasm yana da bayyanar gilashi. == Alamomi da alamomi == Alamu da alamun sun yi kama da sauran ciwon daji na mahaifa kuma suna iya haɗawa da zubar da jini bayan coital da/ko zafi yayin saduwa (dyspareunia). Launuka na farko na iya zama gaba ɗaya asymptomatic. [ana yanayi hujja] [citation need] == Binciken ganewa == Binciken ya dogara ne akan gwajin nama, misali biopsy. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2021}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> A karkashin microscope, ƙwayoyin cuta na carcinoma na gilashi sun ƙunshi ƙwayoyin da ke da gilashin-kamar cytoplasm, yawanci suna da alaƙa da ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin ƙwaƙwalwa da ke da yawa a cikin eosinophils kuma suna aiki sosai. PAS staining yana nuna membrane na plasma.<ref name="pmid15318016">{{Cite journal |last=Deshpande |first=AH. |last2=Kotwal |first2=MN. |last3=Bobhate |first3=SK. |year=2004 |title=Glassy cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix a rare histology. Report of three cases with a review of the literature. |url=http://www.indianjcancer.com/text.asp?2004/41/2/92/12353 |url-status=dead |journal=Indian J Cancer |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=92–5 |doi=10.4103/0019-509X.12353 |pmid=15318016 |s2cid=8377065 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921191057/http://www.indianjcancer.com/text.asp?2004%2F41%2F2%2F92%2F12353 |archive-date=2018-09-21 |access-date=2011-09-05 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> == Magani == Magani ya dogara da [[Matakan Ciwon daji|mataki]]. Ana kula da ciwon daji masu ci gaba tare da tiyata (radical hysterectomy da salpingo-opherectomy na biyu), maganin radiation da chemotherapy.<ref name="pmid15318016">{{Cite journal |last=Deshpande |first=AH. |last2=Kotwal |first2=MN. |last3=Bobhate |first3=SK. |year=2004 |title=Glassy cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix a rare histology. Report of three cases with a review of the literature. |url=http://www.indianjcancer.com/text.asp?2004/41/2/92/12353 |url-status=dead |journal=Indian J Cancer |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=92–5 |doi=10.4103/0019-509X.12353 |pmid=15318016 |s2cid=8377065 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921191057/http://www.indianjcancer.com/text.asp?2004%2F41%2F2%2F92%2F12353 |archive-date=2018-09-21 |access-date=2011-09-05 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * [[Mahaifa|Ciki]] * [[Ciwon daji na mahaifa]] * Villoglandular adenocarcinoma == Hotuna == <gallery> Fayil:Glassy_cell_carcinoma_-_low_mag.jpg| Low mag. Fayil:Glassy_cell_carcinoma_-_high_mag.jpg| High mag. </gallery> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Ƙarin karantawa == * {{Cite journal |last=Greer |first=Benjamin E. |last2=Koh |first2=Wui-Jin |last3=Abu-Rustum |first3=Nadeem |last4=Bookman |first4=Michael A. |last5=Bristow |first5=Robert E. |last6=Campos |first6=Susana M. |last7=Cho |first7=Kathleen R. |last8=Copeland |first8=Larry |last9=Crispens |first9=Marta Ann |last10=Eifel |first10=Patricia J. |last11=Huh |first11=Warner K. |last12=Jaggernauth |first12=Wainwright |last13=Kapp |first13=Daniel S. |last14=Kavanagh |first14=John J. |last15=Lurain |first15=John R. |date=1 May 2009 |title=Uterine Neoplasms |url=http://www.jnccn.org/content/7/5/498.long |journal=Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network |language=en |volume=7 |issue=5 |pages=498–531 |doi=10.6004/jnccn.2009.0035 |issn=1540-1405 |pmid=19460278 |url-access=subscription |access-date=19 July 2017 |doi-access=free}} == Haɗin waje == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] h8217rj3l3f5tjlkapdkfwafafr4cvj 889722 889721 2026-07-31T07:53:42Z BnHamid 12586 /* Alamomi da alamomi */ 889722 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Glassy cell carcinoma na cervix, kuma glassy cell carfinoma, wani ciwon daji ne mai banƙyama na uterine cervix.<ref name="pmid19527406">{{Cite journal |last=Nasu |first=K. |last2=Takai |first2=N. |last3=Narahara |first3=H. |date=Jun 2009 |title=Multimodal treatment for glassy cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix. |journal=Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=584–7 |doi=10.1111/j.1447-0756.2008.00968.x |pmid=19527406 |s2cid=23501330}}</ref> Ciwon ya sami sunansa daga bayyanarsa ta microscopic; cytoplasm yana da bayyanar gilashi. == Alamomi da alamomi == Alamu da alamun sun yi kama da sauran ciwon daji na mahaifa kuma suna iya haɗawa da zubar da jini bayan coital da/ko zafi yayin saduwa (dyspareunia). Launuka na farko na iya zama gaba ɗaya asymptomatic.{{Ana bukatan hujja}} == Binciken ganewa == Binciken ya dogara ne akan gwajin nama, misali biopsy. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2021}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> A karkashin microscope, ƙwayoyin cuta na carcinoma na gilashi sun ƙunshi ƙwayoyin da ke da gilashin-kamar cytoplasm, yawanci suna da alaƙa da ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin ƙwaƙwalwa da ke da yawa a cikin eosinophils kuma suna aiki sosai. PAS staining yana nuna membrane na plasma.<ref name="pmid15318016">{{Cite journal |last=Deshpande |first=AH. |last2=Kotwal |first2=MN. |last3=Bobhate |first3=SK. |year=2004 |title=Glassy cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix a rare histology. Report of three cases with a review of the literature. |url=http://www.indianjcancer.com/text.asp?2004/41/2/92/12353 |url-status=dead |journal=Indian J Cancer |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=92–5 |doi=10.4103/0019-509X.12353 |pmid=15318016 |s2cid=8377065 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921191057/http://www.indianjcancer.com/text.asp?2004%2F41%2F2%2F92%2F12353 |archive-date=2018-09-21 |access-date=2011-09-05 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> == Magani == Magani ya dogara da [[Matakan Ciwon daji|mataki]]. Ana kula da ciwon daji masu ci gaba tare da tiyata (radical hysterectomy da salpingo-opherectomy na biyu), maganin radiation da chemotherapy.<ref name="pmid15318016">{{Cite journal |last=Deshpande |first=AH. |last2=Kotwal |first2=MN. |last3=Bobhate |first3=SK. |year=2004 |title=Glassy cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix a rare histology. Report of three cases with a review of the literature. |url=http://www.indianjcancer.com/text.asp?2004/41/2/92/12353 |url-status=dead |journal=Indian J Cancer |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=92–5 |doi=10.4103/0019-509X.12353 |pmid=15318016 |s2cid=8377065 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921191057/http://www.indianjcancer.com/text.asp?2004%2F41%2F2%2F92%2F12353 |archive-date=2018-09-21 |access-date=2011-09-05 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * [[Mahaifa|Ciki]] * [[Ciwon daji na mahaifa]] * Villoglandular adenocarcinoma == Hotuna == <gallery> Fayil:Glassy_cell_carcinoma_-_low_mag.jpg| Low mag. Fayil:Glassy_cell_carcinoma_-_high_mag.jpg| High mag. </gallery> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Ƙarin karantawa == * {{Cite journal |last=Greer |first=Benjamin E. |last2=Koh |first2=Wui-Jin |last3=Abu-Rustum |first3=Nadeem |last4=Bookman |first4=Michael A. |last5=Bristow |first5=Robert E. |last6=Campos |first6=Susana M. |last7=Cho |first7=Kathleen R. |last8=Copeland |first8=Larry |last9=Crispens |first9=Marta Ann |last10=Eifel |first10=Patricia J. |last11=Huh |first11=Warner K. |last12=Jaggernauth |first12=Wainwright |last13=Kapp |first13=Daniel S. |last14=Kavanagh |first14=John J. |last15=Lurain |first15=John R. |date=1 May 2009 |title=Uterine Neoplasms |url=http://www.jnccn.org/content/7/5/498.long |journal=Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network |language=en |volume=7 |issue=5 |pages=498–531 |doi=10.6004/jnccn.2009.0035 |issn=1540-1405 |pmid=19460278 |url-access=subscription |access-date=19 July 2017 |doi-access=free}} == Haɗin waje == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] rt4mwz8krzi9k34m59laysjz1jxpfzm 889723 889722 2026-07-31T07:54:00Z BnHamid 12586 /* Binciken ganewa */ 889723 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Glassy cell carcinoma na cervix, kuma glassy cell carfinoma, wani ciwon daji ne mai banƙyama na uterine cervix.<ref name="pmid19527406">{{Cite journal |last=Nasu |first=K. |last2=Takai |first2=N. |last3=Narahara |first3=H. |date=Jun 2009 |title=Multimodal treatment for glassy cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix. |journal=Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=584–7 |doi=10.1111/j.1447-0756.2008.00968.x |pmid=19527406 |s2cid=23501330}}</ref> Ciwon ya sami sunansa daga bayyanarsa ta microscopic; cytoplasm yana da bayyanar gilashi. == Alamomi da alamomi == Alamu da alamun sun yi kama da sauran ciwon daji na mahaifa kuma suna iya haɗawa da zubar da jini bayan coital da/ko zafi yayin saduwa (dyspareunia). Launuka na farko na iya zama gaba ɗaya asymptomatic.{{Ana bukatan hujja}} == Binciken ganewa == Binciken ya dogara ne akan gwajin nama, misali biopsy. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2021}} A karkashin microscope, ƙwayoyin cuta na carcinoma na gilashi sun ƙunshi ƙwayoyin da ke da gilashin-kamar cytoplasm, yawanci suna da alaƙa da ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin ƙwaƙwalwa da ke da yawa a cikin eosinophils kuma suna aiki sosai. PAS staining yana nuna membrane na plasma.<ref name="pmid15318016">{{Cite journal |last=Deshpande |first=AH. |last2=Kotwal |first2=MN. |last3=Bobhate |first3=SK. |year=2004 |title=Glassy cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix a rare histology. Report of three cases with a review of the literature. |url=http://www.indianjcancer.com/text.asp?2004/41/2/92/12353 |url-status=dead |journal=Indian J Cancer |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=92–5 |doi=10.4103/0019-509X.12353 |pmid=15318016 |s2cid=8377065 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921191057/http://www.indianjcancer.com/text.asp?2004%2F41%2F2%2F92%2F12353 |archive-date=2018-09-21 |access-date=2011-09-05 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> == Magani == Magani ya dogara da [[Matakan Ciwon daji|mataki]]. Ana kula da ciwon daji masu ci gaba tare da tiyata (radical hysterectomy da salpingo-opherectomy na biyu), maganin radiation da chemotherapy.<ref name="pmid15318016">{{Cite journal |last=Deshpande |first=AH. |last2=Kotwal |first2=MN. |last3=Bobhate |first3=SK. |year=2004 |title=Glassy cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix a rare histology. Report of three cases with a review of the literature. |url=http://www.indianjcancer.com/text.asp?2004/41/2/92/12353 |url-status=dead |journal=Indian J Cancer |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=92–5 |doi=10.4103/0019-509X.12353 |pmid=15318016 |s2cid=8377065 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921191057/http://www.indianjcancer.com/text.asp?2004%2F41%2F2%2F92%2F12353 |archive-date=2018-09-21 |access-date=2011-09-05 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * [[Mahaifa|Ciki]] * [[Ciwon daji na mahaifa]] * Villoglandular adenocarcinoma == Hotuna == <gallery> Fayil:Glassy_cell_carcinoma_-_low_mag.jpg| Low mag. Fayil:Glassy_cell_carcinoma_-_high_mag.jpg| High mag. </gallery> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Ƙarin karantawa == * {{Cite journal |last=Greer |first=Benjamin E. |last2=Koh |first2=Wui-Jin |last3=Abu-Rustum |first3=Nadeem |last4=Bookman |first4=Michael A. |last5=Bristow |first5=Robert E. |last6=Campos |first6=Susana M. |last7=Cho |first7=Kathleen R. |last8=Copeland |first8=Larry |last9=Crispens |first9=Marta Ann |last10=Eifel |first10=Patricia J. |last11=Huh |first11=Warner K. |last12=Jaggernauth |first12=Wainwright |last13=Kapp |first13=Daniel S. |last14=Kavanagh |first14=John J. |last15=Lurain |first15=John R. |date=1 May 2009 |title=Uterine Neoplasms |url=http://www.jnccn.org/content/7/5/498.long |journal=Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network |language=en |volume=7 |issue=5 |pages=498–531 |doi=10.6004/jnccn.2009.0035 |issn=1540-1405 |pmid=19460278 |url-access=subscription |access-date=19 July 2017 |doi-access=free}} == Haɗin waje == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 3lmlxwfdpkowjmb4fwyl2bwa6rpquh2 Sami Matoug 0 160569 889802 873584 2026-07-31T11:57:06Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889802 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sami Matoug''' (an haife shi a ranar 12 ga Nuwamba 1999) [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwararren ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne]] ɗan ƙasar Faransa wanda ke buga wasa a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan tsakiya]] a ƙungiyar US Ivry . == Sana'a == A ranar 11 ga Yuli, 2019, Matoug ya sanya hannu kan kwantiraginsa na farko na ƙwararru da Paris FC . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Paris |first=Valentin |date=11 July 2019 |title=Sami Matoug, nouveau parisien |url=https://parisfc.fr/equipe-pro/sami-matoug-nouveau-parisien/ |website=Paris FC |access-date=1 July 2026 |archive-date=11 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200111195328/https://parisfc.fr/equipe-pro/sami-matoug-nouveau-parisien/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya fara buga wasa a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Paris FC a wasan Ligue 2 da Sochaux a ranar 10 ga Janairu, 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sochaux vs. Paris FC - 10 January 2020 - Soccerway |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2020/01/10/france/ligue-2/fc-sochaux-montbeliard/paris-football-club-98/3031206/ |website=Soccerway}}</ref> == Manazarta ==   * {{Soccerway|sami-matoug/500531}} * Sami Matoug – French league stats at Ligue 1 – also available in French (archived) {{DEFAULTSORT:Matoug, Sami}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1999]] hrkzo8jk7loai6k3rf42a2784cqx579 Ruwan teku 0 160739 889739 875838 2026-07-31T08:51:30Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889739 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Ruwan teku, ko ruwan teku, ruwa ne daga teku ko teku . A matsakaici, ruwan teku a cikin tekuna na duniya yana da gishirin kusan kashi 3.5% (35 g/L, 35 ppt, 600 mM). Wannan yana nufin cewa kowace kilogiram (kimanin lita ɗaya bisa ga girman) na ruwan teku yana da kimanin 35 grams (1.2 oz) na gishirin da aka narkar (galibi sodium ( ) da kuma chloride ( ) ions ). Matsakaicin yawan da ake samu a saman shine 1.025 kg/L. Ruwan teku ya fi ruwa mai kyau da ruwa mai tsarki yawa (yawan ruwa 1.0) kg/L a 4 °C (39 °F) ) Saboda gishirin da aka narkar yana ƙara yawan taro da girma fiye da girman. [ ana buƙatar ambato ] Wurin daskarewar ruwan teku yana raguwa yayin da yawan gishiri ke ƙaruwa. A daidai lokacin da gishirin yake ƙaruwa, yana daskarewa da kusan −2 °C (28 °F) . [1] An gano ruwan teku mafi sanyi da har yanzu yake cikin yanayin ruwa da aka taɓa gani a shekarar 2010, a cikin wani rafi a ƙarƙashin wani ƙanƙarar Antarctic : zafin da aka auna ya kasance −2.6 °C (27.3 °F) . [2] Ma'aunin pH yana da sarkakiya ta hanyar halayen sinadarai na ruwan teku, kuma akwai ma'aunin pH daban-daban da dama a cikin nazarin teku na sinadarai . <ref name="zeebe">Zeebe, R. E. and Wolf-Gladrow, D. (2001) ''CO<sub>2</sub> in seawater: equilibrium, kinetics, isotopes'', Elsevier Science B.V., Amsterdam, Netherlands {{ISBN|0-444-50946-1}}</ref> Babu wani ma'aunin pH da aka yarda da shi a duk duniya don ruwan teku kuma bambancin da ke tsakanin ma'auni bisa ga ma'aunin tunani daban-daban na iya zama har zuwa raka'a 0.14. == Kadarorin == === Gishirin ƙasa === [[Fayil:WOA09_sea-surf_SAL_AYool.png|left|thumb|Matsakaicin gishirin saman teku na shekara-shekara da aka bayyana a cikin Sikelin Gishiri Mai Amfani na Tekun Duniya . Bayanai daga Atlas na Tekun Duniya <ref>{{Cite web |title=World Ocean Atlas 2009 |url=http://www.nodc.noaa.gov/OC5/WOA09/pr_woa09.html |access-date=5 December 2012 |publisher=[[NOAA]]}}</ref>]] Duk da cewa mafi yawan ruwan teku yana da gishiri tsakanin 31 da 38 g/kg, wato kashi 3.1–3.8%, ruwan teku ba ruwan gishiri ba ne a ko'ina cikin duniya. Idan aka haɗu da ruwan da ke kwarara daga bakin kogi, ko kuma kusa da ƙanƙara mai narkewa ko kuma yawan ruwan sama mai yawa (misali damina ), ruwan teku ba zai iya zama ruwan gishiri sosai ba. Tekun da ya fi kowanne ruwan gishiri shi ne Tekun Bahar Maliya, inda yawan fitar ruwa, ƙarancin ruwan sama da kuma ƙarancin kwararar kogi, da kuma yawan zagayawar ruwa ke haifar da ruwan gishiri. Gishirin da ke cikin ruwan da ke keɓe na iya zama mafi girma har yanzu. – kusan sau goma fiye da haka a yanayin Tekun Matattu . A tarihi, an yi amfani da ma'aunin gishiri da yawa don kimanta cikakken gishirin ruwan teku. Wani ma'auni mai shahara shine "Scale na Salinity Mai Amfani" inda aka auna gishirin a cikin "raka'o'in gishiri masu amfani (PSU)". Ma'aunin gishirin yanzu shine ma'aunin "Reference Salinity" [1] tare da gishirin da aka bayyana a cikin raka'a na "g/kg". === Yawan yawa === Yawan ruwan teku na sama ya kasance daga kimanin 1020 zuwa 1029 kg / m<sup>3</sup>, dangane da zafin jiki da salinity. A zafin jiki na 25 ° C, salinity na <sup>3</sup> g / kg da matsin lamba na 1 atm, yawan ruwan teku shine 102<sup>3</sup>.6 kg / m<sup>3</sup>. <ref name="Nayar">{{Cite journal |last=Nayar |first=Kishor G. |last2=Sharqawy |first2=Mostafa H. |last3=Banchik |first3=Leonardo D. |last4=Lienhard V |first4=John H. |date=July 2016 |title=Thermophysical properties of seawater: A review and new correlations that include pressure dependence |journal=Desalination |volume=390 |pages=1–24 |bibcode=2016Desal.390....1N |doi=10.1016/j.desal.2016.02.024 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="MIT">{{Cite web |title=Thermophysical properties of seawater |url=http://web.mit.edu/seawater |access-date=February 24, 2017 |publisher=Department of Mechanical Engineering, [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] |language=en}}</ref> A cikin zurfin teku, a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba, ruwan teku na iya kaiwa ga yawan 1050 kg / m3 ko mafi girma. Yawan ruwan teku ma yana canzawa tare da salinity. Brines da aka samar da su ta hanyar tsire-tsire na ruwan teku na iya samun salinities har zuwa 120 g / kg. Yawan ruwan teku na yau da kullun na 120 g / kg salinity a 25 ° C da matsin yanayi shine 1088 kg / m3 . <ref name="Nayar" /><ref name="MIT" />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; === ƙimar pH === Darajar pH a saman tekuna a lokacin kafin masana'antu (kafin 1850) ta kasance kusan 8.2. Tun daga lokacin, yana raguwa saboda wani tsari da ɗan adam ke haifarwa wanda ake kira [[Rashin ƙwayoyin cuta na teku|acidification na teku]] wanda ke da alaƙa da [[Rashin iskar gas|hayakin carbon dioxide]] : Tsakanin 1950 da 2020, matsakaicin pH na saman teku ya faɗi daga kimanin 8.15 zuwa 8.05. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Terhaar |first=Jens |last2=Frölicher |first2=Thomas L. |last3=Joos |first3=Fortunat |date=2023 |title=Ocean acidification in emission-driven temperature stabilization scenarios: the role of TCRE and non-{{CO2}} greenhouse gases |journal=Environmental Research Letters |language=en |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=024033 |bibcode=2023ERL....18b4033T |doi=10.1088/1748-9326/acaf91 |issn=1748-9326 |s2cid=255431338 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Darajar pH na ruwan teku a zahiri tana ƙasa da 7.8 a cikin zurfin ruwan teku sakamakon lalacewar abubuwan da ke cikin waɗannan ruwan. Zai iya kaiwa har zuwa 8.4 a cikin ruwan saman a yankunan da ke da yawan [[Yaduwar muhali|amfanin halittu]] . Ma'aunin pH yana da sarkakiya ta hanyar halayen sinadarai na ruwan teku, kuma akwai ma'aunin pH daban-daban da dama a cikin nazarin teku na sinadarai . <ref name="zeebe">Zeebe, R. E. and Wolf-Gladrow, D. (2001) ''CO<sub>2</sub> in seawater: equilibrium, kinetics, isotopes'', Elsevier Science B.V., Amsterdam, Netherlands {{ISBN|0-444-50946-1}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-444-50946-1|<bdi>0-444-50946-1</bdi>]]</ref> Babu wani ma'aunin pH da aka yarda da shi a duk duniya don ruwan teku kuma bambancin da ke tsakanin ma'auni bisa ga ma'aunin tunani daban-daban na iya zama har zuwa raka'a 0.14. === Sinadarin sinadarai === [[Fayil:Sea_salt-e-dp_hg.svg|thumb|Zane da ke nuna yawan ions na gishiri daban-daban a cikin ruwan teku. Abun da ke cikin jimlar sinadaran gishirin shine: 55%, 30.6%, 7.7%, 3.7%, 1.2%, 1.1%, sauran 0.7%, ta hanyar taro.]] Ruwan teku ya ƙunshi ions da aka narkar fiye da dukkan nau'ikan ruwan sha mai tsafta. <ref name="Gale">{{Cite web |last=Gale |first=Thomson |title=Ocean Chemical Processes |url=http://www.waterencyclopedia.com/Mi-Oc/Ocean-Chemical-Processes.html |access-date=2 December 2006}}</ref> Duk da haka, rabon solutes ya bambanta sosai. Misali, kodayake ruwan teku ya ƙunshi kusan bicarbonate sau 2.8 fiye da ruwan kogi, kashi na bicarbonate a cikin ruwan teku a matsayin rabo na ''duk'' ions da aka narkar ya yi ƙasa da na ruwan kogi. ions na bicarbonate sun ƙunshi kashi 48% na solutes na ruwan kogi amma kashi 0.14% ne kawai ga ruwan teku. <ref name="Gale" /> Bambance-bambance irin waɗannan sun faru ne saboda bambancin lokutan zama na solutes na ruwan teku; sodium da chloride suna da dogon lokacin zama, yayin da calcium (mahimmanci ga samuwar carbonate ) yana iya fashewa da sauri. <ref name="Pinet" /> ions mafi yawan narkar da ke cikin ruwan teku sune sodium, chloride, magnesium, sulfate da calcium. Osmolarity ɗinsa shine kusan 1000 mOsm/L. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Osmolarity of sea water - Biosphere - BNID 100802 |url=https://bionumbers.hms.harvard.edu/bionumber.aspx?&id=100802&ver=0 |website=bionumbers.hms.harvard.edu}}</ref> Ana samun ƙananan adadin wasu abubuwa, ciki har da [[amino acid]] a cikin yawan har zuwa microgram 2 na atom na nitrogen a kowace lita, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tada |first=K. |last2=Tada |first2=M. |last3=Maita |first3=Y. |year=1998 |title=Dissolved free amino acids in coastal seawater using a modified fluorometric method |url=http://www.terrapub.co.jp/journals/JO/pdf/5404/54040313.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Journal of Oceanography |volume=54 |issue=4 |pages=313–321 |bibcode=1998JOce...54..313T |doi=10.1007/BF02742615 |s2cid=26231863 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121231018/http://www.terrapub.co.jp/journals/JO/pdf/5404/54040313.pdf |archive-date=21 January 2021 |access-date=28 August 2015}}</ref> waɗanda ake tsammanin sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a asalin rayuwa . {| class="wikitable sortable" style="float: left; margin: 0 0 1em 1em;" |+Abun da ke cikin ruwan teku<br /><br /><br /><br /> (gishiri = 3.5%) ! Sinadarin ! Kashi ta kowane taro |- | Iskar Oxygen | 85.84 |- | Hydrogen | 10.82 |- | Chlorine | 1.94 |- | Sodium | 1.08 |- | Magnesium | 0.1292 |- | Sulfur | 0.091 |- | Calcium | 0.04 |- | Potassium | 0.04 |- | Bromine | 0.0067 |- | Carbon | 0.0028 |} {| class="wikitable sortable" style="float: left; margin: 0 0 1em 1em;" |+Jimlar sinadarin ruwan teku (gishirin = 35) ! Bangaren ! Mayar da hankali (mol/kg) |- | | 53.6 |- | | 0.546 |- | | 0.469 |- | | 0.0528 |- | | 0.0282 |- | | 0.0103 |- | | 0.0102 |- | C <nowiki><sub id="mwATs">T</sub></nowiki> | 0.00206 |- | | 0.000844 |- | B <nowiki><sub id="mwAUU">T</sub></nowiki> | 0.000416 |- | | 0.000091 |- | | 0.000068 |} {{Clear}} === Sinadaran ƙwayoyin cuta === Binciken da Cibiyar Scripps ta gudanar a shekarar 1957 ya yi samfurin ruwa a wurare biyu na pelagic da neritic a Tekun Pacific. An yi amfani da ƙididdigar ƙananan halittu da al'adu kai tsaye, ƙidaya kai tsaye a wasu lokuta tana nuna har sau 10,000 da aka samu daga al'adu. An danganta waɗannan bambance-bambancen ne da faruwar ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin tarin abubuwa, tasirin kafofin watsa labarai na al'adu, da kuma kasancewar ƙwayoyin da ba su aiki. An lura da raguwar adadin al'adun ƙwayoyin cuta a ƙasa da [[thermocline]], amma ba ta hanyar lura da ƙananan halittu kai tsaye ba. An ga adadi mai yawa na siffofin spirilli ta hanyar na'urar hangen nesa amma ba a ƙarƙashin noma ba. An san bambancin adadi a cikin lambobi da aka samu ta hanyar hanyoyin biyu a wannan da sauran fannoni. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jannasch |first=Holger W. |last2=Jones |first2=Galen E. |year=1959 |title=Bacterial Populations in Sea Water as Determined by Different Methods of Enumeration |journal=Limnology and Oceanography |volume=4 |pages=128–139 |bibcode=1959LimOc...4..128J |doi=10.4319/lo.1959.4.2.0128 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A cikin shekarun 1990, ingantattun dabarun gano ƙwayoyin cuta da gano ƙwayoyin cuta ta hanyar bincika ƙananan ƙwayoyin halitta na DNA, sun ba wa masu bincike damar shiga cikin Ƙidayar Rayuwar Ruwa damar gano dubban ƙwayoyin cuta da ba a san su ba a baya waɗanda galibi ke kasancewa a ƙananan lambobi kawai. Wannan ya nuna bambancin da ya fi yawa fiye da yadda ake tsammani a baya, don haka lita ɗaya na ruwan teku na iya ɗaukar nau'ikan sama da 20,000. Mitchell Sogin daga dakin gwaje-gwajen halittu na ruwa yana jin cewa "adadin nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta daban-daban a cikin tekuna zai iya wuce miliyan biyar zuwa goma." Ana samun ƙwayoyin cuta a zurfin ruwa, da kuma a cikin laka, wasu suna da aerobic, wasu kuma anaerobic. Yawancinsu suna yin iyo kyauta, amma wasu suna wanzuwa a matsayin symbionts a cikin wasu halittu - misalan waɗannan sune ƙwayoyin cuta masu rai. Cyanobacteria sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin juyin halittar hanyoyin teku, wanda ya ba da damar haɓaka stromatolites da iskar oxygen a cikin yanayi. Wasu ƙwayoyin cuta suna hulɗa da diatoms, kuma suna samar da muhimmiyar alaƙa a cikin zagayowar silicon a cikin teku. Wani nau'in anaerobic, ''Thiomargarita namibiensis'', yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin rushewar fashewar hydrogen sulfide daga laka mai kama da diatomaceous a bakin tekun Namibia, kuma ana samar da shi ta hanyar yawan haɓakar phytoplankton a yankin Benguela na hazo yanzu, wanda daga ƙarshe ya faɗi zuwa ƙasan teku. Archaea mai kama da ƙwayoyin cuta ta ba wa masana kimiyyar halittu na ruwa mamaki ta hanyar rayuwarsu da bunƙasa a cikin mawuyacin yanayi, kamar hanyoyin iskar hydrothermal a ƙasan teku. Kwayoyin cuta na ruwa masu jure wa alkali kamar ''Pseudomonas'' da ''Vibrio'' spp. suna rayuwa a cikin kewayon pH na 7.3 zuwa 10.6, yayin da wasu nau'ikan za su girma ne kawai a pH 10 zuwa 10.6. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Maeda |first=M. |last2=Taga |first2=N. |date=31 March 1980 |title=Alkalotolerant and Alkalophilic Bacteria in Seawater |journal=Marine Ecology Progress Series |volume=2 |pages=105–108 |bibcode=1980MEPS....2..105M |doi=10.3354/meps002105 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Archaea kuma tana wanzuwa a cikin ruwan pelagic kuma tana iya zama kusan rabin biomass na teku, a bayyane yake tana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin ayyukan teku. A cikin 2000, laka daga ƙasan teku ya bayyana wani nau'in Archaea wanda ke rushe [[methane]], wani muhimmin iskar gas [[Gidan Gishiri|mai dumama yanayi]] kuma babban mai ba da gudummawa ga ɗumamar yanayi. Wasu ƙwayoyin cuta suna rushe duwatsun ƙasan teku, suna tasiri ga sinadaran ruwan teku. Zubewar mai, da kwararar da ke ɗauke da najasa na ɗan adam da gurɓatattun sinadarai suna da tasiri mai kyau akan rayuwar ƙwayoyin cuta a kusa, da kuma ɗauke da ƙwayoyin cuta da gubobi da ke shafar dukkan nau'ikan halittun ruwa . A wasu lokutan, dinoflagellates masu protist na iya fuskantar fashewar jama'a da ake kira blooms ko [[Furen algal mai lahani|red tides]], sau da yawa bayan gurɓataccen iska da ɗan adam ya haifar. Tsarin na iya samar da sinadarai masu narkewa da aka sani da biotoxins, waɗanda ke tafiya tare da sarkar abinci ta teku, suna lalata masu amfani da dabbobi masu yawa. An gano ''Pandoravirus salinus'', wani nau'in ƙwayar cuta mai girma, mai kwayar halittar da ta fi girma fiye da kowace nau'in ƙwayar cuta, a shekarar 2013. Kamar sauran manyan ƙwayoyin cuta ''Mimivirus'' da ''Megavirus'', ''Pandoravirus'' yana kamuwa da amoebas, amma kwayar halittarsa, wacce ke ɗauke da megabases 1.9 zuwa 2.5 na DNA, ta ninka girman ''Megavirus'' sau biyu, kuma ta bambanta sosai da sauran manyan ƙwayoyin cuta a bayyanar da kuma tsarin kwayar halitta. A shekarar 2013, masu bincike daga Jami'ar Aberdeen sun sanar da cewa suna fara farautar sinadarai da ba a gano ba a cikin halittun da suka samo asali a cikin ramukan teku masu zurfi, suna fatan samun "tsara mai zuwa" na maganin rigakafi, suna tsammanin "rashin lafiyar kwayoyin cuta" tare da ƙarancin sabbin magunguna masu yaƙi da kamuwa da cuta. Binciken da Tarayyar Turai ta dauki nauyinsa zai fara ne a cikin Atacama Trench sannan ya ci gaba da bincike a cikin ramukan da ke kewaye da New Zealand da Antarctica. Teku yana da dogon tarihi na zubar da sharar ɗan adam bisa ga zato cewa girmansa yana sa shi iya sha da kuma narkar da duk wani abu mai cutarwa. Duk da cewa wannan na iya zama gaskiya a ƙaramin sikelin, yawan najasa da ake zubarwa akai-akai ya lalata yanayin halittu da yawa na bakin teku, kuma ya sanya su zama barazana ga rayuwa. Kwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin cuta masu haifar da cututtuka suna faruwa a cikin irin waɗannan ruwan, kamar ''Escherichia coli'', ''Vibrio cholerae'' wanda ke haifar da [[Amai da Gudawa|kwalara]], [[Cutar hanta A|hepatitis A]], hepatitis E da [[polio]], tare da protozoans waɗanda ke haifar da giardiasis da cryptosporidiosis . Waɗannan ƙwayoyin cuta suna kasancewa akai-akai a cikin ruwan ballast na manyan tasoshin jini, kuma suna yaɗuwa sosai lokacin da aka fitar da ballast ɗin. === Sauran sigogi === Saurin sauti a cikin ruwan teku yana kusa da 1,500&nbsp;m/s (yayin da saurin sauti yawanci yana kusa da 330&nbsp;m/s a cikin iska a kusan 101.3&nbsp;matsin lamba na kPa, 1&nbsp;yanayi), kuma ya bambanta da zafin ruwa, gishiri, da matsin lamba. Matsakaicin zafin ruwan teku shine 0.6&nbsp;W/mK a 25&nbsp;°C da gishirin 35&nbsp;g/kg. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sharqawy |first=Mostafa H. |last2=Lienhard V |first2=John H. |last3=Zubair |first3=Syed M. |date=April 2010 |title=The thermophysical properties of seawater: A review of existing correlations and data |url=http://web.mit.edu/lienhard/www/Thermophysical_properties_of_seawater-DWT-16-354-2010.pdf |journal=Desalination and Water Treatment |volume=16 |issue=1–3 |pages=354–380 |bibcode=2010DWatT..16..354S |doi=10.5004/dwt.2010.1079 |s2cid=93362418 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Ƙarfin wutar lantarki yana raguwa tare da ƙaruwar gishiri kuma yana ƙaruwa tare da ƙaruwar zafin jiki. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Thermal conductivity of seawater and its concentrates |url=http://twt.mpei.ac.ru/tthb/2/Tab-5-5-13-2-Ther-Cond-Seawater.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929063305/http://twt.mpei.ac.ru/tthb/2/Tab-5-5-13-2-Ther-Cond-Seawater.html |archive-date=29 September 2018 |access-date=17 October 2010}}</ref> == Asali da tarihi == Ana tsammanin ruwan da ke cikin teku ya fito ne daga [[Dutsen Volcano|aman wuta]] na Duniya, wanda ya fara shekaru biliyan 4 da suka gabata, wanda aka fitar ta hanyar cire gas daga dutsen da ya narke. {{Rp|pages=24–25}}Wani sabon bincike da aka yi kwanan nan ya nuna cewa yawancin ruwan Duniya na iya fitowa daga taurari masu tauraro mai wutsiya . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cowen, Ron |date=5 October 2011 |title=Comets take pole position as water bearers |url=http://www.nature.com/news/2011/111005/full/news.2011.579.html |journal=Nature |doi=10.1038/news.2011.579 |url-access=subscription |access-date=10 September 2013 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ka'idojin kimiyya da ke bayan asalin gishirin teku sun fara ne da Sir Edmond Halley a shekarar 1715, wanda ya gabatar da cewa koguna suna ɗauke gishiri da sauran ma'adanai zuwa teku bayan ruwan sama ya wanke su daga ƙasa. Da suka isa teku, waɗannan gishirin sun taru yayin da gishiri ya isa kan lokaci (duba zagayowar ruwa ). Halley ya lura cewa yawancin tafkuna waɗanda ba su da magudanar ruwa ta teku (kamar Tekun Matattu da [[Tekun Caspian]], duba [[Endorheic Basin|kwarin endorheic]] ), suna da yawan gishiri. Halley ya kira wannan tsari "yanayin yanayi na nahiyar". Ka'idar Halley ta yi daidai. Bugu da ƙari, sodium yana fitowa daga ƙasan teku lokacin da teku ta samar. Kasancewar sauran ion mai rinjaye na gishiri, chloride, ya samo asali ne daga fitar da iskar chloride (a matsayin hydrochloric acid ) tare da wasu iskar gas daga cikin Duniya ta hanyar [[Dutsen Volcano|aman wuta]] da kuma hanyoyin iskar hydrothermal . Daga baya, sodium da chloride ions sun zama mafi yawan abubuwan da ke cikin gishirin teku. Gishirin teku ya daɗe yana dawwama tsawon biliyoyin shekaru, wataƙila sakamakon tsarin sinadarai/ tectonic wanda ke cire gishiri gwargwadon yadda aka ajiye; misali, wuraren nutsewar sodium da chloride sun haɗa da ma'adinan evaporite, binnewar ruwa a rami, da kuma amsawar basalts na ƙasan teku. {{Rp|133}} == Tasirin ɗan adam == [[Canjin yanayi|Sauyin yanayi]], hauhawar matakan [[Carbon dioxide a cikin sararin samaniya na Duniya|carbon dioxide a cikin yanayin duniya]], yawan abubuwan gina jiki, da gurɓatawa ta hanyoyi daban-daban suna canza yanayin ƙasa a duniya. Yawan canji a wasu fannoni ya fi na tarihi da na baya-bayan nan a tarihin ƙasa. Manyan abubuwan da ke faruwa sun haɗa da ƙaruwar [[Rashin ƙwayoyin cuta na teku|acidity]], raguwar iskar oxygen a ƙarƙashin ruwa a kusa da teku da kuma ruwan pelagic, ƙaruwar matakan nitrogen a bakin teku, da ƙaruwar mercury da gurɓatattun abubuwa masu rai. Yawancin waɗannan abubuwan suna da alaƙa kai tsaye ko a kaikaice da ƙonewar man fetur na ɗan adam, taki, da ayyukan masana'antu. Ana sa ran yawan abubuwan da ke faruwa zai ƙaru a cikin shekaru masu zuwa, tare da mummunan tasiri ga halittun teku da sauran albarkatun ruwa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Doney |first=Scott C. |author-link=Scott Doney |date=18 June 2010 |title=The Growing Human Footprint on Coastal and Open-Ocean Biogeochemistry |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=328 |issue=5985 |pages=1512–1516 |bibcode=2010Sci...328.1512D |doi=10.1126/science.1185198 |pmid=20558706 |s2cid=8792396}}</ref> daga cikin abubuwan da suka fi burgewa game da wannan shine ƙara [[Rashin ƙwayoyin cuta na teku|yawan sinadarin acid a cikin teku]], wanda ya samo asali ne daga ƙaruwar shan CO a cikin tekuna da ke da alaƙa da yawan CO yanayi da kuma yanayin zafi mai yawa, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Doney |first=Scott C. |last2=Fabry |first2=Victoria J. |last3=Feely |first3=Richard A. |last4=Kleypas |first4=Joan A. |author-link4=Joan Kleypas |date=2009-01-01 |title=Ocean Acidification: The Other CO2 Problem |journal=Annual Review of Marine Science |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=169–192 |bibcode=2009ARMS....1..169D |doi=10.1146/annurev.marine.010908.163834 |pmid=21141034 |s2cid=402398}}</ref> saboda yana shafar murjani, mollusks, echinoderms da crustaceans sosai (duba [[Ruwan murjani|murjani mai launin shuɗi]] ). Ruwan teku hanya ce ta sufuri a duk faɗin duniya. Kowace rana jiragen ruwa da yawa suna ketare teku don isar da kayayyaki zuwa wurare daban-daban a duniya. Ruwan teku kayan aiki ne ga ƙasashe don shiga cikin harkokin kasuwanci da sufuri na duniya yadda ya kamata, amma kowane jirgi yana fitar da hayaki wanda zai iya cutar da rayuwar ruwa, ingancin iskar yankunan bakin teku. Sufurin ruwan teku yana ɗaya daga cikin hayakin da mutane ke fitarwa cikin sauri. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vaishnav |first=Parth |date=2014 |title=Greenhouse Gas Emissions from International Transport |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43315842 |journal=Issues in Science and Technology |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=25–28 |issn=0748-5492 |jstor=43315842}}</ref> Haɗarin da ake fitarwa daga jiragen ruwa yana haifar da haɗari mai yawa ga lafiyar ɗan adam a yankunan da ke kusa yayin da [[Mai|mai da iskar]] gas da aka saki daga ayyukan jiragen ruwa na kasuwanci ke rage ingancin iska kuma yana haifar da ƙarin [[Gurbatar yanayi|gurɓatawa]] a ruwan teku da yankunan da ke kewaye. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Iodice |first=Paolo |last2=Langella |first2=Giuseppe |last3=Amoresano |first3=Amedeo |date=2017 |title=A numerical approach to assess air pollution by ship engines in manoeuvring mode and fuel switch conditions |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/90015687 |journal=Energy & Environment |volume=28 |issue=8 |pages=827–845 |bibcode=2017EnEnv..28..827I |doi=10.1177/0958305X17734050 |issn=0958-305X |jstor=90015687 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Wani amfani da ruwan teku da ɗan adam ke yi da shi da aka yi la'akari da shi shine amfani da ruwan teku don amfanin [[noma]] . A yankunan da ke da manyan yankunan tuddai na yashi, kamar [[Isra'ila]], amfani da ruwan teku don [[ban ruwa]] ga shuke-shuke zai kawar da manyan kuɗaɗen da ke tattare da ruwan sabo lokacin da ba a iya samunsa cikin sauƙi. <ref name=":04">{{Cite journal |last=Boyko |first=Hugo |date=1967 |title=Salt-Water Agriculture |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24931436 |journal=Scientific American |volume=216 |issue=3 |pages=89–101 |bibcode=1967SciAm.216c..89B |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0367-89 |issn=0036-8733 |jstor=24931436 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Kodayake ba al'ada ba ne a yi amfani da ruwan gishiri a matsayin hanyar shuka shuke-shuke yayin da gishirin ke taruwa da lalata ƙasar da ke kewaye, an tabbatar da cewa yana da nasara a cikin ƙasa mai yashi da tsakuwa. <ref name=":04" /> Babban tsaftace ruwan teku wani abu ne da zai taimaka wajen nasarar noman noma a cikin busasshiyar muhallin hamada . <ref name=":04" /> Ɗaya daga cikin shuke-shuke mafi nasara a noman ruwan gishiri shine halophyte . Halophyte shuka ce mai jure gishiri wadda ƙwayoyinta ke jure wa tasirin gishiri a cikin ƙasa. <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Glenn |first=Edward P. |last2=Brown |first2=J. Jed |last3=O’Leary |first3=James W. |date=1998 |title=Irrigating Crops with Seawater |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26070601 |journal=Scientific American |volume=279 |issue=2 |pages=76–81 |bibcode=1998SciAm.279b..76G |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0898-76 |issn=0036-8733 |jstor=26070601 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Endodermis yana tilasta mata ta tace gishiri mafi girma a cikin shukar saboda yana ba da damar zagayawa da ruwa ta cikin ƙwayoyin halitta. <ref name=":1" /> An yi amfani da noman halophytes da aka yi ban ruwa da ruwan gishiri don noman abincin dabbobi ga dabbobi ; duk da haka, dabbobin da aka ciyar da waɗannan shuke-shuken sun cinye ruwa fiye da waɗanda ba su ci ba. <ref name=":1" /> Duk da cewa har yanzu ba a san noma daga amfani da ruwan gishiri ba kuma ana amfani da shi a babban sikelin, binciken farko ya nuna cewa akwai damar samar da ƙarin amfanin gona a yankunan da ba kasafai ake iya nomawa a gonaki ba. == Amfanin ɗan adam == Shan ruwa mai tsafta ba bisa ka'ida ba ba shi da illa, musamman idan aka sha ruwan teku tare da ruwa mai tsafta. Duk da haka, shan ruwan teku don kiyaye ruwa ba shi da amfani; dole ne a fitar da ruwa mai yawa don kawar da gishirin (ta [[fitsari]] ) fiye da adadin ruwan da aka samu daga ruwan teku. <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 February 2021 |title=Can humans drink seawater? |url=http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/drinksw.html |publisher=[[National Ocean Service]] ([[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]])}}</ref> A yanayi na yau da kullun, ba za a yi la'akari da shan ruwan teku mai yawa ba. A zamanin mulkin mallaka na Tahiti, ƙaramin adadin ruwan teku ya kasance sinadari ga miya sabo ( {{Lang|ty|[[miti hue|miti]]}} ) wato {{Lang|ty|miti hue}} (da kwakwa mai tsami) da {{Lang|ty|miti haʻari}} (an haɗa shi da [[Madara ta kwakwa|madarar kwakwa]] ) a matsayin babban kayan ƙanshi na abinci, ba kamar mutanen da ke da alaƙa da shi kamar 'yan Hawaii waɗanda suka haɓaka gishiri mai cin nasara da kansu ba, don haka suna samun busassun gishiri don amfanin kansu. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lemaitre |first=Yves |date=1972 |title=La hiérarchie des terms de nourriture en Tahitien |url=https://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/pleins_textes_4/sci_hum/01197.pdf |journal=[[Research Institute for Development|Cah. ORSTOM]] |language=fr |volume=IX |issue=1 |pages=66, 68-9 |quote=Le mot ''miti'' que nous avons traduit par « sauce salée » a également le sens de « eau de mer » (tahitien archaïque ''tai'') [...] Lorqu'ils prennent leur repas, les Tahitiens tiennent leur ''miti'' à portée de la main pour y tremper chaque morceau de nourriture avant de le poter à la bouche. C'était le moyen de saler des Tahitiens qui, contrairement aux Hawaiens, n'utilisaient pas le sel sous forme solide (''miti popaʻā'' « ''miti'' européen ») aux temps pré-européens.}}</ref> Tsarin koda yana daidaita matakan sodium da chloride a cikin jini a cikin kunkuntar iyaka kusan 9.&nbsp;g/L (0.9% ta nauyin jiki). A yawancin ruwayen da ke buɗe, yawan sinadarin ya bambanta da ƙimar da aka saba da ita ta kusan kashi 3.5%, wanda ya fi yadda jiki zai iya jurewa kuma mafi yawan abin da koda za ta iya sarrafawa. Wani batu da aka saba watsi da shi a cikin iƙirarin cewa koda za ta iya fitar da NaCl a cikin yawan ruwan [[Tekun Baltic|Baltic]] na kashi 2% (a cikin muhawarar akasin haka) shine cewa hanji ba zai iya shan ruwa a irin wannan yawan ba, don haka babu wani amfani a shan irin wannan ruwan. Duk da haka, gishirin ruwan saman Baltic bai taɓa zama kashi 2% ba; kashi 0.9% ne ko ƙasa da haka, don haka ba ya taɓa wuce na ruwan jiki ba. Shan ruwan teku yana ƙara yawan sinadarin NaCl na jini na ɗan lokaci. Wannan yana nuna cewa koda za ta fitar da sodium, amma yawan sinadarin sodium na ruwan teku ya fi ƙarfin kodan. Daga ƙarshe, yawan sinadarin sodium na jini yana tashi zuwa matakan guba, yana cire ruwa daga ƙwayoyin halitta kuma yana hana jigilar jijiyoyi, wanda a ƙarshe yana haifar da kamuwa da cuta mai kisa da bugun zuciya . <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2011)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Littattafan rayuwa suna ba da shawara akai-akai game da shan ruwan teku. Takaitaccen bayani game da tafiye-tafiyen jirgin ruwa guda 163 da aka yi a jirgin ruwa sun kiyasta cewa akwai yiwuwar mutuwa da kashi 39% ga waɗanda suka sha ruwan teku, idan aka kwatanta da kashi 3% ga waɗanda ba su sha ba. Tasirin shan ruwan teku ga beraye ya tabbatar da mummunan tasirin shan ruwan teku lokacin da aka bushe. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Etzion, Z. |last2=Yagil, R. |date=1987 |title=Metabolic effects in rats drinking increasing concentrations of seawater |journal=Comp Biochem Physiol A |volume=86 |issue=1 |pages=49–55 |doi=10.1016/0300-9629(87)90275-1 |pmid=2881655}}</ref> Sha'awar shan ruwan teku ta fi girma ga matuƙan jirgin ruwa waɗanda suka kashe ruwansu mai kyau kuma ba su iya kama isasshen ruwan sama don sha ba. Wannan takaicin an bayyana shi da kyau ta hanyar wani layi daga littafin Samuel Taylor Coleridge mai suna ''The Rime of the Ancient Mariner'' :   Duk da cewa mutane ba za su iya rayuwa a kan ruwan teku ba maimakon ruwan sha na yau da kullun, wasu mutane suna da'awar cewa har zuwa kofuna biyu a rana, gauraye da ruwan sabo a cikin rabo 2:3, ba ya haifar da wani mummunan sakamako. Likitan Faransa Alain Bombard ya tsira daga ketare teku a cikin wani ƙaramin jirgin ruwa na roba na Zodiak ta amfani da naman kifi da ba a dafa ba, wanda galibi yana ɗauke da kusan kashi 40% na ruwa (kamar yawancin kyallen halitta), da kuma ƙaramin adadin ruwan teku da sauran abubuwan da aka girbe daga teku. An ƙalubalanci bincikensa, amma ba a iya bayar da wani bayani daban ba. A cikin littafinsa na 1948 ''The Kon-Tiki Expedition'', Thor Heyerdahl ya ba da rahoton shan ruwan teku da aka gauraya da sabo a cikin rabo 2:3 a lokacin balaguron 1947. Bayan 'yan shekaru, wani mai kasada, William Willis, ya yi iƙirarin cewa ya sha kofuna biyu na ruwan teku da kofi ɗaya na sabo a kowace rana na tsawon kwanaki 70 ba tare da wata illa ba lokacin da ya rasa wani ɓangare na ruwansa. A ƙarni na 18, Richard Russell ya ba da shawarar amfani da wannan hanyar a fannin likitanci a Burtaniya, <ref>{{Cite web |title=History of the 18th century medical use of sea water in Britain |url=https://drinkingseawater.com/benefits/history-sea-water-medical-use-uk-18th-century.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125093152/http://www.drinkingseawater.com/benefits/history-sea-water-medical-use-uk-18th-century.html |archive-date=25 January 2021 |website=drinkingseawater.com}}</ref> kuma René Quinton ya faɗaɗa wannan hanyar zuwa wasu ƙasashe, musamman Faransa, a ƙarni na 20. A halin yanzu, ana yin ta sosai a Nicaragua da sauran ƙasashe, ana zargin tana amfani da sabbin abubuwan da aka gano a fannin likitanci. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Medical use of sea water in Nicaragua |url=https://drinkingseawater.com/benefits/nicaragua-sea-water-medical-use.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125112445/http://www.drinkingseawater.com/benefits/nicaragua-sea-water-medical-use.html |archive-date=25 January 2021 |website=drinkingseawater.com}}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani|<span title="The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (August 2024)">ana buƙatar tabbatarwa</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> === Tsarkakewa === Kamar kowace irin ruwa mai danye ko gurɓataccen ruwa, ana iya fitar da ruwan teku ko a tace shi don kawar da gishiri, ƙwayoyin cuta, da sauran gurɓatattun abubuwa waɗanda za su hana a ɗauke shi a matsayin [[Ruwan sha|abin sha]] . Yawancin jiragen ruwa masu tafiya a teku [[Tsarkakewa|suna tace]] ruwan da za a iya sha daga ruwan teku ta amfani da hanyoyin kamar narkar da injin tsotsa ko narkar da walƙiya mai matakai da yawa a cikin na'urar fitar da iska, ko kuma, kwanan nan, narkar da iskar osmosis . Waɗannan hanyoyin da ke buƙatar makamashi ba su da yawa a zamanin Sail . Manyan jiragen ruwa masu jigilar kaya tare da manyan ma'aikata, kamar {{HMS|Victory}} na Nelson{{HMS|Victory}}An yi {{HMS|Victory}} sanya na'urar tacewa a cikin kwale-kwalen su. Gishirin teku na halitta da ake samu ta hanyar tururi yana iya tattarawa kuma a sayar da shi a matsayin [[Gishiri|gishirin tebur]], yawanci ana sayar da shi daban saboda keɓancewar ma'adinai ta musamman idan aka kwatanta da gishirin dutse ko wasu tushe. Yawancin abincin yanki a faɗin duniya a al'ada suna haɗa ruwan teku kai tsaye a matsayin sinadari, suna dafa wasu sinadaran a cikin ruwan teku mai narkewa a madadin kayan ƙanshi na yau da kullun. Masu goyon bayan sun haɗa da shahararrun masu dafa abinci na duniya Ferran Adrià da Quique Dacosta, waɗanda ƙasarsu ta Spain tana da kamfanoni shida daban-daban waɗanda ke samo ruwan teku mai tacewa don amfanin girki. Ana tallata ruwan a matsayin {{Lang|es|la sal perfecta}}, "cikakken gishiri", wanda ke ɗauke da ƙarancin sinadarin sodium tare da abin da ake ɗauka a matsayin mafi kyawun ɗanɗano. Wani gidan cin abinci da [[Joaquín Baeza]] ke gudanarwa yana samun lita 60,000 a wata daga mai samar da kayayyaki na Mediterranea <ref name="Baker" /> Dabbobi kamar kifi, kifayen whale, kunkuru na teku, da tsuntsayen teku, kamar penguins da albatrosses, sun saba da zama a cikin wurin da ake da gishiri sosai. Misali, kunkuru na teku da kada na ruwan gishiri suna cire gishiri mai yawa daga jikinsu ta hanyar bututun hawayensu . == Haƙar ma'adinai == An fitar da ma'adanai daga ruwan teku tun zamanin da. A halin yanzu ƙarfe huɗu mafi yawa - Na, Mg, Ca da K - ana fitar da su ne daga ruwan teku a kasuwa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Loganathan |first=Paripurnanda |last2=Naidu |first2=Gayathri |last3=Vigneswaran |first3=Saravanamuthu |date=2017 |title=Mining valuable minerals from seawater: a critical review |url=https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2017/ew/c6ew00268d |journal=Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology |language=en |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=37–53 |bibcode=2017ESWRT...3...37L |doi=10.1039/C6EW00268D |hdl-access=free}}</ref> A shekarar 2015 a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], kashi 63% na samar da magnesium ya fito ne daga ruwan teku da ruwan gishiri. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Campbell |first=Keith |title=Over 40 minerals and metals contained in seawater, their extraction likely to increase in the future |url=https://www.miningweekly.com/article/over-40-minerals-and-metals-contained-in-seawater-their-extraction-likely-to-increase-in-the-future-2016-04-01 |access-date=2023-02-08 |website=Mining Weekly |language=en}}</ref> Ana kuma samar da Bromine daga ruwan teku a [[Sin|China]] da Japan. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Bromine Industry And Its Outlook |url=http://www.bromine.chem.yamaguchi-u.ac.jp/library/L02_Global%20Bromine%20Industry.pdf |access-date=2026-07-04 |archive-date=2026-02-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260216194445/http://www.bromine.chem.yamaguchi-u.ac.jp/library/L02_Global%20Bromine%20Industry.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> An gwada fitar da lithium daga ruwan teku a shekarun 1970, amma ba da daɗewa ba aka yi watsi da gwaje-gwajen. An yi la'akari da ra'ayin cire uranium daga ruwan teku aƙalla tun daga shekarun 1960, amma an cire gram kaɗan na uranium a [[Japan]] a ƙarshen shekarun 1990. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ugo Bardi |year=2008 |title=Mining the Oceans: Can We Extract Minerals from Seawater? |url=http://theoildrum.com/node/4558 |access-date=2023-02-08 |website=theoildrum.com}}</ref> Babban batun ba shine yuwuwar fasaha ba amma farashin yanzu akan kasuwar uranium don uranium daga wasu tushe ya ninka sau uku zuwa biyar ƙasa da mafi ƙarancin farashin da aka samu ta hanyar fitar da ruwan teku. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Viability of Uranium Extraction from Sea Water |url=http://large.stanford.edu/courses/2018/ph241/voigt1/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 June 2018 |title=Cost-effective method of extracting uranium from seawater promises limitless nuclear power |url=https://newatlas.com/nuclear-uranium-seawater-fibers/55033/}}</ref> Irin waɗannan batutuwa suna kawo cikas ga amfani da uranium da aka sake sarrafawa kuma galibi ana kawo su ne akan sake sarrafa nukiliya da kera man MOX a matsayin wanda ba zai yiwu ba a tattalin arziki. === Makomar hakar ma'adinai da sinadarai === Domin a gudanar da aikin haƙo ma'adinai da abubuwan da ke cikin ruwan teku yayin da ake la'akari da ayyukan da za su dawwama, ya zama dole a sanya tsarin gudanarwa mai sa ido. Wannan yana buƙatar kula da yankunan teku da yanayinsu, [[Shirye-shiryen muhalli|tsara muhalli]], jagororin da aka tsara don tabbatar da cewa ana sarrafa haƙoran, kimantawa akai-akai game da yanayin bayan haƙoran teku, da kuma sa ido akai-akai. <ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last=Levin |first=Lisa A. |date=2019 |title=SUSTAINABILITY IN DEEP WATER: The Challenges of Climate Change, Human Pressures, and Biodiversity Conservation |journal=Oceanography |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=170–180 |bibcode=2019Ocgpy..32b.170L |doi=10.5670/oceanog.2019.224 |issn=1042-8275 |jstor=26651193 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Amfani da fasaha, kamar jiragen sama marasa matuƙa na ƙarƙashin ruwa, na iya sauƙaƙe haƙoran mai dorewa. <ref name=":03">{{Cite journal |last=Santos |first=Eleonora |date=2024-04-16 |title=Innovative solutions for coastal and offshore infrastructure in seawater mining: Enhancing efficiency and environmental performance |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0011916423009141 |journal=Desalination |volume=575 |bibcode=2024Desal.57517282S |doi=10.1016/j.desal.2023.117282 |issn=0011-9164 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Amfani da kayayyakin more rayuwa marasa ƙarancin carbon zai kuma ba da damar ƙarin hanyoyin haƙowa masu dorewa yayin da rage tasirin carbon daga haƙoran ma'adinai. <ref name=":03" /> [[Fayil:Aerial_view_of_Victorian_Desalination_Plant.jpg|thumb|Kamfanin tace gishiri]] Wani aikin da ake la'akari da shi sosai shine tsarin [[Tsarkakewa|tace gishiri]] domin cimma ruwa mai dorewa daga ruwan teku. Duk da cewa tace gishirin yana da damuwa game da muhalli, kamar farashi da albarkatu, masu bincike suna aiki kafada da kafada don tantance hanyoyin da za su dawwama, kamar ƙirƙirar shuke-shuken ruwa masu amfani waɗanda za su iya magance manyan samar da ruwa a yankunan da waɗannan tsare-tsaren ba koyaushe suke samuwa ba. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ayaz |first=Muhammad |last2=Namazi |first2=M. A. |last3=Din |first3=M. Ammad ud |last4=Ershath |first4=M. I. Mohamed |last5=Mansour |first5=Ali |last6=Aggoune |first6=el-Hadi M. |date=2022-10-15 |title=Sustainable seawater desalination: Current status, environmental implications and future expectations |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0011916422004775 |journal=Desalination |volume=540 |bibcode=2022Desal.54016022A |doi=10.1016/j.desal.2022.116022 |issn=0011-9164 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Kodayake tace ruwan teku na iya amfanar al'umma sosai, yana da mahimmanci a yi la'akari da tasirin muhalli da kuma tabbatar da cewa an gudanar da duk haƙoran ta hanyar da za ta yarda da kuma la'akari da haɗarin da ke tattare da dorewar yanayin halittu na ruwan teku. == Daidaitacce == ASTM International tana da ƙa'idar ƙasa da ƙasa don ruwan teku na wucin gadi : ASTM D1141-98 (Asalin ASTM D1141-52). Ana amfani da shi a cikin dakunan gwaje-gwaje daban-daban na bincike a matsayin mafita mai sake samarwa ga ruwan teku kamar gwaje-gwaje kan tsatsa, gurɓatar mai, da kimanta sabulun shara. <ref>{{Cite web |title=ASTM D1141-98(2013) |url=http://www.astm.org/Standards/D1141.htm |access-date=17 August 2013 |publisher=ASTM}}</ref> == Tsarin halittu == <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles>  Ma'adanai da ake samu a cikin ruwan teku suma suna iya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin zagayowar abinci na teku da yanayin halittu. Misali, Tekun Kudu yana ba da gudummawa sosai ga [[Tsarin carbon|zagayowar carbon]] na muhalli. Ganin cewa wannan jikin ruwa ba ya ɗauke da yawan ƙarfe, ƙarancin yana shafar rayuwar ruwa da ke rayuwa a cikin ruwansa. Sakamakon haka, wannan teku ba ta iya samar da phytoplankton mai yawa wanda ke hana tushen farko na sarkar abinci na teku. <ref name=":05">{{Cite journal |last=Nicol |first=Stephen |last2=Bowie |first2=Andrew |last3=Jarman |first3=Simon |last4=Lannuzel |first4=Delphine |last5=Meiners |first5=Klaus M |last6=Van Der Merwe |first6=Pier |date=2010-05-13 |title=Southern Ocean iron fertilization by baleen whales and Antarctic krill |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2979.2010.00356.x |journal=Fish and Fisheries |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=203–209 |bibcode=2010AqFF...11..203N |doi=10.1111/j.1467-2979.2010.00356.x |issn=1467-2960 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin manyan nau'ikan phytoplankton sune diatoms wanda shine babban tushen abinci na [[Karrill na Antarctic|Antarctic krill]] . Yayin da zagayowar ke ci gaba, manyan dabbobin teku daban-daban suna cin krill na Antarctic, amma tunda akwai ƙarancin ƙarfe daga farkon phytoplankton/diatoms, to waɗannan manyan nau'ikan suma ba su da ƙarfe. Manyan dabbobin teku sun haɗa da Baleen Whales kamar Blue Whale da Fin Whale . <ref name=":05" /> Waɗannan whales ba wai kawai sun dogara da ƙarfe don daidaita ma'adanai a cikin abincinsu ba, har ma yana shafar adadin ƙarfe da aka sake farfaɗowa cikin teku. Fitar kifin whale kuma yana ɗauke da ƙarfen da ya sha wanda zai ba da damar sake shigar da ƙarfe cikin yanayin halittu na teku. Gabaɗaya, ƙarancin ma'adinai ɗaya kamar ƙarfe a Tekun Kudancin na iya haifar da babban jerin rikice-rikice a cikin yanayin halittu na teku wanda ke nuna muhimmiyar rawar da ruwan teku ke takawa a cikin sarkar abinci . Bayan ƙarin bincike kan dangantakar da ke tsakanin kifin diatoms, krill, da baleen, an binciki samfuran kifin baleen a cikin ruwan teku na Antarctic. <ref name=":05"/> Binciken ya haɗa da cewa yawan ƙarfe ya fi na waɗanda aka samu a cikin ruwan teku na Antarctic sau miliyan 10, kuma an sami krill akai-akai a cikin najasarsu wanda hakan ke nuna cewa krill yana cikin abincin kifin. <ref name=":05" /> Kifin Antarctic yana da matsakaicin matakin ƙarfe na 174.3mg/kg na busasshen nauyi, amma ƙarfen da ke cikin krill ya bambanta daga 12 zuwa 174 mg/kg na busasshen nauyi. <ref name=":05" /> Matsakaicin yawan ƙarfe na tsoka na kifin blue da fin whales shine 173 mg/kg na busasshen nauyi, wanda ke nuna cewa manyan dabbobi masu shayarwa na ruwa suna da mahimmanci ga yanayin halittu na ruwa kamar yadda suke a Tekun Kudancin. <ref name=":05" /> A gaskiya ma, samun ƙarin kifin whales a cikin teku zai iya ƙara yawan ƙarfe a cikin ruwan teku ta hanyar fitar da su wanda zai haɓaka ingantaccen yanayin halittu. Kifin Krill da baleen suna aiki a matsayin manyan ma'ajiyar ƙarfe a cikin ruwan teku a Tekun Kudancin. Krill na iya riƙe har zuwa kashi 24% na baƙin ƙarfe da ake samu a kan ruwan saman da ke cikin kewayonsa. <ref name=":05"/> Tsarin ciyar da kifin krill akan diatoms yana sakin ƙarfe zuwa ruwan teku, yana nuna su a matsayin muhimmin ɓangare na zagayowar ƙarfe na teku. Dangantaka mai kyau tsakanin kifin krill da baleen yana ƙara adadin ƙarfe da za a iya sake amfani da shi da adana shi a cikin ruwan teku. <ref name=":05" /> An ƙirƙiri madauri mai kyau na amsawa, yana ƙara yawan yawan rayuwar ruwa a Tekun Kudancin. Halittu na kowane girma suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen daidaita yanayin halittu na ruwa, inda manyan da ƙananan mazauna ke ba da gudummawa daidai gwargwado wajen sake amfani da abubuwan gina jiki a cikin ruwan teku. Ba da fifiko ga murmurewar yawan kifaye saboda suna haɓaka yawan aiki a cikin yanayin halittu na ruwa da kuma ƙara yawan ƙarfe a cikin ruwan teku zai ba da damar samar da tsarin daidaito da wadata ga teku. Duk da haka, ana buƙatar ƙarin bincike don fahimtar fa'idodin najasar kifaye a matsayin taki da kuma samar da ƙarin haske game da sake amfani da ƙarfe a cikin Tekun Kudancin. <ref name=":05"/> Ayyuka kan kula da yanayin halittu da kiyayewa suna da mahimmanci don haɓaka ilimin yanayin halittu na ruwa. == Tasirin Muhalli da dorewa == Kamar kowace hanyar haƙar ma'adinai, akwai fa'idodi da rashin amfani ga muhalli. Cobalt da Lithium muhimman karafa ne guda biyu da za a iya amfani da su don taimakawa wajen amfani da fasahohin da suka fi dacewa da muhalli a sama da ƙasa, kamar samar da batura masu ƙarfafa motocin lantarki ko ƙirƙirar wutar lantarki ta iska . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=McCarthy |first=Rebecca |date=2020 |title=Deep Sea Rush: With valuable metals on the ocean floor, speculators are circling |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26975674 |journal=The Baffler |issue=54 |pages=114–124 |issn=1059-9789 |jstor=26975674}}</ref> Hanya mai kyau ta haƙar ma'adinai wadda ke ba da damar samun ƙarin dorewa ita ce cire waɗannan karafa daga ƙasan teku. Haƙar ma'adinai ta Lithium daga ƙasan teku a adadi mai yawa na iya samar da adadi mai yawa na karafa masu sabuntawa don haɓaka ayyukan da suka fi dacewa da muhalli a cikin al'umma don rage sawun carbon na ɗan adam. Haƙar ma'adinai ta Lithium daga ƙasan teku na iya yin nasara, amma nasararsa za ta dogara ne akan ayyukan sake amfani da su masu inganci a sama da ƙasa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bardi |first=Ugo |date=April 2010 |title=Extracting Minerals from Seawater: An Energy Analysis |journal=Sustainability |language=en |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=980–992 |bibcode=2010Sust....2..980B |doi=10.3390/su2040980 |issn=2071-1050 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> [[Fayil:Ocean_Floor_V_(33712023355).jpg|thumb|Rayuwar ruwa tana bunƙasa a ƙasan teku]] Akwai kuma haɗarin da ke tattare da cirewa daga ƙasan teku. Yawancin nau'ikan halittu masu bambancin halittu suna da tsawon rai a ƙasan teku, wanda ke nufin cewa haifuwarsu tana ɗaukar lokaci mai tsawo. <ref name=":02"/> Kamar yadda ake girbe kifi daga ƙasan teku, cire ma'adanai da yawa, da sauri, ba tare da ingantattun tsare-tsare ba, na iya haifar da katsewar yanayin halittu na ƙarƙashin ruwa. <ref name=":02" /> Akasin haka, wannan zai yi tasiri akasin haka kuma ya hana cire ma'adanai daga zama aiki mai dorewa na dogon lokaci, kuma zai haifar da ƙarancin ƙarfe da ake buƙata. Duk wani cire ma'adinai daga ruwan teku yana kuma haɗarin wargaza mazaunin halittun ƙarƙashin ruwa waɗanda suka dogara da yanayin halittu marasa katsewa a cikin muhallinsu saboda rikice-rikice na iya haifar da babban rikici ga al'ummomin dabbobi. <ref name=":02" /> == Duba kuma ==   * Artificial seawater – Mixture of dissolved salts simulating the mean seawater composition * Brackish water – Water with salinity between freshwater and seawater * Brine – Concentrated solution of salt in water * Brine mining – Extracting materials from saltwater * CORA dataset – Oceanographic temperature and salinity dataset global ocean salinity * Fresh water – Naturally occurring water with low amounts of dissolved salts * Ocean color – Explanation of the color of oceans and ocean color remote sensing * Saline water – Water that contains a high concentration of dissolved salts * Sea ice – Outcome of seawater as it freezes * Seawater pH – Measure of the level of acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution * Surface tension of seawater – Tendency of a liquid surface to shrink to reduce surface area * Thalassotherapy – Form of therapy using seawater * Thermohaline circulation – Part of large-scale ocean circulation == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist|30em}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == <templatestyles src="Module:Spoken Wikipedia/styles.css"></templatestyles>  * [http://ioc-unesco.org/index.php?option=com_oe&task=viewDocumentRecord&docID=3939UNESCO Takardun Fasaha a Kimiyyar Ruwa 44, Algorithms don lissafin muhimman abubuwan da ke cikin ruwan teku, ioc-unesco.org, UNESCO 1983] Tebura * [http://web.mit.edu/seawater/ Tebura da software don halayen thermophysical na ruwan teku], MIT * {{physical oceanography|expanded=other}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Articles with hAudio microformats]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] lvqmov80vrokh880gr6tqtutmtib4ve Emmanuel Folorunsho Abodunrin 0 160949 889704 877993 2026-07-31T07:40:14Z BnHamid 12586 889704 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Emmanuel Folorunsho Abodunrin''' (an haife shi ranar 5 ga Fabrairu, 1953) ɗan siyasar Najeriya ne wanda ya kasance mamba a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Kwara ta 8, inda yake wakiltar mazaɓar Isin a majalisar.<ref>https://hoa.kw.gov.ng/hon-emmanuel-folorunsho-abodunrin/</ref><ref>https://www.kwha.gov.ng/kwha/Pages/_AssemblyPassesPensionBilltoExGovs</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} s23u06in20e5ghevcnsbg4zg4c2fx84 889705 889704 2026-07-31T07:40:33Z BnHamid 12586 889705 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Emmanuel Folorunsho Abodunrin''' (an haife shi ranar 5 ga Fabrairu, 1953) ɗan siyasar Najeriya ne wanda ya kasance mamba a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Kwara ta 8, inda yake wakiltar mazaɓar Isin a majalisar.<ref>https://hoa.kw.gov.ng/hon-emmanuel-folorunsho-abodunrin/</ref><ref>https://www.kwha.gov.ng/kwha/Pages/_AssemblyPassesPensionBilltoExGovs</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1953]] [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[Category:Yan siyasar Najeriya]] dt0joy7rzrewiac2cavz8uj1yyeuude 889706 889705 2026-07-31T07:41:32Z BnHamid 12586 889706 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Emmanuel Folorunsho Abodunrin''' (an haife shi ranar 5 ga Fabrairu, 1953) ɗan siyasar Najeriya ne wanda ya kasance mamba a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Kwara ta 8, inda yake wakiltar mazaɓar Isin a majalisar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hon. Emmanuel Folorunsho Abodunrin |url=https://hoa.kw.gov.ng/hon-emmanuel-folorunsho-abodunrin/ |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=Kwara State House of Assembly |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwara State House of Assembly |url=https://www.kwha.gov.ng/kwha/Pages/_AssemblyPassesPensionBilltoExGovs |access-date=2025-01-08 |website=www.kwha.gov.ng}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1953]] [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[Category:Yan siyasar Najeriya]] kmcz5uz6l89vavzf9m28khwgpj0n40x Radmila Beresneva 0 161083 889470 879950 2026-07-30T17:36:01Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889470 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Radmila Beresneva''' (an haife (a ) 'yar wasan ƙwallon raga ce ta Kazakhstan. Ta kasance memba a ƙungiyar ƙwallon raga ta mata ta Kazakhstan kuma ta buga wa [[Irtysh Kazchrome]] wasa a shekarar 2014. Ta kasance cikin tawagar ƙasa ta Kazakhstan a gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIVB Volleyball ta 2014 a Italiya. <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Team Roster – Kazakhstan |url=http://italy2014.fivb.org/en/competition/teams/KAZ-Kazakhstan/team_roster |access-date=1 October 2014 |website=italy2014.fivb.org |archive-date=7 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907220808/http://italy2014.fivb.org/en/competition/teams/KAZ-Kazakhstan/team_roster |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta halarci gasar Grand Prix ta FIVB Volleyball ta 2016. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Players - Kazakhstan - FIVB World Grand Prix 2016 |url=http://worldgrandprix.2016.fivb.com/en/group3/competition/teams/kaz-kazakhstan/players/radmila-beresneva?id=50805 |access-date=2026-07-08 |archive-date=2024-12-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241221153011/http://worldgrandprix.2016.fivb.com/en/group3/competition/teams/kaz-kazakhstan/players/radmila-beresneva?id=50805 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ƙungiyoyi == * {{Flagicon|Kazakhstan}} [[Irtysh Kazchrome]] (2014) == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * http://worldoqt.japan.2016.women.fivb.com/en/teams/kaz-kazakhstan/players/radmila-beresneva?id=50252 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250221091639/http://worldoqt.japan.2016.women.fivb.com/en/teams/kaz-kazakhstan/players/radmila-beresneva?id=50252 |date=2025-02-21 }} * http://astanatimes.com/2016/06/kazakhstan-narrowly-misses-promotion-in-womens-volleyball-world-grand-prix/ * http://www.todor66.com/volleyball/Olympics/Women_OQ_2016.html [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1983]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} <references /> tw450zz0dgb6bh1hk0jacu201tnesqu Robert H. Dodds Jr. 0 161314 889635 880848 2026-07-31T05:13:28Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889635 wikitext text/x-wiki   <references /> '''Robert H. Dodds Jr.''' farfesa ne a Sashen Injiniya da Muhalli a Jami'ar Illinois Urbana-Champaign . Ya ƙware a fagen injiniyan tsari tare da mai da hankali kan kayan aikin fashewa na kayan tsari. Ya yi bincike mai zurfi don fannonin injiniyan fashewa, gajiya, da ci gaban software na injiniya. Bayan kammala karatunsa na digiri, Dodds zai dauki matsayin farfesa a fannin koyar da aikin injiniya na [[University of Kansas|Jami'ar Kansas]].<ref name="Profile2">{{Cite web |title=Robert H. Dodds, Jr. Ph.D. |url=http://www.memphis.edu/herff/docs/alumni_profiles/ap_dodds.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320123034/http://www.memphis.edu/herff/docs/alumni_profiles/ap_dodds.pdf |archive-date=March 20, 2012 |access-date=May 11, 2011 |website=www.memphis.edu/herff |publisher=Tennessee Board of Regents}}</ref> Bayan shekaru 8 a Kansas, ya koma Jami'ar Illinois a shekarar 1987. <ref name="Profile2" /> Komawa a Illinois, ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin farfesa kuma daga ƙarshe ya sami lambar yabo ta farfesa a cikin darussan koyarw jia a nazarin tsarin, [[Finite element method|Hanyar ƙayyadadden abu]], Gajiya, Injiniyan Fashewa da ƙirar Software.<ref name="Profile2" /> Daga ƙarshe, an kira Dodds [[Nathan M. Newmark]] wanda ya ba da kyautar farfesa a fannin injiniya daga 1996 zuwa 2000.<ref name="Profile2" /> Sa'an nan, a cikin 2000, ya zama shugaban M.T. Geoffrey Yeh na farko a Jami'ar Illinois, taken da har yanzu yake riƙewa a yau.<ref name="Profile2" /><ref name="CEE2">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Robert H. Dodds, Jr. |url=http://cee.illinois.edu/faculty/robertdodds |access-date=May 11, 2011 |website=CEE at Illinois |publisher=Civil and Environmental Engineering at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign |doi=}}</ref> Bayan ya ci gaba da aiki a matsayin farfesa, an nada Dodds a matsayin shugaban sashen injiniyan farar hula da muhalli a Illinois a shekara ta 2004 kawai don sauka don sabunta matsayinsa na mai ba da shawara ga ɗalibai kuma ya mai da hankali kan ci gaba da bincikensa.<ref name="Profile2" /><ref name="Reins">{{Cite web |last=Dodds |first=Robert |date=Summer 2009 |title=Passing the Reins |url=http://cee.illinois.edu/ceemag_summer2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809054112/http://cee.illinois.edu/ceemag_summer2009 |archive-date=August 9, 2011 |access-date=May 11, 2011 |website=CEE Magazine - Summer 2009 |publisher=Civil and Environmental Engineering at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign |format=pdf}}</ref>A shekara ta 2008, an zabi Dodds a matsayin memba na Kwalejin Injiniya ta Kasa don gudummawa a cikin injiniyoyin fashewa da aikace-aikace don yin aiki a cikin makamashin nukiliya da tsarin sararin samaniya. == Ilimi == Don aikinsa na digiri, Dodds ya halarci Kwalejin Injiniya ta Jami'ar Memphis Herff inda ya yi karatun Injiniyanci farar hula.<ref name="Profile">{{Cite web |title=Robert H. Dodds, Jr. Ph.D. |url=http://www.memphis.edu/herff/docs/alumni_profiles/ap_dodds.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320123034/http://www.memphis.edu/herff/docs/alumni_profiles/ap_dodds.pdf |archive-date=March 20, 2012 |access-date=May 11, 2011 |website=www.memphis.edu/herff |publisher=Tennessee Board of Regents}}</ref> Bayan ya sami digiri na farko na Kimiyya (1973), zai bar Memphis kuma ya shiga Jami'ar Illinois Urbana-Champaign . <ref name="Profile" /> A Illinois, zai ci gaba da karɓar Jagora na Kimiyya a cikin injiniyan farar hula (1975) kuma daga ƙarshe ya sami digiri na biyu na falsafar a cikin injiniya na farar hula (1978). <ref name="Profile" /> Bayan kammala karatunsa na digiri, Dodds zai dauki matsayin farfesa a fannin koyar da aikin injiniya na [[University of Kansas|Jami'ar Kansas]].<ref name="Profile3">{{Cite web |title=Robert H. Dodds, Jr. Ph.D. |url=http://www.memphis.edu/herff/docs/alumni_profiles/ap_dodds.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320123034/http://www.memphis.edu/herff/docs/alumni_profiles/ap_dodds.pdf |archive-date=March 20, 2012 |access-date=May 11, 2011 |website=www.memphis.edu/herff |publisher=Tennessee Board of Regents}}</ref> Bayan shekaru 8 a Kansas, ya koma Jami'ar Illinois a shekarar 1987. <ref name="Profile3" /> Komawa a Illinois, ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin farfesa kuma daga ƙarshe ya sami lambar yabo ta farfesa a cikin darussan koyarwa a nazarin tsarin, [[Finite element method|Hanyar ƙayyadadden abu]], Gajiya, Injiniyan Fashewa da ƙirar Software.<ref name="Profile3" /> Daga ƙarshe, an kira Dodds [[Nathan M. Newmark]] wanda ya ba da kyautar farfesa a fannin injiniya daga 1996 zuwa 2000.<ref name="Profile3" /> Sa'an nan, a cikin 2000, ya zama shugaban M.T. Geoffrey Yeh na farko a Jami'ar Illinois, taken da har yanzu yake riƙewa a yau.<ref name="Profile3" /><ref name="CEE3">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Robert H. Dodds, Jr. |url=http://cee.illinois.edu/faculty/robertdodds |access-date=May 11, 2011 |website=CEE at Illinois |publisher=Civil and Environmental Engineering at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign |doi=}}</ref> Bayan ya ci gaba da aiki a matsayin farfesa, an nada Dodds a matsayin shugaban sashen injiniyan farar hula da muhalli a Illinois a shekara ta 2004 kawai don sauka don sabunta matsayinsa na mai ba da shawara ga ɗalibai kuma ya mai da hankali kan ci gaba da bincikensa.<ref name="Profile3" /><ref name="Reins2">{{Cite web |last=Dodds |first=Robert |date=Summer 2009 |title=Passing the Reins |url=http://cee.illinois.edu/ceemag_summer2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809054112/http://cee.illinois.edu/ceemag_summer2009 |archive-date=August 9, 2011 |access-date=May 11, 2011 |website=CEE Magazine - Summer 2009 |publisher=Civil and Environmental Engineering at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign |format=pdf}}</ref>Dodds ya kuma kasance tsoho mai aminci wanda ke ba da gudummawa a kowace shekara ga Jami'ar Illinois da Jami'ar Memphis . <ref name="Memphis">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Civil Engineering Alumni Loyalty Award 2008 |url=http://www.ce.memphis.edu/junk/news/awards_2008/Alumni_Award_2008.html |access-date=May 11, 2011 |website=www.memphis.edu/herff |publisher=University of Memphis Civil Engineering |doi= |archive-date=July 20, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720015839/http://www.ce.memphis.edu/junk/news/awards_2008/Alumni_Award_2008.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya kuma ba da gudummawar $ 50,000 ga gina Cibiyar Nazarin M. T. Geoffrey Yeh, sabon ƙari ga Laboratory na Injiniya na Newmark a Jami'ar Illinois.<ref name="Donate">{{Cite web |last=Dodds |first=Robert |date=Summer 2008 |title=Build the Future |url=http://issuu.com/ceeatillinois/docs/cee_news_summer2008 |access-date=May 11, 2011 |website=CEE Magazine |publisher=Civil and Environmental Engineering at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign |doi=}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Bayan kammala karatunsa na digiri, Dodds zai dauki matsayin farfesa a fannin koyar da aikin injiniya na [[University of Kansas|Jami'ar Kansas]].<ref name="Profile4">{{Cite web |title=Robert H. Dodds, Jr. Ph.D. |url=http://www.memphis.edu/herff/docs/alumni_profiles/ap_dodds.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320123034/http://www.memphis.edu/herff/docs/alumni_profiles/ap_dodds.pdf |archive-date=March 20, 2012 |access-date=May 11, 2011 |website=www.memphis.edu/herff |publisher=Tennessee Board of Regents}}</ref> Bayan shekaru 8 a Kansas, ya koma Jami'ar Illinois a shekarar 1987. <ref name="Profile4" /> Komawa a Illinois, ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin farfesa kuma daga ƙarshe ya sami lambar yabo ta farfesa a cikin darussan koyarwa a nazarin tsarin, [[Finite element method|Hanyar ƙayyadadden abu]], Gajiya, Injiniyan Fashewa da ƙirar Software.<ref name="Profile4" /> Daga ƙarshe, an kira Dodds [[Nathan M. Newmark]] wanda ya ba da kyautar farfesa a fannin injiniya daga 1996 zuwa 2000.<ref name="Profile4" /> Sa'an nan, a cikin 2000, ya zama shugaban M.T. Geoffrey Yeh na farko a Jami'ar Illinois, taken da har yanzu yake riƙewa a yau.<ref name="Profile4" /><ref name="CEE4">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Robert H. Dodds, Jr. |url=http://cee.illinois.edu/faculty/robertdodds |access-date=May 11, 2011 |website=CEE at Illinois |publisher=Civil and Environmental Engineering at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign |doi=}}</ref> Bayan ya ci gaba da aiki a matsayin farfesa, an nada Dodds a matsayin shugaban sashen injiniyan farar hula da muhalli a Illinois a shekara ta 2004 kawai don sauka don sabunta matsayinsa na mai ba da shawara ga ɗalibai kuma ya mai da hankali kan ci gaba da bincikensa.<ref name="Profile4" /><ref name="Reins3">{{Cite web |last=Dodds |first=Robert |date=Summer 2009 |title=Passing the Reins |url=http://cee.illinois.edu/ceemag_summer2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809054112/http://cee.illinois.edu/ceemag_summer2009 |archive-date=August 9, 2011 |access-date=May 11, 2011 |website=CEE Magazine - Summer 2009 |publisher=Civil and Environmental Engineering at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign |format=pdf}}</ref> Yayinda yake bin aikinsa a ilimi mafi girma, Dodds ya zama co-editor na Engineering Fracture Mechanics a cikin 1996. <ref name="CEE">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Robert H. Dodds, Jr. |url=http://cee.illinois.edu/faculty/robertdodds |access-date=May 11, 2011 |website=CEE at Illinois |publisher=Civil and Environmental Engineering at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign |doi=}}</ref> Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin edita na Jaridar Injiniya ta Duniya tare da Kwamfuta da lissafin Injiniya, da kuma, edita mai ba da gudummawa ga Jaridar Injinia ta Duniya don Mechanics of Advanced Materials and Structures . <ref name="CEE" /> Ya taba aiki a matsayin mataimakin edita na ASCE Journal of Structural Engineering . <ref name="CEE" /> == Bincike == Yayinda yake ilmantar da sabbin tsararraki na injiniyoyin farar hula, Dodds ya kuma ba da gudummawa sosai ga ƙungiyar injiniyoyin tsari ta hanyar bincikensa. Ya wallafa takardun mujallar sama da 100 tare da mai da hankali kan kayan aikin da ba na layi ba, gajiyawar kayan aiki, da hanyoyin lissafi masu alaƙa.<ref name="Profile"/> Bugu da kari, ya jagoranci manyan ayyukan bincike da yawa game da karyewa a cikin ƙarfe na Amurka, Hukumar Kula da Nukiliya ta Amurka, da NASA.<ref name="Profile" /> Sakamakon da aka samu daga bincikensa yana da tasiri mai yawa a cikin fannoni daban-daban na injiniya da aikace-aikacen masana'antu.<ref name="CEE"/> == Daraja == Dodds ya sami yabo mai zuwa saboda bincikensa da aiki tare da ɗalibai: * American Society of Civil Engineers Walter L. Huber Prize (1992) <ref name="CEE"/> * Nathan M. Newmark Medal (2001) <ref name="CEE" /> * George R. Irwin Medal daga ASTM (2000) <ref name="CEE" /> * American Society of Testing Materials Award of Merit (2000) <ref name="CEE" /> * Kyautar Munro don mafi kyawun takarda da aka buga a cikin Jaridar Injiniya ta Duniya (2000) (tare da Ph.D. Ɗalibinsa Carlos Matos) <ref name="CEE" /> * Chi Epsilon Chapter Honor Member (2000) <ref name="Profile"/> * An zabe shi zuwa Kwalejin Injiniya ta Kasa (2008) <ref name="NAE">{{Cite web |last=Kubetz |first=Rick |date=February 21, 2008 |title=Dodds Elected to National Academy of Engineering |url=http://news.illinois.edu/ii/08/0221/dodds.html |access-date=May 11, 2011 |website=Inside Illinois |publisher=News Bureau University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign |doi= |archive-date=December 21, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101221042759/http://news.illinois.edu/II/08/0221/dodds.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1950]] 478p1ei8rhkaxs7t3quz4ewv975p90k Rebecca Cokley 0 161317 889604 880933 2026-07-30T23:28:23Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889604 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Rebecca A. Hare Cokley''' (an haife ta a ranar 4 ga Disamba, 1978) 'yar Amurka ce mai fafutukar [[Fafutukar haƙƙin naƙasasu|kare hakkin nakasassu]] kuma mai magana da yawun jama'a wacce a halin yanzu ita ce Jami'ar Shirin Haƙƙin Nakasassu ta farko ta Amurka a Gidauniyar Ford . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rebecca Cokley |url=https://www.fordfoundation.org/about/people/rebecca-cokley/ |access-date=2021-09-28 |website=Ford Foundation |language=en}}</ref> Kafin ta shiga Ford, Cokley ita ce daraktan da ta kafa Shirin Shari'a na Nakasassu a Cibiyar Ci Gaban Amurka . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rebecca Cokley Archives - Center for American Progress |url=https://www.americanprogress.org/about/staff/cokley-rebecca/bio/ |access-date=2017-09-22 |website=Center for American Progress |language=en-US}}</ref> A lokacin gwamnatin Obama, Cokley ya yi aiki a matsayin babban darektan Majalisar Kasa kan Nakasassu . <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 March 2015 |title=NCD Welcomes Rebecca Cokley as Executive Director {{!}} NCD.gov |url=https://www.ncd.gov/newsroom/2013/041613 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510071203/http://www.ncd.gov/newsroom/2013/041613 |archive-date=2017-05-10 |access-date=2017-09-22 |website=www.ncd.gov |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da kuma bayar da shawarwari == An haifi Rebecca A. Hare a ranar 4 ga Disamba, 1978, a California, kuma Cokley ta girma a yankin San Francisco Bay . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-30 |title=Disabled mothers-to-be face indignity: 'Do you have a man? Can you have sex?' |url=https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2021-09-30/how-modern-medicine-neglects-disabled-mothers |access-date=2021-10-23 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref> An haife ta da achondroplasia, wani abu da ya zama ruwan dare gama gari da ke haifar da [[Wada|dwarfism]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Travis |first=Amber |title=A Mom with a Disability Advocates for Others |url=http://www.easterseals.com/explore-resources/living-with-disability/a-mom-with-a-disability-advocates-for-others.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170319112917/http://www.easterseals.com/explore-resources/living-with-disability/a-mom-with-a-disability-advocates-for-others.html |archive-date=19 March 2017 |access-date=18 March 2017 |website=Easterseals}}</ref> An haifi iyayen Cokley biyu da irin wannan dwarfism kuma sun haɗu a wani babban taro na Little People of America a shekarun 1970. <ref>{{Cite web |title=My Family Cokley |url=http://www.udprogram.com/my-family-cokley/ |access-date=2017-09-22 |website=UNDERSTANDING DWARFISM |language=en-US}}</ref> Ita jikanyar Alkali James A. Hare Jr, da Katherine Terrell Hare ce. <ref>{{Cite web |title=OBIT |url=https://scholar.lib.vt.edu/VA-news/ROA-Times/issues/1996/rt9605/960515/05150097.htm |access-date=2022-10-17 |website=scholar.lib.vt.edu}}</ref> Ta sami digirin farko a fannin kimiyyar siyasa a Jami'ar California, Santa Cruz (UCSC) a shekara ta 2001. <ref name="ourstory">{{Cite web |title=About Rebecca Hare Cokley |url=https://sites.google.com/a/pinedafoundation.org/ios/transcribe-videos-now/transcribe-rebecca/about-rebecca-hare-cokley |access-date=18 March 2017 |website=IT'S OUR STORY Answers from America's Disability Activists}}</ref> Cokley ta fara aikinta a Cibiyar Jagorancin Ilimi inda ta yi aiki na tsawon shekaru biyar tana gina kayan aiki da albarkatu don ƙarfafawa da ilmantar da matasa masu nakasa da manyan abokan hulɗarsu. <ref name="dvp">{{Cite web |date=3 August 2014 |title=People We Love: Rebecca Cokley |url=https://disabilityvisibilityproject.com/2014/08/03/people-we-love-rebecca-cokley-washington-dc/ |access-date=18 March 2017 |website=Disability Visibility Project}}</ref> Cokley ta shiga cikin Shirin Hadin Gwiwa na Manufofin Ilimi a shekara ta 2006. <ref name="ndla">{{Cite web |title=Organizer's Forum: Tuesday, March 15th – Topic: Women, Gender and the Disability Rights Movement |url=http://www.disabilityleadership.org/organizers-forum/calls/women-gender-and-disability-march-15-2016/ |access-date=18 March 2017 |website=National Disability Leadership Alliance}}</ref> == Gwamnatin Obama == Daga 2009 zuwa 2013, Cokley ta yi aiki a matsayin wacce aka naɗa a gwamnatin Shugaba [[Barack Obama]] . Abokinta kuma mai ba ta shawara, Paul Steven Miller, tsohon kwamishinan Hukumar Daidaito da Damammaki ta Aiki (EEOC) ne ya ɗauke ta aiki don ta shiga gwamnatin Obama. Cokley ta fara aiki a Ma'aikatar Ilimi a matsayin Mataimakiyar Sirri ga Mataimakiyar Sakatare a Ofishin Ilimi na Musamman da Ayyukan Gyaran Hali . Daga nan ta yi aiki a matsayin Darakta a Kula da Fifiko don Hulɗa da Jama'a a Ofishin Ma'aikatan Shugaban Ƙasa da ke Fadar White House inda take da alhakin wayar da kan jama'a game da bambancin ra'ayi da ƙungiyoyin tsiraru don ɗaukar ƙwararru zuwa ga gwamnati. Naɗinta na ƙarshe a gwamnatin Obama shine Mataimakiyar Musamman ga Babbar Mataimakiyar Shugaban Gudanarwa don Rayuwar Al'umma a Ma'aikatar Lafiya da Ayyukan Dan Adam ta Amurka . A ranar 16 ga Afrilu, 2013, ta zama babbar darakta a Majalisar Kasa kan Nakasassu ta hanyar naɗa Shugaban NCD Jeff Rosen. A ƙarƙashin mulkinta, NCD ta mayar da hankali kan manyan batutuwan haƙƙin ɗan adam ciki har da [[Rikicin 'yan sanda|tashin hankalin 'yan sanda]], ayyukan kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa ga ɗaliban da ke karatun sakandare, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mental Health on College Campuses |url=https://ncd.gov/sites/default/files/NCD_Mental_Health_Report_508_0.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028203219/https://ncd.gov/sites/default/files/NCD_Mental_Health_Report_508_0.pdf |archive-date=2023-10-28 |access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> da kuma rashin da'a da kuma yawan gano ɗaliban da ke da nakasa a fannin ilimi. == Cibiyar Ci Gaban Amurka == A watan Yulin 2018, Cokley ya shiga Cibiyar Ci Gaban Amurka (CAP), wata cibiyar tunani mai sassaucin ra'ayi, kuma darektan farko na kungiyar ta Disability Justice Initiative. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Perry |first=David M. |date=14 August 2018 |title='Disability Rights Are Civil Rights': Inside the CAP's New Disability Justice Initiative |url=https://psmag.com/social-justice/inside-caps-new-disability-justice-initiative |access-date=2020-05-17 |website=Pacific Standard |language=en}}</ref> Sanata [[Tammy Duckworth]], wanda shi ma nakasassu ne, ya kasance mai jawabi a taron farko. <ref name=":0" /> Yayin da yake CAP, Cokley ya soki Eugene Scalia, wanda [[Donald Trump]] ya nada a matsayin Sakataren Kwadago, saboda tarihinsa kan [[Tsaro da lafiya na aiki|tsaron ma'aikata]] da 'yancin nakasassu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Cokley |first=Rebecca |date=2019-09-19 |title=Trump's Labor Secretary Nominee Delights in Destroying Rights for Disabled Workers |url=https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/disability/news/2019/09/19/474806/trumps-labor-secretary-nominee-delights-destroying-rights-disabled-workers/ |access-date=2021-10-23 |website=Center for American Progress |language=en-US}}</ref> A lokacin zaben fidda gwani na shugaban kasa na Democrat na 2020, Cokley ya yi shawarwari da yakin neman zaben Elizabeth Warren kan manufofin nakasassu. == Lambobin yabo da karramawa == A shekarar 2015, domin murnar cika shekaru 25 da [[Dokar Amurkawa ta nakasassu ta shekarar 1990|kafa Dokar Nakasassu ta Amurka]], Ƙungiyar Kula da Nakasassu ta Ƙasa ta shigar da Cokley cikin zauren jagoranci na Susan M. Daniels na Shahararrun Masu Nakasa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=October 2015 |title=Rebecca Cokley, National Council on Disability |url=https://www.pyd.org/blog/national-center/ndmc/rebecca-cokley-disability-mentoring-hall-fame-2015/ |access-date=18 March 2017 |website=Partners for Youth with Disabilities |archive-date=19 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170319113009/https://www.pyd.org/blog/national-center/ndmc/rebecca-cokley-disability-mentoring-hall-fame-2015/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta kuma sami kyautar tunawa da Frank Harkin daga Majalisar Ƙasa kan Rayuwa Mai Zaman Kanta. <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 August 2015 |title=Wrap Up: NCIL 2015 Annual Conference on Independent Living |url=http://www.advocacymonitor.com/wrap-up-ncil-2015-annual-conference-on-independent-living/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170319113210/http://www.advocacymonitor.com/wrap-up-ncil-2015-annual-conference-on-independent-living/ |archive-date=19 March 2017 |access-date=18 March 2017 |website=the advocacy monitor}}</ref> An naɗa Cokley a matsayin Jami'ar Brandeis a matsayin Richman Distinguished Fellow in Public Life ta 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rebecca Cokley named 2020 Richman Fellow |url=https://www.brandeis.edu/now/2019/august/rebecca-cokley-richman.html |access-date=2019-08-30 |website=BrandeisNOW |language=en}}</ref> A shekarar 2021, Jami'ar Arizona ta gayyace ta don ta shirya wani taron tattaunawa kan haƙƙin nakasassu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-20 |title=Disability Expert, Rebecca Cokley, to Headline University of Phoenix Webinar |url=https://www.diverseeducation.com/latest-news/article/15280261/disability-expert-rebecca-cokley-to-headline-university-of-phoenix-webinar |access-date=2021-10-21 |website=Diverse: Issues In Higher Education |language=en-us}}</ref> Cokley ya tuntuɓi ko ya ba da shaidar ƙwararru ga Majalisar Ƙasa kan Rayuwa Mai Zaman Kanta, Hukumar Daidaito da Damammakin Aiki, Bankin Duniya, kwamitin ba da shawara kan Tikitin Aiki na Hukumar Tsaron Jama'a, Kwamitin Aiki na Shugaban Ƙasa kan Aikin Manya da Nakasassu, da kuma kwamitin Sake Ba da Izini ga Dokar Zuba Jari ta Ma'aikata ta Ma'aikatar Aiki ta Amurka . <ref name="ourstory"/> Littattafan da ta wallafa sun haɗa da "Ci gaban Matasa da Jagorancin Matasa: Takardar Bayani" daga Ƙungiyar Haɗin Kan Ƙasa kan Ma'aikata da Nakasa ga Matasa, labarai kan hulɗar jama'a don jaridar Impact, "411 akan Bayyana Nakasa," "Shirya Hanyar Aiki: Jagora ga Jagorancin da Aka Mai da Hankali Kan Aiki," da kuma manufofi daban-daban na Ƙungiyar Jagorancin Matasa ta Ƙasa. <ref name="ourstory"/> == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1978]] 4d1pa3jt0ghqmtlniaghvnotju3tvwm R. L. Stine 0 161384 889463 881527 2026-07-30T16:48:02Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889463 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''Robert Lawrence Stine''' (/staɪn/; born October 8, 1943) is an American novelist. He is the writer of ''Goosebumps,'' a horror fiction novel series for children which has sold over 400 million copies globally in 35 languages, becoming the second-best-selling book series in history.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-21 |title=Goosebumps Books Statistics – WordsRated |url=https://wordsrated.com/goosebumps-books-statistics/ |access-date=2024-05-04 |language=en-US}}</ref> The series spawned a media franchise including two television series, a video game series, a comic series, and two feature films. Stine has been referred to as the "[[Stephen King]] of children's literature".<ref name="children's literature">{{Cite web |date=October 26, 2007 |title=Emily Osment stars in 'R.L. Stine's "The Haunting Hour" |url=http://www.capecodonline.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20071026/LIFE/710260303/-1/NEWS |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708114939/http://www.capecodonline.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F20071026%2FLIFE%2F710260303%2F-1%2FNEWS |archive-date=July 8, 2011 |access-date=February 24, 2011 |website=[[Cape Cod Times]]}}</ref> Stine wrote the teen horror fiction series ''Fear Street'', which has sold over 80 million copies and has been adapted into a series of films. His work includes ''Rotten School'', ''Mostly Ghostly,'' ''Nightmare Hour'', and ''The Nightmare Room''. He has also written humor books for children, under the alias '''Jovial Bob Stine'''. == Early life == Stine was born on October 8, 1943<ref name="age">{{Cite web |title=R.L. Stine |url=http://www.orrt.org/stine/ |access-date=February 27, 2011 |website=Ohio Reading Road Trip}}</ref> in [[Columbus|Columbus, Ohio]],<ref name="kidsreads">{{Cite web |title=The Nightmare Room by R.L. Stine |url=http://www.kidsreads.com/series/series-nightmare-author.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307182951/http://www.kidsreads.com/series/series-nightmare-author.asp |archive-date=March 7, 2012 |access-date=May 11, 2011 |website=KidsReads.com}}</ref> into a Jewish family, the son of Lewis Stine, a shipping clerk, and Anne Feinstein. He grew up in Bexley, Ohio.<ref name="stine">{{Cite web |title=About R.L. – For book and school reports |url=http://rlstine.com/about/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131127161436/http://rlstine.com/about/ |archive-date=November 27, 2013 |access-date=February 27, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Stine, R. L. 1943– |url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-2588500217.html |website=encyclopedia.com}}</ref> Stine began writing at age nine, when he found a typewriter in his attic, subsequently beginning to type stories and joke books.<ref name="typewriter">{{Cite web |last=MacPherson |first=Karen |date=April 8, 2008 |title=Venture into R.L. Stine's 'HorrorLand' – if you dare! |url=http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/08099/871281-42.stm |access-date=February 27, 2011 |website=[[Pittsburgh Post-Gazette]]}}</ref> Stine said that he remembered reading the <nowiki><i id="mwVg">Tales from the Crypt</i></nowiki> comic books when he was young and credited them as one of his inspirations in writing his future works. Stine graduated from Ohio State University in 1965 with a Bachelor of Arts in English.<ref name="family">{{Cite web |title=2011 Thrillermaster: R.L. Stine |url=http://www.thrillerfest.com/about/special-guests/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717052742/http://www.thrillerfest.com/about/special-guests/ |archive-date=July 17, 2011 |access-date=February 25, 2011 |website=ThrillerFest}}</ref> While at OSU, Stine edited humor magazine <nowiki><i id="mwXw">The Sundial</i></nowiki> for three years.<ref name="age"/> He later moved to New York City to pursue his career as a writer.<ref name="stine"/> == Career == Stine wrote dozens of humor books for children under the name Jovial Bob Stine and created the humor magazine ''Bananas''.<ref name="stine" /> ''Bananas'' was written for [[Samartaka|teenagers]] and published by Scholastic Press for 72 issues between 1975 and 1984, plus various "Yearbooks" and paperback books. Stine was editor and responsible for much of the writing (other contributors included writers Robert Leighton, Suzanne Lord and Jane Samuels and artists Sam Viviano, Samuel B. Whitehead, Bob K. Taylor, Bryan Hendrix, Bill Basso, and Howard Cruse). Recurring features included "Hey – Lighten Up!", "It Never Fails!", "Phone Calls", "Joe" (a comic strip by John Holmstrom), "Phil Fly", "Don't You Wish...", "Doctor Duck", "The Teens of Ferret High", "First Date" (a comic strip by Alyse Newman), and "Ask Doctor Si N. Tific". In 1986, Stine wrote his first horror novel, called ''Blind Date''.<ref name="blinddate">{{Cite web |last=Rosenberg |first=Joyce M. |date=October 27, 1996 |title=Success gives bookstores Goosebumps |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=-NBEAAAAIBAJ&pg=1343,5181336&dq=rl+stine+blind+date&hl=en |access-date=February 27, 2011 |website=[[The Albany Herald]]}}</ref> He followed with many other novels, including ''The Babysitter'', ''Beach House'', ''Hit and Run'', and ''The Girlfriend''.<ref name="stine"/> He was also the co-creator and head writer for the [[Nickelodeon]] children's television series ''Eureeka's Castle'', original episodes of which aired as part of the Nick Jr. programming block during the 1989–1995 seasons. In 1989, Stine started writing ''Fear Street'' books. Before launching the ''Goosebumps'' series, Stine authored three humorous science fiction books in the ''Space Cadets'' series titled ''Jerks in Training'', ''Bozos on Patrol'', and ''Losers in Space''. In 1992, Stine and Parachute Press went on to launch ''Goosebumps''.<ref name="stine"/> Also produced was a ''Goosebumps'' TV series that ran for four seasons from 1995 to 1998 and three video games; ''Escape from HorrorLand'', ''Attack of the Mutant''<ref name="PC">{{Cite web |title=Technical Support – Goosebumps |url=http://www.scholastic.com/techsupport/goosebumps.htm |access-date=December 25, 2010 |publisher=Scholastic}}</ref> and ''Goosebumps HorrorLand''.<ref name="review">{{Cite web |last=Paramchuk |first=Jeff |date=January 2, 2009 |title=Goosebumps HorrorLand |url=http://www.commonsensemedia.org/game-reviews/goosebumps-horrorland |access-date=January 10, 2011 |website=Common Sense Media}}</ref> In 1995, Stine's first novel targeted at adults, called ''Superstitious'', was published. He has since published three other adult-oriented novels: ''The Sitter'', ''Eye Candy'',<ref name="family"/> and ''Red Rain''. [[Fayil:R_l_stine_2008.jpg|right|thumb|Stine in November 2008]] In the first decade of the 21st century, Stine worked on installments of five different book series, ''Mostly Ghostly'', ''Rotten School'', ''Fear Street'', ''The Nightmare Room'', ''Goosebumps Horrorland'' and the stand-alone novels ''Dangerous Girls'' (2003) and ''The Taste of Night'' (2004). Also, a direct-to-DVD movie ''The Haunting Hour Volume One: Don't Think About It''. Starring Emily Osment, the film was released by Universal Home Entertainment on September 4, 2007 and was successful enough to spawn a spin-off, anthology, TV series ''R. L. Stine's The Haunting Hour''. In 2014, Stine brought the ''Fear Street'' books back with his novel ''Party Games'' ({{ISBN|978-1250066220}}). The release of the ''Fear Street'' novel ''Give Me a K-I-L-L'' took place in 2017 ({{ISBN|978-1250058966}}). Jack Black portrayed a fictionalized version of Stine in the 2015 film ''Goosebumps'', while Stine himself made a cameo appearance in the film, playing a drama teacher named "Mr. Black".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Stine |first=R. L. |date=May 20, 2014 |title=.@mdroush Jack Black plays me in the GB movie, now filming in GA. I'm going down to do a cameo next month. |url=https://twitter.com/RL_Stine/status/468907719236530178 |access-date=May 24, 2014 |publisher=Twitter}}</ref> In the film's sequel, ''Goosebumps 2: Haunted Halloween'' (2018), Stine had another cameo, as Principal Harrison, while Black reprised his role as Stine in several scenes. A ''Fear Street'' trilogy of films was released by Netflix in 2021. In 2019, Stine appeared on an episode of the children's TV series ''Arthur''. In "Fright Night", which aired in the 23rd season of the show, Stine voices Bob Baxter, the uncle of main character Buster Baxter. In the episode, Bob is shown to moonlight as a writer of scary stories, alluding to his real-life career as the author of the ''Goosebumps'' series.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Meghan |date=October 30, 2020 |title='Goosebumps' Author R.L. Stine On Frightening Generations And Voicing A Creepy Character For 'Arthur' |url=https://www.wgbh.org/news/arts/2020/10/29/goosebumps-author-r-l-stine-on-frightening-generations-and-voicing-a-creepy-character-for-arthur |access-date=October 30, 2020 |publisher=GBH |archive-date=November 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101010348/https://www.wgbh.org/news/arts/2020/10/29/goosebumps-author-r-l-stine-on-frightening-generations-and-voicing-a-creepy-character-for-arthur |url-status=dead }}</ref> On Friday, 13 February 2026, ''USA Today'' showcased the first chapter of a new horror novel by Stine, ''Nightmare on Nightmare Street''. == Awards and recognition == According to ''Forbes'' List of the 40 best-paid Entertainers of 1996–97, Stine placed 36th with an income of $41 million for the fiscal year. His books have sold over 400 million copies worldwide as of 2008,<ref name="sales">{{Cite web |date=April 8, 2008 |title=Venture into R.L. Stine's 'HorrorLand' – if you dare! |url=http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/08099/871281-42.stm |access-date=May 14, 2011 |website=post-gazette.com}}</ref> landing on many bestseller lists. In three consecutive years during the 1990s, ''USA Today'' named Stine as America's number one best-selling author.<ref name="bestselling">{{Cite web |title=R.L. Stine |url=http://www.parachutepublishing.com/mainpage.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110204022913/http://parachutepublishing.com/mainpage.html |archive-date=February 4, 2011 |access-date=February 27, 2011 |website=[[Parachute Publishing]]}}</ref> Among the awards he has received are the 2002 Champion of Reading Award from the Free Public Library of [[Philadelphia]] (the award's first year), the Disney Adventures Kids' Choice Award for Best Book-Mystery/Horror (three-time recipient) and the Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards (also received three times).<ref name="bestselling"/> In 1995, Stine was listed on ''People Weekly''{{'}}s "Most Intriguing People" annual list,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Hartman {{!}} |first=Liz |title=BEA 2014: R.L. Stine Is in the House!!! |url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/childrens/childrens-authors/article/62645-bea-2014-r-l-stine-is-in-the-house.html |access-date=2023-07-03 |website=PublishersWeekly.com |language=en}}</ref> and in 2003, the [[Guinness World Records|Guinness Book of World Records]] named Stine as the best-selling children's book series author of all time.<ref name=":0" /> He won the Thriller Writers of America Silver Bullet Award in 2007, and the Horror Writers Association's Lifetime Achievement Award in 2014. His stories have even inspired ''R. L. Stine's Haunted Lighthouse'', 4D movie-based attractions at SeaWorld (San Antonio and San Diego) and Busch Gardens (Williamsburg and Tampa). In 2013, Stine won the Bram Stoker Award for Lifetime Achievement.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lifetime Achievement Award – the Bram Stoker Awards |url=https://www.thebramstokerawards.com/lifetime-achievement-award/lifetime-achievement-award-2/}}</ref> In 2017, Stine was awarded the Inkpot Award. == Personal life == On June 22, 1969, Stine married editor and writer Jane Waldhorn,<ref name="family"/> who co-founded Parachute Press in 1983.<ref name="business">{{Cite web |title=Books and entertainment kids choose for themselves. |url=http://www.parachutepublishing.com/mainpage.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110204022913/http://parachutepublishing.com/mainpage.html |archive-date=February 4, 2011 |access-date=February 25, 2011 |website=[[Parachute Press]]}}</ref> Their only child, Matthew (born 1980),<ref name="family" /> works in the music industry. Through Matthew, they have a grandson named Dylan (born 2014).<ref>{{Cite web |title=I'M A GRANDFATHER! Here's Dylan Stine, my grandson, born yesterday, and my son Matt. A new reader to scare! |url=https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=715215305175991&id=461585557205635&set=a.472951372735720 |website=facebook.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=My grandson, Dylan Stine, one day old, puts on his SCARY face. |url=https://www.facebook.com/photo?fbid=715659901798198&set=a.472951372735720 |website=facebook.com}}</ref> Stine famously types all of his books using only his left index finger, causing the finger to become curved over the years; he jokingly called it "hideous and totally bent" in 2008.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yale News |title=R.L. Stine: Bone-chilling and brilliant |url=https://yaledailynews.com/blog/2008/04/11/r-l-stine-bone-chilling-and-brilliant/ |website=Yale News}}</ref> He refuses to learn how to type properly because he believes it would "slow [him] down".<ref>{{Cite web |last=The Strand Magazine |title=Interview: R. L. Stine |url=https://strandmag.com/the-magazine/interviews/rl-stine/ |access-date=7 November 2025 |website=The Strand Magazine}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=CBS Mornings |title="Goosebumps" author R.L. Stine is still writing more than 70 years after he started |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E6LUIAi5ppc&t=4m32s |access-date=7 November 2025 |website=YouTube}}</ref> == Works == * ''Dajin Mafarki Mai Girma'' (1984) * Siege of the Dragonriders (a matsayin Eric Affabee) (1984) * Kalubale na Wolf Knight (1985) * The Dragon Queen's Revenge (a matsayin Eric Affabee) (1986) * ''Sarkin Maƙaryaci'' (1986) * ''kogon Phantoms'' (1986) * ''Harin da aka kai wa Sarki'' (a matsayin Eric Affabee) (1986) ==== G.I. Joe ==== * Ayyuka: Star Raider (a matsayin Eric Affabee) (1985) * Ayyuka: Deadly Decoy (1986) * ''Aiki: Mindbender'' (1986) * ''Macijin da Mummy Warrior'' (1987) * ''Siege na Serpentor'' (1988) * ''Harin daji'' (1988) ==== Tsoro Mai Girma ==== * ''Tsoro Mai Girma #3: Ƙarfin Ƙauni'' * ''Tsoro mai ban tsoro #4: Kiss mai banƙyama'' * ''Tsoro mai ban tsoro #6: Rage-rubuce masu kisa'' ==== Matsalar Tsoro ==== * ''Ranar Makafi'' (1986) * An yi amfani da shi a shekara ta 1987 * ''Mai kula da jariri'' (1989) * Jam'iyyar Beach (1990) * ''Abokin saurayi'' (1990) * Babysitter II (1991) * ''Yarinyar'' (1991) * Mutumin Snow (1991) * ''Gidan bakin teku'' (1992) * Hit da gudu (1992) * ''Mai ba da motoci'' (1992) * Halloween Night (1993) * Babysitter III (1993) * ''Matar Yarinyar'' (1993) * ''Kira Jira'' (1994) * ''Halloween Night II'' (1994) * ''Na gan ka a wannan dare!'' (1994) * Babysitter IV (1995) * ''Summer Sizzlers (1995) '' (Point Romance Short Story Anthology) == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1943]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] dqv9k7ke27kzzrms1zaeebm6mmfkhug Rayuwata mai ƙauna a matsayin '90s Otaku 0 161610 889603 883180 2026-07-30T23:15:05Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 4 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889603 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} My Lovesick Life as a '90s Otaku (Japanese, Hepburn) jerin [[manga]] ne na Jafananci wanda Nico Nicholson ya rubuta kuma ya kwatanta shi. An tsara shi a cikin mujallar [[Kodansha]] ta [[Josei manga|{{Transl|ja|josei}} manga]] ''[[Kiss (Japanese magazine)|Kiss]]'' daga Yuni 2021 zuwa Fabrairu 2023, tare da surorinta da aka tattara a cikin kundin {{Transl|ja|[[tankōbon]]}} guda huɗu. == Makirci == Jerin ya biyo bayan wata mata {{Transl|ja|[[otaku]]}} (anime da manga fan) mai suna Megumi Sato a cikin shekarunta na matasa da rayuwarta ta yanzu a matsayin uwa mai shekaru 42. A shekara ta 1995, Megumi tana halartar sabuwar makarantar sakandare, kuma ta yi ƙoƙari ta ɓoye abubuwan sha'awa don kauce wa zalunci. Yayinda take da sha'awar [[Class president|shugaban aji]], Masamune Kaji, ya ƙi {{Transl|ja|otaku}}, ya sa Megumi ta yi ƙoƙari ta kusanci da shi ba tare da bayyana ainihin ta a matsayin {{Transl|ja|otaku}} ba. == Bugawa == Nico Nicholson ne ya rubuta kuma ya kwatanta My Lovesick Life a matsayin '90s Otaku an tsara shi a cikin mujallar Kodansha ta <nowiki><span about="#mwt35" data-cx="[{&amp;quot;adapted&amp;quot;:true,&amp;quot;partial&amp;quot;:false,&amp;quot;targetExists&amp;quot;:true,&amp;quot;mandatoryTargetParams&amp;quot;:[],&amp;quot;optionalTargetParams&amp;quot;:[]}]" data-mw="{&amp;quot;parts&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;template&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;target&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Transl&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;href&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;./Samfuri:Transl&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;params&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;ja&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;josei&amp;quot;}},&amp;quot;i&amp;quot;:0}}]}" data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwJg" title="Japanese-language romanization" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><i lang="ja-Latn">josei</i></nowiki><nowiki></span></nowiki> manga ''Kiss'' daga Yuni 25, 2021, <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 25, 2021 |script-title=ja:オノ・ナツメがKiss初登場、平均年齢70歳の大人の恋描く新連載「僕らが恋をしたのは」 |url=https://natalie.mu/comic/news/434188 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226092032/https://natalie.mu/comic/news/434188 |archive-date=February 26, 2023 |access-date=March 8, 2023 |website=[[Comic Natalie]] |publisher=Natasha, Inc. |language=ja}}</ref> zuwa Fabrairu 25, 2023. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Pineda |first=Rafael |date=March 27, 2023 |title=Nico Nicholson's My Lovesick Life as a '90s Otaku Manga Ends |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2023-02-27/nico-nicholson-my-lovesick-life-as-a-90s-otaku-manga-ends/.195348 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308022804/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2023-02-27/nico-nicholson-my-lovesick-life-as-a-90s-otaku-manga-ends/.195348 |archive-date=March 8, 2023 |access-date=March 8, 2023 |website=[[Anime News Network]]}}</ref> Kodansha ya tattara surorinsa a cikin kundin {{Transl|ja|[[tankōbon]]}} guda huɗu, wanda aka saki daga Janairu 13, 2022, zuwa Mayu 12, 2023 . <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 13, 2022 |script-title=ja:「オタクは隠すもの」が常識だった1995年、オタク女子高生が恋に落ちる |url=https://natalie.mu/comic/news/461480 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308022807/https://natalie.mu/comic/news/461480 |archive-date=March 8, 2023 |access-date=March 8, 2023 |website=[[Comic Natalie]] |publisher=Natasha, Inc. |language=ja}}</ref> A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2022, Kodansha USA ta ba da sanarwar cewa sun ba da lasisi ga manga don sakin Turanci a Arewacin Amurka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hazra |first=Adriana |date=November 25, 2022 |title=Kodansha USA Licenses Miraculous: Tales of Ladybug & Chat Noir, 15 More Manga |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2022-11-25/kodansha-usa-licenses-miraculous-tales-of-ladybug-and-chat-noir-15-more-manga/.192278 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126002634/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2022-11-25/kodansha-usa-licenses-miraculous-tales-of-ladybug-and-chat-noir-15-more-manga/.192278 |archive-date=November 26, 2022 |access-date=March 8, 2023 |website=[[Anime News Network]]}}</ref> === Littattafai === {{Graphic novel list/header|OneLanguage=no|Width=70%}} {{Graphic novel list|VolumeNumber=1|OriginalRelDate=January 13, 2022<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ja:【1月13日付】本日発売の単行本リスト|url=https://natalie.mu/comic/news/461279|website=[[Comic Natalie]]|publisher=Natasha, Inc.|access-date=March 8, 2023|language=Japanese|date=January 13, 2022|archive-date=March 8, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308025810/https://natalie.mu/comic/news/461279|url-status=live}}</ref>|OriginalISBN=978-4-06-526511-6|LicensedRelDate=November 28, 2023<ref>{{cite web|title=My Lovesick Life as a '90s Otaku, Volume 1|url=https://kodansha.us/product/my-lovesick-life-as-a-90s-otaku-1/|publisher=[[Kodansha USA]]|access-date=February 15, 2024|archive-date=May 6, 2026|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20260506010501/https://kodansha.us/series/my-lovesick-life-as-a-90s-otaku/volume-1/|url-status=live}}</ref>|LicensedISBN=978-1-64-651881-4}} {{Graphic novel list|VolumeNumber=2|OriginalRelDate=May 13, 2022<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ja:【5月13日付】本日発売の単行本リスト|url=https://natalie.mu/comic/news/477234|website=[[Comic Natalie]]|publisher=Natasha, Inc.|access-date=March 8, 2023|language=Japanese|date=May 13, 2022|archive-date=March 8, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308022804/https://natalie.mu/comic/news/477234|url-status=live}}</ref>|OriginalISBN=978-4-06-528040-9|LicensedRelDate=February 27, 2024<ref>{{cite web|title=My Lovesick Life as a '90s Otaku, Volume 2|url=https://kodansha.us/product/my-lovesick-life-as-a-90s-otaku-2/|publisher=[[Kodansha USA]]|access-date=May 6, 2026|archive-date=May 6, 2026|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20260506010519/https://kodansha.us/series/my-lovesick-life-as-a-90s-otaku/volume-2/|url-status=live}}</ref>|LicensedISBN=978-1-64-651882-1}} {{Graphic novel list|VolumeNumber=3|OriginalRelDate=October 13, 2022<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ja:【10月13日付】本日発売の単行本リスト|url=https://natalie.mu/comic/news/496672|website=[[Comic Natalie]]|publisher=Natasha, Inc.|access-date=March 8, 2023|language=Japanese|date=October 13, 2022|archive-date=October 28, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028022952/https://natalie.mu/comic/news/496672|url-status=live}}</ref>|OriginalISBN=978-4-06-529285-3|LicensedRelDate=May 14, 2024<ref>{{cite web|title=My Lovesick Life as a '90s Otaku, Volume 3|url=https://kodansha.us/product/my-lovesick-life-as-a-90s-otaku-3/|publisher=[[Kodansha USA]]|access-date=May 6, 2026|archive-date=May 6, 2026|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20260506010527/https://kodansha.us/series/my-lovesick-life-as-a-90s-otaku/volume-3/|url-status=live}}</ref>|LicensedISBN=978-1-64-651969-9}} {{Graphic novel list|VolumeNumber=4|OriginalRelDate=May 12, 2023<ref name="vol4">{{cite web|script-title=ja:【5月12日付】本日発売の単行本リスト|url=https://natalie.mu/comic/news/523680|website=[[Comic Natalie]]|publisher=Natasha, Inc.|access-date=May 16, 2023|language=Japanese|date=May 12, 2023|archive-date=May 18, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230518162912/https://natalie.mu/comic/news/523680|url-status=live}}</ref>|OriginalISBN=978-4-06-531446-3|LicensedRelDate=August 6, 2024<ref>{{cite web|title=My Lovesick Life as a '90s Otaku, Volume 4|url=https://kodansha.us/product/my-lovesick-life-as-a-90s-otaku-4/|publisher=[[Kodansha USA]]|access-date=May 6, 2026|archive-date=May 6, 2026|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20260506010528/https://kodansha.us/series/my-lovesick-life-as-a-90s-otaku/volume-4/|url-status=live}}</ref>|LicensedISBN=979-8-88-877056-6}} {{Graphic novel list/footer}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] mo6bdhx6fnh3rd1vq60f5v0c6jb24ln Tattaunawar user:Edyyyyyy 3 161750 889609 884323 2026-07-30T23:53:18Z EmausBot 1782 Fixing double redirect from [[Tattaunawar user:NetworkFresh]] to [[Tattaunawar user:ForeverRapid]] 889609 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Tattaunawar user:ForeverRapid]] 3qx27k8nehqrrcu8ld36isud768ytou STS Sedov 0 161824 889757 884645 2026-07-31T09:36:51Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889757 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''STS ''Sedov''''' ( Russian ), wanda a da '''''Magdalene Vinnen II''''' (1921–1936) da '''''Kommodore Johnsen''''' (–1948), wani jirgin ruwa ne mai ƙarfe huɗu wanda tsawon kusan shekaru 80 shine babban jirgin ruwa na gargajiya da ke aiki. An gina ''Sedov'' a matsayin jirgin ruwa na jigilar kaya na Jamus, a yau jirgin ruwan horar da jiragen ruwa ne, yana horar da ɗaliban jami'o'in [[Kaliningrad]], [[Saint-Petersburg|Saint Petersburg]] da Astrakhan . Tana shiga cikin manyan tarukan ƙasa da ƙasa na teku a matsayin mai masaukin baki mai gata kuma ta kasance mai shiga cikin tseren Jiragen Ruwa Masu Tsayi . == Tarihi == === ''Magdalene Vinnen II'' === An ƙaddamar da ''Sedov'', wanda aka fara kiransa ''Magdalene Vinnen II'', a [[Kiel]], Jamus a shekarar 1921 ta hannun Friedrich Krupp Germaniawerft don kamfanin jigilar kaya na [[F. A. Vinnen & Co.|FA Vinnen & Co.]] na [[Bremen]], ɗaya daga cikin manyan kamfanonin jigilar kaya na Jamus a farkon ƙarni na 20. Da farko kamfanin jigilar kaya ya ƙi amincewa da sanya injin a cikin jirgin, amma farfajiyar jirgin (tare da goyon bayan kwamitin gwamnati) ya yi nasarar yin jayayya kan injin, wanda ya sa jirgin ya zama jirgin ruwa na farko mai injin taimako wanda aka tsara bisa ga ƙa'idodin zamani. A lokacin '', Magdalene Vinnen ta Biyu'' ita ce babbar tashar jiragen ruwa mafi girma a duniya kuma ana amfani da ita ne kawai a matsayin jirgin ruwa mai ɗaukar kaya tare da ma'aikatan jirgin da suka ƙunshi wasu ƙananan sojoji. Ta yi tafiya a kan tafiyarta ta farko a ranar 1 ga Satumba, 1921. Har zuwa tafiyarta ta ƙarshe a matsayin ''Magdalene Vinnen ta Biyu'' a shekarar 1936, jirgin ya yi tafiya zuwa Argentina, Afirka ta Kudu, Ostiraliya, Reunion da [[Seychelles]] . === ''Kommodore Johnsen'' === A ranar 9 ga Agusta 1936, an sayar da ''Magdalene Vinnen II'' ga Norddeutscher Lloyd na Bremen sannan aka sake mata suna zuwa ''Kommodore Johnsen'' . Sabon mai shi ya canza ta zuwa jirgin horo mai ɗaukar kaya. === ''Sedov'' === [[Fayil:Sedov_(ship,_1921)_and_Kruzenshtern_(ship,_1926),_Sète,_France.jpg|right|thumb|''Sedov'' da Kruzenshtern a Sète, Faransa.]] [[Fayil:Amsterdam_Sail_2010_0819_Sedov_01.jpg|thumb|''Sedov'' a kan mashigin Tekun Arewa a lokacin ''SAIL Amsterdam 2010'']] [[Fayil:Prow_of_the_STS_Sedov.JPG|thumb|An ɗauki hoton STS ''Sedov'', wanda ke nuna garkuwar Murmansk da aikin gungurawa. An ɗauka a lokacin ziyarar Afrilu 2013 zuwa Cape Town, Afirka ta Kudu a lokacin {{'}} ''Sedov'' a duk faɗin duniya.]] [[Fayil:Russian_tallship_Sedov.png|thumb|Zane-zanen layi na ''Sedov'']] Ta kasance ƙarƙashin ikon mallakar ƙasar Rasha bayan da Jamus ta miƙa wuya - a ranar 20 ga Disamba 1945, Turawan Birtaniya suka miƙa jirgin ga Tarayyar Soviet a matsayin diyya ta yaƙi. A Tarayyar Soviet, an mayar da ita jirgin horar da jiragen ruwa na Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Soviet . An sake sanya mata suna ''Sedov'' bayan mai binciken Arctic Georgy Sedov wanda ya mutu a lokacin bincike a [[Arctic]] a 1914, an yi amfani da ita a matsayin jirgin horo na Rundunar Sojan Ruwa daga 1952 zuwa 1957. Daga 1957 zuwa 1966 an yi amfani da ita a matsayin jirgin bincike na teku a [[Tekun Atalanta|Arewacin Atlantika]] . A 1966 lokacin da aka mayar da ita wurin ajiyar kaya a Kronstadt, a hukumance ƙarƙashin Ma'aikatar Kamun Kifi. A shekarar 1981, ''Sedov'' ta sake bayyana bayan an gyara ta. Tana aiki a Sashen Horar da Jiragen Ruwa na Baltic da ke [[Riga]], ta fara horar da 'yan makaranta daga makarantun [[Kaliningrad]] da Murmansk. Bayan ayyana 'yancin kai na [[Laitfiya|Latvia]] a shekarar 1991, ta bar Riga zuwa Murmansk, aka mayar da ita makarantar sojojin ruwa ta Murmansk tare da birnin Murmansk don tabbatar da kula da ita da kuma kula da ita. A ranar 20 ga Yunin 2013, ''Sedov'' ya yi karo da <nowiki><i id="mwXQ">Kraweel</i></nowiki> ''Lisa von Lübeck'' a gefen Texel, Arewacin Holland, Netherlands. An jefa jiragen ruwa biyu a Den Helder . <ref name="FM1646">{{Cite web |last=Voytenko |first=Mikhail |date=21 June 2013 |title=Russian training tall ship Sedov allided with German replica cog Lisa Von Luebeck |url=https://www.fleetmon.com/maritime-news/2013/1646/russian-training-tall-ship-sedov-allided-german-re/ |access-date=14 December 2017 |publisher=Fleetmon |archive-date=15 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215053328/https://www.fleetmon.com/maritime-news/2013/1646/russian-training-tall-ship-sedov-allided-german-re/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Masu ba da bashi na Tarayyar Rasha da ba a biya ''su'' ba kamar Nessim Gaon (wanda yanzu ya daina aiki a kungiyar Swiss NOGA, wani misali na Gaon) da kuma masu riƙe da takardun lamuni na Faransa da aka cire daga asusun Rasha; a shekarar 2002, an tilasta wa ''Sedov'' barin [[Marseille]] cikin gaggawa ba zato ba tsammani kuma ba zato ba tsammani don guje wa samun takardar izini daga [[AFPER]] (ƙungiyar masu riƙe da takardun lamuni na Daular Rasha) washegari da safe. Fiye da shekara guda kenan da Faransawa masu riƙe da takardun lamuni na Rasha suka yi gargaɗin cewa za su sake tsarawa tare da fitar da ikirarinsu zuwa yankunan Anglo-Saxon, waɗanda suka fi abokantaka da 'yan ƙasa masu zaman kansu fiye da Faransawa. A watan Mayun 2008, bayan rikicin da ya barke tsakanin Birtaniya da Rasha, Moscow ta umurci ''Sedov'' da kada ya tsaya a filin jirgin sama kamar yadda aka tsara a Southend-on-Sea . Ziyarar Satumba ta 2008 zuwa Falmouth, wurin fara tseren FUNCHAL 500 zuwa Madeira, ita ma ta yi kama da tana cikin haɗari. <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 June 2008 |title=Russian tall ship in doubt for Falmouth |url=http://falmouthpacket.co.uk/mostpopular.var.2331243.mostcommented.russian_tall_ship_in_doubt_for_falmouth.php |access-date=3 May 2016 |website=the Packet}}</ref> A shekarar 2011, ''Sedov'' ta yi bikin cika shekaru 90 da kafuwa. A shekarar 2012, ''Sedov'' ta fara tafiyarta ta farko a duniya, wadda ta shafe sama da watanni 13. Tafiyar ta ƙare a ranar 20 ga Yuli, 2013 a [[Saint-Petersburg|Saint Petersburg]], Rasha. <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 July 2013 |title=Sailing Ship Sedov in Saint Petersburg |url=http://englishrussia.com/2013/07/22/sailing-ship-sedov-in-saint-petersburg/ |access-date=3 May 2016 |website=English Russia}}</ref> A shekarar 2017, ''Sedov'' ta canza tashar jiragen ruwa ta gida zuwa Kaliningrad kuma Jami'ar Fasaha ta Jihar Kaliningrad ce ke kula da ita. <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 April 2017 |title=World's biggest sailing ship Sedov changes home port |url=http://tass.com/world/940520 |access-date=16 July 2017 |website=Tass}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Jerin manyan jiragen ruwa na ruwa * Mai jefa iska == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 3d52yb8w760mvwbbj5yo36s8b2o3kit SHALVA 0 162064 889749 885856 2026-07-31T09:18:47Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889749 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Shalva''' (Ƙungiyar Isra'ila don Kulawa da Haɗa Mutane da Nakasa) ( [[Ibrananci]] : שַׁלְוָה) ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta <ref name="shalva on the Israeli Corporations Authority">{{Cite web |title=Israeli Corporations Authority |url=http://index.justice.gov.il/Units/RasutHataagidim/units/RashamAmutot/services/Pages/amuttview.aspx |access-date=28 January 2015 |website=Israeli Corporations Authority |ref=1 |archive-date=18 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150118123703/http://index.justice.gov.il/Units/RasutHataagidim/units/RashamAmutot/services/Pages/amuttview.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> wacce ke tallafawa da ƙarfafa mutane da [[nakasa]] da iyalansu a [[Isra'ila]] . Ƙungiyar tana aiki da mutane da yawa masu nakasa: raunin hankali, jinkirin ci gaba, nakasa ta ilmantarwa, [[Rashin hankali na rashin ƙarfi|matsalolin rashin kulawa]], yanayin Autism, buƙatu na musamman tare da [[nakasa]] da aka sani (yara masu ƙarancin koma baya zuwa mai tsanani, Down syndrome, Fragile X syndrome ), da ƙari. An kafa ƙungiyar Kalman Samuels a shekarar 1990, kuma tana ba da shirye-shirye iri-iri ga kimanin mutane 2000 masu nakasa, ciki har da [[Jariri|jarirai]], yara, da matasa da iyalansu. Shalva ba tare da la'akari da addini ba kuma kyauta ce, tana ba da nau'ikan jiyya iri-iri, tsarin ilimi mai haɗaka, shirye-shiryen nishaɗi, horar da sana'o'i, hutu da tallafin iyali. Shalva tana ba da shawarar haɗa mutanen da ke da nakasa ta hanyar shirye-shiryen aikin yi, shirye-shiryen al'umma, da bincike kan nakasa. Shalva tana haɗin gwiwa da al'ummomi a duk duniya da kuma gwamnati, cibiyoyin ilimi, da al'adu don fara sabbin hanyoyin magance matsalar lafiya game da manufar gama gari ta inganta rayuwar mutanen da ke da nakasa da kuma haɓaka shigarsu cikin al'umma. Ƙungiyar tana samun goyon bayan ƙungiyoyi masu yawa na masu sa kai daga al'umma da kuma masu ba da agaji na Ƙasa. An bambanta shirye-shiryen Shalva da kyaututtuka da dama, daga cikinsu: Kyautar Shugaban Isra'ila don Kyau (1994); Kyautar Magajin Garin Urushalima don Ayyukan Musamman (1999); Kyautar Asusun Shalem don "shirin Isra'ila mafi ban mamaki ga masu fama da tabin hankali" (2004); Kyautar Ingancin Rayuwa ta Kakakin Knesset don Jagoranci da Ingantaccen Jama'a (2005); Kyautar Gidauniyar Ruderman don haɗa yara masu buƙatu na musamman (2012); da Matsayin Mai Ba da Shawara ga Majalisar Tattalin Arziki da Zamantakewa ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (2018). An amince da ƙa'idodin gudanarwa na ƙungiyar ta hanyar takardar shaidar ISO 9001/2001 da Hatimin Midot don Ingantaccen Inganci. Labarin kafa Shalva an rubuta shi a cikin tarihin tarihin wanda ya kafa ƙungiyar, [[Kalman Samules]], wanda ''Toby Press'' ya buga a watan Mayu na 2020 mai suna Dreams Never Dreamed. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dreams Never Dreamed |url=https://korenpub.com/products/dreams-never-dreamed |website=Koren Publishers}}</ref> == Bayani == A matsayinsu na iyayen yaro mai nakasa, Kalman da Malki Samuels sun fahimci buƙatar kafa wata ƙungiya da za ta rage wa iyalan yara masu nakasa nauyi. An haifi ɗansu, Yossi Samuels, yana da lafiyayye a shekarar 1977, amma bayan an yi masa [[allurar rigakafin DPT]] mai matsala, an mayar da shi [[Makanta|makaho]], [[Kurãme|kurma]], kuma mai yawan aiki . Ya kasance a cikin duniyarsa ba tare da wata hanyar sadarwa ba. Dangane da gogewarsu ta yau da kullun game da ƙalubalen renon iyali da kuma buƙatar kula da yaro mai buƙatu na musamman, sun yanke shawarar kafa Shalva a shekarar 1990. An kafa cibiyar farko a wani gida mai zaman kansa a unguwar Har Nof da ke [[Jerusalem|Urushalima]] kuma ta kula da yara 'yan ƙasa da shekaru goma sha biyu. Yayin da buƙatar ta ƙaru, ƙungiyar ta sayi wani ƙarin wurin aiki a kan titin da ke kusa da ita kuma ta fara faɗaɗa shirye-shiryenta; daga baya aka sanya wa ginin suna "Beit Nachshon" don tunawa da Nachshon Wachsman wanda ' [[Ta'addanci|yan ta'adda]] suka sace kuma suka kashe a shekarar 1994. Tsawon shekaru, an ƙirƙiri shirye-shirye masu sabbin hanyoyin magani ga jarirai, kuma ƙungiyar ta fara tallafawa [[bincike]] a fannoni daban-daban a fanninta. A yau, shirye-shiryen Shalva suna cikin Cibiyar Ƙasa ta Shalva da ke Bayit Vegan kusa da Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Shaare Zedek . == Cibiyar Ƙasa ta Shalva == [[Fayil:National_Park_for_Inclusion_at_Shalva.jpg|thumb|Shalva's Park shine wurin shakatawa na farko a Urushalima da ke da wuraren wasanni masu dacewa da nakasassu.]] An fara gina Cibiyar Kasa ta Shalva a shekarar 2008, maƙwabtaka da Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Shaare Zedek da ke Urushalima. Cibiyar mai fadin murabba'in ƙafa 220,000 ta buɗe ƙofofinta a watan Satumba na 2016 kuma tana da wurare masu sauƙin isa ga nakasassu kamar ɗakin taro, cibiyar wasanni, wuraren wanka na shakatawa da na nishaɗi, ɗakunan motsa jiki, wuraren wasanni masu haɗaka da sauransu. Cibiyar Ƙasa ta Shalva ta yi aiki a matsayin abin ƙarfafawa ga Gidan Jill, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Washington D.C. |url=https://www.jillshouse.org/washington-dc/ |website=www.jillshouse.org}}</ref> wata ƙungiya mai zaman kanta ta Kirista da ke Arewacin Virginia . [[Fayil:Team_Shalva_in_the_Jerusalem_Marathon.jpg|thumb|Cibiyar Ƙasa ta Shalva]] == Duba kuma == * Ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta Shalva * Kalman Samuels * Avi Samuels == Manazarta == k5ky8w4wxvxk17wx8fqktw3frdig5gr Roy Lopez (ƙwallon ƙafa na Amurka) 0 162220 889658 886973 2026-07-31T06:35:39Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889658 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Roy Jacob Lopez''' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Roy Lopez Bio |url=https://arizonawildcats.com/sports/football/roster/roy-lopez/11423 |website=Arizona Athletics}}</ref> (an haife shi a ranar 7 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta 1997) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙwallon ƙwallon Arizona Cardinals na Ƙungiyar [[Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka|kwallon kafa]] ta Kasa (NFL). Ya buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga New Mexico State Aggies kafin ya koma Arizona Wildcats . Houston Texans ne suka zaba shi a zagaye na shida na shirin NFL na shekarar 2021. == Ayyukan kwaleji == Lopez an sanya shi a matsayin mai daukar taurari biyu ta hanyar 247Sports.com wanda ya fito daga makarantar sakandare. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Roy Lopez III Recruiting Profile |url=https://247sports.com/Player/Roy-Lopez-III-88678/high-school-170268/ |website=247Sports.com}}</ref> Ya shiga Jihar New Mexico a ranar 23 ga watan Agusta, a shekarar 2016. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Roy Lopez 247 |url=https://247sports.com/Player/Roy-Lopez-III-88678/ |website=247Sports.com}}</ref> Lopez ya ji rauni a kafa a makon farko na kakar 2019 kuma ya dawo ne kawai a takaice a ƙarshen kakar. An ba shi shekara ta biyar na cancanta kuma an tura shi zuwa Arizona a ranar 19 ga watan Yuli, a shekarar 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Groves |first=Jason |date=July 19, 2020 |title=New Mexico State transfer Roy Lopez lands at Arizona |url=https://www.lcsun-news.com/story/sports/college/nmsu/2020/07/19/new-mexico-state-transfer-roy-lopez-lands-arizona/5468673002/ |access-date=2024-05-29 |website=Las Cruces Sun News}}</ref> == Ayyukan sana'a == {{NFL predraft | height ft = 6 | height in = 1 5/8 | weight = 304 | dash = 5.16 | ten split = 1.81 | twenty split = 2.96 | shuttle = 4.51 | cone drill = 7.39 | vertical = 31.0 | broad ft = 8 | broad in = 9 | bench = 36 | arm span = 32 | hand span = 9 7/8 | wingspan ft = 6 | wingspan in = 4 | note = All values from [[Pro Day]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://draftscout.com/dsprofile.php?PlayerId=1026517&DraftYear=2021 |title=2021 NFL Draft Scout Roy Lopez College Football Profile |access-date=April 6, 2023 |website=DraftScout.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://insider.espn.com/nfl/draft/player/_/id/105480 |title=Roy Lopez 2021 NFL Draft Profile |website=insider.espn.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005233139/https://insider.espn.com/nfl/draft/player/_/id/105480 |access-date=April 6, 2023|archive-date=October 5, 2023 }}</ref> }} === 'Yan kasar Houston === Houston Texans ne suka tsara Lopez a zagaye na shida tare da zabin 195 na shirin NFL na 2021 a ranar 1 ga watan Mayu, 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Flores |first=Carlos |date=May 2021 |title=2021 NFL Draft: Houston Texans Select Roy Lopez With The 195th Pick |url=https://www.battleredblog.com/2021/5/1/22414559/2021-nfl-draft-houston-texans-select-roy-lopez-with-the-195th-pick |access-date=2025-06-13 |website=Battle Red Blog |publisher=SB Nation}}</ref> A ranar 12 ga watan Mayu, 2021, Lopez ya sanya hannu a hukumance tare da Texans.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Levine |first=Ben |date=May 12, 2021 |title=NFL Draft Pick Signings: 5/12/21 |url=https://www.profootballrumors.com/2021/05/nfl-draft-pick-signings-51221 |access-date=2025-01-06 |website=Pro Football Rumors}}</ref> A lokacin wasan da aka yi da Miami Dolphins a ranar 7 ga watan Nuwamba, 2021, ya kori dan wasan Jacoby Brissett kuma daga baya ya dawo da wani fumble da abokin wasan Kamu Grugier-Hill ya tilasta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Houston Texans at Miami Dolphins - November 7th, 2021 |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/202111070mia.htm |access-date=January 20, 2022 |website=[[Pro-Football-Reference.com]] |publisher=[[sports Reference]] |language=en}}</ref> Su ne sack na farko da kuma na farko da ya fara aiki.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Roy Lopez 2021 Game Log |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/L/LopeRo00/gamelog/2021/ |access-date=January 20, 2022 |website=[[Pro-Football-Reference.com]] |publisher=[[Sports Reference]] |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 29 ga watan Agusta, 2023, 'yan wasan Texas sun dakatar da Lopez / sun ji rauni.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 29, 2023 |title=Texans announce initial 53-man roster |url=https://www.houstontexans.com/news/texans-announce-initial-53-man-roster |access-date=2025-01-30 |website=HoustonTexans.com}}</ref> === Arizona Cardinals === A ranar 23 ga watan Satumba,shekara ta 2023, an sanya hannu kan Lopez a cikin tawagar motsa jiki ta Arizona Cardinals, kuma an inganta shi zuwa jerin sunayen masu aiki kwana uku bayan haka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kwong |first=Andy |date=2023-09-23 |title=Cardinals sign Roy Lopez to practice squad |url=https://www.revengeofthebirds.com/2023/9/23/23886802/cardinals-sign-roy-lopez-to-practice-squad |access-date=2024-07-06 |website=Revenge of the Birds |publisher=SB Nation |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Urban |first=Darren |date=September 26, 2023 |title=For D-Line Help, Cardinals Move Roy Lopez To Active Roster |url=https://www.azcardinals.com/news/for-d-line-help-cardinals-move-roy-lopez-to-active-roster |access-date=2025-01-30 |website=AZCardinals.com}}</ref> === Zaki na Detroit === A ranar 11 ga watan Maris, a shekara ta 2025, Lopez ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekara guda, dala miliyan 4.65 tare da Detroit Lions . <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 13, 2025 |title=Lions sign unrestricted free agent DL Roy Lopez |url=https://www.detroitlions.com/news/lions-sign-unrestricted-free-agent-dl-roy-lopez |website=DetroitLions.com}}</ref> === Arizona Cardinals (na biyu) === A ranar 11 ga watan Maris, a shekarar 2026, Lopez ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru biyu, dala miliyan 11.5 tare da Arizona Cardinals . <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 9, 2026 |title=NFL free agency: DL Roy Lopez returns to Arizona Cardinals |url=https://cardswire.usatoday.com/story/sports/nfl/cardinals/2026/03/09/dl-roy-lopez-returning-to-arizona-cardinals-on-2-year-deal/89074625007/ |website=Cards Wire |publisher=USA Today}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Lopez ta fito ne daga asalin Mexican-Amurka. Mahaifiyarsa da wasu 'yan uwansa da yawa jami'an 'yan sanda ne.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sidhu |first1=Deepl |title=Roy Lopez chooses Latino Peace Officers Association for #MyCauseMyCleats |url=https://www.houstontexans.com/news/roy-lopez-chooses-latino-peace-officers-association-for-mycausemycleats-daily-br |access-date=January 20, 2022 |publisher=[[Houston Texans]] |date=December 2, 2021 |archive-date=January 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120183109/https://www.houstontexans.com/news/roy-lopez-chooses-latino-peace-officers-association-for-mycausemycleats-daily-br |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://www.azcardinals.com/team/players-roster/roy-lopez/ Tarihin Arizona Cardinals] * [https://nmstatesports.com/sports/football/roster/roy-lopez/6229 New Mexico State Aggies bio] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1997]] 6nkfgwt5ehcuxxtirb4h7jq47j4qr99 Ibrahim Adel 0 162226 889712 887074 2026-07-31T07:44:19Z Saad Nuhu 43323 889712 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Ibrahim Adel Aly Mohamed Hassan''' ( an haife shi a ranar 23 ga Afrilu 2001), ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na Masar wanda ke bugawa ƙungiyar Nordsjælland ta Denmark Superliga a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan gefe na hagu]] da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Masar . == Sana'a == A ranar 2 ga Fabrairu, 2026, ƙungiyar Nordsjælland ta Denmark Superliga ta sanar da ɗaukar Adel a matsayin aro har zuwa sauran kakar wasa, tare da zaɓin sanya shi na dindindin. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 February 2026 |title=Ibrahim Adel til FCN |trans-title=Ibrahim Adel to FCN |url=https://fcn.dk/nyheder/2026/februar/ibrahim-adel-til-fcn |publisher=FC Nordsjælland |language=da}}</ref> A ranar 15 ga Mayu 2026, an sanya yarjejeniyar ta dindindin, inda Adel ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar har zuwa Yuni 2029. <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 May 2026 |title=FC Nordsjælland indfrier købsoption på Ibrahim Adel |trans-title=FC Nordsjælland exercises purchase option on Ibrahim Adel |url=https://fcn.dk/nyheder/2026/maj/ibrahim-adel-2029 |publisher=FC Nordsjælland |language=da}}</ref> == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == A ranar 2 ga Disamba 2025, an kira Adel cikin tawagar Masar don [[Kofin Kasashen Afirka na 2025|gasar cin kofin kasashen Afirka ta 2025.]] <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 December 2025 |title=Egypt name final 28-man squad for TotalEnergies CAF AFCON 2025, Salah leads Pharaohs' charge |url=https://www.cafonline.com/afcon2025/news/egypt-name-final-28-man-squad-for-totalenergies-caf-afcon-2025-salah-leads-pharaohs-charge/ |access-date=12 December 2025 |publisher=[[Confederation of African Football]]}}</ref> == Ƙididdigar aiki == === Kulob === {{Updated|match played 17 May 2026}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+Appearances and goals by club, season and competition ! rowspan="2" |Club ! rowspan="2" |Season ! colspan="3" |League ! colspan="2" |Egypt Cup ! colspan="2" |League Cup ! colspan="2" |Continental ! colspan="2" |Other ! colspan="2" |Total |- !Division !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals |- | rowspan="8" |Pyramids |2018–19 | rowspan="7" |Egyptian Premier League |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |1 |0 |- |2019–20 |16 |1 |2 |0 | colspan="2" |— |2{{Efn|Appearances in [[CAF Confederation Cup]]|name=CAF}} |0 | colspan="2" |— |20 |1 |- |2020–21 |19 |10 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— |7{{Efn|name=CAF}} |4 | colspan="2" |— |27 |14 |- |2021–22 |21 |6 |2 |0 |1 |0 |9{{Efn|name=CAF}} |1 | colspan="2" |— |33 |7 |- |2022–23 |22 |4 |1 |0 |0 |0 |7{{Efn|name=CAF}} |0 |1{{Efn|Appearance in [[Egyptian Super Cup]]|name=ESC}} |0 |31 |4 |- |2023–24 |17 |7 |1 |0 |1 |0 |4{{Efn|Appearances in [[CAF Champions League]]|name=CAFCL}} |0 |0 |0 |23 |7 |- |2024–25 |31 |8 |3 |0 |1 |0 |8{{Efn|name=CAFCL}} |6 |2{{Efn|Appearance in [[Egyptian Super Cup]]|name=ESC}} |1 |45 |15 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !127 !36 !10 !0 !3 !0 !30 !11 !3 !1 !173 !48 |- |Al Jazira |2025–26 |UAE Pro League |8 |0 |0 |0 |3 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |11 |0 |- |Nordsjælland (loan) |2025–26 |Danish Superliga |11 |3 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |11 |3 |- |Nordsjælland |2026–27 |Danish Superliga |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |0 |0 |- ! colspan="3" |Career total !146 !39 !10 !0 !6 !0 !37 !11 !3 !1 !202 !51 |} {{Notelist}} === Na Ƙasa da Ƙasa === {{Updated|match played 8 October 2025}}<ref>{{NFT player|84346|access-date=2 December 2024}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+Bayyanar da kwallayen da ƙungiyar ƙasa ta samu da kuma shekarar da ta gabata ! Tawagar ƙasa ! Shekara ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye |- | rowspan="5" | Misira | 2021 | 1 | 0 |- | 2022 | 3 | 0 |- | 2023 | 2 | 0 |- | 2024 | 8 | 2 |- | 2025 | 2 | 1 |- ! colspan="2" | Jimilla ! 16 ! 3 |} : ''Sakamakon maki da sakamako sun fara nuna adadin kwallayen da Masar ta ci, ginshiƙin maki yana nuna maki bayan kowace ƙwallo da Adel ta ci.'' {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Jerin kwallayen da Ibrahim Adel ya zura a wasannin kasa da kasa ! scope="col" | A'a. ! scope="col" | Kwanan wata ! scope="col" | Wuri ! scope="col" | Abokin hamayya ! scope="col" | Ci ! scope="col" | Sakamako ! scope="col" | Gasar ! class="unsortable" scope="col" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}} |- | style="text-align:center" | 1 | 6 September 2024 | Filin Wasan Kasa da Kasa na Alkahira, [[Kairo|Alkahira]], Masar |{{Fb|CPV}} | style="text-align:center" | 3–0 | style="text-align:center" | 3–0 | rowspan="2" | Gasar Cin Kofin Kasashen Afirka ta 2025 | <ref>{{Cite web |title=Egypt vs. Cape Verde |url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/matches/report/39393/Egypt_Cape_Verde.html |access-date=2 December 2024 |website=National Football Teams}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:center" | 2 | 15 October 2024 | Cheikha Ould Boïdiya Stadium, [[Nouakchott]], Mauritania |{{Fb|MTN}} | style="text-align:center" | 1–0 | style="text-align:center" | 1–0 | <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mauritania vs. Egypt |url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/matches/report/39700/Mauritania_Egypt.html |access-date=2 December 2024 |website=National Football Teams}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:center" | 3 | 8 October 2025 | Larbi Zaouli Stadium, [[Kasabalanka|Casablanca]], Morocco |{{Fb|DJI}} | style="text-align:center" | 1–0 | style="text-align:center" | 3–0 | Gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2026 | |} == Daraja == '''Dala''' * Kofin Masar : 2023–24 * Gasar Zakarun Turai ta CAF : 2024–25 == Manazarta == == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://fcn.dk/hold/herrer/spillere/ibrahim-adel Bayanan martaba] a gidan yanar gizon FC Nordsjælland * [https://www.efa.com.eg/ar/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86/%D8%A5%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%85-%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%84/ Bayanin martaba] a shafin yanar gizon Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Masar {{In lang|ar}} * {{UEFA player}} ( * Ibrahim Adel * Ibrahim Adel [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2001]] d24dfwptketpehotxoaj9d75j9gqzvc Rony Lopes 0 162313 889649 887818 2026-07-31T05:59:57Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 5 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889649 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Marcos Paulo Mesquita''' " '''Rony''' " '''Lopes''' (an haife shi a ranar 28 ga Disamba, 1995) ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne wanda ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan tsakiya]] ko kuma [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan gefe na dama]] . An haife shi a Brazil, ya wakilci Portugal a ƙasashen duniya. == Rayuwar farko == An haife shi a [[Belém]], [[Pará]], Brazil ga uba ɗan ƙasar Brazil kuma uwa 'yar ƙasar Portugal, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Azevedo |first=Afonso |date=8 September 2016 |title=Entre Brasil e Portugal, enquanto brilha em França |trans-title=Between Brazil and Portugal, while he shines in France |url=http://blog.bet.pt/rony-lopes/ |access-date=5 August 2017 |publisher=Bet.pt |language=pt}}</ref> Lopes ya ƙaura zuwa Portugal yana ɗan shekara huɗu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 March 2012 |title=Ronny Lopes, 16 (Manchester City) |url=https://olheiro-pt.blogspot.com/2012/03/ronny-lopes-16-manchester-city.html |access-date=29 April 2013 |publisher=Olheiro |language=pt}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tomé |first=Bruno |date=15 February 2014 |title=Bloco de notas: Os jovens talentos que estão a fugir de Portugal |trans-title=Notebook: The young talents that are fleeing Portugal |url=http://www.futebol365.pt/artigo/107966-bloco-de-notas-os-jovens-talentos-que-estao-a-fugir-de-portugal/ |access-date=14 June 2015 |publisher=Futebol 365 |language=pt}}</ref> == Aikin kulob == === Manchester City === Lopes ya buga ƙwallon ƙafa ta matasa a Benfica daga shekaru 10 zuwa 15, inda ya sanya hannu a [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]] a 2011. <ref> {{Cite web |date=11 July 2011 |title=Rony confirmado no Manchester City |trans-title=Rony confirmed at Manchester City |url=http://www.espbr.com/noticias/rony-confirmado-no-manchester-city |access-date=5 January 2013 |publisher=ESPBR |language=pt}}</ref> Ya kasance wani abin mamaki da ya ƙara wa ƙungiyar farko a shirye-shiryen fara kakar wasa a shekara mai zuwa, amma sai da ya jira har zuwa 7 ga Janairu 2013 kafin ya fara buga wasa a gasar, lokacin da ya zo a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin David Silva a minti na 88 a wasan zagaye na uku na gasar cin kofin FA da Watford kuma ya zura ƙwallo ta ƙarshe a wasan da suka ci 3-0, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama ɗan ƙaramin ɗan wasa da ya taɓa zura ƙwallo a ƙungiyar yana da shekaru 17 da kwana 9. <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 January 2013 |title=Marcos makes his mark |url=http://www.mcfc.co.uk/News/Team-news/2013/January/Lopes-crowned-king |access-date=7 January 2013 |publisher=Manchester City F.C. |archive-date=16 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016125445/http://www.mcfc.co.uk/News/Team-news/2013/January/Lopes-crowned-king |url-status=dead }}</ref> Lopes ya kasance a cikin ƙungiyar ci gaban Elite ta City a kakar wasa ta 2012-13, kuma ya ci gaba da lashe kyautar ɗan wasan shekara ta farko ta Academy bayan ya lashe zaɓen jama'a. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Pollard |first=Rob |date=8 April 2015 |title=What role will Marcos Lopes play for Manchester City in 2015/16 season? |url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/2423629-what-role-will-marcos-lopes-play-for-manchester-city-in-201516-season |access-date=14 June 2015 |publisher=[[Bleacher Report]]}}</ref> An saka shi cikin ƙungiyar da ta buga wasan farko na gasar UEFA Youth League, inda ya zira kwallaye biyu a wasan da suka doke Viktoria Plzeň da ci 4-1. Ya ƙara kwallaye uku a wasan da [[FC Bayern Munich|Bayern Munich]] ta doke su da ci 6-0 a gida. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 October 2013 |title=Lopes scores three as City put six past Bayern |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefayouthleague/news/0253-0d040be75fea-9fcfb84343c7-1000--lopes-scores-three-as-city-put-six-past-bayern/ |access-date=21 September 2020 |publisher=UEFA}}</ref> A ranar 21 ga Janairun 2014, Lopes ya fara wasa da [[West Ham United FC|West Ham United]] a zagaye na biyu na wasan kusa da na karshe na Kofin Zakarun Turai . A wasan, ya taimaka wa Sergio Agüero da Álvaro Negredo su ci kwallo kowannensu, a wasan da suka ci 3-0 a waje (9-0 a jimilla). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jurejko |first=Jonathan |date=21 January 2014 |title=West Ham United 0–3 Manchester City |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/0/football/25723655 |access-date=14 June 2015 |publisher=[[BBC Sport]]}}</ref> A ranar 7 ga Yulin 2014, an ba da Lopes aro ga Lille har zuwa ƙarshen kakar wasa . <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 July 2014 |title=Transfer news: Manchester City midfielder Marcos Lopes joins Lille on loan |url=http://www1.skysports.com/football/news/11679/9374865/transfer-news-manchester-city-midfielder-marcos-lopes-joins-lille-on-loan |access-date=22 July 2014 |publisher=[[Sky Sports]]}}</ref> Wasansa na farko a [[Ligue 1|gasar Ligue 1]] ya faru ne a ranar 9 ga watan Agusta, a wasan da suka tashi babu ci a gida da Metz . <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 August 2014 |title=French Ligue 1 report: Goalless between Lille and Metz |url=http://www1.skysports.com/football/live/match/311908/report |access-date=14 June 2015 |publisher=Sky Sports}}</ref> Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a ranar 14 ga Satumba, a wasan da suka doke Nantes da ci 2-0 a filin wasa na Stade Pierre-Mauroy . <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 September 2014 |title=Origi inspires Lille to top of the table |url=http://www.ligue1.com/ligue1/article/origi-inspires-lille-to-top-of-the-table.htm |access-date=15 September 2014 |publisher=[[Ligue 1]]}}</ref> An saka Lopes a cikin tawagar City don rangadin wasannin share fagen kakar wasa a Ostiraliya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 July 2015 |title=Official tour 2015 squad list |url=http://www.mcfc.co.uk/News/Tour-2015/2015/Official-Manchester-City-Tour-2015-squad-list/1436520345 |access-date=10 July 2015 |publisher=Manchester City F.C. |archive-date=15 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150715122441/http://www.mcfc.co.uk/News/Tour-2015/2015/Official-Manchester-City-Tour-2015-squad-list/1436520345 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A ranar 5 ga watan Agusta, an ƙara masa matsayi zuwa ƙungiyar farko tare da Jason Denayer da [[Kelechi Iheanacho]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 August 2015 |title=.@Jasondenayer, @Rony10Lopes & @67Kelechi on stage now. Three academy graduates promoted to the first team. #citylive |url=https://twitter.com/MCFC/status/629006017259544576 |access-date=7 August 2015 |publisher=[[Twitter]]}}</ref> === Monaco === A ranar 28 ga Agusta 2015, Lopes ya koma ƙungiyar [[Ligue 1]] ta Monaco kan kuɗi fam miliyan 9, <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 August 2015 |title=Lopes joins Monaco |url=http://www.mcfc.co.uk/News/Team-news/2015/August/Marcos-Lopes-joins-Monaco/1440517269 |access-date=28 August 2015 |publisher=Manchester City F.C. |archive-date=30 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150830010926/http://www.mcfc.co.uk/News/Team-news/2015/August/Marcos-Lopes-joins-Monaco/1440517269 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ya raba ƙungiyoyi da ɗimbin 'yan ƙasarsa ciki har da manaja Leonardo Jardim . A farkon watan Janairun 2016, an sake ba shi aro ga Lille har zuwa watan Yuni. A watan Yulin 2016, wanda har yanzu mallakar Monaco ne, Lopes ya sake rattaba hannu a Lille na tsawon kakar wasa daya . <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 July 2016 |title=LOSC: Rony Lopes reste à Lille une saison de plus |trans-title=LOSC: Rony Lopes remains at Lille for another season |url=http://france3-regions.francetvinfo.fr/nord-pas-de-calais/losc-rony-lopes-reste-lille-une-saison-de-plus-1044759.html |access-date=12 August 2016 |publisher=[[France 3]] |language=fr}}</ref> Ya zura kwallaye biyu a wasan farko na gasar, amma a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun Metz da ci 3-2. <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 August 2016 |title=Le LOSC s'écroule à Metz |trans-title=LOSC collapse at Metz |url=http://france3-regions.francetvinfo.fr/nord-pas-de-calais/nord/lille/ligue-1-le-losc-s-ecroule-metz-1065455.html |access-date=16 August 2016 |publisher=France 3 |language=fr |archive-date=17 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817102445/http://france3-regions.francetvinfo.fr/nord-pas-de-calais/nord/lille/ligue-1-le-losc-s-ecroule-metz-1065455.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Lopes ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai a ranar 16 ga Satumba, 2017, lokacin da ya fara shan kashi a hannun Strasbourg a gida da ci 3-0. <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 September 2017 |title=Falcao stars as Monaco sweep past Strasbourg |url=http://www.ligue1.com/ligue1/article/falcao-stars-as-monaco-sweep-past-strasbourg.htm |access-date=17 September 2017 |publisher=Ligue 1}}</ref> Ya fara wasa a karon farko a [[UEFA Champions League|gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai ta UEFA]] a ranar 1 ga Nuwamba, kuma ya zura kwallo a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da [[Beşiktaş]] a wasan rukuni . === Sevilla === A ranar 14 ga Agusta 2019, Lopes ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyar a [[Sevilla FC|Sevilla]] ta [[La Liga|gasar La Liga]] ta Spain, inda ya maye gurbin [[Wissam Ben Yedder]] . A kakarsa ta farko, ya buga wasanni 14 kacal a hukumance. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Cáceres |first=Ignacio |date=12 July 2020 |title=Vieira quiere a Rony Lopes en su Niza |trans-title=Vieira wants Rony Lopes in his Nice |url=https://eldesmarque.com/sevilla/sevilla-futbol-club/1214153-vieira-quiere-a-rony-lopes-en-su-niza |access-date=30 July 2020 |publisher=El Desmarque |language=es}}</ref> A ranar 29 ga Yuli 2020, Lopes ya koma Nice a kan yarjejeniyar aro ta kakar wasa mai zuwa tare da zaɓin siye. <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 July 2020 |title=Rony Lopes loaned to OGC Nice, with option to buy |url=https://www.ogcnice.com/en/news/40174/rony-lopes-loaned-to-ogc-nice-with-option-to-buy- |access-date=29 July 2020 |publisher=OGC Nice |archive-date=7 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307034001/https://www.ogcnice.com/en/news/40174/rony-lopes-loaned-to-ogc-nice-with-option-to-buy- |url-status=dead }}</ref> A ranar 16 ga Agusta 2021, a wani mataki makamancin haka, ya sanya hannu da Olympiacos . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Cholidis |first=Kostas |date=16 August 2021 |title=Ολυμπιακός: Προσγειώθηκε στην Αθήνα ο Ρόνι Λόπες |trans-title=Olympiacos: Rony Lopes landed in Athens |url=https://www.sport24.gr/football/olympiakos-prosgeiothike-stin-athina-o-roni-lopes.9324992.html |access-date=16 August 2021 |publisher=Sport 24 |language=el}}</ref> Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a ƙungiyar ta ƙarshe a ranar 4 ga Disamba, a wasan da suka yi da OFI da ci 3-1 a waje. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Konstantopoulos |first=Vassilis |date=4 December 2021 |title=ΟΦΗ – Ολυμπιακός 1–3: Διπλό με… Σισέ-ντερ φορ! (vids) |trans-title=ΟFI – Οlympiacos 1–3: Brace for Cissé! (video) |url=https://www.novasports.gr/sport/podosfairo/event/super-league-1/article/12214123/ofi-olympiakos-1-3-diplo-me-sise-nter-for-vids/ |access-date=4 December 2021 |publisher=Nova Sports |language=el}}</ref> Lopes ya sake yin wani aro a kakar wasa ta 2022-23, a Troyes a babban rukunin Faransa. === Braga === A ranar 2 ga Agusta 2023, Lopes ya sanya hannu a kulob din Primeira Liga Braga kan kwantiragin shekaru uku da kuma canja wurin kyauta, wanda zai iya kaiwa €500,000 ya danganta da sharuddan da aka gindaya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 August 2023 |title=Rony Lopes É Gverreiro! |trans-title=Rony Lopes Is Gverreiro! |url=https://scbraga.pt/rony-lopes-e-gverreiro/ |access-date=2 August 2023 |publisher=S.C. Braga |language=pt}}</ref> Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a gasar a ranar 9 ga Satumba, inda ya bude wasan da suka yi nasara a kan Moreirense da ci 3-2 a waje. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Delgado |first=Evandro |date=9 September 2023 |title=Braga vence Moreirense com golo aos 90+6 e sobe ao 7.º lugar |trans-title=Braga beat Moreirense with 90+6 goal and climb to 7th place |url=https://desporto.sapo.pt/futebol/primeira-liga/artigos/braga-vence-moreirense-em-jogo-com-duas-reviravoltas-e-sobe-ao-7-o-posto |access-date=21 April 2024 |publisher=[[SAPO (company)|SAPO]] |language=pt}}</ref> === Daga baya aiki === A ranar 16 ga Agusta 2024, bayan ya yanke alaƙarsa da Braga, wanda har yanzu yana da haƙƙin samun kashi 10% na duk wani canja wuri na gaba, Lopes ya amince da yarjejeniyar shekaru biyu da Alanyaspor na Turkish [[Süper Lig]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 August 2024 |title=OFICIAL: Rony Lopes deixa Sp. Braga e ruma à Turquia |trans-title=OFFICIAL: Rony Lopes leaves Sp. Braga and heads to Turkey |url=https://maisfutebol.iol.pt/made-in/rony-lopes/oficial-rony-lopes-deixa-sp-braga-e-ruma-a-turquia |access-date=9 August 2025 |publisher=Mais Futebol |language=pt}}</ref> A lokacin canja wurin 'yan wasa da ke tafe, ya koma Portugal a matsayin aro na watanni biyar a Farense . <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 February 2025 |title=OFICIAL: Farense anuncia contratação de Rony Lopes |trans-title=OFFICIAL: Farense announce signing of Rony Lopes |url=https://maisfutebol.iol.pt/liga/farense/oficial-farense-anuncia-contratacao-de-rony-lopes |access-date=9 August 2025 |publisher=Mais Futebol |language=pt}}</ref> Lopes ya ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin manyan 'yan wasan Portugal a kakar wasa ta 2025–26, inda ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru uku da Tondela . == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == Lopes ya zaɓi wakiltar Portugal a ƙasashen duniya, <ref> {{Cite web |last=Teixeira |first=Nuno R. |date=27 August 2014 |title=Marcos Lopes quer representar Portugal no Mundial sub-20 (com fotos) |trans-title=Marcos Lopes wants to represent Portugal at the under-20 World Cup (with pictures) |url=https://relvado.sapo.pt/seleccao/galeria/marcos-lopes-quer-representar-portugal-no-mundial-sub-20-com-fotos-499106 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006085110/http://relvado.sapo.pt/seleccao/galeria/marcos-lopes-quer-representar-portugal-no-mundial-sub-20-com-fotos-499106 |archive-date=6 October 2014 |access-date=14 June 2015 |publisher=Relvado |language=pt}}</ref> ya lashe wasanni a kowane matakin matasa. Ya bayyana tare da ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 20 a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 'yan ƙasa da shekara 20 ta 2015, inda ya buga dukkan wasannin da aka yi a [[New Zealand]] kuma ya taimaka wa ƙasarsa ta kai wasan kusa da na ƙarshe. <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 June 2015 |title=Brazil through as profligate Portugal pay the penalty |url=https://www.fifa.com/u20worldcup/matches/round=271598/match=300269537/match-report.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150616174100/http://www.fifa.com/u20worldcup/matches/round=271598/match=300269537/match-report.html |archive-date=16 June 2015 |access-date=14 June 2015 |publisher=FIFA}}</ref> A ranar 5 ga Janairun 2014, Lopes har yanzu yana da shekaru 18, ya fara buga wasa da 'yan ƙasa da shekara 21, inda ya buga kusan mintuna 20 a wasan da suka doke Macedonia da ci 2-0 a gasar neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin Turai ta UEFA ta 2015. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Santos |first=Carlos Jorge |date=5 March 2014 |title=Perfect Portugal dispatch FYROM |url=https://www.uefa.com/under21/news/0257-0ded0c0f1fc3-1f2832299780-1000/ |access-date=5 May 2022 |publisher=UEFA}}</ref> Ya fara bayyana a matsayin cikakken ɗan wasa a ranar 14 ga Nuwamba 2017, inda ya maye gurbin Gonçalo Guedes a ƙarshen rabin na biyu na wasan sada zumunci da suka tashi 1-1 da Amurka . An sanya sunan Lopes a cikin jerin 'yan wasa 35 na farko da za su fafata a [[Kofin kwallon kafar duniya ta 2018|gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2018]], <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 May 2018 |title=Revealed: Every World Cup 2018 squad – 23-man & preliminary lists & when will they be announced? |url=https://www.goal.com/en-gb/news/revealed-every-world-cup-2018-squad-23-man-preliminary-lists/oa0atsduflsv1nsf6oqk576rb |access-date=17 May 2018 |publisher=[[Goal (website)|Goal]]}}</ref> amma bai shiga jerin 'yan wasa na karshe ba. <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 May 2018 |title=Nearly half Portugal's Euro squad to miss World Cup |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/portugal-world-cup-squad |access-date=17 May 2018 |publisher=[[Special Broadcasting Service]]}}</ref> == Ƙididdigar aiki == === Kulob === {{Updated|match played 16 May 2026}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Appearances and goals by club, season and competition ! rowspan="2" |Club ! rowspan="2" |Season ! colspan="3" |League ! colspan="2" |National cup{{Efn|Includes [[FA Cup]], [[Coupe de France]], [[Copa del Rey]], [[Greek Football Cup]], [[Taça de Portugal]]}} ! colspan="2" |League cup{{Efn|Includes [[Football League Cup]], [[Coupe de la Ligue]], [[Taça da Liga]]}} ! colspan="2" |Europe ! colspan="2" |Other ! colspan="2" |Total |- !Division !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals |- | rowspan="3" |[[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]] |2012–13 | rowspan="2" |[[Premier League]] | colspan="2" |— |1 |1 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |1 |1 |- |2013–14 | colspan="2" |— |1 |0 |3 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |4 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !0 !0 !2 !1 !3 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !5 !1 |- | rowspan="4" |Lille (loan) |2014–15 | rowspan="3" |[[Ligue 1]] |23 |3 | colspan="2" |— |1 |0 |3{{Efn|Two appearances in [[UEFA Champions League]], one appearance in [[UEFA Europa League]]}} |0 | colspan="2" |— |27 |3 |- |2015–16<ref name="SW">{{Soccerway|marcos-paulo-mesquita-lopes/214882}}</ref> |12 |2 |1 |1 |3 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |16 |3 |- |2016–17<ref name="SW" /> |25 |4 |2 |2 |0 |0 |2{{Efn|Appearances in UEFA Europa League}} |0 | colspan="2" |— |29 |6 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !60 !9 !3 !3 !4 !0 !5 !0 !0 !0 !72 !12 |- | rowspan="5" |Monaco |2015–16<ref name="SW" /> | rowspan="4" |Ligue 1 |2 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |2 |0 |- |2017–18<ref name="SW" /> |38 |15 |2 |1 |4 |0 |5{{Efn|Appearances in UEFA Champions League}} |1 |1{{Efn|Appearance in [[Trophée des Champions]]}} |0 |50 |17 |- |2018–19<ref name="SW" /> |24 |2 |2 |0 |2 |2 |0 |0 |1[f] |0 |29 |4 |- |2019–20<ref name="SW" /> |1 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |1 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !65 !17 !4 !1 !6 !2 !5 !1 !2 !0 !82 !21 |- |[[Sevilla FC|Sevilla]] |2019–20<ref name="SW" /> |[[La Liga]] |5 |0 |2 |0 | colspan="2" |— |7[d] |0 | colspan="2" |— |14 |0 |- |Nice (loan) |2020–21<ref name="SW" /> |Ligue 1 |28 |3 |1 |2 | colspan="2" |— |4[d] |0 | colspan="2" |— |33 |5 |- |Olympiacos |2021–22<ref name="SW" /> |Super League Greece |18 |3 |3 |1 | colspan="2" |— |6[d] |0 | colspan="2" |— |27 |4 |- |Troyes (loan) |2022–23 |Ligue 1 |32 |7 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |32 |7 |- |Braga |2023–24 |Primeira Liga |23 |2 |3 |2 |2 |0 |4{{Efn|Three appearances in UEFA Champions League, one appearance in UEFA Europa League}} |0 | colspan="2" |— |32 |4 |- |Alanyaspor |2024–25 |[[Süper Lig]] |15 |0 |3 |1 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |18 |1 |- |Farense (loan) |2024–25 | rowspan="2" |Primeira Liga |14 |1 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |14 |1 |- |Tondela |2025–26 |16 |4 |1 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |18 |4 |- ! colspan="3" |Career total !276 !46 !22 !10 !16 !2 !31 !1 !2 !0 !347 !59 |} {{Notelist}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Bayyanar da kwallayen da ƙungiyar ƙasa ta zura da kuma shekarar da ta gabata ! Tawagar ƙasa ! Shekara ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye |- | rowspan="2" | Portugal | 2017 | 1 | 0 |- | 2018 | 1 | 0 |- ! colspan="2" | Jimilla ! 2 ! 0 |} == Daraja == '''Manchester City''' * Kofin Gasar Kwallon Kafa : 2013–14 <ref name="SW">{{Soccerway|marcos-paulo-mesquita-lopes/214882}}</ref> * Wanda ya zo na biyu a gasar cin kofin FA : 2012–13 <ref name="SW" /> '''Lille''' * Coupe de la Ligue : 2015-16 <ref name="SW">{{Soccerway|marcos-paulo-mesquita-lopes/214882}}</ref> '''Monaco''' * Coupe de la Ligue: 2017-18 <ref name="SW">{{Soccerway|marcos-paulo-mesquita-lopes/214882}}</ref> * Trophée des Champions : 2017, 2018 <ref name="SW" /> '''Sevilla''' * Gasar Zakarun Turai ta UEFA : 2019–20 <ref name="SW">{{Soccerway|marcos-paulo-mesquita-lopes/214882}}</ref> '''Olympiakos''' * Gasar Super League ta Girka : 2021–22 '''Braga''' * Taca da Liga : 2023-24 '''<nowiki/>'Yan ƙasa da shekara 19 a Portugal''' * Gasar cin kofin Turai ta 'yan ƙasa da shekara 19 ta UEFA : 2014 <ref name="SW">{{Soccerway|marcos-paulo-mesquita-lopes/214882}}</ref> == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Rony Lopes at ForaDeJogo (archived) * Rony Lopes at Soccerbase * Rony Lopes at L'Équipe Football (in French) * Rony Lopes national team profile at the Portuguese Football Federation (in Portuguese) * {{NFT player|69389}} * {{FIFA player|385022}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1995]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] == Manazarta == hgcvmgxl7s8pamvu3u4jkumpe4g2c86 Ramón Díaz 0 162314 889500 887817 2026-07-30T19:41:09Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 889500 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ramón Ángel Díaz''' ({{IPA|es|raˈmon ˈaŋxel ˈdi.as}} ; an haife shi a ranar 29 ga Agusta 1959) manajan [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na Argentina kuma tsohon ɗan wasa. Shi ne kocin Argentina mafi nasara a tarihi da lashe kofuna 17, kocin na biyu mafi nasara a tarihin River Plate bayan Marcelo Gallardo da kuma kocin da ya fi samun nasara a gasar Primera División ta Argentina tare da Ángel Labruna . Díaz ya taka rawar gani a kungiyar River Plate da kuma tawagar kasar Argentina a matsayin dan wasan gaba, kuma ya horar da kungiyar sau uku, inda ya lashe kofuna takwas. Ana kuma kiransa da sunan ''El Pelado'' ("Baldy"). == Aikin kulob == === Farantin Kogi === [[Fayil:Ramon_diaz_elgrafico.jpg|left|thumb|218x218px| Díaz yana buga wa River Plate wasa a shekarar 1981]] An haife shi a La Rioja, Díaz ɗan wasan matasa ne na River Plate, kuma ya kasance abin jan hankali a ƙarƙashin manajan matasa Norberto Yácono . Ya fara buga wasa a ƙungiyarsa ta farko - Primera División - a ranar 13 ga Agusta 1978, inda ya fara da nasara 1-0 a kan Colón, yayin da ƙungiyar ta yi amfani da wani tsari na daban yayin da 'yan wasan farko na ƙungiyar suka fita zuwa Turai. <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 August 2020 |title=El debut de Ramón Díaz hace 42 años: los grandes de gira y los juveniles en Primera |trans-title=The debut of Ramón Díaz 42 years ago: the greats on tour and the youth in ''Primera'' |url=https://lapaginamillonaria.com/riverplate/El-debut-de-Ramon-Diaz-hace-42-anos-los-grandes-de-gira-y-los-juveniles-en-Primera-20200813-0007.html |access-date=10 July 2024 |publisher=La Página Millonaria |language=es}}</ref> Díaz ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a ranar 30 ga Agusta 1978, a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da Quilmes . Ya ci gaba da zama ɗan wasan farko a ƙungiyar, musamman inda ya zira kwallaye 22 a gasar a kakar wasa ta 1980 . === Italiya === A shekarar 1982, Díaz ya koma ƙasar waje a karon farko a rayuwarsa, inda ya sanya hannu a ƙungiyar Serie A ta Italiya Napoli . Duk da kammala kakar wasa ta farko kuma ta daya a kulob din a matsayin wanda ya fi zura kwallaye da kwallaye takwas, kakar wasa ta Napoli ta kasance abin takaici yayin da suka kare a matsayi na 10, maki biyu kacal kafin su fadi daga gasar. A shekarar 1983, Díaz ya fara komawa Avellino a matsayin aro, inda ya kasance dan wasa na farko da ya fara wasa akai-akai a kakar wasa uku da ya yi, kuma ya zura kwallaye 11 a kakar wasa ta 1985-86 . A watan Yulin 1986, ya koma Fiorentina kan kuɗin lira biliyan 10. <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 July 1986 |title=Milan, debutto con show |trans-title=Milan, debut with a show |url=https://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/1986/07/16/milan-debutto-con-show.html |access-date=10 July 2024 |publisher=[[la Repubblica]] |language=it}}</ref> A ranar 21 ga Yulin 1988, Díaz ya amince da yarjejeniyar aro da Inter Milan a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin [[Rabah Madjer]], wanda hakan ya gaza cimma burinsa na duba lafiyarsa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 July 1988 |title=Inter, Diaz batte Madjer... |trans-title=Inter, Díaz defeats Madjer... |url=https://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/1988/07/21/inter-diaz-batte-madjer.html |access-date=10 July 2024 |publisher=[[la Repubblica]] |language=it}}</ref> Duk da cewa ya zura kwallaye 15 a kakar wasa ta bana, kasancewarsa na biyu mafi kyawun dan wasan da ya zura kwallaye a kungiyar (bayan Aldo Serena ), Inter ba ta sayi shi ba, daga baya kuma Jürgen Klinsmann ya maye gurbinsa. === Komawa Monaco da River Plate da kuma yin ritaya === A shekarar 1989, Díaz ya koma kulob din Monaco na Faransa, kuma ya lashe gasar Coupe de France ta 1990-91 tare da kulob din. A shekarar 1991, ya koma kulob dinsa na farko a River Plate, inda ya zama dan wasa mafi zura kwallaye a gasar Apertura ta 1991 . A ƙarshen aikinsa, Díaz shine Babban ɗan wasan J.League a shekarar 1993 tare da Yokohama Marinos a Japan, kuma shine ɗan wasan da ya fi zura kwallaye a gasar Yokohama derby, inda ya zira kwallaye 8 a kan Yokohama Flügels . <ref name="Profile">{{Cite web |date=January 2005 |title=Ramon Diaz: Globe-trotting thoroughbred commits to Oxford cause |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/ramon-diaz-globe-trotting-thoroughbred-commits-to-oxford-cause-14074.html |website=The Independent}}</ref> == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == [[Fayil:Argentina_vs_urss_1979.jpg|left|thumb|200x200px| Diaz (da ƙwallon) yana bugawa ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 20 ta Argentina a gasar cin kofin duniya ta 'yan ƙasa da shekara 20 ta 1979]] Díaz yana cikin ƙungiyar ' yan ƙasa da shekara 20 ta Argentina wadda ta lashe gasar FIFA World Youth Championship a shekarar 1979, tare da [[Diego Maradona]] . Díaz da Maradona su ne ginshiƙin ƙungiyar da ke da ra'ayin kai hari, kuma tare suka zira kwallaye 14 cikin 20 na ƙungiyar (70%). Díaz ya zura kwallaye 8, inda ya lashe kyautar Golden Boot saboda kasancewarsa wanda ya fi zura kwallaye a gasar. Maradona ya zura kwallaye 6, inda ya lashe kyautar gwarzon ɗan wasa. Daga nan Díaz ya ci gaba da buga wasa a [[Kofin Duniya na FIFA na 1982|gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 1982]] kuma ya zura kwallo a ragar [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta kasa ta Brazil|Brazil]] a wasan da Argentina ta sha kashi da ci 3-1. An yi ta rade-radin cewa shi da Maradona sun shiga cikin rikicin da ya hana Díaz bugawa Argentina wasa a gasar cin kofin duniya ta 1986 da 1990. Duk da haka, Maradona ya musanta hakan a cikin tarihin rayuwarsa ''Yo soy el Diego'', yana mai cewa ya shaida wa manajan Argentina na lokacin, Carlos Bilardo, cewa yana son Diaz ya kasance a cikin 'yan wasan da suka buga gasar cin kofin duniya ta 1986 da 1990. <ref name="Profile"/> <ref name="Bio">{{Cite web |title=Ramon Angel Diaz |url=http://ramondiaz.com/en/biografia/ |website=Ramon Diaz.com}}</ref> == Aikin gudanarwa == === Farantin Kogi === A shekarar 1995, an nada Díaz a matsayin manajan kulob dinsa na farko a River Plate, inda ya maye gurbin Carlos Babington da aka kora; manufarsa a lokacin ita ce ya buga wa kulob din wasa kafin ya yi ritaya, amma shugaban Alfredo Davicce ya gayyace shi a matsayin manaja. Wasansa na farko a matsayin kocin kungiyar ya faru ne a ranar 26 ga watan Yuli, wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 a Copa Libertadores da Vélez Sarsfield . <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 July 2020 |title=La primera vez de Ramón Díaz como DT de River |trans-title=The first time of Ramón Díaz as manager of River |url=https://www.pagina12.com.ar/280846-la-primera-vez-de-ramon-diaz-como-dt-de-river |access-date=10 July 2024 |publisher=Página 12 |language=es}}</ref> Díaz ya lashe gasar Libertadores ta 1996 da kuma Supercopa Libertadores ta 1997 tare da River, <ref name="Profile"/> baya ga kofunan lig guda hudu a kakarsa ta farko. Ya yi murabus daga ƙungiyar a watan Fabrairun 2000, bayan rashin nasara a wasan sada zumunci da suka yi da Boca Juniors da ci 2-1, sannan kuma bayan ya yi jayayya da hukumar gudanarwar ƙungiyar. <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 February 2000 |title=A Ramón le dieron el toque |trans-title=They gave Ramón the touch |url=https://www.pagina12.com.ar/2000/00-02/00-02-12/pag19.htm |access-date=10 July 2024 |publisher=Página 12 |language=es}}</ref> A ranar 23 ga Yuni 2001, Díaz ya amince ya koma River, inda ya maye gurbin magajinsa Américo Gallego . <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 June 2001 |title=Ramón Díaz volvió a River |trans-title=Ramón Díaz returned to River |url=https://www.ambito.com/portada-principal/ramon-diaz-volvio-river-n3122681 |access-date=10 July 2024 |publisher=ámbito |language=es}}</ref> Ya sake lashe wani kofi na gasar ( Gasar Clausura ta 2002 ), amma Manuel Pellegrini ya maye gurbinsa a ranar 20 ga Mayu 2002, yayin da kulob din ya zabi kin sabunta kwantiraginsa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 May 2002 |title=Ramón Díaz deja River Plate |trans-title=Ramón Díaz leaves River Plate |url=https://www.elmundo.es/elmundodeporte/2002/05/20/futbol_internacional/1021915211.html |access-date=10 July 2024 |publisher=[[El Mundo (Spain)|El Mundo]] |language=es}}</ref> === Oxford United === A ranar 9 ga Disamba 2004, Díaz ya maye gurbin Graham Rix a matsayin manajan kulob din [[Oxford United FC|Oxford United]] na Ingila na biyu . <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 December 2004 |title=Oxford name Diaz as new manager |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/teams/o/oxford_utd/4082191.stm |access-date=10 July 2024 |publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> A lokacin, Díaz ya shaida wa manema labarai cewa: "Ina son ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ingila kuma ina son in sami gogewa ta farko... Na ga abubuwa da yawa a talabijin... Haka kuma yana da ban sha'awa sosai a yi aiki a wannan matakin, domin ya bambanta da ƙwallon ƙafa a saman." An kuma yi iƙirarin cewa babu Díaz ko ɗaya daga cikin ma'aikatansa biyar da ke ɗakin bayan gida da ke Oxford United ke biyansu albashi saboda ayyukansu. <ref name="Profile" /> A ranar 4 ga Mayu 2005, Díaz ya yi murabus daga Oxford bayan "tattaunawar da aka yi kan sabuwar kwangila ta wargaje". <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 May 2005 |title=Argentine Diaz leaves Oxford helm |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/teams/o/oxford_utd/4514565.stm |access-date=10 July 2024 |publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> === San Lorenzo === A ranar 24 ga Disamba 2006, an naɗa Díaz a matsayin babban kocin San Lorenzo a kakar wasa mai zuwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=San Lorenzo appoint former U's boss Diaz |url=https://www.espnfc.com/story/397356/san-lorenzo-appoint-former-us-boss-diaz |publisher=ESPN FC}}</ref> Ya taimaka wa ƙungiyar wajen lashe gasar Clausura ta 2007, gasar da ta fara lashewa a cikin shekaru shida. Duk da cewa kungiyar ta San Lorenzo ta cancanci shiga gasar Copa Libertadores ta 2008, kungiyar Díaz ta sha kashi a hannun zakarun gasar LDU Quito a watan Mayu, kuma ya yi murabus daga kungiyar a ranar 28 ga Mayu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 May 2008 |title=Chau Ramón Díaz: renunció como DT de San Lorenzo |trans-title=Bye Ramón Díaz: resigned as manager of San Lorenzo |url=https://www.perfil.com/noticias/deportes/chau-ramon-diaz-renuncio-como-dt-de-san-lorenzo-20080528-0028.phtml |access-date=10 July 2024 |publisher=[[Perfil]] |language=es}}</ref> === Kulob ɗin Amurka === A ranar 15 ga Mayu 2008, an tabbatar da Diaz a matsayin sabon kocin Club América . Duk da cewa kulob din bai bayyana takamaiman bayanai game da kwantiragin Diaz ba, an ruwaito cewa an yi masa tayin dala miliyan 1.5 a kowace shekara, gami da kari da suka shafi aiki wanda zai iya kai jimillar ribar da ya samu zuwa dala miliyan 6. Díaz ya kasa sanya Club América ta cancanci zuwa Copa Libertadores . A farkon kakar wasa ta Clausura ta 2009, Díaz ya yi nasara a kan Santos Laguna 2-1, ya yi kunnen doki da Toluca 2-2, sannan ya sha kashi a hannun Morelia 1-0 da kuma Pachuca 3-1. Bayan rashin nasara sau biyu a jere a gasar, kuma ƙungiyar tana matsayi na 12 a teburin gasar, an kore shi a ranar 10 ga Fabrairu 2009. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Club America Sacks Diaz {{pipe}} Goal.com |url=https://www.goal.com/en-us/news/114/mexico/2009/02/10/1103513/club-america-sacks-diaz |publisher=Goal}}</ref> === Komawa zuwa San Lorenzo === A ranar 25 ga Mayu 2010, shugaban San Lorenzo Savino ya bayyana a hukumance cewa an nada Díaz a matsayin manaja a karo na biyu, bayan ya amince da kwangilar shekara guda. <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 May 2010 |title=Ramón Díaz acordó su regreso a San Lorenzo |trans-title=Ramón Díaz agreed to his return to San Lorenzo |url=https://www.clarin.com/ultimo-momento/ramon-diaz-acordo-regreso-san-lorenzo_0_BJXfLSL0pYg.html |website=[[Clarín (Argentine newspaper)|Clarín]] |language=es}}</ref> Bayan yakin neman zabe na tsakiyar tebur a Apertura na 2010, ya yi murabus a ranar 24 ga Afrilu 2011, yana mai cewa yana son "yaƙi don samun mukamai na farko". <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 April 2011 |title=Ramón Díaz renunció en San Lorenzo |trans-title=Ramón Díaz resigned at San Lorenzo |url=https://www.espn.com.ar/noticias/nota?s=arg&id=1280524&type=story |access-date=10 July 2024 |publisher=ESPN |language=es}}</ref> === Independiente === A kan 12 Satumba 2011, Independiente ya hayar Díaz don maye gurbin Antonio Mohamed, wanda ya yi murabus. <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 September 2011 |title=Ramón Díaz es el nuevo técnico de Independiente |trans-title=Ramón Díaz is the new manager of Independiente |url=https://www.clarin.com/deportes/Ramon-Diaz-cerca-Independiente_0_S1eMA4phPQx.html |access-date=10 July 2024 |publisher=[[Clarín (Argentine newspaper)|Clarín]] |language=es}}</ref> A ranar 5 ga Maris 2012, ya yi murabus daga mukaminsa a kulob din, wanda ya kasance yana fama da matsaloli kuma ya sami kansa a ƙarshen teburin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ramon Diaz quits Independiente {{pipe}} Goal.com |url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/585/argentina/2012/03/05/2947124/ramon-diaz-quits-independiente |publisher=Goal}}</ref> === Sihiri na uku a River Plate === A ranar 30 ga Nuwamba 2012, Díaz ya koma River Plate a karo na uku a matsayin manaja. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ramon Diaz returns to River Plate after being appointed coach {{pipe}} Goal.com |url=https://www.goal.com/en-ke/news/4500/main/2012/11/30/3566344/ramon-diaz-hired-as-new-river-plate-coach |publisher=Goal}}</ref> Ya lashe gasar Torneo Final a shekarar 2014, sannan ya lashe gasar Superfinal a kan tsohuwar kungiyar San Lorenzo da ci 1-0. <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 May 2014 |title=River Plate claim the Copa Campeonato with victory over San Lorenzo (VIDEO) |url=https://golazoargentino.com/2014/05/25/river-plate-claim-the-copa-campeonato-with-victory-over-san-lorenzo-video/}}</ref> A ranar 27 ga Mayu 2014, Díaz ya bar River Plate. <ref>[https://www.fourfourtwo.com/my/news/diaz-leaves-river-plate]{{Dead link|date=February 2022}}</ref> === Tawagar 'yan wasan Paraguay === [[Fayil:Ramón_Díaz_(25920994911)_(2).jpg|right|thumb|250x250px| Díaz a lokacin wani taron manema labarai a matsayin kocin Paraguay, a shekarar 2016]] A ranar 5 ga Disamba, 2014, Díaz ya zama kocin tawagar 'yan wasan Paraguay . Ya ce: "Wannan yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙalubalen da na fuskanta a rayuwata... Akwai aiki da yawa da zan yi". <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 December 2014 |title=Paraguay name Argentine Diaz as coach |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/soccer-paraguay-coach/paraguay-name-argentine-diaz-as-coach-idINKCN0JI2M120141204 |agency=Reuters}}</ref> Babban gasarsa ta farko ita ce gasar Copa America ta 2015, inda wasansa na farko ya kasance da Argentina inda suka yi kunnen doki 2-2. Daga baya Paraguay ta doke Jamaica da ci 1-0 sannan ta yi kunnen doki 1-1 da Uruguay, inda ta kare a matsayi na biyu a rukuninsu. Paraguay ta yi nasara a wasan kusa da na karshe da [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta kasa ta Brazil|Brazil]] da ci 1-1 (4-3 a bugun fenariti), amma ta sha kashi a hannun Argentina da ci 6-1 a wasan kusa da na karshe wanda hakan ya ba ta damar shiga zagaye na uku na gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai wanda suka sha kashi a hannun Peru da ci 2-0, wanda hakan ya sanya Paraguay ta zama ta hudu a gasar Copa America. Ya kuma jagoranci ƙasar a gasar Copa América Centenario, inda aka fitar da Paraguay a matakin rukuni, ta hanyar yin kunnen doki da Costa Rica sannan aka sha kashi a hannun Colombia da ci 2-1 da kuma Amurka da ci 1-0. A ranar 12 ga Yuni 2016, bayan rashin nasara a gasar Copa América Centenario, Díaz ya yi murabus a matsayin manajan Paraguay. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Paraguay manager Ramon Diaz resigns following Copa América elimination |url=http://www.espnfc.com/paraguay/story/2891510 |publisher=ESPN FC}}</ref> === Al-Hilal === A ranar 13 ga Oktoba, 2016, an nada Ramón Díaz a matsayin manajan [[Al Hilal SFC|Al-Hilal]] bayan an kori tsohon manaja Gustavo Matosas <ref>{{Cite web |title=صحيفة شبكة الاعلام السعودي رسميا .. الأرجنتيني رومان دياز مدربا للهلال - صحيفة شبكة الاعلام السعودي |url=http://a3lam-ksa.net.sa/?p=7518 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180730235328/http://a3lam-ksa.net.sa/?p=7518 |archive-date=30 July 2018 |access-date=12 May 2017}}</ref> tare da kwantiragin shekara guda. ==== kakar 2016–17 ==== Wasan farko da Ramón ya buga shine da Al-Fateh inda Al-Hilal ta yi nasara da ci 1-0. A ranar 25 ga Nuwamba, Rámon ya buga wasansa na farko mai muhimmanci da Al-Ahli inda suka yi nasara da ci 2-1. Ramón ya buga wasan daf da na Riyadh da [[Al-Nassr]] 1-1. Ramón ya yi nasara a kan Al-Taawon da ci 4-2. Ya yi nasara a kan Ittihad da ci 3-1. Ramón Diaz ya yi kunnen doki 0-0 da Al-Ahli, amma ya yi nasara a kan Al-Shabab da ci 2-1 don tabbatar da kambun gasar. Al-Hilal ta lashe gasar ne a hannun Al-Nassr a wasan da suka fafata a Riyadh Derby bayan ta yi nasara da ci 5-1 a gasar. Ramón Díaz ya sabunta kwangilarsa ta tsawon shekara guda akan dala miliyan 1.5. <ref>{{Cite web |title=أخبار الهلال ... حقيقة تجديد عقد رامون دياز مدرب الهلال - سبورت 360 عربية |url=https://arabic.sport360.com/article/الدوري-السعودي/نادي-الهلال/521321/أخبار-الهلال-حقيقة-تجديد-عقد-رامون-دياز-مدرب-الهلال/ |website=arabic.sport360.com}}</ref> Ramón ya zama na farko a gasar zakarun Turai bayan ya yi nasara a kan Al-Rayyan da ci 4-3. <ref>{{Cite web |title=كووورة: الموقع العربي الرياضي الأول |url=https://m.kooora.com/?region=-6&team=144 |website=m.kooora.com}}</ref> Ramón ya sa Al-Hilal ta cancanci zuwa wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin King's bayan ta doke Al-Taawon da ci 3-4. Ramón Díaz ya lashe Kofin Sarki da Al-Ahli a wasan ƙarshe na 3–2. <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 May 2017 |title=Al-Hilal wins King's Cup |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/1101626/sports |website=Arab News}}</ref> Rámon Díaz ya lashe zagaye na 16 na gasar zakarun Turai a zagaye na farko da Esteghlal Khuzestan da ci 2-1. Díaz ya sake lashe zagaye na biyu da ci 2-1 [2-4 a kan AGG] wanda hakan ya sa Al-Hilal ta kai wasan kusa da na karshe na gasar zakarun AFC. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Al Hilal v Esteghlal Khuzestan Live Commentary & Result, 30/05/2017, AFC Champions League {{pipe}} Goal.com |url=https://www.goal.com/en/match/al-hilal-v-esteghlal-khuzestan/auwlpkhlkmh8arcqeyx2o59t5 |publisher=Goal}}</ref> ==== kakar 2017–18 ==== A ranar 4 ga watan Yuni, Díaz ya sayi [[Mukhtar Fallatah]] don ya zama dan wasa na farko da ya fara zura kwallo a kakar wasa ta bana. <ref>{{Cite web |title=رسميا.. مختار فلاتة هلالي - |url=http://prosports.mbc.net/ar/championships/jameel-league/articles/رسميا---مختار-فلاتة-هلالي.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606061015/http://prosports.mbc.net/ar/championships/jameel-league/articles/%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7---%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D9%81%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A9-%D9%87%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A.html |archive-date=6 June 2017 |website=prosports.mbc.net}}</ref> A ranar 19 ga Yunin 2017, Ramòn Díaz ya sanya [[Umar Khribin|Omar Kharbin]] a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa bayan ya koma aro, inda aka biya shi dala miliyan 11 (Ryals miliyan 44) sannan ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru hudu da Al-Hilal. A ranar 10 ga Janairu, Díaz ya sayi Ali Al Bulaihi kyauta daga Al-Fateh. <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 July 2019 |title=الهلال السعودي يعلن ضم مدافع الفتح |url=https://www.kooora.com/?n=598356 |website=كووورة}}</ref> A ranar 3 ga Yuli, Al-Hilal ya sanya hannu kan Mohamed Kanno da Hasan Kadish daga Ettifaq . <ref>{{Cite web |last=نت |first=العربية |date=4 July 2017 |title=الهلال يضم محمد كنو وحسن كادش من الاتفاق |url=https://www.alarabiya.net/ar/sport/saudi-sport/2017/07/04/الهلال-يضم-محمد-كنو-وحسن-كادش-من-الاتفاق.html |website=العربية نت}}</ref> A ranar 10 ga watan Agusta, Díaz ya lashe wasan farko na kakar wasa da ci 2-1 da Al-Fayha, wanda ya fara buga gasar. A ranar 15 ga watan Agusta, Ramón Díaz ya lashe wasansa na biyu a kakar wasa ta bana, wanda ya kasance tsakaninsa da Al-Taawoun da ci 4-3. A ranar 21 ga watan Agusta, Díaz ya yi kunnen doki da Al- Hilal da ci 0-0 a wasan kusa da na karshe na gasar zakarun AFC ta 2017. <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 July 2019 |title=التعادل السلبي يحسم ذهاب قمة العين والهلال الآسيوية |url=https://www.kooora.com/?n=615772 |website=كووورة}}</ref> A ranar 11 ga Satumba, Díaz ya sa Al-Hilal ta cancanci zuwa wasan kusa da na karshe na gasar zakarun AFC bayan ta doke Al-Ain da ci 3-0. Bayan haka, ya ɗauki Gelmin Rivas don zama ɗan wasa na shida da ya yi rijista a ƙasar waje a kakar wasa ta 2017-18. <ref>{{Cite web |last=نت |first=العربية |date=11 September 2017 |title=الهلال يعزز خط هجومه بالفنزويلي ريفاس |url=https://www.alarabiya.net/ar/sport/saudi-sport/2017/09/11/الفنزويلي-ريفاس-إلى-الهلال-.html |website=العربية نت}}</ref> A ranar 16 ga Satumba, Ramón Díaz ya lashe wasa na uku a kakar wasa da Ohod da ci 1-0. <ref>{{Cite web |title=رياضي / الهلال يفوز على أحد بهدف دون مقابل في الدوري السعودي وكالة الأنباء السعودية |url=http://www.spa.gov.sa/viewfullstory.php?lang=ar&newsid=1666677}}</ref> A ranar 21 ga Satumba, Al-Hilal ta yi kunnen doki da Al-Ittihad da ci 1-1. <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 September 2017 |title=بالفيديو : الهلال يتعادل مع الاتحاد بهدفٍ لكلٍ منهما • صحيفة المرصد |url=https://al-marsd.com/158337.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190730085422/https://al-marsd.com/158337.html |archive-date=30 July 2019 |access-date=30 July 2019}}</ref> A ranar 26 ga Oktoba, Diaz ya sanya Al-Hilal ta lashe gasar Riyadh Derby da [[Al-Nassr]] . A ranar 18 ga Nuwamba, Díaz da tawagarsa sun yi kunnen doki a zagaye na farko na wasan karshe na gasar zakarun AFC da Urawa Red Diamonds 1-1 a Riyadh. A ranar 25 ga Nuwamba, sun sha kashi a karo na biyu da ci 1-0 wanda hakan ya sa suka zama na biyu a gasar. <ref>{{Cite web |last=McKirdy |first=Andrew |date=25 November 2017 |title=Urawa Reds clinch Asian Champions League title on late goal against Al Hilal |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/sports/2017/11/25/soccer/urawa-reds-clinch-asian-champions-league-title-late-goal-al-hilal/ |via=Japan Times Online}}</ref> A ranar 1 ga Disamba, ya jagoranci tawagarsa wajen yin nasara a kan Al-Ahli da ci 2-0. A ranar 17 ga Disamba, Díaz da tawagarsa sun sha kashi a wasansu na farko a gasar da Al-Fayha da ci 2-1. Bayan haka, Diaz ya yi nasara a kan Ohod da ci 4-1. A ranar 20 ga Janairu, Al-Hilal ta sha kashi a hannun Al-Qadisyah a zagaye na 16. <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 January 2018 |title=بعد خروج الهلال من كأس الملك.. مغردون: سامي الجابر مطلب هلالي |url=https://www.almowaten.net/2018/01/%d8%a8%d8%b9%d8%af-%d8%ae%d8%b1%d9%88%d8%ac-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%87%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%84-%d9%85%d9%86-%d9%83%d8%a3%d8%b3-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%84%d9%83-%d9%85%d8%ba%d8%b1%d8%af%d9%88%d9%86-%d8%b3%d8%a7/ |website=صحيفة المواطن الإلكترونية}}</ref> A ranar 13 ga Fabrairu, Al-Hilal ta yi canjaras a wasanta na farko a sabon filin wasanta na King Saud University Stadium da Al-Ain 0-0 a gasar zakarun Turai. A ranar 20 ga Fabrairu, Al-Hilal ta sha kashi a hannun Esteghlal da ci 1-0 a wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai a Oman. A ranar 21 ga Fabrairu 2018, Al-Hilal ta kori Díaz saboda rashin kyawun aikinsa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 February 2018 |title=Saudi giants Al Hilal sack Ramon Diaz |url=http://www.foxsportsasia.com/football/asian-football/afc-champions-league/802868/saudi-giants-al-hilal-sack-ramon-diaz/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191006221730/https://www.foxsportsasia.com/football/asian-football/afc-champions-league/802868/saudi-giants-al-hilal-sack-ramon-diaz/ |archive-date=6 October 2019 |access-date=21 February 2018 |website=FOX Sports Asia}}</ref> === Dala === A ranar 26 ga Janairun 2019, an nada Díaz a matsayin manajan kungiyar Pyramids FC ta Masar. <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 January 2019 |title=Ramón Díaz, nuevo entrenador de Pyramids de Egipto |trans-title=Ramón Díaz, new manager of Pyramids from Egypt |url=https://argentina.as.com/argentina/2019/01/26/futbol/1548531978_523050.html |access-date=10 July 2024 |publisher=[[Diario AS]] |language=es}}</ref> Ya bar ƙungiyar a ranar 27 ga Mayu, bayan wasanni 12 kacal. <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 May 2019 |title=Ramón Díaz se desvinculó de Pyramids de Egipto |trans-title=Ramón Díaz left Pyramids from Egypt |url=https://www.tycsports.com/futbol-internacional/ramon-diaz-se-desvinculo-de-pyramids-de-egipto-20190527.html |access-date=10 July 2024 |publisher=[[TyC Sports]] |language=es}}</ref> === Libertad === A ranar 17 ga Disamba 2019, an sanar da Díaz a matsayin manajan Libertad, inda ya koma Paraguay bayan fiye da shekaru uku. <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 December 2019 |title=Libertad anuncia a Ramón Díaz como DT |trans-title=Libertad announce Ramón Díaz as manager |url=http://www.tigosports.com.py/futbol/libertad-anuncia-ramon-diaz-como-dt |access-date=20 December 2019 |publisher=Tigo Sports |language=es}}</ref> Ya yi murabus a ranar 24 ga Satumba 2020, bayan rashin kyawun yanayin da kulob din ke ciki. <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 September 2020 |title=Ramón Díaz deja Libertad |trans-title=Ramón Díaz leaves Libertad |url=https://www.hoy.com.py/deportes/ramon-diaz-deja-libertad |publisher=HOY |language=es}}</ref> === Botafogo === A ranar 8 ga Nuwamba 2020, an nada Díaz babban kocin na Serie A side Botafogo . <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 November 2020 |title=Novo técnico do Botafogo, Ramón Díaz desembarca no Rio de Janeiro |trans-title=New manager of Botafogo, Ramón Díaz set foot in Rio de Janeiro |url=https://globoesporte.globo.com/futebol/times/botafogo/noticia/novo-tecnico-do-botafogo-ramon-diaz-desembarca-no-rio-de-janeiro.ghtml |access-date=27 November 2020 |publisher=GloboEsporte.com |language=pt-BR}}</ref> Daga baya ya koma ƙasarsa don yin tiyatar gaggawa don cire wani ƙari, <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 November 2020 |title=Botafogo: Ramón Díaz retirou tumor benigno em cirurgia de emergência e seguirá recuperação no Paraguai |trans-title=Botafogo: Ramón Díaz removed benign tumor in emergency surgery and will be recovering in Paraguay |url=https://www.espn.com.br/futebol/artigo/_/id/7747335/botafogo-ramon-diaz-retirou-tumor-benigno-em-cirurgia-de-emergencia-e-seguira-recuperacao-no-paraguai |access-date=27 November 2020 |publisher=[[ESPN Brasil]] |language=pt-BR}}</ref> kuma rashin lafiyarsa ta daɗe saboda yanayin asibiti. A ranar 27 ga Nuwamba, 2020, Botafogo ya sanar da ficewar Díaz da ma'aikatansa daga ƙungiyar. <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 November 2020 |title=Nota oficial |trans-title=Official note |url=https://botafogo.com.br/ler-noticia.php?cod=6051 |access-date=27 November 2020 |publisher=Botafogo FR |language=pt-BR |archive-date=6 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201206055429/https://botafogo.com.br/ler-noticia.php?cod=6051 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya bar ƙungiyar ba tare da ya jagoranci wasa ɗaya ba a gare su, domin wasanni uku da suka buga a lokacin (duk rashin nasara) mataimakinsa da ɗansa Emiliano Díaz ne suka jagoranci su. === Al Nassr === A watan Fabrairun 2021, Díaz ya amince da kwangilar da zai daɗe har zuwa lokacin bazara na 2022. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ramon Diaz lands at Al Nasr and probable Shoya Nakajima bow set to light up AGL MW15 |url=https://sport360.com/article/football/arabian-gulf-league/345813/ramon-diaz-lands-at-al-nasr-and-probable-shoya-nakajima-bow-set-to-light-up-agl-mw15 |access-date=4 February 2021 |publisher=sport360}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=رسميا..النصر يقيل كرونوسلاف والأرجنتيني دياز بديلا |url=https://www.albayan.ae/sports/emirates/2021-02-04-1.4083646 |access-date=4 February 2021 |publisher=albayan |language=ar}}</ref> Ya bar ƙungiyar kimanin shekara guda bayan haka, bayan rashin kyawun tsarin gasar. === Komawa zuwa Al Hilal === A ranar 14 ga Fabrairu 2022, an naɗa Díaz a matsayin sabon kocin ƙungiyar [[Al Hilal SFC|Al Hilal]] ta Saudi Professional League har zuwa ƙarshen kakar wasa. <ref name="youngplayer">{{Cite tweet|user=Alhilal_EN|title=📃DIAZ to coach #AlHilal 💙|date=14 February 2022|access-date=14 February 2022}}</ref> Duk da haka, daga baya ya jagoranci Al Hilal ta doke Flamengo da ci 3-2 a wasan kusa da na karshe na gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2022, <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 February 2023 |title=Al-Hilal record historic victory over Flamengo and could be Real Madrid's opponents in the Club World Cup final |url=https://www.marca.com/en/football/real-madrid/cronica/2023/02/07/63e2c348ca47414e6c8b4567.html |publisher=Marca}}</ref> kafin ta sha kashi a wasan karshe da [[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]] da ci 3-5. <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 February 2023 |title=Real Madrid 5-3 Al Hilal: Los Blancos score five in eight-goal thriller to win Club World Cup |url=https://www.eurosport.com/football/club-world-cup/2022/real-madrid-v-al-hilal-club-world-cup-final-live_sto9381593/story.shtml |publisher=Eurosport}}</ref> A wasan ƙarshe na gasar zakarun AFC ta 2022, ƙungiyarsa ta sha kashi da ci 2-1 a jimilla a hannun Urawa Red Diamonds a karo na biyu bayan 2017. <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 May 2023 |title=Urawa Red Diamonds beat Al-Hilal to win AFC Champions League |url=https://www.beinsports.com/en/football/video/urawa-red-diamonds-beat-al-hilal-to-win-afc-c/2085186 |publisher=beIN SPORTS}}</ref> Bayan ya lashe gasar cin kofin King Cup da Al-Wehda a watan Mayun 2023, Díaz ya yanke shawarar sauka daga mukaminsa ya koma kasarsa, domin ya kasance tare da iyalansa bayan mutuwar matarsa watanni biyu da suka gabata a hatsarin mota; a halin yanzu, dansa Emiliano ya zama manajan rikon kwarya na kungiyar har tsawon sauran kakar wasa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 May 2023 |title=Ramon Diaz thanks Al Hilal 'for everything' as he leaves club for personal reasons |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/sport/football/2023/05/15/ramon-diaz-thanks-al-hilal-for-everything-as-he-leaves-club-for-personal-reasons/ |publisher=The National News}}</ref> === Vasco da Gama === A ranar 15 ga Yuli 2023, Díaz ya koma Brazil bayan an sanar da shi a matsayin babban kocin Vasco da Gama a matakin farko. <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 July 2023 |title=Vasco anuncia contratação do técnico Ramón Díaz |trans-title=Vasco announce signing of head coach Ramón Díaz |url=https://ge.globo.com/futebol/times/vasco/noticia/2023/07/15/vasco-anuncia-contratacao-do-tecnico-ramon-diaz.ghtml |access-date=15 July 2023 |publisher=[[Grupo Globo|ge]] |language=pt-BR}}</ref> Ya yi nasarar kaucewa faduwa daga gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai da ƙungiyar a zagaye na ƙarshe na gasar Série A ta 2023, kuma ya sabunta kwangilarsa har zuwa 2025 a ranar 15 ga Disamba. <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 December 2023 |title=Vasco acerta renovação de Ramón Díaz até 2025 |trans-title=Vasco agree renewal of Ramón Díaz until 2025 |url=https://ge.globo.com/futebol/times/vasco/noticia/2023/12/15/vasco-acerta-renovacao-de-ramon-diaz-ate-2025.ghtml |access-date=10 July 2024 |publisher=[[Grupo Globo|ge]] |language=pt-BR}}</ref> A ranar 27 ga Afrilu 2024, Vasco ta kori Díaz bayan ta sha kashi 4-0 a hannun Criciúma ; <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 April 2024 |title=Ramón Díaz é demitido do Vasco |trans-title=Ramón Díaz is sacked from Vasco |url=https://www.band.uol.com.br/esportes/ramon-diaz-e-demitido-do-vasco-16685180 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240427225123/https://www.band.uol.com.br/esportes/ramon-diaz-e-demitido-do-vasco-16685180 |archive-date=27 April 2024 |access-date=27 April 2024 |publisher=[[Rede Bandeirantes]] |language=pt-BR}}</ref> duk da cewa kafofin watsa labarai na Brazil sun ce ya yi murabus jim kaɗan bayan wasan, Díaz da ɗansa sun bayyana cewa an "kore su ta hanyar [[Twitter]] ". === Korintiyawa === A ranar 10 ga Yuli 2024, an sanar da Díaz a matsayin babban kocin Corinthians kan kwantiraginsa har zuwa Disamba 2025. <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 July 2024 |title=Ramón Díaz é o novo treinador do Corinthians |trans-title=Ramón Díaz is the new head coach of Corinthians |url=https://www.corinthians.com.br/noticias/ramon-diaz-e-o-novo-treinador-do-corinthians |access-date=10 July 2024 |publisher=SC Corinthians Paulista |language=pt-BR}}</ref> Ya jagoranci ƙungiyar zuwa ga lashe gasar Campeonato Paulista ta 2025 a kan abokan hamayyarta Palmeiras, inda ya lashe kofi na 17 a tarihin aikinsa na koci, sannan ya zarce Helenio Herrera a matsayin kocin Argentina mafi nasara a tarihi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 March 2025 |title=Ramón vira técnico argentino com mais títulos na história após o Paulistão |trans-title=Ramón becomes the Argentine coach with the most titles in history after the ''Paulistão'' |url=https://www.uol.com.br/esporte/futebol/ultimas-noticias/2025/03/28/titulo-no-corinthians-faz-ramon-diaz-virar-tecnico-argentino-mais-vencedor.htm |publisher=[[Universo Online|UOL Esporte]] |language=pt-BR}}</ref> Amma a ranar 17 ga Afrilu 2025, ƙungiyar ta kori Díaz bayan rashin nasara a gida da ci 2-0 a hannun Fluminense . <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 April 2025 |title=Ramón Díaz deixa o comando técnico do Corinthians |trans-title=Ramón Díaz leaves the technical command of Corinthians |url=https://www.corinthians.com.br/noticias/ramon-diaz-deixa-o-comando-tecnico-do-corinthians |access-date=17 April 2025 |publisher=SC Corinthians Paulista |language=pt-BR}}</ref> === Ƙasashen Duniya === A ranar 24 ga Satumba, 2025, an naɗa Díaz a matsayin babban kocin Internacional a matakin farko na Brazil. <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 September 2025 |title=Ramón Díaz é o novo técnico do Internacional |trans-title=Ramón Díaz is the new head coach of Internacional |url=https://internacional.com.br/noticias/masculino/ramon-diaz-e-o-novo-tecnico-do-internacional |access-date=25 September 2025 |publisher=SC Internacional |language=pt-BR}}</ref> An kore shi a ranar 29 ga Nuwamba, zagaye biyu kafin karshen kakar wasa, yayin da kungiyar ta shiga yankin da za ta fadi daga gasar. <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 November 2025 |title=Inter demite Ramón Díaz a duas rodadas do fim do Brasileirão |trans-title=Inter sack Ramón Díaz two rounds before the end of the ''Brasileirão'' |url=https://ge.globo.com/rs/futebol/times/internacional/noticia/2025/11/29/inter-demite-ramon-diaz-a-duas-rodadas-do-fim-do-brasileirao.ghtml |access-date=29 November 2025 |publisher=[[Grupo Globo|ge]] |language=pt-br}}</ref> == Ƙididdigar aiki == === Kulob === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Appearances and goals by club, season and competition ! rowspan="2" |Club ! rowspan="2" |Season ! colspan="3" |League ! colspan="2" |National cup{{Efn|Includes [[Coppa Italia]], [[Coupe de France]], [[Emperor's Cup]].}} ! colspan="2" |League cup{{Efn|Includes [[Coupe de la Ligue]], [[J.League Cup]].}} ! colspan="2" |Total |- !Division !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals |- | rowspan="5" |River Plate |1978 | rowspan="4" |Argentine Primera División |14 |5 | | | | |14 |5 |- |1979 |22 |12 | | | | |22 |12 |- |1980 |40 |22 | | | | |40 |22 |- |1981 |47 |18 | | | | |47 |18 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !123 !57 ! ! ! ! !123 !57 |- |Napoli |1982–83 |Serie A |25 |3 | | | | |25 |3 |- | rowspan="4" |Avellino |1983–84 | rowspan="3" |Serie A |24 |7 | | | | |24 |7 |- |1984–85 |27 |5 | | | | |27 |5 |- |1985–86 |27 |10 | | | | |27 |10 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !78 !22 ! ! ! ! !78 !22 |- | rowspan="3" |Fiorentina |1986–87 | rowspan="2" |Serie A |29 |10 | | | | |29 |10 |- |1987–88 |24 |7 | | | | |24 |7 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !53 !17 ! ! ! ! !53 !17 |- |Inter Milan |1988–89 |Serie A |33 |12 |7 |1 |3 |2 |43 |15 |- | rowspan="3" |Monaco |1989–90 | rowspan="2" |[[Ligue 1|Division 1]] |28 |15 | | | | |28 |15 |- |1990–91 |32 |9 | | | | |32 |9 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !60 !24 ! ! ! ! !60 !24 |- | rowspan="3" |River Plate |1991–92 | rowspan="2" |Argentine Primera División |31 |20 | | | | |31 |20 |- |1992–93 |21 |7 | | | | |21 |7 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !52 !27 ! ! ! ! !52 !27 |- | rowspan="4" |Yokohama Marinos |1993 | rowspan="3" |J1 League |32 |28 |3 |1 |5 |3 |40 |32 |- |1994 |37 |23 |4 |2 |3 |1 |44 |26 |- |1995 |6 |1 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |– |6 |1 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !75 !52 !7 !3 !8 !4 !90 !59 |- ! colspan="3" |Career total !499 !214 !7 !3 !8 !4 !514 !221 |} {{Notelist}} === Na Ƙasa da Ƙasa === [[Fayil:Argentina_u20_ramon_diaz_festeja_final.jpg|thumb|250x250px| Díaz yana murnar cin kwallo a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 'yan kasa da shekara 20 ta 1979]] {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Bayyanar da kwallayen da ƙungiyar ƙasa ta zura da kuma shekarar da ta gabata <ref>{{NFT player|19296}}</ref> ! Tawagar ƙasa ! Shekara ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye |- | rowspan="4" | Argentina | 1979 | 1 | 1 |- | 1980 | 9 | 4 |- | 1981 | 4 | 1 |- | 1982 | 8 | 4 |- ! colspan="2" | Jimilla ! 22 ! 10 |} == Ƙididdigar gudanarwa == {{Updated|match played on 28 November 2025}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" |+Managerial record by team and tenure ! rowspan="2" |Team ! rowspan="2" |Nat. ! rowspan="2" |From ! rowspan="2" |To ! colspan="8" |Record ! rowspan="2" |{{Abbr|Ref|Reference}} |- !{{Tooltip|G|Games managed}} !{{Tooltip|W|Games won}} !{{Tooltip|D|Games drawn}} !{{Tooltip|L|Games lost}} !{{Tooltip|GF|Goals for}} !{{Tooltip|GA|Goals against}} !{{Tooltip|GD|Goal difference}} !{{Tooltip|Win %|Winning percentage}} |- | align="left" |River Plate |{{Flagicon|Argentina}} | align="left" |8 July 1995 | align="left" |11 February 2000 {{WDL|252|126|66|60|for=451|against=303|diff=yes}} | |- | align="left" |River Plate |{{Flagicon|Argentina}} | align="left" |1 July 2001 | align="left" |30 June 2002 {{WDL|52|29|14|9|for=111|against=49|diff=yes}} | |- | align="left" |[[Oxford United FC|Oxford United]] |{{Flagicon|England}} | align="left" |9 December 2004 | align="left" |4 May 2005 {{WDL|25|10|7|8|for=34|against=36|diff=yes}} | |- | align="left" |San Lorenzo |{{Flagicon|Argentina}} | align="left" |24 December 2006 | align="left" |12 June 2008 {{WDL|68|37|14|17|for=104|against=77|diff=yes}} | |- | align="left" |América |{{Flagicon|Mexico}} | align="left" |25 June 2008 | align="left" |12 February 2009 {{WDL|24|7|9|8|for=32|against=36|diff=yes}} | |- | align="left" |San Lorenzo |{{Flagicon|Argentina}} | align="left" |25 May 2010 | align="left" |24 April 2011 {{WDL|30|10|9|11|for=29|against=29|diff=yes}} | |- | align="left" |Independiente |{{Flagicon|Argentina}} | align="left" |12 September 2011 | align="left" |5 March 2012 {{WDL|20|7|5|8|for=21|against=20|diff=yes}} | |- | align="left" |River Plate |{{Flagicon|Argentina}} | align="left" |30 November 2012 | align="left" |27 May 2014 {{WDL|66|30|17|19|for=76|against=57|diff=yes}} | |- | align="left" |Paraguay |{{Flagicon|Paraguay}} | align="left" |4 December 2014 | align="left" |12 June 2016 {{WDL|20|3|9|8|for=18|against=28|diff=yes}} | |- | align="left" |[[Al Hilal SFC|Al-Hilal]] |{{Flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} | align="left" |15 October 2016 | align="left" |20 February 2018 {{WDL|65|41|18|6|for=126|against=58|diff=yes}} | |- | align="left" |Al-Ittihad |{{Flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} | align="left" |1 July 2018 | align="left" |15 September 2018 {{WDL|4|0|1|3|for=2|against=7|diff=yes}} | |- | align="left" |Pyramids |{{Flagicon|Egypt}} | align="left" |14 February 2019 | align="left" |27 May 2019 {{WDL|13|8|4|1|for=22|against=9|diff=yes}} | |- | align="left" |Libertad |{{Flagicon|Paraguay}} | align="left" |20 December 2019 | align="left" |24 September 2020 {{WDL|24|14|4|6|for=45|against=29|diff=yes}} | |- | align="left" |Botafogo |{{Flagicon|Brazil}} | align="left" |4 November 2020 | align="left" |27 November 2020 {{WDL|0|0|0|0|for=0|against=0|diff=yes}} | |- | align="left" |Al Nasr |{{Flagicon|United Arab Emirates}} | align="left" |4 February 2021 | align="left" |7 February 2022 {{WDL|37|14|8|15|for=56|against=46|diff=yes}} | |- | align="left" |[[Al Hilal SFC|Al-Hilal]] |{{Flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} | align="left" |14 February 2022 | align="left" |14 May 2023 {{WDL|60|39|12|9|for=123|against=53|diff=yes}} | |- | align="left" |Vasco da Gama |{{Flagicon|Brazil}} | align="left" |15 July 2023 | align="left" |27 April 2024 {{WDL|41|17|11|13|for=58|against=52|diff=yes}} | |- | align="left" |Corinthians |{{Flagicon|Brazil}} | align="left" |10 July 2024 | align="left" |17 April 2025 {{WDL|60|31|16|13|for=94|against=62|diff=yes}} | |- | align="left" |Olimpia |{{Flagicon|Paraguay}} | align="left" |17 July 2025 | align="left" |24 August 2025 {{WDL|7|2|2|3|for=7|against=11|diff=yes}} | |- | align="left" |Internacional |{{Flagicon|Brazil}} | align="left" |24 September 2025 | align="left" |29 November 2025 {{WDL|13|3|5|5|for=13|against=17|diff=yes}} | |- ! colspan="4" |Total {{WDLtot|881|428|230|223|for=1422|against=979|diff=yes}} !— |} == Daraja == === Ɗan wasa === '''Farantin Kogi''' * Primera División Argentina : 1979 Metropolitano, 1979 Nacional, 1980 Metropolitano, 1981 Nacional, 1991 Apertura * Supercopa Libertadores ya zo na biyu: 1991 '''Inter Milan''' * Serie A : 1988–89 '''Monaco''' * Coupe de France : 1990–91 * Wanda ya zo na biyu [[Ligue 1|a gasar Ligue 1]] : 1990–91 '''Yokohama Marinos''' * J1 League : 1995 '''Argentina 'yan ƙasa da shekara 20''' * Gasar Cin Kofin Matasa ta Duniya ta FIFA : 1979 <ref name="japan1979">{{Cite web |title=FIFA World Youth Championship Japan 1979&nbsp;– Awards |url=https://www.fifa.com/u20worldcup/archive/japan1979/awards/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906061634/http://www.fifa.com/u20worldcup/archive/japan1979/awards/index.html |archive-date=6 September 2015 |access-date=16 June 2019 |publisher=FIFA}}</ref> '''Mutum ɗaya''' * Takalmin Zinare na Gasar Matasa ta Duniya ta FIFA : 1979 <ref name="japan1979"/> * Ƙungiyar Serie A ta Shekara : 1986 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Guerin Sportivo Serie A Team of the Year |url=https://www.bigsoccer.com/threads/serie-a-guerin-sportivo-1980-1991-every-game-with-player-ratings.2085771/ |access-date=30 September 2024 |website=BigSoccer}}</ref> * Primera División Argentina Babban Mawaƙa : 1991 Apertura * Ɗan Wasan Kwallon Kafa na Kudancin Amurka na Shekara Matsayi na biyu: 1991 * Tawagar Kudancin Amurka ta shekara: 1991 * Wanda Ya Fi Kowa Cin Kwallo a J.League : 1993 <ref name="JLE" /> * J.League Mafi Kyawun 'Yan Wasa 11 : 1993 <ref name="JLE">{{Cite web |title=『Ｊリーグアウォーズ』〜Ｊリーグ年間表彰式〜 Best Eleven |url=http://www.jleague.jp/stats/awards_eleven.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206193826/http://www.jleague.jp/stats/awards_eleven.html |archive-date=6 February 2016 |access-date=6 February 2016 |website=jleague.jp}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Japan – J-League Awards |url=https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/jap-poy.html |access-date=7 February 2016 |publisher=RSSSF}}</ref> === Manaja === '''Farantin Kogi''' * Primera División Argentina : 1996 Apertura, 1997 Clausura, 1997 Apertura, 1999 Apertura, 2002 Clausura, 2014 Karshe * Gasar Copa Campeonato : 2014 * Copa Libertadores : 1996 * Super Cup Libertadores : 1997 * Gasar Cin [[Kofin Intercontinental]] ta zo ta biyu: 1996 * Recopa Sudamericana : 1997, 1998 '''San Lorenzo''' * Primera División Argentina : 2007 Clausura '''Al-Hilal''' * Ƙungiyar Ƙwararru ta Saudiyya : 2016–17, 2021–22 * Kofin Sarki : 2017, 2022–23 ; wanda ya zo na biyu 2021–22 * Wanda ya zo na biyu a gasar zakarun AFC : 2017, 2022 <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 May 2023 |title=Ramon Diaz praises Al Hilal's 'champion personality' after ACL final defeat to Urawa |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/sport/football/2023/05/06/ramon-diaz-praises-al-hilals-champion-personality-after-acl-final-defeat-to-urawa/ |publisher=The National News}}</ref> * Gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA Clubs : 2022 <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 February 2023 |title=Al Hilal coach Ramon Diaz on running Real Madrid close: We hope we entertained you |url=https://www.tribalfootball.com/articles/al-hilal-coach-ramon-diaz-on-running-real-madrid-close-we-hope-we-entertained-you-4446925 |publisher=Tribal Football}}</ref> '''Al-Ittihad''' * Gasar cin kofin Saudi Super Cup ta zo ta biyu: 2018 '''Al-Nasr''' * Gasar cin kofin League ta UAE : 2020–21 * Wanda ya zo na biyu a gasar cin kofin shugaban ƙasar UAE : 2020–21 '''Korintiyawa''' * Campeonato Paulista : 2025 '''Mutum ɗaya''' * Kocin Gasar EFL na Biyu na Watan : Janairu 2005 * Kocin Ƙwararrun Gasar Saudiyya na Watan : Maris 2022, <ref>{{Cite web |title=سباق الاتحاد والهلال يقودهما إلى جوائز مارس |url=https://spl.sa/ar/news/4109}}</ref> Mayu & Yuni 2022 <ref>{{Cite web |title=دياز المدرب الأفضل.. وسليتي والمعيوف والعقيدي يحصدون جوائز مايو ويونيو |url=https://spl.sa/ar/news/4164}}</ref> == Bayanan kula == == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{NFT player}} * Ramón Díaz at J.League (archive) (in Japanese) * [https://www.shrh.org/ Díaz's interview] on shrh.org [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1959]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} 9059l87x3j80azooeiya4ljin4ygvbk Ebrima Tunkara 0 162513 889355 2026-07-30T12:26:20Z Umar Rabiuu 38014 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1366183797|Ebrima Tunkara]]" 889355 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ebrima Tunkara Yataberreh''' (an haife shi a ranar 10 ga Maris 2010) [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne]] ɗan ƙasar Sipaniya wanda ke buga wasa a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan tsakiya]] a ƙungiyar Barcelona Atlètic . An haife shi a [[Gambiya|Gambia]], kuma matashi ne ɗan ƙasar Spain. [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 55fjy518enuhxxcrfdr646k6nm8bxvc 889356 889355 2026-07-30T12:26:35Z Umar Rabiuu 38014 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1366183797|Ebrima Tunkara]]" 889356 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ebrima Tunkara Yataberreh''' (an haife shi a ranar 10 ga Maris 2010) [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne]] ɗan ƙasar Sipaniya wanda ke buga wasa a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan tsakiya]] a ƙungiyar Barcelona Atlètic . An haife shi a [[Gambiya|Gambia]], kuma matashi ne ɗan ƙasar Spain. == Aikin kulob == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] nlyll47rqvx4wivkzl7icq80z9w8uki 889357 889356 2026-07-30T12:27:01Z Umar Rabiuu 38014 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1366183797|Ebrima Tunkara]]" 889357 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ebrima Tunkara Yataberreh''' (an haife shi a ranar 10 ga Maris 2010) [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne]] ɗan ƙasar Sipaniya wanda ke buga wasa a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan tsakiya]] a ƙungiyar Barcelona Atlètic . An haife shi a [[Gambiya|Gambia]], kuma matashi ne ɗan ƙasar Spain. == Aikin kulob == An haife mahaifin Tunkara a cikin iyalin [[Musulmi]] a ƙasar Gambia, kuma ya ƙaura zuwa Mataró a shekarar 2007, kuma ya sami damar kawo iyalinsa tare da shi a shekarar 2017. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Marcet |first=Jaume |date=4 October 2024 |title=Ebrima Tunkara, la vuelta del jugador total |url=https://www.sport.es/es/noticias/barca/futbol-base/ebrima-tunkara-vuelta-jugador-total-108923445 |website=Diario Sport}}</ref> Nan take Tunkara ya shiga makarantar matasa ta AEiLL Cerdanyola Mataró jim kaɗan bayan isowarsa, kuma [[FC Barcelona]] ta leƙa ta jim kaɗan bayan haka. A shekarar 2018, ya shiga makarantar horar da matasa ta Barcelona, kuma a shekarar 2021 ya koma [[La Masia]] don kammala ci gabansa. A lokacin ƙuruciyarsa, bai yi rashin nasara ba a wasanni 30 a matakin ''Benjamin'', da kuma wasanni 30 da ''ƙananan yara'' . <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=Peyret |first=Jaume Marcet, Dídac |title=Ebrima Tunkara: ¿El mayor talento en La Masia desde Lamine? |url=https://www.sport.es/es/barca/ebrima-tunkara-talento-masia-sh/index.html |website=www.sport.es}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] ectfs6c8hcjw2wimi5bnhp1ev3no7jn 889358 889357 2026-07-30T12:27:14Z Umar Rabiuu 38014 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1366183797|Ebrima Tunkara]]" 889358 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ebrima Tunkara Yataberreh''' (an haife shi a ranar 10 ga Maris 2010) [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne]] ɗan ƙasar Sipaniya wanda ke buga wasa a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan tsakiya]] a ƙungiyar Barcelona Atlètic . An haife shi a [[Gambiya|Gambia]], kuma matashi ne ɗan ƙasar Spain. == Aikin kulob == An haife mahaifin Tunkara a cikin iyalin [[Musulmi]] a ƙasar Gambia, kuma ya ƙaura zuwa Mataró a shekarar 2007, kuma ya sami damar kawo iyalinsa tare da shi a shekarar 2017. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Marcet |first=Jaume |date=4 October 2024 |title=Ebrima Tunkara, la vuelta del jugador total |url=https://www.sport.es/es/noticias/barca/futbol-base/ebrima-tunkara-vuelta-jugador-total-108923445 |website=Diario Sport}}</ref> Nan take Tunkara ya shiga makarantar matasa ta AEiLL Cerdanyola Mataró jim kaɗan bayan isowarsa, kuma [[FC Barcelona]] ta leƙa ta jim kaɗan bayan haka. A shekarar 2018, ya shiga makarantar horar da matasa ta Barcelona, kuma a shekarar 2021 ya koma [[La Masia]] don kammala ci gabansa. A lokacin ƙuruciyarsa, bai yi rashin nasara ba a wasanni 30 a matakin ''Benjamin'', da kuma wasanni 30 da ''ƙananan yara'' . <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=Peyret |first=Jaume Marcet, Dídac |title=Ebrima Tunkara: ¿El mayor talento en La Masia desde Lamine? |url=https://www.sport.es/es/barca/ebrima-tunkara-talento-masia-sh/index.html |website=www.sport.es}}</ref> == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] laybzrpzk6lcln5f1pnllbjdb7nb0fx 889359 889358 2026-07-30T12:27:40Z Umar Rabiuu 38014 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1366183797|Ebrima Tunkara]]" 889359 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ebrima Tunkara Yataberreh''' (an haife shi a ranar 10 ga Maris 2010) [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne]] ɗan ƙasar Sipaniya wanda ke buga wasa a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan tsakiya]] a ƙungiyar Barcelona Atlètic . An haife shi a [[Gambiya|Gambia]], kuma matashi ne ɗan ƙasar Spain. == Aikin kulob == An haife mahaifin Tunkara a cikin iyalin [[Musulmi]] a ƙasar Gambia, kuma ya ƙaura zuwa Mataró a shekarar 2007, kuma ya sami damar kawo iyalinsa tare da shi a shekarar 2017. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Marcet |first=Jaume |date=4 October 2024 |title=Ebrima Tunkara, la vuelta del jugador total |url=https://www.sport.es/es/noticias/barca/futbol-base/ebrima-tunkara-vuelta-jugador-total-108923445 |website=Diario Sport}}</ref> Nan take Tunkara ya shiga makarantar matasa ta AEiLL Cerdanyola Mataró jim kaɗan bayan isowarsa, kuma [[FC Barcelona]] ta leƙa ta jim kaɗan bayan haka. A shekarar 2018, ya shiga makarantar horar da matasa ta Barcelona, kuma a shekarar 2021 ya koma [[La Masia]] don kammala ci gabansa. A lokacin ƙuruciyarsa, bai yi rashin nasara ba a wasanni 30 a matakin ''Benjamin'', da kuma wasanni 30 da ''ƙananan yara'' . <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=Peyret |first=Jaume Marcet, Dídac |title=Ebrima Tunkara: ¿El mayor talento en La Masia desde Lamine? |url=https://www.sport.es/es/barca/ebrima-tunkara-talento-masia-sh/index.html |website=www.sport.es}}</ref> == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == An haifi Tunkara a ƙasar Gambiya, kuma ya koma ƙasar Sipaniya tun yana ƙarami kuma yana da 'yan ƙasa biyu. A watan Satumba na 2023, an kira shi zuwa gasar matasa ta 'yan ƙasa da shekara 15 ta Spain don yin gasa ta sada zumunci. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Esta es la lista de convocados para el Torneo de Desarrollo sub-15 de la UEFA &#124; www.rfef.es |url=https://rfef.es/es/noticias/esta-es-la-lista-de-convocados-para-el-torneo-de-desarrollo-sub-15-de-la-uefa |website=rfef.es}}</ref> A watan Maris na 2025, an kira shi zuwa gasar cin kofin matasa 'yan kasa da shekara 16 ta Spain don gasar ci gaba ta watan Afrilu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Esta es la convocatoria de la sub-16 para los próximos entrenamientos &#124; www.rfef.es |url=https://rfef.es/es/noticias/esta-es-la-convocatoria-de-la-sub-16-para-los-proximos-entrenamientos |website=rfef.es}}</ref> Ebrima Tunkara yana ɗaya daga cikin fitattun 'yan wasa a gasar Spain ta baya-bayan nan - Andorra 3-0. A wannan wasan, matashin ɗan wasan ya zura kwallaye biyu kuma ya taimaka, wanda hakan ya ba da gudummawa kai tsaye ga dukkan kwallaye uku da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa ta ci. <ref>{{Cite web |last=qualifiers |first=In Barcelona, a new gem is making waves and could soon become the next big name in world football His name is Ebrima Tunkara, a 15-year-old talent already catching the attention of scouts and fans alike for his dazzling technique and impressive composure on the pitch Born in Gambia and now representing Spain, Tunkara has been one of the standout performers for the Spain U.-17 National Team, where he has quickly become a key player during the European Championship |title=A New Lamine Yamal Emerges in Barcelona |url=https://www.beinsports.com/en-us/soccer/articles/a-new-lamine-yamal-emerges-in-barcelona-2025-10-12 |access-date=2025-10-15 |website=beIN SPORTS |language=en-us}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] mut8jie5xhjc1aep2v07b1y4mldyff3 889360 889359 2026-07-30T12:28:01Z Umar Rabiuu 38014 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1366183797|Ebrima Tunkara]]" 889360 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ebrima Tunkara Yataberreh''' (an haife shi a ranar 10 ga Maris 2010) [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne]] ɗan ƙasar Sipaniya wanda ke buga wasa a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan tsakiya]] a ƙungiyar Barcelona Atlètic . An haife shi a [[Gambiya|Gambia]], kuma matashi ne ɗan ƙasar Spain. == Aikin kulob == An haife mahaifin Tunkara a cikin iyalin [[Musulmi]] a ƙasar Gambia, kuma ya ƙaura zuwa Mataró a shekarar 2007, kuma ya sami damar kawo iyalinsa tare da shi a shekarar 2017. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Marcet |first=Jaume |date=4 October 2024 |title=Ebrima Tunkara, la vuelta del jugador total |url=https://www.sport.es/es/noticias/barca/futbol-base/ebrima-tunkara-vuelta-jugador-total-108923445 |website=Diario Sport}}</ref> Nan take Tunkara ya shiga makarantar matasa ta AEiLL Cerdanyola Mataró jim kaɗan bayan isowarsa, kuma [[FC Barcelona]] ta leƙa ta jim kaɗan bayan haka. A shekarar 2018, ya shiga makarantar horar da matasa ta Barcelona, kuma a shekarar 2021 ya koma [[La Masia]] don kammala ci gabansa. A lokacin ƙuruciyarsa, bai yi rashin nasara ba a wasanni 30 a matakin ''Benjamin'', da kuma wasanni 30 da ''ƙananan yara'' . <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=Peyret |first=Jaume Marcet, Dídac |title=Ebrima Tunkara: ¿El mayor talento en La Masia desde Lamine? |url=https://www.sport.es/es/barca/ebrima-tunkara-talento-masia-sh/index.html |website=www.sport.es}}</ref> == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == An haifi Tunkara a ƙasar Gambiya, kuma ya koma ƙasar Sipaniya tun yana ƙarami kuma yana da 'yan ƙasa biyu. A watan Satumba na 2023, an kira shi zuwa gasar matasa ta 'yan ƙasa da shekara 15 ta Spain don yin gasa ta sada zumunci. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Esta es la lista de convocados para el Torneo de Desarrollo sub-15 de la UEFA &#124; www.rfef.es |url=https://rfef.es/es/noticias/esta-es-la-lista-de-convocados-para-el-torneo-de-desarrollo-sub-15-de-la-uefa |website=rfef.es}}</ref> A watan Maris na 2025, an kira shi zuwa gasar cin kofin matasa 'yan kasa da shekara 16 ta Spain don gasar ci gaba ta watan Afrilu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Esta es la convocatoria de la sub-16 para los próximos entrenamientos &#124; www.rfef.es |url=https://rfef.es/es/noticias/esta-es-la-convocatoria-de-la-sub-16-para-los-proximos-entrenamientos |website=rfef.es}}</ref> Ebrima Tunkara yana ɗaya daga cikin fitattun 'yan wasa a gasar Spain ta baya-bayan nan - Andorra 3-0. A wannan wasan, matashin ɗan wasan ya zura kwallaye biyu kuma ya taimaka, wanda hakan ya ba da gudummawa kai tsaye ga dukkan kwallaye uku da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa ta ci. <ref>{{Cite web |last=qualifiers |first=In Barcelona, a new gem is making waves and could soon become the next big name in world football His name is Ebrima Tunkara, a 15-year-old talent already catching the attention of scouts and fans alike for his dazzling technique and impressive composure on the pitch Born in Gambia and now representing Spain, Tunkara has been one of the standout performers for the Spain U.-17 National Team, where he has quickly become a key player during the European Championship |title=A New Lamine Yamal Emerges in Barcelona |url=https://www.beinsports.com/en-us/soccer/articles/a-new-lamine-yamal-emerges-in-barcelona-2025-10-12 |access-date=2025-10-15 |website=beIN SPORTS |language=en-us}}</ref> == Daraja == '''Mutum ɗaya''' * Ɗan wasan gasar cin kofin Turai na 'yan ƙasa da shekara 17 na UEFA : 2026 <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 June 2026 |title=2026 U17 EURO Team of the Tournament |url=https://www.uefa.com/under17/news/02a6-20d04d01c51a-edcdc2702e8d-1000--2026-under-17-player-of-the-tournament-ebrima-tunkara/ |access-date=13 June 2026 |website=uefa.com |language=en}}</ref> * Ƙungiyar Gasar Cin Kofin Turai ta 'Yan Ƙasa da Shekaru 17 ta UEFA: 2026 <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 June 2026 |title=2026 U17 EURO Team of the Tournament |url=https://www.uefa.com/under17/news/02a6-20d3cac16218-09fe6c2a4670-1000--2026-u17-euro-team-of-the-tournament/ |access-date=13 June 2026 |website=uefa.com |language=en}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] omkjcjv83guqeq4qla4r8vg6u1papau 889361 889360 2026-07-30T12:28:40Z Umar Rabiuu 38014 889361 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ebrima Tunkara Yataberreh''' (an haife shi a ranar 10 ga Maris 2010) [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne]] ɗan ƙasar Sipaniya wanda ke buga wasa a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan tsakiya]] a ƙungiyar Barcelona Atlètic . An haife shi a [[Gambiya|Gambia]], kuma matashi ne ɗan ƙasar Spain. == Aikin kulob == An haife mahaifin Tunkara a cikin iyalin [[Musulmi]] a ƙasar Gambia, kuma ya ƙaura zuwa Mataró a shekarar 2007, kuma ya sami damar kawo iyalinsa tare da shi a shekarar 2017. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Marcet |first=Jaume |date=4 October 2024 |title=Ebrima Tunkara, la vuelta del jugador total |url=https://www.sport.es/es/noticias/barca/futbol-base/ebrima-tunkara-vuelta-jugador-total-108923445 |website=Diario Sport}}</ref> Nan take Tunkara ya shiga makarantar matasa ta AEiLL Cerdanyola Mataró jim kaɗan bayan isowarsa, kuma [[FC Barcelona]] ta leƙa ta jim kaɗan bayan haka. A shekarar 2018, ya shiga makarantar horar da matasa ta Barcelona, kuma a shekarar 2021 ya koma [[La Masia]] don kammala ci gabansa. A lokacin ƙuruciyarsa, bai yi rashin nasara ba a wasanni 30 a matakin ''Benjamin'', da kuma wasanni 30 da ''ƙananan yara'' . <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=Peyret |first=Jaume Marcet, Dídac |title=Ebrima Tunkara: ¿El mayor talento en La Masia desde Lamine? |url=https://www.sport.es/es/barca/ebrima-tunkara-talento-masia-sh/index.html |website=www.sport.es}}</ref> == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == An haifi Tunkara a ƙasar Gambiya, kuma ya koma ƙasar Sipaniya tun yana ƙarami kuma yana da 'yan ƙasa biyu. A watan Satumba na 2023, an kira shi zuwa gasar matasa ta 'yan ƙasa da shekara 15 ta Spain don yin gasa ta sada zumunci. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Esta es la lista de convocados para el Torneo de Desarrollo sub-15 de la UEFA &#124; www.rfef.es |url=https://rfef.es/es/noticias/esta-es-la-lista-de-convocados-para-el-torneo-de-desarrollo-sub-15-de-la-uefa |website=rfef.es}}</ref> A watan Maris na 2025, an kira shi zuwa gasar cin kofin matasa 'yan kasa da shekara 16 ta Spain don gasar ci gaba ta watan Afrilu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Esta es la convocatoria de la sub-16 para los próximos entrenamientos &#124; www.rfef.es |url=https://rfef.es/es/noticias/esta-es-la-convocatoria-de-la-sub-16-para-los-proximos-entrenamientos |website=rfef.es}}</ref> Ebrima Tunkara yana ɗaya daga cikin fitattun 'yan wasa a gasar Spain ta baya-bayan nan - Andorra 3-0. A wannan wasan, matashin ɗan wasan ya zura kwallaye biyu kuma ya taimaka, wanda hakan ya ba da gudummawa kai tsaye ga dukkan kwallaye uku da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa ta ci. <ref>{{Cite web |last=qualifiers |first=In Barcelona, a new gem is making waves and could soon become the next big name in world football His name is Ebrima Tunkara, a 15-year-old talent already catching the attention of scouts and fans alike for his dazzling technique and impressive composure on the pitch Born in Gambia and now representing Spain, Tunkara has been one of the standout performers for the Spain U.-17 National Team, where he has quickly become a key player during the European Championship |title=A New Lamine Yamal Emerges in Barcelona |url=https://www.beinsports.com/en-us/soccer/articles/a-new-lamine-yamal-emerges-in-barcelona-2025-10-12 |access-date=2025-10-15 |website=beIN SPORTS |language=en-us}}</ref> == Daraja == '''Mutum ɗaya''' * Ɗan wasan gasar cin kofin Turai na 'yan ƙasa da shekara 17 na UEFA : 2026 <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 June 2026 |title=2026 U17 EURO Team of the Tournament |url=https://www.uefa.com/under17/news/02a6-20d04d01c51a-edcdc2702e8d-1000--2026-under-17-player-of-the-tournament-ebrima-tunkara/ |access-date=13 June 2026 |website=uefa.com |language=en}}</ref> * Ƙungiyar Gasar Cin Kofin Turai ta 'Yan Ƙasa da Shekaru 17 ta UEFA: 2026 <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 June 2026 |title=2026 U17 EURO Team of the Tournament |url=https://www.uefa.com/under17/news/02a6-20d3cac16218-09fe6c2a4670-1000--2026-u17-euro-team-of-the-tournament/ |access-date=13 June 2026 |website=uefa.com |language=en}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 279oh1bft6z5wrnw7ewlqz2289tz2nv 889362 889361 2026-07-30T12:29:08Z Umar Rabiuu 38014 889362 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ebrima Tunkara Yataberreh''' (an haife shi a ranar 10 ga Maris 2010) [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne]] ɗan ƙasar Sipaniya wanda ke buga wasa a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan tsakiya]] a ƙungiyar Barcelona Atlètic . An haife shi a [[Gambiya|Gambia]], kuma matashi ne ɗan ƙasar Spain. == Aikin kulob == An haife mahaifin Tunkara a cikin iyalin [[Musulmi]] a ƙasar Gambia, kuma ya ƙaura zuwa Mataró a shekarar 2007, kuma ya sami damar kawo iyalinsa tare da shi a shekarar 2017. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Marcet |first=Jaume |date=4 October 2024 |title=Ebrima Tunkara, la vuelta del jugador total |url=https://www.sport.es/es/noticias/barca/futbol-base/ebrima-tunkara-vuelta-jugador-total-108923445 |website=Diario Sport}}</ref> Nan take Tunkara ya shiga makarantar matasa ta AEiLL Cerdanyola Mataró jim kaɗan bayan isowarsa, kuma [[FC Barcelona]] ta leƙa ta jim kaɗan bayan haka. A shekarar 2018, ya shiga makarantar horar da matasa ta Barcelona, kuma a shekarar 2021 ya koma [[La Masia]] don kammala ci gabansa. A lokacin ƙuruciyarsa, bai yi rashin nasara ba a wasanni 30 a matakin ''Benjamin'', da kuma wasanni 30 da ''ƙananan yara'' . <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=Peyret |first=Jaume Marcet, Dídac |title=Ebrima Tunkara: ¿El mayor talento en La Masia desde Lamine? |url=https://www.sport.es/es/barca/ebrima-tunkara-talento-masia-sh/index.html |website=www.sport.es}}</ref> == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == An haifi Tunkara a ƙasar Gambiya, kuma ya koma ƙasar Sipaniya tun yana ƙarami kuma yana da 'yan ƙasa biyu. A watan Satumba na 2023, an kira shi zuwa gasar matasa ta 'yan ƙasa da shekara 15 ta Spain don yin gasa ta sada zumunci. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Esta es la lista de convocados para el Torneo de Desarrollo sub-15 de la UEFA &#124; www.rfef.es |url=https://rfef.es/es/noticias/esta-es-la-lista-de-convocados-para-el-torneo-de-desarrollo-sub-15-de-la-uefa |website=rfef.es}}</ref> A watan Maris na 2025, an kira shi zuwa gasar cin kofin matasa 'yan kasa da shekara 16 ta Spain don gasar ci gaba ta watan Afrilu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Esta es la convocatoria de la sub-16 para los próximos entrenamientos &#124; www.rfef.es |url=https://rfef.es/es/noticias/esta-es-la-convocatoria-de-la-sub-16-para-los-proximos-entrenamientos |website=rfef.es}}</ref> Ebrima Tunkara yana ɗaya daga cikin fitattun 'yan wasa a gasar Spain ta baya-bayan nan - Andorra 3-0. A wannan wasan, matashin ɗan wasan ya zura kwallaye biyu kuma ya taimaka, wanda hakan ya ba da gudummawa kai tsaye ga dukkan kwallaye uku da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa ta ci. <ref>{{Cite web |last=qualifiers |first=In Barcelona, a new gem is making waves and could soon become the next big name in world football His name is Ebrima Tunkara, a 15-year-old talent already catching the attention of scouts and fans alike for his dazzling technique and impressive composure on the pitch Born in Gambia and now representing Spain, Tunkara has been one of the standout performers for the Spain U.-17 National Team, where he has quickly become a key player during the European Championship |title=A New Lamine Yamal Emerges in Barcelona |url=https://www.beinsports.com/en-us/soccer/articles/a-new-lamine-yamal-emerges-in-barcelona-2025-10-12 |access-date=2025-10-15 |website=beIN SPORTS |language=en-us}}</ref> == Daraja == '''Mutum ɗaya''' * Ɗan wasan gasar cin kofin Turai na 'yan ƙasa da shekara 17 na UEFA : 2026 <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 June 2026 |title=2026 U17 EURO Team of the Tournament |url=https://www.uefa.com/under17/news/02a6-20d04d01c51a-edcdc2702e8d-1000--2026-under-17-player-of-the-tournament-ebrima-tunkara/ |access-date=13 June 2026 |website=uefa.com |language=en}}</ref> * Ƙungiyar Gasar Cin Kofin Turai ta 'Yan Ƙasa da Shekaru 17 ta UEFA: 2026 <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 June 2026 |title=2026 U17 EURO Team of the Tournament |url=https://www.uefa.com/under17/news/02a6-20d3cac16218-09fe6c2a4670-1000--2026-u17-euro-team-of-the-tournament/ |access-date=13 June 2026 |website=uefa.com |language=en}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] ==Manazarta p48q47ueuy8aqwr8dy0fn7yj37jxmlj Charles Grob 0 162514 889367 2026-07-30T13:43:10Z Najeebyusuf 45048 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1362161371|Charles Grob]]" 889367 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Charles S. Grob''' farfesa ne a fannin ilimin halayyar kwakwalwa da kimiyyar halayyar halittu da ilimin yara kuma darektan Sashen Yara da Matasa a Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Harbor-UCLA . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Charles S. Grob, M.D. |url=http://www.harboruclapsych.com/charles-s-grob-m-d/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180722184729/http://www.harboruclapsych.com/charles-s-grob-m-d/ |archive-date=July 22, 2018 |access-date=July 22, 2018 |publisher=Harbor-UCLA Psychiatry}}</ref> Ya sami digiri biyu na BS daga [[Oberlin College|Kwalejin Oberlin]] da [[Columbia University|Jami'ar Columbia]], kafin ya sami MD daga Jami'ar Jihar New York, [[Downstate Medical Center|Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Downstate]]. Binciken Grob ya haɗa da damuwa da rikice-rikice na yanayi da kuma maganin kai da kuma shan miyagun ƙwayoyi. [[Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna|FDA]] ta amince da daya daga cikin karatun Mataki na 1 don nazarin tasirin tunani da na jiki na [[MDMA]] da hallucinogen [[ayahuasca]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Charles Grob, MD |url=http://labiomed.org/charles-grob-md |publisher=LA BioMed}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Charles S. Grob, M.D. – psychedelic researcher |url=https://psychedelicsalon.com/transcripts/charles-s-grob-m-d-psychedelic-researcher/ |publisher=Psychedelic Salon Podcasts}}</ref> Grob kuma shi ne editan Hallucinogens: A Reader, wanda aka buga a 2002. Littafin tarin matani ne na psychedelic wanda ke rufe batutuwa masu yawa, kamar shamanism, al'umma, da bincike na psilocybin. Ya ƙunshi sassan daga shugabannin ƙungiyar psychedelic, gami da Terence McKenna, Albert Hofmann, da Ralph Metzner . <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 9, 2010 |title=Hallucinogens A Reader by Charles S. Grob (Ed) |url=http://psypressuk.com/2010/03/09/literary-review-hallucinogens-a-reader-edit-charles-s-grob/ |publisher=PsypressUK}}</ref> == Ayyukan bincike == * '''The Hoasca Project''' – Hoasca, also known as ayahuasca, is a plant-based beverage used as a component of ritualistic practices in Brazil by the members of UDV, a syncretic religious movement. It is the most comprehensive and in-depth study done on the relationship between ayahuasca and mental health.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 28, 2013 |title=The Hoasca Project |url=https://myayahuasca.wordpress.com/the-hoasca-project/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=MAPS - Volume 5 Number 4 Summer 1995 - The Hoasca Project: Current Status |url=http://www.maps.org/news-letters/v05n4/05404aya.html |publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=((MilagrosL7)) |date=March 12, 2011 |title=Dr. Charles Grob- Ayahuasca & Hallucinogens- Clinical studies- Past Present and Future |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q4XL_Hk_L5g |publisher= |via=YouTube}}</ref> * '''Psilocybin''' – Charles Grob conducted a study that observed the effect of psilocybin when used by patients with advanced cancer and existential anxiety. From 2004 to 2008, the research group at Harbor–UCLA Medical Center conducted a double-blind, placebo-controlled investigation examining the safety and efficacy of psilocybin as a treatment for advanced-cancer anxiety. A total of twelve subjects were studied, all of whom tolerated the experimental treatment without adverse effects.<ref>{{Cite web |last=MAPS |date=July 24, 2013 |title=Psilocybin at the End of Life – Charles Grob |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tWeEp0S1AAQ |publisher= |via=YouTube}}</ref> In August 2020, the Lundquist Institute announced Grob would co-lead a $1.75M+ study using psilocybin for palliative care of patients near the end of their lives.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 21, 2020 |title=The Lundquist Institute Accepts a $1.75 Million Anonymous Donation to Improve the Quality of Dying |url=https://lundquist.org/news/lundquist-institute-accepts-175-million-anonymous-donation-improve-quality-dying |access-date=January 7, 2025 |publisher=The Lundquist Institute}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] e4sd9hk13e2dyznm5iiw1o96jxyzmpq 889368 889367 2026-07-30T13:45:12Z Najeebyusuf 45048 889368 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Charles S. Grob''' farfesa ne a fannin ilimin halayyar kwakwalwa da kimiyyar halayyar halittu da ilimin yara kuma darektan Sashen Yara da Matasa a Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Harbor-UCLA . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Charles S. Grob, M.D. |url=http://www.harboruclapsych.com/charles-s-grob-m-d/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180722184729/http://www.harboruclapsych.com/charles-s-grob-m-d/ |archive-date=July 22, 2018 |access-date=July 22, 2018 |publisher=Harbor-UCLA Psychiatry}}</ref> Ya sami digiri biyu na BS daga [[Oberlin College|Kwalejin Oberlin]] da [[Columbia University|Jami'ar Columbia]], kafin ya sami MD daga Jami'ar Jihar New York, [[Downstate Medical Center|Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Downstate]]. Binciken Grob ya haɗa da damuwa da rikice-rikice na yanayi da kuma maganin kai da kuma shan miyagun ƙwayoyi. [[Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna|FDA]] ta amince da daya daga cikin karatun Mataki na 1 don nazarin tasirin tunani da na jiki na [[MDMA]] da hallucinogen [[ayahuasca]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Charles Grob, MD |url=http://labiomed.org/charles-grob-md |publisher=LA BioMed}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Charles S. Grob, M.D. – psychedelic researcher |url=https://psychedelicsalon.com/transcripts/charles-s-grob-m-d-psychedelic-researcher/ |publisher=Psychedelic Salon Podcasts}}</ref> Grob kuma shi ne editan Hallucinogens: A Reader, wanda aka buga a 2002. Littafin tarin matani ne na psychedelic wanda ke rufe batutuwa masu yawa, kamar shamanism, al'umma, da bincike na psilocybin. Ya ƙunshi sassan daga shugabannin ƙungiyar psychedelic, gami da Terence McKenna, Albert Hofmann, da Ralph Metzner . <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 9, 2010 |title=Hallucinogens A Reader by Charles S. Grob (Ed) |url=http://psypressuk.com/2010/03/09/literary-review-hallucinogens-a-reader-edit-charles-s-grob/ |publisher=PsypressUK}}</ref> == Ayyukan bincike == * '''The Hoasca Project''' – Hoasca, also known as ayahuasca, is a plant-based beverage used as a component of ritualistic practices in Brazil by the members of UDV, a syncretic religious movement. It is the most comprehensive and in-depth study done on the relationship between ayahuasca and mental health.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 28, 2013 |title=The Hoasca Project |url=https://myayahuasca.wordpress.com/the-hoasca-project/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=MAPS - Volume 5 Number 4 Summer 1995 - The Hoasca Project: Current Status |url=http://www.maps.org/news-letters/v05n4/05404aya.html |publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=((MilagrosL7)) |date=March 12, 2011 |title=Dr. Charles Grob- Ayahuasca & Hallucinogens- Clinical studies- Past Present and Future |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q4XL_Hk_L5g |publisher= |via=YouTube}}</ref> * '''Psilocybin''' – Charles Grob conducted a study that observed the effect of psilocybin when used by patients with advanced cancer and existential anxiety. From 2004 to 2008, the research group at Harbor–UCLA Medical Center conducted a double-blind, placebo-controlled investigation examining the safety and efficacy of psilocybin as a treatment for advanced-cancer anxiety. A total of twelve subjects were studied, all of whom tolerated the experimental treatment without adverse effects.<ref>{{Cite web |last=MAPS |date=July 24, 2013 |title=Psilocybin at the End of Life – Charles Grob |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tWeEp0S1AAQ |publisher= |via=YouTube}}</ref> In August 2020, the Lundquist Institute announced Grob would co-lead a $1.75M+ study using psilocybin for palliative care of patients near the end of their lives.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 21, 2020 |title=The Lundquist Institute Accepts a $1.75 Million Anonymous Donation to Improve the Quality of Dying |url=https://lundquist.org/news/lundquist-institute-accepts-175-million-anonymous-donation-improve-quality-dying |access-date=January 7, 2025 |publisher=The Lundquist Institute}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] g8wm8ccdftr5c1xdz450ueabn57wxbp Canjin halayyar 0 162515 889369 2026-07-30T13:46:32Z Najeebyusuf 45048 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1365463463|Behavior modification]]" 889369 wikitext text/x-wiki Gyaran halayyar hanya ce ta magani wacce ke amfani da [[Respondent conditioning|mai amsawa]] da yanayin aiki don canza halayyar. Dangane da halayyar halayyar hanya, halayyar bayyane tana canzawa tare da (mafi girma) [[Reinforcement|ƙarfafawa]] da sakamakonsa, gami da abubuwan da suka dace da marasa kyau don kara halayyar da ake so, da kuma hukunci mai kyau da mara kyau, da kuma ƙare don rage halayyar matsala. <ref name="Mace1994">{{Cite journal |last=Mace, F. C. |date=1994 |title=The significance and future of functional analysis methodologies |journal=[[Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis]] |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=385–92 |doi=10.1901/jaba.1994.27-385 |pmc=1297814 |pmid=16795830}}</ref><ref name="Pelios1999">{{Cite journal |last=Pelios, L. |last2=Morren, J. |last3=Tesch, D. |last4=Axelrod, S. |date=1999 |title=The impact of functional analysis methodology on treatment choice for self-injurious and aggressive behavior |journal=[[Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis]] |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=185–95 |doi=10.1901/jaba.1999.32-185 |pmc=1284177 |pmid=10396771}}</ref><ref name="MaceCritchfield2010">{{Cite journal |last=Mace, F. C. |last2=Critchfield, T. S. |date=2010 |title=Translational research in behavior analysis: Historical traditions and imperative for the future |journal=J Exp Anal Behav |volume=93 |issue=3 |pages=293–312 |doi=10.1901/jeab.2010.93-293 |pmc=2861871 |pmid=21119847}}</ref> Aikace-aikacen zamani na gyaran halayyar sun haɗa da nazarin halayyar da aka yi amfani da ita (ABA), maganin halayyar, maganin fallasawa, da kuma maganin halayya. Tun lokacin da aka fara gyaran halayyar, an sami ci gaba mai mahimmanci don mayar da hankali kan aikin halayyar halayyar.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tincani |first=Matt |last2=Brodhead |first2=Matthew T. |last3=Dowdy |first3=Art |date=2024-02-27 |title=ABA Promotes Autonomy and Choice of People with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities |journal=Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities |language=en |doi=10.1007/s10882-024-09949-5 |issn=1573-3580}}</ref> An yi sauye-sauye tun lokacin da aka fara gyaran halayyar, kuma waɗannan canje-canjen suna mai da hankali kan mutuncin mutum mai karɓar magani, kuma ana samun su a cikin shirye-shiryen horar da digiri na yau. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Parry-Cruwys |first=Diana E. |last2=MacDonald |first2=Jacquelyn M. |last3=Slaton |first3=Jessica D. |last4=Karsina |first4=Allen |last5=MacManus |first5=Cormac |date=2024-04-10 |title=Strategies for Incorporating Compassionate Care in a Behavior Analysis Graduate Program |journal=Behavior Analysis in Practice |language=en |doi=10.1007/s40617-024-00934-0 |issn=2196-8934}}</ref> == Bayyanawa da tarihi == Amfani na farko da kalmar gyaran halayyar ya bayyana cewa Edward Thorndike ne a cikin 1911. Labarinsa na Provisional Laws of Acquired Behavior or Learning yana amfani da kalmar nan "canji halayyar".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thorndike |first=E.L. |year=1911 |title=Provisional Laws of Acquired Behavior or Learning |journal=Animal Intelligence |location=New York |publisher=The Macmillan Company}}</ref> Ta hanyar bincike na farko a cikin 1940s da 1950s ƙungiyar bincike ta Joseph Wolpe ta yi amfani da kalmar.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wolpe |first=J. |year=1968 |title=Psychotheraphy by Reciprocal Inhibition |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF03000093 |journal=Conditional Reflex |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=234–240 |doi=10.1007/BF03000093 |pmid=5712667 |s2cid=46015274 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Hadisin gwaji a cikin ilimin halayyar asibiti ya yi amfani da shi don komawa ga dabarun psycho-therapeutic da aka samo daga bincike na kwarewa. A cikin sheka<sup>R</sup> 1960, gyaran halayyar ya yi aiki a kan tsarin motsawa-amsa-karfafawa (S-R-SR), yana jaddada manufar 'ma'anar ma'amala' game da halayyar.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Keehn |first=J.D |last2=Webster |first2=C.D |date=February 1969 |title=Behavior Therapy and Behavior Modification |journal=The Canadian Psychologist |volume=10 |issue=1 |page=68-73 |doi=10.1037/h0082506}}</ref> Tun daga wannan lokacin ya zo ne don komawa ga dabarun don kara halayyar daidaitawa ta hanyar ƙarfafawa da rage halayyar rashin dacewa ta hanyar halaka ko azabtarwa (tare da jaddadawa akan tsohon). Bugu da ƙari, B. F. Skinner ya ba da shawarar manufar ƙarfafawa da azabtarwa ta hanyar ka'idar halayensa, wanda ya ba da shawara cewa mutane suna iya fuskantar canje-canje bisa ga ƙarfafawa ko motsawa na azabtarwa wanda zai iya canza halayensu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Leeder |first=Thomas M. |date=2022-05-04 |title=Behaviorism, Skinner, and Operant Conditioning: Considerations for Sport Coaching Practice |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/08924562.2022.2052776 |journal=Strategies |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=27–32 |doi=10.1080/08924562.2022.2052776 |issn=0892-4562 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Binciken kowane ɗayan waɗannan masu sharhi ya taimaka wajen tsara tushe na gyaran halayyar da kuma yadda za a iya amfani da shi don canza wasu halayen. == Manazarta == 233j5myo8vkw0bxdle4kls035xcobfd 889370 889369 2026-07-30T13:47:16Z Najeebyusuf 45048 889370 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Gyaran halayyar hanya ce ta magani wacce ke amfani da [[Respondent conditioning|mai amsawa]] da yanayin aiki don canza halayyar. Dangane da halayyar halayyar hanya, halayyar bayyane tana canzawa tare da (mafi girma) [[Reinforcement|ƙarfafawa]] da sakamakonsa, gami da abubuwan da suka dace da marasa kyau don kara halayyar da ake so, da kuma hukunci mai kyau da mara kyau, da kuma ƙare don rage halayyar matsala. <ref name="Mace1994">{{Cite journal |last=Mace, F. C. |date=1994 |title=The significance and future of functional analysis methodologies |journal=[[Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis]] |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=385–92 |doi=10.1901/jaba.1994.27-385 |pmc=1297814 |pmid=16795830}}</ref><ref name="Pelios1999">{{Cite journal |last=Pelios, L. |last2=Morren, J. |last3=Tesch, D. |last4=Axelrod, S. |date=1999 |title=The impact of functional analysis methodology on treatment choice for self-injurious and aggressive behavior |journal=[[Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis]] |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=185–95 |doi=10.1901/jaba.1999.32-185 |pmc=1284177 |pmid=10396771}}</ref><ref name="MaceCritchfield2010">{{Cite journal |last=Mace, F. C. |last2=Critchfield, T. S. |date=2010 |title=Translational research in behavior analysis: Historical traditions and imperative for the future |journal=J Exp Anal Behav |volume=93 |issue=3 |pages=293–312 |doi=10.1901/jeab.2010.93-293 |pmc=2861871 |pmid=21119847}}</ref> Aikace-aikacen zamani na gyaran halayyar sun haɗa da nazarin halayyar da aka yi amfani da ita (ABA), maganin halayyar, maganin fallasawa, da kuma maganin halayya. Tun lokacin da aka fara gyaran halayyar, an sami ci gaba mai mahimmanci don mayar da hankali kan aikin halayyar halayyar.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tincani |first=Matt |last2=Brodhead |first2=Matthew T. |last3=Dowdy |first3=Art |date=2024-02-27 |title=ABA Promotes Autonomy and Choice of People with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities |journal=Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities |language=en |doi=10.1007/s10882-024-09949-5 |issn=1573-3580}}</ref> An yi sauye-sauye tun lokacin da aka fara gyaran halayyar, kuma waɗannan canje-canjen suna mai da hankali kan mutuncin mutum mai karɓar magani, kuma ana samun su a cikin shirye-shiryen horar da digiri na yau. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Parry-Cruwys |first=Diana E. |last2=MacDonald |first2=Jacquelyn M. |last3=Slaton |first3=Jessica D. |last4=Karsina |first4=Allen |last5=MacManus |first5=Cormac |date=2024-04-10 |title=Strategies for Incorporating Compassionate Care in a Behavior Analysis Graduate Program |journal=Behavior Analysis in Practice |language=en |doi=10.1007/s40617-024-00934-0 |issn=2196-8934}}</ref> == Bayyanawa da tarihi == Amfani na farko da kalmar gyaran halayyar ya bayyana cewa Edward Thorndike ne a cikin 1911. Labarinsa na Provisional Laws of Acquired Behavior or Learning yana amfani da kalmar nan "canji halayyar".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thorndike |first=E.L. |year=1911 |title=Provisional Laws of Acquired Behavior or Learning |journal=Animal Intelligence |location=New York |publisher=The Macmillan Company}}</ref> Ta hanyar bincike na farko a cikin 1940s da 1950s ƙungiyar bincike ta Joseph Wolpe ta yi amfani da kalmar.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wolpe |first=J. |year=1968 |title=Psychotheraphy by Reciprocal Inhibition |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF03000093 |journal=Conditional Reflex |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=234–240 |doi=10.1007/BF03000093 |pmid=5712667 |s2cid=46015274 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Hadisin gwaji a cikin ilimin halayyar asibiti ya yi amfani da shi don komawa ga dabarun psycho-therapeutic da aka samo daga bincike na kwarewa. A cikin sheka<sup>R</sup> 1960, gyaran halayyar ya yi aiki a kan tsarin motsawa-amsa-karfafawa (S-R-SR), yana jaddada manufar 'ma'anar ma'amala' game da halayyar.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Keehn |first=J.D |last2=Webster |first2=C.D |date=February 1969 |title=Behavior Therapy and Behavior Modification |journal=The Canadian Psychologist |volume=10 |issue=1 |page=68-73 |doi=10.1037/h0082506}}</ref> Tun daga wannan lokacin ya zo ne don komawa ga dabarun don kara halayyar daidaitawa ta hanyar ƙarfafawa da rage halayyar rashin dacewa ta hanyar halaka ko azabtarwa (tare da jaddadawa akan tsohon). Bugu da ƙari, B. F. Skinner ya ba da shawarar manufar ƙarfafawa da azabtarwa ta hanyar ka'idar halayensa, wanda ya ba da shawara cewa mutane suna iya fuskantar canje-canje bisa ga ƙarfafawa ko motsawa na azabtarwa wanda zai iya canza halayensu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Leeder |first=Thomas M. |date=2022-05-04 |title=Behaviorism, Skinner, and Operant Conditioning: Considerations for Sport Coaching Practice |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/08924562.2022.2052776 |journal=Strategies |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=27–32 |doi=10.1080/08924562.2022.2052776 |issn=0892-4562 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Binciken kowane ɗayan waɗannan masu sharhi ya taimaka wajen tsara tushe na gyaran halayyar da kuma yadda za a iya amfani da shi don canza wasu halayen. == Manazarta == 1jt9jzx95sbazfp5400ihcsngkkbcb7 Qiu Zilong 0 162516 889371 2026-07-30T13:51:04Z Najeebyusuf 45048 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1366790333|Qiu Zilong]]" 889371 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Qiu Zilong''' ([[Sinanci]]: 仇子龙; [[pinyin]]: ''Qiú Zǐlóng'') masanin kimiyyar halittu ne kuma masanin kimiyin kwakwalwa wanda ya ba da gudummawa mai mahimmanci a cikin maganin kwayar halitta don [[Cutar Autism|autism]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Qiu |first=Zilong |date=2025 |title=Advancements in autism spectrum disorder research --from mechanisms to interventions |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0959438825000790 |journal=Current Opinion in Neurobiology |language=en |volume=93 |doi=10.1016/j.conb.2025.103048 |pmid=40359648}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yang |first=Kan |last2=Geng |first2=Yixiao |last3=Zhou |first3=Wei |last4=Zhang |first4=Lingli |last5=Xu |first5=Zhankui |last6=Wang |first6=Junwen |last7=Li |first7=Fei |last8=Qiu |first8=Zilong |date=2026 |title=Closing the Gap in Autism Genetics: Population-Specific Variants and the Imperative for Global Inclusion |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0006322326011297 |journal=Biological Psychiatry |language=en |volume=100 |issue=4 |pages=358–368 |doi=10.1016/j.biopsych.2026.03.999 |pmid=41921886}}</ref> A cikin 2016, yayin da yake aiki a Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya ta Shanghai, [[Chinese Academy of Sciences|Kwalejin Kimiyya ta kasar Sin]], shi da tawagarsa sun kirkiro birai na farko da aka gyara kwayoyin halitta wanda ya nuna halayyar autistic ([[Rett syndrome|Rett Syndrome]]). A cikin 2026, a matsayin babban mai bincike na kimiyyar kwakwalwa a Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'ar Shanghai Jiao Tong, Qiu ya ba da sanarwar cewa yana yiwuwa a gyara maye gurbin cututtukan ''CHD3'' (chromodomain-helicase-DNA-binding protein 3) wanda ke haifar da raunin kwakwalwa da ci gaban ilimi (Snijders Blok-Campeau syndrome) ta amfani da hanyar sarrafa kwayar halitta da ake kira gyaran tushe a cikin beraye da birai.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bender |first=Kevin J. |date=2026 |title=Gene editing treats a mouse model of a neurodevelopmental disorder |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-026-00291-8 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=651 |issue=8106 |pages=590–591 |bibcode=2026Natur.651..590B |doi=10.1038/d41586-026-00291-8 |issn=1476-4687 |pmid=41708820}}</ref> Gwajin da aka buga a cikin mujallar Nature ya biyo bayan bincike daga Retraction Watch, wanda ya buga rahotonsa a ''Kimiyya.''<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Brendan |first=Borrell |date=2026-07-23 |title=A fatal reaction |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/exclusive-death-girl-chinese-gene-editing-trial-was-never-made-public |journal=Science |volume=393 |issue=6809 |pages=346–353 |doi=10.1126/science.zbr2v4d |pmid=42490487 |via=}}</ref> An bayyana cewa Qiu ya yi amfani da wannan dabarar a cikin mutane. A cikin 2025, Qiu ya kula da wata yarinya mai shekaru shida wacce aka kula da Cutar Snijders Blok-Campeau a asibitin Xinhua, asibitin jami'ar. Yarinyar ta mutu mako guda bayan magani kuma an ɓoye labarin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tribune |first=Daily |date=2026-07-25 |title=Gene-editing trial's death of girl kept secret |url=https://tribune.net.ph/2026/07/25/gene-editing-trials-death-of-girl-kept-secret |access-date=2026-07-27 |website=Daily Tribune |language=en-PH}}</ref> == Tarihin rayuwa == An haifi Qiu a Beijing, China . Ya koma Anhui, gabashin kasar Sin, inda ya shafe sauran lokacin yaro. A shekara ta 1994, ya shiga Jami'ar Shanghai Jiao Tong a Shanghai, <ref>{{Cite web |title=UCSD - The Ghosh Lab - Projects |url=http://ghoshlab.org/people/qiu.html |access-date=2026-07-27 |website=ghoshlab.org}}</ref> kuma ya kammala a 1998 tare da Digiri na BS a ilmin halitta. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-15 |title=ABCP Webinar: Decoding autism – insights from Chinese ASD cohorts – ABCP |url=https://abcp.org.uk/event/abcp-webinar-zilong-qiu/ |access-date=2026-07-27 |website=abcp.org.uk |publisher=Association of British Chinese Professors |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2026 |title=Organization & Advisors |url=https://www.usmef2cfoundation.org/organization-structure |access-date=2026-07-28 |website=US MEF2C Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya shiga karatun PhD a Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya da Kwayoyin Kwayoyin Kwayar Kwayar Kwalejin Kwalejin (daga baya Cibiyar Nazaren Kimiyya ta Shanghai), na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta kasar Sin. Binciken da ya yi, wanda Kan Liao ke kula da shi, ya kasance a kan tsarin kwayoyin bambancin adipocyte. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Qiu |first=Zilong |last2=Wei |first2=Yong |last3=Chen |first3=Nan |last4=Jiang |first4=Manrong |last5=Wu |first5=Jiarui |last6=Liao |first6=Kan |date=2001 |title=DNA Synthesis and Mitotic Clonal Expansion Is Not a Required Step for 3T3-L1 Preadipocyte Differentiation into Adipocytes |journal=Journal of Biological Chemistry |language=en |volume=276 |issue=15 |pages=11988–11995 |doi=10.1074/jbc.M011729200 |pmid=11278974 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Qiu |first=Zi-Long |last2=Guo |first2=Xue-Min |last3=Liao |first3=Kan |date=2001 |title=Analysis of the Relationship between Globally Regulated Genes and Their Chromosomal Genetic Map Loci during Adipogenesis |journal=Sheng Wu Hua Xue Yu Sheng Wu Wu Li Xue Bao Acta Biochimica et Biophysica Sinica |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=137–141 |issn=0582-9879 |pmid=12053204}}</ref> A shekara ta 2003, ya sami digirin digirinsa kuma ya koma Jami'ar California, San Diego don bincike bayan digiri. Mai ba da shawara Anirvan Ghosh masanin kimiyyar kwakwalwa ne wanda kwanan nan aka nada shi [[Farfesa]] Stephen Kuffler wanda ke riƙe da kujerar neurobiology a cikin Sashen Kimiyya na Biological.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=de Wit |first=Joris |last2=Ghosh |first2=Anirvan |date=2016 |title=Specification of synaptic connectivity by cell surface interactions |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nrn.2015.3 |journal=Nature Reviews Neuroscience |language=en |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=22–35 |doi=10.1038/nrn.2015.3 |issn=1471-003X |pmid=26656254}}</ref> Tare da Ghosh, Qiu ya bincika kan hanyar bayyana kwayar halitta a cikin ƙwayoyin kwakwalwa waɗanda ke sarrafa ci gaba da aiki na tsarin juyayi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Qiu |first=Zilong |last2=Ghosh |first2=Anirvan |date=2008-12-10 |title=A Calcium-Dependent Switch in a CREST-BRG1 Complex Regulates Activity-Dependent Gene Expression |journal=Neuron |language=English |volume=60 |issue=5 |pages=775–787 |doi=10.1016/j.neuron.2008.09.040 |issn=0896-6273 |pmc=2615455 |pmid=19081374}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Qiu |first=Zilong |last2=Ghosh |first2=Anirvan |date=2008-11-06 |title=A Brief History of Neuronal Gene Expression: Regulatory Mechanisms and Cellular Consequences |url=https://www.cell.com/neuron/abstract/S0896-6273(08)00912-4 |journal=Neuron |language=English |volume=60 |issue=3 |pages=449–455 |doi=10.1016/j.neuron.2008.10.039 |issn=0896-6273 |pmid=18995819}}</ref> Dangane da binciken su, Ghosh ya shawarci Qiu da ya nemi kudaden bincike don nazarin ayyukan kwakwalwa da suka shafi cutar, musamman autism. A shekara ta 2006, Qiu ta sadu da Monica Coenraads, co-kafa kuma darektan kimiyya na Rett Syndrome Research Foundation (RSRF). Wannan shi ne karo na farko da Qiu ya ji labarin cutar. Coenraads yana da 'yar da aka haifa tare da cutar, wanda aka bayyana a matsayin "matsananciyar nau'in cutar autism spectrum", kuma yana son mai bincike mai iyawa a fagen. Tare da taimakon ta, Qiu ta fara bincike kan autism kuma ta sami tallafin bincike na RSRF a 2007. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Wu |first=Haiyun |date=2024-04-03 |title=The Researcher Hunting for a Rett Syndrome Cure |url=https://www.sixthtone.com/news/1014934 |access-date=2026-07-27 |website=SixthTone}}</ref> A shekara ta 2009, Qiu ya zama Babban Mai Bincike kuma Shugaban Laboratory of Molecular Basis of Neural Plasticity a Cibiyar Neuroscience, Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya ta Shanghai.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2017 |title=Zilong QIU - Future Forum |url=https://www.futureforum.org.cn/en/people/393.html |access-date=2026-07-27 |website=www.futureforum.org.cn}}</ref> Don fannonin kiwon lafiya na bincikensa game da autism, ya zama mai alaƙa da asibitin Xinhua na jami'ar, da Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Shanghai da Cibiyar Kwarewa a Kimiyya da Fasahar Ilimi. A cikin 2023, ya shiga bangaren ilimin jijiyoyi a Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'ar Shanghai Jiao Tong . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Wu |first=Haiyun |date=2024-04-03 |title=The Researcher Hunting for a Rett Syndrome Cure |url=https://www.sixthtone.com/news/1014934 |access-date=2026-07-27 |website=SixthTone}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFWu2024">Wu, Haiyun (2024-04-03). [https://www.sixthtone.com/news/1014934 "The Researcher Hunting for a Rett Syndrome Cure"]. ''SixthTone''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2026-07-27</span></span>.</cite></ref> Ya zuwa 2026, Qiu memba ne na kwamitin ba da shawara na kimiyya na Gidauniyar MEF2C ta Amurka . <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2026 |title=Organization & Advisors |url=https://www.usmef2cfoundation.org/organization-structure |access-date=2026-07-28 |website=US MEF2C Foundation |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.usmef2cfoundation.org/organization-structure "Organization & Advisors"]. ''US MEF2C Foundation''. 2026<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2026-07-28</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Gudummawar kimiyya == === Autism === Rett syndrome is a neurological disorder having autistic symptoms mainly in girls, with an incidence of 1/10 000 to 1/15 000 live births.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Caballero |first=Isabel Martín |last2=Hendrich |first2=Brian |date=2005-04-15 |title=MeCP2 in neurons: closing in on the causes of Rett syndrome |url=http://academic.oup.com/hmg/article/14/suppl_1/R19/560817/MeCP2-in-neurons-closing-in-on-the-causes-of-Rett |journal=Human Molecular Genetics |language=en |volume=14 |issue=suppl_1 |pages=R19–R26 |doi=10.1093/hmg/ddi102 |issn=1460-2083 |pmid=15809268}}</ref> In 1999, Huda Y. Zoghbi and her team at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, discovered that the genetic cause was due to a mutation in the gene ''MECP2'' that is present on X chromosome.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Amir |first=Ruthie E. |last2=Van den Veyver |first2=Ignatia B. |last3=Wan |first3=Mimi |last4=Tran |first4=Charles Q. |last5=Francke |first5=Uta |last6=Zoghbi |first6=Huda Y. |date=1999 |title=Rett syndrome is caused by mutations in X-linked MECP2, encoding methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/ng1099_185 |journal=Nature Genetics |language=en |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=185–188 |bibcode=1999NaGen..23..185A |doi=10.1038/13810 |issn=1061-4036 |pmid=10508514}}</ref> It became necessary to understand how the mutation started and caused the disease to find the ultimate treatment. Working with Ghosh, Qiu started experimental investigation on the molecular mechanism of the ''MECP2'' expression and interaction in cell signalling pathways. In 2012, Qiu reported the role of the MECP2 protein in defective synaptic transmission.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Qiu |first=Zilong |last2=Sylwestrak |first2=Emily L. |last3=Lieberman |first3=David N. |last4=Zhang |first4=Yan |last5=Liu |first5=Xin-Yu |last6=Ghosh |first6=Anirvan |date=2012-01-18 |title=The Rett Syndrome Protein MeCP2 Regulates Synaptic Scaling |journal=The Journal of Neuroscience |language=en |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=989–994 |doi=10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0175-11.2012 |issn=0270-6474 |pmc=3711796 |pmid=22262897}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wilke |first=Scott A |last2=Hall |first2=Benjamin J |last3=Antonios |first3=Joseph K |last4=DeNardo |first4=Laura A |last5=Otto |first5=Stefanie |last6=Yuan |first6=Bo |last7=Chen |first7=Fading |last8=Robbins |first8=Elissa M |last9=Tiglio |first9=Katie |last10=Williams |first10=Megan E |last11=Qiu |first11=Zilong |last12=Biederer |first12=Thomas |last13=Ghosh |first13=Anirvan |date=2012-02-27 |title=NeuroD2 regulates the development of hippocampal mossy fiber synapses |journal=Neural Development |language=en |volume=7 |issue=1 |doi=10.1186/1749-8104-7-9 |issn=1749-8104 |pmc=3310804 |pmid=22369234 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Yayinda Qiu ya koma Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya ta Shanghai a shekara ta 2009, ya fadada aikin bincikensa kan wasu cututtukan jijiyoyi da nau'ikan autism daban-daban.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Qiu |first=Zilong |last2=Cheng |first2=Ju |date=2010 |title=The Role of Calcium-Dependent Gene Expression in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Lessons from MeCP2, Ube3a and Beyond |url=https://karger.com/article/doi/10.1159/000320970 |journal=Neurosignals |language=en |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=72–81 |doi=10.1159/000320970 |issn=1424-8638 |pmid=20956852}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gong |first=Xiaohong |last2=Jiang |first2=Yu-wu |last3=Zhang |first3=Xin |last4=An |first4=Yu |last5=Zhang |first5=Jun |last6=Wu |first6=Ye |last7=Wang |first7=Jingmin |last8=Sun |first8=Yangfei |last9=Liu |first9=Yanyan |last10=Gao |first10=Xuewu |last11=Shen |first11=Yiping |last12=Wu |first12=Xiru |last13=Qiu |first13=Zilong |last14=Jin |first14=Li |last15=Wu |first15=Bai-Lin |date=2012-04-11 |editor-last=Liu |editor-first=Chunyu |title=High Proportion of 22q13 Deletions and SHANK3 Mutations in Chinese Patients with Intellectual Disability |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=7 |issue=4 |bibcode=2012PLoSO...734739G |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0034739 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=3324537 |pmid=22509352 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A cikin shekara ta 2012, ya gano maye gurbin ''MECP2'' a cikin 'yan uwan kasar Sin guda biyu wanda ke nuna cewa kwayar halitta tana da mahimmanci a ci gaban autism, kuma ba kawai cutar Rett ba.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Xu |first=Xiu |last2=Xu |first2=Qiong |last3=Zhang |first3=Ying |last4=Zhang |first4=Xiaodi |last5=Cheng |first5=Tianlin |last6=Wu |first6=Bingbing |last7=Ding |first7=Yanhua |last8=Lu |first8=Ping |last9=Zheng |first9=Jingjing |last10=Zhang |first10=Min |last11=Qiu |first11=Zilong |last12=Yu |first12=Xiang |date=2012 |title=A case report of Chinese brothers with inherited MECP2-containing duplication: autism and intellectual disability, but not seizures or respiratory infections |journal=BMC Medical Genetics |language=en |volume=13 |issue=1 |doi=10.1186/1471-2350-13-75 |issn=1471-2350 |pmc=3506511 |pmid=22909152 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cheng |first=Tian-Lin |last2=Qiu |first2=Zilong |date=2014 |title=MeCP2: multifaceted roles in gene regulation and neural development |journal=Neuroscience Bulletin |language=en |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=601–609 |doi=10.1007/s12264-014-1452-6 |issn=1673-7067 |pmc=5562630 |pmid=25082535}}</ref> Kamar yadda magani ga waɗannan cututtukan kwakwalwa ya kasance da wahala a bunkasa, sai ya mayar da hankalinsa ga maganin kwayar halitta.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jennings |first=Charles G |last2=Landman |first2=Rogier |last3=Zhou |first3=Yang |last4=Sharma |first4=Jitendra |last5=Hyman |first5=Julia |last6=Movshon |first6=J Anthony |last7=Qiu |first7=Zilong |last8=Roberts |first8=Angela C |last9=Roe |first9=Anna Wang |last10=Wang |first10=Xiaoqin |last11=Zhou |first11=Huihui |last12=Wang |first12=Liping |last13=Zhang |first13=Feng |last14=Desimone |first14=Robert |last15=Feng |first15=Guoping |display-authors=8 |date=2016 |title=Opportunities and challenges in modeling human brain disorders in transgenic primates |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nn.4362 |journal=Nature Neuroscience |language=en |volume=19 |issue=9 |pages=1123–1130 |doi=10.1038/nn.4362 |issn=1097-6256 |pmid=27571191}}</ref> ==== Dabbobi masu canza kwayar halitta ==== A cikin shekara ta 2014, Qiu da tawagarsa sun ba da rahoton kirkirar biri mai suna cynomolgus (''Macaca fascicularis''). An haifi jariri na namiji daga takin zamani tare da maye gurbin ''MECP2'' da aka haifar da gwaji, amma bai tsira ba.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Liu |first=Zhen |last2=Zhou |first2=Xue |last3=Zhu |first3=Ying |last4=Chen |first4=Zhi-Fang |last5=Yu |first5=Bin |last6=Wang |first6=Yan |last7=Zhang |first7=Chen-Chen |last8=Nie |first8=Yan-Hong |last9=Sang |first9=Xiao |last10=Cai |first10=Yi-Jun |last11=Zhang |first11=Yue-Fang |last12=Zhang |first12=Chen |last13=Zhou |first13=Wen-Hao |last14=Sun |first14=Qiang |last15=Qiu |first15=Zilong |display-authors=8 |date=2014 |title=Generation of a monkey with MECP2 mutations by TALEN-based gene targeting |journal=Neuroscience Bulletin |language=en |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=381–386 |doi=10.1007/s12264-014-1434-8 |issn=1673-7067 |pmc=5562616 |pmid=24838303}}</ref> Don bincika batutuwan da ke cikin tsarin canja wurin kwayar halitta, sun haɓaka a cikin 2015 hanyar da aka inganta ta amfani da Fasahar lentiviral wanda za'a iya amfani da kwayar cuta mai tsarkakewa sosai don ɗaukar kwayoyin halitta da aka gyara (nau'i-nau'i). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jiang |first=Wei |last2=Hua |first2=Rui |last3=Wei |first3=Mengping |last4=Li |first4=Chenhong |last5=Qiu |first5=Zilong |last6=Yang |first6=Xiaofei |last7=Zhang |first7=Chen |date=2015-09-08 |title=An optimized method for high-titer lentivirus preparations without ultracentrifugation |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=5 |issue=1 |bibcode=2015NatSR...513875J |doi=10.1038/srep13875 |issn=2045-2322 |pmc=4562269 |pmid=26348152}}</ref> Hanyar canja wurin lentiviral da aka gyara ta kasance nasara, yayin da suka ba da rahoton ''Halitta'' birai tare da autism, a cikin Nature a cikin 2016, suna cewa:<blockquote>[The] ɗan adam ''MECP2'' transgene an samu nasarar shigar da shi cikin kwayar halittar biri kuma an bayyana shi musamman a cikin kwakwalwar biri...Musamman, mun yi nasara wajen samar da 1" href="./F1_hybrid" id="mwuw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="F1 hybrid">'Ya'yan F<sub>1</sub> guda biyar na birai na ''MECP2'' ta hanyar allurar maniyyi ta intracytoplasmic tare da maniyyi daga daya na birai mai canzawa na F<sub>0</sub>, yana nuna yaduwar germline da Rarrabawar Mendelian na ''MECP2'' da yawa a cikin zuriyar F1. Bugu da ƙari, birai na F<sub>1</sub> sun nuna raguwar hulɗar zamantakewa [halayyar autistic] lokacin da aka gwada su a nau'i-nau'i, idan aka kwatanta da birai na daji na irin wannan shekaru.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Liu |first=Zhen |last2=Li |first2=Xiao |last3=Zhang |first3=Jun-Tao |last4=Cai |first4=Yi-Jun |last5=Cheng |first5=Tian-Lin |last6=Cheng |first6=Cheng |last7=Wang |first7=Yan |last8=Zhang |first8=Chen-Chen |last9=Nie |first9=Yan-Hong |last10=Chen |first10=Zhi-Fang |last11=Bian |first11=Wen-Jie |last12=Zhang |first12=Ling |last13=Xiao |first13=Jianqiu |last14=Lu |first14=Bin |last15=Zhang |first15=Yue-Fang |display-authors=8 |date=2016-02-04 |title=Autism-like behaviours and germline transmission in transgenic monkeys overexpressing MeCP2 |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nature16533 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=530 |issue=7588 |pages=98–102 |doi=10.1038/nature16533 |issn=0028-0836 |pmid=26808898}}</ref></blockquote>Rahoton ya kasance babban labari na duniya saboda shine gwajin farko na autism a cikin primates. <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Paranpje |first=Manish |date=2026-02-11 |title=Scientists replicate autism in monkeys |url=https://www.jhunewsletter.com/article/2016/02/scientists-replicate-autism-in-monkeys |access-date=2026-07-30 |website=The Johns Hopkins News-Letter |language=en-US}}</ref> Dabbobin guda biyar sun samar da karin murmushi, murmushi da kururuwa, kuma sun nuna rashin hulɗar zamantakewa fiye da birai na yau da kullun, wanda ke nuna alamun autism da Rett syndrome.<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Akpan |first=Nsikan |date=2016-01-25 |title=New mutant monkeys model the inheritance of autism |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/science/mutant-monkeys-model-autism-legacy-inheirtance-transgenic |access-date=2026-07-30 |website=www.pbs.org}}</ref> A cikin 2020, ƙungiyar Qiu ta ba da sanarwar gwaji wanda za'a iya juyar da yanayin autistic a cikin kwakwalwa a cikin beraye ta amfani da Gyaran kwayar halitta ta CRISPR.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wang |first=Na |last2=Lv |first2=Longbao |last3=Huang |first3=Xiaoyi |last4=Shi |first4=Mingqin |last5=Dai |first5=Youwu |last6=Wei |first6=Yuanyuan |last7=Xu |first7=Bonan |last8=Fu |first8=Chenyang |last9=Huang |first9=Haoyu |last10=Shi |first10=Hongling |last11=Liu |first11=Yun |last12=Hu |first12=Xintian |last13=Qin |first13=Dongdong |display-authors=8 |date=2022-12-14 |title=Gene editing in monogenic autism spectrum disorder: animal models and gene therapies |url=https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnmol.2022.1043018/full |journal=Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience |volume=15 |doi=10.3389/fnmol.2022.1043018 |issn=1662-5099 |pmc=9794862 |pmid=36590912}}</ref> Bayan an haifar da beraye tare da maye gurbin ''MECP2'', an rage matakin furotin na MECP2 ta hanyar gyaran kwayar halitta, musamman a cikin cortex na tsakiya (mPFC). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yu |first=Bin |last2=Yuan |first2=Bo |last3=Dai |first3=Jian-Kun |last4=Cheng |first4=Tian-lin |last5=Xia |first5=Sheng-Nan |last6=He |first6=Ling-Jie |last7=Yuan |first7=Yi-Ting |last8=Zhang |first8=Yue-Fang |last9=Xu |first9=Hua-Tai |last10=Xu |first10=Fu-Qiang |last11=Liang |first11=Zhi-Feng |last12=Qiu |first12=Zi-Long |display-authors=8 |date=2020 |title=Reversal of Social Recognition Deficit in Adult Mice with MECP2 Duplication via Normalization of MeCP2 in the Medial Prefrontal Cortex |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s12264-020-00467-w |journal=Neuroscience Bulletin |language=en |volume=36 |issue=6 |pages=570–584 |doi=10.1007/s12264-020-00467-w |issn=1673-7067 |pmc=7271088 |pmid=32144612}}</ref> Wannan alama ce ta cewa mPFC shine yankin kwakwalwa mai sarrafawa don rashi na zamantakewar al'umma a cikin autism kuma yana iya yiwuwa a yi amfani da shi azaman magani a cikin mutane.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yu |first=Zi-Xian |last2=Wang |first2=Dan-Yang |last3=Xu |first3=Xiao-Hong |date=2020 |title=Gene Editing to the Rescue: Reversal of Social Deficits Associated with MECP2 Duplication |url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s12264-020-00522-6 |journal=Neuroscience Bulletin |language=en |volume=36 |issue=6 |pages=567–569 |doi=10.1007/s12264-020-00522-6 |issn=1673-7067 |pmc=7270302 |pmid=32472288}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] dx3yu5tpnbljwiz2btud0ujci2myg4k 889372 889371 2026-07-30T13:51:39Z Najeebyusuf 45048 889372 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Qiu Zilong''' ([[Sinanci]]: 仇子龙; [[pinyin]]: ''Qiú Zǐlóng'') masanin kimiyyar halittu ne kuma masanin kimiyin kwakwalwa wanda ya ba da gudummawa mai mahimmanci a cikin maganin kwayar halitta don [[Cutar Autism|autism]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Qiu |first=Zilong |date=2025 |title=Advancements in autism spectrum disorder research --from mechanisms to interventions |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0959438825000790 |journal=Current Opinion in Neurobiology |language=en |volume=93 |doi=10.1016/j.conb.2025.103048 |pmid=40359648}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yang |first=Kan |last2=Geng |first2=Yixiao |last3=Zhou |first3=Wei |last4=Zhang |first4=Lingli |last5=Xu |first5=Zhankui |last6=Wang |first6=Junwen |last7=Li |first7=Fei |last8=Qiu |first8=Zilong |date=2026 |title=Closing the Gap in Autism Genetics: Population-Specific Variants and the Imperative for Global Inclusion |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0006322326011297 |journal=Biological Psychiatry |language=en |volume=100 |issue=4 |pages=358–368 |doi=10.1016/j.biopsych.2026.03.999 |pmid=41921886}}</ref> A cikin 2016, yayin da yake aiki a Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya ta Shanghai, [[Chinese Academy of Sciences|Kwalejin Kimiyya ta kasar Sin]], shi da tawagarsa sun kirkiro birai na farko da aka gyara kwayoyin halitta wanda ya nuna halayyar autistic ([[Rett syndrome|Rett Syndrome]]). A cikin 2026, a matsayin babban mai bincike na kimiyyar kwakwalwa a Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'ar Shanghai Jiao Tong, Qiu ya ba da sanarwar cewa yana yiwuwa a gyara maye gurbin cututtukan ''CHD3'' (chromodomain-helicase-DNA-binding protein 3) wanda ke haifar da raunin kwakwalwa da ci gaban ilimi (Snijders Blok-Campeau syndrome) ta amfani da hanyar sarrafa kwayar halitta da ake kira gyaran tushe a cikin beraye da birai.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bender |first=Kevin J. |date=2026 |title=Gene editing treats a mouse model of a neurodevelopmental disorder |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-026-00291-8 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=651 |issue=8106 |pages=590–591 |bibcode=2026Natur.651..590B |doi=10.1038/d41586-026-00291-8 |issn=1476-4687 |pmid=41708820}}</ref> Gwajin da aka buga a cikin mujallar Nature ya biyo bayan bincike daga Retraction Watch, wanda ya buga rahotonsa a ''Kimiyya.''<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Brendan |first=Borrell |date=2026-07-23 |title=A fatal reaction |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/exclusive-death-girl-chinese-gene-editing-trial-was-never-made-public |journal=Science |volume=393 |issue=6809 |pages=346–353 |doi=10.1126/science.zbr2v4d |pmid=42490487 |via=}}</ref> An bayyana cewa Qiu ya yi amfani da wannan dabarar a cikin mutane. A cikin 2025, Qiu ya kula da wata yarinya mai shekaru shida wacce aka kula da Cutar Snijders Blok-Campeau a asibitin Xinhua, asibitin jami'ar. Yarinyar ta mutu mako guda bayan magani kuma an ɓoye labarin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tribune |first=Daily |date=2026-07-25 |title=Gene-editing trial's death of girl kept secret |url=https://tribune.net.ph/2026/07/25/gene-editing-trials-death-of-girl-kept-secret |access-date=2026-07-27 |website=Daily Tribune |language=en-PH}}</ref> == Tarihin rayuwa == An haifi Qiu a Beijing, China . Ya koma Anhui, gabashin kasar Sin, inda ya shafe sauran lokacin yaro. A shekara ta 1994, ya shiga Jami'ar Shanghai Jiao Tong a Shanghai, <ref>{{Cite web |title=UCSD - The Ghosh Lab - Projects |url=http://ghoshlab.org/people/qiu.html |access-date=2026-07-27 |website=ghoshlab.org}}</ref> kuma ya kammala a 1998 tare da Digiri na BS a ilmin halitta. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-15 |title=ABCP Webinar: Decoding autism – insights from Chinese ASD cohorts – ABCP |url=https://abcp.org.uk/event/abcp-webinar-zilong-qiu/ |access-date=2026-07-27 |website=abcp.org.uk |publisher=Association of British Chinese Professors |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2026 |title=Organization & Advisors |url=https://www.usmef2cfoundation.org/organization-structure |access-date=2026-07-28 |website=US MEF2C Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya shiga karatun PhD a Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya da Kwayoyin Kwayoyin Kwayar Kwayar Kwalejin Kwalejin (daga baya Cibiyar Nazaren Kimiyya ta Shanghai), na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta kasar Sin. Binciken da ya yi, wanda Kan Liao ke kula da shi, ya kasance a kan tsarin kwayoyin bambancin adipocyte. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Qiu |first=Zilong |last2=Wei |first2=Yong |last3=Chen |first3=Nan |last4=Jiang |first4=Manrong |last5=Wu |first5=Jiarui |last6=Liao |first6=Kan |date=2001 |title=DNA Synthesis and Mitotic Clonal Expansion Is Not a Required Step for 3T3-L1 Preadipocyte Differentiation into Adipocytes |journal=Journal of Biological Chemistry |language=en |volume=276 |issue=15 |pages=11988–11995 |doi=10.1074/jbc.M011729200 |pmid=11278974 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Qiu |first=Zi-Long |last2=Guo |first2=Xue-Min |last3=Liao |first3=Kan |date=2001 |title=Analysis of the Relationship between Globally Regulated Genes and Their Chromosomal Genetic Map Loci during Adipogenesis |journal=Sheng Wu Hua Xue Yu Sheng Wu Wu Li Xue Bao Acta Biochimica et Biophysica Sinica |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=137–141 |issn=0582-9879 |pmid=12053204}}</ref> A shekara ta 2003, ya sami digirin digirinsa kuma ya koma Jami'ar California, San Diego don bincike bayan digiri. Mai ba da shawara Anirvan Ghosh masanin kimiyyar kwakwalwa ne wanda kwanan nan aka nada shi [[Farfesa]] Stephen Kuffler wanda ke riƙe da kujerar neurobiology a cikin Sashen Kimiyya na Biological.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=de Wit |first=Joris |last2=Ghosh |first2=Anirvan |date=2016 |title=Specification of synaptic connectivity by cell surface interactions |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nrn.2015.3 |journal=Nature Reviews Neuroscience |language=en |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=22–35 |doi=10.1038/nrn.2015.3 |issn=1471-003X |pmid=26656254}}</ref> Tare da Ghosh, Qiu ya bincika kan hanyar bayyana kwayar halitta a cikin ƙwayoyin kwakwalwa waɗanda ke sarrafa ci gaba da aiki na tsarin juyayi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Qiu |first=Zilong |last2=Ghosh |first2=Anirvan |date=2008-12-10 |title=A Calcium-Dependent Switch in a CREST-BRG1 Complex Regulates Activity-Dependent Gene Expression |journal=Neuron |language=English |volume=60 |issue=5 |pages=775–787 |doi=10.1016/j.neuron.2008.09.040 |issn=0896-6273 |pmc=2615455 |pmid=19081374}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Qiu |first=Zilong |last2=Ghosh |first2=Anirvan |date=2008-11-06 |title=A Brief History of Neuronal Gene Expression: Regulatory Mechanisms and Cellular Consequences |url=https://www.cell.com/neuron/abstract/S0896-6273(08)00912-4 |journal=Neuron |language=English |volume=60 |issue=3 |pages=449–455 |doi=10.1016/j.neuron.2008.10.039 |issn=0896-6273 |pmid=18995819}}</ref> Dangane da binciken su, Ghosh ya shawarci Qiu da ya nemi kudaden bincike don nazarin ayyukan kwakwalwa da suka shafi cutar, musamman autism. A shekara ta 2006, Qiu ta sadu da Monica Coenraads, co-kafa kuma darektan kimiyya na Rett Syndrome Research Foundation (RSRF). Wannan shi ne karo na farko da Qiu ya ji labarin cutar. Coenraads yana da 'yar da aka haifa tare da cutar, wanda aka bayyana a matsayin "matsananciyar nau'in cutar autism spectrum", kuma yana son mai bincike mai iyawa a fagen. Tare da taimakon ta, Qiu ta fara bincike kan autism kuma ta sami tallafin bincike na RSRF a 2007. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Wu |first=Haiyun |date=2024-04-03 |title=The Researcher Hunting for a Rett Syndrome Cure |url=https://www.sixthtone.com/news/1014934 |access-date=2026-07-27 |website=SixthTone}}</ref> A shekara ta 2009, Qiu ya zama Babban Mai Bincike kuma Shugaban Laboratory of Molecular Basis of Neural Plasticity a Cibiyar Neuroscience, Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya ta Shanghai.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2017 |title=Zilong QIU - Future Forum |url=https://www.futureforum.org.cn/en/people/393.html |access-date=2026-07-27 |website=www.futureforum.org.cn}}</ref> Don fannonin kiwon lafiya na bincikensa game da autism, ya zama mai alaƙa da asibitin Xinhua na jami'ar, da Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Shanghai da Cibiyar Kwarewa a Kimiyya da Fasahar Ilimi. A cikin 2023, ya shiga bangaren ilimin jijiyoyi a Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'ar Shanghai Jiao Tong . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Wu |first=Haiyun |date=2024-04-03 |title=The Researcher Hunting for a Rett Syndrome Cure |url=https://www.sixthtone.com/news/1014934 |access-date=2026-07-27 |website=SixthTone}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFWu2024">Wu, Haiyun (2024-04-03). [https://www.sixthtone.com/news/1014934 "The Researcher Hunting for a Rett Syndrome Cure"]. ''SixthTone''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2026-07-27</span></span>.</cite></ref> Ya zuwa 2026, Qiu memba ne na kwamitin ba da shawara na kimiyya na Gidauniyar MEF2C ta Amurka . <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2026 |title=Organization & Advisors |url=https://www.usmef2cfoundation.org/organization-structure |access-date=2026-07-28 |website=US MEF2C Foundation |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.usmef2cfoundation.org/organization-structure "Organization & Advisors"]. ''US MEF2C Foundation''. 2026<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2026-07-28</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Gudummawar kimiyya == === Autism === Rett syndrome is a neurological disorder having autistic symptoms mainly in girls, with an incidence of 1/10 000 to 1/15 000 live births.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Caballero |first=Isabel Martín |last2=Hendrich |first2=Brian |date=2005-04-15 |title=MeCP2 in neurons: closing in on the causes of Rett syndrome |url=http://academic.oup.com/hmg/article/14/suppl_1/R19/560817/MeCP2-in-neurons-closing-in-on-the-causes-of-Rett |journal=Human Molecular Genetics |language=en |volume=14 |issue=suppl_1 |pages=R19–R26 |doi=10.1093/hmg/ddi102 |issn=1460-2083 |pmid=15809268}}</ref> In 1999, Huda Y. Zoghbi and her team at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, discovered that the genetic cause was due to a mutation in the gene ''MECP2'' that is present on X chromosome.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Amir |first=Ruthie E. |last2=Van den Veyver |first2=Ignatia B. |last3=Wan |first3=Mimi |last4=Tran |first4=Charles Q. |last5=Francke |first5=Uta |last6=Zoghbi |first6=Huda Y. |date=1999 |title=Rett syndrome is caused by mutations in X-linked MECP2, encoding methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/ng1099_185 |journal=Nature Genetics |language=en |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=185–188 |bibcode=1999NaGen..23..185A |doi=10.1038/13810 |issn=1061-4036 |pmid=10508514}}</ref> It became necessary to understand how the mutation started and caused the disease to find the ultimate treatment. Working with Ghosh, Qiu started experimental investigation on the molecular mechanism of the ''MECP2'' expression and interaction in cell signalling pathways. In 2012, Qiu reported the role of the MECP2 protein in defective synaptic transmission.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Qiu |first=Zilong |last2=Sylwestrak |first2=Emily L. |last3=Lieberman |first3=David N. |last4=Zhang |first4=Yan |last5=Liu |first5=Xin-Yu |last6=Ghosh |first6=Anirvan |date=2012-01-18 |title=The Rett Syndrome Protein MeCP2 Regulates Synaptic Scaling |journal=The Journal of Neuroscience |language=en |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=989–994 |doi=10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0175-11.2012 |issn=0270-6474 |pmc=3711796 |pmid=22262897}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wilke |first=Scott A |last2=Hall |first2=Benjamin J |last3=Antonios |first3=Joseph K |last4=DeNardo |first4=Laura A |last5=Otto |first5=Stefanie |last6=Yuan |first6=Bo |last7=Chen |first7=Fading |last8=Robbins |first8=Elissa M |last9=Tiglio |first9=Katie |last10=Williams |first10=Megan E |last11=Qiu |first11=Zilong |last12=Biederer |first12=Thomas |last13=Ghosh |first13=Anirvan |date=2012-02-27 |title=NeuroD2 regulates the development of hippocampal mossy fiber synapses |journal=Neural Development |language=en |volume=7 |issue=1 |doi=10.1186/1749-8104-7-9 |issn=1749-8104 |pmc=3310804 |pmid=22369234 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Yayinda Qiu ya koma Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya ta Shanghai a shekara ta 2009, ya fadada aikin bincikensa kan wasu cututtukan jijiyoyi da nau'ikan autism daban-daban.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Qiu |first=Zilong |last2=Cheng |first2=Ju |date=2010 |title=The Role of Calcium-Dependent Gene Expression in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Lessons from MeCP2, Ube3a and Beyond |url=https://karger.com/article/doi/10.1159/000320970 |journal=Neurosignals |language=en |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=72–81 |doi=10.1159/000320970 |issn=1424-8638 |pmid=20956852}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gong |first=Xiaohong |last2=Jiang |first2=Yu-wu |last3=Zhang |first3=Xin |last4=An |first4=Yu |last5=Zhang |first5=Jun |last6=Wu |first6=Ye |last7=Wang |first7=Jingmin |last8=Sun |first8=Yangfei |last9=Liu |first9=Yanyan |last10=Gao |first10=Xuewu |last11=Shen |first11=Yiping |last12=Wu |first12=Xiru |last13=Qiu |first13=Zilong |last14=Jin |first14=Li |last15=Wu |first15=Bai-Lin |date=2012-04-11 |editor-last=Liu |editor-first=Chunyu |title=High Proportion of 22q13 Deletions and SHANK3 Mutations in Chinese Patients with Intellectual Disability |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=7 |issue=4 |bibcode=2012PLoSO...734739G |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0034739 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=3324537 |pmid=22509352 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A cikin shekara ta 2012, ya gano maye gurbin ''MECP2'' a cikin 'yan uwan kasar Sin guda biyu wanda ke nuna cewa kwayar halitta tana da mahimmanci a ci gaban autism, kuma ba kawai cutar Rett ba.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Xu |first=Xiu |last2=Xu |first2=Qiong |last3=Zhang |first3=Ying |last4=Zhang |first4=Xiaodi |last5=Cheng |first5=Tianlin |last6=Wu |first6=Bingbing |last7=Ding |first7=Yanhua |last8=Lu |first8=Ping |last9=Zheng |first9=Jingjing |last10=Zhang |first10=Min |last11=Qiu |first11=Zilong |last12=Yu |first12=Xiang |date=2012 |title=A case report of Chinese brothers with inherited MECP2-containing duplication: autism and intellectual disability, but not seizures or respiratory infections |journal=BMC Medical Genetics |language=en |volume=13 |issue=1 |doi=10.1186/1471-2350-13-75 |issn=1471-2350 |pmc=3506511 |pmid=22909152 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cheng |first=Tian-Lin |last2=Qiu |first2=Zilong |date=2014 |title=MeCP2: multifaceted roles in gene regulation and neural development |journal=Neuroscience Bulletin |language=en |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=601–609 |doi=10.1007/s12264-014-1452-6 |issn=1673-7067 |pmc=5562630 |pmid=25082535}}</ref> Kamar yadda magani ga waɗannan cututtukan kwakwalwa ya kasance da wahala a bunkasa, sai ya mayar da hankalinsa ga maganin kwayar halitta.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jennings |first=Charles G |last2=Landman |first2=Rogier |last3=Zhou |first3=Yang |last4=Sharma |first4=Jitendra |last5=Hyman |first5=Julia |last6=Movshon |first6=J Anthony |last7=Qiu |first7=Zilong |last8=Roberts |first8=Angela C |last9=Roe |first9=Anna Wang |last10=Wang |first10=Xiaoqin |last11=Zhou |first11=Huihui |last12=Wang |first12=Liping |last13=Zhang |first13=Feng |last14=Desimone |first14=Robert |last15=Feng |first15=Guoping |display-authors=8 |date=2016 |title=Opportunities and challenges in modeling human brain disorders in transgenic primates |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nn.4362 |journal=Nature Neuroscience |language=en |volume=19 |issue=9 |pages=1123–1130 |doi=10.1038/nn.4362 |issn=1097-6256 |pmid=27571191}}</ref> ==== Dabbobi masu canza kwayar halitta ==== A cikin shekara ta 2014, Qiu da tawagarsa sun ba da rahoton kirkirar biri mai suna cynomolgus (''Macaca fascicularis''). An haifi jariri na namiji daga takin zamani tare da maye gurbin ''MECP2'' da aka haifar da gwaji, amma bai tsira ba.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Liu |first=Zhen |last2=Zhou |first2=Xue |last3=Zhu |first3=Ying |last4=Chen |first4=Zhi-Fang |last5=Yu |first5=Bin |last6=Wang |first6=Yan |last7=Zhang |first7=Chen-Chen |last8=Nie |first8=Yan-Hong |last9=Sang |first9=Xiao |last10=Cai |first10=Yi-Jun |last11=Zhang |first11=Yue-Fang |last12=Zhang |first12=Chen |last13=Zhou |first13=Wen-Hao |last14=Sun |first14=Qiang |last15=Qiu |first15=Zilong |display-authors=8 |date=2014 |title=Generation of a monkey with MECP2 mutations by TALEN-based gene targeting |journal=Neuroscience Bulletin |language=en |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=381–386 |doi=10.1007/s12264-014-1434-8 |issn=1673-7067 |pmc=5562616 |pmid=24838303}}</ref> Don bincika batutuwan da ke cikin tsarin canja wurin kwayar halitta, sun haɓaka a cikin 2015 hanyar da aka inganta ta amfani da Fasahar lentiviral wanda za'a iya amfani da kwayar cuta mai tsarkakewa sosai don ɗaukar kwayoyin halitta da aka gyara (nau'i-nau'i). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jiang |first=Wei |last2=Hua |first2=Rui |last3=Wei |first3=Mengping |last4=Li |first4=Chenhong |last5=Qiu |first5=Zilong |last6=Yang |first6=Xiaofei |last7=Zhang |first7=Chen |date=2015-09-08 |title=An optimized method for high-titer lentivirus preparations without ultracentrifugation |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=5 |issue=1 |bibcode=2015NatSR...513875J |doi=10.1038/srep13875 |issn=2045-2322 |pmc=4562269 |pmid=26348152}}</ref> Hanyar canja wurin lentiviral da aka gyara ta kasance nasara, yayin da suka ba da rahoton ''Halitta'' birai tare da autism, a cikin Nature a cikin 2016, suna cewa:<blockquote>[The] ɗan adam ''MECP2'' transgene an samu nasarar shigar da shi cikin kwayar halittar biri kuma an bayyana shi musamman a cikin kwakwalwar biri...Musamman, mun yi nasara wajen samar da 1" href="./F1_hybrid" id="mwuw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="F1 hybrid">'Ya'yan F<sub>1</sub> guda biyar na birai na ''MECP2'' ta hanyar allurar maniyyi ta intracytoplasmic tare da maniyyi daga daya na birai mai canzawa na F<sub>0</sub>, yana nuna yaduwar germline da Rarrabawar Mendelian na ''MECP2'' da yawa a cikin zuriyar F1. Bugu da ƙari, birai na F<sub>1</sub> sun nuna raguwar hulɗar zamantakewa [halayyar autistic] lokacin da aka gwada su a nau'i-nau'i, idan aka kwatanta da birai na daji na irin wannan shekaru.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Liu |first=Zhen |last2=Li |first2=Xiao |last3=Zhang |first3=Jun-Tao |last4=Cai |first4=Yi-Jun |last5=Cheng |first5=Tian-Lin |last6=Cheng |first6=Cheng |last7=Wang |first7=Yan |last8=Zhang |first8=Chen-Chen |last9=Nie |first9=Yan-Hong |last10=Chen |first10=Zhi-Fang |last11=Bian |first11=Wen-Jie |last12=Zhang |first12=Ling |last13=Xiao |first13=Jianqiu |last14=Lu |first14=Bin |last15=Zhang |first15=Yue-Fang |display-authors=8 |date=2016-02-04 |title=Autism-like behaviours and germline transmission in transgenic monkeys overexpressing MeCP2 |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nature16533 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=530 |issue=7588 |pages=98–102 |doi=10.1038/nature16533 |issn=0028-0836 |pmid=26808898}}</ref></blockquote>Rahoton ya kasance babban labari na duniya saboda shine gwajin farko na autism a cikin primates. <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Paranpje |first=Manish |date=2026-02-11 |title=Scientists replicate autism in monkeys |url=https://www.jhunewsletter.com/article/2016/02/scientists-replicate-autism-in-monkeys |access-date=2026-07-30 |website=The Johns Hopkins News-Letter |language=en-US}}</ref> Dabbobin guda biyar sun samar da karin murmushi, murmushi da kururuwa, kuma sun nuna rashin hulɗar zamantakewa fiye da birai na yau da kullun, wanda ke nuna alamun autism da Rett syndrome.<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Akpan |first=Nsikan |date=2016-01-25 |title=New mutant monkeys model the inheritance of autism |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/science/mutant-monkeys-model-autism-legacy-inheirtance-transgenic |access-date=2026-07-30 |website=www.pbs.org}}</ref> A cikin 2020, ƙungiyar Qiu ta ba da sanarwar gwaji wanda za'a iya juyar da yanayin autistic a cikin kwakwalwa a cikin beraye ta amfani da Gyaran kwayar halitta ta CRISPR.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wang |first=Na |last2=Lv |first2=Longbao |last3=Huang |first3=Xiaoyi |last4=Shi |first4=Mingqin |last5=Dai |first5=Youwu |last6=Wei |first6=Yuanyuan |last7=Xu |first7=Bonan |last8=Fu |first8=Chenyang |last9=Huang |first9=Haoyu |last10=Shi |first10=Hongling |last11=Liu |first11=Yun |last12=Hu |first12=Xintian |last13=Qin |first13=Dongdong |display-authors=8 |date=2022-12-14 |title=Gene editing in monogenic autism spectrum disorder: animal models and gene therapies |url=https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnmol.2022.1043018/full |journal=Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience |volume=15 |doi=10.3389/fnmol.2022.1043018 |issn=1662-5099 |pmc=9794862 |pmid=36590912}}</ref> Bayan an haifar da beraye tare da maye gurbin ''MECP2'', an rage matakin furotin na MECP2 ta hanyar gyaran kwayar halitta, musamman a cikin cortex na tsakiya (mPFC). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yu |first=Bin |last2=Yuan |first2=Bo |last3=Dai |first3=Jian-Kun |last4=Cheng |first4=Tian-lin |last5=Xia |first5=Sheng-Nan |last6=He |first6=Ling-Jie |last7=Yuan |first7=Yi-Ting |last8=Zhang |first8=Yue-Fang |last9=Xu |first9=Hua-Tai |last10=Xu |first10=Fu-Qiang |last11=Liang |first11=Zhi-Feng |last12=Qiu |first12=Zi-Long |display-authors=8 |date=2020 |title=Reversal of Social Recognition Deficit in Adult Mice with MECP2 Duplication via Normalization of MeCP2 in the Medial Prefrontal Cortex |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s12264-020-00467-w |journal=Neuroscience Bulletin |language=en |volume=36 |issue=6 |pages=570–584 |doi=10.1007/s12264-020-00467-w |issn=1673-7067 |pmc=7271088 |pmid=32144612}}</ref> Wannan alama ce ta cewa mPFC shine yankin kwakwalwa mai sarrafawa don rashi na zamantakewar al'umma a cikin autism kuma yana iya yiwuwa a yi amfani da shi azaman magani a cikin mutane.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yu |first=Zi-Xian |last2=Wang |first2=Dan-Yang |last3=Xu |first3=Xiao-Hong |date=2020 |title=Gene Editing to the Rescue: Reversal of Social Deficits Associated with MECP2 Duplication |url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s12264-020-00522-6 |journal=Neuroscience Bulletin |language=en |volume=36 |issue=6 |pages=567–569 |doi=10.1007/s12264-020-00522-6 |issn=1673-7067 |pmc=7270302 |pmid=32472288}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] eqbtiowwm66cugmcp6zr1m3pctrot1i Cannabis a Ostiraliya 0 162517 889373 2026-07-30T13:54:02Z Najeebyusuf 45048 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1364749154|Cannabis in Australia]]" 889373 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Cannabis]] shuka ce da ake amfani da ita a [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]] don nishaɗi, magani da dalilai na masana'antu. Ostiraliya tana da ɗayan mafi girman yaduwar wiwi a duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Drug Use and health consequences |url=https://wdr.unodc.org/wdr2020/en/drug-use-health.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220903100453/https://wdr.unodc.org/wdr2020/en/drug-use-health.html |archive-date=3 September 2022 |access-date=20 April 2023 |website=World Health Organization}}</ref> A cikin 2022-23, 41% na 'yan Australia sama da shekaru goma sha huɗu sun yi amfani da wiwi a rayuwarsu kuma 11.5% sun yi amfani le wiwi a cikin watanni 12 da suka gabata.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-29 |title=National Drug Strategy Household Survey 2022–2023: Cannabis in the NDSHS |url=https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/illicit-use-of-drugs/cannabis-ndshs |access-date=2024-07-16 |website=Australian Institute of Health and Welfare |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 24 ga Fabrairu 2016, Ostiraliya ta halatta shuka wiwi don dalilai na magani da kimiyya a matakin tarayya. A ranar 12 ga Nuwamba 2017, Ka'idodin Abinci Australia New Zealand (FSANZ) sun sanya abinci mai ƙarancin THC ya halatta don amfani da mutum a Ostiraliya.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date=9 November 2017 |title=Hemp food legal from Sunday |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/food/article/2017/11/09/hemp-food-legal-sunday |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200713142815/https://www.sbs.com.au/food/article/2017/11/09/hemp-food-legal-sunday |archive-date=13 July 2020 |access-date=17 May 2020 |website=Food}}</ref> A ranar 25 ga watan Satumbar 2019, Babban Birnin Australiya ya zartar da lissafi da ke ba da izinin mallaka da haɓaka ƙananan wiwi don amfanin mutum har zuwa 31 ga watan Janairun 2020, kodayake dokokin sun sabawa dokokin tarayya waɗanda suka hana amfani da wiwi na nishaɗi kuma ba a yarda da samar da wiwi da tsaba ba a ƙarƙashin canje-canje.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=19 February 2020 |title=Cannabis |url=https://www.act.gov.au/cannabis |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201013225430/https://www.act.gov.au/cannabis |archive-date=13 October 2020 |access-date=2020-03-04 |website=Australian Capital Territory Government |language=en-AU}}</ref> Halin da ake yi game da halatta wiwi na nishaɗi a Ostiraliya ya canza a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata. Dangane da kuri'un da National Drug Strategy Household Survey (NDSHS) ya yi a cikin 2019, yawancin 'yan Australia yanzu suna goyon bayan halatta wiwi fiye da yadda suke adawa. A cikin 2019, binciken ya ba da rahoton cewa kashi 41% na 'yan Australia sun goyi bayan halatta wiwi, kashi 37% sun kasance masu adawa, kuma kashi 22% ba su yanke shawara ba. A cikin 2022-2023 goyon bayan NDSHS don halatta wiwi ya tashi zuwa 45%.<ref name="NDSHS, 2022–2023">{{Cite web |date=29 February 2024 |title=Cannabis in the NDSHS |url=https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/illicit-use-of-drugs/cannabis-ndshs |access-date=28 August 2024 |website=Australian Government}}</ref> Har ila yau, akwai wasu canje-canje masu alaƙa a cikin ra'ayoyin jama'a game da wasu manufofi masu alaƙa da wiwi. Misali, yawancin 'yan Australia masu shekaru 14 da sama ba sa goyon bayan mallakar wiwi kasancewa laifi (74% a cikin 2016 idan aka kwatanta da 66% a cikin 2010). <ref name="ponderingpot.com.au">{{Cite web |date=15 July 2020 |title=It's finally official, more Aussies want legal cannabis than oppose it |url=https://www.ponderingpot.com.au/national/its-finally-official-more-aussies-want-legal-cannabis-than-oppose-it/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024161609/https://www.ponderingpot.com.au/national/its-finally-official-more-aussies-want-legal-cannabis-than-oppose-it/ |archive-date=24 October 2021 |access-date=20 April 2023 |website=Cannus}}</ref> A cikin 2019 wannan ya tashi zuwa 78%, kafin ya sake tashi zuwa 80% a cikin 2022-2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 April 2024 |title=Alcohol, tobacco & other drugs in Australia |url=https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/alcohol/alcohol-tobacco-other-drugs-australia/contents/drug-types/cannabis |access-date=3 July 2024 |website=aihw.gov.au |publisher=Australian Government |quote=The majority of Australians aged 14 years and over (80%) do not support the possession of cannabis being a criminal offence, which is higher than the 78% reported in 2019 (AIHW 2024b, Table 11.15).}}</ref> Amfani da Cannabis ya fi girma a tsakanin 'Yan asalin Australiya (musamman mazajen asalin Australiya) fiye da' yan asalin Australiya, tare da tsakanin 20% da 70% na' 'Yan asalin da suka yi amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi a cikin watanni 12 da suka gabata sun bambanta da yanki. Sunayen sanannun cannabis guda biyu a cikin Ingilishi na Aboriginal da kuma a cikin yarukan 'yan asalin Australiya sune ''gunja'' da ''yarndi''. == Tarihi == === Tarihin Farko === Rubuce-rubuce na farko na tsaba na hemp da aka kawo zuwa Ostiraliya ya kasance tare da Rundunar Farko a buƙatar Sir Joseph Banks, wanda ya sanya alamar kaya "don kasuwanci" da fatan cewa za a samar da hemp ta hanyar kasuwanci a cikin sabon mulkin mallaka. Shekaru 150, gwamnatoci na farko a Ostiraliya sun goyi bayan girma na hemp tare da kyaututtuka na ƙasa da sauran tallafi, kuma amfani da wiwi a Ostiralia a karni na 19 an yi imanin ya zama yadu. Marcus Clarke, marubucin babban littafin Australiya For the Term of his Natural Life, ya yi gwaji da wiwi a matsayin taimako ga rubuce-rubuce. Wani ɗan gajeren labari da ya rubuta, ''Cannabis Indica'', an rubuta shi ne a ƙarƙashin tasirin wiwi. Membobin kungiyar Yorrick Club ta [[Melbourne]] (wanda Clarke ya kasance memba) sanannun masu amfani da wiwi ne.<ref name="aus-mj-grow-guide" /> Har zuwa ƙarshen karni na 19, "Cigares De Joy" (sigari na cannabis) suna samuwa a ko'ina; waɗannan sun yi iƙirarin "ba da taimako nan take a lokuta na asma, tari, bronchitis, hay-zazzabi, mura gajeren numfashi".[and] == Manazarta == kifxgczmycz3wny4mk6wfcdclvkvgog 889374 889373 2026-07-30T13:54:23Z Najeebyusuf 45048 889374 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databix}}[[Cannabis]] shuka ce da ake amfani da ita a [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]] don nishaɗi, magani da dalilai na masana'antu. Ostiraliya tana da ɗayan mafi girman yaduwar wiwi a duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Drug Use and health consequences |url=https://wdr.unodc.org/wdr2020/en/drug-use-health.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220903100453/https://wdr.unodc.org/wdr2020/en/drug-use-health.html |archive-date=3 September 2022 |access-date=20 April 2023 |website=World Health Organization}}</ref> A cikin 2022-23, 41% na 'yan Australia sama da shekaru goma sha huɗu sun yi amfani da wiwi a rayuwarsu kuma 11.5% sun yi amfani le wiwi a cikin watanni 12 da suka gabata.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-29 |title=National Drug Strategy Household Survey 2022–2023: Cannabis in the NDSHS |url=https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/illicit-use-of-drugs/cannabis-ndshs |access-date=2024-07-16 |website=Australian Institute of Health and Welfare |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 24 ga Fabrairu 2016, Ostiraliya ta halatta shuka wiwi don dalilai na magani da kimiyya a matakin tarayya. A ranar 12 ga Nuwamba 2017, Ka'idodin Abinci Australia New Zealand (FSANZ) sun sanya abinci mai ƙarancin THC ya halatta don amfani da mutum a Ostiraliya.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date=9 November 2017 |title=Hemp food legal from Sunday |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/food/article/2017/11/09/hemp-food-legal-sunday |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200713142815/https://www.sbs.com.au/food/article/2017/11/09/hemp-food-legal-sunday |archive-date=13 July 2020 |access-date=17 May 2020 |website=Food}}</ref> A ranar 25 ga watan Satumbar 2019, Babban Birnin Australiya ya zartar da lissafi da ke ba da izinin mallaka da haɓaka ƙananan wiwi don amfanin mutum har zuwa 31 ga watan Janairun 2020, kodayake dokokin sun sabawa dokokin tarayya waɗanda suka hana amfani da wiwi na nishaɗi kuma ba a yarda da samar da wiwi da tsaba ba a ƙarƙashin canje-canje.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=19 February 2020 |title=Cannabis |url=https://www.act.gov.au/cannabis |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201013225430/https://www.act.gov.au/cannabis |archive-date=13 October 2020 |access-date=2020-03-04 |website=Australian Capital Territory Government |language=en-AU}}</ref> Halin da ake yi game da halatta wiwi na nishaɗi a Ostiraliya ya canza a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata. Dangane da kuri'un da National Drug Strategy Household Survey (NDSHS) ya yi a cikin 2019, yawancin 'yan Australia yanzu suna goyon bayan halatta wiwi fiye da yadda suke adawa. A cikin 2019, binciken ya ba da rahoton cewa kashi 41% na 'yan Australia sun goyi bayan halatta wiwi, kashi 37% sun kasance masu adawa, kuma kashi 22% ba su yanke shawara ba. A cikin 2022-2023 goyon bayan NDSHS don halatta wiwi ya tashi zuwa 45%.<ref name="NDSHS, 2022–2023">{{Cite web |date=29 February 2024 |title=Cannabis in the NDSHS |url=https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/illicit-use-of-drugs/cannabis-ndshs |access-date=28 August 2024 |website=Australian Government}}</ref> Har ila yau, akwai wasu canje-canje masu alaƙa a cikin ra'ayoyin jama'a game da wasu manufofi masu alaƙa da wiwi. Misali, yawancin 'yan Australia masu shekaru 14 da sama ba sa goyon bayan mallakar wiwi kasancewa laifi (74% a cikin 2016 idan aka kwatanta da 66% a cikin 2010). <ref name="ponderingpot.com.au">{{Cite web |date=15 July 2020 |title=It's finally official, more Aussies want legal cannabis than oppose it |url=https://www.ponderingpot.com.au/national/its-finally-official-more-aussies-want-legal-cannabis-than-oppose-it/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024161609/https://www.ponderingpot.com.au/national/its-finally-official-more-aussies-want-legal-cannabis-than-oppose-it/ |archive-date=24 October 2021 |access-date=20 April 2023 |website=Cannus}}</ref> A cikin 2019 wannan ya tashi zuwa 78%, kafin ya sake tashi zuwa 80% a cikin 2022-2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 April 2024 |title=Alcohol, tobacco & other drugs in Australia |url=https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/alcohol/alcohol-tobacco-other-drugs-australia/contents/drug-types/cannabis |access-date=3 July 2024 |website=aihw.gov.au |publisher=Australian Government |quote=The majority of Australians aged 14 years and over (80%) do not support the possession of cannabis being a criminal offence, which is higher than the 78% reported in 2019 (AIHW 2024b, Table 11.15).}}</ref> Amfani da Cannabis ya fi girma a tsakanin 'Yan asalin Australiya (musamman mazajen asalin Australiya) fiye da' yan asalin Australiya, tare da tsakanin 20% da 70% na' 'Yan asalin da suka yi amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi a cikin watanni 12 da suka gabata sun bambanta da yanki. Sunayen sanannun cannabis guda biyu a cikin Ingilishi na Aboriginal da kuma a cikin yarukan 'yan asalin Australiya sune ''gunja'' da ''yarndi''. == Tarihi == === Tarihin Farko === Rubuce-rubuce na farko na tsaba na hemp da aka kawo zuwa Ostiraliya ya kasance tare da Rundunar Farko a buƙatar Sir Joseph Banks, wanda ya sanya alamar kaya "don kasuwanci" da fatan cewa za a samar da hemp ta hanyar kasuwanci a cikin sabon mulkin mallaka. Shekaru 150, gwamnatoci na farko a Ostiraliya sun goyi bayan girma na hemp tare da kyaututtuka na ƙasa da sauran tallafi, kuma amfani da wiwi a Ostiralia a karni na 19 an yi imanin ya zama yadu. Marcus Clarke, marubucin babban littafin Australiya For the Term of his Natural Life, ya yi gwaji da wiwi a matsayin taimako ga rubuce-rubuce. Wani ɗan gajeren labari da ya rubuta, ''Cannabis Indica'', an rubuta shi ne a ƙarƙashin tasirin wiwi. Membobin kungiyar Yorrick Club ta [[Melbourne]] (wanda Clarke ya kasance memba) sanannun masu amfani da wiwi ne.<ref name="aus-mj-grow-guide" /> Har zuwa ƙarshen karni na 19, "Cigares De Joy" (sigari na cannabis) suna samuwa a ko'ina; waɗannan sun yi iƙirarin "ba da taimako nan take a lokuta na asma, tari, bronchitis, hay-zazzabi, mura gajeren numfashi".[and] == Manazarta == tq06d00f9f7g5a15tl2gwld3c3e0l3b Lissafin labaran da suka shafi cutar kanjamau / AIDS 0 162518 889375 2026-07-30T13:55:43Z Najeebyusuf 45048 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357379079|Index of HIV/AIDS-related articles]]" 889375 wikitext text/x-wiki Wannan jerin batutuwa ne da suka shafi [[HIV]]/AIDS" id="mwBQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="HIV/AIDS">HIV / AIDS, yanayin da ya haifar da [[Human immunodeficiency virus|Kwayar cutar rigakafin mutum]] (HIV). Yawancin batutuwan da aka jera a nan an samo su ne daga yankin jama'a Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Amurka Glossary of HIV / AIDS-Related Terms, 4th Edition.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Glossary of HIV/AIDS-Related Terms |url=http://aidsinfo.nih.gov//ed_resources/glossary/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041105064312/http://aidsinfo.nih.gov//ed_resources/glossary/ |archive-date=2004-11-05 |publisher=U.S. Department of Health |edition=4th}}</ref> AACTG – acquired immunity – [[Kanjamau|acquired immunodeficiency syndrome]] (AIDS) – ACT UP/Golden Gate – active immunity – acupuncture – acute HIV infection – [[Acute HIV Infection and Early Diseases Research Program]] (AIEDRP) – ADAP – ADC – adenopathy – adherence – adjuvant – administration – Adult AIDS Clinical Trials Group (AACTG) – adverse drug reaction – aerosolized – AETC – agammaglobulinemia – Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) – AHRQ – [[Kanjamau|AIDS]] – [http://www.aidsarms.org/ AIDS Arms] – AIDS dementia complex (ADC) – AIDS Drug Assistance Programs (ADAP) – AIDS education and training centers (AETC) – AIDS orphan – AIDS research advisory committee (ARAC) – [[Kungiyar sabis na cutar kanjamau|AIDS service organization]] (ASO) – ''The AIDS Show'' – AIDS Vaccine 200 – AIDS Vaccine Advocacy Coalition – [[Kanjamau|AIDS wasting syndrome]] – [[Sankara|AIDS-related cancer]] – AIDS-related complex (ARC) – alkaline phosphatase – alopecia – alpha interferon (INFa) – alternative medicine – alveolar – [[Amoebiasis|amebiasis]] – [[Amino acid|amino acids]] – [[Anaphylaxis|anaphylactic shock]] – [[Rashin jini|anemia]] – anergy – angiogenesis – angiomatosis – anorexia – [[Ci gaban haihuwa|antenatal]] – antibiotic – antibodies – antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) – antibody-mediated immunity – antifungal medication – antigen – antigen presentation – antigen-presenting cell (APC) – antineoplastic – [[antiprotozoal]] – antiretroviral drugs – antisense drugs – antitoxins – Antiviral drug – aphasia – aphthous ulcer – apoptosis – approved drugs – ARC – Armenicum – ART – arthralgia – [[Kungiyar sabis na cutar kanjamau|ASO]] – aspergillosis – assembly and budding – asymptomatic – ataxia – attenuated – autoantibody – autoimmunization – [[Rashin rigakafin kai|autoinoculation]] – autologous – avascular necrosis (AVN) – AVN == B == B-cell lymphoma - B cells - B lymphocytes (B cells) - bactericidal - bacteriostatic - bacterium - baculovirus - baseline - basophil - gwajin bDNA - Beta-2 microglobulin (β2M) - Bilirubin - bioavailability - masu canza amsawar halittu (BRM) - biopsy - biotechnology - binciken makaho - blips - shingen jini-kwakwalwa - sake rarraba jiki (BFR) cututtukan jiki - cututtuken ƙashi - cututsin ƙashi - ƙwayoyin cuta - cututsan ƙashi - Cutar ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin jini - ƙwayoyi na ƙwayoyin daji - ƙwayoyen ƙwayoyin cutarBurkitt's lymphoma == C == [[CT scan|C-T scan]] ([[CT scan|computed tomography scan]]) – [[cachexia]] – Canadian Foundation for AIDS Research – candida – candidiasis – carcinogen – [[CT scan|CAT scan]] – CCR5 – CD4 (T4) or CD4 + cells – CDC National Prevention Information Network (CDC-NPIN) – cell lines – [[Tsakanin rigakafin kwayar halitta|cell-mediated immunity]] (CMI) – [[Tsakanin rigakafin kwayar halitta|cellular immunity]] – Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) – Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) – central nervous system – cerebrum – cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) – [[Ciwon daji na mahaifa|cervical cancer]] – cervical dysplasia – cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN1, CIN2, CIN3) – [[Mahaifa|cervix]] – chancroid – chemokines – chemoprophylaxis – [[chemotherapy]] – [[Chlamydia]] – chronic idiopathic demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIPD) – circumoral paresthesia – clade – clinical endpoint – [[Lokacin hayayyafar cutar|clinical latency]] – clinical practice guidelines – clinical trial – clinicaltrials.gov – cloning – CMS – [[Cytomegalovirus|CMV]] – CNS – co-receptors – coccidioidomycosis – codon – cofactors – cognitive impairment – cohort – colitis – combination therapy – community planning – Community Programs for Clinical Research on AIDS (CPCRA) – community-based clinical trial (CBCT) – community-based organization (CBO) – compassionate use – complement – complement cascade – complementary and alternative therapy – complete blood count (CBC) – [[CT scan|computed tomography scan]] ([[CT scan|C-T scan]]) – concomitant drugs – [[Tunjere|condyloma]] – condyloma acuminatum – contagious – contraindication – controlled trials – core – core protein – correlates of immunity/correlates of protection – creatinine – cross-resistance – cryotherapy – cryptococcal meningitis – cryptococcosis – Cryptococcus neoformans – cryptosporidiosis – Cryptosporidium – CSF – CTL – [[Fata|cutaneous]] – CXCR4 – cytokines – [[cytomegalovirus]] (CMV) – Cytomegalovirus retinitis – cytopenia – cytotoxic – cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) == Manazarta == 2v2zt6lr4ntqyvlqt3da9si82jn02hr 889376 889375 2026-07-30T13:56:17Z Najeebyusuf 45048 889376 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Wannan jerin batutuwa ne da suka shafi [[HIV]]/AIDS" id="mwBQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="HIV/AIDS">HIV / AIDS, yanayin da ya haifar da [[Human immunodeficiency virus|Kwayar cutar rigakafin mutum]] (HIV). Yawancin batutuwan da aka jera a nan an samo su ne daga yankin jama'a Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Amurka Glossary of HIV / AIDS-Related Terms, 4th Edition.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Glossary of HIV/AIDS-Related Terms |url=http://aidsinfo.nih.gov//ed_resources/glossary/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041105064312/http://aidsinfo.nih.gov//ed_resources/glossary/ |archive-date=2004-11-05 |publisher=U.S. Department of Health |edition=4th}}</ref> AACTG – acquired immunity – [[Kanjamau|acquired immunodeficiency syndrome]] (AIDS) – ACT UP/Golden Gate – active immunity – acupuncture – acute HIV infection – [[Acute HIV Infection and Early Diseases Research Program]] (AIEDRP) – ADAP – ADC – adenopathy – adherence – adjuvant – administration – Adult AIDS Clinical Trials Group (AACTG) – adverse drug reaction – aerosolized – AETC – agammaglobulinemia – Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) – AHRQ – [[Kanjamau|AIDS]] – [http://www.aidsarms.org/ AIDS Arms] – AIDS dementia complex (ADC) – AIDS Drug Assistance Programs (ADAP) – AIDS education and training centers (AETC) – AIDS orphan – AIDS research advisory committee (ARAC) – [[Kungiyar sabis na cutar kanjamau|AIDS service organization]] (ASO) – ''The AIDS Show'' – AIDS Vaccine 200 – AIDS Vaccine Advocacy Coalition – [[Kanjamau|AIDS wasting syndrome]] – [[Sankara|AIDS-related cancer]] – AIDS-related complex (ARC) – alkaline phosphatase – alopecia – alpha interferon (INFa) – alternative medicine – alveolar – [[Amoebiasis|amebiasis]] – [[Amino acid|amino acids]] – [[Anaphylaxis|anaphylactic shock]] – [[Rashin jini|anemia]] – anergy – angiogenesis – angiomatosis – anorexia – [[Ci gaban haihuwa|antenatal]] – antibiotic – antibodies – antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) – antibody-mediated immunity – antifungal medication – antigen – antigen presentation – antigen-presenting cell (APC) – antineoplastic – [[antiprotozoal]] – antiretroviral drugs – antisense drugs – antitoxins – Antiviral drug – aphasia – aphthous ulcer – apoptosis – approved drugs – ARC – Armenicum – ART – arthralgia – [[Kungiyar sabis na cutar kanjamau|ASO]] – aspergillosis – assembly and budding – asymptomatic – ataxia – attenuated – autoantibody – autoimmunization – [[Rashin rigakafin kai|autoinoculation]] – autologous – avascular necrosis (AVN) – AVN == B == B-cell lymphoma - B cells - B lymphocytes (B cells) - bactericidal - bacteriostatic - bacterium - baculovirus - baseline - basophil - gwajin bDNA - Beta-2 microglobulin (β2M) - Bilirubin - bioavailability - masu canza amsawar halittu (BRM) - biopsy - biotechnology - binciken makaho - blips - shingen jini-kwakwalwa - sake rarraba jiki (BFR) cututtukan jiki - cututtuken ƙashi - cututsin ƙashi - ƙwayoyin cuta - cututsan ƙashi - Cutar ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin jini - ƙwayoyi na ƙwayoyin daji - ƙwayoyen ƙwayoyin cutarBurkitt's lymphoma == C == [[CT scan|C-T scan]] ([[CT scan|computed tomography scan]]) – [[cachexia]] – Canadian Foundation for AIDS Research – candida – candidiasis – carcinogen – [[CT scan|CAT scan]] – CCR5 – CD4 (T4) or CD4 + cells – CDC National Prevention Information Network (CDC-NPIN) – cell lines – [[Tsakanin rigakafin kwayar halitta|cell-mediated immunity]] (CMI) – [[Tsakanin rigakafin kwayar halitta|cellular immunity]] – Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) – Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) – central nervous system – cerebrum – cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) – [[Ciwon daji na mahaifa|cervical cancer]] – cervical dysplasia – cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN1, CIN2, CIN3) – [[Mahaifa|cervix]] – chancroid – chemokines – chemoprophylaxis – [[chemotherapy]] – [[Chlamydia]] – chronic idiopathic demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIPD) – circumoral paresthesia – clade – clinical endpoint – [[Lokacin hayayyafar cutar|clinical latency]] – clinical practice guidelines – clinical trial – clinicaltrials.gov – cloning – CMS – [[Cytomegalovirus|CMV]] – CNS – co-receptors – coccidioidomycosis – codon – cofactors – cognitive impairment – cohort – colitis – combination therapy – community planning – Community Programs for Clinical Research on AIDS (CPCRA) – community-based clinical trial (CBCT) – community-based organization (CBO) – compassionate use – complement – complement cascade – complementary and alternative therapy – complete blood count (CBC) – [[CT scan|computed tomography scan]] ([[CT scan|C-T scan]]) – concomitant drugs – [[Tunjere|condyloma]] – condyloma acuminatum – contagious – contraindication – controlled trials – core – core protein – correlates of immunity/correlates of protection – creatinine – cross-resistance – cryotherapy – cryptococcal meningitis – cryptococcosis – Cryptococcus neoformans – cryptosporidiosis – Cryptosporidium – CSF – CTL – [[Fata|cutaneous]] – CXCR4 – cytokines – [[cytomegalovirus]] (CMV) – Cytomegalovirus retinitis – cytopenia – cytotoxic – cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) == Manazarta == mramlz4ocbd8n522r9wabkenb4j0oyh Matsi na cututtuka 0 162519 889377 2026-07-30T13:57:15Z Najeebyusuf 45048 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1300366847|Compression of morbidity]]" 889377 wikitext text/x-wiki Matsewar cututtuka a cikin [[lafiyar jama'a]] wani ra'ayi ne da James Fries, farfesa a fannin kiwon lafiya a [[Stanford University School of Medicine|Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'ar Stanford]] ya gabatar.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fries |first=James F. |year=1980 |title=Aging, Natural Death, and the Compression of Morbidity |url=http://aramis.stanford.edu/downloads/1980FriesNEJM130.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=303 |issue=3 |pages=130–5 |doi=10.1056/NEJM198007173030304 |pmc=2567746 |pmid=7383070 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811164156/http://aramis.stanford.edu/downloads/1980FriesNEJM130.pdf |archive-date=2011-08-11 |access-date=2011-03-31}}</ref> Binciken da aka yi a shekarar 1998 na tsoffin [[University of Pennsylvania|Jami'ar Pennsylvania]] na 1700 ya goyi bayan ra'ayin a tsawon shekaru 20.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vita |first=Anthony J. |last2=Terry |first2=Richard B. |last3=Hubert |first3=Helen B. |last4=Fries |first4=James F. |year=1998 |title=Aging, Health Risks, and Cumulative Disability |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=338 |issue=15 |pages=1035–41 |doi=10.1056/NEJM199804093381506 |pmid=9535669 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Tunanin Fries shine cewa nauyin rashin lafiya na rayuwa na iya matsawa cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci kafin lokacin mutuwa, idan za'a iya jinkirta shekarun farawar rashin lafiya na farko.<ref name="Fries">{{Cite journal |last=Swartz |first=Aimee |year=2008 |title=James Fries: Healthy Aging Pioneer |journal=American Journal of Public Health |volume=98 |issue=7 |pages=1163–6 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.2008.135731 |pmc=2424092 |pmid=18511711}}</ref> Wannan ra'ayi ya bambanta da ra'ayin cewa yayin da shekarun yawan mutanen ƙasashe ke ƙaruwa a tsawon lokaci, za su ƙara zama marasa lafiya kuma su cinye mafi yawan kasafin kuɗi na ƙasa a cikin kuɗin kiwon lafiya.<ref>"The compression of morbidity was prophetic in the sense that Jim looked at the reduction of morbidity and disability at a time when most gerontologists and epidemiologists thought we would see a pandemic of disability." —Richard Suzman, quoted in {{Harvard citation no brackets|Swartz|2008}}</ref> Fries ya nuna cewa idan an tabbatar da ra'ayi, farashin kiwon lafiya da lafiyar mai haƙuri gabaɗaya za a inganta su.<ref name="Fries">{{Cite journal |last=Swartz |first=Aimee |year=2008 |title=James Fries: Healthy Aging Pioneer |journal=American Journal of Public Health |volume=98 |issue=7 |pages=1163–6 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.2008.135731 |pmc=2424092 |pmid=18511711}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSwartz2008">Swartz, Aimee (2008). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2424092 "James Fries: Healthy Aging Pioneer"]. ''American Journal of Public Health''. '''98''' (7): <span class="nowrap">1163–</span>6. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.2105/AJPH.2008.135731|10.2105/AJPH.2008.135731]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2424092 2424092]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18511711 18511711].</cite></ref> Don tabbatar da wannan ra'ayi, shaidar dole ne ta nuna cewa yana yiwuwa a jinkirta farawar nakasa, kuma cewa karuwar da ta dace a tsawon rai zai kasance aƙalla mai ladabi. Shaidar ta kasance mafi kyau. Vincent Mor's "The Compression of Morbidity Hypothesis: A Review of Research and Prospects for the Future" ya yi jayayya cewa "shaida ta kasa da kasa don ingancin matsawar cututtukan da Fries ya gabatar da ita gabaɗaya an yarda da ita. Ci gaban ƙarni a cikin ilimi da karuwar wadatar fasahar daidaitawa har ma da maganin kiwon lafiya waɗanda ke inganta ingancin rayuwa sun sauƙaƙe ci gaba da 'yancin' yancin tsofaffi a cikin masana'antu. Ko wannan ya ci gaba na iya dogara da tasirin cutar ta tsufa a kan al'ada mai zuwa gaba.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mor |first=Vincent |date=2005 |title=The Compression of Morbidity Hypothesis: A Review of Research and Prospects for the Future |journal=Journal of the American Geriatrics Society |volume=53 |issue=9s |pages=S308–S309 |doi=10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.53496.x |pmid=16131359 |s2cid=24003528}}</ref>Dubi kuma "Mortality and Morbidity Trends: Shin akwai Compression of Morbidity?" don shaidar kwanan nan game da ra'ayi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Crimmins |first=Eileen M. |last2=Beltrán-Sánchez |first2=Hiram |date=2011-01-01 |title=Mortality and Morbidity Trends: Is There Compression of Morbidity? |journal=The Journals of Gerontology: Series B |volume=66B |issue=1 |pages=75–86 |doi=10.1093/geronb/gbq088 |issn=1079-5014 |pmc=3001754 |pmid=21135070}}</ref> Hakanan akwai yiwuwar shekaru da tasirin rukuni.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Spuling |first=Svenja M. |last2=Wurm |first2=Susanne |last3=Tesch-Römer |first3=Clemens |last4=Huxhold |first4=Oliver |date=2015 |title=Changing predictors of self-rated health: Disentangling age and cohort effects |journal=Psychology and Aging |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=462–474 |doi=10.1037/a0039111 |pmid=25961881}}</ref> == Manazarta == ki282u8z4xzw1jmvzbhvi1wcb7jm6x3 889378 889377 2026-07-30T13:57:43Z Najeebyusuf 45048 889378 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Matsewar cututtuka a cikin [[lafiyar jama'a]] wani ra'ayi ne da James Fries, farfesa a fannin kiwon lafiya a [[Stanford University School of Medicine|Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'ar Stanford]] ya gabatar.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fries |first=James F. |year=1980 |title=Aging, Natural Death, and the Compression of Morbidity |url=http://aramis.stanford.edu/downloads/1980FriesNEJM130.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=303 |issue=3 |pages=130–5 |doi=10.1056/NEJM198007173030304 |pmc=2567746 |pmid=7383070 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811164156/http://aramis.stanford.edu/downloads/1980FriesNEJM130.pdf |archive-date=2011-08-11 |access-date=2011-03-31}}</ref> Binciken da aka yi a shekarar 1998 na tsoffin [[University of Pennsylvania|Jami'ar Pennsylvania]] na 1700 ya goyi bayan ra'ayin a tsawon shekaru 20.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vita |first=Anthony J. |last2=Terry |first2=Richard B. |last3=Hubert |first3=Helen B. |last4=Fries |first4=James F. |year=1998 |title=Aging, Health Risks, and Cumulative Disability |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=338 |issue=15 |pages=1035–41 |doi=10.1056/NEJM199804093381506 |pmid=9535669 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Tunanin Fries shine cewa nauyin rashin lafiya na rayuwa na iya matsawa cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci kafin lokacin mutuwa, idan za'a iya jinkirta shekarun farawar rashin lafiya na farko.<ref name="Fries">{{Cite journal |last=Swartz |first=Aimee |year=2008 |title=James Fries: Healthy Aging Pioneer |journal=American Journal of Public Health |volume=98 |issue=7 |pages=1163–6 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.2008.135731 |pmc=2424092 |pmid=18511711}}</ref> Wannan ra'ayi ya bambanta da ra'ayin cewa yayin da shekarun yawan mutanen ƙasashe ke ƙaruwa a tsawon lokaci, za su ƙara zama marasa lafiya kuma su cinye mafi yawan kasafin kuɗi na ƙasa a cikin kuɗin kiwon lafiya.<ref>"The compression of morbidity was prophetic in the sense that Jim looked at the reduction of morbidity and disability at a time when most gerontologists and epidemiologists thought we would see a pandemic of disability." —Richard Suzman, quoted in {{Harvard citation no brackets|Swartz|2008}}</ref> Fries ya nuna cewa idan an tabbatar da ra'ayi, farashin kiwon lafiya da lafiyar mai haƙuri gabaɗaya za a inganta su.<ref name="Fries">{{Cite journal |last=Swartz |first=Aimee |year=2008 |title=James Fries: Healthy Aging Pioneer |journal=American Journal of Public Health |volume=98 |issue=7 |pages=1163–6 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.2008.135731 |pmc=2424092 |pmid=18511711}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSwartz2008">Swartz, Aimee (2008). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2424092 "James Fries: Healthy Aging Pioneer"]. ''American Journal of Public Health''. '''98''' (7): <span class="nowrap">1163–</span>6. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.2105/AJPH.2008.135731|10.2105/AJPH.2008.135731]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2424092 2424092]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18511711 18511711].</cite></ref> Don tabbatar da wannan ra'ayi, shaidar dole ne ta nuna cewa yana yiwuwa a jinkirta farawar nakasa, kuma cewa karuwar da ta dace a tsawon rai zai kasance aƙalla mai ladabi. Shaidar ta kasance mafi kyau. Vincent Mor's "The Compression of Morbidity Hypothesis: A Review of Research and Prospects for the Future" ya yi jayayya cewa "shaida ta kasa da kasa don ingancin matsawar cututtukan da Fries ya gabatar da ita gabaɗaya an yarda da ita. Ci gaban ƙarni a cikin ilimi da karuwar wadatar fasahar daidaitawa har ma da maganin kiwon lafiya waɗanda ke inganta ingancin rayuwa sun sauƙaƙe ci gaba da 'yancin' yancin tsofaffi a cikin masana'antu. Ko wannan ya ci gaba na iya dogara da tasirin cutar ta tsufa a kan al'ada mai zuwa gaba.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mor |first=Vincent |date=2005 |title=The Compression of Morbidity Hypothesis: A Review of Research and Prospects for the Future |journal=Journal of the American Geriatrics Society |volume=53 |issue=9s |pages=S308–S309 |doi=10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.53496.x |pmid=16131359 |s2cid=24003528}}</ref>Dubi kuma "Mortality and Morbidity Trends: Shin akwai Compression of Morbidity?" don shaidar kwanan nan game da ra'ayi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Crimmins |first=Eileen M. |last2=Beltrán-Sánchez |first2=Hiram |date=2011-01-01 |title=Mortality and Morbidity Trends: Is There Compression of Morbidity? |journal=The Journals of Gerontology: Series B |volume=66B |issue=1 |pages=75–86 |doi=10.1093/geronb/gbq088 |issn=1079-5014 |pmc=3001754 |pmid=21135070}}</ref> Hakanan akwai yiwuwar shekaru da tasirin rukuni.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Spuling |first=Svenja M. |last2=Wurm |first2=Susanne |last3=Tesch-Römer |first3=Clemens |last4=Huxhold |first4=Oliver |date=2015 |title=Changing predictors of self-rated health: Disentangling age and cohort effects |journal=Psychology and Aging |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=462–474 |doi=10.1037/a0039111 |pmid=25961881}}</ref> == Manazarta == 8fdr1n86mfc51nnljvzwwzk2snvp69e Dokar Majalisar Dattijai ta Florida 254 (2023) 0 162520 889379 2026-07-30T13:59:47Z Najeebyusuf 45048 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355790353|Florida Senate Bill 254 (2023)]]" 889379 wikitext text/x-wiki Florida Senate Bill 254 (SB 254) doka ce da ta haramta [[Kula da lafiyar transgender|Kula da tabbatar da jinsi]] ga duk wanda bai kai shekara 18 ba kuma ta sanya takunkumi ga marasa lafiya masu girma da ke samun damar wannan kulawa. Yana bawa jihar damar daukar kulawa ta wucin gadi na yara waɗanda zasu iya karɓar, ko suna shirin karɓar, kulawar tabbatar da jinsi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Florida's transgender affirming care ban is now law. Here's what SB 254 does |url=https://www.pnj.com/story/news/politics/2023/05/17/florida-sb-254-florida-abduction-transgender-bill-now-law-what-it-does/70206291007/ |access-date=2023-05-22 |website=Pensacola News Journal |language=en-US}}</ref> Kungiyoyin kare hakkin LGBTQ da mutane sun soki lissafin. A watan Yunin 2024, wani alƙali ya hana dokar aiki har abada.<ref name="Florida blocked">{{Cite web |date=2024-06-11 |title=Judge Strikes Down Florida's Ban on Transgender Care for Minors |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/06/11/us/florida-transgender-law.html |access-date=2024-06-12 |website=New York Times |language=en-US}}</ref> A watan Agustan 2024, Kotun daukaka kara ta 11 ta dakatar da umarnin dindindin yayin da ake daukaka kara.<ref name="Florida">{{Cite web |date=2024-08-26 |title=US appeals court clears way for Florida ban on transgender care for minors |url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/us-appeals-court-clears-florida-ban-transgender-care-113167358 |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=ABC News |language=en-US}}</ref> == Shari'a == An gabatar da SB 254 a ranar 3 ga Maris, 2023 ta Sanata na Florida Clay Yarborough kuma Sanata Keith Perry ya gabatar da shi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SB 254 (2023) - Treatments for Sex Reassignment |url=https://www.myfloridahouse.gov/Sections/Bills/billsdetail.aspx?BillId=78302 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307205515/https://www.myfloridahouse.gov/Sections/Bills/billsdetail.aspx?BillId=78302 |archive-date=2023-03-07 |access-date=2023-03-07 |website=Florida House of Representatives |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Senate Bill 254 (2023) |url=https://www.flsenate.gov/Session/Bill/2023/254 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306171048/https://www.flsenate.gov/Session/Bill/2023/254 |archive-date=2023-03-06 |access-date=2023-03-07 |website=The Florida Senate}}</ref> Yarborough ya bayyana shi a matsayin "cikakken kunshin ikon iyaye da dokar kare lafiyar yara".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Betta |first=Katie |date=3 March 2023 |title=Press Release - SENATOR YARBOROUGH FILES CHILD PROTECTION, PARENTAL EMPOWERMENT LEGISLATION |url=https://www.flsenate.gov/Media/PressReleases/Show/4419 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307212804/https://www.flsenate.gov/Media/PressReleases/Show/4419 |archive-date=2023-03-07 |access-date=2023-03-07 |website=The Florida Senate}}</ref>Duk da cewa lissafin yana da alaƙa da ƙuntata kula da tabbatar da jinsi ga yara, yana kuma hana manya daga neman damar samun hormones da kiwon lafiya ba tare da samun izini daga mai ba da magani ba. A ranar 4 ga Mayu, 2023, Majalisar Dattijai ta Florida ta amince da shi da kuri'un 26-13 kuma Majalisar Florida ta amincewa da kuri'u 83-28. Dokar ta fara aiki ne lokacin da Gwamna DeSantis ya sanya hannu a ranar 17 ga Mayu, 2023. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Senate Bill 254 (2023) - The Florida Senate |url=https://www.flsenate.gov/Session/Bill/2023/254 |access-date=2023-05-23 |website=www.flsenate.gov}}</ref> Fassarar da aka amince da ita ta yi gyare-gyare ga Dokokin Florida don aiwatar da dokar Kula da yara musamman ga ƙaramin wanda ya kasance ko kuma ya sami kulawa ta tabbatar da jinsi: <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 May 2023 |title=CS for SB 254, 2nd Engrossed |url=https://www.flsenate.gov/Session/Bill/2023/254/BillText/er/HTML |access-date=5 May 2023 |website=FLSenate.gov}}</ref> * Sashe na 61.517, Sashe na (1): an yi gyare-gyare don ba kotunan Florida "ikon gaggawa na wucin gadi idan yaron yana cikin wannan jiha kuma ... an yi wa yaron barazanar ko kuma an yi masa barazanar yin amfani da takardun sake ba da jima'i ko hanyoyin, kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin s. 456.001. "Wannan yana nufin cewa kotunan Florida na iya amfani da doka ga yara da suka ziyarci Florida.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Ashton |first=Mark |date=6 March 2023 |title=UCCJEA & Weaponization Of Custody Laws |url=https://www.jdsupra.com/legalnews/uccjea-weaponization-of-custody-laws-3840502/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307204556/https://www.jdsupra.com/legalnews/uccjea-weaponization-of-custody-laws-3840502/ |archive-date=2023-03-07 |access-date=2023-03-07 |website=JD Supra |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAshton2023">Ashton, Mark (6 March 2023). [https://www.jdsupra.com/legalnews/uccjea-weaponization-of-custody-laws-3840502/ "UCCJEA & Weaponization Of Custody Laws"]. ''JD Supra''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230307204556/https://www.jdsupra.com/legalnews/uccjea-weaponization-of-custody-laws-3840502/ Archived] from the original on 2023-03-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-07</span></span>.</cite></ref> * Sashe na 61.534, Sashe na (1): lokacin da wani ya nemi "tilasta wa ƙudurin kula da yaro", suna iya neman "watin da za su kula da yaron idan yaron zai iya fuskantar mummunar rauni ta jiki" gami da "suna ƙarƙashin umarnin sake ba da jima'i ko hanyoyin kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin s. 456.001." Rubutun farko na lissafin ya bambanta kan ko, a cikin yanayin cewa Iyaye masu kula da su sun sami kulawa ta tabbatar da jinsi, ana iya kwace yaro daga danginsu.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Tangalakis-Lippert |first=Katherine |date=3 March 2023 |title=Florida courts could allow 'emergency' custody of kids with trans parents or siblings — even if they live in another state |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/florida-anti-trans-bill-court-custody-kids-gender-affirming-care-2023-3 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307042142/https://www.businessinsider.com/florida-anti-trans-bill-court-custody-kids-gender-affirming-care-2023-3 |archive-date=2023-03-07 |access-date=2023-03-07 |website=Business Insider |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Ashton |first=Mark |date=6 March 2023 |title=UCCJEA & Weaponization Of Custody Laws |url=https://www.jdsupra.com/legalnews/uccjea-weaponization-of-custody-laws-3840502/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307204556/https://www.jdsupra.com/legalnews/uccjea-weaponization-of-custody-laws-3840502/ |archive-date=2023-03-07 |access-date=2023-03-07 |website=JD Supra |language=en}}</ref> === Tasirin kan 'yancin transgender da masu ba da kiwon lafiya === Dokar ta buƙaci marasa lafiya masu canza launin fata sama da shekaru 18 da za a ba su takardar izinin da aka bayar ta Jihar Florida, tana buƙatar cewa dole ne a rubuta izinin kuma "a cikin ɗaki ɗaya" kamar mai ba da izini. Dukkanin "dokokin sake fasalin jima'i ko hanyoyin" dole ne likitoci kawai su tsara su. Ana ba da izinin sabuntawa don takardun doka da suka gabata, amma duk wani sabon takardar magani ko hanya dole ne ya bi sabbin jagororin. Tun da yawancin kulawar transgender a jihar Florida ana bayar da ita ta hanyar tele-health ko ta hanyar ma'aikatan jinya / APPs, dokar tana da tasiri nan da nan kuma mai mahimmanci akan samar da kulawar transsex a cikin jihar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=She spent her life learning to love who she is. A new law threatens to undo it all. |url=https://www.pnj.com/story/news/local/pensacola/2023/05/29/pensacolas-transgender-community-scrambling-to-find-care-amid-sb-254/70222773007/ |access-date=2023-06-14 |website=Pensacola News Journal |language=en-US}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, ana buƙatar [[Kwararre a fannin lafiya|Masu ba da kiwon lafiya]] su bayyana a bayyane cewa ba za su iya ba da magani na tabbatar da jinsi ga yara ba; idan masu ba da lafiya ba su ba da wannan sanarwa ba, za su iya rasa lasisin su.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gancarski |first=A. G. |date=2023-03-04 |title=Anti-trans bathroom bill filed in Florida Senate |url=https://floridapolitics.com/archives/592722-anti-trans-bathroom-bill-filed-in-supermajority-gop-florida-senate/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307040143/https://floridapolitics.com/archives/592722-anti-trans-bathroom-bill-filed-in-supermajority-gop-florida-senate/ |archive-date=2023-03-07 |access-date=2023-03-07 |website=[[Florida Politics]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Senate Bill 254 (2023) - The Florida Senate |url=https://www.flsenate.gov/Session/Bill/2023/254/?Tab=RelatedBills |access-date=2023-03-24 |website=www.flsenate.gov |quote=395.003 Licensure; denial, suspension, and revocation. (6) [lines 90-101] By July 1, 2023, each licensed facility must provide a signed attestation to the agency stating that the facility does not offer or provide sex-reassignment prescriptions or procedures, as defined in s. 456.001, to patients younger than 18 years of age, unless authorized under s. 456.52(1)(b), and does not refer such patients to other providers for such services. Beginning July 1, 2023, each licensed facility shall provide the signed attestation to the agency upon initial licensure and as a requirement for each licensure renewal. Under the due process requirements provided in chapter 120, the agency must revoke the license of any licensed facility that fails to provide the attestation required by this subsection.}}</ref> == Ƙalubalen Shari'a == A ranar 6 ga Yuni, 2023, Alkalin Kotun Gundumar Amurka Robert Hinkle ya toshe haramcin kula da lafiya ga yara yayin da ƙarin ƙalubalen shari'a ke gudana, yana mai cewa "za a same shi ba bisa ka'ida ba".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Factora |first=James |date=2023-06-06 |title=A Federal Judge Blocked Florida's Ban on Gender-Affirming Care for Trans Kids |url=https://www.them.us/story/federal-judge-blocked-florida-ban-gender-affirming-care |access-date=2024-01-01 |website=[[Them (website)|Them]] |language=en-US}}</ref> A ranar 12 ga Satumba, 2023, wani alƙali na tarayya ya ki toshe ƙuntatawa ga manya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fields |first=Aryn |date=2023-09-12 |title=Statement on Denial of Preliminary Injunction for Florida SB 254's Restrictions on Healthcare for Transgender Adults |url=https://www.hrc.org/press-releases/statement-on-denial-of-preliminary-injunction-for-florida-sb-254s-restrictions-on-healthcare-for-transgender-adults |access-date=2024-01-01 |website=[[Human Rights Campaign]] |language=en-US}}</ref> A ranar 11 ga Yuni, 2024, Hinkle ya ba da hukuma ta dindindin da ke hana dukkan dokar yin aiki ba kawai sashin yara ba.<ref name="Florida blocked">{{Cite web |date=2024-06-11 |title=Judge Strikes Down Florida's Ban on Transgender Care for Minors |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/06/11/us/florida-transgender-law.html |access-date=2024-06-12 |website=New York Times |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.nytimes.com/2024/06/11/us/florida-transgender-law.html "Judge Strikes Down Florida's Ban on Transgender Care for Minors"]. ''New York Times''. 2024-06-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-12</span></span>.</cite></ref> DeSantis ya yi rantsuwa da da daukaka kara ga hukuncin zuwa 11th Circuit of Appeals . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mayer |first=Rick |date=2024-06-13 |title=DeSantis confident 11th Circuit will overturn transgender care ruling on appeal |url=https://health.wusf.usf.edu/health-news-florida/2024-06-13/desantis-confident-11th-circuit-will-overturn-transgender-care-ruling-on-appeal |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=[[WUSF (FM)|Health News Florida]] |language=en-US}}</ref> A watan Agustan 2024, Kotun daukaka kara ta 11 ta dakatar da umarnin dindindin yayin da ake daukaka kara.<ref name="Florida">{{Cite web |date=2024-08-26 |title=US appeals court clears way for Florida ban on transgender care for minors |url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/us-appeals-court-clears-florida-ban-transgender-care-113167358 |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=ABC News |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/us-appeals-court-clears-florida-ban-transgender-care-113167358 "US appeals court clears way for Florida ban on transgender care for minors"]. ''ABC News''. 2024-08-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-08-27</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Rashin amincewa == Tsohon wakilin jihar Florida Carlos Guillermo Smith ya kira lissafin a matsayin "fascism".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-20 |title=Outrage as Florida Republicans pass 'fascist' bill to remove trans kids from parents |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/florida-republicans-trans-kids-parents-bill-b2323714.html |access-date=2023-05-09 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref>Lauyan kare hakkin dan adam Alejandra Caraballo ya yi gargadin cewa lissafin na iya haifar da satar da gwamnati ke tallafawa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Migdon |first=Brooke |date=2023-05-04 |title=Florida lawmakers send bill blocking gender-affirming care for minors to DeSantis |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/state-watch/3989114-florida-lawmakers-send-bill-blocking-gender-affirming-care-for-minors-to-desantis/ |access-date=2023-05-09 |website=The Hill |language=en-US}}</ref> Kara Gross, darektan majalisa na ACLU na Florida, ya fitar da wata sanarwa da ke Allah wadai da lissafin, yana mai cewa: "Matsayin Majalisar Dokokin Florida game da yin niyya ga mutanen da ba su da mahimmanci, ba dole ba ne, ba bisa ka'ida ba, kuma suna da haɗari sosai. "<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-19 |title=ACLU of Florida Denounces the Legislature's Passage of Bills Designed to Harm Florida's LGBTQ+ Community {{!}} ACLU of Florida {{!}} We defend the civil rights and civil liberties of all people in Florida, by working through the legislature, the courts and in the streets. |url=https://www.aclufl.org/en/press-releases/aclu-florida-denounces-legislatures-passage-bills-designed-harm-floridas-lgbtq |access-date=2023-05-10 |website=www.aclufl.org |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == 36zqtrli5c65ialhjjifu2r926lf1m5 889381 889379 2026-07-30T14:00:18Z Najeebyusuf 45048 889381 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Florida Senate Bill 254 (SB 254) doka ce da ta haramta [[Kula da lafiyar transgender|Kula da tabbatar da jinsi]] ga duk wanda bai kai shekara 18 ba kuma ta sanya takunkumi ga marasa lafiya masu girma da ke samun damar wannan kulawa. Yana bawa jihar damar daukar kulawa ta wucin gadi na yara waɗanda zasu iya karɓar, ko suna shirin karɓar, kulawar tabbatar da jinsi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Florida's transgender affirming care ban is now law. Here's what SB 254 does |url=https://www.pnj.com/story/news/politics/2023/05/17/florida-sb-254-florida-abduction-transgender-bill-now-law-what-it-does/70206291007/ |access-date=2023-05-22 |website=Pensacola News Journal |language=en-US}}</ref> Kungiyoyin kare hakkin LGBTQ da mutane sun soki lissafin. A watan Yunin 2024, wani alƙali ya hana dokar aiki har abada.<ref name="Florida blocked">{{Cite web |date=2024-06-11 |title=Judge Strikes Down Florida's Ban on Transgender Care for Minors |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/06/11/us/florida-transgender-law.html |access-date=2024-06-12 |website=New York Times |language=en-US}}</ref> A watan Agustan 2024, Kotun daukaka kara ta 11 ta dakatar da umarnin dindindin yayin da ake daukaka kara.<ref name="Florida">{{Cite web |date=2024-08-26 |title=US appeals court clears way for Florida ban on transgender care for minors |url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/us-appeals-court-clears-florida-ban-transgender-care-113167358 |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=ABC News |language=en-US}}</ref> == Shari'a == An gabatar da SB 254 a ranar 3 ga Maris, 2023 ta Sanata na Florida Clay Yarborough kuma Sanata Keith Perry ya gabatar da shi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SB 254 (2023) - Treatments for Sex Reassignment |url=https://www.myfloridahouse.gov/Sections/Bills/billsdetail.aspx?BillId=78302 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307205515/https://www.myfloridahouse.gov/Sections/Bills/billsdetail.aspx?BillId=78302 |archive-date=2023-03-07 |access-date=2023-03-07 |website=Florida House of Representatives |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Senate Bill 254 (2023) |url=https://www.flsenate.gov/Session/Bill/2023/254 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306171048/https://www.flsenate.gov/Session/Bill/2023/254 |archive-date=2023-03-06 |access-date=2023-03-07 |website=The Florida Senate}}</ref> Yarborough ya bayyana shi a matsayin "cikakken kunshin ikon iyaye da dokar kare lafiyar yara".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Betta |first=Katie |date=3 March 2023 |title=Press Release - SENATOR YARBOROUGH FILES CHILD PROTECTION, PARENTAL EMPOWERMENT LEGISLATION |url=https://www.flsenate.gov/Media/PressReleases/Show/4419 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307212804/https://www.flsenate.gov/Media/PressReleases/Show/4419 |archive-date=2023-03-07 |access-date=2023-03-07 |website=The Florida Senate}}</ref>Duk da cewa lissafin yana da alaƙa da ƙuntata kula da tabbatar da jinsi ga yara, yana kuma hana manya daga neman damar samun hormones da kiwon lafiya ba tare da samun izini daga mai ba da magani ba. A ranar 4 ga Mayu, 2023, Majalisar Dattijai ta Florida ta amince da shi da kuri'un 26-13 kuma Majalisar Florida ta amincewa da kuri'u 83-28. Dokar ta fara aiki ne lokacin da Gwamna DeSantis ya sanya hannu a ranar 17 ga Mayu, 2023. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Senate Bill 254 (2023) - The Florida Senate |url=https://www.flsenate.gov/Session/Bill/2023/254 |access-date=2023-05-23 |website=www.flsenate.gov}}</ref> Fassarar da aka amince da ita ta yi gyare-gyare ga Dokokin Florida don aiwatar da dokar Kula da yara musamman ga ƙaramin wanda ya kasance ko kuma ya sami kulawa ta tabbatar da jinsi: <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 May 2023 |title=CS for SB 254, 2nd Engrossed |url=https://www.flsenate.gov/Session/Bill/2023/254/BillText/er/HTML |access-date=5 May 2023 |website=FLSenate.gov}}</ref> * Sashe na 61.517, Sashe na (1): an yi gyare-gyare don ba kotunan Florida "ikon gaggawa na wucin gadi idan yaron yana cikin wannan jiha kuma ... an yi wa yaron barazanar ko kuma an yi masa barazanar yin amfani da takardun sake ba da jima'i ko hanyoyin, kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin s. 456.001. "Wannan yana nufin cewa kotunan Florida na iya amfani da doka ga yara da suka ziyarci Florida.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Ashton |first=Mark |date=6 March 2023 |title=UCCJEA & Weaponization Of Custody Laws |url=https://www.jdsupra.com/legalnews/uccjea-weaponization-of-custody-laws-3840502/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307204556/https://www.jdsupra.com/legalnews/uccjea-weaponization-of-custody-laws-3840502/ |archive-date=2023-03-07 |access-date=2023-03-07 |website=JD Supra |language=en}}</ref> * Sashe na 61.534, Sashe na (1): lokacin da wani ya nemi "tilasta wa ƙudurin kula da yaro", suna iya neman "watin da za su kula da yaron idan yaron zai iya fuskantar mummunar rauni ta jiki" gami da "suna ƙarƙashin umarnin sake ba da jima'i ko hanyoyin kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin s. 456.001." Rubutun farko na lissafin ya bambanta kan ko, a cikin yanayin cewa Iyaye masu kula da su sun sami kulawa ta tabbatar da jinsi, ana iya kwace yaro daga danginsu.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Tangalakis-Lippert |first=Katherine |date=3 March 2023 |title=Florida courts could allow 'emergency' custody of kids with trans parents or siblings — even if they live in another state |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/florida-anti-trans-bill-court-custody-kids-gender-affirming-care-2023-3 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307042142/https://www.businessinsider.com/florida-anti-trans-bill-court-custody-kids-gender-affirming-care-2023-3 |archive-date=2023-03-07 |access-date=2023-03-07 |website=Business Insider |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Ashton |first=Mark |date=6 March 2023 |title=UCCJEA & Weaponization Of Custody Laws |url=https://www.jdsupra.com/legalnews/uccjea-weaponization-of-custody-laws-3840502/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307204556/https://www.jdsupra.com/legalnews/uccjea-weaponization-of-custody-laws-3840502/ |archive-date=2023-03-07 |access-date=2023-03-07 |website=JD Supra |language=en}}</ref> === Tasirin kan 'yancin transgender da masu ba da kiwon lafiya === Dokar ta buƙaci marasa lafiya masu canza launin fata sama da shekaru 18 da za a ba su takardar izinin da aka bayar ta Jihar Florida, tana buƙatar cewa dole ne a rubuta izinin kuma "a cikin ɗaki ɗaya" kamar mai ba da izini. Dukkanin "dokokin sake fasalin jima'i ko hanyoyin" dole ne likitoci kawai su tsara su. Ana ba da izinin sabuntawa don takardun doka da suka gabata, amma duk wani sabon takardar magani ko hanya dole ne ya bi sabbin jagororin. Tun da yawancin kulawar transgender a jihar Florida ana bayar da ita ta hanyar tele-health ko ta hanyar ma'aikatan jinya / APPs, dokar tana da tasiri nan da nan kuma mai mahimmanci akan samar da kulawar transsex a cikin jihar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=She spent her life learning to love who she is. A new law threatens to undo it all. |url=https://www.pnj.com/story/news/local/pensacola/2023/05/29/pensacolas-transgender-community-scrambling-to-find-care-amid-sb-254/70222773007/ |access-date=2023-06-14 |website=Pensacola News Journal |language=en-US}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, ana buƙatar [[Kwararre a fannin lafiya|Masu ba da kiwon lafiya]] su bayyana a bayyane cewa ba za su iya ba da magani na tabbatar da jinsi ga yara ba; idan masu ba da lafiya ba su ba da wannan sanarwa ba, za su iya rasa lasisin su.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gancarski |first=A. G. |date=2023-03-04 |title=Anti-trans bathroom bill filed in Florida Senate |url=https://floridapolitics.com/archives/592722-anti-trans-bathroom-bill-filed-in-supermajority-gop-florida-senate/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307040143/https://floridapolitics.com/archives/592722-anti-trans-bathroom-bill-filed-in-supermajority-gop-florida-senate/ |archive-date=2023-03-07 |access-date=2023-03-07 |website=[[Florida Politics]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Senate Bill 254 (2023) - The Florida Senate |url=https://www.flsenate.gov/Session/Bill/2023/254/?Tab=RelatedBills |access-date=2023-03-24 |website=www.flsenate.gov |quote=395.003 Licensure; denial, suspension, and revocation. (6) [lines 90-101] By July 1, 2023, each licensed facility must provide a signed attestation to the agency stating that the facility does not offer or provide sex-reassignment prescriptions or procedures, as defined in s. 456.001, to patients younger than 18 years of age, unless authorized under s. 456.52(1)(b), and does not refer such patients to other providers for such services. Beginning July 1, 2023, each licensed facility shall provide the signed attestation to the agency upon initial licensure and as a requirement for each licensure renewal. Under the due process requirements provided in chapter 120, the agency must revoke the license of any licensed facility that fails to provide the attestation required by this subsection.}}</ref> == Ƙalubalen Shari'a == A ranar 6 ga Yuni, 2023, Alkalin Kotun Gundumar Amurka Robert Hinkle ya toshe haramcin kula da lafiya ga yara yayin da ƙarin ƙalubalen shari'a ke gudana, yana mai cewa "za a same shi ba bisa ka'ida ba".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Factora |first=James |date=2023-06-06 |title=A Federal Judge Blocked Florida's Ban on Gender-Affirming Care for Trans Kids |url=https://www.them.us/story/federal-judge-blocked-florida-ban-gender-affirming-care |access-date=2024-01-01 |website=[[Them (website)|Them]] |language=en-US}}</ref> A ranar 12 ga Satumba, 2023, wani alƙali na tarayya ya ki toshe ƙuntatawa ga manya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fields |first=Aryn |date=2023-09-12 |title=Statement on Denial of Preliminary Injunction for Florida SB 254's Restrictions on Healthcare for Transgender Adults |url=https://www.hrc.org/press-releases/statement-on-denial-of-preliminary-injunction-for-florida-sb-254s-restrictions-on-healthcare-for-transgender-adults |access-date=2024-01-01 |website=[[Human Rights Campaign]] |language=en-US}}</ref> A ranar 11 ga Yuni, 2024, Hinkle ya ba da hukuma ta dindindin da ke hana dukkan dokar yin aiki ba kawai sashin yara ba.<ref name="Florida blocked">{{Cite web |date=2024-06-11 |title=Judge Strikes Down Florida's Ban on Transgender Care for Minors |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/06/11/us/florida-transgender-law.html |access-date=2024-06-12 |website=New York Times |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.nytimes.com/2024/06/11/us/florida-transgender-law.html "Judge Strikes Down Florida's Ban on Transgender Care for Minors"]. ''New York Times''. 2024-06-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-12</span></span>.</cite></ref> DeSantis ya yi rantsuwa da da daukaka kara ga hukuncin zuwa 11th Circuit of Appeals . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mayer |first=Rick |date=2024-06-13 |title=DeSantis confident 11th Circuit will overturn transgender care ruling on appeal |url=https://health.wusf.usf.edu/health-news-florida/2024-06-13/desantis-confident-11th-circuit-will-overturn-transgender-care-ruling-on-appeal |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=[[WUSF (FM)|Health News Florida]] |language=en-US}}</ref> A watan Agustan 2024, Kotun daukaka kara ta 11 ta dakatar da umarnin dindindin yayin da ake daukaka kara.<ref name="Florida">{{Cite web |date=2024-08-26 |title=US appeals court clears way for Florida ban on transgender care for minors |url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/us-appeals-court-clears-florida-ban-transgender-care-113167358 |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=ABC News |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/us-appeals-court-clears-florida-ban-transgender-care-113167358 "US appeals court clears way for Florida ban on transgender care for minors"]. ''ABC News''. 2024-08-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-08-27</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Rashin amincewa == Tsohon wakilin jihar Florida Carlos Guillermo Smith ya kira lissafin a matsayin "fascism".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-20 |title=Outrage as Florida Republicans pass 'fascist' bill to remove trans kids from parents |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/florida-republicans-trans-kids-parents-bill-b2323714.html |access-date=2023-05-09 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref>Lauyan kare hakkin dan adam Alejandra Caraballo ya yi gargadin cewa lissafin na iya haifar da satar da gwamnati ke tallafawa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Migdon |first=Brooke |date=2023-05-04 |title=Florida lawmakers send bill blocking gender-affirming care for minors to DeSantis |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/state-watch/3989114-florida-lawmakers-send-bill-blocking-gender-affirming-care-for-minors-to-desantis/ |access-date=2023-05-09 |website=The Hill |language=en-US}}</ref> Kara Gross, darektan majalisa na ACLU na Florida, ya fitar da wata sanarwa da ke Allah wadai da lissafin, yana mai cewa: "Matsayin Majalisar Dokokin Florida game da yin niyya ga mutanen da ba su da mahimmanci, ba dole ba ne, ba bisa ka'ida ba, kuma suna da haɗari sosai. "<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-19 |title=ACLU of Florida Denounces the Legislature's Passage of Bills Designed to Harm Florida's LGBTQ+ Community {{!}} ACLU of Florida {{!}} We defend the civil rights and civil liberties of all people in Florida, by working through the legislature, the courts and in the streets. |url=https://www.aclufl.org/en/press-releases/aclu-florida-denounces-legislatures-passage-bills-designed-harm-floridas-lgbtq |access-date=2023-05-10 |website=www.aclufl.org |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == rqi1ih3ay2bwedbhawy5zngggcj4jc2 Gudanar da ciwon sukari 0 162521 889382 2026-07-30T14:01:55Z Najeebyusuf 45048 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1361955597|Diabetes management]]" 889382 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ciwon suga|Ciwon sukari]] cuta ce ta metabolism wacce ke nunawa ta hanyar hauhawar matakan [[Blood glucose|glucose na jini]] (hyperglycemia). Sabili da haka, babban burin kula da ciwon sukari shine kiyaye matakan glucose na jini a cikin iyakoki na al'ada (ko kewayon ciwon sukiri) sau da yawa.<ref name=":32">{{Cite web |title=TDS Health |url=https://online.statref.com/login?path=document%2FGs81yTNniijHr7YSuIlBPj |access-date=2024-10-30 |website=online.statref.com}}</ref> Idan ba a sarrafa ciwon sukari sosai ba, matsalolin kiwon lafiya na iya tasowa.<ref name=":32" /> Mutanen da ke fama da ciwon sukari na iya auna glucose na jini ta hanyoyi daban-daban, kamar tare da ma'aunin glucose ko mai sa ido na glucose, wanda ke sa ido kan kwanaki da yawa.<ref name=":52">{{Cite web |title=Diabetes - NIDDK |url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes#:~:text=Diabetes%20is%20a%20disease%20that,eye%20problems,%20and%20kidney%20disease. |access-date=2024-10-30 |website=National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases |language=en-US}}</ref> Hakanan ana iya auna matakan glucose na dogon lokaci (sama da watanni 3) ta hanyar nazarin samfurin jini.<ref name=":52" /> Baya ga gyaran salon rayuwa, wasu mutane da ke fama da ciwon sukari na 2 na iya buƙatar magani don sarrafa matakan glucose na jini. Sauran manufofi na kula da ciwon sukari sune rigakafi ko maganin rikitarwa wanda zai iya haifar da cutar kanta da kuma maganin ta.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Simó R, Hernández C |date=August 2002 |title=[Treatment of diabetes mellitus: general goals, and clinical practice management] |journal=Revista Espanola de Cardiologia |volume=55 |issue=8 |pages=845–860 |doi=10.1016/s0300-8932(02)76714-6 |pmid=12199981}}</ref> == Bayyanawa == Ciwon sukari sanannen cuta ce mai tsanani wanda ke shafar mutane da yawa na kowane zamani a duk duniya. Akwai nau'ikan nau'ikan da suka hada da nau'in 1, nau'in 2, ciwon sukari na ciki, ciwon sukarin da ya fara da matasa (MODY), ciwon sukar da aka haifa, tare da nau'ikan 1 da nau'i 2 sun fi kowa. Ya kamata a sarrafa dukkan nau'ikan ciwon sukari kamar yadda ciwon sukiri mara sarrafawa na iya haifar da matsaloli da yawa. Matsayin glucose na jini wanda ya yi ƙasa sosai (hypoglycemia) ko kuma ya yi yawa ([[hyperglycemia]]). Ciwon sukari mara sarrafawa na iya cutar da sassan jini na ciki, wanda ke shafar ikon jini don isar da abubuwan gina jiki da iskar oxygen ga gabobin jiki a ko'ina cikin jiki.<ref name="kushner-2022">{{Cite journal |last=Kushner |first=Pamela R. |last2=Cavender |first2=Matthew A. |last3=Mende |first3=Christian W. |date=2022-10-14 |title=Role of Primary Care Clinicians in the Management of Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and Cardiorenal Diseases |url=https://diabetesjournals.org/clinical/article/40/4/401/144956/Role-of-Primary-Care-Clinicians-in-the-Management |journal=Clinical Diabetes |language=en |volume=40 |issue=4 |pages=401–412 |doi=10.2337/cd21-0119 |issn=0891-8929 |pmc=9606551 |pmid=36381309}}</ref> Ta hanyar haifar da lalacewar jijiyoyin jini, ciwon sukari yana da alaƙa da karuwar haɗarin yanayin macrovascular (babban jijiyoyin jini) kamar [[bugun jini]] da cututtukan zuciya (harin zuciya). <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Diabetes - NIDDK |url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes#:~:text=Diabetes%20is%20a%20disease%20that,eye%20problems,%20and%20kidney%20disease. |access-date=2024-10-30 |website=National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases |language=en-US}}</ref> Ciwon sukari kuma yana da alaƙa da microvascular (ƙananan jijiyoyin jini) rikitarwa ga gabobin kamar idanu (diabetic retinopathy) da koda (diabettic nephropathy). <ref name="kushner-2022" /> Baya ga kula da isasshen matakan sukari na jini a cikin jiki, kula da wasu abubuwan haɗari waɗanda ke taimakawa ga rikitarwa kamar shan sigari, amfani da barasa, nauyi mai yawa, [[hawan jini]] mai girma, da cholesterol mai girma suma suna da mahimmanci.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=TDS Health |url=https://online.statref.com/login?path=document%2FGs81yTNniijHr7YSuIlBPj |access-date=2024-10-30 |website=online.statref.com}}</ref> Sau da yawa, maganin da aka ba da shawarar don ciwon sukari shine haɗuwa da canje-canjen salon rayuwa kamar haɓaka motsa jiki da cin abinci mai kyau, tare da magunguna don taimakawa wajen sarrafa matakan glucose na jini a cikin dogon lokaci.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Diabetes - NIDDK |url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes#:~:text=Diabetes%20is%20a%20disease%20that,eye%20problems,%20and%20kidney%20disease. |access-date=2024-10-30 |website=National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes#:~:text=Diabetes%20is%20a%20disease%20that,eye%20problems,%20and%20kidney%20disease. "Diabetes - NIDDK"]. ''National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> Baya ga kula da ciwon sukari, ana ba da shawarar a biye da likita na farko ko Masanin ilimin endocrinologist ban da kwararru da yawa waɗanda ke taimakawa wajen sarrafa yiwuwar rikitarwa na yau da kullun kamar cututtukan ƙafa, canje-canje na gani, da asarar ji.<ref>{{Cite web |last=CDC |date=2024-07-26 |title=Your Diabetes Care Schedule |url=https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/treatment/your-diabetes-care-schedule.html#:~:text=If%20you're%20meeting%20your%20treatment%20goals,%20visit%20your%20doctor,had%20diabetes-related%20foot%20problems. |access-date=2024-11-06 |website=Diabetes |language=en-us}}</ref> === Ma'aunin glucose === [[Fayil:Armed_Services_Blood_Program_120727-M-PM738-033.jpg|thumb|Hoton ma'aikacin kiwon lafiya yana amfani da lancet don samun samfurin jini daga mutum]] [[Fayil:Glukometr_OT.jpg|thumb|Mita mai ɗaukar hoto na zamani don glucose na jini, yana nuna karatun 5.4 mmol / L (98 mg / dl) ]] [[Fayil:A_dexcom_g6_glucose_monitor_(52075092685).jpg|thumb|Hoton mai saka idanu na glucose mai ci gaba da aka haɗe akan fata]] Akwai hanyoyi da yawa da ake auna sukari na jini ciki har da ma'aunin glucose, mai sa ido na glucose (CGM), da aikin jini na yau da kullun. Mitar glucose, wanda aka fi sani da glucometer, hanya ce ta yau da kullun ta amfani da na'urar lantarki mai sauƙi don auna matakan glucose ko dai a gida ko a cikin asibiti. Mitar glucose tana aiki ta hanyar ɗaukar ƙaramin samfurin jini ta amfani da lancet (nuka mai ma'ana) don yin amfani da ƙuƙwalwar yatsan hannu, yawanci alamar ko yatsan tsakiya (Hoto 1). Ana tattara ruwan jini a kasan wani sashi na gwaji, yayin da aka saka ɗayan ƙarshen a cikin mita na glucose.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Monitoring blood glucose - Series—Record your reading: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia |url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/presentations/100220_5.htm |access-date=2024-10-31 |website=medlineplus.gov |language=en}}</ref> Ana sauko da jini a cikin mita kuma yana iya auna glucose kai tsaye a cikin samfurin. Rukunin matakin sukari na jini daga mita glucose, zai haifar da ko dai mg / dl (milligrams per deciliter a Amurka) ko mmol / L (millimoles per liter a Kanada da Gabashin Turai) na jini.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=Monitoring Your Blood |url=https://dtc.ucsf.edu/types-of-diabetes/type1/treatment-of-type-1-diabetes/monitoring-diabetes/monitoring-your-blood/ |access-date=2024-10-31 |website=Diabetes Education Online |language=en-US}}</ref> Hanyar mai amfani da ta dace da yanayin muhalli suna da mahimmanci wajen samun ingantaccen karatu da daidaitattun ma'aunin glucose.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Tonyushkina |first=Ksenia |last2=Nichols |first2=James H. |date=July 2009 |title=Glucose Meters: A Review of Technical Challenges to Obtaining Accurate Results |journal=Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology |language=en |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=971–980 |doi=10.1177/193229680900300446 |issn=1932-2968 |pmc=2769957 |pmid=20144348}}</ref> Ana iya inganta kula da ciwon sukari ta amfani da [[glucose]]_meter" id="mwaQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Glucose meter">mita na glucose na gida don auna matakan glucose a kai a kai yayin da wannan hanyar ke ba da sakamako mai sauri wanda ke bawa mutane damar yanke shawara a kan lokaci game da abinci, motsa jiki, da magani.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-01-15 |title=Blood glucose and blood sugar are interchangeable terms, and both are crucial to the health of the body; especially for people with diabetes. |url=https://www.diabetes.co.uk/diabetes_care/diabetes_and_blood_glucose.html |access-date=2021-09-12 |website=Diabetes |language=en-GB}}</ref> Masu sa ido kan glucose (CGMs) wata hanya ce don auna matakan glucose na jini kuma ana amfani da ita sosai tsakanin mutanen da ke fama da ciwon sukari. Mai sa ido na glucose mai ci gaba na'urar ce da ke zaune a saman fata (yawanci a kan hannu ko ciki) kuma tana auna adadin glucose tsakanin sel tare da bincike. Na'urar ba ta auna sukari na jini kai tsaye amma a maimakon haka tana bin diddigin matakan glucose na interstitial waɗanda suke kama da matakan glucose a jini.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=Monitoring Your Blood |url=https://dtc.ucsf.edu/types-of-diabetes/type1/treatment-of-type-1-diabetes/monitoring-diabetes/monitoring-your-blood/ |access-date=2024-10-31 |website=Diabetes Education Online |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://dtc.ucsf.edu/types-of-diabetes/type1/treatment-of-type-1-diabetes/monitoring-diabetes/monitoring-your-blood/ "Monitoring Your Blood"]. ''Diabetes Education Online''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wood |first=Anna |last2=O'Neal |first2=David |last3=Furler |first3=John |last4=Ekinci |first4=Elif I. |date=May 2018 |title=Continuous glucose monitoring: a review of the evidence, opportunities for future use and ongoing challenges |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/imj.13770 |journal=Internal Medicine Journal |language=en |volume=48 |issue=5 |pages=499–508 |doi=10.1111/imj.13770 |issn=1444-0903 |pmid=29464891 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Sauran ɓangaren CGM, wanda aka sani da mai watsawa, sannan ya aika da bayanin zuwa mai karɓa, famfo na insulin, ko na'urar da ta dace.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Rodbard |first=David |date=February 2016 |title=Continuous Glucose Monitoring: A Review of Successes, Challenges, and Opportunities |journal=Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics |language=en |volume=18 |issue=S2 |pages=S2–3–S2-13 |doi=10.1089/dia.2015.0417 |issn=1520-9156 |pmc=4717493 |pmid=26784127}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Continuous Glucose Monitoring - NIDDK |url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes/overview/managing-diabetes/continuous-glucose-monitoring#:~:text=your%20diabetes%20care.-,What%20are%20the%20different%20types%20of%20continuous%20glucose%20monitors?,it%20for%20a%20limited%20time.&text=For%20some%20CGM%20models,%20you,the%20CGM%20readings%20are%20correct. |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases |language=en-US}}</ref> Ba kamar ma'aunin glucose na gargajiya ba, CGMs za su ba da rahoton matakin glucose a kai a kai kuma suna da ƙararrawa wanda zai faɗakar da mutum idan matakin glucose ya yi yawa ko ƙasa, yana taimakawa wajen hana gaggawa.<ref name=":7" /> Na'urar tana iya zana karatun glucose a tsawon lokacin da ake amfani da firikwensin da kuma bin diddigin abubuwan da ke faruwa. Wannan yana ba da damar daidaita abinci a kan lokaci, matakan aiki, magunguna, da / ko rashin lafiya. <ref name=":7" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Miller |first=Eden M. |date=2020-12-01 |title=Using Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Clinical Practice |url=https://diabetesjournals.org/clinical/article/38/5/429/32308/Using-Continuous-Glucose-Monitoring-in-Clinical |journal=Clinical Diabetes |language=en |volume=38 |issue=5 |pages=429–438 |doi=10.2337/cd20-0043 |issn=0891-8929 |pmc=7755046 |pmid=33384468}}</ref>Bugu da kari, ana iya sauke bayanan daga CGM kuma a aika su ga mutum na biyu (kamar iyaye, mai kulawa, ko abokin tarayya) ko likita don sake dubawa.<ref name=":6" /> An kuma nuna CGMs don inganta kula da glycemic, rage matakan Hb A1c, da / ko rage haɗarin abubuwan da suka faru na hypoglycemic. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Park |first=Cindy |last2=Le |first2=Quang A. |date=September 2018 |title=The Effectiveness of Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review of Literature and Meta-analysis |url=https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/dia.2018.0177 |journal=Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics |language=en |volume=20 |issue=9 |pages=613–621 |doi=10.1089/dia.2018.0177 |issn=1520-9156 |pmid=30095980 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> Hakanan zasu iya rage buƙatar sandunan yatsunsu da yawa a duk rana, wanda wasu mutane zasu iya fi so. Shahararrun na'urorin CGM sun haɗa da Dexcom, Freestyle Libre, da Medtronic . <ref name=":4" /> == Manazarta == gd4t4xq55rirnjj4yjcg4oninl6ikyl 889383 889382 2026-07-30T14:02:27Z Najeebyusuf 45048 889383 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Ciwon suga|Ciwon sukari]] cuta ce ta metabolism wacce ke nunawa ta hanyar hauhawar matakan [[Blood glucose|glucose na jini]] (hyperglycemia). Sabili da haka, babban burin kula da ciwon sukari shine kiyaye matakan glucose na jini a cikin iyakoki na al'ada (ko kewayon ciwon sukiri) sau da yawa.<ref name=":32">{{Cite web |title=TDS Health |url=https://online.statref.com/login?path=document%2FGs81yTNniijHr7YSuIlBPj |access-date=2024-10-30 |website=online.statref.com}}</ref> Idan ba a sarrafa ciwon sukari sosai ba, matsalolin kiwon lafiya na iya tasowa.<ref name=":32" /> Mutanen da ke fama da ciwon sukari na iya auna glucose na jini ta hanyoyi daban-daban, kamar tare da ma'aunin glucose ko mai sa ido na glucose, wanda ke sa ido kan kwanaki da yawa.<ref name=":52">{{Cite web |title=Diabetes - NIDDK |url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes#:~:text=Diabetes%20is%20a%20disease%20that,eye%20problems,%20and%20kidney%20disease. |access-date=2024-10-30 |website=National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases |language=en-US}}</ref> Hakanan ana iya auna matakan glucose na dogon lokaci (sama da watanni 3) ta hanyar nazarin samfurin jini.<ref name=":52" /> Baya ga gyaran salon rayuwa, wasu mutane da ke fama da ciwon sukari na 2 na iya buƙatar magani don sarrafa matakan glucose na jini. Sauran manufofi na kula da ciwon sukari sune rigakafi ko maganin rikitarwa wanda zai iya haifar da cutar kanta da kuma maganin ta.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Simó R, Hernández C |date=August 2002 |title=[Treatment of diabetes mellitus: general goals, and clinical practice management] |journal=Revista Espanola de Cardiologia |volume=55 |issue=8 |pages=845–860 |doi=10.1016/s0300-8932(02)76714-6 |pmid=12199981}}</ref> == Bayyanawa == Ciwon sukari sanannen cuta ce mai tsanani wanda ke shafar mutane da yawa na kowane zamani a duk duniya. Akwai nau'ikan nau'ikan da suka hada da nau'in 1, nau'in 2, ciwon sukari na ciki, ciwon sukarin da ya fara da matasa (MODY), ciwon sukar da aka haifa, tare da nau'ikan 1 da nau'i 2 sun fi kowa. Ya kamata a sarrafa dukkan nau'ikan ciwon sukari kamar yadda ciwon sukiri mara sarrafawa na iya haifar da matsaloli da yawa. Matsayin glucose na jini wanda ya yi ƙasa sosai (hypoglycemia) ko kuma ya yi yawa ([[hyperglycemia]]). Ciwon sukari mara sarrafawa na iya cutar da sassan jini na ciki, wanda ke shafar ikon jini don isar da abubuwan gina jiki da iskar oxygen ga gabobin jiki a ko'ina cikin jiki.<ref name="kushner-2022">{{Cite journal |last=Kushner |first=Pamela R. |last2=Cavender |first2=Matthew A. |last3=Mende |first3=Christian W. |date=2022-10-14 |title=Role of Primary Care Clinicians in the Management of Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and Cardiorenal Diseases |url=https://diabetesjournals.org/clinical/article/40/4/401/144956/Role-of-Primary-Care-Clinicians-in-the-Management |journal=Clinical Diabetes |language=en |volume=40 |issue=4 |pages=401–412 |doi=10.2337/cd21-0119 |issn=0891-8929 |pmc=9606551 |pmid=36381309}}</ref> Ta hanyar haifar da lalacewar jijiyoyin jini, ciwon sukari yana da alaƙa da karuwar haɗarin yanayin macrovascular (babban jijiyoyin jini) kamar [[bugun jini]] da cututtukan zuciya (harin zuciya). <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Diabetes - NIDDK |url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes#:~:text=Diabetes%20is%20a%20disease%20that,eye%20problems,%20and%20kidney%20disease. |access-date=2024-10-30 |website=National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases |language=en-US}}</ref> Ciwon sukari kuma yana da alaƙa da microvascular (ƙananan jijiyoyin jini) rikitarwa ga gabobin kamar idanu (diabetic retinopathy) da koda (diabettic nephropathy). <ref name="kushner-2022" /> Baya ga kula da isasshen matakan sukari na jini a cikin jiki, kula da wasu abubuwan haɗari waɗanda ke taimakawa ga rikitarwa kamar shan sigari, amfani da barasa, nauyi mai yawa, [[hawan jini]] mai girma, da cholesterol mai girma suma suna da mahimmanci.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=TDS Health |url=https://online.statref.com/login?path=document%2FGs81yTNniijHr7YSuIlBPj |access-date=2024-10-30 |website=online.statref.com}}</ref> Sau da yawa, maganin da aka ba da shawarar don ciwon sukari shine haɗuwa da canje-canjen salon rayuwa kamar haɓaka motsa jiki da cin abinci mai kyau, tare da magunguna don taimakawa wajen sarrafa matakan glucose na jini a cikin dogon lokaci.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Diabetes - NIDDK |url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes#:~:text=Diabetes%20is%20a%20disease%20that,eye%20problems,%20and%20kidney%20disease. |access-date=2024-10-30 |website=National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes#:~:text=Diabetes%20is%20a%20disease%20that,eye%20problems,%20and%20kidney%20disease. "Diabetes - NIDDK"]. ''National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> Baya ga kula da ciwon sukari, ana ba da shawarar a biye da likita na farko ko Masanin ilimin endocrinologist ban da kwararru da yawa waɗanda ke taimakawa wajen sarrafa yiwuwar rikitarwa na yau da kullun kamar cututtukan ƙafa, canje-canje na gani, da asarar ji.<ref>{{Cite web |last=CDC |date=2024-07-26 |title=Your Diabetes Care Schedule |url=https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/treatment/your-diabetes-care-schedule.html#:~:text=If%20you're%20meeting%20your%20treatment%20goals,%20visit%20your%20doctor,had%20diabetes-related%20foot%20problems. |access-date=2024-11-06 |website=Diabetes |language=en-us}}</ref> === Ma'aunin glucose === [[Fayil:Armed_Services_Blood_Program_120727-M-PM738-033.jpg|thumb|Hoton ma'aikacin kiwon lafiya yana amfani da lancet don samun samfurin jini daga mutum]] [[Fayil:Glukometr_OT.jpg|thumb|Mita mai ɗaukar hoto na zamani don glucose na jini, yana nuna karatun 5.4 mmol / L (98 mg / dl) ]] [[Fayil:A_dexcom_g6_glucose_monitor_(52075092685).jpg|thumb|Hoton mai saka idanu na glucose mai ci gaba da aka haɗe akan fata]] Akwai hanyoyi da yawa da ake auna sukari na jini ciki har da ma'aunin glucose, mai sa ido na glucose (CGM), da aikin jini na yau da kullun. Mitar glucose, wanda aka fi sani da glucometer, hanya ce ta yau da kullun ta amfani da na'urar lantarki mai sauƙi don auna matakan glucose ko dai a gida ko a cikin asibiti. Mitar glucose tana aiki ta hanyar ɗaukar ƙaramin samfurin jini ta amfani da lancet (nuka mai ma'ana) don yin amfani da ƙuƙwalwar yatsan hannu, yawanci alamar ko yatsan tsakiya (Hoto 1). Ana tattara ruwan jini a kasan wani sashi na gwaji, yayin da aka saka ɗayan ƙarshen a cikin mita na glucose.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Monitoring blood glucose - Series—Record your reading: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia |url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/presentations/100220_5.htm |access-date=2024-10-31 |website=medlineplus.gov |language=en}}</ref> Ana sauko da jini a cikin mita kuma yana iya auna glucose kai tsaye a cikin samfurin. Rukunin matakin sukari na jini daga mita glucose, zai haifar da ko dai mg / dl (milligrams per deciliter a Amurka) ko mmol / L (millimoles per liter a Kanada da Gabashin Turai) na jini.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=Monitoring Your Blood |url=https://dtc.ucsf.edu/types-of-diabetes/type1/treatment-of-type-1-diabetes/monitoring-diabetes/monitoring-your-blood/ |access-date=2024-10-31 |website=Diabetes Education Online |language=en-US}}</ref> Hanyar mai amfani da ta dace da yanayin muhalli suna da mahimmanci wajen samun ingantaccen karatu da daidaitattun ma'aunin glucose.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Tonyushkina |first=Ksenia |last2=Nichols |first2=James H. |date=July 2009 |title=Glucose Meters: A Review of Technical Challenges to Obtaining Accurate Results |journal=Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology |language=en |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=971–980 |doi=10.1177/193229680900300446 |issn=1932-2968 |pmc=2769957 |pmid=20144348}}</ref> Ana iya inganta kula da ciwon sukari ta amfani da [[glucose]]_meter" id="mwaQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Glucose meter">mita na glucose na gida don auna matakan glucose a kai a kai yayin da wannan hanyar ke ba da sakamako mai sauri wanda ke bawa mutane damar yanke shawara a kan lokaci game da abinci, motsa jiki, da magani.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-01-15 |title=Blood glucose and blood sugar are interchangeable terms, and both are crucial to the health of the body; especially for people with diabetes. |url=https://www.diabetes.co.uk/diabetes_care/diabetes_and_blood_glucose.html |access-date=2021-09-12 |website=Diabetes |language=en-GB}}</ref> Masu sa ido kan glucose (CGMs) wata hanya ce don auna matakan glucose na jini kuma ana amfani da ita sosai tsakanin mutanen da ke fama da ciwon sukari. Mai sa ido na glucose mai ci gaba na'urar ce da ke zaune a saman fata (yawanci a kan hannu ko ciki) kuma tana auna adadin glucose tsakanin sel tare da bincike. Na'urar ba ta auna sukari na jini kai tsaye amma a maimakon haka tana bin diddigin matakan glucose na interstitial waɗanda suke kama da matakan glucose a jini.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=Monitoring Your Blood |url=https://dtc.ucsf.edu/types-of-diabetes/type1/treatment-of-type-1-diabetes/monitoring-diabetes/monitoring-your-blood/ |access-date=2024-10-31 |website=Diabetes Education Online |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://dtc.ucsf.edu/types-of-diabetes/type1/treatment-of-type-1-diabetes/monitoring-diabetes/monitoring-your-blood/ "Monitoring Your Blood"]. ''Diabetes Education Online''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wood |first=Anna |last2=O'Neal |first2=David |last3=Furler |first3=John |last4=Ekinci |first4=Elif I. |date=May 2018 |title=Continuous glucose monitoring: a review of the evidence, opportunities for future use and ongoing challenges |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/imj.13770 |journal=Internal Medicine Journal |language=en |volume=48 |issue=5 |pages=499–508 |doi=10.1111/imj.13770 |issn=1444-0903 |pmid=29464891 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Sauran ɓangaren CGM, wanda aka sani da mai watsawa, sannan ya aika da bayanin zuwa mai karɓa, famfo na insulin, ko na'urar da ta dace.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Rodbard |first=David |date=February 2016 |title=Continuous Glucose Monitoring: A Review of Successes, Challenges, and Opportunities |journal=Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics |language=en |volume=18 |issue=S2 |pages=S2–3–S2-13 |doi=10.1089/dia.2015.0417 |issn=1520-9156 |pmc=4717493 |pmid=26784127}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Continuous Glucose Monitoring - NIDDK |url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes/overview/managing-diabetes/continuous-glucose-monitoring#:~:text=your%20diabetes%20care.-,What%20are%20the%20different%20types%20of%20continuous%20glucose%20monitors?,it%20for%20a%20limited%20time.&text=For%20some%20CGM%20models,%20you,the%20CGM%20readings%20are%20correct. |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases |language=en-US}}</ref> Ba kamar ma'aunin glucose na gargajiya ba, CGMs za su ba da rahoton matakin glucose a kai a kai kuma suna da ƙararrawa wanda zai faɗakar da mutum idan matakin glucose ya yi yawa ko ƙasa, yana taimakawa wajen hana gaggawa.<ref name=":7" /> Na'urar tana iya zana karatun glucose a tsawon lokacin da ake amfani da firikwensin da kuma bin diddigin abubuwan da ke faruwa. Wannan yana ba da damar daidaita abinci a kan lokaci, matakan aiki, magunguna, da / ko rashin lafiya. <ref name=":7" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Miller |first=Eden M. |date=2020-12-01 |title=Using Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Clinical Practice |url=https://diabetesjournals.org/clinical/article/38/5/429/32308/Using-Continuous-Glucose-Monitoring-in-Clinical |journal=Clinical Diabetes |language=en |volume=38 |issue=5 |pages=429–438 |doi=10.2337/cd20-0043 |issn=0891-8929 |pmc=7755046 |pmid=33384468}}</ref>Bugu da kari, ana iya sauke bayanan daga CGM kuma a aika su ga mutum na biyu (kamar iyaye, mai kulawa, ko abokin tarayya) ko likita don sake dubawa.<ref name=":6" /> An kuma nuna CGMs don inganta kula da glycemic, rage matakan Hb A1c, da / ko rage haɗarin abubuwan da suka faru na hypoglycemic. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Park |first=Cindy |last2=Le |first2=Quang A. |date=September 2018 |title=The Effectiveness of Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review of Literature and Meta-analysis |url=https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/dia.2018.0177 |journal=Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics |language=en |volume=20 |issue=9 |pages=613–621 |doi=10.1089/dia.2018.0177 |issn=1520-9156 |pmid=30095980 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> Hakanan zasu iya rage buƙatar sandunan yatsunsu da yawa a duk rana, wanda wasu mutane zasu iya fi so. Shahararrun na'urorin CGM sun haɗa da Dexcom, Freestyle Libre, da Medtronic . <ref name=":4" /> == Manazarta == 6a1c8p2z5fidp0csw6kc6rwxu8w5hbt Abubuwan da suka faru na rauni 0 162522 889384 2026-07-30T14:04:36Z Najeebyusuf 45048 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1313907913|Traumatic memories]]" 889384 wikitext text/x-wiki Gudanar da tunanin da ke da rauni yana da mahimmanci yayin magance cututtukan lafiyar kwakwalwa kamar cututtukani na damuwa. Tunanin rauni na iya haifar da matsalolin rayuwa har ma ga mutanen da ba su cika ka'idojin bincike don rikicewar lafiyar kwakwalwa ba. Suna fitowa ne daga abubuwan da suka faru, gami da bala'o'i irin su girgizar ƙasa da tsunami; abubuwan tashin hankali kamar satar mutane, hare-haren ta'addanci, yaƙi, [[Tashin hankali na gida|Cin zarafin gida]] da fyade. Abubuwan tunawa da rauni suna da damuwa a yanayi kuma suna mamaye hanyoyin da mutane ke fama da su.<ref name="van der Kolk 95">{{Cite journal |last=Kolk |first=Bessel A. |last2=Fisler |first2=Rita |date=October 1995 |title=Dissociation and the fragmentary nature of traumatic memories: Overview and exploratory study |journal=Journal of Traumatic Stress |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=505–525 |doi=10.1007/BF02102887 |pmid=8564271}}</ref> Lokacin da abubuwa masu sauki kamar hoto, ko abubuwan da suka faru kamar bikin ranar haihuwar, suna kawo tunanin damuwa ga mutane sau da yawa suna ƙoƙarin hana kwarewar da ba a so daga tunaninsu don ci gaba da rayuwa, tare da matakai daban-daban na nasara. Yawan waɗannan tunatarwa suna raguwa a tsawon lokaci ga yawancin mutane. Akwai bambance-bambance masu karfi a cikin adadin da gyare-gyare ke faruwa.<ref name="Levy 2007">{{Cite journal |last=Levy |first=Benjamin J. |last2=Anderson |first2=Michael C. |date=March 2008 |title=Individual differences in the suppression of unwanted memories: The executive deficit hypothesis |journal=Acta Psychologica |volume=127 |issue=3 |pages=623–635 |doi=10.1016/j.actpsy.2007.12.004 |pmid=18242571}}</ref> Ga wasu yawan abubuwan tunawa da ke tattare da su suna raguwa da sauri yayin da mutum ya daidaita da halin da ake ciki, yayin da ga wasu abubuwan tunawa da ba su da kyau na iya ci gaba da shekaru da yawa tare da tsangwama ga lafiyarsu ta tunani, ta jiki da ta zamantakewa. An kirkiro Magungunan kwakwalwa da yawa waɗanda ke canzawa, raunanawa, ko hana samar da tunanin da ke da rauni. Hanyoyin magunguna don share tunanin damuwa a halin yanzu batun bincike ne mai aiki. Ikon share takamaiman tunanin damuwa, koda kuwa zai yiwu, zai haifar da ƙarin matsaloli don haka ba lallai ba ne ya amfana da mutum. == Tasirin == === Tasirin halittu === Matsalar tunani mai tsanani da ba a so, tunanin da ba a yarda da shi ba na iya haifar da tsarin kwakwalwa kamar amygdala, hippocampus da cortex na gaba don kunnawa, yayin da suke aiwatar da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya. Da ke da alaƙa da wannan, akwai wasu shaidu na Neuroimaging (fMRI) cewa waɗanda ke da saukin kamuwa da PTSD suna da hippocampus tare da raguwa. Bincike ya kuma nuna aikin adrenal daga matsanancin damuwa yana ƙara aiki a cikin amygdala kuma yana haifar da canje-canje a cikin aikin kwakwalwa da kuma canza alamun ilimin lissafi na damuwa; bugun zuciya, hawan jini da karuwa a cikin enzymes na salivary, dukansu sun bambanta da martani na mutum ga damuwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cousijn |first=Helena |last2=Rijpkema |first2=Mark |last3=Qin |first3=Shaozheng |last4=van Marle |first4=Hein J. F. |last5=Franke |first5=Barbara |last6=Hermans |first6=Erno J. |last7=van Wingen |first7=Guido |last8=Fernández |first8=Guillén |date=25 May 2010 |title=Acute stress modulates genotype effects on amygdala processing in humans |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=107 |issue=21 |pages=9867–9872 |bibcode=2010PNAS..107.9867C |doi=10.1073/pnas.1003514107 |pmc=2906860 |pmid=20457919 |doi-access=free}}</ref> An gabatar da wata hanyar da za a iya amfani da ita don EMDR. Yayin da ake tunawa sun shiga cikin yanayin labile, inda suka zama masu saukin manta da su. Yawancin lokaci waɗannan tunanin za a sake ƙarfafa su, su zama masu ƙarfi kuma sun sake zama na dindindin. Ƙara a cikin motsi na ido yana haifar da ƙarin buƙata akan ƙwaƙwalwar aiki (wanda ke riƙe da bayanan da ake amfani da su a halin yanzu). Wannan ya sa ya zama da wahala ga duk bayanan ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya a riƙe su a lokaci guda. Da zarar an sake ƙarfafa tunanin ba su da motsin rai kuma suna da haske.<ref name="van den Hout 2011">{{Cite journal |last=van den Hout |first=Marcel A. |last2=Engelhard |first2=Iris M. |last3=Rijkeboer |first3=Marleen M. |last4=Koekebakker |first4=Jutte |last5=Hornsveld |first5=Hellen |last6=Leer |first6=Arne |last7=Toffolo |first7=Marieke B.J. |last8=Akse |first8=Nienke |date=February 2011 |title=EMDR: Eye movements superior to beeps in taxing working memory and reducing vividness of recollections |journal=Behaviour Research and Therapy |volume=49 |issue=2 |pages=92–98 |doi=10.1016/j.brat.2010.11.003 |pmid=21147478 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Wasan bidiyo === Emily Holmes a [[Jami'ar Oxford]] ta gudanar da gwaji wanda ya nuna [[Wasan Bidiyo|Wasan bidiyo]] Tetris na iya zama hanyar da za a iya rage ƙarfin tunanin damuwa.<ref name="Holmes 2009">{{Cite journal |last=Holmes |first=Emily A. |last2=James |first2=Ella L. |last3=Coode-Bate |first3=Thomas |last4=Deeprose |first4=Catherine |date=7 January 2009 |title=Can Playing the Computer Game 'Tetris' Reduce the Build-Up of Flashbacks for Trauma? A Proposal from Cognitive Science |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=4 |issue=1 |bibcode=2009PLoSO...4.4153H |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0004153 |pmc=2607539 |pmid=19127289 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFHolmesJamesCoode-BateDeeprose2009">Holmes, Emily A.; James, Ella L.; Coode-Bate, Thomas; Deeprose, Catherine (7 January 2009). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2607539 "Can Playing the Computer Game 'Tetris' Reduce the Build-Up of Flashbacks for Trauma? A Proposal from Cognitive Science"]. ''PLOS ONE''. '''4''' (1) e4153. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009PLoSO...4.4153H 2009PLoSO...4.4153H]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0004153|10.1371/journal.pone.0004153]]</span>. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2607539 2607539]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19127289 19127289].</cite></ref> Gwajin ya haɗa da mahalarta kallon bidiyon bidiyo mai wahala. Idan aka kwatanta da ƙungiyar sarrafawa mahalarta da suka buga Tetris sun sami ra'ayoyi marasa ƙarfi da damuwa game da fim ɗin a tsawon mako guda.<ref name="Holmes 2009" /> Ikon tunawa da cikakkun bayanai game da fim ɗin ba a lalace shi ba ta hanyar kunna Tetris.<ref name="Holmes 2010">{{Cite journal |last=Holmes |first=Emily A. |last2=James |first2=Ella L. |last3=Kilford |first3=Emma J. |last4=Deeprose |first4=Catherine |date=10 November 2010 |title=Key Steps in Developing a Cognitive Vaccine against Traumatic Flashbacks: Visuospatial Tetris versus Verbal Pub Quiz |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=5 |issue=11 |bibcode=2010PLoSO...513706H |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0013706 |pmc=2978094 |pmid=21085661 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFHolmesJamesKilfordDeeprose2010">Holmes, Emily A.; James, Ella L.; Kilford, Emma J.; Deeprose, Catherine (10 November 2010). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2978094 "Key Steps in Developing a Cognitive Vaccine against Traumatic Flashbacks: Visuospatial Tetris versus Verbal Pub Quiz"]. ''PLOS ONE''. '''5''' (11) e13706. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010PLoSO...513706H 2010PLoSO...513706H]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0013706|10.1371/journal.pone.0013706]]</span>. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2978094 2978094]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21085661 21085661].</cite></ref> Wani rukuni na mahalarta da aka fallasa ga wannan fim ɗin an ba su aiki daban-daban a matsayin mai jan hankali, wasan "bincike na mashaya" na baki. Wannan ya haɗa da amsa tambayoyin da ba su da muhimmanci daga batutuwa da yawa waɗanda ba su da alaƙa da bidiyon bidiyo mai wahala. Wadanda ke cikin yanayin jarrabawar mashaya sun fi fuskantar abubuwan da suka faru idan aka kwatanta da ba tare da aiki ba, jiran lokaci mai yawa ba tare da wani aiki ba, da yanayin Tetris. Holmes da abokan aiki sun kammala cewa ba wai kawai wadanda ke wasa da Tetris sun janye hankalinsu ba amma an janye hankalinsa ta hanyar da ta rushe samar da abubuwan da ba a so da kuma abubuwan da ba su dace ba.<ref name="Holmes 2010" /> Bayanan da aka bayar don nasarar gudanar da Tetris kamar yadda ya saba da sauran tsoma baki shine cewa Tetris yana da karfi sosai a kan ikon sarrafawa na gani. Saboda kwakwalwa kawai tana da iyakantaccen albarkatu don aiwatar da bayanai, wasa Tetris yana hana ikon kwakwalwa don mayar da hankali ga wasu bayanan gani, kamar hotuna masu rauni.<ref name="Holmes 2009">{{Cite journal |last=Holmes |first=Emily A. |last2=James |first2=Ella L. |last3=Coode-Bate |first3=Thomas |last4=Deeprose |first4=Catherine |date=7 January 2009 |title=Can Playing the Computer Game 'Tetris' Reduce the Build-Up of Flashbacks for Trauma? A Proposal from Cognitive Science |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=4 |issue=1 |bibcode=2009PLoSO...4.4153H |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0004153 |pmc=2607539 |pmid=19127289 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFHolmesJamesCoode-BateDeeprose2009">Holmes, Emily A.; James, Ella L.; Coode-Bate, Thomas; Deeprose, Catherine (7 January 2009). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2607539 "Can Playing the Computer Game 'Tetris' Reduce the Build-Up of Flashbacks for Trauma? A Proposal from Cognitive Science"]. ''PLOS ONE''. '''4''' (1) e4153. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009PLoSO...4.4153H 2009PLoSO...4.4153H]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0004153|10.1371/journal.pone.0004153]]</span>. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2607539 2607539]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19127289 19127289].</cite></ref> Koyaya, ana iya tunanin cikakkun bayanai game da taron kuma ana maimaita su da baki, saboda Tetris bai kamata ya tsoma baki da hanyoyin magana na kwakwalwa ba. Wannan ya bayyana dalilin da ya sa mahalarta za su iya tunawa da cikakkun bayanai game da fim ɗin da suka kalli amma dalilin da ya ya sa har yanzu suna fuskantar ƙarancin abubuwan da suka faru. Neuroscience ya nuna cewa tunanin yana da saukin rushewa na sa'o'i da yawa bayan sun samo asali.<ref name="Holmes 2010">{{Cite journal |last=Holmes |first=Emily A. |last2=James |first2=Ella L. |last3=Kilford |first3=Emma J. |last4=Deeprose |first4=Catherine |date=10 November 2010 |title=Key Steps in Developing a Cognitive Vaccine against Traumatic Flashbacks: Visuospatial Tetris versus Verbal Pub Quiz |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=5 |issue=11 |bibcode=2010PLoSO...513706H |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0013706 |pmc=2978094 |pmid=21085661 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Holmes da abokan aiki sun ba da shawarar cewa saboda wannan abubuwan da ke jan hankali kamar Tetris, idan aka gudanar da shi a cikin sa'o'i shida na wani abin da ya faru na iya taimakawa wajen hana alamun abubuwan da suka faru. Har ila yau akwai wasu shaidu cewa tunanin zai iya zama mai saukin kamuwa da rushewa har ma a tsawon lokaci a cikin wani tsari da aka sani da sake dawo da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya.<ref name="Holmes 2009">{{Cite journal |last=Holmes |first=Emily A. |last2=James |first2=Ella L. |last3=Coode-Bate |first3=Thomas |last4=Deeprose |first4=Catherine |date=7 January 2009 |title=Can Playing the Computer Game 'Tetris' Reduce the Build-Up of Flashbacks for Trauma? A Proposal from Cognitive Science |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=4 |issue=1 |bibcode=2009PLoSO...4.4153H |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0004153 |pmc=2607539 |pmid=19127289 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Damuwa da ɗabi'a == Halin share ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya ko canji yana haifar da batutuwan ɗabi'a. Wasu daga cikin wadannan sun damu da ainihi, kamar yadda ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya ke taka rawa a yadda mutane ke fahimtar kansu. Misali, idan an share ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, mutum na iya tunawa da abubuwan da suka faru a rayuwarsu, kamar yadda suke ji game da abubuwan da zasu faru daga baya. Ba tare da ƙwaƙwalwar asali don ba su mahallin ba, waɗannan abubuwan da aka tuna na iya sa batutuwa su ga kansu a matsayin mutane masu motsin rai ko marasa hankali.<ref name="evers">{{Cite journal |last=Evers |first=Kathinka |date=April 2007 |title=Perspectives on Memory Manipulation: Using Beta-Blockers to Cure Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder |journal=Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=138–146 |doi=10.1017/s0963180107070168 |pmid=17539466}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFEvers2007">Evers, Kathinka (April 2007). "Perspectives on Memory Manipulation: Using Beta-Blockers to Cure Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder". ''Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics''. '''16''' (2): <span class="nowrap">138–</span>146. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1017/s0963180107070168|10.1017/s0963180107070168]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17539466 17539466].</cite></ref> A Amurka, Majalisar Shugaban kasa kan Bioethics ta ba da wani babi a cikin rahoton ta na Oktoba 2003 Beyond Therapy ga batun.<ref name="grau">{{Cite journal |last=Grau |first=Christopher |date=January 2006 |title=Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind and the Morality of Memory |journal=The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism |volume=64 |issue=1 |pages=119–133 |doi=10.1111/j.0021-8529.2006.00234.x |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFGrau2006">Grau, Christopher (January 2006). [[doi:10.1111/j.0021-8529.2006.00234.x|"Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind and the Morality of Memory"]]. ''The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism''. '''64''' (1): <span class="nowrap">119–</span>133. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1111/j.0021-8529.2006.00234.x|10.1111/j.0021-8529.2006.00234.x]]</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="glannon">{{Cite journal |last=Glannon |first=W |date=February 2006 |title=Psychopharmacology and memory |journal=Journal of Medical Ethics |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=74–78 |doi=10.1136/jme.2005.012575 |pmc=2563336 |pmid=16446410}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFGlannon2006">Glannon, W (February 2006). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2563336 "Psychopharmacology and memory"]. ''Journal of Medical Ethics''. '''32''' (2): <span class="nowrap">74–</span>78. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1136/jme.2005.012575|10.1136/jme.2005.012575]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2563336 2563336]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16446410 16446410].</cite></ref> Rahoton ya hana amfani da kwayoyi da ke lalata tasirin tunanin da ke cikin damuwa, gargadi game da magance halayen motsin zuciyar mutum ga abubuwan da suka faru a rayuwa a matsayin batun kiwon lafiya.<ref name="grau" /> Batutuwan yaudarar kai suna tasowa lokacin da ake canza tunanin mutum. Guje wa ciwo da wahalar magance ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya ta hanyar shan miyagun ƙwayoyi bazai zama hanyar da ta dace ba. Maimakon magance gaskiyar halin da ake ciki an halicci sabon gaskiyar da aka canza inda aka raba ƙwaƙwalwar daga ciwo, ko kuma an manta da ƙwaƙwalwa gaba ɗaya.<ref name="evers">{{Cite journal |last=Evers |first=Kathinka |date=April 2007 |title=Perspectives on Memory Manipulation: Using Beta-Blockers to Cure Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder |journal=Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=138–146 |doi=10.1017/s0963180107070168 |pmid=17539466}}</ref><ref name="grau" /> Wani batun da ke tasowa shine fallasa marasa lafiya ga haɗarin da ba dole ba. Kwarewar rauni ba lallai bane ya samar da ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa ta dogon lokaci, wasu mutane suna koyon jimrewa da haɗa kwarewarsu kuma yana daina shafar rayuwarsu da sauri. Idan ana ba da maganin miyagun ƙwayoyi lokacin da ba a buƙata ba, kamar lokacin da mutum zai iya koyon jimrewa ba tare da kwayoyi ba, ana iya fallasa su ga sakamako masu illa da sauran haɗari ba tare da dalili ba.<ref name="glannon">{{Cite journal |last=Glannon |first=W |date=February 2006 |title=Psychopharmacology and memory |journal=Journal of Medical Ethics |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=74–78 |doi=10.1136/jme.2005.012575 |pmc=2563336 |pmid=16446410}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFGlannon2006">Glannon, W (February 2006). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2563336 "Psychopharmacology and memory"]. ''Journal of Medical Ethics''. '''32''' (2): <span class="nowrap">74–</span>78. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1136/jme.2005.012575|10.1136/jme.2005.012575]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2563336 2563336]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16446410 16446410].</cite></ref> Rashin tunanin da ke da zafi na iya haifar da ƙarin lahani a wasu lokuta. Rashin jin daɗi, tsoro ko ma tunanin da ke da rauni na iya koya wa mutum ya guje wa wasu yanayi ko abubuwan da suka faru. Ta hanyar share waɗannan tunanin aikin daidaitawa, don gargadi da kare mutane na iya ɓacewa.<ref name="evers" /><ref name="grau">{{Cite journal |last=Grau |first=Christopher |date=January 2006 |title=Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind and the Morality of Memory |journal=The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism |volume=64 |issue=1 |pages=119–133 |doi=10.1111/j.0021-8529.2006.00234.x |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wani sakamako mai yiwuwa na wannan fasahar shine rashin haƙuri. Idan wahalar da abubuwan da suka faru sun haifar za a iya cirewa, mutane na iya zama marasa tausayi ga wannan wahalar, kuma su sanya ƙarin matsin lamba ga wasu don share tunanin.<ref name="evers" /> Duk da yiwuwar haɗari da cin zarafi, har yanzu yana iya zama mai adalci don share tunanin da ya faru lokacin da kasancewarsu ta rushe wasu kuma shawo kansu na iya zama tsari mai wahala.<ref name="glannon">{{Cite journal |last=Glannon |first=W |date=February 2006 |title=Psychopharmacology and memory |journal=Journal of Medical Ethics |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=74–78 |doi=10.1136/jme.2005.012575 |pmc=2563336 |pmid=16446410}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] iapjwiao2plkz04ucjqcg29t8k9gp9j 889385 889384 2026-07-30T14:05:06Z Najeebyusuf 45048 889385 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Gudanar da tunanin da ke da rauni yana da mahimmanci yayin magance cututtukan lafiyar kwakwalwa kamar cututtukani na damuwa. Tunanin rauni na iya haifar da matsalolin rayuwa har ma ga mutanen da ba su cika ka'idojin bincike don rikicewar lafiyar kwakwalwa ba. Suna fitowa ne daga abubuwan da suka faru, gami da bala'o'i irin su girgizar ƙasa da tsunami; abubuwan tashin hankali kamar satar mutane, hare-haren ta'addanci, yaƙi, [[Tashin hankali na gida|Cin zarafin gida]] da fyade. Abubuwan tunawa da rauni suna da damuwa a yanayi kuma suna mamaye hanyoyin da mutane ke fama da su.<ref name="van der Kolk 95">{{Cite journal |last=Kolk |first=Bessel A. |last2=Fisler |first2=Rita |date=October 1995 |title=Dissociation and the fragmentary nature of traumatic memories: Overview and exploratory study |journal=Journal of Traumatic Stress |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=505–525 |doi=10.1007/BF02102887 |pmid=8564271}}</ref> Lokacin da abubuwa masu sauki kamar hoto, ko abubuwan da suka faru kamar bikin ranar haihuwar, suna kawo tunanin damuwa ga mutane sau da yawa suna ƙoƙarin hana kwarewar da ba a so daga tunaninsu don ci gaba da rayuwa, tare da matakai daban-daban na nasara. Yawan waɗannan tunatarwa suna raguwa a tsawon lokaci ga yawancin mutane. Akwai bambance-bambance masu karfi a cikin adadin da gyare-gyare ke faruwa.<ref name="Levy 2007">{{Cite journal |last=Levy |first=Benjamin J. |last2=Anderson |first2=Michael C. |date=March 2008 |title=Individual differences in the suppression of unwanted memories: The executive deficit hypothesis |journal=Acta Psychologica |volume=127 |issue=3 |pages=623–635 |doi=10.1016/j.actpsy.2007.12.004 |pmid=18242571}}</ref> Ga wasu yawan abubuwan tunawa da ke tattare da su suna raguwa da sauri yayin da mutum ya daidaita da halin da ake ciki, yayin da ga wasu abubuwan tunawa da ba su da kyau na iya ci gaba da shekaru da yawa tare da tsangwama ga lafiyarsu ta tunani, ta jiki da ta zamantakewa. An kirkiro Magungunan kwakwalwa da yawa waɗanda ke canzawa, raunanawa, ko hana samar da tunanin da ke da rauni. Hanyoyin magunguna don share tunanin damuwa a halin yanzu batun bincike ne mai aiki. Ikon share takamaiman tunanin damuwa, koda kuwa zai yiwu, zai haifar da ƙarin matsaloli don haka ba lallai ba ne ya amfana da mutum. == Tasirin == === Tasirin halittu === Matsalar tunani mai tsanani da ba a so, tunanin da ba a yarda da shi ba na iya haifar da tsarin kwakwalwa kamar amygdala, hippocampus da cortex na gaba don kunnawa, yayin da suke aiwatar da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya. Da ke da alaƙa da wannan, akwai wasu shaidu na Neuroimaging (fMRI) cewa waɗanda ke da saukin kamuwa da PTSD suna da hippocampus tare da raguwa. Bincike ya kuma nuna aikin adrenal daga matsanancin damuwa yana ƙara aiki a cikin amygdala kuma yana haifar da canje-canje a cikin aikin kwakwalwa da kuma canza alamun ilimin lissafi na damuwa; bugun zuciya, hawan jini da karuwa a cikin enzymes na salivary, dukansu sun bambanta da martani na mutum ga damuwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cousijn |first=Helena |last2=Rijpkema |first2=Mark |last3=Qin |first3=Shaozheng |last4=van Marle |first4=Hein J. F. |last5=Franke |first5=Barbara |last6=Hermans |first6=Erno J. |last7=van Wingen |first7=Guido |last8=Fernández |first8=Guillén |date=25 May 2010 |title=Acute stress modulates genotype effects on amygdala processing in humans |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=107 |issue=21 |pages=9867–9872 |bibcode=2010PNAS..107.9867C |doi=10.1073/pnas.1003514107 |pmc=2906860 |pmid=20457919 |doi-access=free}}</ref> An gabatar da wata hanyar da za a iya amfani da ita don EMDR. Yayin da ake tunawa sun shiga cikin yanayin labile, inda suka zama masu saukin manta da su. Yawancin lokaci waɗannan tunanin za a sake ƙarfafa su, su zama masu ƙarfi kuma sun sake zama na dindindin. Ƙara a cikin motsi na ido yana haifar da ƙarin buƙata akan ƙwaƙwalwar aiki (wanda ke riƙe da bayanan da ake amfani da su a halin yanzu). Wannan ya sa ya zama da wahala ga duk bayanan ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya a riƙe su a lokaci guda. Da zarar an sake ƙarfafa tunanin ba su da motsin rai kuma suna da haske.<ref name="van den Hout 2011">{{Cite journal |last=van den Hout |first=Marcel A. |last2=Engelhard |first2=Iris M. |last3=Rijkeboer |first3=Marleen M. |last4=Koekebakker |first4=Jutte |last5=Hornsveld |first5=Hellen |last6=Leer |first6=Arne |last7=Toffolo |first7=Marieke B.J. |last8=Akse |first8=Nienke |date=February 2011 |title=EMDR: Eye movements superior to beeps in taxing working memory and reducing vividness of recollections |journal=Behaviour Research and Therapy |volume=49 |issue=2 |pages=92–98 |doi=10.1016/j.brat.2010.11.003 |pmid=21147478 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Wasan bidiyo === Emily Holmes a [[Jami'ar Oxford]] ta gudanar da gwaji wanda ya nuna [[Wasan Bidiyo|Wasan bidiyo]] Tetris na iya zama hanyar da za a iya rage ƙarfin tunanin damuwa.<ref name="Holmes 2009">{{Cite journal |last=Holmes |first=Emily A. |last2=James |first2=Ella L. |last3=Coode-Bate |first3=Thomas |last4=Deeprose |first4=Catherine |date=7 January 2009 |title=Can Playing the Computer Game 'Tetris' Reduce the Build-Up of Flashbacks for Trauma? A Proposal from Cognitive Science |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=4 |issue=1 |bibcode=2009PLoSO...4.4153H |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0004153 |pmc=2607539 |pmid=19127289 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Gwajin ya haɗa da mahalarta kallon bidiyon bidiyo mai wahala. Idan aka kwatanta da ƙungiyar sarrafawa mahalarta da suka buga Tetris sun sami ra'ayoyi marasa ƙarfi da damuwa game da fim ɗin a tsawon mako guda.<ref name="Holmes 2009" /> Ikon tunawa da cikakkun bayanai game da fim ɗin ba a lalace shi ba ta hanyar kunna Tetris.<ref name="Holmes 2010">{{Cite journal |last=Holmes |first=Emily A. |last2=James |first2=Ella L. |last3=Kilford |first3=Emma J. |last4=Deeprose |first4=Catherine |date=10 November 2010 |title=Key Steps in Developing a Cognitive Vaccine against Traumatic Flashbacks: Visuospatial Tetris versus Verbal Pub Quiz |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=5 |issue=11 |bibcode=2010PLoSO...513706H |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0013706 |pmc=2978094 |pmid=21085661 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wani rukuni na mahalarta da aka fallasa ga wannan fim ɗin an ba su aiki daban-daban a matsayin mai jan hankali, wasan "bincike na mashaya" na baki. Wannan ya haɗa da amsa tambayoyin da ba su da muhimmanci daga batutuwa da yawa waɗanda ba su da alaƙa da bidiyon bidiyo mai wahala. Wadanda ke cikin yanayin jarrabawar mashaya sun fi fuskantar abubuwan da suka faru idan aka kwatanta da ba tare da aiki ba, jiran lokaci mai yawa ba tare da wani aiki ba, da yanayin Tetris. Holmes da abokan aiki sun kammala cewa ba wai kawai wadanda ke wasa da Tetris sun janye hankalinsu ba amma an janye hankalinsa ta hanyar da ta rushe samar da abubuwan da ba a so da kuma abubuwan da ba su dace ba.<ref name="Holmes 2010" /> Bayanan da aka bayar don nasarar gudanar da Tetris kamar yadda ya saba da sauran tsoma baki shine cewa Tetris yana da karfi sosai a kan ikon sarrafawa na gani. Saboda kwakwalwa kawai tana da iyakantaccen albarkatu don aiwatar da bayanai, wasa Tetris yana hana ikon kwakwalwa don mayar da hankali ga wasu bayanan gani, kamar hotuna masu rauni.<ref name="Holmes 2009">{{Cite journal |last=Holmes |first=Emily A. |last2=James |first2=Ella L. |last3=Coode-Bate |first3=Thomas |last4=Deeprose |first4=Catherine |date=7 January 2009 |title=Can Playing the Computer Game 'Tetris' Reduce the Build-Up of Flashbacks for Trauma? A Proposal from Cognitive Science |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=4 |issue=1 |bibcode=2009PLoSO...4.4153H |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0004153 |pmc=2607539 |pmid=19127289 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFHolmesJamesCoode-BateDeeprose2009">Holmes, Emily A.; James, Ella L.; Coode-Bate, Thomas; Deeprose, Catherine (7 January 2009). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2607539 "Can Playing the Computer Game 'Tetris' Reduce the Build-Up of Flashbacks for Trauma? A Proposal from Cognitive Science"]. ''PLOS ONE''. '''4''' (1) e4153. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009PLoSO...4.4153H 2009PLoSO...4.4153H]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0004153|10.1371/journal.pone.0004153]]</span>. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2607539 2607539]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19127289 19127289].</cite></ref> Koyaya, ana iya tunanin cikakkun bayanai game da taron kuma ana maimaita su da baki, saboda Tetris bai kamata ya tsoma baki da hanyoyin magana na kwakwalwa ba. Wannan ya bayyana dalilin da ya sa mahalarta za su iya tunawa da cikakkun bayanai game da fim ɗin da suka kalli amma dalilin da ya ya sa har yanzu suna fuskantar ƙarancin abubuwan da suka faru. Neuroscience ya nuna cewa tunanin yana da saukin rushewa na sa'o'i da yawa bayan sun samo asali.<ref name="Holmes 2010">{{Cite journal |last=Holmes |first=Emily A. |last2=James |first2=Ella L. |last3=Kilford |first3=Emma J. |last4=Deeprose |first4=Catherine |date=10 November 2010 |title=Key Steps in Developing a Cognitive Vaccine against Traumatic Flashbacks: Visuospatial Tetris versus Verbal Pub Quiz |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=5 |issue=11 |bibcode=2010PLoSO...513706H |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0013706 |pmc=2978094 |pmid=21085661 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Holmes da abokan aiki sun ba da shawarar cewa saboda wannan abubuwan da ke jan hankali kamar Tetris, idan aka gudanar da shi a cikin sa'o'i shida na wani abin da ya faru na iya taimakawa wajen hana alamun abubuwan da suka faru. Har ila yau akwai wasu shaidu cewa tunanin zai iya zama mai saukin kamuwa da rushewa har ma a tsawon lokaci a cikin wani tsari da aka sani da sake dawo da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya.<ref name="Holmes 2009">{{Cite journal |last=Holmes |first=Emily A. |last2=James |first2=Ella L. |last3=Coode-Bate |first3=Thomas |last4=Deeprose |first4=Catherine |date=7 January 2009 |title=Can Playing the Computer Game 'Tetris' Reduce the Build-Up of Flashbacks for Trauma? A Proposal from Cognitive Science |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=4 |issue=1 |bibcode=2009PLoSO...4.4153H |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0004153 |pmc=2607539 |pmid=19127289 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Damuwa da ɗabi'a == Halin share ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya ko canji yana haifar da batutuwan ɗabi'a. Wasu daga cikin wadannan sun damu da ainihi, kamar yadda ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya ke taka rawa a yadda mutane ke fahimtar kansu. Misali, idan an share ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, mutum na iya tunawa da abubuwan da suka faru a rayuwarsu, kamar yadda suke ji game da abubuwan da zasu faru daga baya. Ba tare da ƙwaƙwalwar asali don ba su mahallin ba, waɗannan abubuwan da aka tuna na iya sa batutuwa su ga kansu a matsayin mutane masu motsin rai ko marasa hankali.<ref name="evers">{{Cite journal |last=Evers |first=Kathinka |date=April 2007 |title=Perspectives on Memory Manipulation: Using Beta-Blockers to Cure Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder |journal=Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=138–146 |doi=10.1017/s0963180107070168 |pmid=17539466}}</ref> A Amurka, Majalisar Shugaban kasa kan Bioethics ta ba da wani babi a cikin rahoton ta na Oktoba 2003 Beyond Therapy ga batun.<ref name="grau">{{Cite journal |last=Grau |first=Christopher |date=January 2006 |title=Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind and the Morality of Memory |journal=The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism |volume=64 |issue=1 |pages=119–133 |doi=10.1111/j.0021-8529.2006.00234.x |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="glannon">{{Cite journal |last=Glannon |first=W |date=February 2006 |title=Psychopharmacology and memory |journal=Journal of Medical Ethics |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=74–78 |doi=10.1136/jme.2005.012575 |pmc=2563336 |pmid=16446410}}</ref> Rahoton ya hana amfani da kwayoyi da ke lalata tasirin tunanin da ke cikin damuwa, gargadi game da magance halayen motsin zuciyar mutum ga abubuwan da suka faru a rayuwa a matsayin batun kiwon lafiya.<ref name="grau" /> Batutuwan yaudarar kai suna tasowa lokacin da ake canza tunanin mutum. Guje wa ciwo da wahalar magance ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya ta hanyar shan miyagun ƙwayoyi bazai zama hanyar da ta dace ba. Maimakon magance gaskiyar halin da ake ciki an halicci sabon gaskiyar da aka canza inda aka raba ƙwaƙwalwar daga ciwo, ko kuma an manta da ƙwaƙwalwa gaba ɗaya.<ref name="evers">{{Cite journal |last=Evers |first=Kathinka |date=April 2007 |title=Perspectives on Memory Manipulation: Using Beta-Blockers to Cure Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder |journal=Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=138–146 |doi=10.1017/s0963180107070168 |pmid=17539466}}</ref><ref name="grau" /> Wani batun da ke tasowa shine fallasa marasa lafiya ga haɗarin da ba dole ba. Kwarewar rauni ba lallai bane ya samar da ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa ta dogon lokaci, wasu mutane suna koyon jimrewa da haɗa kwarewarsu kuma yana daina shafar rayuwarsu da sauri. Idan ana ba da maganin miyagun ƙwayoyi lokacin da ba a buƙata ba, kamar lokacin da mutum zai iya koyon jimrewa ba tare da kwayoyi ba, ana iya fallasa su ga sakamako masu illa da sauran haɗari ba tare da dalili ba.<ref name="glannon">{{Cite journal |last=Glannon |first=W |date=February 2006 |title=Psychopharmacology and memory |journal=Journal of Medical Ethics |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=74–78 |doi=10.1136/jme.2005.012575 |pmc=2563336 |pmid=16446410}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFGlannon2006">Glannon, W (February 2006). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2563336 "Psychopharmacology and memory"]. ''Journal of Medical Ethics''. '''32''' (2): <span class="nowrap">74–</span>78. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1136/jme.2005.012575|10.1136/jme.2005.012575]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2563336 2563336]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16446410 16446410].</cite></ref> Rashin tunanin da ke da zafi na iya haifar da ƙarin lahani a wasu lokuta. Rashin jin daɗi, tsoro ko ma tunanin da ke da rauni na iya koya wa mutum ya guje wa wasu yanayi ko abubuwan da suka faru. Ta hanyar share waɗannan tunanin aikin daidaitawa, don gargadi da kare mutane na iya ɓacewa.<ref name="evers" /><ref name="grau">{{Cite journal |last=Grau |first=Christopher |date=January 2006 |title=Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind and the Morality of Memory |journal=The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism |volume=64 |issue=1 |pages=119–133 |doi=10.1111/j.0021-8529.2006.00234.x |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wani sakamako mai yiwuwa na wannan fasahar shine rashin haƙuri. Idan wahalar da abubuwan da suka faru sun haifar za a iya cirewa, mutane na iya zama marasa tausayi ga wannan wahalar, kuma su sanya ƙarin matsin lamba ga wasu don share tunanin.<ref name="evers" /> Duk da yiwuwar haɗari da cin zarafi, har yanzu yana iya zama mai adalci don share tunanin da ya faru lokacin da kasancewarsu ta rushe wasu kuma shawo kansu na iya zama tsari mai wahala.<ref name="glannon">{{Cite journal |last=Glannon |first=W |date=February 2006 |title=Psychopharmacology and memory |journal=Journal of Medical Ethics |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=74–78 |doi=10.1136/jme.2005.012575 |pmc=2563336 |pmid=16446410}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] e6qijdldl9i23c8q6wmu81oljmr4e4v Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta OSF Saint Francis 0 162523 889386 2026-07-30T14:12:15Z Najeebyusuf 45048 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330396471|OSF Saint Francis Medical Center]]" 889386 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta OSF Saint Francis''', da ke [[Peoria, Illinois]], Amurka, asibiti ce ta koyarwa <ref name="residencyprograms">{{Cite web |title=University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria - Residency Programs |url=http://peoria.medicine.uic.edu/departments___programs/GME/residencies/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824165820/http://peoria.medicine.uic.edu/departments___programs/GME/residencies |archive-date=August 24, 2010 |access-date=2010-09-02 |publisher=[[University of Illinois]]}}</ref> don Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiyar Jami'ar Illinois a Peoria kuma wani ɓangare na Tsarin Kiwon Lawon Lafiye na OSF. <ref name="OSFFacilities2">{{Cite web |date=2008-05-23 |title=Facilities |url=http://www.osfhealthcare.org/facilities.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509080309/http://www.osfhealthcare.org/facilities.html |archive-date=May 9, 2008 |access-date=2008-08-11 |publisher=OSF Healthcare System}}</ref> Cibiyar, wacce ita ce asibiti mafi girma a yankin Peoria da kuma tsakiyar Illinois, jihar Illinois ce ta sanya ta a matsayin Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Yankin na Mataki na Mataki da na Yara don yankin 26 a tsakiyar Illinois. OSF Saint Francis ta mallaki Asibitin Yara na Illinois (ko da yake asibitin yana da nasa Shugaban), Asibitin Zuciya na OSF Saint Francisco, Cibiyar Nazarin Neurological ta Illinois, da Kwalejin Kula da Lafiya ta Saint Francis, waɗanda duk suna cikin ko kusa da Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya. Asibitin asibiti ne na horo na asibiti ga ɗaliban likitanci da yawa, masu horar da su, mazauna, da kuma abokan karatu na harabar Peoria na Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'ar Illinois.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 December 2018 |title=OSF Children's Hospital of Illinois |url=https://www.osfhealthcare.org/childrens/ |website=www.osfhealthcare.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.osfhealthcare.org/sfmccon/about/history/ |website=www.osfhealthcare.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=OSF Healthcare St. Francis Medical Center |url=https://health.usnews.com/best-hospitals/area/il/osf-st-francis-medical-center-6432620#overview |access-date= |website=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kravetz |first=Andy |title=Man dies after being found unconscious at Peoria Police Station after alleged armed robbery |url=https://www.pjstar.com/news/20191029/man-dies-after-being-found-unconscious-at-peoria-police-station-after-alleged-armed-robbery |access-date=2020-08-05 |website=Journal Star |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Karius Test Demonstrates Ability To Detect Pathogens Standard Tests Can Miss In Pneumonia Cases |url=https://www.newkerala.com/news/read/234704/karius-test-demonstrates-ability-to-detect-pathogens-standard-tests-can-miss-in-pneumonia-cases.html |access-date=2020-08-05 |website=New Kerala}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Swiech |first=Paul |date=3 September 2019 |title=Danvers man, OSF VP, named Children's Hospital president |url=https://www.pantagraph.com/news/local/danvers-man-osf-vp-named-childrens-hospital-president/article_81e63a68-d3f2-56e7-b09b-896e8ab1b64c.html |access-date=2020-08-05 |website=Pantagraph |language=en}}</ref> Ita ce babbar cibiyar rauni ta matakin I ga manya da yara tsakanin yankin Chicago, Rockford da St. Louis. Ita ce asibiti ta huɗu mafi girma a duk Illinois.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adams |first=Pam |title=Hospitals share good news at community forum |url=https://www.pjstar.com/article/20121129/NEWS/311299821 |website=Journal Star}}</ref> == Tarihi == Sashin asibiti na farko na abin da daga baya ya zama cibiyar an kafa shi ne a 1876 ta ƙungiyar Franciscan Sisters waɗanda aka aika zuwa Peoria, Illinois daga ƙungiyar baƙi ta Jamus da ta zauna a Birnin Iowa, Iowa . <ref name="OSFHist1">{{Cite web |date=2008-01-28 |title=History |url=http://www.osfhealthcare.org/history.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071224011909/http://www.osfhealthcare.org/history.html |archive-date=December 24, 2007 |access-date=2008-08-11 |publisher=OSF Healthcare System}}</ref> A shekara ta 1877, an ba 'yan uwa mata da suka yi ƙaura zuwa Peoria izinin kafa wata ƙungiya ta addini mai zaman kanta kuma ta zama "The Sisters of the Third Order of St. Francis, Peoria, Illinois". A cikin 2009 da 2010, Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta gina sabon dakin gaggawa. An gina sabon asibitin yara na Illinois, tare da sabon asibitar yara na matakin I da kuma sashin kulawa mai zurfi na jarirai na III (wanda kawai yake a tsakiyar Illinois) da ɗakin gaggawa. Shirin Milestone shine fadada mafi girma a tarihin asibitin. Asibitin yanzu gida ne ga kusan dukkanin ayyukan yara da manya. == Game da == Asibitin yana ba da transplantation na koda na manya da na yara da kuma transplantation na pancreatic na manya; mafi yawan lokuta, manya, kuma musamman, shari'ar transplantation na yara, ana tura su zuwa cibiyoyin transplantation na likita na ilimi a Chicago ko St. Louis, kodayake akwai wurare da likitoci da likitocin da ke samuwa don transplantation na zuciya a Cibiyar Zuciya da Asibitin Yara, kuma an yi su a can akai-akai. Asibitin yana ba da kulawa mai zurfi, hyperbaric, da debridement da sabis na grafting ga yara da manya, kuma wani lokacin, idan ya cancanta, na iya canja wurin cututtuka masu tsanani zuwa sassan konewa na jihar a Springfield, Chicago ko St. Louis. Ana amfani da sabon Cibiyar Jump Simulation & Education ta cibiyar don bioengineering, bincike na biochemical, bincike kan sabbin na'urori da kyallen takarda, da kuma likita da jinya da horo na bioengineering.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Jump Stimulation Homepage |url=https://www.jumpsimulation.org |access-date=29 July 2019 |website=}}</ref> A cikin 2024, za a buɗe sabon cibiyar ciwon daji ta manya da yara; zai zama mafi girma tsakanin Chicago da St. Louis, kuma zai sami mafi yawan ko duk sabbin hanyoyin da ake samu, gami da maganin proton.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Discover OSF Cancer Institute |url=https://x.osfhealthcare.org/services/specialties/cancer/cancer-centers/peoria?_gl=1*9t32ib*_ga*MTYxNDkyOTY2Ny4xNzA0MzMyOTc5*_ga_WL6E6RRWN9*MTcwNTcwMzYwNS4yLjEuMTcwNTcwMzc2NC4wLjAuMA..&_ga=2.213528724.1099383578.1705703607-1614929667.1704332979}}</ref> === Ƙungiya === The Sisters of the Third Order of St. Francis (wanda Sister Judith Ann Duvall, O.S.F. ke jagoranta) an kafa shi ne a matsayin kungiya mai zaman kanta kuma shine kamfanin iyaye na OSF Healthcare, wanda shi ma shine mai gudanar da OSF Health Care System. Tsarin addini na nuns da asibitin ba a dauke su wani ɓangare na Roman Catholic Diocese na Peoria ba, amma har yanzu suna aiki tare da shi.<ref name="OSFWhoWeAre">{{Cite web |date=2008-05-06 |title=Who We Are |url=http://www.osfhealthcare.org/whoweare.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509064813/http://www.osfhealthcare.org/whoweare.html |archive-date=May 9, 2008 |access-date=2008-08-11 |publisher=[[OSF Healthcare]]}}</ref> Tsarin ya ƙunshi wurare 13 a Illinois, gami da cibiyar, tare da ɗaya a Escanaba, Michigan.<ref name="OSFFacilities">{{Cite web |date=2008-05-23 |title=Facilities |url=http://www.osfhealthcare.org/facilities.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509080309/http://www.osfhealthcare.org/facilities.html |archive-date=May 9, 2008 |access-date=2008-08-11 |publisher=OSF Healthcare System}}</ref> === Kyaututtuka === A shekara ta 2000, an lissafa cibiyar a cikin "Mafi yawan Asibitoci da Tsarin Kiwon Lafiya" ta ''Asibitoci da Cibiyoyin Kiwon Lafiya'', mai nuna matakin da aka yi amfani da [[fasahar bayanai]] a cibiyar. Cibiyar ta sami lambar yabo ta Lantern a cikin 2013 don kula da jinya a sashen gaggawa. Cibiyar kuma ita ce asibitin # 1 a jihar Illinois don warkewar gabobin. A cikin 2017, US News & World Report ta sanya shi a matsayi na biyar a cikin hanyoyi uku na manyan asibitocin jihar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nightendale |first=Laura |date=10 August 2017 |title=State's top hospital rankings include two Peoria hospitals |url=https://www.pjstar.com/news/20170810/states-top-hospital-rankings-include-two-peoria-hospitals |access-date=20 July 2019 |website=Peoria Journal Star}}</ref> == Asibitin Yara na Illinois == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>'''Asibitin Yara na [[Illinois]] (CHOI) ''' asibitin kula da yara ne na kasa wanda ke cikin Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta OSF Saint Francis a Peoria, Illinois . Asibitin yana da gadaje 144.<ref>{{Cite web |title=OSF Healthcare Children's Hospital of Illinois |url=https://www.childrenshospitals.org/Directories/Hospital-Directory/K-O/OSF-Healthcare-Childrens-Hospital-of-Illinois |access-date=2020-09-27 |website=www.childrenshospitals.org}}</ref> Yana da alaƙa da Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'ar Illinois, kuma memba ne na OSF Health .<ref>{{Cite web |last=aodunsi |title=Patient Care |url=http://peoria.medicine.uic.edu/patient-care/ |access-date=2020-09-27 |website=Peoria Medicine |language=en-US}}</ref> Asibitin yana ba da cikakkun ƙwarewar yara da ƙwarewa ga jarirai, yara, matasa, da matasa masu shekaru 0-21 a duk faɗin tsakiyar Illinois.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-19 |title=Learn more about Almost Home Kids |url=https://www.osfhealthcare.org/childrens/services/almost-home-kids/ |access-date=2020-09-27 |website=www.osfhealthcare.org |language=en}}</ref> CHOI kuma wani lokacin yana kula da manya waɗanda ke buƙatar kula da yara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CHD Clinic - OSF/CHOI Adult Congenital Heart Program |url=https://www.achaheart.org/your-heart/clinic-directory/clinic-listings/osfchoi-adult-congenital-heart-program/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927071516/https://www.achaheart.org/your-heart/clinic-directory/clinic-listings/osfchoi-adult-congenital-heart-program/ |archive-date=September 27, 2020 |access-date=2020-09-27 |website=ACHA}}</ref> Asibitin Yara na Illinois yana da Cibiyar Kula da Yara ta 1 kawai a yankin, da 1 na 4 a cikin jihar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Illinois Hospital Report Card and Consumer Guide to Health Care |url=http://www.healthcarereportcard.illinois.gov/hospitals/trauma_center |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411054147/http://www.healthcarereportcard.illinois.gov/hospitals/trauma_center |archive-date=April 11, 2020 |access-date=2020-09-27 |website=www.healthcarereportcard.illinois.gov}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] kzncaor9au8nvrgnycfp4avu9xfynmx 889387 889386 2026-07-30T14:12:40Z Najeebyusuf 45048 889387 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta OSF Saint Francis''', da ke [[Peoria, Illinois]], Amurka, asibiti ce ta koyarwa <ref name="residencyprograms">{{Cite web |title=University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria - Residency Programs |url=http://peoria.medicine.uic.edu/departments___programs/GME/residencies/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824165820/http://peoria.medicine.uic.edu/departments___programs/GME/residencies |archive-date=August 24, 2010 |access-date=2010-09-02 |publisher=[[University of Illinois]]}}</ref> don Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiyar Jami'ar Illinois a Peoria kuma wani ɓangare na Tsarin Kiwon Lawon Lafiye na OSF. <ref name="OSFFacilities2">{{Cite web |date=2008-05-23 |title=Facilities |url=http://www.osfhealthcare.org/facilities.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509080309/http://www.osfhealthcare.org/facilities.html |archive-date=May 9, 2008 |access-date=2008-08-11 |publisher=OSF Healthcare System}}</ref> Cibiyar, wacce ita ce asibiti mafi girma a yankin Peoria da kuma tsakiyar Illinois, jihar Illinois ce ta sanya ta a matsayin Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Yankin na Mataki na Mataki da na Yara don yankin 26 a tsakiyar Illinois. OSF Saint Francis ta mallaki Asibitin Yara na Illinois (ko da yake asibitin yana da nasa Shugaban), Asibitin Zuciya na OSF Saint Francisco, Cibiyar Nazarin Neurological ta Illinois, da Kwalejin Kula da Lafiya ta Saint Francis, waɗanda duk suna cikin ko kusa da Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya. Asibitin asibiti ne na horo na asibiti ga ɗaliban likitanci da yawa, masu horar da su, mazauna, da kuma abokan karatu na harabar Peoria na Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'ar Illinois.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 December 2018 |title=OSF Children's Hospital of Illinois |url=https://www.osfhealthcare.org/childrens/ |website=www.osfhealthcare.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.osfhealthcare.org/sfmccon/about/history/ |website=www.osfhealthcare.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=OSF Healthcare St. Francis Medical Center |url=https://health.usnews.com/best-hospitals/area/il/osf-st-francis-medical-center-6432620#overview |access-date= |website=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kravetz |first=Andy |title=Man dies after being found unconscious at Peoria Police Station after alleged armed robbery |url=https://www.pjstar.com/news/20191029/man-dies-after-being-found-unconscious-at-peoria-police-station-after-alleged-armed-robbery |access-date=2020-08-05 |website=Journal Star |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Karius Test Demonstrates Ability To Detect Pathogens Standard Tests Can Miss In Pneumonia Cases |url=https://www.newkerala.com/news/read/234704/karius-test-demonstrates-ability-to-detect-pathogens-standard-tests-can-miss-in-pneumonia-cases.html |access-date=2020-08-05 |website=New Kerala}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Swiech |first=Paul |date=3 September 2019 |title=Danvers man, OSF VP, named Children's Hospital president |url=https://www.pantagraph.com/news/local/danvers-man-osf-vp-named-childrens-hospital-president/article_81e63a68-d3f2-56e7-b09b-896e8ab1b64c.html |access-date=2020-08-05 |website=Pantagraph |language=en}}</ref> Ita ce babbar cibiyar rauni ta matakin I ga manya da yara tsakanin yankin Chicago, Rockford da St. Louis. Ita ce asibiti ta huɗu mafi girma a duk Illinois.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adams |first=Pam |title=Hospitals share good news at community forum |url=https://www.pjstar.com/article/20121129/NEWS/311299821 |website=Journal Star}}</ref> == Tarihi == Sashin asibiti na farko na abin da daga baya ya zama cibiyar an kafa shi ne a 1876 ta ƙungiyar Franciscan Sisters waɗanda aka aika zuwa Peoria, Illinois daga ƙungiyar baƙi ta Jamus da ta zauna a Birnin Iowa, Iowa . <ref name="OSFHist1">{{Cite web |date=2008-01-28 |title=History |url=http://www.osfhealthcare.org/history.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071224011909/http://www.osfhealthcare.org/history.html |archive-date=December 24, 2007 |access-date=2008-08-11 |publisher=OSF Healthcare System}}</ref> A shekara ta 1877, an ba 'yan uwa mata da suka yi ƙaura zuwa Peoria izinin kafa wata ƙungiya ta addini mai zaman kanta kuma ta zama "The Sisters of the Third Order of St. Francis, Peoria, Illinois". A cikin 2009 da 2010, Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta gina sabon dakin gaggawa. An gina sabon asibitin yara na Illinois, tare da sabon asibitar yara na matakin I da kuma sashin kulawa mai zurfi na jarirai na III (wanda kawai yake a tsakiyar Illinois) da ɗakin gaggawa. Shirin Milestone shine fadada mafi girma a tarihin asibitin. Asibitin yanzu gida ne ga kusan dukkanin ayyukan yara da manya. == Game da == Asibitin yana ba da transplantation na koda na manya da na yara da kuma transplantation na pancreatic na manya; mafi yawan lokuta, manya, kuma musamman, shari'ar transplantation na yara, ana tura su zuwa cibiyoyin transplantation na likita na ilimi a Chicago ko St. Louis, kodayake akwai wurare da likitoci da likitocin da ke samuwa don transplantation na zuciya a Cibiyar Zuciya da Asibitin Yara, kuma an yi su a can akai-akai. Asibitin yana ba da kulawa mai zurfi, hyperbaric, da debridement da sabis na grafting ga yara da manya, kuma wani lokacin, idan ya cancanta, na iya canja wurin cututtuka masu tsanani zuwa sassan konewa na jihar a Springfield, Chicago ko St. Louis. Ana amfani da sabon Cibiyar Jump Simulation & Education ta cibiyar don bioengineering, bincike na biochemical, bincike kan sabbin na'urori da kyallen takarda, da kuma likita da jinya da horo na bioengineering.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Jump Stimulation Homepage |url=https://www.jumpsimulation.org |access-date=29 July 2019 |website=}}</ref> A cikin 2024, za a buɗe sabon cibiyar ciwon daji ta manya da yara; zai zama mafi girma tsakanin Chicago da St. Louis, kuma zai sami mafi yawan ko duk sabbin hanyoyin da ake samu, gami da maganin proton.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Discover OSF Cancer Institute |url=https://x.osfhealthcare.org/services/specialties/cancer/cancer-centers/peoria?_gl=1*9t32ib*_ga*MTYxNDkyOTY2Ny4xNzA0MzMyOTc5*_ga_WL6E6RRWN9*MTcwNTcwMzYwNS4yLjEuMTcwNTcwMzc2NC4wLjAuMA..&_ga=2.213528724.1099383578.1705703607-1614929667.1704332979}}</ref> === Ƙungiya === The Sisters of the Third Order of St. Francis (wanda Sister Judith Ann Duvall, O.S.F. ke jagoranta) an kafa shi ne a matsayin kungiya mai zaman kanta kuma shine kamfanin iyaye na OSF Healthcare, wanda shi ma shine mai gudanar da OSF Health Care System. Tsarin addini na nuns da asibitin ba a dauke su wani ɓangare na Roman Catholic Diocese na Peoria ba, amma har yanzu suna aiki tare da shi.<ref name="OSFWhoWeAre">{{Cite web |date=2008-05-06 |title=Who We Are |url=http://www.osfhealthcare.org/whoweare.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509064813/http://www.osfhealthcare.org/whoweare.html |archive-date=May 9, 2008 |access-date=2008-08-11 |publisher=[[OSF Healthcare]]}}</ref> Tsarin ya ƙunshi wurare 13 a Illinois, gami da cibiyar, tare da ɗaya a Escanaba, Michigan.<ref name="OSFFacilities">{{Cite web |date=2008-05-23 |title=Facilities |url=http://www.osfhealthcare.org/facilities.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509080309/http://www.osfhealthcare.org/facilities.html |archive-date=May 9, 2008 |access-date=2008-08-11 |publisher=OSF Healthcare System}}</ref> === Kyaututtuka === A shekara ta 2000, an lissafa cibiyar a cikin "Mafi yawan Asibitoci da Tsarin Kiwon Lafiya" ta ''Asibitoci da Cibiyoyin Kiwon Lafiya'', mai nuna matakin da aka yi amfani da [[fasahar bayanai]] a cibiyar. Cibiyar ta sami lambar yabo ta Lantern a cikin 2013 don kula da jinya a sashen gaggawa. Cibiyar kuma ita ce asibitin # 1 a jihar Illinois don warkewar gabobin. A cikin 2017, US News & World Report ta sanya shi a matsayi na biyar a cikin hanyoyi uku na manyan asibitocin jihar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nightendale |first=Laura |date=10 August 2017 |title=State's top hospital rankings include two Peoria hospitals |url=https://www.pjstar.com/news/20170810/states-top-hospital-rankings-include-two-peoria-hospitals |access-date=20 July 2019 |website=Peoria Journal Star}}</ref> == Asibitin Yara na Illinois == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>'''Asibitin Yara na [[Illinois]] (CHOI) ''' asibitin kula da yara ne na kasa wanda ke cikin Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta OSF Saint Francis a Peoria, Illinois . Asibitin yana da gadaje 144.<ref>{{Cite web |title=OSF Healthcare Children's Hospital of Illinois |url=https://www.childrenshospitals.org/Directories/Hospital-Directory/K-O/OSF-Healthcare-Childrens-Hospital-of-Illinois |access-date=2020-09-27 |website=www.childrenshospitals.org}}</ref> Yana da alaƙa da Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'ar Illinois, kuma memba ne na OSF Health .<ref>{{Cite web |last=aodunsi |title=Patient Care |url=http://peoria.medicine.uic.edu/patient-care/ |access-date=2020-09-27 |website=Peoria Medicine |language=en-US}}</ref> Asibitin yana ba da cikakkun ƙwarewar yara da ƙwarewa ga jarirai, yara, matasa, da matasa masu shekaru 0-21 a duk faɗin tsakiyar Illinois.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-19 |title=Learn more about Almost Home Kids |url=https://www.osfhealthcare.org/childrens/services/almost-home-kids/ |access-date=2020-09-27 |website=www.osfhealthcare.org |language=en}}</ref> CHOI kuma wani lokacin yana kula da manya waɗanda ke buƙatar kula da yara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CHD Clinic - OSF/CHOI Adult Congenital Heart Program |url=https://www.achaheart.org/your-heart/clinic-directory/clinic-listings/osfchoi-adult-congenital-heart-program/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927071516/https://www.achaheart.org/your-heart/clinic-directory/clinic-listings/osfchoi-adult-congenital-heart-program/ |archive-date=September 27, 2020 |access-date=2020-09-27 |website=ACHA}}</ref> Asibitin Yara na Illinois yana da Cibiyar Kula da Yara ta 1 kawai a yankin, da 1 na 4 a cikin jihar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Illinois Hospital Report Card and Consumer Guide to Health Care |url=http://www.healthcarereportcard.illinois.gov/hospitals/trauma_center |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411054147/http://www.healthcarereportcard.illinois.gov/hospitals/trauma_center |archive-date=April 11, 2020 |access-date=2020-09-27 |website=www.healthcarereportcard.illinois.gov}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] f5mt8gaxpdne51x3cixo87inat3yg8h Ƙungiyar Kasuwanci Mai Zaman Kanta ta Kasa v. Tsaro da Kula da Lafiya ta Aiki 0 162524 889391 2026-07-30T14:19:12Z Najeebyusuf 45048 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1346313559|National Federation of Independent Business v. Occupational Safety and Health Administration]]" 889391 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Ƙungiyar Kasuwanci Mai Zaman Kanta ta Kasa v. Ma'aikatar Ayyuka, Tsaro da Kula da Lafiya''''', 595 US 109 (2022), shari'ar Kotun Koli ce ta Amurka a gaban Kotun kan aikace-aikacen tsayawa na allurar rigakafin [[Koronavirus 2019|COVID-19]] ta Hukumar Kula da Lafiyar Ayyuka ko umarnin gwaji. A ranar 13 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2022, Kotun Koli ta ba da umarnin dakatar da wa'adin. == Tarihi == A watan Satumbar 2021, Shugaban Amurka [[Joe Biden]] ya sanar da cewa gwamnatinsa za ta gabatar da allurar rigakafi ko gwajin ga dukkan kamfanoni masu zaman kansu tare da ma'aikata 100 ko fiye. Hukumar Kula da Lafiya da Lafiya ta Ayyuka ta sanar da Matsayinta na Gaggawa (ETS) a ranar 5 ga Nuwamba, 2021. A ranar 6 ga Nuwamba, 2021, Kotun daukaka kara ta Amurka ta Fifth Circuit ta ba da izinin dakatar da aiwatar da ETS a duk fadin kasar; ta ba da ra'ayi da ke bayyana dalilin da ya sa a ranar 12 ga Nuwamba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=BST Holdings, L.L.C et al. v. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, United States Department of Labor et al. |url=https://www.ca5.uscourts.gov/opinions/pub/21/21-60845-CV0.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211113001910/https://www.ca5.uscourts.gov/opinions/pub/21/21-60845-CV0.pdf |archive-date=2021-11-13}}</ref> Ana ba da ƙalubalen ƙa'idodin OSHA ba zato ba tsammani ga ɗaya daga cikin Kotunan daukaka kara na Amurka goma sha biyu tare da ikon ƙasa. Dukkanin kalubalen COVID-19 ETS an tura su zuwa Kotun daukaka kara ta Amurka don da'ira ta shida a ranar 16 ga Nuwamba, 2021. Masu shigar da kara sun nemi sauraron farko a benci don la'akari da kalubalen. A ranar 15 ga watan Disamba, 2021, kotun ta musanta karar ta hanyar kuri'u 8-8, a kan rashin amincewar Babban Alkalin Jeffrey Sutton da Alkalin John K. Bush, tare da karin alƙalai shida.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MCP no. 165, occupational safety and health administration, interim final rule: Covid-19 vaccination and testing; emergency temporary standard 86 fed. reg. 61402 |url=https://www.opn.ca6.uscourts.gov/opinions.pdf/21a0283p-06.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211215180019/https://www.opn.ca6.uscourts.gov/opinions.pdf/21a0283p-06.pdf |archive-date=2021-12-15}}</ref> A ranar 17 ga watan Disamba, 2021, wani bangare na kotun ya rushe zaman na Fifth Circuit na ETS da kuri'u 2-1 . Alkalin Joan Larsen ya nuna rashin amincewa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MCP no. 165, occupational safety and health administration, interim final rule: Covid-19 vaccination and testing; emergency temporary standard 86 fed. reg. 61402 |url=https://www.opn.ca6.uscourts.gov/opinions.pdf/21a0287p-06.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218042654/https://www.opn.ca6.uscourts.gov/opinions.pdf/21a0287p-06.pdf |archive-date=2021-12-18}}</ref> == Supreme Court == Numerous challengers filed emergency applications at the [[Babban kotun Koli na Amurka|Supreme Court of the United States]] in the days after the Fifth Circuit's stay was dissolved. The federal government responded to the applications on December 30, 2021. In an unusual proceeding for emergency applications, oral argument was held on January 7, 2022. The National Federation of Independent Business, representing many private companies, and Ohio, representing more than 20 states, argued for the petitioners. The Supreme Court granted a stay of the ETS in a ''per curiam'' order on January 13, 2022. The order stated that the OSHA mandate exceeded the authority that it was given by Congress; OSHA could only regulate occupational safety, and the vaccine mandate was seen as "broad public health measures." The order stated that "Permitting OSHA to regulate the hazards of daily life — simply because most Americans have jobs and face those same risks while on the clock — would significantly expand OSHA’s regulatory authority without clear congressional authorization."<ref name="scotusblog decision">{{Cite web |last=Howe |first=Amy |date=January 13, 2022 |title=Fractured court blocks vaccine-or-test requirement for large workplaces but green-lights vaccine mandate for health care workers |url=https://www.scotusblog.com/2022/01/fractured-court-blocks-vaccine-or-test-requirement-for-large-workplaces-but-green-lights-vaccine-mandate-for-health-care-workers/ |access-date=January 13, 2022 |website=[[SCOTUSBlog]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFHowe2022">Howe, Amy (January 13, 2022). [https://www.scotusblog.com/2022/01/fractured-court-blocks-vaccine-or-test-requirement-for-large-workplaces-but-green-lights-vaccine-mandate-for-health-care-workers/ "Fractured court blocks vaccine-or-test requirement for large workplaces but green-lights vaccine mandate for health care workers"]. ''[[SCOTUSBlog]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 13,</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> In a concurring statement written by Justice Neil Gorsuch and joined by Justices Samuel Alito and [[Clarence Thomas]], Gorsuch wrote that it should be up to states and Congress to decide best how to respond to a pandemic like COVID.<ref name="scotusblog decision" /> Masu adawa da umarnin sun rubuta ta hanyar Alkalai Stephen Breyer, [[Sonia Sotomayor]] da [[Elena Kagan]]. Sun bayyana cewa ma'aikata suna da "ƙananan iko, sabili da haka ƙarancin ikon rage haɗari", kuma cewa hukuncin "ya hana ikon Gwamnatin Tarayya na magance barazanar da COVID-19 ke kawowa ga ma'aikatan ƙasarmu".<ref name="scotusblog decision" />Uku sun kalubalanci sanarwar Gorsuch kuma sun bayyana cewa OSHA shine dan wasan kwaikwayo tare da mafi kyawun fahimtar wurin aiki dangane da barazanar kamar COVID, ba tsarin kotu ba.<ref name="scotusblog decision">{{Cite web |last=Howe |first=Amy |date=January 13, 2022 |title=Fractured court blocks vaccine-or-test requirement for large workplaces but green-lights vaccine mandate for health care workers |url=https://www.scotusblog.com/2022/01/fractured-court-blocks-vaccine-or-test-requirement-for-large-workplaces-but-green-lights-vaccine-mandate-for-health-care-workers/ |access-date=January 13, 2022 |website=[[SCOTUSBlog]]}}</ref> == Manazarta == htbewxcn2gu64s427nbtls7w6y6pz3n 889392 889391 2026-07-30T14:19:51Z Najeebyusuf 45048 889392 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Ƙungiyar Kasuwanci Mai Zaman Kanta ta Kasa v. Ma'aikatar Ayyuka, Tsaro da Kula da Lafiya''''', 595 US 109 (2022), shari'ar Kotun Koli ce ta Amurka a gaban Kotun kan aikace-aikacen tsayawa na allurar rigakafin [[Koronavirus 2019|COVID-19]] ta Hukumar Kula da Lafiyar Ayyuka ko umarnin gwaji. A ranar 13 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2022, Kotun Koli ta ba da umarnin dakatar da wa'adin. == Tarihi == A watan Satumbar 2021, Shugaban Amurka [[Joe Biden]] ya sanar da cewa gwamnatinsa za ta gabatar da allurar rigakafi ko gwajin ga dukkan kamfanoni masu zaman kansu tare da ma'aikata 100 ko fiye. Hukumar Kula da Lafiya da Lafiya ta Ayyuka ta sanar da Matsayinta na Gaggawa (ETS) a ranar 5 ga Nuwamba, 2021. A ranar 6 ga Nuwamba, 2021, Kotun daukaka kara ta Amurka ta Fifth Circuit ta ba da izinin dakatar da aiwatar da ETS a duk fadin kasar; ta ba da ra'ayi da ke bayyana dalilin da ya sa a ranar 12 ga Nuwamba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=BST Holdings, L.L.C et al. v. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, United States Department of Labor et al. |url=https://www.ca5.uscourts.gov/opinions/pub/21/21-60845-CV0.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211113001910/https://www.ca5.uscourts.gov/opinions/pub/21/21-60845-CV0.pdf |archive-date=2021-11-13}}</ref> Ana ba da ƙalubalen ƙa'idodin OSHA ba zato ba tsammani ga ɗaya daga cikin Kotunan daukaka kara na Amurka goma sha biyu tare da ikon ƙasa. Dukkanin kalubalen COVID-19 ETS an tura su zuwa Kotun daukaka kara ta Amurka don da'ira ta shida a ranar 16 ga Nuwamba, 2021. Masu shigar da kara sun nemi sauraron farko a benci don la'akari da kalubalen. A ranar 15 ga watan Disamba, 2021, kotun ta musanta karar ta hanyar kuri'u 8-8, a kan rashin amincewar Babban Alkalin Jeffrey Sutton da Alkalin John K. Bush, tare da karin alƙalai shida.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MCP no. 165, occupational safety and health administration, interim final rule: Covid-19 vaccination and testing; emergency temporary standard 86 fed. reg. 61402 |url=https://www.opn.ca6.uscourts.gov/opinions.pdf/21a0283p-06.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211215180019/https://www.opn.ca6.uscourts.gov/opinions.pdf/21a0283p-06.pdf |archive-date=2021-12-15}}</ref> A ranar 17 ga watan Disamba, 2021, wani bangare na kotun ya rushe zaman na Fifth Circuit na ETS da kuri'u 2-1 . Alkalin Joan Larsen ya nuna rashin amincewa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MCP no. 165, occupational safety and health administration, interim final rule: Covid-19 vaccination and testing; emergency temporary standard 86 fed. reg. 61402 |url=https://www.opn.ca6.uscourts.gov/opinions.pdf/21a0287p-06.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218042654/https://www.opn.ca6.uscourts.gov/opinions.pdf/21a0287p-06.pdf |archive-date=2021-12-18}}</ref> == Supreme Court == Numerous challengers filed emergency applications at the [[Babban kotun Koli na Amurka|Supreme Court of the United States]] in the days after the Fifth Circuit's stay was dissolved. The federal government responded to the applications on December 30, 2021. In an unusual proceeding for emergency applications, oral argument was held on January 7, 2022. The National Federation of Independent Business, representing many private companies, and Ohio, representing more than 20 states, argued for the petitioners. The Supreme Court granted a stay of the ETS in a ''per curiam'' order on January 13, 2022. The order stated that the OSHA mandate exceeded the authority that it was given by Congress; OSHA could only regulate occupational safety, and the vaccine mandate was seen as "broad public health measures." The order stated that "Permitting OSHA to regulate the hazards of daily life — simply because most Americans have jobs and face those same risks while on the clock — would significantly expand OSHA’s regulatory authority without clear congressional authorization."<ref name="scotusblog decision">{{Cite web |last=Howe |first=Amy |date=January 13, 2022 |title=Fractured court blocks vaccine-or-test requirement for large workplaces but green-lights vaccine mandate for health care workers |url=https://www.scotusblog.com/2022/01/fractured-court-blocks-vaccine-or-test-requirement-for-large-workplaces-but-green-lights-vaccine-mandate-for-health-care-workers/ |access-date=January 13, 2022 |website=[[SCOTUSBlog]]}}</ref> In a concurring statement written by Justice Neil Gorsuch and joined by Justices Samuel Alito and [[Clarence Thomas]], Gorsuch wrote that it should be up to states and Congress to decide best how to respond to a pandemic like COVID.<ref name="scotusblog decision" /> Masu adawa da umarnin sun rubuta ta hanyar Alkalai Stephen Breyer, [[Sonia Sotomayor]] da [[Elena Kagan]]. Sun bayyana cewa ma'aikata suna da "ƙananan iko, sabili da haka ƙarancin ikon rage haɗari", kuma cewa hukuncin "ya hana ikon Gwamnatin Tarayya na magance barazanar da COVID-19 ke kawowa ga ma'aikatan ƙasarmu".<ref name="scotusblog decision" />Uku sun kalubalanci sanarwar Gorsuch kuma sun bayyana cewa OSHA shine dan wasan kwaikwayo tare da mafi kyawun fahimtar wurin aiki dangane da barazanar kamar COVID, ba tsarin kotu ba.<ref name="scotusblog decision">{{Cite web |last=Howe |first=Amy |date=January 13, 2022 |title=Fractured court blocks vaccine-or-test requirement for large workplaces but green-lights vaccine mandate for health care workers |url=https://www.scotusblog.com/2022/01/fractured-court-blocks-vaccine-or-test-requirement-for-large-workplaces-but-green-lights-vaccine-mandate-for-health-care-workers/ |access-date=January 13, 2022 |website=[[SCOTUSBlog]]}}</ref> == Manazarta == 83sxuu0rqt85u53fhph7idhl5iwdax7 Tsoron tsufa 0 162525 889394 2026-07-30T14:23:32Z Najeebyusuf 45048 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1363128672|Gerascophobia]]" 889394 wikitext text/x-wiki Gerascophobia wani abu ne mai banƙyama ko tsoro marar iyaka na [[Ageing|tsufa]] ko [[Senescence|tsufa]] (tsufa). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of gerascophobia on MedTerms.com |url=http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=12361 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140818155141/http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=12361 |archive-date=2014-08-18 |access-date=2008-10-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bryce |first=Amber |title=Gerascophobia, A Real Fear Of Getting Older, Is On The Rise |url=https://www.refinery29.com/en-gb/what-is-gerascophobia |access-date=2026-07-08 |website=www.refinery29.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> Tsoro ana nuna shi azaman mummunan motsin rai da aka samu sakamakon wasu barazanar da aka gani ko tushen haɗari, a cikin yanayin gerascophobia cewa barazanar tana tsufa. Wannan tsoro ba shi da ma'ana kuma bai dace da duk wata barazanar da aka kawo ba kuma yana ci gaba har ma da yanayin cewa mutum yana da cikakkiyar lafiya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ollendick |first=Thomas H. |last2=King |first2=Neville J. |last3=Muris |first3=Peter |date=2002 |title=Fears and Phobias in Children: Phenomenology, Epidemiology, and Aetiology |url=https://acamh.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/1475-3588.00019#b33 |journal=Child and Adolescent Mental Health |language=en |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=98–106 |doi=10.1111/1475-3588.00019 |issn=1475-3588 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Magana == Kalmar gerascophobia ta fito ne daga Girkanci γηράσκω, ''Gerasko'', "Na tsufa" da φόβος, phobos, "''tsoro''".<ref name="priscilla">''Perspectives on Aging'', by Priscilla W. Johnston, 1982, {{ISBN|0-88410-734-5}}, pp. 239-241</ref> Wasu marubutan suna magana da shi a matsayin gerontophobia, kodayake wannan na iya nufin tsoron tsofaffi saboda memento mori.<ref name="priscilla" /> == Tarihi == Gerascophobia wani tsoro ne na asibiti wanda aka rarraba a ƙarƙashin [[Musamman tsoro|takamaiman tsoro]]. Gerascophobia na iya dogara ne akan [[Anxiety|damuwa]] daban-daban da suka shafi tsarin tsufa daga asarar matasan jiki da kyakkyawa, asarar 'yancin kai da motsi, don damuwa game da farawar rashin lafiya da raguwar lafiyar jiki da tunani.<ref name="Do We Fear Ageing">{{Cite journal |last=Brunton |first=Robyn J. |last2=Scott |first2=Greg |date=2015-11-02 |title=Do We Fear Ageing? A Multidimensional Approach to Ageing Anxiety |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03601277.2015.1050870 |journal=Educational Gerontology |volume=41 |issue=11 |pages=786–799 |doi=10.1080/03601277.2015.1050870 |issn=0360-1277 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Alamomi da alamomi == Alamun gerascophobia sun haɗa da ƙoƙari na dakatar da hanyoyin halitta na tsufa da ci gaba ta hanyar canza bayyanar su ta jiki ta hanyar tiyata ko kuma ayyukan da suka wuce gona da iri don inganta tsufa. Misali, ta hanyar fata da aikin kula da gashi. Alamomin sun hada da halayyar gujewa dangane da motsi. Misali, masu fama da cutar na iya guje wa kallon kansu a cikin madubi saboda tsoron ganin cewa sun girma ko kuma sun sami raguwa. Wadanda ke fama da gerascophobia kuma yawanci suna ba da rahoton abubuwan da suka faru na matsanancin damuwa da tsoro lokacin da suka fuskanci ra'ayin tsufa, wanda sau da yawa yana tare da baƙin ciki ko rashin jin daɗi.<ref name="PMC4283456">{{Cite journal |last=Husain |first=Waqar |last2=Ijaz |first2=Farrukh |last3=Husain |first3=Muhammad Ahmad |last4=Achraf |first4=Ammar |last5=Isa |first5=Hasan M. |last6=Trabelsi |first6=Khaled |last7=Pandi-Perumal |first7=Seithikurippu R. |last8=Pakpour |first8=Amir H. |last9=Jahrami |first9=Haitham |date=2025-01-01 |title=Gerascophobia or Excessive Fear of Aging Scale (GEFAS): Development, validation, and exploration of psychometric properties of a brief instrument using classical testing theory and item response theory |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167494324002759 |journal=Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics |volume=128 |doi=10.1016/j.archger.2024.105599 |issn=0167-4943 |pmid=39168076 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Perales-Blum |first=L |last2=Juárez-Treviño |first2=M |last3=Escobedo-Belloc |first3=D |date=2014 |title=Severe growing-up phobia, a condition explained in a 14-year-old boy. |journal=Case Reports in Psychiatry |volume=2014 |doi=10.1155/2014/706439 |pmc=4283456 |pmid=25610691 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Shari'o'i == Akwai 'yan da aka ruwaito na gerascophobia; duk da haka, wani yaro mai shekaru 14 wanda ya fara nuna alamun gerascophobie lokacin da yake dan shekara 12 an yi imanin cewa shi ne yaro na farko da aka ruwaita da ya sha wahala daga cutar kuma kwararru ne suka gano shi a Jami'ar Autonomous ta Nuevo León a Mexico. An ruwaito cewa yaron ya ji matsanancin damuwa bayan canje-canje na jiki da ke nuna girma ko tsufa kuma ya yi ƙoƙari mai yawa don magance su. Wannan ya haɗa da sunkuyar da kansa a zahiri don saukar da kansa kuma kada ya bayyana a matsayin tsayi, rage abincin da yake cinyewa don ya rage ci gaban jiki har ma da canza muryarsa don ya bayyana mafi girma yana nuna ƙoƙarinsa na komawa zuwa yanayin prepubescent.<ref name="PMC4283456">{{Cite journal |last=Husain |first=Waqar |last2=Ijaz |first2=Farrukh |last3=Husain |first3=Muhammad Ahmad |last4=Achraf |first4=Ammar |last5=Isa |first5=Hasan M. |last6=Trabelsi |first6=Khaled |last7=Pandi-Perumal |first7=Seithikurippu R. |last8=Pakpour |first8=Amir H. |last9=Jahrami |first9=Haitham |date=2025-01-01 |title=Gerascophobia or Excessive Fear of Aging Scale (GEFAS): Development, validation, and exploration of psychometric properties of a brief instrument using classical testing theory and item response theory |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167494324002759 |journal=Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics |volume=128 |doi=10.1016/j.archger.2024.105599 |issn=0167-4943 |pmid=39168076 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFHusainIjazHusainAchraf2025">Husain, Waqar; Ijaz, Farrukh; Husain, Muhammad Ahmad; Achraf, Ammar; Isa, Hasan M.; Trabelsi, Khaled; Pandi-Perumal, Seithikurippu R.; Pakpour, Amir H.; Jahrami, Haitham (2025-01-01). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167494324002759 "Gerascophobia or Excessive Fear of Aging Scale (GEFAS): Development, validation, and exploration of psychometric properties of a brief instrument using classical testing theory and item response theory"]</span>. ''Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics''. '''128''' 105599. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.archger.2024.105599|10.1016/j.archger.2024.105599]]. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0167-4943 0167-4943]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39168076 39168076].</cite></ref> == Theories explaining gerascophobia == Terror management theory is believed to be a potential explanation for gerascophobia <ref name="Do We Fear Ageing">{{Cite journal |last=Brunton |first=Robyn J. |last2=Scott |first2=Greg |date=2015-11-02 |title=Do We Fear Ageing? A Multidimensional Approach to Ageing Anxiety |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03601277.2015.1050870 |journal=Educational Gerontology |volume=41 |issue=11 |pages=786–799 |doi=10.1080/03601277.2015.1050870 |issn=0360-1277 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBruntonScott2015">Brunton, Robyn J.; Scott, Greg (2015-11-02). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03601277.2015.1050870 "Do We Fear Ageing? A Multidimensional Approach to Ageing Anxiety"]</span>. ''Educational Gerontology''. '''41''' (11): <span class="nowrap">786–</span>799. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1080/03601277.2015.1050870|10.1080/03601277.2015.1050870]]. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0360-1277 0360-1277].</cite></ref> and was developed by psychologists Greenberg and Solomon. The theory explores the terror that can result from an individual's unique awareness of death and mortality.<ref name="PMC7498956">{{Cite journal |last=Pyszczynski |first=T |last2=Lockett |first2=M |last3=Greenberg |first3=J |last4=Solomon |first4=S |date=March 2021 |title=Terror Management Theory and the COVID-19 Pandemic. |journal=Journal of Humanistic Psychology |volume=61 |issue=2 |pages=173–189 |doi=10.1177/0022167820959488 |pmc=7498956 |pmid=38603072}}</ref> Since the ageing process is a reminder of the inevitability of death, changes that indicate the ageing process can cause fear and anxiety potentially leading to the development of gerascophobia. Ka'idar Stereotype embodiment kuma tana ba da yiwuwar bayani.<ref name="Do We Fear Ageing">{{Cite journal |last=Brunton |first=Robyn J. |last2=Scott |first2=Greg |date=2015-11-02 |title=Do We Fear Ageing? A Multidimensional Approach to Ageing Anxiety |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03601277.2015.1050870 |journal=Educational Gerontology |volume=41 |issue=11 |pages=786–799 |doi=10.1080/03601277.2015.1050870 |issn=0360-1277 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBruntonScott2015">Brunton, Robyn J.; Scott, Greg (2015-11-02). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03601277.2015.1050870 "Do We Fear Ageing? A Multidimensional Approach to Ageing Anxiety"]</span>. ''Educational Gerontology''. '''41''' (11): <span class="nowrap">786–</span>799. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1080/03601277.2015.1050870|10.1080/03601277.2015.1050870]]. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0360-1277 0360-1277].</cite></ref> Ka'idar ta bayyana tasirin ra'ayoyin shekaru a kan wadanda aka fallasa su. Halin shekarun da mutane ke fuskanta sau da yawa ya dogara da zamantakewarsu da al'adu, da yawa daga cikinsu suna nuna tsarin tsufa a matsayin wani abu mara kyau da kuma mummunan abu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Levy |first=Becca |date=2009-12-01 |title=Stereotype Embodiment: A Psychosocial Approach to Aging |journal=Current Directions in Psychological Science |language=en |volume=18 |issue=6 |pages=332–336 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-8721.2009.01662.x |issn=0963-7214 |pmc=2927354 |pmid=20802838}}</ref> Misali, kwatancin tsofaffi na yau da kullun a matsayin mai banƙyama da rashin kyau a fina-finai da litattafai. Ɗaya daga cikin misalai ya fito ne daga littafin yara na Roald Dahl George's Marvellous Medicine wanda aka nuna daya daga cikin manyan haruffa a matsayin "tsohuwar murmushi na tsohuwar tsohuwa".<ref name="Dahl" /> Bugu da ƙari, tsufa yana da alaƙa da farawar cututtuka kamar dementia, hawan jini mai yawa, cutar Alzheimer da sauransu da yawa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Allen |first=Julie Ober |date=2016-08-01 |title=Ageism as a Risk Factor for Chronic Disease |url=https://academic.oup.com/gerontologist/article/56/4/610/2605514?login=true |journal=The Gerontologist |volume=56 |issue=4 |pages=610–614 |doi=10.1093/geront/gnu158 |issn=0016-9013 |pmid=25618315}}</ref> Ci gaba da nuna irin wannan mummunan ra'ayi na iya haifar da shigarsu cikin gida kuma daga bisani ra'ayoyi marasa kyau game da tsarin tsufa. Bincike ya nuna cewa ra'ayoyi marasa kyau game da tsarin tsufa suna taimakawa ga damuwa game da tsufa sabili da haka yana iya zama haɗari a farkon gerascophobia.<ref name="Do We Fear Ageing" /> == Treatment == The theories above can provide a theoretical framework for understanding factors contributing to gerascophobia and therefore can be useful when understanding treatment. They suggest that the fear of ageing arises from the individual's perception of the ageing process and thus interventions targeting the individual's irrational and negative beliefs and attempting to normalise the ageing process can be useful. Psychotherapy is one approach that has been used successfully to combat gerascophobia.<ref name="PMC4283456">{{Cite journal |last=Husain |first=Waqar |last2=Ijaz |first2=Farrukh |last3=Husain |first3=Muhammad Ahmad |last4=Achraf |first4=Ammar |last5=Isa |first5=Hasan M. |last6=Trabelsi |first6=Khaled |last7=Pandi-Perumal |first7=Seithikurippu R. |last8=Pakpour |first8=Amir H. |last9=Jahrami |first9=Haitham |date=2025-01-01 |title=Gerascophobia or Excessive Fear of Aging Scale (GEFAS): Development, validation, and exploration of psychometric properties of a brief instrument using classical testing theory and item response theory |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167494324002759 |journal=Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics |volume=128 |doi=10.1016/j.archger.2024.105599 |issn=0167-4943 |pmid=39168076 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFHusainIjazHusainAchraf2025">Husain, Waqar; Ijaz, Farrukh; Husain, Muhammad Ahmad; Achraf, Ammar; Isa, Hasan M.; Trabelsi, Khaled; Pandi-Perumal, Seithikurippu R.; Pakpour, Amir H.; Jahrami, Haitham (2025-01-01). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167494324002759 "Gerascophobia or Excessive Fear of Aging Scale (GEFAS): Development, validation, and exploration of psychometric properties of a brief instrument using classical testing theory and item response theory"]</span>. ''Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics''. '''128''' 105599. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.archger.2024.105599|10.1016/j.archger.2024.105599]]. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0167-4943 0167-4943]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39168076 39168076].</cite></ref> Psychotherapy most commonly involves one-to-one sessions with a trained professional that aim to help patients modify cognitions and in turn behaviours which cause them distress. In particular, a mentalisation-based approach is taken to combat gerascophobia which involves reflection upon one's own mental processes.<ref name="PMC2685257">{{Cite journal |last=Pachana |first=NA |last2=Woodward |first2=RM |last3=Byrne |first3=GJ |date=2007 |title=Treatment of specific phobia in older adults. |journal=Clinical Interventions in Aging |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=469–76 |pmc=2685257 |pmid=18044196}}</ref> Medication is another form of treatment used to treat gerascophobia. Whilst it may not address the root cause of the phobia in the way that other treatments do, through their acknowledgment of the patient's irrational belief system, it is still effective in alleviating symptoms such as anxiety and depression.<ref name="PMC4283456">{{Cite journal |last=Husain |first=Waqar |last2=Ijaz |first2=Farrukh |last3=Husain |first3=Muhammad Ahmad |last4=Achraf |first4=Ammar |last5=Isa |first5=Hasan M. |last6=Trabelsi |first6=Khaled |last7=Pandi-Perumal |first7=Seithikurippu R. |last8=Pakpour |first8=Amir H. |last9=Jahrami |first9=Haitham |date=2025-01-01 |title=Gerascophobia or Excessive Fear of Aging Scale (GEFAS): Development, validation, and exploration of psychometric properties of a brief instrument using classical testing theory and item response theory |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167494324002759 |journal=Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics |volume=128 |doi=10.1016/j.archger.2024.105599 |issn=0167-4943 |pmid=39168076 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFHusainIjazHusainAchraf2025">Husain, Waqar; Ijaz, Farrukh; Husain, Muhammad Ahmad; Achraf, Ammar; Isa, Hasan M.; Trabelsi, Khaled; Pandi-Perumal, Seithikurippu R.; Pakpour, Amir H.; Jahrami, Haitham (2025-01-01). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167494324002759 "Gerascophobia or Excessive Fear of Aging Scale (GEFAS): Development, validation, and exploration of psychometric properties of a brief instrument using classical testing theory and item response theory"]</span>. ''Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics''. '''128''' 105599. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.archger.2024.105599|10.1016/j.archger.2024.105599]]. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0167-4943 0167-4943]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39168076 39168076].</cite></ref> However, the most common and robust treatment for specific phobias is exposure therapy. This involves gradual exposure of increased intensity to the phobic stimulus and, by removing the option of avoidance behaviours, aims to change the patient's response to the phobic stimulus. This occurs through relaxation techniques at all stages of exposure which allow patients to relax in the presence of the phobic stimulus, allowing them to understand that it does not pose a threat in the way they believed.<ref name="odgersetal">{{Cite journal |last=Odgers |first=Katarzyna |last2=Kershaw |first2=Kelly A. |last3=Li |first3=Sophie H. |last4=Graham |first4=Bronwyn M. |date=2022-12-01 |title=The relative efficacy and efficiency of single- and multi-session exposure therapies for specific phobia: A meta-analysis |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0005796722001747 |journal=Behaviour Research and Therapy |volume=159 |doi=10.1016/j.brat.2022.104203 |issn=0005-7967 |pmid=36323055 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Manazarta == njgzr78cgtkeikrqvfr1penvosrtx57 889396 889394 2026-07-30T14:23:58Z Najeebyusuf 45048 889396 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Gerascophobia wani abu ne mai banƙyama ko tsoro marar iyaka na [[Ageing|tsufa]] ko [[Senescence|tsufa]] (tsufa). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of gerascophobia on MedTerms.com |url=http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=12361 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140818155141/http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=12361 |archive-date=2014-08-18 |access-date=2008-10-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bryce |first=Amber |title=Gerascophobia, A Real Fear Of Getting Older, Is On The Rise |url=https://www.refinery29.com/en-gb/what-is-gerascophobia |access-date=2026-07-08 |website=www.refinery29.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> Tsoro ana nuna shi azaman mummunan motsin rai da aka samu sakamakon wasu barazanar da aka gani ko tushen haɗari, a cikin yanayin gerascophobia cewa barazanar tana tsufa. Wannan tsoro ba shi da ma'ana kuma bai dace da duk wata barazanar da aka kawo ba kuma yana ci gaba har ma da yanayin cewa mutum yana da cikakkiyar lafiya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ollendick |first=Thomas H. |last2=King |first2=Neville J. |last3=Muris |first3=Peter |date=2002 |title=Fears and Phobias in Children: Phenomenology, Epidemiology, and Aetiology |url=https://acamh.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/1475-3588.00019#b33 |journal=Child and Adolescent Mental Health |language=en |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=98–106 |doi=10.1111/1475-3588.00019 |issn=1475-3588 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Magana == Kalmar gerascophobia ta fito ne daga Girkanci γηράσκω, ''Gerasko'', "Na tsufa" da φόβος, phobos, "''tsoro''".<ref name="priscilla">''Perspectives on Aging'', by Priscilla W. Johnston, 1982, {{ISBN|0-88410-734-5}}, pp. 239-241</ref> Wasu marubutan suna magana da shi a matsayin gerontophobia, kodayake wannan na iya nufin tsoron tsofaffi saboda memento mori.<ref name="priscilla" /> == Tarihi == Gerascophobia wani tsoro ne na asibiti wanda aka rarraba a ƙarƙashin [[Musamman tsoro|takamaiman tsoro]]. Gerascophobia na iya dogara ne akan [[Anxiety|damuwa]] daban-daban da suka shafi tsarin tsufa daga asarar matasan jiki da kyakkyawa, asarar 'yancin kai da motsi, don damuwa game da farawar rashin lafiya da raguwar lafiyar jiki da tunani.<ref name="Do We Fear Ageing">{{Cite journal |last=Brunton |first=Robyn J. |last2=Scott |first2=Greg |date=2015-11-02 |title=Do We Fear Ageing? A Multidimensional Approach to Ageing Anxiety |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03601277.2015.1050870 |journal=Educational Gerontology |volume=41 |issue=11 |pages=786–799 |doi=10.1080/03601277.2015.1050870 |issn=0360-1277 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Alamomi da alamomi == Alamun gerascophobia sun haɗa da ƙoƙari na dakatar da hanyoyin halitta na tsufa da ci gaba ta hanyar canza bayyanar su ta jiki ta hanyar tiyata ko kuma ayyukan da suka wuce gona da iri don inganta tsufa. Misali, ta hanyar fata da aikin kula da gashi. Alamomin sun hada da halayyar gujewa dangane da motsi. Misali, masu fama da cutar na iya guje wa kallon kansu a cikin madubi saboda tsoron ganin cewa sun girma ko kuma sun sami raguwa. Wadanda ke fama da gerascophobia kuma yawanci suna ba da rahoton abubuwan da suka faru na matsanancin damuwa da tsoro lokacin da suka fuskanci ra'ayin tsufa, wanda sau da yawa yana tare da baƙin ciki ko rashin jin daɗi.<ref name="PMC4283456">{{Cite journal |last=Husain |first=Waqar |last2=Ijaz |first2=Farrukh |last3=Husain |first3=Muhammad Ahmad |last4=Achraf |first4=Ammar |last5=Isa |first5=Hasan M. |last6=Trabelsi |first6=Khaled |last7=Pandi-Perumal |first7=Seithikurippu R. |last8=Pakpour |first8=Amir H. |last9=Jahrami |first9=Haitham |date=2025-01-01 |title=Gerascophobia or Excessive Fear of Aging Scale (GEFAS): Development, validation, and exploration of psychometric properties of a brief instrument using classical testing theory and item response theory |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167494324002759 |journal=Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics |volume=128 |doi=10.1016/j.archger.2024.105599 |issn=0167-4943 |pmid=39168076 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Perales-Blum |first=L |last2=Juárez-Treviño |first2=M |last3=Escobedo-Belloc |first3=D |date=2014 |title=Severe growing-up phobia, a condition explained in a 14-year-old boy. |journal=Case Reports in Psychiatry |volume=2014 |doi=10.1155/2014/706439 |pmc=4283456 |pmid=25610691 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Shari'o'i == Akwai 'yan da aka ruwaito na gerascophobia; duk da haka, wani yaro mai shekaru 14 wanda ya fara nuna alamun gerascophobie lokacin da yake dan shekara 12 an yi imanin cewa shi ne yaro na farko da aka ruwaita da ya sha wahala daga cutar kuma kwararru ne suka gano shi a Jami'ar Autonomous ta Nuevo León a Mexico. An ruwaito cewa yaron ya ji matsanancin damuwa bayan canje-canje na jiki da ke nuna girma ko tsufa kuma ya yi ƙoƙari mai yawa don magance su. Wannan ya haɗa da sunkuyar da kansa a zahiri don saukar da kansa kuma kada ya bayyana a matsayin tsayi, rage abincin da yake cinyewa don ya rage ci gaban jiki har ma da canza muryarsa don ya bayyana mafi girma yana nuna ƙoƙarinsa na komawa zuwa yanayin prepubescent.<ref name="PMC4283456">{{Cite journal |last=Husain |first=Waqar |last2=Ijaz |first2=Farrukh |last3=Husain |first3=Muhammad Ahmad |last4=Achraf |first4=Ammar |last5=Isa |first5=Hasan M. |last6=Trabelsi |first6=Khaled |last7=Pandi-Perumal |first7=Seithikurippu R. |last8=Pakpour |first8=Amir H. |last9=Jahrami |first9=Haitham |date=2025-01-01 |title=Gerascophobia or Excessive Fear of Aging Scale (GEFAS): Development, validation, and exploration of psychometric properties of a brief instrument using classical testing theory and item response theory |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167494324002759 |journal=Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics |volume=128 |doi=10.1016/j.archger.2024.105599 |issn=0167-4943 |pmid=39168076 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFHusainIjazHusainAchraf2025">Husain, Waqar; Ijaz, Farrukh; Husain, Muhammad Ahmad; Achraf, Ammar; Isa, Hasan M.; Trabelsi, Khaled; Pandi-Perumal, Seithikurippu R.; Pakpour, Amir H.; Jahrami, Haitham (2025-01-01). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167494324002759 "Gerascophobia or Excessive Fear of Aging Scale (GEFAS): Development, validation, and exploration of psychometric properties of a brief instrument using classical testing theory and item response theory"]</span>. ''Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics''. '''128''' 105599. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.archger.2024.105599|10.1016/j.archger.2024.105599]]. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0167-4943 0167-4943]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39168076 39168076].</cite></ref> == Theories explaining gerascophobia == Terror management theory is believed to be a potential explanation for gerascophobia <ref name="Do We Fear Ageing">{{Cite journal |last=Brunton |first=Robyn J. |last2=Scott |first2=Greg |date=2015-11-02 |title=Do We Fear Ageing? A Multidimensional Approach to Ageing Anxiety |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03601277.2015.1050870 |journal=Educational Gerontology |volume=41 |issue=11 |pages=786–799 |doi=10.1080/03601277.2015.1050870 |issn=0360-1277 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBruntonScott2015">Brunton, Robyn J.; Scott, Greg (2015-11-02). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03601277.2015.1050870 "Do We Fear Ageing? A Multidimensional Approach to Ageing Anxiety"]</span>. ''Educational Gerontology''. '''41''' (11): <span class="nowrap">786–</span>799. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1080/03601277.2015.1050870|10.1080/03601277.2015.1050870]]. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0360-1277 0360-1277].</cite></ref> and was developed by psychologists Greenberg and Solomon. The theory explores the terror that can result from an individual's unique awareness of death and mortality.<ref name="PMC7498956">{{Cite journal |last=Pyszczynski |first=T |last2=Lockett |first2=M |last3=Greenberg |first3=J |last4=Solomon |first4=S |date=March 2021 |title=Terror Management Theory and the COVID-19 Pandemic. |journal=Journal of Humanistic Psychology |volume=61 |issue=2 |pages=173–189 |doi=10.1177/0022167820959488 |pmc=7498956 |pmid=38603072}}</ref> Since the ageing process is a reminder of the inevitability of death, changes that indicate the ageing process can cause fear and anxiety potentially leading to the development of gerascophobia. Ka'idar Stereotype embodiment kuma tana ba da yiwuwar bayani.<ref name="Do We Fear Ageing">{{Cite journal |last=Brunton |first=Robyn J. |last2=Scott |first2=Greg |date=2015-11-02 |title=Do We Fear Ageing? A Multidimensional Approach to Ageing Anxiety |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03601277.2015.1050870 |journal=Educational Gerontology |volume=41 |issue=11 |pages=786–799 |doi=10.1080/03601277.2015.1050870 |issn=0360-1277 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBruntonScott2015">Brunton, Robyn J.; Scott, Greg (2015-11-02). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03601277.2015.1050870 "Do We Fear Ageing? A Multidimensional Approach to Ageing Anxiety"]</span>. ''Educational Gerontology''. '''41''' (11): <span class="nowrap">786–</span>799. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1080/03601277.2015.1050870|10.1080/03601277.2015.1050870]]. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0360-1277 0360-1277].</cite></ref> Ka'idar ta bayyana tasirin ra'ayoyin shekaru a kan wadanda aka fallasa su. Halin shekarun da mutane ke fuskanta sau da yawa ya dogara da zamantakewarsu da al'adu, da yawa daga cikinsu suna nuna tsarin tsufa a matsayin wani abu mara kyau da kuma mummunan abu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Levy |first=Becca |date=2009-12-01 |title=Stereotype Embodiment: A Psychosocial Approach to Aging |journal=Current Directions in Psychological Science |language=en |volume=18 |issue=6 |pages=332–336 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-8721.2009.01662.x |issn=0963-7214 |pmc=2927354 |pmid=20802838}}</ref> Misali, kwatancin tsofaffi na yau da kullun a matsayin mai banƙyama da rashin kyau a fina-finai da litattafai. Ɗaya daga cikin misalai ya fito ne daga littafin yara na Roald Dahl George's Marvellous Medicine wanda aka nuna daya daga cikin manyan haruffa a matsayin "tsohuwar murmushi na tsohuwar tsohuwa".<ref name="Dahl" /> Bugu da ƙari, tsufa yana da alaƙa da farawar cututtuka kamar dementia, hawan jini mai yawa, cutar Alzheimer da sauransu da yawa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Allen |first=Julie Ober |date=2016-08-01 |title=Ageism as a Risk Factor for Chronic Disease |url=https://academic.oup.com/gerontologist/article/56/4/610/2605514?login=true |journal=The Gerontologist |volume=56 |issue=4 |pages=610–614 |doi=10.1093/geront/gnu158 |issn=0016-9013 |pmid=25618315}}</ref> Ci gaba da nuna irin wannan mummunan ra'ayi na iya haifar da shigarsu cikin gida kuma daga bisani ra'ayoyi marasa kyau game da tsarin tsufa. Bincike ya nuna cewa ra'ayoyi marasa kyau game da tsarin tsufa suna taimakawa ga damuwa game da tsufa sabili da haka yana iya zama haɗari a farkon gerascophobia.<ref name="Do We Fear Ageing" /> == Treatment == The theories above can provide a theoretical framework for understanding factors contributing to gerascophobia and therefore can be useful when understanding treatment. They suggest that the fear of ageing arises from the individual's perception of the ageing process and thus interventions targeting the individual's irrational and negative beliefs and attempting to normalise the ageing process can be useful. Psychotherapy is one approach that has been used successfully to combat gerascophobia.<ref name="PMC4283456">{{Cite journal |last=Husain |first=Waqar |last2=Ijaz |first2=Farrukh |last3=Husain |first3=Muhammad Ahmad |last4=Achraf |first4=Ammar |last5=Isa |first5=Hasan M. |last6=Trabelsi |first6=Khaled |last7=Pandi-Perumal |first7=Seithikurippu R. |last8=Pakpour |first8=Amir H. |last9=Jahrami |first9=Haitham |date=2025-01-01 |title=Gerascophobia or Excessive Fear of Aging Scale (GEFAS): Development, validation, and exploration of psychometric properties of a brief instrument using classical testing theory and item response theory |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167494324002759 |journal=Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics |volume=128 |doi=10.1016/j.archger.2024.105599 |issn=0167-4943 |pmid=39168076 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFHusainIjazHusainAchraf2025">Husain, Waqar; Ijaz, Farrukh; Husain, Muhammad Ahmad; Achraf, Ammar; Isa, Hasan M.; Trabelsi, Khaled; Pandi-Perumal, Seithikurippu R.; Pakpour, Amir H.; Jahrami, Haitham (2025-01-01). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167494324002759 "Gerascophobia or Excessive Fear of Aging Scale (GEFAS): Development, validation, and exploration of psychometric properties of a brief instrument using classical testing theory and item response theory"]</span>. ''Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics''. '''128''' 105599. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.archger.2024.105599|10.1016/j.archger.2024.105599]]. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0167-4943 0167-4943]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39168076 39168076].</cite></ref> Psychotherapy most commonly involves one-to-one sessions with a trained professional that aim to help patients modify cognitions and in turn behaviours which cause them distress. In particular, a mentalisation-based approach is taken to combat gerascophobia which involves reflection upon one's own mental processes.<ref name="PMC2685257">{{Cite journal |last=Pachana |first=NA |last2=Woodward |first2=RM |last3=Byrne |first3=GJ |date=2007 |title=Treatment of specific phobia in older adults. |journal=Clinical Interventions in Aging |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=469–76 |pmc=2685257 |pmid=18044196}}</ref> Medication is another form of treatment used to treat gerascophobia. Whilst it may not address the root cause of the phobia in the way that other treatments do, through their acknowledgment of the patient's irrational belief system, it is still effective in alleviating symptoms such as anxiety and depression.<ref name="PMC4283456">{{Cite journal |last=Husain |first=Waqar |last2=Ijaz |first2=Farrukh |last3=Husain |first3=Muhammad Ahmad |last4=Achraf |first4=Ammar |last5=Isa |first5=Hasan M. |last6=Trabelsi |first6=Khaled |last7=Pandi-Perumal |first7=Seithikurippu R. |last8=Pakpour |first8=Amir H. |last9=Jahrami |first9=Haitham |date=2025-01-01 |title=Gerascophobia or Excessive Fear of Aging Scale (GEFAS): Development, validation, and exploration of psychometric properties of a brief instrument using classical testing theory and item response theory |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167494324002759 |journal=Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics |volume=128 |doi=10.1016/j.archger.2024.105599 |issn=0167-4943 |pmid=39168076 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFHusainIjazHusainAchraf2025">Husain, Waqar; Ijaz, Farrukh; Husain, Muhammad Ahmad; Achraf, Ammar; Isa, Hasan M.; Trabelsi, Khaled; Pandi-Perumal, Seithikurippu R.; Pakpour, Amir H.; Jahrami, Haitham (2025-01-01). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167494324002759 "Gerascophobia or Excessive Fear of Aging Scale (GEFAS): Development, validation, and exploration of psychometric properties of a brief instrument using classical testing theory and item response theory"]</span>. ''Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics''. '''128''' 105599. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.archger.2024.105599|10.1016/j.archger.2024.105599]]. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0167-4943 0167-4943]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39168076 39168076].</cite></ref> However, the most common and robust treatment for specific phobias is exposure therapy. This involves gradual exposure of increased intensity to the phobic stimulus and, by removing the option of avoidance behaviours, aims to change the patient's response to the phobic stimulus. This occurs through relaxation techniques at all stages of exposure which allow patients to relax in the presence of the phobic stimulus, allowing them to understand that it does not pose a threat in the way they believed.<ref name="odgersetal">{{Cite journal |last=Odgers |first=Katarzyna |last2=Kershaw |first2=Kelly A. |last3=Li |first3=Sophie H. |last4=Graham |first4=Bronwyn M. |date=2022-12-01 |title=The relative efficacy and efficiency of single- and multi-session exposure therapies for specific phobia: A meta-analysis |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0005796722001747 |journal=Behaviour Research and Therapy |volume=159 |doi=10.1016/j.brat.2022.104203 |issn=0005-7967 |pmid=36323055 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Manazarta == 2rf5kn13xsc04o0aws1bsgso5oyv3e6 Bayani game da ilimin halayyar mutum 0 162526 889397 2026-07-30T14:28:28Z Najeebyusuf 45048 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1352384133|Outline of abnormal psychology]]" 889397 wikitext text/x-wiki An ba da [[Outline (list)|Bayani]] da ke biyowa a matsayin bayyani da jagora na yau da kullun ga ilimin halayyar mutum: Abnormal psychology - shine binciken kimiyya na halayyar da ba ta dace ba don bayyanawa, hangowa, bayyanawa, da canza tsarin aiki mara kyau. [[Ilimin ƙwaƙwalwa|ilimin halayyar mutum]] a cikin ilimin halayyar asibiti yana nazarin yanayin ilimin halayya, abubuwan da ke haifar da shi, da kuma jiyya. Tabbas, ma'anar abin da ya zama 'abnormal' ya bambanta a duk lokacin da al'adu. Kowane mutum kuma ya bambanta a cikin abin da suke ɗauka a matsayin hali na al'ada ko mara kyau. Bugu da ƙari, yawancin ra'ayoyi da hanyoyin yanzu suna gudanar da su ta hanyar masu ilimin halayyar dan adam, gami da ilimin halitta, ilimin halayya, halayyar ɗan adam, wanzuwar rayuwa, da zamantakewa da al'adu. Gabaɗaya, ana iya bayyana ilimin halayyar mutum a matsayin yanki na ilimin halayya wanda ke nazarin mutanen da ba su iya daidaitawa da aiki yadda ya kamata a yanayi daban-daban. Babban abubuwan da ke ba da gudummawa ga yadda mutum zai iya daidaitawa sun haɗa da tsarin kwayoyin halitta, yanayin jiki, ilmantarwa da tunani, da zamantakewa. == Yanayin ilimin halayyar mutum == Za'a iya bayyana ilimin halayyar mutum kamar haka: * An academic discipline &#x2013; focused study in one academic field or profession. A discipline incorporates expertise, people, projects, communities, challenges, studies, inquiry, and research areas that are strongly associated with a given discipline. * One of the [[Kimiyyar zamantakewa|social sciences]] &#x2013; concerned with society and the relationships among individuals within a society. ** A branch of [[Ilimin halin dan Adam|psychology]] &#x2013; study of mind and behavior. * An applied science &#x2013; discipline of science that applies existing scientific knowledge to develop more practical applications, like treating the mentally ill. === Muhimmancin ilimin halayyar mutum === * Rashin daidaituwa * Rashin hankali * [[Ilimin halin dan Adam|Ilimin halayyar dan adam]] * [[Ilimin ƙwaƙwalwa]] == Hanyoyi na ilimin halayyar mutum == * Somatogenic - ana ganin rashin daidaituwa sakamakon cututtukan halittu a cikin kwakwalwa. Wannan tsarin ya haifar da ci gaban maganin halittu, misali lobotomy. * Psychogenic - rashin daidaituwa ya haifar da matsalolin tunani. Psychoanalytic ([[Sigmund Freud|Freud]]), Cathartic, Hypnotic da Humanistic Psychology (Carl Rogers, Ibrahim Maslow) jiyya duk an samo su ne daga wannan tsarin.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Bennett|2003}}</ref> == Rashin hankali == * Jerin cututtukan hankali - misalai na cututtuken hankali sun haɗa da: ** [[Matsalar damuwa|Rashin damuwa]] ** [[Cutar bipolar|Rashin lafiya na Bipolar]] ** Rashin fahimta ** Rashin kula da motsi *** Kleptomania *** Rashin wuta ** Rashin mutuntaka *** Rashin jituwa da damuwa ** Rashin jituwa ** [[Hauka|Ciwon ƙwaƙwalwa]] ** [[Rashin amfani da kwayoyi]] *** Yin amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi *** Dogaro da kwayoyi ** Rashin hankali * Magani da cututtukan kwakwalwa ** Binciken tunani ** Magungunan kwakwalwa ** [[Magungunan Masu Tabin Hankali|Magungunan ƙwaƙwalwa]] == Mental health professions == Mental health profession * Psychiatry * Clinical psychology * Psychiatric rehabilitation * School psychology * Clinical social work == Mental health professionals == == Manazarta == 6trzmrq9mwrtlea69ts1b5w94es0dzs 889398 889397 2026-07-30T14:28:56Z Najeebyusuf 45048 889398 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} An ba da [[Outline (list)|Bayani]] da ke biyowa a matsayin bayyani da jagora na yau da kullun ga ilimin halayyar mutum: Abnormal psychology - shine binciken kimiyya na halayyar da ba ta dace ba don bayyanawa, hangowa, bayyanawa, da canza tsarin aiki mara kyau. [[Ilimin ƙwaƙwalwa|ilimin halayyar mutum]] a cikin ilimin halayyar asibiti yana nazarin yanayin ilimin halayya, abubuwan da ke haifar da shi, da kuma jiyya. Tabbas, ma'anar abin da ya zama 'abnormal' ya bambanta a duk lokacin da al'adu. Kowane mutum kuma ya bambanta a cikin abin da suke ɗauka a matsayin hali na al'ada ko mara kyau. Bugu da ƙari, yawancin ra'ayoyi da hanyoyin yanzu suna gudanar da su ta hanyar masu ilimin halayyar dan adam, gami da ilimin halitta, ilimin halayya, halayyar ɗan adam, wanzuwar rayuwa, da zamantakewa da al'adu. Gabaɗaya, ana iya bayyana ilimin halayyar mutum a matsayin yanki na ilimin halayya wanda ke nazarin mutanen da ba su iya daidaitawa da aiki yadda ya kamata a yanayi daban-daban. Babban abubuwan da ke ba da gudummawa ga yadda mutum zai iya daidaitawa sun haɗa da tsarin kwayoyin halitta, yanayin jiki, ilmantarwa da tunani, da zamantakewa. == Yanayin ilimin halayyar mutum == Za'a iya bayyana ilimin halayyar mutum kamar haka: * An academic discipline &#x2013; focused study in one academic field or profession. A discipline incorporates expertise, people, projects, communities, challenges, studies, inquiry, and research areas that are strongly associated with a given discipline. * One of the [[Kimiyyar zamantakewa|social sciences]] &#x2013; concerned with society and the relationships among individuals within a society. ** A branch of [[Ilimin halin dan Adam|psychology]] &#x2013; study of mind and behavior. * An applied science &#x2013; discipline of science that applies existing scientific knowledge to develop more practical applications, like treating the mentally ill. === Muhimmancin ilimin halayyar mutum === * Rashin daidaituwa * Rashin hankali * [[Ilimin halin dan Adam|Ilimin halayyar dan adam]] * [[Ilimin ƙwaƙwalwa]] == Hanyoyi na ilimin halayyar mutum == * Somatogenic - ana ganin rashin daidaituwa sakamakon cututtukan halittu a cikin kwakwalwa. Wannan tsarin ya haifar da ci gaban maganin halittu, misali lobotomy. * Psychogenic - rashin daidaituwa ya haifar da matsalolin tunani. Psychoanalytic ([[Sigmund Freud|Freud]]), Cathartic, Hypnotic da Humanistic Psychology (Carl Rogers, Ibrahim Maslow) jiyya duk an samo su ne daga wannan tsarin.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Bennett|2003}}</ref> == Rashin hankali == * Jerin cututtukan hankali - misalai na cututtuken hankali sun haɗa da: ** [[Matsalar damuwa|Rashin damuwa]] ** [[Cutar bipolar|Rashin lafiya na Bipolar]] ** Rashin fahimta ** Rashin kula da motsi *** Kleptomania *** Rashin wuta ** Rashin mutuntaka *** Rashin jituwa da damuwa ** Rashin jituwa ** [[Hauka|Ciwon ƙwaƙwalwa]] ** [[Rashin amfani da kwayoyi]] *** Yin amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi *** Dogaro da kwayoyi ** Rashin hankali * Magani da cututtukan kwakwalwa ** Binciken tunani ** Magungunan kwakwalwa ** [[Magungunan Masu Tabin Hankali|Magungunan ƙwaƙwalwa]] == Mental health professions == Mental health profession * Psychiatry * Clinical psychology * Psychiatric rehabilitation * School psychology * Clinical social work == Mental health professionals == == Manazarta == 6jq3dtryuapsv3uop20zfc9x4fd5acz Matsakaicin cutar huhu 0 162527 889399 2026-07-30T14:31:20Z Najeebyusuf 45048 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1318669485|Pneumonia severity index]]" 889399 wikitext text/x-wiki Ƙididdigar tsananin cutar huhu (PSI) ko PORT Score doka ce ta tsinkaya ta asibiti wacce [[Medicine|likitoci]] za su iya amfani da ita don lissafin yiwuwar [[Cuta|cututtukan]] da [[Mutuwa]] tsakanin marasa lafiya da ke fama da cutar huhu.<ref name="pmid89950862">{{Cite journal |last=Fine |first=MJ |last2=Auble |first2=TE |last3=Yealy |first3=DM |last4=Hanusa |first4=BH |last5=Weissfeld |first5=LA |author-link5=Lisa Weissfeld |last6=Singer |first6=DE |last7=Coley |first7=CM |last8=Marrie |first8=TJ |last9=Kapoor |first9=WN |display-authors=etal |date=Jan 1997 |title=A prediction rule to identify low-risk patients with community-acquired pneumonia |journal=N Engl J Med |volume=336 |issue=4 |pages=243–250 |doi=10.1056/NEJM199701233360402 |pmid=8995086 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ana amfani da ƙimar PSI / PORT sau da yawa don hango hasashen buƙatar asibiti a cikin mutanen da ke fama da cutar huhu. Wannan ya dace da ƙaddarar da aka bayyana a cikin rahoton asali wanda ya buga PSI / PORT score: "Dokar tsinkaya da muka bayyana daidai tana gano marasa lafiya da ke fama da cutar huhu da aka samu a cikin al'umma waɗanda ke cikin ƙananan haɗari don mutuwa da sauran sakamako masu haɗari. Wannan tsinkaya na iya taimaka wa likitoci su yanke shawara mai ma'ana game da asibiti ga marasa lafiya da cutar huhu. "<ref name="pmid8995086">{{Cite journal |last=Fine |first=MJ |last2=Auble |first2=TE |last3=Yealy |first3=DM |last4=Hanusa |first4=BH |last5=Weissfeld |first5=LA |author-link5=Lisa Weissfeld |last6=Singer |first6=DE |last7=Coley |first7=CM |last8=Marrie |first8=TJ |last9=Kapoor |first9=WN |display-authors=etal |date=Jan 1997 |title=A prediction rule to identify low-risk patients with community-acquired pneumonia |journal=N Engl J Med |volume=336 |issue=4 |pages=243–250 |doi=10.1056/NEJM199701233360402 |pmid=8995086 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="pmid8995086" /> Tsinkaya na mutuwa yayi kama da wannan lokacin da ake amfani da CURB-65. <ref name="pmid20729231">{{Cite journal |last=Chalmers JD |last2=Singanayagam A |last3=Akram AR |last4=Mandal |first4=P. |last5=Short |first5=P. M. |last6=Choudhury |first6=G. |last7=Wood |first7=V. |last8=Hill |first8=A. T. |display-authors=3 |name-list-style=vanc |date=October 2010 |title=Severity assessment tools for predicting mortality in hospitalised patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=Thorax |volume=65 |issue=10 |pages=878–83 |doi=10.1136/thx.2009.133280 |pmid=20729231 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Ci gaba == Dokar tana amfani da ƙididdigar jama'a (ko wani ya tsufa, kuma namiji ne ko mace), kasancewar cututtukan cututtuka, binciken da aka yi a kan gwajin jiki da alamun mahimmanci, da kuma binciken dakin gwaje-gwaje mai mahimmanci. Wannan binciken ya nuna cewa za'a iya rarraba marasa lafiya zuwa nau'ikan haɗari guda biyar, Risk Classes I-V, kuma ana iya amfani da waɗannan azuzuwan don hango hasashen rayuwar kwanaki 30. == Manazarta == ke883zjzood7au776qh2mywhqzi591o 889400 889399 2026-07-30T14:31:42Z Najeebyusuf 45048 889400 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Ƙididdigar tsananin cutar huhu (PSI) ko PORT Score doka ce ta tsinkaya ta asibiti wacce [[Medicine|likitoci]] za su iya amfani da ita don lissafin yiwuwar [[Cuta|cututtukan]] da [[Mutuwa]] tsakanin marasa lafiya da ke fama da cutar huhu.<ref name="pmid89950862">{{Cite journal |last=Fine |first=MJ |last2=Auble |first2=TE |last3=Yealy |first3=DM |last4=Hanusa |first4=BH |last5=Weissfeld |first5=LA |author-link5=Lisa Weissfeld |last6=Singer |first6=DE |last7=Coley |first7=CM |last8=Marrie |first8=TJ |last9=Kapoor |first9=WN |display-authors=etal |date=Jan 1997 |title=A prediction rule to identify low-risk patients with community-acquired pneumonia |journal=N Engl J Med |volume=336 |issue=4 |pages=243–250 |doi=10.1056/NEJM199701233360402 |pmid=8995086 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ana amfani da ƙimar PSI / PORT sau da yawa don hango hasashen buƙatar asibiti a cikin mutanen da ke fama da cutar huhu. Wannan ya dace da ƙaddarar da aka bayyana a cikin rahoton asali wanda ya buga PSI / PORT score: "Dokar tsinkaya da muka bayyana daidai tana gano marasa lafiya da ke fama da cutar huhu da aka samu a cikin al'umma waɗanda ke cikin ƙananan haɗari don mutuwa da sauran sakamako masu haɗari. Wannan tsinkaya na iya taimaka wa likitoci su yanke shawara mai ma'ana game da asibiti ga marasa lafiya da cutar huhu. "<ref name="pmid8995086">{{Cite journal |last=Fine |first=MJ |last2=Auble |first2=TE |last3=Yealy |first3=DM |last4=Hanusa |first4=BH |last5=Weissfeld |first5=LA |author-link5=Lisa Weissfeld |last6=Singer |first6=DE |last7=Coley |first7=CM |last8=Marrie |first8=TJ |last9=Kapoor |first9=WN |display-authors=etal |date=Jan 1997 |title=A prediction rule to identify low-risk patients with community-acquired pneumonia |journal=N Engl J Med |volume=336 |issue=4 |pages=243–250 |doi=10.1056/NEJM199701233360402 |pmid=8995086 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="pmid8995086" /> Tsinkaya na mutuwa yayi kama da wannan lokacin da ake amfani da CURB-65. <ref name="pmid20729231">{{Cite journal |last=Chalmers JD |last2=Singanayagam A |last3=Akram AR |last4=Mandal |first4=P. |last5=Short |first5=P. M. |last6=Choudhury |first6=G. |last7=Wood |first7=V. |last8=Hill |first8=A. T. |display-authors=3 |name-list-style=vanc |date=October 2010 |title=Severity assessment tools for predicting mortality in hospitalised patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=Thorax |volume=65 |issue=10 |pages=878–83 |doi=10.1136/thx.2009.133280 |pmid=20729231 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Ci gaba == Dokar tana amfani da ƙididdigar jama'a (ko wani ya tsufa, kuma namiji ne ko mace), kasancewar cututtukan cututtuka, binciken da aka yi a kan gwajin jiki da alamun mahimmanci, da kuma binciken dakin gwaje-gwaje mai mahimmanci. Wannan binciken ya nuna cewa za'a iya rarraba marasa lafiya zuwa nau'ikan haɗari guda biyar, Risk Classes I-V, kuma ana iya amfani da waɗannan azuzuwan don hango hasashen rayuwar kwanaki 30. == Manazarta == p5jt06h362g59e9tcm4mq35ksvvs986 Ƙungiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Kasa 0 162528 889401 2026-07-30T14:34:17Z Najeebyusuf 45048 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359612364|National Association for Behavioral Healthcare]]" 889401 wikitext text/x-wiki    The National Association for Behavioral Healthcare (NABH) kungiya ce mai zaman kanta da ke zaune a [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]] kuma an kafa ta a 1933. NABH tana ilimantar da masu ba da kiwon lafiya kan batutuwa kamar [[Lafiyar kwakwalwa|lafiyar halayyar]], rikice-rikice na hankali, da amfani da kwayoyi.<ref name="nabh-history2">{{Cite web |title=History – NABH |url=https://www.nabh.org/about-nabh/history-mission/ |access-date=2019-10-16 |website=National Association for Behavioral Healthcare |language=en-US}}</ref> == Overview == NABH was founded in 1933 as the National Association of Private Psychiatric Hospitals (NAPPH). In 1993 NAPPH changed its name to the National Association of Psychiatric Health Systems (NAPHS).<ref name="nabh-history">{{Cite web |title=History – NABH |url=https://www.nabh.org/about-nabh/history-mission/ |access-date=2019-10-16 |website=National Association for Behavioral Healthcare |language=en-US}}</ref> A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1999, kungiyar Association of Behavioral Group Practices (ABGP) ta haɗu da NAPHS. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=NAPHS.org: About - History |url=https://www.naphs.org/about/history |access-date=2017-03-08 |website=www.naphs.org}}</ref> In 2018, the National Association of Psychiatric Health Systems changed its name to National Association for Behavioral Healthcare.<ref name="nabh-history">{{Cite web |title=History – NABH |url=https://www.nabh.org/about-nabh/history-mission/ |access-date=2019-10-16 |website=National Association for Behavioral Healthcare |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.nabh.org/about-nabh/history-mission/ "History – NABH"]. ''National Association for Behavioral Healthcare''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-10-16</span></span>.</cite></ref> NABH is an industry association that actively lobbies on behalf of America's largest [[Asibitin Cututtukan Zuciya|psychiatric hospital]] chains. Members include "more than 800 specialty [[Asibitin Cututtukan Zuciya|psychiatric hospitals]], general hospital psychiatric and addiction treatment units, [[Cibiyar Kula da Yanayi|residential treatment centers]], youth services organizations, and other providers of care."<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Board of Trustees & Staff – NABH |url=https://www.nabh.org/about-nabh/board-of-trustees-staff/ |access-date=2019-10-16 |website=National Association for Behavioral Healthcare |language=en-US}}</ref> NABH tana ba da jagororin manufofi game da batutuwan lafiyar kwakwalwa da halayyar mutum a matakin jiha da tarayya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Industry calls for renewed advocacy under Trump administration |url=http://www.behavioral.net/article/policy/industry-calls-renewed-advocacy-under-trump-administration |access-date=2017-03-08 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-12-01 |title=Component of Mental Health Bill Could Expand Medicaid Payments for Psychiatric Hospitals |url=http://www.rollcall.com/news/-244955-1.html |access-date=2017-03-08 |website=Roll Call}}</ref> Frank A. Ghinassi yana aiki a matsayin Shugaba yanzu kuma Shugaba na kungiyar. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Board of Trustees & Staff – NABH |url=https://www.nabh.org/about-nabh/board-of-trustees-staff/ |access-date=2019-10-16 |website=National Association for Behavioral Healthcare |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.nabh.org/about-nabh/board-of-trustees-staff/ "Board of Trustees & Staff – NABH"]. ''National Association for Behavioral Healthcare''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-10-16</span></span>.</cite></ref> NABH tana shirya taron shekara-shekara da aka keɓe ga manufofin kiwon lafiyar kwakwalwa a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=2020 Annual Meeting – NABH |url=https://www.nabh.org/2020-annual-meeting/ |access-date=2019-10-16 |website=National Association for Behavioral Healthcare |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=2019 Annual Meeting – NABH |url=https://www.nabh.org/2019-annual-meeting/ |access-date=2019-10-16 |website=National Association for Behavioral Healthcare |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == owkd41v9da58m53mdnm7d11j3he195o 889402 889401 2026-07-30T14:34:46Z Najeebyusuf 45048 889402 wikitext text/x-wiki    {{Databox}} The National Association for Behavioral Healthcare (NABH) kungiya ce mai zaman kanta da ke zaune a [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]] kuma an kafa ta a 1933. NABH tana ilimantar da masu ba da kiwon lafiya kan batutuwa kamar [[Lafiyar kwakwalwa|lafiyar halayyar]], rikice-rikice na hankali, da amfani da kwayoyi.<ref name="nabh-history2">{{Cite web |title=History – NABH |url=https://www.nabh.org/about-nabh/history-mission/ |access-date=2019-10-16 |website=National Association for Behavioral Healthcare |language=en-US}}</ref> == Overview == NABH was founded in 1933 as the National Association of Private Psychiatric Hospitals (NAPPH). In 1993 NAPPH changed its name to the National Association of Psychiatric Health Systems (NAPHS).<ref name="nabh-history">{{Cite web |title=History – NABH |url=https://www.nabh.org/about-nabh/history-mission/ |access-date=2019-10-16 |website=National Association for Behavioral Healthcare |language=en-US}}</ref> A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1999, kungiyar Association of Behavioral Group Practices (ABGP) ta haɗu da NAPHS. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=NAPHS.org: About - History |url=https://www.naphs.org/about/history |access-date=2017-03-08 |website=www.naphs.org}}</ref> In 2018, the National Association of Psychiatric Health Systems changed its name to National Association for Behavioral Healthcare.<ref name="nabh-history">{{Cite web |title=History – NABH |url=https://www.nabh.org/about-nabh/history-mission/ |access-date=2019-10-16 |website=National Association for Behavioral Healthcare |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.nabh.org/about-nabh/history-mission/ "History – NABH"]. ''National Association for Behavioral Healthcare''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-10-16</span></span>.</cite></ref> NABH is an industry association that actively lobbies on behalf of America's largest [[Asibitin Cututtukan Zuciya|psychiatric hospital]] chains. Members include "more than 800 specialty [[Asibitin Cututtukan Zuciya|psychiatric hospitals]], general hospital psychiatric and addiction treatment units, [[Cibiyar Kula da Yanayi|residential treatment centers]], youth services organizations, and other providers of care."<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Board of Trustees & Staff – NABH |url=https://www.nabh.org/about-nabh/board-of-trustees-staff/ |access-date=2019-10-16 |website=National Association for Behavioral Healthcare |language=en-US}}</ref> NABH tana ba da jagororin manufofi game da batutuwan lafiyar kwakwalwa da halayyar mutum a matakin jiha da tarayya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Industry calls for renewed advocacy under Trump administration |url=http://www.behavioral.net/article/policy/industry-calls-renewed-advocacy-under-trump-administration |access-date=2017-03-08 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-12-01 |title=Component of Mental Health Bill Could Expand Medicaid Payments for Psychiatric Hospitals |url=http://www.rollcall.com/news/-244955-1.html |access-date=2017-03-08 |website=Roll Call}}</ref> Frank A. Ghinassi yana aiki a matsayin Shugaba yanzu kuma Shugaba na kungiyar. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Board of Trustees & Staff – NABH |url=https://www.nabh.org/about-nabh/board-of-trustees-staff/ |access-date=2019-10-16 |website=National Association for Behavioral Healthcare |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.nabh.org/about-nabh/board-of-trustees-staff/ "Board of Trustees & Staff – NABH"]. ''National Association for Behavioral Healthcare''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-10-16</span></span>.</cite></ref> NABH tana shirya taron shekara-shekara da aka keɓe ga manufofin kiwon lafiyar kwakwalwa a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=2020 Annual Meeting – NABH |url=https://www.nabh.org/2020-annual-meeting/ |access-date=2019-10-16 |website=National Association for Behavioral Healthcare |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=2019 Annual Meeting – NABH |url=https://www.nabh.org/2019-annual-meeting/ |access-date=2019-10-16 |website=National Association for Behavioral Healthcare |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == 4et6dxwv4dqk3mhrckmlh9cmjtoua7o Gajiya da ke da alaƙa da ciwon daji 0 162529 889404 2026-07-30T14:37:45Z Najeebyusuf 45048 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1365293230|Cancer-related fatigue]]" 889404 wikitext text/x-wiki '''[[Rashin karfi|Gajiya]] da ke da [[Alamar cututtuka|Alamar]] da [[Sankara|ciwon daji]]''' alama ce ta gajiya da kusan dukkanin marasa lafiya ke fuskanta.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hofman |first=Maarten |last2=Ryan |first2=Julie L. |last3=Figueroa-Moseley |first3=Colmar D. |last4=Jean-Pierre |first4=Pascal |last5=Morrow |first5=Gary R. |date=2007-05-01 |title=Cancer-Related Fatigue: The Scale of the Problem |journal=The Oncologist |volume=12 |issue=S1 |pages=4–10 |doi=10.1634/theoncologist.12-s1-4 |issn=1083-7159 |pmid=17573451}}</ref> Daga cikin marasa lafiya da ke karɓar maganin ciwon daji ban da tiyata, yana da mahimmanci a duniya. Gajiya sakamako ne na al'ada da ake tsammani na yawancin nau'ikan chemotherapy, radiation therapy, da biotherapy.<ref name="nccn">{{Cite web |date=22 January 2010 |title=NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology: Cancer-Related Fatigue |url=http://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/PDF/fatigue.pdf |publisher=[[National Comprehensive Cancer Network]] |edition=Version 1.2010}}</ref> A matsakaici, gajiya da ke da alaƙa da ciwon daji "ya fi tsanani, ya fi damuwa, kuma ba zai iya sauƙaƙewa ta hutawa ba" fiye da gajiya da mutane masu lafiya suka samu.<ref name="nccn" /> Zai iya kasancewa daga mai sauƙi zuwa mai tsanani, kuma yana iya zama na wucin gadi ko sakamako na dogon lokaci. Gajiya na iya zama alama ce ta ciwon daji, ko kuma sakamakon maganin ciwon daji ne. == Ilimin jiki == Ba a fahimci ilimin cututtukan da ke da alaƙa da gajiya da ke tattare da ciwon daji sosai ba. Yana iya haifar da ciwon daji ko tasirin da yake da shi a jiki, ta hanyar martani na jiki ga ciwon daji, ko kuma maganin ciwon daji. Gajiya [[Alamar cututtuka|Alamar]] ce ta ciwon daji.<ref name="nci">{{Cite web |date=1980-01-01 |title=Fatigue |url=http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/supportivecare/fatigue/patient/allpages |access-date=6 October 2010 |publisher=[[National Cancer Institute]]}}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin bincike ya kiyasta cewa kusan kashi 43% na mutanen da ke fama da ciwon daji sun ba da rahoton gajiya.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Kang |first=Ye-Eun |last2=Yoon |first2=Ji-Hae |last3=Park |first3=Na-Hyun |last4=Ahn |first4=Yo-Chan |last5=Lee |first5=Eun-Jung |last6=Son |first6=Chang-Gue |date=2023-08-07 |title=Prevalence of cancer-related fatigue based on severity: a systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=13 |issue=1 |page=12815 |bibcode=2023NatSR..1312815K |doi=10.1038/s41598-023-39046-0 |issn=2045-2322 |pmc=10406927 |pmid=37550326}}</ref> Binciken ya kuma nuna cewa matakan gajiya na iya bambanta dangane da dalilai kamar nau'in ciwon daji, matakin magani, da jinsi. Musamman, an gano mata suna fuskantar gajiya mai tsanani fiye da maza.<ref name=":2" /> Wasu gajiya suna haifar da maganin ciwon daji. Wannan na iya nuna alamar halayyar. Chemotherapy wani nau'i ne na maganin ciwon daji wanda zai iya haifar da gajiya da ke da alaƙa da ciwon daji, ko dai a matsayin sakamako kai tsaye ko kuma a matsayin sakamako na biyu. Rashin barci a lokacin maganin chemotherapy an kuma danganta shi da CRF a cikin wadanda suka tsira daga ciwon nono <ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Thong |first=Melissa S.Y. |last2=van Noorden |first2=Cornelis J. F. |last3=Steindorf |first3=Karen |last4=Arndt |first4=Volker |date=February 2020 |title=Cancer-Related Fatigue: Causes and Current Treatment Options |journal=Current Treatment Options in Oncology |language=en |volume=21 |issue=2 |doi=10.1007/s11864-020-0707-5 |issn=1527-2729 |pmc=8660748 |pmid=32025928}}</ref> .Chemotherapy na iya lalata sarcoplasmic reticulum da / ko mitochondria, wanda zai iya haifar da lalacewar metabolism na makamashi da karuwar haɗarin gajiya. <ref name=":7" /> Misali, mutane a kan tsarin chemotherapy da yawa galibi suna jin ƙarin gajiya a cikin mako bayan jiyya, da ƙarancin gajiya yayin da suke murmurewa daga wannan zagaye na magunguna. Mutanen da ke karɓar maganin radiation, akasin haka, galibi suna samun gajiya ta ci gaba da ƙaruwa har zuwa ƙarshen magani.<ref name="nci">{{Cite web |date=1980-01-01 |title=Fatigue |url=http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/supportivecare/fatigue/patient/allpages |access-date=6 October 2010 |publisher=[[National Cancer Institute]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/supportivecare/fatigue/patient/allpages "Fatigue"]. [[National Cancer Institute]]. 1980-01-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite></ref> == Manazarta == kmjbvv83fcpn1s2su2si0u0vy42k57c 889405 889404 2026-07-30T14:38:13Z Najeebyusuf 45048 889405 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''[[Rashin karfi|Gajiya]] da ke da [[Alamar cututtuka|Alamar]] da [[Sankara|ciwon daji]]''' alama ce ta gajiya da kusan dukkanin marasa lafiya ke fuskanta.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hofman |first=Maarten |last2=Ryan |first2=Julie L. |last3=Figueroa-Moseley |first3=Colmar D. |last4=Jean-Pierre |first4=Pascal |last5=Morrow |first5=Gary R. |date=2007-05-01 |title=Cancer-Related Fatigue: The Scale of the Problem |journal=The Oncologist |volume=12 |issue=S1 |pages=4–10 |doi=10.1634/theoncologist.12-s1-4 |issn=1083-7159 |pmid=17573451}}</ref> Daga cikin marasa lafiya da ke karɓar maganin ciwon daji ban da tiyata, yana da mahimmanci a duniya. Gajiya sakamako ne na al'ada da ake tsammani na yawancin nau'ikan chemotherapy, radiation therapy, da biotherapy.<ref name="nccn">{{Cite web |date=22 January 2010 |title=NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology: Cancer-Related Fatigue |url=http://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/PDF/fatigue.pdf |publisher=[[National Comprehensive Cancer Network]] |edition=Version 1.2010}}</ref> A matsakaici, gajiya da ke da alaƙa da ciwon daji "ya fi tsanani, ya fi damuwa, kuma ba zai iya sauƙaƙewa ta hutawa ba" fiye da gajiya da mutane masu lafiya suka samu.<ref name="nccn" /> Zai iya kasancewa daga mai sauƙi zuwa mai tsanani, kuma yana iya zama na wucin gadi ko sakamako na dogon lokaci. Gajiya na iya zama alama ce ta ciwon daji, ko kuma sakamakon maganin ciwon daji ne. == Ilimin jiki == Ba a fahimci ilimin cututtukan da ke da alaƙa da gajiya da ke tattare da ciwon daji sosai ba. Yana iya haifar da ciwon daji ko tasirin da yake da shi a jiki, ta hanyar martani na jiki ga ciwon daji, ko kuma maganin ciwon daji. Gajiya [[Alamar cututtuka|Alamar]] ce ta ciwon daji.<ref name="nci">{{Cite web |date=1980-01-01 |title=Fatigue |url=http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/supportivecare/fatigue/patient/allpages |access-date=6 October 2010 |publisher=[[National Cancer Institute]]}}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin bincike ya kiyasta cewa kusan kashi 43% na mutanen da ke fama da ciwon daji sun ba da rahoton gajiya.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Kang |first=Ye-Eun |last2=Yoon |first2=Ji-Hae |last3=Park |first3=Na-Hyun |last4=Ahn |first4=Yo-Chan |last5=Lee |first5=Eun-Jung |last6=Son |first6=Chang-Gue |date=2023-08-07 |title=Prevalence of cancer-related fatigue based on severity: a systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=13 |issue=1 |page=12815 |bibcode=2023NatSR..1312815K |doi=10.1038/s41598-023-39046-0 |issn=2045-2322 |pmc=10406927 |pmid=37550326}}</ref> Binciken ya kuma nuna cewa matakan gajiya na iya bambanta dangane da dalilai kamar nau'in ciwon daji, matakin magani, da jinsi. Musamman, an gano mata suna fuskantar gajiya mai tsanani fiye da maza.<ref name=":2" /> Wasu gajiya suna haifar da maganin ciwon daji. Wannan na iya nuna alamar halayyar. Chemotherapy wani nau'i ne na maganin ciwon daji wanda zai iya haifar da gajiya da ke da alaƙa da ciwon daji, ko dai a matsayin sakamako kai tsaye ko kuma a matsayin sakamako na biyu. Rashin barci a lokacin maganin chemotherapy an kuma danganta shi da CRF a cikin wadanda suka tsira daga ciwon nono <ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Thong |first=Melissa S.Y. |last2=van Noorden |first2=Cornelis J. F. |last3=Steindorf |first3=Karen |last4=Arndt |first4=Volker |date=February 2020 |title=Cancer-Related Fatigue: Causes and Current Treatment Options |journal=Current Treatment Options in Oncology |language=en |volume=21 |issue=2 |doi=10.1007/s11864-020-0707-5 |issn=1527-2729 |pmc=8660748 |pmid=32025928}}</ref> .Chemotherapy na iya lalata sarcoplasmic reticulum da / ko mitochondria, wanda zai iya haifar da lalacewar metabolism na makamashi da karuwar haɗarin gajiya. <ref name=":7" /> Misali, mutane a kan tsarin chemotherapy da yawa galibi suna jin ƙarin gajiya a cikin mako bayan jiyya, da ƙarancin gajiya yayin da suke murmurewa daga wannan zagaye na magunguna. Mutanen da ke karɓar maganin radiation, akasin haka, galibi suna samun gajiya ta ci gaba da ƙaruwa har zuwa ƙarshen magani.<ref name="nci">{{Cite web |date=1980-01-01 |title=Fatigue |url=http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/supportivecare/fatigue/patient/allpages |access-date=6 October 2010 |publisher=[[National Cancer Institute]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/supportivecare/fatigue/patient/allpages "Fatigue"]. [[National Cancer Institute]]. 1980-01-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite></ref> == Manazarta == 5m3abnvdrg8klcatmijlp0y32vuzwfj Bayar da magungunan da ke cikin madara 0 162530 889406 2026-07-30T14:40:19Z Najeebyusuf 45048 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1349428657|Breast milk-mediated drug delivery]]" 889406 wikitext text/x-wiki Bayar da magungunan [[Breast milk|madara]] ta nono yana nufin amfani da madarar nono don jigilar magungunan magunguna, furotin, ko wasu magani don cimma tasirin da ake so. Bayar da waɗannan abubuwa ta hanyar madara yana ba da madadin baki don jigilar fili zuwa hanji, musamman a cikin jarirai. Bayar da magungunan madara ta hanyar samar da hanya ga magunguna da sunadarai don tafiya ta hanyar tsarin gastrointestinal na jariri yayin rage yiwuwar fusata a cikin ƙwayoyin gastrointestinal. == Addition of compounds into breast milk == Akwai hanyoyi da yawa da magani zai iya shiga cikin madarar nono. Ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin ita ce ta hanyar uwa mai [[shayarwa]]. Lokacin da mahaifiyar da ke [[Yin shayarwa|shayarwa]] ta sami magani ciki har da amma ba a iyakance shi ba ga magungunan takardar shaidar, magungunan da ke kan kantin sayar da su, ko Magungunan ganye, waɗannan mahadi na iya shiga cikin madarar mahaifiyar kuma daga baya ana isar da su ga jariri ta hanyar shayarwa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Nice |first=FJ |last2=Luo |first2=AC |date=January 2012 |title=Medications and breast-feeding: Current concepts |url= |journal=Journal of the American Pharmacists Association |volume=52 |issue=1 |pages=86–94 |doi=10.1331/japha.2012.10139 |issn=1544-3191 |pmid=22257621}}</ref> Adadin maganin da aka canja cikin madara ya dogara da abu, amma an lura cewa waɗannan mahadi na iya yin tasiri ga jariri da ke cin madarar nono.<ref name=":0" /> == Manazarta == d6cxf794h1bwpjwut526h8s6kr9pizn 889407 889406 2026-07-30T14:40:48Z Najeebyusuf 45048 889407 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Bayar da magungunan [[Breast milk|madara]] ta nono yana nufin amfani da madarar nono don jigilar magungunan magunguna, furotin, ko wasu magani don cimma tasirin da ake so. Bayar da waɗannan abubuwa ta hanyar madara yana ba da madadin baki don jigilar fili zuwa hanji, musamman a cikin jarirai. Bayar da magungunan madara ta hanyar samar da hanya ga magunguna da sunadarai don tafiya ta hanyar tsarin gastrointestinal na jariri yayin rage yiwuwar fusata a cikin ƙwayoyin gastrointestinal. == Addition of compounds into breast milk == Akwai hanyoyi da yawa da magani zai iya shiga cikin madarar nono. Ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin ita ce ta hanyar uwa mai [[shayarwa]]. Lokacin da mahaifiyar da ke [[Yin shayarwa|shayarwa]] ta sami magani ciki har da amma ba a iyakance shi ba ga magungunan takardar shaidar, magungunan da ke kan kantin sayar da su, ko Magungunan ganye, waɗannan mahadi na iya shiga cikin madarar mahaifiyar kuma daga baya ana isar da su ga jariri ta hanyar shayarwa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Nice |first=FJ |last2=Luo |first2=AC |date=January 2012 |title=Medications and breast-feeding: Current concepts |url= |journal=Journal of the American Pharmacists Association |volume=52 |issue=1 |pages=86–94 |doi=10.1331/japha.2012.10139 |issn=1544-3191 |pmid=22257621}}</ref> Adadin maganin da aka canja cikin madara ya dogara da abu, amma an lura cewa waɗannan mahadi na iya yin tasiri ga jariri da ke cin madarar nono.<ref name=":0" /> == Manazarta == i7xes8m1fffo1qupx6f9o3h7yvl1tg5 Tsarin biyan kuɗi na gaba 0 162531 889409 2026-07-30T14:43:17Z Najeebyusuf 45048 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1366802377|Prospective payment system]]" 889409 wikitext text/x-wiki '''tsarin biyan kuɗi''' ('''PPS''') kalma ce da aka yi amfani da ita a Amurka don komawa ga hanyoyin biyan kuɗi da yawa waɗanda aka ƙayyade biyan kuɗin inshorar likita a gaba, ta amfani da ƙimar da aka ƙaddara waɗanda aka daidaita su gabaɗaya don dalilai kamar haɗakarwar shari'a, yanayin ƙasa, da halaye na kayan aiki, maimakon ainihin farashin da aka samu don takamaiman sabis. Payments are typically based on codes provided on the insurance claim such as: * ICD-10-CM da lambobin ICD-10 -PCS a cikin ikirarin marasa lafiya a asibiti, * Kayan kiwon lafiya Common Procedure Coding System (HCPCS) da ICD-10-CM a cikin ikirarin asibiti. * Lambobin Inshorar Lafiya na Tsarin Biya (HIPPS) don ikirarin kulawa mai tsanani, da * Lambobin HCPCS don likita da sauran ayyukan kwararru. == Medicare == Medicare PPSs sun kasu kashi biyu: * Da'awar da aka yi, kamar IPPS (mai saurin asibiti), OPPS (mai asibiti), LTCH PPS, da IPF PPS, kuma * Binciken da aka yi, kamar SNF PPS, Home Health PPS, da IRF PPS. Tsarin da'awar da'awar ya samo rarraba biyan kuɗi da farko daga lambobin ICD da CPT / HCPCS da aka gabatar akan da'awar kanta; da'awar ita ce shigarwar rarrabuwa kuma mai tarawa yana gudana akan bayanan da'awar. Tsarin kimantawa yana rarraba marasa lafiya ta amfani da kimantawar asibiti daban wanda ke samar da lambobin HIPPS, ba kawai da'awar ba. == References == 7agufg9hojgtx91w5wg73htky5po4dc 889410 889409 2026-07-30T14:44:02Z Najeebyusuf 45048 889410 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''tsarin biyan kuɗi''' ('''PPS''') kalma ce da aka yi amfani da ita a Amurka don komawa ga hanyoyin biyan kuɗi da yawa waɗanda aka ƙayyade biyan kuɗin inshorar likita a gaba, ta amfani da ƙimar da aka ƙaddara waɗanda aka daidaita su gabaɗaya don dalilai kamar haɗakarwar shari'a, yanayin ƙasa, da halaye na kayan aiki, maimakon ainihin farashin da aka samu don takamaiman sabis. Payments are typically based on codes provided on the insurance claim such as: * ICD-10-CM da lambobin ICD-10 -PCS a cikin ikirarin marasa lafiya a asibiti, * Kayan kiwon lafiya Common Procedure Coding System (HCPCS) da ICD-10-CM a cikin ikirarin asibiti. * Lambobin Inshorar Lafiya na Tsarin Biya (HIPPS) don ikirarin kulawa mai tsanani, da * Lambobin HCPCS don likita da sauran ayyukan kwararru. == Medicare == Medicare PPSs sun kasu kashi biyu: * Da'awar da aka yi, kamar IPPS (mai saurin asibiti), OPPS (mai asibiti), LTCH PPS, da IPF PPS, kuma * Binciken da aka yi, kamar SNF PPS, Home Health PPS, da IRF PPS. Tsarin da'awar da'awar ya samo rarraba biyan kuɗi da farko daga lambobin ICD da CPT / HCPCS da aka gabatar akan da'awar kanta; da'awar ita ce shigarwar rarrabuwa kuma mai tarawa yana gudana akan bayanan da'awar. Tsarin kimantawa yana rarraba marasa lafiya ta amfani da kimantawar asibiti daban wanda ke samar da lambobin HIPPS, ba kawai da'awar ba. == References == 78207agbgk1r3ls4wsbe28zrpkviqgw Macewar tunani 0 162532 889411 2026-07-30T14:46:13Z Najeebyusuf 45048 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1361748659|Thought withdrawal]]" 889411 wikitext text/x-wiki A cikin [[Psychiatry|ilimin halayyar dan adam]], '''janyewar tunani''' shine imani mai banƙyama cewa an 'cire' tunani daga tunanin mai haƙuri, kuma mai haƙuri ba shi da iko akan wannan. Sau da yawa ana danganta shi da rikice-rikice a cikin kwarewar kai, [[Self-agency|kai tsaye]], da kuma ainihi. An rarraba janyewar tunani a matsayin [[Kurt Schneider|Alamar farko ta Schneider]] (FRS) na [[Hauka|schizophrenia]] a cikin 1959, tare da abubuwan da suka shafi kamar [[Thought insertion|shigar da tunani]] (bangaskiyar cewa ana dasa tunani a cikin tunanin mutum) da [[Thought broadcasting|watsa shirye-shiryen tunani]] (banganin cewa ana watsa tunanin mutum ga wasu). Wadannan alamun galibi ana daukar su a matsayin alamun psychosis kuma suna da mahimmanci ga ganewar asali na cututtukan schizophrenia. == Rarrabawar ganewar asali == An haɗa janyewar tunani a cikin manyan tsarin binciken kwakwalwa: * DSM-5: an ambaci shi a bayyane a matsayin misali na "rashin iko" a ƙarƙashin ka'idodin schizophrenia. * ICD-11: an rarraba shi a ƙarƙashin 6A20 Schizophrenia a matsayin wani ɓangare na abubuwan da ba su da kyau - saitin alamun da ke nuna imani cewa tunanin mutum, motsin rai, ko halayensa ana jagorantar su ko sarrafa su ta hanyar tushen waje. == Tsarin ka'idoji da bayani == === Magungunan kwakwalwa === Masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam na Jamus Karl Jaspers ya rarraba manufar janyewar tunani a matsayin "mafi kyawun yaudara" kuma ya bayyana shi a matsayin "marasa fahimta" - abubuwan da suka faru ba zato ba tsammani waɗanda ba za a iya fassara su ta hanyar hanyoyin halayyar mutum na yau da kullun ba. Jasper ya bayyana janyewar tunani a matsayin asarar aikin tunani da gangan kuma ya yi la'akari da shi don ya haɗa da rushewa a cikin hukumar, da ganganci, da sani. Tare, shi da sauran masana kimiyya (misali Kurt Schneider) sun haɗa janyewar tunani zuwa siffofi daban-daban: <ref name=":32" /> * Hyperreflexivity (watau yanayin ingantaccen sanin kai wanda ke haifar da mai da hankali sosai ga hanyoyin tunani na atomatik) * Rashin niyya (watau jagorancin tunani da sani) * Rashin ci gaba na lokaci (watau rasa jin dadin mutum na daidaituwa a duk lokacin) * Rage haɗin kai da iyakokin kai (watau ba sa fuskantar tunani kamar yadda ya fito daga cikin mutum mai ɗorewa) Tsarin sa ido na kai wanda Chris Frith ya gabatar ya yi jayayya cewa schizophrenia ya haɗa da gazawar tsarin sa ido na kwakwalwa (watau tsarin da ke da alhakin saka idanu da hasashen ayyukan tunani na kai). Sakamakon haka, mutane ba su danganta tunanin da suka haifar da kansu ga abubuwan da ke cikin tunanin da aka sanya a waje ba, wanda ke haifar da janyewar tunani, shigar da tunani, da kuma yaudarar iko. Hakazalika, tsarin Bentall na ba da shawarar cewa mutane da ke da rikice-rikice sau da yawa suna gabatar da kuskuren fahimta na rikice-rikicen ɗan lokaci ko ɓarna a cikin tunani, suna danganta shi ga wakilan waje (watau janyewar tunani). Wannan fitarwa yana taimakawa wajen kare girman kai amma yana haifar da imani na ƙarya game da dalilin abubuwan da mutum ya samu. === Ka'idodin Neurobiological === Kapur's aberrant salience hypothesis ya ba da shawarar cewa dysregulated dopamine watsawa yana haifar da wuce gona da iri da ake sanyawa ga abubuwan da suka faru na ciki (misali talakawa a cikin tunani). Lokacin da wannan ya faru, yaudara kamar janyewar tunani yana faruwa don samun ma'anar "ƙwarewar da ta dace". Masu bincike da ke binciken abubuwan da suka faru na yaudara (watau yaudara na sarrafawa, janyewar tunani, watsa shirye-shiryen tunani, shigar da tunani, da karatun tunani) a cikin mutane marasa hankali tare da schizophrenia sun gudanar da bincike kan alamun alamun matakin abu. Binciken ya ba da shawarar alaƙar da ke tsakanin yaudara da wuraren kwakwalwa waɗanda ke tallafawa sarrafa kai da bambance-bambance tsakanin kwarewar ciki da waje. Musamman, hypoperfusion (watau rage yawan jini) a cikin cortex na baya (ACC) da kuma cortex na tsakiya (MPFC) suna taimakawa ga fitowar alamomi kamar janyewar tunani. López-Silva et al. binciken shekaru 20 na tsawon lokaci na mutane da ke fama da schizophrenia da sauran cututtukan kwakwalwa sun bincika juriya da haɗuwa da janyewar tunani, sakawa, da watsa shirye-shirye. Binciken ya nuna cewa janyewar tunani koyaushe ya bayyana tare da alamomi kamar [[Anxiety|damuwa]], hallucinations na magana (AVHs), yaudarar sarrafawa, da rashin mutunci. Wannan ya nuna rikice-rikice masu yawa a cikin sarrafawa na multimodal (watau iyaka tsakanin fahimtar ciki da fahimta ta waje) da kuma wani abu mai girma da ake kira pseudo-coherent delusional realities (watau ƙoƙarin tunani na tilasta daidaituwa akan abubuwan da ba su dace ba na gaskiya). == Gabatarwa da tasirin asibiti == Alamomin da ke tattare da janyewar tunani sun haɗa da: * Ragewar ikon sarrafa kansa akan aikin tunanin mutum * Rashin tunani, wanda aka fi bayyana a waje * Jin yadda ake sarrafawa da saka idanu Abubuwan da aka ambata a sama na iya tasowa ba zato ba tsammani kuma ba tare da son rai ba, don haka yana da matukar damuwa ga aikin yau da kullun. Wannan na iya haifar da janyewar jama'a da Ra'ayi mai ban [[tsoro]], sau da yawa tare da tsoro da damuwa. === Binciken da aka haɗa === * Wani binciken da Malinowski et al. suka yi a shekarar 2020 sun gano cewa kashi 41% na mutanen da ke fama da cutar psychosis ta farko sun ba da rahoton alamun janyewar tunani, suna nuna cewa alama ce mai yawa a farkon cutar psychosus. * Binciken tsawon shekaru 20 da López-Silva et al. suka yi ya nuna cewa ba a yawan bayar da rahoton janyewar tunani ba tare da kasancewar AVHs ba. Wannan binciken ya ba da shawarar ci gaba da tsarin rikice-rikice. == Tattaunawa da iyakoki == Binciken gargajiya ya haɗa duk wani yaudara a ƙarƙashin rukunin "alamu masu kyau" na schizophrenia, yana ɓoye bambance-bambance masu ma'ana. Karfafawa kan tarin alamomi (watau alamomi masu kyau da marasa kyau) sun kasa kama haɗuwa tsakanin alamomi, wanda ke da mahimmanci don fahimta da hasashen ci gaban schizophrenia. Hakazalika, raguwar samfuran fahimta da neurobiological (misali Kapur's aberrant salience hypothesis) ya nuna bukatar bincika janyewar tunani a matsayin alama mai zaman kanta tare da abubuwan tunani, al'adu, da kuma abubuwan da ke tsakanin mutane don bayyana cikakkun bambance-bambance a cikin abubuwan da ke cikin alamun. A kan wannan dalili, masu bincike (misali Jaspers da López-Silva) sun jaddada bukatar bunkasa takamaiman alamomi, tsarin tsayi don rufe manyan gibin a cikin ilimin kimiyyar kwakwalwa da ilimin halayyar kwakwalwa (watau fitowar janyewar tunani, daidaitattun alaƙa tsakanin janyewar tunanin da sauran alamomi / abubuwan da suka faru). Duk da haka, duk da wasu samfuran da ke jaddada janyewar tunani a matsayin babban alama na schizophrenia, wasu suna tambaya game da amincin bincikensa saboda ƙarancinsa a wasu kungiyoyin marasa lafiya. == Manazarta == lrwtcf4cigc9oh012vkhjg4t6z2mico 889412 889411 2026-07-30T14:46:42Z Najeebyusuf 45048 889412 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} A cikin [[Psychiatry|ilimin halayyar dan adam]], '''janyewar tunani''' shine imani mai banƙyama cewa an 'cire' tunani daga tunanin mai haƙuri, kuma mai haƙuri ba shi da iko akan wannan. Sau da yawa ana danganta shi da rikice-rikice a cikin kwarewar kai, [[Self-agency|kai tsaye]], da kuma ainihi. An rarraba janyewar tunani a matsayin [[Kurt Schneider|Alamar farko ta Schneider]] (FRS) na [[Hauka|schizophrenia]] a cikin 1959, tare da abubuwan da suka shafi kamar [[Thought insertion|shigar da tunani]] (bangaskiyar cewa ana dasa tunani a cikin tunanin mutum) da [[Thought broadcasting|watsa shirye-shiryen tunani]] (banganin cewa ana watsa tunanin mutum ga wasu). Wadannan alamun galibi ana daukar su a matsayin alamun psychosis kuma suna da mahimmanci ga ganewar asali na cututtukan schizophrenia. == Rarrabawar ganewar asali == An haɗa janyewar tunani a cikin manyan tsarin binciken kwakwalwa: * DSM-5: an ambaci shi a bayyane a matsayin misali na "rashin iko" a ƙarƙashin ka'idodin schizophrenia. * ICD-11: an rarraba shi a ƙarƙashin 6A20 Schizophrenia a matsayin wani ɓangare na abubuwan da ba su da kyau - saitin alamun da ke nuna imani cewa tunanin mutum, motsin rai, ko halayensa ana jagorantar su ko sarrafa su ta hanyar tushen waje. == Tsarin ka'idoji da bayani == === Magungunan kwakwalwa === Masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam na Jamus Karl Jaspers ya rarraba manufar janyewar tunani a matsayin "mafi kyawun yaudara" kuma ya bayyana shi a matsayin "marasa fahimta" - abubuwan da suka faru ba zato ba tsammani waɗanda ba za a iya fassara su ta hanyar hanyoyin halayyar mutum na yau da kullun ba. Jasper ya bayyana janyewar tunani a matsayin asarar aikin tunani da gangan kuma ya yi la'akari da shi don ya haɗa da rushewa a cikin hukumar, da ganganci, da sani. Tare, shi da sauran masana kimiyya (misali Kurt Schneider) sun haɗa janyewar tunani zuwa siffofi daban-daban: <ref name=":32" /> * Hyperreflexivity (watau yanayin ingantaccen sanin kai wanda ke haifar da mai da hankali sosai ga hanyoyin tunani na atomatik) * Rashin niyya (watau jagorancin tunani da sani) * Rashin ci gaba na lokaci (watau rasa jin dadin mutum na daidaituwa a duk lokacin) * Rage haɗin kai da iyakokin kai (watau ba sa fuskantar tunani kamar yadda ya fito daga cikin mutum mai ɗorewa) Tsarin sa ido na kai wanda Chris Frith ya gabatar ya yi jayayya cewa schizophrenia ya haɗa da gazawar tsarin sa ido na kwakwalwa (watau tsarin da ke da alhakin saka idanu da hasashen ayyukan tunani na kai). Sakamakon haka, mutane ba su danganta tunanin da suka haifar da kansu ga abubuwan da ke cikin tunanin da aka sanya a waje ba, wanda ke haifar da janyewar tunani, shigar da tunani, da kuma yaudarar iko. Hakazalika, tsarin Bentall na ba da shawarar cewa mutane da ke da rikice-rikice sau da yawa suna gabatar da kuskuren fahimta na rikice-rikicen ɗan lokaci ko ɓarna a cikin tunani, suna danganta shi ga wakilan waje (watau janyewar tunani). Wannan fitarwa yana taimakawa wajen kare girman kai amma yana haifar da imani na ƙarya game da dalilin abubuwan da mutum ya samu. === Ka'idodin Neurobiological === Kapur's aberrant salience hypothesis ya ba da shawarar cewa dysregulated dopamine watsawa yana haifar da wuce gona da iri da ake sanyawa ga abubuwan da suka faru na ciki (misali talakawa a cikin tunani). Lokacin da wannan ya faru, yaudara kamar janyewar tunani yana faruwa don samun ma'anar "ƙwarewar da ta dace". Masu bincike da ke binciken abubuwan da suka faru na yaudara (watau yaudara na sarrafawa, janyewar tunani, watsa shirye-shiryen tunani, shigar da tunani, da karatun tunani) a cikin mutane marasa hankali tare da schizophrenia sun gudanar da bincike kan alamun alamun matakin abu. Binciken ya ba da shawarar alaƙar da ke tsakanin yaudara da wuraren kwakwalwa waɗanda ke tallafawa sarrafa kai da bambance-bambance tsakanin kwarewar ciki da waje. Musamman, hypoperfusion (watau rage yawan jini) a cikin cortex na baya (ACC) da kuma cortex na tsakiya (MPFC) suna taimakawa ga fitowar alamomi kamar janyewar tunani. López-Silva et al. binciken shekaru 20 na tsawon lokaci na mutane da ke fama da schizophrenia da sauran cututtukan kwakwalwa sun bincika juriya da haɗuwa da janyewar tunani, sakawa, da watsa shirye-shirye. Binciken ya nuna cewa janyewar tunani koyaushe ya bayyana tare da alamomi kamar [[Anxiety|damuwa]], hallucinations na magana (AVHs), yaudarar sarrafawa, da rashin mutunci. Wannan ya nuna rikice-rikice masu yawa a cikin sarrafawa na multimodal (watau iyaka tsakanin fahimtar ciki da fahimta ta waje) da kuma wani abu mai girma da ake kira pseudo-coherent delusional realities (watau ƙoƙarin tunani na tilasta daidaituwa akan abubuwan da ba su dace ba na gaskiya). == Gabatarwa da tasirin asibiti == Alamomin da ke tattare da janyewar tunani sun haɗa da: * Ragewar ikon sarrafa kansa akan aikin tunanin mutum * Rashin tunani, wanda aka fi bayyana a waje * Jin yadda ake sarrafawa da saka idanu Abubuwan da aka ambata a sama na iya tasowa ba zato ba tsammani kuma ba tare da son rai ba, don haka yana da matukar damuwa ga aikin yau da kullun. Wannan na iya haifar da janyewar jama'a da Ra'ayi mai ban [[tsoro]], sau da yawa tare da tsoro da damuwa. === Binciken da aka haɗa === * Wani binciken da Malinowski et al. suka yi a shekarar 2020 sun gano cewa kashi 41% na mutanen da ke fama da cutar psychosis ta farko sun ba da rahoton alamun janyewar tunani, suna nuna cewa alama ce mai yawa a farkon cutar psychosus. * Binciken tsawon shekaru 20 da López-Silva et al. suka yi ya nuna cewa ba a yawan bayar da rahoton janyewar tunani ba tare da kasancewar AVHs ba. Wannan binciken ya ba da shawarar ci gaba da tsarin rikice-rikice. == Tattaunawa da iyakoki == Binciken gargajiya ya haɗa duk wani yaudara a ƙarƙashin rukunin "alamu masu kyau" na schizophrenia, yana ɓoye bambance-bambance masu ma'ana. Karfafawa kan tarin alamomi (watau alamomi masu kyau da marasa kyau) sun kasa kama haɗuwa tsakanin alamomi, wanda ke da mahimmanci don fahimta da hasashen ci gaban schizophrenia. Hakazalika, raguwar samfuran fahimta da neurobiological (misali Kapur's aberrant salience hypothesis) ya nuna bukatar bincika janyewar tunani a matsayin alama mai zaman kanta tare da abubuwan tunani, al'adu, da kuma abubuwan da ke tsakanin mutane don bayyana cikakkun bambance-bambance a cikin abubuwan da ke cikin alamun. A kan wannan dalili, masu bincike (misali Jaspers da López-Silva) sun jaddada bukatar bunkasa takamaiman alamomi, tsarin tsayi don rufe manyan gibin a cikin ilimin kimiyyar kwakwalwa da ilimin halayyar kwakwalwa (watau fitowar janyewar tunani, daidaitattun alaƙa tsakanin janyewar tunanin da sauran alamomi / abubuwan da suka faru). Duk da haka, duk da wasu samfuran da ke jaddada janyewar tunani a matsayin babban alama na schizophrenia, wasu suna tambaya game da amincin bincikensa saboda ƙarancinsa a wasu kungiyoyin marasa lafiya. == Manazarta == jh8keyz4cqrn4lspvla26q5qmj3il5a Tom Chadbon 0 162533 889416 2026-07-30T14:53:08Z Kbaliyu 47407 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1366797231|Tom Chadbon]]" 889416 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Thomas Richard Chadbon''' (27 Fabrairu 1946 - Yuli 2026) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Ingila. Ya fito a gidan talabijin na Burtaniya kuma kodayake ya fi zama Mai wasan kwaikwayo, a wasu lokuta yana da matsayi na jagora ko maimaitawa. [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2026]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1946]] d1npideic622ekt8erm64lf7j5dyr0z 889417 889416 2026-07-30T14:53:43Z Kbaliyu 47407 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1366797231|Tom Chadbon]]" 889417 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Thomas Richard Chadbon''' (27 Fabrairu 1946 - Yuli 2026) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Ingila. Ya fito a gidan talabijin na Burtaniya kuma kodayake ya fi zama Mai wasan kwaikwayo, a wasu lokuta yana da matsayi na jagora ko maimaitawa. == Rayuwa da aiki == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2026]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1946]] ggxqvoejipads92nqt9yqk9dsr59jzd 889418 889417 2026-07-30T14:54:31Z Kbaliyu 47407 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1366797231|Tom Chadbon]]" 889418 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Thomas Richard Chadbon''' (27 Fabrairu 1946 - Yuli 2026) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Ingila. Ya fito a gidan talabijin na Burtaniya kuma kodayake ya fi zama Mai wasan kwaikwayo, a wasu lokuta yana da matsayi na jagora ko maimaitawa. == Rayuwa da aiki == An haifi Thomas Richard Chadbon a Luton, Bedfordshire, Ingila a ranar 27 ga Fabrairu 1946, ga Thomas da Josie Chabdon . Ya fito a cikin dukkan abubuwan 10 na Crown Prosecutor (1995), yana wasa da Lenny Monk, kuma yana da matsayi mai yawa a cikin ''Chancer'', The Liver Birds, Where the Heart Is, Wire in the Blood, da kuma jerin 23 na Casualty (a matsayin Farfesa Henry Williams). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Buzaglo |first=Jennie |date=2026-07-29 |title=Doctor Who and James Bond star dies as tributes pour in |url=https://www.express.co.uk/celebrity-news/2233954/tom-chadbon-dead-doctor-who |access-date=2026-07-29 |website=Express.co.uk |language=en}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2026]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1946]] qdaalyekgknrbk9ramb5d3zgdlpweb6 Da ke ƙasa (ƙananan abubuwa) 0 162534 889420 2026-07-30T14:56:43Z Usman m atku 47424 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1365625270|Below (miniseries)]]" 889420 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''''Da ke ƙasa''''' akwai wani labari mai ban mamaki na Kanada mai zuwa wanda Josh Hartnett, Mackenzie Davis, da Charlie Heaton suka fito. An shirya shi don farawa a kan [[Netflix]] a ranar 8 ga Oktoba, 2026. == Farko == 7m817zwcqdsvhlgfa7c3e2x26c3u6yi 889423 889420 2026-07-30T14:57:27Z Usman m atku 47424 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1365625270|Below (miniseries)]]" 889423 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''''Da ke ƙasa''''' akwai wani labari mai ban mamaki na Kanada mai zuwa wanda Josh Hartnett, Mackenzie Davis, da Charlie Heaton suka fito. An shirya shi don farawa a kan [[Netflix]] a ranar 8 ga Oktoba, 2026. == Farko == Lokacin da wani birni mai nisa na Newfoundland ya tsoratar da wani halitta mai ban mamaki na teku, dole ne mai kamun kifi mai cin nama ya yi yaƙi don kare iyalinsa, al'ummarsa, da kuma hanyar rayuwarsa.<ref name="SeriesOrder">{{Cite web |last=White |first=Peter |date=February 27, 2025 |title=Newfoundland Limited Series Set At Netflix From Jesse McKeown |url=https://deadline.com/2025/02/newfoundland-netflix-jesse-mckeown-1236303176/ |access-date=January 26, 2026 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood|Deadline]] |language=en-US}}</ref> dl2he4nkbkjay32s3t7xuup3jo063uo 889425 889423 2026-07-30T14:58:06Z Usman m atku 47424 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1365625270|Below (miniseries)]]" 889425 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''''Da ke ƙasa''''' akwai wani labari mai ban mamaki na Kanada mai zuwa wanda Josh Hartnett, Mackenzie Davis, da Charlie Heaton suka fito. An shirya shi don farawa a kan [[Netflix]] a ranar 8 ga Oktoba, 2026. == Farko == Lokacin da wani birni mai nisa na Newfoundland ya tsoratar da wani halitta mai ban mamaki na teku, dole ne mai kamun kifi mai cin nama ya yi yaƙi don kare iyalinsa, al'ummarsa, da kuma hanyar rayuwarsa.<ref name="SeriesOrder">{{Cite web |last=White |first=Peter |date=February 27, 2025 |title=Newfoundland Limited Series Set At Netflix From Jesse McKeown |url=https://deadline.com/2025/02/newfoundland-netflix-jesse-mckeown-1236303176/ |access-date=January 26, 2026 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood|Deadline]] |language=en-US}}</ref> == Fitarwa == k0dx3tjb9xgbsdg1zjg23ehq00cm5hp 889429 889425 2026-07-30T14:58:22Z Usman m atku 47424 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1365625270|Below (miniseries)]]" 889429 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''''Da ke ƙasa''''' akwai wani labari mai ban mamaki na Kanada mai zuwa wanda Josh Hartnett, Mackenzie Davis, da Charlie Heaton suka fito. An shirya shi don farawa a kan [[Netflix]] a ranar 8 ga Oktoba, 2026. == Farko == Lokacin da wani birni mai nisa na Newfoundland ya tsoratar da wani halitta mai ban mamaki na teku, dole ne mai kamun kifi mai cin nama ya yi yaƙi don kare iyalinsa, al'ummarsa, da kuma hanyar rayuwarsa.<ref name="SeriesOrder">{{Cite web |last=White |first=Peter |date=February 27, 2025 |title=Newfoundland Limited Series Set At Netflix From Jesse McKeown |url=https://deadline.com/2025/02/newfoundland-netflix-jesse-mckeown-1236303176/ |access-date=January 26, 2026 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood|Deadline]] |language=en-US}}</ref> * Josh Hartnett a matsayin Calvin Penney * Mackenzie Davis a matsayin Fonda Howander * Charlie Heaton a matsayin Wade Penney * Natasha Henstridge a matsayin Jan * Joshua Close a matsayin Jami'in Jaxon Noseworthy * Rohan Campbell a matsayin Jay Penney * Willow Kean a matsayin Ruth Penney * Ruby Stokes a matsayin Mary Penney * Kaleb Horn a matsayin Nuhu * Mary Walsh<ref name="EW">{{Cite web |last=Travis |first=Emlyn |date=July 14, 2026 |title=Josh Hartnett and Jesse McKeown tease ‘strange events’ are unfolding in first look at mysterious thriller Below (exclusive) |url=https://ew.com/josh-hartnett-and-jesse-mckeown-tease-strange-events-are-unfolding-in-supernatural-thriller-below-first-look-exclusive-12018489 |access-date=July 14, 2026 |website=[[Entertainment Weekly]]}}</ref> == Fitarwa == ikpaq21ne6raxmrp8dxvh7shprgzth5 889431 889429 2026-07-30T14:58:53Z Usman m atku 47424 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1365625270|Below (miniseries)]]" 889431 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''''Da ke ƙasa''''' akwai wani labari mai ban mamaki na Kanada mai zuwa wanda Josh Hartnett, Mackenzie Davis, da Charlie Heaton suka fito. An shirya shi don farawa a kan [[Netflix]] a ranar 8 ga Oktoba, 2026. == Farko == Lokacin da wani birni mai nisa na Newfoundland ya tsoratar da wani halitta mai ban mamaki na teku, dole ne mai kamun kifi mai cin nama ya yi yaƙi don kare iyalinsa, al'ummarsa, da kuma hanyar rayuwarsa.<ref name="SeriesOrder">{{Cite web |last=White |first=Peter |date=February 27, 2025 |title=Newfoundland Limited Series Set At Netflix From Jesse McKeown |url=https://deadline.com/2025/02/newfoundland-netflix-jesse-mckeown-1236303176/ |access-date=January 26, 2026 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood|Deadline]] |language=en-US}}</ref> * Josh Hartnett a matsayin Calvin Penney * Mackenzie Davis a matsayin Fonda Howander * Charlie Heaton a matsayin Wade Penney * Natasha Henstridge a matsayin Jan * Joshua Close a matsayin Jami'in Jaxon Noseworthy * Rohan Campbell a matsayin Jay Penney * Willow Kean a matsayin Ruth Penney * Ruby Stokes a matsayin Mary Penney * Kaleb Horn a matsayin Nuhu * Mary Walsh<ref name="EW">{{Cite web |last=Travis |first=Emlyn |date=July 14, 2026 |title=Josh Hartnett and Jesse McKeown tease ‘strange events’ are unfolding in first look at mysterious thriller Below (exclusive) |url=https://ew.com/josh-hartnett-and-jesse-mckeown-tease-strange-events-are-unfolding-in-supernatural-thriller-below-first-look-exclusive-12018489 |access-date=July 14, 2026 |website=[[Entertainment Weekly]]}}</ref> == Fitarwa == [[Netflix]] ta ba da umarnin jerin shirye-shirye guda shida a watan Fabrairun 2025, tare da Jesse McKeown yana aiki a matsayin mahalicci, marubuci da mai nunawa. Sauran marubutan jerin sun hada da Karen Walton, Perry Chafe da Natty Zavitz . <ref name="SeriesOrder">{{Cite web |last=White |first=Peter |date=February 27, 2025 |title=Newfoundland Limited Series Set At Netflix From Jesse McKeown |url=https://deadline.com/2025/02/newfoundland-netflix-jesse-mckeown-1236303176/ |access-date=January 26, 2026 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood|Deadline]] |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFWhite2025">White, Peter (February 27, 2025). [https://deadline.com/2025/02/newfoundland-netflix-jesse-mckeown-1236303176/ "Newfoundland Limited Series Set At Netflix From Jesse McKeown"]. ''[[Deadline Hollywood|Deadline]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 26,</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> Jamie Child, Helen Shaver, Stephen Dunn sun yi aiki a matsayin daraktocin jerin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=White |first=Peter |date=May 15, 2025 |title=Newfoundland Limited Series Set At Netflix From Jesse McKeown |url=https://deadline.com/2025/05/netflix-newfoundland-limited-series-directors-1236398952/ |access-date=July 15, 2026 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref> McKeown, Childs, Jessica Rhoades, Chris Hatcher, Louise Sutton, Sharon Hall sun yi aiki a matsayin masu samar da jerin. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2025, an ba da sanarwar cewa an zabi Josh Hartnett don jagorancin jerin, ban da samar da zartarwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Andreeva |first=Nellie |date=May 22, 2025 |title=Josh Hartnett To Headline Netflix’s Newfoundland Limited Series; Jessica Rhoades Joins As EP |url=https://deadline.com/2025/05/josh-hartnett-newfoundland-netflix-limited-series-1236408402/ |access-date=July 15, 2026 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref> A watan Yunin 2025, an jefa Mackenzie Davis a gaban Hartnett.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cordero |first=Rosy |date=June 30, 2025 |title=Mackenzie Davis To Star Opposite Josh Hartnett In Netflix’s Newfoundland Limited Series |url=https://deadline.com/2025/06/mackenzie-davis-cast-netflix-newfoundland-limited-series-1236446263/ |access-date=July 15, 2026 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref> A watan Yulin 2025, Charlie Heaton, Natasha Henstridge, Joshua Close da Rohan Campbell sun shiga aikin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cordero |first=Rosy |date=July 1, 2025 |title=Charlie Heaton Joins Netflix’s Newfoundland Limited Series |url=https://deadline.com/2025/07/charlie-heaton-cast-netflix-newfoundland-limited-series-1236446754/ |access-date=July 15, 2026 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Vlessing |first=Etan |date=July 18, 2025 |title=Natasha Henstridge, Joshua Close Join Josh Hartnett in Netflix Newfoundland Series (Exclusive) |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/natasha-henstridge-joshua-close-netflix-newfoundland-series-1236314185/ |access-date=July 15, 2026 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Campione |first=Katie |date=July 30, 2025 |title=Rohan Campbell Boards Netflix’s Untitled Newfoundland Limited Series |url=https://deadline.com/2025/07/rohan-campbell-cast-netflix-newfoundland-series-1236473691/ |access-date=July 15, 2026 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref> A watan Agustan 2025, Willow Kean, Ruby Stokes da Kaleb Horn sun shiga cikin jerin.<ref name="Filming">{{Cite web |last=Campione |first=Katie |date=August 1, 2025 |title=Netflix’s Untitled Newfoundland Limited Series Adds Kaleb Horn, Ruby Stokes & Willow Kean As Production Begins |url=https://deadline.com/2025/08/netflix-newfoundland-series-cast-start-production-1236475713/ |access-date=January 24, 2026 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref> km00k3aj53yn4hug0090jwg3x3eeijs 889433 889431 2026-07-30T14:59:22Z Usman m atku 47424 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1365625270|Below (miniseries)]]" 889433 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''''Da ke ƙasa''''' akwai wani labari mai ban mamaki na Kanada mai zuwa wanda Josh Hartnett, Mackenzie Davis, da Charlie Heaton suka fito. An shirya shi don farawa a kan [[Netflix]] a ranar 8 ga Oktoba, 2026. == Farko == Lokacin da wani birni mai nisa na Newfoundland ya tsoratar da wani halitta mai ban mamaki na teku, dole ne mai kamun kifi mai cin nama ya yi yaƙi don kare iyalinsa, al'ummarsa, da kuma hanyar rayuwarsa.<ref name="SeriesOrder">{{Cite web |last=White |first=Peter |date=February 27, 2025 |title=Newfoundland Limited Series Set At Netflix From Jesse McKeown |url=https://deadline.com/2025/02/newfoundland-netflix-jesse-mckeown-1236303176/ |access-date=January 26, 2026 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood|Deadline]] |language=en-US}}</ref> * Josh Hartnett a matsayin Calvin Penney * Mackenzie Davis a matsayin Fonda Howander * Charlie Heaton a matsayin Wade Penney * Natasha Henstridge a matsayin Jan * Joshua Close a matsayin Jami'in Jaxon Noseworthy * Rohan Campbell a matsayin Jay Penney * Willow Kean a matsayin Ruth Penney * Ruby Stokes a matsayin Mary Penney * Kaleb Horn a matsayin Nuhu * Mary Walsh<ref name="EW">{{Cite web |last=Travis |first=Emlyn |date=July 14, 2026 |title=Josh Hartnett and Jesse McKeown tease ‘strange events’ are unfolding in first look at mysterious thriller Below (exclusive) |url=https://ew.com/josh-hartnett-and-jesse-mckeown-tease-strange-events-are-unfolding-in-supernatural-thriller-below-first-look-exclusive-12018489 |access-date=July 14, 2026 |website=[[Entertainment Weekly]]}}</ref> == Fitarwa == [[Netflix]] ta ba da umarnin jerin shirye-shirye guda shida a watan Fabrairun 2025, tare da Jesse McKeown yana aiki a matsayin mahalicci, marubuci da mai nunawa. Sauran marubutan jerin sun hada da Karen Walton, Perry Chafe da Natty Zavitz . <ref name="SeriesOrder">{{Cite web |last=White |first=Peter |date=February 27, 2025 |title=Newfoundland Limited Series Set At Netflix From Jesse McKeown |url=https://deadline.com/2025/02/newfoundland-netflix-jesse-mckeown-1236303176/ |access-date=January 26, 2026 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood|Deadline]] |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFWhite2025">White, Peter (February 27, 2025). [https://deadline.com/2025/02/newfoundland-netflix-jesse-mckeown-1236303176/ "Newfoundland Limited Series Set At Netflix From Jesse McKeown"]. ''[[Deadline Hollywood|Deadline]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 26,</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> Jamie Child, Helen Shaver, Stephen Dunn sun yi aiki a matsayin daraktocin jerin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=White |first=Peter |date=May 15, 2025 |title=Newfoundland Limited Series Set At Netflix From Jesse McKeown |url=https://deadline.com/2025/05/netflix-newfoundland-limited-series-directors-1236398952/ |access-date=July 15, 2026 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref> McKeown, Childs, Jessica Rhoades, Chris Hatcher, Louise Sutton, Sharon Hall sun yi aiki a matsayin masu samar da jerin. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2025, an ba da sanarwar cewa an zabi Josh Hartnett don jagorancin jerin, ban da samar da zartarwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Andreeva |first=Nellie |date=May 22, 2025 |title=Josh Hartnett To Headline Netflix’s Newfoundland Limited Series; Jessica Rhoades Joins As EP |url=https://deadline.com/2025/05/josh-hartnett-newfoundland-netflix-limited-series-1236408402/ |access-date=July 15, 2026 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref> A watan Yunin 2025, an jefa Mackenzie Davis a gaban Hartnett.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cordero |first=Rosy |date=June 30, 2025 |title=Mackenzie Davis To Star Opposite Josh Hartnett In Netflix’s Newfoundland Limited Series |url=https://deadline.com/2025/06/mackenzie-davis-cast-netflix-newfoundland-limited-series-1236446263/ |access-date=July 15, 2026 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref> A watan Yulin 2025, Charlie Heaton, Natasha Henstridge, Joshua Close da Rohan Campbell sun shiga aikin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cordero |first=Rosy |date=July 1, 2025 |title=Charlie Heaton Joins Netflix’s Newfoundland Limited Series |url=https://deadline.com/2025/07/charlie-heaton-cast-netflix-newfoundland-limited-series-1236446754/ |access-date=July 15, 2026 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Vlessing |first=Etan |date=July 18, 2025 |title=Natasha Henstridge, Joshua Close Join Josh Hartnett in Netflix Newfoundland Series (Exclusive) |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/natasha-henstridge-joshua-close-netflix-newfoundland-series-1236314185/ |access-date=July 15, 2026 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Campione |first=Katie |date=July 30, 2025 |title=Rohan Campbell Boards Netflix’s Untitled Newfoundland Limited Series |url=https://deadline.com/2025/07/rohan-campbell-cast-netflix-newfoundland-series-1236473691/ |access-date=July 15, 2026 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref> A watan Agustan 2025, Willow Kean, Ruby Stokes da Kaleb Horn sun shiga cikin jerin.<ref name="Filming">{{Cite web |last=Campione |first=Katie |date=August 1, 2025 |title=Netflix’s Untitled Newfoundland Limited Series Adds Kaleb Horn, Ruby Stokes & Willow Kean As Production Begins |url=https://deadline.com/2025/08/netflix-newfoundland-series-cast-start-production-1236475713/ |access-date=January 24, 2026 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref> An fara samar da jerin ne a watan Yunin shekara ta 2025. <ref name="Filming">{{Cite web |last=Campione |first=Katie |date=August 1, 2025 |title=Netflix’s Untitled Newfoundland Limited Series Adds Kaleb Horn, Ruby Stokes & Willow Kean As Production Begins |url=https://deadline.com/2025/08/netflix-newfoundland-series-cast-start-production-1236475713/ |access-date=January 24, 2026 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCampione2025">Campione, Katie (August 1, 2025). [https://deadline.com/2025/08/netflix-newfoundland-series-cast-start-production-1236475713/ "Netflix's Untitled Newfoundland Limited Series Adds Kaleb Horn, Ruby Stokes & Willow Kean As Production Begins"]. ''Deadline''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 24,</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> mhrudkxw6xwe40djtvq4a655ijipn49 889448 889433 2026-07-30T15:08:35Z Usman m atku 47424 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1365625270|Below (miniseries)]]" 889448 wikitext text/x-wiki * {{IMDb title|35934755}} mtpm2zyqss1nkee26ryuv1l3zp7b55p 889449 889448 2026-07-30T15:08:53Z Usman m atku 47424 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1365625270|Below (miniseries)]]" 889449 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  * {{IMDb title|35934755}} 37t1u471rayif1wrff55t1xbagyjyfs 889451 889449 2026-07-30T15:09:43Z Usman m atku 47424 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1365625270|Below (miniseries)]]" 889451 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  * Josh Hartnett a matsayin Calvin Penney * Mackenzie Davis a matsayin Fonda Howander * Charlie Heaton a matsayin Wade Penney * Natasha Henstridge a matsayin Jan * Joshua Close a matsayin Jami'in Jaxon Noseworthy * Rohan Campbell a matsayin Jay Penney * Willow Kean a matsayin Ruth Penney * Ruby Stokes a matsayin Mary Penney * Kaleb Horn a matsayin Nuhu * Mary Walsh<ref name="EW">{{Cite web |last=Travis |first=Emlyn |date=July 14, 2026 |title=Josh Hartnett and Jesse McKeown tease ‘strange events’ are unfolding in first look at mysterious thriller Below (exclusive) |url=https://ew.com/josh-hartnett-and-jesse-mckeown-tease-strange-events-are-unfolding-in-supernatural-thriller-below-first-look-exclusive-12018489 |access-date=July 14, 2026 |website=[[Entertainment Weekly]]}}</ref> * {{IMDb title|35934755}} fqvthhehv1klv1dvwbxrmv450733dpe Emma V. Day 0 162535 889426 2026-07-30T14:58:11Z Nasiru Uamr 47411 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359223696|Emma V. Day]]" 889426 wikitext text/x-wiki   Emma V. Day (née, Winegarden; 10 ga Yuni, 1853 - 10 ga Agusta, 1895) ta kasance Kirista mai wa'azi a ƙasashen waje na Amurka. A shekara ta 1874, ta auri David A. Day na Ofishin Jakadancin Lutheran na Afirka don Babban Synod na Bishara na Amurka. A lokacin da aka kafa gidansu a Ofishin Jakadancin Muhlenberg a Laberiya, Afirka, ta dauki kanta ta horar da yara. Biyu daga cikin 'ya'yan ranar an haife su ne a Afirka. A shekara ta 1894, lafiyarta ta ragu kuma ta koma Amurka inda ta mutu a shekara ta 1895, kusa da Lewisburg, Pennsylvania . <ref name="Lutheranhistoricalsociety">{{Cite web |date=16 January 2017 |title=Rev. David A Day and Emily (Emma) Day Gravesite |url=https://www.lutheranhistoricalsociety.com/historic-site-recognition/rev-david-a-day-and-emily-emma-day-gravesite/ |access-date=4 June 2022 |website=lutheranhistoricalsociety.com |publisher=Lutheran Historical Society of the Mid Atlantic}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Emily ([[Sunayen Ranaku|sunan lakabi]], "Emma") Virginia Winegarden <ref name="Lutheranhistoricalsociety">{{Cite web |date=16 January 2017 |title=Rev. David A Day and Emily (Emma) Day Gravesite |url=https://www.lutheranhistoricalsociety.com/historic-site-recognition/rev-david-a-day-and-emily-emma-day-gravesite/ |access-date=4 June 2022 |website=lutheranhistoricalsociety.com |publisher=Lutheran Historical Society of the Mid Atlantic}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.lutheranhistoricalsociety.com/historic-site-recognition/rev-david-a-day-and-emily-emma-day-gravesite/ "Rev. David A Day and Emily (Emma) Day Gravesite"]. ''lutheranhistoricalsociety.com''. Lutheran Historical Society of the Mid Atlantic. 16 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> a ranar 10 ga Yuni, 1853, a Philadelphia. Mahaifiyarta ta mutu lokacin da take jariri, kuma wata kawunta ce ta ɗauke ta. Lokacin da take ƙarama ta zama memba mai aiki a Cocin Episcopal na Methodist . <ref name="Gracey-1898" /> == Ayyuka == A cikin bazara 1874, Day ta auri David A. Day, na Ofishin Jakadancin Lutheran zuwa Afirka, sannan ta sauya membobinta zuwa Cocin Lutheran na Bishara. [[Fayil:Muhlenberg_Mission_(Missionary_heroes_of_the_Lutheran_church,_1911).png|thumb|Ofishin Jakadancin Muhlenberg]] Nan da nan bayan aurensu, sun tashi daga [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]] zuwa [[Laberiya]]. Rayuwarta daga baya an haɗa ta da ci gaban Muhlenberg Mission da ke da alaƙa da Cocin Lutheran. Shekaru 21, ta yi aiki don horar da 'yan mata a cikin ayyuka kamar yin tufafi. Ta yi magana game da mutanen Laberiya a matsayin "mutane", tana sa ran ba da rayuwarta ga jin daɗin su. [[Fayil:Mrs._Day's_Sunday-School_Class_at_the_Muhlenberg_Mission_(The_Missionary_Review_of_the_World,_1898).png|thumb|Emma Day ta Sunday-School aji a Muhlenberg Mission]] An haifi yara uku ga Days. Biyu daga cikinsu, Gilbert (d. 1877) da Florence (d. 1868) <ref name="Lutheranhistoricalsociety">{{Cite web |date=16 January 2017 |title=Rev. David A Day and Emily (Emma) Day Gravesite |url=https://www.lutheranhistoricalsociety.com/historic-site-recognition/rev-david-a-day-and-emily-emma-day-gravesite/ |access-date=4 June 2022 |website=lutheranhistoricalsociety.com |publisher=Lutheran Historical Society of the Mid Atlantic}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.lutheranhistoricalsociety.com/historic-site-recognition/rev-david-a-day-and-emily-emma-day-gravesite/ "Rev. David A Day and Emily (Emma) Day Gravesite"]. ''lutheranhistoricalsociety.com''. Lutheran Historical Society of the Mid Atlantic. 16 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> an haife su, sun mutu, kuma an binne su a aikin. Na uku, Leila (d. 1890) <ref name="Lutheranhistoricalsociety" /> an haife ta ne a Amurka yayin da Day ke hutu. Ta dawo tare da Day zuwa Laberiya tana da shekaru takwas, amma ta mutu cikin shekara guda kuma an binne ta kusa da sauran yara biyu. A lokacin aikinta na mishan, Day ta haye Tekun Atlantika sau biyar. The Days ya koma Amurka a kan hutu a 1879 da kuma a 1883. <ref name="Lutheranhistoricalsociety">{{Cite web |date=16 January 2017 |title=Rev. David A Day and Emily (Emma) Day Gravesite |url=https://www.lutheranhistoricalsociety.com/historic-site-recognition/rev-david-a-day-and-emily-emma-day-gravesite/ |access-date=4 June 2022 |website=lutheranhistoricalsociety.com |publisher=Lutheran Historical Society of the Mid Atlantic}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.lutheranhistoricalsociety.com/historic-site-recognition/rev-david-a-day-and-emily-emma-day-gravesite/ "Rev. David A Day and Emily (Emma) Day Gravesite"]. ''lutheranhistoricalsociety.com''. Lutheran Historical Society of the Mid Atlantic. 16 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> == Mutuwa da gado == A shekara ta 1894, Day ya koma Amurka shi kaɗai don murmurewa daga rashin lafiya. Mijinta ya bi matarsa zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa, dukansu sun yi imanin cewa ba za su sake ganin juna ba. Wasikar ta ƙarshe ga mijinta, jim kadan kafin mutuwarta, ta nuna tsoron cewa yana iya so ya dawo gida a kan asusun ta. Ta rubuta, "Kada ku dawo gida; ku zauna inda kuke; Afirka tana bukatar ku fiye da ni". Day, a lokacin da ta dawo Amurka daga Afirka, ba ta da gida na dindindin.<ref name="TheLutheranObserver-1904">{{Cite journal |last=Dimm |first=J. R. |date=30 December 1904 |title=AN ERROR CORRECTED |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P2dUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PT35 |journal=The Lutheran Observer |language=en |publisher=B. Kurtz |volume=72 |page=6 |access-date=4 June 2022}}</ref> Ta mutu a gidan dangi, <ref name="TheLutheranObserver-1904" /> kusa da Lewisburg, Pennsylvania, a ranar 10 ga watan Agusta, 1895. <ref name="Lutheranhistoricalsociety">{{Cite web |date=16 January 2017 |title=Rev. David A Day and Emily (Emma) Day Gravesite |url=https://www.lutheranhistoricalsociety.com/historic-site-recognition/rev-david-a-day-and-emily-emma-day-gravesite/ |access-date=4 June 2022 |website=lutheranhistoricalsociety.com |publisher=Lutheran Historical Society of the Mid Atlantic}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.lutheranhistoricalsociety.com/historic-site-recognition/rev-david-a-day-and-emily-emma-day-gravesite/ "Rev. David A Day and Emily (Emma) Day Gravesite"]. ''lutheranhistoricalsociety.com''. Lutheran Historical Society of the Mid Atlantic. 16 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref>{{Efn|According to Logan (1912), Emma's date of death was August 10, 1894.<ref name="Logan-1912" />}} Dalilin mutuwarta shine cinyewa, wanda zazzabin Afirka ya kawo. An binne ranar a cikin kabari da aka aro. An binne ta ne a karkashin kulawar Dokta Stall, a Mifflinburg, Pennsylvania . Daga baya, mijinta ya nemi a tono jikinta kuma a binne ta a makabartar a Selinsgrove, Pennsylvania, wanda ya faru a ranar 25 ga Nuwamba, 1896. <ref name="TheLutheranObserver-1904">{{Cite journal |last=Dimm |first=J. R. |date=30 December 1904 |title=AN ERROR CORRECTED |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P2dUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PT35 |journal=The Lutheran Observer |language=en |publisher=B. Kurtz |volume=72 |page=6 |access-date=4 June 2022}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFDimm1904">Dimm, J. R. (30 December 1904). [https://books.google.com/books?id=P2dUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PT35 "AN ERROR CORRECTED"]. ''The Lutheran Observer''. '''72'''. B. Kurtz: 6<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Rubutun da ta raba tare da mijinta ya karanta a wani bangare: - <ref name="TheLutheranObserver-1904" /> {{Blockquote|text="Africa weeps."<br>Emma V. Day, wife of Rev. David A. Day, D. D.<br>Born June 10, 1853 - Died August 10, 1895,<br>Aged 42 years and 8 months.}} Asusun Tunawa da Ranar Emma, don kafa asibiti, da kuma Asusun Makarantar Masana'antu ta Emma V, don ilimin 'yan mata na Afirka don aikin mishan, ana sanya musu suna. A shekara ta 1898, an kara ginin asibiti a "The Emma V. Day Memorial Industrial School for Girls". == Bayani == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Notelist}} == Bayanan da aka ambata == ooc1e0msp2sa7ebppwl3cogym3nnw16 Enlil-bani 0 162536 889427 2026-07-30T14:58:11Z Lawal Ya'u Saulawa 47405 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1366608941|Enlil-bani]]" 889427 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Enlil-bani''' (; ya mutu {{Circa}} 1836 BC) shi ne sarki na 10 na Daular [[Isin]] ta 1 kuma ya yi sarauta shekaru 24 bisa ga ''Jerin sarakunan Ur-Isin'' . An fi saninsa da almara kuma watakila hanyar apocryphal na hauhawarsa: labari ya yi iƙirarin cewa shi mai lambu ne wanda Erra-imitti ya zaba don "mazaunin al'adar sarki" don mulki a lokacin mugunta kafin a miƙa shi hadaya. Lokacin da Erra-imitti ya mutu ba zato ba tsammani, Enlil-bani ya kasance a kan kursiyin kuma ya ci gaba da mulki na shekaru da yawa. Wani Ikūn-pî-Ištar an rubuta shi kamar yadda ya yi mulki na watanni 6 ko shekara guda, tsakanin mulkin Erra-imitti da Enlil-bani bisa ga nau'ikan nau'ikan tarihin guda biyu.<ref name="glassner">{{Cite book|last3=Jean-Jacques Glassner}} Glassner’s manuscript’s C and D.</ref> Wani tarihin wanda zai iya ba da ƙarin haske game da asalinsa ya karye sosai don fassara. Wani dogon rubutu ya ce: {{Blockquote|In Nippur I established justice, and promoted righteousness. I sought out nourishment for them like sheep, and fed them with fresh grass. I removed the heavy yoke from their necks and settled them down in a firm place. Having established justice in [[Nippur]] and made their hearts content, I established justice and righteousness in Isin and made the heart of the land content. I reduced the barley-tax, which had been at one-fifth, to one-tenth. The muškēnum<ref group=nb>The muškēnum were a class between freemen and slaves.</ref> served only four days in the month. The livestock of the palace had grazed on the fields of&nbsp;... who had cried out with the appeal, "O [[Shamash|Šamaš]]" - I turned the palace livestock out of their ploughed fields and banished those people's cries of "O Šamaš".<ref>{{ cite book | title = Early Mesopotamia: society and economy at the dawn of history | url = https://archive.org/details/earlymesopotamia00post | url-access = registration | author = J. N. Postgate | publisher = Routledge | year = 1994 | page = [https://archive.org/details/earlymesopotamia00post/page/239 239] }}</ref>|Enlil-bāni Inscription|CBS 13909<ref group=i>CBS 13909 in the University Museum, Philadelphia.</ref>}} Hegemony a kan Nippur ya kasance na ɗan lokaci, tare da iko da birnin yana wucewa tsakanin Isin da Larsa sau da yawa. Uruk, ma, ya rabu a lokacin mulkinsa kuma, yayin da ikonsa ya rushe, yana iya yin ''Tarihin Sarakuna na Farko'' don samar da labari mai ban mamaki game da hauhawarsa fiye da aikin duniya na mamayewa wanda zai iya kasancewa.<ref name="glassner">{{Cite book|last3=Jean-Jacques Glassner}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFJean-Jacques_Glassner2005">[[Jean-Jacques Glassner]] (2005). ''Mesopotamian Chronicles''. SBL. pp.&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">107–</span>108, 154.</cite> Glassner’s manuscript’s C and D.</ref> Ya ba da labarin cewa Erra-Imittī ya zaɓi mai kula da lambunsa, Enlil-bâni, ya ɗora shi a kan kursiyin, kuma ya sanya tiara ta sarauta a kansa a matsayin wani ɓangare na "al'adar maye gurbin sarki" - a lokacin mummunar alama, kamar hasken rana, sarakuna za su ɗan yi watsi da kursiyin kafin su dawo kuma su kashe sarki mai maye gurbin. Amma bisa ga labarin, Erra-Imittī ya mutu yayin da yake cin abinci mai zafi kafin ya dawo da kursiyin, kuma Enlil-bâni ya ki ya sauka.<ref>{{Cite book|last3=Simo Parpola}}</ref> q5slnay4ml1i9ulzu70zc676ixs88pz 889430 889427 2026-07-30T14:58:28Z Ismail maisaida kbai 47408 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1366608941|Enlil-bani]]" 889430 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Enlil-bani''' (; ya mutu {{Circa}} 1836 BC) shi ne sarki na 10 na Daular Isin ta 1 kuma ya yi sarauta shekaru 24 bisa ga ''Jerin sarakunan Ur-Isin'' . An fi saninsa da almara kuma watakila hanyar apocryphal na hauhawarsa: labari ya yi iƙirarin cewa shi mai lambu ne wanda Erra-imitti ya zaba don "mazaunin al'adar sarki" don mulki a lokacin mugunta kafin a miƙa shi hadaya. Lokacin da Erra-imitti ya mutu ba zato ba tsammani, Enlil-bani ya kasance a kan kursiyin kuma ya ci gaba da mulki na shekaru da yawa. sdykkqccqft0ai8nny0to2hwjq0bthz 889445 889430 2026-07-30T15:06:42Z Ismail maisaida kbai 47408 karamin gyara 889445 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Enlil-bani''' (; ya mutu {{Circa}} 1836 BC) shi ne sarki na 10 na Daular Isin ta 1 kuma ya yi sarauta shekaru 24 bisa ga ''Jerin sarakunan Ur-Isin'' . An fi saninsa da almara kuma watakila hanyar apocryphal na hauhawarsa: labari ya yi iƙirarin cewa shi mai lambu ne wanda Erra-imitti ya zaba don "mazaunin al'adar sarki" don mulki a lokacin mugunta kafin a miƙa shi hadaya. Lokacin da Erra-imitti ya mutu ba zato ba tsammani, Enlil-bani ya kasance a kan kursiyin kuma ya ci gaba da mulki na shekaru da yawa. == Manazarta == kqihv5dwz6hf9036vaiipsdcm3618oc 889447 889445 2026-07-30T15:08:18Z Ismail maisaida kbai 47408 saka madogara 889447 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Enlil-bani''' (; ya mutu {{Circa}} 1836 BC) shi ne sarki na 10 na Daular Isin ta 1 kuma ya yi sarauta shekaru 24 bisa ga ''Jerin sarakunan Ur-Isin'' . An fi saninsa da almara kuma watakila hanyar apocryphal na hauhawarsa: labari ya yi iƙirarin cewa shi mai lambu ne wanda Erra-imitti ya zaba don "mazaunin al'adar sarki" don mulki a lokacin mugunta kafin a miƙa shi hadaya. Lokacin da Erra-imitti ya mutu ba zato ba tsammani, Enlil-bani ya kasance a kan kursiyin kuma ya ci gaba da mulki na shekaru da yawa.<ref>Glassner’s manuscript’s C and D.</ref> == Manazarta == 6s3oaoc9qdw307f1tw5dcpasyoooq7w 889452 889447 2026-07-30T15:09:47Z Ismail maisaida kbai 47408 889452 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Enlil-bani''' (; ya mutu {{Circa}} 1836 BC) shi ne sarki na 10 na Daular Isin ta 1 kuma ya yi sarauta shekaru 24 bisa ga ''Jerin sarakunan Ur-Isin'' . An fi saninsa da almara kuma watakila hanyar apocryphal na hauhawarsa: labari ya yi iƙirarin cewa shi mai lambu ne wanda Erra-imitti ya zaba don "mazaunin al'adar sarki" don mulki a lokacin mugunta kafin a miƙa shi hadaya. Lokacin da Erra-imitti ya mutu ba zato ba tsammani, Enlil-bani ya kasance a kan kursiyin kuma ya ci gaba da mulki na shekaru da yawa.<ref>Glassner’s manuscript’s C and D.</ref><ref>J. N. Postgate (1994). ''Early Mesopotamia: society and economy at the dawn of history''. Routledge. p.&#x20;239</ref> == Manazarta == a9xwxo5ujdnmy1qf5otmhv5xduzakkb Mansour El Souwaim 0 162537 889428 2026-07-30T14:58:19Z Ibkt 10164 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1301294462|Mansour El Souwaim]]" 889428 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mansour El Souwaim''' (Arabic, an haife shi a shekara ta 1970 a [[Sudan]]" id="mwCg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Nyala, Sudan">Nyala, Sudan) marubuci ne kuma ɗan jarida na Sudan. Ya wallafa litattafai da gajerun labaru. An gayyace shi ya shiga IPAF Nadwa na farko (tallerar marubutan Larabawa) da kuma aikin marubutan matasa Larabawa na Beirut39, kuma ya sami karbuwa ta duniya ta hanyar fassarar litattafansa zuwa Turanci da Faransanci. == Tarihin rayuwa == An haifi El Souwaim a Nyala a kudancin Darfur, kuma yana zaune da aiki a babban birnin Sudan [[Khartoum]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-04-12 |title=Nadwa : Arabic Fiction |url=http://www.arabicfiction.org/nadwa/2009/authors.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110412061110/http://www.arabicfiction.org/nadwa/2009/authors.html |archive-date=2011-04-12 |access-date=2022-05-03}}</ref> Ya fara rubutu a 1990 kuma an fara buga shi a 1995. Har zuwa 2021, ya fitar da litattafai biyar da tarin gajerun labaru guda biyu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-25 |title=Writers Select: New and Inventive Voices in Sudanese Literature |url=https://arablit.org/writers-select-sudan/ |access-date=2022-05-03 |website=ARABLIT & ARABLIT QUARTERLY |language=en-US}}</ref> Littafinsa na farko an kira shi ''Tukhoum Ar-Ramad'' (Boundaries of Ash) kuma an fassara shi zuwa Turanci a cikin 2012. Littafinsa na biyu, mai taken ''Dhakirat Shirrir'' (Memoirs of a Villain), ya sami lambar yabo ta Tayeb Salih don Rubuce-rubuce, mai suna bayan sanannen marubucin Sudan, a cikin 2005. An buga shi a Faransanci a cikin 2021 kuma ya sami kyakkyawan bita a cikin sashin wallafe-wallafen jaridar Le Monde . A shekara ta 2009, an gayyaci El Souwaim ne daga taron IPAF Nadwa (Wanijirce-Wanijirke na Marubutan Larabawa). A shekara ta 2010, ya kasance daya daga cikin Beirut39, ƙungiyar marubuta Larabawa 39 a ƙarƙashin shekaru 40, waɗanda aka zaba ta hanyar gasa da mujallar Banipal da Hay Festival suka shirya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Beirut39 |date=2010-03-23 |title=Beirut39: Writings from Sudan: An Interview with Mansour El Souwaim |url=http://beirut39.blogspot.com/2010/03/writings-from-sudan-interview-with.html |access-date=2020-08-27 |website=Beirut39}}</ref> A cikin 2011, El Souwaim ya sami tallafi daga Asusun Larabawa don Fasaha da Al'adu (AFAC) don aikinsa na gaba, wani labari mai suna The Last Sultan . <ref>{{Cite web |title=AFAC - Grantees |url=https://www.arabculturefund.org/Grantees/742 |access-date=2020-08-27 |website=www.arabculturefund.org}}</ref> A cikin 2023, an ba shi lambar yabo ta Tayeb Salih ta biyu ta kasa da kasa don rubuce-rubuce masu kirkiro don littafinsa ''Blue Algae'' . <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 February 2023 |title=Organizers Announce 2023 Winners of the Tayeb Salih International Award for Creative Writing |url=https://arablit.org/2023/02/15/organizers-announce-2023-winners-of-the-tayeb-salih-international-award-for-creative-writing/}}</ref> == Ayyuka a cikin Larabci da fassara == * ''Tukhoum Ar-Ramad'' (Boundaries of Ash), 1995, fassarar Turanci 2012 * ''Dhakirat Shirrir (Memories of a Bad Boy), 2005'' fassarar Faransanci: Tunawa da yaro daga tituna. 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Souvenirs d'un enfant des rues - Mansour El Souwaim |url=https://www.babelio.com/livres/El-Souwaim-Souvenirs-dun-enfant-des-rues/222467 |access-date=2020-08-27 |website=Babelio |language=fr}}</ref> {{ISBN|978-2752905123|}} * ''Ashbāḥ Faransāwī (Aljanu na Faransanci),'' 2014 * ''Ākhir al-salāṭīn: ḥurūb al-sulṭān ʻAlī Dīnār ʻalá tukhūm madāfin al-salâṭīn'', (''Rashin Sultans: Yaƙe-yaƙe na Sultan [[Ali Dinar]] a kan iyakokin Kabarin Sultans'') 2016 * ''<nowiki/>'Arabat al-amwāt'' (''Karusar Matattu),''), 2016 * ''Kānat, wa kān, wa kānat al ukhrā'' (Ta kasance, shi ne, ɗayan kuma), gajerun labaru, 2021 [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1970]] q7fq1qwxmlym3lzgsivrp5vlfucjgxo Kofin ASEAN na FIFA 0 162538 889435 2026-07-30T15:01:23Z Aliyuk 47423 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1366793420|FIFA ASEAN Cup]]" 889435 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kofin ASEAN na [[FIFA]]''' gasar [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kwallon kafa]] ce ta kasa da kasa da FIFA ta ba da izini ga kungiyoyin kwallon kafa na maza na Kudu maso gabashin Asiya. == Tarihi == Shugaban FIFA [[Gianni Infantino]] ya sanar da ƙaddamar da Kofin ASEAN na FIFA a ranar 26 ga Oktoba 2025, biyo bayan sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar yarjejeniya a taron koli na 47 na ASEAN . <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 October 2025 |title=FIFA ASEAN Cup announced as new Memorandum of Understanding is signed in Kuala Lumpur |url=https://inside.fifa.com/organisation/media-releases/fifa-asean-cup-announced-new-memorandum-of-understanding-signed-kuala-lumpur |access-date=26 October 2025 |website=FIFA.com |publisher=Fédération Internationale de Football Association}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 October 2025 |title=Fifa announces new Asean tournament, but provides no details |url=https://malaysia.news.yahoo.com/fifa-announces-asean-tournament-provides-093518963.html |access-date=27 October 2025 |website=Twentytwo13 |via=Yahoo News}}{{Dead link|date=July 2026}}</ref> Firayim Ministan Malaysia [[Anwar Ibrahim]] ne ya ga bikin a [[Kuala Lumpur]]. FIFA ce ta fara, Ƙungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta ASEAN (AFF) kafin sanarwar ba ta san wani shiri na gasar maza ta Kudu maso gabashin Asiya ta biyu ba. AFF ta shirya gasar zakarun ASEAN tun daga shekara ta 1996, kuma an dauke ta a matsayin babbar gasar kwallon kafa ta maza na kudu maso gabashin Asiya. Koyaya, galibi ana gudanar da su a waje da taga na kasa da kasa na FIFA, don haka ba a tilasta wa kungiyoyi su saki 'yan wasan su don Gasar Cin Kofin ASEAN ba. Shirin Kofin ASEAN na FIFA ya biyo bayan Kofin Larabawa na FIFA, gasar FIFA ga kungiyoyi a yankin Yammacin Asiya da Arewacin Afirka. == Tsarin == A cikin kowane rukuni, wanda ya lashe kowane rukuni zai cancanci zuwa wasan karshe don tantance zakarun.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Regulations for the FIFA ASEAN Cup™ |url=https://digitalhub.fifa.com/asset/2ab115b9-835d-4622-847a-8ae070c3aeac/Regulations-for-the-FIFA-ASEAN-Cup-2026.pdf?fbclid=PAZXh0bgNhZW0CMTEAc3J0YwZhcHBfaWQPNTY3MDY3MzQzMzUyNDI3AAGnTYJYY02Rm0nyy1FjCrey8J9M3WlOCu5ssgw4TUfxdhAqydJEGPr8-LUdP7A_aem_MQtQx55dZBP67NZU-n95tg |website=FIFA}}</ref> q6zb691a8adiotvpjz2iwhz52pl01k3 Suneil Anand 0 162539 889439 2026-07-30T15:02:17Z Sayeson29 47409 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1366797358|Suneil Anand]]" 889439 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>An haifi Suneil Anand a ranar 30 ga Yuni 1956, a Zurich, Switzerland, yayin da iyayensa ke kan hanyarsu ta halarci bikin fina-finai na Karlovy Vary, inda shi ne mafi ƙanƙanta. Yana da digiri a harkokin kasuwanci daga Jami'ar Amurka, Washington, DC . <ref name="IndiaExpress.Com">{{Cite web |title=Suneil Anand makes India's first martial arts movie : Bollywood News : IndiaExpress.Com |url=http://www.apunkachoice.com/scoop/bollywood/20010205-0.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100929135422/http://www.apunkachoice.com/scoop/bollywood/20010205-0.html |archive-date=29 September 2010 |access-date=2008-07-16}}</ref> Kakansa sune Chetan Anand da Vijay Anand . 'Yan uwansa sune darektan fina-finai na Indiya Ketan Anand, Vivek Anand, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Indiya kuma mai shirya fina-fakkaatu Shekhar Kapoor, Neelu, da Aruna . Neelu ta auri ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Navin Nischol, yayin da Aruna ta auri Parikshit Sahni, ɗan Balraj Sahni . [[Fayil:Sunil_Anand_son_of_late_Shri_Dev_Anand_being_felicitated_at_the_43rd_International_Film_Festival_of_India_(IFFI-2012),_in_Panaji,_Goa_on_November_23,_2012.jpg|right|thumb|250x250px|Suneil Anand (dama), IFFI (2012) ]] Ayyukansa na farko na darektan, Master, fim din martial arts, an sake shi a shekara ta 2001. A shekara ta 2014 ya fara aiki a fim din Hollywood, Vagator Mixer . <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 September 2012 |title=Suneil Anand announces Navketan Films' next |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-suneil-anand-announces-navketan-films-next-1745192 |website=DNA India}}</ref> Anand ya mutu daga ciwon zuciya a London, a ranar 26 ga Yuli 2026, yana da shekaru 70. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-07-28 |title=Dev Anand’s son Suneil Anand Death: देव आनंद यांचे पुत्र अभिनेते सुनील आनंद यांचं निधन; लंडनमध्ये घेतला अखेरचा श्वास |url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/bollywood/dev-anand-son-actor-sunil-anand-passed-away-took-his-last-breath-in-a-hospital-in-london-a-a998/ |access-date=2026-07-28 |website=[[Lokmat]] |language=mr}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2026]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1956]] 382d097mdovi6pqyui2p18lw7p0b053 Cush (Bible) 0 162540 889440 2026-07-30T15:03:05Z Activist Nasir Abubakar 47404 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1338103728|Cush (Bible)]]" 889440 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Cush''' ko '''Kush''' (/kʊʃ, kʌʃ/ Ibrananci: כוּשׁ ''Kūš''; Ge'ez: ኩሽ), bisa ga Littafi Mai-Tsarki na Ibrananci, shi ne ɗan fari na Ham kuma jikan [[Nuhu]]. Shi ɗan'uwan Mizrahi ne, Phut, da Kan'ana. Cush shi ne mahaifin Nimrod da Havilah . A al'adance ana ɗaukar Cush a matsayin kakannin "''Jan.'' of Cush", wani tsohuwar yankin da aka ce yana kudu da Masar a kusa da kogin [[Gihon]] (Farawa 2:13). An gano Cush a cikin Littafi Mai-Tsarki tare da Masarautar Kush ko tsohuwar Aethiopia . Harshen Cushitic kuma ana kiransu bayan Cush.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lamberti |first=Marcello |date=1991 |title=Cushitic and Its Classifications |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40463677 |journal=Anthropos |volume=86 |issue=4/6 |pages=552–61 |issn=0257-9774}}</ref> == Bayyanawa == Cush sunan Ibrananci ne wanda mai yiwuwa ya samo asali ne daga ''Kashi'', sunan Masar na [[Upper Nubia]] kuma daga baya na mulkin Nubian a Napata, wanda aka sani da Mulkin Kush . A madadin sunan Littafi Mai-Tsarki na iya zama fassarar ƙarya na birnin [[Mesopotamia|Mesopotamiya]] na Kish . == MANAZARTA == 5fmpmzrrgkdd7lg295noynb16u488wc Kashe Michelle Marie Newton 0 162541 889441 2026-07-30T15:03:29Z Summy Akey 47429 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1366601554|Kidnapping of Michelle Marie Newton]]" 889441 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Michelle Marie Newton''' (an haife ta a ranar 5 ga Oktoba, 1979) mace ce ta Amurka wacce mahaifiyarta ta sace tun tana yarinya, tare da duka biyun sun ɓace shekaru 42. Mahaifiyarta, Debra Newton, hukumomi ne suka kama ta a ranar 24 ga Nuwamba, 2025, a Marion County, Florida, biyo bayan wani laifi na Crime Stoppers. Michelle, wacce a wannan lokacin hukumomin tilasta bin doka suka gano ta, sai aka sanar da ita ainihin asalinta kuma tun daga lokacin ta sake haduwa da mahaifinta, Joseph Newton. [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1979]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 0fvl2p4wllatzf5dscvchyylu7f4t4h 889442 889441 2026-07-30T15:03:42Z Summy Akey 47429 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1366601554|Kidnapping of Michelle Marie Newton]]" 889442 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Michelle Marie Newton''' (an haife ta a ranar 5 ga Oktoba, 1979) mace ce ta Amurka wacce mahaifiyarta ta sace tun tana yarinya, tare da duka biyun sun ɓace shekaru 42. Mahaifiyarta, Debra Newton, hukumomi ne suka kama ta a ranar 24 ga Nuwamba, 2025, a Marion County, Florida, biyo bayan wani laifi na Crime Stoppers. Michelle, wacce a wannan lokacin hukumomin tilasta bin doka suka gano ta, sai aka sanar da ita ainihin asalinta kuma tun daga lokacin ta sake haduwa da mahaifinta, Joseph Newton. == Satar da bincike == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1979]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] f1ooitnhs60691qo6vwvblu9fhq3p07 889443 889442 2026-07-30T15:03:55Z Summy Akey 47429 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1366601554|Kidnapping of Michelle Marie Newton]]" 889443 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Michelle Marie Newton''' (an haife ta a ranar 5 ga Oktoba, 1979) mace ce ta Amurka wacce mahaifiyarta ta sace tun tana yarinya, tare da duka biyun sun ɓace shekaru 42. Mahaifiyarta, Debra Newton, hukumomi ne suka kama ta a ranar 24 ga Nuwamba, 2025, a Marion County, Florida, biyo bayan wani laifi na Crime Stoppers. Michelle, wacce a wannan lokacin hukumomin tilasta bin doka suka gano ta, sai aka sanar da ita ainihin asalinta kuma tun daga lokacin ta sake haduwa da mahaifinta, Joseph Newton. == Satar da bincike == An haifi Newton a ranar 5 ga Oktoba, 1979, ga Joseph da Debra Newton a Louisville, Kentucky . <ref name="TampaFreePress">{{Cite web |last=Hernandez |first=Maria |date=December 17, 2025 |title=Taken From Kentucky, Found In Florida: Abducted Toddler Discovered Alive 42 Years Later |url=https://www.tampafp.com/taken-from-kentucky-found-in-florida-abducted-toddler-discovered-alive-42-years-later/ |access-date=December 20, 2025 |publisher=Tampa Free Press}}</ref> A cikin bazara na shekara ta 1983, lokacin da Newton ke da shekaru 3, Debra ta gaya wa Joseph cewa tana so ta koma [[Georgia (Tarayyar Amurka)|Georgia]] a karkashin uzuri na "ta sami aiki" a can. Joseph ya amince ya koma can, amma a ranar 2 ga Afrilu, 1983, Debra ya tafi Georgia tare da Newton a karkashin uzuri na "shirya gidan iyali" a can.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Perez |first=Kate |last2=Johnson |first2=Marina |last3=Neal |first3=Caroline |title=A Kentucky child missing since 1983 was found alive. What happened? |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/crime/2025/12/17/missing-kentucky-child-michelle-newton-found-alive/87814031007/ |access-date=2025-12-27 |website=USA TODAY |language=en-US}}</ref> Lokacin da Joseph ya bi su zuwa Georgia makonni da yawa bayan haka, sun riga sun ɓace, kuma ba za a iya samun su ba har tsawon shekaru 42 masu zuwa. <ref name="TampaFreePress" /> <ref name="People">{{Cite web |last=Baker |first=KC |date=December 18, 2025 |title=Abducted in 1983, She Lived Under a New Identity: Inside the Moment Police Told Her Who She Really Was |url=https://people.com/abducted-1983-michelle-newton-inside-moment-police-found-her-11872295 |access-date=December 20, 2025 |publisher=People.com}}</ref><ref name="CNN">{{Cite web |last=Bishop |first=Sydney |date=December 14, 2025 |title=After more than 40 years, a woman is reunited with her Kentucky family after allegedly being abducted by her mother |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2025/12/13/us/kentucky-cold-case-solved-michelle-newton |access-date=December 20, 2025 |publisher=CNN.com}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1979]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] a1la3gjmtp5x5swtb9eqdvf87a4fqz9 Diamante Crispino 0 162542 889453 2026-07-30T15:09:48Z Faida Salihu 47415 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1365588791|Diamante Crispino]]" 889453 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Diamante Crispino''' (an haife shi a ranar 5 ga watan Satumbar shekara ta 1994) tsohon dan wasan [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kwallon kafa]] ne na Italiya. == Ayyukan kulob din == Ya fara buga wasan Jerin C na Como a ranar 22 ga watan Disamba 2013 a wasan da ya yi da Pavia . <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Game Report by Soccerway |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2013/12/22/italy/serie-c1/ac-pavia/calcio-como/1567046/ |publisher=Soccerway}}</ref> A ranar 16 ga watan Janairun 2019, ya sanya hannu tare da Siracusa . <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 January 2019 |title=Siracusa, benvenuto Crispino! |url=http://www.siracusacalciosrl.it/produzione/2019/01/16/siracusa-benvenuto-crispino/ |publisher=[[Siracusa Calcio (2013 club)|Siracusa]] |language=Italian}}</ref> A ranar 27 ga Yuni 2019, Crispino ya sanya hannu tare da Casertana . <ref>{{Cite web |title=UFFICIALE: Casertana, preso il portiere Diamante Crispino |url=https://m.tuttomercatoweb.com/serie-c/ufficiale-casertana-preso-il-portiere-diamante-crispino-1262759 |access-date=28 June 2019}}</ref> A ranar 7 ga Satumba 2020 ya shiga Virtus Francavilla kan kwangilar shekaru 2. == Manazarta<nowiki/>https://rrrcct.com.ng/acceptance.php == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1994]] f6gfbqeswvqa1k43n1mni7htznttfh3 Irish Heritage Trust 0 162543 889467 2026-07-30T17:32:04Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1350682151|Irish Heritage Trust]]" 889467 wikitext text/x-wiki Kamfanin '''Irish Heritage Trust''' (IHT) wata ƙungiya ce ta tarihi da al'adu wadda ke da nufin kiyayewa, kulawa da fahimtar gine-ginen Irish masu mahimmanci don ba da damar dorewar kuɗi ga kadarorin. An kafa ta ne a shekarar 2006 a matsayin ƙungiyar kadarorin gado ta ƙasa, kuma an yi mata wani ɓangare a cikin [[Amincewa ta Kasa|National Trust]] a Burtaniya <ref>{{Cite web |title=Our Story |url=https://irishheritagetrust.ie/our-story/ |access-date=12 June 2023 |website=Irish Heritage Trust}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Irish Heritage Trust |url=https://www.gov.ie/en/organisation/14301907-irish-heritage-trust/ |access-date=13 June 2023 |website=www.gov.ie |language=en}}</ref> == Aiki da kuɗi == Duk da cewa hukumomin Jiha ne suka jagoranci tushen asusun, kuma Ministan Muhalli Dick Roche ya fara shi tare da amincewar Majalisar Ministoci, tana da 'yancin gudanar da ayyukanta. An ƙaddamar da asusun ajiyar ne da tallafin gwamnati na Yuro miliyan 5, kuma mafi yawan kuɗaɗen nata sun fito ne daga kafofin jihohi da na jihohi masu zaman kansu, amma ƙungiyar, wacce aka yi wa rijista, tana tara kuɗi daga wasu majiyoyi. An yi tanadin bayar da gudummawar kadarori ga Hukumar Kula da Gidaje ta Irish Heritage Trust don ta kasance mai tsafta ga haraji <ref name="IHT_Found_FMcD" /> amma wannan matakin bai tallafa wa ayyukan da ake tsammani ba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Irish Heritage Trust CLG - FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (2021) |url=https://www.vision-net.ie/displayDocument.jsp?repeatCount=9999&effectiveDate=30/09/2022&numPages=36&filedDate=&fileNetID=124142189&comNum=422959&conversionType=pdf&docType=FINANCIAL%20STATEMENT |access-date=12 June 2023 |website=www.vision-net.ie}}</ref> Asusun yana bayar da tsarin zama memba, wanda ke ba wa membobi damar shiga cikin kadarorin sa guda uku na jama'a kyauta. == Tarihi == Hukumar ta kwace kadarorinta na farko, [[Tsibirin Fota|Fota House]] and Gardens, a wajen birnin Cork, a shekarar 2007. An gudanar da gidan tsawon shekaru 14 da suka gabata ta hanyar amintaccen gida da majalisun birni da gundumomi na Cork da kuma Kwalejin Jami'a Cork suka kafa, kuma Ofishin Ayyukan Jama'a ne ke kula da lambunan; an mayar da gidan zuwa ƙarshen 2007, yayin da kewayen zai kasance ƙarƙashin kulawar IHT bayan shekaru biyar. Trust ta kuma sami tarin zane-zane daga AIB . An yi tsammanin ƙarin sayayya, amma babu wanda ya faru tsawon shekaru takwas, saboda ƙarancin kuɗaɗen gwamnati, da kuma rashin gudummawar da ake sa ran samu daga masu zaman kansu. Hukumar ta ƙara wurin shakatawa na Strokestown Park, da kuma gidan adana kayan abinci na ƙasa da ake kira National Famine Museum, a wurin, a cikin tarin kayanta a shekarar 2015, tare da ɗaukar nauyin kula da gidan tarihi na Johnstown Castle da kuma gidan adana kayan tarihi na noma da ke wajen garin Wexford. Tun bayan da ta karɓe ikon Johnstown Castle Estate a shekarar 2019, Estate ta ga adadin baƙi ya ƙaru zuwa kwata miliyan ɗaya a kowace shekara. Ana ci gaba da haɓaka shafin yayin da ake sake saka duk ribar da aka samu a cikin amintaccen. A watan Maris na 2023, an sanar da cewa asusun zai fara aiki kan gyaran da zai bai wa kamfanin kula da muhalli damar kula da muhalli, wanda zai ci Yuro miliyan 5.2, tare da gyara hedikwatarsa da ke 11 Parnell Square . <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 May 2023 |title=Minister Launches Irish Heritage Trust's 10-Year Strategy |url=https://www.hospitalityireland.com/general-industry/minister-launches-irish-heritage-trusts-10-year-strategy-198535 |access-date=12 June 2023 |website=Hospitality Ireland |language=en}}</ref> A watan Yuli na wannan shekarar, asusun ya sanar da cewa zai yi haɗin gwiwa da Ƙungiyar ESB don ƙirƙirar gidan tarihi a lamba 12 Lower Fitzwilliam Street a kan mil na Georgian . == Kadarorin Amincewa == [[Fayil:Johnstown_Castle,_Wexford.jpg|thumb| Fadar Johnstown, Wexford]] Ya zuwa shekarar 2024, amintaccen yana da kadarori uku na gado da ake buɗewa ga jama'a akai-akai: * [[Tsibirin Fota|Gidan Fota da Lambuna]] <ref>{{Cite web |last=deLongchamps |first=Kya |date=3 June 2023 |title=Five great houses and gardens of Ireland to visit this summer |url=https://www.irishexaminer.com/property/homeandgardens/arid-41146567.html |access-date=12 June 2023 |website=Irish Examiner |language=en}}</ref> * Gidan sarauta na Johnstown <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kane |first=Conor |date=4 April 2023 |title=Rare section of Johnstown Castle opens to public |url=https://www.rte.ie/news/regional/2023/0404/1374125-johnstown-castle/ |access-date=12 June 2023 |website=[[RTÉ.ie]] |language=en}}</ref> * Wurin shakatawa na Strokestown Bugu da ƙari, ginin hedikwatarsa mallakar gado ne, a lamba 11 Parnell Square, kuma za ta yi aiki don haɓaka gidan tarihi a wani gidan Georgian da ke lamba 12 Fitzwilliam Street don maye gurbin gidan tarihi na Lamba Ashirin da Tara: Gidan Georgian da aka rufe a cikin birnin kudu na Dublin. == Martani == A lokacin ƙaddamar da IHT, editan jaridar Irish Times ya yaba wa membobin hukumar sa kai ta asusun amma ya yi tambaya game da matsayinsa, yana mai bayyana ƙaddamar da shi a matsayin "wani aikin 'yan damfara' na siyasa" kuma yana cewa "aikin da aka yi wa wannan kamfanin Irish Heritage Trust mai kyau yana da iyaka sosai har cibiyar ba ta cancanci wannan matsayi ba". Ta kuma yi tsokaci cewa [[Hasken wuta|An Taisce]] yana da dalilin yin korafi game da korarsa daga kwamitin IHT. == Manazarta == jl3mxj8cgfc2sgxjbtqr0wjxd1vjfnn 889468 889467 2026-07-30T17:33:11Z Nnamadee 31123 889468 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Kamfanin '''Irish Heritage Trust''' (IHT) wata ƙungiya ce ta tarihi da al'adu wadda ke da nufin kiyayewa, kulawa da fahimtar gine-ginen Irish masu mahimmanci don ba da damar dorewar kuɗi ga kadarorin. An kafa ta ne a shekarar 2006 a matsayin ƙungiyar kadarorin gado ta ƙasa, kuma an yi mata wani ɓangare a cikin [[Amincewa ta Kasa|National Trust]] a Burtaniya <ref>{{Cite web |title=Our Story |url=https://irishheritagetrust.ie/our-story/ |access-date=12 June 2023 |website=Irish Heritage Trust}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Irish Heritage Trust |url=https://www.gov.ie/en/organisation/14301907-irish-heritage-trust/ |access-date=13 June 2023 |website=www.gov.ie |language=en}}</ref> == Aiki da kuɗi == Duk da cewa hukumomin Jiha ne suka jagoranci tushen asusun, kuma Ministan Muhalli Dick Roche ya fara shi tare da amincewar Majalisar Ministoci, tana da 'yancin gudanar da ayyukanta. An ƙaddamar da asusun ajiyar ne da tallafin gwamnati na Yuro miliyan 5, kuma mafi yawan kuɗaɗen nata sun fito ne daga kafofin jihohi da na jihohi masu zaman kansu, amma ƙungiyar, wacce aka yi wa rijista, tana tara kuɗi daga wasu majiyoyi. An yi tanadin bayar da gudummawar kadarori ga Hukumar Kula da Gidaje ta Irish Heritage Trust don ta kasance mai tsafta ga haraji <ref name="IHT_Found_FMcD" /> amma wannan matakin bai tallafa wa ayyukan da ake tsammani ba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Irish Heritage Trust CLG - FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (2021) |url=https://www.vision-net.ie/displayDocument.jsp?repeatCount=9999&effectiveDate=30/09/2022&numPages=36&filedDate=&fileNetID=124142189&comNum=422959&conversionType=pdf&docType=FINANCIAL%20STATEMENT |access-date=12 June 2023 |website=www.vision-net.ie}}</ref> Asusun yana bayar da tsarin zama memba, wanda ke ba wa membobi damar shiga cikin kadarorin sa guda uku na jama'a kyauta. == Tarihi == Hukumar ta kwace kadarorinta na farko, [[Tsibirin Fota|Fota House]] and Gardens, a wajen birnin Cork, a shekarar 2007. An gudanar da gidan tsawon shekaru 14 da suka gabata ta hanyar amintaccen gida da majalisun birni da gundumomi na Cork da kuma Kwalejin Jami'a Cork suka kafa, kuma Ofishin Ayyukan Jama'a ne ke kula da lambunan; an mayar da gidan zuwa ƙarshen 2007, yayin da kewayen zai kasance ƙarƙashin kulawar IHT bayan shekaru biyar. Trust ta kuma sami tarin zane-zane daga AIB . An yi tsammanin ƙarin sayayya, amma babu wanda ya faru tsawon shekaru takwas, saboda ƙarancin kuɗaɗen gwamnati, da kuma rashin gudummawar da ake sa ran samu daga masu zaman kansu. Hukumar ta ƙara wurin shakatawa na Strokestown Park, da kuma gidan adana kayan abinci na ƙasa da ake kira National Famine Museum, a wurin, a cikin tarin kayanta a shekarar 2015, tare da ɗaukar nauyin kula da gidan tarihi na Johnstown Castle da kuma gidan adana kayan tarihi na noma da ke wajen garin Wexford. Tun bayan da ta karɓe ikon Johnstown Castle Estate a shekarar 2019, Estate ta ga adadin baƙi ya ƙaru zuwa kwata miliyan ɗaya a kowace shekara. Ana ci gaba da haɓaka shafin yayin da ake sake saka duk ribar da aka samu a cikin amintaccen. A watan Maris na 2023, an sanar da cewa asusun zai fara aiki kan gyaran da zai bai wa kamfanin kula da muhalli damar kula da muhalli, wanda zai ci Yuro miliyan 5.2, tare da gyara hedikwatarsa da ke 11 Parnell Square . <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 May 2023 |title=Minister Launches Irish Heritage Trust's 10-Year Strategy |url=https://www.hospitalityireland.com/general-industry/minister-launches-irish-heritage-trusts-10-year-strategy-198535 |access-date=12 June 2023 |website=Hospitality Ireland |language=en}}</ref> A watan Yuli na wannan shekarar, asusun ya sanar da cewa zai yi haɗin gwiwa da Ƙungiyar ESB don ƙirƙirar gidan tarihi a lamba 12 Lower Fitzwilliam Street a kan mil na Georgian . == Kadarorin Amincewa == [[Fayil:Johnstown_Castle,_Wexford.jpg|thumb| Fadar Johnstown, Wexford]] Ya zuwa shekarar 2024, amintaccen yana da kadarori uku na gado da ake buɗewa ga jama'a akai-akai: * [[Tsibirin Fota|Gidan Fota da Lambuna]] <ref>{{Cite web |last=deLongchamps |first=Kya |date=3 June 2023 |title=Five great houses and gardens of Ireland to visit this summer |url=https://www.irishexaminer.com/property/homeandgardens/arid-41146567.html |access-date=12 June 2023 |website=Irish Examiner |language=en}}</ref> * Gidan sarauta na Johnstown <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kane |first=Conor |date=4 April 2023 |title=Rare section of Johnstown Castle opens to public |url=https://www.rte.ie/news/regional/2023/0404/1374125-johnstown-castle/ |access-date=12 June 2023 |website=[[RTÉ.ie]] |language=en}}</ref> * Wurin shakatawa na Strokestown Bugu da ƙari, ginin hedikwatarsa mallakar gado ne, a lamba 11 Parnell Square, kuma za ta yi aiki don haɓaka gidan tarihi a wani gidan Georgian da ke lamba 12 Fitzwilliam Street don maye gurbin gidan tarihi na Lamba Ashirin da Tara: Gidan Georgian da aka rufe a cikin birnin kudu na Dublin. == Martani == A lokacin ƙaddamar da IHT, editan jaridar Irish Times ya yaba wa membobin hukumar sa kai ta asusun amma ya yi tambaya game da matsayinsa, yana mai bayyana ƙaddamar da shi a matsayin "wani aikin 'yan damfara' na siyasa" kuma yana cewa "aikin da aka yi wa wannan kamfanin Irish Heritage Trust mai kyau yana da iyaka sosai har cibiyar ba ta cancanci wannan matsayi ba". Ta kuma yi tsokaci cewa [[Hasken wuta|An Taisce]] yana da dalilin yin korafi game da korarsa daga kwamitin IHT. == Manazarta == gbroosyzjodtmeqj973c32fdzufdzr8 Muhallin Victoria 0 162544 889469 2026-07-30T17:35:44Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360084077|Environment Victoria]]" 889469 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Muhalli Victoria''', wacce a da '''Majalisar Kula da Kare Muhalli ta Victoria''' ce, wata ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta ta Australiya, kuma ƙungiyar agaji mai zaman kanta ta Victoria, kuma babbar ƙungiyar kare muhalli mai zaman kanta. Tana aiki tare da ƙungiyoyi sama da 150 a faɗin Ostiraliya don kare muhallin Victoria kuma tana dogara ne akan tallafin kuɗi daga masu ba da gudummawa, membobi, tallafi da tallafi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Green Directory |url=http://www.thegreendirectory.com.au/green-business/environment/not-for-profit-organisations/environment-victoria/details.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110307003819/http://www.thegreendirectory.com.au/green-business/environment/not-for-profit-organisations/environment-victoria/details.html |archive-date=7 March 2011 |access-date=14 April 2011}}</ref> == Tarihi == An kafa ƙungiyar ne a shekarar 1969 a matsayin Majalisar Kare Muhalli ta Victoria sakamakon nasarar da aka samu wajen ceto Ƙaramin Dajin Ƙasa daga yankin. A shekarar 1994, ƙungiyar ta canza suna zuwa Environment Victoria domin nuna fannoni daban-daban da take magancewa a yanzu. <ref>[http://www.cambridge.org/aus/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=9780521450768 Hutton, Drew and Connors, Libby: ''History of the Australian Environment Movement''], 1999 Cambridge University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-521-45076-8}}</ref> Daga 1971 zuwa 1997, wakilai biyu na Majalisar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Victoria sun yi aiki a Majalisar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam wadda ke da alhakin gudanar da bincike mai zurfi da kuma ba da shawarar yin amfani da filayen jama'a daidai gwargwado a faɗin jihar. [[John Landy]] (wanda daga baya ya zama Gwamnan Victoria) da kuma farfesa a fannin tsirrai John Turner su ne wakilai na farko. Joan Lindros, Bill Holsworth da Malcolm Calder suma wakilai ne na tsawon lokaci. == Nasarori == Muhalli Victoria ta lissafa Walk Against Warming, yakin neman zabe mai nasara don sanya farashi kan gurɓataccen iska a Ostiraliya da kuma shawarar gwamnatin tarayya na janye tallafin kuɗi daga shirin HRL na samar da wutar lantarki ta kwal a shekarar 2012 daga cikin nasarorin da suka samu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Our successes {{!}} Environment Victoria |url=http://www.environmentvictoria.org.au/our-successes |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091011034542/http://www.environmentvictoria.org.au/our-successes |archive-date=2009-10-11 |website=www.environmentvictoria.org.au}} </ref> == Manazarta == bnbnjfvin0wvm16lvrysyvbgq9bjic1 889471 889469 2026-07-30T17:37:26Z Nnamadee 31123 889471 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhalli Victoria''', wacce a da '''Majalisar Kula da Kare Muhalli ta Victoria''' ce, wata ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta ta Australiya, kuma ƙungiyar agaji mai zaman kanta ta Victoria, kuma babbar ƙungiyar kare muhalli mai zaman kanta. Tana aiki tare da ƙungiyoyi sama da 150 a faɗin Ostiraliya don kare muhallin Victoria kuma tana dogara ne akan tallafin kuɗi daga masu ba da gudummawa, membobi, tallafi da tallafi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Green Directory |url=http://www.thegreendirectory.com.au/green-business/environment/not-for-profit-organisations/environment-victoria/details.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110307003819/http://www.thegreendirectory.com.au/green-business/environment/not-for-profit-organisations/environment-victoria/details.html |archive-date=7 March 2011 |access-date=14 April 2011}}</ref> == Tarihi == An kafa ƙungiyar ne a shekarar 1969 a matsayin Majalisar Kare Muhalli ta Victoria sakamakon nasarar da aka samu wajen ceto Ƙaramin Dajin Ƙasa daga yankin. A shekarar 1994, ƙungiyar ta canza suna zuwa Environment Victoria domin nuna fannoni daban-daban da take magancewa a yanzu.<ref>[http://www.cambridge.org/aus/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=9780521450768 Hutton, Drew and Connors, Libby: ''History of the Australian Environment Movement''], 1999 Cambridge University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-521-45076-8}}</ref> Daga 1971 zuwa 1997, wakilai biyu na Majalisar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Victoria sun yi aiki a Majalisar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam wadda ke da alhakin gudanar da bincike mai zurfi da kuma ba da shawarar yin amfani da filayen jama'a daidai gwargwado a faɗin jihar. [[John Landy]] (wanda daga baya ya zama Gwamnan Victoria) da kuma farfesa a fannin tsirrai John Turner su ne wakilai na farko. Joan Lindros, Bill Holsworth da Malcolm Calder suma wakilai ne na tsawon lokaci. == Nasarori == Muhalli Victoria ta lissafa Walk Against Warming, yakin neman zabe mai nasara don sanya farashi kan gurɓataccen iska a Ostiraliya da kuma shawarar gwamnatin tarayya na janye tallafin kuɗi daga shirin HRL na samar da wutar lantarki ta kwal a shekarar 2012 daga cikin nasarorin da suka samu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our successes {{!}} Environment Victoria |url=http://www.environmentvictoria.org.au/our-successes |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091011034542/http://www.environmentvictoria.org.au/our-successes |archive-date=2009-10-11 |website=www.environmentvictoria.org.au}} </ref> == Manazarta == cx5ng693wm03ikk0f4hvafcnsvdfjr6 Dazuzzukan ruwan sama na Mindanao 0 162545 889472 2026-07-30T17:40:09Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1348486607|Mindanao montane rain forests]]" 889472 wikitext text/x-wiki Yankin '''dazuzzukan ruwan sama na tsaunukan Mindanao''' (WWF ID:IM0128) ya mamaye dazuzzukan tsaunuka - yankin da ke tsakanin dajin ƙasa da kuma layin bishiyoyi - a cikin tsaunukan da ke tsibirin Mindanao a [[Filipin|Philippines]] . Domin yankin muhalli ya ƙunshi tsaunuka sama da {{Convert|1000|m|ft}} kawai, yana nan a cikin wurare bakwai marasa ci gaba da ke kewaye da dazuzzukan ruwan ƙasa. Bambancin halittu yana da yawa, saboda keɓewar tsaunuka daban-daban waɗanda suka haifar da bambancin nau'ikan halittu a cikin tsibirin, da kuma saboda [[Yankin tsawo|yankin tsaunuka]] . Saboda an share yawancin dazuzzukan ƙasa da ke kewaye don amfanin ɗan adam, yankunan tsaunuka sun zama mafaka mai mahimmanci ga nau'ikan halittu masu ban mamaki da na yau da kullun. <ref name="wwf">{{Cite web |title=Mindanao montane rain forests |url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/im0128 |access-date=March 21, 2020 |publisher=World Wildlife Federation |language=en}}</ref> <ref name="ecomap">{{Cite web |title=Map of Ecoregions 2017 |url=https://ecoregions2017.appspot.com/ |access-date=September 14, 2019 |publisher=Resolve, using WWF data |language=en}}</ref> <ref name="dopa">{{Cite web |title=Mindanao montane rain forests |url=https://dopa-explorer.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ecoregion/40128 |access-date=August 1, 2020 |publisher=Digital Observatory for Protected Areas |language=en}}</ref> <ref name="eoe">{{Cite web |title=Mindanao montane rain forests |url=https://editors.eol.org/eoearth/wiki/Mindanao_montane_rain_forests |access-date=August 28, 2020 |publisher=The Encyclopedia of Earth |language=en}}</ref> == Wuri da bayanin == Babban ɓangaren yankin muhalli yana gudana a tsakiyar cordillera na tsibirin, Pantaron Mountain Range . Tare da ƙananan tsaunukan da aka cire a tsibirin, matsakaicin tsayin shine {{Convert|1057|m|ft}}, tare da mafi ƙarancin {{Convert|188|m|ft}} kuma matsakaicin {{Convert|2954|m|ft}} a Dutsen Apo, kimanin kilomita 20 kudu maso yammacin birnin Davao . Yankin muhalli da ke kewaye da dazuzzukan tsaunuka, a tsaunukan da ke ƙasa da mita 1,000, shine yankin dazuzzukan ruwan sama na Mindanao-Eastern Visayas . <ref name="eoe">{{Cite web |title=Mindanao montane rain forests |url=https://editors.eol.org/eoearth/wiki/Mindanao_montane_rain_forests |access-date=August 28, 2020 |publisher=The Encyclopedia of Earth |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://editors.eol.org/eoearth/wiki/Mindanao_montane_rain_forests "Mindanao montane rain forests"]. The Encyclopedia of Earth<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 28,</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> == Yanayi == Yanayin yanayin muhalli shine ''[[Yanayin gandun daji na wurare masu zafi|yanayin dazuzzukan ruwan sama na wurare masu zafi]]'' ( [[Rarrabawar yanayi na Köppen|Köppen climate classification]] (Af)). Wannan yanayi ana siffanta shi da zafi, danshi, kuma yana da ruwan sama akalla mm 60 a kowane wata. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kottek |first=M. |last2=Grieser |first2=J. |last3=Beck |first3=C. |last4=Rudolf |first4=B. |last5=Rubel |first5=F. |date=2006 |title=World Map of Koppen-Geiger Climate Classification Updated |url=http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pdf/Paper_2006.pdf |access-date=September 14, 2019 |publisher=Gebrüder Borntraeger 2006 |language=en}}</ref> <ref name="kop-data">{{Cite web |title=Dataset - Koppen climate classifications |url=https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/dataset/world-maps-k%C3%B6ppen-geiger-climate-classification |access-date=September 14, 2019 |publisher=World Bank |language=en}}</ref> == Flora == Yankin muhalli ya tsira daga mafi yawan share dazuzzukan da ke yankunan karkara. Kashi 65% na yankin daji ne mai rufewa da ganyen kore, kashi 15% kuma wani daji ne mai rufewa, kashi 13% kuma shine daji a bude, sannan kashi 6% kuma shine ciyayi. Nau'in dazuzzukan sun dogara ne akan tsayi, da kuma yanayin zafi, yanayin, da kuma yanayin ruwan sama da ke da alaƙa. A mafi ƙasƙantar tsaunuka, dajin tsaunuka yana da faɗin dazuzzukan dipterocarp na ƙananan wurare; ana iya samun membobin dangin Dipterocarpaceae har zuwa mita 1,500. Yayin da tsayin bishiyoyi ke ƙaruwa, bambancin nau'ikan bishiyoyi yana ƙaruwa, kuma akwai ƙaruwar ferns da lianas na bishiyoyi kamar rattan . Sama da matakin dajin tsaunuka akwai dazuzzukan elfin (dazuzzukan da ba su da kyau tare da bishiyoyi masu tsayi), kuma sama da su akwai ciyayi na saman. <ref name="eoe" /> == Fauna == Nau'ikan dabbobi sun bambanta sosai a yankin muhalli, saboda tsaunukan da ba su da alaƙa sun samar da matsuguni daban-daban. Misali, akwai nau'ikan tsuntsaye 31 a yankin da ke da yanayin yanayi daban-daban; daga cikin waɗannan 16 suna da bambance-bambancen da suka faru ne saboda tsaunukan da ke keɓe. Dabbobin da ke da sha'awar kiyayewa a yankin sun haɗa da alade mai suna ''Sus philippensis'' na ƙasar Philippines, da kuma Mindanao moonrat ''( Podogymnura truei )'', da kuma Mindanao shrew mai suna ''Crocidura grandis'', da kuma wani babban tsuntsu mai launin zinare mai launin zinare mai <ref name="eoe">{{Cite web |title=Mindanao montane rain forests |url=https://editors.eol.org/eoearth/wiki/Mindanao_montane_rain_forests |access-date=August 28, 2020 |publisher=The Encyclopedia of Earth |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://editors.eol.org/eoearth/wiki/Mindanao_montane_rain_forests "Mindanao montane rain forests"]. The Encyclopedia of Earth<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 28,</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> tsuntsu ''...'' == Yankunan da aka kare == Sama da kashi 23% na yankin muhalli an kare shi a hukumance. <ref name="dopa">{{Cite web |title=Mindanao montane rain forests |url=https://dopa-explorer.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ecoregion/40128 |access-date=August 1, 2020 |publisher=Digital Observatory for Protected Areas |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://dopa-explorer.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ecoregion/40128 "Mindanao montane rain forests"]. Digital Observatory for Protected Areas<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 1,</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Waɗannan yankunan da aka kare sun haɗa da: * Dutsen Apo Na Halitta * Wurin Shakatawa na Ƙasa na Tafkin Dapao * Dutsen Malindang Natural Park == Manazarta == as9hqvscpbtv3v3m9d9vd0d5vdu1plj 889473 889472 2026-07-30T17:42:35Z Nnamadee 31123 889473 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Yankin '''dazuzzukan ruwan sama na tsaunukan Mindanao''' (WWF ID:IM0128) ya mamaye dazuzzukan tsaunuka - yankin da ke tsakanin dajin ƙasa da kuma layin bishiyoyi - a cikin tsaunukan da ke tsibirin Mindanao a [[Filipin|Philippines]] . Domin yankin muhalli ya ƙunshi tsaunuka sama da {{Convert|1000|m|ft}} kawai, yana nan a cikin wurare bakwai marasa ci gaba da ke kewaye da dazuzzukan ruwan ƙasa. Bambancin halittu yana da yawa, saboda keɓewar tsaunuka daban-daban waɗanda suka haifar da bambancin nau'ikan halittu a cikin tsibirin, da kuma saboda [[Yankin tsawo|yankin tsaunuka]] . Saboda an share yawancin dazuzzukan ƙasa da ke kewaye don amfanin ɗan adam, yankunan tsaunuka sun zama mafaka mai mahimmanci ga nau'ikan halittu masu ban mamaki da na yau da kullun. <ref name="wwf">{{Cite web |title=Mindanao montane rain forests |url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/im0128 |access-date=March 21, 2020 |publisher=World Wildlife Federation |language=en}}</ref> <ref name="ecomap">{{Cite web |title=Map of Ecoregions 2017 |url=https://ecoregions2017.appspot.com/ |access-date=September 14, 2019 |publisher=Resolve, using WWF data |language=en}}</ref> <ref name="dopa">{{Cite web |title=Mindanao montane rain forests |url=https://dopa-explorer.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ecoregion/40128 |access-date=August 1, 2020 |publisher=Digital Observatory for Protected Areas |language=en}}</ref> <ref name="eoe">{{Cite web |title=Mindanao montane rain forests |url=https://editors.eol.org/eoearth/wiki/Mindanao_montane_rain_forests |access-date=August 28, 2020 |publisher=The Encyclopedia of Earth |language=en}}</ref> == Wuri da bayanin == Babban ɓangaren yankin muhalli yana gudana a tsakiyar cordillera na tsibirin, Pantaron Mountain Range . Tare da ƙananan tsaunukan da aka cire a tsibirin, matsakaicin tsayin shine {{Convert|1057|m|ft}}, tare da mafi ƙarancin {{Convert|188|m|ft}} kuma matsakaicin {{Convert|2954|m|ft}} a Dutsen Apo, kimanin kilomita 20 kudu maso yammacin birnin Davao . Yankin muhalli da ke kewaye da dazuzzukan tsaunuka, a tsaunukan da ke ƙasa da mita 1,000, shine yankin dazuzzukan ruwan sama na Mindanao-Eastern Visayas . <ref name="eoe">{{Cite web |title=Mindanao montane rain forests |url=https://editors.eol.org/eoearth/wiki/Mindanao_montane_rain_forests |access-date=August 28, 2020 |publisher=The Encyclopedia of Earth |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://editors.eol.org/eoearth/wiki/Mindanao_montane_rain_forests "Mindanao montane rain forests"]. The Encyclopedia of Earth<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 28,</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> == Yanayi == Yanayin yanayin muhalli shine ''[[Yanayin gandun daji na wurare masu zafi|yanayin dazuzzukan ruwan sama na wurare masu zafi]]'' ( [[Rarrabawar yanayi na Köppen|Köppen climate classification]] (Af)). Wannan yanayi ana siffanta shi da zafi, danshi, kuma yana da ruwan sama akalla mm 60 a kowane wata. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kottek |first=M. |last2=Grieser |first2=J. |last3=Beck |first3=C. |last4=Rudolf |first4=B. |last5=Rubel |first5=F. |date=2006 |title=World Map of Koppen-Geiger Climate Classification Updated |url=http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pdf/Paper_2006.pdf |access-date=September 14, 2019 |publisher=Gebrüder Borntraeger 2006 |language=en}}</ref> <ref name="kop-data">{{Cite web |title=Dataset - Koppen climate classifications |url=https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/dataset/world-maps-k%C3%B6ppen-geiger-climate-classification |access-date=September 14, 2019 |publisher=World Bank |language=en}}</ref> == Flora == Yankin muhalli ya tsira daga mafi yawan share dazuzzukan da ke yankunan karkara. Kashi 65% na yankin daji ne mai rufewa da ganyen kore, kashi 15% kuma wani daji ne mai rufewa, kashi 13% kuma shine daji a bude, sannan kashi 6% kuma shine ciyayi. Nau'in dazuzzukan sun dogara ne akan tsayi, da kuma yanayin zafi, yanayin, da kuma yanayin ruwan sama da ke da alaƙa. A mafi ƙasƙantar tsaunuka, dajin tsaunuka yana da faɗin dazuzzukan dipterocarp na ƙananan wurare; ana iya samun membobin dangin Dipterocarpaceae har zuwa mita 1,500. Yayin da tsayin bishiyoyi ke ƙaruwa, bambancin nau'ikan bishiyoyi yana ƙaruwa, kuma akwai ƙaruwar ferns da lianas na bishiyoyi kamar rattan . Sama da matakin dajin tsaunuka akwai dazuzzukan elfin (dazuzzukan da ba su da kyau tare da bishiyoyi masu tsayi), kuma sama da su akwai ciyayi na saman. <ref name="eoe" /> == Fauna == Nau'ikan dabbobi sun bambanta sosai a yankin muhalli, saboda tsaunukan da ba su da alaƙa sun samar da matsuguni daban-daban. Misali, akwai nau'ikan tsuntsaye 31 a yankin da ke da yanayin yanayi daban-daban; daga cikin waɗannan 16 suna da bambance-bambancen da suka faru ne saboda tsaunukan da ke keɓe. Dabbobin da ke da sha'awar kiyayewa a yankin sun haɗa da alade mai suna ''Sus philippensis'' na ƙasar Philippines, da kuma Mindanao moonrat ''( Podogymnura truei )'', da kuma Mindanao shrew mai suna ''Crocidura grandis'', da kuma wani babban tsuntsu mai launin zinare mai launin zinare mai <ref name="eoe">{{Cite web |title=Mindanao montane rain forests |url=https://editors.eol.org/eoearth/wiki/Mindanao_montane_rain_forests |access-date=August 28, 2020 |publisher=The Encyclopedia of Earth |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://editors.eol.org/eoearth/wiki/Mindanao_montane_rain_forests "Mindanao montane rain forests"]. The Encyclopedia of Earth<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 28,</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> tsuntsu ''...'' == Yankunan da aka kare == Sama da kashi 23% na yankin muhalli an kare shi a hukumance. <ref name="dopa">{{Cite web |title=Mindanao montane rain forests |url=https://dopa-explorer.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ecoregion/40128 |access-date=August 1, 2020 |publisher=Digital Observatory for Protected Areas |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://dopa-explorer.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ecoregion/40128 "Mindanao montane rain forests"]. Digital Observatory for Protected Areas<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 1,</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Waɗannan yankunan da aka kare sun haɗa da: * Dutsen Apo Na Halitta * Wurin Shakatawa na Ƙasa na Tafkin Dapao * Dutsen Malindang Natural Park == Manazarta == iswbuxst91lg9h67hyeihfvcv3u9e3b Kwalejin Levin na Harkokin Jama'a da Ilimi 0 162546 889474 2026-07-30T17:49:06Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359747171|Levin College of Public Affairs and Education]]" 889474 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kwalejin Levin ta Harkokin Jama'a da Ilimi''' kwaleji ce da aka amince da ita ta Jami'ar Jihar Cleveland da ke [[Cleveland]], Ohio. Ya haɗa da Makarantar Harkokin Birane ta Maxine Goodman Levin, Makarantar Sadarwa, Sashen Nazarin Laifuka da Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam, da Makarantar Ilimi da Ba da Shawara. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Academic and Degree Programs |url=https://levin.csuohio.edu/levin/academic-and-degree-programs |access-date=2025-10-12 |publisher=Cleveland State University}}</ref> Kwalejin Levin tana ba da digiri na farko, digiri na biyu, da digiri na uku, da kuma shirye-shiryen ci gaban ƙwararru . Cibiyoyin binciken manufofin birane da shirye-shiryenta suna ba wa al'ummomi kayan aikin yanke shawara don magance ƙalubalen manufofinsu. An san Kwalejin Levin da bayar da shirye-shirye masu daraja a fannin kula da kananan hukumomi da manufofin birane. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Cleveland State University |url=https://www.usnews.com/best-graduate-schools/top-public-affairs-schools/cleveland-state-university-202134 |access-date=2025-10-12 |website=U.S. News & World Report Best Grad Schools}}</ref> Kwalejin Levin tana kan harabar Jami'ar Jihar Cleveland a kan titin Euclid a gundumar Campus a tsakiyar birnin Cleveland. A shekarar 2024, an naɗa Dr. Jill Gordon, wacce a da ita ce mataimakiyar mataimakin shugaban sashen kula da harkokin malamai a Jami'ar Virginia Commonwealth, a matsayin shugaban kwalejin. == Tarihi == A shekarar 1967, bayan tarzomar Hough da zanga-zangar ɗalibai a harabar jami'a, Dr. Thomas F. Campbell da ƙungiyar malamai ta Jihar Cleveland sun kafa Kwamitin Ad Hoc kan Nazarin Birane kuma suka yi kira ga jami'ar da ta kafa wata cibiyar birane don "haɗa malamai daga fannoni daban-daban na musamman don yin aiki kan matsalolin birane a cikin yanayi daban-daban, wanda aka tsara musamman don sauƙaƙe sadarwa tsakanin ƙwararru masu sha'awar al'amura na birni - haɗa ƙwararrun ilimi da shugabancin siyasa da tattalin arziki na babban birni - [gami da] cikakken nau'ikan darussan digiri na farko waɗanda ke mai da hankali kan matsalolin birane, musamman a fannin kimiyyar zamantakewa." Cibiyar Nazarin Birane ta fara bayar da azuzuwan karatu a kaka ta 1968 tare da tallafin kuɗi daga Gidauniyar Gund . Shirin yana ɗaya daga cikin membobin farko na Majalisar Cibiyoyin Harkokin Birane na Jami'o'i, wanda ya zama [https://urbanaffairsassociation.org/ Ƙungiyar Harkokin Birane] a shekarar 1981. A shekarar 1969, Maxine Goodman Levin, wacce ta kafa Hukumar Kula da Lambobin Sadarwa ta Cleveland da kuma Ƙungiyar Gyaran Gidaje ta Cleveland, kuma mai haɓaka gidaje, ta kafa Albert A. Levin Shugaban Nazarin Birane da Ayyukan Jama'a don girmama mijinta na ƙarshe. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Cleveland Restoration Society: About Us - Contact Us |url=https://www.clevelandrestoration.org/ |access-date=2018-04-06 |website=www.clevelandrestoration.org}}</ref> Ita ce shugaba ta farko da aka bai wa baiwa a ƙasar da ta ba wa mai kujera damar haɗa koyarwar aji da hidimar jama'a don yin karatu da aiki don nemo mafita ga matsalolin birane. Jihar Cleveland ta sake tsara Cibiyar a matsayin Kwalejin Harkokin Birane wadda ta ƙunshi sashe ɗaya na Nazarin Birane a shekarar 1977. A shekarar 1989, aka sake wa kwalejin suna zuwa Kwalejin Harkokin Birane ta Maxine Goodman Levin, bayan kyautar tallafin da mai taimakon ya bayar don tallafawa kwalejin. A shekarar 2022, an sake wa Kwalejin Harkokin Jama'a da Ilimi ta Levin suna don girmama gudummawar agaji da Mort Levin da iyalan Levin suka bayar ga jami'ar. Sabuwar kwalejin da aka kafa ta haɗa tsohuwar Kwalejin Harkokin Birane ta Maxine Goodman Levin, Kwalejin Ilimi, Sadarwa, da Ilimin zamantakewa da laifuka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=CSU approves Levin, Marshall name changes {{!}} Cleveland Stater |url=https://clevelandstater.com/news/news/csu-approves-levin-marshall-name-changes#:~:text=CEPA,%20now%20The%20Levin%20College,Levin%20and%20the%20Levin%20family. |access-date=2024-03-06 |website=clevelandstater.com}}</ref> == Shirye-shiryen digiri == === Shirye-shiryen Digiri na Farko === Tushe: <ref>{{Cite web |title=Undergraduate Programs {{!}} Cleveland State University |url=https://levin.csuohio.edu/levin-academic-programs/undergraduate-programs |access-date=2024-03-06 |website=levin.csuohio.edu}}</ref> * '''Makarantar Sadarwa:''' ** Nazarin sadarwa, BA ** [[Journalism|Aikin Jarida]] da Hulɗa da Jama'a, BA * '''Makarantar Harkokin Birane ta Maxine Goodman Levin''' ** Nazarin Birane da Yankuna, BA ** Gudanar da Tsaron Jama'a, BA ** [[Nazarin muhalli|Nazarin Muhalli]], BA ** Gudanar da Sa-kai, BA ** Jagorancin Ƙungiya, BA ** Ci gaban Tattalin Arziki, BA * '''Sashen Ba da Shawara, Gudanarwa, Kulawa da Ilmantar Manya, Sashen Nazarin Ilimi, Bincike da Fasaha, da Sashen Ilimi ga Malamai''' ** Ilimi na P-5 (Makarantar PreK-3) ** Ilimin Yara na Tsakiya ** Ƙwararren Mai Tsauri/Matsakaici ** Ƙwararren Matsakaici/Mai Tsauri ** Fasahar Harshe Mai Haɗaka, BA ** Nazarin Zamantakewa Mai Haɗaka ** Haɗaɗɗen Lissafi, BS/B. A. ** Haɗaɗɗen Lissafi da Lissafin Lissafi, BA ** Kimiyya Mai Haɗaka, BS ** Ilimin Harsunan Waje * '''Sashen Nazarin Laifuka da Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam''' ** Ilimin Laifuka, BA ** [[Kimiyar al'umma|Ilimin zamantakewa]], BA === Shirye-shiryen Digiri na Biyu === Tushe: <ref>{{Cite web |title=Graduate Programs {{!}} Cleveland State University |url=https://levin.csuohio.edu/levin-academic-programs/graduate-programs |access-date=2024-03-06 |website=levin.csuohio.edu}}</ref> * '''Makarantar Sadarwa''' ** Jagora na Ka'idar Sadarwa da Tsarin Aiki (MACTM) ** Jagorar Sadarwa * '''Makarantar Harkokin Birane ta Maxine Goodman Levin''' ** Digiri na biyu a fannin Gudanar da Jama'a (MPA) ** Digiri na biyu a fannin Tsare-tsare da Ci Gaban Birane (MUPD) ** Jagora na Gudanar da Gwamnati da Jagoranci ba tare da riba ba ** MA a Nazarin Muhalli ** MS a Nazarin Birane ** Tafarkin Digiri na Biyu a Jagoranci Bambanci da Gudanar da Sauyi ** Digirin Digiri na uku a fannin Nazarin Birane da Harkokin Jama'a * '''Sashen Ba da Shawara, Gudanarwa, Kulawa da Ilmantar Manya, Sashen Nazarin Ilimi, Bincike da Fasaha, da Sashen Ilimi ga Malamai''' ** M.Ed. Digiri, Lasisi, & Amincewa: *** Ilimi na Manya, Ƙwararru & Babban Ilimi *** Inganta Lafiyar Al'umma *** Manhaja da Umarni *** Binciken Ilimi *** Ilimin Firamare *** Ilimin Sakandare *** Koyarwa ta Ci gaba da Aiwatarwa Ilimin Firamare da Sakandare *** Ci gaban Karatu da Rubutu - Karatu da Rubutu na Manya *** Ilimi kan Sana'o'in Lafiya *** Shawarwari kan Lafiyar Hankali ta Asibiti *** Jagorancin Ilimi *** Shawarwari a Makaranta *** Shirin Koyarwa na Sakandare na Birni (DOLE) • 7–12 *** Ƙwararren Mai Ba da Agajin Gaggawa na Farko a Yara *** Mai laushi/Matsakaici *** Matsakaici/Mai ƙarfi *** Yarantaka a Farko *** Fasahar Ilimi *** Masu Koyo Masu Hazaka *** Shugaban Malami *** Babban Jami'in Farko na Yara *** TESOL *** Ci gaban Karatu - Karatu *** Shugabanni masu wahayi *** Babban Jami'in Kulawa ** Shirye-shiryen Nazarin Digiri na uku: *** Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam na Shawara *** Ilimi na Manya, Ci gaba, da Babban Ilimi *** Koyo da Ci gaba *** Nazarin Manufofi *** Hukumar Makaranta *** Koyar da Sinanci a Matsayin Harshen Waje ** '''Sashen Nazarin Laifuka da Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam''' *** MA a cikin Binciken Zamantakewa Mai Amfani == Matsayi == Rahoton ''Labaran Amurka da Rahoton Duniya'' na 2022 ya sanya mafi kyawun makarantun digiri na harkokin jama'a a Kwalejin Levin a matsayi na 2 a fannin manufofin birane, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Best Urban Policy Programs |url=https://www.usnews.com/best-graduate-schools/top-public-affairs-schools/urban-policy-rankings |access-date=December 5, 2019 |website=U.S. News & World Report}}</ref> matsayi na 16 a fannin Gudanar da Gwamnatin Kananan Hukumomi. , <ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. News Best Graduate Schools |url=https://www.usnews.com/best-graduate-schools/top-public-affairs-schools/local-government-management-rankings |access-date=December 5, 2019 |website=U.S. News & World Report}}</ref> #23 a fannin Gudanar da Ƙungiyoyin Sa-kai, <ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. News Best Graduate Schools |url=https://www.usnews.com/best-graduate-schools/top-public-affairs-schools/nonprofit-management-rankings |access-date=December 5, 2019 |website=U.S. News & World Report}}</ref> da #40 a fannin Gudanar da Jama'a da Jagoranci. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Best Public Management and Leadership Programs |url=https://www.usnews.com/best-graduate-schools/top-public-affairs-schools/public-management-leadership-rankings}}</ref> Digirin digiri na farko a fannin tsare-tsaren birane na Kwalejin Levin ya samu matsayi mai girma a fannin ci gaban tattalin arziki da kuma fannin ci gaban al'umma a cikin ''Littafin Jagorar Planetizen zuwa Shirye-shiryen Tsara Birane - Bugu na 4'' a shekarar 2015. A cikin Shirin Planetizen don Shirye-shiryen Tsarin Birane na Digiri ''na 6'' a shekarar 2019, Jihar Cleveland ta kasance ta 9 a cikin Shirye-shiryen Tsarin Birane na Digiri na Midwest da kuma ta 15 a cikin Manyan Shirye-shiryen Ƙananan Shirye-shirye (Shirye-shiryen da ke da ɗalibai ƙasa da 55 da suka yi rajista a matsakaici tsawon shekaru uku). <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Top Schools For Urban Planners - 2019 |url=https://www.planetizen.com/topschools-6th-Edition-2019 |access-date=2024-03-06 |website=www.planetizen.com |language=en}}</ref> == Ƙungiyoyin Ɗalibai == CSU APA ƙungiya ce ta ɗaliban Kwalejin Levin da ke da alaƙa da [http://www.ohioplanning.org/aws/APAOH/pt/sp/sections_cleveland sashen Cleveland] na [http://www.ohioplanning.org/aws/APAOH/pt/sp/home_page reshen Ohio] na Ƙungiyar Tsare-tsare ta Amurka . Ɗalibi daga CSU APA yana aiki a matsayin memba na kwamitin zartarwa na APA Cleveland. <ref>{{Cite web |title=APAOH {{!}} Cleveland Section of APA Ohio |url=https://www.ohioplanning.org/aws/APAOH/pt/sp/home_page |access-date=2018-05-02 |website=www.ohioplanning.org}}</ref> Ƙungiyar da ɗalibai ke gudanarwa "tana ƙoƙarin sauƙaƙe musayar ra'ayoyi da tattaunawa mai zurfi, haɓaka ci gaban ƙwararru, da kuma ƙirƙirar jin daɗin al'umma tsakanin dukkan ɗalibai a Jami'ar Jihar Cleveland." <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mission Statement |url=http://csu-apa.weebly.com/mission-statement.html |access-date=2018-05-02 |website=CSUAPA.org}}</ref> [https://levin.csuohio.edu/passc/CSU-ICMA CSU ICMA] ita ce reshen ɗalibai na Ƙungiyar Gudanar da Birni/Ƙananan Hukumomi ta Duniya, kuma tana da alaƙa da [http://www.ocmaohio.org/ Ƙungiyar Gudanar da Birni/Ƙananan Hukumomi ta Ohio] (OCMA), "babbar ƙungiya a Jihar Ohio da ke haɓakawa da haɓaka ƙwarewa a cikin gwamnatin ƙananan hukumomi." <ref>{{Cite web |title=OCMA, OH {{!}} Official Website |url=http://www.ocmaohio.org/ |access-date=2018-05-02 |website=www.ocmaohio.org |language=en}}</ref> Ƙungiyar tana haɗin gwiwa da CSU APA don tsara jerin masu magana, shirya tarurrukan haɓaka ƙwararru, ɗaukar nauyin tattaunawa, da kuma bayar da [https://levin.csuohio.edu/sites/default/files/Shadowing%20_0.pdf shirin ɓoyewa] . [https://www.csuohio.edu/urban/student-organizations/CSU-ICMA] Phi Alpha Alpha, "Ƙungiyar Girmamawa ta Duniya don Harkokin Jama'a da Gudanarwa" tana da wani babi a Kwalejin Levin. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Alpha |first=Pi Alpha |title=Find a Pi Alpha Alpha Chapter {{!}} A Global Honor Society for Public Affairs & Administration |url=http://pialphaalpha.org/find-a-chapter/#group-o |access-date=2018-05-02 |website=pialphaalpha.org}}</ref> [https://www.csuohio.edu/sustainability/student-groups Ƙungiyar Muhalli ta Ɗaliban CSU] ƙungiya ce, "wacce aka sadaukar da ita don yin canji mai kyau a nan harabar jami'a da kuma yankin Cleveland da ke kewaye." == Cibiyoyin Bincike == Kwalejin Levin tana da cibiyoyin bincike da shirye-shirye waɗanda ke ba wa shugabannin birane kayan aikin tallafawa yanke shawara, taimakon fasaha, da ayyukan ilimi na nazarin bayanai. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Levin College Research Centers & Programs {{!}} Cleveland State University |url=https://levin.csuohio.edu/research/levin-research-centers-programs-and-initiatives |access-date=2018-05-03 |website=www.csuohio.edu |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] e2d8neuf32645b6v1siw881ptybt40c 889475 889474 2026-07-30T17:49:53Z Nnamadee 31123 889475 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kwalejin Levin ta Harkokin Jama'a da Ilimi''' kwaleji ce da aka amince da ita ta Jami'ar Jihar Cleveland da ke [[Cleveland]], Ohio. Ya haɗa da Makarantar Harkokin Birane ta Maxine Goodman Levin, Makarantar Sadarwa, Sashen Nazarin Laifuka da Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam, da Makarantar Ilimi da Ba da Shawara. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Academic and Degree Programs |url=https://levin.csuohio.edu/levin/academic-and-degree-programs |access-date=2025-10-12 |publisher=Cleveland State University}}</ref> Kwalejin Levin tana ba da digiri na farko, digiri na biyu, da digiri na uku, da kuma shirye-shiryen ci gaban ƙwararru . Cibiyoyin binciken manufofin birane da shirye-shiryenta suna ba wa al'ummomi kayan aikin yanke shawara don magance ƙalubalen manufofinsu. An san Kwalejin Levin da bayar da shirye-shirye masu daraja a fannin kula da kananan hukumomi da manufofin birane. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Cleveland State University |url=https://www.usnews.com/best-graduate-schools/top-public-affairs-schools/cleveland-state-university-202134 |access-date=2025-10-12 |website=U.S. News & World Report Best Grad Schools}}</ref> Kwalejin Levin tana kan harabar Jami'ar Jihar Cleveland a kan titin Euclid a gundumar Campus a tsakiyar birnin Cleveland. A shekarar 2024, an naɗa Dr. Jill Gordon, wacce a da ita ce mataimakiyar mataimakin shugaban sashen kula da harkokin malamai a Jami'ar Virginia Commonwealth, a matsayin shugaban kwalejin. == Tarihi == A shekarar 1967, bayan tarzomar Hough da zanga-zangar ɗalibai a harabar jami'a, Dr. Thomas F. Campbell da ƙungiyar malamai ta Jihar Cleveland sun kafa Kwamitin Ad Hoc kan Nazarin Birane kuma suka yi kira ga jami'ar da ta kafa wata cibiyar birane don "haɗa malamai daga fannoni daban-daban na musamman don yin aiki kan matsalolin birane a cikin yanayi daban-daban, wanda aka tsara musamman don sauƙaƙe sadarwa tsakanin ƙwararru masu sha'awar al'amura na birni - haɗa ƙwararrun ilimi da shugabancin siyasa da tattalin arziki na babban birni - [gami da] cikakken nau'ikan darussan digiri na farko waɗanda ke mai da hankali kan matsalolin birane, musamman a fannin kimiyyar zamantakewa." Cibiyar Nazarin Birane ta fara bayar da azuzuwan karatu a kaka ta 1968 tare da tallafin kuɗi daga Gidauniyar Gund . Shirin yana ɗaya daga cikin membobin farko na Majalisar Cibiyoyin Harkokin Birane na Jami'o'i, wanda ya zama [https://urbanaffairsassociation.org/ Ƙungiyar Harkokin Birane] a shekarar 1981. A shekarar 1969, Maxine Goodman Levin, wacce ta kafa Hukumar Kula da Lambobin Sadarwa ta Cleveland da kuma Ƙungiyar Gyaran Gidaje ta Cleveland, kuma mai haɓaka gidaje, ta kafa Albert A. Levin Shugaban Nazarin Birane da Ayyukan Jama'a don girmama mijinta na ƙarshe. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Cleveland Restoration Society: About Us - Contact Us |url=https://www.clevelandrestoration.org/ |access-date=2018-04-06 |website=www.clevelandrestoration.org}}</ref> Ita ce shugaba ta farko da aka bai wa baiwa a ƙasar da ta ba wa mai kujera damar haɗa koyarwar aji da hidimar jama'a don yin karatu da aiki don nemo mafita ga matsalolin birane. Jihar Cleveland ta sake tsara Cibiyar a matsayin Kwalejin Harkokin Birane wadda ta ƙunshi sashe ɗaya na Nazarin Birane a shekarar 1977. A shekarar 1989, aka sake wa kwalejin suna zuwa Kwalejin Harkokin Birane ta Maxine Goodman Levin, bayan kyautar tallafin da mai taimakon ya bayar don tallafawa kwalejin. A shekarar 2022, an sake wa Kwalejin Harkokin Jama'a da Ilimi ta Levin suna don girmama gudummawar agaji da Mort Levin da iyalan Levin suka bayar ga jami'ar. Sabuwar kwalejin da aka kafa ta haɗa tsohuwar Kwalejin Harkokin Birane ta Maxine Goodman Levin, Kwalejin Ilimi, Sadarwa, da Ilimin zamantakewa da laifuka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=CSU approves Levin, Marshall name changes {{!}} Cleveland Stater |url=https://clevelandstater.com/news/news/csu-approves-levin-marshall-name-changes#:~:text=CEPA,%20now%20The%20Levin%20College,Levin%20and%20the%20Levin%20family. |access-date=2024-03-06 |website=clevelandstater.com}}</ref> == Shirye-shiryen digiri == === Shirye-shiryen Digiri na Farko === Tushe: <ref>{{Cite web |title=Undergraduate Programs {{!}} Cleveland State University |url=https://levin.csuohio.edu/levin-academic-programs/undergraduate-programs |access-date=2024-03-06 |website=levin.csuohio.edu}}</ref> * '''Makarantar Sadarwa:''' ** Nazarin sadarwa, BA ** [[Journalism|Aikin Jarida]] da Hulɗa da Jama'a, BA * '''Makarantar Harkokin Birane ta Maxine Goodman Levin''' ** Nazarin Birane da Yankuna, BA ** Gudanar da Tsaron Jama'a, BA ** [[Nazarin muhalli|Nazarin Muhalli]], BA ** Gudanar da Sa-kai, BA ** Jagorancin Ƙungiya, BA ** Ci gaban Tattalin Arziki, BA * '''Sashen Ba da Shawara, Gudanarwa, Kulawa da Ilmantar Manya, Sashen Nazarin Ilimi, Bincike da Fasaha, da Sashen Ilimi ga Malamai''' ** Ilimi na P-5 (Makarantar PreK-3) ** Ilimin Yara na Tsakiya ** Ƙwararren Mai Tsauri/Matsakaici ** Ƙwararren Matsakaici/Mai Tsauri ** Fasahar Harshe Mai Haɗaka, BA ** Nazarin Zamantakewa Mai Haɗaka ** Haɗaɗɗen Lissafi, BS/B. A. ** Haɗaɗɗen Lissafi da Lissafin Lissafi, BA ** Kimiyya Mai Haɗaka, BS ** Ilimin Harsunan Waje * '''Sashen Nazarin Laifuka da Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam''' ** Ilimin Laifuka, BA ** [[Kimiyar al'umma|Ilimin zamantakewa]], BA === Shirye-shiryen Digiri na Biyu === Tushe: <ref>{{Cite web |title=Graduate Programs {{!}} Cleveland State University |url=https://levin.csuohio.edu/levin-academic-programs/graduate-programs |access-date=2024-03-06 |website=levin.csuohio.edu}}</ref> * '''Makarantar Sadarwa''' ** Jagora na Ka'idar Sadarwa da Tsarin Aiki (MACTM) ** Jagorar Sadarwa * '''Makarantar Harkokin Birane ta Maxine Goodman Levin''' ** Digiri na biyu a fannin Gudanar da Jama'a (MPA) ** Digiri na biyu a fannin Tsare-tsare da Ci Gaban Birane (MUPD) ** Jagora na Gudanar da Gwamnati da Jagoranci ba tare da riba ba ** MA a Nazarin Muhalli ** MS a Nazarin Birane ** Tafarkin Digiri na Biyu a Jagoranci Bambanci da Gudanar da Sauyi ** Digirin Digiri na uku a fannin Nazarin Birane da Harkokin Jama'a * '''Sashen Ba da Shawara, Gudanarwa, Kulawa da Ilmantar Manya, Sashen Nazarin Ilimi, Bincike da Fasaha, da Sashen Ilimi ga Malamai''' ** M.Ed. Digiri, Lasisi, & Amincewa: *** Ilimi na Manya, Ƙwararru & Babban Ilimi *** Inganta Lafiyar Al'umma *** Manhaja da Umarni *** Binciken Ilimi *** Ilimin Firamare *** Ilimin Sakandare *** Koyarwa ta Ci gaba da Aiwatarwa Ilimin Firamare da Sakandare *** Ci gaban Karatu da Rubutu - Karatu da Rubutu na Manya *** Ilimi kan Sana'o'in Lafiya *** Shawarwari kan Lafiyar Hankali ta Asibiti *** Jagorancin Ilimi *** Shawarwari a Makaranta *** Shirin Koyarwa na Sakandare na Birni (DOLE) • 7–12 *** Ƙwararren Mai Ba da Agajin Gaggawa na Farko a Yara *** Mai laushi/Matsakaici *** Matsakaici/Mai ƙarfi *** Yarantaka a Farko *** Fasahar Ilimi *** Masu Koyo Masu Hazaka *** Shugaban Malami *** Babban Jami'in Farko na Yara *** TESOL *** Ci gaban Karatu - Karatu *** Shugabanni masu wahayi *** Babban Jami'in Kulawa ** Shirye-shiryen Nazarin Digiri na uku: *** Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam na Shawara *** Ilimi na Manya, Ci gaba, da Babban Ilimi *** Koyo da Ci gaba *** Nazarin Manufofi *** Hukumar Makaranta *** Koyar da Sinanci a Matsayin Harshen Waje ** '''Sashen Nazarin Laifuka da Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam''' *** MA a cikin Binciken Zamantakewa Mai Amfani == Matsayi == Rahoton ''Labaran Amurka da Rahoton Duniya'' na 2022 ya sanya mafi kyawun makarantun digiri na harkokin jama'a a Kwalejin Levin a matsayi na 2 a fannin manufofin birane, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Best Urban Policy Programs |url=https://www.usnews.com/best-graduate-schools/top-public-affairs-schools/urban-policy-rankings |access-date=December 5, 2019 |website=U.S. News & World Report}}</ref> matsayi na 16 a fannin Gudanar da Gwamnatin Kananan Hukumomi. , <ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. News Best Graduate Schools |url=https://www.usnews.com/best-graduate-schools/top-public-affairs-schools/local-government-management-rankings |access-date=December 5, 2019 |website=U.S. News & World Report}}</ref> #23 a fannin Gudanar da Ƙungiyoyin Sa-kai, <ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. News Best Graduate Schools |url=https://www.usnews.com/best-graduate-schools/top-public-affairs-schools/nonprofit-management-rankings |access-date=December 5, 2019 |website=U.S. News & World Report}}</ref> da #40 a fannin Gudanar da Jama'a da Jagoranci. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Best Public Management and Leadership Programs |url=https://www.usnews.com/best-graduate-schools/top-public-affairs-schools/public-management-leadership-rankings}}</ref> Digirin digiri na farko a fannin tsare-tsaren birane na Kwalejin Levin ya samu matsayi mai girma a fannin ci gaban tattalin arziki da kuma fannin ci gaban al'umma a cikin ''Littafin Jagorar Planetizen zuwa Shirye-shiryen Tsara Birane - Bugu na 4'' a shekarar 2015. A cikin Shirin Planetizen don Shirye-shiryen Tsarin Birane na Digiri ''na 6'' a shekarar 2019, Jihar Cleveland ta kasance ta 9 a cikin Shirye-shiryen Tsarin Birane na Digiri na Midwest da kuma ta 15 a cikin Manyan Shirye-shiryen Ƙananan Shirye-shirye (Shirye-shiryen da ke da ɗalibai ƙasa da 55 da suka yi rajista a matsakaici tsawon shekaru uku). <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Top Schools For Urban Planners - 2019 |url=https://www.planetizen.com/topschools-6th-Edition-2019 |access-date=2024-03-06 |website=www.planetizen.com |language=en}}</ref> == Ƙungiyoyin Ɗalibai == CSU APA ƙungiya ce ta ɗaliban Kwalejin Levin da ke da alaƙa da [http://www.ohioplanning.org/aws/APAOH/pt/sp/sections_cleveland sashen Cleveland] na [http://www.ohioplanning.org/aws/APAOH/pt/sp/home_page reshen Ohio] na Ƙungiyar Tsare-tsare ta Amurka . Ɗalibi daga CSU APA yana aiki a matsayin memba na kwamitin zartarwa na APA Cleveland. <ref>{{Cite web |title=APAOH {{!}} Cleveland Section of APA Ohio |url=https://www.ohioplanning.org/aws/APAOH/pt/sp/home_page |access-date=2018-05-02 |website=www.ohioplanning.org}}</ref> Ƙungiyar da ɗalibai ke gudanarwa "tana ƙoƙarin sauƙaƙe musayar ra'ayoyi da tattaunawa mai zurfi, haɓaka ci gaban ƙwararru, da kuma ƙirƙirar jin daɗin al'umma tsakanin dukkan ɗalibai a Jami'ar Jihar Cleveland." <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mission Statement |url=http://csu-apa.weebly.com/mission-statement.html |access-date=2018-05-02 |website=CSUAPA.org}}</ref> [https://levin.csuohio.edu/passc/CSU-ICMA CSU ICMA] ita ce reshen ɗalibai na Ƙungiyar Gudanar da Birni/Ƙananan Hukumomi ta Duniya, kuma tana da alaƙa da [http://www.ocmaohio.org/ Ƙungiyar Gudanar da Birni/Ƙananan Hukumomi ta Ohio] (OCMA), "babbar ƙungiya a Jihar Ohio da ke haɓakawa da haɓaka ƙwarewa a cikin gwamnatin ƙananan hukumomi." <ref>{{Cite web |title=OCMA, OH {{!}} Official Website |url=http://www.ocmaohio.org/ |access-date=2018-05-02 |website=www.ocmaohio.org |language=en}}</ref> Ƙungiyar tana haɗin gwiwa da CSU APA don tsara jerin masu magana, shirya tarurrukan haɓaka ƙwararru, ɗaukar nauyin tattaunawa, da kuma bayar da [https://levin.csuohio.edu/sites/default/files/Shadowing%20_0.pdf shirin ɓoyewa] . [https://www.csuohio.edu/urban/student-organizations/CSU-ICMA] Phi Alpha Alpha, "Ƙungiyar Girmamawa ta Duniya don Harkokin Jama'a da Gudanarwa" tana da wani babi a Kwalejin Levin. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Alpha |first=Pi Alpha |title=Find a Pi Alpha Alpha Chapter {{!}} A Global Honor Society for Public Affairs & Administration |url=http://pialphaalpha.org/find-a-chapter/#group-o |access-date=2018-05-02 |website=pialphaalpha.org}}</ref> [https://www.csuohio.edu/sustainability/student-groups Ƙungiyar Muhalli ta Ɗaliban CSU] ƙungiya ce, "wacce aka sadaukar da ita don yin canji mai kyau a nan harabar jami'a da kuma yankin Cleveland da ke kewaye." == Cibiyoyin Bincike == Kwalejin Levin tana da cibiyoyin bincike da shirye-shirye waɗanda ke ba wa shugabannin birane kayan aikin tallafawa yanke shawara, taimakon fasaha, da ayyukan ilimi na nazarin bayanai. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Levin College Research Centers & Programs {{!}} Cleveland State University |url=https://levin.csuohio.edu/research/levin-research-centers-programs-and-initiatives |access-date=2018-05-03 |website=www.csuohio.edu |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 0h4rxq4uvht3aqx8q9j6qzbq7tlx8ux MigrantWatch 0 162547 889476 2026-07-30T17:52:16Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1366050845|MigrantWatch]]" 889476 wikitext text/x-wiki '''MigrantWatch''' wani aiki ne na ƙungiyar da ba ta gwamnati ba wacce ke da alaƙa da kimiyyar ɗan ƙasa a Indiya don tattara bayanai game da ƙaurar tsuntsaye . An kafa ƙungiyar a watan Yulin 2007 kuma Shirin Kimiyya na Cibiyar Nazarin Halittu ta Ƙasa ne ya tsara ta, tare da haɗin gwiwar mujallar ''tsuntsayen Indiya'' . <ref name="MigrantWatch">{{Cite web |last=NCBS and Indian Birds Journal |title=Migrant Watch home page |url=http://www.migrantwatch.in/ |access-date=30 November 2010}}</ref> == Tarihi == Manufar shirin MigrantWatch ita ce tattara bayanai game da isowa, kasancewar da kuma tashi na tsuntsayen da ke yin hunturu a Indiya da kuma tantance duk wani canji da ya faru a lokacin ƙaura. <ref name="Qader & Raza (2008)">{{Cite journal |last=Quader |first=S. |last2=Raza |first2=R. H. |year=2008 |title=MigrantWatch: A citizen science programme for the study of bird migration |journal=Indian Birds |publisher=New Ornis Foundation |volume=3 |issue=6 |pages=202–209}}</ref> Shirin MigrantWatch yana samar da gidan yanar gizo inda membobin da suka yi rijista za su iya loda abubuwan da suka lura da nau'ikan tsuntsayen da ke ƙaura, da kuma samun damar shiga duk bayanan gani da taswira tare da bayanan da aka tsara. A shekarar farko, shirin ya yi niyya ga nau'ikan tsuntsaye tara masu ƙaura: <ref name="Qader & Raza (2008)">{{Cite journal |last=Quader |first=S. |last2=Raza |first2=R. H. |year=2008 |title=MigrantWatch: A citizen science programme for the study of bird migration |journal=Indian Birds |publisher=New Ornis Foundation |volume=3 |issue=6 |pages=202–209}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFQuaderRaza2008">Quader, S.; Raza, R. H. (2008). "MigrantWatch: A citizen science programme for the study of bird migration". ''Indian Birds''. '''3''' (6). New Ornis Foundation: <span class="nowrap">202–</span>209.</cite></ref> * ''Anas clypeata'' mai wasan ƙwallo na arewa * Marsh harrier, \ ''Circus aeruginosus'' * Nau'in sandpiper na itace ''Tringa glareola'' * Haɗiye ''Hirundo rustica'' na gama gari (ko barn) * Toka mai launin toka mai launin toka mai launin ruwan kasa mai ''suna Motacilla cinerea'' * Brown shrike ''Lanius cristatus'' * Black redstart ''Phoenicurus ochruros'' * Kwayar warbler mai launin kore ''Phylloscopus trochiloides'' * ''Sturnus roseus'' mai launin ruwan hoda Daga baya, an ƙara jerin zuwa nau'ikan ƙaura guda 30. == Manazarta == <references /> sue67ecn3b3bshq7zmk4xh39dybk6co 889477 889476 2026-07-30T17:53:07Z Nnamadee 31123 889477 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''MigrantWatch''' wani aiki ne na ƙungiyar da ba ta gwamnati ba wacce ke da alaƙa da kimiyyar ɗan ƙasa a Indiya don tattara bayanai game da ƙaurar tsuntsaye . An kafa ƙungiyar a watan Yulin 2007 kuma Shirin Kimiyya na Cibiyar Nazarin Halittu ta Ƙasa ne ya tsara ta, tare da haɗin gwiwar mujallar ''tsuntsayen Indiya.''<ref name="MigrantWatch">{{Cite web |last=NCBS and Indian Birds Journal |title=Migrant Watch home page |url=http://www.migrantwatch.in/ |access-date=30 November 2010}}</ref> == Tarihi == Manufar shirin MigrantWatch ita ce tattara bayanai game da isowa, kasancewar da kuma tashi na tsuntsayen da ke yin hunturu a Indiya da kuma tantance duk wani canji da ya faru a lokacin ƙaura.<ref name="Qader & Raza (2008)">{{Cite journal |last=Quader |first=S. |last2=Raza |first2=R. H. |year=2008 |title=MigrantWatch: A citizen science programme for the study of bird migration |journal=Indian Birds |publisher=New Ornis Foundation |volume=3 |issue=6 |pages=202–209}}</ref> Shirin MigrantWatch yana samar da gidan yanar gizo inda membobin da suka yi rijista za su iya loda abubuwan da suka lura da nau'ikan tsuntsayen da ke ƙaura, da kuma samun damar shiga duk bayanan gani da taswira tare da bayanan da aka tsara. A shekarar farko, shirin ya yi niyya ga nau'ikan tsuntsaye tara masu ƙaura:<ref name="Qader & Raza (2008)">{{Cite journal |last=Quader |first=S. |last2=Raza |first2=R. H. |year=2008 |title=MigrantWatch: A citizen science programme for the study of bird migration |journal=Indian Birds |publisher=New Ornis Foundation |volume=3 |issue=6 |pages=202–209}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFQuaderRaza2008">Quader, S.; Raza, R. H. (2008). "MigrantWatch: A citizen science programme for the study of bird migration". ''Indian Birds''. '''3''' (6). New Ornis Foundation: <span class="nowrap">202–</span>209.</cite></ref> * ''Anas clypeata'' mai wasan ƙwallo na arewa * Marsh harrier, \ ''Circus aeruginosus'' * Nau'in sandpiper na itace ''Tringa glareola'' * Haɗiye ''Hirundo rustica'' na gama gari (ko barn) * Toka mai launin toka mai launin toka mai launin ruwan kasa mai ''suna Motacilla cinerea'' * Brown shrike ''Lanius cristatus'' * Black redstart ''Phoenicurus ochruros'' * Kwayar warbler mai launin kore ''Phylloscopus trochiloides'' * ''Sturnus roseus'' mai launin ruwan hoda Daga baya, an ƙara jerin zuwa nau'ikan ƙaura guda 30. == Manazarta == <references /> as3xcxhpav69y7rldj9k2a0y6h6bk5l Pierre Mariétan 0 162548 889478 2026-07-30T17:54:43Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1342959361|Pierre Mariétan]]" 889478 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Pierre Mariétan''' (23 Satumba 1935 - 23 Maris 2025) mawaki ne ɗan ƙasar Switzerland. == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Mariétan a watan Monthey, kuma ya fara karatu a Jami'ar Geneva a shekarar 1955-60 tare da Marescotti, daga baya kuma ya yi karatu tare da Pierre Boulez, Bernd Alois Zimmermann, Gottfried Michael Koenig, Henri Pousseur, da Karlheinz Stockhausen, kuma ayyukansa na farko sun kasance a sansanin masu zane-zane . {{R|Muggler2001}} A shekarun 1960 ya fara ƙirƙirar zane-zanen zane don ƙirƙirar abubuwa masu ban sha'awa, kuma tun daga shekarun 1970 ya ƙara sha'awar sautin muhalli da matsalar gurɓatar hayaniya. A cikin 1966 ya kasance wanda ya kafa Groupe d'Etude et Réalisation Musicales (GERM), kuma a cikin 1979 ya kafa Laboratoire Acoustique et Musique Urbaine de l'Ecole d'Architecture de Paris La Villette, wanda ya jagoranci har zuwa 1990. Mariétan ta koyar a Jami'ar Paris (I da VIII) daga 1969 zuwa 1988 da kuma a Ecole d'Architecture de Paris la Villette a 1993. Ya kasance Daraktan Conservatoire de Garges (Région parisienne) 1972-77, kuma ya kasance malami mai ziyara a Jami'o'in Paris, Lille, Barcelona,Tokyo, Kyoto, Osaka, Jami'ar California San Diego, Ecole Hautes Etudes Sociales Paris, Ecoles Ars Nationales Supérieures de Betteri, Paris, da sauransu. Besançon, da Marseilles, da Ecole Polytechnique de Lausanne. Mariétan ta rasu a birnin Paris a ranar 23 ga Maris, 2025, tana da shekaru 89. <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 March 2025 |title=Décès du compositeur valaisan Pierre Mariétan |url=https://www.lfm.ch/actualite/culture/deces-du-compositeur-valaisan-pierre-marietan/ |access-date=27 March 2025 |website=lfm.ch}}</ref> == Salon kiɗa == Duk da cewa farkon aikin Mariétan ya fi mayar da hankali kan tsarin zane-zane, ya koma ga rubuta sakamakon zane-zane (wasu an yi su ne don masu son karatu da yara) da kuma jagororin yin zane-zane. Tun daga shekarun 1970, ya fi mai da hankali kan haɗa waƙoƙin da aka tsara ("kiɗan ciki"), da sautunan muhalli na yau da kullun ("kiɗan waje"), wanda ya kai shi ga haɗa waƙoƙin lantarki da na rediyo. Misali, ''Paysmusique'' (1991), ya haɗa muryoyi 96 da ke magana a cikin yarukan Switzerland daban-daban. Ya kuma ƙirƙiri tsarin shigar da sauti da kuma yanayin sauti, wani lokacin yana haɗa kai da masu zane-zane. {{R|Muggler2001}} == Waƙoƙi (jerin zaɓaɓɓu) == * ''Caractères'', don sarewa, viola, da contrabass (1961) * ''Ersatz'', don viola mai zaman kansa (1961) * ''Bayyana I-II'', don kayan aikin 21 (1961) * ''Sassa na I–III'', don viola da cello (1961) * ''Fuskoki I–II'', don kayan kida 18 (1961) * ''Pièce centrale'', don kayan kida 21 (1961) * ''Récit suivi de légende'', don soprano, sarewa, ƙaho na Ingilishi, clarinet, ƙaho, garaya, piano, da viola (1963-66) * ''Minti'', don ƙungiyar makaɗa ta ɗakin taro (1964) * ''Halin yanayi'' (1964-56/1969) * ''Systèmes'', don piano (1968) * ''Quatemio I'', don carillon (1970) * ''Hanyoyin sadarwa'', don igiyoyi da tef (1971) * ''Milieu da muhalli, kisa simultanée de plusieurs pièces zuba une 'musicalisation d'un espace déterminé''' (1971) * ''De par ce fait'', don ƙahon Ingilishi, ƙahon basset, ƙaho 7, da tef (1975) * ''Ɗan shiru bruit'', ga wani mawaƙi (1975) * ''D'instant en instant'', ga ƙungiyoyi uku na kayan kida 8 (1976) * ''Rose des vents'', kiɗan kwana bakwai da ke faruwa a cikin yanayi na birni (1982) * ''Transmusique I à V'', don kayan aiki 6 da kwamfutoci 2 (1986) * ''Paysmusique 2'', don ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta igiya da na'urorin lantarki (1992) * ''Bruissant et sonnant'', don sarewa da garaya (1996) * ''Kotun Le bruit'', kiɗan rediyo (1996) == Rubuce-rubuce == * Mariétan, Pierre. 1970. "Zuba une musique à Communication orale." ''VH 101'', lamba 3. An sake bugawa a ''Schweizerische Musikzeitung/Revue Musicale Suisse'' 112 (1972):" 86-89 kuma a cikin ''Takardun Bayani'' (Cologne, 1973), lamba 5. * Mariétan, Pierre. 1977. "Ɗana, shiru, abin tsoro." ''Littafin Revue d'esthétique'' 30. * Mariétan, Pierre. 1994. "État de situations sonores: Pierre Mariétan redessine l'espace Acoustique." ''Dissonanz/Dissonance'' no. 39 (Fabrairu): 4–7. * Mariétan, Pierre. 1997. ''Musique du lieu'' . Bern: Hukumar Nationale Suisse ta zuba l'UNESCO. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2025]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1935]] 6n9qta24xkahzf3i6p7m74y5ptfsb6k 889479 889478 2026-07-30T17:55:21Z Nnamadee 31123 889479 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   '''Pierre Mariétan''' (23 Satumba 1935 - 23 Maris 2025) mawaki ne ɗan ƙasar Switzerland. == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Mariétan a watan Monthey, kuma ya fara karatu a Jami'ar Geneva a shekarar 1955-60 tare da Marescotti, daga baya kuma ya yi karatu tare da Pierre Boulez, Bernd Alois Zimmermann, Gottfried Michael Koenig, Henri Pousseur, da Karlheinz Stockhausen, kuma ayyukansa na farko sun kasance a sansanin masu zane-zane . {{R|Muggler2001}} A shekarun 1960 ya fara ƙirƙirar zane-zanen zane don ƙirƙirar abubuwa masu ban sha'awa, kuma tun daga shekarun 1970 ya ƙara sha'awar sautin muhalli da matsalar gurɓatar hayaniya. A cikin 1966 ya kasance wanda ya kafa Groupe d'Etude et Réalisation Musicales (GERM), kuma a cikin 1979 ya kafa Laboratoire Acoustique et Musique Urbaine de l'Ecole d'Architecture de Paris La Villette, wanda ya jagoranci har zuwa 1990. Mariétan ta koyar a Jami'ar Paris (I da VIII) daga 1969 zuwa 1988 da kuma a Ecole d'Architecture de Paris la Villette a 1993. Ya kasance Daraktan Conservatoire de Garges (Région parisienne) 1972-77, kuma ya kasance malami mai ziyara a Jami'o'in Paris, Lille, Barcelona,Tokyo, Kyoto, Osaka, Jami'ar California San Diego, Ecole Hautes Etudes Sociales Paris, Ecoles Ars Nationales Supérieures de Betteri, Paris, da sauransu. Besançon, da Marseilles, da Ecole Polytechnique de Lausanne. Mariétan ta rasu a birnin Paris a ranar 23 ga Maris, 2025, tana da shekaru 89. <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 March 2025 |title=Décès du compositeur valaisan Pierre Mariétan |url=https://www.lfm.ch/actualite/culture/deces-du-compositeur-valaisan-pierre-marietan/ |access-date=27 March 2025 |website=lfm.ch}}</ref> == Salon kiɗa == Duk da cewa farkon aikin Mariétan ya fi mayar da hankali kan tsarin zane-zane, ya koma ga rubuta sakamakon zane-zane (wasu an yi su ne don masu son karatu da yara) da kuma jagororin yin zane-zane. Tun daga shekarun 1970, ya fi mai da hankali kan haɗa waƙoƙin da aka tsara ("kiɗan ciki"), da sautunan muhalli na yau da kullun ("kiɗan waje"), wanda ya kai shi ga haɗa waƙoƙin lantarki da na rediyo. Misali, ''Paysmusique'' (1991), ya haɗa muryoyi 96 da ke magana a cikin yarukan Switzerland daban-daban. Ya kuma ƙirƙiri tsarin shigar da sauti da kuma yanayin sauti, wani lokacin yana haɗa kai da masu zane-zane. {{R|Muggler2001}} == Waƙoƙi (jerin zaɓaɓɓu) == * ''Caractères'', don sarewa, viola, da contrabass (1961) * ''Ersatz'', don viola mai zaman kansa (1961) * ''Bayyana I-II'', don kayan aikin 21 (1961) * ''Sassa na I–III'', don viola da cello (1961) * ''Fuskoki I–II'', don kayan kida 18 (1961) * ''Pièce centrale'', don kayan kida 21 (1961) * ''Récit suivi de légende'', don soprano, sarewa, ƙaho na Ingilishi, clarinet, ƙaho, garaya, piano, da viola (1963-66) * ''Minti'', don ƙungiyar makaɗa ta ɗakin taro (1964) * ''Halin yanayi'' (1964-56/1969) * ''Systèmes'', don piano (1968) * ''Quatemio I'', don carillon (1970) * ''Hanyoyin sadarwa'', don igiyoyi da tef (1971) * ''Milieu da muhalli, kisa simultanée de plusieurs pièces zuba une 'musicalisation d'un espace déterminé''' (1971) * ''De par ce fait'', don ƙahon Ingilishi, ƙahon basset, ƙaho 7, da tef (1975) * ''Ɗan shiru bruit'', ga wani mawaƙi (1975) * ''D'instant en instant'', ga ƙungiyoyi uku na kayan kida 8 (1976) * ''Rose des vents'', kiɗan kwana bakwai da ke faruwa a cikin yanayi na birni (1982) * ''Transmusique I à V'', don kayan aiki 6 da kwamfutoci 2 (1986) * ''Paysmusique 2'', don ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta igiya da na'urorin lantarki (1992) * ''Bruissant et sonnant'', don sarewa da garaya (1996) * ''Kotun Le bruit'', kiɗan rediyo (1996) == Rubuce-rubuce == * Mariétan, Pierre. 1970. "Zuba une musique à Communication orale." ''VH 101'', lamba 3. An sake bugawa a ''Schweizerische Musikzeitung/Revue Musicale Suisse'' 112 (1972):" 86-89 kuma a cikin ''Takardun Bayani'' (Cologne, 1973), lamba 5. * Mariétan, Pierre. 1977. "Ɗana, shiru, abin tsoro." ''Littafin Revue d'esthétique'' 30. * Mariétan, Pierre. 1994. "État de situations sonores: Pierre Mariétan redessine l'espace Acoustique." ''Dissonanz/Dissonance'' no. 39 (Fabrairu): 4–7. * Mariétan, Pierre. 1997. ''Musique du lieu'' . Bern: Hukumar Nationale Suisse ta zuba l'UNESCO. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2025]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1935]] s3qvc5by0q6nf9fm0xz2omcp309pbdt 889481 889479 2026-07-30T17:56:20Z Nnamadee 31123 889481 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   '''Pierre Mariétan''' (23 Satumba 1935 - 23 Maris 2025) mawaki ne ɗan ƙasar Switzerland. == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Mariétan a watan Monthey, kuma ya fara karatu a Jami'ar Geneva a shekarar 1955-60 tare da Marescotti, daga baya kuma ya yi karatu tare da Pierre Boulez, Bernd Alois Zimmermann, Gottfried Michael Koenig, Henri Pousseur, da Karlheinz Stockhausen, kuma ayyukansa na farko sun kasance a sansanin masu zane-zane.{{R|Muggler2001}} A shekarun 1960 ya fara ƙirƙirar zane-zanen zane don ƙirƙirar abubuwa masu ban sha'awa, kuma tun daga shekarun 1970 ya ƙara sha'awar sautin muhalli da matsalar gurɓatar hayaniya. A cikin 1966 ya kasance wanda ya kafa Groupe d'Etude et Réalisation Musicales (GERM), kuma a cikin 1979 ya kafa Laboratoire Acoustique et Musique Urbaine de l'Ecole d'Architecture de Paris La Villette, wanda ya jagoranci har zuwa 1990. Mariétan ta koyar a Jami'ar Paris (I da VIII) daga 1969 zuwa 1988 da kuma a Ecole d'Architecture de Paris la Villette a 1993. Ya kasance Daraktan Conservatoire de Garges (Région parisienne) 1972-77, kuma ya kasance malami mai ziyara a Jami'o'in Paris, Lille, Barcelona,Tokyo, Kyoto, Osaka, Jami'ar California San Diego, Ecole Hautes Etudes Sociales Paris, Ecoles Ars Nationales Supérieures de Betteri, Paris, da sauransu. Besançon, da Marseilles, da Ecole Polytechnique de Lausanne. Mariétan ta rasu a birnin Paris a ranar 23 ga Maris, 2025, tana da shekaru 89.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 March 2025 |title=Décès du compositeur valaisan Pierre Mariétan |url=https://www.lfm.ch/actualite/culture/deces-du-compositeur-valaisan-pierre-marietan/ |access-date=27 March 2025 |website=lfm.ch}}</ref> == Salon kiɗa == Duk da cewa farkon aikin Mariétan ya fi mayar da hankali kan tsarin zane-zane, ya koma ga rubuta sakamakon zane-zane (wasu an yi su ne don masu son karatu da yara) da kuma jagororin yin zane-zane. Tun daga shekarun 1970, ya fi mai da hankali kan haɗa waƙoƙin da aka tsara ("kiɗan ciki"), da sautunan muhalli na yau da kullun ("kiɗan waje"), wanda ya kai shi ga haɗa waƙoƙin lantarki da na rediyo. Misali, ''Paysmusique'' (1991), ya haɗa muryoyi 96 da ke magana a cikin yarukan Switzerland daban-daban. Ya kuma ƙirƙiri tsarin shigar da sauti da kuma yanayin sauti, wani lokacin yana haɗa kai da masu zane-zane.{{R|Muggler2001}} == Waƙoƙi (jerin zaɓaɓɓu) == * ''Caractères'', don sarewa, viola, da contrabass (1961) * ''Ersatz'', don viola mai zaman kansa (1961) * ''Bayyana I-II'', don kayan aikin 21 (1961) * ''Sassa na I–III'', don viola da cello (1961) * ''Fuskoki I–II'', don kayan kida 18 (1961) * ''Pièce centrale'', don kayan kida 21 (1961) * ''Récit suivi de légende'', don soprano, sarewa, ƙaho na Ingilishi, clarinet, ƙaho, garaya, piano, da viola (1963-66) * ''Minti'', don ƙungiyar makaɗa ta ɗakin taro (1964) * ''Halin yanayi'' (1964-56/1969) * ''Systèmes'', don piano (1968) * ''Quatemio I'', don carillon (1970) * ''Hanyoyin sadarwa'', don igiyoyi da tef (1971) * ''Milieu da muhalli, kisa simultanée de plusieurs pièces zuba une 'musicalisation d'un espace déterminé''' (1971) * ''De par ce fait'', don ƙahon Ingilishi, ƙahon basset, ƙaho 7, da tef (1975) * ''Ɗan shiru bruit'', ga wani mawaƙi (1975) * ''D'instant en instant'', ga ƙungiyoyi uku na kayan kida 8 (1976) * ''Rose des vents'', kiɗan kwana bakwai da ke faruwa a cikin yanayi na birni (1982) * ''Transmusique I à V'', don kayan aiki 6 da kwamfutoci 2 (1986) * ''Paysmusique 2'', don ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta igiya da na'urorin lantarki (1992) * ''Bruissant et sonnant'', don sarewa da garaya (1996) * ''Kotun Le bruit'', kiɗan rediyo (1996) == Rubuce-rubuce == * Mariétan, Pierre. 1970. "Zuba une musique à Communication orale." ''VH 101'', lamba 3. An sake bugawa a ''Schweizerische Musikzeitung/Revue Musicale Suisse'' 112 (1972):" 86-89 kuma a cikin ''Takardun Bayani'' (Cologne, 1973), lamba 5. * Mariétan, Pierre. 1977. "Ɗana, shiru, abin tsoro." ''Littafin Revue d'esthétique'' 30. * Mariétan, Pierre. 1994. "État de situations sonores: Pierre Mariétan redessine l'espace Acoustique." ''Dissonanz/Dissonance'' no. 39 (Fabrairu): 4–7. * Mariétan, Pierre. 1997. ''Musique du lieu'' . Bern: Hukumar Nationale Suisse ta zuba l'UNESCO. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2025]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1935]] njfgggd2mf38p756194lgm0rusjk3cf Premjit Sen 0 162549 889499 2026-07-30T19:35:38Z Mahuta 11340 Sabon shafi: '''Premjit Sen''' (an haife shi a ranar 11 ga watan Satumbar shekara ta [[1973]]) ɗan wasan yaƙi ne na [[Indiya]], kocin karate, alƙali, kuma mai kula da wasanni. Yana da alaƙa da ingantawa da ci gaban karate a [[Indiya]] kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin alƙali na kasa da kasa da alƙali a ƙarƙashin Ƙungiyar Karate ta Duniya (WKF) da Ƙungiyar Karata ta [[Asiya]] (AKF). Shi ne kuma wanda ya kafa kungiyar Seishinkai Shito Ryu Karate-Do ta Duniya.<ref>https://www.aninews.in/new... 889499 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Premjit Sen''' (an haife shi a ranar 11 ga watan Satumbar shekara ta [[1973]]) ɗan wasan yaƙi ne na [[Indiya]], kocin karate, alƙali, kuma mai kula da wasanni. Yana da alaƙa da ingantawa da ci gaban karate a [[Indiya]] kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin alƙali na kasa da kasa da alƙali a ƙarƙashin Ƙungiyar Karate ta Duniya (WKF) da Ƙungiyar Karata ta [[Asiya]] (AKF). Shi ne kuma wanda ya kafa kungiyar Seishinkai Shito Ryu Karate-Do ta Duniya.<ref>https://www.aninews.in/news/business/premjit-sens-karate-revolution-is-transforming-womens-safety-in-bengal20251117150648</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Premjit Sen a ranar 11 ga Satumba 1973 a [[Indiya]]. Ya fara yin wasan kwaikwayo na martial arts tun yana ƙarami kuma daga baya ya horar da karate, yana samun takaddun shaida na baƙar fata. Ayyukansa sun haɗa da horarwa, gudanarwa, da kuma gudanar da wasanni.<ref>https://playsport.com/hanshipremjitsenmartialartacademy_ag_509acd55/about</ref> == Ayyuka == Sen ya yi aiki a matsayin kocin karate, alƙali, da kuma mai gudanarwa na shekaru da yawa. A matsayinsa na jami'in kasa da kasa, ya yi aiki a gasa da suka hada da Gasar Karate ta Duniya, Gasar Karata ta Asiya, abubuwan da suka faru na WKF Premier League, Gasar Matasa, da Gasar Commonwealth Karate.<ref>https://sports247live.in/hanshi-premjit-sen-leads-seishinkais-intensive-training-camp-emphasises-quality-instruction-in-karate/</ref> Ya kuma rike mukamai na gudanarwa a wasannin wasanni na Indiya, gami da aiki a matsayin mai kallo a lokacin wasannin [[Asiya]] na 2018 da kuma Daraktan Gasar wasannin [[Olympics]] na Arewa maso Gabas na 2 a 2022. Yana da alaƙa da Karate Do Association of Bengal da sauran kungiyoyin karate a Indiya.<ref>https://www.ahmedabadmirror.com/karates-torchbearer-hanshi-premjit-sen-empowers-instructors-at-dudhias-elite-training-camp/81892675.html</ref><ref>https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/hanshi-premjit-sen-named-new-president-of-hapkido-federation-of-india/articleshow/79210423.cms</ref> Sen ya kafa Global Seishinkai Shito Ryu Karate-Do Federation, wanda ke da rassa a kasashe da yawa. Ya kuma kafa Gasar Karate ta Duniya - Kofin Masu Gwagwarmayar [[Indiya]], gasar karate ta shekara-shekara da aka shirya a Indiya.<ref>https://www.thestatesman.com/sports/hanshi-premjit-sen-recognised-by-world-karate-federation-first-bengali-to-be-so-honoured-by-karates-apex-body-1503300861.html</ref> == Nasarorin da aka samu == A matsayinta na mai fafatawa, Sen ta lashe lambobin yabo a gasa ta kasa da kasa, gami da Kofin Duniya na Martial Arts da abubuwan da suka faru na Turai. A matsayinsa na kocin, ya horar da 'yan wasa wadanda suka wakilci Indiya a gasar zakarun karate ta kasa da kasa.<ref>https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/hanshi-premjit-sen-wins-national-masters-e-kata-championship/articleshow/85487683.cms</ref> Kyaututtuka sun hada da '''WKF Bronze Pin Award''' (2023), '''Times Man of the Year''' (2022), '''da Times Bengal Icons''' (2023). == Rayuwa ta mutum == Premjit Sen ya bi addinin [[Hindu a Nijeriya|Hindu]]. Iyayensa sune Late Pramodendu Sen da Late Krishna Sen . == Manazarta == {{reflist}} d5kv8alfu6mmd90tlrkqx1n8tyeg1ax 889501 889499 2026-07-30T19:42:38Z Mahuta 11340 889501 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Premjit Sen''' (an haife shi a ranar 11 ga watan Satumbar shekara ta [[1973]]) ɗan wasan yaƙi ne na [[Indiya]], kocin karate, alƙali, kuma mai kula da wasanni. Yana da alaƙa da ingantawa da ci gaban karate a [[Indiya]] kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin alƙali na kasa da kasa da alƙali a ƙarƙashin Ƙungiyar Karate ta Duniya (WKF) da Ƙungiyar Karata ta [[Asiya]] (AKF). Shi ne kuma wanda ya kafa kungiyar Seishinkai Shito Ryu Karate-Do ta Duniya.<ref>https://www.aninews.in/news/business/premjit-sens-karate-revolution-is-transforming-womens-safety-in-bengal20251117150648</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Premjit Sen a ranar 11 ga Satumba 1973 a [[Indiya]]. Ya fara yin wasan kwaikwayo na martial arts tun yana ƙarami kuma daga baya ya horar da karate, yana samun takaddun shaida na baƙar fata. Ayyukansa sun haɗa da horarwa, gudanarwa, da kuma gudanar da wasanni.<ref>https://playsport.com/hanshipremjitsenmartialartacademy_ag_509acd55/about</ref> == Ayyuka == Sen ya yi aiki a matsayin kocin karate, alƙali, da kuma mai gudanarwa na shekaru da yawa. A matsayinsa na jami'in kasa da kasa, ya yi aiki a gasa da suka hada da Gasar Karate ta Duniya, Gasar Karata ta Asiya, abubuwan da suka faru na WKF Premier League, Gasar Matasa, da Gasar Commonwealth Karate.<ref>https://sports247live.in/hanshi-premjit-sen-leads-seishinkais-intensive-training-camp-emphasises-quality-instruction-in-karate/</ref> Ya kuma rike mukamai na gudanarwa a wasannin wasanni na Indiya, gami da aiki a matsayin mai kallo a lokacin wasannin [[Asiya]] na 2018 da kuma Daraktan Gasar wasannin [[Olympics]] na Arewa maso Gabas na 2 a 2022. Yana da alaƙa da Karate Do Association of Bengal da sauran kungiyoyin karate a Indiya.<ref>https://www.ahmedabadmirror.com/karates-torchbearer-hanshi-premjit-sen-empowers-instructors-at-dudhias-elite-training-camp/81892675.html</ref><ref>https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/hanshi-premjit-sen-named-new-president-of-hapkido-federation-of-india/articleshow/79210423.cms</ref> Sen ya kafa Global Seishinkai Shito Ryu Karate-Do Federation, wanda ke da rassa a kasashe da yawa. Ya kuma kafa Gasar Karate ta Duniya - Kofin Masu Gwagwarmayar [[Indiya]], gasar karate ta shekara-shekara da aka shirya a Indiya.<ref>https://www.thestatesman.com/sports/hanshi-premjit-sen-recognised-by-world-karate-federation-first-bengali-to-be-so-honoured-by-karates-apex-body-1503300861.html</ref> == Nasarorin da aka samu == A matsayinta na mai fafatawa, Sen ta lashe lambobin yabo a gasa ta kasa da kasa, gami da Kofin Duniya na Martial Arts da abubuwan da suka faru na Turai. A matsayinsa na kocin, ya horar da 'yan wasa wadanda suka wakilci Indiya a gasar zakarun karate ta kasa da kasa.<ref>https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/hanshi-premjit-sen-wins-national-masters-e-kata-championship/articleshow/85487683.cms</ref> Kyaututtuka sun hada da '''WKF Bronze Pin Award''' (2023), '''Times Man of the Year''' (2022), '''da Times Bengal Icons''' (2023). == Rayuwa ta mutum == Premjit Sen ya bi addinin [[Hindu a Nijeriya|Hindu]]. Iyayensa sune Late Pramodendu Sen da Late Krishna Sen . == Manazarta == {{reflist}} oswkhkwngy0c7ekxxxqoamwp6ns5n2q 889502 889501 2026-07-30T19:43:37Z Mahuta 11340 /* Nasarorin da aka samu */ 889502 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Premjit Sen''' (an haife shi a ranar 11 ga watan Satumbar shekara ta [[1973]]) ɗan wasan yaƙi ne na [[Indiya]], kocin karate, alƙali, kuma mai kula da wasanni. Yana da alaƙa da ingantawa da ci gaban karate a [[Indiya]] kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin alƙali na kasa da kasa da alƙali a ƙarƙashin Ƙungiyar Karate ta Duniya (WKF) da Ƙungiyar Karata ta [[Asiya]] (AKF). Shi ne kuma wanda ya kafa kungiyar Seishinkai Shito Ryu Karate-Do ta Duniya.<ref>https://www.aninews.in/news/business/premjit-sens-karate-revolution-is-transforming-womens-safety-in-bengal20251117150648</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Premjit Sen a ranar 11 ga Satumba 1973 a [[Indiya]]. Ya fara yin wasan kwaikwayo na martial arts tun yana ƙarami kuma daga baya ya horar da karate, yana samun takaddun shaida na baƙar fata. Ayyukansa sun haɗa da horarwa, gudanarwa, da kuma gudanar da wasanni.<ref>https://playsport.com/hanshipremjitsenmartialartacademy_ag_509acd55/about</ref> == Ayyuka == Sen ya yi aiki a matsayin kocin karate, alƙali, da kuma mai gudanarwa na shekaru da yawa. A matsayinsa na jami'in kasa da kasa, ya yi aiki a gasa da suka hada da Gasar Karate ta Duniya, Gasar Karata ta Asiya, abubuwan da suka faru na WKF Premier League, Gasar Matasa, da Gasar Commonwealth Karate.<ref>https://sports247live.in/hanshi-premjit-sen-leads-seishinkais-intensive-training-camp-emphasises-quality-instruction-in-karate/</ref> Ya kuma rike mukamai na gudanarwa a wasannin wasanni na Indiya, gami da aiki a matsayin mai kallo a lokacin wasannin [[Asiya]] na 2018 da kuma Daraktan Gasar wasannin [[Olympics]] na Arewa maso Gabas na 2 a 2022. Yana da alaƙa da Karate Do Association of Bengal da sauran kungiyoyin karate a Indiya.<ref>https://www.ahmedabadmirror.com/karates-torchbearer-hanshi-premjit-sen-empowers-instructors-at-dudhias-elite-training-camp/81892675.html</ref><ref>https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/hanshi-premjit-sen-named-new-president-of-hapkido-federation-of-india/articleshow/79210423.cms</ref> Sen ya kafa Global Seishinkai Shito Ryu Karate-Do Federation, wanda ke da rassa a kasashe da yawa. Ya kuma kafa Gasar Karate ta Duniya - Kofin Masu Gwagwarmayar [[Indiya]], gasar karate ta shekara-shekara da aka shirya a Indiya.<ref>https://www.thestatesman.com/sports/hanshi-premjit-sen-recognised-by-world-karate-federation-first-bengali-to-be-so-honoured-by-karates-apex-body-1503300861.html</ref> == Nasarorin da aka samu == A matsayinta na mai fafatawa, Sen ta lashe lambobin yabo a gasa ta kasa da kasa, gami da Kofin Duniya na Martial Arts da abubuwan da suka faru na Turai. A matsayinsa na kocin, ya horar da 'yan wasa wadanda suka wakilci Indiya a gasar zakarun karate ta kasa da kasa.<ref>https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/hanshi-premjit-sen-wins-national-masters-e-kata-championship/articleshow/85487683.cms</ref> Kyaututtuka sun hada da: '''WKF Bronze Pin Award''' (2023), '''Times Man of the Year''' (2022), '''da Times Bengal Icons''' (2023). == Rayuwa ta mutum == Premjit Sen ya bi addinin [[Hindu a Nijeriya|Hindu]]. Iyayensa sune Late Pramodendu Sen da Late Krishna Sen . == Manazarta == {{reflist}} lr47pvq1smyn92vzpsro0r23p3ctq3t 889503 889502 2026-07-30T19:43:57Z Mahuta 11340 /* Nasarorin da aka samu */ 889503 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Premjit Sen''' (an haife shi a ranar 11 ga watan Satumbar shekara ta [[1973]]) ɗan wasan yaƙi ne na [[Indiya]], kocin karate, alƙali, kuma mai kula da wasanni. Yana da alaƙa da ingantawa da ci gaban karate a [[Indiya]] kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin alƙali na kasa da kasa da alƙali a ƙarƙashin Ƙungiyar Karate ta Duniya (WKF) da Ƙungiyar Karata ta [[Asiya]] (AKF). Shi ne kuma wanda ya kafa kungiyar Seishinkai Shito Ryu Karate-Do ta Duniya.<ref>https://www.aninews.in/news/business/premjit-sens-karate-revolution-is-transforming-womens-safety-in-bengal20251117150648</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Premjit Sen a ranar 11 ga Satumba 1973 a [[Indiya]]. Ya fara yin wasan kwaikwayo na martial arts tun yana ƙarami kuma daga baya ya horar da karate, yana samun takaddun shaida na baƙar fata. Ayyukansa sun haɗa da horarwa, gudanarwa, da kuma gudanar da wasanni.<ref>https://playsport.com/hanshipremjitsenmartialartacademy_ag_509acd55/about</ref> == Ayyuka == Sen ya yi aiki a matsayin kocin karate, alƙali, da kuma mai gudanarwa na shekaru da yawa. A matsayinsa na jami'in kasa da kasa, ya yi aiki a gasa da suka hada da Gasar Karate ta Duniya, Gasar Karata ta Asiya, abubuwan da suka faru na WKF Premier League, Gasar Matasa, da Gasar Commonwealth Karate.<ref>https://sports247live.in/hanshi-premjit-sen-leads-seishinkais-intensive-training-camp-emphasises-quality-instruction-in-karate/</ref> Ya kuma rike mukamai na gudanarwa a wasannin wasanni na Indiya, gami da aiki a matsayin mai kallo a lokacin wasannin [[Asiya]] na 2018 da kuma Daraktan Gasar wasannin [[Olympics]] na Arewa maso Gabas na 2 a 2022. Yana da alaƙa da Karate Do Association of Bengal da sauran kungiyoyin karate a Indiya.<ref>https://www.ahmedabadmirror.com/karates-torchbearer-hanshi-premjit-sen-empowers-instructors-at-dudhias-elite-training-camp/81892675.html</ref><ref>https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/hanshi-premjit-sen-named-new-president-of-hapkido-federation-of-india/articleshow/79210423.cms</ref> Sen ya kafa Global Seishinkai Shito Ryu Karate-Do Federation, wanda ke da rassa a kasashe da yawa. Ya kuma kafa Gasar Karate ta Duniya - Kofin Masu Gwagwarmayar [[Indiya]], gasar karate ta shekara-shekara da aka shirya a Indiya.<ref>https://www.thestatesman.com/sports/hanshi-premjit-sen-recognised-by-world-karate-federation-first-bengali-to-be-so-honoured-by-karates-apex-body-1503300861.html</ref> == Nasarorin da aka samu == A matsayinta na mai fafatawa, Sen ta lashe lambobin yabo a gasa ta kasa da kasa, gami da Kofin Duniya na Martial Arts da abubuwan da suka faru na Turai. A matsayinsa na kocin, ya horar da 'yan wasa wadanda suka wakilci Indiya a gasar zakarun karate ta kasa da kasa.<ref>https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/hanshi-premjit-sen-wins-national-masters-e-kata-championship/articleshow/85487683.cms</ref> Kyaututtuka sun hada da: '''WKF Bronze Pin Award''' (2023), '''Times Man of the Year''' (2022), '''da Times Bengal Icons''' (2023). == Rayuwa ta mutum == Premjit Sen ya bi addinin [[Hindu a Nijeriya|Hindu]]. Iyayensa sune Late Pramodendu Sen da Late Krishna Sen . == Manazarta == {{reflist}} o40tj1ccjt05lzsx890coxf0mq4qef0 889504 889503 2026-07-30T19:44:11Z Mahuta 11340 /* Nasarorin da aka samu */ 889504 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Premjit Sen''' (an haife shi a ranar 11 ga watan Satumbar shekara ta [[1973]]) ɗan wasan yaƙi ne na [[Indiya]], kocin karate, alƙali, kuma mai kula da wasanni. Yana da alaƙa da ingantawa da ci gaban karate a [[Indiya]] kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin alƙali na kasa da kasa da alƙali a ƙarƙashin Ƙungiyar Karate ta Duniya (WKF) da Ƙungiyar Karata ta [[Asiya]] (AKF). Shi ne kuma wanda ya kafa kungiyar Seishinkai Shito Ryu Karate-Do ta Duniya.<ref>https://www.aninews.in/news/business/premjit-sens-karate-revolution-is-transforming-womens-safety-in-bengal20251117150648</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Premjit Sen a ranar 11 ga Satumba 1973 a [[Indiya]]. Ya fara yin wasan kwaikwayo na martial arts tun yana ƙarami kuma daga baya ya horar da karate, yana samun takaddun shaida na baƙar fata. Ayyukansa sun haɗa da horarwa, gudanarwa, da kuma gudanar da wasanni.<ref>https://playsport.com/hanshipremjitsenmartialartacademy_ag_509acd55/about</ref> == Ayyuka == Sen ya yi aiki a matsayin kocin karate, alƙali, da kuma mai gudanarwa na shekaru da yawa. A matsayinsa na jami'in kasa da kasa, ya yi aiki a gasa da suka hada da Gasar Karate ta Duniya, Gasar Karata ta Asiya, abubuwan da suka faru na WKF Premier League, Gasar Matasa, da Gasar Commonwealth Karate.<ref>https://sports247live.in/hanshi-premjit-sen-leads-seishinkais-intensive-training-camp-emphasises-quality-instruction-in-karate/</ref> Ya kuma rike mukamai na gudanarwa a wasannin wasanni na Indiya, gami da aiki a matsayin mai kallo a lokacin wasannin [[Asiya]] na 2018 da kuma Daraktan Gasar wasannin [[Olympics]] na Arewa maso Gabas na 2 a 2022. Yana da alaƙa da Karate Do Association of Bengal da sauran kungiyoyin karate a Indiya.<ref>https://www.ahmedabadmirror.com/karates-torchbearer-hanshi-premjit-sen-empowers-instructors-at-dudhias-elite-training-camp/81892675.html</ref><ref>https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/hanshi-premjit-sen-named-new-president-of-hapkido-federation-of-india/articleshow/79210423.cms</ref> Sen ya kafa Global Seishinkai Shito Ryu Karate-Do Federation, wanda ke da rassa a kasashe da yawa. Ya kuma kafa Gasar Karate ta Duniya - Kofin Masu Gwagwarmayar [[Indiya]], gasar karate ta shekara-shekara da aka shirya a Indiya.<ref>https://www.thestatesman.com/sports/hanshi-premjit-sen-recognised-by-world-karate-federation-first-bengali-to-be-so-honoured-by-karates-apex-body-1503300861.html</ref> == Nasarorin da aka samu == A matsayinta na mai fafatawa, Sen ta lashe lambobin yabo a gasa ta kasa da kasa, gami da Kofin Duniya na Martial Arts da abubuwan da suka faru na Turai. A matsayinsa na kocin, ya horar da 'yan wasa wadanda suka wakilci Indiya a gasar zakarun karate ta kasa da kasa.<ref>https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/hanshi-premjit-sen-wins-national-masters-e-kata-championship/articleshow/85487683.cms</ref> Kyaututtuka sun hada da: '''WKF Bronze Pin Award''' (2023), '''Times Man of the Year''' (2022), '''da Times Bengal Icons''' (2023). == Rayuwa ta mutum == Premjit Sen ya bi addinin [[Hindu a Nijeriya|Hindu]]. Iyayensa sune Late Pramodendu Sen da Late Krishna Sen . == Manazarta == {{reflist}} bsfkz3xbzizjkwtl3x3mubowjovvnv7 Abincin Phuket 0 162550 889509 2026-07-30T20:30:05Z Alubaki 30448 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358668111|Phuket cuisine]]" 889509 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Patak_Road.JPG|thumb|Mai sayar da titi yana ba da pancakes a kan Patak Road a Birnin Phuket]] Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Abinci na Phuket ya samo asali ne daga [[Phuket province|Phuket,]] [[Thai cuisine|Thai]] kuma yana da tasirin [[Chinese cuisine|Sinanci]], [[Malaysian cuisine|Malaysian]], da Thai. Abinci na Phuket ya samo asali ne daga Phuket, Thai kuma yana da tasirin Sinanci, Malaysian, da Thai. == Abinci == === Bee-Pang === Bee-Pang wani nau'in shinkafa ne mai laushi da aka yanka a cikin wani rectangle mai laushi tare da sauce mai dadi kuma wani nau'i ne na mashaya. Bee-Pang an yi shi ne daga shinkafa da aka gauraya da tafarnuwa da aka dafa tare da sauce mai zaki don haɗuwa da gishiri daga shinkafar. Mutanen Phuket yawanci suna cin wannan tare da shayi da rana kamar farin shayi ko shayi mai kore saboda al'ada.<ref name="Expique">{{Cite web |last=Expique |first=Team |date=2021-02-09 |title=Phuket's Traditional Desserts That You Should Try |url=https://www.expique.com/article/phuket-traditional-desserts/ |access-date=2024-08-22 |website=Experience Unique Bangkok |language=en-US}}</ref> === Gaang sôm blah === Gaang sôm plah abinci ne na kifi. Ana shirya shi ba tare da amfani da madarar kwakwa ba.<ref name="Williams Beales 2010" /> === Kanohm Jin === Kanohm Jin abinci ne mai ɗanɗano wanda aka yi da shinkafa ko kifi kuma an rufe shi da sauces. Sauces sun hada da Tai-Pla sauce, nam phrik sauce, da Namya sauce. Yawancin lokaci ana cinye shi don karin kumallo tare da soya Pah Tong Go da kifi mai curried. Ana ba da Kanohm Jin tare da fiye da nau'ikan kayan lambu 10.<ref name="windowonphuket1">{{Cite web |title=WINDOW on Phuket: Phuket Events, Phuket Activities, Dining, Property, Boating, Shopping |url=http://windowonphuket.com/features_regular/phuket_local_food.htm |access-date=30 May 2016 |website=Window Phuket}}</ref> === Lo Bah === Lo Bah wani abu ne mai zurfi da aka dafa naman alade wanda aka dafa tare da tofu da kuma soya mai dadi da ɗanɗano.<ref name="alphabetoresort">{{Cite web |date= |title=Attraction &#124; Alphabeto Resort, Naiharn Beach |url=http://www.alphabetoresort.com/Phuket-Food.html |access-date=2016-05-30 |publisher=Alphabetoresort.com}}</ref> === Mee Hoon Pa Chang === Mee Hoon Pa Chang ya ƙunshi noodles da aka soya a cikin soya sauce, an rufe shi da albasa da aka soja kuma tare da miya na alade. 'Pa Chang' ne ya samo asali ne daga girke-girke, don haka mutanen yankin suna kiran abincin 'Mee Hoon Pa Chang'. "<ref name="alphabetoresort">{{Cite web |date= |title=Attraction &#124; Alphabeto Resort, Naiharn Beach |url=http://www.alphabetoresort.com/Phuket-Food.html |access-date=2016-05-30 |publisher=Alphabetoresort.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.alphabetoresort.com/Phuket-Food.html "Attraction &#x7C; Alphabeto Resort, Naiharn Beach"]. Alphabetoresort.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-05-30</span></span>.</cite></ref> === Moo Hong === Moo Hong abinci ne na naman alade da aka dafa daga Abincin Fujian . Yawancin lokaci ana ba da shi tare da shinkafa ko shinkafa da aka dafa kuma ana ba da ita azaman babban abinci. Ciki na alade shine babban sinadarin abincin, amma ana iya amfani da wasu yankan naman alade don daidaita rabo tsakanin nama da kitse. Har ila yau, abincin yana dauke da soya mai duhu da [[sukari]] don dandano mai daɗi da [[tafarnuwa]], albasa, da tushen Coriander don dandano yana da ƙarfi. Ana iya amfani da soya mai sauƙi don ɗanɗano mai gishiri. An yi wa abincin ado da sabon coriander. "Moo Palo" yayi kama da "Moo Hong" amma Moo Palo ya ƙunshi kayan abinci biyar na kasar Sin. === Ya Tao === Oh Tao abinci ne mai zafi da aka dafa ko abincin teku da aka shirya tare da ƙwai, gari, tsiro da [[Gwaza|Tushen taro]]. Ana iya ɗanɗana shi da gishiri, sukari, chili ko ruwan inabi. Yawancin lokaci ana cinye shi tare da tsiro da naman alade. Oh Tao yana daya daga cikin tsofaffin jita-jita na yankin.<ref name="windowonphuket1">{{Cite web |title=WINDOW on Phuket: Phuket Events, Phuket Activities, Dining, Property, Boating, Shopping |url=http://windowonphuket.com/features_regular/phuket_local_food.htm |access-date=30 May 2016 |website=Window Phuket}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://windowonphuket.com/features_regular/phuket_local_food.htm "WINDOW on Phuket: Phuket Events, Phuket Activities, Dining, Property, Boating, Shopping"]. ''Window Phuket''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> === Pàt tai === Pàt tai abinci ne da aka dafa da aka dafa ta amfani da curry paste wanda ke dauke da chili peppers, [[Tsamiya|tamarind]], shrimp paste da sukari. == Abincin ci == === Ah-pong === Ah-pong wani pancake ne wanda ake la'akari da sa hannu snack na Phuket . <ref name="alphabetoresort">{{Cite web |date= |title=Attraction &#124; Alphabeto Resort, Naiharn Beach |url=http://www.alphabetoresort.com/Phuket-Food.html |access-date=2016-05-30 |publisher=Alphabetoresort.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.alphabetoresort.com/Phuket-Food.html "Attraction &#x7C; Alphabeto Resort, Naiharn Beach"]. Alphabetoresort.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-05-30</span></span>.</cite></ref> Daidaitawa na appam na Kudancin Indiya, yana da sauƙin yin kamar yadda sinadaran - gari, kwai, [[Madara ta kwakwa|madarar kwakwa]], sukari, ruwa da yisti - suna samuwa cikin sauƙi. Yana da ƙanshi mai ɗanɗano, mai ɗanɗana daga madarar kwakwa. === Ang-Gu === Ang-Gu sanannen ɗanɗano ne mai ɗanɗano wanda ake yawan cinyewa tare da kofi ko shayi. Daga imanin Sinanci, turtles alama ce ta har abada don haka sun yi imanin cewa wadanda suka ci wannan abincin za su rayu ba tare da iyaka ba kamar turtles.   [bayyanawa da ake buƙata] Wannan abincin rana an yi shi ne daga garin shinkafa mai laushi, man kayan lambu, sukari da kwayoyin zinariya. === Bee-go-moi === Bee-go-moi abinci ne da aka yi da baki, shinkafa mai laushi tare da madarar kwakwa. Yana da dandano mai ban sha'awa da dandano daga shinkafa mai baƙar fata mai mannewa da gishiri na madarar kwakwa.<ref name="Expique">{{Cite web |last=Expique |first=Team |date=2021-02-09 |title=Phuket's Traditional Desserts That You Should Try |url=https://www.expique.com/article/phuket-traditional-desserts/ |access-date=2024-08-22 |website=Experience Unique Bangkok |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFExpique2021">Expique, Team (2021-02-09). [https://www.expique.com/article/phuket-traditional-desserts/ "Phuket's Traditional Desserts That You Should Try"]. ''Experience Unique Bangkok''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-08-22</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Abinci == ''O-aew'' kayan zaki ne wanda ya samo asali ne daga Phuket kuma an dauke shi kayan zaki na yankin.<ref name="alphabetoresort">{{Cite web |date= |title=Attraction &#124; Alphabeto Resort, Naiharn Beach |url=http://www.alphabetoresort.com/Phuket-Food.html |access-date=2016-05-30 |publisher=Alphabetoresort.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.alphabetoresort.com/Phuket-Food.html "Attraction &#x7C; Alphabeto Resort, Naiharn Beach"]. Alphabetoresort.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-05-30</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Phuket Shopping and Lifestyle Directory by image-asia.com |date= |title=Phuket Events, Phuket Activities, Dining, Property, Boating, Shopping |url=http://www.windowonphuket.com/404.php?error404=404_destination_not_exits |access-date=2016-05-30 |publisher=WINDOW on Phuket}}</ref> An yi shi ne daga garin ayaba da aka gauraya da jan wake, kankara, da jan syrup mai zaki. Ana ƙara ƙarin jellies da 'ya'yan itace don yaɗa abincin. == Duba kuma ==   * Jerin abincin Thai * Jerin sinadaran Thai * Jerin gidajen cin abinci na Thai == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Ƙarin karantawa == *   * Shafuffuka 211.  [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] pb13un6zopnd0sdle92jqa6w0bysa3f 889510 889509 2026-07-30T20:31:54Z Alubaki 30448 889510 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Patak_Road.JPG|thumb|Mai sayar da titi yana ba da pancakes a kan Patak Road a Birnin Phuket]] Abinci na Phuket ya samo asali ne daga [[Phuket province|Phuket,]] [[Thai cuisine|Thai]] kuma yana da tasirin [[Chinese cuisine|Sinanci]], [[Malaysian cuisine|Malaysian]], da Thai. Abinci na Phuket ya samo asali ne daga Phuket, Thai kuma yana da tasirin Sinanci, Malaysian, da Thai. == Abinci == === Bee-Pang === Bee-Pang wani nau'in shinkafa ne mai laushi da aka yanka a cikin wani rectangle mai laushi tare da sauce mai dadi kuma wani nau'i ne na mashaya. Bee-Pang an yi shi ne daga shinkafa da aka gauraya da tafarnuwa da aka dafa tare da sauce mai zaki don haɗuwa da gishiri daga shinkafar. Mutanen Phuket yawanci suna cin wannan tare da shayi da rana kamar farin shayi ko shayi mai kore saboda al'ada.<ref name="Expique">{{Cite web |last=Expique |first=Team |date=2021-02-09 |title=Phuket's Traditional Desserts That You Should Try |url=https://www.expique.com/article/phuket-traditional-desserts/ |access-date=2024-08-22 |website=Experience Unique Bangkok |language=en-US}}</ref> === Gaang sôm blah === Gaang sôm plah abinci ne na kifi. Ana shirya shi ba tare da amfani da madarar kwakwa ba.<ref name="Williams Beales 2010" /> === Kanohm Jin === Kanohm Jin abinci ne mai ɗanɗano wanda aka yi da shinkafa ko kifi kuma an rufe shi da sauces. Sauces sun hada da Tai-Pla sauce, nam phrik sauce, da Namya sauce. Yawancin lokaci ana cinye shi don karin kumallo tare da soya Pah Tong Go da kifi mai curried. Ana ba da Kanohm Jin tare da fiye da nau'ikan kayan lambu 10.<ref name="windowonphuket1">{{Cite web |title=WINDOW on Phuket: Phuket Events, Phuket Activities, Dining, Property, Boating, Shopping |url=http://windowonphuket.com/features_regular/phuket_local_food.htm |access-date=30 May 2016 |website=Window Phuket}}</ref> === Lo Bah === Lo Bah wani abu ne mai zurfi da aka dafa naman alade wanda aka dafa tare da tofu da kuma soya mai dadi da ɗanɗano.<ref name="alphabetoresort">{{Cite web |date= |title=Attraction &#124; Alphabeto Resort, Naiharn Beach |url=http://www.alphabetoresort.com/Phuket-Food.html |access-date=2016-05-30 |publisher=Alphabetoresort.com}}</ref> === Mee Hoon Pa Chang === Mee Hoon Pa Chang ya ƙunshi noodles da aka soya a cikin soya sauce, an rufe shi da albasa da aka soja kuma tare da miya na alade. 'Pa Chang' ne ya samo asali ne daga girke-girke, don haka mutanen yankin suna kiran abincin 'Mee Hoon Pa Chang'. "<ref name="alphabetoresort">{{Cite web |date= |title=Attraction &#124; Alphabeto Resort, Naiharn Beach |url=http://www.alphabetoresort.com/Phuket-Food.html |access-date=2016-05-30 |publisher=Alphabetoresort.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.alphabetoresort.com/Phuket-Food.html "Attraction &#x7C; Alphabeto Resort, Naiharn Beach"]. Alphabetoresort.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-05-30</span></span>.</cite></ref> === Moo Hong === Moo Hong abinci ne na naman alade da aka dafa daga Abincin Fujian . Yawancin lokaci ana ba da shi tare da shinkafa ko shinkafa da aka dafa kuma ana ba da ita azaman babban abinci. Ciki na alade shine babban sinadarin abincin, amma ana iya amfani da wasu yankan naman alade don daidaita rabo tsakanin nama da kitse. Har ila yau, abincin yana dauke da soya mai duhu da [[sukari]] don dandano mai daɗi da [[tafarnuwa]], albasa, da tushen Coriander don dandano yana da ƙarfi. Ana iya amfani da soya mai sauƙi don ɗanɗano mai gishiri. An yi wa abincin ado da sabon coriander. "Moo Palo" yayi kama da "Moo Hong" amma Moo Palo ya ƙunshi kayan abinci biyar na kasar Sin. === Ya Tao === Oh Tao abinci ne mai zafi da aka dafa ko abincin teku da aka shirya tare da ƙwai, gari, tsiro da [[Gwaza|Tushen taro]]. Ana iya ɗanɗana shi da gishiri, sukari, chili ko ruwan inabi. Yawancin lokaci ana cinye shi tare da tsiro da naman alade. Oh Tao yana daya daga cikin tsofaffin jita-jita na yankin.<ref name="windowonphuket1">{{Cite web |title=WINDOW on Phuket: Phuket Events, Phuket Activities, Dining, Property, Boating, Shopping |url=http://windowonphuket.com/features_regular/phuket_local_food.htm |access-date=30 May 2016 |website=Window Phuket}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://windowonphuket.com/features_regular/phuket_local_food.htm "WINDOW on Phuket: Phuket Events, Phuket Activities, Dining, Property, Boating, Shopping"]. ''Window Phuket''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> === Pàt tai === Pàt tai abinci ne da aka dafa da aka dafa ta amfani da curry paste wanda ke dauke da chili peppers, [[Tsamiya|tamarind]], shrimp paste da sukari. == Abincin ci == === Ah-pong === Ah-pong wani pancake ne wanda ake la'akari da sa hannu snack na Phuket . <ref name="alphabetoresort">{{Cite web |date= |title=Attraction &#124; Alphabeto Resort, Naiharn Beach |url=http://www.alphabetoresort.com/Phuket-Food.html |access-date=2016-05-30 |publisher=Alphabetoresort.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.alphabetoresort.com/Phuket-Food.html "Attraction &#x7C; Alphabeto Resort, Naiharn Beach"]. Alphabetoresort.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-05-30</span></span>.</cite></ref> Daidaitawa na appam na Kudancin Indiya, yana da sauƙin yin kamar yadda sinadaran - gari, kwai, [[Madara ta kwakwa|madarar kwakwa]], sukari, ruwa da yisti - suna samuwa cikin sauƙi. Yana da ƙanshi mai ɗanɗano, mai ɗanɗana daga madarar kwakwa. === Ang-Gu === Ang-Gu sanannen ɗanɗano ne mai ɗanɗano wanda ake yawan cinyewa tare da kofi ko shayi. Daga imanin Sinanci, turtles alama ce ta har abada don haka sun yi imanin cewa wadanda suka ci wannan abincin za su rayu ba tare da iyaka ba kamar turtles.   [bayyanawa da ake buƙata] Wannan abincin rana an yi shi ne daga garin shinkafa mai laushi, man kayan lambu, sukari da kwayoyin zinariya. === Bee-go-moi === Bee-go-moi abinci ne da aka yi da baki, shinkafa mai laushi tare da madarar kwakwa. Yana da dandano mai ban sha'awa da dandano daga shinkafa mai baƙar fata mai mannewa da gishiri na madarar kwakwa.<ref name="Expique">{{Cite web |last=Expique |first=Team |date=2021-02-09 |title=Phuket's Traditional Desserts That You Should Try |url=https://www.expique.com/article/phuket-traditional-desserts/ |access-date=2024-08-22 |website=Experience Unique Bangkok |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFExpique2021">Expique, Team (2021-02-09). [https://www.expique.com/article/phuket-traditional-desserts/ "Phuket's Traditional Desserts That You Should Try"]. ''Experience Unique Bangkok''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-08-22</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Abinci == ''O-aew'' kayan zaki ne wanda ya samo asali ne daga Phuket kuma an dauke shi kayan zaki na yankin.<ref name="alphabetoresort">{{Cite web |date= |title=Attraction &#124; Alphabeto Resort, Naiharn Beach |url=http://www.alphabetoresort.com/Phuket-Food.html |access-date=2016-05-30 |publisher=Alphabetoresort.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.alphabetoresort.com/Phuket-Food.html "Attraction &#x7C; Alphabeto Resort, Naiharn Beach"]. Alphabetoresort.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-05-30</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Phuket Shopping and Lifestyle Directory by image-asia.com |date= |title=Phuket Events, Phuket Activities, Dining, Property, Boating, Shopping |url=http://www.windowonphuket.com/404.php?error404=404_destination_not_exits |access-date=2016-05-30 |publisher=WINDOW on Phuket}}</ref> An yi shi ne daga garin ayaba da aka gauraya da jan wake, kankara, da jan syrup mai zaki. Ana ƙara ƙarin jellies da 'ya'yan itace don yaɗa abincin. == Duba kuma ==   * Jerin abincin Thai * Jerin sinadaran Thai * Jerin gidajen cin abinci na Thai == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Ƙarin karantawa == *   * Shafuffuka 211.  [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] njp5mhztcqjd2cv57l4xv630db1fesj 889511 889510 2026-07-30T20:34:30Z Alubaki 30448 /* Mee Hoon Pa Chang */ 889511 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Patak_Road.JPG|thumb|Mai sayar da titi yana ba da pancakes a kan Patak Road a Birnin Phuket]] Abinci na Phuket ya samo asali ne daga [[Phuket province|Phuket,]] [[Thai cuisine|Thai]] kuma yana da tasirin [[Chinese cuisine|Sinanci]], [[Malaysian cuisine|Malaysian]], da Thai. Abinci na Phuket ya samo asali ne daga Phuket, Thai kuma yana da tasirin Sinanci, Malaysian, da Thai. == Abinci == === Bee-Pang === Bee-Pang wani nau'in shinkafa ne mai laushi da aka yanka a cikin wani rectangle mai laushi tare da sauce mai dadi kuma wani nau'i ne na mashaya. Bee-Pang an yi shi ne daga shinkafa da aka gauraya da tafarnuwa da aka dafa tare da sauce mai zaki don haɗuwa da gishiri daga shinkafar. Mutanen Phuket yawanci suna cin wannan tare da shayi da rana kamar farin shayi ko shayi mai kore saboda al'ada.<ref name="Expique">{{Cite web |last=Expique |first=Team |date=2021-02-09 |title=Phuket's Traditional Desserts That You Should Try |url=https://www.expique.com/article/phuket-traditional-desserts/ |access-date=2024-08-22 |website=Experience Unique Bangkok |language=en-US}}</ref> === Gaang sôm blah === Gaang sôm plah abinci ne na kifi. Ana shirya shi ba tare da amfani da madarar kwakwa ba.<ref name="Williams Beales 2010" /> === Kanohm Jin === Kanohm Jin abinci ne mai ɗanɗano wanda aka yi da shinkafa ko kifi kuma an rufe shi da sauces. Sauces sun hada da Tai-Pla sauce, nam phrik sauce, da Namya sauce. Yawancin lokaci ana cinye shi don karin kumallo tare da soya Pah Tong Go da kifi mai curried. Ana ba da Kanohm Jin tare da fiye da nau'ikan kayan lambu 10.<ref name="windowonphuket1">{{Cite web |title=WINDOW on Phuket: Phuket Events, Phuket Activities, Dining, Property, Boating, Shopping |url=http://windowonphuket.com/features_regular/phuket_local_food.htm |access-date=30 May 2016 |website=Window Phuket}}</ref> === Lo Bah === Lo Bah wani abu ne mai zurfi da aka dafa naman alade wanda aka dafa tare da tofu da kuma soya mai dadi da ɗanɗano.<ref name="alphabetoresort">{{Cite web |date= |title=Attraction &#124; Alphabeto Resort, Naiharn Beach |url=http://www.alphabetoresort.com/Phuket-Food.html |access-date=2016-05-30 |publisher=Alphabetoresort.com}}</ref> === Mee Hoon Pa Chang === Mee Hoon Pa Chang ya ƙunshi noodles da aka soya a cikin soya sauce, an rufe shi da albasa da aka soja kuma tare da miya na alade. 'Pa Chang' ne ya samo asali ne daga girke-girke, don haka mutanen yankin suna kiran abincin 'Mee Hoon Pa Chang'. "<ref name="alphabetoresort">{{Cite web |date= |title=Attraction &#124; Alphabeto Resort, Naiharn Beach |url=http://www.alphabetoresort.com/Phuket-Food.html |access-date=2016-05-30 |publisher=Alphabetoresort.com}}</ref> === Moo Hong === Moo Hong abinci ne na naman alade da aka dafa daga Abincin Fujian . Yawancin lokaci ana ba da shi tare da shinkafa ko shinkafa da aka dafa kuma ana ba da ita azaman babban abinci. Ciki na alade shine babban sinadarin abincin, amma ana iya amfani da wasu yankan naman alade don daidaita rabo tsakanin nama da kitse. Har ila yau, abincin yana dauke da soya mai duhu da [[sukari]] don dandano mai daɗi da [[tafarnuwa]], albasa, da tushen Coriander don dandano yana da ƙarfi. Ana iya amfani da soya mai sauƙi don ɗanɗano mai gishiri. An yi wa abincin ado da sabon coriander. "Moo Palo" yayi kama da "Moo Hong" amma Moo Palo ya ƙunshi kayan abinci biyar na kasar Sin. === Ya Tao === Oh Tao abinci ne mai zafi da aka dafa ko abincin teku da aka shirya tare da ƙwai, gari, tsiro da [[Gwaza|Tushen taro]]. Ana iya ɗanɗana shi da gishiri, sukari, chili ko ruwan inabi. Yawancin lokaci ana cinye shi tare da tsiro da naman alade. Oh Tao yana daya daga cikin tsofaffin jita-jita na yankin.<ref name="windowonphuket1">{{Cite web |title=WINDOW on Phuket: Phuket Events, Phuket Activities, Dining, Property, Boating, Shopping |url=http://windowonphuket.com/features_regular/phuket_local_food.htm |access-date=30 May 2016 |website=Window Phuket}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://windowonphuket.com/features_regular/phuket_local_food.htm "WINDOW on Phuket: Phuket Events, Phuket Activities, Dining, Property, Boating, Shopping"]. ''Window Phuket''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> === Pàt tai === Pàt tai abinci ne da aka dafa da aka dafa ta amfani da curry paste wanda ke dauke da chili peppers, [[Tsamiya|tamarind]], shrimp paste da sukari. == Abincin ci == === Ah-pong === Ah-pong wani pancake ne wanda ake la'akari da sa hannu snack na Phuket . <ref name="alphabetoresort">{{Cite web |date= |title=Attraction &#124; Alphabeto Resort, Naiharn Beach |url=http://www.alphabetoresort.com/Phuket-Food.html |access-date=2016-05-30 |publisher=Alphabetoresort.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.alphabetoresort.com/Phuket-Food.html "Attraction &#x7C; Alphabeto Resort, Naiharn Beach"]. Alphabetoresort.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-05-30</span></span>.</cite></ref> Daidaitawa na appam na Kudancin Indiya, yana da sauƙin yin kamar yadda sinadaran - gari, kwai, [[Madara ta kwakwa|madarar kwakwa]], sukari, ruwa da yisti - suna samuwa cikin sauƙi. Yana da ƙanshi mai ɗanɗano, mai ɗanɗana daga madarar kwakwa. === Ang-Gu === Ang-Gu sanannen ɗanɗano ne mai ɗanɗano wanda ake yawan cinyewa tare da kofi ko shayi. Daga imanin Sinanci, turtles alama ce ta har abada don haka sun yi imanin cewa wadanda suka ci wannan abincin za su rayu ba tare da iyaka ba kamar turtles.   [bayyanawa da ake buƙata] Wannan abincin rana an yi shi ne daga garin shinkafa mai laushi, man kayan lambu, sukari da kwayoyin zinariya. === Bee-go-moi === Bee-go-moi abinci ne da aka yi da baki, shinkafa mai laushi tare da madarar kwakwa. Yana da dandano mai ban sha'awa da dandano daga shinkafa mai baƙar fata mai mannewa da gishiri na madarar kwakwa.<ref name="Expique">{{Cite web |last=Expique |first=Team |date=2021-02-09 |title=Phuket's Traditional Desserts That You Should Try |url=https://www.expique.com/article/phuket-traditional-desserts/ |access-date=2024-08-22 |website=Experience Unique Bangkok |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFExpique2021">Expique, Team (2021-02-09). [https://www.expique.com/article/phuket-traditional-desserts/ "Phuket's Traditional Desserts That You Should Try"]. ''Experience Unique Bangkok''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-08-22</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Abinci == ''O-aew'' kayan zaki ne wanda ya samo asali ne daga Phuket kuma an dauke shi kayan zaki na yankin.<ref name="alphabetoresort">{{Cite web |date= |title=Attraction &#124; Alphabeto Resort, Naiharn Beach |url=http://www.alphabetoresort.com/Phuket-Food.html |access-date=2016-05-30 |publisher=Alphabetoresort.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.alphabetoresort.com/Phuket-Food.html "Attraction &#x7C; Alphabeto Resort, Naiharn Beach"]. Alphabetoresort.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-05-30</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Phuket Shopping and Lifestyle Directory by image-asia.com |date= |title=Phuket Events, Phuket Activities, Dining, Property, Boating, Shopping |url=http://www.windowonphuket.com/404.php?error404=404_destination_not_exits |access-date=2016-05-30 |publisher=WINDOW on Phuket}}</ref> An yi shi ne daga garin ayaba da aka gauraya da jan wake, kankara, da jan syrup mai zaki. Ana ƙara ƙarin jellies da 'ya'yan itace don yaɗa abincin. == Duba kuma ==   * Jerin abincin Thai * Jerin sinadaran Thai * Jerin gidajen cin abinci na Thai == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Ƙarin karantawa == *   * Shafuffuka 211.  [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] d5srpnuhcef7ju7uu9iiqsumx0ewefx 889512 889511 2026-07-30T20:35:06Z Alubaki 30448 /* Ya Tao */ 889512 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Patak_Road.JPG|thumb|Mai sayar da titi yana ba da pancakes a kan Patak Road a Birnin Phuket]] Abinci na Phuket ya samo asali ne daga [[Phuket province|Phuket,]] [[Thai cuisine|Thai]] kuma yana da tasirin [[Chinese cuisine|Sinanci]], [[Malaysian cuisine|Malaysian]], da Thai. Abinci na Phuket ya samo asali ne daga Phuket, Thai kuma yana da tasirin Sinanci, Malaysian, da Thai. == Abinci == === Bee-Pang === Bee-Pang wani nau'in shinkafa ne mai laushi da aka yanka a cikin wani rectangle mai laushi tare da sauce mai dadi kuma wani nau'i ne na mashaya. Bee-Pang an yi shi ne daga shinkafa da aka gauraya da tafarnuwa da aka dafa tare da sauce mai zaki don haɗuwa da gishiri daga shinkafar. Mutanen Phuket yawanci suna cin wannan tare da shayi da rana kamar farin shayi ko shayi mai kore saboda al'ada.<ref name="Expique">{{Cite web |last=Expique |first=Team |date=2021-02-09 |title=Phuket's Traditional Desserts That You Should Try |url=https://www.expique.com/article/phuket-traditional-desserts/ |access-date=2024-08-22 |website=Experience Unique Bangkok |language=en-US}}</ref> === Gaang sôm blah === Gaang sôm plah abinci ne na kifi. Ana shirya shi ba tare da amfani da madarar kwakwa ba.<ref name="Williams Beales 2010" /> === Kanohm Jin === Kanohm Jin abinci ne mai ɗanɗano wanda aka yi da shinkafa ko kifi kuma an rufe shi da sauces. Sauces sun hada da Tai-Pla sauce, nam phrik sauce, da Namya sauce. Yawancin lokaci ana cinye shi don karin kumallo tare da soya Pah Tong Go da kifi mai curried. Ana ba da Kanohm Jin tare da fiye da nau'ikan kayan lambu 10.<ref name="windowonphuket1">{{Cite web |title=WINDOW on Phuket: Phuket Events, Phuket Activities, Dining, Property, Boating, Shopping |url=http://windowonphuket.com/features_regular/phuket_local_food.htm |access-date=30 May 2016 |website=Window Phuket}}</ref> === Lo Bah === Lo Bah wani abu ne mai zurfi da aka dafa naman alade wanda aka dafa tare da tofu da kuma soya mai dadi da ɗanɗano.<ref name="alphabetoresort">{{Cite web |date= |title=Attraction &#124; Alphabeto Resort, Naiharn Beach |url=http://www.alphabetoresort.com/Phuket-Food.html |access-date=2016-05-30 |publisher=Alphabetoresort.com}}</ref> === Mee Hoon Pa Chang === Mee Hoon Pa Chang ya ƙunshi noodles da aka soya a cikin soya sauce, an rufe shi da albasa da aka soja kuma tare da miya na alade. 'Pa Chang' ne ya samo asali ne daga girke-girke, don haka mutanen yankin suna kiran abincin 'Mee Hoon Pa Chang'. "<ref name="alphabetoresort">{{Cite web |date= |title=Attraction &#124; Alphabeto Resort, Naiharn Beach |url=http://www.alphabetoresort.com/Phuket-Food.html |access-date=2016-05-30 |publisher=Alphabetoresort.com}}</ref> === Moo Hong === Moo Hong abinci ne na naman alade da aka dafa daga Abincin Fujian . Yawancin lokaci ana ba da shi tare da shinkafa ko shinkafa da aka dafa kuma ana ba da ita azaman babban abinci. Ciki na alade shine babban sinadarin abincin, amma ana iya amfani da wasu yankan naman alade don daidaita rabo tsakanin nama da kitse. Har ila yau, abincin yana dauke da soya mai duhu da [[sukari]] don dandano mai daɗi da [[tafarnuwa]], albasa, da tushen Coriander don dandano yana da ƙarfi. Ana iya amfani da soya mai sauƙi don ɗanɗano mai gishiri. An yi wa abincin ado da sabon coriander. "Moo Palo" yayi kama da "Moo Hong" amma Moo Palo ya ƙunshi kayan abinci biyar na kasar Sin. === Ya Tao === Oh Tao abinci ne mai zafi da aka dafa ko abincin teku da aka shirya tare da ƙwai, gari, tsiro da [[Gwaza|Tushen taro]]. Ana iya ɗanɗana shi da gishiri, sukari, chili ko ruwan inabi. Yawancin lokaci ana cinye shi tare da tsiro da naman alade. Oh Tao yana daya daga cikin tsofaffin jita-jita na yankin.<ref name="windowonphuket1">{{Cite web |title=WINDOW on Phuket: Phuket Events, Phuket Activities, Dining, Property, Boating, Shopping |url=http://windowonphuket.com/features_regular/phuket_local_food.htm |access-date=30 May 2016 |website=Window Phuket}}</ref> === Pàt tai === Pàt tai abinci ne da aka dafa da aka dafa ta amfani da curry paste wanda ke dauke da chili peppers, [[Tsamiya|tamarind]], shrimp paste da sukari. == Abincin ci == === Ah-pong === Ah-pong wani pancake ne wanda ake la'akari da sa hannu snack na Phuket . <ref name="alphabetoresort">{{Cite web |date= |title=Attraction &#124; Alphabeto Resort, Naiharn Beach |url=http://www.alphabetoresort.com/Phuket-Food.html |access-date=2016-05-30 |publisher=Alphabetoresort.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.alphabetoresort.com/Phuket-Food.html "Attraction &#x7C; Alphabeto Resort, Naiharn Beach"]. Alphabetoresort.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-05-30</span></span>.</cite></ref> Daidaitawa na appam na Kudancin Indiya, yana da sauƙin yin kamar yadda sinadaran - gari, kwai, [[Madara ta kwakwa|madarar kwakwa]], sukari, ruwa da yisti - suna samuwa cikin sauƙi. Yana da ƙanshi mai ɗanɗano, mai ɗanɗana daga madarar kwakwa. === Ang-Gu === Ang-Gu sanannen ɗanɗano ne mai ɗanɗano wanda ake yawan cinyewa tare da kofi ko shayi. Daga imanin Sinanci, turtles alama ce ta har abada don haka sun yi imanin cewa wadanda suka ci wannan abincin za su rayu ba tare da iyaka ba kamar turtles.   [bayyanawa da ake buƙata] Wannan abincin rana an yi shi ne daga garin shinkafa mai laushi, man kayan lambu, sukari da kwayoyin zinariya. === Bee-go-moi === Bee-go-moi abinci ne da aka yi da baki, shinkafa mai laushi tare da madarar kwakwa. Yana da dandano mai ban sha'awa da dandano daga shinkafa mai baƙar fata mai mannewa da gishiri na madarar kwakwa.<ref name="Expique">{{Cite web |last=Expique |first=Team |date=2021-02-09 |title=Phuket's Traditional Desserts That You Should Try |url=https://www.expique.com/article/phuket-traditional-desserts/ |access-date=2024-08-22 |website=Experience Unique Bangkok |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFExpique2021">Expique, Team (2021-02-09). [https://www.expique.com/article/phuket-traditional-desserts/ "Phuket's Traditional Desserts That You Should Try"]. ''Experience Unique Bangkok''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-08-22</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Abinci == ''O-aew'' kayan zaki ne wanda ya samo asali ne daga Phuket kuma an dauke shi kayan zaki na yankin.<ref name="alphabetoresort">{{Cite web |date= |title=Attraction &#124; Alphabeto Resort, Naiharn Beach |url=http://www.alphabetoresort.com/Phuket-Food.html |access-date=2016-05-30 |publisher=Alphabetoresort.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.alphabetoresort.com/Phuket-Food.html "Attraction &#x7C; Alphabeto Resort, Naiharn Beach"]. Alphabetoresort.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-05-30</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Phuket Shopping and Lifestyle Directory by image-asia.com |date= |title=Phuket Events, Phuket Activities, Dining, Property, Boating, Shopping |url=http://www.windowonphuket.com/404.php?error404=404_destination_not_exits |access-date=2016-05-30 |publisher=WINDOW on Phuket}}</ref> An yi shi ne daga garin ayaba da aka gauraya da jan wake, kankara, da jan syrup mai zaki. Ana ƙara ƙarin jellies da 'ya'yan itace don yaɗa abincin. == Duba kuma ==   * Jerin abincin Thai * Jerin sinadaran Thai * Jerin gidajen cin abinci na Thai == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Ƙarin karantawa == *   * Shafuffuka 211.  [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 64d7k9ig1iho9b2cb2fjn6w84ehr5rf 889514 889512 2026-07-30T20:36:24Z Alubaki 30448 /* Ah-pong */ 889514 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Patak_Road.JPG|thumb|Mai sayar da titi yana ba da pancakes a kan Patak Road a Birnin Phuket]] Abinci na Phuket ya samo asali ne daga [[Phuket province|Phuket,]] [[Thai cuisine|Thai]] kuma yana da tasirin [[Chinese cuisine|Sinanci]], [[Malaysian cuisine|Malaysian]], da Thai. Abinci na Phuket ya samo asali ne daga Phuket, Thai kuma yana da tasirin Sinanci, Malaysian, da Thai. == Abinci == === Bee-Pang === Bee-Pang wani nau'in shinkafa ne mai laushi da aka yanka a cikin wani rectangle mai laushi tare da sauce mai dadi kuma wani nau'i ne na mashaya. Bee-Pang an yi shi ne daga shinkafa da aka gauraya da tafarnuwa da aka dafa tare da sauce mai zaki don haɗuwa da gishiri daga shinkafar. Mutanen Phuket yawanci suna cin wannan tare da shayi da rana kamar farin shayi ko shayi mai kore saboda al'ada.<ref name="Expique">{{Cite web |last=Expique |first=Team |date=2021-02-09 |title=Phuket's Traditional Desserts That You Should Try |url=https://www.expique.com/article/phuket-traditional-desserts/ |access-date=2024-08-22 |website=Experience Unique Bangkok |language=en-US}}</ref> === Gaang sôm blah === Gaang sôm plah abinci ne na kifi. Ana shirya shi ba tare da amfani da madarar kwakwa ba.<ref name="Williams Beales 2010" /> === Kanohm Jin === Kanohm Jin abinci ne mai ɗanɗano wanda aka yi da shinkafa ko kifi kuma an rufe shi da sauces. Sauces sun hada da Tai-Pla sauce, nam phrik sauce, da Namya sauce. Yawancin lokaci ana cinye shi don karin kumallo tare da soya Pah Tong Go da kifi mai curried. Ana ba da Kanohm Jin tare da fiye da nau'ikan kayan lambu 10.<ref name="windowonphuket1">{{Cite web |title=WINDOW on Phuket: Phuket Events, Phuket Activities, Dining, Property, Boating, Shopping |url=http://windowonphuket.com/features_regular/phuket_local_food.htm |access-date=30 May 2016 |website=Window Phuket}}</ref> === Lo Bah === Lo Bah wani abu ne mai zurfi da aka dafa naman alade wanda aka dafa tare da tofu da kuma soya mai dadi da ɗanɗano.<ref name="alphabetoresort">{{Cite web |date= |title=Attraction &#124; Alphabeto Resort, Naiharn Beach |url=http://www.alphabetoresort.com/Phuket-Food.html |access-date=2016-05-30 |publisher=Alphabetoresort.com}}</ref> === Mee Hoon Pa Chang === Mee Hoon Pa Chang ya ƙunshi noodles da aka soya a cikin soya sauce, an rufe shi da albasa da aka soja kuma tare da miya na alade. 'Pa Chang' ne ya samo asali ne daga girke-girke, don haka mutanen yankin suna kiran abincin 'Mee Hoon Pa Chang'. "<ref name="alphabetoresort">{{Cite web |date= |title=Attraction &#124; Alphabeto Resort, Naiharn Beach |url=http://www.alphabetoresort.com/Phuket-Food.html |access-date=2016-05-30 |publisher=Alphabetoresort.com}}</ref> === Moo Hong === Moo Hong abinci ne na naman alade da aka dafa daga Abincin Fujian . Yawancin lokaci ana ba da shi tare da shinkafa ko shinkafa da aka dafa kuma ana ba da ita azaman babban abinci. Ciki na alade shine babban sinadarin abincin, amma ana iya amfani da wasu yankan naman alade don daidaita rabo tsakanin nama da kitse. Har ila yau, abincin yana dauke da soya mai duhu da [[sukari]] don dandano mai daɗi da [[tafarnuwa]], albasa, da tushen Coriander don dandano yana da ƙarfi. Ana iya amfani da soya mai sauƙi don ɗanɗano mai gishiri. An yi wa abincin ado da sabon coriander. "Moo Palo" yayi kama da "Moo Hong" amma Moo Palo ya ƙunshi kayan abinci biyar na kasar Sin. === Ya Tao === Oh Tao abinci ne mai zafi da aka dafa ko abincin teku da aka shirya tare da ƙwai, gari, tsiro da [[Gwaza|Tushen taro]]. Ana iya ɗanɗana shi da gishiri, sukari, chili ko ruwan inabi. Yawancin lokaci ana cinye shi tare da tsiro da naman alade. Oh Tao yana daya daga cikin tsofaffin jita-jita na yankin.<ref name="windowonphuket1">{{Cite web |title=WINDOW on Phuket: Phuket Events, Phuket Activities, Dining, Property, Boating, Shopping |url=http://windowonphuket.com/features_regular/phuket_local_food.htm |access-date=30 May 2016 |website=Window Phuket}}</ref> === Pàt tai === Pàt tai abinci ne da aka dafa da aka dafa ta amfani da curry paste wanda ke dauke da chili peppers, [[Tsamiya|tamarind]], shrimp paste da sukari. == Abincin ci == === Ah-pong === Ah-pong wani pancake ne wanda ake la'akari da sa hannu snack na Phuket . <ref name="alphabetoresort">{{Cite web |date= |title=Attraction &#124; Alphabeto Resort, Naiharn Beach |url=http://www.alphabetoresort.com/Phuket-Food.html |access-date=2016-05-30 |publisher=Alphabetoresort.com}}</ref> Daidaitawa na appam na Kudancin Indiya, yana da sauƙin yin kamar yadda sinadaran - gari, kwai, [[Madara ta kwakwa|madarar kwakwa]], sukari, ruwa da yisti - suna samuwa cikin sauƙi. Yana da ƙanshi mai ɗanɗano, mai ɗanɗana daga madarar kwakwa. === Ang-Gu === Ang-Gu sanannen ɗanɗano ne mai ɗanɗano wanda ake yawan cinyewa tare da kofi ko shayi. Daga imanin Sinanci, turtles alama ce ta har abada don haka sun yi imanin cewa wadanda suka ci wannan abincin za su rayu ba tare da iyaka ba kamar turtles.   [bayyanawa da ake buƙata] Wannan abincin rana an yi shi ne daga garin shinkafa mai laushi, man kayan lambu, sukari da kwayoyin zinariya. === Bee-go-moi === Bee-go-moi abinci ne da aka yi da baki, shinkafa mai laushi tare da madarar kwakwa. Yana da dandano mai ban sha'awa da dandano daga shinkafa mai baƙar fata mai mannewa da gishiri na madarar kwakwa.<ref name="Expique">{{Cite web |last=Expique |first=Team |date=2021-02-09 |title=Phuket's Traditional Desserts That You Should Try |url=https://www.expique.com/article/phuket-traditional-desserts/ |access-date=2024-08-22 |website=Experience Unique Bangkok |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFExpique2021">Expique, Team (2021-02-09). [https://www.expique.com/article/phuket-traditional-desserts/ "Phuket's Traditional Desserts That You Should Try"]. ''Experience Unique Bangkok''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-08-22</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Abinci == ''O-aew'' kayan zaki ne wanda ya samo asali ne daga Phuket kuma an dauke shi kayan zaki na yankin.<ref name="alphabetoresort">{{Cite web |date= |title=Attraction &#124; Alphabeto Resort, Naiharn Beach |url=http://www.alphabetoresort.com/Phuket-Food.html |access-date=2016-05-30 |publisher=Alphabetoresort.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.alphabetoresort.com/Phuket-Food.html "Attraction &#x7C; Alphabeto Resort, Naiharn Beach"]. Alphabetoresort.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-05-30</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Phuket Shopping and Lifestyle Directory by image-asia.com |date= |title=Phuket Events, Phuket Activities, Dining, Property, Boating, Shopping |url=http://www.windowonphuket.com/404.php?error404=404_destination_not_exits |access-date=2016-05-30 |publisher=WINDOW on Phuket}}</ref> An yi shi ne daga garin ayaba da aka gauraya da jan wake, kankara, da jan syrup mai zaki. Ana ƙara ƙarin jellies da 'ya'yan itace don yaɗa abincin. == Duba kuma ==   * Jerin abincin Thai * Jerin sinadaran Thai * Jerin gidajen cin abinci na Thai == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Ƙarin karantawa == *   * Shafuffuka 211.  [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] m2akdge5qi1gxjk5gm4mty74ucwmgf5 889515 889514 2026-07-30T20:37:21Z Alubaki 30448 /* Bee-go-moi */ 889515 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Patak_Road.JPG|thumb|Mai sayar da titi yana ba da pancakes a kan Patak Road a Birnin Phuket]] Abinci na Phuket ya samo asali ne daga [[Phuket province|Phuket,]] [[Thai cuisine|Thai]] kuma yana da tasirin [[Chinese cuisine|Sinanci]], [[Malaysian cuisine|Malaysian]], da Thai. Abinci na Phuket ya samo asali ne daga Phuket, Thai kuma yana da tasirin Sinanci, Malaysian, da Thai. == Abinci == === Bee-Pang === Bee-Pang wani nau'in shinkafa ne mai laushi da aka yanka a cikin wani rectangle mai laushi tare da sauce mai dadi kuma wani nau'i ne na mashaya. Bee-Pang an yi shi ne daga shinkafa da aka gauraya da tafarnuwa da aka dafa tare da sauce mai zaki don haɗuwa da gishiri daga shinkafar. Mutanen Phuket yawanci suna cin wannan tare da shayi da rana kamar farin shayi ko shayi mai kore saboda al'ada.<ref name="Expique">{{Cite web |last=Expique |first=Team |date=2021-02-09 |title=Phuket's Traditional Desserts That You Should Try |url=https://www.expique.com/article/phuket-traditional-desserts/ |access-date=2024-08-22 |website=Experience Unique Bangkok |language=en-US}}</ref> === Gaang sôm blah === Gaang sôm plah abinci ne na kifi. Ana shirya shi ba tare da amfani da madarar kwakwa ba.<ref name="Williams Beales 2010" /> === Kanohm Jin === Kanohm Jin abinci ne mai ɗanɗano wanda aka yi da shinkafa ko kifi kuma an rufe shi da sauces. Sauces sun hada da Tai-Pla sauce, nam phrik sauce, da Namya sauce. Yawancin lokaci ana cinye shi don karin kumallo tare da soya Pah Tong Go da kifi mai curried. Ana ba da Kanohm Jin tare da fiye da nau'ikan kayan lambu 10.<ref name="windowonphuket1">{{Cite web |title=WINDOW on Phuket: Phuket Events, Phuket Activities, Dining, Property, Boating, Shopping |url=http://windowonphuket.com/features_regular/phuket_local_food.htm |access-date=30 May 2016 |website=Window Phuket}}</ref> === Lo Bah === Lo Bah wani abu ne mai zurfi da aka dafa naman alade wanda aka dafa tare da tofu da kuma soya mai dadi da ɗanɗano.<ref name="alphabetoresort">{{Cite web |date= |title=Attraction &#124; Alphabeto Resort, Naiharn Beach |url=http://www.alphabetoresort.com/Phuket-Food.html |access-date=2016-05-30 |publisher=Alphabetoresort.com}}</ref> === Mee Hoon Pa Chang === Mee Hoon Pa Chang ya ƙunshi noodles da aka soya a cikin soya sauce, an rufe shi da albasa da aka soja kuma tare da miya na alade. 'Pa Chang' ne ya samo asali ne daga girke-girke, don haka mutanen yankin suna kiran abincin 'Mee Hoon Pa Chang'. "<ref name="alphabetoresort">{{Cite web |date= |title=Attraction &#124; Alphabeto Resort, Naiharn Beach |url=http://www.alphabetoresort.com/Phuket-Food.html |access-date=2016-05-30 |publisher=Alphabetoresort.com}}</ref> === Moo Hong === Moo Hong abinci ne na naman alade da aka dafa daga Abincin Fujian . Yawancin lokaci ana ba da shi tare da shinkafa ko shinkafa da aka dafa kuma ana ba da ita azaman babban abinci. Ciki na alade shine babban sinadarin abincin, amma ana iya amfani da wasu yankan naman alade don daidaita rabo tsakanin nama da kitse. Har ila yau, abincin yana dauke da soya mai duhu da [[sukari]] don dandano mai daɗi da [[tafarnuwa]], albasa, da tushen Coriander don dandano yana da ƙarfi. Ana iya amfani da soya mai sauƙi don ɗanɗano mai gishiri. An yi wa abincin ado da sabon coriander. "Moo Palo" yayi kama da "Moo Hong" amma Moo Palo ya ƙunshi kayan abinci biyar na kasar Sin. === Ya Tao === Oh Tao abinci ne mai zafi da aka dafa ko abincin teku da aka shirya tare da ƙwai, gari, tsiro da [[Gwaza|Tushen taro]]. Ana iya ɗanɗana shi da gishiri, sukari, chili ko ruwan inabi. Yawancin lokaci ana cinye shi tare da tsiro da naman alade. Oh Tao yana daya daga cikin tsofaffin jita-jita na yankin.<ref name="windowonphuket1">{{Cite web |title=WINDOW on Phuket: Phuket Events, Phuket Activities, Dining, Property, Boating, Shopping |url=http://windowonphuket.com/features_regular/phuket_local_food.htm |access-date=30 May 2016 |website=Window Phuket}}</ref> === Pàt tai === Pàt tai abinci ne da aka dafa da aka dafa ta amfani da curry paste wanda ke dauke da chili peppers, [[Tsamiya|tamarind]], shrimp paste da sukari. == Abincin ci == === Ah-pong === Ah-pong wani pancake ne wanda ake la'akari da sa hannu snack na Phuket . <ref name="alphabetoresort">{{Cite web |date= |title=Attraction &#124; Alphabeto Resort, Naiharn Beach |url=http://www.alphabetoresort.com/Phuket-Food.html |access-date=2016-05-30 |publisher=Alphabetoresort.com}}</ref> Daidaitawa na appam na Kudancin Indiya, yana da sauƙin yin kamar yadda sinadaran - gari, kwai, [[Madara ta kwakwa|madarar kwakwa]], sukari, ruwa da yisti - suna samuwa cikin sauƙi. Yana da ƙanshi mai ɗanɗano, mai ɗanɗana daga madarar kwakwa. === Ang-Gu === Ang-Gu sanannen ɗanɗano ne mai ɗanɗano wanda ake yawan cinyewa tare da kofi ko shayi. Daga imanin Sinanci, turtles alama ce ta har abada don haka sun yi imanin cewa wadanda suka ci wannan abincin za su rayu ba tare da iyaka ba kamar turtles.   [bayyanawa da ake buƙata] Wannan abincin rana an yi shi ne daga garin shinkafa mai laushi, man kayan lambu, sukari da kwayoyin zinariya. === Bee-go-moi === Bee-go-moi abinci ne da aka yi da baki, shinkafa mai laushi tare da madarar kwakwa. Yana da dandano mai ban sha'awa da dandano daga shinkafa mai baƙar fata mai mannewa da gishiri na madarar kwakwa.<ref name="Expique">{{Cite web |last=Expique |first=Team |date=2021-02-09 |title=Phuket's Traditional Desserts That You Should Try |url=https://www.expique.com/article/phuket-traditional-desserts/ |access-date=2024-08-22 |website=Experience Unique Bangkok |language=en-US}}</ref> == Abinci == ''O-aew'' kayan zaki ne wanda ya samo asali ne daga Phuket kuma an dauke shi kayan zaki na yankin.<ref name="alphabetoresort">{{Cite web |date= |title=Attraction &#124; Alphabeto Resort, Naiharn Beach |url=http://www.alphabetoresort.com/Phuket-Food.html |access-date=2016-05-30 |publisher=Alphabetoresort.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.alphabetoresort.com/Phuket-Food.html "Attraction &#x7C; Alphabeto Resort, Naiharn Beach"]. Alphabetoresort.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-05-30</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Phuket Shopping and Lifestyle Directory by image-asia.com |date= |title=Phuket Events, Phuket Activities, Dining, Property, Boating, Shopping |url=http://www.windowonphuket.com/404.php?error404=404_destination_not_exits |access-date=2016-05-30 |publisher=WINDOW on Phuket}}</ref> An yi shi ne daga garin ayaba da aka gauraya da jan wake, kankara, da jan syrup mai zaki. Ana ƙara ƙarin jellies da 'ya'yan itace don yaɗa abincin. == Duba kuma ==   * Jerin abincin Thai * Jerin sinadaran Thai * Jerin gidajen cin abinci na Thai == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Ƙarin karantawa == *   * Shafuffuka 211.  [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] dp6np12fs5m6j8nj124bjh3amz7wl0q 889517 889515 2026-07-30T20:39:04Z Alubaki 30448 /* Abinci */ 889517 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Patak_Road.JPG|thumb|Mai sayar da titi yana ba da pancakes a kan Patak Road a Birnin Phuket]] Abinci na Phuket ya samo asali ne daga [[Phuket province|Phuket,]] [[Thai cuisine|Thai]] kuma yana da tasirin [[Chinese cuisine|Sinanci]], [[Malaysian cuisine|Malaysian]], da Thai. Abinci na Phuket ya samo asali ne daga Phuket, Thai kuma yana da tasirin Sinanci, Malaysian, da Thai. == Abinci == === Bee-Pang === Bee-Pang wani nau'in shinkafa ne mai laushi da aka yanka a cikin wani rectangle mai laushi tare da sauce mai dadi kuma wani nau'i ne na mashaya. Bee-Pang an yi shi ne daga shinkafa da aka gauraya da tafarnuwa da aka dafa tare da sauce mai zaki don haɗuwa da gishiri daga shinkafar. Mutanen Phuket yawanci suna cin wannan tare da shayi da rana kamar farin shayi ko shayi mai kore saboda al'ada.<ref name="Expique">{{Cite web |last=Expique |first=Team |date=2021-02-09 |title=Phuket's Traditional Desserts That You Should Try |url=https://www.expique.com/article/phuket-traditional-desserts/ |access-date=2024-08-22 |website=Experience Unique Bangkok |language=en-US}}</ref> === Gaang sôm blah === Gaang sôm plah abinci ne na kifi. Ana shirya shi ba tare da amfani da madarar kwakwa ba.<ref name="Williams Beales 2010" /> === Kanohm Jin === Kanohm Jin abinci ne mai ɗanɗano wanda aka yi da shinkafa ko kifi kuma an rufe shi da sauces. Sauces sun hada da Tai-Pla sauce, nam phrik sauce, da Namya sauce. Yawancin lokaci ana cinye shi don karin kumallo tare da soya Pah Tong Go da kifi mai curried. Ana ba da Kanohm Jin tare da fiye da nau'ikan kayan lambu 10.<ref name="windowonphuket1">{{Cite web |title=WINDOW on Phuket: Phuket Events, Phuket Activities, Dining, Property, Boating, Shopping |url=http://windowonphuket.com/features_regular/phuket_local_food.htm |access-date=30 May 2016 |website=Window Phuket}}</ref> === Lo Bah === Lo Bah wani abu ne mai zurfi da aka dafa naman alade wanda aka dafa tare da tofu da kuma soya mai dadi da ɗanɗano.<ref name="alphabetoresort">{{Cite web |date= |title=Attraction &#124; Alphabeto Resort, Naiharn Beach |url=http://www.alphabetoresort.com/Phuket-Food.html |access-date=2016-05-30 |publisher=Alphabetoresort.com}}</ref> === Mee Hoon Pa Chang === Mee Hoon Pa Chang ya ƙunshi noodles da aka soya a cikin soya sauce, an rufe shi da albasa da aka soja kuma tare da miya na alade. 'Pa Chang' ne ya samo asali ne daga girke-girke, don haka mutanen yankin suna kiran abincin 'Mee Hoon Pa Chang'. "<ref name="alphabetoresort">{{Cite web |date= |title=Attraction &#124; Alphabeto Resort, Naiharn Beach |url=http://www.alphabetoresort.com/Phuket-Food.html |access-date=2016-05-30 |publisher=Alphabetoresort.com}}</ref> === Moo Hong === Moo Hong abinci ne na naman alade da aka dafa daga Abincin Fujian . Yawancin lokaci ana ba da shi tare da shinkafa ko shinkafa da aka dafa kuma ana ba da ita azaman babban abinci. Ciki na alade shine babban sinadarin abincin, amma ana iya amfani da wasu yankan naman alade don daidaita rabo tsakanin nama da kitse. Har ila yau, abincin yana dauke da soya mai duhu da [[sukari]] don dandano mai daɗi da [[tafarnuwa]], albasa, da tushen Coriander don dandano yana da ƙarfi. Ana iya amfani da soya mai sauƙi don ɗanɗano mai gishiri. An yi wa abincin ado da sabon coriander. "Moo Palo" yayi kama da "Moo Hong" amma Moo Palo ya ƙunshi kayan abinci biyar na kasar Sin. === Ya Tao === Oh Tao abinci ne mai zafi da aka dafa ko abincin teku da aka shirya tare da ƙwai, gari, tsiro da [[Gwaza|Tushen taro]]. Ana iya ɗanɗana shi da gishiri, sukari, chili ko ruwan inabi. Yawancin lokaci ana cinye shi tare da tsiro da naman alade. Oh Tao yana daya daga cikin tsofaffin jita-jita na yankin.<ref name="windowonphuket1">{{Cite web |title=WINDOW on Phuket: Phuket Events, Phuket Activities, Dining, Property, Boating, Shopping |url=http://windowonphuket.com/features_regular/phuket_local_food.htm |access-date=30 May 2016 |website=Window Phuket}}</ref> === Pàt tai === Pàt tai abinci ne da aka dafa da aka dafa ta amfani da curry paste wanda ke dauke da chili peppers, [[Tsamiya|tamarind]], shrimp paste da sukari. == Abincin ci == === Ah-pong === Ah-pong wani pancake ne wanda ake la'akari da sa hannu snack na Phuket . <ref name="alphabetoresort">{{Cite web |date= |title=Attraction &#124; Alphabeto Resort, Naiharn Beach |url=http://www.alphabetoresort.com/Phuket-Food.html |access-date=2016-05-30 |publisher=Alphabetoresort.com}}</ref> Daidaitawa na appam na Kudancin Indiya, yana da sauƙin yin kamar yadda sinadaran - gari, kwai, [[Madara ta kwakwa|madarar kwakwa]], sukari, ruwa da yisti - suna samuwa cikin sauƙi. Yana da ƙanshi mai ɗanɗano, mai ɗanɗana daga madarar kwakwa. === Ang-Gu === Ang-Gu sanannen ɗanɗano ne mai ɗanɗano wanda ake yawan cinyewa tare da kofi ko shayi. Daga imanin Sinanci, turtles alama ce ta har abada don haka sun yi imanin cewa wadanda suka ci wannan abincin za su rayu ba tare da iyaka ba kamar turtles.   [bayyanawa da ake buƙata] Wannan abincin rana an yi shi ne daga garin shinkafa mai laushi, man kayan lambu, sukari da kwayoyin zinariya. === Bee-go-moi === Bee-go-moi abinci ne da aka yi da baki, shinkafa mai laushi tare da madarar kwakwa. Yana da dandano mai ban sha'awa da dandano daga shinkafa mai baƙar fata mai mannewa da gishiri na madarar kwakwa.<ref name="Expique">{{Cite web |last=Expique |first=Team |date=2021-02-09 |title=Phuket's Traditional Desserts That You Should Try |url=https://www.expique.com/article/phuket-traditional-desserts/ |access-date=2024-08-22 |website=Experience Unique Bangkok |language=en-US}}</ref> == Abinci == ''O-aew'' kayan zaki ne wanda ya samo asali ne daga Phuket kuma an dauke shi kayan zaki na yankin.<ref name="alphabetoresort">{{Cite web |date= |title=Attraction &#124; Alphabeto Resort, Naiharn Beach |url=http://www.alphabetoresort.com/Phuket-Food.html |access-date=2016-05-30 |publisher=Alphabetoresort.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Phuket Shopping and Lifestyle Directory by image-asia.com |date= |title=Phuket Events, Phuket Activities, Dining, Property, Boating, Shopping |url=http://www.windowonphuket.com/404.php?error404=404_destination_not_exits |access-date=2016-05-30 |publisher=WINDOW on Phuket}}</ref> An yi shi ne daga garin ayaba da aka gauraya da jan wake, kankara, da jan syrup mai zaki. Ana ƙara ƙarin jellies da 'ya'yan itace don yaɗa abincin. == Duba kuma ==   * Jerin abincin Thai * Jerin sinadaran Thai * Jerin gidajen cin abinci na Thai == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Ƙarin karantawa == *   * Shafuffuka 211.  [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 65dnwcqiwtofhz3yzis4crhzoesfivi 889518 889517 2026-07-30T20:42:22Z Alubaki 30448 889518 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Patak_Road.JPG|thumb|Mai sayar da titi yana ba da pancakes a kan Patak Road a Birnin Phuket]] Abinci na Phuket ya samo asali ne daga Phuket, Thai kuma yana da tasirin Sinanci, Malaysian, da Thai. == Abinci == === Bee-Pang === Bee-Pang wani nau'in shinkafa ne mai laushi da aka yanka a cikin wani rectangle mai laushi tare da sauce mai dadi kuma wani nau'i ne na mashaya. Bee-Pang an yi shi ne daga shinkafa da aka gauraya da tafarnuwa da aka dafa tare da sauce mai zaki don haɗuwa da gishiri daga shinkafar. Mutanen Phuket yawanci suna cin wannan tare da shayi da rana kamar farin shayi ko shayi mai kore saboda al'ada.<ref name="Expique">{{Cite web |last=Expique |first=Team |date=2021-02-09 |title=Phuket's Traditional Desserts That You Should Try |url=https://www.expique.com/article/phuket-traditional-desserts/ |access-date=2024-08-22 |website=Experience Unique Bangkok |language=en-US}}</ref> === Gaang sôm blah === Gaang sôm plah abinci ne na kifi. Ana shirya shi ba tare da amfani da madarar kwakwa ba.<ref name="Williams Beales 2010" /> === Kanohm Jin === Kanohm Jin abinci ne mai ɗanɗano wanda aka yi da shinkafa ko kifi kuma an rufe shi da sauces. Sauces sun hada da Tai-Pla sauce, nam phrik sauce, da Namya sauce. Yawancin lokaci ana cinye shi don karin kumallo tare da soya Pah Tong Go da kifi mai curried. Ana ba da Kanohm Jin tare da fiye da nau'ikan kayan lambu 10.<ref name="windowonphuket1">{{Cite web |title=WINDOW on Phuket: Phuket Events, Phuket Activities, Dining, Property, Boating, Shopping |url=http://windowonphuket.com/features_regular/phuket_local_food.htm |access-date=30 May 2016 |website=Window Phuket}}</ref> === Lo Bah === Lo Bah wani abu ne mai zurfi da aka dafa naman alade wanda aka dafa tare da tofu da kuma soya mai dadi da ɗanɗano.<ref name="alphabetoresort">{{Cite web |date= |title=Attraction &#124; Alphabeto Resort, Naiharn Beach |url=http://www.alphabetoresort.com/Phuket-Food.html |access-date=2016-05-30 |publisher=Alphabetoresort.com}}</ref> === Mee Hoon Pa Chang === Mee Hoon Pa Chang ya ƙunshi noodles da aka soya a cikin soya sauce, an rufe shi da albasa da aka soja kuma tare da miya na alade. 'Pa Chang' ne ya samo asali ne daga girke-girke, don haka mutanen yankin suna kiran abincin 'Mee Hoon Pa Chang'. "<ref name="alphabetoresort">{{Cite web |date= |title=Attraction &#124; Alphabeto Resort, Naiharn Beach |url=http://www.alphabetoresort.com/Phuket-Food.html |access-date=2016-05-30 |publisher=Alphabetoresort.com}}</ref> === Moo Hong === Moo Hong abinci ne na naman alade da aka dafa daga Abincin Fujian . Yawancin lokaci ana ba da shi tare da shinkafa ko shinkafa da aka dafa kuma ana ba da ita azaman babban abinci. Ciki na alade shine babban sinadarin abincin, amma ana iya amfani da wasu yankan naman alade don daidaita rabo tsakanin nama da kitse. Har ila yau, abincin yana dauke da soya mai duhu da [[sukari]] don dandano mai daɗi da [[tafarnuwa]], albasa, da tushen Coriander don dandano yana da ƙarfi. Ana iya amfani da soya mai sauƙi don ɗanɗano mai gishiri. An yi wa abincin ado da sabon coriander. "Moo Palo" yayi kama da "Moo Hong" amma Moo Palo ya ƙunshi kayan abinci biyar na kasar Sin. === Ya Tao === Oh Tao abinci ne mai zafi da aka dafa ko abincin teku da aka shirya tare da ƙwai, gari, tsiro da [[Gwaza|Tushen taro]]. Ana iya ɗanɗana shi da gishiri, sukari, chili ko ruwan inabi. Yawancin lokaci ana cinye shi tare da tsiro da naman alade. Oh Tao yana daya daga cikin tsofaffin jita-jita na yankin.<ref name="windowonphuket1">{{Cite web |title=WINDOW on Phuket: Phuket Events, Phuket Activities, Dining, Property, Boating, Shopping |url=http://windowonphuket.com/features_regular/phuket_local_food.htm |access-date=30 May 2016 |website=Window Phuket}}</ref> === Pàt tai === Pàt tai abinci ne da aka dafa da aka dafa ta amfani da curry paste wanda ke dauke da chili peppers, [[Tsamiya|tamarind]], shrimp paste da sukari. == Abincin ci == === Ah-pong === Ah-pong wani pancake ne wanda ake la'akari da sa hannu snack na Phuket . <ref name="alphabetoresort">{{Cite web |date= |title=Attraction &#124; Alphabeto Resort, Naiharn Beach |url=http://www.alphabetoresort.com/Phuket-Food.html |access-date=2016-05-30 |publisher=Alphabetoresort.com}}</ref> Daidaitawa na appam na Kudancin Indiya, yana da sauƙin yin kamar yadda sinadaran - gari, kwai, [[Madara ta kwakwa|madarar kwakwa]], sukari, ruwa da yisti - suna samuwa cikin sauƙi. Yana da ƙanshi mai ɗanɗano, mai ɗanɗana daga madarar kwakwa. === Ang-Gu === Ang-Gu sanannen ɗanɗano ne mai ɗanɗano wanda ake yawan cinyewa tare da kofi ko shayi. Daga imanin Sinanci, turtles alama ce ta har abada don haka sun yi imanin cewa wadanda suka ci wannan abincin za su rayu ba tare da iyaka ba kamar turtles.   [bayyanawa da ake buƙata] Wannan abincin rana an yi shi ne daga garin shinkafa mai laushi, man kayan lambu, sukari da kwayoyin zinariya. === Bee-go-moi === Bee-go-moi abinci ne da aka yi da baki, shinkafa mai laushi tare da madarar kwakwa. Yana da dandano mai ban sha'awa da dandano daga shinkafa mai baƙar fata mai mannewa da gishiri na madarar kwakwa.<ref name="Expique">{{Cite web |last=Expique |first=Team |date=2021-02-09 |title=Phuket's Traditional Desserts That You Should Try |url=https://www.expique.com/article/phuket-traditional-desserts/ |access-date=2024-08-22 |website=Experience Unique Bangkok |language=en-US}}</ref> == Abinci == ''O-aew'' kayan zaki ne wanda ya samo asali ne daga Phuket kuma an dauke shi kayan zaki na yankin.<ref name="alphabetoresort">{{Cite web |date= |title=Attraction &#124; Alphabeto Resort, Naiharn Beach |url=http://www.alphabetoresort.com/Phuket-Food.html |access-date=2016-05-30 |publisher=Alphabetoresort.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Phuket Shopping and Lifestyle Directory by image-asia.com |date= |title=Phuket Events, Phuket Activities, Dining, Property, Boating, Shopping |url=http://www.windowonphuket.com/404.php?error404=404_destination_not_exits |access-date=2016-05-30 |publisher=WINDOW on Phuket}}</ref> An yi shi ne daga garin ayaba da aka gauraya da jan wake, kankara, da jan syrup mai zaki. Ana ƙara ƙarin jellies da 'ya'yan itace don yaɗa abincin. == Duba kuma ==   * Jerin abincin Thai * Jerin sinadaran Thai * Jerin gidajen cin abinci na Thai == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Ƙarin karantawa == *   * Shafuffuka 211.  [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 67het0tcxf7r6wetnweor94y77c5elw 889519 889518 2026-07-30T20:43:01Z Uncle Bash007 9891 889519 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}{{delete|Fassara mara inganci}} [[Fayil:Patak_Road.JPG|thumb|Mai sayar da titi yana ba da pancakes a kan Patak Road a Birnin Phuket]] Abinci na Phuket ya samo asali ne daga Phuket, Thai kuma yana da tasirin Sinanci, Malaysian, da Thai. == Abinci == === Bee-Pang === Bee-Pang wani nau'in shinkafa ne mai laushi da aka yanka a cikin wani rectangle mai laushi tare da sauce mai dadi kuma wani nau'i ne na mashaya. Bee-Pang an yi shi ne daga shinkafa da aka gauraya da tafarnuwa da aka dafa tare da sauce mai zaki don haɗuwa da gishiri daga shinkafar. Mutanen Phuket yawanci suna cin wannan tare da shayi da rana kamar farin shayi ko shayi mai kore saboda al'ada.<ref name="Expique">{{Cite web |last=Expique |first=Team |date=2021-02-09 |title=Phuket's Traditional Desserts That You Should Try |url=https://www.expique.com/article/phuket-traditional-desserts/ |access-date=2024-08-22 |website=Experience Unique Bangkok |language=en-US}}</ref> === Gaang sôm blah === Gaang sôm plah abinci ne na kifi. Ana shirya shi ba tare da amfani da madarar kwakwa ba.<ref name="Williams Beales 2010" /> === Kanohm Jin === Kanohm Jin abinci ne mai ɗanɗano wanda aka yi da shinkafa ko kifi kuma an rufe shi da sauces. Sauces sun hada da Tai-Pla sauce, nam phrik sauce, da Namya sauce. Yawancin lokaci ana cinye shi don karin kumallo tare da soya Pah Tong Go da kifi mai curried. Ana ba da Kanohm Jin tare da fiye da nau'ikan kayan lambu 10.<ref name="windowonphuket1">{{Cite web |title=WINDOW on Phuket: Phuket Events, Phuket Activities, Dining, Property, Boating, Shopping |url=http://windowonphuket.com/features_regular/phuket_local_food.htm |access-date=30 May 2016 |website=Window Phuket}}</ref> === Lo Bah === Lo Bah wani abu ne mai zurfi da aka dafa naman alade wanda aka dafa tare da tofu da kuma soya mai dadi da ɗanɗano.<ref name="alphabetoresort">{{Cite web |date= |title=Attraction &#124; Alphabeto Resort, Naiharn Beach |url=http://www.alphabetoresort.com/Phuket-Food.html |access-date=2016-05-30 |publisher=Alphabetoresort.com}}</ref> === Mee Hoon Pa Chang === Mee Hoon Pa Chang ya ƙunshi noodles da aka soya a cikin soya sauce, an rufe shi da albasa da aka soja kuma tare da miya na alade. 'Pa Chang' ne ya samo asali ne daga girke-girke, don haka mutanen yankin suna kiran abincin 'Mee Hoon Pa Chang'. "<ref name="alphabetoresort">{{Cite web |date= |title=Attraction &#124; Alphabeto Resort, Naiharn Beach |url=http://www.alphabetoresort.com/Phuket-Food.html |access-date=2016-05-30 |publisher=Alphabetoresort.com}}</ref> === Moo Hong === Moo Hong abinci ne na naman alade da aka dafa daga Abincin Fujian . Yawancin lokaci ana ba da shi tare da shinkafa ko shinkafa da aka dafa kuma ana ba da ita azaman babban abinci. Ciki na alade shine babban sinadarin abincin, amma ana iya amfani da wasu yankan naman alade don daidaita rabo tsakanin nama da kitse. Har ila yau, abincin yana dauke da soya mai duhu da [[sukari]] don dandano mai daɗi da [[tafarnuwa]], albasa, da tushen Coriander don dandano yana da ƙarfi. Ana iya amfani da soya mai sauƙi don ɗanɗano mai gishiri. An yi wa abincin ado da sabon coriander. "Moo Palo" yayi kama da "Moo Hong" amma Moo Palo ya ƙunshi kayan abinci biyar na kasar Sin. === Ya Tao === Oh Tao abinci ne mai zafi da aka dafa ko abincin teku da aka shirya tare da ƙwai, gari, tsiro da [[Gwaza|Tushen taro]]. Ana iya ɗanɗana shi da gishiri, sukari, chili ko ruwan inabi. Yawancin lokaci ana cinye shi tare da tsiro da naman alade. Oh Tao yana daya daga cikin tsofaffin jita-jita na yankin.<ref name="windowonphuket1">{{Cite web |title=WINDOW on Phuket: Phuket Events, Phuket Activities, Dining, Property, Boating, Shopping |url=http://windowonphuket.com/features_regular/phuket_local_food.htm |access-date=30 May 2016 |website=Window Phuket}}</ref> === Pàt tai === Pàt tai abinci ne da aka dafa da aka dafa ta amfani da curry paste wanda ke dauke da chili peppers, [[Tsamiya|tamarind]], shrimp paste da sukari. == Abincin ci == === Ah-pong === Ah-pong wani pancake ne wanda ake la'akari da sa hannu snack na Phuket . <ref name="alphabetoresort">{{Cite web |date= |title=Attraction &#124; Alphabeto Resort, Naiharn Beach |url=http://www.alphabetoresort.com/Phuket-Food.html |access-date=2016-05-30 |publisher=Alphabetoresort.com}}</ref> Daidaitawa na appam na Kudancin Indiya, yana da sauƙin yin kamar yadda sinadaran - gari, kwai, [[Madara ta kwakwa|madarar kwakwa]], sukari, ruwa da yisti - suna samuwa cikin sauƙi. Yana da ƙanshi mai ɗanɗano, mai ɗanɗana daga madarar kwakwa. === Ang-Gu === Ang-Gu sanannen ɗanɗano ne mai ɗanɗano wanda ake yawan cinyewa tare da kofi ko shayi. Daga imanin Sinanci, turtles alama ce ta har abada don haka sun yi imanin cewa wadanda suka ci wannan abincin za su rayu ba tare da iyaka ba kamar turtles.   [bayyanawa da ake buƙata] Wannan abincin rana an yi shi ne daga garin shinkafa mai laushi, man kayan lambu, sukari da kwayoyin zinariya. === Bee-go-moi === Bee-go-moi abinci ne da aka yi da baki, shinkafa mai laushi tare da madarar kwakwa. Yana da dandano mai ban sha'awa da dandano daga shinkafa mai baƙar fata mai mannewa da gishiri na madarar kwakwa.<ref name="Expique">{{Cite web |last=Expique |first=Team |date=2021-02-09 |title=Phuket's Traditional Desserts That You Should Try |url=https://www.expique.com/article/phuket-traditional-desserts/ |access-date=2024-08-22 |website=Experience Unique Bangkok |language=en-US}}</ref> == Abinci == ''O-aew'' kayan zaki ne wanda ya samo asali ne daga Phuket kuma an dauke shi kayan zaki na yankin.<ref name="alphabetoresort">{{Cite web |date= |title=Attraction &#124; Alphabeto Resort, Naiharn Beach |url=http://www.alphabetoresort.com/Phuket-Food.html |access-date=2016-05-30 |publisher=Alphabetoresort.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Phuket Shopping and Lifestyle Directory by image-asia.com |date= |title=Phuket Events, Phuket Activities, Dining, Property, Boating, Shopping |url=http://www.windowonphuket.com/404.php?error404=404_destination_not_exits |access-date=2016-05-30 |publisher=WINDOW on Phuket}}</ref> An yi shi ne daga garin ayaba da aka gauraya da jan wake, kankara, da jan syrup mai zaki. Ana ƙara ƙarin jellies da 'ya'yan itace don yaɗa abincin. == Duba kuma ==   * Jerin abincin Thai * Jerin sinadaran Thai * Jerin gidajen cin abinci na Thai == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Ƙarin karantawa == *   * Shafuffuka 211.  [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] rh6bglojpcdqxzpbelbw9omjuywg5zl 889521 889519 2026-07-30T20:44:33Z Alubaki 30448 889521 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}{{delete|Fassara mara inganci}} [[Fayil:Patak_Road.JPG|thumb|Mai sayar da titi yana ba da pancakes a kan Patak Road a Birnin Phuket]] Abinci na Phuket ya samo asali ne daga Phuket, Thai kuma yana da tasirin Sinanci, Malaysian, da Thai.<ref name="Williams 2010 p. 813">{{cite book | last=Williams | first=C. | title=Southeast Asia on a Shoestring | publisher=Lonely Planet | year=2010 | isbn=978-1-74220-377-5 | url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781741792331 | url-access=registration | accessdate=May 30, 2016 | page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781741792331/page/813 813]}}</ref> == Abinci == === Bee-Pang === Bee-Pang wani nau'in shinkafa ne mai laushi da aka yanka a cikin wani rectangle mai laushi tare da sauce mai dadi kuma wani nau'i ne na mashaya. Bee-Pang an yi shi ne daga shinkafa da aka gauraya da tafarnuwa da aka dafa tare da sauce mai zaki don haɗuwa da gishiri daga shinkafar. Mutanen Phuket yawanci suna cin wannan tare da shayi da rana kamar farin shayi ko shayi mai kore saboda al'ada.<ref name="Expique">{{Cite web |last=Expique |first=Team |date=2021-02-09 |title=Phuket's Traditional Desserts That You Should Try |url=https://www.expique.com/article/phuket-traditional-desserts/ |access-date=2024-08-22 |website=Experience Unique Bangkok |language=en-US}}</ref> === Gaang sôm blah === Gaang sôm plah abinci ne na kifi. Ana shirya shi ba tare da amfani da madarar kwakwa ba.<ref name="Williams Beales 2010" /> === Kanohm Jin === Kanohm Jin abinci ne mai ɗanɗano wanda aka yi da shinkafa ko kifi kuma an rufe shi da sauces. Sauces sun hada da Tai-Pla sauce, nam phrik sauce, da Namya sauce. Yawancin lokaci ana cinye shi don karin kumallo tare da soya Pah Tong Go da kifi mai curried. Ana ba da Kanohm Jin tare da fiye da nau'ikan kayan lambu 10.<ref name="windowonphuket1">{{Cite web |title=WINDOW on Phuket: Phuket Events, Phuket Activities, Dining, Property, Boating, Shopping |url=http://windowonphuket.com/features_regular/phuket_local_food.htm |access-date=30 May 2016 |website=Window Phuket}}</ref> === Lo Bah === Lo Bah wani abu ne mai zurfi da aka dafa naman alade wanda aka dafa tare da tofu da kuma soya mai dadi da ɗanɗano.<ref name="alphabetoresort">{{Cite web |date= |title=Attraction &#124; Alphabeto Resort, Naiharn Beach |url=http://www.alphabetoresort.com/Phuket-Food.html |access-date=2016-05-30 |publisher=Alphabetoresort.com}}</ref> === Mee Hoon Pa Chang === Mee Hoon Pa Chang ya ƙunshi noodles da aka soya a cikin soya sauce, an rufe shi da albasa da aka soja kuma tare da miya na alade. 'Pa Chang' ne ya samo asali ne daga girke-girke, don haka mutanen yankin suna kiran abincin 'Mee Hoon Pa Chang'. "<ref name="alphabetoresort">{{Cite web |date= |title=Attraction &#124; Alphabeto Resort, Naiharn Beach |url=http://www.alphabetoresort.com/Phuket-Food.html |access-date=2016-05-30 |publisher=Alphabetoresort.com}}</ref> === Moo Hong === Moo Hong abinci ne na naman alade da aka dafa daga Abincin Fujian . Yawancin lokaci ana ba da shi tare da shinkafa ko shinkafa da aka dafa kuma ana ba da ita azaman babban abinci. Ciki na alade shine babban sinadarin abincin, amma ana iya amfani da wasu yankan naman alade don daidaita rabo tsakanin nama da kitse. Har ila yau, abincin yana dauke da soya mai duhu da [[sukari]] don dandano mai daɗi da [[tafarnuwa]], albasa, da tushen Coriander don dandano yana da ƙarfi. Ana iya amfani da soya mai sauƙi don ɗanɗano mai gishiri. An yi wa abincin ado da sabon coriander. "Moo Palo" yayi kama da "Moo Hong" amma Moo Palo ya ƙunshi kayan abinci biyar na kasar Sin. === Ya Tao === Oh Tao abinci ne mai zafi da aka dafa ko abincin teku da aka shirya tare da ƙwai, gari, tsiro da [[Gwaza|Tushen taro]]. Ana iya ɗanɗana shi da gishiri, sukari, chili ko ruwan inabi. Yawancin lokaci ana cinye shi tare da tsiro da naman alade. Oh Tao yana daya daga cikin tsofaffin jita-jita na yankin.<ref name="windowonphuket1">{{Cite web |title=WINDOW on Phuket: Phuket Events, Phuket Activities, Dining, Property, Boating, Shopping |url=http://windowonphuket.com/features_regular/phuket_local_food.htm |access-date=30 May 2016 |website=Window Phuket}}</ref> === Pàt tai === Pàt tai abinci ne da aka dafa da aka dafa ta amfani da curry paste wanda ke dauke da chili peppers, [[Tsamiya|tamarind]], shrimp paste da sukari. == Abincin ci == === Ah-pong === Ah-pong wani pancake ne wanda ake la'akari da sa hannu snack na Phuket . <ref name="alphabetoresort">{{Cite web |date= |title=Attraction &#124; Alphabeto Resort, Naiharn Beach |url=http://www.alphabetoresort.com/Phuket-Food.html |access-date=2016-05-30 |publisher=Alphabetoresort.com}}</ref> Daidaitawa na appam na Kudancin Indiya, yana da sauƙin yin kamar yadda sinadaran - gari, kwai, [[Madara ta kwakwa|madarar kwakwa]], sukari, ruwa da yisti - suna samuwa cikin sauƙi. Yana da ƙanshi mai ɗanɗano, mai ɗanɗana daga madarar kwakwa. === Ang-Gu === Ang-Gu sanannen ɗanɗano ne mai ɗanɗano wanda ake yawan cinyewa tare da kofi ko shayi. Daga imanin Sinanci, turtles alama ce ta har abada don haka sun yi imanin cewa wadanda suka ci wannan abincin za su rayu ba tare da iyaka ba kamar turtles.   [bayyanawa da ake buƙata] Wannan abincin rana an yi shi ne daga garin shinkafa mai laushi, man kayan lambu, sukari da kwayoyin zinariya. === Bee-go-moi === Bee-go-moi abinci ne da aka yi da baki, shinkafa mai laushi tare da madarar kwakwa. Yana da dandano mai ban sha'awa da dandano daga shinkafa mai baƙar fata mai mannewa da gishiri na madarar kwakwa.<ref name="Expique">{{Cite web |last=Expique |first=Team |date=2021-02-09 |title=Phuket's Traditional Desserts That You Should Try |url=https://www.expique.com/article/phuket-traditional-desserts/ |access-date=2024-08-22 |website=Experience Unique Bangkok |language=en-US}}</ref> == Abinci == ''O-aew'' kayan zaki ne wanda ya samo asali ne daga Phuket kuma an dauke shi kayan zaki na yankin.<ref name="alphabetoresort">{{Cite web |date= |title=Attraction &#124; Alphabeto Resort, Naiharn Beach |url=http://www.alphabetoresort.com/Phuket-Food.html |access-date=2016-05-30 |publisher=Alphabetoresort.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Phuket Shopping and Lifestyle Directory by image-asia.com |date= |title=Phuket Events, Phuket Activities, Dining, Property, Boating, Shopping |url=http://www.windowonphuket.com/404.php?error404=404_destination_not_exits |access-date=2016-05-30 |publisher=WINDOW on Phuket}}</ref> An yi shi ne daga garin ayaba da aka gauraya da jan wake, kankara, da jan syrup mai zaki. Ana ƙara ƙarin jellies da 'ya'yan itace don yaɗa abincin. == Duba kuma ==   * Jerin abincin Thai * Jerin sinadaran Thai * Jerin gidajen cin abinci na Thai == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Ƙarin karantawa == *   * Shafuffuka 211.  [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] bq8amsdv2qe45ar9vbguhtblrq0aozz 889523 889521 2026-07-30T20:46:42Z Alubaki 30448 /* Gaang sôm blah */ 889523 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}{{delete|Fassara mara inganci}} [[Fayil:Patak_Road.JPG|thumb|Mai sayar da titi yana ba da pancakes a kan Patak Road a Birnin Phuket]] Abinci na Phuket ya samo asali ne daga Phuket, Thai kuma yana da tasirin Sinanci, Malaysian, da Thai.<ref name="Williams 2010 p. 813">{{cite book | last=Williams | first=C. | title=Southeast Asia on a Shoestring | publisher=Lonely Planet | year=2010 | isbn=978-1-74220-377-5 | url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781741792331 | url-access=registration | accessdate=May 30, 2016 | page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781741792331/page/813 813]}}</ref> == Abinci == === Bee-Pang === Bee-Pang wani nau'in shinkafa ne mai laushi da aka yanka a cikin wani rectangle mai laushi tare da sauce mai dadi kuma wani nau'i ne na mashaya. Bee-Pang an yi shi ne daga shinkafa da aka gauraya da tafarnuwa da aka dafa tare da sauce mai zaki don haɗuwa da gishiri daga shinkafar. Mutanen Phuket yawanci suna cin wannan tare da shayi da rana kamar farin shayi ko shayi mai kore saboda al'ada.<ref name="Expique">{{Cite web |last=Expique |first=Team |date=2021-02-09 |title=Phuket's Traditional Desserts That You Should Try |url=https://www.expique.com/article/phuket-traditional-desserts/ |access-date=2024-08-22 |website=Experience Unique Bangkok |language=en-US}}</ref> === Gaang sôm blah === Gaang sôm plah abinci ne na kifi.<ref name="Williams Beales 2010">{{cite book |last1=Williams |first1=C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XJNaRFzcDr4C&pg=PA283 |title=Discover Thailand |last2=Beales |first2=M. |publisher=Lonely Planet |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-74179-994-1 |series=Country Guide Series |page=283 |language=it |accessdate=May 30, 2016}}</ref> Ana shirya shi ba tare da amfani da madarar kwakwa ba.<ref name="Williams Beales 2010" /> === Kanohm Jin === Kanohm Jin abinci ne mai ɗanɗano wanda aka yi da shinkafa ko kifi kuma an rufe shi da sauces. Sauces sun hada da Tai-Pla sauce, nam phrik sauce, da Namya sauce. Yawancin lokaci ana cinye shi don karin kumallo tare da soya Pah Tong Go da kifi mai curried. Ana ba da Kanohm Jin tare da fiye da nau'ikan kayan lambu 10.<ref name="windowonphuket1">{{Cite web |title=WINDOW on Phuket: Phuket Events, Phuket Activities, Dining, Property, Boating, Shopping |url=http://windowonphuket.com/features_regular/phuket_local_food.htm |access-date=30 May 2016 |website=Window Phuket}}</ref> === Lo Bah === Lo Bah wani abu ne mai zurfi da aka dafa naman alade wanda aka dafa tare da tofu da kuma soya mai dadi da ɗanɗano.<ref name="alphabetoresort">{{Cite web |date= |title=Attraction &#124; Alphabeto Resort, Naiharn Beach |url=http://www.alphabetoresort.com/Phuket-Food.html |access-date=2016-05-30 |publisher=Alphabetoresort.com}}</ref> === Mee Hoon Pa Chang === Mee Hoon Pa Chang ya ƙunshi noodles da aka soya a cikin soya sauce, an rufe shi da albasa da aka soja kuma tare da miya na alade. 'Pa Chang' ne ya samo asali ne daga girke-girke, don haka mutanen yankin suna kiran abincin 'Mee Hoon Pa Chang'. "<ref name="alphabetoresort">{{Cite web |date= |title=Attraction &#124; Alphabeto Resort, Naiharn Beach |url=http://www.alphabetoresort.com/Phuket-Food.html |access-date=2016-05-30 |publisher=Alphabetoresort.com}}</ref> === Moo Hong === Moo Hong abinci ne na naman alade da aka dafa daga Abincin Fujian . Yawancin lokaci ana ba da shi tare da shinkafa ko shinkafa da aka dafa kuma ana ba da ita azaman babban abinci. Ciki na alade shine babban sinadarin abincin, amma ana iya amfani da wasu yankan naman alade don daidaita rabo tsakanin nama da kitse. Har ila yau, abincin yana dauke da soya mai duhu da [[sukari]] don dandano mai daɗi da [[tafarnuwa]], albasa, da tushen Coriander don dandano yana da ƙarfi. Ana iya amfani da soya mai sauƙi don ɗanɗano mai gishiri. An yi wa abincin ado da sabon coriander. "Moo Palo" yayi kama da "Moo Hong" amma Moo Palo ya ƙunshi kayan abinci biyar na kasar Sin. === Ya Tao === Oh Tao abinci ne mai zafi da aka dafa ko abincin teku da aka shirya tare da ƙwai, gari, tsiro da [[Gwaza|Tushen taro]]. Ana iya ɗanɗana shi da gishiri, sukari, chili ko ruwan inabi. Yawancin lokaci ana cinye shi tare da tsiro da naman alade. Oh Tao yana daya daga cikin tsofaffin jita-jita na yankin.<ref name="windowonphuket1">{{Cite web |title=WINDOW on Phuket: Phuket Events, Phuket Activities, Dining, Property, Boating, Shopping |url=http://windowonphuket.com/features_regular/phuket_local_food.htm |access-date=30 May 2016 |website=Window Phuket}}</ref> === Pàt tai === Pàt tai abinci ne da aka dafa da aka dafa ta amfani da curry paste wanda ke dauke da chili peppers, [[Tsamiya|tamarind]], shrimp paste da sukari. == Abincin ci == === Ah-pong === Ah-pong wani pancake ne wanda ake la'akari da sa hannu snack na Phuket . <ref name="alphabetoresort">{{Cite web |date= |title=Attraction &#124; Alphabeto Resort, Naiharn Beach |url=http://www.alphabetoresort.com/Phuket-Food.html |access-date=2016-05-30 |publisher=Alphabetoresort.com}}</ref> Daidaitawa na appam na Kudancin Indiya, yana da sauƙin yin kamar yadda sinadaran - gari, kwai, [[Madara ta kwakwa|madarar kwakwa]], sukari, ruwa da yisti - suna samuwa cikin sauƙi. Yana da ƙanshi mai ɗanɗano, mai ɗanɗana daga madarar kwakwa. === Ang-Gu === Ang-Gu sanannen ɗanɗano ne mai ɗanɗano wanda ake yawan cinyewa tare da kofi ko shayi. Daga imanin Sinanci, turtles alama ce ta har abada don haka sun yi imanin cewa wadanda suka ci wannan abincin za su rayu ba tare da iyaka ba kamar turtles.   [bayyanawa da ake buƙata] Wannan abincin rana an yi shi ne daga garin shinkafa mai laushi, man kayan lambu, sukari da kwayoyin zinariya. === Bee-go-moi === Bee-go-moi abinci ne da aka yi da baki, shinkafa mai laushi tare da madarar kwakwa. Yana da dandano mai ban sha'awa da dandano daga shinkafa mai baƙar fata mai mannewa da gishiri na madarar kwakwa.<ref name="Expique">{{Cite web |last=Expique |first=Team |date=2021-02-09 |title=Phuket's Traditional Desserts That You Should Try |url=https://www.expique.com/article/phuket-traditional-desserts/ |access-date=2024-08-22 |website=Experience Unique Bangkok |language=en-US}}</ref> == Abinci == ''O-aew'' kayan zaki ne wanda ya samo asali ne daga Phuket kuma an dauke shi kayan zaki na yankin.<ref name="alphabetoresort">{{Cite web |date= |title=Attraction &#124; Alphabeto Resort, Naiharn Beach |url=http://www.alphabetoresort.com/Phuket-Food.html |access-date=2016-05-30 |publisher=Alphabetoresort.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Phuket Shopping and Lifestyle Directory by image-asia.com |date= |title=Phuket Events, Phuket Activities, Dining, Property, Boating, Shopping |url=http://www.windowonphuket.com/404.php?error404=404_destination_not_exits |access-date=2016-05-30 |publisher=WINDOW on Phuket}}</ref> An yi shi ne daga garin ayaba da aka gauraya da jan wake, kankara, da jan syrup mai zaki. Ana ƙara ƙarin jellies da 'ya'yan itace don yaɗa abincin. == Duba kuma ==   * Jerin abincin Thai * Jerin sinadaran Thai * Jerin gidajen cin abinci na Thai == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Ƙarin karantawa == *   * Shafuffuka 211.  [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] diz17rdv3wac24jsv1mrtims1wa4zjc 889525 889523 2026-07-30T20:55:17Z Alubaki 30448 889525 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Patak_Road.JPG|thumb|Mai sayar da titi yana ba da pancakes a kan Patak Road a Birnin Phuket]] Abinci na Phuket ya samo asali ne daga Phuket, Thai kuma yana da tasirin Sinanci, Malaysian, da Thai.<ref name="Williams 2010 p. 813">{{cite book | last=Williams | first=C. | title=Southeast Asia on a Shoestring | publisher=Lonely Planet | year=2010 | isbn=978-1-74220-377-5 | url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781741792331 | url-access=registration | accessdate=May 30, 2016 | page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781741792331/page/813 813]}}</ref> == Abinci == === Bee-Pang === Bee-Pang wani nau'in shinkafa ne mai laushi da aka yanka a cikin wani rectangle mai laushi tare da sauce mai dadi kuma wani nau'i ne na mashaya. Bee-Pang an yi shi ne daga shinkafa da aka gauraya da tafarnuwa da aka dafa tare da sauce mai zaki don haɗuwa da gishiri daga shinkafar. Mutanen Phuket yawanci suna cin wannan tare da shayi da rana kamar farin shayi ko shayi mai kore saboda al'ada.<ref name="Expique">{{Cite web |last=Expique |first=Team |date=2021-02-09 |title=Phuket's Traditional Desserts That You Should Try |url=https://www.expique.com/article/phuket-traditional-desserts/ |access-date=2024-08-22 |website=Experience Unique Bangkok |language=en-US}}</ref> === Gaang sôm blah === Gaang sôm plah abinci ne na kifi.<ref name="Williams Beales 2010">{{cite book |last1=Williams |first1=C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XJNaRFzcDr4C&pg=PA283 |title=Discover Thailand |last2=Beales |first2=M. |publisher=Lonely Planet |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-74179-994-1 |series=Country Guide Series |page=283 |language=it |accessdate=May 30, 2016}}</ref> Ana shirya shi ba tare da amfani da madarar kwakwa ba.<ref name="Williams Beales 2010" /> === Kanohm Jin === Kanohm Jin abinci ne mai ɗanɗano wanda aka yi da shinkafa ko kifi kuma an rufe shi da sauces. Sauces sun hada da Tai-Pla sauce, nam phrik sauce, da Namya sauce. Yawancin lokaci ana cinye shi don karin kumallo tare da soya Pah Tong Go da kifi mai curried. Ana ba da Kanohm Jin tare da fiye da nau'ikan kayan lambu 10.<ref name="windowonphuket1">{{Cite web |title=WINDOW on Phuket: Phuket Events, Phuket Activities, Dining, Property, Boating, Shopping |url=http://windowonphuket.com/features_regular/phuket_local_food.htm |access-date=30 May 2016 |website=Window Phuket}}</ref> === Lo Bah === Lo Bah wani abu ne mai zurfi da aka dafa naman alade wanda aka dafa tare da tofu da kuma soya mai dadi da ɗanɗano.<ref name="alphabetoresort">{{Cite web |date= |title=Attraction &#124; Alphabeto Resort, Naiharn Beach |url=http://www.alphabetoresort.com/Phuket-Food.html |access-date=2016-05-30 |publisher=Alphabetoresort.com}}</ref> === Mee Hoon Pa Chang === Mee Hoon Pa Chang ya ƙunshi noodles da aka soya a cikin soya sauce, an rufe shi da albasa da aka soja kuma tare da miya na alade. 'Pa Chang' ne ya samo asali ne daga girke-girke, don haka mutanen yankin suna kiran abincin 'Mee Hoon Pa Chang'. "<ref name="alphabetoresort">{{Cite web |date= |title=Attraction &#124; Alphabeto Resort, Naiharn Beach |url=http://www.alphabetoresort.com/Phuket-Food.html |access-date=2016-05-30 |publisher=Alphabetoresort.com}}</ref> === Moo Hong === Moo Hong abinci ne na naman alade da aka dafa daga Abincin Fujian . Yawancin lokaci ana ba da shi tare da shinkafa ko shinkafa da aka dafa kuma ana ba da ita azaman babban abinci. Ciki na alade shine babban sinadarin abincin, amma ana iya amfani da wasu yankan naman alade don daidaita rabo tsakanin nama da kitse. Har ila yau, abincin yana dauke da soya mai duhu da [[sukari]] don dandano mai daɗi da [[tafarnuwa]], albasa, da tushen Coriander don dandano yana da ƙarfi. Ana iya amfani da soya mai sauƙi don ɗanɗano mai gishiri. An yi wa abincin ado da sabon coriander. "Moo Palo" yayi kama da "Moo Hong" amma Moo Palo ya ƙunshi kayan abinci biyar na kasar Sin. === Ya Tao === Oh Tao abinci ne mai zafi da aka dafa ko abincin teku da aka shirya tare da ƙwai, gari, tsiro da [[Gwaza|Tushen taro]]. Ana iya ɗanɗana shi da gishiri, sukari, chili ko ruwan inabi. Yawancin lokaci ana cinye shi tare da tsiro da naman alade. Oh Tao yana daya daga cikin tsofaffin jita-jita na yankin.<ref name="windowonphuket1">{{Cite web |title=WINDOW on Phuket: Phuket Events, Phuket Activities, Dining, Property, Boating, Shopping |url=http://windowonphuket.com/features_regular/phuket_local_food.htm |access-date=30 May 2016 |website=Window Phuket}}</ref> === Pàt tai === Pàt tai abinci ne da aka dafa da aka dafa ta amfani da curry paste wanda ke dauke da chili peppers, [[Tsamiya|tamarind]], shrimp paste da sukari. == Abincin ci == === Ah-pong === Ah-pong wani pancake ne wanda ake la'akari da sa hannu snack na Phuket . <ref name="alphabetoresort">{{Cite web |date= |title=Attraction &#124; Alphabeto Resort, Naiharn Beach |url=http://www.alphabetoresort.com/Phuket-Food.html |access-date=2016-05-30 |publisher=Alphabetoresort.com}}</ref> Daidaitawa na appam na Kudancin Indiya, yana da sauƙin yin kamar yadda sinadaran - gari, kwai, [[Madara ta kwakwa|madarar kwakwa]], sukari, ruwa da yisti - suna samuwa cikin sauƙi. Yana da ƙanshi mai ɗanɗano, mai ɗanɗana daga madarar kwakwa. === Ang-Gu === Ang-Gu sanannen ɗanɗano ne mai ɗanɗano wanda ake yawan cinyewa tare da kofi ko shayi. Daga imanin Sinanci, turtles alama ce ta har abada don haka sun yi imanin cewa wadanda suka ci wannan abincin za su rayu ba tare da iyaka ba kamar turtles.   [bayyanawa da ake buƙata] Wannan abincin rana an yi shi ne daga garin shinkafa mai laushi, man kayan lambu, sukari da kwayoyin zinariya. === Bee-go-moi === Bee-go-moi abinci ne da aka yi da baki, shinkafa mai laushi tare da madarar kwakwa. Yana da dandano mai ban sha'awa da dandano daga shinkafa mai baƙar fata mai mannewa da gishiri na madarar kwakwa.<ref name="Expique">{{Cite web |last=Expique |first=Team |date=2021-02-09 |title=Phuket's Traditional Desserts That You Should Try |url=https://www.expique.com/article/phuket-traditional-desserts/ |access-date=2024-08-22 |website=Experience Unique Bangkok |language=en-US}}</ref> == Abinci == ''O-aew'' kayan zaki ne wanda ya samo asali ne daga Phuket kuma an dauke shi kayan zaki na yankin.<ref name="alphabetoresort">{{Cite web |date= |title=Attraction &#124; Alphabeto Resort, Naiharn Beach |url=http://www.alphabetoresort.com/Phuket-Food.html |access-date=2016-05-30 |publisher=Alphabetoresort.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Phuket Shopping and Lifestyle Directory by image-asia.com |date= |title=Phuket Events, Phuket Activities, Dining, Property, Boating, Shopping |url=http://www.windowonphuket.com/404.php?error404=404_destination_not_exits |access-date=2016-05-30 |publisher=WINDOW on Phuket}}</ref> An yi shi ne daga garin ayaba da aka gauraya da jan wake, kankara, da jan syrup mai zaki. Ana ƙara ƙarin jellies da 'ya'yan itace don yaɗa abincin. == Duba kuma ==   * Jerin abincin Thai * Jerin sinadaran Thai * Jerin gidajen cin abinci na Thai == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Ƙarin karantawa == *   * Shafuffuka 211.  [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] lxopasmt2qdrune2isfd30ebhryhrw3 Udang ballad 0 162551 889527 2026-07-30T21:00:50Z Alubaki 30448 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1325149588|Udang balado]]" 889527 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox food|name=Udang balado|image=Udang balado masakan Padang.jpg|caption=''Udang balado'' Padang-style prawns in spicy sambal or balado sauce}}'''Udang ballad''' ko '''sambal goreng udang''' abinci ne mai zafi da ɗanɗano wanda ake yawan samun shi a cikin Abincin Indonesiya. An yi shi da shrimp, ko dai an cire shi ko kuma ba a cire shi ba, an dafa shi a cikin zafi da kuma ɗanɗano a cikin ƙaramin man dafa abinci. == Abubuwan da aka yi amfani da su == ''bumbu'' (haɗin kayan yaji) da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin sambal shrimp ya haɗa da shellot, [[tafarnuwa]], Candlenut, [[Citta|ginger]], shrimp paste, turmeric, galangal, da ja chili pepper; duk an gauraye su kuma an rushe su da gishiri da ruwa. Bugu da ƙari, ana ƙara lemun tsami, ''Daun salam'' (bayleaf na Indonesia), da ganye na kaffir kuma a dafa su a cikin man dafa abinci (yawanci dabino ko man kwakwa) har sai cakuda kayan yaji ya saki ƙanshin sa. Ana dafa shrimps da aka tsabtace, ko dai tare da ko ba tare da peel ba, har sai an dafa su. Za a iya ƙara ƙarin sinadaran, kamar su wake kore da kwai, soya dankali, tofu, ko wake mai wari. <ref>{{Cite web |title=82 resep sambal goreng udang kentang pete enak dan sederhana |url=https://cookpad.com/id/cari/sambal%20goreng%20udang%20kentang%20pete |access-date=2018-06-05 |website=Cookpad |language=id}}</ref> == Bambance-bambance == Is it a yanzu haka dai wannan kungiyar the same shi kenan a yanzu haka dai wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na Shrimp da aka dafa a cikin sambal chili paste ya zama ruwan dare a cikin al'adun dafa abinci daban-daban na Indonesia; daga Minangkabau (Padang) zuwa [[Abincin Malay|Malay]], Sundanese, [[Abincin Javanese|Javanese]], Balinese da Manado. A cikin al'adar Minangkabau an san shi da ''''Ballad'' udang'' kuma an dauke shi a matsayin bambancin nau'ikan balado masu ɗanɗano. == Duba kuma ==   * Dabu-dabu * Jerin abincin shrimp * Mai arziki-mai arziki == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://id.tastemade.com/videos/sambal-goreng-udang Bidiyo na girke-girke na Sambal Goreng Udang ta Tastemade] * [https://www.foodnetwork.com/recipes/sambal-shrimp-3646487 Shirye-shiryen shrimp na Sambal] * [https://www.asianfoodchannel.com/en/recipes/recipe/sambal-tumis-udang-sauteed-chilli-shrimp Sambal Tumis Udang (Sauteed Chilli Shrimp) girke-girke] o3qj5eeetvf8ce3a7dql9jyfhuzamnd 889528 889527 2026-07-30T21:01:42Z Alubaki 30448 /* Bambance-bambance */ 889528 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox food|name=Udang balado|image=Udang balado masakan Padang.jpg|caption=''Udang balado'' Padang-style prawns in spicy sambal or balado sauce}}'''Udang ballad''' ko '''sambal goreng udang''' abinci ne mai zafi da ɗanɗano wanda ake yawan samun shi a cikin Abincin Indonesiya. An yi shi da shrimp, ko dai an cire shi ko kuma ba a cire shi ba, an dafa shi a cikin zafi da kuma ɗanɗano a cikin ƙaramin man dafa abinci. == Abubuwan da aka yi amfani da su == ''bumbu'' (haɗin kayan yaji) da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin sambal shrimp ya haɗa da shellot, [[tafarnuwa]], Candlenut, [[Citta|ginger]], shrimp paste, turmeric, galangal, da ja chili pepper; duk an gauraye su kuma an rushe su da gishiri da ruwa. Bugu da ƙari, ana ƙara lemun tsami, ''Daun salam'' (bayleaf na Indonesia), da ganye na kaffir kuma a dafa su a cikin man dafa abinci (yawanci dabino ko man kwakwa) har sai cakuda kayan yaji ya saki ƙanshin sa. Ana dafa shrimps da aka tsabtace, ko dai tare da ko ba tare da peel ba, har sai an dafa su. Za a iya ƙara ƙarin sinadaran, kamar su wake kore da kwai, soya dankali, tofu, ko wake mai wari. <ref>{{Cite web |title=82 resep sambal goreng udang kentang pete enak dan sederhana |url=https://cookpad.com/id/cari/sambal%20goreng%20udang%20kentang%20pete |access-date=2018-06-05 |website=Cookpad |language=id}}</ref> == Bambance-bambance == Shrimp da aka dafa a cikin sambal chili paste ya zama ruwan dare a cikin al'adun dafa abinci daban-daban na Indonesia; daga Minangkabau (Padang) zuwa [[Abincin Malay|Malay]], Sundanese, [[Abincin Javanese|Javanese]], Balinese da Manado. A cikin al'adar Minangkabau an san shi da ''''Ballad'' udang'' kuma an dauke shi a matsayin bambancin nau'ikan balado masu ɗanɗano. == Duba kuma ==   * Dabu-dabu * Jerin abincin shrimp * Mai arziki-mai arziki == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://id.tastemade.com/videos/sambal-goreng-udang Bidiyo na girke-girke na Sambal Goreng Udang ta Tastemade] * [https://www.foodnetwork.com/recipes/sambal-shrimp-3646487 Shirye-shiryen shrimp na Sambal] * [https://www.asianfoodchannel.com/en/recipes/recipe/sambal-tumis-udang-sauteed-chilli-shrimp Sambal Tumis Udang (Sauteed Chilli Shrimp) girke-girke] ldjfwzxwo7t9hvta7gpn0npusf4t7b4 889529 889528 2026-07-30T21:02:16Z Alubaki 30448 889529 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{Infobox food|name=Udang balado|image=Udang balado masakan Padang.jpg|caption=''Udang balado'' Padang-style prawns in spicy sambal or balado sauce}}'''Udang ballad''' ko '''sambal goreng udang''' abinci ne mai zafi da ɗanɗano wanda ake yawan samun shi a cikin Abincin Indonesiya. An yi shi da shrimp, ko dai an cire shi ko kuma ba a cire shi ba, an dafa shi a cikin zafi da kuma ɗanɗano a cikin ƙaramin man dafa abinci. == Abubuwan da aka yi amfani da su == ''bumbu'' (haɗin kayan yaji) da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin sambal shrimp ya haɗa da shellot, [[tafarnuwa]], Candlenut, [[Citta|ginger]], shrimp paste, turmeric, galangal, da ja chili pepper; duk an gauraye su kuma an rushe su da gishiri da ruwa. Bugu da ƙari, ana ƙara lemun tsami, ''Daun salam'' (bayleaf na Indonesia), da ganye na kaffir kuma a dafa su a cikin man dafa abinci (yawanci dabino ko man kwakwa) har sai cakuda kayan yaji ya saki ƙanshin sa. Ana dafa shrimps da aka tsabtace, ko dai tare da ko ba tare da peel ba, har sai an dafa su. Za a iya ƙara ƙarin sinadaran, kamar su wake kore da kwai, soya dankali, tofu, ko wake mai wari. <ref>{{Cite web |title=82 resep sambal goreng udang kentang pete enak dan sederhana |url=https://cookpad.com/id/cari/sambal%20goreng%20udang%20kentang%20pete |access-date=2018-06-05 |website=Cookpad |language=id}}</ref> == Bambance-bambance == Shrimp da aka dafa a cikin sambal chili paste ya zama ruwan dare a cikin al'adun dafa abinci daban-daban na Indonesia; daga Minangkabau (Padang) zuwa [[Abincin Malay|Malay]], Sundanese, [[Abincin Javanese|Javanese]], Balinese da Manado. A cikin al'adar Minangkabau an san shi da ''''Ballad'' udang'' kuma an dauke shi a matsayin bambancin nau'ikan balado masu ɗanɗano. == Duba kuma ==   * Dabu-dabu * Jerin abincin shrimp * Mai arziki-mai arziki == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://id.tastemade.com/videos/sambal-goreng-udang Bidiyo na girke-girke na Sambal Goreng Udang ta Tastemade] * [https://www.foodnetwork.com/recipes/sambal-shrimp-3646487 Shirye-shiryen shrimp na Sambal] * [https://www.asianfoodchannel.com/en/recipes/recipe/sambal-tumis-udang-sauteed-chilli-shrimp Sambal Tumis Udang (Sauteed Chilli Shrimp) girke-girke] nxah1zy9cxynzrff9czn1zcggpp7eks 889530 889529 2026-07-30T21:03:58Z Alubaki 30448 889530 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{Infobox food|name=Udang balado|image=Udang balado masakan Padang.jpg|caption=''Udang balado'' Padang-style prawns in spicy sambal or balado sauce}}'''Udang ballad''' ko '''sambal goreng udang''' abinci ne mai zafi da ɗanɗano wanda ake yawan samun shi a cikin Abincin Indonesiya. An yi shi da shrimp, ko dai an cire shi ko kuma ba a cire shi ba, an dafa shi a cikin zafi da kuma ɗanɗano a cikin ƙaramin man dafa abinci.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://cooking.nytimes.com/recipes/1018205-shrimp-and-potatoes-in-sambal-sambal-goreng-kentang-udang?regi=1&join_cooking_newsletter=false&register=facebook|title=Shrimp and Potatoes in Sambal (Sambal Goreng Kentang Udang) Recipe|work=NYT Cooking|access-date=2018-06-01}}</ref> == Abubuwan da aka yi amfani da su == ''bumbu'' (haɗin kayan yaji) da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin sambal shrimp ya haɗa da shellot, [[tafarnuwa]], Candlenut, [[Citta|ginger]], shrimp paste, turmeric, galangal, da ja chili pepper; duk an gauraye su kuma an rushe su da gishiri da ruwa. Bugu da ƙari, ana ƙara lemun tsami, ''Daun salam'' (bayleaf na Indonesia), da ganye na kaffir kuma a dafa su a cikin man dafa abinci (yawanci dabino ko man kwakwa) har sai cakuda kayan yaji ya saki ƙanshin sa. Ana dafa shrimps da aka tsabtace, ko dai tare da ko ba tare da peel ba, har sai an dafa su. Za a iya ƙara ƙarin sinadaran, kamar su wake kore da kwai, soya dankali, tofu, ko wake mai wari. <ref>{{Cite web |title=82 resep sambal goreng udang kentang pete enak dan sederhana |url=https://cookpad.com/id/cari/sambal%20goreng%20udang%20kentang%20pete |access-date=2018-06-05 |website=Cookpad |language=id}}</ref> == Bambance-bambance == Shrimp da aka dafa a cikin sambal chili paste ya zama ruwan dare a cikin al'adun dafa abinci daban-daban na Indonesia; daga Minangkabau (Padang) zuwa [[Abincin Malay|Malay]], Sundanese, [[Abincin Javanese|Javanese]], Balinese da Manado. A cikin al'adar Minangkabau an san shi da ''''Ballad'' udang'' kuma an dauke shi a matsayin bambancin nau'ikan balado masu ɗanɗano. == Duba kuma ==   * Dabu-dabu * Jerin abincin shrimp * Mai arziki-mai arziki == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://id.tastemade.com/videos/sambal-goreng-udang Bidiyo na girke-girke na Sambal Goreng Udang ta Tastemade] * [https://www.foodnetwork.com/recipes/sambal-shrimp-3646487 Shirye-shiryen shrimp na Sambal] * [https://www.asianfoodchannel.com/en/recipes/recipe/sambal-tumis-udang-sauteed-chilli-shrimp Sambal Tumis Udang (Sauteed Chilli Shrimp) girke-girke] 5bvlijyttxcfcd53a88xlmoa5j7vvfe 889531 889530 2026-07-30T21:05:31Z Alubaki 30448 889531 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{Infobox food|name=Udang balado|image=Udang balado masakan Padang.jpg|caption=''Udang balado'' Padang-style prawns in spicy sambal or balado sauce}}'''Udang ballad''' ko '''sambal goreng udang''' abinci ne mai zafi da ɗanɗano wanda ake yawan samun shi a cikin Abincin Indonesiya.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=axdIDwAAQBAJ&q=Sambal+shrimp+Indonesia+recipe&pg=PA126|title=Popular Indonesia Cuisine: Over 100 Recipes (Edisi Bahasa Inggris)|last=Soewitomo|first=Sisca|date=2015-09-10|publisher=Gramedia Pustaka Utama|isbn=9786020315416|language=en}}</ref> An yi shi da shrimp, ko dai an cire shi ko kuma ba a cire shi ba, an dafa shi a cikin zafi da kuma ɗanɗano a cikin ƙaramin man dafa abinci.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://cooking.nytimes.com/recipes/1018205-shrimp-and-potatoes-in-sambal-sambal-goreng-kentang-udang?regi=1&join_cooking_newsletter=false&register=facebook|title=Shrimp and Potatoes in Sambal (Sambal Goreng Kentang Udang) Recipe|work=NYT Cooking|access-date=2018-06-01}}</ref> == Abubuwan da aka yi amfani da su == ''bumbu'' (haɗin kayan yaji) da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin sambal shrimp ya haɗa da shellot, [[tafarnuwa]], Candlenut, [[Citta|ginger]], shrimp paste, turmeric, galangal, da ja chili pepper; duk an gauraye su kuma an rushe su da gishiri da ruwa. Bugu da ƙari, ana ƙara lemun tsami, ''Daun salam'' (bayleaf na Indonesia), da ganye na kaffir kuma a dafa su a cikin man dafa abinci (yawanci dabino ko man kwakwa) har sai cakuda kayan yaji ya saki ƙanshin sa. Ana dafa shrimps da aka tsabtace, ko dai tare da ko ba tare da peel ba, har sai an dafa su. Za a iya ƙara ƙarin sinadaran, kamar su wake kore da kwai, soya dankali, tofu, ko wake mai wari. <ref>{{Cite web |title=82 resep sambal goreng udang kentang pete enak dan sederhana |url=https://cookpad.com/id/cari/sambal%20goreng%20udang%20kentang%20pete |access-date=2018-06-05 |website=Cookpad |language=id}}</ref> == Bambance-bambance == Shrimp da aka dafa a cikin sambal chili paste ya zama ruwan dare a cikin al'adun dafa abinci daban-daban na Indonesia; daga Minangkabau (Padang) zuwa [[Abincin Malay|Malay]], Sundanese, [[Abincin Javanese|Javanese]], Balinese da Manado. A cikin al'adar Minangkabau an san shi da ''''Ballad'' udang'' kuma an dauke shi a matsayin bambancin nau'ikan balado masu ɗanɗano. == Duba kuma ==   * Dabu-dabu * Jerin abincin shrimp * Mai arziki-mai arziki == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://id.tastemade.com/videos/sambal-goreng-udang Bidiyo na girke-girke na Sambal Goreng Udang ta Tastemade] * [https://www.foodnetwork.com/recipes/sambal-shrimp-3646487 Shirye-shiryen shrimp na Sambal] * [https://www.asianfoodchannel.com/en/recipes/recipe/sambal-tumis-udang-sauteed-chilli-shrimp Sambal Tumis Udang (Sauteed Chilli Shrimp) girke-girke] iusvpe9521pp0xagkfuvv5qx41obcla 889533 889531 2026-07-30T21:06:52Z Alubaki 30448 889533 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{Infobox food|name=Udang balado|image=Udang balado masakan Padang.jpg|caption=''Udang balado'' Padang-style prawns in spicy sambal or balado sauce}}'''Udang ballad''' ko '''sambal goreng udang''' abinci ne mai zafi da ɗanɗano wanda ake yawan samun shi a cikin Abincin Indonesiya.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=axdIDwAAQBAJ&q=Sambal+shrimp+Indonesia+recipe&pg=PA126|title=Popular Indonesia Cuisine: Over 100 Recipes (Edisi Bahasa Inggris)|last=Soewitomo|first=Sisca|date=2015-09-10|publisher=Gramedia Pustaka Utama|isbn=9786020315416|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=axdIDwAAQBAJ&q=Sambal+shrimp+Indonesia+recipe&pg=PA126|title=Popular Indonesia Cuisine: Over 100 Recipes (Edisi Bahasa Inggris)|last=Soewitomo|first=Sisca|date=2015-09-10|publisher=Gramedia Pustaka Utama|isbn=9786020315416|language=en}}</ref> An yi shi da shrimp, ko dai an cire shi ko kuma ba a cire shi ba, an dafa shi a cikin zafi da kuma ɗanɗano a cikin ƙaramin man dafa abinci.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://cooking.nytimes.com/recipes/1018205-shrimp-and-potatoes-in-sambal-sambal-goreng-kentang-udang?regi=1&join_cooking_newsletter=false&register=facebook|title=Shrimp and Potatoes in Sambal (Sambal Goreng Kentang Udang) Recipe|work=NYT Cooking|access-date=2018-06-01}}</ref> == Abubuwan da aka yi amfani da su == ''bumbu'' (haɗin kayan yaji) da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin sambal shrimp ya haɗa da shellot, [[tafarnuwa]], Candlenut, [[Citta|ginger]], shrimp paste, turmeric, galangal, da ja chili pepper; duk an gauraye su kuma an rushe su da gishiri da ruwa. Bugu da ƙari, ana ƙara lemun tsami, ''Daun salam'' (bayleaf na Indonesia), da ganye na kaffir kuma a dafa su a cikin man dafa abinci (yawanci dabino ko man kwakwa) har sai cakuda kayan yaji ya saki ƙanshin sa. Ana dafa shrimps da aka tsabtace, ko dai tare da ko ba tare da peel ba, har sai an dafa su. Za a iya ƙara ƙarin sinadaran, kamar su wake kore da kwai, soya dankali, tofu, ko wake mai wari. <ref>{{Cite web |title=82 resep sambal goreng udang kentang pete enak dan sederhana |url=https://cookpad.com/id/cari/sambal%20goreng%20udang%20kentang%20pete |access-date=2018-06-05 |website=Cookpad |language=id}}</ref> == Bambance-bambance == Shrimp da aka dafa a cikin sambal chili paste ya zama ruwan dare a cikin al'adun dafa abinci daban-daban na Indonesia; daga Minangkabau (Padang) zuwa [[Abincin Malay|Malay]], Sundanese, [[Abincin Javanese|Javanese]], Balinese da Manado. A cikin al'adar Minangkabau an san shi da ''''Ballad'' udang'' kuma an dauke shi a matsayin bambancin nau'ikan balado masu ɗanɗano. == Duba kuma ==   * Dabu-dabu * Jerin abincin shrimp * Mai arziki-mai arziki == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://id.tastemade.com/videos/sambal-goreng-udang Bidiyo na girke-girke na Sambal Goreng Udang ta Tastemade] * [https://www.foodnetwork.com/recipes/sambal-shrimp-3646487 Shirye-shiryen shrimp na Sambal] * [https://www.asianfoodchannel.com/en/recipes/recipe/sambal-tumis-udang-sauteed-chilli-shrimp Sambal Tumis Udang (Sauteed Chilli Shrimp) girke-girke] tmpxzfzl7c2l6r29abpht1685qh3cd3 889534 889533 2026-07-30T21:09:08Z Alubaki 30448 /* Bambance-bambance */ 889534 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{Infobox food|name=Udang balado|image=Udang balado masakan Padang.jpg|caption=''Udang balado'' Padang-style prawns in spicy sambal or balado sauce}}'''Udang ballad''' ko '''sambal goreng udang''' abinci ne mai zafi da ɗanɗano wanda ake yawan samun shi a cikin Abincin Indonesiya.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=axdIDwAAQBAJ&q=Sambal+shrimp+Indonesia+recipe&pg=PA126|title=Popular Indonesia Cuisine: Over 100 Recipes (Edisi Bahasa Inggris)|last=Soewitomo|first=Sisca|date=2015-09-10|publisher=Gramedia Pustaka Utama|isbn=9786020315416|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=axdIDwAAQBAJ&q=Sambal+shrimp+Indonesia+recipe&pg=PA126|title=Popular Indonesia Cuisine: Over 100 Recipes (Edisi Bahasa Inggris)|last=Soewitomo|first=Sisca|date=2015-09-10|publisher=Gramedia Pustaka Utama|isbn=9786020315416|language=en}}</ref> An yi shi da shrimp, ko dai an cire shi ko kuma ba a cire shi ba, an dafa shi a cikin zafi da kuma ɗanɗano a cikin ƙaramin man dafa abinci.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://cooking.nytimes.com/recipes/1018205-shrimp-and-potatoes-in-sambal-sambal-goreng-kentang-udang?regi=1&join_cooking_newsletter=false&register=facebook|title=Shrimp and Potatoes in Sambal (Sambal Goreng Kentang Udang) Recipe|work=NYT Cooking|access-date=2018-06-01}}</ref> == Abubuwan da aka yi amfani da su == ''bumbu'' (haɗin kayan yaji) da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin sambal shrimp ya haɗa da shellot, [[tafarnuwa]], Candlenut, [[Citta|ginger]], shrimp paste, turmeric, galangal, da ja chili pepper; duk an gauraye su kuma an rushe su da gishiri da ruwa. Bugu da ƙari, ana ƙara lemun tsami, ''Daun salam'' (bayleaf na Indonesia), da ganye na kaffir kuma a dafa su a cikin man dafa abinci (yawanci dabino ko man kwakwa) har sai cakuda kayan yaji ya saki ƙanshin sa. Ana dafa shrimps da aka tsabtace, ko dai tare da ko ba tare da peel ba, har sai an dafa su. Za a iya ƙara ƙarin sinadaran, kamar su wake kore da kwai, soya dankali, tofu, ko wake mai wari. <ref>{{Cite web |title=82 resep sambal goreng udang kentang pete enak dan sederhana |url=https://cookpad.com/id/cari/sambal%20goreng%20udang%20kentang%20pete |access-date=2018-06-05 |website=Cookpad |language=id}}</ref> == Bambance-bambance == Shrimp da aka dafa a cikin sambal chili paste ya zama ruwan dare a cikin al'adun dafa abinci daban-daban na Indonesia; daga Minangkabau (Padang) zuwa [[Abincin Malay|Malay]], Sundanese, [[Abincin Javanese|Javanese]], Balinese da Manado. A cikin al'adar Minangkabau an san shi da ''''Ballad'' udang'' kuma an dauke shi a matsayin bambancin nau'ikan balado masu ɗanɗano.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://dailycookingquest.com/by-cuisine/indonesian/balado-udang-shrimps-in-spicy-chili-sauce|title=Balado Udang - Shrimps in Spicy Chili Sauce - Daily Cooking Quest|date=2015-10-29|work=Daily Cooking Quest|access-date=2018-06-01|language=en-US|archive-date=2019-11-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191108064245/https://dailycookingquest.com/by-cuisine/indonesian/balado-udang-shrimps-in-spicy-chili-sauce/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Duba kuma ==   * Dabu-dabu * Jerin abincin shrimp * Mai arziki-mai arziki == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://id.tastemade.com/videos/sambal-goreng-udang Bidiyo na girke-girke na Sambal Goreng Udang ta Tastemade] * [https://www.foodnetwork.com/recipes/sambal-shrimp-3646487 Shirye-shiryen shrimp na Sambal] * [https://www.asianfoodchannel.com/en/recipes/recipe/sambal-tumis-udang-sauteed-chilli-shrimp Sambal Tumis Udang (Sauteed Chilli Shrimp) girke-girke] n0ay2l5par03fcuoawgv5ihq1y923un 889535 889534 2026-07-30T21:10:52Z Alubaki 30448 /* Abubuwan da aka yi amfani da su */ 889535 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{Infobox food|name=Udang balado|image=Udang balado masakan Padang.jpg|caption=''Udang balado'' Padang-style prawns in spicy sambal or balado sauce}}'''Udang ballad''' ko '''sambal goreng udang''' abinci ne mai zafi da ɗanɗano wanda ake yawan samun shi a cikin Abincin Indonesiya.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=axdIDwAAQBAJ&q=Sambal+shrimp+Indonesia+recipe&pg=PA126|title=Popular Indonesia Cuisine: Over 100 Recipes (Edisi Bahasa Inggris)|last=Soewitomo|first=Sisca|date=2015-09-10|publisher=Gramedia Pustaka Utama|isbn=9786020315416|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=axdIDwAAQBAJ&q=Sambal+shrimp+Indonesia+recipe&pg=PA126|title=Popular Indonesia Cuisine: Over 100 Recipes (Edisi Bahasa Inggris)|last=Soewitomo|first=Sisca|date=2015-09-10|publisher=Gramedia Pustaka Utama|isbn=9786020315416|language=en}}</ref> An yi shi da shrimp, ko dai an cire shi ko kuma ba a cire shi ba, an dafa shi a cikin zafi da kuma ɗanɗano a cikin ƙaramin man dafa abinci.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://cooking.nytimes.com/recipes/1018205-shrimp-and-potatoes-in-sambal-sambal-goreng-kentang-udang?regi=1&join_cooking_newsletter=false&register=facebook|title=Shrimp and Potatoes in Sambal (Sambal Goreng Kentang Udang) Recipe|work=NYT Cooking|access-date=2018-06-01}}</ref> == Abubuwan da aka yi amfani da su == ''bumbu'' (haɗin kayan yaji) da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin sambal shrimp ya haɗa da shellot, [[tafarnuwa]], Candlenut, [[Citta|ginger]], shrimp paste, turmeric, galangal, da ja chili pepper; duk an gauraye su kuma an rushe su da gishiri da ruwa. Bugu da ƙari, ana ƙara lemun tsami, ''Daun salam'' (bayleaf na Indonesia), da ganye na kaffir kuma a dafa su a cikin man dafa abinci (yawanci dabino ko man kwakwa) har sai cakuda kayan yaji ya saki ƙanshin sa. Ana dafa shrimps da aka tsabtace, ko dai tare da ko ba tare da peel ba, har sai an dafa su. Za a iya ƙara ƙarin sinadaran, kamar su wake kore da kwai,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://aura.tabloidbintang.com/hobi/read/69671/resep-akhir-pekan-sambal-goreng-udang-pedas-untuk-berbuka|title=Resep Akhir Pekan: Sambal Goreng Udang Pedas untuk Berbuka|work=Tabloidbintang.com|access-date=2018-06-05|archive-date=2018-07-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719024400/https://aura.tabloidbintang.com/hobi/read/69671/resep-akhir-pekan-sambal-goreng-udang-pedas-untuk-berbuka|url-status=dead}}</ref> soya dankali, tofu, ko wake mai wari. <ref>{{Cite web |title=82 resep sambal goreng udang kentang pete enak dan sederhana |url=https://cookpad.com/id/cari/sambal%20goreng%20udang%20kentang%20pete |access-date=2018-06-05 |website=Cookpad |language=id}}</ref> == Bambance-bambance == Shrimp da aka dafa a cikin sambal chili paste ya zama ruwan dare a cikin al'adun dafa abinci daban-daban na Indonesia; daga Minangkabau (Padang) zuwa [[Abincin Malay|Malay]], Sundanese, [[Abincin Javanese|Javanese]], Balinese da Manado. A cikin al'adar Minangkabau an san shi da ''''Ballad'' udang'' kuma an dauke shi a matsayin bambancin nau'ikan balado masu ɗanɗano.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://dailycookingquest.com/by-cuisine/indonesian/balado-udang-shrimps-in-spicy-chili-sauce|title=Balado Udang - Shrimps in Spicy Chili Sauce - Daily Cooking Quest|date=2015-10-29|work=Daily Cooking Quest|access-date=2018-06-01|language=en-US|archive-date=2019-11-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191108064245/https://dailycookingquest.com/by-cuisine/indonesian/balado-udang-shrimps-in-spicy-chili-sauce/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Duba kuma ==   * Dabu-dabu * Jerin abincin shrimp * Mai arziki-mai arziki == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://id.tastemade.com/videos/sambal-goreng-udang Bidiyo na girke-girke na Sambal Goreng Udang ta Tastemade] * [https://www.foodnetwork.com/recipes/sambal-shrimp-3646487 Shirye-shiryen shrimp na Sambal] * [https://www.asianfoodchannel.com/en/recipes/recipe/sambal-tumis-udang-sauteed-chilli-shrimp Sambal Tumis Udang (Sauteed Chilli Shrimp) girke-girke] h3fp6i4sanw8y15ekhzzs5r1beuffum Tattaunawar user:Mohamad Darlin 3 162552 889537 2026-07-30T21:23:18Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 889537 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Mohamad Darlin! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Mohamad Darlin|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 30 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) i49sdt5u1iui7sa8q2mctu9uxlt38kp Tattaunawar user:Baffa ali 3 162553 889538 2026-07-30T21:23:28Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 889538 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Baffa ali! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Baffa ali|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 30 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) 71ztnkbfxir3rug2vt5l6oigs4m7dak Tattaunawar user:JeremyLeicester 3 162554 889539 2026-07-30T21:23:38Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 889539 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, JeremyLeicester! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/JeremyLeicester|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 30 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) 4158ox43o6yp6y1fl7zhgx3xcf8psul Tattaunawar user:Scholastikos 3 162555 889540 2026-07-30T21:23:48Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 889540 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Scholastikos! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Scholastikos|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 30 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) nik0qneqmj43shmow5ipvmxwgx16gxe Tattaunawar user:Gombarix 3 162556 889541 2026-07-30T21:23:58Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 889541 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Gombarix! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Gombarix|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 30 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) p3o913wwg0kzfcflq9jn48jz3ne722g Tattaunawar user:ABUBAKAR MAIKUDI MUSA 3 162557 889542 2026-07-30T21:24:08Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 889542 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, ABUBAKAR MAIKUDI MUSA! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/ABUBAKAR MAIKUDI MUSA|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 30 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) 40njvm4lj3hsf2ucjvzf4m61yricqrf Tattaunawar user:STMC2421 3 162558 889543 2026-07-30T21:24:18Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 889543 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, STMC2421! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/STMC2421|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 30 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) s3fac1gneirx1orxn8prdg5u1n2vlfi Tattaunawar user:Summy Akey 3 162559 889544 2026-07-30T21:24:28Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 889544 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Summy Akey! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Summy Akey|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 30 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) 82mk6qogc9xi41a9hjib2579kyesvpw Tattaunawar user:Isah Almustapha 3 162560 889545 2026-07-30T21:24:38Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 889545 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Isah Almustapha! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Isah Almustapha|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 30 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) ihqvgch5x7l0pswwz7ycz5xe2wr678h Tattaunawar user:Shafiu jafaru 3 162561 889546 2026-07-30T21:24:48Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 889546 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Shafiu jafaru! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Shafiu jafaru|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 30 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) d5ad7isnr62ojvw245wpd8khr6heuiv Tattaunawar user:Usman m atku 3 162562 889547 2026-07-30T21:24:58Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 889547 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Usman m atku! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Usman m atku|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 30 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) 1l0o6c5bczhr5mjpos892ywyxzxqs4h Tattaunawar user:Aliyuk 3 162563 889548 2026-07-30T21:25:08Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 889548 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Aliyuk! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Aliyuk|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 30 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) b6h48e0cd23rdk9i0oaruleoktbu1co Tattaunawar user:Umma Ibrahim Tanko 3 162564 889549 2026-07-30T21:25:18Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 889549 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Umma Ibrahim Tanko! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Umma Ibrahim Tanko|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 30 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) qs3hzspw0sfcg9p2rf2enrzdemdd5rz Tattaunawar user:Yusuf sada boko 3 162565 889550 2026-07-30T21:25:28Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 889550 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Yusuf sada boko! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Yusuf sada boko|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 30 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) 3wx3ql6maabmjjaz39gh1jrhtugd1fz Tattaunawar user:Hasbel5656 3 162566 889551 2026-07-30T21:25:38Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 889551 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Hasbel5656! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Hasbel5656|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 30 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) hvjo5vribl27g7n9p3lthj32zwu65tt Tattaunawar user:Sumayya Abdulkarim 3 162567 889552 2026-07-30T21:25:48Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 889552 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Sumayya Abdulkarim! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Sumayya Abdulkarim|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 30 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) qma373ubyjezlt6e1eeocjcsch3rwt9 Tattaunawar user:Ahmadun-Malta 3 162568 889553 2026-07-30T21:25:58Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 889553 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Ahmadun-Malta! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Ahmadun-Malta|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 30 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) bz6hk6aqkh7s8jsw070xoynh7czj7ws Tattaunawar user:MARIYA U Sarki 3 162569 889554 2026-07-30T21:26:08Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 889554 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, MARIYA U Sarki! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/MARIYA U Sarki|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 30 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) bzangn8ch6d90hcttg8p8k7lds7tnbi Tattaunawar user:Rabiu Muhammed (Rabs) 3 162570 889555 2026-07-30T21:26:18Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 889555 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Rabiu Muhammed (Rabs)! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Rabiu Muhammed (Rabs)|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 30 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) cvdcq00urm2in5tazyical6h8d94hlu Tattaunawar user:Faida Salihu 3 162571 889556 2026-07-30T21:26:28Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 889556 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Faida Salihu! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Faida Salihu|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 30 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) 2blzpff2ogdh02xo5ce74y5ryyqtrdd Tattaunawar user:Aminamsnln 3 162572 889557 2026-07-30T21:26:38Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 889557 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Aminamsnln! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Aminamsnln|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 30 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) h2re9hexu7ct1ekfqke345tu898godc Tattaunawar user:Fatima M Ammani 3 162573 889558 2026-07-30T21:26:48Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 889558 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Fatima M Ammani! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Fatima M Ammani|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 30 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) t96ktluxp81xxk7wkx9u94g8urumb3t Tattaunawar user:Woasani 3 162574 889559 2026-07-30T21:26:58Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 889559 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Woasani! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Woasani|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 30 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) lg00dsbmq2jmyyhnfpnddxpiozmg0yo Tattaunawar user:Nasiru Uamr 3 162575 889560 2026-07-30T21:27:08Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 889560 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Nasiru Uamr! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Nasiru Uamr|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 30 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) 62lv0lwaah7si80d6nxjfvpxuocqbk6 Tattaunawar user:KHADIJA LAWAL DAURA 3 162576 889561 2026-07-30T21:27:18Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 889561 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, KHADIJA LAWAL DAURA! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/KHADIJA LAWAL DAURA|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 30 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) lcntjdmjaw94mu23bo5em7sob5kmty6 Tattaunawar user:Sayeson29 3 162577 889562 2026-07-30T21:27:28Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 889562 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Sayeson29! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Sayeson29|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 30 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) pg70yh31eg40ta9ac5akkelv770ql1y Tattaunawar user:Ismail maisaida kbai 3 162578 889563 2026-07-30T21:27:38Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 889563 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Ismail maisaida kbai! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Ismail maisaida kbai|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 30 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) nsp0dm2twpw0rqjg232m7l07hha0afq Tattaunawar user:Kbaliyu 3 162579 889564 2026-07-30T21:27:48Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 889564 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Kbaliyu! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Kbaliyu|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 30 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) h5b5fm2krbsajx51tobp37ugljq8gck Tattaunawar user:Mahad muazu 3 162580 889565 2026-07-30T21:27:58Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 889565 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Mahad muazu! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Mahad muazu|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 30 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) 5u41ouicr84fvitg9su88zjusuexdgc Tattaunawar user:Lawal Ya'u Saulawa 3 162581 889566 2026-07-30T21:28:08Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 889566 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Lawal Ya'u Saulawa! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Lawal Ya'u Saulawa|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:28, 30 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) q4lkjy62el5s3r7yn3vgfq94kw04vh4 Tattaunawar user:Activist Nasir Abubakar 3 162582 889567 2026-07-30T21:28:18Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 889567 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Activist Nasir Abubakar! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Activist Nasir Abubakar|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:28, 30 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) n64c6ng1smp7ard8oqwzgbqfwhwn850 Tattaunawar user:Lexapro18 3 162583 889568 2026-07-30T21:28:28Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 889568 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Lexapro18! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Lexapro18|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:28, 30 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) 03e7vcr0cq4ty5d5cieyf2lua5bpepk Tattaunawar user:Diskonnekted01 3 162584 889569 2026-07-30T21:28:38Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 889569 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Diskonnekted01! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Diskonnekted01|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:28, 30 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) pcwq19hchzizi3u53a9u0ssjhopiu3h Tattaunawar user:Oezlem.yilmaz 3 162585 889570 2026-07-30T21:28:48Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 889570 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Oezlem.yilmaz! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Oezlem.yilmaz|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:28, 30 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) earvm3wgfi2ic2sz3e6lkyuw6ise54v Tattaunawar user:Chapmansh 3 162586 889571 2026-07-30T21:28:58Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 889571 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Chapmansh! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Chapmansh|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:28, 30 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) ow6l84bdwasgnrpih4dibwthu72muv2 Tattaunawar user:Formorimmington 3 162587 889572 2026-07-30T21:29:08Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 889572 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Formorimmington! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Formorimmington|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:29, 30 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) bq42cy7f8b6lmy3mkubt7xfotyogn6u Tattaunawar user:Scherer1978 3 162588 889573 2026-07-30T21:29:18Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 889573 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Scherer1978! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Scherer1978|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:29, 30 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) f5n4t0dghtx2vcujqn82m4qu59zq5fp Tattaunawar user:Ventriculi 3 162589 889574 2026-07-30T21:29:28Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 889574 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Ventriculi! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Ventriculi|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:29, 30 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) eco0s05paz0j0x245tyfjdk25e9fv8e Dhar Tichitt 0 162590 889610 2026-07-30T23:54:42Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1365399978|Dhar Tichitt]]" 889610 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dhar Tichitt''' layin dutsen sandstone ne da ke yankin kudu maso yammacin hamadar Sahara a [[Muritaniya|Mauritania]] wanda ke alfahari da jerin wuraren binciken archaeological na Neolithic. Yana daya daga cikin da yawa a yankin na Al'adun Tichitt, gami da Dhar Tichitt, Dhar Walata, Dhar Néma, da Dhar Tagant . Dhar Tichitt, wanda ya hada da Dakhlet el Atrouss, na iya zama cibiyar yanki ta farko don tsarin zamantakewa a cikin Hadisin Tichitt.<ref name="Linares-Matás">{{Cite journal |last=Linares-Matás |first=Gonzalo J. |date=13 April 2022 |title=Spatial Organization and Socio-Economic Differentiation at the Dhar Tichitt Center of Dakhlet el Atrouss I (Southeastern Mauritania) |journal=African Archaeological Review |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=167–188 |doi=10.1007/s10437-022-09479-5 |issn=1572-9842 |oclc=9530792981 |s2cid=248132575 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Dutsen Dhar Tichitt sun kasance mazaunan makiyaya da manoma tsakanin 4000 BP da 2300 BP, ko tsakanin 2000 KZ da 300 KZ.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Holl |first=Augustin F. C. |date=2009-08-01 |title=Coping with uncertainty: Neolithic life in the Dhar Tichitt-Walata, Mauritania (ca. 4000–2300 BP) |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1631071309000996 |journal=Comptes Rendus Geoscience |series=Histoire climatique des déserts d'Afrique et d'Arabie |language=en |volume=341 |issue=8 |pages=703–712 |doi=10.1016/j.crte.2009.04.005 |issn=1631-0713 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Holl |first=Augustin |date=1985 |title=Background to the Ghana empire: Archaeological investigations on the transition to statehood in the Dhar Tichitt region (mauritania) |url=https://www.academia.edu/2558381 |journal=Journal of Anthropological Archaeology |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=73–115 |doi=10.1016/0278-4165(85)90005-4 |issn=0278-4165}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Holl |first=Augustin F. C. |date=2002 |title=Time, Space, and Image Making: Rock Art from the Dhar Tichitt (Mauritania) |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1023/A:1015479826570 |journal=African Archaeological Review |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=75–118 |doi=10.1023/A:1015479826570 |s2cid=54741966 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Dhar Tichitt yana daya daga cikin tsofaffin wuraren da aka sani a [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yammacin Afirka]]. Kimanin ƙauyuka 500 sun mamaye yankin a cikin tsohuwar Savannah na Sahara. Baya ga kiwon dabbobi (kayan shanu, tumaki, awaki), mazaunanta suna farauta, kamun kifi, tattara hatsi na daji, kuma suna shuka millet. Mazauna da masu kirkirar waɗannan ƙauyuka a lokacin ana zaton sun kasance kakannin [[Mutanen Soninke]]. Gidajen tsaunuka sun kunshi abubuwa masu yawa da ke dauke da gidaje da hatsi (ko "kayan ajiya"), wani lokacin tare da shimfidar "street", waɗanda aka gina tsakanin c. 1400 KZ da 300 KZ.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Challis |first=Sam |display-authors=et al. |date=2005 |title=Funerary monuments and horse paintings: A preliminary report on the archaeology of a site in the Tagant region of South East Mauritania - Near Dhar Tichitt |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233428529 |journal=The Journal of North African Studies |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=459–470 |doi=10.1080/13629380500336821}}</ref> An gina manyan garuruwan dabbobi a kusa da wasu shafuka. Kuma a kusa da wasu ƙauyuka, an gina manyan duwatsu na yau da kullun "ganuwar kewaye", yana nuna cewa "ƙungiyoyin manufa ta musamman" sun ba da hadin kai sakamakon yanke shawara "an tilasta don amfanin al'umma gaba ɗaya".<ref name="Neolithic">{{Cite journal |last=Holl |first=Augustin |date=August 2009 |title=Coping with uncertainty: Neolithic life in the Dhar Tichitt-Walata, Mauritania, ( ca. 4000–2300 BP) |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/248548075 |journal=Comptes Rendus Geoscience |volume=341 |issue=8–9 |pages=703–712 |doi=10.1016/j.crte.2009.04.005}}</ref><ref name="HollA11985">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hall A |date=1985 |title=Background to the Ghana Empire: archaeological investigations on the transition to statehood in the Dhar Tichitt region (Mauritania) |url=https://www.academia.edu/2558381 |journal=Journal of Anthropological Archaeology |volume=4 |issue=2 |page=108 |doi=10.1016/0278-4165(85)90005-4}}</ref> == Yanayin ƙasa da yanayi == [[Fayil:Date_groves_near_Tichitt.jpg|left|thumb|Gidajen kwanan wata da yashi a gindin Dhar Tichitt escarpment]] Dhar Tichitt da yankunan da ke kewaye da su suna da tsaunuka masu tsawo (kalmar dhar ma'anar tsaunuka a cikin Larabci na Hassaniya, <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Linares-Matás |first=Gonzalo J. |date=2022-06-01 |title=Spatial Organization and Socio-Economic Differentiation at the Dhar Tichitt Center of Dakhlet el Atrouss I (Southeastern Mauritania) |journal=African Archaeological Review |language=en |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=167–188 |doi=10.1007/s10437-022-09479-5 |issn=1572-9842 |s2cid=254182626 |doi-access=free}}</ref> filayen yashi tare da yaduwar tarin ciyawa, da kuma raunin interdunal. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Holl |first=Augustin |date=1985 |title=Subsistence patterns of the Dhar Tichitt Neolithic, Mauritania |journal=The African Archaeological Review |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=151–162 |doi=10.1007/bf01117458 |issn=0263-0338 |s2cid=162041986}}</ref> A yau, yanayin yankin Dhar Tichitt a yau ya bushe kuma yana da zafi, tare da shi kawai yana fuskantar kimanin millimeters 100 na ruwan sama a kowace shekara.<ref name=":3" /> Koyaya, a baya yankin ya fi dacewa. Bayanan Paleoclimatic sun nuna cewa akwai matakai uku daban-daban na zafi mai mahimmanci da ke faruwa a lokacin [[Holocene]], daya daga 10,000 zuwa 7,000 BP, wani daga 5,000 zuwa 3,000 BP, da kuma wani abu mai mahimmanci a kusa da 2,000 BP.<ref name=":2" /> A lokacin tsakiya na tsakiya, wanda ake kira a Mauritania a matsayin Nouakchottian, yankin ya sami yanayi daban-daban guda biyu a kowace shekara, lokacin bushewa da kuma gajeren lokacin ruwan sama. Wadannan matakai na danshi sun ba da damar danshi ya tara a cikin filayen yashi, wanda ke haifar da ƙananan tabkuna da ke cikin ɓacin rai na yankin. Kimanin 2,500 BP, yayin da yanayin ya fara canzawa zuwa tsarin karuwa na [[Kwararar Hamada|hamada]], ana tunanin cewa an tilasta mutane daga yankin.<ref name=":2" /> [[Fayil:Dhar_Tichitt_(southeastern_Mauritania)_with_the_location_of_Dakhlet_el_Atrouss_and_Akreijit.webp|thumb|200x200px|Dhar Tichitt, ciki har da Dakhlet el Atrouss da Akreijit]] == Binciken archaeological == === Abubuwan da aka tono na farko === Patrick Munson ne ya fara tono shafin a ƙarshen shekarun 1960, tare da shi ya buga cikakken bayani game da shafukan a cikin 1971.[1] Munson ya ƙaddara jerin archaeological wanda ya ɗauka ya wanzu gaba ɗaya a lokacin Neolithic. Ya raba shafin zuwa matakai takwas na lokaci bisa ga kayan tarihi, gine-gine, da wuraren da ke yankin. An sanya wa waɗannan lokutan suna, a cikin tsari na lokaci, kamar haka: Akreijit, Khimiya, Goungou, N'Khall, Naghez, Chebka, Arriane, da Akjinjeir.[2] A cikin ajiyar Akreijit, binciken da ya yi ya gano ƙananan abubuwa daban-daban na girman da manufa daban-daban, scrapers, maki na projectile, duwatsu da ƙwayoyin cuta, duwatsu masu niƙa, da kuma wani al'adun tukwane. Lokacin Khimiya ya samar da tukwane da yawa, kodayake wani bangare mai mahimmanci na iri ɗaya ne da Akreijit Layer. Abubuwan da suka fi shahara a lokacin Khimiya sune yawan kifaye da shellfish, da sauran al'adun ruwa; wannan ajiyar ta nuna cewa mutanen wannan lokacin suna amfani da tabkuna a yankin. Layer na Goungou ya samar da irin wannan tukwane da al'adun lithic ga na Khimiya, yayin da N'Khall kawai ya ƙunshi ƙaramin adadin kwalba na musamman a cikin wani nau'i daban-daban. == Manazarta == 5yxrtskfgk72f4pap7jgpcej9l4kwrc 889659 889610 2026-07-31T06:35:51Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 Saka akwatun bayanai 889659 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Dhar Tichitt''' layin dutsen sandstone ne da ke yankin kudu maso yammacin hamadar Sahara a [[Muritaniya|Mauritania]] wanda ke alfahari da jerin wuraren binciken archaeological na Neolithic. Yana daya daga cikin da yawa a yankin na Al'adun Tichitt, gami da Dhar Tichitt, Dhar Walata, Dhar Néma, da Dhar Tagant . Dhar Tichitt, wanda ya hada da Dakhlet el Atrouss, na iya zama cibiyar yanki ta farko don tsarin zamantakewa a cikin Hadisin Tichitt.<ref name="Linares-Matás">{{Cite journal |last=Linares-Matás |first=Gonzalo J. |date=13 April 2022 |title=Spatial Organization and Socio-Economic Differentiation at the Dhar Tichitt Center of Dakhlet el Atrouss I (Southeastern Mauritania) |journal=African Archaeological Review |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=167–188 |doi=10.1007/s10437-022-09479-5 |issn=1572-9842 |oclc=9530792981 |s2cid=248132575 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Dutsen Dhar Tichitt sun kasance mazaunan makiyaya da manoma tsakanin 4000 BP da 2300 BP, ko tsakanin 2000 KZ da 300 KZ.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Holl |first=Augustin F. C. |date=2009-08-01 |title=Coping with uncertainty: Neolithic life in the Dhar Tichitt-Walata, Mauritania (ca. 4000–2300 BP) |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1631071309000996 |journal=Comptes Rendus Geoscience |series=Histoire climatique des déserts d'Afrique et d'Arabie |language=en |volume=341 |issue=8 |pages=703–712 |doi=10.1016/j.crte.2009.04.005 |issn=1631-0713 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Holl |first=Augustin |date=1985 |title=Background to the Ghana empire: Archaeological investigations on the transition to statehood in the Dhar Tichitt region (mauritania) |url=https://www.academia.edu/2558381 |journal=Journal of Anthropological Archaeology |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=73–115 |doi=10.1016/0278-4165(85)90005-4 |issn=0278-4165}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Holl |first=Augustin F. C. |date=2002 |title=Time, Space, and Image Making: Rock Art from the Dhar Tichitt (Mauritania) |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1023/A:1015479826570 |journal=African Archaeological Review |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=75–118 |doi=10.1023/A:1015479826570 |s2cid=54741966 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Dhar Tichitt yana daya daga cikin tsofaffin wuraren da aka sani a [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yammacin Afirka]]. Kimanin ƙauyuka 500 sun mamaye yankin a cikin tsohuwar Savannah na Sahara. Baya ga kiwon dabbobi (kayan shanu, tumaki, awaki), mazaunanta suna farauta, kamun kifi, tattara hatsi na daji, kuma suna shuka millet. Mazauna da masu kirkirar waɗannan ƙauyuka a lokacin ana zaton sun kasance kakannin [[Mutanen Soninke]]. Gidajen tsaunuka sun kunshi abubuwa masu yawa da ke dauke da gidaje da hatsi (ko "kayan ajiya"), wani lokacin tare da shimfidar "street", waɗanda aka gina tsakanin c. 1400 KZ da 300 KZ.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Challis |first=Sam |display-authors=et al. |date=2005 |title=Funerary monuments and horse paintings: A preliminary report on the archaeology of a site in the Tagant region of South East Mauritania - Near Dhar Tichitt |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233428529 |journal=The Journal of North African Studies |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=459–470 |doi=10.1080/13629380500336821}}</ref> An gina manyan garuruwan dabbobi a kusa da wasu shafuka. Kuma a kusa da wasu ƙauyuka, an gina manyan duwatsu na yau da kullun "ganuwar kewaye", yana nuna cewa "ƙungiyoyin manufa ta musamman" sun ba da hadin kai sakamakon yanke shawara "an tilasta don amfanin al'umma gaba ɗaya".<ref name="Neolithic">{{Cite journal |last=Holl |first=Augustin |date=August 2009 |title=Coping with uncertainty: Neolithic life in the Dhar Tichitt-Walata, Mauritania, ( ca. 4000–2300 BP) |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/248548075 |journal=Comptes Rendus Geoscience |volume=341 |issue=8–9 |pages=703–712 |doi=10.1016/j.crte.2009.04.005}}</ref><ref name="HollA11985">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hall A |date=1985 |title=Background to the Ghana Empire: archaeological investigations on the transition to statehood in the Dhar Tichitt region (Mauritania) |url=https://www.academia.edu/2558381 |journal=Journal of Anthropological Archaeology |volume=4 |issue=2 |page=108 |doi=10.1016/0278-4165(85)90005-4}}</ref> == Yanayin ƙasa da yanayi == [[Fayil:Date_groves_near_Tichitt.jpg|left|thumb|Gidajen kwanan wata da yashi a gindin Dhar Tichitt escarpment]] Dhar Tichitt da yankunan da ke kewaye da su suna da tsaunuka masu tsawo (kalmar dhar ma'anar tsaunuka a cikin Larabci na Hassaniya, <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Linares-Matás |first=Gonzalo J. |date=2022-06-01 |title=Spatial Organization and Socio-Economic Differentiation at the Dhar Tichitt Center of Dakhlet el Atrouss I (Southeastern Mauritania) |journal=African Archaeological Review |language=en |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=167–188 |doi=10.1007/s10437-022-09479-5 |issn=1572-9842 |s2cid=254182626 |doi-access=free}}</ref> filayen yashi tare da yaduwar tarin ciyawa, da kuma raunin interdunal. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Holl |first=Augustin |date=1985 |title=Subsistence patterns of the Dhar Tichitt Neolithic, Mauritania |journal=The African Archaeological Review |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=151–162 |doi=10.1007/bf01117458 |issn=0263-0338 |s2cid=162041986}}</ref> A yau, yanayin yankin Dhar Tichitt a yau ya bushe kuma yana da zafi, tare da shi kawai yana fuskantar kimanin millimeters 100 na ruwan sama a kowace shekara.<ref name=":3" /> Koyaya, a baya yankin ya fi dacewa. Bayanan Paleoclimatic sun nuna cewa akwai matakai uku daban-daban na zafi mai mahimmanci da ke faruwa a lokacin [[Holocene]], daya daga 10,000 zuwa 7,000 BP, wani daga 5,000 zuwa 3,000 BP, da kuma wani abu mai mahimmanci a kusa da 2,000 BP.<ref name=":2" /> A lokacin tsakiya na tsakiya, wanda ake kira a Mauritania a matsayin Nouakchottian, yankin ya sami yanayi daban-daban guda biyu a kowace shekara, lokacin bushewa da kuma gajeren lokacin ruwan sama. Wadannan matakai na danshi sun ba da damar danshi ya tara a cikin filayen yashi, wanda ke haifar da ƙananan tabkuna da ke cikin ɓacin rai na yankin. Kimanin 2,500 BP, yayin da yanayin ya fara canzawa zuwa tsarin karuwa na [[Kwararar Hamada|hamada]], ana tunanin cewa an tilasta mutane daga yankin.<ref name=":2" /> [[Fayil:Dhar_Tichitt_(southeastern_Mauritania)_with_the_location_of_Dakhlet_el_Atrouss_and_Akreijit.webp|thumb|200x200px|Dhar Tichitt, ciki har da Dakhlet el Atrouss da Akreijit]] == Binciken archaeological == === Abubuwan da aka tono na farko === Patrick Munson ne ya fara tono shafin a ƙarshen shekarun 1960, tare da shi ya buga cikakken bayani game da shafukan a cikin 1971.[1] Munson ya ƙaddara jerin archaeological wanda ya ɗauka ya wanzu gaba ɗaya a lokacin Neolithic. Ya raba shafin zuwa matakai takwas na lokaci bisa ga kayan tarihi, gine-gine, da wuraren da ke yankin. An sanya wa waɗannan lokutan suna, a cikin tsari na lokaci, kamar haka: Akreijit, Khimiya, Goungou, N'Khall, Naghez, Chebka, Arriane, da Akjinjeir.[2] A cikin ajiyar Akreijit, binciken da ya yi ya gano ƙananan abubuwa daban-daban na girman da manufa daban-daban, scrapers, maki na projectile, duwatsu da ƙwayoyin cuta, duwatsu masu niƙa, da kuma wani al'adun tukwane. Lokacin Khimiya ya samar da tukwane da yawa, kodayake wani bangare mai mahimmanci na iri ɗaya ne da Akreijit Layer. Abubuwan da suka fi shahara a lokacin Khimiya sune yawan kifaye da shellfish, da sauran al'adun ruwa; wannan ajiyar ta nuna cewa mutanen wannan lokacin suna amfani da tabkuna a yankin. Layer na Goungou ya samar da irin wannan tukwane da al'adun lithic ga na Khimiya, yayin da N'Khall kawai ya ƙunshi ƙaramin adadin kwalba na musamman a cikin wani nau'i daban-daban. == Manazarta == 4n4qbowy82o4pfx3pv9jxf1fk06yvze Kisan Amadou Diallo 0 162591 889611 2026-07-30T23:55:58Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1364457856|Killing of Amadou Diallo]]" 889611 wikitext text/x-wiki A farkon sa'o'i na 4 ga Fabrairu, 1999, '''Amadou Diallo''' mai shekaru 23, dalibi na Guinea marar makami, an buge shi da 19 daga cikin zagaye 41 da jami'an sashen 'yan sanda na New York City hudu suka harbe shi: Sean Carroll, Richard Murphy, Edward McMellon, da Kenneth Boss. Carroll daga baya ya yi iƙirarin cewa ya yi kuskuren Diallo don wanda ake zargi da fyade daga shekara guda da ta gabata. Jami'an hudu, wadanda suka kasance wani ɓangare na Street Crime Unit, wanda ya fadada girmansa a karkashin magajin gari Rudy Giuliani, an tuhume su da kisan kai na biyu kuma an wanke su a shari'a a Albany, New York. Wani guguwa na gardama ya tashi bayan taron, yayin da yanayin harbi ya haifar da fushi a ciki da bayan Birnin New York. Batutuwan kamar [[Rikicin 'yan sanda|zalunci na 'yan sanda]], nuna bambancin launin fata, da harbi mai yaduwa sun kasance muhimmiyar gardamar da ta biyo baya. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Diallo a ranar 2 ga Satumba, 1975 a matsayin daya daga cikin yara hudu da aka haifa wa Saikou da Kadiatou Diallo, kuma wani ɓangare na dangin kasuwanci na [[Fulani|Fulbe]] a [[Gini|Guinea]]. An haife shi a Sinoe County a [[Laberiya]] yayin da mahaifinsa ke aiki a can, kuma yayin da yake girma ya bi iyalinsa zuwa [[Togo]], [[Singafora|Singapore]], [[Tailan|Thailand]], da kuma komawa Guinea. A watan Satumbar 1996, ya bi wasu danginsa zuwa Birnin New York kuma ya fara kasuwanci tare da dan uwansa. A cewar lauyan iyalinsa, ya nemi ya kasance a Amurka ta hanyar shigar da aikace-aikacen mafaka na siyasa, yana da'awar cewa ya fito ne daga [[Muritaniya|Mauritania]] kuma an kashe iyayensa a fada. Ya sayar da bidiyon bidiyo, safofin hannu, da takalma a kan titin 14th Street a rana. == Mutuwa == Da sassafe a ranar 4 ga Fabrairu, 1999, Diallo yana tsaye kusa da ginin gidansa bayan ya dawo daga cin abinci. Da misalin karfe 12:40 na safe, jami'an Edward McMellon, Sean Carroll, Kenneth Boss, da Richard Murphy suna neman mai fyade a sashin Soundview na Bronx. Yayin da suke tuki a kan Wheeler Avenue, jami'an 'yan sanda sun lura da Diallo yana tsaye a gaban ƙofar gininsa yana kallon sama da ƙasa a kan titi. Sun dakatar da motarsu da ba a san ta ba da niyyar tambayar Diallo. Lokacin da suka umarci Diallo ya nuna hannunsa, sai ya gudu zuwa ƙofar ginin kuma ya shiga cikin aljihunsa don samar da abin da ya zama walat dinsa.[1] Da yake zaton Diallo yana jawo bindiga, wani jami'in ya harbe shi yayin da yake tafiya a kan matakala. Komawar bindigar ya sa jami'in ya fadi baya. Sauran jami'an uku, sun yi imanin cewa an harbe abokin aikinsu, sun harbe makaman su. Jami'an hudu sun harbe harbe 41 tare da bindigogi na atomatik, [2] [3] sun buge Diallo sau 19, suka ji masa rauni.[4][5] Shaidar da ta gani Sherrie Elliott ta bayyana cewa 'yan sanda sun ci gaba da harbi duk da cewa Diallo ya riga ya sauka.[1][6] Binciken bai sami makamai a kan ko kusa da Diallo ba; abin da ya fitar daga jakarsa shi ne walat. Binciken NYPD na ciki ya yanke hukuncin cewa jami'an sun yi aiki a cikin manufofi, bisa ga abin da jami'in 'yan sanda mai ma'ana zai yi a cikin wannan yanayin. Duk da haka, harbin Diallo ya haifar da sake dubawa game da manufofin horar da 'yan sanda da sauyawa daga amfani da harsashi na ƙarfe (FMJ). A ranar 25 ga Maris, 1999, babban juri na Bronx ya zargi jami'an hudu da tuhumar kisan kai na biyu da haɗari mara hankali. A ranar 16 ga watan Disamba, kotun ta ba da umarnin sauya wurin zuwa Albany, New York saboda tallace-tallace kafin shari'a. A ranar 25 ga Fabrairu, 2000, bayan kwana uku na tattaunawa, juri da ke kunshe da baƙar fata huɗu da fararen fata takwas sun wanke jami'an duk tuhume-tuhumen.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=EDT |first=Jorge Solis On 6/18/20 at 10:33 AM |date=June 18, 2020 |title=Who was Amadou Diallo and why is the story of his death still relevant? |url=https://www.newsweek.com/who-was-amadou-diallo-why-story-his-death-still-relevant-1508815 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121191023/https://www.newsweek.com/who-was-amadou-diallo-why-story-his-death-still-relevant-1508815 |archive-date=January 21, 2021 |access-date=March 17, 2021 |website=Newsweek |language=en}}</ref> == Sakamakon haka == Kisan ya haifar da zanga-zangar zanga-zambe, wanda ya kai ga kama masu zanga-zaye 1,200 a Birnin New York, da kuma Rep. John Lewis da Rev. Al Sharpton da suka shiga. Shugaban NAACP ya bukaci Babban Lauyan Amurka ya dauki mataki.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Flynn |first=Kevin |date=February 8, 1999 |title=Police Killing Draws National Notice |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/02/08/nyregion/police-killing-draws-national-notice.html |website=The New York Times}}</ref> A watan Maris na shekara ta 2000, Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Amurka ta gano cewa NYPD Street Crimes Unit, wanda jami'an hudu suka kasance, sun shiga cikin nuna bambancin launin fata.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 19, 2020 |title=Amadou Diallo's Killing Resulted in a Big Change to the NYPD — but What Happened to the Cops Who Shot Him? |url=https://www.oxygen.com/true-crime-buzz/trial-by-media-what-happened-after-amadou-diallo-shooting}}</ref> A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2000, mahaifiyar Diallo da mahaifinta sun shigar da karar dala miliyan 61 a kan birnin da jami'an, suna tuhumar babban sakaci, mutuwar da ba daidai ba, nuna bambancin launin fata, da sauran keta haƙƙin jama'a na Diallo. {{Spaces}}A watan Maris na shekara ta 2004, sun yarda da sasantawa na dala miliyan 3, daya daga cikin mafi girma a Birnin New York ga mutum daya ba tare da masu dogaro ba a karkashin "dokar mutuwa mara kyau" ta Jihar New York, wanda ke iyakance lalacewar asarar kudi ta dangin marigayi. Anthony H. Gair, wanda ke wakiltar iyalin Diallo, ya yi jayayya cewa ya kamata a yi amfani da dokar tarayya.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="The text near this tag needs further explanation. (June 2020)">further explanation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Bayanan al'adu ga Diallo == === Waƙoƙi === * Waƙar Bruce Springsteen "American Skin (41 Shots) " * "Diallo" na Wyclef Jean; * "New York City Cops" daga kundi na farko na The Strokes Is This Yana da abin da ya faru a matsayin wahayi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 8, 2020 |title=Revisiting the Strokes' electric performance of anti-police brutality anthem 'New York City Cops', 2001 |url=https://faroutmagazine.co.uk/the-strokes-police-brutality-new-york-city-cops-performance/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930154114/https://faroutmagazine.co.uk/the-strokes-police-brutality-new-york-city-cops-performance/ |archive-date=September 30, 2020 |access-date=August 31, 2020}}</ref> Mawallafin Julian Casablancas ya bayyana cewa wannan waƙar siyasa ce da aka rinjayi harbi na Amadou Diallo a cikin wata hira da Vulture a watan Maris na 2018. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Marchese |first=David |date=March 12, 2018 |title=Julian Casablancas on His Album, the Strokes, and How Money Ruined Modern Pop |url=http://www.vulture.com/2018/03/julian-casablancas-in-conversation.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180415060414/http://www.vulture.com/2018/03/julian-casablancas-in-conversation.html |archive-date=April 15, 2018 |access-date=April 16, 2018}}</ref> * "Na sami Da wuya a Ce (Rebel) " na [[Lauryn Hill]]; * "Lament for the Late AD" by Terry Callier. * Kundin Maƙiya ta Jama'a'a Akwai guba mai guba 'On yana da waƙar da ake kira "41:19" bisa ga yawan zagaye da aka harba a Diallo kuma ya ƙunshi kalmomin da suka shafi cin zarafin 'yan sanda da tashin hankali.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Burrows |first=Alex |date=August 2, 2022 |title=Every Public Enemy album ranked from worst to best |url=https://www.loudersound.com/features/every-public-enemy-album-ranked-from-worst-to-best |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131051642/https://www.loudersound.com/features/every-public-enemy-album-ranked-from-worst-to-best |archive-date=January 31, 2023 |access-date=January 30, 2023 |publisher=[[Classic Rock (magazine)|Loudersound.com]]}}</ref> * Kungiyar Electro pop Le Tigre ta yi kuka game da harbi na Diallo a cikin waƙar su "Bang! Bang!", wanda ya ƙare tare da muryar murya da ke ƙididdigar lambobi wanda ya ƙare da 41, yawan harbe-harbe da aka harba. * Yankin "Amadou Diallo", wanda aka haɗa a cikin kundin Ethnic Stew da Brew na mai ƙaho na jazz Roy Campbell, Jr., an yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ta hanyar harbi, ya ƙare tare da saurin fashewar bayanan da ke kwaikwayon harbe-harbe 41. * Har ila yau, lamarin ya zama tushen waƙar Erykah Badu "A.D. 2000" (ƙaddamarwa da ke tsaye don asalin Diallo), daga kundin Mama's Gun . * A cikin CD version na kundin su Let's Get Free, Dead Prez ya ba da yabo ga Amadou Diallo ta hanyar sanya lokacin shiru na 41 tsakanin waƙoƙi 16 ("Ya fi Girma Fiye da Hip-Hop") da 17 ("Propaganda"). * A cikin kundin sa The Beautiful Struggle, Talib Kweli ya yi magana game da "Brother Amadou a matsayin [...] shahadar zamani. "Kweli ya ci gaba da ambaton harbi a cikin waƙarsa "The Proud": "A cikin bayanin aikinsu ne don kawo ƙarshen barazanar / Don haka harbe-harbe 41 ga jiki shine abin da zai iya tsammani". * Kalmomin "Mama, zan je kwaleji" an danganta su ne a matsayin kalmomin karshe na Amadou Diallo, wanda aka nuna a cikin motsi na uku na Joel Thompson na motsi bakwai na cantata Bakwai na Ƙarshe na Unarmed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Joel Thompson's Seven Last Words of the Unarmed – Minnesota Orchestra |url=https://www.minnesotaorchestra.org/stories/joel-thompsons-seven-last-words-of-the-unarmed/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220527125723/https://www.minnesotaorchestra.org/stories/joel-thompsons-seven-last-words-of-the-unarmed/ |archive-date=May 27, 2022 |access-date=June 1, 2022 |website=www.minnesotaorchestra.org}}</ref> * Waƙar "DPA (As Seen On T.V.) " ta Company Flow (2000) tana magana kai tsaye game da Diallo da kuma wanke jami'an da ake zargi da kisansa. A cikin kalmomin, El-P raps "...ko dutse wannan polo vest tare da arba'in da daya magnets / kuma ganin idan ya metastasize lokacin da aka kusurwa da dragnet" . * Waƙar "FATHER FIGURE" ta Tobe Nwigwe tare da Black Thought da Royce da 5'9 sun haɗa da ambaton harbi, da kuma kashe Breonna Taylor. A cikin kalmomin, Royce da 5'9 raps "Wataƙila ya fito da ɗan sanda ko biyu don girmama Breonna ko Amadou Diallo" * Waƙar "Na gode, Bastards!" ta Mischief Brew ta haɗa da layin: "Don haka idan akwai harsasai 41, akwai ƙayoyi dubu 41 a gefen ku", yana nufin yawan harsasai da aka harba a Diallo, da kuma lura da fushin da ya biyo baya. * Ƙungiyar ƙarfe ta Amurka Trivium ta kuma yi waƙa game da kisan Amadou, wanda ake kira "Contempt Breeds Contamination". An sake shi a cikin kundin su na The Crusade . * Waƙar "Welcome To The Terrordome" ta Pharoahe Monch, murfin waƙar Maƙiya ta Jama'a mai suna iri ɗaya, ya haɗa da layin "Sun kashe Amadou Diallo" a cikin gabatarwa. * Waƙar "Abubuwan da na gani" ta Spooks, ta ambaci shi ("Kai ne bust, Amadou Diallo mu"). * "A Tree Never Grown" ft. A.L. (Duk Kalmomin), Fre, Grafh, Invincible, Jane Doe, J-Live, Kofi Taha, Rubix, Tame One, Wordsworth & Yasiin Bey * "One Dead Cop" na Leftover Crack, yana da layin "Tare da lambar da bindiga, yi alfahari da yadda kuka fashe harbin bindiga 41." * Beastie Boys sun ambaci cewa ba za su manta da shi ba a kan waƙar "We Got the" a cikin kundi na 2004 "To The 5 Boroughs". * A cikin waƙar "Wani" ta KRS-One, ya yi rap: "Yantar da Mumia Abu-Jamal daga cikin gidaje / Muna rubuta shafuka kuma muna koyar da dukkan shekaru / Adalci, gaya mini abin da muke so yanzu / Adalci , ga Mumia Abu - Jamal / Ko adalci ga Amadou Diallo / Adalci * "The Balad of Amadou Diallo" na Steve Blackwell & Friends a kan kundin 2021 "And So It Grows" game da kisan Amadou diallo ne == Manazarta == lexyu80kn4zevs42mchy692440mvznk Zaben Shugabancin Najeriya 2026 0 162592 889629 2026-07-31T04:25:11Z 2026 Nigerian presidential election 47446 Sabon shafi: An gudanar da '''zaɓen shugaban ƙasa a Najeriya na 2026''' a ranar 25 ga Fabrairu 2023 [lower-alpha 1] domin zaɓen [[Shugaban Nijeriya|shugaban ƙasa]] da [[Mataimakin shugaban Kasar Najeriya|mataimakin shugaban]] [[Najeriya]].<ref name="New Dates">{{cite web |last1=Jimoh |first1=Abbas |title=INEC Sets New Dates For 2023 General Elections |url=https://dailytrust.com/just-in-inec-sets-new-dates-for-2023-general-elections |website=[[Daily Trust]] |access-date=26 February 2022... 889629 wikitext text/x-wiki An gudanar da '''zaɓen shugaban ƙasa a Najeriya na 2026''' a ranar 25 ga Fabrairu 2023 [lower-alpha 1] domin zaɓen [[Shugaban Nijeriya|shugaban ƙasa]] da [[Mataimakin shugaban Kasar Najeriya|mataimakin shugaban]] [[Najeriya]].<ref name="New Dates">{{cite web |last1=Jimoh |first1=Abbas |title=INEC Sets New Dates For 2023 General Elections |url=https://dailytrust.com/just-in-inec-sets-new-dates-for-2023-general-elections |website=[[Daily Trust]] |access-date=26 February 2022 |date=26 February 2022}}</ref> [[Bola Tinubu]] — tsohon [[Gwamnan Legas|gwamnan jihar Legas]] kuma ɗan takarar jam’iyyar [[All Progressives Congress]], ya lashe zaben da kashi 36.61% na kuri’u 8,794,726. Wadanda suka zo na biyu sun hada da tsohon [[Mataimakin shugaban Kasar Najeriya|mataimakin shugaban ƙasa]] [[Atiku Abubakar]] da [[Peoples Democratic Party|jam’iyyar Peoples Democratic Party]] da kuma tsohon gwamnan jihar Anambra [[Peter Obi]] na [[Nigeria Labour Party|jam’iyyar Labour]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 March 2023 |title=Bola Tinubu is now Nigeria's president-elect. What happens next? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/3/1/now-that-tinubu-is-nigerias-president-what-happens-next |access-date=4 March 2023 |work=[[Al Jazeera]]}}</ref> A ranar 1 ga watan Maris aka sanar da sakamakon karshe na kasa amma nan take Abubakar da Obi suka fafata. Sauran zabukan tarayya, da suka hada da zabukan ƴan majalisar wakilai da na majalisar dattawa, da aka gudanar a rana guda yayin da za a gudanar da zaben jihohi makonni biyu bayan haka a ranar 11 ga Maris. <ref name="New Dates" /> An saita bikin ƙaddamar da ranar 29 ga Mayu 2023. An gabatar da ƴan takarar a zaben fidda gwanin jam'iyyar da aka gudanar tsakanin 4 ga Afrilu zuwa 9 ga Yuni 2022. Shugaban jam’iyyar [[All Progressives Congress|APC]] mai ci [[Muhammadu Buhari]] na da wa’adin mulki, kuma ba zai iya sake tsayawa takara a karo na uku ba. [[Jerin jam'iyyun siyasa a Najeriya|Jam'iyyar New Nigeria Peoples Party]] ta tsayar da [[Jerin gwamnonin Kano|gwamnan jihar Kano]] [[Rabi'u Musa Kwankwaso|Rabi'u Kwankwaso]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sulaimon |first1=Adekunle |title=#NigeriaElections2023: INEC backtracks on promise to upload results from polling units |url=https://punchng.com/nigeriaelections2023-inec-reneges-on-promise-to-upload-results-from-polling-units/ |website=[[The Punch]] |date=25 February 2023 |access-date=28 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Shaibu |first1=Nathaniel |title=#NigeriaElections2023: YIAGA expresses concern over failed result upload |url=https://punchng.com/nigeriaelections2023-yiaga-expresses-concern-over-failed-result-upload/ |website=[[The Punch]] |date=25 February 2023 |access-date=28 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Jannamike |first1=Luminous |title=Address issues threatening to mar credibility of election results, CSO charges INEC |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/02/address-issues-threatening-to-mar-credibility-of-election-results-cso-charges-inec/ |website=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]] |access-date=28 February 2023}}</ref> A makonni bayan zaben fidda gwani, an sanar da abokan takarar mataimakin shugaban kasa inda Abubakar ya zabi Gwamna [[Arthur Okowa Ifeanyi|Ifeanyi Okowa]].<ref name="Atiku picks Okowa">{{cite web |last1=Erezi |first1=Dennis |title=Atiku dumps Wike, chooses Okowa as running mate for presidential election |url=https://guardian.ng/news/atiku-dumps-wike-chooses-okowa-as-running-mate/ |website=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]] |date=16 June 2022 |access-date=16 June 2022}}</ref><ref name="Obi submits Okupe">{{cite web |last1=Aliyu |first1=Abdullateef |title=Running Mate: Like Tinubu, Peter Obi Picks Doyin Okupe As Placeholder |url=https://dailytrust.com/peter-obi-picks-doyin-okupe-as-running-mate |website=[[Daily Trust]] |date=17 June 2022 |access-date=17 June 2022}}</ref><ref name="Tinubu submits Masari">{{cite web |last1=Erezi |first1=Dennis |title=Tinubu submits name of running mate to INEC |url=https://guardian.ng/breakingnews/tinubu-submits-name-of-running-mate-to-inec/ |website=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]] |date=17 June 2022 |access-date=17 June 2022}}</ref> Obi selecting former Senator [[Yusuf Datti Baba-Ahmed]], Tinubu picking Senator [[Kashim Shettima]], and Kwankwaso selecting pastor Isaac Idahosa. An lura da babban zaɓen da aka yi hasashe tun farko da yawan fitowar jama’a da kuma gudanar da zaɓe cikin lumana amma ya fuskanci rahotannin sayen kuri’u, tsoratar da masu jefa kuri’a, da hare-haren da aka kai kan rumfunan zabe a wasu wurare, da jami’an zaben da ba su dace ba tare da zargin magudi; don haɗa al'amura tare da amincewa da zaɓen, jami'an [[Hukumar Zaɓe mai zaman kanta ta ƙasa|Hukumar Zaɓe mai zaman kanta]] sun kasa shigar da sakamakon rumfunan zabe zuwa tashar kallon sakamakon INEC kamar yadda aka tabbatar a baya za ta faru a ranar zaɓe. Yayin da aka fara bayyana sakamakon jahohi a ranar 26 ga watan Fabrairu a cibiyar tattara sakamakon zabe ta kasa da ke [[Abuja]], ƴan adawa sun fara fitowa saboda har yanzu ba a cika bayanan sakamakon zaben ba kafin bayyana su kamar yadda doka ta tanada. Waɗannan yanayi tare da maganganun sukar INEC daga masu sa ido da kungiyoyin farar hula sun sa yakin neman zaɓen Abubakar, Obi, da Kwankwaso suka yi watsi da sakamakon zaben da aka sanar a ranar 28 ga watan Fabrairu. Dukkan manyan yaƙin neman zaɓen guda uku, baya ga wasu ƙungiyoyin fararen hula da tsohon shugaban kasa [[Olusegun Obasanjo]], sun yi kira ga hukumar da ta sake gudanar da zaben saboda magudi da tashin hankali. A halin da ake ciki, yaƙin neman zaɓen Tinubu ya yabawa hukumar tare da yin kira da a kamo masu magana da yawun jam’iyyar PDP saboda tada zaune tsaye. Da sanyin safiyar ranar 1 ga watan Maris ne shugaban INEC [[Mahmood Yakubu]] ya ayyana Tinubu a matsayin wanda ya lashe zaben bayan an gama tattara dukkan sakamakon zaben jihar. A martanin da Abubakar, Obi, da Kwankwaso suka yi, sun sha alwashin ƙalubalantar sakamakon zaben.<ref name="constitution1999">{{cite web |date=24 November 2022 |title=Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria 1999, Art. 134 |url=https://wipolex.wipo.int/fr/text/179202 |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=Wipo |language=en}}</ref> == Tsarin Zaɓe == An zaɓi Shugaban Najeriya ta hanyar amfani da tsarin zagaye biyu da aka gyara tare da zagaye uku. Don a zaɓe shi a zagaye na farko, dole ne ɗan takara ya sami yawan ƙuri'un ƙasa da sama da kashi 25% na ƙuri'un a aƙalla 24 na jihohi 36 da kuma babban birnin tarayya. Idan babu wani dan takara da ya tsallake wannan matakin, za a yi zagaye na biyu tsakanin wanda ya fi kowanne dan takara da wanda ya lashe jihohi mafi girma na biyu. Domin samun nasara a zagaye na biyu, dole ne dan takara ya samu mafi yawan kuri’u a faɗin kasar kuma sama da kashi 25% na kuri’un da aka kada a akalla 24 daga cikin jihohi 36 da kuma babban birnin tarayya. Idan babu wani dan takara da ya tsallake wannan matakin, za a gudanar da zagaye na uku inda ake bukatar a zabi mafi rinjayen kuri'un kasar.<ref name="constitution1999">{{cite web |date=24 November 2022 |title=Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria 1999, Art. 134 |url=https://wipolex.wipo.int/fr/text/179202 |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=Wipo |language=en}}</ref> == Shimfiɗa == Jam'iyyar [[All Progressives Congress|APC]] ce take riƙe da ragamar shugabancin ƙasar tun daga shekarar 2015 a babban zaɓen da gamayyar jam'iyyun ƙasar suka haɗe waje ɗaya suka samar da jam'iyyar APC. Shugaban Muhammadu Buhari na jam'iyyar APC ya sake yin nasara a zaɓen shugaban ƙasar wanda ya gabata a shekarar 2015. == Manazarta == oery9oq70njzckp6xdvet92xbxbj6is 889630 889629 2026-07-31T04:26:24Z 2026 Nigerian presidential election 47446 889630 wikitext text/x-wiki An gudanar da '''zaɓen shugaban ƙasa a Najeriya na 2026''' a ranar 25 ga Fabrairu 2026 [lower-alpha 1] domin zaɓen [[Shugaban Nijeriya|shugaban ƙasa]] da [[Mataimakin shugaban Kasar Najeriya|mataimakin shugaban]] [[Najeriya]].<ref name="New Dates">{{cite web |last1=Jimoh |first1=Abbas |title=INEC Sets New Dates For 2023 General Elections |url=https://dailytrust.com/just-in-inec-sets-new-dates-for-2023-general-elections |website=[[Daily Trust]] |access-date=26 February 2022 |date=26 February 2022}}</ref> [[Bola Tinubu]] — tsohon [[Gwamnan Legas|gwamnan jihar Legas]] kuma ɗan takarar jam’iyyar [[All Progressives Congress]], ya lashe zaben da kashi 36.61% na kuri’u 8,794,726. Wadanda suka zo na biyu sun hada da tsohon [[Mataimakin shugaban Kasar Najeriya|mataimakin shugaban ƙasa]] [[Atiku Abubakar]] da [[Peoples Democratic Party|jam’iyyar Peoples Democratic Party]] da kuma tsohon gwamnan jihar Anambra [[Peter Obi]] na [[Nigeria Labour Party|jam’iyyar Labour]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 March 2023 |title=Bola Tinubu is now Nigeria's president-elect. What happens next? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/3/1/now-that-tinubu-is-nigerias-president-what-happens-next |access-date=4 March 2023 |work=[[Al Jazeera]]}}</ref> A ranar 1 ga watan Maris aka sanar da sakamakon karshe na kasa amma nan take Abubakar da Obi suka fafata. Sauran zabukan tarayya, da suka hada da zabukan ƴan majalisar wakilai da na majalisar dattawa, da aka gudanar a rana guda yayin da za a gudanar da zaben jihohi makonni biyu bayan haka a ranar 11 ga Maris. <ref name="New Dates" /> An saita bikin ƙaddamar da ranar 29 ga Mayu 2023. An gabatar da ƴan takarar a zaben fidda gwanin jam'iyyar da aka gudanar tsakanin 4 ga Afrilu zuwa 9 ga Yuni 2022. Shugaban jam’iyyar [[All Progressives Congress|APC]] mai ci [[Muhammadu Buhari]] na da wa’adin mulki, kuma ba zai iya sake tsayawa takara a karo na uku ba. [[Jerin jam'iyyun siyasa a Najeriya|Jam'iyyar New Nigeria Peoples Party]] ta tsayar da [[Jerin gwamnonin Kano|gwamnan jihar Kano]] [[Rabi'u Musa Kwankwaso|Rabi'u Kwankwaso]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sulaimon |first1=Adekunle |title=#NigeriaElections2023: INEC backtracks on promise to upload results from polling units |url=https://punchng.com/nigeriaelections2023-inec-reneges-on-promise-to-upload-results-from-polling-units/ |website=[[The Punch]] |date=25 February 2023 |access-date=28 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Shaibu |first1=Nathaniel |title=#NigeriaElections2023: YIAGA expresses concern over failed result upload |url=https://punchng.com/nigeriaelections2023-yiaga-expresses-concern-over-failed-result-upload/ |website=[[The Punch]] |date=25 February 2023 |access-date=28 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Jannamike |first1=Luminous |title=Address issues threatening to mar credibility of election results, CSO charges INEC |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/02/address-issues-threatening-to-mar-credibility-of-election-results-cso-charges-inec/ |website=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]] |access-date=28 February 2023}}</ref> A makonni bayan zaben fidda gwani, an sanar da abokan takarar mataimakin shugaban kasa inda Abubakar ya zabi Gwamna [[Arthur Okowa Ifeanyi|Ifeanyi Okowa]].<ref name="Atiku picks Okowa">{{cite web |last1=Erezi |first1=Dennis |title=Atiku dumps Wike, chooses Okowa as running mate for presidential election |url=https://guardian.ng/news/atiku-dumps-wike-chooses-okowa-as-running-mate/ |website=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]] |date=16 June 2022 |access-date=16 June 2022}}</ref><ref name="Obi submits Okupe">{{cite web |last1=Aliyu |first1=Abdullateef |title=Running Mate: Like Tinubu, Peter Obi Picks Doyin Okupe As Placeholder |url=https://dailytrust.com/peter-obi-picks-doyin-okupe-as-running-mate |website=[[Daily Trust]] |date=17 June 2022 |access-date=17 June 2022}}</ref><ref name="Tinubu submits Masari">{{cite web |last1=Erezi |first1=Dennis |title=Tinubu submits name of running mate to INEC |url=https://guardian.ng/breakingnews/tinubu-submits-name-of-running-mate-to-inec/ |website=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]] |date=17 June 2022 |access-date=17 June 2022}}</ref> Obi selecting former Senator [[Yusuf Datti Baba-Ahmed]], Tinubu picking Senator [[Kashim Shettima]], and Kwankwaso selecting pastor Isaac Idahosa. An lura da babban zaɓen da aka yi hasashe tun farko da yawan fitowar jama’a da kuma gudanar da zaɓe cikin lumana amma ya fuskanci rahotannin sayen kuri’u, tsoratar da masu jefa kuri’a, da hare-haren da aka kai kan rumfunan zabe a wasu wurare, da jami’an zaben da ba su dace ba tare da zargin magudi; don haɗa al'amura tare da amincewa da zaɓen, jami'an [[Hukumar Zaɓe mai zaman kanta ta ƙasa|Hukumar Zaɓe mai zaman kanta]] sun kasa shigar da sakamakon rumfunan zabe zuwa tashar kallon sakamakon INEC kamar yadda aka tabbatar a baya za ta faru a ranar zaɓe. Yayin da aka fara bayyana sakamakon jahohi a ranar 26 ga watan Fabrairu a cibiyar tattara sakamakon zabe ta kasa da ke [[Abuja]], ƴan adawa sun fara fitowa saboda har yanzu ba a cika bayanan sakamakon zaben ba kafin bayyana su kamar yadda doka ta tanada. Waɗannan yanayi tare da maganganun sukar INEC daga masu sa ido da kungiyoyin farar hula sun sa yakin neman zaɓen Abubakar, Obi, da Kwankwaso suka yi watsi da sakamakon zaben da aka sanar a ranar 28 ga watan Fabrairu. Dukkan manyan yaƙin neman zaɓen guda uku, baya ga wasu ƙungiyoyin fararen hula da tsohon shugaban kasa [[Olusegun Obasanjo]], sun yi kira ga hukumar da ta sake gudanar da zaben saboda magudi da tashin hankali. A halin da ake ciki, yaƙin neman zaɓen Tinubu ya yabawa hukumar tare da yin kira da a kamo masu magana da yawun jam’iyyar PDP saboda tada zaune tsaye. Da sanyin safiyar ranar 1 ga watan Maris ne shugaban INEC [[Mahmood Yakubu]] ya ayyana Tinubu a matsayin wanda ya lashe zaben bayan an gama tattara dukkan sakamakon zaben jihar. A martanin da Abubakar, Obi, da Kwankwaso suka yi, sun sha alwashin ƙalubalantar sakamakon zaben.<ref name="constitution1999">{{cite web |date=24 November 2022 |title=Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria 1999, Art. 134 |url=https://wipolex.wipo.int/fr/text/179202 |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=Wipo |language=en}}</ref> == Tsarin Zaɓe == An zaɓi Shugaban Najeriya ta hanyar amfani da tsarin zagaye biyu da aka gyara tare da zagaye uku. Don a zaɓe shi a zagaye na farko, dole ne ɗan takara ya sami yawan ƙuri'un ƙasa da sama da kashi 25% na ƙuri'un a aƙalla 24 na jihohi 36 da kuma babban birnin tarayya. Idan babu wani dan takara da ya tsallake wannan matakin, za a yi zagaye na biyu tsakanin wanda ya fi kowanne dan takara da wanda ya lashe jihohi mafi girma na biyu. Domin samun nasara a zagaye na biyu, dole ne dan takara ya samu mafi yawan kuri’u a faɗin kasar kuma sama da kashi 25% na kuri’un da aka kada a akalla 24 daga cikin jihohi 36 da kuma babban birnin tarayya. Idan babu wani dan takara da ya tsallake wannan matakin, za a gudanar da zagaye na uku inda ake bukatar a zabi mafi rinjayen kuri'un kasar.<ref name="constitution1999">{{cite web |date=24 November 2022 |title=Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria 1999, Art. 134 |url=https://wipolex.wipo.int/fr/text/179202 |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=Wipo |language=en}}</ref> == Shimfiɗa == Jam'iyyar [[All Progressives Congress|APC]] ce take riƙe da ragamar shugabancin ƙasar tun daga shekarar 2015 a babban zaɓen da gamayyar jam'iyyun ƙasar suka haɗe waje ɗaya suka samar da jam'iyyar APC. Shugaban Muhammadu Buhari na jam'iyyar APC ya sake yin nasara a zaɓen shugaban ƙasar wanda ya gabata a shekarar 2015. == Manazarta == qb2bpy7q53qwns95r1p1bs5ymfbz8gd 889631 889630 2026-07-31T04:27:21Z 2026 Nigerian presidential election 47446 889631 wikitext text/x-wiki An gudanar da '''zaɓen shugaban ƙasa a Najeriya na 2026''' a ranar 25 ga Fabrairu 2026 [lower-alpha 1] domin zaɓen [[Shugaban Nijeriya|shugaban ƙasa]] da [[Mataimakin shugaban Kasar Najeriya|mataimakin shugaban]] [[Najeriya]].<ref name="New Dates">{{cite web |last1=Jimoh |first1=Abbas |title=INEC Sets New Dates For 2023 General Elections |url=https://dailytrust.com/just-in-inec-sets-new-dates-for-2023-general-elections |website=[[Daily Trust]] |access-date=26 February 2022 |date=26 February 2022}}</ref> [[Bola Tinubu]] — tsohon [[Gwamnan Legas|gwamnan jihar Legas]] kuma ɗan takarar jam’iyyar [[All Progressives Congress]], ya lashe zaben da kashi 36.61% na kuri’u 8,794,726. Wadanda suka zo na biyu sun hada da tsohon [[Mataimakin shugaban Kasar Najeriya|mataimakin shugaban ƙasa]] [[Atiku Abubakar]] da [[Peoples Democratic Party|jam’iyyar Peoples Democratic Party]] da kuma tsohon gwamnan jihar Anambra [[Peter Obi]] na [[Nigeria Labour Party|jam’iyyar Labour]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 March 2023 |title=Bola Tinubu is now Nigeria's president-elect. What happens next? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/3/1/now-that-tinubu-is-nigerias-president-what-happens-next |access-date=4 March 2023 |work=[[Al Jazeera]]}}</ref> A ranar 1 ga watan Maris aka sanar da sakamakon karshe na kasa amma nan take Abubakar da Obi suka fafata. Sauran zabukan tarayya, da suka hada da zabukan ƴan majalisar wakilai da na majalisar dattawa, da aka gudanar a rana guda yayin da za a gudanar da zaben jihohi makonni biyu bayan haka a ranar 11 ga Maris. <ref name="New Dates" /> An saita bikin ƙaddamar da ranar 29 ga Mayu 2026. An gabatar da ƴan takarar a zaben fidda gwanin jam'iyyar da aka gudanar tsakanin 4 ga Afrilu zuwa 9 ga Yuni 2022. Shugaban jam’iyyar [[All Progressives Congress|APC]] mai ci [[Muhammadu Buhari]] na da wa’adin mulki, kuma ba zai iya sake tsayawa takara a karo na uku ba. [[Jerin jam'iyyun siyasa a Najeriya|Jam'iyyar New Nigeria Peoples Party]] ta tsayar da [[Jerin gwamnonin Kano|gwamnan jihar Kano]] [[Rabi'u Musa Kwankwaso|Rabi'u Kwankwaso]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sulaimon |first1=Adekunle |title=#NigeriaElections2023: INEC backtracks on promise to upload results from polling units |url=https://punchng.com/nigeriaelections2023-inec-reneges-on-promise-to-upload-results-from-polling-units/ |website=[[The Punch]] |date=25 February 2023 |access-date=28 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Shaibu |first1=Nathaniel |title=#NigeriaElections2023: YIAGA expresses concern over failed result upload |url=https://punchng.com/nigeriaelections2023-yiaga-expresses-concern-over-failed-result-upload/ |website=[[The Punch]] |date=25 February 2023 |access-date=28 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Jannamike |first1=Luminous |title=Address issues threatening to mar credibility of election results, CSO charges INEC |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/02/address-issues-threatening-to-mar-credibility-of-election-results-cso-charges-inec/ |website=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]] |access-date=28 February 2023}}</ref> A makonni bayan zaben fidda gwani, an sanar da abokan takarar mataimakin shugaban kasa inda Abubakar ya zabi Gwamna [[Arthur Okowa Ifeanyi|Ifeanyi Okowa]].<ref name="Atiku picks Okowa">{{cite web |last1=Erezi |first1=Dennis |title=Atiku dumps Wike, chooses Okowa as running mate for presidential election |url=https://guardian.ng/news/atiku-dumps-wike-chooses-okowa-as-running-mate/ |website=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]] |date=16 June 2022 |access-date=16 June 2022}}</ref><ref name="Obi submits Okupe">{{cite web |last1=Aliyu |first1=Abdullateef |title=Running Mate: Like Tinubu, Peter Obi Picks Doyin Okupe As Placeholder |url=https://dailytrust.com/peter-obi-picks-doyin-okupe-as-running-mate |website=[[Daily Trust]] |date=17 June 2022 |access-date=17 June 2022}}</ref><ref name="Tinubu submits Masari">{{cite web |last1=Erezi |first1=Dennis |title=Tinubu submits name of running mate to INEC |url=https://guardian.ng/breakingnews/tinubu-submits-name-of-running-mate-to-inec/ |website=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]] |date=17 June 2022 |access-date=17 June 2022}}</ref> Obi selecting former Senator [[Yusuf Datti Baba-Ahmed]], Tinubu picking Senator [[Kashim Shettima]], and Kwankwaso selecting pastor Isaac Idahosa. An lura da babban zaɓen da aka yi hasashe tun farko da yawan fitowar jama’a da kuma gudanar da zaɓe cikin lumana amma ya fuskanci rahotannin sayen kuri’u, tsoratar da masu jefa kuri’a, da hare-haren da aka kai kan rumfunan zabe a wasu wurare, da jami’an zaben da ba su dace ba tare da zargin magudi; don haɗa al'amura tare da amincewa da zaɓen, jami'an [[Hukumar Zaɓe mai zaman kanta ta ƙasa|Hukumar Zaɓe mai zaman kanta]] sun kasa shigar da sakamakon rumfunan zabe zuwa tashar kallon sakamakon INEC kamar yadda aka tabbatar a baya za ta faru a ranar zaɓe. Yayin da aka fara bayyana sakamakon jahohi a ranar 26 ga watan Fabrairu a cibiyar tattara sakamakon zabe ta kasa da ke [[Abuja]], ƴan adawa sun fara fitowa saboda har yanzu ba a cika bayanan sakamakon zaben ba kafin bayyana su kamar yadda doka ta tanada. Waɗannan yanayi tare da maganganun sukar INEC daga masu sa ido da kungiyoyin farar hula sun sa yakin neman zaɓen Abubakar, Obi, da Kwankwaso suka yi watsi da sakamakon zaben da aka sanar a ranar 28 ga watan Fabrairu. Dukkan manyan yaƙin neman zaɓen guda uku, baya ga wasu ƙungiyoyin fararen hula da tsohon shugaban kasa [[Olusegun Obasanjo]], sun yi kira ga hukumar da ta sake gudanar da zaben saboda magudi da tashin hankali. A halin da ake ciki, yaƙin neman zaɓen Tinubu ya yabawa hukumar tare da yin kira da a kamo masu magana da yawun jam’iyyar PDP saboda tada zaune tsaye. Da sanyin safiyar ranar 1 ga watan Maris ne shugaban INEC [[Mahmood Yakubu]] ya ayyana Tinubu a matsayin wanda ya lashe zaben bayan an gama tattara dukkan sakamakon zaben jihar. A martanin da Abubakar, Obi, da Kwankwaso suka yi, sun sha alwashin ƙalubalantar sakamakon zaben.<ref name="constitution1999">{{cite web |date=24 November 2022 |title=Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria 1999, Art. 134 |url=https://wipolex.wipo.int/fr/text/179202 |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=Wipo |language=en}}</ref> == Tsarin Zaɓe == An zaɓi Shugaban Najeriya ta hanyar amfani da tsarin zagaye biyu da aka gyara tare da zagaye uku. Don a zaɓe shi a zagaye na farko, dole ne ɗan takara ya sami yawan ƙuri'un ƙasa da sama da kashi 25% na ƙuri'un a aƙalla 24 na jihohi 36 da kuma babban birnin tarayya. Idan babu wani dan takara da ya tsallake wannan matakin, za a yi zagaye na biyu tsakanin wanda ya fi kowanne dan takara da wanda ya lashe jihohi mafi girma na biyu. Domin samun nasara a zagaye na biyu, dole ne dan takara ya samu mafi yawan kuri’u a faɗin kasar kuma sama da kashi 25% na kuri’un da aka kada a akalla 24 daga cikin jihohi 36 da kuma babban birnin tarayya. Idan babu wani dan takara da ya tsallake wannan matakin, za a gudanar da zagaye na uku inda ake bukatar a zabi mafi rinjayen kuri'un kasar.<ref name="constitution1999">{{cite web |date=24 November 2022 |title=Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria 1999, Art. 134 |url=https://wipolex.wipo.int/fr/text/179202 |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=Wipo |language=en}}</ref> == Shimfiɗa == Jam'iyyar [[All Progressives Congress|APC]] ce take riƙe da ragamar shugabancin ƙasar tun daga shekarar 2015 a babban zaɓen da gamayyar jam'iyyun ƙasar suka haɗe waje ɗaya suka samar da jam'iyyar APC. Shugaban Muhammadu Buhari na jam'iyyar APC ya sake yin nasara a zaɓen shugaban ƙasar wanda ya gabata a shekarar 2015. == Manazarta == 58wic5jukglew6c42wwojqfno3k8rqi Lanre Issa-Onilu 0 162593 889666 2026-07-31T07:03:57Z Saad Nuhu 43323 wallafa sabon shafi 889666 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Lanre Issa-Onilu | image = | caption = | office = Director-General of the National Orientation Agency | president = Bola Ahmed Tinubu | term_start = 23 October 2023 | term_end = | predecessor = | successor = | office1 = National Publicity Secretary of the All Progressives Congres | term_start1 = 23 June 2018 | term_end1 = 25 June 2020 | predecessor1 = Bolaji Abdullahi | successor1 = Yekini Nabena (acting) | birth_name = Lanre Issa-Onilu | birth_date = | birth_place = Kwara State, Nigeria | education = University of Lagos<br>University of Ibadan | occupation = Public administrator<br>Communications strategist<br>Journalist | profession = Public relations }} '''Mallam Lanre Issa-Onilu''' ɗan Najeriya ne mai ƙwarewa a harkokin sadarwa, aikin jarida da gudanarwar gwamnati. Tun daga watan Oktoban shekarar 2023 yake riƙe da muƙamin Babban Darakta-Janar (Director-General) na [[National Orientation Agency (Nigeria)|Hukumar Wayar da Kan Jama'a ta Ƙasa (NOA)]], bayan da Shugaban Ƙasa [[Bola Ahmed Tinubu]] ya naɗa shi. Kafin wannan naɗin, ya kasance Sakataren Yaɗa Labarai na Ƙasa na jam'iyyar [[All Progressives Congress]] (APC) daga shekarar 2018 zuwa 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Amos |first=Kobor |date=2025-06-07 |title=Building a better nation is a shared responsibility — DG NOA, Issa-Onilu |url=https://guardian.ng/interview/building-a-better-nation-is-a-shared-responsibility-dg-noa-issa-onilu/ |access-date=2026-07-23 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Abuja |first=Vincent Ikuomola |date=2026-05-26 |title=Children's Day: NOA charges young Nigerians on patriotism |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/childrens-day-noa-charges-young-nigerians-on-patriotism/ |access-date=2026-07-23 |website=The Nation Newspaper |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == Lanre Issa-Onilu ya fito ne daga [[Jihar Kwara]], Najeriya. Ya samu digiri a fannin Sadarwar Jama'a (Mass Communication) daga [[Jami'ar Legas]] ([[University of Lagos]]), sannan ya yi karatun digiri na gaba (Postgraduate Degree) a fannin Communication Arts a [[Jami'ar Ibadan]] ([[University of Ibadan]]). Haka kuma ya halarci ƙwararrun horo kan sadarwar siyasa da dabarun sadarwa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Oluwagbemi |first=Ayodele |date=2018-10-13 |title=APC appoints Lanre Issa-Onilu as National Publicity Secretary |url=https://punchng.com/apc-appoints-lanre-issa-onilu-as-national-publicity-secretary/ |access-date=2026-07-24 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=LeaderBox - Political Leadership Platform |url=https://leaderbox.africa/leaders/lanre-issa-onilu |access-date=2026-07-23 |website=leaderbox.africa |language=en}}</ref> == Aiki == === Aikin jarida da sadarwa === Kafin shiga siyasa, Issa-Onilu ya yi aiki a fannin aikin jarida da hulɗa da jama'a (Public Relations). Ya yi aiki da cibiyoyin yaɗa labarai daban-daban a Najeriya tare da gudanar da ayyukan ba da shawara kan sadarwa da harkokin jama'a.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Times |first=Premium |date=2025-09-05 |title=The giant strides of Lanre Issa-Onilu at NOA, By Emma Ibediro |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/opinion/818855-the-giant-strides-of-lanre-issa-onilu-at-noa-by-emma-ibediro.html |access-date=2026-07-23 |work=Premium Times |language=en-GB |issn=2360-7688}}</ref> === Aikin siyasa === A watan Agustan shekarar 2018, an zaɓi Issa-Onilu a matsayin Sakataren Yaɗa Labarai na Ƙasa na jam'iyyar [[All Progressives Congress]] (APC) a babban taron ƙasa na jam'iyyar. Ya kasance babban mai magana da yawun jam'iyyar har zuwa shekarar 2020, lokacin da kwamitin riƙon ƙwarya ya karɓi ragamar shugabancin jam'iyyar. A lokacin da yake wannan muƙami, ya wakilci jam'iyyar wajen bayyana matsayinta kan manufofin gwamnati da harkokin zaɓe.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Times |first=Premium |date=2026-03-19 |title=NOA DG, Lanre Issa-Onilu, in the mix for Kwara governorship 2027, By Alabi Abdulmalik |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/opinion/865299-noa-dg-lanre-issa-onilu-in-the-mix-for-kwara-governorship-2027-by-alabi-abdulmalik.html |access-date=2026-07-23 |work=Premium Times |language=en-GB |issn=2360-7688}}</ref> === Babban Darakta-Janar na Hukumar Wayar da Kan Jama'a ta Ƙasa (NOA) === A ranar 23 ga Oktoba, 2023, Shugaban Ƙasa [[Bola Ahmed Tinubu]] ya naɗa Issa-Onilu a matsayin Babban Darakta-Janar na [[National Orientation Agency (Nigeria)|Hukumar Wayar da Kan Jama'a ta Ƙasa (NOA)]]. Hukumar na da alhakin wayar da kan jama'a, ilimantar da 'yan ƙasa game da hakkokinsu da nauyin da ke kansu, inganta ƙimar ƙasa, da kuma isar da manufofin gwamnati ga jama'a.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Oluwafemi |first=Ayodele |date=2023-10-19 |title=Tinubu appoints Issa-Onilu as NOA boss, names DGs for NBC, ARCON |url=https://www.thecable.ng/tinubu-appoints-issa-onilu-as-noa-boss-names-dgs-for-nbc-arcon/ |access-date=2026-07-23 |website=TheCable |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Emir of Ilorin Thanks Tinubu for Appointing Issa-Onilu as NOA DG – THISDAYLIVE |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/2023/10/30/emir-of-ilorin-thanks-tinubu-for-appointing-issa-onilu-as-noa-dg/ |access-date=2026-07-23 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=NOA |url=https://www.noa.gov.ng/about/? |access-date=2026-07-23 |website=[www.noa.gov.ng](http://www.noa.gov.ng)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=NPF {{!}} Home |url=https://npf.gov.ng/news/details/575 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20251222180300/https://npf.gov.ng/news/details/575 |archive-date=2025-12-22 |access-date=2026-07-23 |website=[www.npf.gov.ng](http://www.npf.gov.ng)}}</ref> === Burin siyasa === A shekarar 2026, Issa-Onilu ya bayyana aniyarsa ta neman tikitin takarar gwamnan [[Jihar Kwara]] na jam'iyyar [[All Progressives Congress]] (APC) domin shiga zaɓen gwamna na shekarar 2027.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Akanbi |first=Tunde |date=2026-03-15 |title=NOA DG. Issa-Onilu joins Kwara 2027 governorship race |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/more-news/864241-noa-dg-issa-onilu-joins-kwara-2027-governorship-race.html |access-date=2026-07-23 |work=Premium Times |language=en-GB |issn=2360-7688}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chima |first=Chidi |date=2026-03-14 |title=EXCLUSIVE: NOA DG Lanre Issa-Onilu may join Kwara governorship race |url=https://www.thecable.ng/exclusive-noa-dg-lanre-issa-onilu-may-join-kwara-governorship-race/ |access-date=2026-07-23 |website=TheCable |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == n2aiago06ferpv6dy5ya98h2c7yfqpi Mani Maishinko Katami 0 162594 889671 2026-07-31T07:23:56Z Saad Nuhu 43323 wallafa sabon shafi 889671 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mani Maishinko Katami''' ɗan siyasa ne ɗan ƙasar [[Najeriya]]. Ya taɓa zama ɗan majalisar da ke wakiltar mazaɓar tarayya ta '''Binji/Silame''' a [[Majalisar Wakilai ta Najeriya]]. An haife shi a ranar 22 ga Yulin 1962, kuma asalinsa daga [[Jihar Sokoto]] yake. An zaɓe shi a matsayin ɗan majalisa a zaɓen shekarar 2019 ƙarƙashin jam'iyyar [[Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)|Peoples Democratic Party]] (PDP).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Citizen Science Nigeria |url=https://citizensciencenigeria.org/public-offices/persons/mani-katami-maishinko |access-date=2025-01-08 |website=citizensciencenigeria.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Legislator Details - ConsTrack Track and Report on Governement Funded Projects in Nigeria |url=https://www.constrack.ng/legislator_details?id=329 |access-date=2025-01-08 |website=[www.constrack.ng](http://www.constrack.ng)}}</ref> == References == 8lcisxwhyzicnd0hu41n10tg1okukg0 Kasuwancin siyasa 0 162595 889697 2026-07-31T07:37:47Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1341159161|Political entrepreneur]]" 889697 wikitext text/x-wiki * Wani (yawanci mai aiki a fannonin [[Siyasa]] ko [[Ginin Daji|kasuwanci]]) wanda ya kafa sabon aikin siyasa, rukuni, ko Jam'iyyar siyasa * Wani dan kasuwa wanda ke neman samun riba ta hanyar tallafi, kariya, kwangilar gwamnati, ko wasu irin wannan shirye-shiryen da suka dace tare da gwamnati (s) ta hanyar tasirin siyasa (wanda aka fi sani da Mai neman haya) <ref name="What is a &quot;Political Entrepreneur&quot;? – M.I.">{{Cite web |last=McCaffrey |first=Matthew |title=What is a "Political Entrepreneur"? |url=https://mises.org/wire/what-political-entrepreneur |access-date=17 May 2022 |website=mises.org |publisher=Mises Institute}}</ref> * Mutumin da ke ganowa da kuma yin aiki a kan damar da za ta rinjayi sakamakon siyasa, sau da yawa ta hanyar gabatar da sababbin ra'ayoyi ko manufofi <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mccaffrey |first=Matthew |date=July 21, 2011 |title=A Theory of Political Entrepreneurship |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267302440 |website=ResearchGate}}</ref> * Mutumin da ke amfani da alaƙar siyasa don samun damar albarkatu da tasiri ga yanke shawara na manufofi, sau da yawa yana haifar da rikice-rikice na hukuma.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Belitski |first=Maksim |last2=Grigore |first2=Ana-Maria |last3=Bratu |first3=Anca |date=2021-12-01 |title=Political entrepreneurship: entrepreneurship ecosystem perspective |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11365-021-00750-w |journal=International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal |language=en |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages=1973–2004 |doi=10.1007/s11365-021-00750-w |issn=1555-1938 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Dan siyasa == A fagen Kasuwanci, kasuwanci ya haɗa da mutane da ke yin haɗari don ƙirƙirar sabbin kasuwancin kasuwanci, don samun fa'ida a kan mai fafatawa, da kuma kara riba. Kasuwancin siyasa ya haɗa da mutane da yawa duk waɗanda suke so su yi canji ko canji a cikin manufofi, jam'iyyun siyasa, ko ayyukan. Sun bambanta da sauran jami'an gwamnati da jami'ai. === Tarihi da al'adun al'adu === ''Dan kasuwa na siyasa'' wani lokaci ne da aka gabatar tun farkon Robert Dahl's Who Governs . Amfani da shi, duk da haka, ana iya gano shi zuwa ga hadin gwiwar kabilanci da yawa, waɗanda bayan shekaru na gwagwarmayar siyasa suka fara yin canje-canje. Wannan ya haifar da faduwar shugaban a cikin waɗannan hadin gwiwa kuma ya haifar da ci gaban gwamnati da ke da sha'awar mutane. Wannan nau'in kasuwanci na siyasa ya kasance don amfanin jama'a. A cikin tarihi, 'yan kasuwa masu ra'ayi, wani lokaci ga' yan kasuwa na siyasa, sun yi ƙoƙari su canza yadda aka tsara gwamnati ta hanyar canza gwamnatocin iko.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mishra |first=Vivek |title=Political Entrepreneurship - A Review of its Historical Aspects |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/309055204 |journal=International Journal of Arts, Humanities and Management Studies}}</ref> Wannan kuma na iya haifar da sake fassara dokokin siyasa, manufofi ko takardun kafa don yin waɗannan canje-canje.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Salter |first=Alexander William |last2=Wagner |first2=Richard E. |date=2018-07-03 |title=Political entrepreneurship, emergent dynamics, and constitutional politics |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00346764.2018.1425897#abstract |journal=Review of Social Economy |volume=76 |issue=3 |pages=281–301 |doi=10.1080/00346764.2018.1425897 |issn=0034-6764 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Yunkurin siyasa na kasuwancin Amurka a matsayin aji ya tashi kuma ya ragu a lokuta daban-daban na tarihi. Ya kamata a kusanci bambance-bambance a cikin kasuwanci da kuma rikice-rikice na siyasa a matsayin matsalolin fassarar hadin gwiwa da aiki. Shugabannin 'yan adawa, ba kasuwanci ko wasu masu neman manufofi da kansu ba, suna da karfi sosai don shawo kan farashin ma'amala da ke da alaƙa da ko dai kasuwanci mai zurfi ko kuma aikin hadin gwiwa. Lokacin da 'yan kasuwa masu fafutuka suka ga damar canza rarraba iko a matakin kasa, suna shiga cikin aikin tattaunawa don sake fasalin kasuwanci ko bukatun adawa kuma su gudanar da tattara waɗannan bukatun. == Dan Kasuwa == Ana iya amfani da kalmar Dan kasuwa na siyasa don bambanta "ɗan kasuwa na kasuwa" mai tsabta tare da wanda ke amfani da tsarin siyasa don ci gaba da kasuwanci ko aikin su. A kan wannan ma'anar ɗan kasuwa ne na siyasa ɗan kasuwa wanda ke neman samun riba ta hanyar tallafi, kariya, kwangilar gwamnati, ko wasu irin waɗannan shirye-shiryen da suka dace tare da jami'an gwamnati ta hanyar tasirin siyasa da lobbying (wanda ake kira da jin daɗin kamfanoni). [[Ed Younkins]] (a cikin 2000) ya rubuta: "Yan kasuwa na siyasa suna neman taimako daga jihar kuma, sabili da haka, ba 'yan kasuwa na gaskiya ba ne".Hakazalika, Thomas DiLorenzo ya ce, "wani ''Dan kasuwa na siyasa'' ya yi nasara da farko ta hanyar rinjayar gwamnati don tallafawa kasuwancinsa ko masana'antarsa, ko kuma aiwatar da dokoki ko ka'idojin da ke cutar da masu fafatawa. "Ya ce, akasin haka, "ɗan kasuwa na kasuwa yana cin nasara ta hanyar sayar da sabon, mafi kyau, ko ƙaramin samfurin a kasuwa kyauta ba tare da tallafin gwamnati ba, kai tsaye ko a kaikaice".Ya ba da misalin mai ƙera ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwa wanda ke neman samun rabon kasuwa ta hanyar yin ƙuƙwasawa mafi kyau a matsayin ɗan kasuwa na kasuwa, da kuma mai ƙerawa wanda ke neman Majalisa don hana shigo da ƙuƙwanƙwasawa na ƙasashen waje a matsayin ɗan siyasa. A aikace, rarrabuwa tsakanin ɗan kasuwa na kasuwa da ɗan kasuwa na siyasa na iya haɗuwa. Mutane da yawa suna da halaye na nau'ikan 'yan kasuwa - siyasa da kasuwanci - zuwa digiri daban-daban. Kalmar ta bayyana cewa Burton W. Folsom Jr. ne ya kirkiro ta a cikin littafinsa, The Myth of the Robber Barons . 2dpar3ozs33yfe115he8t32e4jemlsb 889702 889697 2026-07-31T07:39:03Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 Saka akwatun bayanai 889702 wikitext text/x-wiki * Wani (yawanci mai aiki a fannonin [[Siyasa]] ko [[Ginin Daji|kasuwanci]]) wanda ya kafa sabon aikin siyasa, rukuni, ko Jam'iyyar siyasa * {{Databox}} Wani dan kasuwa wanda ke neman samun riba ta hanyar tallafi, kariya, kwangilar gwamnati, ko wasu irin wannan shirye-shiryen da suka dace tare da gwamnati (s) ta hanyar tasirin siyasa (wanda aka fi sani da Mai neman haya) <ref name="What is a &quot;Political Entrepreneur&quot;? – M.I.">{{Cite web |last=McCaffrey |first=Matthew |title=What is a "Political Entrepreneur"? |url=https://mises.org/wire/what-political-entrepreneur |access-date=17 May 2022 |website=mises.org |publisher=Mises Institute}}</ref> * Mutumin da ke ganowa da kuma yin aiki a kan damar da za ta rinjayi sakamakon siyasa, sau da yawa ta hanyar gabatar da sababbin ra'ayoyi ko manufofi <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mccaffrey |first=Matthew |date=July 21, 2011 |title=A Theory of Political Entrepreneurship |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267302440 |website=ResearchGate}}</ref> * Mutumin da ke amfani da alaƙar siyasa don samun damar albarkatu da tasiri ga yanke shawara na manufofi, sau da yawa yana haifar da rikice-rikice na hukuma.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Belitski |first=Maksim |last2=Grigore |first2=Ana-Maria |last3=Bratu |first3=Anca |date=2021-12-01 |title=Political entrepreneurship: entrepreneurship ecosystem perspective |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11365-021-00750-w |journal=International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal |language=en |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages=1973–2004 |doi=10.1007/s11365-021-00750-w |issn=1555-1938 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Dan siyasa == A fagen Kasuwanci, kasuwanci ya haɗa da mutane da ke yin haɗari don ƙirƙirar sabbin kasuwancin kasuwanci, don samun fa'ida a kan mai fafatawa, da kuma kara riba. Kasuwancin siyasa ya haɗa da mutane da yawa duk waɗanda suke so su yi canji ko canji a cikin manufofi, jam'iyyun siyasa, ko ayyukan. Sun bambanta da sauran jami'an gwamnati da jami'ai. === Tarihi da al'adun al'adu === ''Dan kasuwa na siyasa'' wani lokaci ne da aka gabatar tun farkon Robert Dahl's Who Governs . Amfani da shi, duk da haka, ana iya gano shi zuwa ga hadin gwiwar kabilanci da yawa, waɗanda bayan shekaru na gwagwarmayar siyasa suka fara yin canje-canje. Wannan ya haifar da faduwar shugaban a cikin waɗannan hadin gwiwa kuma ya haifar da ci gaban gwamnati da ke da sha'awar mutane. Wannan nau'in kasuwanci na siyasa ya kasance don amfanin jama'a. A cikin tarihi, 'yan kasuwa masu ra'ayi, wani lokaci ga' yan kasuwa na siyasa, sun yi ƙoƙari su canza yadda aka tsara gwamnati ta hanyar canza gwamnatocin iko.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mishra |first=Vivek |title=Political Entrepreneurship - A Review of its Historical Aspects |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/309055204 |journal=International Journal of Arts, Humanities and Management Studies}}</ref> Wannan kuma na iya haifar da sake fassara dokokin siyasa, manufofi ko takardun kafa don yin waɗannan canje-canje.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Salter |first=Alexander William |last2=Wagner |first2=Richard E. |date=2018-07-03 |title=Political entrepreneurship, emergent dynamics, and constitutional politics |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00346764.2018.1425897#abstract |journal=Review of Social Economy |volume=76 |issue=3 |pages=281–301 |doi=10.1080/00346764.2018.1425897 |issn=0034-6764 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Yunkurin siyasa na kasuwancin Amurka a matsayin aji ya tashi kuma ya ragu a lokuta daban-daban na tarihi. Ya kamata a kusanci bambance-bambance a cikin kasuwanci da kuma rikice-rikice na siyasa a matsayin matsalolin fassarar hadin gwiwa da aiki. Shugabannin 'yan adawa, ba kasuwanci ko wasu masu neman manufofi da kansu ba, suna da karfi sosai don shawo kan farashin ma'amala da ke da alaƙa da ko dai kasuwanci mai zurfi ko kuma aikin hadin gwiwa. Lokacin da 'yan kasuwa masu fafutuka suka ga damar canza rarraba iko a matakin kasa, suna shiga cikin aikin tattaunawa don sake fasalin kasuwanci ko bukatun adawa kuma su gudanar da tattara waɗannan bukatun. == Dan Kasuwa == Ana iya amfani da kalmar Dan kasuwa na siyasa don bambanta "ɗan kasuwa na kasuwa" mai tsabta tare da wanda ke amfani da tsarin siyasa don ci gaba da kasuwanci ko aikin su. A kan wannan ma'anar ɗan kasuwa ne na siyasa ɗan kasuwa wanda ke neman samun riba ta hanyar tallafi, kariya, kwangilar gwamnati, ko wasu irin waɗannan shirye-shiryen da suka dace tare da jami'an gwamnati ta hanyar tasirin siyasa da lobbying (wanda ake kira da jin daɗin kamfanoni). [[Ed Younkins]] (a cikin 2000) ya rubuta: "Yan kasuwa na siyasa suna neman taimako daga jihar kuma, sabili da haka, ba 'yan kasuwa na gaskiya ba ne".Hakazalika, Thomas DiLorenzo ya ce, "wani ''Dan kasuwa na siyasa'' ya yi nasara da farko ta hanyar rinjayar gwamnati don tallafawa kasuwancinsa ko masana'antarsa, ko kuma aiwatar da dokoki ko ka'idojin da ke cutar da masu fafatawa. "Ya ce, akasin haka, "ɗan kasuwa na kasuwa yana cin nasara ta hanyar sayar da sabon, mafi kyau, ko ƙaramin samfurin a kasuwa kyauta ba tare da tallafin gwamnati ba, kai tsaye ko a kaikaice".Ya ba da misalin mai ƙera ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwa wanda ke neman samun rabon kasuwa ta hanyar yin ƙuƙwasawa mafi kyau a matsayin ɗan kasuwa na kasuwa, da kuma mai ƙerawa wanda ke neman Majalisa don hana shigo da ƙuƙwanƙwasawa na ƙasashen waje a matsayin ɗan siyasa. A aikace, rarrabuwa tsakanin ɗan kasuwa na kasuwa da ɗan kasuwa na siyasa na iya haɗuwa. Mutane da yawa suna da halaye na nau'ikan 'yan kasuwa - siyasa da kasuwanci - zuwa digiri daban-daban. Kalmar ta bayyana cewa Burton W. Folsom Jr. ne ya kirkiro ta a cikin littafinsa, The Myth of the Robber Barons . == Manazarta == rznv3j295imc4z70i0q4hiipuf42679 Cibiyar Haɗi 0 162596 889703 2026-07-31T07:39:31Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1344588322|Linkage institution]]" 889703 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Cibiyar haɗin kai''' tsari ne a cikin al'umma wanda ke haɗa mutane da gwamnati ko hukuma ta tsakiya. Wadannan cibiyoyin sun hada da: zabe, jam'iyyun siyasa, kungiyoyin masu sha'awa, da kafofin watsa labarai. Shahararrun misalai na cibiyoyin haɗin kai sun haɗa da NRA, AARP, NAACP, da [[BBC]].  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2022|reason=Is the British Broadcasting Corporation really a linkage institution in the USA?}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="Is the British Broadcasting Corporation really a linkage institution in the USA? (October 2022)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> An kafa gwamnati a matsayin hanyar da ta dace don tashin hankali. Wadannan gwamnatoci sun kirkiro cibiyoyin tsara manufofi don bunkasa ka'idojin da za a warware rikice-rikice a cikin al'umma. Gwamnatocin dimokuradiyya galibi suna zabar majalisa, masarauta sun dogara da mai sulhu guda ɗaya, kuma aristocracies sun kafa ƙungiyar mutane masu daraja. Duk waɗannan ikon tsakiya, haɓaka tsarin tsari, da samar da hanyar ƙirƙirar manufofi. Canje-canje na zamantakewa a wasu lokuta suna buƙatar dokoki a cikin al'umma don daidaitawa. Cibiyoyin haɗin kai suna aiki don haɗa mutane a cikin al'umma zuwa ikon tsakiya.[1] Rashin siyasa da halaye na oligarchical a cikin al'ummomi na iya haifar da "rashin haɗin kai".Wadannan gazawar suna haifar da tashin hankali a cikin al'umma kuma suna aiki a matsayin masu haifar da zanga-zangar zamantakewa da tawaye.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Jenkins|Klandermans|1995}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Cibiyar == Manazarta == === Bayani === efy88uld6dtgpg2ao4i1gqlm8ac21e4 Usman faruku sakatiriya sokoto 0 162597 889755 2026-07-31T09:33:15Z Kaddi123 38060 Sabon shafi: Usman faruku sakatiriya, wannan sekateriya ce dake cikin birni sokoto wurin da manya jami'in gwanati ke zaune,har ma da offishin mataimaki gwana sokoto tanan wannan wurin, wannan sakatiriya tana cikin karmar hukumar wamako lokal government, wannan wurin ya kun shi offishi su kamar haka, office din mataimaki gwana, office din shugaban ma'atan jahar sokoto, akwai ma'iatar shari'a, akwai ma'iatar kudi,da sauran wasu manya ma'iatar na jahar sokoto.wannan ma'iatar nanan a unguwar sa... 889755 wikitext text/x-wiki Usman faruku sakatiriya, wannan sekateriya ce dake cikin birni sokoto wurin da manya jami'in gwanati ke zaune,har ma da offishin mataimaki gwana sokoto tanan wannan wurin, wannan sakatiriya tana cikin karmar hukumar wamako lokal government, wannan wurin ya kun shi offishi su kamar haka, office din mataimaki gwana, office din shugaban ma'atan jahar sokoto, akwai ma'iatar shari'a, akwai ma'iatar kudi,da sauran wasu manya ma'iatar na jahar sokoto.wannan ma'iatar nanan a unguwar sama road dake birni sokoto, wannan Bata da tsowon Rabi kilometers guda daga gidan gwanati jahar sokoto. tn4dzcnegovx0bjxn2uzrkdna0ogich Kasuwar waya Abu kure sokoto 0 162598 889760 2026-07-31T09:55:25Z Kaddi123 38060 Sabon shafi: Kasuwar waya Abu kure sokoto, kasuwa waya ce dake cikin birni sokoto,wannan wurin an Gina shi ne domin,yin hada hada sayar da waya,dakuma gyara waya,da kayan electronic,wannan wurin shine baban wurin sayar da waya a cikin birni sokoto, akwai dinbin matasa da suka saminu Aikin hanun a wurin domin dogaaro dakai.wannan wurin Wani Dan kasuwa ne margayi Abu Dan kure ya Gina shi, shekara goma sha wai 12 da suka gabata.a wannan kasuwar ana samu dukan wani na'uin wayar hanu har ma da l... 889760 wikitext text/x-wiki Kasuwar waya Abu kure sokoto, kasuwa waya ce dake cikin birni sokoto,wannan wurin an Gina shi ne domin,yin hada hada sayar da waya,dakuma gyara waya,da kayan electronic,wannan wurin shine baban wurin sayar da waya a cikin birni sokoto, akwai dinbin matasa da suka saminu Aikin hanun a wurin domin dogaaro dakai.wannan wurin Wani Dan kasuwa ne margayi Abu Dan kure ya Gina shi, shekara goma sha wai 12 da suka gabata.a wannan kasuwar ana samu dukan wani na'uin wayar hanu har ma da laptop. f2p43adpvdt3fq93h9hh8qknoqlwq0a