Tattaunawar user:Ammarpad

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      <text bytes="47785" sha1="pq2ztoq47q1emkac5z76q9jie4p37li" xml:space="preserve">== Barka da zuwa ==

Hi,

Welcome on the Hausa Wikipedia.

Sorry that this message is in English - we are very few editors here and most of us speak only basic/survival Hausa... so I'm very glad to see that someone who speaks fluently has just arrived.

Wishing you a good time contributing to this project (please spread the news around you, since it needs more Hausa speakers!),

--[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 14:30, 12 Agusta 2017 (UTC)
:Nagode [[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]], Zanyi kokari in jawo mutane don mu inganta [[w:ha:|Hausa Wikipedia]].
:Thank you [[user:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]], I will try to draw more people to help develop this [[w:ha:|Hausa Wikipedia]]. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:47, 10 Satumba 2017 (UTC)
::Congratulations on your recent edits! I just wanted to ask if you had received my email from last week (there is a project in order to promote Wikipedia among Hausa speakers that I would like to talk you about), and if not, at which email address I could reach out to you. Thanks a lot, --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 14:03, 3 Oktoba 2017 (UTC)
:::Thanks Don. I have received it, and I will reply you there –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 21:23, 3 Oktoba 2017 (UTC)
::::I replied. [[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 12:48, 6 Oktoba 2017 (UTC)
:Hello, iam jalamcy2023 by name iam also a participant of Wikipedia, I used to edits in wikis, so iam try to filled the data support form but it refuse to open for me I don't no what's wrong, and I need the data because I don't have money to buy, please I need your help, so that I should continue my work in Wikipedia, I really enjoyed working with you. Thanks [[User:Jalamcy2023|Jalamcy2023]] ([[User talk:Jalamcy2023|talk]]) 14:28, 12 Satumba 2023 (UTC)
:samaan
:Hausa
:@[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-39981-47|&amp;#126;2026-39981-47]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-39981-47|talk]]) 13:46, 16 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC)

== Help ==

I am Hausa by tribe,and I am interested to start editing and creating some page need ur help don Camilo and ammar,sorry nt gud in speaking English. [[User:Slmdbr|Slmdbr]] ([[User talk:Slmdbr|talk]]) 15:20, 21 Oktoba 2017 (UTC)

==Translation of three sentences==

Dear Ammarpad,

I hope this finds you well.

[[User:Doc James|Doc James]] posted this request on my talk page, but sadly my Hausa is too weak to translate it correctly. Maybe you will be able to help him? Thanks a lot, kind regards, --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 12:29, 8 Faburairu 2018 (UTC)

We are working on an offline distribution system for Wikipedia in Nigeria. Am needing help with the translation of the three sentences '''[https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Internet-in-a-Box/Nigeria#Hausa here]'''. Wondering if you can help. Thanks [[User:Doc James|Doc James]] ([[User talk:Doc James|talk]]) 11:48, 8 Faburairu 2018 (UTC)
*@Doc James and DonCamillo. I have translated it. I will also send someone to translate the Igbo, if no one did. Thank you all. [[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 00:01, 15 Faburairu 2018 (UTC)
:Thanks a lot! :) --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 11:10, 5 Maris 2018 (UTC)

== Facebook page ==

Dear Ammar,

Just to mention that I have just created a Facebook page regarding the Hausa Wikipedia, in order to get more interest from Hausa-speaking people: you're welcome if you want to like it or share it with your friends: [https://www.facebook.com/HausaWikipedia/ Hausa Wikipedia]

Thanks a lot,
Kind regards, --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 11:10, 5 Maris 2018 (UTC)
:Thanks a lot. I have seen it, will share too. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 14:48, 8 Maris 2018 (UTC)

== Neman Admin ==

Barka dai Mr.Ammarpad, Ina da matukar sha'awa sosai na taimaka a wannan shafin na hausa Wikipedia. Ni Bahaushe ne kuma ina gane Turanci, na fassara makaloli da dama daga Turanci Zuwa Hausa sabo da haka ne nake nema wannan shafin ya bani Admin domin karin tallafawa sosai. Nagode [[Abubakar A Gwanki]]
:[[User:Abubakar A Gwanki]] Naji dadin kasancewar ka bahaushe anan. Kasan babu Hausawa da yawa da zamu gina shi. Amma akwai shirye-shiryen da akeyi na farfado da it's. A wane gari kake zaune? –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 21:27, 11 Mayu 2018 (UTC)
::Mr.Ammarpad ina zaune ne a kauyen [[Gwanki]] na karamar hukumar [[Bagwai]] a jihar [[Kano]] Najeriya. [[User:Abubakar A Gwanki|Abubakar A Gwanki]].
:::OK, da kwai shirin taro na musamman da ake fatan yi a Kano domin fadada wannan Wikipedia da kuma sawa dalibai suyi rubuta a nan, zan nemeka in sha Allah. Kuma idan ka gama rubuta bayani a shafin tattaunawa (kamar nan da muke magana) kawai ka rubuta (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;) guda hudu, banda bracket din, to zaka ga sunan ka, da kwanan wata, ya fito da kanshi. Kamar yadda zaka ga nawa a kasa. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 14:05, 12 Mayu 2018 (UTC)

== [[AuwalAzare]] ==

This page can be deleted (again), apparently. [[User:PlyrStar93|PlyrStar93]] ([[User talk:PlyrStar93|talk]]) 04:16, 16 Mayu 2018 (UTC)
:[[User:PlyrStar93|PlyStar93]]. Thanks. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 04:47, 16 Mayu 2018 (UTC)

== Auwal Azare ==

Barla dai malam Ammarpad, Wanda ya kirkiri wannan makalar ta '''Auwal Azare''' ya tubtubeni game da yadda za'ayi unblocking nashi. Idan da yadda za'ayi to a taimaka. Nagode AAgwanki 16:16, 19 Mayu 2018 (UTC)
:@[[User:Abubakar A Gwanki|Gwanki]] Bani na yi blocking din shi ba. Daga can babban shafin [[Special:CentralAuth/Auwall|Meta da Wikifidiya ta Truranci]] akayi blocking din shi. Sannn '''ka daina kirkirar article akan shi''', ci gaba da yin hakan za iya ja yayi blocking dinka. Wikipedia ba wurin talla bane, kuma ba kowa ake rubuta ma tarihi ba sai sannanun mutane na hakika irin yan siyasa da makamantansu. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 13:30, 21 Mayu 2018 (UTC)

== help ==

Please how to add reference and make template on Hausa articles.
It's hard to me. 
[[User:Abubakar A Gwanki|AAGWANKI]] ([[User talk:Abubakar A Gwanki|talk]]) 07:39, 22 Mayu 2018 (UTC)
:@[[User:Abubakar A Gwanki]]: Yanzu babu template din anan sai an dauko su daga Wikipedia ta turanci. Amma idan kana son ka fiddo reference kawai kasa '''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt; .......&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;/nowiki&gt;''' a karshen bayanin zaka ga reference din ya fito a kasa kamar haka (&lt;ref&gt;misali&lt;/ref&gt;). Inda ka ga nasa dash (....) sai ka sa link din bayanin wato kamar BBC Hausa. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 13:54, 25 Mayu 2018 (UTC)

== Databox ==

Hi Ammar,

Well done on the translation of technical messages, I had started this a long time ago but you are way better than me at this!

By the way, I have started to translate Wikidata properties into Hausa. This can be useful because since recently there is a new tool called Databox: it allows, with very simple code, to have an infobox with a lot of useful information on many articles: I have created [[Napoleon]] to give an example. As you can see all the properties are not translated yet into Hausa. It can enable us to create thousands of stubs here on the Hausa Wikipedia (or just add an infobox to the existing articles).

I have put some on [[User:DonCamillo|my userpage]], you can translate them here if you want, or translate them directly on Wikidata if you are familiar with the &quot;labels&quot; system.

Have a great day! Best regards, --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 06:11, 9 Yuni 2018 (UTC)
:You're welcome {{@|DonCamillo}}, I will look into them and  do the appropriate thing. By the way, I  am working on new, more intuitive [[Wikipedia:Sabon babban shafi|main page here]], you can have a look and tweak as deem fit. You'll find some templates like [[Template:Articles needed|this]] and [[Template:Invite|this]] are transcluded, so they can be edited independent of main page. Thanks. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 19:12, 9 Yuni 2018 (UTC)

== Reason for deletion of the article Abubakar A Gwanki  ==

I have created many articles here in Hausa language Wikipedia, I didn't see anyone deleted but only one article of &quot;Abubakar A Gwanki&quot;  why is being deleted?  Nasan Dai dukkan makalolin da na kirkira shima kamar sauran ne amma kuma sai shi kadai ne naga ka goge shi. __ [[User:Abubakar A Gwanki|AAGWANKI]] ([[User talk:Abubakar A Gwanki|talk]]) 17:14, 11 Yuni 2018 (UTC)
:{{@|Abubakar A Gwanki}} Ina so in tabbatar ma abun da kake yi a Hausa Wikipedia kana kokari, kuma ina fatan ka ida fahimtar ta baki daya. Na dauki number wayarka zan neme ka mu tattauna abubuwa da dama. Amma ka daina kirkirar mukala akanka ko wani abokinka. Mukalar insakulofidiya ana rubuta ta ne kawai akan mutane fitatattu na gaskiya. Shiya sa kaga aka goge [[:en:Abubakar A Gwanki|abunda ka rubuta a Wikipedia ta turanci]]. Na gode. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:38, 11 Yuni 2018 (UTC)

== Translation request ==
Hello! May I ask you for a translation of the phrase '''Automatic refresh''' into {{#language:ha}}? Thanks [[User:-XQV-|-XQV-]] ([[User talk:-XQV-|talk]]) 18:23, 20 ga Yuni, 2018 (UTC)
:Will do that on translatewiki –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 18:05, 26 ga Yuni, 2018 (UTC)
::It is not a MediaWiki message; just my own request. [[User:-XQV-|-XQV-]] ([[User talk:-XQV-|talk]]) 19:43, 27 ga Yuni, 2018 (UTC)

== Neman taimako Daga Abdulmalik mansur sharif ==

Assalamu alaikum Ammarpad, Sunana abdulmalik mansur sharif a garin kano nake ni dalibi ne maison bincike, karance-karance da kuma rubutu musamman sanin tarihi dan Allah inaso a bani dama kuma asakani a hanya nayi wasu rubutun ta yadda zan anfanar da al'ummar hausawa, nadanyi wani Karin bayani akan tarihi Michael Jackson zaku iya dubawa Ku gani Dan Allah. Ina data zaku taimakeni. 
:Sannu da zuwa {{@|Ameer Maleek}} na duba gyaran da kayi kuma nayi farin ciki. A halin yanzu da kwai hausawa yan kadan a shafin, ina fatan zaka ci gaba da ziyartar shi lokaci lokaci. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:56, 7 ga Yuli, 2018 (UTC)

== Godiya  ==

Na gode in Allah ya yarda zanci gaba da bada gudun mowa Dari bisa dari kuma Dan idan kuna da wata kungiya inaso nazama member saboda na kara kwarewa Na kuma samu Karin ilimi da kuma hanyar da zan inganta rubuce rubuce Na. Na gode
:{{@|Ameer Maleek}} OK, ka ban numbarka ta waya, zan neme ka. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:46, 13 ga Yuli, 2018 (UTC)

aslm wai wannan malamin yana ina azaune

Lamba: 08160956607
Gari: kano Nigeria

== [[Kira]] ==

Hi Ammarpad, sorry for writing in English. An IP has blanked the page above, do you think it was correct? If it was we can delete it. Regards [[User:DARIO SEVERI|DARIO SEVERI]] ([[User talk:DARIO SEVERI|talk]]) 05:58, 15 ga Augusta, 2018 (UTC)
:Hi {{@|DARIO SEVERI}} I have restored it and will develop it very soon. It is useful stub about [[:en:Blacsmith|Blacksmithing]]. Thank you. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 06:39, 15 ga Augusta, 2018 (UTC)

== David oyedepo ==

Wanene crista

== WAM 2018 ==

Salam Ammarpad,  Bansan ko zaka shiga cikin wannan gasar ba, amma idan kanada sha'awa zaka iya shiga, ka duba Karin bayani anan [[Wikipedia:Watan Yan'Asiya]]. Nagode.  [[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love|talk]]) 21:24, 8 Nuwamba, 2018 (UTC)

== Hausa Wikimedians User Group ==

Hello! [[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] I would like to let you know that I have started our Hausa editors community user group [[meta:Hausa Wikimedians User Group|Hausa Wikimedians User Group]] in order to have a connected and collaborative working environment, that would serve as a primary place for co-ordinating of activities that would support us all in our editing and order related endeavors to improve and make quality contents of the Wikimedia projects. [[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love|talk]]) 12:39, 13 ga Janairu, 2019 (UTC)
:Thanks {{@|The Living love}}, I will take a look. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 14:26, 13 ga Janairu, 2019 (UTC)

Hello {{@|Ammarpad}}, I'm sorry for contacting you here lately but I've sent you a message through WhatsApp earlier. I've spoken with {{@|DonCamillo}} regarding the application for recognition of our UG Hausa Wikimedians as I earlier told you about, and he's given 100% support for it. I hope to hear from you after seeing my messages. Thanks
[[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love|talk]]) 14:32, 8 ga Faburairu, 2019 (UTC)
:Hello [[user:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]], as I told you, the [[meta:Hausa Wikimedians User Group|Hausa Wikimedians User Group]] is already on recognition process with the affiliation Committee of the '''WMF''', but the changes you've made just recently has changed everything in the application form we sent, and this has affected the mission which is very crucial. Please let us adhere to the previous name and design of the group. I would also start a discussion on the home page of the project on how we can select boards and audit committee for the group. As founding members I, you and [[user:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]]'s email were all sent to the AffCom committee and I hope they would certainly contact you. If permitted I can undo all the changes or you do it yourself, and if otherwise please let me know. Thanks -[[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love|talk]]) 02:55, 13 ga Maris, 2019 (UTC)
::Zanyi reply ta WhatsApp. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 18:35, 14 ga Maris, 2019 (UTC)
:Slm [[user:Ammarpad|Ammar]] na maka magana ta whatsapp da email, dangane da message din da AffCom suka dawo dashi. Yanzu bansan me zaka ce ba.[[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love|talk]]) 14:28, 7 ga Yuli, 2019 (UTC)
::Nayi reply. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 10:49, 8 ga Yuli, 2019 (UTC)

== Moustapha ==

Hakananna sai nayi nazari

== I-mel  ==

Sannu! Na turo maka sakon I-mel. 
Na gode.  [[User:Engr Muhammad Khamis|Engr Muhammad Khamis]] ([[User talk:Engr Muhammad Khamis|talk]]) 09:11, 10 ga Faburairu, 2019 (UTC)

narda

== Gyara ==

Barka da rana!
Ina son Na ankarar da admins wata matsala da na gano ta a wannan shafin. Matsalar kuwa itace mu masu amfani da wayoyi wajen editing wannan shafin baya bude mana a Babban Shafi (desktop version), Idan da mai yiwuwa to a gyara. - [[User:Abubakar A Gwanki|Abubakar A Gwanki]] ([[User talk:Abubakar A Gwanki|talk]]) 11:56, 4 ga Maris, 2019 (UTC)
:{{@|Abubakar A Gwanki}} OK, ina ganin wannan haka site din yake ne. Yanzu kaga nima ina kan wayar hannu ne, in kana son komawa desktop version, saidai ka latsa &quot;Babban shafi&quot; da kanka, zaka ga wurin a can kasan kowane shafi. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 12:08, 4 ga Maris, 2019 (UTC)

== gidanhaki ==

Gidanhaki dai shiya ce mai din bin tarifi ta kafune tun da zuwan shehu uthaman bin fodiyo allah shi yarda dashi izuwa kawo yanzu sai dai karin suna datakeyi a sassa daban daban da fannin muhammad sani gidanhaki

Slm ammarpad dan allah inaso na kirkiri shafuka na hausa

Assalam

== Kwankwaso,s wife ==

Kwankwaso,s wife

== Various requests ==
Hello, Could you please:
*Replace the [[MediaWiki:Common.css|Hausa wiki css]] with the [[:en:MediaWiki:Common.css|english wiki css]]. It fixes, amongst others, the position of the infoboxes.
*Delete these two pages: [[Template:Wikibase]], [[Module:Wikibase]].
*Edit these localization pages (Just modify the values on the right hand side): 
**[[Template:Infobox biography/localize]].
**[[Template:Infobox biography/sport/basketball/localize]].
**[[Template:Infobox biography/sport/football/localize]].
**[[Template:Infobox biography/sport/tennis/localize]].

Thanks. [[User:Sami At Ferḥat|Sami At Ferḥat]] ([[User talk:Sami At Ferḥat|talk]]) 18:23, 15 Mayu 2019 (UTC)

== Alijos A Shehu ==

Sunan DUNiYA

== Ibrahim kabiru gagarawa ==

Ina Neman yadda zan bude account na Wikipedia
:{{@| 197.210.47.39}} Ka shiga [[Special:CreateAccount]]. Ko kuma ka tura man sunanka da email ta email dina &lt;code&gt;ammar@wikimedia.org.ng&lt;/code&gt;. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:04, 13 ga Yuni, 2019 (UTC)

== Muhamadu ==

Salm YA AKEBUDE EMAIL

== yusuf ==

Ibrahim

== sa idu musa ==

riji yan gwamgwam jido  dawakin  kudu  kano

== sa idu  musa rijiya gwamgwam jido dawakin kudu  IP ==

Yayi daidai kobaiyiba  awayar mindakai

== 88465702 ==

Kaka ari

== layisantara ==

lawal ninazauna awurare dabandaba naungowa natashi dagabayan garin daura  sunwajan gari shadam bu

== Aslm barkan'mu da warhaka ina mana patan alkhairi baki daya yan uwana musilmai  ==

Ina godiya ga allah daya bamu damar yadda damu kasance atare da juna

== babani ==

112202

== Translation ==

I want to know if I can translate a Wikipedia article from 'English Wikipedia' to 'Hausa Wikipedia'. If yes, I want to know more about it. Thanks.

== ibraheem Adamu gumel jigawa state ==

barkanku DA 
fatan kuna lafeeya I want be among members of this organization

 wannni yafara shugaban kasa a nejire

== Neman taimako ==

Barkanku da aiki, ni sunana ABDULMALIK MANSUR ina zaune a garin kano nayi rijista da wannan shafi ne domin nima na bada gudunmowa. Dan Allah ina bukatar shawarwarinku da kuma taimakon ku na gode.

Godiya [[User:Maliky|Maliky]] ([[User talk:Maliky|talk]]) 17:25, 13 ga Augusta, 2020 (UTC)
:Yawwa {{@|Maliky}} Barka da zuwa, kamar dame dame kake bukatar ka sani? –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 22:31, 16 ga Augusta, 2020 (UTC)

Kamar yadda ake yin table da kuma saka hoto. [[User:Maliky|Maliky]] ([[User talk:Maliky|talk]]) 11:41, 14 Satumba 2020 (UTC)

== Muhammad Huwaidahu sufi  ==

Facebook 
Wkslm lafiya kalau

== 0852 ==

Aa

== Aliyu iliyasu dangada ==

Nima inaso nabada gudummawa sosai Dan kara bunkasa yaren hausa innasamu damar hakan dukda ba sosai nake fashintar turanciba amma ina ganeshi 
misali wasu kalmomi da zamuso agyagygyara kuma muna munna da akasamar da wannan shafin 
muna jinjina maka matuka very good,
[[Special:Contributions/105.112.25.48|105.112.25.48]] 10:00, 7 Oktoba 2020 (UTC)
:Yawwa yayi kyau, kuma muna maraba daku. Zaka iya shiga group dinmu na WhatsApp domin ci gaba da tattaunawa da kuma sanin shirye shiryen mu. Kuma ya kamata ka [[Special:CreateAccount|kirkiri sabon account]] don ka samu username na dindindin. Kana iya sake tambaya na idan kana neman karin bayani. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 10:09, 7 Oktoba 2020 (UTC)

== ismail ==

Labaran duniya

== Abdullahi dahiru odo ogun ==

Barkan muda warhaka!
:Yawwa. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 11:58, 31 ga Janairu, 2021 (UTC)

== na kirkira mukala ==

Ya zan sanya reference
::Ka duba shafinka na tattaunawa na anyi maka bayanin hakan. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 14:08, 16 ga Faburairu, 2021 (UTC)

== From ==

Ghy

== J k musa yaro ==

Son annabi shine so har abada shine son da mutum zai rika ya amfanar dashi duniya da lahira

Allah kasa mudace allah kasamu cekinyan tatu bayin ka

Asslm dan Allah ina da tambaya idan kana kusa

== mansir isah ==

unguwar.magaji. kakngi.giwa.area.Kaduna.state

Crawle

== aminuidris0808811 ==

aminuiris

== Auwal dalladi kargi ==

An haifi auwal a ranar 01/06/2000

== Databox ==

Asslm. Ammar ya ake sanya databox. Na yi translation na [[Jami'ar Jos]] amman daga baya naga '''Uncle bash''' ya saka databox. [[User:BnHamid|BnHamid]] ([[User talk:BnHamid|talk]]) 08:38, 11 Nuwamba, 2022 (UTC)

:@[[User:BnHamid|BnHamid]], Za ka rubuta &lt;nowiki&gt;{{databox}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; ne a farkon article din. Har da brackets (braces) din. Daga nan zaka ga information din ya fito. A wani article din kuma ba zaka gani ba, amma duk daya ne. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 12:04, 11 Nuwamba, 2022 (UTC)
::@[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]], na saka ma [[Jami'ar Jihar Kaduna]] yayi. [[User:BnHamid|BnHamid]] ([[User talk:BnHamid|talk]]) 16:34, 11 Nuwamba, 2022 (UTC)

==Neman shawara==
Masha Allah

Gaskiya naji dadi sosai kasancewar ansamu mai kula da page na Wikipedia da Hausa hakan ba qaramin cigaba ne ba ace Yaren Hausa yasamu irin wannan daukaka ta hanyar Mr.Ammarpad.

Mr. Ammarpad ina jinjina a gareka,Allah yaqara daukaka,yayimaka jagora adukan lamurranka.

A qarshe ina neman shawarar ka akan yadda za,ayi nabudawa garina Salame Wikipedia,Kasancewar Salame tsohon garine mai dinbin tarihi a daular Usmaniyya Wanda shine mahaifar Sheik Abdulqadir bn Mustafa alturud Salame.
Daga Kabiru Aliyu Salame,Gwadabawa local government,Sokoto state,Nigeria. [[User:Kabir salame|Kabir salame]] ([[User talk:Kabir salame|talk]]) 18:54, 11 Nuwamba, 2022 (UTC)

:Barka da zuwa Malam Kabir, muna farin ciki da zuwanka.
:Ka duba tutorial din mu: [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]] akwai bayani sosae akan yadda zaka yi gyara da ƙirƙira sabbin muƙaloli a Wikipedia.
:Akwai kuma bayani na musamman a wannan shafin shima: [[Wikipedia:Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:46, 14 Nuwamba, 2022 (UTC)

&lt;u&gt;ja layi&lt;/u&gt; COMMUNIYT SYSTERM ALL THE USE VALU TRY [[Special:Contributions/197.210.70.246|197.210.70.246]] 23:09, 7 Disamba 2022 (UTC)

== Jami u lawal ==

Allah yajikan zulaihatu

== Databox ==

Barka da safe, Ammar,

Ina fata kana lafiya. Congratulations on the work you are doing to add &quot;databox&quot; to articles where it was missing! I have been doing that manually for a long time but you have very clearly found a faster way to do it. :) Could you tell me which tool you are using? Nagode sosai, –[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 07:00, 22 ga Faburairu, 2023 (UTC)
:Barka da yau {{@|DonCamillo|p=}} and sannu da ƙoƙari. Yes yana da wahala manually and can be quite slow. Ina amfani ne da custom PHP code ta hanyar [https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=help&amp;modules=edit module na editing], ba tool bane dake a kan wiki ba. Nagode. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 21:00, 22 ga Faburairu, 2023 (UTC)

== Saifillahi Abdullahi mlf ==

Kaura ne katsina

SANI ABAKAR S D P SOKOTO WAMAKKO LG  RUGGAR MONDE AR

== Abia ==

Anyinasarar kama dantaaddaa'ngelzarma'jihar yobe karamunhukumar fune

== ILIYASU UMAR KANYA BABBA JIGAWA ==

ILIYASU UMAR KANYA BABBA JIGAWA

== FUNAKAA ==

FUNAKAA

agaskiya inada tambaya

to kamar ita wannan kasar ta jamhoriyar nijar wane laifine muhammadu bazoum yake dashi har sukan yimasa juyi mulki

== Gaisuwa ==

Na gode kwarai,muna alfahari daku wurin nuna kulawa akan mu, Godiya nake [[User:El-Abdallaah|El-Abdallaah]] ([[User talk:El-Abdallaah|talk]]) 07:59, 31 ga Augusta, 2023 (UTC)

:Nagode, @[[User:El-Abdallaah|El-Abdallaah]]. Barka da ƙoƙari. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 22:53, 1 Satumba 2023 (UTC)

== Usman abubakar  ==

Ita rayuwa wace abace da Allah madau kakin sarki yatsa ramana ita

== ci kekken sunan saiyadina abubakar ==

Ci kekken sunan saiyadina abubakar [[Special:Contributions/105.112.235.123|105.112.235.123]] 15:56, 9 ga Janairu, 2024 (UTC)

== maganin daji ==

maganin daji [[Special:Contributions/2C0F:ECF0:661:3B00:784B:D816:34A7:3ED6|2C0F:ECF0:661:3B00:784B:D816:34A7:3ED6]] 20:01, 19 ga Janairu, 2024 (UTC)

== Ali musa  ==

An haife shi

Chida ga watan Oktoba

1986 cikin@

gari gidan kube @

dake jahar maradi 

[[Nigerien Party for Democracy and Socialism]] [[Special:Contributions/41.254.48.53|41.254.48.53]] 21:45, 24 ga Janairu, 2024 (UTC)

== Rigar kusa ==

&quot;Rigar kusa&quot; kauye ne dake karamar hukumar musawa katsina state.
Rigar kusa kauye ne mai dauke dauke da yawa matasa da kuma dattawa masana sunce rigar kusa tsohon gari ne.
Rigarkusa kauyika da dama yahada da yar kiya,sabongida slow,bambama da sauransu.
Tana wutar nantarki da asibiti da makaranta primary da nasury.

== Ghana Boy 055 ==


Chapiou


@ [[Special:Contributions/154.160.9.24|154.160.9.24]] 12:09, 21 ga Maris, 2024 (UTC)

== ALIYO ==

BORNO

== Namespaces ==

Hi!

You [https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia%3A%C6%98ofan_al%27umma&amp;diff=213527&amp;oldid=181184 emptied] the page &quot;Wikipedia:Ƙofan al'umma&quot; some time ago.

There was a section I added there with a question about namespace names. It can be seen here in an old revision: [https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:%C6%98ofan_al%27umma&amp;oldid=181178#Namespaces

You know the Hausa language, and you are also very experienced with MediaWiki. Can you please check the table and tell me whether the proposed names are good?

Thanks! [[User:Amire80|Amir E. Aharoni]] ([[User talk:Amire80|talk]]) 18:30, 11 ga Afirilu, 2024 (UTC)

:I made a new section about this here: [[Wikipedia:Kofan al'umma#Namespace name translations]]. [[User:Amire80|Amir E. Aharoni]] ([[User talk:Amire80|talk]]) 20:01, 12 ga Afirilu, 2024 (UTC)

== Shehu gibirima  ==

Shehu gibirima [[Musamman:Contributions/102.91.4.40|102.91.4.40]] 19:03, 24 ga Yuni, 2024 (UTC)

== Salisu garba ==

Assalamu alaikum inason tan baya kozan shiwaka tana da sinada rin ciwon tayi pot

== Shin taya gobarar greenhouse katsina ta faru ==

Shin taya gobarar greenhouse katsina ta faru [[Musamman:Contributions/105.112.117.72|105.112.117.72]] 13:47, 28 ga Augusta, 2024 (UTC)

== ABDULRAHMAN HARUNA ==

KADUNA

== Bbca ==

A

== HAUSA RIGAR SILKE ==

DUK WANI ABU DA YA SHAFI INGANTA HARSHEN HAUSA DA HAƁAKATA [[User:ƊANDOGO BUNGUƊU|ƊANDOGO BUNGUƊU]] ([[User talk:ƊANDOGO BUNGUƊU|talk]]) 15:05, 2 ga Maris, 2025 (UTC)

== shaaibu ==

JIGAWA

== SHEHU USMANU ==

GADA BUNGUDU ZAMFARA NIGERIA

== AmmarBot for Swahili Wikipedia ==

Hello brother,

I hope you are doing great after the series of sessions at Wikimania. I also hope you've returned safely to your home country.

I was just asking about the bot issue which I shared with you back in Nairobi. Any progress so far? [[User:Muddyb|Muddyb]] ([[User talk:Muddyb|talk]]) 12:36, 15 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC)

:Hello @[[User:Muddyb|Muddyb]], I am fine. I hope you reached home safely too. 
:I have set up the code now, I just need the translated text. Please share the welcome text. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:22, 16 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC)
::Hello back @[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]]. I have replied to the email.  [[User:Muddyb|Muddyb]] ([[User talk:Muddyb|talk]]) 17:46, 17 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC)

== 7 ==

uyt [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2025-29458-90|&amp;#126;2025-29458-90]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2025-29458-90|talk]]) 17:51, 20 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)

Taba nono na mace

== Lawan abdulhamid ==

Lawan abdulhamid kano

MIYzansa

== Nakasa yin rijista  ==

Nakasa yin rajista miyasane

== SLM ==

SLM

== Isma.il.abdul.yar.runfa ==

 08142754552

Aslm da farko sunana Abdul'aziz Anas ni ina yankin malumfashi ne '''mazaunin yakinkin karamar hukumar malumfashi garin YABA  taken wanna rubutu da nakeyi shine ina da burin naga na wallafar da wani littafi Wanda na rubuta na da mashi suna rayuwar mu a yau .Wannan shine taken Wannan rubutu''' [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-11554-74|&amp;#126;2026-11554-74]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-11554-74|talk]]) 13:02, 21 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC)

== Suleman yakubu yargaba alhaji ==


suleman yakubu yargaba alhaji 

[[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-11940-32|&amp;#126;2026-11940-32]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-11940-32|talk]]) 22:34, 22 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC)

== Dodik ==

imomaliyev [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-12770-62|&amp;#126;2026-12770-62]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-12770-62|talk]]) 13:18, 26 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC)

== Fulani daneji ==

danejawa

[[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-12974-74|&amp;#126;2026-12974-74]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-12974-74|talk]]) 22:35, 27 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC)

== Tarihin fulani daneji ==

danejawa [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-12974-74|&amp;#126;2026-12974-74]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-12974-74|talk]]) 22:36, 27 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC)

== NURA FADA MUHAMMED ==

assalama alaikum waramatullah ta alawabar katuhum dafar kodai sunana NURA FADA MUHAMMED MUBI kemikagai suwaga shugabannin kasarmu najeriya dakuma sauran gomnonin jahohin dake afadin najeriya tareda rokon allah subahanahu wata alamadaukakin yabawa shugaban kasar nigeria nisan kona da yawan nasarar wajenganin anshimma wannan zaben dayatinkaromu nashekara ta 2027 alfarman annabi tareda rokonku dan allah dan annabin allah idon allah yasa wanan sakon taje indanake keutata zato taje todan allah kuyikokarin nemoni a number tawa don da sauran bayanin ne al,umar najeriya 07025450283, inajiranku

== inason zuwa gambiya  ==

neman aure zasu bani [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-13669-78|&amp;#126;2026-13669-78]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-13669-78|talk]]) 02:28, 3 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)

== Nazifi ==

yes [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-13801-80|&amp;#126;2026-13801-80]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-13801-80|talk]]) 16:48, 3 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)

== Usmanisah01234@gmail.com  ==

Usmanu [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-14055-73|&amp;#126;2026-14055-73]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-14055-73|talk]]) 20:11, 4 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)

== AISHA ABDULLAHI ==

assalama alaikum mutanen wikipedia hausa

== Abdul Aziz  ==

Ssdf [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-14413-94|&amp;#126;2026-14413-94]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-14413-94|talk]]) 07:21, 6 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)

== YAHAYA MUSA  ==

6/3/2026

Ni atemakeni bandasanaa

== Isah Abubakar ==

￼kaduna steste nigeria

￼inaneman temaku kudi 


[[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-14783-76|&amp;#126;2026-14783-76]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-14783-76|talk]]) 05:47, 8 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)

== Help ==

Please help me improve [[Gaza genocide|this]] article I recently created; my Hausa language skills are poor. Also, please add [[:en:Gaza_genocide|this]] article to the Hausa Wikipedia as it is important. Thank you. [[User:جودت|جودت]] ([[User talk:جودت|talk]]) 15:48, 8 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)

== Tsakanin sani jingir da Bala lau waye shugaban izalah ==

Tsakanin sani jingir da Bala lau waye shugaban izalah [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-14911-34|&amp;#126;2026-14911-34]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-14911-34|talk]]) 18:45, 8 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)

== INASONASHIGA ==

WALLAHI

== Alkasim  ==

alkasim  [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-15496-73|&amp;#126;2026-15496-73]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-15496-73|talk]]) 13:39, 11 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)

== Alkasim  ==

alkasim  [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-15496-73|&amp;#126;2026-15496-73]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-15496-73|talk]]) 13:40, 11 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)

Jahan dosso partama nawa ne Garett [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-15494-30|&amp;#126;2026-15494-30]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-15494-30|talk]]) 23:24, 11 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)

== Auwalu mansur gaya  ==

A garin gaya na bada tallafin Ramadan a Kofar gidan Sarkin garin Wanda ya hada da shinkafa da wake da ruwan Leda da lemon fata

== Block review ==

Hi! Could I ask for your review of the block on [[Musamman:Contributions/Adamu ab|Adamu ab]] placed by a global sysop roughly a year ago? If you do not think their contributions necessitate it, I'd recommend removing the block.

The short version on my end is that [[Special:CentralAuth/Adamu ab|Adamu ab]] created a new account, [[Special:CentralAuth/Adamu mc|Adamu mc]], after their account was blocked and subsequently locked. I identified this yesterday and globally blocked the new account. However, reviewing their edits, I don't think they're actually connected to AhmedMustafaaaa. If their contributions to this wiki do not warrant a block, removing their previous account's block would be useful. Thanks for your time, and let me know if I should send this request elsewhere. Best, [[User:Vermont|Vermont]] ([[User talk:Vermont|talk]]) 18:40, 16 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)

:Hi @[[User:Vermont|Vermont]], I am not very familiar with this user, but from looking at the accounts involved, I agree they are the least likely to be AhmedMustafaaaa. Although [[User:Adamu ab|Adamu ab]] appears to be independently blocked on Wikidata and MediaWiki.org for unrelated reasons, their actions here on this wiki are quite acceptable and do not warrant a block.
:I am fine with removing the block from the older account. However, it is worth noting that they created Adamu_ab about a month before the first account was blocked. They then immediately switched to the second account on the day the first was blocked. They need to stick to a single account and appeal blocks from there. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 10:33, 18 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)
::@[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]]: Indeed - part of a global unblock for them would be a commitment to using a single account, and the old account will likely remain locked. Thanks for looking into this. [[User:Vermont|Vermont]] ([[User talk:Vermont|talk]]) 14:49, 18 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)

== Jimi boi gk ==

Washer boi

== (Ibrahim bako) ==

Bissimillahi rahamani rahim

== Zanshuga ==

masha Allah  [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-17709-67|&amp;#126;2026-17709-67]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-17709-67|talk]]) 20:02, 21 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)

@[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-17806-26|&amp;#126;2026-17806-26]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-17806-26|talk]]) 22:04, 21 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)

== I need to edit  ==

yusuf bin shaik  [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-18422-17|&amp;#126;2026-18422-17]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-18422-17|talk]]) 01:37, 25 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)

== Dari daya ==

Litafi dari daya

== Gali ==

Gufanar da mal. Nasir el rufa'i a gabar kotu

== ALI ISA JC NAWA ==

CHAM

== Sai anjima ==


sai anjima 

[[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-19045-00|&amp;#126;2026-19045-00]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-19045-00|talk]]) 11:00, 27 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)

== xxwxx ==

pap pu wwxx [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-19636-09|&amp;#126;2026-19636-09]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-19636-09|talk]]) 18:16, 29 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)

== Masaudu  ==

Ina son koyon NAHAWU 


[[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-20180-81|&amp;#126;2026-20180-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-20180-81|talk]]) 10:05, 1 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC)

== Ina bukatar taimakonku ==

Ina bukatar taimakonku [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-20156-98|&amp;#126;2026-20156-98]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-20156-98|talk]]) 12:50, 1 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC)

== Menene amfanin na'a na'a. ==

Menene amfanin na'a na'a. [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-20503-90|&amp;#126;2026-20503-90]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-20503-90|talk]]) 01:46, 3 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC)

== Learning physics topics  ==

Explain why ph [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-20678-19|&amp;#126;2026-20678-19]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-20678-19|talk]]) 08:30, 4 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC)

== ١٢٣٤٥ ==

روحاني [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-20875-04|&amp;#126;2026-20875-04]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-20875-04|talk]]) 15:56, 4 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC)

== Chrome ==

روحاني [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-20860-61|&amp;#126;2026-20860-61]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-20860-61|talk]]) 16:09, 4 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC)

== Inason shiga kasara ==

yanada sauki kokuma yabinyake Kuma yakudian kasar suke


[[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-21619-45|&amp;#126;2026-21619-45]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-21619-45|talk]]) 15:43, 7 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC)

== Fty ==

Fg [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-21613-47|&amp;#126;2026-21613-47]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-21613-47|talk]]) 04:11, 8 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC)

== Alikirashi45  ==

alikirashi

[[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-21759-98|&amp;#126;2026-21759-98]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-21759-98|talk]]) 11:05, 8 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC)

== Alikirashi45  ==

alikirashi

[[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-21759-98|&amp;#126;2026-21759-98]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-21759-98|talk]]) 11:06, 8 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC)

== Jibril auwal hamza ==

Inaso Na goge asusuna Na access bank Nada Wani asusuna Yaya zanyi domin Yin hakan

== Usseni.  Ibbirashim ==

08133144879 [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-23155-49|&amp;#126;2026-23155-49]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-23155-49|talk]]) 14:59, 14 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC)

== Correction  ==

The image of the statue, is not of Tullio Moneta but that of his Uncle/Great uncle, Ernesto Theodore Moneta. 


Tullio lived in Johannesburg, South Africa, not Durban. Mike Hoare lived in the Durban area.


Wikipedia is a popular site as a source of credible information. Please be certain of facts before posting information on people. Thank you.  [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-23654-39|&amp;#126;2026-23654-39]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-23654-39|talk]]) 17:00, 16 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC)

== Ahmad Rufai  ==

Ahmad Rufai [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-23571-21|&amp;#126;2026-23571-21]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-23571-21|talk]]) 23:36, 16 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC)

== Sutura ==

Sutura [[User:Ahamad roufaï|Ahamad roufaï]] ([[User talk:Ahamad roufaï|talk]]) 23:44, 16 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC)

== Wai dan Allah Da gaskene Akwai duniya Asama kamar wannan duniyar tamu  ==

Wai dan Allah Da gaskene Akwai duniya Asama kamar wannan duniyar tamu  [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-24499-81|&amp;#126;2026-24499-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-24499-81|talk]]) 09:23, 22 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC)

== Misali kasa ko bishyu haka ==

Wai dan Allah Da gaskene Akwai duniya Asama kamar wannan duniyar tamu  [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-24499-81|&amp;#126;2026-24499-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-24499-81|talk]]) 09:24, 22 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC)

== Alhamdu lillah  ==

masha Allah  [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-24815-45|&amp;#126;2026-24815-45]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-24815-45|talk]]) 16:13, 22 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC)

== Itaciyyar zamani  ==

shin tayaya Zan Iya gabatar Da darasi Mai Anfani a wannan gida Dan cigaban Al,umma GABA daya . Zan so in Samu damar Hakan in sha Allah. [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-25442-87|&amp;#126;2026-25442-87]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-25442-87|talk]]) 13:35, 26 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC)

== You may be an eligible candidate for the U4C election ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
Greetings,

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] seeks candidates for the 2026 election. The U4C is the global committee responsible for overseeing enforcement of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]]. Elections are held annually, if elected a committee member serves for two years.

This year the U4C requires candidates to hold administrator rights on at least one wiki, which is why you are being contacted as you appear to hold this right. There are other requirements, such as candidates must be at least 18 years old and may not be employed by the Wikimedia Foundation or other related chapters and affiliates. You can find more information in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026#Call_for_Candidates|call for candidates on Meta-wiki]]. Additionally, the committee's working language is English; some ability to communicate in English is required.

The election opens on 18 May, if you are eligible and interested you have until 10 May to submit your candidacy. There will week between for candidates to answer questions from the community. Voting takes place privately in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/SecurePoll|SecurePoll]], successful candidates must receive at least 60% support. More information is available on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|the 2026 Elections page]], including timelines and other candidacy information. If you read over the material and consider yourself qualified, please consider submitting your name to run for the committee. If you think someone else in your community might be interested and qualified, please encourage them to run.

In partnership with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 18:33, 28 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) &lt;/div&gt;
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== Ahamad Abba ==

Ahamad Abba [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-29423-27|&amp;#126;2026-29423-27]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-29423-27|talk]]) 10:10, 16 Mayu 2026 (UTC)

== Nazifi  ==

abdullashi [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-29619-62|&amp;#126;2026-29619-62]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-29619-62|talk]]) 23:58, 16 Mayu 2026 (UTC)

== Dan Allah Ina so na koya likitsnci ==

Abdulrrhaman  [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-29631-59|&amp;#126;2026-29631-59]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-29631-59|talk]]) 06:30, 17 Mayu 2026 (UTC)

== Brk ==

a [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-30415-61|&amp;#126;2026-30415-61]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-30415-61|talk]]) 23:44, 20 Mayu 2026 (UTC)

== 9044000454 ==

abdusammd Ali OPAY [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-32331-29|&amp;#126;2026-32331-29]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-32331-29|talk]]) 02:02, 31 Mayu 2026 (UTC)

== Taya zanbude account dazan temaka ==

ina neman Karin bayani [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-32735-01|&amp;#126;2026-32735-01]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-32735-01|talk]]) 07:13, 2 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC)

== Assalamu alaikum Ni ina neman taimako ne wanda ga waɗanda Allah ya horewa su taimaka min Ni ɗaliba ce jami'ar northwest Ina a level 3 yanxu ina neman taimako ne gameda transport fee yanxu haka kusan watanmu biyu da komawa amma ban taba zuwa ba sakamakon yanayi mahaifi bayada ƙarfi ina danyin sanaa to bawani ƙarfi tayi ba koda an saka jarin makaranta ke cinyewa nice babba awajan iyayena inada qanne da dan dama abinda za'aci arana dakyar ake samun ci biyu wanda yake ɗan taimaka min kuma shima yanxu nauyi yamasa yawa gashi ina gab da kammalawa ina matakin aji uku yanxu bana yin social media sosae Whatsapp kadai nake bansan inda xansameku bane sai nan ==

Assalamu alaikum Ni ina neman taimako ne ga waɗanda Allah ya horewa su taimaka min Ni ɗaliba ce jami'ar northwest Ina a level 3 yanxu ina neman taimako ne gameda transport fee yanxu haka kusan watanmu biyu da komawa amma ban taba zuwa ba sakamakon yanayi mahaifina bayada ƙarfi ina danyin sanaa to bawani ƙarfi tayi ba koda an saka jarin makaranta ke cinyewa nice babba awajan iyayena inada qanne da dan dama abinda za'aci arana dakyar ake samun ci biyu wanda yake ɗan taimaka min kuma shima yanxu nauyi yamasa yawa gashi ina gab da kammalawa ina matakin aji uku yanxu bana yin social media sosae Whatsapp kadai nake bansan inda xansameku bane sai nan [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-32562-31|&amp;#126;2026-32562-31]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-32562-31|talk]]) 12:49, 2 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC)

== Reuben lover gwamma  ==


[[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-32944-08|&amp;#126;2026-32944-08]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-32944-08|talk]]) 05:26, 4 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC)

== Bala sani ==

sani [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-33592-03|&amp;#126;2026-33592-03]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-33592-03|talk]]) 20:44, 6 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC)

== Umar m sharif ==

yane [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-33592-03|&amp;#126;2026-33592-03]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-33592-03|talk]]) 20:48, 6 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC)

== oumr sama ==

Gazaou  [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-34357-62|&amp;#126;2026-34357-62]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-34357-62|talk]]) 20:05, 10 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC)

== Ibrahim Abdullah dangamau ==

kusada lg katsina state [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-36380-21|&amp;#126;2026-36380-21]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-36380-21|talk]]) 21:55, 22 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC)

== 8126141543 opay bank Ibrahim Abdullahi ==

8126141543 opay Ibrahim Abdullahi  [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-36380-21|&amp;#126;2026-36380-21]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-36380-21|talk]]) 21:58, 22 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC)

== Ina tambaya ne game da cikakken tarihin masarautar Jama'are ==

tarihin masarautar Jama'are [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-36511-04|&amp;#126;2026-36511-04]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-36511-04|talk]]) 21:29, 23 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC)

== Ibrahim sani  ==

nace ina da tambaya ne game da littafin tarin hausa barbie in same shi ne akwai yadda zan yi in samu littafan tarin hausa kamar taya na gizo zaku iya gano ta yadda zan samu shi [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-37548-11|&amp;#126;2026-37548-11]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-37548-11|talk]]) 11:58, 30 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC)

== Mai bincike ==

idan nasadu damai hiv da condom bayan hiv wani gwaji yadace nayi idan inajin badaidaiba Ajikina [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-37555-93|&amp;#126;2026-37555-93]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-37555-93|talk]]) 12:20, 30 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC)

== Ibrahim haruna  ==

azare [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-37948-19|&amp;#126;2026-37948-19]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-37948-19|talk]]) 17:18, 2 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC)

== Maradi  ==

bonne nuit  [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-38771-90|&amp;#126;2026-38771-90]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-38771-90|talk]]) 22:33, 8 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC)

== Assalam alaikoum barkamu da warhaka  ==

helle

[[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-38771-90|&amp;#126;2026-38771-90]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-38771-90|talk]]) 22:39, 8 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC)

== 49565314543 ==

Saifuallhi usaini

[[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-38738-33|&amp;#126;2026-38738-33]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-38738-33|talk]]) 00:51, 9 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC)

== Nin nombadinayasamumsala ==

Nin nombadinayasamumsala [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-38738-33|&amp;#126;2026-38738-33]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-38738-33|talk]]) 01:01, 9 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC)

== Inaso ajaramin49565314543 ==

Inaso ajaramin49565314543 [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-38738-33|&amp;#126;2026-38738-33]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-38738-33|talk]]) 01:03, 9 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC)

== 3233746701,banana, Ahmadu Fesbak,1,000 ==

bak,1,000 [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-39619-81|&amp;#126;2026-39619-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-39619-81|talk]]) 23:17, 14 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC)

:3233746701,banana, Ahmadu Fesbak,1,000 [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-39619-81|&amp;#126;2026-39619-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-39619-81|talk]]) 23:49, 14 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC)

== 3233746701,banana, Ahmadu Fesbak,1,000 ==

@ [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-39619-81|&amp;#126;2026-39619-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-39619-81|talk]]) 23:24, 14 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC)

3233746701,banana, Ahmadu fesbak,1,000 [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-39619-81|&amp;#126;2026-39619-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-39619-81|talk]]) 23:58, 14 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC)

:@ [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-39619-81|&amp;#126;2026-39619-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-39619-81|talk]]) 00:02, 15 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC)

== Menene Dalilin Sallar cika ciki ==

Menene Dalilin Sallar cika ciki [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-40126-77|&amp;#126;2026-40126-77]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-40126-77|talk]]) 21:27, 15 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC)

california se hamare saath ho raha hai hum kaise pata karengovernmenttaxforcecalifornia@gmail.com [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-40691-12|&amp;#126;2026-40691-12]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-40691-12|talk]]) 17:32, 20 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC)

== Batu ==


safiya [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-42392-57|&amp;#126;2026-42392-57]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-42392-57|talk]]) 18:07, 31 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>pq2ztoq47q1emkac5z76q9jie4p37li</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Manchester City F.C.</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-07-31T21:22:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu</username>
        <id>14681</id>
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      <text bytes="22696" sha1="8mj1qkjnrowe3lfwxojtpn36au2iqoy" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[Fayil:Manchester United FC - Manchester City FC, 25 October 2015 - 27.JPG|thumb]]
[[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 16.jpg|thumb]]
[[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 12.jpg|thumb]]
[[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 13.jpg|thumb]]
[[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 24.jpg|thumb]]
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[[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (c Kumar, Infosys) 22.jpg|thumb]]
[[Fayil:Manchester City FC trophies displayed at the Renzo Barbera Stadium 03.jpg|thumb]]
[[Fayil:Manchester City FC trophies displayed at the Renzo Barbera Stadium 02.jpg|thumb]]
[[Fayil:City of Manchester external view.jpg|thumb]]
[[Fayil:Manchester United FC - Manchester City FC, 25 October 2015 - 04.JPG|thumb]]
[[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 10.jpg|thumb]]
[[Fayil:City of Manchester Stadium Wikivoyage banner.jpg|thumb]]
[[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 27.jpg|thumb]]
[[Fayil:Arsenal vs Manchester City (2013).jpg|thumb]]
'''Manchester City Football Club''' akan takaita sunan zuwa '''Man City''', ya kasance ƙungiyar ƙwararrun ƴan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wato taka leda dake zaune a garin [[Manchester]], England, UK, suna fafatawa a gasar [[Premier League]], babban gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar England. Manchester City ta fara amfani da kayan sawan ta na gida mai launin girgije tun acikin shekarar ta 1894, kuma shi ne kakar ƙungiyar na farko da ta fara amfani da sunan ta na yanzu.
Kulob ɗin ta lashe kofin league guda goma (wanda huɗu daga ciki a jere ta lashe su acikin shekara ta 2020-zuwa cikin shekara ta 2024 wanda hakan yasa ta zama ƙungiya ta farko da ta yi irin haka a tarihi) da lashe Kofin FA bakwai, da EFL takwas, FA Community Shield shida, Gasar UEFA Champions league ɗaya, da kuma European Cup Winners'Cup guda ɗaya.

==Tarihi==
An kafa ƙungiyar acikin shekara ta alif ɗari takwas da tamanin (1880), ta shiga cikin gasar English Football League acikin shekara ta  1899,ta lashe babbar gasar na farko da Kofin FA|Kofin [[FIFA|fiFA]] a cikin shekara ta 1904 FA Cup Final shekara ta 1904. Sun samu nasarori a karshen shekara ta 1960s, inda suka lashe kofin League, fiFA Cup da League Cup a karkashin horarwar Joe Mercer da Malcolm Allison. Bayan rashin nasarar  ta shekarar 1981 FA Cup Final, kulob ɗin ta faɗa cikin rashin tagomashi,da samun Promotion and relegation|relegation har zuwa rukuni na uku a English football league system|English football.

[[File:City of Manchester Stadium 2.jpg|thumb|Babban filin wasa na Manchester City ]]
[[File:Josep Guardiola 2023-10-04 Fußball, Männer, UEFA Champions League, RB Leipzig - Manchester City FC 1DX 2797 (cropped).jpg|thumb|kocin Manchester City. Pep Guardiola.]]
[[File:David Silva shaved Man City 2017 (36471171422) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Captain din Manchester city. David Silva]]
Bayan dawowar su cikin gasar Premier League a shekara ta  2000s, An saida kulob din Manchester City acikin shekara ta 2008, wanda Abu Dhabi United Group  suka saya a £210&amp;nbsp;million, da samun sa jari da dama. Kulob ta samu nasarar lashe gasa da dama a tsakanin shekarun 2010s, kuma suka zama Kulob ta farko da ta samu kaiwa maki Premier League records and statistics#Points|100 points a kakar gasar [[premier league]].

Kudin shigar kulub din Manchester City shine na biyar a Deloitte Football Money League|fifth highest  a duniya a tsakanin shekara ta  2017–har zuwa zuwa cikin shekara ta 2018 na kakar gasa, wanda yakai €527.7&amp;nbsp;million.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www2.deloitte.com/uk/en/pages/sports-business-group/articles/deloitte-football-money-league.html|title=Deloitte Football Money League 2018|date=23 January 2018|accessdate=23 January 2018|publisher=Deloitte}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://uk.businessinsider.com/the-20-most-popular-rich-list-football-teams-on-social-media-2018-8/#10-manchester-city-493-million-followers-11 |title=UK Business Insider |access-date=2019-01-26 |archive-date=2018-11-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118041429/http://uk.businessinsider.com/the-20-most-popular-rich-list-football-teams-on-social-media-2018-8#10-manchester-city-493-million-followers-11 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; acikin shekara ta 2018, kulub din ita ce na Biyar a Forbes' list of the most valuable football clubs|fifth most valuable a duniya da kudin da suka kai $2.47&amp;nbsp;billion.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/mikeozanian/2018/06/12/the-worlds-most-valuable-soccer-teams-2018/#3dddb7c845c8|title=The World's Most Valuable Soccer Teams 2018|last=Ozanian|first=Mike|work=Forbes}}&lt;/ref&gt;. 
[[File:2011 FA Cup Final Victory Parade (4).jpg|thumb|kungiyar Manchester City kenan a lokacin murnar lashe kofin FA acikin shekara ta 2011]]
Kulub din nada babban hamayya sosai tsakanin ta da takwarar ta [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] a wasa tsakanin su da ake kira da Manchester Derby.

===Shekarun farko da nasarorin farko===

City ta sami karramawar farko ta hanyar cin nasara a rukuni na biyu acikin shekara ta 1899, tare da samun ci gaba zuwa matsayi mafi girma a ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ingilishi, Rukunin Farko.  Sun ci gaba da neman babbar karramawarsu ta farko a ranar 23 ga watan  Afrilun shekara ta 1904, inda suka doke Bolton Wanderers 1–0 a Crystal Palace don lashe kofin FA;  'Yan wasan Blues sun yi rashin nasara a gasar League da Cup sau biyu a waccan kakar bayan sun kammala gasar zakarun Turai, amma duk da haka sun zama kulob na farko a Manchester da suka samu babbar daraja.Acikin shekarun da suka biyo bayan nasarar cin kofin FA, kulob din ya fuskanci zarge zarge na rashin bin ƙa'ida, wanda ya kai ga dakatar da 'yan wasa goma sha bakwai acikin shekara ta 1906, ciki har da kyaftin Billy Meredith, wanda daga baya ya wuce garin zuwa Manchester United.  Wuta a hanyar Hyde ta lalata babbar tashar acikin shekara ta 1920, kuma a cikin shekara ta 1923 ƙungiyar ta koma sabon filin wasansu da aka gina a Maine Road a cikin Moss Side.

A cikin shekarar 1930, Manchester City ta kai wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin FA sau biyu a jere, inda ta yi rashin nasara a hannun Everton acikin shekara ta 1933, kafin ta ci kofin da ta doke Portsmouth  acikin shekara ta  1934. A lokacin gudu na cikin shekara ta 1934, kulob din ya karya tarihin zuwa gida mafi girma na kowane kulob a kwallon kafa ta Ingila.  tarihi, yayin da magoya bayan 84,569 suka cika titin Maine a gasar cin kofin FA zagaye na shida da Stoke City - tarihin da ya tsaya har zuwa cikin shekara ta 2016. Kungiyar ta lashe gasar rukunin farko a karon farko a cikin shekara ta 1937, amma an sake fitar da ita a kakar wasa ta gaba, duk da zura kwallaye a raga.  fiye da kowace kungiya a rukunin.  Shekaru 20 bayan haka, wata ƙungiyar Birni ta yi wahayi zuwa ga tsarin dabara da aka sani da Revie Plan ta sake kai wasan karshe a gasar cin kofin FA a jere, acikin shekara shekara ta  1955 da kuma cikin shekara ta 1956;  kamar yadda a cikin shekara ta 1930s, suka yi rashin nasara na farko, a Newcastle United, kuma suka ci na biyu.  Wasan karshe da tayi acikin shekara ta 1956, wanda Blues ta doke [[Birmingham]] City daci 3–1, ya ga golan City Bert Trautmann ya ci gaba da taka leda bayan karya wuyansa da rashin sani.

===Zamanin tauraro na farko da kalubalen da suka biyo baya===


Bayan an koma mataki na biyu a cikin 1963, nan gaba ta yi kamar ba ta da kyau tare da ƙarancin halartan gida na 8,015 da Swindon Town a cikin watan Janairun shekara shekara ta 1965. A lokacin bazara na cikin shekara ta 1965, an nada ƙungiyar gudanarwa ta Joe Mercer da Malcolm Allison .  Acikin kakar wasa ta farko a karkashin Mercer, Manchester City ta lashe kambun Division na Biyu kuma ta sanya hannu mai mahimmanci a Mike Summerbee da Colin Bell.  Bayan shekaru biyu, a cikin shekara ta 1967–zuwa cikin shekara ta 1968, City ta yi nasarar lashe kofin gasar a karo na biyu, inda ta doke makwabciyarta Manchester United a gasar a ranar karshe ta kakar wasan da ci 4-3 a Newcastle United.  Karin kofuna sun biyo baya: City ta lashe kofin FA acikin shekara ta 1969 kuma bayan shekara guda ta yi nasara a gasar cin kofin Turai, inda ta doke Górnik Zabrze daci 2–1 acikin shekara ta 1970 na wasan karshe.  Wannan ita ce karramawar da kulob din ya samu a Turai har zuwa nasarar da suka samu a gasar zakarun Turai ta cikin shekara ta 2022-har zuwa cikin shekara ta 2023.  Har ila yau, Blues ta lashe gasar cin kofin League a waccan shekarar, inda ta zama tawagar Ingila ta biyu da ta lashe kofin Turai da kofin gida a kakar wasa guda.

Kulob din ya ci gaba da kalubalantar daukaka a cikin shekarun 1970s, inda ya kammala maki daya a bayan zakarun gasar a lokuta biyu kuma ya kai wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin League na cikin shekara ta 1974.  Daya daga cikin wasannin na wannan lokacin da magoya bayan Manchester City ke tunawa da su shi ne wasan karshe na kakar shekara ta 1973-har zuwa cikin shekara ta 1974 da abokan hamayyarta na Manchester United, wadanda ke bukatar yin nasara don samun wani begen gujewa faduwa.  Tsohon dan wasan United Denis Law  ya zura kwallo da diddige don bai wa City nasara da ci 1-0 a Old Trafford da kuma tabbatar da faduwa daga abokan hamayyarsu.  Kofin karshe na lokacin da ya fi samun nasara a kungiyar a karni na 20 an ci shi ne acikin shekarar 1976, lokacin da aka doke Newcastle United da ci 2-1 a wasan karshe na cin kofin League.

Wani dogon lokaci na  biyo bayan nasarar shekarun 1960 har zuwa cikin shekara ta 1970.  Malcolm Allison ya koma kulob din ya zama koci karo na biyu acikin shekarar 1979, amma ya yi almubazzaranci da makudan kudade kan sa hannu da dama da ba su yi nasara ba, irin su Steve Daley.  Bayan haka, wasu manajoji sun biyo baya - bakwai a cikin 1980s kadai.  Karkashin John Bond, City ta kai wasan karshe na cin kofin FA na 1981 amma ta sha kashi a karawar da Tottenham Hotspur ta yi.  Sau biyu kulob din ya yi fice daga matakin farko a cikin shekarun 1980 (a cikin shekara ta 1983 dakuma  cikin shekara ta 1987), amma kuma ya koma mataki na farko acikin shekara ta 1989  kuma ya kare a matsayi na biyar acikin shekara ta 1991 da 1992 a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Peter Reid.  Koyaya, wannan ɗan hutu ne kawai, kuma bayan tafiyar Reid dukiyar Manchester City ta ci gaba da dusashewa.  City ta kasance masu kafa ƙungiyar Premier League bayan ƙirƙirar ta a cikin shekara ta 1992, amma bayan da ta kare a matsayi na tara a kakar wasan farko, sun yi fama da gwagwarmaya na shekaru uku kafin a sake su acikin shekara ta 1996.  mafi ƙasƙanci a tarihin su, zama na biyu da suka lashe kofin Turai da aka sake komawa gasar rukuni-rukuni na ƙasarsu bayan  1. FC Magdeburg  ta [[Jamus]].

===Farfadowa ta biyu===

Bayan da aka tashi daga gasar, kulob din ya fuskanci tashe-tashen hankula a waje, tare da sabon shugaban David Bernstein ya gabatar da ingantaccen tsarin kasafin kudi.  Karkashin kociyan Joe Royle, City ta sami daukaka a yunkurin farko, wanda aka samu ta hanyar ban mamaki a wasan karshe na rukuni na biyu da Gillingham.  Matsayin ci gaba na biyu a jere ya ga City ta koma mataki na gaba, amma wannan ya zama mataki mai nisa ga ƙungiyar da ke murmurewa, kuma a cikin shekara ta 2001 An sake komawa City sau ɗaya.  Kevin Keegan ya maye gurbin Royle a matsayin koci a ƙarshen kakar wasa ta ƙarshe, kuma ya samu koma baya nan da nan zuwa babban rukuni yayin da ƙungiyar ta lashe gasar rukunin farko ta 2001-zuwa cikin shekara ta 2002, ta karya tarihin ƙungiyar na yawan maki da aka zura a raga a kakar wasa ɗaya a gasar.  tsari.Acikin Kakar wasw ta cikin shekar ta 2002–zuwa cikin 03  ita ce ta ƙarshe a Maine Road kuma ta haɗa da 3-1 derby nasara akan abokan hammayarsu Manchester United, wanda ya kawo karshen shekara 13 da aka yi ba tare da nasara ba.  Bugu da ƙari, City ta cancanci shiga gasar Turai a karon farko cikin shekaru 25 ta hanyar UEFA fair play ranking.  A karshen kakar wasa ta 2003–zuwa cikin shekara ta 2004, kulob din ya koma sabon City na filin wasa na Manchester.  Shekaru hudu na farko a filin wasa duk sun haifar da kammala tsakiyar tebur.  Tsohon manajan Ingila Sven-Göran Eriksson ya zama kociyan kungiyar na kasashen waje na farko lokacin da aka nada shi a shekarar 2007. Bayan fara wasa mai kyau, wasan kwaikwayo ya dusashe a rabin na biyu na kakar wasa, kuma an kori Eriksson a ranar 2 ga Yunin shekara ta 2008;  Mark Hughes ya maye gurbinsa bayan kwana biyu.

Acikin shekara ta 2008, Manchester City ta kasance cikin mawuyacin hali na rashin kuɗi.  Thaksin Shinawatra ya karbi ragamar kulab din a shekarar da ta gabata, amma fafutukar siyasarsa ta ga kadarorinsa sun daskare.  Sannan, a cikin Agustan shekara ta 2008, Ƙungiyar Abu Dhabi United ta sayi Birni.  Taken ya biyo bayan yunƙurin neman manyan ‘yan wasa;  Kulob din ya karya tarihin sayan 'yan wasa na Biritaniya ta hanyar siyan Robinho dan kasar [[Brazil]] daga Real Madrid kan fan miliyan 32.5.  Ba a samu wani gagarumin ci gaba ba idan aka kwatanta da kakar da ta gabata duk da kwararar kudi duk da haka, kungiyar ta kare a mataki na goma, duk da cewa ta yi rawar gani ta kai wasan daf da na kusa da karshe a gasar cin kofin UEFA.  A lokacin bazara na cikin shekara ta 2009, ƙungiyar ta ɗauki kashe kuɗin canja wuri zuwa matakin da ba a taɓa gani ba, tare da kashe sama da fam miliyan 100 akan 'yan wasa Gareth Barry, Roque Santa Cruz, Kolo Touré, Emmanuel Adebayor, Carlos Tevez, da Joleon Lescott.  A cikin watan Disamban shekara ta 2009, Mark Hughes - wanda aka ɗauke shi aiki jim kaɗan kafin canjin ikon mallakar amma tun asali sabuwar hukumar ta riƙe shi - Roberto Mancini ya maye gurbinsa a matsayin manaja.  City ta kammala kakar wasa a matsayi na biyar a gasar Premier, da kyar ta rasa gurbin shiga gasar zakarun Turai amma ta cancanci shiga gasar UEFA Europa League.

===Zaman tauraro na biyu da zuwan Pep Guardiola===

Ci gaba da saka hannun jari a cikin 'yan wasa ya biyo baya a lokuta masu zuwa, kuma sakamakon ya fara daidai da haɓakar ingancin ɗan wasa.  City ta kai wasan karshe na cin kofin FA acikin shekarar 2011, babban wasan karshe na farko cikin sama da shekaru 30, bayan da ta doke abokiyar hamayyarta Manchester United a wasan kusa da na karshe, karo na farko da ta fitar da abokiyar karawarta daga gasar cin kofin tun cikin shekara  1975. Blues ta doke Stoke.  City 1–0 a wasan karshe, inda ta samu nasarar cin kofin FA karo na biyar da kuma babban kofi na farko da kungiyar ta lashe tun bayan lashe kofin League na 1976.  A ranar karshe ta kakar ta shekara ta 2010-zuwa cikin shekara ta 2011, City ta doke [[Arsenal F.C.]] a matsayi na uku, ta yadda ta samu cancantar shiga gasar zakarun Turai kai tsaye a group stage.


An ci gaba da yin wasanni masu ƙarfi da kuma cimma nasarori a kakar wasan shekara ta 2011–zuwa cikin shekara ta 2012, gami da nasarar da suka yi da Tottenham da ci 5–1 a White Hart Lane da kuma nasarar da ta yi daidai da 6–1 a kan Manchester United a Old Trafford, amma rashin kyawun tsari a rabin na biyu  kakar wasan dai ya bar City a matsayi na biyu da maki takwas tsakaninta da United saura wasanni shida kacal a buga.  A wannan lokacin, United ta yi rashin nasara a kan ta, inda ta yi kasa da maki takwas a cikin wasanni hudu, yayin da City ta fara samun nasara a jere, wanda ya sa kungiyoyin biyu suka tashi da maki daya saura wasanni biyu.  Duk da Buluwa kawai suna bukatar nasara a gida da Queens Park Rangers, kungiya a yankin relegation, sun fadi a baya da ci 1-2 a karshen lokacin al'ada.  Duk da haka, kwallaye biyu da aka zura a lokacin rauni – na biyu da Sergio Agüero ya zura a cikin minti na hudu da aka kara - ya daidaita kambin da City ta samu, wanda hakan ya sanya ta zama kungiya ta farko da ta lashe gasar Premier da maki kadai.

A kakar wasa ta gaba, City ta kasa yin kwafin nasarar da ta samu a shekarar da ta gabata.  Bayan kammala gasar ta biyu a gasar, maki goma sha daya a bayan Manchester United, da rashin nasara a gasar cin kofin FA 0–1 a hannun Wigan Athletic da ta koma mataki na daya, an kori Mancini.  Manajan Chilean Manuel Pellegrini ne ya maye gurbinsa.  Acikin shekarar farko ta Pellegrini, City ta lashe kofin League kuma ta sake samun kofin Premier a ranar wasan karshe na kakar wasa.  Tsarin gasar kungiyar sannan sannu a hankali ya ragu cikin shekaru biyu masu zuwa, yayin da Blues din ta kare a matsayi na biyu acikin shekara ta 2014–zuwa cikin shekara ta 2015  sannan ta koma ta hudu a cikin shekara ta 2015–har zuwa cikin shekara ta 2016, kodayake kakar 2015–dakuma 2016 za ta ga City ta lashe wani kofin gasar  Gasar Zakarun Turai na kusa da na karshe a karon farko.

Pep Guardiola, tsohon kocin Barcelona da Bayern Munich, an tabbatar da zama sabon kocin Manchester City a ranar 1 ga Fabrairun 2016, tare da sanar da sanarwar watanni da yawa kafin Manuel Pellegrini ya bar mukaminsa.  Kakar farko ta Guardiola a Manchester za ta kawo karshen gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai, inda Blues ke matsayi na uku a kan teburin gasar, amma kakar wasan da ta biyo baya ta samu nasara sosai, yayin da City ta lashe kofin Premier da maki mafi girma a tarihi tare da karya wasu kungiyoyi da na Ingila da dama.  rubuce-rubuce a kan hanya.

Wannan zai zama farkon nasarar da Manchester City ta samu a karkashin Guardiola.  Tsakanin wasannin shekara ta 2017-zuwa cikin shekara ta 2018 dakuma cikin shekara ta 2022-har zuwa cikin shekara ta 2023 na gasar Premier, City ta lashe kofunan lig biyar cikin shida, inda ta zo ta biyu a bayan Liverpool a kakar wasa ta cikin shekara ta 2019-zuwa cikin ta 2020.  Guardiola ya kuma jagoranci Blues zuwa gasar cin kofin gida, wanda aka haskaka ta nasarar cin Kofin League guda hudu a jere a 2018-2021.  A lokacin kakar 2018-2019, City ta kammala babban gasar cikin gida da ba a taɓa gani ba na taken maza na Ingilishi.  Baya ga lashe dukkanin manyan gasa uku na gasar kwallon kafa ta Ingila, sun kuma lashe Garkuwar Jama'a, wanda shi ne karon farko da kowace kungiya ta taba rike dukkan kofunan kwallon kafa hudu na Ingila a lokaci guda.  A matakin nahiyar, kulob din ya samu ci gaba a cikin 2020-21, inda ya kai wasan karshe na Gasar Zakarun Turai na farko.  A cikin duk wani al'amari na Turanci, City ta yi rashin nasara 0-1 a Chelsea a Estádio do Dragão a [[Porto]].&lt;ref&gt;http://www.heraldsun.com.au/sport/football/the-resources-and-power-of-sheikh-mansoor-makes-this-deal-a-seismic-moment-for-the-aleague/story-fni2wcjl-1226808309758&lt;/ref&gt;

Kakar wasa ta cikin shekara ta 2022-zuwa cikin shekara ta 2023  ta zama mafi girma a tarihin ƙungiyar, yayin da Manchester City ta lashe kofin Premier karo na uku a jere, da gasar cin kofin FA da abokiyar hamayyarta Manchester United, da kuma kofin gasar zakarun Turai na farko a filin wasa na Olympics na Atatürk da ke Istanbul  Inter [[Milano|Milan]], ta haka ne ke haɗa wani abu mai wuyar gaske - wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na nahiyar.  Hanyar cin kofin zakarun Turai ya hada da nasarar da Bayern Munich ta yi a Turai, wadda ta sha kashi da ci 4-1, da kuma Real Madrid, wadda ta sha kashi a hannun City da ci 1-5.&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20070205055003/http://www.plusmarketsgroup.com/details.shtml?ISIN=GB0005599336&lt;/ref&gt;

Zamanin Manchester City na ci gaba da fafatawa a gasa ya zo daidai da tuhume-tuhume da kuma a lokuta da dama da aka samu na keta dokokin Financial Fair Play (FFP) da dokokin Premier League.  A cikin shekara ta 2014, Manchester City ta kasance batun yarjejeniyar sasantawa da UEFA wanda, a cikin matakai da yawa, an sanya iyaka kan adadin 'yan wasan da za su iya yin rajista a cikin jerin sunayen 'yan wasan na UEFA da kuma adadin da za a iya kashewa.  a kan canja wuri da kuɗin fa'idar ma'aikata, an kuma bayar da tarar.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/10-things-you-need-know-about-manchester-clubs-humble-beginnings&lt;/ref&gt;  A cikin shekara ta 
2017, Premier League ta ci tarar Manchester City tare da dakatar da siyan wasu 'yan wasa na makarantar shekaru biyu bayan da aka same su da karya dokokin ci gaban matasa.  Acikin shekarar 2020, Kotun sauraron kararrakin wasanni (CAS) ta yanke hukuncin cewa wasu takunkumin da UEFA ta sanyawa kulob din bai dace ba, wanda hakan ya yi watsi da dakatarwar da City ta yi na tsawon shekaru biyu a Turai, amma duk da haka ta gano cewa kulob din ya keta ka'idojin UEFA ta hanyar rashin bayar da hadin kai da kuma kawo cikas ga kungiyar.  bincike, kuma saboda wannan &quot;tsanani mai tsanani&quot; ya ci tarar kulob din.  A cikin shekara ta 2023, Premier League ta ba da sanarwar nata binciken zargin da ake yi wa Manchester City, inda take tuhumar kungiyar da keta dokokin FFP har 115 har zuwa kakar wasa ta 2017-18.

===Tarihin gasar===

*1892–1899 Division 2 (L2)
*1899–1902 Division 1 (L1)
*1902–1903 Division 2 (L2)
*1903–1909 Division 1 (L1)
*1909–1910 Division 2 (L2)
*1910–1926 Division 1 (L1)
*1926–1928 Division 2 (L2)
*1928–1938 Division 1 (L1)
*1938–1947 Division 2 (L2)
*1947–1950 Division 1 (L1)
*1950–1951 Division 2 (L2)
*1951–1963 Division 1 (L1)
*1963–1966 Division 2 (L2)
*1966–1983 Division 1 (L1)
*1983–1985 Division 2 (L2)
*1985–1987 Division 1 (L1)
*1987–1989 Division 2 (L2)
*1989–1992 Division 1 (L1)
*1992–1996 Premier League (L1)
*1996–1998 Division 1 (L2)
*1998–1999 Division 2 (L3)
*1999–2000 Division  1 (2)
*2000–2001 Premier League (L1)
*2001–2002 Division 1 (L2)
*2002– Premier League (L1)

==Launuka da kuma Alamun Kulob==

Launukan gidan Manchester City shuɗi ne da fari.  Launukan kit na gargajiya sun kasance ko dai maroon ko (daga shekarun 1960) ja da baki;  duk da haka, a cikin 'yan shekarun nan an yi amfani da launuka da dama.  Ba a san asalin launukan gidan kulob din ba, amma akwai alamun cewa kulob din ya sanya shudi tun cikin shekara ta 1892 ko kuma baya.  Wani ɗan littafi mai suna Shahararrun Kungiyoyin Kwallon Kafa - Manchester City wanda aka buga a shekarun 1940 ya nuna cewa West Gorton (St. Marks) tun asali tana wasa da ja da baki, kuma rahotanni daga 1884 sun bayyana ƙungiyar sanye da baƙaƙen riga mai ɗauke da farar giciye, wanda ke nuna asalin ƙungiyar kamar haka.  gefen coci.  Yin amfani da launin ja da baƙar fata ba safai ba har yanzu ya fito ne daga imanin tsohon mataimakin manajan Malcolm Allison cewa ɗaukar launukan AC Milan zai ƙarfafa City ga ɗaukaka.  Alamar Allison da alama yana aiki, tare da City ta lashe gasar cin kofin FA 1969, da 1970 kofin cin Kofin Jikiriku a 1970 yayin da ake adawa da Kungiyar Sky Blue.

==Manazarta==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:City, Manchester}}
[[Category: Kungiyoyi kwallon kafa]]</text>
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'''Manchester City Football Club''' akan takaita sunan zuwa '''Man City''', ya kasance ƙungiyar ƙwararrun ƴan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wato taka leda dake zaune a garin [[Manchester]], England, UK, suna fafatawa a gasar [[Premier League]], babban gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar England. Manchester City ta fara amfani da kayan sawan ta na gida mai launin girgije tun acikin shekarar ta 1894, kuma shi ne kakar ƙungiyar na farko da ta fara amfani da sunan ta na yanzu.
Kulob ɗin ta lashe kofin league guda goma (wanda huɗu daga ciki a jere ta lashe su acikin shekara ta 2020-zuwa cikin shekara ta 2024 wanda hakan yasa ta zama ƙungiya ta farko da ta yi irin haka a tarihi) da lashe Kofin FA bakwai, da EFL takwas, FA Community Shield shida, Gasar UEFA Champions league ɗaya, da kuma European Cup Winners'Cup guda ɗaya.

==Tarihi==
An kafa ƙungiyar acikin shekara ta alif ɗari takwas da tamanin (1880), ta shiga cikin gasar English Football League acikin shekara ta  1899,ta lashe babbar gasar na farko da Kofin FA|Kofin [[FIFA|fiFA]] a cikin shekara ta 1904 FA Cup Final shekara ta 1904. Sun samu nasarori a karshen shekara ta 1960s, inda suka lashe kofin League, fiFA Cup da League Cup a karkashin horarwar Joe Mercer da Malcolm Allison. Bayan rashin nasarar  ta shekarar 1981 FA Cup Final, kulob ɗin ta faɗa cikin rashin tagomashi,da samun Promotion and relegation|relegation har zuwa rukuni na uku a English football league system|English football.

[[File:City of Manchester Stadium 2.jpg|thumb|Babban filin wasa na Manchester City ]]
[[File:Josep Guardiola 2023-10-04 Fußball, Männer, UEFA Champions League, RB Leipzig - Manchester City FC 1DX 2797 (cropped).jpg|thumb|kocin Manchester City. Pep Guardiola.]]
[[File:David Silva shaved Man City 2017 (36471171422) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Captain din Manchester city. David Silva]]
Bayan dawowar su cikin gasar Premier League a shekara ta  2000s, An saida kulob din Manchester City acikin shekara ta 2008, wanda Abu Dhabi United Group  suka saya a £210&amp;nbsp;million, da samun sa jari da dama. Kulob ta samu nasarar lashe gasa da dama a tsakanin shekarun 2010s, kuma suka zama Kulob ta farko da ta samu kaiwa maki Premier League records and statistics#Points|100 points a kakar gasar [[premier league]].

Kudin shigar kulub din Manchester City shine na biyar a Deloitte Football Money League|fifth highest  a duniya a tsakanin shekara ta  2017–har zuwa zuwa cikin shekara ta 2018 na kakar gasa, wanda yakai €527.7&amp;nbsp;million.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www2.deloitte.com/uk/en/pages/sports-business-group/articles/deloitte-football-money-league.html|title=Deloitte Football Money League 2018|date=23 January 2018|accessdate=23 January 2018|publisher=Deloitte}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://uk.businessinsider.com/the-20-most-popular-rich-list-football-teams-on-social-media-2018-8/#10-manchester-city-493-million-followers-11 |title=UK Business Insider |access-date=2019-01-26 |archive-date=2018-11-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118041429/http://uk.businessinsider.com/the-20-most-popular-rich-list-football-teams-on-social-media-2018-8#10-manchester-city-493-million-followers-11 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; acikin shekara ta 2018, kulub din ita ce na Biyar a Forbes' list of the most valuable football clubs|fifth most valuable a duniya da kudin da suka kai $2.47&amp;nbsp;billion.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/mikeozanian/2018/06/12/the-worlds-most-valuable-soccer-teams-2018/#3dddb7c845c8|title=The World's Most Valuable Soccer Teams 2018|last=Ozanian|first=Mike|work=Forbes}}&lt;/ref&gt;. 
[[File:2011 FA Cup Final Victory Parade (4).jpg|thumb|kungiyar Manchester City kenan a lokacin murnar lashe kofin FA acikin shekara ta 2011]]
Kulub din nada babban hamayya sosai tsakanin ta da takwarar ta [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] a wasa tsakanin su da ake kira da Manchester Derby.

===Shekarun farko da nasarorin farko===

City ta sami karramawar farko ta hanyar cin nasara a rukuni na biyu acikin shekara ta 1899, tare da samun ci gaba zuwa matsayi mafi girma a ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ingilishi, Rukunin Farko.  Sun ci gaba da neman babbar karramawarsu ta farko a ranar 23 ga watan  Afrilun shekara ta 1904, inda suka doke Bolton Wanderers 1–0 a Crystal Palace don lashe kofin FA;  'Yan wasan Blues sun yi rashin nasara a gasar League da Cup sau biyu a waccan kakar bayan sun kammala gasar zakarun Turai, amma duk da haka sun zama kulob na farko a Manchester da suka samu babbar daraja.Acikin shekarun da suka biyo bayan nasarar cin kofin FA, kulob din ya fuskanci zarge zarge na rashin bin ƙa'ida, wanda ya kai ga dakatar da 'yan wasa goma sha bakwai acikin shekara ta 1906, ciki har da kyaftin Billy Meredith, wanda daga baya ya wuce garin zuwa Manchester United.  Wuta a hanyar Hyde ta lalata babbar tashar acikin shekara ta 1920, kuma a cikin shekara ta 1923 ƙungiyar ta koma sabon filin wasansu da aka gina a Maine Road a cikin Moss Side.

A cikin shekarar 1930, Manchester City ta kai wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin FA sau biyu a jere, inda ta yi rashin nasara a hannun Everton acikin shekara ta 1933, kafin ta ci kofin da ta doke Portsmouth  acikin shekara ta  1934. A lokacin gudu na cikin shekara ta 1934, kulob din ya karya tarihin zuwa gida mafi girma na kowane kulob a kwallon kafa ta Ingila.  tarihi, yayin da magoya bayan 84,569 suka cika titin Maine a gasar cin kofin FA zagaye na shida da Stoke City - tarihin da ya tsaya har zuwa cikin shekara ta 2016. Kungiyar ta lashe gasar rukunin farko a karon farko a cikin shekara ta 1937, amma an sake fitar da ita a kakar wasa ta gaba, duk da zura kwallaye a raga.  fiye da kowace kungiya a rukunin.  Shekaru 20 bayan haka, wata ƙungiyar Birni ta yi wahayi zuwa ga tsarin dabara da aka sani da Revie Plan ta sake kai wasan karshe a gasar cin kofin FA a jere, acikin shekara shekara ta  1955 da kuma cikin shekara ta 1956;  kamar yadda a cikin shekara ta 1930s, suka yi rashin nasara na farko, a Newcastle United, kuma suka ci na biyu.  Wasan karshe da tayi acikin shekara ta 1956, wanda Blues ta doke [[Birmingham]] City daci 3–1, ya ga golan City Bert Trautmann ya ci gaba da taka leda bayan karya wuyansa da rashin sani.

===Zamanin tauraro na farko da kalubalen da suka biyo baya===


Bayan an koma mataki na biyu a cikin 1963, nan gaba ta yi kamar ba ta da kyau tare da ƙarancin halartan gida na 8,015 da Swindon Town a cikin watan Janairun shekara shekara ta 1965. A lokacin bazara na cikin shekara ta 1965, an nada ƙungiyar gudanarwa ta Joe Mercer da Malcolm Allison .  Acikin kakar wasa ta farko a karkashin Mercer, Manchester City ta lashe kambun Division na Biyu kuma ta sanya hannu mai mahimmanci a Mike Summerbee da Colin Bell.  Bayan shekaru biyu, a cikin shekara ta 1967–zuwa cikin shekara ta 1968, City ta yi nasarar lashe kofin gasar a karo na biyu, inda ta doke makwabciyarta Manchester United a gasar a ranar karshe ta kakar wasan da ci 4-3 a Newcastle United.  Karin kofuna sun biyo baya: City ta lashe kofin FA acikin shekara ta 1969 kuma bayan shekara guda ta yi nasara a gasar cin kofin Turai, inda ta doke Górnik Zabrze daci 2–1 acikin shekara ta 1970 na wasan karshe.  Wannan ita ce karramawar da kulob din ya samu a Turai har zuwa nasarar da suka samu a gasar zakarun Turai ta cikin shekara ta 2022-har zuwa cikin shekara ta 2023.  Har ila yau, Blues ta lashe gasar cin kofin League a waccan shekarar, inda ta zama tawagar Ingila ta biyu da ta lashe kofin Turai da kofin gida a kakar wasa guda.

Kulob din ya ci gaba da kalubalantar daukaka a cikin shekarun 1970s, inda ya kammala maki daya a bayan zakarun gasar a lokuta biyu kuma ya kai wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin League na cikin shekara ta 1974.  Daya daga cikin wasannin na wannan lokacin da magoya bayan Manchester City ke tunawa da su shi ne wasan karshe na kakar shekara ta 1973-har zuwa cikin shekara ta 1974 da abokan hamayyarta na Manchester United, wadanda ke bukatar yin nasara don samun wani begen gujewa faduwa.  Tsohon dan wasan United Denis Law  ya zura kwallo da diddige don bai wa City nasara da ci 1-0 a Old Trafford da kuma tabbatar da faduwa daga abokan hamayyarsu.  Kofin karshe na lokacin da ya fi samun nasara a kungiyar a karni na 20 an ci shi ne acikin shekarar 1976, lokacin da aka doke Newcastle United da ci 2-1 a wasan karshe na cin kofin League.

Wani dogon lokaci na  biyo bayan nasarar shekarun 1960 har zuwa cikin shekara ta 1970.  Malcolm Allison ya koma kulob din ya zama koci karo na biyu acikin shekarar 1979, amma ya yi almubazzaranci da makudan kudade kan sa hannu da dama da ba su yi nasara ba, irin su Steve Daley.  Bayan haka, wasu manajoji sun biyo baya - bakwai a cikin 1980s kadai.  Karkashin John Bond, City ta kai wasan karshe na cin kofin FA na 1981 amma ta sha kashi a karawar da Tottenham Hotspur ta yi.  Sau biyu kulob din ya yi fice daga matakin farko a cikin shekarun 1980 (a cikin shekara ta 1983 dakuma  cikin shekara ta 1987), amma kuma ya koma mataki na farko acikin shekara ta 1989  kuma ya kare a matsayi na biyar acikin shekara ta 1991 da 1992 a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Peter Reid.  Koyaya, wannan ɗan hutu ne kawai, kuma bayan tafiyar Reid dukiyar Manchester City ta ci gaba da dusashewa.  City ta kasance masu kafa ƙungiyar Premier League bayan ƙirƙirar ta a cikin shekara ta 1992, amma bayan da ta kare a matsayi na tara a kakar wasan farko, sun yi fama da gwagwarmaya na shekaru uku kafin a sake su acikin shekara ta 1996.  mafi ƙasƙanci a tarihin su, zama na biyu da suka lashe kofin Turai da aka sake komawa gasar rukuni-rukuni na ƙasarsu bayan  1. FC Magdeburg  ta [[Jamus]].

===Farfadowa ta biyu===

Bayan da aka tashi daga gasar, kulob din ya fuskanci tashe-tashen hankula a waje, tare da sabon shugaban David Bernstein ya gabatar da ingantaccen tsarin kasafin kudi.  Karkashin kociyan Joe Royle, City ta sami daukaka a yunkurin farko, wanda aka samu ta hanyar ban mamaki a wasan karshe na rukuni na biyu da Gillingham.  Matsayin ci gaba na biyu a jere ya ga City ta koma mataki na gaba, amma wannan ya zama mataki mai nisa ga ƙungiyar da ke murmurewa, kuma a cikin shekara ta 2001 An sake komawa City sau ɗaya.  Kevin Keegan ya maye gurbin Royle a matsayin koci a ƙarshen kakar wasa ta ƙarshe, kuma ya samu koma baya nan da nan zuwa babban rukuni yayin da ƙungiyar ta lashe gasar rukunin farko ta 2001-zuwa cikin shekara ta 2002, ta karya tarihin ƙungiyar na yawan maki da aka zura a raga a kakar wasa ɗaya a gasar.  tsari.Acikin Kakar wasw ta cikin shekar ta 2002–zuwa cikin 03  ita ce ta ƙarshe a Maine Road kuma ta haɗa da 3-1 derby nasara akan abokan hammayarsu Manchester United, wanda ya kawo karshen shekara 13 da aka yi ba tare da nasara ba.  Bugu da ƙari, City ta cancanci shiga gasar Turai a karon farko cikin shekaru 25 ta hanyar UEFA fair play ranking.  A karshen kakar wasa ta 2003–zuwa cikin shekara ta 2004, kulob din ya koma sabon City na filin wasa na Manchester.  Shekaru hudu na farko a filin wasa duk sun haifar da kammala tsakiyar tebur.  Tsohon manajan Ingila Sven-Göran Eriksson ya zama kociyan kungiyar na kasashen waje na farko lokacin da aka nada shi a shekarar 2007. Bayan fara wasa mai kyau, wasan kwaikwayo ya dusashe a rabin na biyu na kakar wasa, kuma an kori Eriksson a ranar 2 ga Yunin shekara ta 2008;  Mark Hughes ya maye gurbinsa bayan kwana biyu.

Acikin shekara ta 2008, Manchester City ta kasance cikin mawuyacin hali na rashin kuɗi.  Thaksin Shinawatra ya karbi ragamar kulab din a shekarar da ta gabata, amma fafutukar siyasarsa ta ga kadarorinsa sun daskare.  Sannan, a cikin Agustan shekara ta 2008, Ƙungiyar Abu Dhabi United ta sayi Birni.  Taken ya biyo bayan yunƙurin neman manyan ‘yan wasa;  Kulob din ya karya tarihin sayan 'yan wasa na Biritaniya ta hanyar siyan Robinho dan kasar [[Brazil]] daga Real Madrid kan fan miliyan 32.5.  Ba a samu wani gagarumin ci gaba ba idan aka kwatanta da kakar da ta gabata duk da kwararar kudi duk da haka, kungiyar ta kare a mataki na goma, duk da cewa ta yi rawar gani ta kai wasan daf da na kusa da karshe a gasar cin kofin UEFA.  A lokacin bazara na cikin shekara ta 2009, ƙungiyar ta ɗauki kashe kuɗin canja wuri zuwa matakin da ba a taɓa gani ba, tare da kashe sama da fam miliyan 100 akan 'yan wasa Gareth Barry, Roque Santa Cruz, Kolo Touré, Emmanuel Adebayor, Carlos Tevez, da Joleon Lescott.  A cikin watan Disamban shekara ta 2009, Mark Hughes - wanda aka ɗauke shi aiki jim kaɗan kafin canjin ikon mallakar amma tun asali sabuwar hukumar ta riƙe shi - Roberto Mancini ya maye gurbinsa a matsayin manaja.  City ta kammala kakar wasa a matsayi na biyar a gasar Premier, da kyar ta rasa gurbin shiga gasar zakarun Turai amma ta cancanci shiga gasar UEFA Europa League.

===Zaman tauraro na biyu da zuwan Pep Guardiola===

Ci gaba da saka hannun jari a cikin 'yan wasa ya biyo baya a lokuta masu zuwa, kuma sakamakon ya fara daidai da haɓakar ingancin ɗan wasa.  City ta kai wasan karshe na cin kofin FA acikin shekarar 2011, babban wasan karshe na farko cikin sama da shekaru 30, bayan da ta doke abokiyar hamayyarta Manchester United a wasan kusa da na karshe, karo na farko da ta fitar da abokiyar karawarta daga gasar cin kofin tun cikin shekara  1975. Blues ta doke Stoke.  City 1–0 a wasan karshe, inda ta samu nasarar cin kofin FA karo na biyar da kuma babban kofi na farko da kungiyar ta lashe tun bayan lashe kofin League na 1976.  A ranar karshe ta kakar ta shekara ta 2010-zuwa cikin shekara ta 2011, City ta doke [[Arsenal F.C.]] a matsayi na uku, ta yadda ta samu cancantar shiga gasar zakarun Turai kai tsaye a group stage.


An ci gaba da yin wasanni masu ƙarfi da kuma cimma nasarori a kakar wasan shekara ta 2011–zuwa cikin shekara ta 2012, gami da nasarar da suka yi da Tottenham da ci 5–1 a White Hart Lane da kuma nasarar da ta yi daidai da 6–1 a kan Manchester United a Old Trafford, amma rashin kyawun tsari a rabin na biyu  kakar wasan dai ya bar City a matsayi na biyu da maki takwas tsakaninta da United saura wasanni shida kacal a buga.  A wannan lokacin, United ta yi rashin nasara a kan ta, inda ta yi kasa da maki takwas a cikin wasanni hudu, yayin da City ta fara samun nasara a jere, wanda ya sa kungiyoyin biyu suka tashi da maki daya saura wasanni biyu.  Duk da Buluwa kawai suna bukatar nasara a gida da Queens Park Rangers, kungiya a yankin relegation, sun fadi a baya da ci 1-2 a karshen lokacin al'ada.  Duk da haka, kwallaye biyu da aka zura a lokacin rauni – na biyu da Sergio Agüero ya zura a cikin minti na hudu da aka kara - ya daidaita kambin da City ta samu, wanda hakan ya sanya ta zama kungiya ta farko da ta lashe gasar Premier da maki kadai.

A kakar wasa ta gaba, City ta kasa yin kwafin nasarar da ta samu a shekarar da ta gabata.  Bayan kammala gasar ta biyu a gasar, maki goma sha daya a bayan Manchester United, da rashin nasara a gasar cin kofin FA 0–1 a hannun Wigan Athletic da ta koma mataki na daya, an kori Mancini.  Manajan Chilean Manuel Pellegrini ne ya maye gurbinsa.  Acikin shekarar farko ta Pellegrini, City ta lashe kofin League kuma ta sake samun kofin Premier a ranar wasan karshe na kakar wasa.  Tsarin gasar kungiyar sannan sannu a hankali ya ragu cikin shekaru biyu masu zuwa, yayin da Blues din ta kare a matsayi na biyu acikin shekara ta 2014–zuwa cikin shekara ta 2015  sannan ta koma ta hudu a cikin shekara ta 2015–har zuwa cikin shekara ta 2016, kodayake kakar 2015–dakuma 2016 za ta ga City ta lashe wani kofin gasar  Gasar Zakarun Turai na kusa da na karshe a karon farko.

Pep Guardiola, tsohon kocin Barcelona da Bayern Munich, an tabbatar da zama sabon kocin Manchester City a ranar 1 ga Fabrairun 2016, tare da sanar da sanarwar watanni da yawa kafin Manuel Pellegrini ya bar mukaminsa.  Kakar farko ta Guardiola a Manchester za ta kawo karshen gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai, inda Blues ke matsayi na uku a kan teburin gasar, amma kakar wasan da ta biyo baya ta samu nasara sosai, yayin da City ta lashe kofin Premier da maki mafi girma a tarihi tare da karya wasu kungiyoyi da na Ingila da dama.  rubuce-rubuce a kan hanya.

Wannan zai zama farkon nasarar da Manchester City ta samu a karkashin Guardiola.  Tsakanin wasannin shekara ta 2017-zuwa cikin shekara ta 2018 dakuma cikin shekara ta 2022-har zuwa cikin shekara ta 2023 na gasar Premier, City ta lashe kofunan lig biyar cikin shida, inda ta zo ta biyu a bayan Liverpool a kakar wasa ta cikin shekara ta 2019-zuwa cikin ta 2020.  Guardiola ya kuma jagoranci Blues zuwa gasar cin kofin gida, wanda aka haskaka ta nasarar cin Kofin League guda hudu a jere a 2018-2021.  A lokacin kakar 2018-2019, City ta kammala babban gasar cikin gida da ba a taɓa gani ba na taken maza na Ingilishi.  Baya ga lashe dukkanin manyan gasa uku na gasar kwallon kafa ta Ingila, sun kuma lashe Garkuwar Jama'a, wanda shi ne karon farko da kowace kungiya ta taba rike dukkan kofunan kwallon kafa hudu na Ingila a lokaci guda.  A matakin nahiyar, kulob din ya samu ci gaba a cikin 2020-21, inda ya kai wasan karshe na Gasar Zakarun Turai na farko.  A cikin duk wani al'amari na Turanci, City ta yi rashin nasara 0-1 a Chelsea a Estádio do Dragão a [[Porto]].&lt;ref&gt;http://www.heraldsun.com.au/sport/football/the-resources-and-power-of-sheikh-mansoor-makes-this-deal-a-seismic-moment-for-the-aleague/story-fni2wcjl-1226808309758&lt;/ref&gt;

Kakar wasa ta cikin shekara ta 2022-zuwa cikin shekara ta 2023  ta zama mafi girma a tarihin ƙungiyar, yayin da Manchester City ta lashe kofin Premier karo na uku a jere, da gasar cin kofin FA da abokiyar hamayyarta Manchester United, da kuma kofin gasar zakarun Turai na farko a filin wasa na Olympics na Atatürk da ke Istanbul  Inter [[Milano|Milan]], ta haka ne ke haɗa wani abu mai wuyar gaske - wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na nahiyar.  Hanyar cin kofin zakarun Turai ya hada da nasarar da Bayern Munich ta yi a Turai, wadda ta sha kashi da ci 4-1, da kuma Real Madrid, wadda ta sha kashi a hannun City da ci 1-5.&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20070205055003/http://www.plusmarketsgroup.com/details.shtml?ISIN=GB0005599336&lt;/ref&gt;

Zamanin Manchester City na ci gaba da fafatawa a gasa ya zo daidai da tuhume-tuhume da kuma a lokuta da dama da aka samu na keta dokokin Financial Fair Play (FFP) da dokokin Premier League.  A cikin shekara ta 2014, Manchester City ta kasance batun yarjejeniyar sasantawa da UEFA wanda, a cikin matakai da yawa, an sanya iyaka kan adadin 'yan wasan da za su iya yin rajista a cikin jerin sunayen 'yan wasan na UEFA da kuma adadin da za a iya kashewa.  a kan canja wuri da kuɗin fa'idar ma'aikata, an kuma bayar da tarar.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/10-things-you-need-know-about-manchester-clubs-humble-beginnings&lt;/ref&gt;  A cikin shekara ta 
2017, Premier League ta ci tarar Manchester City tare da dakatar da siyan wasu 'yan wasa na makarantar shekaru biyu bayan da aka same su da karya dokokin ci gaban matasa.  Acikin shekarar 2020, Kotun sauraron kararrakin wasanni (CAS) ta yanke hukuncin cewa wasu takunkumin da UEFA ta sanyawa kulob din bai dace ba, wanda hakan ya yi watsi da dakatarwar da City ta yi na tsawon shekaru biyu a Turai, amma duk da haka ta gano cewa kulob din ya keta ka'idojin UEFA ta hanyar rashin bayar da hadin kai da kuma kawo cikas ga kungiyar.  bincike, kuma saboda wannan &quot;tsanani mai tsanani&quot; ya ci tarar kulob din.  A cikin shekara ta 2023, Premier League ta ba da sanarwar nata binciken zargin da ake yi wa Manchester City, inda take tuhumar kungiyar da keta dokokin FFP har 115 har zuwa kakar wasa ta cikin shekara ta 2017-18.

===Tarihin gasar===

*1892–1899 Division 2 (L2)
*1899–1902 Division 1 (L1)
*1902–1903 Division 2 (L2)
*1903–1909 Division 1 (L1)
*1909–1910 Division 2 (L2)
*1910–1926 Division 1 (L1)
*1926–1928 Division 2 (L2)
*1928–1938 Division 1 (L1)
*1938–1947 Division 2 (L2)
*1947–1950 Division 1 (L1)
*1950–1951 Division 2 (L2)
*1951–1963 Division 1 (L1)
*1963–1966 Division 2 (L2)
*1966–1983 Division 1 (L1)
*1983–1985 Division 2 (L2)
*1985–1987 Division 1 (L1)
*1987–1989 Division 2 (L2)
*1989–1992 Division 1 (L1)
*1992–1996 Premier League (L1)
*1996–1998 Division 1 (L2)
*1998–1999 Division 2 (L3)
*1999–2000 Division  1 (2)
*2000–2001 Premier League (L1)
*2001–2002 Division 1 (L2)
*2002– Premier League (L1)

==Launuka da kuma Alamun Kulob==

Launukan gidan Manchester City shuɗi ne da fari.  Launukan kit na gargajiya sun kasance ko dai maroon ko (daga shekarun 1960) ja da baki;  duk da haka, a cikin 'yan shekarun nan an yi amfani da launuka da dama.  Ba a san asalin launukan gidan kulob din ba, amma akwai alamun cewa kulob din ya sanya shudi tun cikin shekara ta 1892 ko kuma baya.  Wani ɗan littafi mai suna Shahararrun Kungiyoyin Kwallon Kafa - Manchester City wanda aka buga a shekarun 1940 ya nuna cewa West Gorton (St. Marks) tun asali tana wasa da ja da baki, kuma rahotanni daga 1884 sun bayyana ƙungiyar sanye da baƙaƙen riga mai ɗauke da farar giciye, wanda ke nuna asalin ƙungiyar kamar haka.  gefen coci.  Yin amfani da launin ja da baƙar fata ba safai ba har yanzu ya fito ne daga imanin tsohon mataimakin manajan Malcolm Allison cewa ɗaukar launukan AC Milan zai ƙarfafa City ga ɗaukaka.  Alamar Allison da alama yana aiki, tare da City ta lashe gasar cin kofin FA 1969, da 1970 kofin cin Kofin Jikiriku a 1970 yayin da ake adawa da Kungiyar Sky Blue.

==Manazarta==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:City, Manchester}}
[[Category: Kungiyoyi kwallon kafa]]</text>
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'''Manchester City Football Club''' akan takaita sunan zuwa '''Man City''', ya kasance ƙungiyar ƙwararrun ƴan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wato taka leda dake zaune a garin [[Manchester]], England, UK, suna fafatawa a gasar [[Premier League]], babban gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar England. Manchester City ta fara amfani da kayan sawan ta na gida mai launin girgije tun acikin shekarar ta 1894, kuma shi ne kakar ƙungiyar na farko da ta fara amfani da sunan ta na yanzu.
Kulob ɗin ta lashe kofin league guda goma (wanda huɗu daga ciki a jere ta lashe su acikin shekara ta 2020-zuwa cikin shekara ta 2024 wanda hakan yasa ta zama ƙungiya ta farko da ta yi irin haka a tarihi) da lashe Kofin FA bakwai, da EFL takwas, FA Community Shield shida, Gasar UEFA Champions league ɗaya, da kuma European Cup Winners'Cup guda ɗaya.

==Tarihi==
An kafa ƙungiyar acikin shekara ta alif ɗari takwas da tamanin (1880), ta shiga cikin gasar English Football League acikin shekara ta  1899,ta lashe babbar gasar na farko da Kofin FA|Kofin [[FIFA|fiFA]] a cikin shekara ta 1904 FA Cup Final shekara ta 1904. Sun samu nasarori a karshen shekara ta 1960s, inda suka lashe kofin League, fiFA Cup da League Cup a karkashin horarwar Joe Mercer da Malcolm Allison. Bayan rashin nasarar  ta shekarar 1981 FA Cup Final, kulob ɗin ta faɗa cikin rashin tagomashi,da samun Promotion and relegation|relegation har zuwa rukuni na uku a English football league system|English football.

[[File:City of Manchester Stadium 2.jpg|thumb|Babban filin wasa na Manchester City ]]
[[File:Josep Guardiola 2023-10-04 Fußball, Männer, UEFA Champions League, RB Leipzig - Manchester City FC 1DX 2797 (cropped).jpg|thumb|kocin Manchester City. Pep Guardiola.]]
[[File:David Silva shaved Man City 2017 (36471171422) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Captain din Manchester city. David Silva]]
Bayan dawowar su cikin gasar Premier League a shekara ta  2000s, An saida kulob din Manchester City acikin shekara ta 2008, wanda Abu Dhabi United Group  suka saya a £210&amp;nbsp;million, da samun sa jari da dama. Kulob ta samu nasarar lashe gasa da dama a tsakanin shekarun 2010s, kuma suka zama Kulob ta farko da ta samu kaiwa maki Premier League records and statistics#Points|100 points a kakar gasar [[premier league]].

Kudin shigar kulub din Manchester City shine na biyar a Deloitte Football Money League|fifth highest  a duniya a tsakanin shekara ta  2017–har zuwa zuwa cikin shekara ta 2018 na kakar gasa, wanda yakai €527.7&amp;nbsp;million.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www2.deloitte.com/uk/en/pages/sports-business-group/articles/deloitte-football-money-league.html|title=Deloitte Football Money League 2018|date=23 January 2018|accessdate=23 January 2018|publisher=Deloitte}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://uk.businessinsider.com/the-20-most-popular-rich-list-football-teams-on-social-media-2018-8/#10-manchester-city-493-million-followers-11 |title=UK Business Insider |access-date=2019-01-26 |archive-date=2018-11-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118041429/http://uk.businessinsider.com/the-20-most-popular-rich-list-football-teams-on-social-media-2018-8#10-manchester-city-493-million-followers-11 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; acikin shekara ta 2018, kulub din ita ce na Biyar a Forbes' list of the most valuable football clubs|fifth most valuable a duniya da kudin da suka kai $2.47&amp;nbsp;billion.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/mikeozanian/2018/06/12/the-worlds-most-valuable-soccer-teams-2018/#3dddb7c845c8|title=The World's Most Valuable Soccer Teams 2018|last=Ozanian|first=Mike|work=Forbes}}&lt;/ref&gt;. 
[[File:2011 FA Cup Final Victory Parade (4).jpg|thumb|kungiyar Manchester City kenan a lokacin murnar lashe kofin FA acikin shekara ta 2011]]
Kulub din nada babban hamayya sosai tsakanin ta da takwarar ta [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] a wasa tsakanin su da ake kira da Manchester Derby.

===Shekarun farko da nasarorin farko===

City ta sami karramawar farko ta hanyar cin nasara a rukuni na biyu acikin shekara ta 1899, tare da samun ci gaba zuwa matsayi mafi girma a ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ingilishi, Rukunin Farko.  Sun ci gaba da neman babbar karramawarsu ta farko a ranar 23 ga watan  Afrilun shekara ta 1904, inda suka doke Bolton Wanderers 1–0 a Crystal Palace don lashe kofin FA;  'Yan wasan Blues sun yi rashin nasara a gasar League da Cup sau biyu a waccan kakar bayan sun kammala gasar zakarun Turai, amma duk da haka sun zama kulob na farko a Manchester da suka samu babbar daraja.Acikin shekarun da suka biyo bayan nasarar cin kofin FA, kulob din ya fuskanci zarge zarge na rashin bin ƙa'ida, wanda ya kai ga dakatar da 'yan wasa goma sha bakwai acikin shekara ta 1906, ciki har da kyaftin Billy Meredith, wanda daga baya ya wuce garin zuwa Manchester United.  Wuta a hanyar Hyde ta lalata babbar tashar acikin shekara ta 1920, kuma a cikin shekara ta 1923 ƙungiyar ta koma sabon filin wasansu da aka gina a Maine Road a cikin Moss Side.

A cikin shekarar 1930, Manchester City ta kai wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin FA sau biyu a jere, inda ta yi rashin nasara a hannun Everton acikin shekara ta 1933, kafin ta ci kofin da ta doke Portsmouth  acikin shekara ta  1934. A lokacin gudu na cikin shekara ta 1934, kulob din ya karya tarihin zuwa gida mafi girma na kowane kulob a kwallon kafa ta Ingila.  tarihi, yayin da magoya bayan 84,569 suka cika titin Maine a gasar cin kofin FA zagaye na shida da Stoke City - tarihin da ya tsaya har zuwa cikin shekara ta 2016. Kungiyar ta lashe gasar rukunin farko a karon farko a cikin shekara ta 1937, amma an sake fitar da ita a kakar wasa ta gaba, duk da zura kwallaye a raga.  fiye da kowace kungiya a rukunin.  Shekaru 20 bayan haka, wata ƙungiyar Birni ta yi wahayi zuwa ga tsarin dabara da aka sani da Revie Plan ta sake kai wasan karshe a gasar cin kofin FA a jere, acikin shekara shekara ta  1955 da kuma cikin shekara ta 1956;  kamar yadda a cikin shekara ta 1930s, suka yi rashin nasara na farko, a Newcastle United, kuma suka ci na biyu.  Wasan karshe da tayi acikin shekara ta 1956, wanda Blues ta doke [[Birmingham]] City daci 3–1, ya ga golan City Bert Trautmann ya ci gaba da taka leda bayan karya wuyansa da rashin sani.

===Zamanin tauraro na farko da kalubalen da suka biyo baya===


Bayan an koma mataki na biyu a cikin 1963, nan gaba ta yi kamar ba ta da kyau tare da ƙarancin halartan gida na 8,015 da Swindon Town a cikin watan Janairun shekara shekara ta 1965. A lokacin bazara na cikin shekara ta 1965, an nada ƙungiyar gudanarwa ta Joe Mercer da Malcolm Allison .  Acikin kakar wasa ta farko a karkashin Mercer, Manchester City ta lashe kambun Division na Biyu kuma ta sanya hannu mai mahimmanci a Mike Summerbee da Colin Bell.  Bayan shekaru biyu, a cikin shekara ta 1967–zuwa cikin shekara ta 1968, City ta yi nasarar lashe kofin gasar a karo na biyu, inda ta doke makwabciyarta Manchester United a gasar a ranar karshe ta kakar wasan da ci 4-3 a Newcastle United.  Karin kofuna sun biyo baya: City ta lashe kofin FA acikin shekara ta 1969 kuma bayan shekara guda ta yi nasara a gasar cin kofin Turai, inda ta doke Górnik Zabrze daci 2–1 acikin shekara ta 1970 na wasan karshe.  Wannan ita ce karramawar da kulob din ya samu a Turai har zuwa nasarar da suka samu a gasar zakarun Turai ta cikin shekara ta 2022-har zuwa cikin shekara ta 2023.  Har ila yau, Blues ta lashe gasar cin kofin League a waccan shekarar, inda ta zama tawagar Ingila ta biyu da ta lashe kofin Turai da kofin gida a kakar wasa guda.

Kulob din ya ci gaba da kalubalantar daukaka a cikin shekarun 1970s, inda ya kammala maki daya a bayan zakarun gasar a lokuta biyu kuma ya kai wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin League na cikin shekara ta 1974.  Daya daga cikin wasannin na wannan lokacin da magoya bayan Manchester City ke tunawa da su shi ne wasan karshe na kakar shekara ta 1973-har zuwa cikin shekara ta 1974 da abokan hamayyarta na Manchester United, wadanda ke bukatar yin nasara don samun wani begen gujewa faduwa.  Tsohon dan wasan United Denis Law  ya zura kwallo da diddige don bai wa City nasara da ci 1-0 a Old Trafford da kuma tabbatar da faduwa daga abokan hamayyarsu.  Kofin karshe na lokacin da ya fi samun nasara a kungiyar a karni na 20 an ci shi ne acikin shekarar 1976, lokacin da aka doke Newcastle United da ci 2-1 a wasan karshe na cin kofin League.

Wani dogon lokaci na  biyo bayan nasarar shekarun 1960 har zuwa cikin shekara ta 1970.  Malcolm Allison ya koma kulob din ya zama koci karo na biyu acikin shekarar 1979, amma ya yi almubazzaranci da makudan kudade kan sa hannu da dama da ba su yi nasara ba, irin su Steve Daley.  Bayan haka, wasu manajoji sun biyo baya - bakwai a cikin 1980s kadai.  Karkashin John Bond, City ta kai wasan karshe na cin kofin FA na 1981 amma ta sha kashi a karawar da Tottenham Hotspur ta yi.  Sau biyu kulob din ya yi fice daga matakin farko a cikin shekarun 1980 (a cikin shekara ta 1983 dakuma  cikin shekara ta 1987), amma kuma ya koma mataki na farko acikin shekara ta 1989  kuma ya kare a matsayi na biyar acikin shekara ta 1991 da 1992 a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Peter Reid.  Koyaya, wannan ɗan hutu ne kawai, kuma bayan tafiyar Reid dukiyar Manchester City ta ci gaba da dusashewa.  City ta kasance masu kafa ƙungiyar Premier League bayan ƙirƙirar ta a cikin shekara ta 1992, amma bayan da ta kare a matsayi na tara a kakar wasan farko, sun yi fama da gwagwarmaya na shekaru uku kafin a sake su acikin shekara ta 1996.  mafi ƙasƙanci a tarihin su, zama na biyu da suka lashe kofin Turai da aka sake komawa gasar rukuni-rukuni na ƙasarsu bayan  1. FC Magdeburg  ta [[Jamus]].

===Farfadowa ta biyu===

Bayan da aka tashi daga gasar, kulob din ya fuskanci tashe-tashen hankula a waje, tare da sabon shugaban David Bernstein ya gabatar da ingantaccen tsarin kasafin kudi.  Karkashin kociyan Joe Royle, City ta sami daukaka a yunkurin farko, wanda aka samu ta hanyar ban mamaki a wasan karshe na rukuni na biyu da Gillingham.  Matsayin ci gaba na biyu a jere ya ga City ta koma mataki na gaba, amma wannan ya zama mataki mai nisa ga ƙungiyar da ke murmurewa, kuma a cikin shekara ta 2001 An sake komawa City sau ɗaya.  Kevin Keegan ya maye gurbin Royle a matsayin koci a ƙarshen kakar wasa ta ƙarshe, kuma ya samu koma baya nan da nan zuwa babban rukuni yayin da ƙungiyar ta lashe gasar rukunin farko ta 2001-zuwa cikin shekara ta 2002, ta karya tarihin ƙungiyar na yawan maki da aka zura a raga a kakar wasa ɗaya a gasar.  tsari.Acikin Kakar wasw ta cikin shekar ta 2002–zuwa cikin 03  ita ce ta ƙarshe a Maine Road kuma ta haɗa da 3-1 derby nasara akan abokan hammayarsu Manchester United, wanda ya kawo karshen shekara 13 da aka yi ba tare da nasara ba.  Bugu da ƙari, City ta cancanci shiga gasar Turai a karon farko cikin shekaru 25 ta hanyar UEFA fair play ranking.  A karshen kakar wasa ta 2003–zuwa cikin shekara ta 2004, kulob din ya koma sabon City na filin wasa na Manchester.  Shekaru hudu na farko a filin wasa duk sun haifar da kammala tsakiyar tebur.  Tsohon manajan Ingila Sven-Göran Eriksson ya zama kociyan kungiyar na kasashen waje na farko lokacin da aka nada shi a shekarar 2007. Bayan fara wasa mai kyau, wasan kwaikwayo ya dusashe a rabin na biyu na kakar wasa, kuma an kori Eriksson a ranar 2 ga Yunin shekara ta 2008;  Mark Hughes ya maye gurbinsa bayan kwana biyu.

Acikin shekara ta 2008, Manchester City ta kasance cikin mawuyacin hali na rashin kuɗi.  Thaksin Shinawatra ya karbi ragamar kulab din a shekarar da ta gabata, amma fafutukar siyasarsa ta ga kadarorinsa sun daskare.  Sannan, a cikin Agustan shekara ta 2008, Ƙungiyar Abu Dhabi United ta sayi Birni.  Taken ya biyo bayan yunƙurin neman manyan ‘yan wasa;  Kulob din ya karya tarihin sayan 'yan wasa na Biritaniya ta hanyar siyan Robinho dan kasar [[Brazil]] daga Real Madrid kan fan miliyan 32.5.  Ba a samu wani gagarumin ci gaba ba idan aka kwatanta da kakar da ta gabata duk da kwararar kudi duk da haka, kungiyar ta kare a mataki na goma, duk da cewa ta yi rawar gani ta kai wasan daf da na kusa da karshe a gasar cin kofin UEFA.  A lokacin bazara na cikin shekara ta 2009, ƙungiyar ta ɗauki kashe kuɗin canja wuri zuwa matakin da ba a taɓa gani ba, tare da kashe sama da fam miliyan 100 akan 'yan wasa Gareth Barry, Roque Santa Cruz, Kolo Touré, Emmanuel Adebayor, Carlos Tevez, da Joleon Lescott.  A cikin watan Disamban shekara ta 2009, Mark Hughes - wanda aka ɗauke shi aiki jim kaɗan kafin canjin ikon mallakar amma tun asali sabuwar hukumar ta riƙe shi - Roberto Mancini ya maye gurbinsa a matsayin manaja.  City ta kammala kakar wasa a matsayi na biyar a gasar Premier, da kyar ta rasa gurbin shiga gasar zakarun Turai amma ta cancanci shiga gasar UEFA Europa League.

===Zaman tauraro na biyu da zuwan Pep Guardiola===

Ci gaba da saka hannun jari a cikin 'yan wasa ya biyo baya a lokuta masu zuwa, kuma sakamakon ya fara daidai da haɓakar ingancin ɗan wasa.  City ta kai wasan karshe na cin kofin FA acikin shekarar 2011, babban wasan karshe na farko cikin sama da shekaru 30, bayan da ta doke abokiyar hamayyarta Manchester United a wasan kusa da na karshe, karo na farko da ta fitar da abokiyar karawarta daga gasar cin kofin tun cikin shekara  1975. Blues ta doke Stoke.  City 1–0 a wasan karshe, inda ta samu nasarar cin kofin FA karo na biyar da kuma babban kofi na farko da kungiyar ta lashe tun bayan lashe kofin League na 1976.  A ranar karshe ta kakar ta shekara ta 2010-zuwa cikin shekara ta 2011, City ta doke [[Arsenal F.C.]] a matsayi na uku, ta yadda ta samu cancantar shiga gasar zakarun Turai kai tsaye a group stage.


An ci gaba da yin wasanni masu ƙarfi da kuma cimma nasarori a kakar wasan shekara ta 2011–zuwa cikin shekara ta 2012, gami da nasarar da suka yi da Tottenham da ci 5–1 a White Hart Lane da kuma nasarar da ta yi daidai da 6–1 a kan Manchester United a Old Trafford, amma rashin kyawun tsari a rabin na biyu  kakar wasan dai ya bar City a matsayi na biyu da maki takwas tsakaninta da United saura wasanni shida kacal a buga.  A wannan lokacin, United ta yi rashin nasara a kan ta, inda ta yi kasa da maki takwas a cikin wasanni hudu, yayin da City ta fara samun nasara a jere, wanda ya sa kungiyoyin biyu suka tashi da maki daya saura wasanni biyu.  Duk da Buluwa kawai suna bukatar nasara a gida da Queens Park Rangers, kungiya a yankin relegation, sun fadi a baya da ci 1-2 a karshen lokacin al'ada.  Duk da haka, kwallaye biyu da aka zura a lokacin rauni – na biyu da Sergio Agüero ya zura a cikin minti na hudu da aka kara - ya daidaita kambin da City ta samu, wanda hakan ya sanya ta zama kungiya ta farko da ta lashe gasar Premier da maki kadai.

A kakar wasa ta gaba, City ta kasa yin kwafin nasarar da ta samu a shekarar da ta gabata.  Bayan kammala gasar ta biyu a gasar, maki goma sha daya a bayan Manchester United, da rashin nasara a gasar cin kofin FA 0–1 a hannun Wigan Athletic da ta koma mataki na daya, an kori Mancini.  Manajan Chilean Manuel Pellegrini ne ya maye gurbinsa.  Acikin shekarar farko ta Pellegrini, City ta lashe kofin League kuma ta sake samun kofin Premier a ranar wasan karshe na kakar wasa.  Tsarin gasar kungiyar sannan sannu a hankali ya ragu cikin shekaru biyu masu zuwa, yayin da Blues din ta kare a matsayi na biyu acikin shekara ta 2014–zuwa cikin shekara ta 2015  sannan ta koma ta hudu a cikin shekara ta 2015–har zuwa cikin shekara ta 2016, kodayake kakar 2015–dakuma 2016 za ta ga City ta lashe wani kofin gasar  Gasar Zakarun Turai na kusa da na karshe a karon farko.

Pep Guardiola, tsohon kocin Barcelona da Bayern Munich, an tabbatar da zama sabon kocin Manchester City a ranar 1 ga Fabrairun 2016, tare da sanar da sanarwar watanni da yawa kafin Manuel Pellegrini ya bar mukaminsa.  Kakar farko ta Guardiola a Manchester za ta kawo karshen gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai, inda Blues ke matsayi na uku a kan teburin gasar, amma kakar wasan da ta biyo baya ta samu nasara sosai, yayin da City ta lashe kofin Premier da maki mafi girma a tarihi tare da karya wasu kungiyoyi da na Ingila da dama.  rubuce-rubuce a kan hanya.

Wannan zai zama farkon nasarar da Manchester City ta samu a karkashin Guardiola.  Tsakanin wasannin shekara ta 2017-zuwa cikin shekara ta 2018 dakuma cikin shekara ta 2022-har zuwa cikin shekara ta 2023 na gasar Premier, City ta lashe kofunan lig biyar cikin shida, inda ta zo ta biyu a bayan Liverpool a kakar wasa ta cikin shekara ta 2019-zuwa cikin ta 2020.  Guardiola ya kuma jagoranci Blues zuwa gasar cin kofin gida, wanda aka haskaka ta nasarar cin Kofin League guda hudu a jere a 2018-2021.  A lokacin kakar 2018-2019, City ta kammala babban gasar cikin gida da ba a taɓa gani ba na taken maza na Ingilishi.  Baya ga lashe dukkanin manyan gasa uku na gasar kwallon kafa ta Ingila, sun kuma lashe Garkuwar Jama'a, wanda shi ne karon farko da kowace kungiya ta taba rike dukkan kofunan kwallon kafa hudu na Ingila a lokaci guda.  A matakin nahiyar, kulob din ya samu ci gaba a cikin 2020-21, inda ya kai wasan karshe na Gasar Zakarun Turai na farko.  A cikin duk wani al'amari na Turanci, City ta yi rashin nasara 0-1 a Chelsea a Estádio do Dragão a [[Porto]].&lt;ref&gt;http://www.heraldsun.com.au/sport/football/the-resources-and-power-of-sheikh-mansoor-makes-this-deal-a-seismic-moment-for-the-aleague/story-fni2wcjl-1226808309758&lt;/ref&gt;

Kakar wasa ta cikin shekara ta 2022-zuwa cikin shekara ta 2023  ta zama mafi girma a tarihin ƙungiyar, yayin da Manchester City ta lashe kofin Premier karo na uku a jere, da gasar cin kofin FA da abokiyar hamayyarta Manchester United, da kuma kofin gasar zakarun Turai na farko a filin wasa na Olympics na Atatürk da ke Istanbul  Inter [[Milano|Milan]], ta haka ne ke haɗa wani abu mai wuyar gaske - wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na nahiyar.  Hanyar cin kofin zakarun Turai ya hada da nasarar da Bayern Munich ta yi a Turai, wadda ta sha kashi da ci 4-1, da kuma Real Madrid, wadda ta sha kashi a hannun City da ci 1-5.&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20070205055003/http://www.plusmarketsgroup.com/details.shtml?ISIN=GB0005599336&lt;/ref&gt;

Zamanin Manchester City na ci gaba da fafatawa a gasa ya zo daidai da tuhume-tuhume da kuma a lokuta da dama da aka samu na keta dokokin Financial Fair Play (FFP) da dokokin Premier League.  A cikin shekara ta 2014, Manchester City ta kasance batun yarjejeniyar sasantawa da UEFA wanda, a cikin matakai da yawa, an sanya iyaka kan adadin 'yan wasan da za su iya yin rajista a cikin jerin sunayen 'yan wasan na UEFA da kuma adadin da za a iya kashewa.  a kan canja wuri da kuɗin fa'idar ma'aikata, an kuma bayar da tarar.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/10-things-you-need-know-about-manchester-clubs-humble-beginnings&lt;/ref&gt;  A cikin shekara ta 
2017, Premier League ta ci tarar Manchester City tare da dakatar da siyan wasu 'yan wasa na makarantar shekaru biyu bayan da aka same su da karya dokokin ci gaban matasa.  Acikin shekarar 2020, Kotun sauraron kararrakin wasanni (CAS) ta yanke hukuncin cewa wasu takunkumin da UEFA ta sanyawa kulob din bai dace ba, wanda hakan ya yi watsi da dakatarwar da City ta yi na tsawon shekaru biyu a Turai, amma duk da haka ta gano cewa kulob din ya keta ka'idojin UEFA ta hanyar rashin bayar da hadin kai da kuma kawo cikas ga kungiyar.  bincike, kuma saboda wannan &quot;tsanani mai tsanani&quot; ya ci tarar kulob din.  A cikin shekara ta 2023, Premier League ta ba da sanarwar nata binciken zargin da ake yi wa Manchester City, inda take tuhumar kungiyar da keta dokokin FFP har 115 har zuwa kakar wasa ta cikin shekara ta 2017-har18.

===Tarihin gasar===

*1892–1899 Division 2 (L2)
*1899–1902 Division 1 (L1)
*1902–1903 Division 2 (L2)
*1903–1909 Division 1 (L1)
*1909–1910 Division 2 (L2)
*1910–1926 Division 1 (L1)
*1926–1928 Division 2 (L2)
*1928–1938 Division 1 (L1)
*1938–1947 Division 2 (L2)
*1947–1950 Division 1 (L1)
*1950–1951 Division 2 (L2)
*1951–1963 Division 1 (L1)
*1963–1966 Division 2 (L2)
*1966–1983 Division 1 (L1)
*1983–1985 Division 2 (L2)
*1985–1987 Division 1 (L1)
*1987–1989 Division 2 (L2)
*1989–1992 Division 1 (L1)
*1992–1996 Premier League (L1)
*1996–1998 Division 1 (L2)
*1998–1999 Division 2 (L3)
*1999–2000 Division  1 (2)
*2000–2001 Premier League (L1)
*2001–2002 Division 1 (L2)
*2002– Premier League (L1)

==Launuka da kuma Alamun Kulob==

Launukan gidan Manchester City shuɗi ne da fari.  Launukan kit na gargajiya sun kasance ko dai maroon ko (daga shekarun 1960) ja da baki;  duk da haka, a cikin 'yan shekarun nan an yi amfani da launuka da dama.  Ba a san asalin launukan gidan kulob din ba, amma akwai alamun cewa kulob din ya sanya shudi tun cikin shekara ta 1892 ko kuma baya.  Wani ɗan littafi mai suna Shahararrun Kungiyoyin Kwallon Kafa - Manchester City wanda aka buga a shekarun 1940 ya nuna cewa West Gorton (St. Marks) tun asali tana wasa da ja da baki, kuma rahotanni daga 1884 sun bayyana ƙungiyar sanye da baƙaƙen riga mai ɗauke da farar giciye, wanda ke nuna asalin ƙungiyar kamar haka.  gefen coci.  Yin amfani da launin ja da baƙar fata ba safai ba har yanzu ya fito ne daga imanin tsohon mataimakin manajan Malcolm Allison cewa ɗaukar launukan AC Milan zai ƙarfafa City ga ɗaukaka.  Alamar Allison da alama yana aiki, tare da City ta lashe gasar cin kofin FA acikin shekara ta 1969, da 1970 kofin cin Kofin Jikiriku a 1970 yayin da ake adawa da Kungiyar Sky Blue.

==Manazarta==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:City, Manchester}}
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'''Sarah Ssentongo Kisawuzi''' (also Kisauzi) ta kasance yar'asalin kasar [[Uganda]] ce mai'shirin fim wacce tayi suna sanadiyar fitowarta amatsayin Nalweyiso, muguwar kishiya, acikin shirin 2013 NTV television jerin drama na ''[[Deception (Ugandan TV Series)|Deception]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Meet Sara Kisauzi, aka Nalweyiso, or mother-in-law |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/Magazines/Full-Woman/Meet-Sara-Kisauzi--aka-Nalweyiso--or-mother-in-law/689842-1868192-nq0osvz/index.html |website=Daily Monitor |publisher=Full Woman |accessdate=31 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Deception Star Sarah Kisawuzi 'Nalweyiso' Loses Mom |url=http://xclusive.co.ug/2015/12/deception-star-sarah-kisawuzi-nalweyiso-loses-mom/ |accessdate=31 May 2019 |agency=Xclusive |archive-date=31 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190531102230/http://xclusive.co.ug/2015/12/deception-star-sarah-kisawuzi-nalweyiso-loses-mom/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=RIP! Deception star, Nalweyiso loses mother |url=https://bigeye.ug/rip-deception-star-nalweyiso-loses-mother/ |accessdate=31 May 2019 |agency=Big Eye |archive-date=26 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026205837/https://bigeye.ug/rip-deception-star-nalweyiso-loses-mother/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Juliana Kanyomozi Spent Great Time With The Famous Deception Actress |url=https://newslexpoint.com/juliana-kanyomozi-spent-time-actress/ |accessdate=31 May 2019 |agency=News Lex Point |archive-date=26 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026235930/https://newslexpoint.com/juliana-kanyomozi-spent-time-actress/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aiki ==
Kisawuzi ta yi suna data fito amatsayin Nalweyiso, wani mataki data fito a drama series [[Deception (Ugandan TV Series)|Deception]] daga shekarar 2013 zuwa 2016 kuma ta lashe kyautar Best Actress award a 2015 Uganda Entertainment Awards. Ta kuma fito acikin wasu shirye-shiryen a matakai daban-daban kamar a [[Walt Disney Pictures|Disney]] chess film [[Queen of Katwe]] amatsayin kakar Katende 2016, Ugandan telenovela [[Second Chance (Ugandan TV series)|Second Chance]]. Ta kuma fito amatsayin Mama Stella a 2019 shirin fim din dake nuna yadda ake cin zarafin wata jinsi [[Bed of Thorns (2019 film)|Bed of Thorns]] da kuma amatsayin Barbara Batte a 2019 television jeri  dramomi Power of Legacy.
Kisawuzi ta fito acikin [[Usama Mukwaya]]’s 2012 wani gajeren fim, da Kuma a din [[Mariam Ndagire]] na ''Because of you'', ''Hearts in Pieces'' (2009) da ''Where we Belong'' (2011).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Uganda’s meanest ‘mother-in-law’ |url=https://www.independent.co.ug/interview-ugandas-meanest-mother-law/ |website=The Independent |accessdate=31 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; An sanar da cewar Kisawuzi ta samu mataki acikin fim din Hollywood da za'a yi mai suna &quot;Little America&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=‘Deception’ Star Sarah Kisauzi Lands Role In New Hollywood Series |url=https://glimug.com/deception-star-sarah-kisauzi-lands-hollywood-serie-role/ |accessdate=31 May 2019 |agency=Glim Ug |archive-date=27 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027000036/https://glimug.com/deception-star-sarah-kisauzi-lands-hollywood-serie-role/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Sarah Kisawuzi to feature in &quot;little America&quot; movie |url=https://www.ntv.co.ug/news/sparktvnews/Sarah-Kisawuzi-to-feature-in--little-America--movie/4522364-5056256-tdoviv/index.html |accessdate=31 May 2019 |agency=NTV |archive-date=31 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190531102230/https://www.ntv.co.ug/news/sparktvnews/Sarah-Kisawuzi-to-feature-in--little-America--movie/4522364-5056256-tdoviv/index.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fina-finai ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|+Film
! Shekara
! Suna
! Mataki
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Notes
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2019
| ''[[Bed of Thorns (2019 film)|Bed of Thorns]]''
| Mama Stella
| 
|-
| ''[[Power of Legacy]]''
| Barbara Batte
| 2019 Ongoing television series
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2016
| ''[[Queen of Katwe]]''
| Katende’s Grandmother
| 
|-
| ''[[Second Chance (Ugandan TV series)|Second Chance]]''
| 
| 2016–2018 television series
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Deception (Ugandan TV Series)|Deception]]''
| Nalweyiso
| Won Best Actress at Uganda Entertainment Awards 2015
|-
| 2012
| ''Smart Attempt''
| 
| Directed by Usama Mukwaya
|-
| 2011
| ''Where We Belong''
|
| Mariam Ndagire production
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2009
| ''Because of You''
| 
|
|-
| ''Hearts in Pieces''
| 
|
|-
|}

== Kyautuka da gabatarwa ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Shekara
! Aikin da aka gabatar
! Dangantaka
! Rukuni
! Sakamako
! {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
|2016
| rowspan=2 |''[[Deception (Ugandan TV Series)|Deception]]''
|[[Uganda Film Festival Awards]]
|[[Uganda Film Festival Award for Best Actress in a Television Drama|Best Actress in a TV Drama]]
|{{nom}}
|
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot;| 2015
| Uganda Entertainment Awards
| Best Actress
| {{won}}
| 
|-
|}

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hadin waje ==
{{Commons}}
* {{IMDb name|nm5698864|Sarah Kisawuzi}}

[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Category:Haifaffun 1948]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Saƙago</title>
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[[File:HONDA_ASIMO.jpg|right|thumb| Honda ASIMO mutum-mutumi]]
[[File:Sophia at the AI for Good Global Summit 2018 (27254369347) (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Sophia (sakako)|Sophia]] saƙaƙuwa mai jawabi kuma mai zane ƴar ƙasar [[Saudiyya]] itace saƙaƙo na farko da ta fara samun  shaidar zama ƴar wata ƙasa.]]

'''Saƙaƙo,''' ko Mutum-mutumi inji ne wanda zai iya motsawa kuma, ya yi wasu ayyuka.

Butun-butumi na aiki da kwamfuta da lantarki. Mutane na iya sarrafa su kai tsaye. Wataƙila an tsara su don su yi kama da mutane, a cikin yanayin halayen su na iya ba da shawarar hankali ko [[tunani]] amma ba su da ji. Yawancin saƙaƙo suna yin takamaiman aiki, kuma ba koyaushe suke zama kamar mutane ba. Suna iya zuwa ta siffofi da yawa. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/flexible-bio-inspired-machines-are-the-future-of-engineering/ ''Flexible, bio-inspired machines are the future of engineering; flexible, one-piece machines could soon make today's assemblages of rigid parts look like antiques''] May 1, 2014 issue [[Scientific American]]&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin almara, duk da haka, mutummutumi galibi suna kama da mutane, kuma suna da rayukansu. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.technologymarketing.com/bw/magazine/current/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003541524 Brandweek: even robot suicide is no laughing matter]&lt;/ref&gt; Akwai [[Littafi|littattafai da yawa]], fina-finai, da wasannin bidiyo tare da mutummutumi a cikinsu. Ishaku Asimov 's ''I, Robot'' shine watakila mafi shahara.

== Tarihi ==
Mutane suna sha'awar yin injunan ƙera don yi mana aiki na dogon lokaci. Amma ana ɗaukan lokaci da kuɗi don ƙirƙirar inji ɗaya kawai, don haka dabarun farko ba a gina su ba. Leonardo da Vinci ya ƙera wani inji mai kama da mutum a cikin 1464. Zai sarrafa ta da igiyoyi da ƙafafu. Sauran injiniyoyi da masu mafarki sun zana maza masu kanikanci. A cikin 1920, Karel Čapek ya rubuta labari game da su, kuma ya yi amfani da kalma daga Czech wanda ke da alaƙa da 'aiki': robot. 

Mutum-mutumi da akayi nasarar sarrafawa a ƙarni na 20 yayi kama da mutane. George Devol ne ya fara yin waɗannan, na ƙarshe, a cikin 1954, da hannu ɗaya. Janar Motors ya saye shi a cikin 1960. Shekarar da ta gabata, ta fara aiki a wata masana'anta a cikin [[New Jersey]], tana ɗagawa tana kuma ɗorawa ƙaramin ƙarfe wanda ya yi zafi da mutane ba za su taɓa shi ba.  Injiniyoyin na iya tsara shi, kuma su sake tsara shi idan ya zama dole.

== Mutum-mutumin zamani ==
[[File:Industrieroboter.jpg|thumb| Mutum-mutumin na Masana'antu, wanda ake amfani da shi wajen walda]]
Mutum-mutumin suna da amfani da yawa. Masana'antu da yawa suna amfani da mutummutumi don yin aiki tuƙuru da sauri kuma ba tare da kurakurai da yawa ba. Ba su yi kama da mutane ba, saboda an sa su su yi abubuwa. Waɗannan su ne injunan inji na 'masana'antu'. Wasu mutummutumi suna ganowa da kawar da bama-bamai. Idan wani ya yi kuskure, mutum-mutumi ya lalace ko ya lalace, wanda ya fi a kashe mutum. Hakanan akwai mutummutumi wanda yake taimakawa a gida, don tsaftacewa ko gudanar da mashin lawn, misali. Irin waɗannan mutum-mutumin dole ne su koya game da yankin aiki.

Wasu kaɗan daga mutum-mutumin suna yin tiyata a wasu sassa a cikin jikin ɗan adam inda hannun ɗan adam bazai iya shiga ba. &lt;ref&gt;[http://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2016/07/28/robotic-surgery-for-prostate-cancer-may-offer-no-benefits-over-regular-surgery/?_r=0 New York Times]&lt;/ref&gt;

Planet rovers sune mutummutumi don binciko taurari masu nisa. Domin yakan ɗauki lokaci mai tsawo kafin ya aika siginar rediyo daga Duniya zuwa wata duniyar, su mutum-mutumin suna yin mafi yawan aikinsu su kadai, ba tare da umarni daga Duniya ba.

Mutane har yanzu suna tunanin mutummutumi kamar suna da sura kamar mutum-ƙafafu biyu, hannu biyu, da kai. ASIMO wani mutum-mutumi ne wanda yake taimaka wa masana kimiyya sanin yadda ake tsarawa da kuma tsara abubuwa. Zai iya tafiya, wanda ba shi da sauƙi don shiryawa.

== Ra'ayoyin gabas da yamma ==

=== Tunani na gabas akan mutummutumi ===
Kusan rabin mutum-mutumi a duniya suna [[Asiya]], 32% a [[Turai]], da 16% a [[Amurka ta Arewa|Arewacin Amurka]], 1% a Australasia da 1% a [[Afirka]] .  30% na dukkan mutummutumi a duniya suna cikin [[Japan]] . &lt;ref&gt;Reporting by Watanabe, Hiroaki; Writing and additional reporting by Negishi, Mayumi; Editing by Norton, Jerry;[https://www.reuters.com/article/technologyNews/idUST32811820071202 Japan's robots slug it out to be world champ]; Reuters; 2007-12-02; retrieved on 2007-01-01&lt;/ref&gt; Japan na da mafi yawan mutummutumi na kowace ƙasa a duniya, kuma ita ce jagora a masana'antar fasahar mutum-mutumi ta duniya. &lt;ref&gt;Lewis, Leo; [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article1620558.ece The robots are running riot! Quick, bring out the red tape] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511171525/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article1620558.ece |date=2008-05-11 }}; TimesOnline; 2007-04-06; retrieved on 2007-01-02&lt;/ref&gt; Haƙiƙa an ce Japan babban birni ne na duniya. 

A Japan da [[Koriya ta Kudu]], ra'ayoyin mutummutumi na nan gaba sun kasance masu kyau. Kyakkyawan karɓar mutummutumi a can na iya zama wani ɓangare saboda sanannen ɗan wasan kwaikwayo mai ban dariya, 'Astroboy'. Ƙasar Sin ta bayyana ra'ayoyi game da fasahar ƙere-ƙere waɗanda suka yi kama da na Japan da Koriya ta Kudu, amma China na bayan Amurka da Turai a ci gaban mutumtaka. Ra'ayin Gabas ta Tsakiya shine cewa mutummutumi ya zama daidai da mutane. Suna jin mutummutumi zai iya kula da tsofaffi, ya koyar da yara, ko ya zama mataimaka. Shahararren ra'ayi game da Gabashin Asiya shi ne cewa zai yi kyau mutummutumi ya zama mafi shahara da ci gaba. Wannan ra'ayin ya saba wa ra'ayin Yammacin duniya.

&quot;Wannan ita ce buɗe wani zamani da ɗan Adam da mutum-mutumi za su iya rayuwa tare,&quot; in ji kamfanin Jits na kasar Japan Mitsubishi game da daya daga cikin mutum-mutumin da ke kama da mutane a Japan. &lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/4196052.stm Domestic robot to debut in Japan ]; BBC News; 2005-08-30; retrieved on 2007-01-02&lt;/ref&gt; Ma’aikatar Watsa Labarai da Sadarwa ta Koriya ta Kudu ta yi hasashen cewa kowane gidan Koriya ta Kudu zai mallaki mutum-mutumi kafin shekarar 2015 zuwa 2020.

=== Tunanin yamma game da mutummutumi ===
[[File:Robot_pistolero.jpg|thumb| Dan bindigar Robot]]
Ƙunungiyoyin Yammacin sun fi fuskantar adawa, ko ma tsoron ci gaban mutum-mutumi. Finafinan almara na kimiyya da sauran labarai galibi suna nuna su a matsayin 'yan tawaye masu haɗari ga bil'adama.

Yammacin duniya suna ɗaukar mutummutumi a matsayin 'barazana' ga rayuwar mutane, wanda hakan ya samo asali ne saboda tasirin addini na addinan Ibrahimiyya, wanda ƙirƙirar injuna waɗanda zasu iya yin tunani kansu zasu kusan wasa da [[Allah]] .  &lt;ref&gt;Yang, Jeff; [http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/g/a/2005/08/25/apop.DTL ASIAN POP Robot Nation Why Japan, and not America, is likely to be the world's first cyborg society] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080102064729/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/g/a/2005/08/25/apop.DTL |date=2008-01-02 }}; SFGate; 2005-08-25; retrieved on 2007-01-02&lt;/ref&gt; Babu shakka, waɗannan iyakokin basu bayyana ba, amma akwai gagarumin bambanci tsakanin aƙidun biyu.

== Dokokin Mutum-mutumi ==
Marubuci Isaac Asimov ya ba da labarai da yawa game da mutum-mutumin da ke da dokoki uku na mutum-mutumi don kiyaye lafiyar mutane daga gare su.

# Roba ba zai iya cutar da ɗan adam ba ko kuma, ta hanyar rashin aiki, ƙyale ɗan adam ya zo ya cutar da shi.
# Dole ne mutum-mutum-mutumi yayi biyayya ga umarnin da dan adam ya bashi, saidai inda irin wannan umarnin zai sabawa Dokar Farko.
# Dole ne mutum-mutumi ya kiyaye wanzuwar sa matukar dai irin wannan kariyar bata yi karo da ta farko ko ta biyu ba.

Ba a amfani da waɗannan a rayuwa ta ainihi lokacin da ya ƙirƙira su. Koyaya, a cikin duniyar yau mutummutumi ya fi rikitarwa, kuma wata rana ana iya buƙatar ƙa'idodi na ainihi, kamar na dokoki uku na Isaac Asimov.


Koriya ta Kudu ita ce kasa ta farko a duniya da ke da dokoki game da mutum-mutumi. &lt;ref name=&quot;SKrobot&quot;&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/6425927.stm Robotic age poses ethical dilemma]; BBC News; 2007-03-07; retrieved on 2007-01-02;&lt;/ref&gt; 

==Hotuna==
&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Boris_Johnson_and_ASIMO_20170720.jpg|Boris Johnson tare da Saƙago mai suna ASIMO
File:Robot_icon.svg|Tambarin Saƙago
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Sauran yanar gizo ==

; Ƙungiyoyin bincike
:

* [http://www.ieee-ras.org IEEE Robotics and Automation Society (RAS)] da [http://wiki.ieee-ras.org wiki] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131223091023/http://wiki.ieee-ras.org/ |date=2013-12-23 }} Archived   .
* [http://www.ifrr.org Gidauniyar International of Robotics Research (IFRR)]
* {{Curlie|Computers/Robotics/|Robotics}}  
* http://robots.net - Labaran yau da kullun game da mutummutumi, robotics, da AI
* [http://robotics.megagiant.com/history.html Takaitaccen tarihin kayan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070819123742/http://robotics.megagiant.com/history.html |date=2007-08-19 }}  Archived 
* [http://www.communistrobot.com/robots.php A giant jerin aka sani mutummutumi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130925031426/http://www.communistrobot.com/robots.php |date=2013-09-25 }} Archived  
* [http://www.nasa.gov/worldbook/robot_worldbook.html NASA da mutummutumi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080118042631/http://www.nasa.gov/worldbook/robot_worldbook.html |date=2008-01-18 }}
* [http://robotics.nasa.gov NASA Robotics Division] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720092710/https://robotics.nasa.gov/ |date=2019-07-20 }}
* [http://www.ifr.org Federationungiyar ofasa ta Duniya ta Robotics]
* [http://www.yellowzeppelin.info/Robots/worried_9211.html Shin ya kamata mu damu da tashin mutummutumi?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080204021818/http://www.yellowzeppelin.info/Robots/worried_9211.html |date=2008-02-04 }} Archived  
* [http://lis.epfl.ch/podcast Podcast 'Talking Robots' - hirarraki tare da manyan ƙwararrun masana a cikin Robotics da Artificial Intelligence] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111203011735/http://lis.epfl.ch/podcast |date=2011-12-03 }} Archived  
* [http://pozor.corps.free.fr/robots/index.html Frenchaunar roban faransanci na Faransa]
* [http://www.elegantdirectory.com/articles/introduction-to-robotics.html Gabatarwa ga Robotics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080115083804/http://www.elegantdirectory.com/articles/introduction-to-robotics.html |date=2008-01-15 }} Archived  
* [http://www.humansunitedagainstrobots.com HUAR]
* [http://www.robotworldnews.com Labaran Duniya na Robot] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180307124953/http://robotworldnews.com/ |date=2018-03-07 }}
* [http://www.personalrobotics.nl Labaran Robot, koyarwar mutum-mutumi, bidiyon bidiyo na mutum-mutumi da kuma akwatin hira]{{Dead link|date=December 2020}}
* [http://www.robotyka.com Labaran Robot, ka'idar Robotik]
* [http://www.robotonline.net/en/list/robots/ List of mutummutumi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110123153049/http://www.robotonline.net/en/list/robots/ |date=2011-01-23 }} Archived  

; Encyclopaedias

* [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9063935/robot Encyclopædia Britannica]
* [[citizendium:Robotics|Robotics]] -Citizendium
[[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]]

==Manazarta==

== Summary ==

Dangantaka da tunanin ''mutum-mutumi'' shine a fannin ilimin halitta na roba, wanda ke nazarin abubuwan da yanayin su ya fi kama da abubuwa masu rai fiye da injina.

== Summary ==

Kalmar ''robot'' na iya nufin duk mutum-mutumi na zahiri da kuma jami'an software na kama-da-wane, amma galibi ana kiran na ƙarshe da bots . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 September 2023 |title=Telecom glossary &quot;bot&quot; |url=https://glossary.atis.org/search-results/?search=bot |publisher=Alliance for Telecommunications Solutions}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dangantaka da tunanin ''mutum-mutumi'' shine fannin ilimin halitta na roba, wanda ke nazarin abubuwan da yanayin su ya fi kama da abubuwa masu rai fiye da injina.

== Ci gaban kirkire-kirkire da abubuwan da ke faruwa ==

{{External media|video1=[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rVlhMGQgDkY Atlas, The Next Generation]}}Fasahohi daban-daban sun bullo don bunkasa kimiyyar na'ura mai kwakwalwa da mutum-mutumi. Wata hanyar ita ce ci gaba na mutum-mutumi, wanda ke bin sauye-sauye da ci gaba a cikin mutum-mutumi guda ɗaya a cikin yankunan warware matsalolin da sauran ayyuka.</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wikipedia:Sabbin editoci</title>
    <ns>4</ns>
    <id>21908</id>
    <revision>
      <id>889896</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-07-31T21:29:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>Sabunta shafin sabbin editoci</comment>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="15984" sha1="8hn47o969tqq6y9prfxhaiz487816u0" xml:space="preserve">Wannan shafin ya na ƙunshe da sabbin editocin da sukayi rajista a Hausa Wikipedia. Robot yana sabunta wannan shafin duk bayan wasu sa'o'i. Kada ku gyara wannan shafin, duk chanjin da akayi, robot zaya yi overwriting din shi a lokacin sabunta shafin.
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Numba
!Edita
!Gudummuwa
!Lokacin rajista
|-
|1
|[[User:HaileyChoi9|HaileyChoi9]]
|[[Special:Contributions/HaileyChoi9|Gudummuwa]]
|Lahadi, 26 ga Yuli 2026
|-
|2
|[[User:Ises de Almeida Abrahamsohn|Ises de Almeida Abrahamsohn]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Ises de Almeida Abrahamsohn|Gudummuwa]]
|Litinin, 27 ga Yuli 2026
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|3
|[[User:Amazingaljicrowley3679|Amazingaljicrowley3679]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Amazingaljicrowley3679|Gudummuwa]]
|Litinin, 27 ga Yuli 2026
|-
|4
|[[User:Lysandery|Lysandery]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Lysandery|Gudummuwa]]
|Litinin, 27 ga Yuli 2026
|-
|5
|[[User:Lokacinda|Lokacinda]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Lokacinda|Gudummuwa]]
|Litinin, 27 ga Yuli 2026
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|6
|[[User:GinawaSaHapon|GinawaSaHapon]]
|[[Special:Contributions/GinawaSaHapon|Gudummuwa]]
|Litinin, 27 ga Yuli 2026
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|[[User:Iishaqman|Iishaqman]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Iishaqman|Gudummuwa]]
|Litinin, 27 ga Yuli 2026
|-
|8
|[[User:ChaoticDucc|ChaoticDucc]]
|[[Special:Contributions/ChaoticDucc|Gudummuwa]]
|Litinin, 27 ga Yuli 2026
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|9
|[[User:Castamir|Castamir]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Castamir|Gudummuwa]]
|Litinin, 27 ga Yuli 2026
|-
|10
|[[User:Խաչատրյան ՏիգրաՆ|Խաչատրյան ՏիգրաՆ]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Խաչատրյան ՏիգրաՆ|Gudummuwa]]
|Litinin, 27 ga Yuli 2026
|-
|11
|[[User:Shokupan|Shokupan]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Shokupan|Gudummuwa]]
|Litinin, 27 ga Yuli 2026
|-
|12
|[[User:Danmarket4199|Danmarket4199]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Danmarket4199|Gudummuwa]]
|Litinin, 27 ga Yuli 2026
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|13
|[[User:MrBanana1234|MrBanana1234]]
|[[Special:Contributions/MrBanana1234|Gudummuwa]]
|Litinin, 27 ga Yuli 2026
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|14
|[[User:DesmondAkisah|DesmondAkisah]]
|[[Special:Contributions/DesmondAkisah|Gudummuwa]]
|Litinin, 27 ga Yuli 2026
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|15
|[[User:DanteWikiFan|DanteWikiFan]]
|[[Special:Contributions/DanteWikiFan|Gudummuwa]]
|Litinin, 27 ga Yuli 2026
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|16
|[[User:Salim Abubakar Katau|Salim Abubakar Katau]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Salim Abubakar Katau|Gudummuwa]]
|Litinin, 27 ga Yuli 2026
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|17
|[[User:Vicente Zambada Niebla 2002|Vicente Zambada Niebla 2002]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Vicente Zambada Niebla 2002|Gudummuwa]]
|Talata, 28 ga Yuli 2026
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|18
|[[User:Udesignow|Udesignow]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Udesignow|Gudummuwa]]
|Talata, 28 ga Yuli 2026
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|19
|[[User:Nikhil periyar|Nikhil periyar]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Nikhil periyar|Gudummuwa]]
|Talata, 28 ga Yuli 2026
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|20
|[[User:ඩඤඩ|ඩඤඩ]]
|[[Special:Contributions/ඩඤඩ|Gudummuwa]]
|Talata, 28 ga Yuli 2026
|-
|21
|[[User:Alexgt2007|Alexgt2007]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Alexgt2007|Gudummuwa]]
|Talata, 28 ga Yuli 2026
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|22
|[[User:Abdulrahmansale1|Abdulrahmansale1]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Abdulrahmansale1|Gudummuwa]]
|Talata, 28 ga Yuli 2026
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|23
|[[User:Lodamilm|Lodamilm]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Lodamilm|Gudummuwa]]
|Talata, 28 ga Yuli 2026
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|[[User:Nasir Yusuf|Nasir Yusuf]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Nasir Yusuf|Gudummuwa]]
|Talata, 28 ga Yuli 2026
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|[[User:TheEmperor984X|TheEmperor984X]]
|[[Special:Contributions/TheEmperor984X|Gudummuwa]]
|Talata, 28 ga Yuli 2026
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|[[User:Koite|Koite]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Koite|Gudummuwa]]
|Talata, 28 ga Yuli 2026
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|[[User:أحمد بن مساعد|أحمد بن مساعد]]
|[[Special:Contributions/أحمد بن مساعد|Gudummuwa]]
|Talata, 28 ga Yuli 2026
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|28
|[[User:Joephuh|Joephuh]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Joephuh|Gudummuwa]]
|Talata, 28 ga Yuli 2026
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|[[User:Aishalabi|Aishalabi]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Aishalabi|Gudummuwa]]
|Talata, 28 ga Yuli 2026
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|[[User:Kazkans|Kazkans]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Kazkans|Gudummuwa]]
|Talata, 28 ga Yuli 2026
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|31
|[[User:LexICon|LexICon]]
|[[Special:Contributions/LexICon|Gudummuwa]]
|Talata, 28 ga Yuli 2026
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|32
|[[User:Muro 5644|Muro 5644]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Muro 5644|Gudummuwa]]
|Talata, 28 ga Yuli 2026
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|[[User:Alt of enbi|Alt of enbi]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Alt of enbi|Gudummuwa]]
|Talata, 28 ga Yuli 2026
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|[[User:Jimihendrics|Jimihendrics]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Jimihendrics|Gudummuwa]]
|Talata, 28 ga Yuli 2026
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|35
|[[User:Hafiz Basiru|Hafiz Basiru]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Hafiz Basiru|Gudummuwa]]
|Talata, 28 ga Yuli 2026
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|36
|[[User:Apalopadidun1|Apalopadidun1]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Apalopadidun1|Gudummuwa]]
|Talata, 28 ga Yuli 2026
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|[[User:Msaroff|Msaroff]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Msaroff|Gudummuwa]]
|Laraba, 29 ga Yuli 2026
|-
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|[[User:Khaleepha MD|Khaleepha MD]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Khaleepha MD|Gudummuwa]]
|Laraba, 29 ga Yuli 2026
|-
|39
|[[User:Innafricans|Innafricans]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Innafricans|Gudummuwa]]
|Laraba, 29 ga Yuli 2026
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|[[User:OAssoua|OAssoua]]
|[[Special:Contributions/OAssoua|Gudummuwa]]
|Laraba, 29 ga Yuli 2026
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|[[User:Youngpappy43|Youngpappy43]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Youngpappy43|Gudummuwa]]
|Laraba, 29 ga Yuli 2026
|-
|42
|[[User:ChocolateTabby|ChocolateTabby]]
|[[Special:Contributions/ChocolateTabby|Gudummuwa]]
|Laraba, 29 ga Yuli 2026
|-
|43
|[[User:Deded6750|Deded6750]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Deded6750|Gudummuwa]]
|Laraba, 29 ga Yuli 2026
|-
|44
|[[User:Ali Huzaifa Stackone|Ali Huzaifa Stackone]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Ali Huzaifa Stackone|Gudummuwa]]
|Laraba, 29 ga Yuli 2026
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|45
|[[User:SusanLesch|SusanLesch]]
|[[Special:Contributions/SusanLesch|Gudummuwa]]
|Laraba, 29 ga Yuli 2026
|-
|46
|[[User:陳河海|陳河海]]
|[[Special:Contributions/陳河海|Gudummuwa]]
|Laraba, 29 ga Yuli 2026
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|47
|[[User:Iimrana isah|Iimrana isah]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Iimrana isah|Gudummuwa]]
|Laraba, 29 ga Yuli 2026
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|48
|[[User:Sam Karlström Madden|Sam Karlström Madden]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Sam Karlström Madden|Gudummuwa]]
|Laraba, 29 ga Yuli 2026
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|49
|[[User:Mik@el|Mik@el]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Mik@el|Gudummuwa]]
|Laraba, 29 ga Yuli 2026
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|[[User:TracyMcClark|TracyMcClark]]
|[[Special:Contributions/TracyMcClark|Gudummuwa]]
|Laraba, 29 ga Yuli 2026
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|51
|[[User:Theorolyst|Theorolyst]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Theorolyst|Gudummuwa]]
|Laraba, 29 ga Yuli 2026
|-
|52
|[[User:Aminukutama|Aminukutama]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Aminukutama|Gudummuwa]]
|Laraba, 29 ga Yuli 2026
|-
|53
|[[User:User01938|User01938]]
|[[Special:Contributions/User01938|Gudummuwa]]
|Laraba, 29 ga Yuli 2026
|-
|54
|[[User:Ventriculi|Ventriculi]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Ventriculi|Gudummuwa]]
|Laraba, 29 ga Yuli 2026
|-
|55
|[[User:Scherer1978|Scherer1978]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Scherer1978|Gudummuwa]]
|Laraba, 29 ga Yuli 2026
|-
|56
|[[User:Formorimmington|Formorimmington]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Formorimmington|Gudummuwa]]
|Alhamis, 30 ga Yuli 2026
|-
|57
|[[User:Chapmansh|Chapmansh]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Chapmansh|Gudummuwa]]
|Alhamis, 30 ga Yuli 2026
|-
|58
|[[User:Oezlem.yilmaz|Oezlem.yilmaz]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Oezlem.yilmaz|Gudummuwa]]
|Alhamis, 30 ga Yuli 2026
|-
|59
|[[User:Diskonnekted01|Diskonnekted01]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Diskonnekted01|Gudummuwa]]
|Alhamis, 30 ga Yuli 2026
|-
|60
|[[User:Lexapro18|Lexapro18]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Lexapro18|Gudummuwa]]
|Alhamis, 30 ga Yuli 2026
|-
|61
|[[User:Activist Nasir Abubakar|Activist Nasir Abubakar]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Activist Nasir Abubakar|Gudummuwa]]
|Alhamis, 30 ga Yuli 2026
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|62
|[[User:Lawal Ya'u Saulawa|Lawal Ya'u Saulawa]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Lawal Ya'u Saulawa|Gudummuwa]]
|Alhamis, 30 ga Yuli 2026
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|63
|[[User:Mahad muazu|Mahad muazu]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Mahad muazu|Gudummuwa]]
|Alhamis, 30 ga Yuli 2026
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|64
|[[User:Kbaliyu|Kbaliyu]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Kbaliyu|Gudummuwa]]
|Alhamis, 30 ga Yuli 2026
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|65
|[[User:Ismail maisaida kbai|Ismail maisaida kbai]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Ismail maisaida kbai|Gudummuwa]]
|Alhamis, 30 ga Yuli 2026
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|66
|[[User:Sayeson29|Sayeson29]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Sayeson29|Gudummuwa]]
|Alhamis, 30 ga Yuli 2026
|-
|67
|[[User:KHADIJA LAWAL DAURA|KHADIJA LAWAL DAURA]]
|[[Special:Contributions/KHADIJA LAWAL DAURA|Gudummuwa]]
|Alhamis, 30 ga Yuli 2026
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|68
|[[User:Nasiru Uamr|Nasiru Uamr]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Nasiru Uamr|Gudummuwa]]
|Alhamis, 30 ga Yuli 2026
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|69
|[[User:Woasani|Woasani]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Woasani|Gudummuwa]]
|Alhamis, 30 ga Yuli 2026
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|70
|[[User:Fatima M Ammani|Fatima M Ammani]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Fatima M Ammani|Gudummuwa]]
|Alhamis, 30 ga Yuli 2026
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|71
|[[User:Aminamsnln|Aminamsnln]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Aminamsnln|Gudummuwa]]
|Alhamis, 30 ga Yuli 2026
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|72
|[[User:Faida Salihu|Faida Salihu]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Faida Salihu|Gudummuwa]]
|Alhamis, 30 ga Yuli 2026
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|73
|[[User:Rabiu Muhammed (Rabs)|Rabiu Muhammed (Rabs)]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Rabiu Muhammed (Rabs)|Gudummuwa]]
|Alhamis, 30 ga Yuli 2026
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|74
|[[User:MARIYA U Sarki|MARIYA U Sarki]]
|[[Special:Contributions/MARIYA U Sarki|Gudummuwa]]
|Alhamis, 30 ga Yuli 2026
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|75
|[[User:Ahmadun-Malta|Ahmadun-Malta]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Ahmadun-Malta|Gudummuwa]]
|Alhamis, 30 ga Yuli 2026
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|76
|[[User:Sumayya Abdulkarim|Sumayya Abdulkarim]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Sumayya Abdulkarim|Gudummuwa]]
|Alhamis, 30 ga Yuli 2026
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|77
|[[User:Hasbel5656|Hasbel5656]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Hasbel5656|Gudummuwa]]
|Alhamis, 30 ga Yuli 2026
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|78
|[[User:Yusuf sada boko|Yusuf sada boko]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Yusuf sada boko|Gudummuwa]]
|Alhamis, 30 ga Yuli 2026
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|79
|[[User:Umma Ibrahim Tanko|Umma Ibrahim Tanko]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Umma Ibrahim Tanko|Gudummuwa]]
|Alhamis, 30 ga Yuli 2026
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|80
|[[User:Aliyuk|Aliyuk]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Aliyuk|Gudummuwa]]
|Alhamis, 30 ga Yuli 2026
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|81
|[[User:Usman m atku|Usman m atku]]
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|Alhamis, 30 ga Yuli 2026
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|82
|[[User:Shafiu jafaru|Shafiu jafaru]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Shafiu jafaru|Gudummuwa]]
|Alhamis, 30 ga Yuli 2026
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|83
|[[User:Isah Almustapha|Isah Almustapha]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Isah Almustapha|Gudummuwa]]
|Alhamis, 30 ga Yuli 2026
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|84
|[[User:Summy Akey|Summy Akey]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Summy Akey|Gudummuwa]]
|Alhamis, 30 ga Yuli 2026
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|85
|[[User:STMC2421|STMC2421]]
|[[Special:Contributions/STMC2421|Gudummuwa]]
|Alhamis, 30 ga Yuli 2026
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|86
|[[User:ABUBAKAR MAIKUDI MUSA|ABUBAKAR MAIKUDI MUSA]]
|[[Special:Contributions/ABUBAKAR MAIKUDI MUSA|Gudummuwa]]
|Alhamis, 30 ga Yuli 2026
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|87
|[[User:Gombarix|Gombarix]]
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|Alhamis, 30 ga Yuli 2026
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|88
|[[User:Scholastikos|Scholastikos]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Scholastikos|Gudummuwa]]
|Alhamis, 30 ga Yuli 2026
|-
|89
|[[User:JeremyLeicester|JeremyLeicester]]
|[[Special:Contributions/JeremyLeicester|Gudummuwa]]
|Alhamis, 30 ga Yuli 2026
|-
|90
|[[User:Baffa ali|Baffa ali]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Baffa ali|Gudummuwa]]
|Alhamis, 30 ga Yuli 2026
|-
|91
|[[User:Mohamad Darlin|Mohamad Darlin]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Mohamad Darlin|Gudummuwa]]
|Alhamis, 30 ga Yuli 2026
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|92
|[[User:Suvan2420|Suvan2420]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Suvan2420|Gudummuwa]]
|Alhamis, 30 ga Yuli 2026
|-
|93
|[[User:Abm86107Gmail|Abm86107Gmail]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Abm86107Gmail|Gudummuwa]]
|Alhamis, 30 ga Yuli 2026
|-
|94
|[[User:Cafalhys3w3|Cafalhys3w3]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Cafalhys3w3|Gudummuwa]]
|Jumma'a, 31 ga Yuli 2026
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|95
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|Jumma'a, 31 ga Yuli 2026
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|96
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|Jumma'a, 31 ga Yuli 2026
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|[[User:Aetholis1|Aetholis1]]
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|Jumma'a, 31 ga Yuli 2026
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|Jumma'a, 31 ga Yuli 2026
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|99
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|Jumma'a, 31 ga Yuli 2026
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|100
|[[User:2026 Nigerian presidential election|2026 Nigerian presidential election]]
|[[Special:Contributions/2026 Nigerian presidential election|Gudummuwa]]
|Jumma'a, 31 ga Yuli 2026
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|101
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|Jumma'a, 31 ga Yuli 2026
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|102
|[[User:Lea.fakauvea|Lea.fakauvea]]
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|Jumma'a, 31 ga Yuli 2026
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|103
|[[User:Zainab haneman|Zainab haneman]]
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|Jumma'a, 31 ga Yuli 2026
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|104
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|Jumma'a, 31 ga Yuli 2026
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|Jumma'a, 31 ga Yuli 2026
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|[[User:ErrrrrWhat|ErrrrrWhat]]
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|Jumma'a, 31 ga Yuli 2026
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|107
|[[User:Sahagun Ethan|Sahagun Ethan]]
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|109
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|111
|[[User:Olinyadaniel|Olinyadaniel]]
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|112
|[[User:Rabiu Y Ahmad|Rabiu Y Ahmad]]
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|113
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|Jumma'a, 31 ga Yuli 2026
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|[[User:Mireka112016|Mireka112016]]
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|116
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|Jumma'a, 31 ga Yuli 2026
|-
|117
|[[User:Dick Bos|Dick Bos]]
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|Jumma'a, 31 ga Yuli 2026
|-
|118
|[[User:Լյովա Սարգսյան|Լյովա Սարգսյան]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Լյովա Սարգսյան|Gudummuwa]]
|Jumma'a, 31 ga Yuli 2026
|-
|119
|[[User:ജോണി തരകൻ|ജോണി തരകൻ]]
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|Jumma'a, 31 ga Yuli 2026
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|120
|[[User:Oluwatunmise Samuel|Oluwatunmise Samuel]]
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|121
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|122
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|123
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|124
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|Jumma'a, 31 ga Yuli 2026
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|125
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|126
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|[[User:Grieksearabizi485|Grieksearabizi485]]
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|Jumma'a, 31 ga Yuli 2026
|-
|}</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nokia</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-07-31T20:52:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bikhrah</username>
        <id>15061</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Gyare gyare</comment>
      <origin>889847</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="60638" sha1="ifwru0v3e04r2x71dxi44nqhuqzpoer" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
{{Hujja}}&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Microsoft buys Nokia's Devices and Services Unit, unites Windows Phone 8 and its hardware maker&quot;. The Verge. 2 September 2013. Retrieved 3 September 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;[[Fayil:Nokia 6230 Black.jpg|thumb|mota kirar nokiya]]
Kamfanin '''Nokia''' (asalin Nokia Oyj, wanda ake kira Nokia; salo a matsayin NOKIA) &lt;ref&gt;Natively Nokia Oyj in Finnish, and Nokia Abp in Swedish. UK: /ˈnɒkiə/, US: /ˈnoʊkiə/, Finnish: [ˈnokiɑ&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Articles of Association of Nokia Corporation&quot; (PDF). Nokia Corporation. Retrieved 8 June 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;shi ne sadarwa ta ƙasashe da yawa na Finnish, fasahar bayanai, da kamfanin lantarki, wanda aka kafa a shekarar 1865. Babban hedkwatar Nokia yana Espoo, Finland, a cikin babban [[Helsinki]] yankin birni, amma ainihin tushen kamfanin yana cikin yankin [[Tampere]] na Pirkanmaa. A cikin shekara ta 2020, Nokia ta ɗauki kusan mutane 92,000 a cikin ƙasashe sama da 100, sun yi kasuwanci a cikin ƙasashe sama da 130, kuma sun ba da rahoton kudaden shiga na shekara -shekara na kusan billion 23 biliyan. &lt;ref&gt;&quot;Nokia&quot; (in Finnish). YTJ.fi. Archived from the original on 10 May 2013. Retrieved 2 March 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;Nokia kamfani ne mai iyaka na jama'a wanda aka jera a kan Helsinki Stock Exchange da New York Stock Exchange.&lt;ref&gt;HS: Nokian juuret ovat Tammerkosken rannalla (in Finnish)&lt;/ref&gt; Shi ne kamfani mafi girma na 415 a duniya wanda aka auna ta kudaden shiga na &lt;ref&gt;Morris, Iain. &quot;Nokia has cut 11,000 jobs in effort to boost profit&quot;. Light Reading.&lt;/ref&gt;shekara ta 2016, bisa ga Fortune Global 500, inda ya hau matsayi na 85 a shekara ta 2009. Sashi ne na ƙimar kasuwar hannun jari ta Euro Stoxx 50.&lt;ref&gt;Report for Q4 and Full Year 2018&quot; (PDF). Nokia Corporation. 21 March 2019. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 May 2019. Retrieved 28 May 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;  
[[Fayil:CeBIT 2005 Nokia-branded Mini.jpg|thumb|Mota kirar nokiya]]
Kamfanin ya yi aiki a masana'antu daban -daban a cikin shekaru 150 da suka gabata. &lt;ref&gt;&quot;Nokia – FAQ&quot;. Nokia Corporation. Archived from the original on 8 February 2009. Retrieved 16 March 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;An kafa ta ne a matsayin injin daskarewa kuma an daɗe ana haɗa ta da roba da igiyoyi amma tun daga shekarun 1990. ta mai da hankali kan manyan hanyoyin sadarwa, haɓaka fasaha, da lasisi&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Fortune Global 500 (100) – 2009 (Fortune ) – Ranking The Brands&quot;. ''Rankingthebrands.com''. Retrieved 28 March 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;. Nokia babbar mai ba da gudummawa ce ga masana'antar wayar tafi -da -gidanka, bayan da ta taimaka wajen haɓaka ƙa'idodin GSM, 3G, da LTE (kuma a halin yanzu a cikin 5G), &lt;ref&gt;Global 500 2016&quot;. Fortune. 2017. Archived from the original on 10 May 2019. Retrieved 24 August 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Euro Stoxx 50&quot;. Boerse-frankfurt.de. Retrieved 24 August 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Thom Holwerda (11 October 2012). &quot;The story of Nokia's Maemo and MeeGo&quot;. OS News.&lt;/ref&gt;kuma ya kasance babban mai siyar da wayoyin hannu da wayoyin hannu a duk duniya. Nokia na ɗaya daga cikin manyan samfuran da Samsung ke biye da su a farkon shekarun 2000. amma ya yi &lt;ref&gt;&quot;This is the new Nokia&quot;. ''The Verge''. 18 November 2014. Retrieved 23 November 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;gwagwarmaya a kasuwanni saboda Nokia ba ta saka hannun jari wajen kera wayoyin hannu na taɓawa ba a lokacin. &lt;ref&gt;&quot;Full Text: Nokia CEO Stephen Elop's 'Burning Platform' Memo&quot;. The Wall Street Journal. 9 February 2011. Archived from the original on 11 February 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Sampsa Kurri (11 October 2012), The story of Nokia MeeGo, archived from the original on 16 October 2012&lt;/ref&gt;Bayan haɗin gwiwa tare da Microsoft da gwagwarmayar kasuwar Nokia ta gaba, Microsoft ta sayi kasuwancin wayar salula, ta ƙirƙirar Microsoft Mobile a matsayin wanda zai gaje ta a shekarar 2014.&lt;ref&gt;Ovide, Shira. &quot;Microsoft in $7.17 Billion Deal for Nokia Cellphone Business&quot;. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 3 September 2013&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan siyarwar, Nokia ta fara mai da hankali sosai kan kasuwancin kayayyakin sadarwar ta da Intanet na fasahar abubuwa, alama. karkatar da sashen taswirar ta Anan da siyan Alcatel-Lucent, gami da ƙungiyar bincike ta Bell Labs. Kamfanin sannan kuma yayi gwaji tare da haƙiƙanin gaskiya da lafiyar dijital, na ƙarshe ta hanyar siyan Withings&lt;ref&gt;Microsoft closes Nokia deal, pays more than expected&quot;. CNET&lt;/ref&gt;. Alamar Nokia ta koma kasuwar wayar hannu da wayoyin hannu a cikin shekara ta  2016. ta hanyar tsarin lasisi tare da HMD Global. Nokia na ci gaba da zama babban mai ba da lasisin lasisi ga mafi yawan manyan dillalan wayar hannu. Tun daga shekara ta 2018, Nokia ita ce ta uku mafi girma a duniya wajen samar da kayan aikin sadarwa.&lt;ref&gt;Coupland, Douglas. &quot;The Ghost of Invention: A Visit to Bell Labs&quot;. Wired.&lt;/ref&gt;  

Finns sun kalli kamfanin da alfahari da ƙasa, kamar yadda kasuwancin wayoyin salula ya sa ya zama babban kamfani mafi girma a duniya da alama daga Finland. A mafi girmansa a cikin shekara ta 2000, &lt;ref&gt;&quot;How Nokia reinvented itself&quot;. ''CNNMoney Switzerland''. Archived from the original on 24 October 2018. Retrieved 28 March 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Nokia celebrates first day of combined operations with Alcatel-Lucent&quot;. Nokia. Archived from the original on 16 January 2016. Retrieved 15 January 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Nokia plans to acquire Withings to accelerate entry into Digital Health&quot;. 26 April 2016. Archived from the original on 19 May 2016. Retrieved 1 June 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Best, Jo. &quot;'Mobile phones are our history, not our future': Nokia on where next for hardware&quot;. ZDNet. Retrieved 28 March 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;yayin kumbon sadarwa,&lt;ref&gt;Scott Barr, Chris (18 May 2016). &quot;Microsoft sells Nokia brand use to Foxconn and HMD global&quot;. SlashGear. Retrieved 16 May 2017.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;&quot;Nokia's key to success: A strong portfolio combined with aggressive licensing – Filing Analytics&quot;. Filinganalytics.io. Retrieved 28 March 2019&lt;/ref&gt;Nokia ta kai kashi 4% na GDP na ƙasar, 21% na jimlar fitar da kayayyaki, da 70% na babban birnin kasuwar musayar hannayen jari na Helsinki.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Ericsson, Samsung gain share in network gear as ZTE slumps&quot;. Reuters.com. 23 August 2018. Archived from the original on 28 March 2019. Retrieved 28 March 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Vilpponen, Antti (4 September 2013). &quot;Nokia: Finland mourns the demise of its proud tech heritage&quot;. The Guardian.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Kelly, Gordon. &quot;Finland and Nokia: an affair to remember&quot;. Wired UK.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Bloomberg (4 September 2013). &quot;Finland mourns loss of national icon Nokia&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;  

== Labari==

=== 1865–1967 ===
[[File:Nokia_Toilet_paper.JPG|thumb| Rolls na bayan gida wadanda kamfanin Nokia suka samar a shekarun 1960, Cibiyar Tarihi ta Vapriikki, Tampere]]

Tarihin Nokia ya samo asali ne daga shekara ta 1865, lokacin da injiniyan hakar ma'adinai na Finnish-Swede Fredrik Idestam ya kafa injin sarrafa ruwa a bakin tekun Tammerkoski kusa da garin Tampere, Finland (sannan a Daular Rasha)&lt;ref&gt;HS: Nokian juuret ovat Tammerkosken rannalla (in Finnish)&lt;/ref&gt;. An buɗe injin injin na biyu a cikin shekara ta 1868. kusa da garin makwabta na &lt;ref&gt;HS: Nokian juuret ovat Tammerkosken rannalla (in Finnish)&lt;/ref&gt;Nokia, inda aka sami ingantattun albarkatun ruwa. A cikin shekara ta  1871, Idestam, tare da abokinsa Leo Mechelin, sun kafa kamfani ɗaya kuma sun kira shi Nokia Ab (a cikin Yaren mutanen [[Sweden]], Kamfanin Nokia shine kwatankwacin Ingilishi), bayan wurin da injin daskarewa na biyu.

Idestam ya yi ritaya a shekara ta 1896, inda ya mayar da Mechelin shugaban kamfanin; ya fadada zuwa samar da wutar lantarki ta shekarar ta  1902, wanda Idestam ya yi adawa da shi. A cikin shekara ta 1904. Suomen Gummitehdas (Ayyukan Rubber na Finnish), kasuwancin roba wanda Eduard Polón ya kafa, ya kafa masana'anta kusa da garin Nokia kuma ya yi amfani da sunanta.

A cikin shekara ta 1922, a cikin Finland mai cin gashin kanta a yanzu, Nokia Ab ta shiga haɗin gwiwa tare da Finber Rubber Works da Kaapelitehdas (masana'antar kebul), duk a yanzu tare a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Polón. Kamfanin roba ya yi girma cikin sauri lokacin da ya koma yankin Nokia a cikin shekara ta 1930. don cin gajiyar samar da wutar lantarki, kuma kamfanin kebul ba da jimawa ba ma ya yi.

Nokia a lokacin ta kuma sanya masu ba da agaji don amfanin farar hula da na soja, daga shekara ta 1930. har zuwa farkon shekara ta  1990.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Start01&quot;. Gasmasklexikon.com. Retrieved 23 November 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 1967–1990 ===
[[File:Patteriston_komentopaikka_Hämeenlinna_4.JPG|thumb| LV 317M rediyo na soja a cikin gidan kayan gargajiya na Hämeenlinna]]

A cikin shekara ta 1967, kamfanoni uku - Nokia, Kaapelitehdas, da Finber Rubber Works - sun haɗu don ƙirƙirar sabon Kamfanin Nokia, wanda aka sake tsara shi zuwa manyan kamfanoni huɗu: gandun daji, kebul, roba, da lantarki. A farkon shekara ta  1970, ta shiga harkar sadarwa da masana'antar rediyo. Nokia ta fara kera kayan aikin soji ga dakarun tsaron Finland (Puolustusvoimat), kamar mai magana da yawun Sanomalaite M/90 a shekara ta 1983, da kuma mashin gas na M61 wanda aka fara kirkirar shi a shekara ta  1960. Yanzu Nokia kuma tana kera ƙwararrun rediyo ta wayar hannu, sauya wayoyin tarho, capacitors da sunadarai.

Bayan yarjejeniyar kasuwanci ta Finland da [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]] a shekara ta  1960, Nokia ta fadada zuwa kasuwar Soviet. Ba da daɗewa ba ya faɗaɗa kasuwanci, wanda ya fara daga musayar tarho ta atomatik zuwa robotik da sauransu; a ƙarshen shekara ta 1970, Tarayyar Soviet ta zama babbar kasuwa ga Nokia, tana taimakawa wajen samar da riba mai yawa. Nokia kuma ta yi aiki tare da fasahar kimiyya tare da Tarayyar Soviet. Gwamnatin Amurka ta ƙara shakkar wannan haɗin gwiwar bayan ƙarshen Yakin Cacar Baki détente a farkon shekara ta 1980s. Nokia ta shigo da abubuwa da yawa da Amurka ta ƙera kuma ta yi amfani da su cikin samfura don Soviets, kuma a cewar Mataimakin Ministan Tsaro na Amurka, Richard Perle, Nokia tana da haɗin gwiwa a asirce tare da The Pentagon wanda ya ba Amurka damar bin diddigin ci gaban fasaha a cikin. Tarayyar Soviet ta hanyar kasuwanci tare da Nokia. Wannan zanga -zangar ce ta kasuwancin Finland tare da ɓangarorin biyu, saboda ba ta tsaka tsaki ba a lokacin Yaƙin Cacar Baki.&lt;ref&gt;COMPANY NEWS; Nokia Oy Buys Stake in Ericsson&quot;. ''The New York Times''. Reuters. 21 January 1988. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 14 August 2017&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin shekara ta 1977, Kari Kairamo ya zama Shugaba kuma ya canza kasuwancin kamfanin. A wannan lokacin, Finland ta zama abin da ake kira &quot;Nordic [[Japan]]&quot;. A karkashin jagorancinsa, Nokia ta sami kamfanoni da yawa ciki har da mai yin talabijin Salora a shekara ta 1984, sai kuma kayan lantarki na Sweden da mai yin kwamfuta kwamfuta Luxor AB a 1985, da kuma kamfanin kera talabijin na Faransa Oceanic a shekara ta 1987. Wannan ya sanya Nokia ta zama mafi girman masana'antar talabijin ta Turai (bayan Philips da Thomson). An ci gaba da amfani da samfuran da ake da su har zuwa ƙarshen kasuwancin talabijin a shekara ta 1996.

[[File:Nokia_Mikko_display_and_keyboard.JPG|thumb| Nokia Mikko 3 karamin na'ura mai kwakwalwa, 1978]]
[[File:Mobira_Cityman_450.JPG|thumb| Mobira Cityman 450, 1985]]

A cikin shekara ta 1987, Nokia ta sami Schaub-Lorenz, ayyukan mabukaci na Standard Elektrik Lorenz (SEL) na Jamus, wanda ya haɗa da samfuran &quot;Schaub-Lorenz&quot; da &quot;Graetz&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Nokia's Secret Code Perhaps the least hierarchical big company in the world, Nokia has been winning big in wireless. But its Finnish recipe for innovation is about to be put to the test. – May 1, 2000&quot;. Fortune (magazine).&lt;/ref&gt;. Asalinsa wani ɓangare ne na Kamfanin Hadin gwiwar Ƙasashen Duniya da Telegraph (ITT) na Amurka, kuma bayan da aka siyar da samfuran a ƙarƙashin alamar &quot;ITT Nokia&quot;, duk da siyar da SEL ga Compagnie Générale d'Electricité (CGE), magabacin Alcatel, a shekara ta 1986 .

A ranar 1 ga watan  Afrilu shekara ta 1988, Nokia ta sayi sashen Tsarin Bayanai na Ericsson, wanda ya samo asali a matsayin rukunin komputa na Datasaab na jirgin saman Sweden da kamfanin kera mota Saab. Tsarin Bayani na Ericsson ya yi tashoshin Alfaskop, masu buga rubutu, masu amfani da ƙananan na'urori da PCS masu jituwa na IBM. Haɗin tare da sashen Tsarin Bayanai na Nokia - wanda tun a shekara ta 1981. yana da layin kwamfutoci na sirri da ake kira MikroMikko - ya haifar da sunan Nokia Data.

Nokia ta kuma mallaki Mobira, wani kamfanin wayar tafi da gidanka, wanda shine ginshiƙin kasuwancin wayar hannu ta gaba. A cikin shekara ta 1981, Mobira ta ƙaddamar da sabis na Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT), cibiyar sadarwar wayar salula ta duniya ta farko kuma ta farko don ba da izinin yawo na ƙasa da ƙasa. A cikin shekara ta 1982, Mobira ta ƙaddamar da wayar mota ta Mobira Senator, wayar Nokia ta farko. A wancan lokacin, kamfanin ba shi da sha'awar kera wayoyin hannu, wanda hukumar zartarwa ke ɗauka daidai da na James Bond: na'urori masu yuwuwa da na gaba. Bayan duk waɗannan abubuwan da aka saya, tushen samun kuɗin Nokia ya zama dalar Amurka biliyan 2.7. Shugaba Kairamo ya kashe kansa a ranar 11 ga watan Disamba shekara ta 1988.

A cikin shekara ta 1987, Kaapelitehdas ya daina kera igiyoyi a masana'antar ta Helsinki bayan shekaru 44, yana rufe ƙananan kamfanin.&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Mobira 800-NDB.JPG|Mobira 800-NDB fitilar da ba ta shugabanci wacce take a cikin sigar gidan kayan gargajiyar ta Sojojin Sama na Finland
File:Lasersuunnin merivoimien vuosipäivä 2013 Kotka 3.JPG|Nokia MAC 8532 wajan kera laser a baya wadanda manyan bindigogin bakin ruwa na kasar Finnish suke amfani dasu
File:Patteriston komentopaikka Hämeenlinna 2.JPG|Nunin gidan kayan tarihin Hämeenlinna wanda ke dauke da jami'in kula da wuta tare da kalkuleta na Nokia a cikin rundunar kwamandan manyan bindigogi na Finnish
File:MikroMikko 4 TT m216 Tekniikan museo 02.jpg|Late 1980s MikroMikko 4 TT m216 computer desktop in the Museum of Technology, Helsinki, Finland
File:Itt-nokia television and vhs-video.jpeg|ITT Nokia talabijin tare da ITT Nokia VCR (ITT / SEL)
File:Mobira kaukohakulaite.png|Motar Mobira ta 1986
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== 1990–2010 ===
[[File:Jorma_Ollila_2013.jpg|thumb| Jorma Ollila, wacce ta lura da hauhawar kamfanin Nokia a kasuwar wayoyin hannu a matsayin Shugaba daga shekarar 1992 zuwa 2006]]

Bayan nadin Simo Vuorilehto a matsayin &lt;ref&gt;&quot;Nokia Announces Final Sale of its Television Manufacturing Business&quot;. Nokia.&lt;/ref&gt;Shugaba, an shirya wani babban gyara. Tare da ƙungiyoyi 11 a cikin kamfanin, Vuorilehto ya karkatar da sassan masana'antu da ya ɗauka a matsayin marasa dabaru. Nokian Tires (Nokian Renkaat), mai kera taya da aka kirkira a matsayin wani bangare na Ayyukan Rubber na Finland a shekara ta 1932, ya rabu da Kamfanin Nokia a shekara ta 1988&lt;ref&gt;Nokia First to Launch Digital Satellite Receiver in The UK&quot;. Nokia.&lt;/ref&gt;. Shekaru biyu bayan haka, a shekara ta 1990, Ayyukan Rubber na Finnish sun bi sahu. A shekara ta 1991, Nokia ta sayar da sashen na’urar kwamfuta, Nokia Data, ga Kamfanin International Computers Limited (ICL), wanda ya kasance farkon Fujitsu Siemens. Masu saka hannun jari sun yi tunanin hakan a matsayin matsalar kudi kuma farashin hannun jarin Nokia ya fadi sakamakon hakan. Finland yanzu ma tana fuskantar koma bayan tattalin arziki mafi muni a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar rayuwa, kuma rushewar Tarayyar Soviet, babban abokin ciniki, ya kara dagula al'amura.
[[Fayil:Nokia ST.jpg|thumb]]
Vuorilehto ya yi murabus a cikin watan Janairu a shekara ta  1992, kuma ya maye gurbinsa da Jorma Ollila, wacce ta kasance shugabar kasuwancin wayar hannu daga shekara ta 1990, kuma ta ba da shawara game da sayar da wannan rukunin. Ollila ya yanke shawarar juyar da Nokia zuwa kamfanin 'telecom-oriented', daga ƙarshe ya kawar da rarrabuwa kamar kasuwancin wutar lantarki. Wannan dabarar ta tabbatar da nasara sosai kuma kamfanin ya haɓaka cikin sauri a cikin shekaru masu zuwa. Ribar aikin Nokia ya tashi daga mara kyau a shekara ta 1991, zuwa dala biliyan 1 a shekara ta 1995, kuma kusan dala biliyan Hudu 4 a shekara ta 1999.

Wayar Nokia ta farko mai cikakken šaukuwa bayan Sanatan Mobira shine Mobira Cityman 900 a shekara ta 1987. Nokia ta taimaka wajen haɓaka ƙirar wayar hannu ta GSM a cikin shekara ta 1980s, kuma ta haɓaka hanyar sadarwar GSM ta farko tare da Siemens, magabacin Nokia Siemens Network. Firayim Ministan Finland Harri Holkeri ne ya yi kiran GSM na farko a ranar 1 ga watan Yuli shekara ta 1991, ta amfani da kayan aikin Nokia a kan hanyar sadarwa ta MHz 900 da Nokia ta gina kuma Radiolinja ke sarrafawa. A cikin watan Nuwamba 1992, Nokia 1011 ta ƙaddamar, wanda ya sa ta zama farkon wayar salula ta GSM ta kasuwanci.

Salora Oy a matsayin reshen Nokia ya ƙare a shekarar 1989 lokacin da aka haɗa rarrabuwa zuwa Nokia-Mobira Oy. An ci gaba da amfani da alamar don talabijin har zuwa shekara ta 1995.

A ranar 12 ga watan Yuni shekara ta 1996, Nokia ta ba da sanarwar sayar da kasuwancin tallan ta ga Kamfanin Semi-Tech na Kanada/Hong Kong. An rufe kamfanin kera talabijin a Jamus a watan Satumbar a shekara ta 1996. Sayarwar ta haɗa da masana'anta a [[Turku]], da haƙƙin amfani da samfuran Nokia, Finlux, Luxor, Salora, Schaub-Lorenz da Oceanic har zuwa ƙarshen shkara ta 1999. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan samfuran daga baya an sayar da su ga wasu kamfanoni.

Nokia ita ce ta fara ƙaddamar da tauraron dan adam na dijital a Burtaniya, wanda aka sanar a cikin watan Maris shekara ta 1997. A watan Agusta shekara ta 1997 Nokia ta gabatar da na’urar tauraron dan adam ta farko tare da tallafin Common Interface (CI). A cikin shekara ta 1998, Nokia ta zama zaɓaɓɓen mai siyar da kayayyaki don samar da akwatunan akwatin gidan talabijin na dijital na farko na duniya ta British Digital Broadcasting (BDB), wanda a ƙarshe aka ƙaddamar da shi a matsayin ONdigital.[[File:Digital-tv-box_från_Nokia.jpg|thumb| Babban Mediamaster na Nokia saiti]]

A watan Oktoban shekara ta 1998, Nokia ta riski Motorola ta zama babbar wayar salula mafi siyarwa, kuma a watan Disamba ta kera wayar salula ta miliyan dari. Babban dalilin da yasa Nokia tayi girma akan manyan masu fafatawa da ita Motorola da Ericsson shine cewa ta sami damar kula da kasuwar matasa masu amfani da masu amfani da kayan kwalliya, mafi mahimmanci tare da wayoyin hannu na Nokia 5110 da 3210 waɗanda ke nuna babban kewayon launuka masu canzawa da canzawa- murfin da ake kira Xpress-on. Daya daga cikin wayoyin zamani na farko a cikin shekara ta 1992, daga agogon Switzerland Swatch, ya dogara ne akan wayar Nokia ta 101. &lt;ref&gt;&quot;Nokia Announces Heads of Agreement to Sell Its Remaining Television Business&quot;. Nokia.&lt;/ref&gt;Kamfanin zai kuma samar da rukunin Vertu, yana ƙirƙirar wayoyin hannu masu alatu.

Nokia ta yi iƙirarin a watan Afrilu shekara ta  1996, masu sa ido na 447Xav da 447K su zama na farko tare da masu magana da sitiriyo da ƙaramin woofer. A watan Mayu shekara ta 1999 Nokia ta gabatar da samfuran LAN na farko mara waya. A watan Janairun 2000 ViewSonic ya sayi samfuran Nuni na Nokia, rabon yin nunin don kwamfutoci na sirri. A ranar 26  ga watan Afrilu shekara ta 2001, Nokia ta yi haɗin gwiwa tare da Telefonica don samar da modem ɗin DSL da magudanar ruwa a [[Ispaniya|Spain]].

A cikin shekara ta 1997, Nokia ta kafa haɗin gwiwa tare da kamfanin lantarki na Brazil Gradiente inda aka basu lasisin kera ire -iren wayoyin salula na Nokia a cikin gida ƙarƙashin sunayen Nokia da Gradiente.

A cikin shekara ta 1998, Nokia ta kafa kamfanin Symbian Ltd. wanda Psion ke jagoranta don ƙirƙirar sabon tsarin aiki don PDAs da wayoyin hannu masu wayo a matsayin magajin EPOC32. Sun saki Nokia 9210 Communicator da ke gudanar da Symbian OS a shekara ta 2001, kuma daga baya a waccan shekarar ta kirkiri dandalin Symbian Series 60, daga baya suka gabatar da ita tare da wayar kyamarar su ta farko, Nokia 7650. Dukansu Nokia da Symbian sun zama manyan kayan masarufi na wayoyi da mai yin software bi da bi, kuma a watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2004 Nokia ta zama babban mai hannun jari na Symbian Ltd. Nokia ta mallaki kamfani baki daya a watan Yunin shekara ta 2008, sannan ta kafa Gidauniyar Symbian a matsayin wanda zai gaje ta.

A cikin shekara ta 1998, kawai, kamfanin yana da kuɗin shiga na dala biliyan 20 wanda ya sami ribar dala biliyan 2.6. Zuwa shekarar 2000 Nokia ta dauki mutane sama da 55,000 aiki, kuma tana da kaso 30% a kasuwar wayar tafi da gidanka, kusan ninki biyu na babbar gasa, Motorola. Kamfanin yana aiki a kasashe 140 tun daga shekara ta 1999. An ba da rahoton a lokacin cewa wasu mutane sun yi imanin Nokia kamfanin Japan ne. Tsakanin shekara ta 1996, zuwa shekara ta 2001, yawan kudin da Nokia ta samu ya karu ninki biyar, daga € 6.5 biliyan zuwa € 31bn.

[[File:Nokia_mobile_phones.jpg|left|thumb|250x250px| Tarin wayoyin hannu na Nokia daga shekarun 2000]]

Daga nan za a san kamfanin a matsayin mai nasara kuma mai kirkirar wayoyin kyamara. Nokia 3600/3650 ita ce wayar kamara ta farko da aka sayar a Arewacin Amurka a shekasra ta 2003. A watan Afrilu shekara ta 2005, Nokia ta yi hadin gwiwa da mai kera kyamarar kyamarar Jamus Carl Zeiss AG. A cikin wannan watan Nokia ta gabatar da Nseries, wanda zai zama layin wayoyin salula na shekaru shida masu zuwa. Nokia N95 da aka gabatar a watan Satumba na shekarar 2006 ya yi nasara sosai kuma an kuma ba shi lambar yabo a matsayin &quot;mafi kyawun na'urar daukar hoto&quot; a Turai a shekara ta  2007. Wanda ya gaje shi N82 ya nuna walƙiyar xenon, wanda ya taimaka mata lashe lambar &quot;mafi kyawun hoton wayar hannu&quot; a Turai a shekara ta 2008. N93 a shekara ta 2006, an san shi da camcorder na musamman da kuma karkatacciyar ƙirar da ke sauyawa tsakanin clamshell da matsayi kamar camcorder. An kuma san su sosai da N8 tare da babban firikwensin 12-megapixel a cikin shekara ta 2010; 808 PureView a cikin shekara ta 2012, tare da firikwensin 41-megapixel; da tutar Lumia 920 a cikin shekara ta 2012, wanda ya aiwatar da ingantattun fasahar PureView.

Nokia ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka fara wasan caca ta hannu saboda shaharar Snake, wanda aka riga aka ɗora shi akan samfura da yawa. A cikin shekara ta  2002, Nokia ta yi ƙoƙarin kutsawa cikin kasuwar caca ta hannu tare da N-Gage. Shugaban nishaɗi da kafofin watsa labarai na Nokia, Ilkka Raiskinen, ya taɓa yin ƙaulin &quot;Game Boy na yara 'yan shekara 10&quot;, yana mai bayyana cewa N-Gage ya fi dacewa da masu sauraro da suka manyanta. Koyaya, na'urar ta gaza, ta kasa ƙalubalantar jagoran kasuwar Nintendo. Nokia ta yi ƙoƙarin farfado da N-Gage a matsayin dandamali na wayoyin salula na S60, wanda a ƙarshe aka ƙaddamar da su a shekara ta 2008.

A cikin Q1a shekara ta  2004, kasuwar wayar salula ta Nokia ta ragu sosai zuwa 28.9%, ƙasa daga 34.6% a shekara da ta gabata. Koyaya, zuwa shekara ta 2006 kamfanin ya sake samun ci gaba kuma a cikin Q4 a shekara ta 2007 ya kai adadi mafi girma na 40.4%. Rabon kasuwar wayoyin salula a waccan kwata shine 51%. Nokia ita ce babbar mai siyarwa a lokacin a duk yankuna bar Arewacin Amurka.

Nokia ta ƙaddamar da gwajin talabijin ta wayar hannu a 2005 a Finland tare da abun ciki wanda mai watsa labarai na jama'a Yle ya bayar. Ayyukan suna dogara ne akan ma'aunin DVB-H. Ana iya duba shi tare da babbar wayar Nokia 7710 tare da kayan haɗi na musamman wanda ke ba shi damar karɓar siginar DVB-H. Nokia ta yi haɗin gwiwa tare da Arqiva da O2 don ƙaddamar da gwaji a Burtaniya a watan Satumba shekara ta 2005.

A cikin shekara ta  2005 Nokia ta haɓaka tsarin aiki na tushen Linux wanda ake kira Maemo, wanda ya yi jigilar wannan shekarar akan Nokia 770 Internet Tablet.

A ranar 1 ga watan Yuni shekara ta 2006, Jorma Ollila ta zama shugaban kamfanin kuma ta yi ritaya a matsayin Shugaba, wanda Olli-Pekka Kallasvuo ya maye gurbinsa.[[File:Nokia_Sao_Paulo_Flagship.jpg|left|thumb| Babban shagon Nokia a [[São Paulo]], Brazil a shekara 2009]]

A watan Agusta na shekara ta 2007, Nokia ta gabatar da Ovi, sunan laima don sabbin aiyukan Intanet na kamfanin wanda ya haɗa da dandalin N-Gage da Nokia Music Store. Shagon Ovi ya fuskanci gagarumar gasa da Apple App Store lokacin da aka gabatar da shi a shekara ta 2008.

A watan Oktobar shekara ta 2008, Nokia ta sanar da Nokia 5800 XpressMusic, na’urar farko da za ta yi jigilar kaya tare da sabon S60 5th Edition, wanda aka fi sani da Symbian^1, farkon maimaita dandamali tun lokacin da aka kirkiro Gidauniyar Symbian. A watan Nuwambashekara ta  2008 Nokia ta sanar da cewa za ta kawo karshen sayar da wayoyin hannu a Japan saboda karancin kasuwa. Kasuwar wayar salula ta Nokia ta kai kololuwa a shekarar 2008 da kashi 38.6. A wannan shekarar, Nokia ta sanar da siyan Trolltech da haɓaka software ta Qt. Qt ya kasance babban ɓangaren dabarun Nokia har zuwa shekara ta 2011, kuma a ƙarshe an sayar da shi a cikin shekara ta 2012.

Nokia a takaice ta koma kasuwar kwamfuta tare da ɗan littafin netbook 3G a watan Agusta shekara ta 2009.

=== 2010–2014 ===
[[File:As_Time_Goes_By_(Nokia_9000_Communicator_&amp;_E7).jpg|thumb| Mai Sadarwa na Nokia 9000 (1996) kusa da Nokia E7 Sadarwa (2011)]]
[[File:Nokia_&amp;_Microsoft_Lumia_devices.png|thumb| Nokia da Microsoft Lumia na'urorin.]]
[[File:Ristoonstage.jpg|left|thumb| Risto Siilasmaa, shugaban Nokia daga 2012 zuwa 2020.]]
[[File:Bürogebäude_früheres_Nokia-Werk_Bochum-Riemke_(2009).jpg|thumb| Tsohon kamfanin Nokia a Bochum, Jamus]]
[[File:Nokia_(8111386420).jpg|thumb| Alamar talla ta Nokia a Dublin, Ireland]]A ƙarshen shekara ta  2009 zuwa  2010, an gabatar da Xseries da ke mai da hankali kan kiɗa da Cseries mai mai da hankali. A watan Afrilu shekara ta  2010 Nokia ta gabatar da na’urar tafi da gidanka ta gaba, Nokia N8, wacce za ta kasance ta farko da za ta fara aiki a kan Symbian^3. Sai dai an yi jinkiri tsawon watanni da dama wanda hakan ya bata sunan kamfanin, musamman bayan gazawar tutar da ta yi a baya N97 da gasa mai tsauri daga Apple da kamfanin Google mai tasowa. A ranar 10 ga watan Satumba shekara ta 2010, an kori Olli-Pekka Kallasvuo a matsayin Shugaba kuma an sanar da cewa Stephen Elop daga Microsoft zai dauki matsayin Babban Daraktan Nokia, inda ya zama darakta na farko da ba Finnish ba a tarihin Nokia. An yi iƙirarin cewa masu saka hannun jari sun matsa wa hukumar Nokia lamba don ɗaukar wani baƙo don girgiza gudanarwa kuma ya rabu da al'adar &quot;Nokia hanya&quot;. Ollila ya kuma sanar da cewa zai yi murabus daga shugabancin Nokia kafin shekarar 2012. A ranar 11 ga watan Maris shekara ta 2011, Nokia ta sanar da cewa ta biya Elop dala miliyan shida na sanya hannu a matsayin &quot;diyyar asarar kudin shiga daga tsohon ma'aikacin sa&quot;, a kan dala miliyan 1.4 na shekara albashi.

Tsohon Symbian OS ya zama tushen budewa gaba daya a watan Fabrairu 2010. Sai dai, a watan Nuwamban 2010 an sanar da cewa Symbian Foundation na rufe kuma Nokia za ta sake karbe ikon tsarin aikin Symbian a karkashin lasisin rufewa. Zuwa yanzu Nokia ita ce kawai kamfanin da ya rage ta amfani da dandamali, tare da mai jigilar NTT DoCoMo a Japan, bayan duka Samsung da Sony Ericsson sun koma Android. A halin da ake ciki, a cikin 2010, don burin Nokia na Linux, Nokia ta haɗu tare da Intel don ƙirƙirar aikin MeeGo, bayan haɗuwar Maemo na Nokia da Moblin na Intel.

Dandalin Symbian na Nokia wanda ya kasance babban dandamali na wayoyin hannu a Turai da [[Asiya]] tsawon shekaru da yawa yana saurin tsufa kuma yana da wahala ga masu haɓakawa bayan bayyanar iOS da Android. Don magance wannan, Nokia ta shirya yin tsarin aikin su na MeeGo Linux, a ƙarƙashin ci gaba, ƙirar kamfanin akan wayoyin komai da ruwanka. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan fara aikin Shugaba na Elop, hukumar Nokia ta kore shi ikon canza dabarun wayoyin hannu na kamfanin, gami da canza tsarin aiki. Tsohon soja Anssi Vanjoki, shugaban sashen wayoyin salula, ya bar kamfanin a wannan lokacin. Fitowar sa ta ƙarshe shine a Nokia World 2010 lokacin da aka gabatar da Nokia E7 da wasu na'urorin Symbian^3.

A ranar 11 ga watan Fabrairu shekarar 2011, Nokia ta ba da sanarwar &quot;haɗin gwiwa mai mahimmanci&quot; tare da Microsoft, wanda a ƙarƙashinsa zai karɓi Windows Phone 7 a matsayin babban tsarin aikin sa akan wayoyin komai da ruwanka, tare da haɗa ayyukansa da dandamali tare da nasa, gami da Bing azaman injin bincike, da haɗawa. Bayanan Maps na Nokia cikin Taswirorin Bing. Elop ya bayyana cewa Nokia ta zabi kada ta yi amfani da Android saboda a bayyane yake cewa ba zai iya &quot;bambance&quot; abubuwan da ake bayarwa ba, tare da masu sukar sun kuma lura cewa alakar sa ta baya da Microsoft na iya yin tasiri ga shawarar. Kodayake MeeGo &quot;Harmattan&quot; -bn N9 an sadu da kyakkyawar tarba a cikin 2011, Nokia ta riga ta yanke shawarar kawo ƙarshen ci gaba akan MeeGo kuma kawai ta mai da hankali kan haɗin gwiwar Microsoft, kodayake Shugaba ya ce &quot;sabbin abubuwa&quot; na N9 za su ci gaba makomar, wacce a ƙarshe ta hau kan dandalin Asha a shekarar 2013. Bayan sanarwar haɗin gwiwar Microsoft, kasuwar kasuwar Nokia ta lalace; wannan ya faru ne saboda buƙatar faduwar Symbian lokacin da masu amfani suka fahimci hankalin Nokia da kulawa zai kasance a wani wuri.

Kamfanin ya sanya babban asara a cikin kwata na biyu na shekarar 2011 - kawai asarar su ta biyu a cikin shekaru 19. Wayar Nokia ta farko ta Wayar Windows ita ce Lumia 800, wacce ta iso a watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2011. Faduwar tallace -tallace a shekarar 2011, wanda ba a inganta shi sosai tare da layin Lumia a 2012, ya haifar da manyan asara a jere. Zuwa tsakiyar shekarar 2012, farashin hannayen jarin kamfanin ya fadi kasa da $ 2. Shugaba Elop ya ba da sanarwar rage farashin farashi a watan Yuni ta hanyar zubar da ma’aikata 10,000 zuwa karshen shekara da kuma rufe masana'antar kera Salo. Firayim Ministan na Finland ya kuma ba da sanarwar cewa gwamnati ba za ta ceci kamfanin daga asusun jihar na gaggawa ba. A kusa da wannan lokacin Nokia ta fara sabon aikin da aka yiwa lakabi da &quot;Meltemi&quot;, dandamali ga wayoyin komai da ruwanka. Tare da kawancen Microsoft kuma a ƙarƙashin kulawar Elop, Nokia kuma ta sake mai da hankali kan kasuwar Arewacin Amurka inda wayoyin Nokia suke, sabanin sauran ƙasashen duniya, kusan ba su da mahimmanci na shekaru da yawa. Wannan dabarar ta fara ne a cikin watan Janairu ta shekarar 2012, tare da gabatar da wayar Nokia Lumia 900 tare da haɗin gwiwar kamfanin AT&amp;T na Amurka.

A watan Maris na shekarar 2011, Nokia ta bullo da wani sabon nau'in kamfani mai suna &quot;Pure&quot;. A ranar 1 ga watan Agustan shekarar 2011, Nokia ta ba da sanarwar cewa za ta yi amfani da sabon tsarin lambar lambobi uku don samfuran wayar hannu kuma ta daina amfani da haruffa, ta yadda za a kawo ƙarshen Nseries, Eseries, da Cseries na ɗan gajeren lokaci. A wannan ranar aka gabatar da Nokia 500 tare da sabon tsarin. Nokia ta yi amfani da sunaye masu lamba uku a wayoyin analog a shekarun 1990.

Lokacin da aka sanar da Lumia 920 a watan Satumbar shekarar 2012, 'yan jaridu sun gan ta a matsayin babbar babbar Windows Phone wacce za ta iya ƙalubalanci abokan hamayya saboda tsarinta na ci gaba. Elop ya ce kyakkyawan martanin da aka yi masa ya haifar da bege da kyakkyawan fata a kamfanin. Kamfanin yana kuma samun nasarori a cikin ƙasashe masu tasowa tare da jerin Asha, waɗanda ke siyarwa da ƙarfi. Kodayake tallace -tallace da wayoyin salula na Nokia sun karu sosai a cikin shekarar 2013, gami da a kasuwar Arewacin Amurka, har yanzu bai isa ba don gujewa asarar kuɗi. Ollila ta sauka daga kujerarta a ranar 4 ga watan Mayu shekarar 2012, kuma Risto Siilasmaa ya maye gurbin ta

A watan Satumba na shekarar 2013 Nokia ta sanar da sayar da sashen wayar salula da na’urorinta ga Microsoft. Sayarwar tana da kyau ga Nokia don gujewa ƙarin adadi na kuɗi mara kyau, kazalika ga Babban Manajan Microsoft Steve Ballmer, wanda ke son Microsoft ta samar da ƙarin kayan masarufi kuma ta mayar da ita zuwa kamfanin na'urori da sabis. Shugaban Nokia, Risto Siilasmaa, ya bayyana yarjejeniyar a matsayin mai hankali (a cikin fa'idar masu hannun jarin Nokia), amma mai wahalar gaske - masana sun yarda cewa Nokia za ta kasance cikin rikicin kuɗi idan ba ta sayar da rabon ga Microsoft ba. Manazarta sun yi imanin cewa Ballmer ya matsa don siyan saboda tsoron cewa Nokia tana gab da ɗaukar Android kuma ta yi watsi da ƙawancen su da Microsoft. Tabbas, a cikin Janairu 2014 an gabatar da Nokia X wanda ke gudana akan sigar Android ta musamman. Abin mamaki ne da ɗan ban mamaki wanda ke zuwa makonni kaɗan kacal daga ƙarshen siyan Microsoft. Wasu, ciki har da magajin Ballmer Satya Nadella, suna jin cewa Microsoft na tunanin haɗe ƙungiyoyin software ɗin su da injiniyan kayan masarufi na Nokia da zai “hanzarta” haɓaka Windows Phone. An kammala siyarwar a watan Afrilun 2014, inda Microsoft Mobile ta zama magajin sashen na'urorin wayoyin Nokia. Nokia kuma ta tashi daga hedkwatarsa ​​zuwa wani katafaren gini da ke Karaportti. A lokacin, Ballmer da kansa yana yin ritaya a matsayin Shugaba na Microsoft kuma Satya Nadella ya maye gurbinsa, wanda ya yi adawa da siyan wayoyin salula na Nokia, tare da shugaban [[Bill gate|Bill Gates]]. Microsoft ya rubuta kadarorin da aka saya daga Nokia a shekarar 2015.

A shekara ta 2014, darajar tambarin Nokia a duniya bisa ga Interbrand ya faɗi zuwa matsayi na 98, raguwa mai kaifi daga wuri na 5 da yake a shekarar 2009. Faduwar Nokia a kasuwar wayar tafi -da -gidanka ya sami bayanai daban -daban daga manazarta, tare da rarrabuwar kawuna game da shawarar Shugaba na yin watsi da shi. tsarin aiki na cikin gida da kuma yin amfani da Windows Phone a shekarar 2011. Masu bincike da yawa sun yanke shawarar cewa Nokia ta sha wahala daga zurfafa gwagwarmaya a cikin gudanarwa. Tsoffin ma’aikatan sun yi iƙirarin cewa gudanarwar ta yi kumbura ta hanyar nasarar farko da suka zama masu gamsuwa da lokaci. Wasu daga ƙungiyar masu tasowa ta Symbian sun yi iƙirarin cewa babban jami'in kamfanin ya ƙi ɗaruruwan sabbin abubuwa a cikin shekarun 2000, da suka gabatar, gami da sake rubuta lambar Symbian gaba ɗaya. Wani tsohon ma'aikacin Nokia ya yi ikirarin cewa ana gudanar da kamfanin ne a matsayin &quot;tsarin mulki irin na Soviet&quot;.

A watan Yulin shekarar 2013, Nokia ta sayi hannun jarin Siemens a cikin haɗin gwiwar Nokia Siemens Networks na dala biliyan 2.2, ta mai da shi wani kamfani mallakinsa gaba ɗaya wanda ake kira Nokia Solutions and Networks, har sai da aka sake masa suna zuwa Nokia Networks ba da daɗewa ba. A lokacin fafutukar neman kuɗaɗen kuɗi na Nokia, sashen sadarwar sa mai riba tare da Siemens ya ba da kuɗin shiga da yawa; don haka, sayan ya tabbatar da inganci, musamman bayan siyar da na’urorin wayar salularsa.

=== 2014–2016 ===
Bayan siyar da sashin na'urorin wayar hannu, Nokia ta mai da hankali kan kayan aikin hanyar sadarwa ta hanyar Nokia Networks.

A watan Oktoba na shekarar 2014, Nokia da China Mobile sun sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar tsarin dala miliyan 970 don isar da kayayyaki tsakanin shekarar 2014 da 2015.

A ranar 17 ga watan Nuwamban shekarar 2014, shugaban Kamfanin Fasaha na Nokia Ramzi Haidamus ya bayyana cewa kamfanin ya shirya sake shigar da kasuwancin kayan masarufi a matsayin mai kera ƙira na asali, yana ba da lasisin ƙirar kayan cikin gida da fasaha ga masana&lt;nowiki&gt;'antun na uku. Haidamus ya bayyana cewa alamar Nokia tana da '' mahimmanci '' amma '' yana raguwa da ƙima, kuma wannan shine dalilin da ya sa yana da mahimmanci mu canza wannan yanayin cikin sauri, nan ba da jimawa ba ''. Kashegari, Nokia ta ƙaddamar da N1, kwamfutar hannu ta Android da Foxconn ta ƙera, a matsayin samfur na farko bayan siyarwar Microsoft. Haidamus ya jaddada cewa na'&lt;/nowiki&gt;urorin da aka fito da su a ƙarƙashin waɗannan yarjejeniyar lasisi za a riƙe su cikin manyan ƙimar ingancin samarwa, kuma za su &quot;yi kama da jin kamar Nokia ta gina ta&quot;. Shugaban kamfanin Nokia Rajeev Suri ya bayyana cewa kamfanin ya shirya sake shigar da kasuwancin wayar salula ta wannan hanyar a cikin shekarar 2016, bayan karewar sharuddan da ba ta gasa da Microsoft.

A cewar Robert Morlino, mai magana da yawun Nokia Technologies, Nokia ta shirya bin tsarin lasisin alama maimakon tallan na'urorin tafi-da-gidanka kai tsaye saboda siyar da sashin na'urorin wayar hannu ga Microsoft. Kamfanin ya ɗauki tsauraran matakai don farfado da kansa, a bayyane ta hanyar ɗaukar ƙwararrun software, gwajin sabbin samfura da neman abokan hulɗa. A ranar 14 ga watan Yuli shekarar 2015, Shugaba Rajeev Suri ya tabbatar da cewa kamfanin zai dawo kasuwar wayoyin hannu a cikin shekarar 2016.

A ranar 28 ga Yuli, 2015, Nokia ta sanar da OZO, kyamarar gaskiya ta 360-digiri, tare da firikwensin hoto na 2K guda takwas. Rarraba bayan samfurin, Nokia Technologies, ya yi iƙirarin cewa OZO zai kasance mafi ingantaccen dandamali na yin fim na VR. Sanarwar manema labarai ta Nokia ta bayyana cewa OZO zai kasance &quot;na farko a cikin shirin da aka tsara na hanyoyin watsa labarai na dijital,&quot; tare da tsammanin samfuran fasaha a nan gaba. An bayyana OZO cikakke a ranar 30 ga Nuwamba a Los Angeles. OZO, wanda aka ƙera don amfani da ƙwararru, an yi niyyar siyar da shi akan dalar Amurka 60,000; duk da haka, an rage farashinsa da $ 15,000 kafin a sake shi, kuma an jera shi akan gidan yanar gizon sa a matsayin $ 40,000.

A ranar 14 ga Afrilu 2015, Nokia ta tabbatar da cewa tana tattaunawa da kamfanin kayan aikin sadarwa na Faransa Alcatel-Lucent dangane da yiwuwar hadewa. Kashegari, Nokia ta ba da sanarwar cewa ta amince ta sayi Alcatel-Lucent akan € 15.6 biliyan a cikin yarjejeniyar hannun jari. Shugaba Rajeev Suri yana jin cewa siyan zai ba Nokia wata fa'ida mai mahimmanci a haɓaka fasahar mara waya ta 5G. Sayen ya haifar da gasa mai ƙarfi ga kamfanoni masu hamayya da Ericsson da Huawei, waɗanda Nokia da Alcatel-Lucent suka zarce ta jimlar kuɗin shiga a 2014. Masu hannun jarin Nokia suna riƙe da kashi 66.5% na sabon haɗin kamfani, yayin da masu hannun jarin Alcatel-Lucent ke riƙe da 33.5% . Ya kamata a kula da rukunin Bell Labs, amma Nokia za ta maye gurbin alamar Alcatel-Lucent. A watan Oktoban shekarar 2015, bayan amincewar yarjejeniyar da ma'aikatar kasuwanci ta kasar Sin ta yi, hadakar tana jiran amincewar hukumomin Faransa. Duk da niyyar farko ta siyar da rukunin kebul na jirgin ruwa daban daban, daga baya Alcatel-Lucent ya bayyana cewa ba zai yi ba. An rufe hadewar a ranar 14 ga watan Janairun 2016, amma bai cika ba sai ranar 3 ga Nuwamba 2016. Daga saye, yanzu Nokia kuma ita ce mai mallakar alamar wayar hannu ta Alcatel, wacce ke ci gaba da samun lasisin kamfanin TCL.

A ranar 3 ga Agusta 2015, Nokia ta sanar da cewa ta cimma yarjejeniya don sayar da sashen taswirar dijital na nan ga ƙungiyar BMW, Daimler AG da Volkswagen Group akan € 2.8 biliyan. An rufe yarjejeniyar a ranar 3 ga Disamba 2015.[[File:NokiaBuilding4.jpg|thumb| Ginin ofishin Nokia a Markham, Ontario, Kanada a cikin 2016-asalin ofishin Alcatel-Lucent]]
[[File:Nokia_Flexi_Zone_Micro_BTS_FWEA_spec_tag_20150811.jpg|thumb| Tashar watsa labarai ta tushe ta Flexi Zone (2015)]]

=== 2016–2019 ===
A ranar 26 ga Afrilu 2016, Nokia ta sanar da aniyarta ta sayen kamfanin kera na’urar lafiya na Faransa mai suna Andings kan dalar Amurka miliyan 191. An haɗa kamfanin zuwa sabon sashin Lafiya na Dijital na Fasahar Nokia. Daga baya Nokia ta kashe kuɗin siyan kuma a watan Mayu 2018 an sake sayar da sashin lafiya ga Éric Carreel, wanda ya kafa kamfanin Withings kuma tsohon Shugaba.

A ranar 18 ga Mayu 2016, Microsoft Mobile ta sayar da kasuwancin wayar ta Nokia mai alama ga HMD Global, sabon kamfani wanda tsohon babban jami'in Nokia Jean-Francois Baril ya kafa, da wata masana'anta mai alaƙa a Vietnam ga kamfanin FoxHn na FIH Mobile. Daga baya Nokia ta shiga yarjejeniyar lasisin na dogon lokaci don sanya HMD keɓaɓɓen kera wayoyin Nokia da allunan da aka yi wa alama a wajen Japan, suna aiki tare da Foxconn. Yarjejeniyar ta kuma ba HMD haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin mallaka da software na wayoyin hannu. Daga baya HMD ta sanar da wayar Nokia 6 mai tushen Android a cikin Janairu 2017. A Mobile World Congress, HMD ya kuma ƙaddamar da wayoyin salula na Nokia 3 da Nokia 5, da kuma sake tunanin ƙirar wayar Nokia mai lamba 3310. Duk da cewa Nokia ba ta da saka hannun jari a kamfanin, suna da wasu bayanai a cikin sabbin na'urorin.

A ranar 28 ga Yuni 2016 Nokia ta nuna a karon farko cibiyar sadarwa mai shirye-shiryen 5G. A watan Fabrairun 2017 Nokia ta aiwatar da haɗin 5G a [[Oulu]], Finland ta amfani da ma'aunin 5GTF, wanda Verizon ke goyan baya, akan kayan aikin gine-gine na Intel.

A watan Yuli na 2017, Nokia da Xiaomi sun ba da sanarwar cewa sun rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar haɗin gwiwar kasuwanci da yarjejeniyar patent na shekaru da yawa, gami da lasisin ƙetare ga kowane kamfani mai daidaitattun lamuran salula. A waccan shekarar, darajar alama ta Nokia ta kasance ta 188th ta Brand Finance, tsallake wurare 147 daga 2016. An danganta hauhawar ta ga fayil ɗin lafiya da sabbin wayoyin hannu da HMD Global suka haɓaka.

A cikin Janairu 2018, Nokia ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya tare da NTT Docomo, babban kamfanin wayar hannu na Japan, don samar da tashoshin rediyo mara waya na 5G a cikin kasar nan da 2020. Daga baya a wannan watan, Nokia ta sanar da layin ReefShark na chipsets 5G, tana mai cewa tana ninka bandwidth zuwa 84 Gbit/s. A watan Maris, Solidium, hannun jarin gwamnatin Finland, ya sayi hannun jarin 3.3% a Nokia wanda darajarsa ta kai million 844 miliyan. A watan Mayu, Nokia ta ba da sanarwar cewa ta sami kamfanin IoT na California, SpaceTime Insight.[[File:Nokia_6_12.jpg|thumb| 2017 Nokia 6]]A watan Janairun 2019, gwamnatin Kanada ta ba da sanarwar cewa za ta ba da dala miliyan 40 don tallafawa binciken Nokia kan fasahar 5G. Wani bincike na 2019 ya nuna cewa wayoyin Nokia sun yi aiki mafi kyau fiye da abokan hamayyar Samsung, LG, Xiaomi, da Huawei wajen sabuntawa zuwa sabon sigar Android. Binciken, wanda Counterpoint Research ya yi, ya gano cewa kashi 96 na wayoyin Nokia ko dai an aika su ko an sabunta su zuwa sabuwar sigar Android tun lokacin da aka saki Pie a cikin 2018. An gano masu fafatawa da Nokia kusan kusan kashi 80 cikin ɗari.

=== 2020 - yanzu ===
A ranar 2 ga Maris, 2020, Nokia ta sanar da Pekka Lundmark a matsayin sabon Shugaba. Daga baya a wannan watan, Nokia ta kammala siyan Elenion Technologies, wani kamfani da ke Amurka wanda ke mai da hankali kan fasahar silikon photonics don haɓaka tattalin arziƙin samfuran haɗin haɗin kai.

A ranar 27 ga Mayu, 2020, Sari Baldauf ya gaji Risto Siilasmaa a matsayin shugabar kwamitin gudanarwa, kuma an nada Kari Stadigh a matsayin mataimakiyar kujera. A watan Yuni, Nokia ta lashe kwangilar 5G mai kimanin dala miliyan 450 daga Taiwan Mobile don gina cibiyar sadarwa ta gaba mai aiki na telecom a matsayin mai siyarwa kawai. A watan Oktoba, Nokia ta sanar da kwangila tare da NASA don gina hanyar sadarwar wayar hannu ta 4G don amfani da 'yan sama jannati a duniyar wata. Kwangilar dala miliyan 14.1 ta hannun kamfanin Bell Labs ne, kuma ana sa ran fara shirin a 2022.

A cikin 2020, Flipkart ya haɗu tare da Nokia don tallata samfuran masu amfani da Nokia a Indiya. Waɗannan sun haɗa da talabijin, kwamfutar tafi -da -gidanka da na’urar sanyaya daki.

== Ayyuka na yanzu ==
Nokia julkinen osakeyhtiö (kamfanin haɗin gwiwa na jama'a) da aka jera akan Nasdaq Nordic/Helsinki da New York. Nokia ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin tattalin arzikin Finland, kuma babban ma'aikaci ne a cikin ƙasar, yana aiki tare da abokan haɗin gwiwa na gida da ƙananan kamfanoni. Nokia ta ba da gudummawar kashi 1.6% ga GDP na Finland kuma ya kai kusan kashi 16% na fitar da ƙasar a 2006.

Nokia ta ƙunshi ƙungiyoyin kasuwanci guda biyu tare da ƙarin rassa da kamfanoni masu alaƙa.

=== Nokia Networks ===
Nokia Networks shine babban kamfanin Nokia Corporation. Kamfanin sadarwar bayanai ne na ƙasashe da yawa da kamfanin kayan aikin sadarwa wanda ke da hedikwata a Espoo, Finland, kuma shine masana'antun kayan aikin sadarwa na uku mafi girma a duniya, wanda aka auna ta kudaden shiga na 2017 (bayan Huawei da Cisco). A cikin Amurka tana gasa tare da Ericsson akan gina cibiyoyin sadarwa na 5G don masu aiki, yayin da aka hana Huawei Technologies da ZTE Corporation yadda yakamata.

Tana da ayyuka a cikin kasashe kusan 150. 

Nokia Networks tana samar da hanyoyin sadarwa mara waya da madaidaiciya, hanyoyin sadarwa da dandamali na sabis da sabis na ƙwararru ga masu aiki da masu ba da sabis. Yana mai da hankali kan GSM, EDGE, 3G/W-CDMA, LTE da hanyoyin sadarwar rediyo na WiMAX, suna tallafawa manyan cibiyoyin sadarwa tare da haɓaka IP da damar aiki da ayyuka da yawa.

An ƙaddamar da asalin alamar Nokia Siemens Networks (NSN) a Babban Taron Duniya na 3GSM a Barcelona a watan Fabrairu na 2007 a matsayin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Nokia (50.1%) da Siemens (49.9%), duk da cewa yanzu mallakar Nokia ce gaba ɗaya. A watan Yulin 2013, Nokia ta sake dawo da duk hannun jarin da ke cikin Nokia Siemens Networks kan kudi dalar Amurka biliyan 2.21 sannan ta sake mata suna zuwa Nokia Solutions da Networks, jim kadan bayan haka ta canza zuwa Nokia Networks.[[File:Nokia_Networks_Munich_Office,_April_2017_-02.jpg|thumb| A cikin ofishin Nokia Networks a [[München|Munich]], Jamus]]

=== Fasahar Nokia ===
Fasahar Nokia wani bangare ne na Nokia wanda ke haɓaka samfuran masu amfani da fasahar lasisi gami da alamar Nokia. Abubuwan da suka fi mayar da hankali sune hoto, fahimta, haɗin mara waya, sarrafa wutar lantarki da kayan aiki, da sauran fannoni kamar shirin lasisin IP. Ya ƙunshi dakunan gwaje -gwaje guda uku: Labarin Tsarin Rediyo, a wuraren samun rediyo, haɗin gida mara waya da aiwatar da rediyo; Lab Technologies Lab, a cikin wuraren watsa labarai da hulɗa; da Sensor da Lab Technologies Lab, a cikin wuraren ingantattun hanyoyin gano hanyoyin, hanyoyin hulɗa, nanotechnologies da fasahar jimla. Fasahar Nokia kuma tana ba da gudummawar jama'a a cikin ci gaban ta ta Invent tare da shirin Nokia. An ƙirƙira shi a cikin 2014 bayan sake fasalin kamfanin Nokia.

A cikin Nuwamba 2014, Nokia Technologies ta ƙaddamar da samfurin ta na farko, kwamfutar kwamfutar hannu ta Nokia N1. A watan Yuli na 2015, Nokia Technologies ta gabatar da kyamarar VR mai suna OZO, wanda aka ƙera don ƙwararrun masu ƙirƙirar abun ciki kuma aka haɓaka su a Tampere, Finland. Tare da na'urori masu auna firikwensin rufewa guda 8 da makirufo 8, samfurin zai iya kama bidiyon 3D na stereoscopic da sauti na sararin samaniya.

A ranar 31 ga Agusta 2016, Ramzi Haidamus ya sanar da cewa zai sauka daga mukaminsa na shugaban kamfanin Nokia Technologies. Brad Rodrigues, tsohon shugaban dabaru da bunƙasa kasuwanci, ya ɗauki matsayin shugaban rikon kwarya. A ranar 30 ga Yuni 2017, Gregory Lee, tsohon Shugaba na Samsung Electronics a Arewacin Amurka, an nada shi Shugaban Kamfanin Fasaha na Nokia da Shugaba.[[File:NSN-tampere.jpg|thumb|180x180px| Ginin ofishin Nokia a Tampere, Finland.]]

=== Labarin Bell na Nokia ===
 Nokia Bell Labs kamfani ne na bincike da ci gaban kimiyya wanda ya taɓa zama hannun R&amp;D na Tsarin Bell na Amurka. Ya zama wani kamfani na Nokia Corporation bayan kwace Alcatel-Lucent a cikin 2016.

=== Farashin NGP ===
NGP Capital (tsohon Nokia Growth Partners) babban kamfani ne na kamfani na duniya, yana mai da hankali kan saka hannun jari a matakin haɓaka &quot;Intanet na abubuwa&quot; (IoT) da kamfanonin fasahar wayar hannu. NGP tana riƙe da saka hannun jari a ko'ina cikin Amurka, Turai, China da Indiya. Fayil ɗin su ya ƙunshi kamfanoni a cikin fasahar tafi -da -gidanka waɗanda suka haɗa da ɓangarorin Haɗin Kasuwanci, Kiwon Lafiya na Dijital, Mai amfani da IoT, da Haɗin Mota. Bayan tallafin dala miliyan 350 ga kamfanonin IoT a cikin 2016, NGP tana sarrafa kadarorin dala biliyan 1.

Nokia a baya ta inganta kirkire -kirkire ta hanyar tallafa wa kamfani tun daga 1998 tare da Nokia Venture Partners, wanda aka sake masa suna BlueRun Ventures kuma aka sake shi a 2005. Nokia Growth Partners (NGP) an kafa shi ne a 2005 a matsayin asusu na kamfani na ci gaba a matsayin ci gaban farkon nasarorin Nokia Venture Partners. A cikin 2017, an canza sunan kamfanin zuwa NGP Capital.

Manyan fitowar NGP sun haɗa da GanJi, UCWeb, Whistle, Rocket Fuel, Swype, Summit Microelectronics da Netmagic.

=== Networks na Nuage ===
Nuage Networks kamfani ne wanda ke ba da hanyoyin sadarwar da aka ayyana ta software. Alcatel-Lucent ne ya kafa shi a cikin 2013 don haɓaka rufin software don sarrafa kansa da tsara girgije. Ya kasance wani ɓangare na Nokia biyo bayan siyan Alcatel-Lucent a cikin 2016. A cikin 2017 Nuage ya kulla yarjejeniya tare da Vodafone da Telefonica don samar da gine-ginen SD-WAN ga sabobin su. BT ya riga ya kasance abokin ciniki tun daga 2016. Yarjejeniyar da China Mobile a cikin Janairu 2017 kuma ta yi amfani da fasahar sadarwar da aka ayyana ta Nuage don sabobin girgije na jama'a 2,000 a cibiyoyin bayanan data kasance a China, kuma wani a watan Oktoba 2017 tare da Kamfanin Inshorar China Pacific.

Kamfanin yana tushen Mountain View, California kuma Shugaba shine Sunil Khandekar.

=== Alcatel Mobile ===
Alcatel Mobile alama ce ta wayar hannu mallakar Nokia tun 2016. An ba shi lasisi tun 2005 ga kamfanin TCL na China lokacin yana ƙarƙashin ikon Alcatel (daga baya Alcatel-Lucent) a cikin kwangilar har zuwa 2024.

=== HMD Global ===
HMD Global kamfani ne na wayar tafi da gidanka da ke Espoo, Finland. Alamar Nokia ta sami lasisin tsoffin ma’aikatan Nokia waɗanda suka kafa HMD Global kuma suka gabatar da na’urorin da ke da alamar Nokia a kasuwa a cikin 2017. Nokia ba ta da saka hannun jari a kamfanin amma tana riƙe da wasu bayanai a ci gaban na'urorin ta.

=== Alcatel Submarine Networks ===
Alcatel Submarine Networks (ASN) shine mai ba da mafita na hanyoyin sadarwa na ƙarƙashin teku. Ƙungiyar kasuwanci tana haɓaka fasaha kuma tana ba da sabis na shigarwa don hanyoyin haɗin kebul na jirgin ruwa na ruwa a cikin tekuna na duniya.

== Harkokin kamfanoni ==

=== Gudanar da kamfanoni ===
An raba iko da gudanar da Nokia tsakanin masu hannun jari a wani babban taro da Kungiyar Shugabancin Rukunan Nokia (hagu), karkashin jagorancin kwamitin gudanarwa (dama). Shugaban hukumar da sauran membobin Kungiyar Jagorancin Nokia ne hukumar gudanarwa ta nada. Shugaban Kungiyar Shugabancin Nokia ne kaɗai zai iya zama membobin kwamitin daraktoci da ƙungiyar Jagorancin Nokia Group. Kwamitocin Kwamitin Daraktoci sun ƙunshi Kwamitin Bincike, Kwamitin Ma'aikata, da Kwamitin Gudanarwa da Nomination.

Ana gudanar da ayyukan kamfanin a cikin tsarin da Dokar Kamfanonin Finnish, Labarin Ƙungiyar Nokia, da Ka'idodin Gudanar da Kamfanoni, waɗanda kwamitin riƙo na rikon kwarya suka ƙara. A ranar 25 ga Nuwamba 2019, Nokia ta sanar da cewa za ta daina aikin Babban Jami'in Aiki (COO) tare da rarraba ayyukanta ga sauran shugabannin kamfanin. A sakamakon haka, Babban Jami'in Ayyuka Joerg Erlemeier ya yanke shawarar sauka, daga ranar 1 ga Janairu 2020.

==== Tsoffin jami'an kamfanoni ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Manyan jami'an gudanarwa
!
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Shugabannin kwamitin gudanarwa 
|-
! ''Suna''
! ''Lokaci''
!
! ''Suna''
! ''Lokaci''
|-
| Björn Westerlund
| 1967-1977
|
| Lauri J. Kivekäs
| 1967-1977
|-
| Kari Kairamo
| 1977-1988
|
| Björn Westerlund
| 1977–1979 
|-
|
|
|
| Mika Tiivola
| 1979-1986 
|-
|
|
|
| Kari Kairamo
| 1986-1988
|-
| Simo Vuorilehto
| 1988-1992
|
| Simo Vuorilehto
| 1988-1990 
|-
|
|
|
| Mika Tiivola
| 1990-1992
|-
| Jorma Ollila
| 1992-2006
|
| Casimir Ehrnrooth
| 1992-1999
|-
| Olli-Pekka Kallasvuo
| 2006–2010
|
| Jorma Ollila
| 1999–2012
|-
| Stephen Elop
| 2010–2014 
|
|
|
|-
| Rajeev Suuri
| 2014–2020
|
| Risto Siilasmaa
| 2012–2020
|-
| Pekka Lundmark
| Aug 2020
|
| Sari Baldauf
| 2020 - yanzu
|}

=== Hannun jari ===
Nokia kamfani ne mai iyakance na jama'a kuma shine mafi tsufa kamfanin da aka jera a ƙarƙashin wannan suna akan Helsinki Stock Exchange, wanda aka fara a 1915. Nokia tana da jeri na biyu a Kasuwar Hannun Jari ta New York tun 1994. An cire hannun jarin Nokia daga hannun jari na London Musanya a 2003, Kasuwar Paris a 2004, Stockholm Stock Exchange a 2007 da Frankfurt Stock Exchange a 2012. Saboda samun Alcatel-Lucent a 2015, Nokia ta sake lissafa hannun jarinsa a Kasuwar Hannun Jari ta Paris kuma an haɗa shi a cikin alamar CAC 40 a ranar 6 ga Janairu 2016 amma daga baya aka cire ta a ranar 18 ga Satumba 2017.

A 2007, Nokia tana da babban darajar kasuwa na billion 110 biliyan; zuwa 17 Yuli 2012 wannan ya faɗi zuwa € 6.28 biliyan, kuma zuwa 23 ga Fabrairu 2015, ya ƙaru zuwa billion 26.07 biliyan. Kasuwancin Nokia a shekarar 2020 ya kai biliyan 21.76.

=== Al'adar kamfanoni ===
Bayanin al'adun kamfani na hukuma na Nokia tun daga shekarun 1990 ana kiranta The Nokia Way. Yana nanata saurin da sassaucin yanke shawara a cikin ɗakin kwana, ƙungiyar yanar gizo.

Harshen kasuwancin hukuma na Nokia shine Turanci. An rubuta duk takaddun a cikin Ingilishi, kuma ana amfani da shi a cikin sadarwar intra-company na hukuma.

A cikin 1992, Nokia ta karɓi ƙimar da aka ayyana tare da mahimman kalmomin girmamawa, nasara, sabuntawa da ƙalubale. A watan Mayu 2007, kamfanin ya sake fasalta ƙimarsa bayan ya fara jerin tattaunawa a duk rassansa na duniya game da abin da sabbin ƙimar kamfanin ya kamata su kasance. Dangane da shawarwarin ma'aikaci, an ayyana sabbin dabi'un kamar: Shiga Kai, Cimma Tare, Sha'awar Innovation da Dan Adam. A watan Agustan 2014, Nokia ta sake fasalta darajarta bayan sayar da kasuwancin Na'urorin ta, ta sake amfani da ƙimar 1992 na asali.

=== Hedikwatar ===
Nokia tana tushen a Karaportti a Espoo, Finland, kusa da babban birnin Helsinki. Ya kasance babban ofishin su tun daga shekarar 2014 bayan ƙaura daga gidan Nokia da aka gina a cikin Espoo a matsayin wani ɓangare na siyar da kasuwancin wayar hannu ga Microsoft. Ginin a Karaportti a baya shine hedikwatar NSN (yanzu Nokia Networks).[[File:Nokian_pääkonttori_Keilaniemessä.jpg|thumb| Tsohon gidan Nokia, babban ofishin Nokia har zuwa Afrilu 2014. Ginin yana gabar Tekun Finland a Keilaniemi, Espoo, kuma an gina shi tsakanin 1995 da 1997. Wurin aiki ne na ma'aikatan Nokia sama da 1,000. ]]

== Kyaututtuka da karramawa ==
A cikin shekarar 2018, Nokia ta sami lambar yabo ta Jagorancin Lights don mafi kyawun samfurin kebul/samfurin bidiyo kuma an sanya shi cikin jerin kamfanonin kamfanonin da'a na duniya na 2018 na Ethisphere.

== Tarihin Logo ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Nokian logo (1865).svg|''Alamar Nokia Osakeyhtiö'', 1865. 
File:Nokia logo 1965.svg|''Alamar Nokia Osakeyhtiö'', 1965. 
File:Suomen Kumitehtaan logo (1965).svg|Alamar Rubber Finnish ( ''[[Suomen Kumitehdas]]'' ), 1965–1986.
File:Nokia nuolilogo.svg|Alamar Nokia 'Arrows', bayan haɗewa da Kamfanin ''[[Kaapelitehdas|Kebul]]'' (Kaapelitehdas) da Ayyukan Rubber na Finnish (1966-1992). Ana amfani dashi a cikin talla da samfura har zuwa c. 1997.
File:Nokia Connecting People.svg|Nokia ta gabatar da [[Advertising slogan|taken tallan]] ''ta &quot;Haɗa Mutane&quot;'' a 1992, wanda Ove Strandberg ya ƙirƙira.  
File:Nokia - 2005 logo.svg|An fara gabatar da sabon taken taken (Nokia Sans font) a 2005. Nokia Sans Nokia tayi amfani da ita a cikin samfura tun 2002. 
File:Nokia wordmark.svg|Bold version da aka gabatar a 2007. Kamfanin ya daina amfani da taken da tambarin sa a shekarar 2011.
File:Nokia typefaces.png|Tarihin nau'in kamfanin Nokia
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Jayayya ==

=== NSN ta samar da damar kutse ga Iran ===
A shekarar 2008, Nokia Siemens Networks, hadin gwiwa tsakanin Nokia da Siemens AG, an ba da rahoton cewa sun bai wa kamfanin sadarwa na kasar Iran fasahar da ta ba ta damar katse hanyoyin sadarwar Intanet na 'yan kasarta. An ba da rahoton cewa fasahar ta ba Iran damar amfani da binciken fakiti mai zurfi don karantawa da canza abun cikin imel, kafofin watsa labarun, da kiran wayar kan layi. Fasahar &quot;tana ba wa hukumomi damar toshe sadarwa ba kawai ba amma don sa ido don tattara bayanai game da daidaikun mutane, tare da canza shi don dalilai na ɓarna&quot;.

A lokacin zanga-zangar bayan zabe a Iran a watan Yunin shekarar 2009, an ba da rahoton cewa, shiga Intanet ta Iran ya ragu zuwa kasa da goma na saurin sa na yau da kullun, wanda kwararru ke zargin ya faru ne saboda amfani da binciken fakiti mai zurfi.

A watan Yulin shekarar 2009, Nokia ta fara fuskantar kauracewa kayayyakinsu da aiyukansu a Iran. Kauracewar ta kasance ta masu amfani da tausayawa motsin zanga-zangar bayan zaɓen da kuma farmakin kamfanonin da ake ganin suna haɗin gwiwa da gwamnatin. Buƙatar wayar hannu ta faɗi kuma masu amfani sun fara guje wa saƙon SMS.

Nokia Siemens Networks ta ba da sanarwar a cikin wata sanarwar manema labarai cewa ta ba wa Iran kawai &quot;damar kutse na halal kawai don sa ido kan kiran murya na gida&quot; kuma &quot;ba ta ba da cikakken fakiti fakiti, takunkumin yanar gizo, ko damar tace Intanet ga Iran&quot;.

=== Lex Nokia ===
A cikin shekarar 2009, Nokia ta goyi bayan wata doka a Finland wanda ke ba kamfanoni damar sanya ido kan sadarwar ma'aikatan su a yayin da ake zargin bayanai sun ɓace. Nokia ta musanta jita -jitar cewa kamfanin ya yi tunanin cire babban ofishinta daga Finland idan ba a canza dokokin sa ido na lantarki ba. Kafafen yada labarai na kasar Finland sun yi wa dokar lakabi da Lex Nokia saboda an aiwatar da ita ne sakamakon matsin lambar Nokia.

An kafa dokar, amma tare da tsauraran sharudda don aiwatar da tanade -tanaden ta. Babu wani kamfani da ya yi amfani da tanadinsa kafin 25 ga Fabrairu 2013, lokacin da Ofishin Ombudsman na Kariyar Bayanai ya tabbatar da cewa kwanan nan birnin Hämeenlinna ya ba da sanarwar da ake buƙata.

=== Rikicin patent na Nokia -Apple ===
A watan Oktoban shekarar 2009, Nokia ta shigar da karar Apple Inc. a Kotun Gundumar Amurka ta Delaware inda ta yi ikirarin cewa Apple ya keta hakkokinsa guda 10 da suka shafi sadarwa mara waya ciki har da canja wurin bayanai. Apple ya yi saurin mayar da martani tare da shigar da ƙara a cikin watan Disamban shekarar 2009, yana zargin Nokia da keta haƙƙin mallaka 11. Babban mashawarcin kamfanin Apple, Bruce Sewell ya ci gaba da wani mataki inda ya ce, &quot;Dole ne sauran kamfanoni su yi gogayya da mu ta hanyar kirkirar fasahar su, ba kawai ta hanyar satar namu ba.&quot; Wannan ya haifar da takaddama ta doka tsakanin manyan kamfanonin sadarwa biyu tare da Nokia ta shigar da wata kara, a wannan karon tare da Hukumar Ciniki ta Amurka (ITC), tana zargin Apple da keta hakkin mallakarsa a &quot;kusan dukkan wayoyin hannu, 'yan wasan kiɗa da kwamfutoci&quot;. . Nokia ta ci gaba da rokon kotu da ta hana duk kayayyakin da Amurka ke shigowa da su daga Apple, ciki har da iPhone, Macintosh da iPod. Apple ya musanta ta hanyar shigar da ƙara tare da ITC a cikin watan Janairu shekarar 2010.

A watan Yunin  shekarar 2011, Apple ya zauna tare da Nokia kuma ya amince da kimantawa da biyan dala miliyan 600 da sarauta ga Nokia. Kamfanonin biyu sun kuma amince kan wasu lasisin lasisi na wasu fasahohin da suka mallaka.

=== Ana zargin kaucewa biyan haraji a Indiya ===
An tuhumi reshen Indiya na Nokia a cikin watan Janairu shekarar 2013, tare da rashin biyan harajin Indiya da aka Rage daga Tushen da keta ƙa'idodin farashin canja wuri a Indiya. TDS ɗin da ba a biya ba na billion 30 biliyan, wanda aka tara a cikin shekaru shida, ya kasance saboda sarautar da reshen Indiya ya biya wa kamfanin mahaifanta.

=== Sabunta bayanan Nokia 7 Plus ===
A watan Maris na shekarar 2019, labarai sun bayyana cewa ana zargin wayoyin Nokia 7 Plus na kamfanin suna aika bayanan masu amfani na sirri zuwa China sama da watanni da yawa. A cewar masu binciken, na'urar ta aika da fakitin bayanan da ba a rufa masu asiri ba ciki har da wurin yanki, lambar katin SIM, da lambar serial na wayar zuwa ga uwar garken kasar Sin da ba a san ko wane lokaci ba da “aka kunna wayar, allon ya kunna ko budewa.” Bayanai sun isa su bi motsi da ayyukan wayar a ainihin lokacin.

Mamallakin kamfanin Nokia HMD Global ya musanta cewa an yi irin wannan aika -aika, yana mai cewa maimakon hakan ya faru ne sakamakon kuskure a cikin tsarin shiryawa na software na wayar. Ofishin Ofishin Jakadancin Kariyar Bayanai na Finland ya kaddamar da bincike kan lamarin bisa zaton &quot;an canja bayanan sirri.&quot;

== Duba kuma ==
Nokia Networks

Nokia - wani gari a Pirkanmaa, Finland

Tarihin Nokia

Jolla - kamfanin da tsoffin ma'aikatan Nokia suka fara wanda ke haɓaka Linux Sailfish OS, ci gaba da Linux MeeGo OS

Twig Com - Asali Benefon, tsohon kamfanin kera wayar hannu ne wanda tsoffin mutanen Nokia suka fara, yanzu shine mai kera lafiyar mutum da samfuran bin diddigin GPS.

Microsoft Mobile - sake sunan sabuwar na'urar Nokia da Sabis na Sabis bayan Microsoft ta saya

HMD Global-ci gaban Microsoft na na'urorin Nokia na tushen Android

== Manazarta ==
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'''Superstar''' fim ne ne na soyayya wanda darakta dan Najeriya, ''Akhigbe Ilozobhie (Akay Mason) ya ba da umarni''. Shirin ya tara taurari kamansu ''Timini Egbuson, Ufuoma McDermott da Eku Edewor''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=BellaNaija.com|title=Nancy Isime, Timini Egbuson, Daniel Etim-Effiong Star in Inkblot’s “Superstar” {{!}} Watch Teaser|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2021/11/nancy-isime-timini-egbuson-daniel-etim-effiong-star-in-inkblots-superstar-watch-teaser/|access-date=2021-11-18|website=www.bellanaija.com|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

''Uyoyou Adia'' da ''Chinaza Onuzo'' ne suka rubuta labarin fim din wanda ke nuna yadda wata ‘yar wasan kwaikwayo tauraruwa kuma sarauniya ta ke more rayuwa da soyayya a Nollywood a irin salo na karni na 21.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Nwogu|first=Precious 'Mamazeus'|date=2021-11-05|title=Watch the first teaser for Akhigbe Ilozobhie's 'Superstar' starring Nancy Isime|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/watch-the-first-teaser-for-akhigbe-ilozobhies-superstar-starring-nancy-isime/gbe376j|access-date=2021-11-18|website=Pulse Nigeria|archive-date=2021-11-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118015106/https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/watch-the-first-teaser-for-akhigbe-ilozobhies-superstar-starring-nancy-isime/gbe376j|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Inkblot Productions ne suka shirya fim ɗin tare da haɗin gwiwar [[FilmOne|FilmOne Entertainment]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=THISDAYLIVE|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/|access-date=2021-11-18|website=THISDAYLIVE|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma shirin na nan fitowa a gidajen sinima a cikin Disamban 2021. 

== Ƴan wasa ==
Shirin na Superstar ya kunshi taurari kamar su Nancy Isime, Deyemi Okanlawon, [[Timini Egbuson]], Daniel Etim Effiong, [[Eku Edewor]], Ufuoma Mcdermott, Teniola Aladese da sauransu.ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Dayo|first=Bernard|date=2021-06-11|title='Charge and Bail', 'Superstar' - here's the 2021 movie slate from Inkblot Productions|url=https://ynaija.com/charge-and-bail-superstar-heres-the-2021-movie-slate-from-inkblot-productions/|access-date=2021-11-18|website=YNaija|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Fina-Finan Najer]]
[[Category:Fina-Finai da aka shirya a Lagos]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sandra &quot;Alexandrina&quot; Don-Arthur</title>
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'''Sandra Don-Arthur''' (an haife ta 22 Afrilu 1980) wacce kuma aka sani da '''''Alexandrina''''' a masana'antar showbiz ƙwararriyar mai fasahar kayan shafa ce kuma Vlogger daga Ghana.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/entertainment/2018/May-2nd/sandra-don-arthur-wins-top-ghana-makeup-award.php|title=Sandra Don-Arthur wins top Ghana Makeup Award|website=www.myjoyonline.com|access-date=2019-08-02|archive-date=2018-05-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180502050958/https://www.myjoyonline.com/entertainment/2018/May-2nd/sandra-don-arthur-wins-top-ghana-makeup-award.php|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ita ce ta kafa kuma CEO na Alexiglam Studio,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://citifmonline.com/2015/04/worlds-leading-makeup-brand-launches-in-ghana-on-friday/|title=World's leading makeup brand launches in Ghana on Friday|last=|first=|date=|website=www.myjoyonline.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419172258/https://citifmonline.com/2015/04/worlds-leading-makeup-brand-launches-in-ghana-on-friday/|archive-date=2023-04-19|access-date=2019-08-02|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; kamfanin kayan shafa da kayan kwalliya na Ghana wanda ke ba da sabis na kyau ga mata a Ghana.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/Sandra-Don-Arthur-makes-Ghana-proud-at-New-York-Fashion-Week-683663|title=Sandra Don-Arthur makes Ghana proud at New York Fashion Week|website=www.ghanaweb.com|date=10 September 2018|language=en|access-date=2019-08-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haife ta ga mahaifin gine-ginen dan Ghana, Dokta Eric George Alexander Don-Arthur&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/205635/nkrumah-mausoleum-decays.html|title=Nkrumah Mausoleum decays}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.culturalencyclopaedia.org/an-architectural-history-of-ghana-entry|title=An Architectural History of Ghana • the Cultural Encyclopaedia}}&lt;/ref&gt; da mahaifiyar Rasha, Misis Natalia Don-Arthur wacce masanin kimiyyar halittu ne. Ta girma a kasashen Ghana da Rasha tare da ’yan uwanta guda 4 kuma kanwar Eric Don-Arthur ce, dan takarar majalisar wakilai na jam’iyyar Democratic Congress na 2016 na mazabar Effutu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Online&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/showbiz/news/201511/261531.php|title=Former TV3 Man Eric Don- Arthur Wins ...|last=Online|first=Peace FM|website=www.peacefmonline.com|access-date=2019-08-02|archive-date=2023-10-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021113427/https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/showbiz/news/201511/261531.php|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:Sandra Don-Arthur.jpg|thumb|Sandra &quot;Alexandrina&quot; Don-Arthur]]
Don-Arthur ta halarci Makarantar Morning Star a Cantonments kuma ta koma St. Roses Senior High School a Akwatia. Daga baya, ta tafi United Kingdom don yin karatu a West London College kuma a shekara ta 2011 ta wuce Kwalejin Mink inda ta kammala karatun digiri tare da takardar shaidar kayan shafa, gyaran gashi da kuma tasiri na musamman. Ita kuma tsohuwar daliba ce a jami'ar Ashesi da ke Ghana.

== Aiki ==
A cikin 2011, Alexandrina ta fara kayan shafa da fasaha bayan ta kammala kwasa-kwasan a Burtaniya. Aikinta na mai zanen kayan shafa ya fito fili lokacin da jagorar mai kayan shafa ya bukace ta da ta yi kayan shafa ga Manajan Darakta na MNET Africa, Biola Alabi a matsayin bako na @ ''Home With...' TV Show'' a Landan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Makeup artiste Sandra Don Arthur partners Maybelline New York|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/lifestyle/life/makeup-artiste-sandra-don-arthur-partners-maybelline-new-york.html#|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2019-08-02|website=www.graphic.com.gh}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Don-Arthur ta yi aiki a kan manyan mashahuran mutane a masana'antar nishaɗi ta Ghana da Najeriya kamar su [[Omotola Jalade Ekeinde]], Efya, Joselyn Dumas, [[Juliet Ibrahim]], Nadia Buari, [[Jackie Appiah]], Jim Iyke, Yvonne Okoro da DJ Cuppy.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/celebrities/omotola-jalade-ekehinde-actress-retained-as-ambassador-for-bo16/89wj9cz|title=Actress retained as Ambassador for BO16|date=2016-02-05|website=www.pulse.ng|language=en-US|access-date=2019-08-02|archive-date=2022-03-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220316044930/https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/celebrities/omotola-jalade-ekehinde-actress-retained-as-ambassador-for-bo16/89wj9cz|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Maybelline New York, Ghana ce ta zaba ta a matsayin wani ɓangare na kwamitin masu tasiri don taimakawa wajen tasiri ayyukan Maybelline a Ghana. Maybelline New York ta kuma ba ta damar karbar bakuncin shirin talabijin na farko da aka sadaukar da kayan shafa, ''&quot;Makeup Diaries,&quot;'' wanda aka nuna a gidan talabijin na DSTV a kasashe 46.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.modernghana.com/entertainment/32041/top-makeup-artiste-tells-her-success-story.html|title=Top Makeup Artiste Tells Her Success Story|website=Modern Ghana|language=en|access-date=2019-08-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta kasance bakuwa na yau da kullun kuma jagorar kayan kwalliya a kakar farko na &quot;Keeping It Real&quot; wani shiri da 'yar wasan kwaikwayo kuma mai masaukin baki 'yar Ghana, Joselyn Dumas ya shirya inda matan Ghana na zamani suka bayyana ra'ayoyinsu kan batutuwa daban-daban da suka shafe su a cikin 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://yen.com.gh/103574-joselyn-dumas-plastic-surgery.html|title=Joselyn Dumas reveals how far she nearly went in the name of beauty|last=Baruti|first=J.|date=2018-01-03|website=Yen.com.gh - Ghana news.|language=en|access-date=2019-08-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kirkiro. editocin kayan shafa don Glitz Africa Magazine, Debonair Afrik Magazine, Dream Wedding Magazine da Haute Canoe Magazine.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/Frema-Opare-Ursula-Owusu-others-cover-2017-Glitz-Africa-Magazine-532871|title=Frema Opare, Ursula Owusu, others cover 2017 Glitz Africa Magazine|last=|first=|date=2014-09-08|website=www.pulse.ng|language=en-US|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2019-08-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.magzter.com/share/mag/11368/|title=HAUTE CANOE Magazine - Get your Digital Subscription|website=Magzter|access-date=2019-08-11}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wasu jiga-jigan siyasar Ghana kuma sun taba tabo hannun kwararrun Alexandrina da suka hada da Uwargidan tsohon shugaban kasar Ghana, [[Nana Konadu Agyeman Rawlings|Nana Konadu Agyeman-Rawlings]], Ursula Owusu, Nana Oye Lithur, shugabar ma'aikatan Ghana ta farko,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.adomonline.com/chief-of-staff-honoured-as-model-african-woman/|title=Chief of Staff honoured as model African woman|last=Agyeman|first=Adwoa|date=2019-07-24|website=Adomonline.com|language=en-US|access-date=2019-08-04}}&lt;/ref&gt; Frema Osei Opare da ministar harkokin waje, Shirley. Ayokor Botchway.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2016/09/womeninspiringwomen-glitz-africa-magazine-features-ghanaian-power-women-ursula-owusu-ekuful-hanna-tetteh-nana-oye-lithur-more-in-the-latest-issue/|title=#WomenInspiringWomen: Glitz Africa Magazine features Ghanaian Power Women – Ursula Owusu-Ekuful, Hanna Tetteh, Nana Oye Lithur &amp; More in the Latest issue|last=BellaNaija.com|date=2016-09-06|website=BellaNaija|language=en-US|access-date=2019-08-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage//Frema-Opare-Ursula-Owusu-others-cover-2017-Glitz-Africa-Magazine-532871|title=Frema Opare, Ursula Owusu, others cover 2017 Glitz Africa Magazine|website=www.ghanaweb.com|language=en|access-date=2019-08-04}}{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2015, ta ba da lambar yabo ga marigayi Kofi Ansah tare da haɗin gwiwar Maybelline New York ta hanyar tarin Haute Avant Garde wanda ke nuna tufafi daga fitaccen mai zanen Ghana da kayan shafa don nuna nau'ikan samfuran Maybelline New York.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/photos/1428/56627.php|title=Sandra Don Arthur {{!}} Peace Fm Online - Photo Gallery|website=www.peacefmonline.com|access-date=2019-08-02|archive-date=2022-03-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220316044926/https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/photos/1428/56627.php|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An zaɓe ta a matsayin mai zane-zanen kayan shafa na Ghana kawai kuma wakilin Afirka ta Yamma don shiga cikin Makon Kaya na New York&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/Sandra-Don-Arthur-makes-Ghana-proud-at-New-York-Fashion-Week-683663|title=Sandra Don-Arthur makes Ghana proud at New York Fashion Week|website=www.ghanaweb.com|date=10 September 2018|language=en|access-date=2019-08-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ya yi aiki tare da samfurin Victoria Secret, Mayowa Nicholas, Sabah Koj a lokacin nunin Fall/Winter.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://issuu.com/safeejutt/docs/sandra_don-arthur_appears_at_new_yo|title=Sandra Don-Arthur appears at New York Fashion Week|website=Issuu|language=en|access-date=2019-08-03|archive-date=2022-03-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220316044927/https://issuu.com/safeejutt/docs/sandra_don-arthur_appears_at_new_yo|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 2019, ta ƙaddamar da alamar kyawunta da makarantar kimiyya, Alexiglam Studios don taimakawa haɓaka labarin kyawun Afirka da horar da masu fasahar kayan shafa matasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://starrfm.com.gh/2019/10/celebrity-make-up-artist-alexandrina-don-arthur-opens-studio-in-ghana/|title=Celebrity Make-up artist Alexandrina Don-Arthur opens studio in Ghana — Starr Fm}}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta danganta girmanta a matsayin mai zanen kayan shafa ga yanayinta na neman bincike tun tana yarinya da kuma sonta na binciken sabbin abubuwa. Pat McGrath da Bimpe Onakoya kaɗan ne daga cikin mashawarta a masana'antar kyau.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Best of Africa, Sandra Don-Arthur|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jZgfs-HtZZ4|language=en|access-date=2019-08-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sanannen ayyuka ==
A yayin ziyarar sarauta na Charles, Yariman Wales da matarsa, Camilla, Duchess na Cornwall zuwa Ghana a watan Nuwamba 2018, an gudanar da liyafa na jiha tare da nuna wasan kwaikwayo na ƙaramin ɗabi'a don girmama su kuma an nada Alexandrina a matsayin jagorar mai yin kayan shafa. nunin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-46110610|title=A royal visit to a land of princes|date=2018-11-07|access-date=2019-08-11|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Prince-Charles-gets-Ghana-s-Star-honour-698373|title=Prince Charles gets Ghana's Star honour|website=www.ghanaweb.com|language=en|access-date=2019-08-11|archive-date=2019-08-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190811231502/https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Prince-Charles-gets-Ghana-s-Star-honour-698373|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Aikinta na edita a fuskar samfurin Ghana-Nigeria na kasa da kasa, Victoria Michaels an nuna shi a cikin Mujallar Tushen da ke birnin Paris.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://rootsmagazine.fr/|title=Roots Magazine|last=|first=|date=|website=Roots Magazine|language=fr-FR|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2019-08-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tallafawa ==
Ita ce kuma wacce ta kafa gidauniyar ''Sickle Strong Warriors Foundation'', wata kungiya mai zaman kanta wacce ke neman wayar da kan jama'a game da cutar sikila da samar da hadin kai a tsakanin masu fama da sikila a Ghana.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://citifmonline.com/2017/06/the-telling-journey-of-a-sickle-strong-warrior/|title=The telling journey of a Sickle Strong Warrior!|date=2017-06-19|website=Citi 97.3 FM - Relevant Radio. Always|language=en-US|access-date=2019-08-02|archive-date=2023-04-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420024147/https://citifmonline.com/2017/06/the-telling-journey-of-a-sickle-strong-warrior/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A matsayin wani ɓangare na ayyukanta na CSR da taimakon jama'a, ta kuma koyi ƙwarewarta ga aikin Ƙaddamar da Adalci, ''''Remember Me'''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://fairjusticegh.com/remember-me|title=The Fair Justice Initiative|last=Initiative|first=The Fair Justice|website=The Fair Justice Initiative|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-08-11|archive-date=2019-08-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190811233033/https://fairjusticegh.com/remember-me|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wani aiki ne na hadin gwiwa tsakanin mai daukar hoto dan kasar Ghana, Francis Kokoroko, Rania Odaymat, da The Fair Justice Initiative, wanda ya mayar da hankali kan wasu mata goma sha biyu da aka yankewa hukuncin daurin rai da rai a gidan yari na Nsawam. An maye gurbin tufafin gidan yarin na mata da kayan gargajiya da kuma hotunansu da aka nuna a wurin baje kolin 'Make Be' a La Maison a watan Oktobar 2018. Tun daga nan aka samar da shi littafin kofi don inganta shawarwari.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Remember Me|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2G7O5hod7bY|language=en|access-date=2019-08-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Tana zaune a Accra, Ghana tare da 'ya'yanta guda biyu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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    <title>Sare dazuzzuka a indonesiya</title>
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[[File:Kalimantan_deforestation_and_degradation_3_(10706225784).jpg  |thumb| Sare Itatuwan dajin Kalimantan, Indonesiya]]
[[File:Riau_palm_oil_2007.jpg|thumb|400x400px| sare itatuwa a lardin Riau, Sumatra, don samar da hanyar noman dabino (2007).]]
'''[[Gandun daji|Sare dazuzzuka]] a [[Indonesiya]]''' ya shafi asarar dazuzzuka na dogon lokaci da ganye a yawancin ƙasar; ya yi tasiri mai yawa ga muhalli da zamantakewa. Indonesiya gida ce ga wasu dazuzzukamasu bambancin halitta a duniya kuma a matsayi na uku a yawan nau'in halittu bayan [[Brazil]] da [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Dimokaradiyyar Kwango]] . 

A ƙarshen shekarata 1900, Indonesia har yanzu ƙasa ce mai yawan dazuzzuka: gandun daji suna wakiltar kashi 84 cikin 100 na faɗin ƙasar. Sake sare dazuzzuka ya tsananta a cikin shekarata 1970s  kuma ya ƙara haɓaka tun daga lokacin. Kiyasin dazuzzukan da ya kai hekta miliyan 170 a wajen shekara ta 1900 ya ragu zuwa kasa da hekta miliyan 100 a karshen karni na 20. &lt;ref name=&quot;Matthews&quot;&gt;[http://pdf.wri.org/indoforest_full.pdf Matthews, Emilly (ed.): ''The State of Forests Indonesia'', Bogor 2002], Retrieved 28 May 2010&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin shekarata 2008, an yi kiyasin cewa dazuzzukan dazuzzuka masu zafi a Indonesiya za su kasance cikin shekaru goma. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.asianews.it/index.php?l=en&amp;art=5728 China is black hole of Asia's deforestation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123021701/http://www.asianews.it/index.php?l=en&amp;art=5728 |date=2018-11-23 }}, ''Asia News'', 24 March 2008&lt;/ref&gt; Daga cikin jimlar sarewar da aka yi a Indonesia, kusan kashi 80 cikin 100 an ba da rahoton ana yin su ba bisa ka'ida ba.

Manyan wuraren dazuzzuka a Indonesiya an share su da manyan kamfanoni na ɓangaren litattafan almara na duniya, irin su Asiya Pulp da Paper,  kuma an maye gurbinsu da [[shuka]]. Sannan Kuma Manoma &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.eoearth.org/article/Slash_and_burn Slash and burn], Encyclopedia of Earth&lt;/ref&gt; da masu shukar suna kona dazuzzuka. Wata babbar hanyar saran gandun daji ita ce sana'ar sare itace, sakamakon buƙatu daga China da [[Japan]].  Shirye-shiryen bunkasa noma da ƙaura sun ƙaura da yawan jama'a zuwa yankunan dazuzzukan damina, wanda hakan ya ƙara ƙara yawan sare itatuwa.

Yin sare itatuwa da kona dazuzzuka don share filaye don noma ya sanya Indonesiya ta zama kasa ta uku a duniya wajen fitar da iskar iskar gas, bayan China da Amurka.  Gobarar daji takan lalata manyan dazuzzukan dajin, gami da dazuzzukan dazuzzukan da suka girma da kuma ciyayi . A watan Mayun shekarata 2011, Indonesiya ta ayyana dakatar da sabbin kwangilolin katako don taimakawa yaƙar wannan. &lt;ref name=&quot;CIFOR 76&quot;&gt;[http://www.cifor.org/publications/pdf_files/WPapers/WP-76Murdiyarso.pdf &quot;Indonesia's forest moratorium: A stepping stone to better forest governance?&quot;], CIFOR Working Paper 76, 2011&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan ya zama kamar ba shi da tasiri a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci, yayin da adadin sare itatuwa ya ci gaba da karuwa. Kuma A shekara ta 2012 Indonesiya ta zarce adadin sare dazuzzuka a Brazil, &lt;ref&gt;[[Bachelard, Michael]]: [http://www.smh.com.au/national/worlds-worst-illegal-logging-in-indonesia-20140629-zsq5j.html &quot;World's worst illegal logging in Indonesia&quot;], in ''[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]'', 30 June 2014&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ta zama al'umma mafi saurin kawar da daji a duniya. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/deforestation-in-indonesia-is-double-the-government-s-official-rate/ &quot;Deforestation in Indonesia Is Double the Government's Official Rate&quot;], in ''Scientific American'', 30 June 2014&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
[[File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Boskap_en_aanleg_afwateringskanaal_langs_een_plantweg_op_een_tabaksplantage_TMnr_60038071.jpg|thumb|300x300px| Yanke gandun daji don shukar taba a Arewacin Sumatra (ca.1900).]]
Tsibirin Indonesiya mai kusan tsibirai 17,000 gida ne ga wasu dazuzzukan dazuzzukan halittu . A cikin shekarata 1900 jimillar gandun daji ya wakilci kashi 84% na yawan ƙasar.  A shekara ta 1950, gonakin noman da ƙananan ciyayi na noman bishiyar har yanzu sun rufe ƙaramin yanki kawai. Fadin dajin a wancan lokacin an kiyasta ya kai hekta miliyan 145 na dajin farko da wani hekta miliyan 14 na dajin na sakandare da na tudu. &lt;ref name=&quot;Matthews&quot;/&gt;

A farkon shekarun 1970 Indonesiya ta yi amfani da wannan albarkatu mai mahimmanci don fa'idar tattalin arzikinta tare da haɓaka masana'antar sarrafa itace ta ƙasar. Daga ƙarshen shekarar 1980s zuwa 2000, ƙarfin samarwa ya ƙaru kusan 700% a cikin masana'antar ɓangaren litattafan almara da masana'antar takarda, wanda hakan ya sa Indonesiya ta zama ƙasa ta tara mafi girma a duniya mai samar da ɓangaren litattafan almara kuma ta goma sha ɗaya mafi girmar takarda. 

Yawan sare itatuwa na ci gaba da karuwa. Rahoton muhalli na jihar na 2009 wanda shugaban kasar Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono ya kaddamar ya bayyana cewa adadin wuraren da gobara ta tashi zuwa 32,416 a shekarar 2009 daga 19,192 kacal a shekarar 2008. Kuma Ma’aikatar kula da muhalli ta dora alhakin karuwar lamarin a kan raunin jami’an tsaro da kuma rashin kulawa daga hukumomin yankin, tare da ba da filaye a matsayin musabbabin tashin gobarar. 

Tsakanin shekarar 1990 zuwa 2000 kashi 20% na gandun daji a Indonesia sun yi hasarar (ha miliyan 24) kuma a shekara ta 2010, kashi 52% ne kawai na yawan yankin dajin (ha miliyan 94). &lt;ref&gt;Staff (30 November 2011) [http://www.fao.org/forestry/fra/fra2010/en/ Global Forest Resources Assessment 2010 – Trends in Extent of Forest 1990–2010] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190728090012/http://www.fao.org/forestry/fra/fra2010/en/ |date=2019-07-28 }} Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Media Centre, Accessed 5 March 2012&lt;/ref&gt; Ko da duk da dakatar da sabbin kwangilolin katako da aka sanya a shekarar 2010, adadin sare dazuzzuka ya ci gaba da karuwa zuwa kimanin hekta 840,000 a shekarar 2012, wanda ya zarce sare itatuwa a Brazil . &lt;ref&gt;John Vidal: [https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2014/jun/29/rate-of-deforestation-in-indonesia-overtakes-brazil-says-study &quot;Rate of deforestation in Indonesia overtakes Brazil, says study&quot;] in ''[[The Guardian]]'', 30 June 2014&lt;/ref&gt; Sake sare gandun daji a Indonesiya ya kai kololuwa a cikin 2016, kuma daga baya ya ragu, ya faɗi da kusan kashi 30% (kwatankwacin a shekarata 2009-2016 da 2017-2019). &lt;ref name=&quot;Kraus&quot;&gt;Sebastian Kraus, Jacqueline Liu, Nicolas Koch, Sabine Fuss, [https://www.pnas.org/content/118/43/e2100741118 No aggregate deforestation reductions from rollout of community land titles in Indonesia yet] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220113071334/https://www.pnas.org/content/118/43/e2100741118 |date=2022-01-13 }}, ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'' (October 2021), 118 (43), [[doi:10.1073/pnas.2100741118]].&lt;/ref&gt; Nazarin ya danganta raguwar da &quot;wasu hada-hadar manufofin da suka hada da hana fasa gandun daji na farko da magudanar ruwa, da yin nazari kan rangwamen filaye, da dakatar da sabbin noman dabino da ma'adanai&quot; da kuma shirye-shiryen tabbatar da dorewar dabino ga gandun daji a kan gonakin da ake da su. . &lt;ref name=&quot;Kraus&quot; /&gt; An kuma ba da lakabin gandun daji na al'umma kan hectare miliyan 2.4 a duk faɗin Indonesiya, amma binciken 2021 bai sami shaidar cewa waɗannan shirye-shiryen sun rage sare dazuzzuka ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;Kraus&quot; /&gt;

== Direbobin sare itatuwa ==
A cikin shekarun 2001 &amp;#x2013; 2016, mafi girma direban saren gandun daji a Indonesia shi ne noman dabino, wanda ya kai kusan kashi 23% na sare itatuwa a duk fadin kasar. Na biyu mafi girma direban sare dazuzzuka shi ne mayar da dazuzzuka zuwa ciyayi / shrub, lissafin kusan kashi 20% na sare gandun daji a fadin kasar. Tsare-tsare kan kananan noma da gauraye kanana ya kai kashi 22% na sare itatuwa a duk fadin kasar. Lardin tituna da ƴan ƙanana, tare da sake girma dazuzzuka na biyu, sannan Kuma ya kai kusan kashi 10% na sare itatuwa a duk faɗin ƙasar. Duk wasu dalilai (kamar [[hakar ma'adinai]] da tafkunan kifi ) gabaɗaya sun kai kusan kashi 5% na sare itatuwa a duk faɗin ƙasar. &lt;ref name=&quot;Austin&quot;&gt;Kemen G. Austin, Amanda Schwantes, Yaofeng Gu &amp; Prasad S. Kasibhatla, [https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aaf6db What causes deforestation in Indonesia?], ''Environmental Research Letters'', Vol 14, No. 2 (2019).&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tasiri ==
Saurin sare dazuzzuka yana cutar da ɗimbin halittun Indonesiya kuma yana haifar da hayaƙin iskar gas na Indonesiya, waɗanda ke cikin mafi girma a duniya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Austin&quot;/&gt; Juyawa da kona ƙasa na peat yana haifar da gurɓataccen iska, yana gabatar da manyan lahani ga lafiyar jama'a . &lt;ref name=&quot;Austin&quot; /&gt;

== Yankunan da abin ya shafa ==
[[File:Riau_deforestation_2006.jpg|thumb|300x300px| Yanke dazuzzukan dajin fadamar peat domin noman dabino a Indonesia .]]
Dazuzzukan dazuzzukan masu zafi na Indonesiya, mafi arziƙin albarkatun katako da bambancin halittu, sun fi fuskantar haɗari. Kuma A shekara ta 2000 kusan an share su gaba ɗaya a [[Sulawesi]], kuma an yi hasashen za su ɓace cikin ƴan shekaru a Sumatra da Kalimantan. &lt;ref name=&quot;Matthews&quot;/&gt;

A [[Sumatra]] dubun dubatan kilomita murabba'in gandun daji ne aka lalata galibi a karkashin yarjejeniyar da gwamnatin tsakiya ta bai wa kamfanonin dabino don kawar da dajin. &lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/6927890.stm Losing land to palm oil in Kalimantan], BBC News, 3 August 2007&lt;/ref&gt; A Kalimantan, daga shekarar 1991-2014, manyan wuraren dajin sun kone saboda gobarar da ba za ta iya sarrafawa ba ta haifar da gurɓacewar yanayi a duk faɗin Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya. 

== Filayen haramtacciyar ƙasa ==
[[File:Borneo_fires_October_2006.jpg|thumb| Hoton tauraron dan adam Terra na NASA na hayaki mai kauri ya rataye a tsibirin [[Borneo]] a ranar 5 ga Oktoba 2006. Gobarar na faruwa ne duk shekara a lokacin rani (Agusta-Oktoba), wanda akasari ke haifar da shi ta hanyar share fage da sauran gobarar noma, amma gobara ta kuɓuta daga sarrafa ta kuma tana ƙonewa a cikin dazuzzuka da wuraren fadama .]]
Rahoton Shirin Muhalli na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na shekara ta 2007 ya kiyasta cewa tsakanin kashi 73 zuwa 88% na katako da aka dasa a Indonesiya na faruwa ne sakamakon sare-guje ba bisa ka'ida ba. Kuma Ƙididdigar da ta biyo baya ta kasance cewa tsakanin kashi 40 zuwa 55% na shigar da aka yi a Indonesiya shine sakamakon sare-ƙeƙe ba bisa ƙa'ida ba. &lt;ref&gt;Jake Schmidt, [https://www.bluegreenalliance.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/BGA-IndonesiaLogRpt.pdf Illegal Logging in Indonesia: The Environmental Economic and Social Costs]. BlueGreen Alliance, April 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 2021 ya kiyasta cewa kashi 81 cikin 100 na canjin gandun daji na dabino a Indonesia haramun ne, kuma Hukumar Binciken Koli ta Indonesiya ta tabbatar da cewa kasa da kashi 20 cikin 100 na ayyukan man dabino na kasar sun bi dokoki da ka'idoji na kasa. &lt;ref&gt;Cassie Dummett, Arthur Blundell, Kerstin Canby, Michael Wolosin, and Eszter Bodnar, ''[https://www.forest-trends.org/publications/illicit-harvest-complicit-goods/ Report: Illicit Harvest, Complicit Goods: The State of Illegal Deforestation for Agriculture]'', Forest Policy, Trade, and Finance Initiative, Forest Trends Association, May 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;

Malesiya ita ce mabuɗin ƙasar da ke jigilar kayayyakin itace ba bisa ƙa'ida ba daga Indonesia. &lt;ref&gt;Environmental Investigation Agency and Telepak (2004) ''Profiting from Plunder: How Malaysia Smuggles Endangered Wood''.&lt;/ref&gt;

Kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, sakamakon ribar tattalin arziki daga buƙatun kasuwannin gida da na yanki na katako, suna da laifi don sare bishiyoyi. Wadannan kamfanoni masu masana'antu sau da yawa ba sa bin ƙa'idodin doka ta hanyar amfani da tsadar tsada amma hanyoyin da ba su dace da muhalli ba kamar gobarar daji don share ƙasa don amfanin noma. Kuma Dokar gandun daji ta 1999 ta bayyana cewa yana da mahimmanci hukumomi su amince da kamfanoni a yankuna daban-daban tare da izinin IPK, izinin girbin katako, don amincewa da doka game da ayyukansu na sare dazuzzuka.  Yawancin waɗannan kamfanoni na iya ƙetare wannan jan tef, haɓaka ribar kuɗin shiga ta hanyar yin amfani da ayyukan sare-ƙeƙe ba bisa ƙa'ida ba kamar yadda rashin bin doka da ƙa'idodin doka a manyan ƙasashe masu tasowa kamar Indonesiya ke lalata ƙoƙarin kiyaye gandun daji. 

A cikin yanayin zamantakewa, ƙananan manoman da suke zaune a yankunan karkara, kuma waɗanda ba su sami ilimi kaɗan ba, suna amfani da hanyar da za a yi amfani da su na yanke-da-kone don tallafawa ayyukan su na noma. Wannan dabarar noma ta asali ta kunshi sare itatuwan dazuzzuka kafin lokacin rani, daga baya kuma, ana kona wadannan bishiyun a lokacin rani don samar da takin zamani don tallafawa ayyukan noman su. Wannan aikin noma ana maimaita shi a fili ɗaya har sai an cire shi daga sinadarai masu gina jiki kuma ba zai iya wadatar da amfanin gona ba. Sannan Bayan haka, waɗannan manoma za su ci gaba da mamaye wani fili kuma su ci gaba da aiwatar da dabarun yanka da konewa. &lt;ref&gt;Tony Waters, The Persistence of Subsistence Agriculture, p. 3. Lexington Books (2007)&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan abin da ke ba da gudummawar zamantakewar al'umma ga sare dazuzzuka yana ƙarfafa ƙalubalen da ake fuskanta na dorewar gandun daji a ƙasashe masu tasowa kamar Indonesia.

Ta fuskar siyasa, an yi suka sosai kan rawar da gwamnatin Indonesiya ke takawa wajen dakile sare itatuwa. Cin hanci da rashawa a tsakanin jami'an kasar Indonesiya na haifar da kyama game da matakin da gwamnati ta dauka kan ayyukan sare itatuwa ba bisa ka'ida ba. Kuma A shekara ta 2008, wanke wani mai kamfanin katako, Adelin Lis, da ake zarginsa da yin sare-tsaki ba bisa ka'ida ba, ya kara zafafa ra'ayin jama'a tare da jawo suka a cibiyar siyasar Indonesiya. 

Gwamnatin Indonesiya na kokawa kan yadda ake tafiyar da sare bishiyoyi tare da ci gaban birane mai dorewa yayin da ƙaura zuwa birane ke buƙatar faɗaɗa biranen. &lt;ref&gt;William D. Sunderlin and Ida Aju Pradnja Resosudarmo: [http://www.cifor.org/publications/pdf_files/OccPapers/OP-09n.pdf &quot;Rates and Causes of Deforestation in Indonesia: Towards a Resolution of the Ambiguities&quot;], in CIFOR Occasional Paper no.9, 1996&lt;/ref&gt; Rashin yin la'akari da saran gandun daji tare da la'akari da ayyukan ƙaura da gwamnatin Indonesiya ke aiwatarwa yana nuna ƙarancin shaida na tallafawa don ba da shaida kan la'akari da dorewar gandun daji a ayyukan ci gaban su. Kuma Wannan ya kara dagula shakku a cikin amincin gwamnatin Indonesiya wajen gudanar da ayyukansu na raya birane da kuma kokarin kiyaye gandun daji cikin gaskiya da adalci. &lt;ref&gt;Transparency International: [http://www.illegal-logging.info/uploads/ProjectPaper012011PoliticalCorruption28February2011.pdf &quot;Tackling Political Corruption to Combat Illegal Logging&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307080855/http://www.illegal-logging.info/sites/default/files/uploads/ProjectPaper012011PoliticalCorruption28February2011.pdf |date=2016-03-07 }}, Project paper, 2011&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ƙoƙarin kiyayewa ==
Yunkurin dakile [[Canjin yanayi|sauyin yanayi]] a duniya ya hada da matakan da aka tsara don sa ido kan yadda ake ci gaba da saran gandun daji a Indonesia da kuma zaburar da gwamnatocin kasa da na [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|kananan hukumomi]] don dakatar da shi. Gabaɗaya kalmar waɗannan nau'ikan shirye-shirye shine Rage hayaki daga sare bishiyoyi da lalata gandun daji (REDD). Ana amfani da sabbin tsare-tsare don sa ido kan sare dazuzzuka a Indonesia. Sannan Ɗaya daga cikin irin wannan tsarin, Cibiyar Kula da Daji ta Duniya don dandali na Aiki a halin yanzu yana nuna bayanan da aka sabunta kowane wata kan sare gandun daji a duk Indonesiya. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.cgdev.org/section/initiatives/_active/forestmonitoringforactionforma Center for Global Development: Forest Monitoring for Action], retrieved 24 October 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 26 ga Mayu, shekarata 2010 Indonesia ta rattaba hannu kan wata takarda ta niyya tare da Norway, don sanya wa'adin shekaru biyu kan sabbin yarjejeniyoyin ci gaba, wani bangare na yarjejeniyar da Indonesiya za ta samu har dalar Amurka biliyan 1 idan ta bi alkawarinta. Ana sa ran yarjejeniyar za ta kawo cikas ga masana'antar man dabino ta Indonesiya da jinkirta ko jinkirin shirye-shiryen samar da wani katafaren filin noma a lardin Papua .  Da farko za a sadaukar da kudade don kammala dabarun yanayin yanayi da gandun daji na Indonesiya, ginawa da samar da damar sa ido, bayar da rahoto da tabbatar da raguwar hayaki, da Kuma aiwatar da manufofi da sauye-sauye na hukumomi.  Norway za ta taimaka wa Indonesiya don tsara tsarin da zai taimaka wajen rage cin hanci da rashawa ta yadda za a iya aiwatar da yarjejeniyar.   An ayyana dakatarwar shekaru biyu a ranar 20 ga Mayu 2011. &lt;ref name=&quot;CIFOR 76&quot;/&gt; An kara wa'adin dakatarwar da wasu shekaru biyu a shekarar 2013. 

A cikin shekarata 2014, Indonesia na ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe kusan 40 waɗanda suka amince da sanarwar New York game da dazuzzuka, alƙawarin son rai na rage sare bishiyoyi a shekara ta 2020 da kawo ƙarshensa nan da 2030. Yarjejeniyar ba ta dawwama bisa doka, duk da haka, kuma wasu manyan ƙasashe, irin su Brazil, China, da Rasha, ba su sanya hannu kan ta ba.    Sakamakon haka, kokarin ya gaza, kuma sare itatuwa ya karu daga 2014-2020, a duk duniya da kuma a Indonesia. &lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Butler&quot; /&gt; A cikin Nuwamba 2021, Indonesia na ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe 141 (wanda ke da kusan kashi 85% na manyan dazuzzukan wurare masu zafi na duniya da kashi 90% na murfin bishiyar duniya) sun amince a taron sauyin yanayi na COP26 a Glasgow zuwa sanarwar shugabannin Glasgow game da dazuzzuka da amfanin ƙasa., alkawarin kawo karshen saran gandun daji nan da shekarar 2030. &lt;ref name=&quot;Butler&quot; /&gt;   Yarjejeniyar ta kasance tare da kusan dala biliyan 19.2 a cikin alkawuran kudade masu alaka. &lt;ref name=&quot;SpringJessop&quot; /&gt; Kamar yarjejeniyar da aka yi a baya, sanarwar shugabannin Glasgow an shigar da ita ne a wajen Yarjejeniyar Tsarin Sauyin yanayi ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don haka ba ta bi doka ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;SpringJessop&quot; /&gt; Nan da nan bayan Indonesiya ta shiga wannan alƙawarin, Kuma gwamnatin lardin ta ja da baya, inda ministar muhalli Siti Nurbaya Bakar ta bayyana cewa &quot;tilasta wa Indonesia rashin sare itatuwa a shekarar 2030 bai dace ba kuma bai dace ba&quot;. 

== Duba wasu abubuwana ==

* [[Saran gandun daji a Borneo|Yanke dazuzzuka a Borneo]]
* Zargin sare itatuwa a kasar Papua New Guinea
* 1997 gobarar dajin Indonesiya
* Aikin noman dabino a Indonesia
* ''The Burning Season'' (fim na 2008)
* APP

'''Gabaɗaya:'''

* Matsalolin muhalli a Indonesia
* Laifuka a Indonesia

== Manazarta ==
{{reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [http://www.cgdev.org/section/initiatives/_active/forestmonitoringforactionforma# Kulawa da Daji don Aiki (FORMA)] - Taswirar dazuzzuka na kan layi ana sabunta ta akai-akai a Indonesia
* [http://www.climateactionprogramme.org/news/asia_pulp_paper_announces_end_to_deforestation_in_indonesia/ &quot;Asia Pulp &amp; Paper ta ba da sanarwar kawo karshen sare gandun daji a Indonesia,&quot;] Action Climate (12 Fabrairu 2013)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131017143929/http://www.risiinfo.com/techchannels/environment/Greenpeace-supAsia-Pulp-Papers-commitment-to-end-deforestation-in-Indonesia.html &quot;Greenpeace tana goyan bayan Asiya Pulp &amp; Takarda ta kuduri don kawo karshen sare itatuwa a Indonesia,&quot;] RISIinfo.com (5 Fabrairu 2013), sanarwar manema labarai
[[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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'''Mohamed Saïd Benrahma''' ( Arabic   ; an haife shi a ranar 10 ga Agusta 1995) ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne]] na ƙasar Aljeriya wanda ke bugawa ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Saudi Pro League Neom . Yawanci [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan gefe ne na hagu]], kuma yana iya buga wasa a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya [[Mai buga tsakiya|na gaba]] ko [[Mai buga tsakiya|na hagu]] .

Benrahma ya fara aikinsa na ƙwararru ne da ƙungiyar Nice [[Ligue 1|ta Ligue 1]], daga baya ya yi zaman aro tare da sauran ƙungiyoyin Faransa kamar Angers, Gazélec da Châteauroux a farkon aikinsa. Ya shahara a gasar EFL bayan ya koma [[Brentford FC|Brentford]] a shekarar 2018, inda ya zira kwallaye 27 a wasanni 83 da ya buga wa ƙungiyar West London kafin ya koma ƙungiyar [[West Ham United FC|West Ham United]] ta Gabashin London a [[Premier League|gasar Premier]] a watan Oktoban 2020. Daga baya ya koma ƙungiyar har abada a watan Janairun 2021 bayan soke yarjejeniyar aro daga baya. A watan Yunin 2024, Lyon ta yi amfani da zaɓin siyansa ta kuma sanya hannu a kansa na dindindin bayan ya yi nasarar yin wasa a matsayin aro.

== Aikin kulob ==

=== Nice ===
[[Fayil:Said_benrahma_(cropped).png|left|thumb|Benrahma a shekarar 2015]]
Benrahma, [[Mai buga tsakiya|wanda yake ɗan wasan gefe]], ya fara wasansa na matasa da ƙungiyar NRB [[Kwallon kafa a Aljeriya|ta Aljeriya]], &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 October 2015 |title=Benrahma : &quot;Apprendre auprès de grands joueurs&quot; |url=http://www.dzfoot.com/2015/10/06/benrahma-je-suis-la-pour-apprendre-aupres-de-grand-joueurs-75236.php |access-date=14 October 2015 |publisher=DZFoot |language=fr |archive-date=18 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018162033/http://www.dzfoot.com/2015/10/06/benrahma-je-suis-la-pour-apprendre-aupres-de-grand-joueurs-75236.php |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; kafin ya koma Faransa ya koma Balma, Colomiers sannan ya koma ƙungiyar [[Ligue 1]] ta Nice a shekarar 2013. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=La Fiche de Saïd Benrahma – Football algerien |url=http://www.dzfoot.com/iframe_include/joueur_iframe.php?id=2528 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024120016/http://www.dzfoot.com/iframe_include/joueur_iframe.php?id=2528 |archive-date=24 October 2020 |access-date=8 July 2018 |website=www.dzfoot.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya fara buga wasa a ƙungiyar kwararru a ƙarƙashin kocin Claude Puel a kakar wasa [[2013–14 OGC Nice season|ta 2013-14]],   amma ya buga mafi yawan ƙwallonsa a ƙungiyar tare da ƙungiyar da ke riƙe da kambun, inda ya buga wasanni 37 kuma ya zura kwallaye 11 tsakanin 2013 da 2016.  Benrahma ya zura kwallo ɗaya a wasanni uku na farko da ya buga a ƙungiyar a kakar wasa ta 2014-15 kuma ya ci kwallaye biyu a 2015-16 .  

Raunin da ya samu a idon sawu da kuma zuwan manaja Lucien Favre ya sa Benrahma ya shafe mafi yawan aikinsa na ƙarshe tare da ƙungiyar a waje a matsayin aro, a ƙungiyar Ligue 1 ta Angers da ƙungiyoyin Ligue 2 na Gazélec da Châteauroux .  Benrahma ya bar Stade de Nice a watan Yulin 2018,  bayan ya buga wasanni 18 kuma ya zura kwallaye uku a lokacin da yake tare da ƙungiyar. 

=== Brentford ===
A ranar 6 ga Yuli 2018, Benrahma ya koma Ingila don shiga kungiyar Championship [[Brentford FC|Brentford]] a kan kwantiragin shekaru hudu, tare da zabin karin shekara, akan kudin da ba a bayyana ba,  an ruwaito cewa ya kai £2.7.&amp;nbsp;miliyan.  Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko ga ƙungiyar a wasansa na uku, a wasan da suka yi da Southend United a zagaye na farko na gasar cin kofin EFL a ranar 14 ga Agusta 2018.  Makonni shida bayan haka, an kori Benrahma a karon farko a rayuwarsa ta Bees bayan ya aikata laifuka biyu da za a iya cire masa beli a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 2-2 da Reading a ranar 29 ga Satumba. &lt;ref name=&quot;Soccerbase1819&quot; /&gt; Bayan dawowa daga rauni a watan Disamba,  Benrahma ya shiga cikin jerin 'yan wasan farko kuma ya fara taka rawar gani a tsakiyar Janairu 2019, inda ya zira kwallaye tara a wasanni 14 na lig. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Said Benrahma Player Profile |url=http://www.espnfc.com/player/194543/said-benrahma?season=2018 |access-date=5 February 2019 |website=ESPN FC}}&lt;/ref&gt; An zaɓe shi don kyautar ɗan wasan PFA na watan Janairu da Fabrairu kuma an zaɓi ɗaya daga cikin kwallaye uku da ya zira a wasan da suka doke Hull City da ci 5-1 a matsayin Kwallon Zakarun Gasar na watan Fabrairu da kuma Kwallon Kafa ta Brentford a kakar wasa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Benrahma and Henry nominated for PFA Player of the Month |url=https://www.brentfordfc.com/news/2019/february/pfa-player-of-the-month-jan19/ |access-date=5 February 2019 |publisher=Brentford F.C.}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Benrahma and Watkins POTM nominees |url=https://www.brentfordfc.com/news/2019/march/pfa-player-of-the-month-feb19/ |access-date=4 March 2019 |publisher=Brentford F.C.}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Saïd Benrahma wins Sky Bet Championship Goal of the Month award |url=https://www.brentfordfc.com/news/2019/march/said-benrahma-wins-sky-bet-championship-goal-of-the-month-award/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220502100203/https://www.brentfordfc.com/news/2019/march/said-benrahma-wins-sky-bet-championship-goal-of-the-month-award/ |archive-date=2 May 2022 |access-date=15 March 2019 |publisher=Brentford F.C.}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Maupay takes the honours at Player of the Year Dinner |url=https://www.brentfordfc.com/news/2019/may/award-winners-2019/ |access-date=6 May 2019 |publisher=Brentford F.C.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Raunin idon sawu da ya samu a farkon watan Afrilun 2019 ya kawo karshen kakar wasa ta Benrahma, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Algeria forward Said Benrahma ruled out of Afcon with injury |url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/algeria-forward-said-benrahma-ruled-out-of-afcon-with-injury/rh1mtebf4dal1cy77ow9yq3ix |access-date=5 May 2019 |website=Goal.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda a lokacin ya buga wasanni 45 kuma ya zura kwallaye 11. &lt;ref name=&quot;Soccerbase1819&quot; /&gt;

Benrahma bai buga dukkan shirye-shiryen Brentford na 2019-20 ba, kuma ya koma buga gasar a tsakiyar watan Agusta na 2019, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Thomas |first=Lyall |date=29 July 2019 |title=Frank: Bees stars will be ready |url=https://www.westlondonsport.com/brentford/football-bees-boss-frank-gives-update-on-maupay-benrahma-watkins-henry-and-daniels |access-date=4 November 2019 |website=West London Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt; kafin ya koma cikin jerin 'yan wasa a ƙarshen watan.  A lokacin kakar wasa ta 2019-20, inda ayyukansa suka kai shi ga zaɓen ɗan wasan Brentford Supporters' Player of the Year, kuma aka sanya shi a cikin ƙungiyar PFA ta Shekara ta Championship, &lt;ref name=&quot;POTY&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 August 2020 |title=Ollie Watkins and Said Benrahma share prizes at Virtual Awards Event |url=https://www.brentfordfc.com/news/2020/august/201920-awards-announced/ |access-date=23 August 2020 |publisher=Brentford F.C.}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;1920PFA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 September 2020 |title=De Bruyne named PFA Player of the Year |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/54044861 |access-date=9 September 2020 |website=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt; Benrahma ya buga wasanni 46, ya kuma zira kwallaye 17, waɗanda suka haɗa da kwallaye uku biyu.  Wasannin da ya yi a lokacin da Brentford ta kai wasan ƙarshe na gasar Championship na 2020, sun sa ya lashe kyautar ɗan wasan PFA Fans' Player of the Month na Janairu na 2020 da kuma kyautar ɗan wasan gasar Championship na Yuli na 2020 Player of the Month . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 August 2020 |title=Brentford 1 Fulham 2 |url=https://www.brentfordfc.com/news/2020/august/match-report-for-brentford-vs-fulham-on-04-aug-20/ |access-date=4 August 2020 |publisher=Brentford F.C.}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;PFAPOTM&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 February 2020 |title=Said Benrahma wins PFA Bristol Street Motors Player of the Month |url=https://www.brentfordfc.com/news/2020/february/said-benrahma--pfa-january-award-win/ |access-date=5 February 2020 |publisher=Brentford F.C.}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;EFLCPOTY&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=31 July 2020 |title=Sublime Said secures July Player of the Month prize |url=https://www.brentfordfc.com/news/2020/july/said-benrahma-named-championship-player-of-the-month/ |access-date=31 July 2020 |publisher=Brentford F.C.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da ƙari, an zaɓe shi don kyautar EFL Player of the Year ta London Football Awards ta 2020 da kuma kyautar 2019–20 PFA Fans' Championship Player of the Year. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 February 2020 |title=Bees up for London Football Awards prizes |url=https://www.brentfordfc.com/news/2020/february/london-football-award-nominations/ |access-date=9 February 2020 |publisher=Brentford F.C.}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=PFA Player of the Month Awards |url=https://pfa-assets.snack-projects.co.uk/site/#!/nominees/3075 |access-date=17 August 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan an sake yin hasashen yiwuwar canja wurin 'yan wasa a karo na biyu a jere, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Preece |first=Ashley |date=11 September 2020 |title=Brentford boss issues Aston Villa transfer demand for Benrahma |url=https://www.birminghammail.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/aston-villa-transfers-brentford-benrahma-18919322 |access-date=3 October 2020 |website=BirminghamLive}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Taylor |first=Julian |date=19 September 2020 |title=Delighted Frank wants Brentford 'fortress' |url=https://www.westlondonsport.com/brentford/frank-wants-brentford-fortress-and-explains-benrahma-absence |access-date=3 October 2020 |website=West London Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt; An cire Benrahma daga cikin 'yan wasan da kocin [[Thomas Frank]] ya nada a farkon kakar wasa ta 2020-21, &lt;ref name=&quot;Soccerway&quot;&gt;{{Soccerway|316494}}&lt;/ref&gt; kafin ya fara buga wasa a karon farko a kakar wasa a matsayin madadin Sergi Canós bayan mintuna 73 na wasan da suka tashi 1-1 da Millwall a ranar 26 ga Satumba, 2020.  Ya fara wasan da ke tafe da abokan hamayyarsa na West London Fulham a gasar cin kofin EFL kuma an bai wa gwarzon dan wasa da kuma kwallonsa ta biyu a wasan zagaye na hudu da suka tashi 3-0. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 October 2020 |title=Fans can't stop talking about Said Benrahma being given an unusual award |url=https://fanbanter.co.uk/fans-cant-stop-about-said-benrahma-being-given-an-unusual-award/ |access-date=7 October 2020 |website=Fan Banter}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 October 2020 |title=Saïd wins Goal of the Round prize |url=https://www.brentfordfc.com/news/2020/october/benrahma-goal-of-the-round-win/ |access-date=7 October 2020 |publisher=Brentford F.C.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== West Ham United ===
A ranar 16 ga Oktoba 2020, Benrahma ya koma ƙungiyar [[Premier League]] [[West Ham United FC|ta West Ham United]] a yarjejeniyar aro ta farko ta kakar wasa, tare da yarjejeniyar mayar da cinikin na dindindin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 October 2020 |title=West Ham United seal Saïd Benrahma loan deal |url=https://www.whufc.com/news/articles/2020/october/16-october/west-ham-united-seal-said-benrahma-loan-deal |access-date=16 October 2020 |publisher=West Ham United F.C.}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 31 ga Oktoba, ya fito daga benci kuma ya fara buga wasa a wasan da [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]] ta sha kashi da ci 2-1 a wasan lig. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Inkersole |first=Sam |date=2 November 2020 |title=Said Benrahma reacts to West Ham debut in loss at Liverpool |url=https://www.football.london/west-ham-united-fc/players/said-benrahma-reacts-west-ham-19205991 |access-date=21 March 2021 |website=Football.London |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; An sanya sunansa a cikin 'yan wasa 11 na farko a karon farko a wasan da suka doke [[Leeds United F.C.|Leeds United]] da ci 2-1 a ranar 11 ga Disamba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Team news: Benrahma makes full debut at Leeds {{!}} West Ham United |url=https://www.whufc.com/news/articles/2020/december/11-december/team-news-benrahma-makes-full-debut-leeds |access-date=21 March 2021 |website=www.whufc.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
[[Fayil:Saïd_Benrahma_WHU.jpeg|right|thumb|Benrahma a shekarar 2021]]
A ranar 29 ga Janairu 2021, an dakatar da yarjejeniyar aro da wuri yayin da West Ham ta sayi Benrahma a kan kwangilar dindindin domin yantar da Jesse Lingard mai zuwa daga gida. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 January 2021 |title=Saïd Benrahma completes permanent West Ham United transfer |url=https://www.whufc.com/news/articles/2021/january/29-january/said-benrahma-completes-permanent-west-ham-united-transfer |access-date=29 January 2021 |publisher=West Ham United F.C.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kungiyar ta amince ta biya fam miliyan 25 tare da ƙarin fam miliyan 5. Kudin canja wurin ya sanya Benrahma West Ham ta zama ɗan wasa na uku mafi tsada bayan [[Sébastien Haller]] da [[Felipe Anderson]] .  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Clark |first=Tom |date=27 January 2021 |title=West Ham to make Said Benrahma transfer permanent to free up space for Lingard |url=https://www.football.london/west-ham-united-fc/transfer-news/west-ham-transfer-jesse-lingard-19712146 |website=Football.London}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 15 ga Mayu 2021, Benrahma ya zira kwallonsa ta farko a West Ham a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da [[Brighton &amp; Hove Albion FC|Brighton &amp; Hove Albion]] . 

A ranar 6 ga Nuwamba 2022, ya zura kwallo a wasan da Crystal Palace ta sha kashi da ci 2-1, wanda aka auna a matsayin mafi karfin kwallaye a gasar Premier ta kakar wasa, tare da matsakaicin gudun {{Convert|107.17|km/h}} . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 May 2023 |title=Benrahma wins Oracle Most Powerful Goal award |url=https://www.premierleague.com/news/3494656 |publisher=Premier League}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 7 ga Yuni 2023, a lokacin wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin UEFA Europa League na 2023, Benrahma ya zura kwallon farko ta West Ham, bugun fenariti, a minti na 62, a kan Fiorentina . West Ham ta lashe kofinta na farko cikin shekaru 43 da nasara 2-1. 

A ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 2024, West Ham ta amince da yarjejeniyar canja wurin Benrahma zuwa ƙungiyar [[Ligue 1]], Lyon . Matakin ya fara lalacewa ne jim kaɗan kafin rufe kasuwar musayar 'yan wasa, yayin da West Ham ta gaza mayar da takardun da ake buƙata zuwa gasar Premier, wanda hakan ya sa Lyon ta zargi West Ham da &quot;nuna rashin girmamawa sosai daga ɓangaren West Ham ga ƙungiyar da ɗan wasan.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 February 2024 |title=Lyon blame West Ham as Benrahma move collapses |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/68172772 |access-date=2 February 2024 |website=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, bayan ɗaukaka ƙara daga Lyon wadda [[FIFA]] ta amince da ita, yarjejeniyar ta ci gaba kuma aka sanar da ita a hukumance washegari. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 February 2024 |title=Computer says no – but Lyon claim FIFA says yes to Said Benrahma move |url=https://www.beinsports.com/en-us/soccer/premier-league/articles/computer-says-no--but-lyon-claim-fifa-says-yes-to-said-benrahma-move-2024-02-02 |publisher=beIN SPORTS}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Lyon ===
A ranar 2 ga Fabrairu, 2024, Benrahma ya koma Lyon a matsayin aro har zuwa ƙarshen kakar wasa. Kulob ɗin ya biya fam miliyan 5.1 don aro, tare da zaɓin siyan €14 miliyan da kuma riba 10% na ribar jari idan akwai yuwuwar canja wurin a nan gaba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 February 2024 |title=Benhrama join OL on loan until the end of the season |url=https://www.ol.fr/fr/actualites/said-benrahma-rejoint-l-ol-sous-la-forme-d-un-pret-avec-option-d-achat-jusqu-a-la-fin-de-saison |access-date=2 February 2024 |website=OL}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kammala canja wurin dindindin zuwa kulob ɗin, akan kuɗin €14 miliyan, a watan Yunin 2024. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 June 2024 |title=West Ham transfer news: Said Benrahma completes move to Lyon for undisclosed fee |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/articles/cg3j77x32v9o |access-date=30 June 2024 |website=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Neom SC ===
A ranar 31 ga Janairun 2025, Benrahma ya koma ƙungiyar Neom SC ta rukuni na biyu a gasar Saudiya a matsayin aro har zuwa ƙarshen kakar wasa. Za a iya samun zaɓin siyan €12 miliyan tare da kari har zuwa €3 miliyan idan Neom SC ta sami ci gaba zuwa gasar Saudiya ta Pro . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=31 January 2025 |title=Saïd Benrahma joins Neom SC on loan in €15m deal |url=https://sports.yahoo.com/official-sa-d-benrahma-joins-185000859.html |access-date=31 January 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 22 ga Afrilun 2025, Benrahma ya koma Neom har abada bayan nasarar da suka samu a kan Al-Arabi da ci 3 da 0, sun tabbatar da ci gaba da gasar Saudiya ta Pro. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Saïd |first=Issa |date=April 23, 2025 |title=Algerian forward Saïd Benrahma seals permanent switch to Saudi club Neom |url=https://africasoccer.com/algerian-forward-said-benrahma-seals-permanent-switch-to-saudi-club-neom/ |website=AfricaSoccer.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa ==
A watan Satumba na 2015, an kira Benrahma zuwa [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Aljeriya|tawagar 'yan wasan Algeria]] don wasannin sada zumunci da [[Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Guinea|Guinea]] da Senegal . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 September 2015 |title=EN : Liste des sélectionnés pour la Guinée et le Sénégal |url=http://www.dzfoot.com/2015/09/30/en-liste-des-selectionnes-pour-la-guinee-et-le-senegal-74967.php |access-date=5 October 2015 |publisher=DZfoot |language=fr |archive-date=20 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720081426/http://www.dzfoot.com/2015/09/30/en-liste-des-selectionnes-pour-la-guinee-et-le-senegal-74967.php |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya fara buga wasa a wasan da suka yi da Senegal a ranar 13 ga Oktoba 2015, lokacin da ya maye gurbin [[Baghdad Bounedjah]] bayan mintuna 70 da nasara 1-0. &lt;ref name=&quot;NFT&quot;&gt;{{NFT player|60924|access-date=6 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wata daya bayan haka, an kira Benrahma cikin tawagar ' yan wasan da za su fafata a zagaye na biyu na gasar cin kofin duniya ta 2018 da Tanzania, amma bai buga wasa ba.  An amince da kwazon Benrahma a Brentford a kakar wasa ta 2018-19 tare da kiransa don shiga gasar cin kofin Afirka ta 2019. Ya lashe gasarsa ta biyu ta kasa da kasa da fara wasa a wasan da suka doke Tunisia da ci 1-0 a ranar 26 ga Maris 2019. &lt;ref name=&quot;NFT&quot; /&gt; An sanya shi cikin tawagar farko ta Algeria don gasar cin kofin Afirka ta 2019, amma an tilasta masa ya janye saboda rauni. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Saïd Benrahma named in Algeria selection |url=https://www.brentfordfc.com/news/2019/september/said-benrahma-call-up/ |access-date=1 September 2019 |website=www.brentfordfc.com |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Benrahma ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a gasar kasa da kasa a wasan da suka doke [[Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Djibouti|Djibouti]] da ci 4-0 a ranar 12 ga Nuwamba, 2021 a wasannin neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2022. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Djibouti v Algeria |url=https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/mens/worldcup/qatar2022/qualifiers/caf/match-center/400209469 |access-date=12 November 2021 |publisher=[[FIFA]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; An sanya sunansa a cikin tawagar Algeria da za ta fafata a gasar cin kofin kasashen Afirka ta 2021. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 January 2022 |title=The full list of Premier League players set to miss fixtures due to Afcon |url=https://inews.co.uk/sport/football/africa-cup-of-nations-2021-premier-league-players-full-list-miss-fixtures-afcon-1268803 |website=inews.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
An haifi Benrahma a Aïn Témouchent kuma ya girma a [[Sidi Bel Abbès]] .  Ya ƙaura zuwa [[Toulouse]], Faransa tare da iyayensa yana da shekaru 11 kuma yana da ɗan ƙasar Faransa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Fisher&quot; /&gt; Mahaifin Benrahma ya rasu a watan Janairun 2020 kuma ya sadaukar da kowanne daga cikin kwallaye biyar da ya ci a gaba gare shi a bainar jama'a. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=&quot;I was pleased to be able to pay tribute to him because he was so proud of me and happy for me&quot; |url=https://www.brentfordfc.com/news/2020/february/said-benrahma-interview-post-hull-city/ |access-date=3 February 2020 |website=www.brentfordfc.com |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Brentford FC {{!}} 11 February 2020 – Leeds United – Home |url=https://officialbfcpics.co.uk/2002110/2002110043 |access-date=22 February 2020 |website=officialbfcpics.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Oktoban 2025, an ci Benrahma tarar fam 12,000 bayan ya amsa laifinsa na mallakar karnukan da ba su da iko sosai. ' Yan bindigar XL sun raunata wani mutum kuma sun kai wa Golden Retriever hari bayan sun tsere daga gidan Benrahma da ke Hornchurch, Gabashin London. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 October 2025 |title=Said Benrahma: Ex West Ham footballer fined for owning dangerous dogs |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cpq1ddxqvj7o |access-date=16 October 2025 |website=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ƙididdigar aiki ==

=== Kulob ===
{{Updated|match played 11 May 2026}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
|+Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Club
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Season
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |League
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |National cup{{Efn|Includes [[Coupe de France]], [[FA Cup]], [[King's Cup (Saudi Arabia)|King's Cup]]}}
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |League cup{{Efn|Includes [[Coupe de la Ligue]], [[EFL Cup]]}}
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Continental
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Other
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
|-
!Division
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |Nice II
|2013–14
|CFA Group C
|12
|3
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|12
|3
|-
|2014–15&lt;ref name=&quot;Soccerway&quot; /&gt;
|CFA Group C
|13
|5
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|13
|5
|-
|2015–16&lt;ref name=&quot;Soccerway&quot; /&gt;
|CFA Group C
|2
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|2
|0
|-
|2016–17&lt;ref name=&quot;Soccerway&quot; /&gt;
|CFA Group D
|10
|3
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|10
|3
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!37
!11
!0
!0
!0
!0
!0
!0
!0
!0
!37
!11
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |Nice
|2013–14
|[[Ligue 1]]
|5
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|5
|0
|-
|2014–15
|Ligue 1
|3
|1
|0
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|3
|1
|-
|2015–16
|Ligue 1
|9
|2
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|10
|2
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!17
!3
!0
!0
!1
!0
!0
!0
!0
!0
!18
!3
|-
|Angers (loan)
|2015–16&lt;ref name=&quot;Soccerway&quot; /&gt;
|Ligue 1
|12
|1
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|13
|1
|-
|Angers II (loan)
|2015–16&lt;ref name=&quot;Soccerway&quot; /&gt;
|CFA Group B
|3
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|3
|1
|-
|Gazélec (loan)
|2016–17&lt;ref name=&quot;Soccerway&quot; /&gt;
|Ligue 2
|15
|3
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|15
|3
|-
|Châteauroux (loan)
|2017–18&lt;ref name=&quot;Soccerway&quot; /&gt;
|Ligue 2
|31
|9
|3
|3
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|34
|12
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |[[Brentford FC|Brentford]]
|2018–19
|Championship
|38
|10
|4
|0
|3
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|45
|11
|-
|2019–20
|Championship
|43
|17
|0
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|3
|0
|46
|17
|-
|2020–21
|Championship
|2
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|1
|2
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|3
|2
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!83
!27
!4
!0
!4
!3
!0
!0
!3
!0
!94
!30
|-
|[[West Ham United FC|West Ham United]] (loan)
|2020–21{{Efn|Part of this season was spent on loan from Brentford}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Soccerbase2021&quot; /&gt;
|[[Premier League]]
|30
|1
|3
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|33
|1
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |West Ham United
|2021–22
|Premier League
|32
|8
|2
|0
|2
|0
|12{{Efn|Appearances in [[UEFA Europa League]]}}
|3
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|48
|11
|-
|2022–23
|Premier League
|35
|6
|3
|2
|1
|0
|13{{Efn|Appearances in [[UEFA Europa Conference League]]}}
|4
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|52
|12
|-
|2023–24
|Premier League
|13
|0
|1
|0
|3
|0
|5{{Efn|Appearances in [[UEFA Europa League]]}}
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|22
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |West Ham total
!110
!15
!9
!2
!6
!0
!30
!7
!0
!0
!155
!24
|-
|Lyon (loan)
|2023–24
|Ligue 1
|12
|3
|3
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|15
|3
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Lyon
|2024–25
|Ligue 1
|13
|1
|2
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|7[g]
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|22
|3
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Lyon total
!25
!4
!5
!1
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
!7
!1
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
!37
!6
|-
|Neom (loan)
|2024–25
|Saudi First Division League
|16
|7
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|16
|7
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Neom
|2025–26
|Saudi Pro League
|27
|10
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|28
|10
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Nyom total
!43
!17
!1
!0
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
!44
!17
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Career total
!376
!91
!23
!6
!11
!3
!37
!8
!3
!0
!449
!108
|}
{{Notelist}}

=== Na Ƙasa da Ƙasa ===
{{Updated|match played 8 September 2025}}&lt;ref name=&quot;NFT&quot;/&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Bayyanar da kwallayen da ƙungiyar ƙasa ta samu da kuma shekarar da ta gabata
! Tawagar ƙasa
! Shekara
! Manhajoji
! Ƙwallaye
|-
| rowspan=&quot;8&quot; | [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Aljeriya|Aljeriya]]
| 2015
| 1
| 0
|-
| 2019
| 2
| 0
|-
| 2020
| 3
| 0
|-
| 2021
| 8
| 1
|-
| 2022
| 5
| 0
|-
| 2023
| 6
| 0
|-
| 2024
| 9
| 3
|-
| 2025
| 6
| 0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Jimilla
! 40
! 4
|}

: ''Sakamakon da sakamakon ya nuna adadin kwallayen da Algeria ta ci da farko, ginshiƙin maki yana nuna maki bayan kowace ƙwallo da Benrahma ta ci.'' &lt;ref name=&quot;NFT&quot;&gt;{{NFT player|60924}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/60924.html &quot;Saïd Benrahma&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|+Jerin kwallayen da Saïd Benrahma ya ci a wasannin kasa da kasa
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | A'a.
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Kwanan wata
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Wuri
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Abokin hamayya
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Ci
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Sakamako
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Gasar
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 1
| 12 Nuwamba 2021
| Filin Wasannin Kasa da Kasa na Alkahira, [[Kairo|Alkahira]], Masar
|{{Fb|DJI}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 2–0
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 4–0
| Canjin Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta FIFA ta 2022
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 2
| 10 Yuni 2024
| Filin Wasan Mandela na Ƙasa, [[Kampala]], Uganda
|{{Fb|UGA}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 2–1
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 2–1
| Gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2026
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 3
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 10 Oktoba 2024
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 19 ga Mayu 1956 Filin wasa, [[Annaba]], Aljeriya
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |{{Fb|TOG}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 1–1
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | 5–1
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Gasar Cin Kofin Kasashen Afirka ta 2025
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 4
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 2–1
|}

== Daraja ==
'''West Ham United'''

* Gasar Cin Kofin UEFA Europa : 2022–23 

'''Lyon'''

* Coupe de France ya zo na biyu: 2023–24 

'''Neom'''

* Gasar rukuni na farko ta Saudiyya : 2024–25 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 April 2025 |title=Billions behind the badge: Neom join Saudi Arabia’s football revolution |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2025/apr/30/neom-saudi-arabia-football |access-date=28 August 2025 |publisher=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Mutum ɗaya'''

* Ɗan wasan PFA na Watan da ya fi kowanne a gasar: Janairu 2020 &lt;ref name=&quot;PFAPOTM&quot;/&gt;
* Ɗan Wasan Watan Gasar EFL : Yuli 2020 &lt;ref name=&quot;EFLCPOTY&quot;/&gt;
* Ɗan Wasan Shekara na Magoya Bayan Brentford : 2019–20 &lt;ref name=&quot;POTY&quot;/&gt;
* Ƙungiyar PFA ta Shekara a Gasar Cin Kofin Zakarun Turai : 2019–20 &lt;ref name=&quot;1920PFA&quot;/&gt;
* Babban Burin Gasar Premier : 2022–23 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 May 2023 |title=Benrahma wins Oracle Most Powerful Goal award |url=http://www.premierleague.com/news/3494656 |access-date=10 June 2023 |website=Premier League |language=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Rikodi ===

* Babban ɗan wasan Neom SC da kwallaye 17

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [https://www.whufc.com/player/44 Saïd Benrahma] a [[West Ham United FC]] ( [https://web.archive.org/web/20211109091541/https://www.whufc.com/teams/first-team/squad/said-benrahma#Profile taskar bayanai] )
* {{NFT player}} 
* Saïd Benrahma 
* {{Soccerway}} 
* Saïd Benrahma 
* {{UEFA player}}     
{{Neom SC squad}}{{Algeria squad 2021 Africa Cup of Nations}}{{navboxes|title=Awards|bg=gold|fg=navy|list1={{2019–20 EFL Championship PFA Team of the Year}}
{{Brentford F.C. Player of the Year}}}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1995]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>qrrdxgz2y3f8fwi66y320a4fkgqphjq</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Abdu Ali</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>33799</id>
    <revision>
      <id>889854</id>
      <parentid>612128</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-31T21:12:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bikhrah</username>
        <id>15061</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>889854</origin>
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      <text bytes="3645" sha1="4gc7g21h9dm051hr95b8pa61u18s1mo" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[Fayil:Thought of Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi against the Setbacks of Muslims.pdf|thumb]]
'''Abdu Ali'''  mawaƙi ne baƙar fata, ɗan gwagwarmayar al'umma, mawaƙi kuma mai fasaha wanda ke zaune a Baltimore.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Cooper|first=Wilbert L.|date=November 20, 2019|title=Abdu Ali is creating space for radical black artists|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/ne8paz/abdu-ali-is-creating-space-for-radical-black-artists|access-date=June 18, 2020|website=i-D|archive-date=June 18, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200618113234/https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/ne8paz/abdu-ali-is-creating-space-for-radical-black-artists|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=July 24, 2019|title=Abdu Ali: The Freedom Fighter|url=https://www.culturedmag.com/abdu-ali/|access-date=June 18, 2020|website=Cultured Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;   A cikin shekarar 2019, Ofishin Major Jack Young na Baltimore da Hukumar LGBTQ sun karrama Ali da lambar yabo ta Mawaƙin Shekara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Rao|first=Sameer|title=Mining Baltimore's past and present, Abdu Ali releases album of &quot;Fiyah!!!&quot;|url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/entertainment/bs-fe-abduali-fiyah-20190617-story.html|access-date=June 18, 2020|website=The Baltimore Sun|date=June 13, 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt;  Sun saki kundin sa na farko ''FIYAH!!'' a shekara ta 2019.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=April 19, 2019|title=ABDU ALI PUSHES US FORWARD WITH NEW ALBUM, FIYAH!!|url=https://afropunk.com/2019/04/abdu-ali-fiyah/|access-date=June 18, 2020|website=AFROPUNK}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Quietus {{!}} Reviews {{!}} Abdu Ali|url=https://thequietus.com/articles/26381-abdu-ali-fiyah-review|access-date=June 18, 2020|website=The Quietus}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

== Salon kiɗa ==
[[Fayil:Abdu-Ali-2015.png|thumb|Abdu Ali]]
An kwatanta salon kiɗan su a matsayin jazz mai zafin gaske tare da sifarr rap na punk na gaba yayin da kuma ke sakar amo zuwa rap na avant-garde.   Ayyukansu sun sami goyon baya daga masana 'yan kungiyar Baltimore Club da alamar baƙar fata Miss Tony. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Langston Hughes, Zora Neale Hurston, Wallace Thurmon, da Richard Nugent sun rinjayi waƙoƙin Ali da waƙarsa.  ''FADER ta'' bayyana su guda &quot;Castity&quot; a matsayin &quot; kira mara kyau, kuma mai tsoro don son kai da karbuwa &quot;. 

== Ayyuka ==
[[Fayil:ISN 01457, Abdu Ali Sharqawi.jpg|thumb]]
Ali yayi ayyuka daban-daban ciki har da Kahlon,   wani gwajin kida da fasaha a Baltimore wanda ya shirya wasu ayyuka ciki har da Juliana Huxtable, Gimbiya Nokia da sauransu waɗanda suka dade daga 2014-2017.  A cikin shekarar 2017 sun ƙirƙiri drumBOOTY, kwasfan fayiloli don ƙirƙirar baƙar fata da tattaunawa ta zamantakewa.  Su ne kuma wanda ya kafa As They Lay, wanda Ali ya bayyana a matsayin &quot;haɗin kai na tushen karewa&quot; wanda ke haɗa baki masu fasaha don abubuwan da suka faru, shirye-shirye da tattaunawa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Wakoki ==

=== Kundin Studiyo ===

* ''FIYA!!'' (2019) 

=== Fitowar baƙi ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|+Jerin fitowar baƙi, tare da sauran masu fasaha, suna nuna shekarar fitar da sunan kundi
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:16em;&quot; | Take
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Shekara
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Mawaƙi(s)
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Album
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Sour Patch Kids&quot;
| 2015
| Simo Soo
| -
|-
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;DOTS Freestyle Remix&quot;
| 2019
| JPEGMafia, Buzzy Lee
| ''Duk Jarumai Na Wasan Masara Ne''
|-
|}

== Manzarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* {{Official website|www.abduali.com}}


[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Category:Mutanen LGBT a karni na 21]]
[[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>4gc7g21h9dm051hr95b8pa61u18s1mo</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mataimakin shugaban Kasar Najeriya</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>40806</id>
    <revision>
      <id>889815</id>
      <parentid>889725</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-31T13:51:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>A09</username>
        <id>23573</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Reverted 1 edit by [[Special:Contributions/2026 Nigerian presidential election|2026 Nigerian presidential election]] ([[User talk:2026 Nigerian presidential election|talk]]) to last revision by InternetArchiveBot (TwinkleGlobal)</comment>
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      <text bytes="11211" sha1="8quh97nwjmlkwbxq74se6jaj7ebxjxo" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Mataimakin shugaban ƙasar [[Najeriya]]''' shi ne na biyu a muƙamin [[Shugaban Nijeriya|shugaban ƙasar Najeriya]] a gwamnatin Najeriya . '''Mataimakin Shugaban Tarayyar Najeriya''' wanda aka zaɓa a hukumance, an zaɓi mataimakin shugaban ƙasa tare da shugaban ƙasar a zaɓen ƙasa. A halin yanzu dai ofishin na hannun [[Kashim Shettima]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Vice President Yemi Osinbajo – The Statehouse, Abuja |url=https://statehouse.gov.ng/people/vice-president-yemi-osinbajo/ |access-date=2022-09-05 |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-06-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627072530/http://statehouse.gov.ng/people/vice-president-yemi-osinbajo/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Cancanta ==
Mutum zai cancanci kujerar mataimakin shugaban ƙasa idan shi ko ita dan [[Najeriya]] ne tun haihuwa, akalla shekaru 40, yana cikin jam'iyyar siyasa kuma jam'iyyar siyasa ce ke ɗaukar nauyinsa.

== Ayyukan mataimakin shugaban Najeriya ==
Ayyukan zartaswa na mataimakin shugaban Najeriya sun haɗa da shiga cikin dukkan tarukan majalisar ministoci da kuma, bisa Ƙa'ida, zama memba a majalisar tsaro ta kasa]], majalisar tsaro ta kasa, majalisar zartarwa ta tarayya, da shugaban majalisar tattalin arzikin kasa. Duk da cewa mataimakin shugaban ƙasa na iya taka rawa wajen kafa manufofi a bangaren Zartarwa ta hanyar yin aiki a irin wadannan kwamitoci da kansiloli, ikon ofishin mataimakin shugaban Najeriya ya dogara ne kan ayyukan da shugaban kasa ya wakilta.

== Jerin mataimakan shugaban ƙasa ==

=== Gwamnatin Soja (1966-1979) ===
[[Chukwuma Kaduna Nzeogwu|Manjo Chukwuma Kaduna Nzeogwu]] ne ya kitsa juyin mulkin da sojoji suka yi a shekarar 1966 wanda ya hambarar dajamhuriya ta farko]], aka kawar da tsarin mulkin majalisa sannan aka kafa ofishin '''mataimakin shugaban kasa''' inda Babafemi Ogundipe ya zama mataimakin shugaban kasa na farko a matsayin '''shugaban ma’aikata, babban ofishin koli.''' .
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Shugaban ma'aikata
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Wa'adin ofishi
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Soja
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Shugaban kasa
|-
! {{Abbr|No.|Number}}
! Hoton hoto
! Suna&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; {{Small|(birth–death)}}
! Ya hau ofis
! Ofishin hagu
! Lokaci a ofis
|-
! style=&quot;background:tan; color:black;&quot; | 1
|
| Birgediya&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; [[Babafemi Ogundipe]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; {{Small|(1924–1971)}}
| 16 ga Janairu, 1966
| 29 ga Yuli, 1966&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; {{Small|(''[[1966 Nigerian counter-coup|deposed]].'')}}
| 194 kwanaki
| Gwamnatin Soja ta Tarayya
| Manjo Janar [[Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi]]
|-
! style=&quot;background:tan;color:black;&quot; | 2
|
| Vice Admiral&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; [[Joseph Edet Akinwale Wey|Joseph Edet Akinwale Way]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; {{Small|(1918–1991)}}
| 1 ga Agusta, 1966
| 29 ga Yuli, 1975&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; {{Small|(''[[1975 Nigerian coup d'état|deposed]].'')}}
| 8 shekaru, 362 kwanaki
| Gwamnatin Soja ta Tarayya
| Janar [[Yakubu Gowon]]
|-
! style=&quot;background:tan; color:black;&quot; | 3
|[[File:Obasanjo_1978.gif|frameless|125x125px]]
| Laftanar Janar&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; [[Olusegun Obasanjo]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; {{Small|(born 1937)}}
| 29 ga Yuli, 1975
| 13 Fabrairu 1976&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; {{Small|(''Became Head of State after the [[Murtala Mohammed#Assassination|assassination of Murtala]]'')}}
| 199 kwanaki
| Gwamnatin Soja ta Tarayya
| Janar [[Murtala Muhammed|Murtala Muhammad]]
|-
! style=&quot;background:tan;color:black;&quot; | 4
|
| Manjo Janar&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; [[Shehu Musa Yar'Adua]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; {{Small|(1943–1997)}}
| 13 Fabrairu 1976
| 30 ga Satumba, 1979&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; {{Small|(''Handed over to civilian government'')}}
| 3 shekaru, 229 kwanaki
| Gwamnatin Soja ta Tarayya
| Janar [[Olusegun Obasanjo]]
|}

=== Jamhuriya ta Biyu (1979-1983) ===
A karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na 1979, tsarin mulki na biyu na Tarayyar Najeriya, Shugaban kasa ya kasance shugaban ƙasa da na gwamnati. An zabi shugaban kasa tare da '''mataimakinsa''' na tsawon shekaru hudu. Idan aka samu gurbi, da '''mataimakin shugaban ƙasa''' ya zama shugaban riko.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |mataimakin shugaba
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Wa'adin ofishi
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Jam'iyyar siyasa
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Zabe
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Shugaban kasa
|-
! {{Abbr|No.|Number}}
! Hoton hoto
! Suna&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; {{Small|(birth–death)}}
! Ya hau ofis
! Ofishin hagu
! Lokaci a ofis
|-
! style=&quot;background:#445FAC; color:white;&quot; | 5
|[[File:Alex_Ekwueme_DF-SC-83-01329_(cropped).jpg|155x155px]]
| [[Alex Ifeanyichukwu Ekwueme]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; {{Small|(1932–2017)}}
| 1 Oktoba 1979
| 31 ga Disamba, 1983&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; {{Small|(''[[1983 Nigerian coup d'état|deposed]].'')}}
| 4 shekara, 91 kwanaki
| [[National Party of Nigeria|Jam'iyyar National Party of Nigeria]]
| [[1979 Nigerian presidential election|1979]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/br&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; [[1983 Nigerian presidential election|1983]]
| Alhaji [[Shehu Shagari]]
|}

=== Gwamnatin Soja (1983-1993) ===
[[Muhammadu Buhari|Manjo-Janar Muhammadu Buhari]] ya zama shugaban mulkin soja bayan juyin mulkin da aka yi a shekarar 1983]], wanda ya hamɓarar da jamhuriya ta biyu, Manjo Janar Tunde Idiagbon ya zama '''shugaban ma'aikata na hedikwatar ƙoli''' .
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Shugaban ma'aikata /&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/br&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; mataimakin shugaba
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Wa'adin ofishi
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Soja
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Shugaban kasa/&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/br&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; Shugaban kasa
|-
! {{Abbr|No.|Number}}
! Hoton hoto
! Suna&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; {{Small|(birth–death)}}
! Ya hau ofis
! Ofishin hagu
! Lokaci a ofis
|-
! style=&quot;background:tan; color:black;&quot; | 6
|
| Manjo Janar&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; [[Tunde Idiagbon]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; {{Small|(1943–1999)}}
| 31 ga Disamba, 1983
| 27 ga Agusta, 1985&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; {{Small|(''[[1985 Nigerian coup d'état|deposed]].'')}}
| 1 shekara, 239 kwanaki
| [[Supreme Military Council of Nigeria (1983–1985)|Majalisar Koli ta Soja]]
| Major General [[Muhammadu Buhari]]
|-
! style=&quot;background:tan; color:black;&quot; | 7
|
| Commodore&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; [[Ebitu Ukiwe]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; {{Small|(born 1940)}}
| 27 ga Agusta, 1985
| Oktoba 1986&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; {{Small|(''resigned.'')}}
| 1 shekara, 35 kwanaki
| [[Armed Forces Ruling Council (Nigeria)|Majalisar Mulkin Soji]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Janar [[Ibrahim Babangida]]
|-
! style=&quot;background:tan; color:black;&quot; | 8
|
| Admiral&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; [[Augustus Aikhomu|Augustus Aihomu]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; {{Small|(1939–2011)}}
| Oktoba 1986
| 26 ga Agusta, 1993&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; {{Small|(''Handed over to interim government'')}}
| 6 shekaru, 329 kwanaki
| [[Armed Forces Ruling Council (Nigeria)|Majalisar Mulkin Soji]]
|}

=== Gwamnatin wucin gadi ta ƙasa (1993) ===
An naɗa [[Ernest Shonekan|Cif Ernest Shonekan]] shugaban riƙon ƙwarya a Najeriya bayan rikicin jamhuriya ta uku.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
!mataimakin shugaba
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Lokaci
! Shugaban kasa
|-
| '''Ba kowa'''
| 26 ga Agusta, 1993
| 17 ga Nuwamba, 1993
| 83 kwanaki
| Chief [[Ernest Shonekan]]
|}

=== Gwamnatin Soja (1993-1999) ===
[[Sani Abacha|Janar Sani Abacha]] ya jagoranci juyin mulkin fadar da aka yi a shekarar 1993]] wanda ya hambarar da gwamnatin rikon kwarya ta kasa.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Babban hafsan hafsoshin soji
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Wa'adin ofishi
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Soja
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Shugaban kasa
|-
! {{Abbr|No.|Number}}
! Hoton hoto
! Suna&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; {{Small|(birth–death)}}
! Ya hau ofis
! Ofishin hagu
! Lokaci a ofis
|-
! style=&quot;background:tan; color:black;&quot; | 9
|
| Laftanar Janar&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; [[Donaldson Oladipo Diya]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; {{Small|(born 1944)}}
| 17 ga Nuwamba, 1993
| 21 ga Disamba, 1997&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; {{Small|(''Deposed and arrested for [[Oladipo Diya#Botched coup attempt|attempted coup]]'')}}
| 4 shekaru, 34 kwanaki
| Majalisar Mulki ta wucin gadi
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Janar [[Sani Abacha]]
|-
| colspan=&quot;7&quot; | ''Ba kowa''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; {{Small|''({{Age in years and days|1997|12|21|1998|06|09}})''}}
|-
! style=&quot;background:tan; color:black;&quot; | 10
|
| Vice Admiral&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; [[Michael Akhigbe]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; {{Small|(1946–2013)}}
| 9 ga Yuni 1998
| 29 ga Mayu, 1999&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; {{Small|(''Handed over to civilian government'')}}
| 354 kwanaki
| Majalisar Mulki ta wucin gadi
| Janar [[Abdulsalami Abubakar]]
|}

=== Jamhuriyya ta Hudu (1999-yanzu) ===
A karkashin kundin tsarin mulkin jamhuriyar Najeriya na huɗu, shugaban ƙasa shine shugaban ƙasa da na gwamnati. Ana zaɓen shugaban ƙasa ne na tsawon shekaru huɗu. Idan aka samu gurbi '''mataimakin shugaban ƙasa''' ya zama shugaban riƙo.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |mataimakin shugaba
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Wa'adin ofishi
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Jam'iyyar siyasa
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Zabe
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Shugaban kasa
|-
! {{Abbr|No.|Number}}
! Hoton hoto
! Suna
! Ya hau ofis
! Ofishin hagu
! Lokaci a ofis
|-
! style=&quot;background:green; color:white;&quot; | 11
|[[File:Atiku_Abubakar-2010.jpg|71x71px]]
| [[Atiku Abubakar]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; {{Small|(born 1946)}}
| 29 ga Mayu, 1999
| 29 ga Mayu 2007
| 8 shekaru, 0 kwanaki
| [[People's Democratic Party (Nigeria)|Jam'iyyar People's Democratic Party]]
| [[1999 Nigerian presidential election|1999]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/br&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; [[2003 Nigerian presidential election|2003]]
| Cif [[Olusegun Obasanjo]]
|-
! style=&quot;background:green;color:white;&quot; | 12
|[[File:Goodluck_Jonathan_2014-08-05.jpg|85x85px]]
| [[Goodluck Jonathan]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; {{Small|(born 1957)}}
| 29 ga Mayu 2007
| 5 ga Mayu 2010&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; {{Small|(''Became President after [[Umaru Musa Yar'Adua#Illness and death|the death of Yar'Adua]]'')}}
| 2 shekaru, 341 kwanaki
| [[People's Democratic Party (Nigeria)|Jam'iyyar People's Democratic Party]]
| [[2007 Nigerian general election|2007]]
| Alhaji [[Umaru Musa Yar'Adua]]
|-
| colspan=&quot;8&quot; | ''Ba kowa''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; {{Small|''({{Age in years and days|2010|05|05|2010|05|19}})''}}
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Goodluck Jonathan]]
|-
! style=&quot;background:green; color:white;&quot; | 13
|[[File:Namadi_Sambo.jpg|70x70px]]
| [[Namadi Sambo]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; {{Small|(born 1954)}}
| 19 Mayu 2010
| 29 ga Mayu, 2015
| 5 shekaru, 10 kwanaki
| [[People's Democratic Party (Nigeria)|Jam'iyyar People's Democratic Party]]
| [[2011 Nigerian presidential election|2011]]
|-
! style=&quot;background:cyan; color:white;&quot; | 14
|[[File:Yemi_Osinbajo_2017-05-27.jpg|93x93px]]
| [[Yemi Osinbajo]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; {{Small|(born 1957)}}
| 29 ga Mayu, 2015
| ''Mai ci''
| 7 shekaru, 220 kwanaki
| [[All Progressives Congress|Jam'iyyar All Progressives Congress]]
| [[2015 Nigerian general election|2015]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/br&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; [[2019 Nigerian general election|2019]]
| [[Muhammadu Buhari]]
|}

== Nassoshi ==

[[Category:Shugaban Kasa]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Silas Janfa</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>46732</id>
    <revision>
      <id>889934</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-08-01T03:40:42Z</timestamp>
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'''Silas Janfa''' an zaɓe shi a matsayin Sanata mai wakiltar mazaɓar Plateau ta Kudu a [[Plateau (jiha)|jihar Filato]] [[Najeriya|a Najeriya]] a farkon jamhuriya ta huɗu a Najeriya, inda ya tsaya takara a ƙarƙashin [[Peoples Democratic Party|jam'iyyar]] PDP. Ya fara aiki a ranar 29 ga watan Mayun shekarar 1999.&lt;ref&gt;http://psephos.adam-carr.net/countries/n/nigeria/nigerialeg2.txt&lt;/ref&gt; 

Janfa ya samu digirin digirgir a fannin sarrafa kuɗi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://news.biafranigeriaworld.com/archive/2003/mar/30/032.html |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-04-09 |archive-date=2012-05-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120528024508/http://news.biafranigeriaworld.com/archive/2003/mar/30/032.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan ya hau kujerar majalisar dattawa a cikin watan Yunin shekarar 1999, an naɗa shi a kwamitocin kula da asusun jama’a, da ma’adanai (mataimakin shugaban ƙasa), sufurin jiragen sama, kasuwanci, kasuwanci da [[Neja Delta]].&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20091118151316/http://www.nigeriacongress.org/assembly/committees1.htm&lt;/ref&gt; An naɗa shi mamba a kwamitin majalisar dattijai da aka kafa domin duba rahoton da ke cike da cece-kuce da kwamitin da Sanata [[Ibrahim Kuta]] ya jagoranta wanda ya tuhumi Sanatoci da dama da badaƙalar kuɗi.&lt;ref&gt;http://1and1.thisdayonline.com/archive/2001/04/03/20010403news23.html{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kasance ɗan takarar neman wakilcin gundumar sa ta Majalisar Dattawa karo na biyu a cikin shekara ta 2003, amma ya sha kaye a zaɓen fidda gwani a hannun [[Cosmas Niagwan]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Janfa ya koma jam’iyyar Action Congress (AC), kuma ya tsaya takarar kujerar Sanatan Plateau ta Kudu a cikin shekarar 2007. John Shagaya ne ya lashe zaɓen, amma Janfa ya roƙi kotun zaɓe da ta soke sakamakon zaɓen da aka gudanar a ƙananan hukumomi uku daga cikin shida kacal.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.ekiti.com/ekitinews/default.php?news_Code=Tribunal&amp;orderno=26&amp;news_id=&amp;newsGroupID= |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-04-09 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304082949/http://www.ekiti.com/ekitinews/default.php?news_Code=Tribunal&amp;orderno=26&amp;news_id=&amp;newsGroupID= |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Kotun ta soke zaɓen Shagaya, amma bayan ɗaukaka ƙara aka ayyana Shagaya a matsayin wanda ya lashe zaɓen.&lt;ref&gt;https://allafrica.com/stories/200812160062.html&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Category:Sanatocin Najeriya]]
[[Category:Mutane daga jihar Filato]]
[[Category:Yan siyasar Najeriya]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sylvio Ouassiero</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>46942</id>
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        <id>13371</id>
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'''Jean Sylvio Ouassiero''' (an haife shi a ranar 7 ga watan Mayu 1994) ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon]] ƙafa ne wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan gefen [[Mai buga baya|dama]] ga kungiyar Fola Esch. An haife shi a Faransa, yana wakiltar tawagar kasar Madagascar.

== Ayyukan kasa da kasa ==
An haifi Ouassiero a ƙasar Faransa ta ketare Réunion, kuma ɗan asalin Malagasy ne. Ya kasance matashi na duniya da Faransa. &lt;ref&gt;&quot;Sylvio Ouassiero, le latéral dorit de Fola Esch

rejoint les Barea&quot; . www.madagascar-football.com .&lt;/ref&gt; Ya fara buga wa tawagar kasar Madagascar wasa a wasan sada zumunci da [[Burkina Faso]] ta doke su da ci 2-1 a ranar 11 ga watan Oktoba 2020.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Livescore: Burkina Faso - Madagascar | 2020-10-12

| FootNews.be&quot; . www.footnews.be .&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Dan uwan Ouassiero, Samuel Souprayen, shi ma kwararren dan wasan kwallon kafa ne. &lt;ref&gt;&quot;[Sport] Souprayen rêve d'Europe&quot; . Clicanoo.re .&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* {{Soccerway|jean-ouassiero/201619}}
* [https://www.fff.fr/equipes-de-france/tous-les-joueurs/fiche-joueur/2545506375-sylvio-ouassiero FFF Prfile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018114012/https://www.fff.fr/equipes-de-france/tous-les-joueurs/fiche-joueur/2545506375-sylvio-ouassiero |date=2020-10-18 }}
* [https://www.madagascar-football.com/pages/madagascar-football/barea-seniors/effectif/sylvio-ouassiero.html Madagascar Football profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412091101/https://www.madagascar-football.com/pages/madagascar-football/barea-seniors/effectif/sylvio-ouassiero.html |date=2023-04-12 }}
* [http://ancienscentreaja.e-monsite.com/pages/sylvio-ouassiero.html Anciens Centre AJA Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201013155857/http://ancienscentreaja.e-monsite.com/pages/sylvio-ouassiero.html |date=2020-10-13 }}
* [https://www.clicanoo.re/Sport/Article/2011/02/15/Souprayen-reve-dEurope_165434] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515235841/https://www.clicanoo.re/Sport/Article/2011/02/15/Souprayen-reve-dEurope_165434 |date=2021-05-15 }}
[[Category:'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Madagaskar]]
[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Category:Haihuwan 1994]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ka'idojin rubutun hausa</title>
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      <contributor>
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      <comment>/* Fannonin Ka'idojin Rubutun Hausa */</comment>
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{{Stub}} 
== Ƙa'idojin rubutun hausa ==
Kamar yadda aka sani, kowanne lamari na duniya yana da ka'idar yadda ya kamata a gudanar da shi. Kuma bin ƙa'idar ita ke sa a sami dacen yadda ake bukata ba tare da an fuskanci wata matsala ba. Idan kuma ba a bi ka'idar ba to za a ga  ba daidai ba..
Tunda yake haka ne, rubutun Hausa shi ma, yana da ka'idarsa. Bin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa sau-da-kafa, su ke sa a sami rubutu mai Cikakkiyar ma'ana. Wato a sami daidaiton manufa tsakanin tunanain marubuci da kuma na makaranci.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://hemingwayapp.com/articles/grammar-punctuation/punctuation-marks&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

==Abin da ake nufi da ka'idojin rubutun hausa==
Ka'idojin rubutun Hausa, wani yanayi ne na lura da kiyaye ka'idojin harshen Hausa a rubuce domin samun damar isar da sakon da marubuci ke nufi zuwa ga mai karatu daidai da daidai, ba tare da canzawar ma'anar da marubuci ke nufi ba
. Haka kuma, yana samar da saukin fahimtar karatu daga mai karantawa.

== Fannonin Ka'idojin Rubutun Hausa ==
Fannonin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa da muke da su a nan, suna da dama. Kuma sune ginshin duk abinda ya kamata marubuci ya koya game da ka'idojin rubutun Hausa domin samun gwanancewa a rubutu. Don haka, zan zayyano su, sannan kuma na yi bayaninsu daki-daki kamar haka:

#Alamomin ajiye magana;
#Raba kalma da kuma hade kalma;
#Shaddatun tagwayen harufan Hausa;
#Gajera da doguwar mallaka;
#Dafa-keya 'w' da jakada 'w';
#Daurin 'm' da daurin 'n';

=='''1.0 Alamomin Ajiye Magana' (punctuation mark)'''== 
Ga Alamomin aje magana tare da bayanansu daki-daki:
* '''Aya / . /
* '''Waƙafi / . /
* '''Ayar tambaya / ? /
* '''Ruwa-biyu / : /
* '''Waƙafi m mai ruwa / ; /
* '''Karan-ɗori / - /
* '''Alamar zancen wani / &quot; &quot; /
* '''Baka-biyu / ( ) /
* '''Alamar Motsin rai / ! /
* '''Zarce / ... /

1.1 '''Aya / . /'''
Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta  cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali:

'''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.'''
idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan.

1.2== Wakafi/ , / ==
Wakafi, wata karmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali:

*'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.'''
To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: 
*'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.'''
A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe.

1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / ==
Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali:
* Aliyu ya zo?, 
* menene ake sayarwa?
Idan aka yi la'akari da missalan da ke sama, za a ga
an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkanin suna dauke da alamar tambaya. 
Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba:

Aliyu ya zo

A nan za a fahimci cewa, ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri.

1.4== Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/==
Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal:
# '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida)
# missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )'''

sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita
* idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:'''

* Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi;
* Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa;
* Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. 

A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da aka sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana.

==1.1 Aya / . /==
Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta  cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali:

'''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.'''
idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan.

==1.2 Wakafi/ , / ==
Waƙafi, wata ƙarmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali:

*'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.'''
To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: 
*'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.'''
A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe.

1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / ==
Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali:
* Aliyu ya zo?, 
* menene ake sayarwa?
Idan aka yi la'akari missalan da ke sama, za a ga
an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkaninsu suna dauke da alamar tambaya. 
Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba:

Aliyu ya zo

A nan za a fahimci cewa ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri.

==1.4 Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/==
Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal:
# '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida)
# missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )'''

sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita
* idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:'''

* Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi;
* Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa;
* Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. 

A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da na sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana.

==1.5 Waƙafi mai ruwa / ; / ==

wannan alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen raba jerin wasu jimloli ko kalmomi a cikin zance. 
Game da missali, a duba a missalin karshe na Aya mai ruwa, za a ga yadda aka bayyana abinda Shugaban kasa ya zayyana.  A nan za a ga an sa
Ka alamar /;/ a gaban kowacce jimla. 
Ga Karin missali:
* Shugqban makarantar ya gargadi dalibai cewa,idan sun tashi dawowa daga hutu, su zo da kayan karatu kamar irin wadannan:
# littafin koyon turanci, aji na biyar;
# littafin koyan lissafi, aji na biyar;
# littafin nazarin rayuwar dan Adam, aji na biyar;
# littafin koyan karatn Hausa, aji na biyar.
A wadannan missalai za a lura cewa, a duk karshen jimloli 3 na farko an saka alamaar tsayawa ta wakafi mai ruwa (;), in banda jimla ta karshe da aka yi wa alamar aya /./

==1.6 Karan-ɗori / - /==
Karan-dori, alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen hade kalmomi biyu ko sama da biyu, su zama kalma daya da ma'ana daya. Akan saka wannan alama ne a tsakanin kalmomi da suka zo iri daya ko wadanda suka zo daban-daban. Kin  saka wannan alama a inda ya dace, yakan kawo sabanin ma'ana tsakanin mawallafi da makaranci. Missali:
# malam-buda-mana-littafi (sunnan wani kafilfilo);
# fadi-ka-mutu (tangaran);
# fari-fari (abinda bai kai fari sosai ba);
# malfar-ungulu (wani tsiro ne); dss.
A lura da kyau, idan muka dauki missali na farko, (malam-buda-mana-littafi)  za mu ga yana nufin sunan wani abu wato (kafilfilo). Idan kuma ba a sa wannan alama ba a tsakankanin kalmomin (malam buda mana littafi) to rubutun ya zama wata jimla mai nufin umarni, maimakon kalma daya mai nufin sunan wani Kwaro. Wato, dalibai ne ke umartar malaminsu da ya buda masu littafi. Don haka, zamu fahimci cewa, idan an saka alamar, zancen ya zama Kalma daya kacal. Amma idan ba a sa alamar ba to rubutun ya zama jimla sukum.
# Karin Missali, idan mutum yana rubutu a cikin takarda ko kan allo, sai aka fara rubuta wata kalma da ta zo a karshen layi sannan kuma ba ta karasu duka ba, sai a saka karan-dori ( - ) kuma a karasata a layi na kasa.

==1.7 Alamar baka-biyu / ( ) /==
Wannan wata alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna karin bayani akan wata kalma, ko Jimla ko dai a kan wata maganar ta daban. Ga missalai nan kamar haka:
* Yaron da aka kama da laifin kisan matar, 'yar uwa ce ga mahaifin yaron (Gwaggon yaron ce)
* Gwamnan kano, Alh. Abba Kabir Yusuf, ya tura wakilinsa (Sunusi Nature) wajen Taron.
* # Ni mutum ne mai son a sami zaman lafiya tsakanin Musulmai da wanda ba Musulmai ba (Kiristoci).

==1.8 Ayar Motsin-rai / ! /==
Ayar Motsin-rai, wata alama ce da ke nuni da zaburar furuci cikin gaggawar kargafa murya. Hakan na faruwa ne yawanci a farkon bayyanar mury cikin Karfafawa, musamman a kalmomin; razana,mamaki, tausayi da kuma karfafar wata kalma a cikin wani zance na musamman. Alal Missali: '''Ah!, Wayyo!, Lah!, Innalillahi!, Kai!''' Da sauransu. Ga Karin missalai a cikin jimloli:
* Saurayin na zuwa ya nuna mata kyautar bazatar da ya zo mata da ita. Sai ta cika da mamaki,sannan ta ja wani gwauron numfashi sanan ta ce, '''La!''' Amma ko na gode '''sosai!'''
* A lokacin da yaron yake guje-guje cikin lalatattun Kujerun cikin ajin, sai ya taka kusa, ya ce, '''wayyo Allahna!''' jin haka malaminsu ya leko yana cewa, '''kai!''' Me ya faru.
* Haba, yana lekowa cikkin dare sai ya ga wani duhu-duhu  dab da shi. Aiko ya firgita ya ce '''waye nan!'''

Yanzu sai mu lura cewa, a Missali na daya (1), mun yi amfani da '''Lah!''' da kuma '''sosai!'''. A Missali na biyu (2) kuma mun yi amfani da '''wayyo Allah!''' tare da '''kai!'''. Har illa yau a Missali na uku (3) kuma na karshe, mun yi amfani da '''waye nan!'''.
Don haka, wadannan missalai, kadan ne daga cikin missalan '''ayar Motsin-rai / ! /''' Ko kuma inda ya kamata a yi amfani da ita. Sannan kuma, ya kamata a fahimci cewa, dole ne a sami karfafa murya a duk inda ake nufin '''ayar Motsin-rai,''' domin idan aka yi amfani da sanyin murya ma'ana ba za ta samu ba.

==1.9 Zarce / ... /==
Zarce wata alama ce ta digo-dogo akalla guda uku (...), da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna ketare wata kalma ko Jimla a cikin rubutu. Ana samun missalai ta bangarori da dama, mussan a cikin karin magana, tsaallake gurbin amasa wata tambaya, dss. Missali:
# '''Ban sa a ka ba,...''' A nan ba a bukatar karasa zancen ne, shi ya sa aka yi digo-dogon. Manufa a nan, duk Wanda aka yi wa karin maganar, ya karasa ma'anar a zuci ko ma a fili. Wto kenan sai ya karasa zuwa '''inji barawon tagiya'''
# Haka kuma, akan saka wannan alama / ... /, a tsarin tambayar '''cikke tazara'''. Missali:
* '''Sunan Babban birnin kasar Najeriya...''' a nana sai cike da '''Abuja''' ko makamancin haka.

=='''2.0 Rabawa Da Haɗa Kalma'''==
Raba kalma da hada kalma, abubuwa ne mabanbanta amma, masu alaka da juna. Da farko za mu dauki raba kalma. Kamar haka:

==2.1 Raba Kalma==
raba kalma na nufin, barin kalma ta ci gashin kanta duk kankantarta Kuma duk girmanta. Hakan, na nufin a barkalma a matayita ba tare da an hade ta da wata ba, don kaucewa rasa ma'ana ta asali. Wato dai,kin raba kalmomin a inda ya ya dace, yana haifar da chanjawar ma'ana. Missali:

* Shi ne, (kar a ce: shine)
* Ita ce, (kar a ce: itace)
* Wa ya je da su kasuwa? (Kar a ce: waya je dasu kasuwa?)
* Ba ni na zo da shi ba, (kar a ce: bani nazo dashi ba)
* Da ni da ku mu hada Kai, (kar a ce: Dani daku mu hadakai)

A nan, idan muka Laura, mafi yawancin kalmomin da aka yi amfani da su, masu gaba dai-dai ne. Kuma kowacce an bar ta a matayinta. Don haka mu duba Missali na farko: '''Shi ne.''' Kalmar farko '''shi''' wakilin suna ce, Kalmar '''ce''' kuwa tana cikin wani aji na nahawu da ake cewa dirka. Don hak, idan aka hade su kamar '''Shine''' kalmomi biyu daban-daban an hade guri daya, don haka sun zama kalma daya ke nan, wacce kwata-kwata babu ita a Hausa sai a Turancin Ingilishi. Wacce ke nufin '''sheki''' a harshen Hausa.

A Missali na hudu kuwa, ('''ba ni na zo da shi ba ''') za a fahimci cewa, kowacce kalma tana dauke da gaba daya ne. Kuma, duk da rashin tsawonsu,ba a hada wata da wata ba, domin kuwacce na cin gashin kanta. To hakan shi ne daidai. Inda kuwa an hada wata Kalmar da wata, ma'anarta za ta canza. Missali, idan aka hada '''da''' tare da '''shi,''' za su koma kalma daya kamar haka: '''dashi.''' kuma Kalmar tana nufin sunan wata itaciya ne.

==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance.

Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya)

==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance.

Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya)

=='''4.0 Kalmomin Mallaka'''==
Kalmomin Mallaka, wasu kalmomi ne da ake amfani da su wajen nuna faruwar mallaka a cikin rubutu. Game da ka'idojin rubun Hausa, an tanadar da hanyoyi biyu domin samar da rubutu mai inganci.
Don haka, muna da gajerar mallaka da kuma doguwar mallaka.

===4.1 Gajerar Mallaka===
Gajerar mallaka, ita ake hade Kalmar abinda aka mallaka da wakilin sunan abin da aka mallaka da wakilin sunan wanda yai mallaka a guri daya.missli: gida+na= (gidana) a nan za a fahimci cewa, kalmar 'gida' da kalmar 'na' an haɗa su a guri ɗaya sun zama kamar kalma guda. A kiyaye da cewa, gajerar mallaka haɗe ta ake yi. Don haka, akwai ƙarin missalai kamar haka:
*Jakarta ba jakar ta ba;
*ajinsu ba ajin su ba;
*matata ba mata ta ba;
*ɗakinki ba ɗakin ki ba;
*motarka ba motar ka ba. 
*masallacinku ba Masallacin ku ba. Da sauransu.

==='''4.2 Doguwar Mallaka'''===

Ita doguwar mallaka, ba a haɗe ake rubuta ta ba. Wato ke nan, ana rabewa tsakanin abinda aka mallaka da kuma wakilin sunan mai mallaka. Ga missalai kamar haka:
* Jakar tata
* Ɗakin nasu
* Wayar tawa
* Littafin nashi
* Gonar taku
* Masallacin nawa
* Takalmin namu

Da haka, za mu fahimci cewa akwai banbanci tsakanin doguwar mallaka da gajerar mallaka.  Mu tuna da missalin farko na doguwar. Wato &quot;'''jakar tata'''&quot; ma'ana, an rubuta &quot;'''jakar'''&quot; daban, ita ma, &quot;'''tata'''&quot; daban. idan kuma a gajerar mallaka ne sai a rubuta &quot;'''jakarta'''&quot; a haɗe. Wato dai ana haɗa &quot;'''jakar'''&quot; da kuma &quot;'''ta'''&quot; a haɗe ('''jakarta''')

== Manazararta==</text>
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{{Stub}} 
== Ƙa'idojin rubutun hausa ==
Kamar yadda aka sani, kowanne lamari na duniya yana da ka'idar yadda ya kamata a gudanar da shi. Kuma bin ƙa'idar ita ke sa a sami dacen yadda ake bukata ba tare da an fuskanci wata matsala ba. Idan kuma ba a bi ka'idar ba to za a ga  ba daidai ba..
Tunda yake haka ne, rubutun Hausa shi ma, yana da ka'idarsa. Bin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa sau-da-kafa, su ke sa a sami rubutu mai Cikakkiyar ma'ana. Wato a sami daidaiton manufa tsakanin tunanain marubuci da kuma na makaranci.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://hemingwayapp.com/articles/grammar-punctuation/punctuation-marks&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

==Abin da ake nufi da ka'idojin rubutun hausa==
Ka'idojin rubutun Hausa, wani yanayi ne na lura da kiyaye ka'idojin harshen Hausa a rubuce domin samun damar isar da sakon da marubuci ke nufi zuwa ga mai karatu daidai da daidai, ba tare da canzawar ma'anar da marubuci ke nufi ba
. Haka kuma, yana samar da saukin fahimtar karatu daga mai karantawa.

== Fannonin Ka'idojin Rubutun Hausa ==
Fannonin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa da muke da su a nan, suna da dama. Kuma sune ginshin duk abinda ya kamata marubuci ya koya game da ka'idojin rubutun Hausa domin samun gwanancewa a rubutu. Don haka, zan zayyano su, sannan kuma na yi bayaninsu daki-daki kamar haka:

#Alamomin ajiye magana;
#Raba kalma da kuma hade kalma;
#Shaddatun tagwayen harufan Hausa;
#Gajera da doguwar mallaka;
#Dafa-keya 'w' da jakada 'w';
#Daurin 'm' da daurin 'n';

=='''1.0 Alamomin Ajiye Magana' (punctuation mark)'''== 
Ga Alamomin aje magana tare da bayanansu daki-daki:
* '''Aya / . /
* '''Waƙafi / . /
* '''Ayar tambaya / ? /
* '''Ruwa-biyu / : /
* '''Waƙafi m mai ruwa / ; /
* '''Karan-ɗori / - /
* '''Alamar zancen wani / &quot; &quot; /
* '''Baka-biyu / ( ) /
* '''Alamar Motsin rai / ! /
* '''Zarce / ... /

1.1 '''Aya / . /'''
Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta  cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali:

'''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.'''
idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan.

1.2== Wakafi/ , / ==
Wakafi, wata karmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali:

*'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.'''
To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: 
*'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.'''
A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe.

1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / ==
Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali:
* Aliyu ya zo?, 
* menene ake sayarwa?
Idan aka yi la'akari da missalan da ke sama, za a ga
an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkanin suna dauke da alamar tambaya. 
Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba:

Aliyu ya zo

A nan za a fahimci cewa, ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri.

1.4== Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/==
Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal:
# '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida)
# missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )'''

sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita
* idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:'''

* Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi;
* Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa;
* Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. 

A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da aka sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana.

==1.1 Aya / . /==
Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta  cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali:

'''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.'''
idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan.

==1.2 Wakafi/ , / ==
Waƙafi, wata ƙarmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali:

*'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.'''
To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: 
*'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.'''
A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe.

1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / ==
Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali:
* Aliyu ya zo?, 
* menene ake sayarwa?
Idan aka yi la'akari missalan da ke sama, za a ga
an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkaninsu suna dauke da alamar tambaya. 
Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba:

Aliyu ya zo

A nan za a fahimci cewa ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri.

==1.4 Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/==
Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal:
# '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida)
# missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )'''

sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita
* idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:'''

* Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi;
* Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa;
* Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. 

A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da na sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana.

==1.5 Waƙafi mai ruwa / ; / ==

wannan alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen raba jerin wasu jimloli ko kalmomi a cikin zance. 
Game da missali, a duba a missalin karshe na Aya mai ruwa, za a ga yadda aka bayyana abinda Shugaban kasa ya zayyana.  A nan za a ga an sa
Ka alamar /;/ a gaban kowacce jimla. 
Ga Karin missali:
* Shugqban makarantar ya gargadi dalibai cewa,idan sun tashi dawowa daga hutu, su zo da kayan karatu kamar irin wadannan:
# littafin koyon turanci, aji na biyar;
# littafin koyan lissafi, aji na biyar;
# littafin nazarin rayuwar dan Adam, aji na biyar;
# littafin koyan karatn Hausa, aji na biyar.
A wadannan missalai za a lura cewa, a duk karshen jimloli 3 na farko an saka alamaar tsayawa ta wakafi mai ruwa (;), in banda jimla ta karshe da aka yi wa alamar aya /./

==1.6 Karan-ɗori / - /==
Karan-dori, alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen hade kalmomi biyu ko sama da biyu, su zama kalma daya da ma'ana daya. Akan saka wannan alama ne a tsakanin kalmomi da suka zo iri daya ko wadanda suka zo daban-daban. Kin  saka wannan alama a inda ya dace, yakan kawo sabanin ma'ana tsakanin mawallafi da makaranci. Missali:
# malam-buda-mana-littafi (sunnan wani kafilfilo);
# fadi-ka-mutu (tangaran);
# fari-fari (abinda bai kai fari sosai ba);
# malfar-ungulu (wani tsiro ne); dss.
A lura da kyau, idan muka dauki missali na farko, (malam-buda-mana-littafi)  za mu ga yana nufin sunan wani abu wato (kafilfilo). Idan kuma ba a sa wannan alama ba a tsakankanin kalmomin (malam buda mana littafi) to rubutun ya zama wata jimla mai nufin umarni, maimakon kalma daya mai nufin sunan wani Kwaro. Wato, dalibai ne ke umartar malaminsu da ya buda masu littafi. Don haka, zamu fahimci cewa, idan an saka alamar, zancen ya zama Kalma daya kacal. Amma idan ba a sa alamar ba to rubutun ya zama jimla sukum.
# Karin Missali, idan mutum yana rubutu a cikin takarda ko kan allo, sai aka fara rubuta wata kalma da ta zo a karshen layi sannan kuma ba ta karasu duka ba, sai a saka karan-dori ( - ) kuma a karasata a layi na kasa.

==1.7 Alamar baka-biyu / ( ) /==
Wannan wata alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna karin bayani akan wata kalma, ko Jimla ko dai a kan wata maganar ta daban. Ga missalai nan kamar haka:
* Yaron da aka kama da laifin kisan matar, 'yar uwa ce ga mahaifin yaron (Gwaggon yaron ce)
* Gwamnan kano, Alh. Abba Kabir Yusuf, ya tura wakilinsa (Sunusi Nature) wajen Taron.
* # Ni mutum ne mai son a sami zaman lafiya tsakanin Musulmai da wanda ba Musulmai ba (Kiristoci).

==1.8 Ayar Motsin-rai / ! /==
Ayar Motsin-rai, wata alama ce da ke nuni da zaburar furuci cikin gaggawar kargafa murya. Hakan na faruwa ne yawanci a farkon bayyanar mury cikin Karfafawa, musamman a kalmomin; razana,mamaki, tausayi da kuma karfafar wata kalma a cikin wani zance na musamman. Alal Missali: '''Ah!, Wayyo!, Lah!, Innalillahi!, Kai!''' Da sauransu. Ga Karin missalai a cikin jimloli:
* Saurayin na zuwa ya nuna mata kyautar bazatar da ya zo mata da ita. Sai ta cika da mamaki,sannan ta ja wani gwauron numfashi sanan ta ce, '''La!''' Amma ko na gode '''sosai!'''
* A lokacin da yaron yake guje-guje cikin lalatattun Kujerun cikin ajin, sai ya taka kusa, ya ce, '''wayyo Allahna!''' jin haka malaminsu ya leko yana cewa, '''kai!''' Me ya faru.
* Haba, yana lekowa cikkin dare sai ya ga wani duhu-duhu  dab da shi. Aiko ya firgita ya ce '''waye nan!'''

Yanzu sai mu lura cewa, a Missali na daya (1), mun yi amfani da '''Lah!''' da kuma '''sosai!'''. A Missali na biyu (2) kuma mun yi amfani da '''wayyo Allah!''' tare da '''kai!'''. Har illa yau a Missali na uku (3) kuma na karshe, mun yi amfani da '''waye nan!'''.
Don haka, wadannan missalai, kadan ne daga cikin missalan '''ayar Motsin-rai / ! /''' Ko kuma inda ya kamata a yi amfani da ita. Sannan kuma, ya kamata a fahimci cewa, dole ne a sami karfafa murya a duk inda ake nufin '''ayar Motsin-rai,''' domin idan aka yi amfani da sanyin murya ma'ana ba za ta samu ba.

==1.9 Zarce / ... /==
Zarce wata alama ce ta digo-dogo akalla guda uku (...), da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna ketare wata kalma ko Jimla a cikin rubutu. Ana samun missalai ta bangarori da dama, mussan a cikin karin magana, tsaallake gurbin amasa wata tambaya, dss. Missali:
# '''Ban sa a ka ba,...''' A nan ba a bukatar karasa zancen ne, shi ya sa aka yi digo-dogon. Manufa a nan, duk Wanda aka yi wa karin maganar, ya karasa ma'anar a zuci ko ma a fili. Wto kenan sai ya karasa zuwa '''inji barawon tagiya'''
# Haka kuma, akan saka wannan alama / ... /, a tsarin tambayar '''cikke tazara'''. Missali:
* '''Sunan Babban birnin kasar Najeriya...''' a nana sai cike da '''Abuja''' ko makamancin haka.

=='''2.0 Rabawa Da Haɗa Kalma'''==
Raba kalma da hada kalma, abubuwa ne mabanbanta amma, masu alaka da juna. Da farko za mu dauki raba kalma. Kamar haka:

==2.1 Raba Kalma==
raba kalma na nufin, barin kalma ta ci gashin kanta duk kankantarta Kuma duk girmanta. Hakan, na nufin a barkalma a matayita ba tare da an hade ta da wata ba, don kaucewa rasa ma'ana ta asali. Wato dai,kin raba kalmomin a inda ya ya dace, yana haifar da chanjawar ma'ana. Missali:

* Shi ne, (kar a ce: shine)
* Ita ce, (kar a ce: itace)
* Wa ya je da su kasuwa? (Kar a ce: waya je dasu kasuwa?)
* Ba ni na zo da shi ba, (kar a ce: bani nazo dashi ba)
* Da ni da ku mu hada Kai, (kar a ce: Dani daku mu hadakai)

A nan, idan muka Laura, mafi yawancin kalmomin da aka yi amfani da su, masu gaba dai-dai ne. Kuma kowacce an bar ta a matayinta. Don haka mu duba Missali na farko: '''Shi ne.''' Kalmar farko '''shi''' wakilin suna ce, Kalmar '''ce''' kuwa tana cikin wani aji na nahawu da ake cewa dirka. Don hak, idan aka hade su kamar '''Shine''' kalmomi biyu daban-daban an hade guri daya, don haka sun zama kalma daya ke nan, wacce kwata-kwata babu ita a Hausa sai a Turancin Ingilishi. Wacce ke nufin '''sheki''' a harshen Hausa.

A Missali na hudu kuwa, ('''ba ni na zo da shi ba ''') za a fahimci cewa, kowacce kalma tana dauke da gaba daya ne. Kuma, duk da rashin tsawonsu,ba a hada wata da wata ba, domin kuwacce na cin gashin kanta. To hakan shi ne daidai. Inda kuwa an hada wata Kalmar da wata, ma'anarta za ta canza. Missali, idan aka hada '''da''' tare da '''shi,''' za su koma kalma daya kamar haka: '''dashi.''' kuma Kalmar tana nufin sunan wata itaciya ne.

==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance.

Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya)

==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance.

Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya)

==3.0 Shaddatun Tagwayen harufan Hausa===

=='''4.0 Kalmomin Mallaka'''==
Kalmomin Mallaka, wasu kalmomi ne da ake amfani da su wajen nuna faruwar mallaka a cikin rubutu. Game da ka'idojin rubun Hausa, an tanadar da hanyoyi biyu domin samar da rubutu mai inganci.
Don haka, muna da gajerar mallaka da kuma doguwar mallaka.

===4.1 Gajerar Mallaka===
Gajerar mallaka, ita ake hade Kalmar abinda aka mallaka da wakilin sunan abin da aka mallaka da wakilin sunan wanda yai mallaka a guri daya.missli: gida+na= (gidana) a nan za a fahimci cewa, kalmar 'gida' da kalmar 'na' an haɗa su a guri ɗaya sun zama kamar kalma guda. A kiyaye da cewa, gajerar mallaka haɗe ta ake yi. Don haka, akwai ƙarin missalai kamar haka:
*Jakarta ba jakar ta ba;
*ajinsu ba ajin su ba;
*matata ba mata ta ba;
*ɗakinki ba ɗakin ki ba;
*motarka ba motar ka ba. 
*masallacinku ba Masallacin ku ba. Da sauransu.

==='''4.2 Doguwar Mallaka'''===

Ita doguwar mallaka, ba a haɗe ake rubuta ta ba. Wato ke nan, ana rabewa tsakanin abinda aka mallaka da kuma wakilin sunan mai mallaka. Ga missalai kamar haka:
* Jakar tata
* Ɗakin nasu
* Wayar tawa
* Littafin nashi
* Gonar taku
* Masallacin nawa
* Takalmin namu

Da haka, za mu fahimci cewa akwai banbanci tsakanin doguwar mallaka da gajerar mallaka.  Mu tuna da missalin farko na doguwar. Wato &quot;'''jakar tata'''&quot; ma'ana, an rubuta &quot;'''jakar'''&quot; daban, ita ma, &quot;'''tata'''&quot; daban. idan kuma a gajerar mallaka ne sai a rubuta &quot;'''jakarta'''&quot; a haɗe. Wato dai ana haɗa &quot;'''jakar'''&quot; da kuma &quot;'''ta'''&quot; a haɗe ('''jakarta''')

== Manazararta==</text>
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{{Stub}} 
== Ƙa'idojin rubutun hausa ==
Kamar yadda aka sani, kowanne lamari na duniya yana da ka'idar yadda ya kamata a gudanar da shi. Kuma bin ƙa'idar ita ke sa a sami dacen yadda ake bukata ba tare da an fuskanci wata matsala ba. Idan kuma ba a bi ka'idar ba to za a ga  ba daidai ba..
Tunda yake haka ne, rubutun Hausa shi ma, yana da ka'idarsa. Bin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa sau-da-kafa, su ke sa a sami rubutu mai Cikakkiyar ma'ana. Wato a sami daidaiton manufa tsakanin tunanain marubuci da kuma na makaranci.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://hemingwayapp.com/articles/grammar-punctuation/punctuation-marks&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

==Abin da ake nufi da ka'idojin rubutun hausa==
Ka'idojin rubutun Hausa, wani yanayi ne na lura da kiyaye ka'idojin harshen Hausa a rubuce domin samun damar isar da sakon da marubuci ke nufi zuwa ga mai karatu daidai da daidai, ba tare da canzawar ma'anar da marubuci ke nufi ba
. Haka kuma, yana samar da saukin fahimtar karatu daga mai karantawa.

== Fannonin Ka'idojin Rubutun Hausa ==
Fannonin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa da muke da su a nan, suna da dama. Kuma sune ginshin duk abinda ya kamata marubuci ya koya game da ka'idojin rubutun Hausa domin samun gwanancewa a rubutu. Don haka, zan zayyano su, sannan kuma na yi bayaninsu daki-daki kamar haka:

#Alamomin ajiye magana;
#Raba kalma da kuma hade kalma;
#Shaddatun tagwayen harufan Hausa;
#Gajera da doguwar mallaka;
#Dafa-keya 'w' da jakada 'w';
#Daurin 'm' da daurin 'n';

=='''1.0 Alamomin Ajiye Magana' (punctuation mark)'''== 
Ga Alamomin aje magana tare da bayanansu daki-daki:
* '''Aya / . /
* '''Waƙafi / . /
* '''Ayar tambaya / ? /
* '''Ruwa-biyu / : /
* '''Waƙafi m mai ruwa / ; /
* '''Karan-ɗori / - /
* '''Alamar zancen wani / &quot; &quot; /
* '''Baka-biyu / ( ) /
* '''Alamar Motsin rai / ! /
* '''Zarce / ... /

1.1 '''Aya / . /'''
Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta  cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali:

'''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.'''
idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan.

1.2== Wakafi/ , / ==
Wakafi, wata karmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali:

*'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.'''
To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: 
*'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.'''
A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe.

1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / ==
Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali:
* Aliyu ya zo?, 
* menene ake sayarwa?
Idan aka yi la'akari da missalan da ke sama, za a ga
an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkanin suna dauke da alamar tambaya. 
Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba:

Aliyu ya zo

A nan za a fahimci cewa, ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri.

1.4== Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/==
Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal:
# '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida)
# missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )'''

sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita
* idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:'''

* Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi;
* Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa;
* Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. 

A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da aka sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana.

==1.1 Aya / . /==
Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta  cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali:

'''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.'''
idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan.

==1.2 Wakafi/ , / ==
Waƙafi, wata ƙarmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali:

*'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.'''
To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: 
*'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.'''
A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe.

1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / ==
Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali:
* Aliyu ya zo?, 
* menene ake sayarwa?
Idan aka yi la'akari missalan da ke sama, za a ga
an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkaninsu suna dauke da alamar tambaya. 
Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba:

Aliyu ya zo

A nan za a fahimci cewa ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri.

==1.4 Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/==
Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal:
# '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida)
# missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )'''

sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita
* idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:'''

* Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi;
* Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa;
* Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. 

A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da na sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana.

==1.5 Waƙafi mai ruwa / ; / ==

wannan alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen raba jerin wasu jimloli ko kalmomi a cikin zance. 
Game da missali, a duba a missalin karshe na Aya mai ruwa, za a ga yadda aka bayyana abinda Shugaban kasa ya zayyana.  A nan za a ga an sa
Ka alamar /;/ a gaban kowacce jimla. 
Ga Karin missali:
* Shugqban makarantar ya gargadi dalibai cewa,idan sun tashi dawowa daga hutu, su zo da kayan karatu kamar irin wadannan:
# littafin koyon turanci, aji na biyar;
# littafin koyan lissafi, aji na biyar;
# littafin nazarin rayuwar dan Adam, aji na biyar;
# littafin koyan karatn Hausa, aji na biyar.
A wadannan missalai za a lura cewa, a duk karshen jimloli 3 na farko an saka alamaar tsayawa ta wakafi mai ruwa (;), in banda jimla ta karshe da aka yi wa alamar aya /./

==1.6 Karan-ɗori / - /==
Karan-dori, alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen hade kalmomi biyu ko sama da biyu, su zama kalma daya da ma'ana daya. Akan saka wannan alama ne a tsakanin kalmomi da suka zo iri daya ko wadanda suka zo daban-daban. Kin  saka wannan alama a inda ya dace, yakan kawo sabanin ma'ana tsakanin mawallafi da makaranci. Missali:
# malam-buda-mana-littafi (sunnan wani kafilfilo);
# fadi-ka-mutu (tangaran);
# fari-fari (abinda bai kai fari sosai ba);
# malfar-ungulu (wani tsiro ne); dss.
A lura da kyau, idan muka dauki missali na farko, (malam-buda-mana-littafi)  za mu ga yana nufin sunan wani abu wato (kafilfilo). Idan kuma ba a sa wannan alama ba a tsakankanin kalmomin (malam buda mana littafi) to rubutun ya zama wata jimla mai nufin umarni, maimakon kalma daya mai nufin sunan wani Kwaro. Wato, dalibai ne ke umartar malaminsu da ya buda masu littafi. Don haka, zamu fahimci cewa, idan an saka alamar, zancen ya zama Kalma daya kacal. Amma idan ba a sa alamar ba to rubutun ya zama jimla sukum.
# Karin Missali, idan mutum yana rubutu a cikin takarda ko kan allo, sai aka fara rubuta wata kalma da ta zo a karshen layi sannan kuma ba ta karasu duka ba, sai a saka karan-dori ( - ) kuma a karasata a layi na kasa.

==1.7 Alamar baka-biyu / ( ) /==
Wannan wata alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna karin bayani akan wata kalma, ko Jimla ko dai a kan wata maganar ta daban. Ga missalai nan kamar haka:
* Yaron da aka kama da laifin kisan matar, 'yar uwa ce ga mahaifin yaron (Gwaggon yaron ce)
* Gwamnan kano, Alh. Abba Kabir Yusuf, ya tura wakilinsa (Sunusi Nature) wajen Taron.
* # Ni mutum ne mai son a sami zaman lafiya tsakanin Musulmai da wanda ba Musulmai ba (Kiristoci).

==1.8 Ayar Motsin-rai / ! /==
Ayar Motsin-rai, wata alama ce da ke nuni da zaburar furuci cikin gaggawar kargafa murya. Hakan na faruwa ne yawanci a farkon bayyanar mury cikin Karfafawa, musamman a kalmomin; razana,mamaki, tausayi da kuma karfafar wata kalma a cikin wani zance na musamman. Alal Missali: '''Ah!, Wayyo!, Lah!, Innalillahi!, Kai!''' Da sauransu. Ga Karin missalai a cikin jimloli:
* Saurayin na zuwa ya nuna mata kyautar bazatar da ya zo mata da ita. Sai ta cika da mamaki,sannan ta ja wani gwauron numfashi sanan ta ce, '''La!''' Amma ko na gode '''sosai!'''
* A lokacin da yaron yake guje-guje cikin lalatattun Kujerun cikin ajin, sai ya taka kusa, ya ce, '''wayyo Allahna!''' jin haka malaminsu ya leko yana cewa, '''kai!''' Me ya faru.
* Haba, yana lekowa cikkin dare sai ya ga wani duhu-duhu  dab da shi. Aiko ya firgita ya ce '''waye nan!'''

Yanzu sai mu lura cewa, a Missali na daya (1), mun yi amfani da '''Lah!''' da kuma '''sosai!'''. A Missali na biyu (2) kuma mun yi amfani da '''wayyo Allah!''' tare da '''kai!'''. Har illa yau a Missali na uku (3) kuma na karshe, mun yi amfani da '''waye nan!'''.
Don haka, wadannan missalai, kadan ne daga cikin missalan '''ayar Motsin-rai / ! /''' Ko kuma inda ya kamata a yi amfani da ita. Sannan kuma, ya kamata a fahimci cewa, dole ne a sami karfafa murya a duk inda ake nufin '''ayar Motsin-rai,''' domin idan aka yi amfani da sanyin murya ma'ana ba za ta samu ba.

==1.9 Zarce / ... /==
Zarce wata alama ce ta digo-dogo akalla guda uku (...), da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna ketare wata kalma ko Jimla a cikin rubutu. Ana samun missalai ta bangarori da dama, mussan a cikin karin magana, tsaallake gurbin amasa wata tambaya, dss. Missali:
# '''Ban sa a ka ba,...''' A nan ba a bukatar karasa zancen ne, shi ya sa aka yi digo-dogon. Manufa a nan, duk Wanda aka yi wa karin maganar, ya karasa ma'anar a zuci ko ma a fili. Wto kenan sai ya karasa zuwa '''inji barawon tagiya'''
# Haka kuma, akan saka wannan alama / ... /, a tsarin tambayar '''cikke tazara'''. Missali:
* '''Sunan Babban birnin kasar Najeriya...''' a nana sai cike da '''Abuja''' ko makamancin haka.

=='''2.0 Rabawa Da Haɗa Kalma'''==
Raba kalma da hada kalma, abubuwa ne mabanbanta amma, masu alaka da juna. Da farko za mu dauki raba kalma. Kamar haka:

==2.1 Raba Kalma==
raba kalma na nufin, barin kalma ta ci gashin kanta duk kankantarta Kuma duk girmanta. Hakan, na nufin a barkalma a matayita ba tare da an hade ta da wata ba, don kaucewa rasa ma'ana ta asali. Wato dai,kin raba kalmomin a inda ya ya dace, yana haifar da chanjawar ma'ana. Missali:

* Shi ne, (kar a ce: shine)
* Ita ce, (kar a ce: itace)
* Wa ya je da su kasuwa? (Kar a ce: waya je dasu kasuwa?)
* Ba ni na zo da shi ba, (kar a ce: bani nazo dashi ba)
* Da ni da ku mu hada Kai, (kar a ce: Dani daku mu hadakai)

A nan, idan muka Laura, mafi yawancin kalmomin da aka yi amfani da su, masu gaba dai-dai ne. Kuma kowacce an bar ta a matayinta. Don haka mu duba Missali na farko: '''Shi ne.''' Kalmar farko '''shi''' wakilin suna ce, Kalmar '''ce''' kuwa tana cikin wani aji na nahawu da ake cewa dirka. Don hak, idan aka hade su kamar '''Shine''' kalmomi biyu daban-daban an hade guri daya, don haka sun zama kalma daya ke nan, wacce kwata-kwata babu ita a Hausa sai a Turancin Ingilishi. Wacce ke nufin '''sheki''' a harshen Hausa.

A Missali na hudu kuwa, ('''ba ni na zo da shi ba ''') za a fahimci cewa, kowacce kalma tana dauke da gaba daya ne. Kuma, duk da rashin tsawonsu,ba a hada wata da wata ba, domin kuwacce na cin gashin kanta. To hakan shi ne daidai. Inda kuwa an hada wata Kalmar da wata, ma'anarta za ta canza. Missali, idan aka hada '''da''' tare da '''shi,''' za su koma kalma daya kamar haka: '''dashi.''' kuma Kalmar tana nufin sunan wata itaciya ne.

==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance.

Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya)

==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance.

Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya)

==3.0 Shaddatun Tagwayen harufan Hausa===

=='''4.0 Kalmomin Mallaka'''==
Kalmomin Mallaka, wasu kalmomi ne da ake amfani da su wajen nuna faruwar mallaka a cikin rubutu. Game da ka'idojin rubun Hausa, an tanadar da hanyoyi biyu domin samar da rubutu mai inganci.
Don haka, muna da gajerar mallaka da kuma doguwar mallaka.

===4.1 Gajerar Mallaka===
Gajerar mallaka, ita ake hade Kalmar abinda aka mallaka da wakilin sunan abin da aka mallaka da wakilin sunan wanda yai mallaka a guri daya.missli: gida+na= ('''gidana''') a nan za a fahimci cewa, kalmar 'gida' da kalmar 'na' an haɗa su a guri ɗaya sun zama kamar kalma guda. A kiyaye da cewa, gajerar mallaka haɗe ta ake yi. Don haka, akwai ƙarin missalai kamar haka:
*Jakarta ba jakar ta ba;
*ajinsu ba ajin su ba;
*matata ba mata ta ba;
*ɗakinki ba ɗakin ki ba;
*motarka ba motar ka ba. 
*masallacinku ba Masallacin ku ba. Da sauransu.

==='''4.2 Doguwar Mallaka'''===

Ita doguwar mallaka, ba a haɗe ake rubuta ta ba. Wato ke nan, ana rabewa tsakanin abinda aka mallaka da kuma wakilin sunan mai mallaka. Ga missalai kamar haka:
* Jakar tata
* Ɗakin nasu
* Wayar tawa
* Littafin nashi
* Gonar taku
* Masallacin nawa
* Takalmin namu

Da haka, za mu fahimci cewa akwai banbanci tsakanin doguwar mallaka da gajerar mallaka.  Mu tuna da missalin farko na doguwar. Wato &quot;'''jakar tata'''&quot; ma'ana, an rubuta &quot;'''jakar'''&quot; daban, ita ma, &quot;'''tata'''&quot; daban. idan kuma a gajerar mallaka ne sai a rubuta &quot;'''jakarta'''&quot; a haɗe. Wato dai ana haɗa &quot;'''jakar'''&quot; da kuma &quot;'''ta'''&quot; a haɗe ('''jakarta''')

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{{Stub}} 
== Ƙa'idojin rubutun hausa ==
Kamar yadda aka sani, kowanne lamari na duniya yana da ka'idar yadda ya kamata a gudanar da shi. Kuma bin ƙa'idar ita ke sa a sami dacen yadda ake bukata ba tare da an fuskanci wata matsala ba. Idan kuma ba a bi ka'idar ba to za a ga  ba daidai ba..
Tunda yake haka ne, rubutun Hausa shi ma, yana da ka'idarsa. Bin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa sau-da-kafa, su ke sa a sami rubutu mai Cikakkiyar ma'ana. Wato a sami daidaiton manufa tsakanin tunanain marubuci da kuma na makaranci.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://hemingwayapp.com/articles/grammar-punctuation/punctuation-marks&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

==Abin da ake nufi da ka'idojin rubutun hausa==
Ka'idojin rubutun Hausa, wani yanayi ne na lura da kiyaye ka'idojin harshen Hausa a rubuce domin samun damar isar da sakon da marubuci ke nufi zuwa ga mai karatu daidai da daidai, ba tare da canzawar ma'anar da marubuci ke nufi ba
. Haka kuma, yana samar da saukin fahimtar karatu daga mai karantawa.

== Fannonin Ka'idojin Rubutun Hausa ==
Fannonin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa da muke da su a nan, suna da dama. Kuma sune ginshin duk abinda ya kamata marubuci ya koya game da ka'idojin rubutun Hausa domin samun gwanancewa a rubutu. Don haka, zan zayyano su, sannan kuma na yi bayaninsu daki-daki kamar haka:

#Alamomin ajiye magana;
#Raba kalma da kuma hade kalma;
#Shaddatun tagwayen harufan Hausa;
#Gajera da doguwar mallaka;
#Dafa-keya 'w' da jakada 'w';
#Daurin 'm' da daurin 'n';

=='''1.0 Alamomin Ajiye Magana' (punctuation mark)'''== 
Ga Alamomin aje magana tare da bayanansu daki-daki:
* '''Aya / . /
* '''Waƙafi / . /
* '''Ayar tambaya / ? /
* '''Ruwa-biyu / : /
* '''Waƙafi m mai ruwa / ; /
* '''Karan-ɗori / - /
* '''Alamar zancen wani / &quot; &quot; /
* '''Baka-biyu / ( ) /
* '''Alamar Motsin rai / ! /
* '''Zarce / ... /

1.1 '''Aya / . /'''
Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta  cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali:

'''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.'''
idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan.

1.2== Wakafi/ , / ==
Wakafi, wata karmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali:

*'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.'''
To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: 
*'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.'''
A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe.

1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / ==
Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali:
* Aliyu ya zo?, 
* menene ake sayarwa?
Idan aka yi la'akari da missalan da ke sama, za a ga
an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkanin suna dauke da alamar tambaya. 
Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba:

Aliyu ya zo

A nan za a fahimci cewa, ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri.

1.4== Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/==
Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal:
# '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida)
# missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )'''

sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita
* idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:'''

* Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi;
* Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa;
* Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. 

A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da aka sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana.

==1.1 Aya / . /==
Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta  cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali:

'''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.'''
idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan.

==1.2 Wakafi/ , / ==
Waƙafi, wata ƙarmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali:

*'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.'''
To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: 
*'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.'''
A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe.

1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / ==
Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali:
* Aliyu ya zo?, 
* menene ake sayarwa?
Idan aka yi la'akari missalan da ke sama, za a ga
an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkaninsu suna dauke da alamar tambaya. 
Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba:

Aliyu ya zo

A nan za a fahimci cewa ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri.

==1.4 Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/==
Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal:
# '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida)
# missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )'''

sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita
* idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:'''

* Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi;
* Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa;
* Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. 

A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da na sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana.

==1.5 Waƙafi mai ruwa / ; / ==

wannan alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen raba jerin wasu jimloli ko kalmomi a cikin zance. 
Game da missali, a duba a missalin karshe na Aya mai ruwa, za a ga yadda aka bayyana abinda Shugaban kasa ya zayyana.  A nan za a ga an sa
Ka alamar /;/ a gaban kowacce jimla. 
Ga Karin missali:
* Shugqban makarantar ya gargadi dalibai cewa,idan sun tashi dawowa daga hutu, su zo da kayan karatu kamar irin wadannan:
# littafin koyon turanci, aji na biyar;
# littafin koyan lissafi, aji na biyar;
# littafin nazarin rayuwar dan Adam, aji na biyar;
# littafin koyan karatn Hausa, aji na biyar.
A wadannan missalai za a lura cewa, a duk karshen jimloli 3 na farko an saka alamaar tsayawa ta wakafi mai ruwa (;), in banda jimla ta karshe da aka yi wa alamar aya /./

==1.6 Karan-ɗori / - /==
Karan-dori, alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen hade kalmomi biyu ko sama da biyu, su zama kalma daya da ma'ana daya. Akan saka wannan alama ne a tsakanin kalmomi da suka zo iri daya ko wadanda suka zo daban-daban. Kin  saka wannan alama a inda ya dace, yakan kawo sabanin ma'ana tsakanin mawallafi da makaranci. Missali:
# malam-buda-mana-littafi (sunnan wani kafilfilo);
# fadi-ka-mutu (tangaran);
# fari-fari (abinda bai kai fari sosai ba);
# malfar-ungulu (wani tsiro ne); dss.
A lura da kyau, idan muka dauki missali na farko, (malam-buda-mana-littafi)  za mu ga yana nufin sunan wani abu wato (kafilfilo). Idan kuma ba a sa wannan alama ba a tsakankanin kalmomin (malam buda mana littafi) to rubutun ya zama wata jimla mai nufin umarni, maimakon kalma daya mai nufin sunan wani Kwaro. Wato, dalibai ne ke umartar malaminsu da ya buda masu littafi. Don haka, zamu fahimci cewa, idan an saka alamar, zancen ya zama Kalma daya kacal. Amma idan ba a sa alamar ba to rubutun ya zama jimla sukum.
# Karin Missali, idan mutum yana rubutu a cikin takarda ko kan allo, sai aka fara rubuta wata kalma da ta zo a karshen layi sannan kuma ba ta karasu duka ba, sai a saka karan-dori ( - ) kuma a karasata a layi na kasa.

==1.7 Alamar baka-biyu / ( ) /==
Wannan wata alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna karin bayani akan wata kalma, ko Jimla ko dai a kan wata maganar ta daban. Ga missalai nan kamar haka:
* Yaron da aka kama da laifin kisan matar, 'yar uwa ce ga mahaifin yaron (Gwaggon yaron ce)
* Gwamnan kano, Alh. Abba Kabir Yusuf, ya tura wakilinsa (Sunusi Nature) wajen Taron.
* # Ni mutum ne mai son a sami zaman lafiya tsakanin Musulmai da wanda ba Musulmai ba (Kiristoci).

==1.8 Ayar Motsin-rai / ! /==
Ayar Motsin-rai, wata alama ce da ke nuni da zaburar furuci cikin gaggawar kargafa murya. Hakan na faruwa ne yawanci a farkon bayyanar mury cikin Karfafawa, musamman a kalmomin; razana,mamaki, tausayi da kuma karfafar wata kalma a cikin wani zance na musamman. Alal Missali: '''Ah!, Wayyo!, Lah!, Innalillahi!, Kai!''' Da sauransu. Ga Karin missalai a cikin jimloli:
* Saurayin na zuwa ya nuna mata kyautar bazatar da ya zo mata da ita. Sai ta cika da mamaki,sannan ta ja wani gwauron numfashi sanan ta ce, '''La!''' Amma ko na gode '''sosai!'''
* A lokacin da yaron yake guje-guje cikin lalatattun Kujerun cikin ajin, sai ya taka kusa, ya ce, '''wayyo Allahna!''' jin haka malaminsu ya leko yana cewa, '''kai!''' Me ya faru.
* Haba, yana lekowa cikkin dare sai ya ga wani duhu-duhu  dab da shi. Aiko ya firgita ya ce '''waye nan!'''

Yanzu sai mu lura cewa, a Missali na daya (1), mun yi amfani da '''Lah!''' da kuma '''sosai!'''. A Missali na biyu (2) kuma mun yi amfani da '''wayyo Allah!''' tare da '''kai!'''. Har illa yau a Missali na uku (3) kuma na karshe, mun yi amfani da '''waye nan!'''.
Don haka, wadannan missalai, kadan ne daga cikin missalan '''ayar Motsin-rai / ! /''' Ko kuma inda ya kamata a yi amfani da ita. Sannan kuma, ya kamata a fahimci cewa, dole ne a sami karfafa murya a duk inda ake nufin '''ayar Motsin-rai,''' domin idan aka yi amfani da sanyin murya ma'ana ba za ta samu ba.

==1.9 Zarce / ... /==
Zarce wata alama ce ta digo-dogo akalla guda uku (...), da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna ketare wata kalma ko Jimla a cikin rubutu. Ana samun missalai ta bangarori da dama, mussan a cikin karin magana, tsaallake gurbin amasa wata tambaya, dss. Missali:
# '''Ban sa a ka ba,...''' A nan ba a bukatar karasa zancen ne, shi ya sa aka yi digo-dogon. Manufa a nan, duk Wanda aka yi wa karin maganar, ya karasa ma'anar a zuci ko ma a fili. Wto kenan sai ya karasa zuwa '''inji barawon tagiya'''
# Haka kuma, akan saka wannan alama / ... /, a tsarin tambayar '''cikke tazara'''. Missali:
* '''Sunan Babban birnin kasar Najeriya...''' a nana sai cike da '''Abuja''' ko makamancin haka.

=='''2.0 Rabawa Da Haɗa Kalma'''==
Raba kalma da hada kalma, abubuwa ne mabanbanta amma, masu alaka da juna. Da farko za mu dauki raba kalma. Kamar haka:

==2.1 Raba Kalma==
raba kalma na nufin, barin kalma ta ci gashin kanta duk kankantarta Kuma duk girmanta. Hakan, na nufin a barkalma a matayita ba tare da an hade ta da wata ba, don kaucewa rasa ma'ana ta asali. Wato dai,kin raba kalmomin a inda ya ya dace, yana haifar da chanjawar ma'ana. Missali:

* Shi ne, (kar a ce: shine)
* Ita ce, (kar a ce: itace)
* Wa ya je da su kasuwa? (Kar a ce: waya je dasu kasuwa?)
* Ba ni na zo da shi ba, (kar a ce: bani nazo dashi ba)
* Da ni da ku mu hada Kai, (kar a ce: Dani daku mu hadakai)

A nan, idan muka Laura, mafi yawancin kalmomin da aka yi amfani da su, masu gaba dai-dai ne. Kuma kowacce an bar ta a matayinta. Don haka mu duba Missali na farko: '''Shi ne.''' Kalmar farko '''shi''' wakilin suna ce, Kalmar '''ce''' kuwa tana cikin wani aji na nahawu da ake cewa dirka. Don hak, idan aka hade su kamar '''Shine''' kalmomi biyu daban-daban an hade guri daya, don haka sun zama kalma daya ke nan, wacce kwata-kwata babu ita a Hausa sai a Turancin Ingilishi. Wacce ke nufin '''sheki''' a harshen Hausa.

A Missali na hudu kuwa, ('''ba ni na zo da shi ba ''') za a fahimci cewa, kowacce kalma tana dauke da gaba daya ne. Kuma, duk da rashin tsawonsu,ba a hada wata da wata ba, domin kuwacce na cin gashin kanta. To hakan shi ne daidai. Inda kuwa an hada wata Kalmar da wata, ma'anarta za ta canza. Missali, idan aka hada '''da''' tare da '''shi,''' za su koma kalma daya kamar haka: '''dashi.''' kuma Kalmar tana nufin sunan wata itaciya ne.

==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance.

Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya)

==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance.

Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya)

==3.0 '''Shaddatun Tagwayen harufan Hausa'''==

=='''4.0 Kalmomin Mallaka'''==
Kalmomin Mallaka, wasu kalmomi ne da ake amfani da su wajen nuna faruwar mallaka a cikin rubutu. Game da ka'idojin rubun Hausa, an tanadar da hanyoyi biyu domin samar da rubutu mai inganci.
Don haka, muna da gajerar mallaka da kuma doguwar mallaka.

===4.1 Gajerar Mallaka===
Gajerar mallaka, ita ake hade Kalmar abinda aka mallaka da wakilin sunan abin da aka mallaka da wakilin sunan wanda yai mallaka a guri daya.missli: gida+na= ('''gidana''') a nan za a fahimci cewa, kalmar 'gida' da kalmar 'na' an haɗa su a guri ɗaya sun zama kamar kalma guda. A kiyaye da cewa, gajerar mallaka haɗe ta ake yi. Don haka, akwai ƙarin missalai kamar haka:
*Jakarta ba jakar ta ba;
*ajinsu ba ajin su ba;
*matata ba mata ta ba;
*ɗakinki ba ɗakin ki ba;
*motarka ba motar ka ba. 
*masallacinku ba Masallacin ku ba. Da sauransu.

==='''4.2 Doguwar Mallaka'''===

Ita doguwar mallaka, ba a haɗe ake rubuta ta ba. Wato ke nan, ana rabewa tsakanin abinda aka mallaka da kuma wakilin sunan mai mallaka. Ga missalai kamar haka:
* Jakar tata
* Ɗakin nasu
* Wayar tawa
* Littafin nashi
* Gonar taku
* Masallacin nawa
* Takalmin namu

Da haka, za mu fahimci cewa akwai banbanci tsakanin doguwar mallaka da gajerar mallaka.  Mu tuna da missalin farko na doguwar. Wato &quot;'''jakar tata'''&quot; ma'ana, an rubuta &quot;'''jakar'''&quot; daban, ita ma, &quot;'''tata'''&quot; daban. idan kuma a gajerar mallaka ne sai a rubuta &quot;'''jakarta'''&quot; a haɗe. Wato dai ana haɗa &quot;'''jakar'''&quot; da kuma &quot;'''ta'''&quot; a haɗe ('''jakarta''')

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{{Stub}} 
== Ƙa'idojin rubutun hausa ==
Kamar yadda aka sani, kowanne lamari na duniya yana da ka'idar yadda ya kamata a gudanar da shi. Kuma bin ƙa'idar ita ke sa a sami dacen yadda ake bukata ba tare da an fuskanci wata matsala ba. Idan kuma ba a bi ka'idar ba to za a ga  ba daidai ba..
Tunda yake haka ne, rubutun Hausa shi ma, yana da ka'idarsa. Bin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa sau-da-kafa, su ke sa a sami rubutu mai Cikakkiyar ma'ana. Wato a sami daidaiton manufa tsakanin tunanain marubuci da kuma na makaranci.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://hemingwayapp.com/articles/grammar-punctuation/punctuation-marks&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

==Abin da ake nufi da ka'idojin rubutun hausa==
Ka'idojin rubutun Hausa, wani yanayi ne na lura da kiyaye ka'idojin harshen Hausa a rubuce domin samun damar isar da sakon da marubuci ke nufi zuwa ga mai karatu daidai da daidai, ba tare da canzawar ma'anar da marubuci ke nufi ba
. Haka kuma, yana samar da saukin fahimtar karatu daga mai karantawa.

== Fannonin Ka'idojin Rubutun Hausa ==
Fannonin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa da muke da su a nan, suna da dama. Kuma sune ginshin duk abinda ya kamata marubuci ya koya game da ka'idojin rubutun Hausa domin samun gwanancewa a rubutu. Don haka, zan zayyano su, sannan kuma na yi bayaninsu daki-daki kamar haka:

#Alamomin ajiye magana;
#Raba kalma da kuma hade kalma;
#Shaddatun tagwayen harufan Hausa;
#Gajera da doguwar mallaka;
#Dafa-keya 'w' da jakada 'w';
#Daurin 'm' da daurin 'n';

=='''1.0 Alamomin Ajiye Magana' (punctuation mark)'''== 
Ga Alamomin aje magana tare da bayanansu daki-daki:
* '''Aya / . /
* '''Waƙafi / . /
* '''Ayar tambaya / ? /
* '''Ruwa-biyu / : /
* '''Waƙafi m mai ruwa / ; /
* '''Karan-ɗori / - /
* '''Alamar zancen wani / &quot; &quot; /
* '''Baka-biyu / ( ) /
* '''Alamar Motsin rai / ! /
* '''Zarce / ... /

1.1 '''Aya / . /'''
Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta  cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali:

'''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.'''
idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan.

1.2== Wakafi/ , / ==
Wakafi, wata karmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali:

*'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.'''
To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: 
*'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.'''
A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe.

1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / ==
Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali:
* Aliyu ya zo?, 
* menene ake sayarwa?
Idan aka yi la'akari da missalan da ke sama, za a ga
an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkanin suna dauke da alamar tambaya. 
Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba:

Aliyu ya zo

A nan za a fahimci cewa, ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri.

1.4== Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/==
Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal:
# '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida)
# missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )'''

sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita
* idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:'''

* Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi;
* Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa;
* Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. 

A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da aka sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana.

==1.1 Aya / . /==
Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta  cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali:

'''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.'''
idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan.

==1.2 Wakafi/ , / ==
Waƙafi, wata ƙarmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali:

*'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.'''
To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: 
*'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.'''
A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe.

1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / ==
Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali:
* Aliyu ya zo?, 
* menene ake sayarwa?
Idan aka yi la'akari missalan da ke sama, za a ga
an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkaninsu suna dauke da alamar tambaya. 
Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba:

Aliyu ya zo

A nan za a fahimci cewa ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri.

==1.4 Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/==
Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal:
# '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida)
# missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )'''

sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita
* idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:'''

* Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi;
* Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa;
* Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. 

A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da na sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana.

==1.5 Waƙafi mai ruwa / ; / ==

wannan alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen raba jerin wasu jimloli ko kalmomi a cikin zance. 
Game da missali, a duba a missalin karshe na Aya mai ruwa, za a ga yadda aka bayyana abinda Shugaban kasa ya zayyana.  A nan za a ga an sa
Ka alamar /;/ a gaban kowacce jimla. 
Ga Karin missali:
* Shugqban makarantar ya gargadi dalibai cewa,idan sun tashi dawowa daga hutu, su zo da kayan karatu kamar irin wadannan:
# littafin koyon turanci, aji na biyar;
# littafin koyan lissafi, aji na biyar;
# littafin nazarin rayuwar dan Adam, aji na biyar;
# littafin koyan karatn Hausa, aji na biyar.
A wadannan missalai za a lura cewa, a duk karshen jimloli 3 na farko an saka alamaar tsayawa ta wakafi mai ruwa (;), in banda jimla ta karshe da aka yi wa alamar aya /./

==1.6 Karan-ɗori / - /==
Karan-dori, alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen hade kalmomi biyu ko sama da biyu, su zama kalma daya da ma'ana daya. Akan saka wannan alama ne a tsakanin kalmomi da suka zo iri daya ko wadanda suka zo daban-daban. Kin  saka wannan alama a inda ya dace, yakan kawo sabanin ma'ana tsakanin mawallafi da makaranci. Missali:
# malam-buda-mana-littafi (sunnan wani kafilfilo);
# fadi-ka-mutu (tangaran);
# fari-fari (abinda bai kai fari sosai ba);
# malfar-ungulu (wani tsiro ne); dss.
A lura da kyau, idan muka dauki missali na farko, (malam-buda-mana-littafi)  za mu ga yana nufin sunan wani abu wato (kafilfilo). Idan kuma ba a sa wannan alama ba a tsakankanin kalmomin (malam buda mana littafi) to rubutun ya zama wata jimla mai nufin umarni, maimakon kalma daya mai nufin sunan wani Kwaro. Wato, dalibai ne ke umartar malaminsu da ya buda masu littafi. Don haka, zamu fahimci cewa, idan an saka alamar, zancen ya zama Kalma daya kacal. Amma idan ba a sa alamar ba to rubutun ya zama jimla sukum.
# Karin Missali, idan mutum yana rubutu a cikin takarda ko kan allo, sai aka fara rubuta wata kalma da ta zo a karshen layi sannan kuma ba ta karasu duka ba, sai a saka karan-dori ( - ) kuma a karasata a layi na kasa.

==1.7 Alamar baka-biyu / ( ) /==
Wannan wata alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna karin bayani akan wata kalma, ko Jimla ko dai a kan wata maganar ta daban. Ga missalai nan kamar haka:
* Yaron da aka kama da laifin kisan matar, 'yar uwa ce ga mahaifin yaron (Gwaggon yaron ce)
* Gwamnan kano, Alh. Abba Kabir Yusuf, ya tura wakilinsa (Sunusi Nature) wajen Taron.
* # Ni mutum ne mai son a sami zaman lafiya tsakanin Musulmai da wanda ba Musulmai ba (Kiristoci).

==1.8 Ayar Motsin-rai / ! /==
Ayar Motsin-rai, wata alama ce da ke nuni da zaburar furuci cikin gaggawar kargafa murya. Hakan na faruwa ne yawanci a farkon bayyanar mury cikin Karfafawa, musamman a kalmomin; razana,mamaki, tausayi da kuma karfafar wata kalma a cikin wani zance na musamman. Alal Missali: '''Ah!, Wayyo!, Lah!, Innalillahi!, Kai!''' Da sauransu. Ga Karin missalai a cikin jimloli:
* Saurayin na zuwa ya nuna mata kyautar bazatar da ya zo mata da ita. Sai ta cika da mamaki,sannan ta ja wani gwauron numfashi sanan ta ce, '''La!''' Amma ko na gode '''sosai!'''
* A lokacin da yaron yake guje-guje cikin lalatattun Kujerun cikin ajin, sai ya taka kusa, ya ce, '''wayyo Allahna!''' jin haka malaminsu ya leko yana cewa, '''kai!''' Me ya faru.
* Haba, yana lekowa cikkin dare sai ya ga wani duhu-duhu  dab da shi. Aiko ya firgita ya ce '''waye nan!'''

Yanzu sai mu lura cewa, a Missali na daya (1), mun yi amfani da '''Lah!''' da kuma '''sosai!'''. A Missali na biyu (2) kuma mun yi amfani da '''wayyo Allah!''' tare da '''kai!'''. Har illa yau a Missali na uku (3) kuma na karshe, mun yi amfani da '''waye nan!'''.
Don haka, wadannan missalai, kadan ne daga cikin missalan '''ayar Motsin-rai / ! /''' Ko kuma inda ya kamata a yi amfani da ita. Sannan kuma, ya kamata a fahimci cewa, dole ne a sami karfafa murya a duk inda ake nufin '''ayar Motsin-rai,''' domin idan aka yi amfani da sanyin murya ma'ana ba za ta samu ba.

==1.9 Zarce / ... /==
Zarce wata alama ce ta digo-dogo akalla guda uku (...), da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna ketare wata kalma ko Jimla a cikin rubutu. Ana samun missalai ta bangarori da dama, mussan a cikin karin magana, tsaallake gurbin amasa wata tambaya, dss. Missali:
# '''Ban sa a ka ba,...''' A nan ba a bukatar karasa zancen ne, shi ya sa aka yi digo-dogon. Manufa a nan, duk Wanda aka yi wa karin maganar, ya karasa ma'anar a zuci ko ma a fili. Wto kenan sai ya karasa zuwa '''inji barawon tagiya'''
# Haka kuma, akan saka wannan alama / ... /, a tsarin tambayar '''cikke tazara'''. Missali:
* '''Sunan Babban birnin kasar Najeriya...''' a nana sai cike da '''Abuja''' ko makamancin haka.

=='''2.0 Rabawa Da Haɗa Kalma'''==
Raba kalma da hada kalma, abubuwa ne mabanbanta amma, masu alaka da juna. Da farko za mu dauki raba kalma. Kamar haka:

==2.1 Raba Kalma==
raba kalma na nufin, barin kalma ta ci gashin kanta duk kankantarta Kuma duk girmanta. Hakan, na nufin a barkalma a matayita ba tare da an hade ta da wata ba, don kaucewa rasa ma'ana ta asali. Wato dai,kin raba kalmomin a inda ya ya dace, yana haifar da chanjawar ma'ana. Missali:

* Shi ne, (kar a ce: shine)
* Ita ce, (kar a ce: itace)
* Wa ya je da su kasuwa? (Kar a ce: waya je dasu kasuwa?)
* Ba ni na zo da shi ba, (kar a ce: bani nazo dashi ba)
* Da ni da ku mu hada Kai, (kar a ce: Dani daku mu hadakai)

A nan, idan muka Laura, mafi yawancin kalmomin da aka yi amfani da su, masu gaba dai-dai ne. Kuma kowacce an bar ta a matayinta. Don haka mu duba Missali na farko: '''Shi ne.''' Kalmar farko '''shi''' wakilin suna ce, Kalmar '''ce''' kuwa tana cikin wani aji na nahawu da ake cewa dirka. Don hak, idan aka hade su kamar '''Shine''' kalmomi biyu daban-daban an hade guri daya, don haka sun zama kalma daya ke nan, wacce kwata-kwata babu ita a Hausa sai a Turancin Ingilishi. Wacce ke nufin '''sheki''' a harshen Hausa.

A Missali na hudu kuwa, ('''ba ni na zo da shi ba ''') za a fahimci cewa, kowacce kalma tana dauke da gaba daya ne. Kuma, duk da rashin tsawonsu,ba a hada wata da wata ba, domin kuwacce na cin gashin kanta. To hakan shi ne daidai. Inda kuwa an hada wata Kalmar da wata, ma'anarta za ta canza. Missali, idan aka hada '''da''' tare da '''shi,''' za su koma kalma daya kamar haka: '''dashi.''' kuma Kalmar tana nufin sunan wata itaciya ne.

==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance.

Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya)

==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance.

Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya)

'''==3.0 Shaddatun Tagwayen harufan Hausa'''==

=='''4.0 Kalmomin Mallaka'''==
Kalmomin Mallaka, wasu kalmomi ne da ake amfani da su wajen nuna faruwar mallaka a cikin rubutu. Game da ka'idojin rubun Hausa, an tanadar da hanyoyi biyu domin samar da rubutu mai inganci.
Don haka, muna da gajerar mallaka da kuma doguwar mallaka.

===4.1 Gajerar Mallaka===
Gajerar mallaka, ita ake hade Kalmar abinda aka mallaka da wakilin sunan abin da aka mallaka da wakilin sunan wanda yai mallaka a guri daya.missli: gida+na= ('''gidana''') a nan za a fahimci cewa, kalmar 'gida' da kalmar 'na' an haɗa su a guri ɗaya sun zama kamar kalma guda. A kiyaye da cewa, gajerar mallaka haɗe ta ake yi. Don haka, akwai ƙarin missalai kamar haka:
*Jakarta ba jakar ta ba;
*ajinsu ba ajin su ba;
*matata ba mata ta ba;
*ɗakinki ba ɗakin ki ba;
*motarka ba motar ka ba. 
*masallacinku ba Masallacin ku ba. Da sauransu.

==='''4.2 Doguwar Mallaka'''===

Ita doguwar mallaka, ba a haɗe ake rubuta ta ba. Wato ke nan, ana rabewa tsakanin abinda aka mallaka da kuma wakilin sunan mai mallaka. Ga missalai kamar haka:
* Jakar tata
* Ɗakin nasu
* Wayar tawa
* Littafin nashi
* Gonar taku
* Masallacin nawa
* Takalmin namu

Da haka, za mu fahimci cewa akwai banbanci tsakanin doguwar mallaka da gajerar mallaka.  Mu tuna da missalin farko na doguwar. Wato &quot;'''jakar tata'''&quot; ma'ana, an rubuta &quot;'''jakar'''&quot; daban, ita ma, &quot;'''tata'''&quot; daban. idan kuma a gajerar mallaka ne sai a rubuta &quot;'''jakarta'''&quot; a haɗe. Wato dai ana haɗa &quot;'''jakar'''&quot; da kuma &quot;'''ta'''&quot; a haɗe ('''jakarta''')

== Manazararta==</text>
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{{Stub}} 
== Ƙa'idojin rubutun hausa ==
Kamar yadda aka sani, kowanne lamari na duniya yana da ka'idar yadda ya kamata a gudanar da shi. Kuma bin ƙa'idar ita ke sa a sami dacen yadda ake bukata ba tare da an fuskanci wata matsala ba. Idan kuma ba a bi ka'idar ba to za a ga  ba daidai ba..
Tunda yake haka ne, rubutun Hausa shi ma, yana da ka'idarsa. Bin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa sau-da-kafa, su ke sa a sami rubutu mai Cikakkiyar ma'ana. Wato a sami daidaiton manufa tsakanin tunanain marubuci da kuma na makaranci.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://hemingwayapp.com/articles/grammar-punctuation/punctuation-marks&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

==Abin da ake nufi da ka'idojin rubutun hausa==
Ka'idojin rubutun Hausa, wani yanayi ne na lura da kiyaye ka'idojin harshen Hausa a rubuce domin samun damar isar da sakon da marubuci ke nufi zuwa ga mai karatu daidai da daidai, ba tare da canzawar ma'anar da marubuci ke nufi ba
. Haka kuma, yana samar da saukin fahimtar karatu daga mai karantawa.

== Fannonin Ka'idojin Rubutun Hausa ==
Fannonin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa da muke da su a nan, suna da dama. Kuma sune ginshin duk abinda ya kamata marubuci ya koya game da ka'idojin rubutun Hausa domin samun gwanancewa a rubutu. Don haka, zan zayyano su, sannan kuma na yi bayaninsu daki-daki kamar haka:

#Alamomin ajiye magana;
#Raba kalma da kuma hade kalma;
#Shaddatun tagwayen harufan Hausa;
#Gajera da doguwar mallaka;
#Dafa-keya 'w' da jakada 'w';
#Daurin 'm' da daurin 'n';

=='''1.0 Alamomin Ajiye Magana' (punctuation mark)'''== 
Ga Alamomin aje magana tare da bayanansu daki-daki:
* '''Aya / . /
* '''Waƙafi / . /
* '''Ayar tambaya / ? /
* '''Ruwa-biyu / : /
* '''Waƙafi m mai ruwa / ; /
* '''Karan-ɗori / - /
* '''Alamar zancen wani / &quot; &quot; /
* '''Baka-biyu / ( ) /
* '''Alamar Motsin rai / ! /
* '''Zarce / ... /

1.1 '''Aya / . /'''
Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta  cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali:

'''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.'''
idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan.

1.2== Wakafi/ , / ==
Wakafi, wata karmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali:

*'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.'''
To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: 
*'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.'''
A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe.

1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / ==
Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali:
* Aliyu ya zo?, 
* menene ake sayarwa?
Idan aka yi la'akari da missalan da ke sama, za a ga
an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkanin suna dauke da alamar tambaya. 
Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba:

Aliyu ya zo

A nan za a fahimci cewa, ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri.

1.4== Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/==
Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal:
# '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida)
# missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )'''

sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita
* idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:'''

* Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi;
* Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa;
* Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. 

A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da aka sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana.

==1.1 Aya / . /==
Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta  cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali:

'''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.'''
idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan.

==1.2 Wakafi/ , / ==
Waƙafi, wata ƙarmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali:

*'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.'''
To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: 
*'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.'''
A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe.

1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / ==
Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali:
* Aliyu ya zo?, 
* menene ake sayarwa?
Idan aka yi la'akari missalan da ke sama, za a ga
an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkaninsu suna dauke da alamar tambaya. 
Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba:

Aliyu ya zo

A nan za a fahimci cewa ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri.

==1.4 Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/==
Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal:
# '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida)
# missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )'''

sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita
* idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:'''

* Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi;
* Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa;
* Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. 

A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da na sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana.

==1.5 Waƙafi mai ruwa / ; / ==

wannan alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen raba jerin wasu jimloli ko kalmomi a cikin zance. 
Game da missali, a duba a missalin karshe na Aya mai ruwa, za a ga yadda aka bayyana abinda Shugaban kasa ya zayyana.  A nan za a ga an sa
Ka alamar /;/ a gaban kowacce jimla. 
Ga Karin missali:
* Shugqban makarantar ya gargadi dalibai cewa,idan sun tashi dawowa daga hutu, su zo da kayan karatu kamar irin wadannan:
# littafin koyon turanci, aji na biyar;
# littafin koyan lissafi, aji na biyar;
# littafin nazarin rayuwar dan Adam, aji na biyar;
# littafin koyan karatn Hausa, aji na biyar.
A wadannan missalai za a lura cewa, a duk karshen jimloli 3 na farko an saka alamaar tsayawa ta wakafi mai ruwa (;), in banda jimla ta karshe da aka yi wa alamar aya /./

==1.6 Karan-ɗori / - /==
Karan-dori, alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen hade kalmomi biyu ko sama da biyu, su zama kalma daya da ma'ana daya. Akan saka wannan alama ne a tsakanin kalmomi da suka zo iri daya ko wadanda suka zo daban-daban. Kin  saka wannan alama a inda ya dace, yakan kawo sabanin ma'ana tsakanin mawallafi da makaranci. Missali:
# malam-buda-mana-littafi (sunnan wani kafilfilo);
# fadi-ka-mutu (tangaran);
# fari-fari (abinda bai kai fari sosai ba);
# malfar-ungulu (wani tsiro ne); dss.
A lura da kyau, idan muka dauki missali na farko, (malam-buda-mana-littafi)  za mu ga yana nufin sunan wani abu wato (kafilfilo). Idan kuma ba a sa wannan alama ba a tsakankanin kalmomin (malam buda mana littafi) to rubutun ya zama wata jimla mai nufin umarni, maimakon kalma daya mai nufin sunan wani Kwaro. Wato, dalibai ne ke umartar malaminsu da ya buda masu littafi. Don haka, zamu fahimci cewa, idan an saka alamar, zancen ya zama Kalma daya kacal. Amma idan ba a sa alamar ba to rubutun ya zama jimla sukum.
# Karin Missali, idan mutum yana rubutu a cikin takarda ko kan allo, sai aka fara rubuta wata kalma da ta zo a karshen layi sannan kuma ba ta karasu duka ba, sai a saka karan-dori ( - ) kuma a karasata a layi na kasa.

==1.7 Alamar baka-biyu / ( ) /==
Wannan wata alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna karin bayani akan wata kalma, ko Jimla ko dai a kan wata maganar ta daban. Ga missalai nan kamar haka:
* Yaron da aka kama da laifin kisan matar, 'yar uwa ce ga mahaifin yaron (Gwaggon yaron ce)
* Gwamnan kano, Alh. Abba Kabir Yusuf, ya tura wakilinsa (Sunusi Nature) wajen Taron.
* # Ni mutum ne mai son a sami zaman lafiya tsakanin Musulmai da wanda ba Musulmai ba (Kiristoci).

==1.8 Ayar Motsin-rai / ! /==
Ayar Motsin-rai, wata alama ce da ke nuni da zaburar furuci cikin gaggawar kargafa murya. Hakan na faruwa ne yawanci a farkon bayyanar mury cikin Karfafawa, musamman a kalmomin; razana,mamaki, tausayi da kuma karfafar wata kalma a cikin wani zance na musamman. Alal Missali: '''Ah!, Wayyo!, Lah!, Innalillahi!, Kai!''' Da sauransu. Ga Karin missalai a cikin jimloli:
* Saurayin na zuwa ya nuna mata kyautar bazatar da ya zo mata da ita. Sai ta cika da mamaki,sannan ta ja wani gwauron numfashi sanan ta ce, '''La!''' Amma ko na gode '''sosai!'''
* A lokacin da yaron yake guje-guje cikin lalatattun Kujerun cikin ajin, sai ya taka kusa, ya ce, '''wayyo Allahna!''' jin haka malaminsu ya leko yana cewa, '''kai!''' Me ya faru.
* Haba, yana lekowa cikkin dare sai ya ga wani duhu-duhu  dab da shi. Aiko ya firgita ya ce '''waye nan!'''

Yanzu sai mu lura cewa, a Missali na daya (1), mun yi amfani da '''Lah!''' da kuma '''sosai!'''. A Missali na biyu (2) kuma mun yi amfani da '''wayyo Allah!''' tare da '''kai!'''. Har illa yau a Missali na uku (3) kuma na karshe, mun yi amfani da '''waye nan!'''.
Don haka, wadannan missalai, kadan ne daga cikin missalan '''ayar Motsin-rai / ! /''' Ko kuma inda ya kamata a yi amfani da ita. Sannan kuma, ya kamata a fahimci cewa, dole ne a sami karfafa murya a duk inda ake nufin '''ayar Motsin-rai,''' domin idan aka yi amfani da sanyin murya ma'ana ba za ta samu ba.

==1.9 Zarce / ... /==
Zarce wata alama ce ta digo-dogo akalla guda uku (...), da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna ketare wata kalma ko Jimla a cikin rubutu. Ana samun missalai ta bangarori da dama, mussan a cikin karin magana, tsaallake gurbin amasa wata tambaya, dss. Missali:
# '''Ban sa a ka ba,...''' A nan ba a bukatar karasa zancen ne, shi ya sa aka yi digo-dogon. Manufa a nan, duk Wanda aka yi wa karin maganar, ya karasa ma'anar a zuci ko ma a fili. Wto kenan sai ya karasa zuwa '''inji barawon tagiya'''
# Haka kuma, akan saka wannan alama / ... /, a tsarin tambayar '''cikke tazara'''. Missali:
* '''Sunan Babban birnin kasar Najeriya...''' a nana sai cike da '''Abuja''' ko makamancin haka.

=='''2.0 Rabawa Da Haɗa Kalma'''==
Raba kalma da hada kalma, abubuwa ne mabanbanta amma, masu alaka da juna. Da farko za mu dauki raba kalma. Kamar haka:

==2.1 Raba Kalma==
raba kalma na nufin, barin kalma ta ci gashin kanta duk kankantarta Kuma duk girmanta. Hakan, na nufin a barkalma a matayita ba tare da an hade ta da wata ba, don kaucewa rasa ma'ana ta asali. Wato dai,kin raba kalmomin a inda ya ya dace, yana haifar da chanjawar ma'ana. Missali:

* Shi ne, (kar a ce: shine)
* Ita ce, (kar a ce: itace)
* Wa ya je da su kasuwa? (Kar a ce: waya je dasu kasuwa?)
* Ba ni na zo da shi ba, (kar a ce: bani nazo dashi ba)
* Da ni da ku mu hada Kai, (kar a ce: Dani daku mu hadakai)

A nan, idan muka Laura, mafi yawancin kalmomin da aka yi amfani da su, masu gaba dai-dai ne. Kuma kowacce an bar ta a matayinta. Don haka mu duba Missali na farko: '''Shi ne.''' Kalmar farko '''shi''' wakilin suna ce, Kalmar '''ce''' kuwa tana cikin wani aji na nahawu da ake cewa dirka. Don hak, idan aka hade su kamar '''Shine''' kalmomi biyu daban-daban an hade guri daya, don haka sun zama kalma daya ke nan, wacce kwata-kwata babu ita a Hausa sai a Turancin Ingilishi. Wacce ke nufin '''sheki''' a harshen Hausa.

A Missali na hudu kuwa, ('''ba ni na zo da shi ba ''') za a fahimci cewa, kowacce kalma tana dauke da gaba daya ne. Kuma, duk da rashin tsawonsu,ba a hada wata da wata ba, domin kuwacce na cin gashin kanta. To hakan shi ne daidai. Inda kuwa an hada wata Kalmar da wata, ma'anarta za ta canza. Missali, idan aka hada '''da''' tare da '''shi,''' za su koma kalma daya kamar haka: '''dashi.''' kuma Kalmar tana nufin sunan wata itaciya ne.

==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance.

Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya)

==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance.

Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya)

=='''3.0 Shaddatun Tagwayen harufan Hausa'''==

=='''4.0 Kalmomin Mallaka'''==
Kalmomin Mallaka, wasu kalmomi ne da ake amfani da su wajen nuna faruwar mallaka a cikin rubutu. Game da ka'idojin rubun Hausa, an tanadar da hanyoyi biyu domin samar da rubutu mai inganci.
Don haka, muna da gajerar mallaka da kuma doguwar mallaka.

===4.1 Gajerar Mallaka===
Gajerar mallaka, ita ake hade Kalmar abinda aka mallaka da wakilin sunan abin da aka mallaka da wakilin sunan wanda yai mallaka a guri daya.missli: gida+na= ('''gidana''') a nan za a fahimci cewa, kalmar 'gida' da kalmar 'na' an haɗa su a guri ɗaya sun zama kamar kalma guda. A kiyaye da cewa, gajerar mallaka haɗe ta ake yi. Don haka, akwai ƙarin missalai kamar haka:
*Jakarta ba jakar ta ba;
*ajinsu ba ajin su ba;
*matata ba mata ta ba;
*ɗakinki ba ɗakin ki ba;
*motarka ba motar ka ba. 
*masallacinku ba Masallacin ku ba. Da sauransu.

==='''4.2 Doguwar Mallaka'''===

Ita doguwar mallaka, ba a haɗe ake rubuta ta ba. Wato ke nan, ana rabewa tsakanin abinda aka mallaka da kuma wakilin sunan mai mallaka. Ga missalai kamar haka:
* Jakar tata
* Ɗakin nasu
* Wayar tawa
* Littafin nashi
* Gonar taku
* Masallacin nawa
* Takalmin namu

Da haka, za mu fahimci cewa akwai banbanci tsakanin doguwar mallaka da gajerar mallaka.  Mu tuna da missalin farko na doguwar. Wato &quot;'''jakar tata'''&quot; ma'ana, an rubuta &quot;'''jakar'''&quot; daban, ita ma, &quot;'''tata'''&quot; daban. idan kuma a gajerar mallaka ne sai a rubuta &quot;'''jakarta'''&quot; a haɗe. Wato dai ana haɗa &quot;'''jakar'''&quot; da kuma &quot;'''ta'''&quot; a haɗe ('''jakarta''')

== Manazararta==</text>
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{{Stub}} 
== Ƙa'idojin rubutun hausa ==
Kamar yadda aka sani, kowanne lamari na duniya yana da ka'idar yadda ya kamata a gudanar da shi. Kuma bin ƙa'idar ita ke sa a sami dacen yadda ake bukata ba tare da an fuskanci wata matsala ba. Idan kuma ba a bi ka'idar ba to za a ga  ba daidai ba..
Tunda yake haka ne, rubutun Hausa shi ma, yana da ka'idarsa. Bin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa sau-da-kafa, su ke sa a sami rubutu mai Cikakkiyar ma'ana. Wato a sami daidaiton manufa tsakanin tunanain marubuci da kuma na makaranci.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://hemingwayapp.com/articles/grammar-punctuation/punctuation-marks&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

==Abin da ake nufi da ka'idojin rubutun hausa==
Ka'idojin rubutun Hausa, wani yanayi ne na lura da kiyaye ka'idojin harshen Hausa a rubuce domin samun damar isar da sakon da marubuci ke nufi zuwa ga mai karatu daidai da daidai, ba tare da canzawar ma'anar da marubuci ke nufi ba
. Haka kuma, yana samar da saukin fahimtar karatu daga mai karantawa.

== Fannonin Ka'idojin Rubutun Hausa ==
Fannonin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa da muke da su a nan, suna da dama. Kuma sune ginshin duk abinda ya kamata marubuci ya koya game da ka'idojin rubutun Hausa domin samun gwanancewa a rubutu. Don haka, zan zayyano su, sannan kuma na yi bayaninsu daki-daki kamar haka:

#Alamomin ajiye magana;
#Raba kalma da kuma hade kalma;
#Shaddatun tagwayen harufan Hausa;
#Gajera da doguwar mallaka;
#Dafa-keya 'w' da jakada 'w';
#Daurin 'm' da daurin 'n';

=='''1.0 Alamomin Ajiye Magana' (punctuation mark)'''== 
Ga Alamomin aje magana tare da bayanansu daki-daki:
* '''Aya / . /
* '''Waƙafi / . /
* '''Ayar tambaya / ? /
* '''Ruwa-biyu / : /
* '''Waƙafi m mai ruwa / ; /
* '''Karan-ɗori / - /
* '''Alamar zancen wani / &quot; &quot; /
* '''Baka-biyu / ( ) /
* '''Alamar Motsin rai / ! /
* '''Zarce / ... /

1.1 '''Aya / . /'''
Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta  cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali:

'''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.'''
idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan.

1.2== Wakafi/ , / ==
Wakafi, wata karmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali:

*'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.'''
To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: 
*'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.'''
A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe.

1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / ==
Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali:
* Aliyu ya zo?, 
* menene ake sayarwa?
Idan aka yi la'akari da missalan da ke sama, za a ga
an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkanin suna dauke da alamar tambaya. 
Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba:

Aliyu ya zo

A nan za a fahimci cewa, ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri.

1.4== Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/==
Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal:
# '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida)
# missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )'''

sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita
* idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:'''

* Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi;
* Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa;
* Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. 

A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da aka sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana.

==1.1 Aya / . /==
Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta  cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali:

'''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.'''
idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan.

==1.2 Wakafi/ , / ==
Waƙafi, wata ƙarmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali:

*'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.'''
To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: 
*'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.'''
A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe.

1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / ==
Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali:
* Aliyu ya zo?, 
* menene ake sayarwa?
Idan aka yi la'akari missalan da ke sama, za a ga
an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkaninsu suna dauke da alamar tambaya. 
Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba:

Aliyu ya zo

A nan za a fahimci cewa ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri.

==1.4 Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/==
Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal:
# '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida)
# missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )'''

sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita
* idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:'''

* Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi;
* Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa;
* Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. 

A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da na sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana.

==1.5 Waƙafi mai ruwa / ; / ==

wannan alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen raba jerin wasu jimloli ko kalmomi a cikin zance. 
Game da missali, a duba a missalin karshe na Aya mai ruwa, za a ga yadda aka bayyana abinda Shugaban kasa ya zayyana.  A nan za a ga an sa
Ka alamar /;/ a gaban kowacce jimla. 
Ga Karin missali:
* Shugqban makarantar ya gargadi dalibai cewa,idan sun tashi dawowa daga hutu, su zo da kayan karatu kamar irin wadannan:
# littafin koyon turanci, aji na biyar;
# littafin koyan lissafi, aji na biyar;
# littafin nazarin rayuwar dan Adam, aji na biyar;
# littafin koyan karatn Hausa, aji na biyar.
A wadannan missalai za a lura cewa, a duk karshen jimloli 3 na farko an saka alamaar tsayawa ta wakafi mai ruwa (;), in banda jimla ta karshe da aka yi wa alamar aya /./

==1.6 Karan-ɗori / - /==
Karan-dori, alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen hade kalmomi biyu ko sama da biyu, su zama kalma daya da ma'ana daya. Akan saka wannan alama ne a tsakanin kalmomi da suka zo iri daya ko wadanda suka zo daban-daban. Kin  saka wannan alama a inda ya dace, yakan kawo sabanin ma'ana tsakanin mawallafi da makaranci. Missali:
# malam-buda-mana-littafi (sunnan wani kafilfilo);
# fadi-ka-mutu (tangaran);
# fari-fari (abinda bai kai fari sosai ba);
# malfar-ungulu (wani tsiro ne); dss.
A lura da kyau, idan muka dauki missali na farko, (malam-buda-mana-littafi)  za mu ga yana nufin sunan wani abu wato (kafilfilo). Idan kuma ba a sa wannan alama ba a tsakankanin kalmomin (malam buda mana littafi) to rubutun ya zama wata jimla mai nufin umarni, maimakon kalma daya mai nufin sunan wani Kwaro. Wato, dalibai ne ke umartar malaminsu da ya buda masu littafi. Don haka, zamu fahimci cewa, idan an saka alamar, zancen ya zama Kalma daya kacal. Amma idan ba a sa alamar ba to rubutun ya zama jimla sukum.
# Karin Missali, idan mutum yana rubutu a cikin takarda ko kan allo, sai aka fara rubuta wata kalma da ta zo a karshen layi sannan kuma ba ta karasu duka ba, sai a saka karan-dori ( - ) kuma a karasata a layi na kasa.

==1.7 Alamar baka-biyu / ( ) /==
Wannan wata alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna karin bayani akan wata kalma, ko Jimla ko dai a kan wata maganar ta daban. Ga missalai nan kamar haka:
* Yaron da aka kama da laifin kisan matar, 'yar uwa ce ga mahaifin yaron (Gwaggon yaron ce)
* Gwamnan kano, Alh. Abba Kabir Yusuf, ya tura wakilinsa (Sunusi Nature) wajen Taron.
* # Ni mutum ne mai son a sami zaman lafiya tsakanin Musulmai da wanda ba Musulmai ba (Kiristoci).

==1.8 Ayar Motsin-rai / ! /==
Ayar Motsin-rai, wata alama ce da ke nuni da zaburar furuci cikin gaggawar kargafa murya. Hakan na faruwa ne yawanci a farkon bayyanar mury cikin Karfafawa, musamman a kalmomin; razana,mamaki, tausayi da kuma karfafar wata kalma a cikin wani zance na musamman. Alal Missali: '''Ah!, Wayyo!, Lah!, Innalillahi!, Kai!''' Da sauransu. Ga Karin missalai a cikin jimloli:
* Saurayin na zuwa ya nuna mata kyautar bazatar da ya zo mata da ita. Sai ta cika da mamaki,sannan ta ja wani gwauron numfashi sanan ta ce, '''La!''' Amma ko na gode '''sosai!'''
* A lokacin da yaron yake guje-guje cikin lalatattun Kujerun cikin ajin, sai ya taka kusa, ya ce, '''wayyo Allahna!''' jin haka malaminsu ya leko yana cewa, '''kai!''' Me ya faru.
* Haba, yana lekowa cikkin dare sai ya ga wani duhu-duhu  dab da shi. Aiko ya firgita ya ce '''waye nan!'''

Yanzu sai mu lura cewa, a Missali na daya (1), mun yi amfani da '''Lah!''' da kuma '''sosai!'''. A Missali na biyu (2) kuma mun yi amfani da '''wayyo Allah!''' tare da '''kai!'''. Har illa yau a Missali na uku (3) kuma na karshe, mun yi amfani da '''waye nan!'''.
Don haka, wadannan missalai, kadan ne daga cikin missalan '''ayar Motsin-rai / ! /''' Ko kuma inda ya kamata a yi amfani da ita. Sannan kuma, ya kamata a fahimci cewa, dole ne a sami karfafa murya a duk inda ake nufin '''ayar Motsin-rai,''' domin idan aka yi amfani da sanyin murya ma'ana ba za ta samu ba.

==1.9 Zarce / ... /==
Zarce wata alama ce ta digo-dogo akalla guda uku (...), da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna ketare wata kalma ko Jimla a cikin rubutu. Ana samun missalai ta bangarori da dama, mussan a cikin karin magana, tsaallake gurbin amasa wata tambaya, dss. Missali:
# '''Ban sa a ka ba,...''' A nan ba a bukatar karasa zancen ne, shi ya sa aka yi digo-dogon. Manufa a nan, duk Wanda aka yi wa karin maganar, ya karasa ma'anar a zuci ko ma a fili. Wto kenan sai ya karasa zuwa '''inji barawon tagiya'''
# Haka kuma, akan saka wannan alama / ... /, a tsarin tambayar '''cikke tazara'''. Missali:
* '''Sunan Babban birnin kasar Najeriya...''' a nana sai cike da '''Abuja''' ko makamancin haka.

=='''2.0 Rabawa Da Haɗa Kalma'''==
Raba kalma da hada kalma, abubuwa ne mabanbanta amma, masu alaka da juna. Da farko za mu dauki raba kalma. Kamar haka:

==2.1 Raba Kalma==
raba kalma na nufin, barin kalma ta ci gashin kanta duk kankantarta Kuma duk girmanta. Hakan, na nufin a barkalma a matayita ba tare da an hade ta da wata ba, don kaucewa rasa ma'ana ta asali. Wato dai,kin raba kalmomin a inda ya ya dace, yana haifar da chanjawar ma'ana. Missali:

* Shi ne, (kar a ce: shine)
* Ita ce, (kar a ce: itace)
* Wa ya je da su kasuwa? (Kar a ce: waya je dasu kasuwa?)
* Ba ni na zo da shi ba, (kar a ce: bani nazo dashi ba)
* Da ni da ku mu hada Kai, (kar a ce: Dani daku mu hadakai)

A nan, idan muka Laura, mafi yawancin kalmomin da aka yi amfani da su, masu gaba dai-dai ne. Kuma kowacce an bar ta a matayinta. Don haka mu duba Missali na farko: '''Shi ne.''' Kalmar farko '''shi''' wakilin suna ce, Kalmar '''ce''' kuwa tana cikin wani aji na nahawu da ake cewa dirka. Don hak, idan aka hade su kamar '''Shine''' kalmomi biyu daban-daban an hade guri daya, don haka sun zama kalma daya ke nan, wacce kwata-kwata babu ita a Hausa sai a Turancin Ingilishi. Wacce ke nufin '''sheki''' a harshen Hausa.

A Missali na hudu kuwa, ('''ba ni na zo da shi ba ''') za a fahimci cewa, kowacce kalma tana dauke da gaba daya ne. Kuma, duk da rashin tsawonsu,ba a hada wata da wata ba, domin kuwacce na cin gashin kanta. To hakan shi ne daidai. Inda kuwa an hada wata Kalmar da wata, ma'anarta za ta canza. Missali, idan aka hada '''da''' tare da '''shi,''' za su koma kalma daya kamar haka: '''dashi.''' kuma Kalmar tana nufin sunan wata itaciya ne.

==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance.

Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya)

==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance.

Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya)

=='''3.0 Shaddatun Tagwayen Harufan Hausa'''==

=='''4.0 Kalmomin Mallaka'''==
Kalmomin Mallaka, wasu kalmomi ne da ake amfani da su wajen nuna faruwar mallaka a cikin rubutu. Game da ka'idojin rubun Hausa, an tanadar da hanyoyi biyu domin samar da rubutu mai inganci.
Don haka, muna da gajerar mallaka da kuma doguwar mallaka.

===4.1 Gajerar Mallaka===
Gajerar mallaka, ita ake hade Kalmar abinda aka mallaka da wakilin sunan abin da aka mallaka da wakilin sunan wanda yai mallaka a guri daya.missli: gida+na= ('''gidana''') a nan za a fahimci cewa, kalmar 'gida' da kalmar 'na' an haɗa su a guri ɗaya sun zama kamar kalma guda. A kiyaye da cewa, gajerar mallaka haɗe ta ake yi. Don haka, akwai ƙarin missalai kamar haka:
*Jakarta ba jakar ta ba;
*ajinsu ba ajin su ba;
*matata ba mata ta ba;
*ɗakinki ba ɗakin ki ba;
*motarka ba motar ka ba. 
*masallacinku ba Masallacin ku ba. Da sauransu.

==='''4.2 Doguwar Mallaka'''===

Ita doguwar mallaka, ba a haɗe ake rubuta ta ba. Wato ke nan, ana rabewa tsakanin abinda aka mallaka da kuma wakilin sunan mai mallaka. Ga missalai kamar haka:
* Jakar tata
* Ɗakin nasu
* Wayar tawa
* Littafin nashi
* Gonar taku
* Masallacin nawa
* Takalmin namu

Da haka, za mu fahimci cewa akwai banbanci tsakanin doguwar mallaka da gajerar mallaka.  Mu tuna da missalin farko na doguwar. Wato &quot;'''jakar tata'''&quot; ma'ana, an rubuta &quot;'''jakar'''&quot; daban, ita ma, &quot;'''tata'''&quot; daban. idan kuma a gajerar mallaka ne sai a rubuta &quot;'''jakarta'''&quot; a haɗe. Wato dai ana haɗa &quot;'''jakar'''&quot; da kuma &quot;'''ta'''&quot; a haɗe ('''jakarta''')

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      <text bytes="17677" sha1="0wlluxy94bfxr0nsicbupnss7akey13" xml:space="preserve">Komai

== Ƙa'idojin rubutun hausa ==
Kamar yadda aka sani, kowanne lamari na duniya yana da ka'idar yadda ya kamata a gudanar da shi. Kuma bin ƙa'idar ita ke sa a sami dacen yadda ake bukata ba tare da an fuskanci wata matsala ba. Idan kuma ba a bi ka'idar ba to za a ga  ba daidai ba..
Tunda yake haka ne, rubutun Hausa shi ma, yana da ka'idarsa. Bin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa sau-da-kafa, su ke sa a sami rubutu mai Cikakkiyar ma'ana. Wato a sami daidaiton manufa tsakanin tunanain marubuci da kuma na makaranci.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://hemingwayapp.com/articles/grammar-punctuation/punctuation-marks&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

==Abin da ake nufi da ka'idojin rubutun hausa==
Ka'idojin rubutun Hausa, wani yanayi ne na lura da kiyaye ka'idojin harshen Hausa a rubuce domin samun damar isar da sakon da marubuci ke nufi zuwa ga mai karatu daidai da daidai, ba tare da canzawar ma'anar da marubuci ke nufi ba
. Haka kuma, yana samar da saukin fahimtar karatu daga mai karantawa.

== Fannonin Ka'idojin Rubutun Hausa ==
Fannonin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa da muke da su a nan, suna da dama. Kuma sune ginshin duk abinda ya kamata marubuci ya koya game da ka'idojin rubutun Hausa domin samun gwanancewa a rubutu. Don haka, zan zayyano su, sannan kuma na yi bayaninsu daki-daki kamar haka:

#Alamomin ajiye magana;
#Raba kalma da kuma hade kalma;
#Shaddatun tagwayen harufan Hausa;
#Gajera da doguwar mallaka;
#Dafa-keya 'w' da jakada 'w';
#Daurin 'm' da daurin 'n';

=='''1.0 Alamomin Ajiye Magana' (punctuation mark)'''== 
Ga Alamomin aje magana tare da bayanansu daki-daki:
* '''Aya / . /
* '''Waƙafi / . /
* '''Ayar tambaya / ? /
* '''Ruwa-biyu / : /
* '''Waƙafi m mai ruwa / ; /
* '''Karan-ɗori / - /
* '''Alamar zancen wani / &quot; &quot; /
* '''Baka-biyu / ( ) /
* '''Alamar Motsin rai / ! /
* '''Zarce / ... /

1.1 '''Aya / . /'''
Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta  cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali:

'''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.'''
idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan.

1.2== Wakafi/ , / ==
Wakafi, wata karmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali:

*'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.'''
To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: 
*'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.'''
A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe.

1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / ==
Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali:
* Aliyu ya zo?, 
* menene ake sayarwa?
Idan aka yi la'akari da missalan da ke sama, za a ga
an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkanin suna dauke da alamar tambaya. 
Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba:

Aliyu ya zo

A nan za a fahimci cewa, ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri.

1.4== Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/==
Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal:
# '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida)
# missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )'''

sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita
* idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:'''

* Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi;
* Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa;
* Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. 

A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da aka sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana.

==1.1 Aya / . /==
Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta  cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali:

'''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.'''
idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan.

==1.2 Wakafi/ , / ==
Waƙafi, wata ƙarmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali:

*'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.'''
To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: 
*'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.'''
A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe.

1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / ==
Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali:
* Aliyu ya zo?, 
* menene ake sayarwa?
Idan aka yi la'akari missalan da ke sama, za a ga
an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkaninsu suna dauke da alamar tambaya. 
Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba:

Aliyu ya zo

A nan za a fahimci cewa ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri.

==1.4 Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/==
Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal:
# '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida)
# missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )'''

sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita
* idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:'''

* Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi;
* Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa;
* Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. 

A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da na sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana.

==1.5 Waƙafi mai ruwa / ; / ==

wannan alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen raba jerin wasu jimloli ko kalmomi a cikin zance. 
Game da missali, a duba a missalin karshe na Aya mai ruwa, za a ga yadda aka bayyana abinda Shugaban kasa ya zayyana.  A nan za a ga an sa
Ka alamar /;/ a gaban kowacce jimla. 
Ga Karin missali:
* Shugqban makarantar ya gargadi dalibai cewa,idan sun tashi dawowa daga hutu, su zo da kayan karatu kamar irin wadannan:
# littafin koyon turanci, aji na biyar;
# littafin koyan lissafi, aji na biyar;
# littafin nazarin rayuwar dan Adam, aji na biyar;
# littafin koyan karatn Hausa, aji na biyar.
A wadannan missalai za a lura cewa, a duk karshen jimloli 3 na farko an saka alamaar tsayawa ta wakafi mai ruwa (;), in banda jimla ta karshe da aka yi wa alamar aya /./

==1.6 Karan-ɗori / - /==
Karan-dori, alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen hade kalmomi biyu ko sama da biyu, su zama kalma daya da ma'ana daya. Akan saka wannan alama ne a tsakanin kalmomi da suka zo iri daya ko wadanda suka zo daban-daban. Kin  saka wannan alama a inda ya dace, yakan kawo sabanin ma'ana tsakanin mawallafi da makaranci. Missali:
# malam-buda-mana-littafi (sunnan wani kafilfilo);
# fadi-ka-mutu (tangaran);
# fari-fari (abinda bai kai fari sosai ba);
# malfar-ungulu (wani tsiro ne); dss.
A lura da kyau, idan muka dauki missali na farko, (malam-buda-mana-littafi)  za mu ga yana nufin sunan wani abu wato (kafilfilo). Idan kuma ba a sa wannan alama ba a tsakankanin kalmomin (malam buda mana littafi) to rubutun ya zama wata jimla mai nufin umarni, maimakon kalma daya mai nufin sunan wani Kwaro. Wato, dalibai ne ke umartar malaminsu da ya buda masu littafi. Don haka, zamu fahimci cewa, idan an saka alamar, zancen ya zama Kalma daya kacal. Amma idan ba a sa alamar ba to rubutun ya zama jimla sukum.
# Karin Missali, idan mutum yana rubutu a cikin takarda ko kan allo, sai aka fara rubuta wata kalma da ta zo a karshen layi sannan kuma ba ta karasu duka ba, sai a saka karan-dori ( - ) kuma a karasata a layi na kasa.

==1.7 Alamar baka-biyu / ( ) /==
Wannan wata alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna karin bayani akan wata kalma, ko Jimla ko dai a kan wata maganar ta daban. Ga missalai nan kamar haka:
* Yaron da aka kama da laifin kisan matar, 'yar uwa ce ga mahaifin yaron (Gwaggon yaron ce)
* Gwamnan kano, Alh. Abba Kabir Yusuf, ya tura wakilinsa (Sunusi Nature) wajen Taron.
* # Ni mutum ne mai son a sami zaman lafiya tsakanin Musulmai da wanda ba Musulmai ba (Kiristoci).

==1.8 Ayar Motsin-rai / ! /==
Ayar Motsin-rai, wata alama ce da ke nuni da zaburar furuci cikin gaggawar kargafa murya. Hakan na faruwa ne yawanci a farkon bayyanar mury cikin Karfafawa, musamman a kalmomin; razana,mamaki, tausayi da kuma karfafar wata kalma a cikin wani zance na musamman. Alal Missali: '''Ah!, Wayyo!, Lah!, Innalillahi!, Kai!''' Da sauransu. Ga Karin missalai a cikin jimloli:
* Saurayin na zuwa ya nuna mata kyautar bazatar da ya zo mata da ita. Sai ta cika da mamaki,sannan ta ja wani gwauron numfashi sanan ta ce, '''La!''' Amma ko na gode '''sosai!'''
* A lokacin da yaron yake guje-guje cikin lalatattun Kujerun cikin ajin, sai ya taka kusa, ya ce, '''wayyo Allahna!''' jin haka malaminsu ya leko yana cewa, '''kai!''' Me ya faru.
* Haba, yana lekowa cikkin dare sai ya ga wani duhu-duhu  dab da shi. Aiko ya firgita ya ce '''waye nan!'''

Yanzu sai mu lura cewa, a Missali na daya (1), mun yi amfani da '''Lah!''' da kuma '''sosai!'''. A Missali na biyu (2) kuma mun yi amfani da '''wayyo Allah!''' tare da '''kai!'''. Har illa yau a Missali na uku (3) kuma na karshe, mun yi amfani da '''waye nan!'''.
Don haka, wadannan missalai, kadan ne daga cikin missalan '''ayar Motsin-rai / ! /''' Ko kuma inda ya kamata a yi amfani da ita. Sannan kuma, ya kamata a fahimci cewa, dole ne a sami karfafa murya a duk inda ake nufin '''ayar Motsin-rai,''' domin idan aka yi amfani da sanyin murya ma'ana ba za ta samu ba.

==1.9 Zarce / ... /==
Zarce wata alama ce ta digo-dogo akalla guda uku (...), da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna ketare wata kalma ko Jimla a cikin rubutu. Ana samun missalai ta bangarori da dama, mussan a cikin karin magana, tsaallake gurbin amasa wata tambaya, dss. Missali:
# '''Ban sa a ka ba,...''' A nan ba a bukatar karasa zancen ne, shi ya sa aka yi digo-dogon. Manufa a nan, duk Wanda aka yi wa karin maganar, ya karasa ma'anar a zuci ko ma a fili. Wto kenan sai ya karasa zuwa '''inji barawon tagiya'''
# Haka kuma, akan saka wannan alama / ... /, a tsarin tambayar '''cikke tazara'''. Missali:
* '''Sunan Babban birnin kasar Najeriya...''' a nana sai cike da '''Abuja''' ko makamancin haka.

=='''2.0 Rabawa Da Haɗa Kalma'''==
Raba kalma da hada kalma, abubuwa ne mabanbanta amma, masu alaka da juna. Da farko za mu dauki raba kalma. Kamar haka:

==2.1 Raba Kalma==
raba kalma na nufin, barin kalma ta ci gashin kanta duk kankantarta Kuma duk girmanta. Hakan, na nufin a barkalma a matayita ba tare da an hade ta da wata ba, don kaucewa rasa ma'ana ta asali. Wato dai,kin raba kalmomin a inda ya ya dace, yana haifar da chanjawar ma'ana. Missali:

* Shi ne, (kar a ce: shine)
* Ita ce, (kar a ce: itace)
* Wa ya je da su kasuwa? (Kar a ce: waya je dasu kasuwa?)
* Ba ni na zo da shi ba, (kar a ce: bani nazo dashi ba)
* Da ni da ku mu hada Kai, (kar a ce: Dani daku mu hadakai)

A nan, idan muka Laura, mafi yawancin kalmomin da aka yi amfani da su, masu gaba dai-dai ne. Kuma kowacce an bar ta a matayinta. Don haka mu duba Missali na farko: '''Shi ne.''' Kalmar farko '''shi''' wakilin suna ce, Kalmar '''ce''' kuwa tana cikin wani aji na nahawu da ake cewa dirka. Don hak, idan aka hade su kamar '''Shine''' kalmomi biyu daban-daban an hade guri daya, don haka sun zama kalma daya ke nan, wacce kwata-kwata babu ita a Hausa sai a Turancin Ingilishi. Wacce ke nufin '''sheki''' a harshen Hausa.

A Missali na hudu kuwa, ('''ba ni na zo da shi ba ''') za a fahimci cewa, kowacce kalma tana dauke da gaba daya ne. Kuma, duk da rashin tsawonsu,ba a hada wata da wata ba, domin kuwacce na cin gashin kanta. To hakan shi ne daidai. Inda kuwa an hada wata Kalmar da wata, ma'anarta za ta canza. Missali, idan aka hada '''da''' tare da '''shi,''' za su koma kalma daya kamar haka: '''dashi.''' kuma Kalmar tana nufin sunan wata itaciya ne.

==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance.

Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya)

==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance.

Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya)

=='''3.0 Shaddatun Tagwayen Harufan Hausa'''==

=='''4.0 Kalmomin Mallaka'''==
Kalmomin Mallaka, wasu kalmomi ne da ake amfani da su wajen nuna faruwar mallaka a cikin rubutu. Game da ka'idojin rubun Hausa, an tanadar da hanyoyi biyu domin samar da rubutu mai inganci.
Don haka, muna da gajerar mallaka da kuma doguwar mallaka.

===4.1 Gajerar Mallaka===
Gajerar mallaka, ita ake hade Kalmar abinda aka mallaka da wakilin sunan abin da aka mallaka da wakilin sunan wanda yai mallaka a guri daya.missli: gida+na= ('''gidana''') a nan za a fahimci cewa, kalmar 'gida' da kalmar 'na' an haɗa su a guri ɗaya sun zama kamar kalma guda. A kiyaye da cewa, gajerar mallaka haɗe ta ake yi. Don haka, akwai ƙarin missalai kamar haka:
*Jakarta ba jakar ta ba;
*ajinsu ba ajin su ba;
*matata ba mata ta ba;
*ɗakinki ba ɗakin ki ba;
*motarka ba motar ka ba. 
*masallacinku ba Masallacin ku ba. Da sauransu.

==='''4.2 Doguwar Mallaka'''===

Ita doguwar mallaka, ba a haɗe ake rubuta ta ba. Wato ke nan, ana rabewa tsakanin abinda aka mallaka da kuma wakilin sunan mai mallaka. Ga missalai kamar haka:
* Jakar tata
* Ɗakin nasu
* Wayar tawa
* Littafin nashi
* Gonar taku
* Masallacin nawa
* Takalmin namu

Da haka, za mu fahimci cewa akwai banbanci tsakanin doguwar mallaka da gajerar mallaka.  Mu tuna da missalin farko na doguwar. Wato &quot;'''jakar tata'''&quot; ma'ana, an rubuta &quot;'''jakar'''&quot; daban, ita ma, &quot;'''tata'''&quot; daban. idan kuma a gajerar mallaka ne sai a rubuta &quot;'''jakarta'''&quot; a haɗe. Wato dai ana haɗa &quot;'''jakar'''&quot; da kuma &quot;'''ta'''&quot; a haɗe ('''jakarta''')

== Manazararta==</text>
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      <text bytes="17670" sha1="243n1bbuotpp2f3ipvyoyiv5oyewmyf" xml:space="preserve">== Ƙa'idojin rubutun hausa ==
Kamar yadda aka sani, kowanne lamari na duniya yana da ka'idar yadda ya kamata a gudanar da shi. Kuma bin ƙa'idar ita ke sa a sami dacen yadda ake bukata ba tare da an fuskanci wata matsala ba. Idan kuma ba a bi ka'idar ba to za a ga  ba daidai ba..
Tunda yake haka ne, rubutun Hausa shi ma, yana da ka'idarsa. Bin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa sau-da-kafa, su ke sa a sami rubutu mai Cikakkiyar ma'ana. Wato a sami daidaiton manufa tsakanin tunanain marubuci da kuma na makaranci.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://hemingwayapp.com/articles/grammar-punctuation/punctuation-marks&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

==Abin da ake nufi da ka'idojin rubutun hausa==
Ka'idojin rubutun Hausa, wani yanayi ne na lura da kiyaye ka'idojin harshen Hausa a rubuce domin samun damar isar da sakon da marubuci ke nufi zuwa ga mai karatu daidai da daidai, ba tare da canzawar ma'anar da marubuci ke nufi ba
. Haka kuma, yana samar da saukin fahimtar karatu daga mai karantawa.

== Fannonin Ka'idojin Rubutun Hausa ==
Fannonin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa da muke da su a nan, suna da dama. Kuma sune ginshin duk abinda ya kamata marubuci ya koya game da ka'idojin rubutun Hausa domin samun gwanancewa a rubutu. Don haka, zan zayyano su, sannan kuma na yi bayaninsu daki-daki kamar haka:

#Alamomin ajiye magana;
#Raba kalma da kuma hade kalma;
#Shaddatun tagwayen harufan Hausa;
#Gajera da doguwar mallaka;
#Dafa-keya 'w' da jakada 'w';
#Daurin 'm' da daurin 'n';

=='''1.0 Alamomin Ajiye Magana' (punctuation mark)'''== 
Ga Alamomin aje magana tare da bayanansu daki-daki:
* '''Aya / . /
* '''Waƙafi / . /
* '''Ayar tambaya / ? /
* '''Ruwa-biyu / : /
* '''Waƙafi m mai ruwa / ; /
* '''Karan-ɗori / - /
* '''Alamar zancen wani / &quot; &quot; /
* '''Baka-biyu / ( ) /
* '''Alamar Motsin rai / ! /
* '''Zarce / ... /

1.1 '''Aya / . /'''
Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta  cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali:

'''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.'''
idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan.

1.2== Wakafi/ , / ==
Wakafi, wata karmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali:

*'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.'''
To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: 
*'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.'''
A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe.

1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / ==
Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali:
* Aliyu ya zo?, 
* menene ake sayarwa?
Idan aka yi la'akari da missalan da ke sama, za a ga
an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkanin suna dauke da alamar tambaya. 
Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba:

Aliyu ya zo

A nan za a fahimci cewa, ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri.

1.4== Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/==
Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal:
# '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida)
# missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )'''

sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita
* idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:'''

* Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi;
* Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa;
* Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. 

A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da aka sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana.

==1.1 Aya / . /==
Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta  cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali:

'''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.'''
idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan.

==1.2 Wakafi/ , / ==
Waƙafi, wata ƙarmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali:

*'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.'''
To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: 
*'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.'''
A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe.

1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / ==
Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali:
* Aliyu ya zo?, 
* menene ake sayarwa?
Idan aka yi la'akari missalan da ke sama, za a ga
an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkaninsu suna dauke da alamar tambaya. 
Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba:

Aliyu ya zo

A nan za a fahimci cewa ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri.

==1.4 Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/==
Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal:
# '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida)
# missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )'''

sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita
* idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:'''

* Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi;
* Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa;
* Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. 

A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da na sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana.

==1.5 Waƙafi mai ruwa / ; / ==

wannan alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen raba jerin wasu jimloli ko kalmomi a cikin zance. 
Game da missali, a duba a missalin karshe na Aya mai ruwa, za a ga yadda aka bayyana abinda Shugaban kasa ya zayyana.  A nan za a ga an sa
Ka alamar /;/ a gaban kowacce jimla. 
Ga Karin missali:
* Shugqban makarantar ya gargadi dalibai cewa,idan sun tashi dawowa daga hutu, su zo da kayan karatu kamar irin wadannan:
# littafin koyon turanci, aji na biyar;
# littafin koyan lissafi, aji na biyar;
# littafin nazarin rayuwar dan Adam, aji na biyar;
# littafin koyan karatn Hausa, aji na biyar.
A wadannan missalai za a lura cewa, a duk karshen jimloli 3 na farko an saka alamaar tsayawa ta wakafi mai ruwa (;), in banda jimla ta karshe da aka yi wa alamar aya /./

==1.6 Karan-ɗori / - /==
Karan-dori, alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen hade kalmomi biyu ko sama da biyu, su zama kalma daya da ma'ana daya. Akan saka wannan alama ne a tsakanin kalmomi da suka zo iri daya ko wadanda suka zo daban-daban. Kin  saka wannan alama a inda ya dace, yakan kawo sabanin ma'ana tsakanin mawallafi da makaranci. Missali:
# malam-buda-mana-littafi (sunnan wani kafilfilo);
# fadi-ka-mutu (tangaran);
# fari-fari (abinda bai kai fari sosai ba);
# malfar-ungulu (wani tsiro ne); dss.
A lura da kyau, idan muka dauki missali na farko, (malam-buda-mana-littafi)  za mu ga yana nufin sunan wani abu wato (kafilfilo). Idan kuma ba a sa wannan alama ba a tsakankanin kalmomin (malam buda mana littafi) to rubutun ya zama wata jimla mai nufin umarni, maimakon kalma daya mai nufin sunan wani Kwaro. Wato, dalibai ne ke umartar malaminsu da ya buda masu littafi. Don haka, zamu fahimci cewa, idan an saka alamar, zancen ya zama Kalma daya kacal. Amma idan ba a sa alamar ba to rubutun ya zama jimla sukum.
# Karin Missali, idan mutum yana rubutu a cikin takarda ko kan allo, sai aka fara rubuta wata kalma da ta zo a karshen layi sannan kuma ba ta karasu duka ba, sai a saka karan-dori ( - ) kuma a karasata a layi na kasa.

==1.7 Alamar baka-biyu / ( ) /==
Wannan wata alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna karin bayani akan wata kalma, ko Jimla ko dai a kan wata maganar ta daban. Ga missalai nan kamar haka:
* Yaron da aka kama da laifin kisan matar, 'yar uwa ce ga mahaifin yaron (Gwaggon yaron ce)
* Gwamnan kano, Alh. Abba Kabir Yusuf, ya tura wakilinsa (Sunusi Nature) wajen Taron.
* # Ni mutum ne mai son a sami zaman lafiya tsakanin Musulmai da wanda ba Musulmai ba (Kiristoci).

==1.8 Ayar Motsin-rai / ! /==
Ayar Motsin-rai, wata alama ce da ke nuni da zaburar furuci cikin gaggawar kargafa murya. Hakan na faruwa ne yawanci a farkon bayyanar mury cikin Karfafawa, musamman a kalmomin; razana,mamaki, tausayi da kuma karfafar wata kalma a cikin wani zance na musamman. Alal Missali: '''Ah!, Wayyo!, Lah!, Innalillahi!, Kai!''' Da sauransu. Ga Karin missalai a cikin jimloli:
* Saurayin na zuwa ya nuna mata kyautar bazatar da ya zo mata da ita. Sai ta cika da mamaki,sannan ta ja wani gwauron numfashi sanan ta ce, '''La!''' Amma ko na gode '''sosai!'''
* A lokacin da yaron yake guje-guje cikin lalatattun Kujerun cikin ajin, sai ya taka kusa, ya ce, '''wayyo Allahna!''' jin haka malaminsu ya leko yana cewa, '''kai!''' Me ya faru.
* Haba, yana lekowa cikkin dare sai ya ga wani duhu-duhu  dab da shi. Aiko ya firgita ya ce '''waye nan!'''

Yanzu sai mu lura cewa, a Missali na daya (1), mun yi amfani da '''Lah!''' da kuma '''sosai!'''. A Missali na biyu (2) kuma mun yi amfani da '''wayyo Allah!''' tare da '''kai!'''. Har illa yau a Missali na uku (3) kuma na karshe, mun yi amfani da '''waye nan!'''.
Don haka, wadannan missalai, kadan ne daga cikin missalan '''ayar Motsin-rai / ! /''' Ko kuma inda ya kamata a yi amfani da ita. Sannan kuma, ya kamata a fahimci cewa, dole ne a sami karfafa murya a duk inda ake nufin '''ayar Motsin-rai,''' domin idan aka yi amfani da sanyin murya ma'ana ba za ta samu ba.

==1.9 Zarce / ... /==
Zarce wata alama ce ta digo-dogo akalla guda uku (...), da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna ketare wata kalma ko Jimla a cikin rubutu. Ana samun missalai ta bangarori da dama, mussan a cikin karin magana, tsaallake gurbin amasa wata tambaya, dss. Missali:
# '''Ban sa a ka ba,...''' A nan ba a bukatar karasa zancen ne, shi ya sa aka yi digo-dogon. Manufa a nan, duk Wanda aka yi wa karin maganar, ya karasa ma'anar a zuci ko ma a fili. Wto kenan sai ya karasa zuwa '''inji barawon tagiya'''
# Haka kuma, akan saka wannan alama / ... /, a tsarin tambayar '''cikke tazara'''. Missali:
* '''Sunan Babban birnin kasar Najeriya...''' a nana sai cike da '''Abuja''' ko makamancin haka.

=='''2.0 Rabawa Da Haɗa Kalma'''==
Raba kalma da hada kalma, abubuwa ne mabanbanta amma, masu alaka da juna. Da farko za mu dauki raba kalma. Kamar haka:

==2.1 Raba Kalma==
raba kalma na nufin, barin kalma ta ci gashin kanta duk kankantarta Kuma duk girmanta. Hakan, na nufin a barkalma a matayita ba tare da an hade ta da wata ba, don kaucewa rasa ma'ana ta asali. Wato dai,kin raba kalmomin a inda ya ya dace, yana haifar da chanjawar ma'ana. Missali:

* Shi ne, (kar a ce: shine)
* Ita ce, (kar a ce: itace)
* Wa ya je da su kasuwa? (Kar a ce: waya je dasu kasuwa?)
* Ba ni na zo da shi ba, (kar a ce: bani nazo dashi ba)
* Da ni da ku mu hada Kai, (kar a ce: Dani daku mu hadakai)

A nan, idan muka Laura, mafi yawancin kalmomin da aka yi amfani da su, masu gaba dai-dai ne. Kuma kowacce an bar ta a matayinta. Don haka mu duba Missali na farko: '''Shi ne.''' Kalmar farko '''shi''' wakilin suna ce, Kalmar '''ce''' kuwa tana cikin wani aji na nahawu da ake cewa dirka. Don hak, idan aka hade su kamar '''Shine''' kalmomi biyu daban-daban an hade guri daya, don haka sun zama kalma daya ke nan, wacce kwata-kwata babu ita a Hausa sai a Turancin Ingilishi. Wacce ke nufin '''sheki''' a harshen Hausa.

A Missali na hudu kuwa, ('''ba ni na zo da shi ba ''') za a fahimci cewa, kowacce kalma tana dauke da gaba daya ne. Kuma, duk da rashin tsawonsu,ba a hada wata da wata ba, domin kuwacce na cin gashin kanta. To hakan shi ne daidai. Inda kuwa an hada wata Kalmar da wata, ma'anarta za ta canza. Missali, idan aka hada '''da''' tare da '''shi,''' za su koma kalma daya kamar haka: '''dashi.''' kuma Kalmar tana nufin sunan wata itaciya ne.

==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance.

Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya)

==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance.

Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya)

=='''3.0 Shaddatun Tagwayen Harufan Hausa'''==

=='''4.0 Kalmomin Mallaka'''==
Kalmomin Mallaka, wasu kalmomi ne da ake amfani da su wajen nuna faruwar mallaka a cikin rubutu. Game da ka'idojin rubun Hausa, an tanadar da hanyoyi biyu domin samar da rubutu mai inganci.
Don haka, muna da gajerar mallaka da kuma doguwar mallaka.

===4.1 Gajerar Mallaka===
Gajerar mallaka, ita ake hade Kalmar abinda aka mallaka da wakilin sunan abin da aka mallaka da wakilin sunan wanda yai mallaka a guri daya.missli: gida+na= ('''gidana''') a nan za a fahimci cewa, kalmar 'gida' da kalmar 'na' an haɗa su a guri ɗaya sun zama kamar kalma guda. A kiyaye da cewa, gajerar mallaka haɗe ta ake yi. Don haka, akwai ƙarin missalai kamar haka:
*Jakarta ba jakar ta ba;
*ajinsu ba ajin su ba;
*matata ba mata ta ba;
*ɗakinki ba ɗakin ki ba;
*motarka ba motar ka ba. 
*masallacinku ba Masallacin ku ba. Da sauransu.

==='''4.2 Doguwar Mallaka'''===

Ita doguwar mallaka, ba a haɗe ake rubuta ta ba. Wato ke nan, ana rabewa tsakanin abinda aka mallaka da kuma wakilin sunan mai mallaka. Ga missalai kamar haka:
* Jakar tata
* Ɗakin nasu
* Wayar tawa
* Littafin nashi
* Gonar taku
* Masallacin nawa
* Takalmin namu

Da haka, za mu fahimci cewa akwai banbanci tsakanin doguwar mallaka da gajerar mallaka.  Mu tuna da missalin farko na doguwar. Wato &quot;'''jakar tata'''&quot; ma'ana, an rubuta &quot;'''jakar'''&quot; daban, ita ma, &quot;'''tata'''&quot; daban. idan kuma a gajerar mallaka ne sai a rubuta &quot;'''jakarta'''&quot; a haɗe. Wato dai ana haɗa &quot;'''jakar'''&quot; da kuma &quot;'''ta'''&quot; a haɗe ('''jakarta''')

== Manazararta==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>889956</id>
      <parentid>889844</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-01T05:12:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Baban Asiya</username>
        <id>15906</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* 3.0 Shaddatun Tagwayen Harufan Hausa */</comment>
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      <text bytes="17709" sha1="06m8ium0b3ofo4lc3pm5jv0rnc62833" xml:space="preserve">== Ƙa'idojin rubutun hausa ==
Kamar yadda aka sani, kowanne lamari na duniya yana da ka'idar yadda ya kamata a gudanar da shi. Kuma bin ƙa'idar ita ke sa a sami dacen yadda ake bukata ba tare da an fuskanci wata matsala ba. Idan kuma ba a bi ka'idar ba to za a ga  ba daidai ba..
Tunda yake haka ne, rubutun Hausa shi ma, yana da ka'idarsa. Bin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa sau-da-kafa, su ke sa a sami rubutu mai Cikakkiyar ma'ana. Wato a sami daidaiton manufa tsakanin tunanain marubuci da kuma na makaranci.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://hemingwayapp.com/articles/grammar-punctuation/punctuation-marks&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

==Abin da ake nufi da ka'idojin rubutun hausa==
Ka'idojin rubutun Hausa, wani yanayi ne na lura da kiyaye ka'idojin harshen Hausa a rubuce domin samun damar isar da sakon da marubuci ke nufi zuwa ga mai karatu daidai da daidai, ba tare da canzawar ma'anar da marubuci ke nufi ba
. Haka kuma, yana samar da saukin fahimtar karatu daga mai karantawa.

== Fannonin Ka'idojin Rubutun Hausa ==
Fannonin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa da muke da su a nan, suna da dama. Kuma sune ginshin duk abinda ya kamata marubuci ya koya game da ka'idojin rubutun Hausa domin samun gwanancewa a rubutu. Don haka, zan zayyano su, sannan kuma na yi bayaninsu daki-daki kamar haka:

#Alamomin ajiye magana;
#Raba kalma da kuma hade kalma;
#Shaddatun tagwayen harufan Hausa;
#Gajera da doguwar mallaka;
#Dafa-keya 'w' da jakada 'w';
#Daurin 'm' da daurin 'n';

=='''1.0 Alamomin Ajiye Magana' (punctuation mark)'''== 
Ga Alamomin aje magana tare da bayanansu daki-daki:
* '''Aya / . /
* '''Waƙafi / . /
* '''Ayar tambaya / ? /
* '''Ruwa-biyu / : /
* '''Waƙafi m mai ruwa / ; /
* '''Karan-ɗori / - /
* '''Alamar zancen wani / &quot; &quot; /
* '''Baka-biyu / ( ) /
* '''Alamar Motsin rai / ! /
* '''Zarce / ... /

1.1 '''Aya / . /'''
Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta  cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali:

'''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.'''
idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan.

1.2== Wakafi/ , / ==
Wakafi, wata karmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali:

*'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.'''
To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: 
*'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.'''
A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe.

1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / ==
Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali:
* Aliyu ya zo?, 
* menene ake sayarwa?
Idan aka yi la'akari da missalan da ke sama, za a ga
an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkanin suna dauke da alamar tambaya. 
Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba:

Aliyu ya zo

A nan za a fahimci cewa, ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri.

1.4== Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/==
Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal:
# '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida)
# missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )'''

sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita
* idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:'''

* Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi;
* Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa;
* Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. 

A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da aka sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana.

==1.1 Aya / . /==
Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta  cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali:

'''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.'''
idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan.

==1.2 Wakafi/ , / ==
Waƙafi, wata ƙarmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali:

*'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.'''
To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: 
*'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.'''
A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe.

1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / ==
Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali:
* Aliyu ya zo?, 
* menene ake sayarwa?
Idan aka yi la'akari missalan da ke sama, za a ga
an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkaninsu suna dauke da alamar tambaya. 
Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba:

Aliyu ya zo

A nan za a fahimci cewa ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri.

==1.4 Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/==
Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal:
# '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida)
# missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )'''

sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita
* idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:'''

* Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi;
* Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa;
* Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. 

A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da na sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana.

==1.5 Waƙafi mai ruwa / ; / ==

wannan alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen raba jerin wasu jimloli ko kalmomi a cikin zance. 
Game da missali, a duba a missalin karshe na Aya mai ruwa, za a ga yadda aka bayyana abinda Shugaban kasa ya zayyana.  A nan za a ga an sa
Ka alamar /;/ a gaban kowacce jimla. 
Ga Karin missali:
* Shugqban makarantar ya gargadi dalibai cewa,idan sun tashi dawowa daga hutu, su zo da kayan karatu kamar irin wadannan:
# littafin koyon turanci, aji na biyar;
# littafin koyan lissafi, aji na biyar;
# littafin nazarin rayuwar dan Adam, aji na biyar;
# littafin koyan karatn Hausa, aji na biyar.
A wadannan missalai za a lura cewa, a duk karshen jimloli 3 na farko an saka alamaar tsayawa ta wakafi mai ruwa (;), in banda jimla ta karshe da aka yi wa alamar aya /./

==1.6 Karan-ɗori / - /==
Karan-dori, alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen hade kalmomi biyu ko sama da biyu, su zama kalma daya da ma'ana daya. Akan saka wannan alama ne a tsakanin kalmomi da suka zo iri daya ko wadanda suka zo daban-daban. Kin  saka wannan alama a inda ya dace, yakan kawo sabanin ma'ana tsakanin mawallafi da makaranci. Missali:
# malam-buda-mana-littafi (sunnan wani kafilfilo);
# fadi-ka-mutu (tangaran);
# fari-fari (abinda bai kai fari sosai ba);
# malfar-ungulu (wani tsiro ne); dss.
A lura da kyau, idan muka dauki missali na farko, (malam-buda-mana-littafi)  za mu ga yana nufin sunan wani abu wato (kafilfilo). Idan kuma ba a sa wannan alama ba a tsakankanin kalmomin (malam buda mana littafi) to rubutun ya zama wata jimla mai nufin umarni, maimakon kalma daya mai nufin sunan wani Kwaro. Wato, dalibai ne ke umartar malaminsu da ya buda masu littafi. Don haka, zamu fahimci cewa, idan an saka alamar, zancen ya zama Kalma daya kacal. Amma idan ba a sa alamar ba to rubutun ya zama jimla sukum.
# Karin Missali, idan mutum yana rubutu a cikin takarda ko kan allo, sai aka fara rubuta wata kalma da ta zo a karshen layi sannan kuma ba ta karasu duka ba, sai a saka karan-dori ( - ) kuma a karasata a layi na kasa.

==1.7 Alamar baka-biyu / ( ) /==
Wannan wata alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna karin bayani akan wata kalma, ko Jimla ko dai a kan wata maganar ta daban. Ga missalai nan kamar haka:
* Yaron da aka kama da laifin kisan matar, 'yar uwa ce ga mahaifin yaron (Gwaggon yaron ce)
* Gwamnan kano, Alh. Abba Kabir Yusuf, ya tura wakilinsa (Sunusi Nature) wajen Taron.
* # Ni mutum ne mai son a sami zaman lafiya tsakanin Musulmai da wanda ba Musulmai ba (Kiristoci).

==1.8 Ayar Motsin-rai / ! /==
Ayar Motsin-rai, wata alama ce da ke nuni da zaburar furuci cikin gaggawar kargafa murya. Hakan na faruwa ne yawanci a farkon bayyanar mury cikin Karfafawa, musamman a kalmomin; razana,mamaki, tausayi da kuma karfafar wata kalma a cikin wani zance na musamman. Alal Missali: '''Ah!, Wayyo!, Lah!, Innalillahi!, Kai!''' Da sauransu. Ga Karin missalai a cikin jimloli:
* Saurayin na zuwa ya nuna mata kyautar bazatar da ya zo mata da ita. Sai ta cika da mamaki,sannan ta ja wani gwauron numfashi sanan ta ce, '''La!''' Amma ko na gode '''sosai!'''
* A lokacin da yaron yake guje-guje cikin lalatattun Kujerun cikin ajin, sai ya taka kusa, ya ce, '''wayyo Allahna!''' jin haka malaminsu ya leko yana cewa, '''kai!''' Me ya faru.
* Haba, yana lekowa cikkin dare sai ya ga wani duhu-duhu  dab da shi. Aiko ya firgita ya ce '''waye nan!'''

Yanzu sai mu lura cewa, a Missali na daya (1), mun yi amfani da '''Lah!''' da kuma '''sosai!'''. A Missali na biyu (2) kuma mun yi amfani da '''wayyo Allah!''' tare da '''kai!'''. Har illa yau a Missali na uku (3) kuma na karshe, mun yi amfani da '''waye nan!'''.
Don haka, wadannan missalai, kadan ne daga cikin missalan '''ayar Motsin-rai / ! /''' Ko kuma inda ya kamata a yi amfani da ita. Sannan kuma, ya kamata a fahimci cewa, dole ne a sami karfafa murya a duk inda ake nufin '''ayar Motsin-rai,''' domin idan aka yi amfani da sanyin murya ma'ana ba za ta samu ba.

==1.9 Zarce / ... /==
Zarce wata alama ce ta digo-dogo akalla guda uku (...), da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna ketare wata kalma ko Jimla a cikin rubutu. Ana samun missalai ta bangarori da dama, mussan a cikin karin magana, tsaallake gurbin amasa wata tambaya, dss. Missali:
# '''Ban sa a ka ba,...''' A nan ba a bukatar karasa zancen ne, shi ya sa aka yi digo-dogon. Manufa a nan, duk Wanda aka yi wa karin maganar, ya karasa ma'anar a zuci ko ma a fili. Wto kenan sai ya karasa zuwa '''inji barawon tagiya'''
# Haka kuma, akan saka wannan alama / ... /, a tsarin tambayar '''cikke tazara'''. Missali:
* '''Sunan Babban birnin kasar Najeriya...''' a nana sai cike da '''Abuja''' ko makamancin haka.

=='''2.0 Rabawa Da Haɗa Kalma'''==
Raba kalma da hada kalma, abubuwa ne mabanbanta amma, masu alaka da juna. Da farko za mu dauki raba kalma. Kamar haka:

==2.1 Raba Kalma==
raba kalma na nufin, barin kalma ta ci gashin kanta duk kankantarta Kuma duk girmanta. Hakan, na nufin a barkalma a matayita ba tare da an hade ta da wata ba, don kaucewa rasa ma'ana ta asali. Wato dai,kin raba kalmomin a inda ya ya dace, yana haifar da chanjawar ma'ana. Missali:

* Shi ne, (kar a ce: shine)
* Ita ce, (kar a ce: itace)
* Wa ya je da su kasuwa? (Kar a ce: waya je dasu kasuwa?)
* Ba ni na zo da shi ba, (kar a ce: bani nazo dashi ba)
* Da ni da ku mu hada Kai, (kar a ce: Dani daku mu hadakai)

A nan, idan muka Laura, mafi yawancin kalmomin da aka yi amfani da su, masu gaba dai-dai ne. Kuma kowacce an bar ta a matayinta. Don haka mu duba Missali na farko: '''Shi ne.''' Kalmar farko '''shi''' wakilin suna ce, Kalmar '''ce''' kuwa tana cikin wani aji na nahawu da ake cewa dirka. Don hak, idan aka hade su kamar '''Shine''' kalmomi biyu daban-daban an hade guri daya, don haka sun zama kalma daya ke nan, wacce kwata-kwata babu ita a Hausa sai a Turancin Ingilishi. Wacce ke nufin '''sheki''' a harshen Hausa.

A Missali na hudu kuwa, ('''ba ni na zo da shi ba ''') za a fahimci cewa, kowacce kalma tana dauke da gaba daya ne. Kuma, duk da rashin tsawonsu,ba a hada wata da wata ba, domin kuwacce na cin gashin kanta. To hakan shi ne daidai. Inda kuwa an hada wata Kalmar da wata, ma'anarta za ta canza. Missali, idan aka hada '''da''' tare da '''shi,''' za su koma kalma daya kamar haka: '''dashi.''' kuma Kalmar tana nufin sunan wata itaciya ne.

==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance.

Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya)

==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance.

Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya)

=='''3.0 Shaddatun Tagwayen Harufan Hausa'''==
Shadda na nufin nanata harafi sau biyu

=='''4.0 Kalmomin Mallaka'''==
Kalmomin Mallaka, wasu kalmomi ne da ake amfani da su wajen nuna faruwar mallaka a cikin rubutu. Game da ka'idojin rubun Hausa, an tanadar da hanyoyi biyu domin samar da rubutu mai inganci.
Don haka, muna da gajerar mallaka da kuma doguwar mallaka.

===4.1 Gajerar Mallaka===
Gajerar mallaka, ita ake hade Kalmar abinda aka mallaka da wakilin sunan abin da aka mallaka da wakilin sunan wanda yai mallaka a guri daya.missli: gida+na= ('''gidana''') a nan za a fahimci cewa, kalmar 'gida' da kalmar 'na' an haɗa su a guri ɗaya sun zama kamar kalma guda. A kiyaye da cewa, gajerar mallaka haɗe ta ake yi. Don haka, akwai ƙarin missalai kamar haka:
*Jakarta ba jakar ta ba;
*ajinsu ba ajin su ba;
*matata ba mata ta ba;
*ɗakinki ba ɗakin ki ba;
*motarka ba motar ka ba. 
*masallacinku ba Masallacin ku ba. Da sauransu.

==='''4.2 Doguwar Mallaka'''===

Ita doguwar mallaka, ba a haɗe ake rubuta ta ba. Wato ke nan, ana rabewa tsakanin abinda aka mallaka da kuma wakilin sunan mai mallaka. Ga missalai kamar haka:
* Jakar tata
* Ɗakin nasu
* Wayar tawa
* Littafin nashi
* Gonar taku
* Masallacin nawa
* Takalmin namu

Da haka, za mu fahimci cewa akwai banbanci tsakanin doguwar mallaka da gajerar mallaka.  Mu tuna da missalin farko na doguwar. Wato &quot;'''jakar tata'''&quot; ma'ana, an rubuta &quot;'''jakar'''&quot; daban, ita ma, &quot;'''tata'''&quot; daban. idan kuma a gajerar mallaka ne sai a rubuta &quot;'''jakarta'''&quot; a haɗe. Wato dai ana haɗa &quot;'''jakar'''&quot; da kuma &quot;'''ta'''&quot; a haɗe ('''jakarta''')

== Manazararta==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>889959</id>
      <parentid>889956</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-01T05:33:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Baban Asiya</username>
        <id>15906</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* 3.0 Shaddatun Tagwayen Harufan Hausa */</comment>
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      <text bytes="17763" sha1="2f88o5fohb12setfefnuxp3xntyinff" xml:space="preserve">== Ƙa'idojin rubutun hausa ==
Kamar yadda aka sani, kowanne lamari na duniya yana da ka'idar yadda ya kamata a gudanar da shi. Kuma bin ƙa'idar ita ke sa a sami dacen yadda ake bukata ba tare da an fuskanci wata matsala ba. Idan kuma ba a bi ka'idar ba to za a ga  ba daidai ba..
Tunda yake haka ne, rubutun Hausa shi ma, yana da ka'idarsa. Bin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa sau-da-kafa, su ke sa a sami rubutu mai Cikakkiyar ma'ana. Wato a sami daidaiton manufa tsakanin tunanain marubuci da kuma na makaranci.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://hemingwayapp.com/articles/grammar-punctuation/punctuation-marks&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

==Abin da ake nufi da ka'idojin rubutun hausa==
Ka'idojin rubutun Hausa, wani yanayi ne na lura da kiyaye ka'idojin harshen Hausa a rubuce domin samun damar isar da sakon da marubuci ke nufi zuwa ga mai karatu daidai da daidai, ba tare da canzawar ma'anar da marubuci ke nufi ba
. Haka kuma, yana samar da saukin fahimtar karatu daga mai karantawa.

== Fannonin Ka'idojin Rubutun Hausa ==
Fannonin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa da muke da su a nan, suna da dama. Kuma sune ginshin duk abinda ya kamata marubuci ya koya game da ka'idojin rubutun Hausa domin samun gwanancewa a rubutu. Don haka, zan zayyano su, sannan kuma na yi bayaninsu daki-daki kamar haka:

#Alamomin ajiye magana;
#Raba kalma da kuma hade kalma;
#Shaddatun tagwayen harufan Hausa;
#Gajera da doguwar mallaka;
#Dafa-keya 'w' da jakada 'w';
#Daurin 'm' da daurin 'n';

=='''1.0 Alamomin Ajiye Magana' (punctuation mark)'''== 
Ga Alamomin aje magana tare da bayanansu daki-daki:
* '''Aya / . /
* '''Waƙafi / . /
* '''Ayar tambaya / ? /
* '''Ruwa-biyu / : /
* '''Waƙafi m mai ruwa / ; /
* '''Karan-ɗori / - /
* '''Alamar zancen wani / &quot; &quot; /
* '''Baka-biyu / ( ) /
* '''Alamar Motsin rai / ! /
* '''Zarce / ... /

1.1 '''Aya / . /'''
Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta  cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali:

'''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.'''
idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan.

1.2== Wakafi/ , / ==
Wakafi, wata karmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali:

*'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.'''
To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: 
*'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.'''
A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe.

1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / ==
Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali:
* Aliyu ya zo?, 
* menene ake sayarwa?
Idan aka yi la'akari da missalan da ke sama, za a ga
an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkanin suna dauke da alamar tambaya. 
Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba:

Aliyu ya zo

A nan za a fahimci cewa, ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri.

1.4== Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/==
Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal:
# '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida)
# missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )'''

sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita
* idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:'''

* Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi;
* Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa;
* Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. 

A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da aka sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana.

==1.1 Aya / . /==
Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta  cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali:

'''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.'''
idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan.

==1.2 Wakafi/ , / ==
Waƙafi, wata ƙarmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali:

*'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.'''
To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: 
*'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.'''
A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe.

1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / ==
Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali:
* Aliyu ya zo?, 
* menene ake sayarwa?
Idan aka yi la'akari missalan da ke sama, za a ga
an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkaninsu suna dauke da alamar tambaya. 
Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba:

Aliyu ya zo

A nan za a fahimci cewa ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri.

==1.4 Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/==
Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal:
# '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida)
# missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )'''

sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita
* idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:'''

* Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi;
* Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa;
* Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. 

A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da na sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana.

==1.5 Waƙafi mai ruwa / ; / ==

wannan alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen raba jerin wasu jimloli ko kalmomi a cikin zance. 
Game da missali, a duba a missalin karshe na Aya mai ruwa, za a ga yadda aka bayyana abinda Shugaban kasa ya zayyana.  A nan za a ga an sa
Ka alamar /;/ a gaban kowacce jimla. 
Ga Karin missali:
* Shugqban makarantar ya gargadi dalibai cewa,idan sun tashi dawowa daga hutu, su zo da kayan karatu kamar irin wadannan:
# littafin koyon turanci, aji na biyar;
# littafin koyan lissafi, aji na biyar;
# littafin nazarin rayuwar dan Adam, aji na biyar;
# littafin koyan karatn Hausa, aji na biyar.
A wadannan missalai za a lura cewa, a duk karshen jimloli 3 na farko an saka alamaar tsayawa ta wakafi mai ruwa (;), in banda jimla ta karshe da aka yi wa alamar aya /./

==1.6 Karan-ɗori / - /==
Karan-dori, alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen hade kalmomi biyu ko sama da biyu, su zama kalma daya da ma'ana daya. Akan saka wannan alama ne a tsakanin kalmomi da suka zo iri daya ko wadanda suka zo daban-daban. Kin  saka wannan alama a inda ya dace, yakan kawo sabanin ma'ana tsakanin mawallafi da makaranci. Missali:
# malam-buda-mana-littafi (sunnan wani kafilfilo);
# fadi-ka-mutu (tangaran);
# fari-fari (abinda bai kai fari sosai ba);
# malfar-ungulu (wani tsiro ne); dss.
A lura da kyau, idan muka dauki missali na farko, (malam-buda-mana-littafi)  za mu ga yana nufin sunan wani abu wato (kafilfilo). Idan kuma ba a sa wannan alama ba a tsakankanin kalmomin (malam buda mana littafi) to rubutun ya zama wata jimla mai nufin umarni, maimakon kalma daya mai nufin sunan wani Kwaro. Wato, dalibai ne ke umartar malaminsu da ya buda masu littafi. Don haka, zamu fahimci cewa, idan an saka alamar, zancen ya zama Kalma daya kacal. Amma idan ba a sa alamar ba to rubutun ya zama jimla sukum.
# Karin Missali, idan mutum yana rubutu a cikin takarda ko kan allo, sai aka fara rubuta wata kalma da ta zo a karshen layi sannan kuma ba ta karasu duka ba, sai a saka karan-dori ( - ) kuma a karasata a layi na kasa.

==1.7 Alamar baka-biyu / ( ) /==
Wannan wata alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna karin bayani akan wata kalma, ko Jimla ko dai a kan wata maganar ta daban. Ga missalai nan kamar haka:
* Yaron da aka kama da laifin kisan matar, 'yar uwa ce ga mahaifin yaron (Gwaggon yaron ce)
* Gwamnan kano, Alh. Abba Kabir Yusuf, ya tura wakilinsa (Sunusi Nature) wajen Taron.
* # Ni mutum ne mai son a sami zaman lafiya tsakanin Musulmai da wanda ba Musulmai ba (Kiristoci).

==1.8 Ayar Motsin-rai / ! /==
Ayar Motsin-rai, wata alama ce da ke nuni da zaburar furuci cikin gaggawar kargafa murya. Hakan na faruwa ne yawanci a farkon bayyanar mury cikin Karfafawa, musamman a kalmomin; razana,mamaki, tausayi da kuma karfafar wata kalma a cikin wani zance na musamman. Alal Missali: '''Ah!, Wayyo!, Lah!, Innalillahi!, Kai!''' Da sauransu. Ga Karin missalai a cikin jimloli:
* Saurayin na zuwa ya nuna mata kyautar bazatar da ya zo mata da ita. Sai ta cika da mamaki,sannan ta ja wani gwauron numfashi sanan ta ce, '''La!''' Amma ko na gode '''sosai!'''
* A lokacin da yaron yake guje-guje cikin lalatattun Kujerun cikin ajin, sai ya taka kusa, ya ce, '''wayyo Allahna!''' jin haka malaminsu ya leko yana cewa, '''kai!''' Me ya faru.
* Haba, yana lekowa cikkin dare sai ya ga wani duhu-duhu  dab da shi. Aiko ya firgita ya ce '''waye nan!'''

Yanzu sai mu lura cewa, a Missali na daya (1), mun yi amfani da '''Lah!''' da kuma '''sosai!'''. A Missali na biyu (2) kuma mun yi amfani da '''wayyo Allah!''' tare da '''kai!'''. Har illa yau a Missali na uku (3) kuma na karshe, mun yi amfani da '''waye nan!'''.
Don haka, wadannan missalai, kadan ne daga cikin missalan '''ayar Motsin-rai / ! /''' Ko kuma inda ya kamata a yi amfani da ita. Sannan kuma, ya kamata a fahimci cewa, dole ne a sami karfafa murya a duk inda ake nufin '''ayar Motsin-rai,''' domin idan aka yi amfani da sanyin murya ma'ana ba za ta samu ba.

==1.9 Zarce / ... /==
Zarce wata alama ce ta digo-dogo akalla guda uku (...), da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna ketare wata kalma ko Jimla a cikin rubutu. Ana samun missalai ta bangarori da dama, mussan a cikin karin magana, tsaallake gurbin amasa wata tambaya, dss. Missali:
# '''Ban sa a ka ba,...''' A nan ba a bukatar karasa zancen ne, shi ya sa aka yi digo-dogon. Manufa a nan, duk Wanda aka yi wa karin maganar, ya karasa ma'anar a zuci ko ma a fili. Wto kenan sai ya karasa zuwa '''inji barawon tagiya'''
# Haka kuma, akan saka wannan alama / ... /, a tsarin tambayar '''cikke tazara'''. Missali:
* '''Sunan Babban birnin kasar Najeriya...''' a nana sai cike da '''Abuja''' ko makamancin haka.

=='''2.0 Rabawa Da Haɗa Kalma'''==
Raba kalma da hada kalma, abubuwa ne mabanbanta amma, masu alaka da juna. Da farko za mu dauki raba kalma. Kamar haka:

==2.1 Raba Kalma==
raba kalma na nufin, barin kalma ta ci gashin kanta duk kankantarta Kuma duk girmanta. Hakan, na nufin a barkalma a matayita ba tare da an hade ta da wata ba, don kaucewa rasa ma'ana ta asali. Wato dai,kin raba kalmomin a inda ya ya dace, yana haifar da chanjawar ma'ana. Missali:

* Shi ne, (kar a ce: shine)
* Ita ce, (kar a ce: itace)
* Wa ya je da su kasuwa? (Kar a ce: waya je dasu kasuwa?)
* Ba ni na zo da shi ba, (kar a ce: bani nazo dashi ba)
* Da ni da ku mu hada Kai, (kar a ce: Dani daku mu hadakai)

A nan, idan muka Laura, mafi yawancin kalmomin da aka yi amfani da su, masu gaba dai-dai ne. Kuma kowacce an bar ta a matayinta. Don haka mu duba Missali na farko: '''Shi ne.''' Kalmar farko '''shi''' wakilin suna ce, Kalmar '''ce''' kuwa tana cikin wani aji na nahawu da ake cewa dirka. Don hak, idan aka hade su kamar '''Shine''' kalmomi biyu daban-daban an hade guri daya, don haka sun zama kalma daya ke nan, wacce kwata-kwata babu ita a Hausa sai a Turancin Ingilishi. Wacce ke nufin '''sheki''' a harshen Hausa.

A Missali na hudu kuwa, ('''ba ni na zo da shi ba ''') za a fahimci cewa, kowacce kalma tana dauke da gaba daya ne. Kuma, duk da rashin tsawonsu,ba a hada wata da wata ba, domin kuwacce na cin gashin kanta. To hakan shi ne daidai. Inda kuwa an hada wata Kalmar da wata, ma'anarta za ta canza. Missali, idan aka hada '''da''' tare da '''shi,''' za su koma kalma daya kamar haka: '''dashi.''' kuma Kalmar tana nufin sunan wata itaciya ne.

==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance.

Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya)

==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance.

Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya)

=='''3.0 Shaddatun Tagwayen Harufan Hausa'''==
Shadda na nufin nanata harafi sau biyu. Sannan kuma, muna da tagwayen harufa a harshen Hausa

=='''4.0 Kalmomin Mallaka'''==
Kalmomin Mallaka, wasu kalmomi ne da ake amfani da su wajen nuna faruwar mallaka a cikin rubutu. Game da ka'idojin rubun Hausa, an tanadar da hanyoyi biyu domin samar da rubutu mai inganci.
Don haka, muna da gajerar mallaka da kuma doguwar mallaka.

===4.1 Gajerar Mallaka===
Gajerar mallaka, ita ake hade Kalmar abinda aka mallaka da wakilin sunan abin da aka mallaka da wakilin sunan wanda yai mallaka a guri daya.missli: gida+na= ('''gidana''') a nan za a fahimci cewa, kalmar 'gida' da kalmar 'na' an haɗa su a guri ɗaya sun zama kamar kalma guda. A kiyaye da cewa, gajerar mallaka haɗe ta ake yi. Don haka, akwai ƙarin missalai kamar haka:
*Jakarta ba jakar ta ba;
*ajinsu ba ajin su ba;
*matata ba mata ta ba;
*ɗakinki ba ɗakin ki ba;
*motarka ba motar ka ba. 
*masallacinku ba Masallacin ku ba. Da sauransu.

==='''4.2 Doguwar Mallaka'''===

Ita doguwar mallaka, ba a haɗe ake rubuta ta ba. Wato ke nan, ana rabewa tsakanin abinda aka mallaka da kuma wakilin sunan mai mallaka. Ga missalai kamar haka:
* Jakar tata
* Ɗakin nasu
* Wayar tawa
* Littafin nashi
* Gonar taku
* Masallacin nawa
* Takalmin namu

Da haka, za mu fahimci cewa akwai banbanci tsakanin doguwar mallaka da gajerar mallaka.  Mu tuna da missalin farko na doguwar. Wato &quot;'''jakar tata'''&quot; ma'ana, an rubuta &quot;'''jakar'''&quot; daban, ita ma, &quot;'''tata'''&quot; daban. idan kuma a gajerar mallaka ne sai a rubuta &quot;'''jakarta'''&quot; a haɗe. Wato dai ana haɗa &quot;'''jakar'''&quot; da kuma &quot;'''ta'''&quot; a haɗe ('''jakarta''')

== Manazararta==</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>889960</id>
      <parentid>889959</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-01T05:36:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Baban Asiya</username>
        <id>15906</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* 3.0 Shaddatun Tagwayen Harufan Hausa */</comment>
      <origin>889960</origin>
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      <text bytes="17789" sha1="pknc40b8tdvkjdcs5ncadf4iacax5ue" xml:space="preserve">== Ƙa'idojin rubutun hausa ==
Kamar yadda aka sani, kowanne lamari na duniya yana da ka'idar yadda ya kamata a gudanar da shi. Kuma bin ƙa'idar ita ke sa a sami dacen yadda ake bukata ba tare da an fuskanci wata matsala ba. Idan kuma ba a bi ka'idar ba to za a ga  ba daidai ba..
Tunda yake haka ne, rubutun Hausa shi ma, yana da ka'idarsa. Bin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa sau-da-kafa, su ke sa a sami rubutu mai Cikakkiyar ma'ana. Wato a sami daidaiton manufa tsakanin tunanain marubuci da kuma na makaranci.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://hemingwayapp.com/articles/grammar-punctuation/punctuation-marks&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

==Abin da ake nufi da ka'idojin rubutun hausa==
Ka'idojin rubutun Hausa, wani yanayi ne na lura da kiyaye ka'idojin harshen Hausa a rubuce domin samun damar isar da sakon da marubuci ke nufi zuwa ga mai karatu daidai da daidai, ba tare da canzawar ma'anar da marubuci ke nufi ba
. Haka kuma, yana samar da saukin fahimtar karatu daga mai karantawa.

== Fannonin Ka'idojin Rubutun Hausa ==
Fannonin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa da muke da su a nan, suna da dama. Kuma sune ginshin duk abinda ya kamata marubuci ya koya game da ka'idojin rubutun Hausa domin samun gwanancewa a rubutu. Don haka, zan zayyano su, sannan kuma na yi bayaninsu daki-daki kamar haka:

#Alamomin ajiye magana;
#Raba kalma da kuma hade kalma;
#Shaddatun tagwayen harufan Hausa;
#Gajera da doguwar mallaka;
#Dafa-keya 'w' da jakada 'w';
#Daurin 'm' da daurin 'n';

=='''1.0 Alamomin Ajiye Magana' (punctuation mark)'''== 
Ga Alamomin aje magana tare da bayanansu daki-daki:
* '''Aya / . /
* '''Waƙafi / . /
* '''Ayar tambaya / ? /
* '''Ruwa-biyu / : /
* '''Waƙafi m mai ruwa / ; /
* '''Karan-ɗori / - /
* '''Alamar zancen wani / &quot; &quot; /
* '''Baka-biyu / ( ) /
* '''Alamar Motsin rai / ! /
* '''Zarce / ... /

1.1 '''Aya / . /'''
Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta  cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali:

'''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.'''
idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan.

1.2== Wakafi/ , / ==
Wakafi, wata karmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali:

*'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.'''
To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: 
*'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.'''
A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe.

1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / ==
Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali:
* Aliyu ya zo?, 
* menene ake sayarwa?
Idan aka yi la'akari da missalan da ke sama, za a ga
an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkanin suna dauke da alamar tambaya. 
Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba:

Aliyu ya zo

A nan za a fahimci cewa, ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri.

1.4== Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/==
Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal:
# '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida)
# missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )'''

sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita
* idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:'''

* Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi;
* Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa;
* Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. 

A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da aka sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana.

==1.1 Aya / . /==
Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta  cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali:

'''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.'''
idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan.

==1.2 Wakafi/ , / ==
Waƙafi, wata ƙarmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali:

*'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.'''
To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: 
*'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.'''
A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe.

1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / ==
Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali:
* Aliyu ya zo?, 
* menene ake sayarwa?
Idan aka yi la'akari missalan da ke sama, za a ga
an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkaninsu suna dauke da alamar tambaya. 
Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba:

Aliyu ya zo

A nan za a fahimci cewa ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri.

==1.4 Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/==
Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal:
# '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida)
# missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )'''

sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita
* idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:'''

* Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi;
* Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa;
* Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. 

A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da na sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana.

==1.5 Waƙafi mai ruwa / ; / ==

wannan alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen raba jerin wasu jimloli ko kalmomi a cikin zance. 
Game da missali, a duba a missalin karshe na Aya mai ruwa, za a ga yadda aka bayyana abinda Shugaban kasa ya zayyana.  A nan za a ga an sa
Ka alamar /;/ a gaban kowacce jimla. 
Ga Karin missali:
* Shugqban makarantar ya gargadi dalibai cewa,idan sun tashi dawowa daga hutu, su zo da kayan karatu kamar irin wadannan:
# littafin koyon turanci, aji na biyar;
# littafin koyan lissafi, aji na biyar;
# littafin nazarin rayuwar dan Adam, aji na biyar;
# littafin koyan karatn Hausa, aji na biyar.
A wadannan missalai za a lura cewa, a duk karshen jimloli 3 na farko an saka alamaar tsayawa ta wakafi mai ruwa (;), in banda jimla ta karshe da aka yi wa alamar aya /./

==1.6 Karan-ɗori / - /==
Karan-dori, alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen hade kalmomi biyu ko sama da biyu, su zama kalma daya da ma'ana daya. Akan saka wannan alama ne a tsakanin kalmomi da suka zo iri daya ko wadanda suka zo daban-daban. Kin  saka wannan alama a inda ya dace, yakan kawo sabanin ma'ana tsakanin mawallafi da makaranci. Missali:
# malam-buda-mana-littafi (sunnan wani kafilfilo);
# fadi-ka-mutu (tangaran);
# fari-fari (abinda bai kai fari sosai ba);
# malfar-ungulu (wani tsiro ne); dss.
A lura da kyau, idan muka dauki missali na farko, (malam-buda-mana-littafi)  za mu ga yana nufin sunan wani abu wato (kafilfilo). Idan kuma ba a sa wannan alama ba a tsakankanin kalmomin (malam buda mana littafi) to rubutun ya zama wata jimla mai nufin umarni, maimakon kalma daya mai nufin sunan wani Kwaro. Wato, dalibai ne ke umartar malaminsu da ya buda masu littafi. Don haka, zamu fahimci cewa, idan an saka alamar, zancen ya zama Kalma daya kacal. Amma idan ba a sa alamar ba to rubutun ya zama jimla sukum.
# Karin Missali, idan mutum yana rubutu a cikin takarda ko kan allo, sai aka fara rubuta wata kalma da ta zo a karshen layi sannan kuma ba ta karasu duka ba, sai a saka karan-dori ( - ) kuma a karasata a layi na kasa.

==1.7 Alamar baka-biyu / ( ) /==
Wannan wata alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna karin bayani akan wata kalma, ko Jimla ko dai a kan wata maganar ta daban. Ga missalai nan kamar haka:
* Yaron da aka kama da laifin kisan matar, 'yar uwa ce ga mahaifin yaron (Gwaggon yaron ce)
* Gwamnan kano, Alh. Abba Kabir Yusuf, ya tura wakilinsa (Sunusi Nature) wajen Taron.
* # Ni mutum ne mai son a sami zaman lafiya tsakanin Musulmai da wanda ba Musulmai ba (Kiristoci).

==1.8 Ayar Motsin-rai / ! /==
Ayar Motsin-rai, wata alama ce da ke nuni da zaburar furuci cikin gaggawar kargafa murya. Hakan na faruwa ne yawanci a farkon bayyanar mury cikin Karfafawa, musamman a kalmomin; razana,mamaki, tausayi da kuma karfafar wata kalma a cikin wani zance na musamman. Alal Missali: '''Ah!, Wayyo!, Lah!, Innalillahi!, Kai!''' Da sauransu. Ga Karin missalai a cikin jimloli:
* Saurayin na zuwa ya nuna mata kyautar bazatar da ya zo mata da ita. Sai ta cika da mamaki,sannan ta ja wani gwauron numfashi sanan ta ce, '''La!''' Amma ko na gode '''sosai!'''
* A lokacin da yaron yake guje-guje cikin lalatattun Kujerun cikin ajin, sai ya taka kusa, ya ce, '''wayyo Allahna!''' jin haka malaminsu ya leko yana cewa, '''kai!''' Me ya faru.
* Haba, yana lekowa cikkin dare sai ya ga wani duhu-duhu  dab da shi. Aiko ya firgita ya ce '''waye nan!'''

Yanzu sai mu lura cewa, a Missali na daya (1), mun yi amfani da '''Lah!''' da kuma '''sosai!'''. A Missali na biyu (2) kuma mun yi amfani da '''wayyo Allah!''' tare da '''kai!'''. Har illa yau a Missali na uku (3) kuma na karshe, mun yi amfani da '''waye nan!'''.
Don haka, wadannan missalai, kadan ne daga cikin missalan '''ayar Motsin-rai / ! /''' Ko kuma inda ya kamata a yi amfani da ita. Sannan kuma, ya kamata a fahimci cewa, dole ne a sami karfafa murya a duk inda ake nufin '''ayar Motsin-rai,''' domin idan aka yi amfani da sanyin murya ma'ana ba za ta samu ba.

==1.9 Zarce / ... /==
Zarce wata alama ce ta digo-dogo akalla guda uku (...), da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna ketare wata kalma ko Jimla a cikin rubutu. Ana samun missalai ta bangarori da dama, mussan a cikin karin magana, tsaallake gurbin amasa wata tambaya, dss. Missali:
# '''Ban sa a ka ba,...''' A nan ba a bukatar karasa zancen ne, shi ya sa aka yi digo-dogon. Manufa a nan, duk Wanda aka yi wa karin maganar, ya karasa ma'anar a zuci ko ma a fili. Wto kenan sai ya karasa zuwa '''inji barawon tagiya'''
# Haka kuma, akan saka wannan alama / ... /, a tsarin tambayar '''cikke tazara'''. Missali:
* '''Sunan Babban birnin kasar Najeriya...''' a nana sai cike da '''Abuja''' ko makamancin haka.

=='''2.0 Rabawa Da Haɗa Kalma'''==
Raba kalma da hada kalma, abubuwa ne mabanbanta amma, masu alaka da juna. Da farko za mu dauki raba kalma. Kamar haka:

==2.1 Raba Kalma==
raba kalma na nufin, barin kalma ta ci gashin kanta duk kankantarta Kuma duk girmanta. Hakan, na nufin a barkalma a matayita ba tare da an hade ta da wata ba, don kaucewa rasa ma'ana ta asali. Wato dai,kin raba kalmomin a inda ya ya dace, yana haifar da chanjawar ma'ana. Missali:

* Shi ne, (kar a ce: shine)
* Ita ce, (kar a ce: itace)
* Wa ya je da su kasuwa? (Kar a ce: waya je dasu kasuwa?)
* Ba ni na zo da shi ba, (kar a ce: bani nazo dashi ba)
* Da ni da ku mu hada Kai, (kar a ce: Dani daku mu hadakai)

A nan, idan muka Laura, mafi yawancin kalmomin da aka yi amfani da su, masu gaba dai-dai ne. Kuma kowacce an bar ta a matayinta. Don haka mu duba Missali na farko: '''Shi ne.''' Kalmar farko '''shi''' wakilin suna ce, Kalmar '''ce''' kuwa tana cikin wani aji na nahawu da ake cewa dirka. Don hak, idan aka hade su kamar '''Shine''' kalmomi biyu daban-daban an hade guri daya, don haka sun zama kalma daya ke nan, wacce kwata-kwata babu ita a Hausa sai a Turancin Ingilishi. Wacce ke nufin '''sheki''' a harshen Hausa.

A Missali na hudu kuwa, ('''ba ni na zo da shi ba ''') za a fahimci cewa, kowacce kalma tana dauke da gaba daya ne. Kuma, duk da rashin tsawonsu,ba a hada wata da wata ba, domin kuwacce na cin gashin kanta. To hakan shi ne daidai. Inda kuwa an hada wata Kalmar da wata, ma'anarta za ta canza. Missali, idan aka hada '''da''' tare da '''shi,''' za su koma kalma daya kamar haka: '''dashi.''' kuma Kalmar tana nufin sunan wata itaciya ne.

==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance.

Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya)

==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance.

Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya)

=='''3.0 Shaddatun Tagwayen Harufan Hausa'''==
Shadda na nufin nanata harafi sau biyu. Sannan kuma, muna da tagwayen harufa a harshen Hausa,kamar, '''gw, gy, fy, sh,

=='''4.0 Kalmomin Mallaka'''==
Kalmomin Mallaka, wasu kalmomi ne da ake amfani da su wajen nuna faruwar mallaka a cikin rubutu. Game da ka'idojin rubun Hausa, an tanadar da hanyoyi biyu domin samar da rubutu mai inganci.
Don haka, muna da gajerar mallaka da kuma doguwar mallaka.

===4.1 Gajerar Mallaka===
Gajerar mallaka, ita ake hade Kalmar abinda aka mallaka da wakilin sunan abin da aka mallaka da wakilin sunan wanda yai mallaka a guri daya.missli: gida+na= ('''gidana''') a nan za a fahimci cewa, kalmar 'gida' da kalmar 'na' an haɗa su a guri ɗaya sun zama kamar kalma guda. A kiyaye da cewa, gajerar mallaka haɗe ta ake yi. Don haka, akwai ƙarin missalai kamar haka:
*Jakarta ba jakar ta ba;
*ajinsu ba ajin su ba;
*matata ba mata ta ba;
*ɗakinki ba ɗakin ki ba;
*motarka ba motar ka ba. 
*masallacinku ba Masallacin ku ba. Da sauransu.

==='''4.2 Doguwar Mallaka'''===

Ita doguwar mallaka, ba a haɗe ake rubuta ta ba. Wato ke nan, ana rabewa tsakanin abinda aka mallaka da kuma wakilin sunan mai mallaka. Ga missalai kamar haka:
* Jakar tata
* Ɗakin nasu
* Wayar tawa
* Littafin nashi
* Gonar taku
* Masallacin nawa
* Takalmin namu

Da haka, za mu fahimci cewa akwai banbanci tsakanin doguwar mallaka da gajerar mallaka.  Mu tuna da missalin farko na doguwar. Wato &quot;'''jakar tata'''&quot; ma'ana, an rubuta &quot;'''jakar'''&quot; daban, ita ma, &quot;'''tata'''&quot; daban. idan kuma a gajerar mallaka ne sai a rubuta &quot;'''jakarta'''&quot; a haɗe. Wato dai ana haɗa &quot;'''jakar'''&quot; da kuma &quot;'''ta'''&quot; a haɗe ('''jakarta''')

== Manazararta==</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>889962</id>
      <parentid>889960</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-01T05:38:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Baban Asiya</username>
        <id>15906</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* 3.0 Shaddatun Tagwayen Harufan Hausa */</comment>
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      <text bytes="17814" sha1="4kwn9e20trjmyqa1yit7tjyxczgfvn1" xml:space="preserve">== Ƙa'idojin rubutun hausa ==
Kamar yadda aka sani, kowanne lamari na duniya yana da ka'idar yadda ya kamata a gudanar da shi. Kuma bin ƙa'idar ita ke sa a sami dacen yadda ake bukata ba tare da an fuskanci wata matsala ba. Idan kuma ba a bi ka'idar ba to za a ga  ba daidai ba..
Tunda yake haka ne, rubutun Hausa shi ma, yana da ka'idarsa. Bin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa sau-da-kafa, su ke sa a sami rubutu mai Cikakkiyar ma'ana. Wato a sami daidaiton manufa tsakanin tunanain marubuci da kuma na makaranci.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://hemingwayapp.com/articles/grammar-punctuation/punctuation-marks&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

==Abin da ake nufi da ka'idojin rubutun hausa==
Ka'idojin rubutun Hausa, wani yanayi ne na lura da kiyaye ka'idojin harshen Hausa a rubuce domin samun damar isar da sakon da marubuci ke nufi zuwa ga mai karatu daidai da daidai, ba tare da canzawar ma'anar da marubuci ke nufi ba
. Haka kuma, yana samar da saukin fahimtar karatu daga mai karantawa.

== Fannonin Ka'idojin Rubutun Hausa ==
Fannonin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa da muke da su a nan, suna da dama. Kuma sune ginshin duk abinda ya kamata marubuci ya koya game da ka'idojin rubutun Hausa domin samun gwanancewa a rubutu. Don haka, zan zayyano su, sannan kuma na yi bayaninsu daki-daki kamar haka:

#Alamomin ajiye magana;
#Raba kalma da kuma hade kalma;
#Shaddatun tagwayen harufan Hausa;
#Gajera da doguwar mallaka;
#Dafa-keya 'w' da jakada 'w';
#Daurin 'm' da daurin 'n';

=='''1.0 Alamomin Ajiye Magana' (punctuation mark)'''== 
Ga Alamomin aje magana tare da bayanansu daki-daki:
* '''Aya / . /
* '''Waƙafi / . /
* '''Ayar tambaya / ? /
* '''Ruwa-biyu / : /
* '''Waƙafi m mai ruwa / ; /
* '''Karan-ɗori / - /
* '''Alamar zancen wani / &quot; &quot; /
* '''Baka-biyu / ( ) /
* '''Alamar Motsin rai / ! /
* '''Zarce / ... /

1.1 '''Aya / . /'''
Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta  cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali:

'''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.'''
idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan.

1.2== Wakafi/ , / ==
Wakafi, wata karmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali:

*'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.'''
To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: 
*'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.'''
A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe.

1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / ==
Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali:
* Aliyu ya zo?, 
* menene ake sayarwa?
Idan aka yi la'akari da missalan da ke sama, za a ga
an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkanin suna dauke da alamar tambaya. 
Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba:

Aliyu ya zo

A nan za a fahimci cewa, ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri.

1.4== Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/==
Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal:
# '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida)
# missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )'''

sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita
* idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:'''

* Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi;
* Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa;
* Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. 

A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da aka sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana.

==1.1 Aya / . /==
Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta  cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali:

'''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.'''
idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan.

==1.2 Wakafi/ , / ==
Waƙafi, wata ƙarmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali:

*'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.'''
To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: 
*'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.'''
A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe.

1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / ==
Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali:
* Aliyu ya zo?, 
* menene ake sayarwa?
Idan aka yi la'akari missalan da ke sama, za a ga
an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkaninsu suna dauke da alamar tambaya. 
Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba:

Aliyu ya zo

A nan za a fahimci cewa ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri.

==1.4 Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/==
Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal:
# '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida)
# missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )'''

sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita
* idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:'''

* Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi;
* Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa;
* Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. 

A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da na sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana.

==1.5 Waƙafi mai ruwa / ; / ==

wannan alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen raba jerin wasu jimloli ko kalmomi a cikin zance. 
Game da missali, a duba a missalin karshe na Aya mai ruwa, za a ga yadda aka bayyana abinda Shugaban kasa ya zayyana.  A nan za a ga an sa
Ka alamar /;/ a gaban kowacce jimla. 
Ga Karin missali:
* Shugqban makarantar ya gargadi dalibai cewa,idan sun tashi dawowa daga hutu, su zo da kayan karatu kamar irin wadannan:
# littafin koyon turanci, aji na biyar;
# littafin koyan lissafi, aji na biyar;
# littafin nazarin rayuwar dan Adam, aji na biyar;
# littafin koyan karatn Hausa, aji na biyar.
A wadannan missalai za a lura cewa, a duk karshen jimloli 3 na farko an saka alamaar tsayawa ta wakafi mai ruwa (;), in banda jimla ta karshe da aka yi wa alamar aya /./

==1.6 Karan-ɗori / - /==
Karan-dori, alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen hade kalmomi biyu ko sama da biyu, su zama kalma daya da ma'ana daya. Akan saka wannan alama ne a tsakanin kalmomi da suka zo iri daya ko wadanda suka zo daban-daban. Kin  saka wannan alama a inda ya dace, yakan kawo sabanin ma'ana tsakanin mawallafi da makaranci. Missali:
# malam-buda-mana-littafi (sunnan wani kafilfilo);
# fadi-ka-mutu (tangaran);
# fari-fari (abinda bai kai fari sosai ba);
# malfar-ungulu (wani tsiro ne); dss.
A lura da kyau, idan muka dauki missali na farko, (malam-buda-mana-littafi)  za mu ga yana nufin sunan wani abu wato (kafilfilo). Idan kuma ba a sa wannan alama ba a tsakankanin kalmomin (malam buda mana littafi) to rubutun ya zama wata jimla mai nufin umarni, maimakon kalma daya mai nufin sunan wani Kwaro. Wato, dalibai ne ke umartar malaminsu da ya buda masu littafi. Don haka, zamu fahimci cewa, idan an saka alamar, zancen ya zama Kalma daya kacal. Amma idan ba a sa alamar ba to rubutun ya zama jimla sukum.
# Karin Missali, idan mutum yana rubutu a cikin takarda ko kan allo, sai aka fara rubuta wata kalma da ta zo a karshen layi sannan kuma ba ta karasu duka ba, sai a saka karan-dori ( - ) kuma a karasata a layi na kasa.

==1.7 Alamar baka-biyu / ( ) /==
Wannan wata alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna karin bayani akan wata kalma, ko Jimla ko dai a kan wata maganar ta daban. Ga missalai nan kamar haka:
* Yaron da aka kama da laifin kisan matar, 'yar uwa ce ga mahaifin yaron (Gwaggon yaron ce)
* Gwamnan kano, Alh. Abba Kabir Yusuf, ya tura wakilinsa (Sunusi Nature) wajen Taron.
* # Ni mutum ne mai son a sami zaman lafiya tsakanin Musulmai da wanda ba Musulmai ba (Kiristoci).

==1.8 Ayar Motsin-rai / ! /==
Ayar Motsin-rai, wata alama ce da ke nuni da zaburar furuci cikin gaggawar kargafa murya. Hakan na faruwa ne yawanci a farkon bayyanar mury cikin Karfafawa, musamman a kalmomin; razana,mamaki, tausayi da kuma karfafar wata kalma a cikin wani zance na musamman. Alal Missali: '''Ah!, Wayyo!, Lah!, Innalillahi!, Kai!''' Da sauransu. Ga Karin missalai a cikin jimloli:
* Saurayin na zuwa ya nuna mata kyautar bazatar da ya zo mata da ita. Sai ta cika da mamaki,sannan ta ja wani gwauron numfashi sanan ta ce, '''La!''' Amma ko na gode '''sosai!'''
* A lokacin da yaron yake guje-guje cikin lalatattun Kujerun cikin ajin, sai ya taka kusa, ya ce, '''wayyo Allahna!''' jin haka malaminsu ya leko yana cewa, '''kai!''' Me ya faru.
* Haba, yana lekowa cikkin dare sai ya ga wani duhu-duhu  dab da shi. Aiko ya firgita ya ce '''waye nan!'''

Yanzu sai mu lura cewa, a Missali na daya (1), mun yi amfani da '''Lah!''' da kuma '''sosai!'''. A Missali na biyu (2) kuma mun yi amfani da '''wayyo Allah!''' tare da '''kai!'''. Har illa yau a Missali na uku (3) kuma na karshe, mun yi amfani da '''waye nan!'''.
Don haka, wadannan missalai, kadan ne daga cikin missalan '''ayar Motsin-rai / ! /''' Ko kuma inda ya kamata a yi amfani da ita. Sannan kuma, ya kamata a fahimci cewa, dole ne a sami karfafa murya a duk inda ake nufin '''ayar Motsin-rai,''' domin idan aka yi amfani da sanyin murya ma'ana ba za ta samu ba.

==1.9 Zarce / ... /==
Zarce wata alama ce ta digo-dogo akalla guda uku (...), da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna ketare wata kalma ko Jimla a cikin rubutu. Ana samun missalai ta bangarori da dama, mussan a cikin karin magana, tsaallake gurbin amasa wata tambaya, dss. Missali:
# '''Ban sa a ka ba,...''' A nan ba a bukatar karasa zancen ne, shi ya sa aka yi digo-dogon. Manufa a nan, duk Wanda aka yi wa karin maganar, ya karasa ma'anar a zuci ko ma a fili. Wto kenan sai ya karasa zuwa '''inji barawon tagiya'''
# Haka kuma, akan saka wannan alama / ... /, a tsarin tambayar '''cikke tazara'''. Missali:
* '''Sunan Babban birnin kasar Najeriya...''' a nana sai cike da '''Abuja''' ko makamancin haka.

=='''2.0 Rabawa Da Haɗa Kalma'''==
Raba kalma da hada kalma, abubuwa ne mabanbanta amma, masu alaka da juna. Da farko za mu dauki raba kalma. Kamar haka:

==2.1 Raba Kalma==
raba kalma na nufin, barin kalma ta ci gashin kanta duk kankantarta Kuma duk girmanta. Hakan, na nufin a barkalma a matayita ba tare da an hade ta da wata ba, don kaucewa rasa ma'ana ta asali. Wato dai,kin raba kalmomin a inda ya ya dace, yana haifar da chanjawar ma'ana. Missali:

* Shi ne, (kar a ce: shine)
* Ita ce, (kar a ce: itace)
* Wa ya je da su kasuwa? (Kar a ce: waya je dasu kasuwa?)
* Ba ni na zo da shi ba, (kar a ce: bani nazo dashi ba)
* Da ni da ku mu hada Kai, (kar a ce: Dani daku mu hadakai)

A nan, idan muka Laura, mafi yawancin kalmomin da aka yi amfani da su, masu gaba dai-dai ne. Kuma kowacce an bar ta a matayinta. Don haka mu duba Missali na farko: '''Shi ne.''' Kalmar farko '''shi''' wakilin suna ce, Kalmar '''ce''' kuwa tana cikin wani aji na nahawu da ake cewa dirka. Don hak, idan aka hade su kamar '''Shine''' kalmomi biyu daban-daban an hade guri daya, don haka sun zama kalma daya ke nan, wacce kwata-kwata babu ita a Hausa sai a Turancin Ingilishi. Wacce ke nufin '''sheki''' a harshen Hausa.

A Missali na hudu kuwa, ('''ba ni na zo da shi ba ''') za a fahimci cewa, kowacce kalma tana dauke da gaba daya ne. Kuma, duk da rashin tsawonsu,ba a hada wata da wata ba, domin kuwacce na cin gashin kanta. To hakan shi ne daidai. Inda kuwa an hada wata Kalmar da wata, ma'anarta za ta canza. Missali, idan aka hada '''da''' tare da '''shi,''' za su koma kalma daya kamar haka: '''dashi.''' kuma Kalmar tana nufin sunan wata itaciya ne.

==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance.

Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya)

==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance.

Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya)

=='''3.0 Shaddatun Tagwayen Harufan Hausa (Daurin tagwayen harufa)'''==
Shadda na nufin nanata harafi sau biyu. Sannan kuma, muna da tagwayen harufa a harshen Hausa,kamar, '''gw, gy, fy, sh,

=='''4.0 Kalmomin Mallaka'''==
Kalmomin Mallaka, wasu kalmomi ne da ake amfani da su wajen nuna faruwar mallaka a cikin rubutu. Game da ka'idojin rubun Hausa, an tanadar da hanyoyi biyu domin samar da rubutu mai inganci.
Don haka, muna da gajerar mallaka da kuma doguwar mallaka.

===4.1 Gajerar Mallaka===
Gajerar mallaka, ita ake hade Kalmar abinda aka mallaka da wakilin sunan abin da aka mallaka da wakilin sunan wanda yai mallaka a guri daya.missli: gida+na= ('''gidana''') a nan za a fahimci cewa, kalmar 'gida' da kalmar 'na' an haɗa su a guri ɗaya sun zama kamar kalma guda. A kiyaye da cewa, gajerar mallaka haɗe ta ake yi. Don haka, akwai ƙarin missalai kamar haka:
*Jakarta ba jakar ta ba;
*ajinsu ba ajin su ba;
*matata ba mata ta ba;
*ɗakinki ba ɗakin ki ba;
*motarka ba motar ka ba. 
*masallacinku ba Masallacin ku ba. Da sauransu.

==='''4.2 Doguwar Mallaka'''===

Ita doguwar mallaka, ba a haɗe ake rubuta ta ba. Wato ke nan, ana rabewa tsakanin abinda aka mallaka da kuma wakilin sunan mai mallaka. Ga missalai kamar haka:
* Jakar tata
* Ɗakin nasu
* Wayar tawa
* Littafin nashi
* Gonar taku
* Masallacin nawa
* Takalmin namu

Da haka, za mu fahimci cewa akwai banbanci tsakanin doguwar mallaka da gajerar mallaka.  Mu tuna da missalin farko na doguwar. Wato &quot;'''jakar tata'''&quot; ma'ana, an rubuta &quot;'''jakar'''&quot; daban, ita ma, &quot;'''tata'''&quot; daban. idan kuma a gajerar mallaka ne sai a rubuta &quot;'''jakarta'''&quot; a haɗe. Wato dai ana haɗa &quot;'''jakar'''&quot; da kuma &quot;'''ta'''&quot; a haɗe ('''jakarta''')

== Manazararta==</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>889964</id>
      <parentid>889962</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-01T05:41:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Baban Asiya</username>
        <id>15906</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* 3.0 Shaddatun Tagwayen Harufan Hausa (Daurin tagwayen harufa) */</comment>
      <origin>889964</origin>
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      <text bytes="17831" sha1="4jzvdt0qq7l6ukwuzqllx0pb5sfkw3e" xml:space="preserve">== Ƙa'idojin rubutun hausa ==
Kamar yadda aka sani, kowanne lamari na duniya yana da ka'idar yadda ya kamata a gudanar da shi. Kuma bin ƙa'idar ita ke sa a sami dacen yadda ake bukata ba tare da an fuskanci wata matsala ba. Idan kuma ba a bi ka'idar ba to za a ga  ba daidai ba..
Tunda yake haka ne, rubutun Hausa shi ma, yana da ka'idarsa. Bin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa sau-da-kafa, su ke sa a sami rubutu mai Cikakkiyar ma'ana. Wato a sami daidaiton manufa tsakanin tunanain marubuci da kuma na makaranci.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://hemingwayapp.com/articles/grammar-punctuation/punctuation-marks&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

==Abin da ake nufi da ka'idojin rubutun hausa==
Ka'idojin rubutun Hausa, wani yanayi ne na lura da kiyaye ka'idojin harshen Hausa a rubuce domin samun damar isar da sakon da marubuci ke nufi zuwa ga mai karatu daidai da daidai, ba tare da canzawar ma'anar da marubuci ke nufi ba
. Haka kuma, yana samar da saukin fahimtar karatu daga mai karantawa.

== Fannonin Ka'idojin Rubutun Hausa ==
Fannonin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa da muke da su a nan, suna da dama. Kuma sune ginshin duk abinda ya kamata marubuci ya koya game da ka'idojin rubutun Hausa domin samun gwanancewa a rubutu. Don haka, zan zayyano su, sannan kuma na yi bayaninsu daki-daki kamar haka:

#Alamomin ajiye magana;
#Raba kalma da kuma hade kalma;
#Shaddatun tagwayen harufan Hausa;
#Gajera da doguwar mallaka;
#Dafa-keya 'w' da jakada 'w';
#Daurin 'm' da daurin 'n';

=='''1.0 Alamomin Ajiye Magana' (punctuation mark)'''== 
Ga Alamomin aje magana tare da bayanansu daki-daki:
* '''Aya / . /
* '''Waƙafi / . /
* '''Ayar tambaya / ? /
* '''Ruwa-biyu / : /
* '''Waƙafi m mai ruwa / ; /
* '''Karan-ɗori / - /
* '''Alamar zancen wani / &quot; &quot; /
* '''Baka-biyu / ( ) /
* '''Alamar Motsin rai / ! /
* '''Zarce / ... /

1.1 '''Aya / . /'''
Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta  cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali:

'''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.'''
idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan.

1.2== Wakafi/ , / ==
Wakafi, wata karmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali:

*'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.'''
To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: 
*'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.'''
A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe.

1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / ==
Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali:
* Aliyu ya zo?, 
* menene ake sayarwa?
Idan aka yi la'akari da missalan da ke sama, za a ga
an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkanin suna dauke da alamar tambaya. 
Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba:

Aliyu ya zo

A nan za a fahimci cewa, ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri.

1.4== Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/==
Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal:
# '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida)
# missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )'''

sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita
* idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:'''

* Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi;
* Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa;
* Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. 

A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da aka sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana.

==1.1 Aya / . /==
Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta  cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali:

'''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.'''
idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan.

==1.2 Wakafi/ , / ==
Waƙafi, wata ƙarmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali:

*'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.'''
To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: 
*'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.'''
A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe.

1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / ==
Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali:
* Aliyu ya zo?, 
* menene ake sayarwa?
Idan aka yi la'akari missalan da ke sama, za a ga
an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkaninsu suna dauke da alamar tambaya. 
Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba:

Aliyu ya zo

A nan za a fahimci cewa ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri.

==1.4 Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/==
Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal:
# '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida)
# missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )'''

sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita
* idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:'''

* Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi;
* Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa;
* Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. 

A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da na sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana.

==1.5 Waƙafi mai ruwa / ; / ==

wannan alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen raba jerin wasu jimloli ko kalmomi a cikin zance. 
Game da missali, a duba a missalin karshe na Aya mai ruwa, za a ga yadda aka bayyana abinda Shugaban kasa ya zayyana.  A nan za a ga an sa
Ka alamar /;/ a gaban kowacce jimla. 
Ga Karin missali:
* Shugqban makarantar ya gargadi dalibai cewa,idan sun tashi dawowa daga hutu, su zo da kayan karatu kamar irin wadannan:
# littafin koyon turanci, aji na biyar;
# littafin koyan lissafi, aji na biyar;
# littafin nazarin rayuwar dan Adam, aji na biyar;
# littafin koyan karatn Hausa, aji na biyar.
A wadannan missalai za a lura cewa, a duk karshen jimloli 3 na farko an saka alamaar tsayawa ta wakafi mai ruwa (;), in banda jimla ta karshe da aka yi wa alamar aya /./

==1.6 Karan-ɗori / - /==
Karan-dori, alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen hade kalmomi biyu ko sama da biyu, su zama kalma daya da ma'ana daya. Akan saka wannan alama ne a tsakanin kalmomi da suka zo iri daya ko wadanda suka zo daban-daban. Kin  saka wannan alama a inda ya dace, yakan kawo sabanin ma'ana tsakanin mawallafi da makaranci. Missali:
# malam-buda-mana-littafi (sunnan wani kafilfilo);
# fadi-ka-mutu (tangaran);
# fari-fari (abinda bai kai fari sosai ba);
# malfar-ungulu (wani tsiro ne); dss.
A lura da kyau, idan muka dauki missali na farko, (malam-buda-mana-littafi)  za mu ga yana nufin sunan wani abu wato (kafilfilo). Idan kuma ba a sa wannan alama ba a tsakankanin kalmomin (malam buda mana littafi) to rubutun ya zama wata jimla mai nufin umarni, maimakon kalma daya mai nufin sunan wani Kwaro. Wato, dalibai ne ke umartar malaminsu da ya buda masu littafi. Don haka, zamu fahimci cewa, idan an saka alamar, zancen ya zama Kalma daya kacal. Amma idan ba a sa alamar ba to rubutun ya zama jimla sukum.
# Karin Missali, idan mutum yana rubutu a cikin takarda ko kan allo, sai aka fara rubuta wata kalma da ta zo a karshen layi sannan kuma ba ta karasu duka ba, sai a saka karan-dori ( - ) kuma a karasata a layi na kasa.

==1.7 Alamar baka-biyu / ( ) /==
Wannan wata alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna karin bayani akan wata kalma, ko Jimla ko dai a kan wata maganar ta daban. Ga missalai nan kamar haka:
* Yaron da aka kama da laifin kisan matar, 'yar uwa ce ga mahaifin yaron (Gwaggon yaron ce)
* Gwamnan kano, Alh. Abba Kabir Yusuf, ya tura wakilinsa (Sunusi Nature) wajen Taron.
* # Ni mutum ne mai son a sami zaman lafiya tsakanin Musulmai da wanda ba Musulmai ba (Kiristoci).

==1.8 Ayar Motsin-rai / ! /==
Ayar Motsin-rai, wata alama ce da ke nuni da zaburar furuci cikin gaggawar kargafa murya. Hakan na faruwa ne yawanci a farkon bayyanar mury cikin Karfafawa, musamman a kalmomin; razana,mamaki, tausayi da kuma karfafar wata kalma a cikin wani zance na musamman. Alal Missali: '''Ah!, Wayyo!, Lah!, Innalillahi!, Kai!''' Da sauransu. Ga Karin missalai a cikin jimloli:
* Saurayin na zuwa ya nuna mata kyautar bazatar da ya zo mata da ita. Sai ta cika da mamaki,sannan ta ja wani gwauron numfashi sanan ta ce, '''La!''' Amma ko na gode '''sosai!'''
* A lokacin da yaron yake guje-guje cikin lalatattun Kujerun cikin ajin, sai ya taka kusa, ya ce, '''wayyo Allahna!''' jin haka malaminsu ya leko yana cewa, '''kai!''' Me ya faru.
* Haba, yana lekowa cikkin dare sai ya ga wani duhu-duhu  dab da shi. Aiko ya firgita ya ce '''waye nan!'''

Yanzu sai mu lura cewa, a Missali na daya (1), mun yi amfani da '''Lah!''' da kuma '''sosai!'''. A Missali na biyu (2) kuma mun yi amfani da '''wayyo Allah!''' tare da '''kai!'''. Har illa yau a Missali na uku (3) kuma na karshe, mun yi amfani da '''waye nan!'''.
Don haka, wadannan missalai, kadan ne daga cikin missalan '''ayar Motsin-rai / ! /''' Ko kuma inda ya kamata a yi amfani da ita. Sannan kuma, ya kamata a fahimci cewa, dole ne a sami karfafa murya a duk inda ake nufin '''ayar Motsin-rai,''' domin idan aka yi amfani da sanyin murya ma'ana ba za ta samu ba.

==1.9 Zarce / ... /==
Zarce wata alama ce ta digo-dogo akalla guda uku (...), da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna ketare wata kalma ko Jimla a cikin rubutu. Ana samun missalai ta bangarori da dama, mussan a cikin karin magana, tsaallake gurbin amasa wata tambaya, dss. Missali:
# '''Ban sa a ka ba,...''' A nan ba a bukatar karasa zancen ne, shi ya sa aka yi digo-dogon. Manufa a nan, duk Wanda aka yi wa karin maganar, ya karasa ma'anar a zuci ko ma a fili. Wto kenan sai ya karasa zuwa '''inji barawon tagiya'''
# Haka kuma, akan saka wannan alama / ... /, a tsarin tambayar '''cikke tazara'''. Missali:
* '''Sunan Babban birnin kasar Najeriya...''' a nana sai cike da '''Abuja''' ko makamancin haka.

=='''2.0 Rabawa Da Haɗa Kalma'''==
Raba kalma da hada kalma, abubuwa ne mabanbanta amma, masu alaka da juna. Da farko za mu dauki raba kalma. Kamar haka:

==2.1 Raba Kalma==
raba kalma na nufin, barin kalma ta ci gashin kanta duk kankantarta Kuma duk girmanta. Hakan, na nufin a barkalma a matayita ba tare da an hade ta da wata ba, don kaucewa rasa ma'ana ta asali. Wato dai,kin raba kalmomin a inda ya ya dace, yana haifar da chanjawar ma'ana. Missali:

* Shi ne, (kar a ce: shine)
* Ita ce, (kar a ce: itace)
* Wa ya je da su kasuwa? (Kar a ce: waya je dasu kasuwa?)
* Ba ni na zo da shi ba, (kar a ce: bani nazo dashi ba)
* Da ni da ku mu hada Kai, (kar a ce: Dani daku mu hadakai)

A nan, idan muka Laura, mafi yawancin kalmomin da aka yi amfani da su, masu gaba dai-dai ne. Kuma kowacce an bar ta a matayinta. Don haka mu duba Missali na farko: '''Shi ne.''' Kalmar farko '''shi''' wakilin suna ce, Kalmar '''ce''' kuwa tana cikin wani aji na nahawu da ake cewa dirka. Don hak, idan aka hade su kamar '''Shine''' kalmomi biyu daban-daban an hade guri daya, don haka sun zama kalma daya ke nan, wacce kwata-kwata babu ita a Hausa sai a Turancin Ingilishi. Wacce ke nufin '''sheki''' a harshen Hausa.

A Missali na hudu kuwa, ('''ba ni na zo da shi ba ''') za a fahimci cewa, kowacce kalma tana dauke da gaba daya ne. Kuma, duk da rashin tsawonsu,ba a hada wata da wata ba, domin kuwacce na cin gashin kanta. To hakan shi ne daidai. Inda kuwa an hada wata Kalmar da wata, ma'anarta za ta canza. Missali, idan aka hada '''da''' tare da '''shi,''' za su koma kalma daya kamar haka: '''dashi.''' kuma Kalmar tana nufin sunan wata itaciya ne.

==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance.

Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya)

==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance.

Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya)

=='''3.0 Shaddatun Tagwayen Harufan Hausa (Daurin tagwayen harufa)'''==
Shadda na nufin nanata harafi sau biyu. Sannan kuma, muna da tagwayen harufa a harshen Hausa,kamar, '''gw, gy, fy,' sh.''' da sauransu.

=='''4.0 Kalmomin Mallaka'''==
Kalmomin Mallaka, wasu kalmomi ne da ake amfani da su wajen nuna faruwar mallaka a cikin rubutu. Game da ka'idojin rubun Hausa, an tanadar da hanyoyi biyu domin samar da rubutu mai inganci.
Don haka, muna da gajerar mallaka da kuma doguwar mallaka.

===4.1 Gajerar Mallaka===
Gajerar mallaka, ita ake hade Kalmar abinda aka mallaka da wakilin sunan abin da aka mallaka da wakilin sunan wanda yai mallaka a guri daya.missli: gida+na= ('''gidana''') a nan za a fahimci cewa, kalmar 'gida' da kalmar 'na' an haɗa su a guri ɗaya sun zama kamar kalma guda. A kiyaye da cewa, gajerar mallaka haɗe ta ake yi. Don haka, akwai ƙarin missalai kamar haka:
*Jakarta ba jakar ta ba;
*ajinsu ba ajin su ba;
*matata ba mata ta ba;
*ɗakinki ba ɗakin ki ba;
*motarka ba motar ka ba. 
*masallacinku ba Masallacin ku ba. Da sauransu.

==='''4.2 Doguwar Mallaka'''===

Ita doguwar mallaka, ba a haɗe ake rubuta ta ba. Wato ke nan, ana rabewa tsakanin abinda aka mallaka da kuma wakilin sunan mai mallaka. Ga missalai kamar haka:
* Jakar tata
* Ɗakin nasu
* Wayar tawa
* Littafin nashi
* Gonar taku
* Masallacin nawa
* Takalmin namu

Da haka, za mu fahimci cewa akwai banbanci tsakanin doguwar mallaka da gajerar mallaka.  Mu tuna da missalin farko na doguwar. Wato &quot;'''jakar tata'''&quot; ma'ana, an rubuta &quot;'''jakar'''&quot; daban, ita ma, &quot;'''tata'''&quot; daban. idan kuma a gajerar mallaka ne sai a rubuta &quot;'''jakarta'''&quot; a haɗe. Wato dai ana haɗa &quot;'''jakar'''&quot; da kuma &quot;'''ta'''&quot; a haɗe ('''jakarta''')

== Manazararta==</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>889965</id>
      <parentid>889964</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-01T05:44:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Baban Asiya</username>
        <id>15906</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* 3.0 Shaddatun Tagwayen Harufan Hausa (Daurin tagwayen harufa) */</comment>
      <origin>889965</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="17859" sha1="n37cn4r3y8enzh9mc01puo909uwupe5" xml:space="preserve">== Ƙa'idojin rubutun hausa ==
Kamar yadda aka sani, kowanne lamari na duniya yana da ka'idar yadda ya kamata a gudanar da shi. Kuma bin ƙa'idar ita ke sa a sami dacen yadda ake bukata ba tare da an fuskanci wata matsala ba. Idan kuma ba a bi ka'idar ba to za a ga  ba daidai ba..
Tunda yake haka ne, rubutun Hausa shi ma, yana da ka'idarsa. Bin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa sau-da-kafa, su ke sa a sami rubutu mai Cikakkiyar ma'ana. Wato a sami daidaiton manufa tsakanin tunanain marubuci da kuma na makaranci.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://hemingwayapp.com/articles/grammar-punctuation/punctuation-marks&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

==Abin da ake nufi da ka'idojin rubutun hausa==
Ka'idojin rubutun Hausa, wani yanayi ne na lura da kiyaye ka'idojin harshen Hausa a rubuce domin samun damar isar da sakon da marubuci ke nufi zuwa ga mai karatu daidai da daidai, ba tare da canzawar ma'anar da marubuci ke nufi ba
. Haka kuma, yana samar da saukin fahimtar karatu daga mai karantawa.

== Fannonin Ka'idojin Rubutun Hausa ==
Fannonin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa da muke da su a nan, suna da dama. Kuma sune ginshin duk abinda ya kamata marubuci ya koya game da ka'idojin rubutun Hausa domin samun gwanancewa a rubutu. Don haka, zan zayyano su, sannan kuma na yi bayaninsu daki-daki kamar haka:

#Alamomin ajiye magana;
#Raba kalma da kuma hade kalma;
#Shaddatun tagwayen harufan Hausa;
#Gajera da doguwar mallaka;
#Dafa-keya 'w' da jakada 'w';
#Daurin 'm' da daurin 'n';

=='''1.0 Alamomin Ajiye Magana' (punctuation mark)'''== 
Ga Alamomin aje magana tare da bayanansu daki-daki:
* '''Aya / . /
* '''Waƙafi / . /
* '''Ayar tambaya / ? /
* '''Ruwa-biyu / : /
* '''Waƙafi m mai ruwa / ; /
* '''Karan-ɗori / - /
* '''Alamar zancen wani / &quot; &quot; /
* '''Baka-biyu / ( ) /
* '''Alamar Motsin rai / ! /
* '''Zarce / ... /

1.1 '''Aya / . /'''
Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta  cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali:

'''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.'''
idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan.

1.2== Wakafi/ , / ==
Wakafi, wata karmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali:

*'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.'''
To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: 
*'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.'''
A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe.

1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / ==
Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali:
* Aliyu ya zo?, 
* menene ake sayarwa?
Idan aka yi la'akari da missalan da ke sama, za a ga
an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkanin suna dauke da alamar tambaya. 
Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba:

Aliyu ya zo

A nan za a fahimci cewa, ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri.

1.4== Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/==
Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal:
# '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida)
# missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )'''

sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita
* idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:'''

* Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi;
* Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa;
* Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. 

A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da aka sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana.

==1.1 Aya / . /==
Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta  cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali:

'''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.'''
idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan.

==1.2 Wakafi/ , / ==
Waƙafi, wata ƙarmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali:

*'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.'''
To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: 
*'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.'''
A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe.

1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / ==
Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali:
* Aliyu ya zo?, 
* menene ake sayarwa?
Idan aka yi la'akari missalan da ke sama, za a ga
an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkaninsu suna dauke da alamar tambaya. 
Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba:

Aliyu ya zo

A nan za a fahimci cewa ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri.

==1.4 Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/==
Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal:
# '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida)
# missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )'''

sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita
* idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:'''

* Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi;
* Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa;
* Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. 

A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da na sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana.

==1.5 Waƙafi mai ruwa / ; / ==

wannan alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen raba jerin wasu jimloli ko kalmomi a cikin zance. 
Game da missali, a duba a missalin karshe na Aya mai ruwa, za a ga yadda aka bayyana abinda Shugaban kasa ya zayyana.  A nan za a ga an sa
Ka alamar /;/ a gaban kowacce jimla. 
Ga Karin missali:
* Shugqban makarantar ya gargadi dalibai cewa,idan sun tashi dawowa daga hutu, su zo da kayan karatu kamar irin wadannan:
# littafin koyon turanci, aji na biyar;
# littafin koyan lissafi, aji na biyar;
# littafin nazarin rayuwar dan Adam, aji na biyar;
# littafin koyan karatn Hausa, aji na biyar.
A wadannan missalai za a lura cewa, a duk karshen jimloli 3 na farko an saka alamaar tsayawa ta wakafi mai ruwa (;), in banda jimla ta karshe da aka yi wa alamar aya /./

==1.6 Karan-ɗori / - /==
Karan-dori, alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen hade kalmomi biyu ko sama da biyu, su zama kalma daya da ma'ana daya. Akan saka wannan alama ne a tsakanin kalmomi da suka zo iri daya ko wadanda suka zo daban-daban. Kin  saka wannan alama a inda ya dace, yakan kawo sabanin ma'ana tsakanin mawallafi da makaranci. Missali:
# malam-buda-mana-littafi (sunnan wani kafilfilo);
# fadi-ka-mutu (tangaran);
# fari-fari (abinda bai kai fari sosai ba);
# malfar-ungulu (wani tsiro ne); dss.
A lura da kyau, idan muka dauki missali na farko, (malam-buda-mana-littafi)  za mu ga yana nufin sunan wani abu wato (kafilfilo). Idan kuma ba a sa wannan alama ba a tsakankanin kalmomin (malam buda mana littafi) to rubutun ya zama wata jimla mai nufin umarni, maimakon kalma daya mai nufin sunan wani Kwaro. Wato, dalibai ne ke umartar malaminsu da ya buda masu littafi. Don haka, zamu fahimci cewa, idan an saka alamar, zancen ya zama Kalma daya kacal. Amma idan ba a sa alamar ba to rubutun ya zama jimla sukum.
# Karin Missali, idan mutum yana rubutu a cikin takarda ko kan allo, sai aka fara rubuta wata kalma da ta zo a karshen layi sannan kuma ba ta karasu duka ba, sai a saka karan-dori ( - ) kuma a karasata a layi na kasa.

==1.7 Alamar baka-biyu / ( ) /==
Wannan wata alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna karin bayani akan wata kalma, ko Jimla ko dai a kan wata maganar ta daban. Ga missalai nan kamar haka:
* Yaron da aka kama da laifin kisan matar, 'yar uwa ce ga mahaifin yaron (Gwaggon yaron ce)
* Gwamnan kano, Alh. Abba Kabir Yusuf, ya tura wakilinsa (Sunusi Nature) wajen Taron.
* # Ni mutum ne mai son a sami zaman lafiya tsakanin Musulmai da wanda ba Musulmai ba (Kiristoci).

==1.8 Ayar Motsin-rai / ! /==
Ayar Motsin-rai, wata alama ce da ke nuni da zaburar furuci cikin gaggawar kargafa murya. Hakan na faruwa ne yawanci a farkon bayyanar mury cikin Karfafawa, musamman a kalmomin; razana,mamaki, tausayi da kuma karfafar wata kalma a cikin wani zance na musamman. Alal Missali: '''Ah!, Wayyo!, Lah!, Innalillahi!, Kai!''' Da sauransu. Ga Karin missalai a cikin jimloli:
* Saurayin na zuwa ya nuna mata kyautar bazatar da ya zo mata da ita. Sai ta cika da mamaki,sannan ta ja wani gwauron numfashi sanan ta ce, '''La!''' Amma ko na gode '''sosai!'''
* A lokacin da yaron yake guje-guje cikin lalatattun Kujerun cikin ajin, sai ya taka kusa, ya ce, '''wayyo Allahna!''' jin haka malaminsu ya leko yana cewa, '''kai!''' Me ya faru.
* Haba, yana lekowa cikkin dare sai ya ga wani duhu-duhu  dab da shi. Aiko ya firgita ya ce '''waye nan!'''

Yanzu sai mu lura cewa, a Missali na daya (1), mun yi amfani da '''Lah!''' da kuma '''sosai!'''. A Missali na biyu (2) kuma mun yi amfani da '''wayyo Allah!''' tare da '''kai!'''. Har illa yau a Missali na uku (3) kuma na karshe, mun yi amfani da '''waye nan!'''.
Don haka, wadannan missalai, kadan ne daga cikin missalan '''ayar Motsin-rai / ! /''' Ko kuma inda ya kamata a yi amfani da ita. Sannan kuma, ya kamata a fahimci cewa, dole ne a sami karfafa murya a duk inda ake nufin '''ayar Motsin-rai,''' domin idan aka yi amfani da sanyin murya ma'ana ba za ta samu ba.

==1.9 Zarce / ... /==
Zarce wata alama ce ta digo-dogo akalla guda uku (...), da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna ketare wata kalma ko Jimla a cikin rubutu. Ana samun missalai ta bangarori da dama, mussan a cikin karin magana, tsaallake gurbin amasa wata tambaya, dss. Missali:
# '''Ban sa a ka ba,...''' A nan ba a bukatar karasa zancen ne, shi ya sa aka yi digo-dogon. Manufa a nan, duk Wanda aka yi wa karin maganar, ya karasa ma'anar a zuci ko ma a fili. Wto kenan sai ya karasa zuwa '''inji barawon tagiya'''
# Haka kuma, akan saka wannan alama / ... /, a tsarin tambayar '''cikke tazara'''. Missali:
* '''Sunan Babban birnin kasar Najeriya...''' a nana sai cike da '''Abuja''' ko makamancin haka.

=='''2.0 Rabawa Da Haɗa Kalma'''==
Raba kalma da hada kalma, abubuwa ne mabanbanta amma, masu alaka da juna. Da farko za mu dauki raba kalma. Kamar haka:

==2.1 Raba Kalma==
raba kalma na nufin, barin kalma ta ci gashin kanta duk kankantarta Kuma duk girmanta. Hakan, na nufin a barkalma a matayita ba tare da an hade ta da wata ba, don kaucewa rasa ma'ana ta asali. Wato dai,kin raba kalmomin a inda ya ya dace, yana haifar da chanjawar ma'ana. Missali:

* Shi ne, (kar a ce: shine)
* Ita ce, (kar a ce: itace)
* Wa ya je da su kasuwa? (Kar a ce: waya je dasu kasuwa?)
* Ba ni na zo da shi ba, (kar a ce: bani nazo dashi ba)
* Da ni da ku mu hada Kai, (kar a ce: Dani daku mu hadakai)

A nan, idan muka Laura, mafi yawancin kalmomin da aka yi amfani da su, masu gaba dai-dai ne. Kuma kowacce an bar ta a matayinta. Don haka mu duba Missali na farko: '''Shi ne.''' Kalmar farko '''shi''' wakilin suna ce, Kalmar '''ce''' kuwa tana cikin wani aji na nahawu da ake cewa dirka. Don hak, idan aka hade su kamar '''Shine''' kalmomi biyu daban-daban an hade guri daya, don haka sun zama kalma daya ke nan, wacce kwata-kwata babu ita a Hausa sai a Turancin Ingilishi. Wacce ke nufin '''sheki''' a harshen Hausa.

A Missali na hudu kuwa, ('''ba ni na zo da shi ba ''') za a fahimci cewa, kowacce kalma tana dauke da gaba daya ne. Kuma, duk da rashin tsawonsu,ba a hada wata da wata ba, domin kuwacce na cin gashin kanta. To hakan shi ne daidai. Inda kuwa an hada wata Kalmar da wata, ma'anarta za ta canza. Missali, idan aka hada '''da''' tare da '''shi,''' za su koma kalma daya kamar haka: '''dashi.''' kuma Kalmar tana nufin sunan wata itaciya ne.

==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance.

Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya)

==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance.

Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya)

=='''3.0 Shaddatun Tagwayen Harufan Hausa (Daurin tagwayen harufa)'''==
Shadda na nufin nanata harafi sau biyu, wtau abinda ake kira dauri. Sannan kuma, muna da tagwayen harufa a harshen Hausa,kamar, '''gw, gy, fy,' sh.''' da sauransu.

=='''4.0 Kalmomin Mallaka'''==
Kalmomin Mallaka, wasu kalmomi ne da ake amfani da su wajen nuna faruwar mallaka a cikin rubutu. Game da ka'idojin rubun Hausa, an tanadar da hanyoyi biyu domin samar da rubutu mai inganci.
Don haka, muna da gajerar mallaka da kuma doguwar mallaka.

===4.1 Gajerar Mallaka===
Gajerar mallaka, ita ake hade Kalmar abinda aka mallaka da wakilin sunan abin da aka mallaka da wakilin sunan wanda yai mallaka a guri daya.missli: gida+na= ('''gidana''') a nan za a fahimci cewa, kalmar 'gida' da kalmar 'na' an haɗa su a guri ɗaya sun zama kamar kalma guda. A kiyaye da cewa, gajerar mallaka haɗe ta ake yi. Don haka, akwai ƙarin missalai kamar haka:
*Jakarta ba jakar ta ba;
*ajinsu ba ajin su ba;
*matata ba mata ta ba;
*ɗakinki ba ɗakin ki ba;
*motarka ba motar ka ba. 
*masallacinku ba Masallacin ku ba. Da sauransu.

==='''4.2 Doguwar Mallaka'''===

Ita doguwar mallaka, ba a haɗe ake rubuta ta ba. Wato ke nan, ana rabewa tsakanin abinda aka mallaka da kuma wakilin sunan mai mallaka. Ga missalai kamar haka:
* Jakar tata
* Ɗakin nasu
* Wayar tawa
* Littafin nashi
* Gonar taku
* Masallacin nawa
* Takalmin namu

Da haka, za mu fahimci cewa akwai banbanci tsakanin doguwar mallaka da gajerar mallaka.  Mu tuna da missalin farko na doguwar. Wato &quot;'''jakar tata'''&quot; ma'ana, an rubuta &quot;'''jakar'''&quot; daban, ita ma, &quot;'''tata'''&quot; daban. idan kuma a gajerar mallaka ne sai a rubuta &quot;'''jakarta'''&quot; a haɗe. Wato dai ana haɗa &quot;'''jakar'''&quot; da kuma &quot;'''ta'''&quot; a haɗe ('''jakarta''')

== Manazararta==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>889969</id>
      <parentid>889965</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-01T05:55:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Baban Asiya</username>
        <id>15906</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* 3.0 Shaddatun Tagwayen Harufan Hausa (Daurin tagwayen harufa) */</comment>
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      <text bytes="17899" sha1="45ufxvnfx2or6ecmnuikwmc898x4as7" xml:space="preserve">== Ƙa'idojin rubutun hausa ==
Kamar yadda aka sani, kowanne lamari na duniya yana da ka'idar yadda ya kamata a gudanar da shi. Kuma bin ƙa'idar ita ke sa a sami dacen yadda ake bukata ba tare da an fuskanci wata matsala ba. Idan kuma ba a bi ka'idar ba to za a ga  ba daidai ba..
Tunda yake haka ne, rubutun Hausa shi ma, yana da ka'idarsa. Bin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa sau-da-kafa, su ke sa a sami rubutu mai Cikakkiyar ma'ana. Wato a sami daidaiton manufa tsakanin tunanain marubuci da kuma na makaranci.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://hemingwayapp.com/articles/grammar-punctuation/punctuation-marks&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

==Abin da ake nufi da ka'idojin rubutun hausa==
Ka'idojin rubutun Hausa, wani yanayi ne na lura da kiyaye ka'idojin harshen Hausa a rubuce domin samun damar isar da sakon da marubuci ke nufi zuwa ga mai karatu daidai da daidai, ba tare da canzawar ma'anar da marubuci ke nufi ba
. Haka kuma, yana samar da saukin fahimtar karatu daga mai karantawa.

== Fannonin Ka'idojin Rubutun Hausa ==
Fannonin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa da muke da su a nan, suna da dama. Kuma sune ginshin duk abinda ya kamata marubuci ya koya game da ka'idojin rubutun Hausa domin samun gwanancewa a rubutu. Don haka, zan zayyano su, sannan kuma na yi bayaninsu daki-daki kamar haka:

#Alamomin ajiye magana;
#Raba kalma da kuma hade kalma;
#Shaddatun tagwayen harufan Hausa;
#Gajera da doguwar mallaka;
#Dafa-keya 'w' da jakada 'w';
#Daurin 'm' da daurin 'n';

=='''1.0 Alamomin Ajiye Magana' (punctuation mark)'''== 
Ga Alamomin aje magana tare da bayanansu daki-daki:
* '''Aya / . /
* '''Waƙafi / . /
* '''Ayar tambaya / ? /
* '''Ruwa-biyu / : /
* '''Waƙafi m mai ruwa / ; /
* '''Karan-ɗori / - /
* '''Alamar zancen wani / &quot; &quot; /
* '''Baka-biyu / ( ) /
* '''Alamar Motsin rai / ! /
* '''Zarce / ... /

1.1 '''Aya / . /'''
Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta  cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali:

'''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.'''
idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan.

1.2== Wakafi/ , / ==
Wakafi, wata karmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali:

*'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.'''
To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: 
*'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.'''
A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe.

1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / ==
Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali:
* Aliyu ya zo?, 
* menene ake sayarwa?
Idan aka yi la'akari da missalan da ke sama, za a ga
an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkanin suna dauke da alamar tambaya. 
Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba:

Aliyu ya zo

A nan za a fahimci cewa, ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri.

1.4== Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/==
Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal:
# '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida)
# missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )'''

sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita
* idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:'''

* Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi;
* Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa;
* Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. 

A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da aka sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana.

==1.1 Aya / . /==
Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta  cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali:

'''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.'''
idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan.

==1.2 Wakafi/ , / ==
Waƙafi, wata ƙarmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali:

*'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.'''
To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: 
*'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.'''
A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe.

1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / ==
Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali:
* Aliyu ya zo?, 
* menene ake sayarwa?
Idan aka yi la'akari missalan da ke sama, za a ga
an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkaninsu suna dauke da alamar tambaya. 
Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba:

Aliyu ya zo

A nan za a fahimci cewa ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri.

==1.4 Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/==
Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal:
# '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida)
# missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )'''

sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita
* idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:'''

* Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi;
* Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa;
* Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. 

A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da na sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana.

==1.5 Waƙafi mai ruwa / ; / ==

wannan alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen raba jerin wasu jimloli ko kalmomi a cikin zance. 
Game da missali, a duba a missalin karshe na Aya mai ruwa, za a ga yadda aka bayyana abinda Shugaban kasa ya zayyana.  A nan za a ga an sa
Ka alamar /;/ a gaban kowacce jimla. 
Ga Karin missali:
* Shugqban makarantar ya gargadi dalibai cewa,idan sun tashi dawowa daga hutu, su zo da kayan karatu kamar irin wadannan:
# littafin koyon turanci, aji na biyar;
# littafin koyan lissafi, aji na biyar;
# littafin nazarin rayuwar dan Adam, aji na biyar;
# littafin koyan karatn Hausa, aji na biyar.
A wadannan missalai za a lura cewa, a duk karshen jimloli 3 na farko an saka alamaar tsayawa ta wakafi mai ruwa (;), in banda jimla ta karshe da aka yi wa alamar aya /./

==1.6 Karan-ɗori / - /==
Karan-dori, alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen hade kalmomi biyu ko sama da biyu, su zama kalma daya da ma'ana daya. Akan saka wannan alama ne a tsakanin kalmomi da suka zo iri daya ko wadanda suka zo daban-daban. Kin  saka wannan alama a inda ya dace, yakan kawo sabanin ma'ana tsakanin mawallafi da makaranci. Missali:
# malam-buda-mana-littafi (sunnan wani kafilfilo);
# fadi-ka-mutu (tangaran);
# fari-fari (abinda bai kai fari sosai ba);
# malfar-ungulu (wani tsiro ne); dss.
A lura da kyau, idan muka dauki missali na farko, (malam-buda-mana-littafi)  za mu ga yana nufin sunan wani abu wato (kafilfilo). Idan kuma ba a sa wannan alama ba a tsakankanin kalmomin (malam buda mana littafi) to rubutun ya zama wata jimla mai nufin umarni, maimakon kalma daya mai nufin sunan wani Kwaro. Wato, dalibai ne ke umartar malaminsu da ya buda masu littafi. Don haka, zamu fahimci cewa, idan an saka alamar, zancen ya zama Kalma daya kacal. Amma idan ba a sa alamar ba to rubutun ya zama jimla sukum.
# Karin Missali, idan mutum yana rubutu a cikin takarda ko kan allo, sai aka fara rubuta wata kalma da ta zo a karshen layi sannan kuma ba ta karasu duka ba, sai a saka karan-dori ( - ) kuma a karasata a layi na kasa.

==1.7 Alamar baka-biyu / ( ) /==
Wannan wata alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna karin bayani akan wata kalma, ko Jimla ko dai a kan wata maganar ta daban. Ga missalai nan kamar haka:
* Yaron da aka kama da laifin kisan matar, 'yar uwa ce ga mahaifin yaron (Gwaggon yaron ce)
* Gwamnan kano, Alh. Abba Kabir Yusuf, ya tura wakilinsa (Sunusi Nature) wajen Taron.
* # Ni mutum ne mai son a sami zaman lafiya tsakanin Musulmai da wanda ba Musulmai ba (Kiristoci).

==1.8 Ayar Motsin-rai / ! /==
Ayar Motsin-rai, wata alama ce da ke nuni da zaburar furuci cikin gaggawar kargafa murya. Hakan na faruwa ne yawanci a farkon bayyanar mury cikin Karfafawa, musamman a kalmomin; razana,mamaki, tausayi da kuma karfafar wata kalma a cikin wani zance na musamman. Alal Missali: '''Ah!, Wayyo!, Lah!, Innalillahi!, Kai!''' Da sauransu. Ga Karin missalai a cikin jimloli:
* Saurayin na zuwa ya nuna mata kyautar bazatar da ya zo mata da ita. Sai ta cika da mamaki,sannan ta ja wani gwauron numfashi sanan ta ce, '''La!''' Amma ko na gode '''sosai!'''
* A lokacin da yaron yake guje-guje cikin lalatattun Kujerun cikin ajin, sai ya taka kusa, ya ce, '''wayyo Allahna!''' jin haka malaminsu ya leko yana cewa, '''kai!''' Me ya faru.
* Haba, yana lekowa cikkin dare sai ya ga wani duhu-duhu  dab da shi. Aiko ya firgita ya ce '''waye nan!'''

Yanzu sai mu lura cewa, a Missali na daya (1), mun yi amfani da '''Lah!''' da kuma '''sosai!'''. A Missali na biyu (2) kuma mun yi amfani da '''wayyo Allah!''' tare da '''kai!'''. Har illa yau a Missali na uku (3) kuma na karshe, mun yi amfani da '''waye nan!'''.
Don haka, wadannan missalai, kadan ne daga cikin missalan '''ayar Motsin-rai / ! /''' Ko kuma inda ya kamata a yi amfani da ita. Sannan kuma, ya kamata a fahimci cewa, dole ne a sami karfafa murya a duk inda ake nufin '''ayar Motsin-rai,''' domin idan aka yi amfani da sanyin murya ma'ana ba za ta samu ba.

==1.9 Zarce / ... /==
Zarce wata alama ce ta digo-dogo akalla guda uku (...), da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna ketare wata kalma ko Jimla a cikin rubutu. Ana samun missalai ta bangarori da dama, mussan a cikin karin magana, tsaallake gurbin amasa wata tambaya, dss. Missali:
# '''Ban sa a ka ba,...''' A nan ba a bukatar karasa zancen ne, shi ya sa aka yi digo-dogon. Manufa a nan, duk Wanda aka yi wa karin maganar, ya karasa ma'anar a zuci ko ma a fili. Wto kenan sai ya karasa zuwa '''inji barawon tagiya'''
# Haka kuma, akan saka wannan alama / ... /, a tsarin tambayar '''cikke tazara'''. Missali:
* '''Sunan Babban birnin kasar Najeriya...''' a nana sai cike da '''Abuja''' ko makamancin haka.

=='''2.0 Rabawa Da Haɗa Kalma'''==
Raba kalma da hada kalma, abubuwa ne mabanbanta amma, masu alaka da juna. Da farko za mu dauki raba kalma. Kamar haka:

==2.1 Raba Kalma==
raba kalma na nufin, barin kalma ta ci gashin kanta duk kankantarta Kuma duk girmanta. Hakan, na nufin a barkalma a matayita ba tare da an hade ta da wata ba, don kaucewa rasa ma'ana ta asali. Wato dai,kin raba kalmomin a inda ya ya dace, yana haifar da chanjawar ma'ana. Missali:

* Shi ne, (kar a ce: shine)
* Ita ce, (kar a ce: itace)
* Wa ya je da su kasuwa? (Kar a ce: waya je dasu kasuwa?)
* Ba ni na zo da shi ba, (kar a ce: bani nazo dashi ba)
* Da ni da ku mu hada Kai, (kar a ce: Dani daku mu hadakai)

A nan, idan muka Laura, mafi yawancin kalmomin da aka yi amfani da su, masu gaba dai-dai ne. Kuma kowacce an bar ta a matayinta. Don haka mu duba Missali na farko: '''Shi ne.''' Kalmar farko '''shi''' wakilin suna ce, Kalmar '''ce''' kuwa tana cikin wani aji na nahawu da ake cewa dirka. Don hak, idan aka hade su kamar '''Shine''' kalmomi biyu daban-daban an hade guri daya, don haka sun zama kalma daya ke nan, wacce kwata-kwata babu ita a Hausa sai a Turancin Ingilishi. Wacce ke nufin '''sheki''' a harshen Hausa.

A Missali na hudu kuwa, ('''ba ni na zo da shi ba ''') za a fahimci cewa, kowacce kalma tana dauke da gaba daya ne. Kuma, duk da rashin tsawonsu,ba a hada wata da wata ba, domin kuwacce na cin gashin kanta. To hakan shi ne daidai. Inda kuwa an hada wata Kalmar da wata, ma'anarta za ta canza. Missali, idan aka hada '''da''' tare da '''shi,''' za su koma kalma daya kamar haka: '''dashi.''' kuma Kalmar tana nufin sunan wata itaciya ne.

==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance.

Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya)

==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance.

Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya)

=='''3.0 Shaddatun Tagwayen Harufan Hausa (Daurin tagwayen harufa)'''==
Shadda na nufin nanata harafi sau biyu, wtau abinda ake kira dauri. Sannan kuma, muna da tagwayen harufa a harshen Hausa,kamar, '''gw, gy, fy,' sh.''' da sauransu. Wadannan tagwayen harufa ana daurinsu a

=='''4.0 Kalmomin Mallaka'''==
Kalmomin Mallaka, wasu kalmomi ne da ake amfani da su wajen nuna faruwar mallaka a cikin rubutu. Game da ka'idojin rubun Hausa, an tanadar da hanyoyi biyu domin samar da rubutu mai inganci.
Don haka, muna da gajerar mallaka da kuma doguwar mallaka.

===4.1 Gajerar Mallaka===
Gajerar mallaka, ita ake hade Kalmar abinda aka mallaka da wakilin sunan abin da aka mallaka da wakilin sunan wanda yai mallaka a guri daya.missli: gida+na= ('''gidana''') a nan za a fahimci cewa, kalmar 'gida' da kalmar 'na' an haɗa su a guri ɗaya sun zama kamar kalma guda. A kiyaye da cewa, gajerar mallaka haɗe ta ake yi. Don haka, akwai ƙarin missalai kamar haka:
*Jakarta ba jakar ta ba;
*ajinsu ba ajin su ba;
*matata ba mata ta ba;
*ɗakinki ba ɗakin ki ba;
*motarka ba motar ka ba. 
*masallacinku ba Masallacin ku ba. Da sauransu.

==='''4.2 Doguwar Mallaka'''===

Ita doguwar mallaka, ba a haɗe ake rubuta ta ba. Wato ke nan, ana rabewa tsakanin abinda aka mallaka da kuma wakilin sunan mai mallaka. Ga missalai kamar haka:
* Jakar tata
* Ɗakin nasu
* Wayar tawa
* Littafin nashi
* Gonar taku
* Masallacin nawa
* Takalmin namu

Da haka, za mu fahimci cewa akwai banbanci tsakanin doguwar mallaka da gajerar mallaka.  Mu tuna da missalin farko na doguwar. Wato &quot;'''jakar tata'''&quot; ma'ana, an rubuta &quot;'''jakar'''&quot; daban, ita ma, &quot;'''tata'''&quot; daban. idan kuma a gajerar mallaka ne sai a rubuta &quot;'''jakarta'''&quot; a haɗe. Wato dai ana haɗa &quot;'''jakar'''&quot; da kuma &quot;'''ta'''&quot; a haɗe ('''jakarta''')

== Manazararta==</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>889970</id>
      <parentid>889969</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-01T05:56:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Baban Asiya</username>
        <id>15906</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* 3.0 Shaddatun Tagwayen Harufan Hausa (Daurin tagwayen harufa) */</comment>
      <origin>889970</origin>
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      <text bytes="17933" sha1="npoc9g7ys6kt6czrzp69qjh54m2t785" xml:space="preserve">== Ƙa'idojin rubutun hausa ==
Kamar yadda aka sani, kowanne lamari na duniya yana da ka'idar yadda ya kamata a gudanar da shi. Kuma bin ƙa'idar ita ke sa a sami dacen yadda ake bukata ba tare da an fuskanci wata matsala ba. Idan kuma ba a bi ka'idar ba to za a ga  ba daidai ba..
Tunda yake haka ne, rubutun Hausa shi ma, yana da ka'idarsa. Bin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa sau-da-kafa, su ke sa a sami rubutu mai Cikakkiyar ma'ana. Wato a sami daidaiton manufa tsakanin tunanain marubuci da kuma na makaranci.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://hemingwayapp.com/articles/grammar-punctuation/punctuation-marks&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

==Abin da ake nufi da ka'idojin rubutun hausa==
Ka'idojin rubutun Hausa, wani yanayi ne na lura da kiyaye ka'idojin harshen Hausa a rubuce domin samun damar isar da sakon da marubuci ke nufi zuwa ga mai karatu daidai da daidai, ba tare da canzawar ma'anar da marubuci ke nufi ba
. Haka kuma, yana samar da saukin fahimtar karatu daga mai karantawa.

== Fannonin Ka'idojin Rubutun Hausa ==
Fannonin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa da muke da su a nan, suna da dama. Kuma sune ginshin duk abinda ya kamata marubuci ya koya game da ka'idojin rubutun Hausa domin samun gwanancewa a rubutu. Don haka, zan zayyano su, sannan kuma na yi bayaninsu daki-daki kamar haka:

#Alamomin ajiye magana;
#Raba kalma da kuma hade kalma;
#Shaddatun tagwayen harufan Hausa;
#Gajera da doguwar mallaka;
#Dafa-keya 'w' da jakada 'w';
#Daurin 'm' da daurin 'n';

=='''1.0 Alamomin Ajiye Magana' (punctuation mark)'''== 
Ga Alamomin aje magana tare da bayanansu daki-daki:
* '''Aya / . /
* '''Waƙafi / . /
* '''Ayar tambaya / ? /
* '''Ruwa-biyu / : /
* '''Waƙafi m mai ruwa / ; /
* '''Karan-ɗori / - /
* '''Alamar zancen wani / &quot; &quot; /
* '''Baka-biyu / ( ) /
* '''Alamar Motsin rai / ! /
* '''Zarce / ... /

1.1 '''Aya / . /'''
Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta  cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali:

'''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.'''
idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan.

1.2== Wakafi/ , / ==
Wakafi, wata karmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali:

*'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.'''
To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: 
*'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.'''
A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe.

1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / ==
Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali:
* Aliyu ya zo?, 
* menene ake sayarwa?
Idan aka yi la'akari da missalan da ke sama, za a ga
an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkanin suna dauke da alamar tambaya. 
Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba:

Aliyu ya zo

A nan za a fahimci cewa, ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri.

1.4== Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/==
Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal:
# '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida)
# missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )'''

sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita
* idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:'''

* Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi;
* Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa;
* Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. 

A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da aka sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana.

==1.1 Aya / . /==
Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta  cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali:

'''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.'''
idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan.

==1.2 Wakafi/ , / ==
Waƙafi, wata ƙarmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali:

*'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.'''
To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: 
*'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.'''
A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe.

1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / ==
Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali:
* Aliyu ya zo?, 
* menene ake sayarwa?
Idan aka yi la'akari missalan da ke sama, za a ga
an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkaninsu suna dauke da alamar tambaya. 
Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba:

Aliyu ya zo

A nan za a fahimci cewa ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri.

==1.4 Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/==
Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal:
# '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida)
# missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )'''

sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita
* idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:'''

* Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi;
* Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa;
* Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. 

A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da na sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana.

==1.5 Waƙafi mai ruwa / ; / ==

wannan alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen raba jerin wasu jimloli ko kalmomi a cikin zance. 
Game da missali, a duba a missalin karshe na Aya mai ruwa, za a ga yadda aka bayyana abinda Shugaban kasa ya zayyana.  A nan za a ga an sa
Ka alamar /;/ a gaban kowacce jimla. 
Ga Karin missali:
* Shugqban makarantar ya gargadi dalibai cewa,idan sun tashi dawowa daga hutu, su zo da kayan karatu kamar irin wadannan:
# littafin koyon turanci, aji na biyar;
# littafin koyan lissafi, aji na biyar;
# littafin nazarin rayuwar dan Adam, aji na biyar;
# littafin koyan karatn Hausa, aji na biyar.
A wadannan missalai za a lura cewa, a duk karshen jimloli 3 na farko an saka alamaar tsayawa ta wakafi mai ruwa (;), in banda jimla ta karshe da aka yi wa alamar aya /./

==1.6 Karan-ɗori / - /==
Karan-dori, alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen hade kalmomi biyu ko sama da biyu, su zama kalma daya da ma'ana daya. Akan saka wannan alama ne a tsakanin kalmomi da suka zo iri daya ko wadanda suka zo daban-daban. Kin  saka wannan alama a inda ya dace, yakan kawo sabanin ma'ana tsakanin mawallafi da makaranci. Missali:
# malam-buda-mana-littafi (sunnan wani kafilfilo);
# fadi-ka-mutu (tangaran);
# fari-fari (abinda bai kai fari sosai ba);
# malfar-ungulu (wani tsiro ne); dss.
A lura da kyau, idan muka dauki missali na farko, (malam-buda-mana-littafi)  za mu ga yana nufin sunan wani abu wato (kafilfilo). Idan kuma ba a sa wannan alama ba a tsakankanin kalmomin (malam buda mana littafi) to rubutun ya zama wata jimla mai nufin umarni, maimakon kalma daya mai nufin sunan wani Kwaro. Wato, dalibai ne ke umartar malaminsu da ya buda masu littafi. Don haka, zamu fahimci cewa, idan an saka alamar, zancen ya zama Kalma daya kacal. Amma idan ba a sa alamar ba to rubutun ya zama jimla sukum.
# Karin Missali, idan mutum yana rubutu a cikin takarda ko kan allo, sai aka fara rubuta wata kalma da ta zo a karshen layi sannan kuma ba ta karasu duka ba, sai a saka karan-dori ( - ) kuma a karasata a layi na kasa.

==1.7 Alamar baka-biyu / ( ) /==
Wannan wata alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna karin bayani akan wata kalma, ko Jimla ko dai a kan wata maganar ta daban. Ga missalai nan kamar haka:
* Yaron da aka kama da laifin kisan matar, 'yar uwa ce ga mahaifin yaron (Gwaggon yaron ce)
* Gwamnan kano, Alh. Abba Kabir Yusuf, ya tura wakilinsa (Sunusi Nature) wajen Taron.
* # Ni mutum ne mai son a sami zaman lafiya tsakanin Musulmai da wanda ba Musulmai ba (Kiristoci).

==1.8 Ayar Motsin-rai / ! /==
Ayar Motsin-rai, wata alama ce da ke nuni da zaburar furuci cikin gaggawar kargafa murya. Hakan na faruwa ne yawanci a farkon bayyanar mury cikin Karfafawa, musamman a kalmomin; razana,mamaki, tausayi da kuma karfafar wata kalma a cikin wani zance na musamman. Alal Missali: '''Ah!, Wayyo!, Lah!, Innalillahi!, Kai!''' Da sauransu. Ga Karin missalai a cikin jimloli:
* Saurayin na zuwa ya nuna mata kyautar bazatar da ya zo mata da ita. Sai ta cika da mamaki,sannan ta ja wani gwauron numfashi sanan ta ce, '''La!''' Amma ko na gode '''sosai!'''
* A lokacin da yaron yake guje-guje cikin lalatattun Kujerun cikin ajin, sai ya taka kusa, ya ce, '''wayyo Allahna!''' jin haka malaminsu ya leko yana cewa, '''kai!''' Me ya faru.
* Haba, yana lekowa cikkin dare sai ya ga wani duhu-duhu  dab da shi. Aiko ya firgita ya ce '''waye nan!'''

Yanzu sai mu lura cewa, a Missali na daya (1), mun yi amfani da '''Lah!''' da kuma '''sosai!'''. A Missali na biyu (2) kuma mun yi amfani da '''wayyo Allah!''' tare da '''kai!'''. Har illa yau a Missali na uku (3) kuma na karshe, mun yi amfani da '''waye nan!'''.
Don haka, wadannan missalai, kadan ne daga cikin missalan '''ayar Motsin-rai / ! /''' Ko kuma inda ya kamata a yi amfani da ita. Sannan kuma, ya kamata a fahimci cewa, dole ne a sami karfafa murya a duk inda ake nufin '''ayar Motsin-rai,''' domin idan aka yi amfani da sanyin murya ma'ana ba za ta samu ba.

==1.9 Zarce / ... /==
Zarce wata alama ce ta digo-dogo akalla guda uku (...), da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna ketare wata kalma ko Jimla a cikin rubutu. Ana samun missalai ta bangarori da dama, mussan a cikin karin magana, tsaallake gurbin amasa wata tambaya, dss. Missali:
# '''Ban sa a ka ba,...''' A nan ba a bukatar karasa zancen ne, shi ya sa aka yi digo-dogon. Manufa a nan, duk Wanda aka yi wa karin maganar, ya karasa ma'anar a zuci ko ma a fili. Wto kenan sai ya karasa zuwa '''inji barawon tagiya'''
# Haka kuma, akan saka wannan alama / ... /, a tsarin tambayar '''cikke tazara'''. Missali:
* '''Sunan Babban birnin kasar Najeriya...''' a nana sai cike da '''Abuja''' ko makamancin haka.

=='''2.0 Rabawa Da Haɗa Kalma'''==
Raba kalma da hada kalma, abubuwa ne mabanbanta amma, masu alaka da juna. Da farko za mu dauki raba kalma. Kamar haka:

==2.1 Raba Kalma==
raba kalma na nufin, barin kalma ta ci gashin kanta duk kankantarta Kuma duk girmanta. Hakan, na nufin a barkalma a matayita ba tare da an hade ta da wata ba, don kaucewa rasa ma'ana ta asali. Wato dai,kin raba kalmomin a inda ya ya dace, yana haifar da chanjawar ma'ana. Missali:

* Shi ne, (kar a ce: shine)
* Ita ce, (kar a ce: itace)
* Wa ya je da su kasuwa? (Kar a ce: waya je dasu kasuwa?)
* Ba ni na zo da shi ba, (kar a ce: bani nazo dashi ba)
* Da ni da ku mu hada Kai, (kar a ce: Dani daku mu hadakai)

A nan, idan muka Laura, mafi yawancin kalmomin da aka yi amfani da su, masu gaba dai-dai ne. Kuma kowacce an bar ta a matayinta. Don haka mu duba Missali na farko: '''Shi ne.''' Kalmar farko '''shi''' wakilin suna ce, Kalmar '''ce''' kuwa tana cikin wani aji na nahawu da ake cewa dirka. Don hak, idan aka hade su kamar '''Shine''' kalmomi biyu daban-daban an hade guri daya, don haka sun zama kalma daya ke nan, wacce kwata-kwata babu ita a Hausa sai a Turancin Ingilishi. Wacce ke nufin '''sheki''' a harshen Hausa.

A Missali na hudu kuwa, ('''ba ni na zo da shi ba ''') za a fahimci cewa, kowacce kalma tana dauke da gaba daya ne. Kuma, duk da rashin tsawonsu,ba a hada wata da wata ba, domin kuwacce na cin gashin kanta. To hakan shi ne daidai. Inda kuwa an hada wata Kalmar da wata, ma'anarta za ta canza. Missali, idan aka hada '''da''' tare da '''shi,''' za su koma kalma daya kamar haka: '''dashi.''' kuma Kalmar tana nufin sunan wata itaciya ne.

==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance.

Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya)

==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance.

Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya)

=='''3.0 Shaddatun Tagwayen Harufan Hausa (Daurin tagwayen harufa)'''==
Shadda na nufin nanata harafi sau biyu, wtau abinda ake kira dauri. Sannan kuma, muna da tagwayen harufa a harshen Hausa,kamar, '''gw, gy, fy,' sh.''' da sauransu. Wadannan tagwayen harufa ana daurinsu a yayin rubuta wasu kalmomi, kamar,

=='''4.0 Kalmomin Mallaka'''==
Kalmomin Mallaka, wasu kalmomi ne da ake amfani da su wajen nuna faruwar mallaka a cikin rubutu. Game da ka'idojin rubun Hausa, an tanadar da hanyoyi biyu domin samar da rubutu mai inganci.
Don haka, muna da gajerar mallaka da kuma doguwar mallaka.

===4.1 Gajerar Mallaka===
Gajerar mallaka, ita ake hade Kalmar abinda aka mallaka da wakilin sunan abin da aka mallaka da wakilin sunan wanda yai mallaka a guri daya.missli: gida+na= ('''gidana''') a nan za a fahimci cewa, kalmar 'gida' da kalmar 'na' an haɗa su a guri ɗaya sun zama kamar kalma guda. A kiyaye da cewa, gajerar mallaka haɗe ta ake yi. Don haka, akwai ƙarin missalai kamar haka:
*Jakarta ba jakar ta ba;
*ajinsu ba ajin su ba;
*matata ba mata ta ba;
*ɗakinki ba ɗakin ki ba;
*motarka ba motar ka ba. 
*masallacinku ba Masallacin ku ba. Da sauransu.

==='''4.2 Doguwar Mallaka'''===

Ita doguwar mallaka, ba a haɗe ake rubuta ta ba. Wato ke nan, ana rabewa tsakanin abinda aka mallaka da kuma wakilin sunan mai mallaka. Ga missalai kamar haka:
* Jakar tata
* Ɗakin nasu
* Wayar tawa
* Littafin nashi
* Gonar taku
* Masallacin nawa
* Takalmin namu

Da haka, za mu fahimci cewa akwai banbanci tsakanin doguwar mallaka da gajerar mallaka.  Mu tuna da missalin farko na doguwar. Wato &quot;'''jakar tata'''&quot; ma'ana, an rubuta &quot;'''jakar'''&quot; daban, ita ma, &quot;'''tata'''&quot; daban. idan kuma a gajerar mallaka ne sai a rubuta &quot;'''jakarta'''&quot; a haɗe. Wato dai ana haɗa &quot;'''jakar'''&quot; da kuma &quot;'''ta'''&quot; a haɗe ('''jakarta''')

== Manazararta==</text>
      <sha1>npoc9g7ys6kt6czrzp69qjh54m2t785</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>889971</id>
      <parentid>889970</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-01T05:58:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Baban Asiya</username>
        <id>15906</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* 3.0 Shaddatun Tagwayen Harufan Hausa (Daurin tagwayen harufa) */</comment>
      <origin>889971</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="17949" sha1="26vxo7woeiq0d8djs5hmchwul0h1x6v" xml:space="preserve">== Ƙa'idojin rubutun hausa ==
Kamar yadda aka sani, kowanne lamari na duniya yana da ka'idar yadda ya kamata a gudanar da shi. Kuma bin ƙa'idar ita ke sa a sami dacen yadda ake bukata ba tare da an fuskanci wata matsala ba. Idan kuma ba a bi ka'idar ba to za a ga  ba daidai ba..
Tunda yake haka ne, rubutun Hausa shi ma, yana da ka'idarsa. Bin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa sau-da-kafa, su ke sa a sami rubutu mai Cikakkiyar ma'ana. Wato a sami daidaiton manufa tsakanin tunanain marubuci da kuma na makaranci.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://hemingwayapp.com/articles/grammar-punctuation/punctuation-marks&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

==Abin da ake nufi da ka'idojin rubutun hausa==
Ka'idojin rubutun Hausa, wani yanayi ne na lura da kiyaye ka'idojin harshen Hausa a rubuce domin samun damar isar da sakon da marubuci ke nufi zuwa ga mai karatu daidai da daidai, ba tare da canzawar ma'anar da marubuci ke nufi ba
. Haka kuma, yana samar da saukin fahimtar karatu daga mai karantawa.

== Fannonin Ka'idojin Rubutun Hausa ==
Fannonin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa da muke da su a nan, suna da dama. Kuma sune ginshin duk abinda ya kamata marubuci ya koya game da ka'idojin rubutun Hausa domin samun gwanancewa a rubutu. Don haka, zan zayyano su, sannan kuma na yi bayaninsu daki-daki kamar haka:

#Alamomin ajiye magana;
#Raba kalma da kuma hade kalma;
#Shaddatun tagwayen harufan Hausa;
#Gajera da doguwar mallaka;
#Dafa-keya 'w' da jakada 'w';
#Daurin 'm' da daurin 'n';

=='''1.0 Alamomin Ajiye Magana' (punctuation mark)'''== 
Ga Alamomin aje magana tare da bayanansu daki-daki:
* '''Aya / . /
* '''Waƙafi / . /
* '''Ayar tambaya / ? /
* '''Ruwa-biyu / : /
* '''Waƙafi m mai ruwa / ; /
* '''Karan-ɗori / - /
* '''Alamar zancen wani / &quot; &quot; /
* '''Baka-biyu / ( ) /
* '''Alamar Motsin rai / ! /
* '''Zarce / ... /

1.1 '''Aya / . /'''
Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta  cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali:

'''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.'''
idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan.

1.2== Wakafi/ , / ==
Wakafi, wata karmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali:

*'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.'''
To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: 
*'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.'''
A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe.

1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / ==
Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali:
* Aliyu ya zo?, 
* menene ake sayarwa?
Idan aka yi la'akari da missalan da ke sama, za a ga
an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkanin suna dauke da alamar tambaya. 
Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba:

Aliyu ya zo

A nan za a fahimci cewa, ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri.

1.4== Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/==
Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal:
# '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida)
# missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )'''

sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita
* idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:'''

* Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi;
* Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa;
* Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. 

A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da aka sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana.

==1.1 Aya / . /==
Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta  cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali:

'''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.'''
idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan.

==1.2 Wakafi/ , / ==
Waƙafi, wata ƙarmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali:

*'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.'''
To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: 
*'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.'''
A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe.

1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / ==
Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali:
* Aliyu ya zo?, 
* menene ake sayarwa?
Idan aka yi la'akari missalan da ke sama, za a ga
an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkaninsu suna dauke da alamar tambaya. 
Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba:

Aliyu ya zo

A nan za a fahimci cewa ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri.

==1.4 Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/==
Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal:
# '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida)
# missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )'''

sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita
* idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:'''

* Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi;
* Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa;
* Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. 

A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da na sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana.

==1.5 Waƙafi mai ruwa / ; / ==

wannan alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen raba jerin wasu jimloli ko kalmomi a cikin zance. 
Game da missali, a duba a missalin karshe na Aya mai ruwa, za a ga yadda aka bayyana abinda Shugaban kasa ya zayyana.  A nan za a ga an sa
Ka alamar /;/ a gaban kowacce jimla. 
Ga Karin missali:
* Shugqban makarantar ya gargadi dalibai cewa,idan sun tashi dawowa daga hutu, su zo da kayan karatu kamar irin wadannan:
# littafin koyon turanci, aji na biyar;
# littafin koyan lissafi, aji na biyar;
# littafin nazarin rayuwar dan Adam, aji na biyar;
# littafin koyan karatn Hausa, aji na biyar.
A wadannan missalai za a lura cewa, a duk karshen jimloli 3 na farko an saka alamaar tsayawa ta wakafi mai ruwa (;), in banda jimla ta karshe da aka yi wa alamar aya /./

==1.6 Karan-ɗori / - /==
Karan-dori, alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen hade kalmomi biyu ko sama da biyu, su zama kalma daya da ma'ana daya. Akan saka wannan alama ne a tsakanin kalmomi da suka zo iri daya ko wadanda suka zo daban-daban. Kin  saka wannan alama a inda ya dace, yakan kawo sabanin ma'ana tsakanin mawallafi da makaranci. Missali:
# malam-buda-mana-littafi (sunnan wani kafilfilo);
# fadi-ka-mutu (tangaran);
# fari-fari (abinda bai kai fari sosai ba);
# malfar-ungulu (wani tsiro ne); dss.
A lura da kyau, idan muka dauki missali na farko, (malam-buda-mana-littafi)  za mu ga yana nufin sunan wani abu wato (kafilfilo). Idan kuma ba a sa wannan alama ba a tsakankanin kalmomin (malam buda mana littafi) to rubutun ya zama wata jimla mai nufin umarni, maimakon kalma daya mai nufin sunan wani Kwaro. Wato, dalibai ne ke umartar malaminsu da ya buda masu littafi. Don haka, zamu fahimci cewa, idan an saka alamar, zancen ya zama Kalma daya kacal. Amma idan ba a sa alamar ba to rubutun ya zama jimla sukum.
# Karin Missali, idan mutum yana rubutu a cikin takarda ko kan allo, sai aka fara rubuta wata kalma da ta zo a karshen layi sannan kuma ba ta karasu duka ba, sai a saka karan-dori ( - ) kuma a karasata a layi na kasa.

==1.7 Alamar baka-biyu / ( ) /==
Wannan wata alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna karin bayani akan wata kalma, ko Jimla ko dai a kan wata maganar ta daban. Ga missalai nan kamar haka:
* Yaron da aka kama da laifin kisan matar, 'yar uwa ce ga mahaifin yaron (Gwaggon yaron ce)
* Gwamnan kano, Alh. Abba Kabir Yusuf, ya tura wakilinsa (Sunusi Nature) wajen Taron.
* # Ni mutum ne mai son a sami zaman lafiya tsakanin Musulmai da wanda ba Musulmai ba (Kiristoci).

==1.8 Ayar Motsin-rai / ! /==
Ayar Motsin-rai, wata alama ce da ke nuni da zaburar furuci cikin gaggawar kargafa murya. Hakan na faruwa ne yawanci a farkon bayyanar mury cikin Karfafawa, musamman a kalmomin; razana,mamaki, tausayi da kuma karfafar wata kalma a cikin wani zance na musamman. Alal Missali: '''Ah!, Wayyo!, Lah!, Innalillahi!, Kai!''' Da sauransu. Ga Karin missalai a cikin jimloli:
* Saurayin na zuwa ya nuna mata kyautar bazatar da ya zo mata da ita. Sai ta cika da mamaki,sannan ta ja wani gwauron numfashi sanan ta ce, '''La!''' Amma ko na gode '''sosai!'''
* A lokacin da yaron yake guje-guje cikin lalatattun Kujerun cikin ajin, sai ya taka kusa, ya ce, '''wayyo Allahna!''' jin haka malaminsu ya leko yana cewa, '''kai!''' Me ya faru.
* Haba, yana lekowa cikkin dare sai ya ga wani duhu-duhu  dab da shi. Aiko ya firgita ya ce '''waye nan!'''

Yanzu sai mu lura cewa, a Missali na daya (1), mun yi amfani da '''Lah!''' da kuma '''sosai!'''. A Missali na biyu (2) kuma mun yi amfani da '''wayyo Allah!''' tare da '''kai!'''. Har illa yau a Missali na uku (3) kuma na karshe, mun yi amfani da '''waye nan!'''.
Don haka, wadannan missalai, kadan ne daga cikin missalan '''ayar Motsin-rai / ! /''' Ko kuma inda ya kamata a yi amfani da ita. Sannan kuma, ya kamata a fahimci cewa, dole ne a sami karfafa murya a duk inda ake nufin '''ayar Motsin-rai,''' domin idan aka yi amfani da sanyin murya ma'ana ba za ta samu ba.

==1.9 Zarce / ... /==
Zarce wata alama ce ta digo-dogo akalla guda uku (...), da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna ketare wata kalma ko Jimla a cikin rubutu. Ana samun missalai ta bangarori da dama, mussan a cikin karin magana, tsaallake gurbin amasa wata tambaya, dss. Missali:
# '''Ban sa a ka ba,...''' A nan ba a bukatar karasa zancen ne, shi ya sa aka yi digo-dogon. Manufa a nan, duk Wanda aka yi wa karin maganar, ya karasa ma'anar a zuci ko ma a fili. Wto kenan sai ya karasa zuwa '''inji barawon tagiya'''
# Haka kuma, akan saka wannan alama / ... /, a tsarin tambayar '''cikke tazara'''. Missali:
* '''Sunan Babban birnin kasar Najeriya...''' a nana sai cike da '''Abuja''' ko makamancin haka.

=='''2.0 Rabawa Da Haɗa Kalma'''==
Raba kalma da hada kalma, abubuwa ne mabanbanta amma, masu alaka da juna. Da farko za mu dauki raba kalma. Kamar haka:

==2.1 Raba Kalma==
raba kalma na nufin, barin kalma ta ci gashin kanta duk kankantarta Kuma duk girmanta. Hakan, na nufin a barkalma a matayita ba tare da an hade ta da wata ba, don kaucewa rasa ma'ana ta asali. Wato dai,kin raba kalmomin a inda ya ya dace, yana haifar da chanjawar ma'ana. Missali:

* Shi ne, (kar a ce: shine)
* Ita ce, (kar a ce: itace)
* Wa ya je da su kasuwa? (Kar a ce: waya je dasu kasuwa?)
* Ba ni na zo da shi ba, (kar a ce: bani nazo dashi ba)
* Da ni da ku mu hada Kai, (kar a ce: Dani daku mu hadakai)

A nan, idan muka Laura, mafi yawancin kalmomin da aka yi amfani da su, masu gaba dai-dai ne. Kuma kowacce an bar ta a matayinta. Don haka mu duba Missali na farko: '''Shi ne.''' Kalmar farko '''shi''' wakilin suna ce, Kalmar '''ce''' kuwa tana cikin wani aji na nahawu da ake cewa dirka. Don hak, idan aka hade su kamar '''Shine''' kalmomi biyu daban-daban an hade guri daya, don haka sun zama kalma daya ke nan, wacce kwata-kwata babu ita a Hausa sai a Turancin Ingilishi. Wacce ke nufin '''sheki''' a harshen Hausa.

A Missali na hudu kuwa, ('''ba ni na zo da shi ba ''') za a fahimci cewa, kowacce kalma tana dauke da gaba daya ne. Kuma, duk da rashin tsawonsu,ba a hada wata da wata ba, domin kuwacce na cin gashin kanta. To hakan shi ne daidai. Inda kuwa an hada wata Kalmar da wata, ma'anarta za ta canza. Missali, idan aka hada '''da''' tare da '''shi,''' za su koma kalma daya kamar haka: '''dashi.''' kuma Kalmar tana nufin sunan wata itaciya ne.

==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance.

Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya)

==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance.

Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya)

=='''3.0 Shaddatun Tagwayen Harufan Hausa (Daurin tagwayen harufa)'''==
Shadda na nufin nanata harafi sau biyu, wtau abinda ake kira dauri. Sannan kuma, muna da tagwayen harufa a harshen Hausa,kamar, '''gw, gy, fy,' sh.''' da sauransu. Wadannan tagwayen harufa ana daurinsu a yayin rubuta wasu kalmomi, kamar, Sha'''ssha'''ka

=='''4.0 Kalmomin Mallaka'''==
Kalmomin Mallaka, wasu kalmomi ne da ake amfani da su wajen nuna faruwar mallaka a cikin rubutu. Game da ka'idojin rubun Hausa, an tanadar da hanyoyi biyu domin samar da rubutu mai inganci.
Don haka, muna da gajerar mallaka da kuma doguwar mallaka.

===4.1 Gajerar Mallaka===
Gajerar mallaka, ita ake hade Kalmar abinda aka mallaka da wakilin sunan abin da aka mallaka da wakilin sunan wanda yai mallaka a guri daya.missli: gida+na= ('''gidana''') a nan za a fahimci cewa, kalmar 'gida' da kalmar 'na' an haɗa su a guri ɗaya sun zama kamar kalma guda. A kiyaye da cewa, gajerar mallaka haɗe ta ake yi. Don haka, akwai ƙarin missalai kamar haka:
*Jakarta ba jakar ta ba;
*ajinsu ba ajin su ba;
*matata ba mata ta ba;
*ɗakinki ba ɗakin ki ba;
*motarka ba motar ka ba. 
*masallacinku ba Masallacin ku ba. Da sauransu.

==='''4.2 Doguwar Mallaka'''===

Ita doguwar mallaka, ba a haɗe ake rubuta ta ba. Wato ke nan, ana rabewa tsakanin abinda aka mallaka da kuma wakilin sunan mai mallaka. Ga missalai kamar haka:
* Jakar tata
* Ɗakin nasu
* Wayar tawa
* Littafin nashi
* Gonar taku
* Masallacin nawa
* Takalmin namu

Da haka, za mu fahimci cewa akwai banbanci tsakanin doguwar mallaka da gajerar mallaka.  Mu tuna da missalin farko na doguwar. Wato &quot;'''jakar tata'''&quot; ma'ana, an rubuta &quot;'''jakar'''&quot; daban, ita ma, &quot;'''tata'''&quot; daban. idan kuma a gajerar mallaka ne sai a rubuta &quot;'''jakarta'''&quot; a haɗe. Wato dai ana haɗa &quot;'''jakar'''&quot; da kuma &quot;'''ta'''&quot; a haɗe ('''jakarta''')

== Manazararta==</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>889972</id>
      <parentid>889971</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-01T06:00:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Baban Asiya</username>
        <id>15906</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* 3.0 Shaddatun Tagwayen Harufan Hausa (Daurin tagwayen harufa) */</comment>
      <origin>889972</origin>
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      <text bytes="18009" sha1="o4ygp1z446sb9j4juciw9l6p7cbrz2l" xml:space="preserve">== Ƙa'idojin rubutun hausa ==
Kamar yadda aka sani, kowanne lamari na duniya yana da ka'idar yadda ya kamata a gudanar da shi. Kuma bin ƙa'idar ita ke sa a sami dacen yadda ake bukata ba tare da an fuskanci wata matsala ba. Idan kuma ba a bi ka'idar ba to za a ga  ba daidai ba..
Tunda yake haka ne, rubutun Hausa shi ma, yana da ka'idarsa. Bin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa sau-da-kafa, su ke sa a sami rubutu mai Cikakkiyar ma'ana. Wato a sami daidaiton manufa tsakanin tunanain marubuci da kuma na makaranci.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://hemingwayapp.com/articles/grammar-punctuation/punctuation-marks&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

==Abin da ake nufi da ka'idojin rubutun hausa==
Ka'idojin rubutun Hausa, wani yanayi ne na lura da kiyaye ka'idojin harshen Hausa a rubuce domin samun damar isar da sakon da marubuci ke nufi zuwa ga mai karatu daidai da daidai, ba tare da canzawar ma'anar da marubuci ke nufi ba
. Haka kuma, yana samar da saukin fahimtar karatu daga mai karantawa.

== Fannonin Ka'idojin Rubutun Hausa ==
Fannonin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa da muke da su a nan, suna da dama. Kuma sune ginshin duk abinda ya kamata marubuci ya koya game da ka'idojin rubutun Hausa domin samun gwanancewa a rubutu. Don haka, zan zayyano su, sannan kuma na yi bayaninsu daki-daki kamar haka:

#Alamomin ajiye magana;
#Raba kalma da kuma hade kalma;
#Shaddatun tagwayen harufan Hausa;
#Gajera da doguwar mallaka;
#Dafa-keya 'w' da jakada 'w';
#Daurin 'm' da daurin 'n';

=='''1.0 Alamomin Ajiye Magana' (punctuation mark)'''== 
Ga Alamomin aje magana tare da bayanansu daki-daki:
* '''Aya / . /
* '''Waƙafi / . /
* '''Ayar tambaya / ? /
* '''Ruwa-biyu / : /
* '''Waƙafi m mai ruwa / ; /
* '''Karan-ɗori / - /
* '''Alamar zancen wani / &quot; &quot; /
* '''Baka-biyu / ( ) /
* '''Alamar Motsin rai / ! /
* '''Zarce / ... /

1.1 '''Aya / . /'''
Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta  cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali:

'''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.'''
idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan.

1.2== Wakafi/ , / ==
Wakafi, wata karmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali:

*'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.'''
To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: 
*'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.'''
A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe.

1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / ==
Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali:
* Aliyu ya zo?, 
* menene ake sayarwa?
Idan aka yi la'akari da missalan da ke sama, za a ga
an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkanin suna dauke da alamar tambaya. 
Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba:

Aliyu ya zo

A nan za a fahimci cewa, ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri.

1.4== Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/==
Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal:
# '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida)
# missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )'''

sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita
* idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:'''

* Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi;
* Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa;
* Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. 

A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da aka sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana.

==1.1 Aya / . /==
Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta  cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali:

'''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.'''
idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan.

==1.2 Wakafi/ , / ==
Waƙafi, wata ƙarmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali:

*'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.'''
To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: 
*'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.'''
A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe.

1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / ==
Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali:
* Aliyu ya zo?, 
* menene ake sayarwa?
Idan aka yi la'akari missalan da ke sama, za a ga
an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkaninsu suna dauke da alamar tambaya. 
Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba:

Aliyu ya zo

A nan za a fahimci cewa ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri.

==1.4 Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/==
Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal:
# '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida)
# missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )'''

sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita
* idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:'''

* Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi;
* Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa;
* Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. 

A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da na sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana.

==1.5 Waƙafi mai ruwa / ; / ==

wannan alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen raba jerin wasu jimloli ko kalmomi a cikin zance. 
Game da missali, a duba a missalin karshe na Aya mai ruwa, za a ga yadda aka bayyana abinda Shugaban kasa ya zayyana.  A nan za a ga an sa
Ka alamar /;/ a gaban kowacce jimla. 
Ga Karin missali:
* Shugqban makarantar ya gargadi dalibai cewa,idan sun tashi dawowa daga hutu, su zo da kayan karatu kamar irin wadannan:
# littafin koyon turanci, aji na biyar;
# littafin koyan lissafi, aji na biyar;
# littafin nazarin rayuwar dan Adam, aji na biyar;
# littafin koyan karatn Hausa, aji na biyar.
A wadannan missalai za a lura cewa, a duk karshen jimloli 3 na farko an saka alamaar tsayawa ta wakafi mai ruwa (;), in banda jimla ta karshe da aka yi wa alamar aya /./

==1.6 Karan-ɗori / - /==
Karan-dori, alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen hade kalmomi biyu ko sama da biyu, su zama kalma daya da ma'ana daya. Akan saka wannan alama ne a tsakanin kalmomi da suka zo iri daya ko wadanda suka zo daban-daban. Kin  saka wannan alama a inda ya dace, yakan kawo sabanin ma'ana tsakanin mawallafi da makaranci. Missali:
# malam-buda-mana-littafi (sunnan wani kafilfilo);
# fadi-ka-mutu (tangaran);
# fari-fari (abinda bai kai fari sosai ba);
# malfar-ungulu (wani tsiro ne); dss.
A lura da kyau, idan muka dauki missali na farko, (malam-buda-mana-littafi)  za mu ga yana nufin sunan wani abu wato (kafilfilo). Idan kuma ba a sa wannan alama ba a tsakankanin kalmomin (malam buda mana littafi) to rubutun ya zama wata jimla mai nufin umarni, maimakon kalma daya mai nufin sunan wani Kwaro. Wato, dalibai ne ke umartar malaminsu da ya buda masu littafi. Don haka, zamu fahimci cewa, idan an saka alamar, zancen ya zama Kalma daya kacal. Amma idan ba a sa alamar ba to rubutun ya zama jimla sukum.
# Karin Missali, idan mutum yana rubutu a cikin takarda ko kan allo, sai aka fara rubuta wata kalma da ta zo a karshen layi sannan kuma ba ta karasu duka ba, sai a saka karan-dori ( - ) kuma a karasata a layi na kasa.

==1.7 Alamar baka-biyu / ( ) /==
Wannan wata alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna karin bayani akan wata kalma, ko Jimla ko dai a kan wata maganar ta daban. Ga missalai nan kamar haka:
* Yaron da aka kama da laifin kisan matar, 'yar uwa ce ga mahaifin yaron (Gwaggon yaron ce)
* Gwamnan kano, Alh. Abba Kabir Yusuf, ya tura wakilinsa (Sunusi Nature) wajen Taron.
* # Ni mutum ne mai son a sami zaman lafiya tsakanin Musulmai da wanda ba Musulmai ba (Kiristoci).

==1.8 Ayar Motsin-rai / ! /==
Ayar Motsin-rai, wata alama ce da ke nuni da zaburar furuci cikin gaggawar kargafa murya. Hakan na faruwa ne yawanci a farkon bayyanar mury cikin Karfafawa, musamman a kalmomin; razana,mamaki, tausayi da kuma karfafar wata kalma a cikin wani zance na musamman. Alal Missali: '''Ah!, Wayyo!, Lah!, Innalillahi!, Kai!''' Da sauransu. Ga Karin missalai a cikin jimloli:
* Saurayin na zuwa ya nuna mata kyautar bazatar da ya zo mata da ita. Sai ta cika da mamaki,sannan ta ja wani gwauron numfashi sanan ta ce, '''La!''' Amma ko na gode '''sosai!'''
* A lokacin da yaron yake guje-guje cikin lalatattun Kujerun cikin ajin, sai ya taka kusa, ya ce, '''wayyo Allahna!''' jin haka malaminsu ya leko yana cewa, '''kai!''' Me ya faru.
* Haba, yana lekowa cikkin dare sai ya ga wani duhu-duhu  dab da shi. Aiko ya firgita ya ce '''waye nan!'''

Yanzu sai mu lura cewa, a Missali na daya (1), mun yi amfani da '''Lah!''' da kuma '''sosai!'''. A Missali na biyu (2) kuma mun yi amfani da '''wayyo Allah!''' tare da '''kai!'''. Har illa yau a Missali na uku (3) kuma na karshe, mun yi amfani da '''waye nan!'''.
Don haka, wadannan missalai, kadan ne daga cikin missalan '''ayar Motsin-rai / ! /''' Ko kuma inda ya kamata a yi amfani da ita. Sannan kuma, ya kamata a fahimci cewa, dole ne a sami karfafa murya a duk inda ake nufin '''ayar Motsin-rai,''' domin idan aka yi amfani da sanyin murya ma'ana ba za ta samu ba.

==1.9 Zarce / ... /==
Zarce wata alama ce ta digo-dogo akalla guda uku (...), da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna ketare wata kalma ko Jimla a cikin rubutu. Ana samun missalai ta bangarori da dama, mussan a cikin karin magana, tsaallake gurbin amasa wata tambaya, dss. Missali:
# '''Ban sa a ka ba,...''' A nan ba a bukatar karasa zancen ne, shi ya sa aka yi digo-dogon. Manufa a nan, duk Wanda aka yi wa karin maganar, ya karasa ma'anar a zuci ko ma a fili. Wto kenan sai ya karasa zuwa '''inji barawon tagiya'''
# Haka kuma, akan saka wannan alama / ... /, a tsarin tambayar '''cikke tazara'''. Missali:
* '''Sunan Babban birnin kasar Najeriya...''' a nana sai cike da '''Abuja''' ko makamancin haka.

=='''2.0 Rabawa Da Haɗa Kalma'''==
Raba kalma da hada kalma, abubuwa ne mabanbanta amma, masu alaka da juna. Da farko za mu dauki raba kalma. Kamar haka:

==2.1 Raba Kalma==
raba kalma na nufin, barin kalma ta ci gashin kanta duk kankantarta Kuma duk girmanta. Hakan, na nufin a barkalma a matayita ba tare da an hade ta da wata ba, don kaucewa rasa ma'ana ta asali. Wato dai,kin raba kalmomin a inda ya ya dace, yana haifar da chanjawar ma'ana. Missali:

* Shi ne, (kar a ce: shine)
* Ita ce, (kar a ce: itace)
* Wa ya je da su kasuwa? (Kar a ce: waya je dasu kasuwa?)
* Ba ni na zo da shi ba, (kar a ce: bani nazo dashi ba)
* Da ni da ku mu hada Kai, (kar a ce: Dani daku mu hadakai)

A nan, idan muka Laura, mafi yawancin kalmomin da aka yi amfani da su, masu gaba dai-dai ne. Kuma kowacce an bar ta a matayinta. Don haka mu duba Missali na farko: '''Shi ne.''' Kalmar farko '''shi''' wakilin suna ce, Kalmar '''ce''' kuwa tana cikin wani aji na nahawu da ake cewa dirka. Don hak, idan aka hade su kamar '''Shine''' kalmomi biyu daban-daban an hade guri daya, don haka sun zama kalma daya ke nan, wacce kwata-kwata babu ita a Hausa sai a Turancin Ingilishi. Wacce ke nufin '''sheki''' a harshen Hausa.

A Missali na hudu kuwa, ('''ba ni na zo da shi ba ''') za a fahimci cewa, kowacce kalma tana dauke da gaba daya ne. Kuma, duk da rashin tsawonsu,ba a hada wata da wata ba, domin kuwacce na cin gashin kanta. To hakan shi ne daidai. Inda kuwa an hada wata Kalmar da wata, ma'anarta za ta canza. Missali, idan aka hada '''da''' tare da '''shi,''' za su koma kalma daya kamar haka: '''dashi.''' kuma Kalmar tana nufin sunan wata itaciya ne.

==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance.

Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya)

==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance.

Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya)

=='''3.0 Shaddatun Tagwayen Harufan Hausa (Daurin tagwayen harufa)'''==
Shadda na nufin nanata harafi sau biyu, wtau abinda ake kira dauri. Sannan kuma, muna da tagwayen harufa a harshen Hausa,kamar, '''gw, gy, fy,' sh.''' da sauransu. Wadannan tagwayen harufa ana daurinsu a yayin rubuta wasu kalmomi, kamar, Sha'''ssha'''ka. A nan ga missalan yadda ya kamata a rubuta su dalla-dakka:

=='''4.0 Kalmomin Mallaka'''==
Kalmomin Mallaka, wasu kalmomi ne da ake amfani da su wajen nuna faruwar mallaka a cikin rubutu. Game da ka'idojin rubun Hausa, an tanadar da hanyoyi biyu domin samar da rubutu mai inganci.
Don haka, muna da gajerar mallaka da kuma doguwar mallaka.

===4.1 Gajerar Mallaka===
Gajerar mallaka, ita ake hade Kalmar abinda aka mallaka da wakilin sunan abin da aka mallaka da wakilin sunan wanda yai mallaka a guri daya.missli: gida+na= ('''gidana''') a nan za a fahimci cewa, kalmar 'gida' da kalmar 'na' an haɗa su a guri ɗaya sun zama kamar kalma guda. A kiyaye da cewa, gajerar mallaka haɗe ta ake yi. Don haka, akwai ƙarin missalai kamar haka:
*Jakarta ba jakar ta ba;
*ajinsu ba ajin su ba;
*matata ba mata ta ba;
*ɗakinki ba ɗakin ki ba;
*motarka ba motar ka ba. 
*masallacinku ba Masallacin ku ba. Da sauransu.

==='''4.2 Doguwar Mallaka'''===

Ita doguwar mallaka, ba a haɗe ake rubuta ta ba. Wato ke nan, ana rabewa tsakanin abinda aka mallaka da kuma wakilin sunan mai mallaka. Ga missalai kamar haka:
* Jakar tata
* Ɗakin nasu
* Wayar tawa
* Littafin nashi
* Gonar taku
* Masallacin nawa
* Takalmin namu

Da haka, za mu fahimci cewa akwai banbanci tsakanin doguwar mallaka da gajerar mallaka.  Mu tuna da missalin farko na doguwar. Wato &quot;'''jakar tata'''&quot; ma'ana, an rubuta &quot;'''jakar'''&quot; daban, ita ma, &quot;'''tata'''&quot; daban. idan kuma a gajerar mallaka ne sai a rubuta &quot;'''jakarta'''&quot; a haɗe. Wato dai ana haɗa &quot;'''jakar'''&quot; da kuma &quot;'''ta'''&quot; a haɗe ('''jakarta''')

== Manazararta==</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>889974</id>
      <parentid>889972</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-01T06:04:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Baban Asiya</username>
        <id>15906</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* 3.0 Shaddatun Tagwayen Harufan Hausa (Daurin tagwayen harufa) */</comment>
      <origin>889974</origin>
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      <text bytes="18052" sha1="a1wre71r944oxud65o33cuc6ypda0vp" xml:space="preserve">== Ƙa'idojin rubutun hausa ==
Kamar yadda aka sani, kowanne lamari na duniya yana da ka'idar yadda ya kamata a gudanar da shi. Kuma bin ƙa'idar ita ke sa a sami dacen yadda ake bukata ba tare da an fuskanci wata matsala ba. Idan kuma ba a bi ka'idar ba to za a ga  ba daidai ba..
Tunda yake haka ne, rubutun Hausa shi ma, yana da ka'idarsa. Bin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa sau-da-kafa, su ke sa a sami rubutu mai Cikakkiyar ma'ana. Wato a sami daidaiton manufa tsakanin tunanain marubuci da kuma na makaranci.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://hemingwayapp.com/articles/grammar-punctuation/punctuation-marks&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

==Abin da ake nufi da ka'idojin rubutun hausa==
Ka'idojin rubutun Hausa, wani yanayi ne na lura da kiyaye ka'idojin harshen Hausa a rubuce domin samun damar isar da sakon da marubuci ke nufi zuwa ga mai karatu daidai da daidai, ba tare da canzawar ma'anar da marubuci ke nufi ba
. Haka kuma, yana samar da saukin fahimtar karatu daga mai karantawa.

== Fannonin Ka'idojin Rubutun Hausa ==
Fannonin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa da muke da su a nan, suna da dama. Kuma sune ginshin duk abinda ya kamata marubuci ya koya game da ka'idojin rubutun Hausa domin samun gwanancewa a rubutu. Don haka, zan zayyano su, sannan kuma na yi bayaninsu daki-daki kamar haka:

#Alamomin ajiye magana;
#Raba kalma da kuma hade kalma;
#Shaddatun tagwayen harufan Hausa;
#Gajera da doguwar mallaka;
#Dafa-keya 'w' da jakada 'w';
#Daurin 'm' da daurin 'n';

=='''1.0 Alamomin Ajiye Magana' (punctuation mark)'''== 
Ga Alamomin aje magana tare da bayanansu daki-daki:
* '''Aya / . /
* '''Waƙafi / . /
* '''Ayar tambaya / ? /
* '''Ruwa-biyu / : /
* '''Waƙafi m mai ruwa / ; /
* '''Karan-ɗori / - /
* '''Alamar zancen wani / &quot; &quot; /
* '''Baka-biyu / ( ) /
* '''Alamar Motsin rai / ! /
* '''Zarce / ... /

1.1 '''Aya / . /'''
Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta  cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali:

'''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.'''
idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan.

1.2== Wakafi/ , / ==
Wakafi, wata karmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali:

*'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.'''
To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: 
*'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.'''
A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe.

1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / ==
Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali:
* Aliyu ya zo?, 
* menene ake sayarwa?
Idan aka yi la'akari da missalan da ke sama, za a ga
an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkanin suna dauke da alamar tambaya. 
Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba:

Aliyu ya zo

A nan za a fahimci cewa, ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri.

1.4== Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/==
Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal:
# '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida)
# missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )'''

sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita
* idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:'''

* Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi;
* Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa;
* Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. 

A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da aka sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana.

==1.1 Aya / . /==
Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta  cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali:

'''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.'''
idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan.

==1.2 Wakafi/ , / ==
Waƙafi, wata ƙarmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali:

*'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.'''
To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: 
*'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.'''
A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe.

1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / ==
Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali:
* Aliyu ya zo?, 
* menene ake sayarwa?
Idan aka yi la'akari missalan da ke sama, za a ga
an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkaninsu suna dauke da alamar tambaya. 
Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba:

Aliyu ya zo

A nan za a fahimci cewa ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri.

==1.4 Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/==
Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal:
# '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida)
# missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )'''

sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita
* idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:'''

* Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi;
* Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa;
* Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. 

A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da na sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana.

==1.5 Waƙafi mai ruwa / ; / ==

wannan alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen raba jerin wasu jimloli ko kalmomi a cikin zance. 
Game da missali, a duba a missalin karshe na Aya mai ruwa, za a ga yadda aka bayyana abinda Shugaban kasa ya zayyana.  A nan za a ga an sa
Ka alamar /;/ a gaban kowacce jimla. 
Ga Karin missali:
* Shugqban makarantar ya gargadi dalibai cewa,idan sun tashi dawowa daga hutu, su zo da kayan karatu kamar irin wadannan:
# littafin koyon turanci, aji na biyar;
# littafin koyan lissafi, aji na biyar;
# littafin nazarin rayuwar dan Adam, aji na biyar;
# littafin koyan karatn Hausa, aji na biyar.
A wadannan missalai za a lura cewa, a duk karshen jimloli 3 na farko an saka alamaar tsayawa ta wakafi mai ruwa (;), in banda jimla ta karshe da aka yi wa alamar aya /./

==1.6 Karan-ɗori / - /==
Karan-dori, alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen hade kalmomi biyu ko sama da biyu, su zama kalma daya da ma'ana daya. Akan saka wannan alama ne a tsakanin kalmomi da suka zo iri daya ko wadanda suka zo daban-daban. Kin  saka wannan alama a inda ya dace, yakan kawo sabanin ma'ana tsakanin mawallafi da makaranci. Missali:
# malam-buda-mana-littafi (sunnan wani kafilfilo);
# fadi-ka-mutu (tangaran);
# fari-fari (abinda bai kai fari sosai ba);
# malfar-ungulu (wani tsiro ne); dss.
A lura da kyau, idan muka dauki missali na farko, (malam-buda-mana-littafi)  za mu ga yana nufin sunan wani abu wato (kafilfilo). Idan kuma ba a sa wannan alama ba a tsakankanin kalmomin (malam buda mana littafi) to rubutun ya zama wata jimla mai nufin umarni, maimakon kalma daya mai nufin sunan wani Kwaro. Wato, dalibai ne ke umartar malaminsu da ya buda masu littafi. Don haka, zamu fahimci cewa, idan an saka alamar, zancen ya zama Kalma daya kacal. Amma idan ba a sa alamar ba to rubutun ya zama jimla sukum.
# Karin Missali, idan mutum yana rubutu a cikin takarda ko kan allo, sai aka fara rubuta wata kalma da ta zo a karshen layi sannan kuma ba ta karasu duka ba, sai a saka karan-dori ( - ) kuma a karasata a layi na kasa.

==1.7 Alamar baka-biyu / ( ) /==
Wannan wata alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna karin bayani akan wata kalma, ko Jimla ko dai a kan wata maganar ta daban. Ga missalai nan kamar haka:
* Yaron da aka kama da laifin kisan matar, 'yar uwa ce ga mahaifin yaron (Gwaggon yaron ce)
* Gwamnan kano, Alh. Abba Kabir Yusuf, ya tura wakilinsa (Sunusi Nature) wajen Taron.
* # Ni mutum ne mai son a sami zaman lafiya tsakanin Musulmai da wanda ba Musulmai ba (Kiristoci).

==1.8 Ayar Motsin-rai / ! /==
Ayar Motsin-rai, wata alama ce da ke nuni da zaburar furuci cikin gaggawar kargafa murya. Hakan na faruwa ne yawanci a farkon bayyanar mury cikin Karfafawa, musamman a kalmomin; razana,mamaki, tausayi da kuma karfafar wata kalma a cikin wani zance na musamman. Alal Missali: '''Ah!, Wayyo!, Lah!, Innalillahi!, Kai!''' Da sauransu. Ga Karin missalai a cikin jimloli:
* Saurayin na zuwa ya nuna mata kyautar bazatar da ya zo mata da ita. Sai ta cika da mamaki,sannan ta ja wani gwauron numfashi sanan ta ce, '''La!''' Amma ko na gode '''sosai!'''
* A lokacin da yaron yake guje-guje cikin lalatattun Kujerun cikin ajin, sai ya taka kusa, ya ce, '''wayyo Allahna!''' jin haka malaminsu ya leko yana cewa, '''kai!''' Me ya faru.
* Haba, yana lekowa cikkin dare sai ya ga wani duhu-duhu  dab da shi. Aiko ya firgita ya ce '''waye nan!'''

Yanzu sai mu lura cewa, a Missali na daya (1), mun yi amfani da '''Lah!''' da kuma '''sosai!'''. A Missali na biyu (2) kuma mun yi amfani da '''wayyo Allah!''' tare da '''kai!'''. Har illa yau a Missali na uku (3) kuma na karshe, mun yi amfani da '''waye nan!'''.
Don haka, wadannan missalai, kadan ne daga cikin missalan '''ayar Motsin-rai / ! /''' Ko kuma inda ya kamata a yi amfani da ita. Sannan kuma, ya kamata a fahimci cewa, dole ne a sami karfafa murya a duk inda ake nufin '''ayar Motsin-rai,''' domin idan aka yi amfani da sanyin murya ma'ana ba za ta samu ba.

==1.9 Zarce / ... /==
Zarce wata alama ce ta digo-dogo akalla guda uku (...), da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna ketare wata kalma ko Jimla a cikin rubutu. Ana samun missalai ta bangarori da dama, mussan a cikin karin magana, tsaallake gurbin amasa wata tambaya, dss. Missali:
# '''Ban sa a ka ba,...''' A nan ba a bukatar karasa zancen ne, shi ya sa aka yi digo-dogon. Manufa a nan, duk Wanda aka yi wa karin maganar, ya karasa ma'anar a zuci ko ma a fili. Wto kenan sai ya karasa zuwa '''inji barawon tagiya'''
# Haka kuma, akan saka wannan alama / ... /, a tsarin tambayar '''cikke tazara'''. Missali:
* '''Sunan Babban birnin kasar Najeriya...''' a nana sai cike da '''Abuja''' ko makamancin haka.

=='''2.0 Rabawa Da Haɗa Kalma'''==
Raba kalma da hada kalma, abubuwa ne mabanbanta amma, masu alaka da juna. Da farko za mu dauki raba kalma. Kamar haka:

==2.1 Raba Kalma==
raba kalma na nufin, barin kalma ta ci gashin kanta duk kankantarta Kuma duk girmanta. Hakan, na nufin a barkalma a matayita ba tare da an hade ta da wata ba, don kaucewa rasa ma'ana ta asali. Wato dai,kin raba kalmomin a inda ya ya dace, yana haifar da chanjawar ma'ana. Missali:

* Shi ne, (kar a ce: shine)
* Ita ce, (kar a ce: itace)
* Wa ya je da su kasuwa? (Kar a ce: waya je dasu kasuwa?)
* Ba ni na zo da shi ba, (kar a ce: bani nazo dashi ba)
* Da ni da ku mu hada Kai, (kar a ce: Dani daku mu hadakai)

A nan, idan muka Laura, mafi yawancin kalmomin da aka yi amfani da su, masu gaba dai-dai ne. Kuma kowacce an bar ta a matayinta. Don haka mu duba Missali na farko: '''Shi ne.''' Kalmar farko '''shi''' wakilin suna ce, Kalmar '''ce''' kuwa tana cikin wani aji na nahawu da ake cewa dirka. Don hak, idan aka hade su kamar '''Shine''' kalmomi biyu daban-daban an hade guri daya, don haka sun zama kalma daya ke nan, wacce kwata-kwata babu ita a Hausa sai a Turancin Ingilishi. Wacce ke nufin '''sheki''' a harshen Hausa.

A Missali na hudu kuwa, ('''ba ni na zo da shi ba ''') za a fahimci cewa, kowacce kalma tana dauke da gaba daya ne. Kuma, duk da rashin tsawonsu,ba a hada wata da wata ba, domin kuwacce na cin gashin kanta. To hakan shi ne daidai. Inda kuwa an hada wata Kalmar da wata, ma'anarta za ta canza. Missali, idan aka hada '''da''' tare da '''shi,''' za su koma kalma daya kamar haka: '''dashi.''' kuma Kalmar tana nufin sunan wata itaciya ne.

==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance.

Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya)

==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance.

Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya)

=='''3.0 Shaddatun Tagwayen Harufan Hausa (Daurin tagwayen harufa)'''==
Shadda na nufin nanata harafi sau biyu, wtau abinda ake kira dauri. Sannan kuma, muna da tagwayen harufa a harshen Hausa,kamar, '''gw, gy, fy,' sh.''' da sauransu. Wadannan tagwayen harufa ana daurinsu a yayin rubuta wasu kalmomi, kamar, Sha'''ssha'''ka. A nan ga missalan yadda ya kamata a rubuta su dalla-dalla:
* Sha'''ssha'''ka (ba Sha'''shsha'''ka ba)

=='''4.0 Kalmomin Mallaka'''==
Kalmomin Mallaka, wasu kalmomi ne da ake amfani da su wajen nuna faruwar mallaka a cikin rubutu. Game da ka'idojin rubun Hausa, an tanadar da hanyoyi biyu domin samar da rubutu mai inganci.
Don haka, muna da gajerar mallaka da kuma doguwar mallaka.

===4.1 Gajerar Mallaka===
Gajerar mallaka, ita ake hade Kalmar abinda aka mallaka da wakilin sunan abin da aka mallaka da wakilin sunan wanda yai mallaka a guri daya.missli: gida+na= ('''gidana''') a nan za a fahimci cewa, kalmar 'gida' da kalmar 'na' an haɗa su a guri ɗaya sun zama kamar kalma guda. A kiyaye da cewa, gajerar mallaka haɗe ta ake yi. Don haka, akwai ƙarin missalai kamar haka:
*Jakarta ba jakar ta ba;
*ajinsu ba ajin su ba;
*matata ba mata ta ba;
*ɗakinki ba ɗakin ki ba;
*motarka ba motar ka ba. 
*masallacinku ba Masallacin ku ba. Da sauransu.

==='''4.2 Doguwar Mallaka'''===

Ita doguwar mallaka, ba a haɗe ake rubuta ta ba. Wato ke nan, ana rabewa tsakanin abinda aka mallaka da kuma wakilin sunan mai mallaka. Ga missalai kamar haka:
* Jakar tata
* Ɗakin nasu
* Wayar tawa
* Littafin nashi
* Gonar taku
* Masallacin nawa
* Takalmin namu

Da haka, za mu fahimci cewa akwai banbanci tsakanin doguwar mallaka da gajerar mallaka.  Mu tuna da missalin farko na doguwar. Wato &quot;'''jakar tata'''&quot; ma'ana, an rubuta &quot;'''jakar'''&quot; daban, ita ma, &quot;'''tata'''&quot; daban. idan kuma a gajerar mallaka ne sai a rubuta &quot;'''jakarta'''&quot; a haɗe. Wato dai ana haɗa &quot;'''jakar'''&quot; da kuma &quot;'''ta'''&quot; a haɗe ('''jakarta''')

== Manazararta==</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>889976</id>
      <parentid>889974</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-01T06:10:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Baban Asiya</username>
        <id>15906</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* 3.0 Shaddatun Tagwayen Harufan Hausa (Daurin tagwayen harufa) */</comment>
      <origin>889976</origin>
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      <text bytes="18070" sha1="am09efs37fcabpsflc6ml3ngqefowho" xml:space="preserve">== Ƙa'idojin rubutun hausa ==
Kamar yadda aka sani, kowanne lamari na duniya yana da ka'idar yadda ya kamata a gudanar da shi. Kuma bin ƙa'idar ita ke sa a sami dacen yadda ake bukata ba tare da an fuskanci wata matsala ba. Idan kuma ba a bi ka'idar ba to za a ga  ba daidai ba..
Tunda yake haka ne, rubutun Hausa shi ma, yana da ka'idarsa. Bin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa sau-da-kafa, su ke sa a sami rubutu mai Cikakkiyar ma'ana. Wato a sami daidaiton manufa tsakanin tunanain marubuci da kuma na makaranci.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://hemingwayapp.com/articles/grammar-punctuation/punctuation-marks&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

==Abin da ake nufi da ka'idojin rubutun hausa==
Ka'idojin rubutun Hausa, wani yanayi ne na lura da kiyaye ka'idojin harshen Hausa a rubuce domin samun damar isar da sakon da marubuci ke nufi zuwa ga mai karatu daidai da daidai, ba tare da canzawar ma'anar da marubuci ke nufi ba
. Haka kuma, yana samar da saukin fahimtar karatu daga mai karantawa.

== Fannonin Ka'idojin Rubutun Hausa ==
Fannonin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa da muke da su a nan, suna da dama. Kuma sune ginshin duk abinda ya kamata marubuci ya koya game da ka'idojin rubutun Hausa domin samun gwanancewa a rubutu. Don haka, zan zayyano su, sannan kuma na yi bayaninsu daki-daki kamar haka:

#Alamomin ajiye magana;
#Raba kalma da kuma hade kalma;
#Shaddatun tagwayen harufan Hausa;
#Gajera da doguwar mallaka;
#Dafa-keya 'w' da jakada 'w';
#Daurin 'm' da daurin 'n';

=='''1.0 Alamomin Ajiye Magana' (punctuation mark)'''== 
Ga Alamomin aje magana tare da bayanansu daki-daki:
* '''Aya / . /
* '''Waƙafi / . /
* '''Ayar tambaya / ? /
* '''Ruwa-biyu / : /
* '''Waƙafi m mai ruwa / ; /
* '''Karan-ɗori / - /
* '''Alamar zancen wani / &quot; &quot; /
* '''Baka-biyu / ( ) /
* '''Alamar Motsin rai / ! /
* '''Zarce / ... /

1.1 '''Aya / . /'''
Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta  cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali:

'''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.'''
idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan.

1.2== Wakafi/ , / ==
Wakafi, wata karmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali:

*'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.'''
To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: 
*'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.'''
A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe.

1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / ==
Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali:
* Aliyu ya zo?, 
* menene ake sayarwa?
Idan aka yi la'akari da missalan da ke sama, za a ga
an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkanin suna dauke da alamar tambaya. 
Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba:

Aliyu ya zo

A nan za a fahimci cewa, ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri.

1.4== Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/==
Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal:
# '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida)
# missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )'''

sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita
* idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:'''

* Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi;
* Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa;
* Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. 

A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da aka sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana.

==1.1 Aya / . /==
Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta  cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali:

'''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.'''
idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan.

==1.2 Wakafi/ , / ==
Waƙafi, wata ƙarmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali:

*'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.'''
To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: 
*'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.'''
A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe.

1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / ==
Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali:
* Aliyu ya zo?, 
* menene ake sayarwa?
Idan aka yi la'akari missalan da ke sama, za a ga
an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkaninsu suna dauke da alamar tambaya. 
Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba:

Aliyu ya zo

A nan za a fahimci cewa ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri.

==1.4 Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/==
Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal:
# '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida)
# missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )'''

sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita
* idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:'''

* Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi;
* Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa;
* Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. 

A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da na sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana.

==1.5 Waƙafi mai ruwa / ; / ==

wannan alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen raba jerin wasu jimloli ko kalmomi a cikin zance. 
Game da missali, a duba a missalin karshe na Aya mai ruwa, za a ga yadda aka bayyana abinda Shugaban kasa ya zayyana.  A nan za a ga an sa
Ka alamar /;/ a gaban kowacce jimla. 
Ga Karin missali:
* Shugqban makarantar ya gargadi dalibai cewa,idan sun tashi dawowa daga hutu, su zo da kayan karatu kamar irin wadannan:
# littafin koyon turanci, aji na biyar;
# littafin koyan lissafi, aji na biyar;
# littafin nazarin rayuwar dan Adam, aji na biyar;
# littafin koyan karatn Hausa, aji na biyar.
A wadannan missalai za a lura cewa, a duk karshen jimloli 3 na farko an saka alamaar tsayawa ta wakafi mai ruwa (;), in banda jimla ta karshe da aka yi wa alamar aya /./

==1.6 Karan-ɗori / - /==
Karan-dori, alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen hade kalmomi biyu ko sama da biyu, su zama kalma daya da ma'ana daya. Akan saka wannan alama ne a tsakanin kalmomi da suka zo iri daya ko wadanda suka zo daban-daban. Kin  saka wannan alama a inda ya dace, yakan kawo sabanin ma'ana tsakanin mawallafi da makaranci. Missali:
# malam-buda-mana-littafi (sunnan wani kafilfilo);
# fadi-ka-mutu (tangaran);
# fari-fari (abinda bai kai fari sosai ba);
# malfar-ungulu (wani tsiro ne); dss.
A lura da kyau, idan muka dauki missali na farko, (malam-buda-mana-littafi)  za mu ga yana nufin sunan wani abu wato (kafilfilo). Idan kuma ba a sa wannan alama ba a tsakankanin kalmomin (malam buda mana littafi) to rubutun ya zama wata jimla mai nufin umarni, maimakon kalma daya mai nufin sunan wani Kwaro. Wato, dalibai ne ke umartar malaminsu da ya buda masu littafi. Don haka, zamu fahimci cewa, idan an saka alamar, zancen ya zama Kalma daya kacal. Amma idan ba a sa alamar ba to rubutun ya zama jimla sukum.
# Karin Missali, idan mutum yana rubutu a cikin takarda ko kan allo, sai aka fara rubuta wata kalma da ta zo a karshen layi sannan kuma ba ta karasu duka ba, sai a saka karan-dori ( - ) kuma a karasata a layi na kasa.

==1.7 Alamar baka-biyu / ( ) /==
Wannan wata alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna karin bayani akan wata kalma, ko Jimla ko dai a kan wata maganar ta daban. Ga missalai nan kamar haka:
* Yaron da aka kama da laifin kisan matar, 'yar uwa ce ga mahaifin yaron (Gwaggon yaron ce)
* Gwamnan kano, Alh. Abba Kabir Yusuf, ya tura wakilinsa (Sunusi Nature) wajen Taron.
* # Ni mutum ne mai son a sami zaman lafiya tsakanin Musulmai da wanda ba Musulmai ba (Kiristoci).

==1.8 Ayar Motsin-rai / ! /==
Ayar Motsin-rai, wata alama ce da ke nuni da zaburar furuci cikin gaggawar kargafa murya. Hakan na faruwa ne yawanci a farkon bayyanar mury cikin Karfafawa, musamman a kalmomin; razana,mamaki, tausayi da kuma karfafar wata kalma a cikin wani zance na musamman. Alal Missali: '''Ah!, Wayyo!, Lah!, Innalillahi!, Kai!''' Da sauransu. Ga Karin missalai a cikin jimloli:
* Saurayin na zuwa ya nuna mata kyautar bazatar da ya zo mata da ita. Sai ta cika da mamaki,sannan ta ja wani gwauron numfashi sanan ta ce, '''La!''' Amma ko na gode '''sosai!'''
* A lokacin da yaron yake guje-guje cikin lalatattun Kujerun cikin ajin, sai ya taka kusa, ya ce, '''wayyo Allahna!''' jin haka malaminsu ya leko yana cewa, '''kai!''' Me ya faru.
* Haba, yana lekowa cikkin dare sai ya ga wani duhu-duhu  dab da shi. Aiko ya firgita ya ce '''waye nan!'''

Yanzu sai mu lura cewa, a Missali na daya (1), mun yi amfani da '''Lah!''' da kuma '''sosai!'''. A Missali na biyu (2) kuma mun yi amfani da '''wayyo Allah!''' tare da '''kai!'''. Har illa yau a Missali na uku (3) kuma na karshe, mun yi amfani da '''waye nan!'''.
Don haka, wadannan missalai, kadan ne daga cikin missalan '''ayar Motsin-rai / ! /''' Ko kuma inda ya kamata a yi amfani da ita. Sannan kuma, ya kamata a fahimci cewa, dole ne a sami karfafa murya a duk inda ake nufin '''ayar Motsin-rai,''' domin idan aka yi amfani da sanyin murya ma'ana ba za ta samu ba.

==1.9 Zarce / ... /==
Zarce wata alama ce ta digo-dogo akalla guda uku (...), da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna ketare wata kalma ko Jimla a cikin rubutu. Ana samun missalai ta bangarori da dama, mussan a cikin karin magana, tsaallake gurbin amasa wata tambaya, dss. Missali:
# '''Ban sa a ka ba,...''' A nan ba a bukatar karasa zancen ne, shi ya sa aka yi digo-dogon. Manufa a nan, duk Wanda aka yi wa karin maganar, ya karasa ma'anar a zuci ko ma a fili. Wto kenan sai ya karasa zuwa '''inji barawon tagiya'''
# Haka kuma, akan saka wannan alama / ... /, a tsarin tambayar '''cikke tazara'''. Missali:
* '''Sunan Babban birnin kasar Najeriya...''' a nana sai cike da '''Abuja''' ko makamancin haka.

=='''2.0 Rabawa Da Haɗa Kalma'''==
Raba kalma da hada kalma, abubuwa ne mabanbanta amma, masu alaka da juna. Da farko za mu dauki raba kalma. Kamar haka:

==2.1 Raba Kalma==
raba kalma na nufin, barin kalma ta ci gashin kanta duk kankantarta Kuma duk girmanta. Hakan, na nufin a barkalma a matayita ba tare da an hade ta da wata ba, don kaucewa rasa ma'ana ta asali. Wato dai,kin raba kalmomin a inda ya ya dace, yana haifar da chanjawar ma'ana. Missali:

* Shi ne, (kar a ce: shine)
* Ita ce, (kar a ce: itace)
* Wa ya je da su kasuwa? (Kar a ce: waya je dasu kasuwa?)
* Ba ni na zo da shi ba, (kar a ce: bani nazo dashi ba)
* Da ni da ku mu hada Kai, (kar a ce: Dani daku mu hadakai)

A nan, idan muka Laura, mafi yawancin kalmomin da aka yi amfani da su, masu gaba dai-dai ne. Kuma kowacce an bar ta a matayinta. Don haka mu duba Missali na farko: '''Shi ne.''' Kalmar farko '''shi''' wakilin suna ce, Kalmar '''ce''' kuwa tana cikin wani aji na nahawu da ake cewa dirka. Don hak, idan aka hade su kamar '''Shine''' kalmomi biyu daban-daban an hade guri daya, don haka sun zama kalma daya ke nan, wacce kwata-kwata babu ita a Hausa sai a Turancin Ingilishi. Wacce ke nufin '''sheki''' a harshen Hausa.

A Missali na hudu kuwa, ('''ba ni na zo da shi ba ''') za a fahimci cewa, kowacce kalma tana dauke da gaba daya ne. Kuma, duk da rashin tsawonsu,ba a hada wata da wata ba, domin kuwacce na cin gashin kanta. To hakan shi ne daidai. Inda kuwa an hada wata Kalmar da wata, ma'anarta za ta canza. Missali, idan aka hada '''da''' tare da '''shi,''' za su koma kalma daya kamar haka: '''dashi.''' kuma Kalmar tana nufin sunan wata itaciya ne.

==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance.

Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya)

==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance.

Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya)

=='''3.0 Shaddatun Tagwayen Harufan Hausa (Daurin tagwayen harufa)'''==
Shadda na nufin nanata harafi sau biyu, wtau abinda ake kira dauri. Sannan kuma, muna da tagwayen harufa a harshen Hausa,kamar, '''gw, gy, fy,' sh.''' da sauransu. Wadannan tagwayen harufa ana daurinsu a yayin rubuta wasu kalmomi, kamar, Sha'''ssha'''ka. A nan ga missalan yadda ya kamata a rubuta su dalla-dalla:
* Sha'''ssha'''ka (ba Sha'''shsha'''ka ba)
* gwa'''ggwa'''le

=='''4.0 Kalmomin Mallaka'''==
Kalmomin Mallaka, wasu kalmomi ne da ake amfani da su wajen nuna faruwar mallaka a cikin rubutu. Game da ka'idojin rubun Hausa, an tanadar da hanyoyi biyu domin samar da rubutu mai inganci.
Don haka, muna da gajerar mallaka da kuma doguwar mallaka.

===4.1 Gajerar Mallaka===
Gajerar mallaka, ita ake hade Kalmar abinda aka mallaka da wakilin sunan abin da aka mallaka da wakilin sunan wanda yai mallaka a guri daya.missli: gida+na= ('''gidana''') a nan za a fahimci cewa, kalmar 'gida' da kalmar 'na' an haɗa su a guri ɗaya sun zama kamar kalma guda. A kiyaye da cewa, gajerar mallaka haɗe ta ake yi. Don haka, akwai ƙarin missalai kamar haka:
*Jakarta ba jakar ta ba;
*ajinsu ba ajin su ba;
*matata ba mata ta ba;
*ɗakinki ba ɗakin ki ba;
*motarka ba motar ka ba. 
*masallacinku ba Masallacin ku ba. Da sauransu.

==='''4.2 Doguwar Mallaka'''===

Ita doguwar mallaka, ba a haɗe ake rubuta ta ba. Wato ke nan, ana rabewa tsakanin abinda aka mallaka da kuma wakilin sunan mai mallaka. Ga missalai kamar haka:
* Jakar tata
* Ɗakin nasu
* Wayar tawa
* Littafin nashi
* Gonar taku
* Masallacin nawa
* Takalmin namu

Da haka, za mu fahimci cewa akwai banbanci tsakanin doguwar mallaka da gajerar mallaka.  Mu tuna da missalin farko na doguwar. Wato &quot;'''jakar tata'''&quot; ma'ana, an rubuta &quot;'''jakar'''&quot; daban, ita ma, &quot;'''tata'''&quot; daban. idan kuma a gajerar mallaka ne sai a rubuta &quot;'''jakarta'''&quot; a haɗe. Wato dai ana haɗa &quot;'''jakar'''&quot; da kuma &quot;'''ta'''&quot; a haɗe ('''jakarta''')

== Manazararta==</text>
      <sha1>am09efs37fcabpsflc6ml3ngqefowho</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>889977</id>
      <parentid>889976</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-01T06:13:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Baban Asiya</username>
        <id>15906</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* 3.0 Shaddatun Tagwayen Harufan Hausa (Daurin tagwayen harufa) */</comment>
      <origin>889977</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="18095" sha1="jnemjwukqcc9gdhfz0w1njhus3u4cnm" xml:space="preserve">== Ƙa'idojin rubutun hausa ==
Kamar yadda aka sani, kowanne lamari na duniya yana da ka'idar yadda ya kamata a gudanar da shi. Kuma bin ƙa'idar ita ke sa a sami dacen yadda ake bukata ba tare da an fuskanci wata matsala ba. Idan kuma ba a bi ka'idar ba to za a ga  ba daidai ba..
Tunda yake haka ne, rubutun Hausa shi ma, yana da ka'idarsa. Bin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa sau-da-kafa, su ke sa a sami rubutu mai Cikakkiyar ma'ana. Wato a sami daidaiton manufa tsakanin tunanain marubuci da kuma na makaranci.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://hemingwayapp.com/articles/grammar-punctuation/punctuation-marks&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

==Abin da ake nufi da ka'idojin rubutun hausa==
Ka'idojin rubutun Hausa, wani yanayi ne na lura da kiyaye ka'idojin harshen Hausa a rubuce domin samun damar isar da sakon da marubuci ke nufi zuwa ga mai karatu daidai da daidai, ba tare da canzawar ma'anar da marubuci ke nufi ba
. Haka kuma, yana samar da saukin fahimtar karatu daga mai karantawa.

== Fannonin Ka'idojin Rubutun Hausa ==
Fannonin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa da muke da su a nan, suna da dama. Kuma sune ginshin duk abinda ya kamata marubuci ya koya game da ka'idojin rubutun Hausa domin samun gwanancewa a rubutu. Don haka, zan zayyano su, sannan kuma na yi bayaninsu daki-daki kamar haka:

#Alamomin ajiye magana;
#Raba kalma da kuma hade kalma;
#Shaddatun tagwayen harufan Hausa;
#Gajera da doguwar mallaka;
#Dafa-keya 'w' da jakada 'w';
#Daurin 'm' da daurin 'n';

=='''1.0 Alamomin Ajiye Magana' (punctuation mark)'''== 
Ga Alamomin aje magana tare da bayanansu daki-daki:
* '''Aya / . /
* '''Waƙafi / . /
* '''Ayar tambaya / ? /
* '''Ruwa-biyu / : /
* '''Waƙafi m mai ruwa / ; /
* '''Karan-ɗori / - /
* '''Alamar zancen wani / &quot; &quot; /
* '''Baka-biyu / ( ) /
* '''Alamar Motsin rai / ! /
* '''Zarce / ... /

1.1 '''Aya / . /'''
Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta  cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali:

'''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.'''
idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan.

1.2== Wakafi/ , / ==
Wakafi, wata karmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali:

*'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.'''
To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: 
*'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.'''
A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe.

1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / ==
Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali:
* Aliyu ya zo?, 
* menene ake sayarwa?
Idan aka yi la'akari da missalan da ke sama, za a ga
an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkanin suna dauke da alamar tambaya. 
Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba:

Aliyu ya zo

A nan za a fahimci cewa, ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri.

1.4== Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/==
Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal:
# '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida)
# missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )'''

sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita
* idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:'''

* Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi;
* Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa;
* Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. 

A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da aka sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana.

==1.1 Aya / . /==
Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta  cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali:

'''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.'''
idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan.

==1.2 Wakafi/ , / ==
Waƙafi, wata ƙarmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali:

*'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.'''
To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: 
*'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.'''
A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe.

1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / ==
Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali:
* Aliyu ya zo?, 
* menene ake sayarwa?
Idan aka yi la'akari missalan da ke sama, za a ga
an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkaninsu suna dauke da alamar tambaya. 
Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba:

Aliyu ya zo

A nan za a fahimci cewa ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri.

==1.4 Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/==
Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal:
# '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida)
# missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )'''

sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita
* idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:'''

* Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi;
* Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa;
* Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. 

A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da na sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana.

==1.5 Waƙafi mai ruwa / ; / ==

wannan alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen raba jerin wasu jimloli ko kalmomi a cikin zance. 
Game da missali, a duba a missalin karshe na Aya mai ruwa, za a ga yadda aka bayyana abinda Shugaban kasa ya zayyana.  A nan za a ga an sa
Ka alamar /;/ a gaban kowacce jimla. 
Ga Karin missali:
* Shugqban makarantar ya gargadi dalibai cewa,idan sun tashi dawowa daga hutu, su zo da kayan karatu kamar irin wadannan:
# littafin koyon turanci, aji na biyar;
# littafin koyan lissafi, aji na biyar;
# littafin nazarin rayuwar dan Adam, aji na biyar;
# littafin koyan karatn Hausa, aji na biyar.
A wadannan missalai za a lura cewa, a duk karshen jimloli 3 na farko an saka alamaar tsayawa ta wakafi mai ruwa (;), in banda jimla ta karshe da aka yi wa alamar aya /./

==1.6 Karan-ɗori / - /==
Karan-dori, alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen hade kalmomi biyu ko sama da biyu, su zama kalma daya da ma'ana daya. Akan saka wannan alama ne a tsakanin kalmomi da suka zo iri daya ko wadanda suka zo daban-daban. Kin  saka wannan alama a inda ya dace, yakan kawo sabanin ma'ana tsakanin mawallafi da makaranci. Missali:
# malam-buda-mana-littafi (sunnan wani kafilfilo);
# fadi-ka-mutu (tangaran);
# fari-fari (abinda bai kai fari sosai ba);
# malfar-ungulu (wani tsiro ne); dss.
A lura da kyau, idan muka dauki missali na farko, (malam-buda-mana-littafi)  za mu ga yana nufin sunan wani abu wato (kafilfilo). Idan kuma ba a sa wannan alama ba a tsakankanin kalmomin (malam buda mana littafi) to rubutun ya zama wata jimla mai nufin umarni, maimakon kalma daya mai nufin sunan wani Kwaro. Wato, dalibai ne ke umartar malaminsu da ya buda masu littafi. Don haka, zamu fahimci cewa, idan an saka alamar, zancen ya zama Kalma daya kacal. Amma idan ba a sa alamar ba to rubutun ya zama jimla sukum.
# Karin Missali, idan mutum yana rubutu a cikin takarda ko kan allo, sai aka fara rubuta wata kalma da ta zo a karshen layi sannan kuma ba ta karasu duka ba, sai a saka karan-dori ( - ) kuma a karasata a layi na kasa.

==1.7 Alamar baka-biyu / ( ) /==
Wannan wata alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna karin bayani akan wata kalma, ko Jimla ko dai a kan wata maganar ta daban. Ga missalai nan kamar haka:
* Yaron da aka kama da laifin kisan matar, 'yar uwa ce ga mahaifin yaron (Gwaggon yaron ce)
* Gwamnan kano, Alh. Abba Kabir Yusuf, ya tura wakilinsa (Sunusi Nature) wajen Taron.
* # Ni mutum ne mai son a sami zaman lafiya tsakanin Musulmai da wanda ba Musulmai ba (Kiristoci).

==1.8 Ayar Motsin-rai / ! /==
Ayar Motsin-rai, wata alama ce da ke nuni da zaburar furuci cikin gaggawar kargafa murya. Hakan na faruwa ne yawanci a farkon bayyanar mury cikin Karfafawa, musamman a kalmomin; razana,mamaki, tausayi da kuma karfafar wata kalma a cikin wani zance na musamman. Alal Missali: '''Ah!, Wayyo!, Lah!, Innalillahi!, Kai!''' Da sauransu. Ga Karin missalai a cikin jimloli:
* Saurayin na zuwa ya nuna mata kyautar bazatar da ya zo mata da ita. Sai ta cika da mamaki,sannan ta ja wani gwauron numfashi sanan ta ce, '''La!''' Amma ko na gode '''sosai!'''
* A lokacin da yaron yake guje-guje cikin lalatattun Kujerun cikin ajin, sai ya taka kusa, ya ce, '''wayyo Allahna!''' jin haka malaminsu ya leko yana cewa, '''kai!''' Me ya faru.
* Haba, yana lekowa cikkin dare sai ya ga wani duhu-duhu  dab da shi. Aiko ya firgita ya ce '''waye nan!'''

Yanzu sai mu lura cewa, a Missali na daya (1), mun yi amfani da '''Lah!''' da kuma '''sosai!'''. A Missali na biyu (2) kuma mun yi amfani da '''wayyo Allah!''' tare da '''kai!'''. Har illa yau a Missali na uku (3) kuma na karshe, mun yi amfani da '''waye nan!'''.
Don haka, wadannan missalai, kadan ne daga cikin missalan '''ayar Motsin-rai / ! /''' Ko kuma inda ya kamata a yi amfani da ita. Sannan kuma, ya kamata a fahimci cewa, dole ne a sami karfafa murya a duk inda ake nufin '''ayar Motsin-rai,''' domin idan aka yi amfani da sanyin murya ma'ana ba za ta samu ba.

==1.9 Zarce / ... /==
Zarce wata alama ce ta digo-dogo akalla guda uku (...), da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna ketare wata kalma ko Jimla a cikin rubutu. Ana samun missalai ta bangarori da dama, mussan a cikin karin magana, tsaallake gurbin amasa wata tambaya, dss. Missali:
# '''Ban sa a ka ba,...''' A nan ba a bukatar karasa zancen ne, shi ya sa aka yi digo-dogon. Manufa a nan, duk Wanda aka yi wa karin maganar, ya karasa ma'anar a zuci ko ma a fili. Wto kenan sai ya karasa zuwa '''inji barawon tagiya'''
# Haka kuma, akan saka wannan alama / ... /, a tsarin tambayar '''cikke tazara'''. Missali:
* '''Sunan Babban birnin kasar Najeriya...''' a nana sai cike da '''Abuja''' ko makamancin haka.

=='''2.0 Rabawa Da Haɗa Kalma'''==
Raba kalma da hada kalma, abubuwa ne mabanbanta amma, masu alaka da juna. Da farko za mu dauki raba kalma. Kamar haka:

==2.1 Raba Kalma==
raba kalma na nufin, barin kalma ta ci gashin kanta duk kankantarta Kuma duk girmanta. Hakan, na nufin a barkalma a matayita ba tare da an hade ta da wata ba, don kaucewa rasa ma'ana ta asali. Wato dai,kin raba kalmomin a inda ya ya dace, yana haifar da chanjawar ma'ana. Missali:

* Shi ne, (kar a ce: shine)
* Ita ce, (kar a ce: itace)
* Wa ya je da su kasuwa? (Kar a ce: waya je dasu kasuwa?)
* Ba ni na zo da shi ba, (kar a ce: bani nazo dashi ba)
* Da ni da ku mu hada Kai, (kar a ce: Dani daku mu hadakai)

A nan, idan muka Laura, mafi yawancin kalmomin da aka yi amfani da su, masu gaba dai-dai ne. Kuma kowacce an bar ta a matayinta. Don haka mu duba Missali na farko: '''Shi ne.''' Kalmar farko '''shi''' wakilin suna ce, Kalmar '''ce''' kuwa tana cikin wani aji na nahawu da ake cewa dirka. Don hak, idan aka hade su kamar '''Shine''' kalmomi biyu daban-daban an hade guri daya, don haka sun zama kalma daya ke nan, wacce kwata-kwata babu ita a Hausa sai a Turancin Ingilishi. Wacce ke nufin '''sheki''' a harshen Hausa.

A Missali na hudu kuwa, ('''ba ni na zo da shi ba ''') za a fahimci cewa, kowacce kalma tana dauke da gaba daya ne. Kuma, duk da rashin tsawonsu,ba a hada wata da wata ba, domin kuwacce na cin gashin kanta. To hakan shi ne daidai. Inda kuwa an hada wata Kalmar da wata, ma'anarta za ta canza. Missali, idan aka hada '''da''' tare da '''shi,''' za su koma kalma daya kamar haka: '''dashi.''' kuma Kalmar tana nufin sunan wata itaciya ne.

==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance.

Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya)

==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance.

Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya)

=='''3.0 Shaddatun Tagwayen Harufan Hausa (Daurin tagwayen harufa)'''==
Shadda na nufin nanata harafi sau biyu, wtau abinda ake kira dauri. Sannan kuma, muna da tagwayen harufa a harshen Hausa,kamar, '''gw, gy, fy,' sh.''' da sauransu. Wadannan tagwayen harufa ana daurinsu a yayin rubuta wasu kalmomi, kamar, Sha'''ssha'''ka. A nan ga missalan yadda ya kamata a rubuta su dalla-dalla:
* Sha'''ssha'''ka (ba Sha'''shsha'''ka ba)
* gwa'''ggwa'''le (ba gwa'''gwgwa'''le ba)

=='''4.0 Kalmomin Mallaka'''==
Kalmomin Mallaka, wasu kalmomi ne da ake amfani da su wajen nuna faruwar mallaka a cikin rubutu. Game da ka'idojin rubun Hausa, an tanadar da hanyoyi biyu domin samar da rubutu mai inganci.
Don haka, muna da gajerar mallaka da kuma doguwar mallaka.

===4.1 Gajerar Mallaka===
Gajerar mallaka, ita ake hade Kalmar abinda aka mallaka da wakilin sunan abin da aka mallaka da wakilin sunan wanda yai mallaka a guri daya.missli: gida+na= ('''gidana''') a nan za a fahimci cewa, kalmar 'gida' da kalmar 'na' an haɗa su a guri ɗaya sun zama kamar kalma guda. A kiyaye da cewa, gajerar mallaka haɗe ta ake yi. Don haka, akwai ƙarin missalai kamar haka:
*Jakarta ba jakar ta ba;
*ajinsu ba ajin su ba;
*matata ba mata ta ba;
*ɗakinki ba ɗakin ki ba;
*motarka ba motar ka ba. 
*masallacinku ba Masallacin ku ba. Da sauransu.

==='''4.2 Doguwar Mallaka'''===

Ita doguwar mallaka, ba a haɗe ake rubuta ta ba. Wato ke nan, ana rabewa tsakanin abinda aka mallaka da kuma wakilin sunan mai mallaka. Ga missalai kamar haka:
* Jakar tata
* Ɗakin nasu
* Wayar tawa
* Littafin nashi
* Gonar taku
* Masallacin nawa
* Takalmin namu

Da haka, za mu fahimci cewa akwai banbanci tsakanin doguwar mallaka da gajerar mallaka.  Mu tuna da missalin farko na doguwar. Wato &quot;'''jakar tata'''&quot; ma'ana, an rubuta &quot;'''jakar'''&quot; daban, ita ma, &quot;'''tata'''&quot; daban. idan kuma a gajerar mallaka ne sai a rubuta &quot;'''jakarta'''&quot; a haɗe. Wato dai ana haɗa &quot;'''jakar'''&quot; da kuma &quot;'''ta'''&quot; a haɗe ('''jakarta''')

== Manazararta==</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>889978</id>
      <parentid>889977</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-01T06:15:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Baban Asiya</username>
        <id>15906</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* 3.0 Shaddatun Tagwayen Harufan Hausa (Daurin tagwayen harufa) */</comment>
      <origin>889978</origin>
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      <text bytes="18115" sha1="mi0ts089aog94c3l05fvb91hro0v8ug" xml:space="preserve">== Ƙa'idojin rubutun hausa ==
Kamar yadda aka sani, kowanne lamari na duniya yana da ka'idar yadda ya kamata a gudanar da shi. Kuma bin ƙa'idar ita ke sa a sami dacen yadda ake bukata ba tare da an fuskanci wata matsala ba. Idan kuma ba a bi ka'idar ba to za a ga  ba daidai ba..
Tunda yake haka ne, rubutun Hausa shi ma, yana da ka'idarsa. Bin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa sau-da-kafa, su ke sa a sami rubutu mai Cikakkiyar ma'ana. Wato a sami daidaiton manufa tsakanin tunanain marubuci da kuma na makaranci.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://hemingwayapp.com/articles/grammar-punctuation/punctuation-marks&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

==Abin da ake nufi da ka'idojin rubutun hausa==
Ka'idojin rubutun Hausa, wani yanayi ne na lura da kiyaye ka'idojin harshen Hausa a rubuce domin samun damar isar da sakon da marubuci ke nufi zuwa ga mai karatu daidai da daidai, ba tare da canzawar ma'anar da marubuci ke nufi ba
. Haka kuma, yana samar da saukin fahimtar karatu daga mai karantawa.

== Fannonin Ka'idojin Rubutun Hausa ==
Fannonin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa da muke da su a nan, suna da dama. Kuma sune ginshin duk abinda ya kamata marubuci ya koya game da ka'idojin rubutun Hausa domin samun gwanancewa a rubutu. Don haka, zan zayyano su, sannan kuma na yi bayaninsu daki-daki kamar haka:

#Alamomin ajiye magana;
#Raba kalma da kuma hade kalma;
#Shaddatun tagwayen harufan Hausa;
#Gajera da doguwar mallaka;
#Dafa-keya 'w' da jakada 'w';
#Daurin 'm' da daurin 'n';

=='''1.0 Alamomin Ajiye Magana' (punctuation mark)'''== 
Ga Alamomin aje magana tare da bayanansu daki-daki:
* '''Aya / . /
* '''Waƙafi / . /
* '''Ayar tambaya / ? /
* '''Ruwa-biyu / : /
* '''Waƙafi m mai ruwa / ; /
* '''Karan-ɗori / - /
* '''Alamar zancen wani / &quot; &quot; /
* '''Baka-biyu / ( ) /
* '''Alamar Motsin rai / ! /
* '''Zarce / ... /

1.1 '''Aya / . /'''
Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta  cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali:

'''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.'''
idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan.

1.2== Wakafi/ , / ==
Wakafi, wata karmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali:

*'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.'''
To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: 
*'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.'''
A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe.

1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / ==
Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali:
* Aliyu ya zo?, 
* menene ake sayarwa?
Idan aka yi la'akari da missalan da ke sama, za a ga
an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkanin suna dauke da alamar tambaya. 
Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba:

Aliyu ya zo

A nan za a fahimci cewa, ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri.

1.4== Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/==
Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal:
# '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida)
# missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )'''

sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita
* idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:'''

* Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi;
* Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa;
* Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. 

A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da aka sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana.

==1.1 Aya / . /==
Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta  cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali:

'''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.'''
idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan.

==1.2 Wakafi/ , / ==
Waƙafi, wata ƙarmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali:

*'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.'''
To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: 
*'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.'''
A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe.

1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / ==
Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali:
* Aliyu ya zo?, 
* menene ake sayarwa?
Idan aka yi la'akari missalan da ke sama, za a ga
an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkaninsu suna dauke da alamar tambaya. 
Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba:

Aliyu ya zo

A nan za a fahimci cewa ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri.

==1.4 Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/==
Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal:
# '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida)
# missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )'''

sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita
* idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:'''

* Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi;
* Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa;
* Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. 

A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da na sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana.

==1.5 Waƙafi mai ruwa / ; / ==

wannan alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen raba jerin wasu jimloli ko kalmomi a cikin zance. 
Game da missali, a duba a missalin karshe na Aya mai ruwa, za a ga yadda aka bayyana abinda Shugaban kasa ya zayyana.  A nan za a ga an sa
Ka alamar /;/ a gaban kowacce jimla. 
Ga Karin missali:
* Shugqban makarantar ya gargadi dalibai cewa,idan sun tashi dawowa daga hutu, su zo da kayan karatu kamar irin wadannan:
# littafin koyon turanci, aji na biyar;
# littafin koyan lissafi, aji na biyar;
# littafin nazarin rayuwar dan Adam, aji na biyar;
# littafin koyan karatn Hausa, aji na biyar.
A wadannan missalai za a lura cewa, a duk karshen jimloli 3 na farko an saka alamaar tsayawa ta wakafi mai ruwa (;), in banda jimla ta karshe da aka yi wa alamar aya /./

==1.6 Karan-ɗori / - /==
Karan-dori, alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen hade kalmomi biyu ko sama da biyu, su zama kalma daya da ma'ana daya. Akan saka wannan alama ne a tsakanin kalmomi da suka zo iri daya ko wadanda suka zo daban-daban. Kin  saka wannan alama a inda ya dace, yakan kawo sabanin ma'ana tsakanin mawallafi da makaranci. Missali:
# malam-buda-mana-littafi (sunnan wani kafilfilo);
# fadi-ka-mutu (tangaran);
# fari-fari (abinda bai kai fari sosai ba);
# malfar-ungulu (wani tsiro ne); dss.
A lura da kyau, idan muka dauki missali na farko, (malam-buda-mana-littafi)  za mu ga yana nufin sunan wani abu wato (kafilfilo). Idan kuma ba a sa wannan alama ba a tsakankanin kalmomin (malam buda mana littafi) to rubutun ya zama wata jimla mai nufin umarni, maimakon kalma daya mai nufin sunan wani Kwaro. Wato, dalibai ne ke umartar malaminsu da ya buda masu littafi. Don haka, zamu fahimci cewa, idan an saka alamar, zancen ya zama Kalma daya kacal. Amma idan ba a sa alamar ba to rubutun ya zama jimla sukum.
# Karin Missali, idan mutum yana rubutu a cikin takarda ko kan allo, sai aka fara rubuta wata kalma da ta zo a karshen layi sannan kuma ba ta karasu duka ba, sai a saka karan-dori ( - ) kuma a karasata a layi na kasa.

==1.7 Alamar baka-biyu / ( ) /==
Wannan wata alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna karin bayani akan wata kalma, ko Jimla ko dai a kan wata maganar ta daban. Ga missalai nan kamar haka:
* Yaron da aka kama da laifin kisan matar, 'yar uwa ce ga mahaifin yaron (Gwaggon yaron ce)
* Gwamnan kano, Alh. Abba Kabir Yusuf, ya tura wakilinsa (Sunusi Nature) wajen Taron.
* # Ni mutum ne mai son a sami zaman lafiya tsakanin Musulmai da wanda ba Musulmai ba (Kiristoci).

==1.8 Ayar Motsin-rai / ! /==
Ayar Motsin-rai, wata alama ce da ke nuni da zaburar furuci cikin gaggawar kargafa murya. Hakan na faruwa ne yawanci a farkon bayyanar mury cikin Karfafawa, musamman a kalmomin; razana,mamaki, tausayi da kuma karfafar wata kalma a cikin wani zance na musamman. Alal Missali: '''Ah!, Wayyo!, Lah!, Innalillahi!, Kai!''' Da sauransu. Ga Karin missalai a cikin jimloli:
* Saurayin na zuwa ya nuna mata kyautar bazatar da ya zo mata da ita. Sai ta cika da mamaki,sannan ta ja wani gwauron numfashi sanan ta ce, '''La!''' Amma ko na gode '''sosai!'''
* A lokacin da yaron yake guje-guje cikin lalatattun Kujerun cikin ajin, sai ya taka kusa, ya ce, '''wayyo Allahna!''' jin haka malaminsu ya leko yana cewa, '''kai!''' Me ya faru.
* Haba, yana lekowa cikkin dare sai ya ga wani duhu-duhu  dab da shi. Aiko ya firgita ya ce '''waye nan!'''

Yanzu sai mu lura cewa, a Missali na daya (1), mun yi amfani da '''Lah!''' da kuma '''sosai!'''. A Missali na biyu (2) kuma mun yi amfani da '''wayyo Allah!''' tare da '''kai!'''. Har illa yau a Missali na uku (3) kuma na karshe, mun yi amfani da '''waye nan!'''.
Don haka, wadannan missalai, kadan ne daga cikin missalan '''ayar Motsin-rai / ! /''' Ko kuma inda ya kamata a yi amfani da ita. Sannan kuma, ya kamata a fahimci cewa, dole ne a sami karfafa murya a duk inda ake nufin '''ayar Motsin-rai,''' domin idan aka yi amfani da sanyin murya ma'ana ba za ta samu ba.

==1.9 Zarce / ... /==
Zarce wata alama ce ta digo-dogo akalla guda uku (...), da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna ketare wata kalma ko Jimla a cikin rubutu. Ana samun missalai ta bangarori da dama, mussan a cikin karin magana, tsaallake gurbin amasa wata tambaya, dss. Missali:
# '''Ban sa a ka ba,...''' A nan ba a bukatar karasa zancen ne, shi ya sa aka yi digo-dogon. Manufa a nan, duk Wanda aka yi wa karin maganar, ya karasa ma'anar a zuci ko ma a fili. Wto kenan sai ya karasa zuwa '''inji barawon tagiya'''
# Haka kuma, akan saka wannan alama / ... /, a tsarin tambayar '''cikke tazara'''. Missali:
* '''Sunan Babban birnin kasar Najeriya...''' a nana sai cike da '''Abuja''' ko makamancin haka.

=='''2.0 Rabawa Da Haɗa Kalma'''==
Raba kalma da hada kalma, abubuwa ne mabanbanta amma, masu alaka da juna. Da farko za mu dauki raba kalma. Kamar haka:

==2.1 Raba Kalma==
raba kalma na nufin, barin kalma ta ci gashin kanta duk kankantarta Kuma duk girmanta. Hakan, na nufin a barkalma a matayita ba tare da an hade ta da wata ba, don kaucewa rasa ma'ana ta asali. Wato dai,kin raba kalmomin a inda ya ya dace, yana haifar da chanjawar ma'ana. Missali:

* Shi ne, (kar a ce: shine)
* Ita ce, (kar a ce: itace)
* Wa ya je da su kasuwa? (Kar a ce: waya je dasu kasuwa?)
* Ba ni na zo da shi ba, (kar a ce: bani nazo dashi ba)
* Da ni da ku mu hada Kai, (kar a ce: Dani daku mu hadakai)

A nan, idan muka Laura, mafi yawancin kalmomin da aka yi amfani da su, masu gaba dai-dai ne. Kuma kowacce an bar ta a matayinta. Don haka mu duba Missali na farko: '''Shi ne.''' Kalmar farko '''shi''' wakilin suna ce, Kalmar '''ce''' kuwa tana cikin wani aji na nahawu da ake cewa dirka. Don hak, idan aka hade su kamar '''Shine''' kalmomi biyu daban-daban an hade guri daya, don haka sun zama kalma daya ke nan, wacce kwata-kwata babu ita a Hausa sai a Turancin Ingilishi. Wacce ke nufin '''sheki''' a harshen Hausa.

A Missali na hudu kuwa, ('''ba ni na zo da shi ba ''') za a fahimci cewa, kowacce kalma tana dauke da gaba daya ne. Kuma, duk da rashin tsawonsu,ba a hada wata da wata ba, domin kuwacce na cin gashin kanta. To hakan shi ne daidai. Inda kuwa an hada wata Kalmar da wata, ma'anarta za ta canza. Missali, idan aka hada '''da''' tare da '''shi,''' za su koma kalma daya kamar haka: '''dashi.''' kuma Kalmar tana nufin sunan wata itaciya ne.

==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance.

Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya)

==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance.

Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya)

=='''3.0 Shaddatun Tagwayen Harufan Hausa (Daurin tagwayen harufa)'''==
Shadda na nufin nanata harafi sau biyu, wtau abinda ake kira dauri. Sannan kuma, muna da tagwayen harufa a harshen Hausa,kamar, '''gw, gy, fy,' sh.''' da sauransu. Wadannan tagwayen harufa ana daurinsu a yayin rubuta wasu kalmomi, kamar, Sha'''ssha'''ka. A nan ga missalan yadda ya kamata a rubuta su dalla-dalla:
* Sha'''ssha'''ka (ba Sha'''shsha'''ka ba)
* gwa'''ggwa'''le (ba gwa'''gwgwa'''le ba)
* gya'''ggy'''ara (

=='''4.0 Kalmomin Mallaka'''==
Kalmomin Mallaka, wasu kalmomi ne da ake amfani da su wajen nuna faruwar mallaka a cikin rubutu. Game da ka'idojin rubun Hausa, an tanadar da hanyoyi biyu domin samar da rubutu mai inganci.
Don haka, muna da gajerar mallaka da kuma doguwar mallaka.

===4.1 Gajerar Mallaka===
Gajerar mallaka, ita ake hade Kalmar abinda aka mallaka da wakilin sunan abin da aka mallaka da wakilin sunan wanda yai mallaka a guri daya.missli: gida+na= ('''gidana''') a nan za a fahimci cewa, kalmar 'gida' da kalmar 'na' an haɗa su a guri ɗaya sun zama kamar kalma guda. A kiyaye da cewa, gajerar mallaka haɗe ta ake yi. Don haka, akwai ƙarin missalai kamar haka:
*Jakarta ba jakar ta ba;
*ajinsu ba ajin su ba;
*matata ba mata ta ba;
*ɗakinki ba ɗakin ki ba;
*motarka ba motar ka ba. 
*masallacinku ba Masallacin ku ba. Da sauransu.

==='''4.2 Doguwar Mallaka'''===

Ita doguwar mallaka, ba a haɗe ake rubuta ta ba. Wato ke nan, ana rabewa tsakanin abinda aka mallaka da kuma wakilin sunan mai mallaka. Ga missalai kamar haka:
* Jakar tata
* Ɗakin nasu
* Wayar tawa
* Littafin nashi
* Gonar taku
* Masallacin nawa
* Takalmin namu

Da haka, za mu fahimci cewa akwai banbanci tsakanin doguwar mallaka da gajerar mallaka.  Mu tuna da missalin farko na doguwar. Wato &quot;'''jakar tata'''&quot; ma'ana, an rubuta &quot;'''jakar'''&quot; daban, ita ma, &quot;'''tata'''&quot; daban. idan kuma a gajerar mallaka ne sai a rubuta &quot;'''jakarta'''&quot; a haɗe. Wato dai ana haɗa &quot;'''jakar'''&quot; da kuma &quot;'''ta'''&quot; a haɗe ('''jakarta''')

== Manazararta==</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>889979</id>
      <parentid>889978</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-01T06:16:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Baban Asiya</username>
        <id>15906</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* 3.0 Shaddatun Tagwayen Harufan Hausa (Daurin tagwayen harufa) */</comment>
      <origin>889979</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="18138" sha1="gytzbhverxb20nd12s03ym87n713rvc" xml:space="preserve">== Ƙa'idojin rubutun hausa ==
Kamar yadda aka sani, kowanne lamari na duniya yana da ka'idar yadda ya kamata a gudanar da shi. Kuma bin ƙa'idar ita ke sa a sami dacen yadda ake bukata ba tare da an fuskanci wata matsala ba. Idan kuma ba a bi ka'idar ba to za a ga  ba daidai ba..
Tunda yake haka ne, rubutun Hausa shi ma, yana da ka'idarsa. Bin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa sau-da-kafa, su ke sa a sami rubutu mai Cikakkiyar ma'ana. Wato a sami daidaiton manufa tsakanin tunanain marubuci da kuma na makaranci.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://hemingwayapp.com/articles/grammar-punctuation/punctuation-marks&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

==Abin da ake nufi da ka'idojin rubutun hausa==
Ka'idojin rubutun Hausa, wani yanayi ne na lura da kiyaye ka'idojin harshen Hausa a rubuce domin samun damar isar da sakon da marubuci ke nufi zuwa ga mai karatu daidai da daidai, ba tare da canzawar ma'anar da marubuci ke nufi ba
. Haka kuma, yana samar da saukin fahimtar karatu daga mai karantawa.

== Fannonin Ka'idojin Rubutun Hausa ==
Fannonin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa da muke da su a nan, suna da dama. Kuma sune ginshin duk abinda ya kamata marubuci ya koya game da ka'idojin rubutun Hausa domin samun gwanancewa a rubutu. Don haka, zan zayyano su, sannan kuma na yi bayaninsu daki-daki kamar haka:

#Alamomin ajiye magana;
#Raba kalma da kuma hade kalma;
#Shaddatun tagwayen harufan Hausa;
#Gajera da doguwar mallaka;
#Dafa-keya 'w' da jakada 'w';
#Daurin 'm' da daurin 'n';

=='''1.0 Alamomin Ajiye Magana' (punctuation mark)'''== 
Ga Alamomin aje magana tare da bayanansu daki-daki:
* '''Aya / . /
* '''Waƙafi / . /
* '''Ayar tambaya / ? /
* '''Ruwa-biyu / : /
* '''Waƙafi m mai ruwa / ; /
* '''Karan-ɗori / - /
* '''Alamar zancen wani / &quot; &quot; /
* '''Baka-biyu / ( ) /
* '''Alamar Motsin rai / ! /
* '''Zarce / ... /

1.1 '''Aya / . /'''
Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta  cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali:

'''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.'''
idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan.

1.2== Wakafi/ , / ==
Wakafi, wata karmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali:

*'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.'''
To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: 
*'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.'''
A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe.

1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / ==
Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali:
* Aliyu ya zo?, 
* menene ake sayarwa?
Idan aka yi la'akari da missalan da ke sama, za a ga
an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkanin suna dauke da alamar tambaya. 
Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba:

Aliyu ya zo

A nan za a fahimci cewa, ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri.

1.4== Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/==
Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal:
# '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida)
# missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )'''

sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita
* idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:'''

* Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi;
* Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa;
* Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. 

A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da aka sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana.

==1.1 Aya / . /==
Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta  cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali:

'''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.'''
idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan.

==1.2 Wakafi/ , / ==
Waƙafi, wata ƙarmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali:

*'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.'''
To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: 
*'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.'''
A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe.

1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / ==
Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali:
* Aliyu ya zo?, 
* menene ake sayarwa?
Idan aka yi la'akari missalan da ke sama, za a ga
an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkaninsu suna dauke da alamar tambaya. 
Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba:

Aliyu ya zo

A nan za a fahimci cewa ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri.

==1.4 Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/==
Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal:
# '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida)
# missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )'''

sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita
* idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:'''

* Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi;
* Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa;
* Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. 

A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da na sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana.

==1.5 Waƙafi mai ruwa / ; / ==

wannan alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen raba jerin wasu jimloli ko kalmomi a cikin zance. 
Game da missali, a duba a missalin karshe na Aya mai ruwa, za a ga yadda aka bayyana abinda Shugaban kasa ya zayyana.  A nan za a ga an sa
Ka alamar /;/ a gaban kowacce jimla. 
Ga Karin missali:
* Shugqban makarantar ya gargadi dalibai cewa,idan sun tashi dawowa daga hutu, su zo da kayan karatu kamar irin wadannan:
# littafin koyon turanci, aji na biyar;
# littafin koyan lissafi, aji na biyar;
# littafin nazarin rayuwar dan Adam, aji na biyar;
# littafin koyan karatn Hausa, aji na biyar.
A wadannan missalai za a lura cewa, a duk karshen jimloli 3 na farko an saka alamaar tsayawa ta wakafi mai ruwa (;), in banda jimla ta karshe da aka yi wa alamar aya /./

==1.6 Karan-ɗori / - /==
Karan-dori, alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen hade kalmomi biyu ko sama da biyu, su zama kalma daya da ma'ana daya. Akan saka wannan alama ne a tsakanin kalmomi da suka zo iri daya ko wadanda suka zo daban-daban. Kin  saka wannan alama a inda ya dace, yakan kawo sabanin ma'ana tsakanin mawallafi da makaranci. Missali:
# malam-buda-mana-littafi (sunnan wani kafilfilo);
# fadi-ka-mutu (tangaran);
# fari-fari (abinda bai kai fari sosai ba);
# malfar-ungulu (wani tsiro ne); dss.
A lura da kyau, idan muka dauki missali na farko, (malam-buda-mana-littafi)  za mu ga yana nufin sunan wani abu wato (kafilfilo). Idan kuma ba a sa wannan alama ba a tsakankanin kalmomin (malam buda mana littafi) to rubutun ya zama wata jimla mai nufin umarni, maimakon kalma daya mai nufin sunan wani Kwaro. Wato, dalibai ne ke umartar malaminsu da ya buda masu littafi. Don haka, zamu fahimci cewa, idan an saka alamar, zancen ya zama Kalma daya kacal. Amma idan ba a sa alamar ba to rubutun ya zama jimla sukum.
# Karin Missali, idan mutum yana rubutu a cikin takarda ko kan allo, sai aka fara rubuta wata kalma da ta zo a karshen layi sannan kuma ba ta karasu duka ba, sai a saka karan-dori ( - ) kuma a karasata a layi na kasa.

==1.7 Alamar baka-biyu / ( ) /==
Wannan wata alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna karin bayani akan wata kalma, ko Jimla ko dai a kan wata maganar ta daban. Ga missalai nan kamar haka:
* Yaron da aka kama da laifin kisan matar, 'yar uwa ce ga mahaifin yaron (Gwaggon yaron ce)
* Gwamnan kano, Alh. Abba Kabir Yusuf, ya tura wakilinsa (Sunusi Nature) wajen Taron.
* # Ni mutum ne mai son a sami zaman lafiya tsakanin Musulmai da wanda ba Musulmai ba (Kiristoci).

==1.8 Ayar Motsin-rai / ! /==
Ayar Motsin-rai, wata alama ce da ke nuni da zaburar furuci cikin gaggawar kargafa murya. Hakan na faruwa ne yawanci a farkon bayyanar mury cikin Karfafawa, musamman a kalmomin; razana,mamaki, tausayi da kuma karfafar wata kalma a cikin wani zance na musamman. Alal Missali: '''Ah!, Wayyo!, Lah!, Innalillahi!, Kai!''' Da sauransu. Ga Karin missalai a cikin jimloli:
* Saurayin na zuwa ya nuna mata kyautar bazatar da ya zo mata da ita. Sai ta cika da mamaki,sannan ta ja wani gwauron numfashi sanan ta ce, '''La!''' Amma ko na gode '''sosai!'''
* A lokacin da yaron yake guje-guje cikin lalatattun Kujerun cikin ajin, sai ya taka kusa, ya ce, '''wayyo Allahna!''' jin haka malaminsu ya leko yana cewa, '''kai!''' Me ya faru.
* Haba, yana lekowa cikkin dare sai ya ga wani duhu-duhu  dab da shi. Aiko ya firgita ya ce '''waye nan!'''

Yanzu sai mu lura cewa, a Missali na daya (1), mun yi amfani da '''Lah!''' da kuma '''sosai!'''. A Missali na biyu (2) kuma mun yi amfani da '''wayyo Allah!''' tare da '''kai!'''. Har illa yau a Missali na uku (3) kuma na karshe, mun yi amfani da '''waye nan!'''.
Don haka, wadannan missalai, kadan ne daga cikin missalan '''ayar Motsin-rai / ! /''' Ko kuma inda ya kamata a yi amfani da ita. Sannan kuma, ya kamata a fahimci cewa, dole ne a sami karfafa murya a duk inda ake nufin '''ayar Motsin-rai,''' domin idan aka yi amfani da sanyin murya ma'ana ba za ta samu ba.

==1.9 Zarce / ... /==
Zarce wata alama ce ta digo-dogo akalla guda uku (...), da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna ketare wata kalma ko Jimla a cikin rubutu. Ana samun missalai ta bangarori da dama, mussan a cikin karin magana, tsaallake gurbin amasa wata tambaya, dss. Missali:
# '''Ban sa a ka ba,...''' A nan ba a bukatar karasa zancen ne, shi ya sa aka yi digo-dogon. Manufa a nan, duk Wanda aka yi wa karin maganar, ya karasa ma'anar a zuci ko ma a fili. Wto kenan sai ya karasa zuwa '''inji barawon tagiya'''
# Haka kuma, akan saka wannan alama / ... /, a tsarin tambayar '''cikke tazara'''. Missali:
* '''Sunan Babban birnin kasar Najeriya...''' a nana sai cike da '''Abuja''' ko makamancin haka.

=='''2.0 Rabawa Da Haɗa Kalma'''==
Raba kalma da hada kalma, abubuwa ne mabanbanta amma, masu alaka da juna. Da farko za mu dauki raba kalma. Kamar haka:

==2.1 Raba Kalma==
raba kalma na nufin, barin kalma ta ci gashin kanta duk kankantarta Kuma duk girmanta. Hakan, na nufin a barkalma a matayita ba tare da an hade ta da wata ba, don kaucewa rasa ma'ana ta asali. Wato dai,kin raba kalmomin a inda ya ya dace, yana haifar da chanjawar ma'ana. Missali:

* Shi ne, (kar a ce: shine)
* Ita ce, (kar a ce: itace)
* Wa ya je da su kasuwa? (Kar a ce: waya je dasu kasuwa?)
* Ba ni na zo da shi ba, (kar a ce: bani nazo dashi ba)
* Da ni da ku mu hada Kai, (kar a ce: Dani daku mu hadakai)

A nan, idan muka Laura, mafi yawancin kalmomin da aka yi amfani da su, masu gaba dai-dai ne. Kuma kowacce an bar ta a matayinta. Don haka mu duba Missali na farko: '''Shi ne.''' Kalmar farko '''shi''' wakilin suna ce, Kalmar '''ce''' kuwa tana cikin wani aji na nahawu da ake cewa dirka. Don hak, idan aka hade su kamar '''Shine''' kalmomi biyu daban-daban an hade guri daya, don haka sun zama kalma daya ke nan, wacce kwata-kwata babu ita a Hausa sai a Turancin Ingilishi. Wacce ke nufin '''sheki''' a harshen Hausa.

A Missali na hudu kuwa, ('''ba ni na zo da shi ba ''') za a fahimci cewa, kowacce kalma tana dauke da gaba daya ne. Kuma, duk da rashin tsawonsu,ba a hada wata da wata ba, domin kuwacce na cin gashin kanta. To hakan shi ne daidai. Inda kuwa an hada wata Kalmar da wata, ma'anarta za ta canza. Missali, idan aka hada '''da''' tare da '''shi,''' za su koma kalma daya kamar haka: '''dashi.''' kuma Kalmar tana nufin sunan wata itaciya ne.

==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance.

Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya)

==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance.

Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya)

=='''3.0 Shaddatun Tagwayen Harufan Hausa (Daurin tagwayen harufa)'''==
Shadda na nufin nanata harafi sau biyu, wtau abinda ake kira dauri. Sannan kuma, muna da tagwayen harufa a harshen Hausa,kamar, '''gw, gy, fy,' sh.''' da sauransu. Wadannan tagwayen harufa ana daurinsu a yayin rubuta wasu kalmomi, kamar, Sha'''ssha'''ka. A nan ga missalan yadda ya kamata a rubuta su dalla-dalla:
* Sha'''ssha'''ka (ba Sha'''shsha'''ka ba)
* gwa'''ggwa'''le (ba gwa'''gwgwa'''le ba)
* gya'''ggy'''ara (ba gya'''gygy'''ara ba)

=='''4.0 Kalmomin Mallaka'''==
Kalmomin Mallaka, wasu kalmomi ne da ake amfani da su wajen nuna faruwar mallaka a cikin rubutu. Game da ka'idojin rubun Hausa, an tanadar da hanyoyi biyu domin samar da rubutu mai inganci.
Don haka, muna da gajerar mallaka da kuma doguwar mallaka.

===4.1 Gajerar Mallaka===
Gajerar mallaka, ita ake hade Kalmar abinda aka mallaka da wakilin sunan abin da aka mallaka da wakilin sunan wanda yai mallaka a guri daya.missli: gida+na= ('''gidana''') a nan za a fahimci cewa, kalmar 'gida' da kalmar 'na' an haɗa su a guri ɗaya sun zama kamar kalma guda. A kiyaye da cewa, gajerar mallaka haɗe ta ake yi. Don haka, akwai ƙarin missalai kamar haka:
*Jakarta ba jakar ta ba;
*ajinsu ba ajin su ba;
*matata ba mata ta ba;
*ɗakinki ba ɗakin ki ba;
*motarka ba motar ka ba. 
*masallacinku ba Masallacin ku ba. Da sauransu.

==='''4.2 Doguwar Mallaka'''===

Ita doguwar mallaka, ba a haɗe ake rubuta ta ba. Wato ke nan, ana rabewa tsakanin abinda aka mallaka da kuma wakilin sunan mai mallaka. Ga missalai kamar haka:
* Jakar tata
* Ɗakin nasu
* Wayar tawa
* Littafin nashi
* Gonar taku
* Masallacin nawa
* Takalmin namu

Da haka, za mu fahimci cewa akwai banbanci tsakanin doguwar mallaka da gajerar mallaka.  Mu tuna da missalin farko na doguwar. Wato &quot;'''jakar tata'''&quot; ma'ana, an rubuta &quot;'''jakar'''&quot; daban, ita ma, &quot;'''tata'''&quot; daban. idan kuma a gajerar mallaka ne sai a rubuta &quot;'''jakarta'''&quot; a haɗe. Wato dai ana haɗa &quot;'''jakar'''&quot; da kuma &quot;'''ta'''&quot; a haɗe ('''jakarta''')

== Manazararta==</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>889980</id>
      <parentid>889979</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-01T06:17:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Baban Asiya</username>
        <id>15906</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* 3.0 Shaddatun Tagwayen Harufan Hausa (Daurin tagwayen harufa) */</comment>
      <origin>889980</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="18156" sha1="b1ynreipwoddijo9kd20c420pbc1l1o" xml:space="preserve">== Ƙa'idojin rubutun hausa ==
Kamar yadda aka sani, kowanne lamari na duniya yana da ka'idar yadda ya kamata a gudanar da shi. Kuma bin ƙa'idar ita ke sa a sami dacen yadda ake bukata ba tare da an fuskanci wata matsala ba. Idan kuma ba a bi ka'idar ba to za a ga  ba daidai ba..
Tunda yake haka ne, rubutun Hausa shi ma, yana da ka'idarsa. Bin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa sau-da-kafa, su ke sa a sami rubutu mai Cikakkiyar ma'ana. Wato a sami daidaiton manufa tsakanin tunanain marubuci da kuma na makaranci.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://hemingwayapp.com/articles/grammar-punctuation/punctuation-marks&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

==Abin da ake nufi da ka'idojin rubutun hausa==
Ka'idojin rubutun Hausa, wani yanayi ne na lura da kiyaye ka'idojin harshen Hausa a rubuce domin samun damar isar da sakon da marubuci ke nufi zuwa ga mai karatu daidai da daidai, ba tare da canzawar ma'anar da marubuci ke nufi ba
. Haka kuma, yana samar da saukin fahimtar karatu daga mai karantawa.

== Fannonin Ka'idojin Rubutun Hausa ==
Fannonin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa da muke da su a nan, suna da dama. Kuma sune ginshin duk abinda ya kamata marubuci ya koya game da ka'idojin rubutun Hausa domin samun gwanancewa a rubutu. Don haka, zan zayyano su, sannan kuma na yi bayaninsu daki-daki kamar haka:

#Alamomin ajiye magana;
#Raba kalma da kuma hade kalma;
#Shaddatun tagwayen harufan Hausa;
#Gajera da doguwar mallaka;
#Dafa-keya 'w' da jakada 'w';
#Daurin 'm' da daurin 'n';

=='''1.0 Alamomin Ajiye Magana' (punctuation mark)'''== 
Ga Alamomin aje magana tare da bayanansu daki-daki:
* '''Aya / . /
* '''Waƙafi / . /
* '''Ayar tambaya / ? /
* '''Ruwa-biyu / : /
* '''Waƙafi m mai ruwa / ; /
* '''Karan-ɗori / - /
* '''Alamar zancen wani / &quot; &quot; /
* '''Baka-biyu / ( ) /
* '''Alamar Motsin rai / ! /
* '''Zarce / ... /

1.1 '''Aya / . /'''
Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta  cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali:

'''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.'''
idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan.

1.2== Wakafi/ , / ==
Wakafi, wata karmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali:

*'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.'''
To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: 
*'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.'''
A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe.

1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / ==
Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali:
* Aliyu ya zo?, 
* menene ake sayarwa?
Idan aka yi la'akari da missalan da ke sama, za a ga
an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkanin suna dauke da alamar tambaya. 
Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba:

Aliyu ya zo

A nan za a fahimci cewa, ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri.

1.4== Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/==
Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal:
# '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida)
# missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )'''

sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita
* idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:'''

* Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi;
* Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa;
* Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. 

A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da aka sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana.

==1.1 Aya / . /==
Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta  cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali:

'''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.'''
idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan.

==1.2 Wakafi/ , / ==
Waƙafi, wata ƙarmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali:

*'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.'''
To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: 
*'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.'''
A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe.

1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / ==
Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali:
* Aliyu ya zo?, 
* menene ake sayarwa?
Idan aka yi la'akari missalan da ke sama, za a ga
an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkaninsu suna dauke da alamar tambaya. 
Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba:

Aliyu ya zo

A nan za a fahimci cewa ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri.

==1.4 Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/==
Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal:
# '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida)
# missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )'''

sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita
* idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:'''

* Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi;
* Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa;
* Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. 

A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da na sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana.

==1.5 Waƙafi mai ruwa / ; / ==

wannan alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen raba jerin wasu jimloli ko kalmomi a cikin zance. 
Game da missali, a duba a missalin karshe na Aya mai ruwa, za a ga yadda aka bayyana abinda Shugaban kasa ya zayyana.  A nan za a ga an sa
Ka alamar /;/ a gaban kowacce jimla. 
Ga Karin missali:
* Shugqban makarantar ya gargadi dalibai cewa,idan sun tashi dawowa daga hutu, su zo da kayan karatu kamar irin wadannan:
# littafin koyon turanci, aji na biyar;
# littafin koyan lissafi, aji na biyar;
# littafin nazarin rayuwar dan Adam, aji na biyar;
# littafin koyan karatn Hausa, aji na biyar.
A wadannan missalai za a lura cewa, a duk karshen jimloli 3 na farko an saka alamaar tsayawa ta wakafi mai ruwa (;), in banda jimla ta karshe da aka yi wa alamar aya /./

==1.6 Karan-ɗori / - /==
Karan-dori, alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen hade kalmomi biyu ko sama da biyu, su zama kalma daya da ma'ana daya. Akan saka wannan alama ne a tsakanin kalmomi da suka zo iri daya ko wadanda suka zo daban-daban. Kin  saka wannan alama a inda ya dace, yakan kawo sabanin ma'ana tsakanin mawallafi da makaranci. Missali:
# malam-buda-mana-littafi (sunnan wani kafilfilo);
# fadi-ka-mutu (tangaran);
# fari-fari (abinda bai kai fari sosai ba);
# malfar-ungulu (wani tsiro ne); dss.
A lura da kyau, idan muka dauki missali na farko, (malam-buda-mana-littafi)  za mu ga yana nufin sunan wani abu wato (kafilfilo). Idan kuma ba a sa wannan alama ba a tsakankanin kalmomin (malam buda mana littafi) to rubutun ya zama wata jimla mai nufin umarni, maimakon kalma daya mai nufin sunan wani Kwaro. Wato, dalibai ne ke umartar malaminsu da ya buda masu littafi. Don haka, zamu fahimci cewa, idan an saka alamar, zancen ya zama Kalma daya kacal. Amma idan ba a sa alamar ba to rubutun ya zama jimla sukum.
# Karin Missali, idan mutum yana rubutu a cikin takarda ko kan allo, sai aka fara rubuta wata kalma da ta zo a karshen layi sannan kuma ba ta karasu duka ba, sai a saka karan-dori ( - ) kuma a karasata a layi na kasa.

==1.7 Alamar baka-biyu / ( ) /==
Wannan wata alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna karin bayani akan wata kalma, ko Jimla ko dai a kan wata maganar ta daban. Ga missalai nan kamar haka:
* Yaron da aka kama da laifin kisan matar, 'yar uwa ce ga mahaifin yaron (Gwaggon yaron ce)
* Gwamnan kano, Alh. Abba Kabir Yusuf, ya tura wakilinsa (Sunusi Nature) wajen Taron.
* # Ni mutum ne mai son a sami zaman lafiya tsakanin Musulmai da wanda ba Musulmai ba (Kiristoci).

==1.8 Ayar Motsin-rai / ! /==
Ayar Motsin-rai, wata alama ce da ke nuni da zaburar furuci cikin gaggawar kargafa murya. Hakan na faruwa ne yawanci a farkon bayyanar mury cikin Karfafawa, musamman a kalmomin; razana,mamaki, tausayi da kuma karfafar wata kalma a cikin wani zance na musamman. Alal Missali: '''Ah!, Wayyo!, Lah!, Innalillahi!, Kai!''' Da sauransu. Ga Karin missalai a cikin jimloli:
* Saurayin na zuwa ya nuna mata kyautar bazatar da ya zo mata da ita. Sai ta cika da mamaki,sannan ta ja wani gwauron numfashi sanan ta ce, '''La!''' Amma ko na gode '''sosai!'''
* A lokacin da yaron yake guje-guje cikin lalatattun Kujerun cikin ajin, sai ya taka kusa, ya ce, '''wayyo Allahna!''' jin haka malaminsu ya leko yana cewa, '''kai!''' Me ya faru.
* Haba, yana lekowa cikkin dare sai ya ga wani duhu-duhu  dab da shi. Aiko ya firgita ya ce '''waye nan!'''

Yanzu sai mu lura cewa, a Missali na daya (1), mun yi amfani da '''Lah!''' da kuma '''sosai!'''. A Missali na biyu (2) kuma mun yi amfani da '''wayyo Allah!''' tare da '''kai!'''. Har illa yau a Missali na uku (3) kuma na karshe, mun yi amfani da '''waye nan!'''.
Don haka, wadannan missalai, kadan ne daga cikin missalan '''ayar Motsin-rai / ! /''' Ko kuma inda ya kamata a yi amfani da ita. Sannan kuma, ya kamata a fahimci cewa, dole ne a sami karfafa murya a duk inda ake nufin '''ayar Motsin-rai,''' domin idan aka yi amfani da sanyin murya ma'ana ba za ta samu ba.

==1.9 Zarce / ... /==
Zarce wata alama ce ta digo-dogo akalla guda uku (...), da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna ketare wata kalma ko Jimla a cikin rubutu. Ana samun missalai ta bangarori da dama, mussan a cikin karin magana, tsaallake gurbin amasa wata tambaya, dss. Missali:
# '''Ban sa a ka ba,...''' A nan ba a bukatar karasa zancen ne, shi ya sa aka yi digo-dogon. Manufa a nan, duk Wanda aka yi wa karin maganar, ya karasa ma'anar a zuci ko ma a fili. Wto kenan sai ya karasa zuwa '''inji barawon tagiya'''
# Haka kuma, akan saka wannan alama / ... /, a tsarin tambayar '''cikke tazara'''. Missali:
* '''Sunan Babban birnin kasar Najeriya...''' a nana sai cike da '''Abuja''' ko makamancin haka.

=='''2.0 Rabawa Da Haɗa Kalma'''==
Raba kalma da hada kalma, abubuwa ne mabanbanta amma, masu alaka da juna. Da farko za mu dauki raba kalma. Kamar haka:

==2.1 Raba Kalma==
raba kalma na nufin, barin kalma ta ci gashin kanta duk kankantarta Kuma duk girmanta. Hakan, na nufin a barkalma a matayita ba tare da an hade ta da wata ba, don kaucewa rasa ma'ana ta asali. Wato dai,kin raba kalmomin a inda ya ya dace, yana haifar da chanjawar ma'ana. Missali:

* Shi ne, (kar a ce: shine)
* Ita ce, (kar a ce: itace)
* Wa ya je da su kasuwa? (Kar a ce: waya je dasu kasuwa?)
* Ba ni na zo da shi ba, (kar a ce: bani nazo dashi ba)
* Da ni da ku mu hada Kai, (kar a ce: Dani daku mu hadakai)

A nan, idan muka Laura, mafi yawancin kalmomin da aka yi amfani da su, masu gaba dai-dai ne. Kuma kowacce an bar ta a matayinta. Don haka mu duba Missali na farko: '''Shi ne.''' Kalmar farko '''shi''' wakilin suna ce, Kalmar '''ce''' kuwa tana cikin wani aji na nahawu da ake cewa dirka. Don hak, idan aka hade su kamar '''Shine''' kalmomi biyu daban-daban an hade guri daya, don haka sun zama kalma daya ke nan, wacce kwata-kwata babu ita a Hausa sai a Turancin Ingilishi. Wacce ke nufin '''sheki''' a harshen Hausa.

A Missali na hudu kuwa, ('''ba ni na zo da shi ba ''') za a fahimci cewa, kowacce kalma tana dauke da gaba daya ne. Kuma, duk da rashin tsawonsu,ba a hada wata da wata ba, domin kuwacce na cin gashin kanta. To hakan shi ne daidai. Inda kuwa an hada wata Kalmar da wata, ma'anarta za ta canza. Missali, idan aka hada '''da''' tare da '''shi,''' za su koma kalma daya kamar haka: '''dashi.''' kuma Kalmar tana nufin sunan wata itaciya ne.

==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance.

Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya)

==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance.

Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya)

=='''3.0 Shaddatun Tagwayen Harufan Hausa (Daurin tagwayen harufa)'''==
Shadda na nufin nanata harafi sau biyu, wtau abinda ake kira dauri. Sannan kuma, muna da tagwayen harufa a harshen Hausa,kamar, '''gw, gy, fy,' sh.''' da sauransu. Wadannan tagwayen harufa ana daurinsu a yayin rubuta wasu kalmomi, kamar, Sha'''ssha'''ka. A nan ga missalan yadda ya kamata a rubuta su dalla-dalla:
* Sha'''ssha'''ka (ba Sha'''shsha'''ka ba)
* gwa'''ggwa'''le (ba gwa'''gwgwa'''le ba)
* gya'''ggy'''ara (ba gya'''gygy'''ara ba)
* kya'''kky'''awa

=='''4.0 Kalmomin Mallaka'''==
Kalmomin Mallaka, wasu kalmomi ne da ake amfani da su wajen nuna faruwar mallaka a cikin rubutu. Game da ka'idojin rubun Hausa, an tanadar da hanyoyi biyu domin samar da rubutu mai inganci.
Don haka, muna da gajerar mallaka da kuma doguwar mallaka.

===4.1 Gajerar Mallaka===
Gajerar mallaka, ita ake hade Kalmar abinda aka mallaka da wakilin sunan abin da aka mallaka da wakilin sunan wanda yai mallaka a guri daya.missli: gida+na= ('''gidana''') a nan za a fahimci cewa, kalmar 'gida' da kalmar 'na' an haɗa su a guri ɗaya sun zama kamar kalma guda. A kiyaye da cewa, gajerar mallaka haɗe ta ake yi. Don haka, akwai ƙarin missalai kamar haka:
*Jakarta ba jakar ta ba;
*ajinsu ba ajin su ba;
*matata ba mata ta ba;
*ɗakinki ba ɗakin ki ba;
*motarka ba motar ka ba. 
*masallacinku ba Masallacin ku ba. Da sauransu.

==='''4.2 Doguwar Mallaka'''===

Ita doguwar mallaka, ba a haɗe ake rubuta ta ba. Wato ke nan, ana rabewa tsakanin abinda aka mallaka da kuma wakilin sunan mai mallaka. Ga missalai kamar haka:
* Jakar tata
* Ɗakin nasu
* Wayar tawa
* Littafin nashi
* Gonar taku
* Masallacin nawa
* Takalmin namu

Da haka, za mu fahimci cewa akwai banbanci tsakanin doguwar mallaka da gajerar mallaka.  Mu tuna da missalin farko na doguwar. Wato &quot;'''jakar tata'''&quot; ma'ana, an rubuta &quot;'''jakar'''&quot; daban, ita ma, &quot;'''tata'''&quot; daban. idan kuma a gajerar mallaka ne sai a rubuta &quot;'''jakarta'''&quot; a haɗe. Wato dai ana haɗa &quot;'''jakar'''&quot; da kuma &quot;'''ta'''&quot; a haɗe ('''jakarta''')

== Manazararta==</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>889981</id>
      <parentid>889980</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-01T06:19:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Baban Asiya</username>
        <id>15906</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* 3.0 Shaddatun Tagwayen Harufan Hausa (Daurin tagwayen harufa) */</comment>
      <origin>889981</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="18181" sha1="ikh3eivdlfavyol628v2mpowv76a7w5" xml:space="preserve">== Ƙa'idojin rubutun hausa ==
Kamar yadda aka sani, kowanne lamari na duniya yana da ka'idar yadda ya kamata a gudanar da shi. Kuma bin ƙa'idar ita ke sa a sami dacen yadda ake bukata ba tare da an fuskanci wata matsala ba. Idan kuma ba a bi ka'idar ba to za a ga  ba daidai ba..
Tunda yake haka ne, rubutun Hausa shi ma, yana da ka'idarsa. Bin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa sau-da-kafa, su ke sa a sami rubutu mai Cikakkiyar ma'ana. Wato a sami daidaiton manufa tsakanin tunanain marubuci da kuma na makaranci.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://hemingwayapp.com/articles/grammar-punctuation/punctuation-marks&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

==Abin da ake nufi da ka'idojin rubutun hausa==
Ka'idojin rubutun Hausa, wani yanayi ne na lura da kiyaye ka'idojin harshen Hausa a rubuce domin samun damar isar da sakon da marubuci ke nufi zuwa ga mai karatu daidai da daidai, ba tare da canzawar ma'anar da marubuci ke nufi ba
. Haka kuma, yana samar da saukin fahimtar karatu daga mai karantawa.

== Fannonin Ka'idojin Rubutun Hausa ==
Fannonin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa da muke da su a nan, suna da dama. Kuma sune ginshin duk abinda ya kamata marubuci ya koya game da ka'idojin rubutun Hausa domin samun gwanancewa a rubutu. Don haka, zan zayyano su, sannan kuma na yi bayaninsu daki-daki kamar haka:

#Alamomin ajiye magana;
#Raba kalma da kuma hade kalma;
#Shaddatun tagwayen harufan Hausa;
#Gajera da doguwar mallaka;
#Dafa-keya 'w' da jakada 'w';
#Daurin 'm' da daurin 'n';

=='''1.0 Alamomin Ajiye Magana' (punctuation mark)'''== 
Ga Alamomin aje magana tare da bayanansu daki-daki:
* '''Aya / . /
* '''Waƙafi / . /
* '''Ayar tambaya / ? /
* '''Ruwa-biyu / : /
* '''Waƙafi m mai ruwa / ; /
* '''Karan-ɗori / - /
* '''Alamar zancen wani / &quot; &quot; /
* '''Baka-biyu / ( ) /
* '''Alamar Motsin rai / ! /
* '''Zarce / ... /

1.1 '''Aya / . /'''
Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta  cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali:

'''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.'''
idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan.

1.2== Wakafi/ , / ==
Wakafi, wata karmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali:

*'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.'''
To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: 
*'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.'''
A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe.

1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / ==
Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali:
* Aliyu ya zo?, 
* menene ake sayarwa?
Idan aka yi la'akari da missalan da ke sama, za a ga
an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkanin suna dauke da alamar tambaya. 
Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba:

Aliyu ya zo

A nan za a fahimci cewa, ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri.

1.4== Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/==
Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal:
# '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida)
# missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )'''

sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita
* idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:'''

* Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi;
* Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa;
* Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. 

A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da aka sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana.

==1.1 Aya / . /==
Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta  cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali:

'''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.'''
idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan.

==1.2 Wakafi/ , / ==
Waƙafi, wata ƙarmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali:

*'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.'''
To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: 
*'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.'''
A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe.

1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / ==
Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali:
* Aliyu ya zo?, 
* menene ake sayarwa?
Idan aka yi la'akari missalan da ke sama, za a ga
an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkaninsu suna dauke da alamar tambaya. 
Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba:

Aliyu ya zo

A nan za a fahimci cewa ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri.

==1.4 Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/==
Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal:
# '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida)
# missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )'''

sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita
* idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:'''

* Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi;
* Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa;
* Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. 

A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da na sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana.

==1.5 Waƙafi mai ruwa / ; / ==

wannan alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen raba jerin wasu jimloli ko kalmomi a cikin zance. 
Game da missali, a duba a missalin karshe na Aya mai ruwa, za a ga yadda aka bayyana abinda Shugaban kasa ya zayyana.  A nan za a ga an sa
Ka alamar /;/ a gaban kowacce jimla. 
Ga Karin missali:
* Shugqban makarantar ya gargadi dalibai cewa,idan sun tashi dawowa daga hutu, su zo da kayan karatu kamar irin wadannan:
# littafin koyon turanci, aji na biyar;
# littafin koyan lissafi, aji na biyar;
# littafin nazarin rayuwar dan Adam, aji na biyar;
# littafin koyan karatn Hausa, aji na biyar.
A wadannan missalai za a lura cewa, a duk karshen jimloli 3 na farko an saka alamaar tsayawa ta wakafi mai ruwa (;), in banda jimla ta karshe da aka yi wa alamar aya /./

==1.6 Karan-ɗori / - /==
Karan-dori, alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen hade kalmomi biyu ko sama da biyu, su zama kalma daya da ma'ana daya. Akan saka wannan alama ne a tsakanin kalmomi da suka zo iri daya ko wadanda suka zo daban-daban. Kin  saka wannan alama a inda ya dace, yakan kawo sabanin ma'ana tsakanin mawallafi da makaranci. Missali:
# malam-buda-mana-littafi (sunnan wani kafilfilo);
# fadi-ka-mutu (tangaran);
# fari-fari (abinda bai kai fari sosai ba);
# malfar-ungulu (wani tsiro ne); dss.
A lura da kyau, idan muka dauki missali na farko, (malam-buda-mana-littafi)  za mu ga yana nufin sunan wani abu wato (kafilfilo). Idan kuma ba a sa wannan alama ba a tsakankanin kalmomin (malam buda mana littafi) to rubutun ya zama wata jimla mai nufin umarni, maimakon kalma daya mai nufin sunan wani Kwaro. Wato, dalibai ne ke umartar malaminsu da ya buda masu littafi. Don haka, zamu fahimci cewa, idan an saka alamar, zancen ya zama Kalma daya kacal. Amma idan ba a sa alamar ba to rubutun ya zama jimla sukum.
# Karin Missali, idan mutum yana rubutu a cikin takarda ko kan allo, sai aka fara rubuta wata kalma da ta zo a karshen layi sannan kuma ba ta karasu duka ba, sai a saka karan-dori ( - ) kuma a karasata a layi na kasa.

==1.7 Alamar baka-biyu / ( ) /==
Wannan wata alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna karin bayani akan wata kalma, ko Jimla ko dai a kan wata maganar ta daban. Ga missalai nan kamar haka:
* Yaron da aka kama da laifin kisan matar, 'yar uwa ce ga mahaifin yaron (Gwaggon yaron ce)
* Gwamnan kano, Alh. Abba Kabir Yusuf, ya tura wakilinsa (Sunusi Nature) wajen Taron.
* # Ni mutum ne mai son a sami zaman lafiya tsakanin Musulmai da wanda ba Musulmai ba (Kiristoci).

==1.8 Ayar Motsin-rai / ! /==
Ayar Motsin-rai, wata alama ce da ke nuni da zaburar furuci cikin gaggawar kargafa murya. Hakan na faruwa ne yawanci a farkon bayyanar mury cikin Karfafawa, musamman a kalmomin; razana,mamaki, tausayi da kuma karfafar wata kalma a cikin wani zance na musamman. Alal Missali: '''Ah!, Wayyo!, Lah!, Innalillahi!, Kai!''' Da sauransu. Ga Karin missalai a cikin jimloli:
* Saurayin na zuwa ya nuna mata kyautar bazatar da ya zo mata da ita. Sai ta cika da mamaki,sannan ta ja wani gwauron numfashi sanan ta ce, '''La!''' Amma ko na gode '''sosai!'''
* A lokacin da yaron yake guje-guje cikin lalatattun Kujerun cikin ajin, sai ya taka kusa, ya ce, '''wayyo Allahna!''' jin haka malaminsu ya leko yana cewa, '''kai!''' Me ya faru.
* Haba, yana lekowa cikkin dare sai ya ga wani duhu-duhu  dab da shi. Aiko ya firgita ya ce '''waye nan!'''

Yanzu sai mu lura cewa, a Missali na daya (1), mun yi amfani da '''Lah!''' da kuma '''sosai!'''. A Missali na biyu (2) kuma mun yi amfani da '''wayyo Allah!''' tare da '''kai!'''. Har illa yau a Missali na uku (3) kuma na karshe, mun yi amfani da '''waye nan!'''.
Don haka, wadannan missalai, kadan ne daga cikin missalan '''ayar Motsin-rai / ! /''' Ko kuma inda ya kamata a yi amfani da ita. Sannan kuma, ya kamata a fahimci cewa, dole ne a sami karfafa murya a duk inda ake nufin '''ayar Motsin-rai,''' domin idan aka yi amfani da sanyin murya ma'ana ba za ta samu ba.

==1.9 Zarce / ... /==
Zarce wata alama ce ta digo-dogo akalla guda uku (...), da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna ketare wata kalma ko Jimla a cikin rubutu. Ana samun missalai ta bangarori da dama, mussan a cikin karin magana, tsaallake gurbin amasa wata tambaya, dss. Missali:
# '''Ban sa a ka ba,...''' A nan ba a bukatar karasa zancen ne, shi ya sa aka yi digo-dogon. Manufa a nan, duk Wanda aka yi wa karin maganar, ya karasa ma'anar a zuci ko ma a fili. Wto kenan sai ya karasa zuwa '''inji barawon tagiya'''
# Haka kuma, akan saka wannan alama / ... /, a tsarin tambayar '''cikke tazara'''. Missali:
* '''Sunan Babban birnin kasar Najeriya...''' a nana sai cike da '''Abuja''' ko makamancin haka.

=='''2.0 Rabawa Da Haɗa Kalma'''==
Raba kalma da hada kalma, abubuwa ne mabanbanta amma, masu alaka da juna. Da farko za mu dauki raba kalma. Kamar haka:

==2.1 Raba Kalma==
raba kalma na nufin, barin kalma ta ci gashin kanta duk kankantarta Kuma duk girmanta. Hakan, na nufin a barkalma a matayita ba tare da an hade ta da wata ba, don kaucewa rasa ma'ana ta asali. Wato dai,kin raba kalmomin a inda ya ya dace, yana haifar da chanjawar ma'ana. Missali:

* Shi ne, (kar a ce: shine)
* Ita ce, (kar a ce: itace)
* Wa ya je da su kasuwa? (Kar a ce: waya je dasu kasuwa?)
* Ba ni na zo da shi ba, (kar a ce: bani nazo dashi ba)
* Da ni da ku mu hada Kai, (kar a ce: Dani daku mu hadakai)

A nan, idan muka Laura, mafi yawancin kalmomin da aka yi amfani da su, masu gaba dai-dai ne. Kuma kowacce an bar ta a matayinta. Don haka mu duba Missali na farko: '''Shi ne.''' Kalmar farko '''shi''' wakilin suna ce, Kalmar '''ce''' kuwa tana cikin wani aji na nahawu da ake cewa dirka. Don hak, idan aka hade su kamar '''Shine''' kalmomi biyu daban-daban an hade guri daya, don haka sun zama kalma daya ke nan, wacce kwata-kwata babu ita a Hausa sai a Turancin Ingilishi. Wacce ke nufin '''sheki''' a harshen Hausa.

A Missali na hudu kuwa, ('''ba ni na zo da shi ba ''') za a fahimci cewa, kowacce kalma tana dauke da gaba daya ne. Kuma, duk da rashin tsawonsu,ba a hada wata da wata ba, domin kuwacce na cin gashin kanta. To hakan shi ne daidai. Inda kuwa an hada wata Kalmar da wata, ma'anarta za ta canza. Missali, idan aka hada '''da''' tare da '''shi,''' za su koma kalma daya kamar haka: '''dashi.''' kuma Kalmar tana nufin sunan wata itaciya ne.

==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance.

Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya)

==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance.

Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya)

=='''3.0 Shaddatun Tagwayen Harufan Hausa (Daurin tagwayen harufa)'''==
Shadda na nufin nanata harafi sau biyu, wtau abinda ake kira dauri. Sannan kuma, muna da tagwayen harufa a harshen Hausa,kamar, '''gw, gy, fy,' sh.''' da sauransu. Wadannan tagwayen harufa ana daurinsu a yayin rubuta wasu kalmomi, kamar, Sha'''ssha'''ka. A nan ga missalan yadda ya kamata a rubuta su dalla-dalla:
* Sha'''ssha'''ka (ba Sha'''shsha'''ka ba)
* gwa'''ggwa'''le (ba gwa'''gwgwa'''le ba)
* gya'''ggy'''ara (ba gya'''gygy'''ara ba)
* kya'''kky'''awa (ba kya'''kyky'''awa ba)

=='''4.0 Kalmomin Mallaka'''==
Kalmomin Mallaka, wasu kalmomi ne da ake amfani da su wajen nuna faruwar mallaka a cikin rubutu. Game da ka'idojin rubun Hausa, an tanadar da hanyoyi biyu domin samar da rubutu mai inganci.
Don haka, muna da gajerar mallaka da kuma doguwar mallaka.

===4.1 Gajerar Mallaka===
Gajerar mallaka, ita ake hade Kalmar abinda aka mallaka da wakilin sunan abin da aka mallaka da wakilin sunan wanda yai mallaka a guri daya.missli: gida+na= ('''gidana''') a nan za a fahimci cewa, kalmar 'gida' da kalmar 'na' an haɗa su a guri ɗaya sun zama kamar kalma guda. A kiyaye da cewa, gajerar mallaka haɗe ta ake yi. Don haka, akwai ƙarin missalai kamar haka:
*Jakarta ba jakar ta ba;
*ajinsu ba ajin su ba;
*matata ba mata ta ba;
*ɗakinki ba ɗakin ki ba;
*motarka ba motar ka ba. 
*masallacinku ba Masallacin ku ba. Da sauransu.

==='''4.2 Doguwar Mallaka'''===

Ita doguwar mallaka, ba a haɗe ake rubuta ta ba. Wato ke nan, ana rabewa tsakanin abinda aka mallaka da kuma wakilin sunan mai mallaka. Ga missalai kamar haka:
* Jakar tata
* Ɗakin nasu
* Wayar tawa
* Littafin nashi
* Gonar taku
* Masallacin nawa
* Takalmin namu

Da haka, za mu fahimci cewa akwai banbanci tsakanin doguwar mallaka da gajerar mallaka.  Mu tuna da missalin farko na doguwar. Wato &quot;'''jakar tata'''&quot; ma'ana, an rubuta &quot;'''jakar'''&quot; daban, ita ma, &quot;'''tata'''&quot; daban. idan kuma a gajerar mallaka ne sai a rubuta &quot;'''jakarta'''&quot; a haɗe. Wato dai ana haɗa &quot;'''jakar'''&quot; da kuma &quot;'''ta'''&quot; a haɗe ('''jakarta''')

== Manazararta==</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>889982</id>
      <parentid>889981</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-01T06:22:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Baban Asiya</username>
        <id>15906</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* 3.0 Shaddatun Tagwayen Harufan Hausa (Daurin tagwayen harufa) */</comment>
      <origin>889982</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="18225" sha1="hhxu70qzqk2stllpmu1ar8wsvtn7yrw" xml:space="preserve">== Ƙa'idojin rubutun hausa ==
Kamar yadda aka sani, kowanne lamari na duniya yana da ka'idar yadda ya kamata a gudanar da shi. Kuma bin ƙa'idar ita ke sa a sami dacen yadda ake bukata ba tare da an fuskanci wata matsala ba. Idan kuma ba a bi ka'idar ba to za a ga  ba daidai ba..
Tunda yake haka ne, rubutun Hausa shi ma, yana da ka'idarsa. Bin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa sau-da-kafa, su ke sa a sami rubutu mai Cikakkiyar ma'ana. Wato a sami daidaiton manufa tsakanin tunanain marubuci da kuma na makaranci.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://hemingwayapp.com/articles/grammar-punctuation/punctuation-marks&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

==Abin da ake nufi da ka'idojin rubutun hausa==
Ka'idojin rubutun Hausa, wani yanayi ne na lura da kiyaye ka'idojin harshen Hausa a rubuce domin samun damar isar da sakon da marubuci ke nufi zuwa ga mai karatu daidai da daidai, ba tare da canzawar ma'anar da marubuci ke nufi ba
. Haka kuma, yana samar da saukin fahimtar karatu daga mai karantawa.

== Fannonin Ka'idojin Rubutun Hausa ==
Fannonin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa da muke da su a nan, suna da dama. Kuma sune ginshin duk abinda ya kamata marubuci ya koya game da ka'idojin rubutun Hausa domin samun gwanancewa a rubutu. Don haka, zan zayyano su, sannan kuma na yi bayaninsu daki-daki kamar haka:

#Alamomin ajiye magana;
#Raba kalma da kuma hade kalma;
#Shaddatun tagwayen harufan Hausa;
#Gajera da doguwar mallaka;
#Dafa-keya 'w' da jakada 'w';
#Daurin 'm' da daurin 'n';

=='''1.0 Alamomin Ajiye Magana' (punctuation mark)'''== 
Ga Alamomin aje magana tare da bayanansu daki-daki:
* '''Aya / . /
* '''Waƙafi / . /
* '''Ayar tambaya / ? /
* '''Ruwa-biyu / : /
* '''Waƙafi m mai ruwa / ; /
* '''Karan-ɗori / - /
* '''Alamar zancen wani / &quot; &quot; /
* '''Baka-biyu / ( ) /
* '''Alamar Motsin rai / ! /
* '''Zarce / ... /

1.1 '''Aya / . /'''
Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta  cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali:

'''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.'''
idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan.

1.2== Wakafi/ , / ==
Wakafi, wata karmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali:

*'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.'''
To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: 
*'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.'''
A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe.

1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / ==
Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali:
* Aliyu ya zo?, 
* menene ake sayarwa?
Idan aka yi la'akari da missalan da ke sama, za a ga
an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkanin suna dauke da alamar tambaya. 
Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba:

Aliyu ya zo

A nan za a fahimci cewa, ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri.

1.4== Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/==
Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal:
# '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida)
# missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )'''

sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita
* idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:'''

* Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi;
* Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa;
* Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. 

A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da aka sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana.

==1.1 Aya / . /==
Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta  cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali:

'''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.'''
idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan.

==1.2 Wakafi/ , / ==
Waƙafi, wata ƙarmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali:

*'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.'''
To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: 
*'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.'''
A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe.

1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / ==
Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali:
* Aliyu ya zo?, 
* menene ake sayarwa?
Idan aka yi la'akari missalan da ke sama, za a ga
an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkaninsu suna dauke da alamar tambaya. 
Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba:

Aliyu ya zo

A nan za a fahimci cewa ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri.

==1.4 Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/==
Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal:
# '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida)
# missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )'''

sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita
* idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:'''

* Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi;
* Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa;
* Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. 

A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da na sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana.

==1.5 Waƙafi mai ruwa / ; / ==

wannan alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen raba jerin wasu jimloli ko kalmomi a cikin zance. 
Game da missali, a duba a missalin karshe na Aya mai ruwa, za a ga yadda aka bayyana abinda Shugaban kasa ya zayyana.  A nan za a ga an sa
Ka alamar /;/ a gaban kowacce jimla. 
Ga Karin missali:
* Shugqban makarantar ya gargadi dalibai cewa,idan sun tashi dawowa daga hutu, su zo da kayan karatu kamar irin wadannan:
# littafin koyon turanci, aji na biyar;
# littafin koyan lissafi, aji na biyar;
# littafin nazarin rayuwar dan Adam, aji na biyar;
# littafin koyan karatn Hausa, aji na biyar.
A wadannan missalai za a lura cewa, a duk karshen jimloli 3 na farko an saka alamaar tsayawa ta wakafi mai ruwa (;), in banda jimla ta karshe da aka yi wa alamar aya /./

==1.6 Karan-ɗori / - /==
Karan-dori, alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen hade kalmomi biyu ko sama da biyu, su zama kalma daya da ma'ana daya. Akan saka wannan alama ne a tsakanin kalmomi da suka zo iri daya ko wadanda suka zo daban-daban. Kin  saka wannan alama a inda ya dace, yakan kawo sabanin ma'ana tsakanin mawallafi da makaranci. Missali:
# malam-buda-mana-littafi (sunnan wani kafilfilo);
# fadi-ka-mutu (tangaran);
# fari-fari (abinda bai kai fari sosai ba);
# malfar-ungulu (wani tsiro ne); dss.
A lura da kyau, idan muka dauki missali na farko, (malam-buda-mana-littafi)  za mu ga yana nufin sunan wani abu wato (kafilfilo). Idan kuma ba a sa wannan alama ba a tsakankanin kalmomin (malam buda mana littafi) to rubutun ya zama wata jimla mai nufin umarni, maimakon kalma daya mai nufin sunan wani Kwaro. Wato, dalibai ne ke umartar malaminsu da ya buda masu littafi. Don haka, zamu fahimci cewa, idan an saka alamar, zancen ya zama Kalma daya kacal. Amma idan ba a sa alamar ba to rubutun ya zama jimla sukum.
# Karin Missali, idan mutum yana rubutu a cikin takarda ko kan allo, sai aka fara rubuta wata kalma da ta zo a karshen layi sannan kuma ba ta karasu duka ba, sai a saka karan-dori ( - ) kuma a karasata a layi na kasa.

==1.7 Alamar baka-biyu / ( ) /==
Wannan wata alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna karin bayani akan wata kalma, ko Jimla ko dai a kan wata maganar ta daban. Ga missalai nan kamar haka:
* Yaron da aka kama da laifin kisan matar, 'yar uwa ce ga mahaifin yaron (Gwaggon yaron ce)
* Gwamnan kano, Alh. Abba Kabir Yusuf, ya tura wakilinsa (Sunusi Nature) wajen Taron.
* # Ni mutum ne mai son a sami zaman lafiya tsakanin Musulmai da wanda ba Musulmai ba (Kiristoci).

==1.8 Ayar Motsin-rai / ! /==
Ayar Motsin-rai, wata alama ce da ke nuni da zaburar furuci cikin gaggawar kargafa murya. Hakan na faruwa ne yawanci a farkon bayyanar mury cikin Karfafawa, musamman a kalmomin; razana,mamaki, tausayi da kuma karfafar wata kalma a cikin wani zance na musamman. Alal Missali: '''Ah!, Wayyo!, Lah!, Innalillahi!, Kai!''' Da sauransu. Ga Karin missalai a cikin jimloli:
* Saurayin na zuwa ya nuna mata kyautar bazatar da ya zo mata da ita. Sai ta cika da mamaki,sannan ta ja wani gwauron numfashi sanan ta ce, '''La!''' Amma ko na gode '''sosai!'''
* A lokacin da yaron yake guje-guje cikin lalatattun Kujerun cikin ajin, sai ya taka kusa, ya ce, '''wayyo Allahna!''' jin haka malaminsu ya leko yana cewa, '''kai!''' Me ya faru.
* Haba, yana lekowa cikkin dare sai ya ga wani duhu-duhu  dab da shi. Aiko ya firgita ya ce '''waye nan!'''

Yanzu sai mu lura cewa, a Missali na daya (1), mun yi amfani da '''Lah!''' da kuma '''sosai!'''. A Missali na biyu (2) kuma mun yi amfani da '''wayyo Allah!''' tare da '''kai!'''. Har illa yau a Missali na uku (3) kuma na karshe, mun yi amfani da '''waye nan!'''.
Don haka, wadannan missalai, kadan ne daga cikin missalan '''ayar Motsin-rai / ! /''' Ko kuma inda ya kamata a yi amfani da ita. Sannan kuma, ya kamata a fahimci cewa, dole ne a sami karfafa murya a duk inda ake nufin '''ayar Motsin-rai,''' domin idan aka yi amfani da sanyin murya ma'ana ba za ta samu ba.

==1.9 Zarce / ... /==
Zarce wata alama ce ta digo-dogo akalla guda uku (...), da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna ketare wata kalma ko Jimla a cikin rubutu. Ana samun missalai ta bangarori da dama, mussan a cikin karin magana, tsaallake gurbin amasa wata tambaya, dss. Missali:
# '''Ban sa a ka ba,...''' A nan ba a bukatar karasa zancen ne, shi ya sa aka yi digo-dogon. Manufa a nan, duk Wanda aka yi wa karin maganar, ya karasa ma'anar a zuci ko ma a fili. Wto kenan sai ya karasa zuwa '''inji barawon tagiya'''
# Haka kuma, akan saka wannan alama / ... /, a tsarin tambayar '''cikke tazara'''. Missali:
* '''Sunan Babban birnin kasar Najeriya...''' a nana sai cike da '''Abuja''' ko makamancin haka.

=='''2.0 Rabawa Da Haɗa Kalma'''==
Raba kalma da hada kalma, abubuwa ne mabanbanta amma, masu alaka da juna. Da farko za mu dauki raba kalma. Kamar haka:

==2.1 Raba Kalma==
raba kalma na nufin, barin kalma ta ci gashin kanta duk kankantarta Kuma duk girmanta. Hakan, na nufin a barkalma a matayita ba tare da an hade ta da wata ba, don kaucewa rasa ma'ana ta asali. Wato dai,kin raba kalmomin a inda ya ya dace, yana haifar da chanjawar ma'ana. Missali:

* Shi ne, (kar a ce: shine)
* Ita ce, (kar a ce: itace)
* Wa ya je da su kasuwa? (Kar a ce: waya je dasu kasuwa?)
* Ba ni na zo da shi ba, (kar a ce: bani nazo dashi ba)
* Da ni da ku mu hada Kai, (kar a ce: Dani daku mu hadakai)

A nan, idan muka Laura, mafi yawancin kalmomin da aka yi amfani da su, masu gaba dai-dai ne. Kuma kowacce an bar ta a matayinta. Don haka mu duba Missali na farko: '''Shi ne.''' Kalmar farko '''shi''' wakilin suna ce, Kalmar '''ce''' kuwa tana cikin wani aji na nahawu da ake cewa dirka. Don hak, idan aka hade su kamar '''Shine''' kalmomi biyu daban-daban an hade guri daya, don haka sun zama kalma daya ke nan, wacce kwata-kwata babu ita a Hausa sai a Turancin Ingilishi. Wacce ke nufin '''sheki''' a harshen Hausa.

A Missali na hudu kuwa, ('''ba ni na zo da shi ba ''') za a fahimci cewa, kowacce kalma tana dauke da gaba daya ne. Kuma, duk da rashin tsawonsu,ba a hada wata da wata ba, domin kuwacce na cin gashin kanta. To hakan shi ne daidai. Inda kuwa an hada wata Kalmar da wata, ma'anarta za ta canza. Missali, idan aka hada '''da''' tare da '''shi,''' za su koma kalma daya kamar haka: '''dashi.''' kuma Kalmar tana nufin sunan wata itaciya ne.

==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance.

Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya)

==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance.

Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya)

=='''3.0 Shaddatun Tagwayen Harufan Hausa (Daurin tagwayen harufa)'''==
Shadda na nufin nanata harafi sau biyu, wtau abinda ake kira dauri. Sannan kuma, muna da tagwayen harufa a harshen Hausa,kamar, '''gw, gy, fy,' sh.''' da sauransu. Wadannan tagwayen harufa ana daurinsu a yayin rubuta wasu kalmomi, kamar, Sha'''ssha'''ka. A nan ga missalan yadda ya kamata a rubuta su dalla-dalla:
* Sha'''ssha'''ka (ba Sha'''shsha'''ka ba)
* gwa'''ggwa'''le (ba gwa'''gwgwa'''le ba)
* gya'''ggy'''ara (ba gya'''gygy'''ara ba)
* kya'''kky'''awa (ba kya'''kyky'''awa ba)
* tsa'''tts'''ewala (ba tsa'''tts'''ewala b

=='''4.0 Kalmomin Mallaka'''==
Kalmomin Mallaka, wasu kalmomi ne da ake amfani da su wajen nuna faruwar mallaka a cikin rubutu. Game da ka'idojin rubun Hausa, an tanadar da hanyoyi biyu domin samar da rubutu mai inganci.
Don haka, muna da gajerar mallaka da kuma doguwar mallaka.

===4.1 Gajerar Mallaka===
Gajerar mallaka, ita ake hade Kalmar abinda aka mallaka da wakilin sunan abin da aka mallaka da wakilin sunan wanda yai mallaka a guri daya.missli: gida+na= ('''gidana''') a nan za a fahimci cewa, kalmar 'gida' da kalmar 'na' an haɗa su a guri ɗaya sun zama kamar kalma guda. A kiyaye da cewa, gajerar mallaka haɗe ta ake yi. Don haka, akwai ƙarin missalai kamar haka:
*Jakarta ba jakar ta ba;
*ajinsu ba ajin su ba;
*matata ba mata ta ba;
*ɗakinki ba ɗakin ki ba;
*motarka ba motar ka ba. 
*masallacinku ba Masallacin ku ba. Da sauransu.

==='''4.2 Doguwar Mallaka'''===

Ita doguwar mallaka, ba a haɗe ake rubuta ta ba. Wato ke nan, ana rabewa tsakanin abinda aka mallaka da kuma wakilin sunan mai mallaka. Ga missalai kamar haka:
* Jakar tata
* Ɗakin nasu
* Wayar tawa
* Littafin nashi
* Gonar taku
* Masallacin nawa
* Takalmin namu

Da haka, za mu fahimci cewa akwai banbanci tsakanin doguwar mallaka da gajerar mallaka.  Mu tuna da missalin farko na doguwar. Wato &quot;'''jakar tata'''&quot; ma'ana, an rubuta &quot;'''jakar'''&quot; daban, ita ma, &quot;'''tata'''&quot; daban. idan kuma a gajerar mallaka ne sai a rubuta &quot;'''jakarta'''&quot; a haɗe. Wato dai ana haɗa &quot;'''jakar'''&quot; da kuma &quot;'''ta'''&quot; a haɗe ('''jakarta''')

== Manazararta==</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>889983</id>
      <parentid>889982</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-01T06:23:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Baban Asiya</username>
        <id>15906</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* 3.0 Shaddatun Tagwayen Harufan Hausa (Daurin tagwayen harufa) */</comment>
      <origin>889983</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="18228" sha1="414fh6lyyisufrkgie22s5w4nljkznp" xml:space="preserve">== Ƙa'idojin rubutun hausa ==
Kamar yadda aka sani, kowanne lamari na duniya yana da ka'idar yadda ya kamata a gudanar da shi. Kuma bin ƙa'idar ita ke sa a sami dacen yadda ake bukata ba tare da an fuskanci wata matsala ba. Idan kuma ba a bi ka'idar ba to za a ga  ba daidai ba..
Tunda yake haka ne, rubutun Hausa shi ma, yana da ka'idarsa. Bin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa sau-da-kafa, su ke sa a sami rubutu mai Cikakkiyar ma'ana. Wato a sami daidaiton manufa tsakanin tunanain marubuci da kuma na makaranci.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://hemingwayapp.com/articles/grammar-punctuation/punctuation-marks&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

==Abin da ake nufi da ka'idojin rubutun hausa==
Ka'idojin rubutun Hausa, wani yanayi ne na lura da kiyaye ka'idojin harshen Hausa a rubuce domin samun damar isar da sakon da marubuci ke nufi zuwa ga mai karatu daidai da daidai, ba tare da canzawar ma'anar da marubuci ke nufi ba
. Haka kuma, yana samar da saukin fahimtar karatu daga mai karantawa.

== Fannonin Ka'idojin Rubutun Hausa ==
Fannonin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa da muke da su a nan, suna da dama. Kuma sune ginshin duk abinda ya kamata marubuci ya koya game da ka'idojin rubutun Hausa domin samun gwanancewa a rubutu. Don haka, zan zayyano su, sannan kuma na yi bayaninsu daki-daki kamar haka:

#Alamomin ajiye magana;
#Raba kalma da kuma hade kalma;
#Shaddatun tagwayen harufan Hausa;
#Gajera da doguwar mallaka;
#Dafa-keya 'w' da jakada 'w';
#Daurin 'm' da daurin 'n';

=='''1.0 Alamomin Ajiye Magana' (punctuation mark)'''== 
Ga Alamomin aje magana tare da bayanansu daki-daki:
* '''Aya / . /
* '''Waƙafi / . /
* '''Ayar tambaya / ? /
* '''Ruwa-biyu / : /
* '''Waƙafi m mai ruwa / ; /
* '''Karan-ɗori / - /
* '''Alamar zancen wani / &quot; &quot; /
* '''Baka-biyu / ( ) /
* '''Alamar Motsin rai / ! /
* '''Zarce / ... /

1.1 '''Aya / . /'''
Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta  cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali:

'''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.'''
idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan.

1.2== Wakafi/ , / ==
Wakafi, wata karmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali:

*'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.'''
To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: 
*'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.'''
A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe.

1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / ==
Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali:
* Aliyu ya zo?, 
* menene ake sayarwa?
Idan aka yi la'akari da missalan da ke sama, za a ga
an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkanin suna dauke da alamar tambaya. 
Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba:

Aliyu ya zo

A nan za a fahimci cewa, ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri.

1.4== Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/==
Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal:
# '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida)
# missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )'''

sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita
* idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:'''

* Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi;
* Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa;
* Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. 

A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da aka sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana.

==1.1 Aya / . /==
Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta  cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali:

'''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.'''
idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan.

==1.2 Wakafi/ , / ==
Waƙafi, wata ƙarmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali:

*'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.'''
To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: 
*'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.'''
A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe.

1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / ==
Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali:
* Aliyu ya zo?, 
* menene ake sayarwa?
Idan aka yi la'akari missalan da ke sama, za a ga
an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkaninsu suna dauke da alamar tambaya. 
Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba:

Aliyu ya zo

A nan za a fahimci cewa ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri.

==1.4 Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/==
Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal:
# '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida)
# missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )'''

sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita
* idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:'''

* Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi;
* Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa;
* Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. 

A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da na sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana.

==1.5 Waƙafi mai ruwa / ; / ==

wannan alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen raba jerin wasu jimloli ko kalmomi a cikin zance. 
Game da missali, a duba a missalin karshe na Aya mai ruwa, za a ga yadda aka bayyana abinda Shugaban kasa ya zayyana.  A nan za a ga an sa
Ka alamar /;/ a gaban kowacce jimla. 
Ga Karin missali:
* Shugqban makarantar ya gargadi dalibai cewa,idan sun tashi dawowa daga hutu, su zo da kayan karatu kamar irin wadannan:
# littafin koyon turanci, aji na biyar;
# littafin koyan lissafi, aji na biyar;
# littafin nazarin rayuwar dan Adam, aji na biyar;
# littafin koyan karatn Hausa, aji na biyar.
A wadannan missalai za a lura cewa, a duk karshen jimloli 3 na farko an saka alamaar tsayawa ta wakafi mai ruwa (;), in banda jimla ta karshe da aka yi wa alamar aya /./

==1.6 Karan-ɗori / - /==
Karan-dori, alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen hade kalmomi biyu ko sama da biyu, su zama kalma daya da ma'ana daya. Akan saka wannan alama ne a tsakanin kalmomi da suka zo iri daya ko wadanda suka zo daban-daban. Kin  saka wannan alama a inda ya dace, yakan kawo sabanin ma'ana tsakanin mawallafi da makaranci. Missali:
# malam-buda-mana-littafi (sunnan wani kafilfilo);
# fadi-ka-mutu (tangaran);
# fari-fari (abinda bai kai fari sosai ba);
# malfar-ungulu (wani tsiro ne); dss.
A lura da kyau, idan muka dauki missali na farko, (malam-buda-mana-littafi)  za mu ga yana nufin sunan wani abu wato (kafilfilo). Idan kuma ba a sa wannan alama ba a tsakankanin kalmomin (malam buda mana littafi) to rubutun ya zama wata jimla mai nufin umarni, maimakon kalma daya mai nufin sunan wani Kwaro. Wato, dalibai ne ke umartar malaminsu da ya buda masu littafi. Don haka, zamu fahimci cewa, idan an saka alamar, zancen ya zama Kalma daya kacal. Amma idan ba a sa alamar ba to rubutun ya zama jimla sukum.
# Karin Missali, idan mutum yana rubutu a cikin takarda ko kan allo, sai aka fara rubuta wata kalma da ta zo a karshen layi sannan kuma ba ta karasu duka ba, sai a saka karan-dori ( - ) kuma a karasata a layi na kasa.

==1.7 Alamar baka-biyu / ( ) /==
Wannan wata alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna karin bayani akan wata kalma, ko Jimla ko dai a kan wata maganar ta daban. Ga missalai nan kamar haka:
* Yaron da aka kama da laifin kisan matar, 'yar uwa ce ga mahaifin yaron (Gwaggon yaron ce)
* Gwamnan kano, Alh. Abba Kabir Yusuf, ya tura wakilinsa (Sunusi Nature) wajen Taron.
* # Ni mutum ne mai son a sami zaman lafiya tsakanin Musulmai da wanda ba Musulmai ba (Kiristoci).

==1.8 Ayar Motsin-rai / ! /==
Ayar Motsin-rai, wata alama ce da ke nuni da zaburar furuci cikin gaggawar kargafa murya. Hakan na faruwa ne yawanci a farkon bayyanar mury cikin Karfafawa, musamman a kalmomin; razana,mamaki, tausayi da kuma karfafar wata kalma a cikin wani zance na musamman. Alal Missali: '''Ah!, Wayyo!, Lah!, Innalillahi!, Kai!''' Da sauransu. Ga Karin missalai a cikin jimloli:
* Saurayin na zuwa ya nuna mata kyautar bazatar da ya zo mata da ita. Sai ta cika da mamaki,sannan ta ja wani gwauron numfashi sanan ta ce, '''La!''' Amma ko na gode '''sosai!'''
* A lokacin da yaron yake guje-guje cikin lalatattun Kujerun cikin ajin, sai ya taka kusa, ya ce, '''wayyo Allahna!''' jin haka malaminsu ya leko yana cewa, '''kai!''' Me ya faru.
* Haba, yana lekowa cikkin dare sai ya ga wani duhu-duhu  dab da shi. Aiko ya firgita ya ce '''waye nan!'''

Yanzu sai mu lura cewa, a Missali na daya (1), mun yi amfani da '''Lah!''' da kuma '''sosai!'''. A Missali na biyu (2) kuma mun yi amfani da '''wayyo Allah!''' tare da '''kai!'''. Har illa yau a Missali na uku (3) kuma na karshe, mun yi amfani da '''waye nan!'''.
Don haka, wadannan missalai, kadan ne daga cikin missalan '''ayar Motsin-rai / ! /''' Ko kuma inda ya kamata a yi amfani da ita. Sannan kuma, ya kamata a fahimci cewa, dole ne a sami karfafa murya a duk inda ake nufin '''ayar Motsin-rai,''' domin idan aka yi amfani da sanyin murya ma'ana ba za ta samu ba.

==1.9 Zarce / ... /==
Zarce wata alama ce ta digo-dogo akalla guda uku (...), da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna ketare wata kalma ko Jimla a cikin rubutu. Ana samun missalai ta bangarori da dama, mussan a cikin karin magana, tsaallake gurbin amasa wata tambaya, dss. Missali:
# '''Ban sa a ka ba,...''' A nan ba a bukatar karasa zancen ne, shi ya sa aka yi digo-dogon. Manufa a nan, duk Wanda aka yi wa karin maganar, ya karasa ma'anar a zuci ko ma a fili. Wto kenan sai ya karasa zuwa '''inji barawon tagiya'''
# Haka kuma, akan saka wannan alama / ... /, a tsarin tambayar '''cikke tazara'''. Missali:
* '''Sunan Babban birnin kasar Najeriya...''' a nana sai cike da '''Abuja''' ko makamancin haka.

=='''2.0 Rabawa Da Haɗa Kalma'''==
Raba kalma da hada kalma, abubuwa ne mabanbanta amma, masu alaka da juna. Da farko za mu dauki raba kalma. Kamar haka:

==2.1 Raba Kalma==
raba kalma na nufin, barin kalma ta ci gashin kanta duk kankantarta Kuma duk girmanta. Hakan, na nufin a barkalma a matayita ba tare da an hade ta da wata ba, don kaucewa rasa ma'ana ta asali. Wato dai,kin raba kalmomin a inda ya ya dace, yana haifar da chanjawar ma'ana. Missali:

* Shi ne, (kar a ce: shine)
* Ita ce, (kar a ce: itace)
* Wa ya je da su kasuwa? (Kar a ce: waya je dasu kasuwa?)
* Ba ni na zo da shi ba, (kar a ce: bani nazo dashi ba)
* Da ni da ku mu hada Kai, (kar a ce: Dani daku mu hadakai)

A nan, idan muka Laura, mafi yawancin kalmomin da aka yi amfani da su, masu gaba dai-dai ne. Kuma kowacce an bar ta a matayinta. Don haka mu duba Missali na farko: '''Shi ne.''' Kalmar farko '''shi''' wakilin suna ce, Kalmar '''ce''' kuwa tana cikin wani aji na nahawu da ake cewa dirka. Don hak, idan aka hade su kamar '''Shine''' kalmomi biyu daban-daban an hade guri daya, don haka sun zama kalma daya ke nan, wacce kwata-kwata babu ita a Hausa sai a Turancin Ingilishi. Wacce ke nufin '''sheki''' a harshen Hausa.

A Missali na hudu kuwa, ('''ba ni na zo da shi ba ''') za a fahimci cewa, kowacce kalma tana dauke da gaba daya ne. Kuma, duk da rashin tsawonsu,ba a hada wata da wata ba, domin kuwacce na cin gashin kanta. To hakan shi ne daidai. Inda kuwa an hada wata Kalmar da wata, ma'anarta za ta canza. Missali, idan aka hada '''da''' tare da '''shi,''' za su koma kalma daya kamar haka: '''dashi.''' kuma Kalmar tana nufin sunan wata itaciya ne.

==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance.

Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya)

==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance.

Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya)

=='''3.0 Shaddatun Tagwayen Harufan Hausa (Daurin tagwayen harufa)'''==
Shadda na nufin nanata harafi sau biyu, wtau abinda ake kira dauri. Sannan kuma, muna da tagwayen harufa a harshen Hausa,kamar, '''gw, gy, fy,' sh.''' da sauransu. Wadannan tagwayen harufa ana daurinsu a yayin rubuta wasu kalmomi, kamar, Sha'''ssha'''ka. A nan ga missalan yadda ya kamata a rubuta su dalla-dalla:
* Sha'''ssha'''ka (ba Sha'''shsha'''ka ba)
* gwa'''ggwa'''le (ba gwa'''gwgwa'''le ba)
* gya'''ggy'''ara (ba gya'''gygy'''ara ba)
* kya'''kky'''awa (ba kya'''kyky'''awa ba)
* tsa'''tts'''ewala (ba tsa'''tsts'''ewala ba)

=='''4.0 Kalmomin Mallaka'''==
Kalmomin Mallaka, wasu kalmomi ne da ake amfani da su wajen nuna faruwar mallaka a cikin rubutu. Game da ka'idojin rubun Hausa, an tanadar da hanyoyi biyu domin samar da rubutu mai inganci.
Don haka, muna da gajerar mallaka da kuma doguwar mallaka.

===4.1 Gajerar Mallaka===
Gajerar mallaka, ita ake hade Kalmar abinda aka mallaka da wakilin sunan abin da aka mallaka da wakilin sunan wanda yai mallaka a guri daya.missli: gida+na= ('''gidana''') a nan za a fahimci cewa, kalmar 'gida' da kalmar 'na' an haɗa su a guri ɗaya sun zama kamar kalma guda. A kiyaye da cewa, gajerar mallaka haɗe ta ake yi. Don haka, akwai ƙarin missalai kamar haka:
*Jakarta ba jakar ta ba;
*ajinsu ba ajin su ba;
*matata ba mata ta ba;
*ɗakinki ba ɗakin ki ba;
*motarka ba motar ka ba. 
*masallacinku ba Masallacin ku ba. Da sauransu.

==='''4.2 Doguwar Mallaka'''===

Ita doguwar mallaka, ba a haɗe ake rubuta ta ba. Wato ke nan, ana rabewa tsakanin abinda aka mallaka da kuma wakilin sunan mai mallaka. Ga missalai kamar haka:
* Jakar tata
* Ɗakin nasu
* Wayar tawa
* Littafin nashi
* Gonar taku
* Masallacin nawa
* Takalmin namu

Da haka, za mu fahimci cewa akwai banbanci tsakanin doguwar mallaka da gajerar mallaka.  Mu tuna da missalin farko na doguwar. Wato &quot;'''jakar tata'''&quot; ma'ana, an rubuta &quot;'''jakar'''&quot; daban, ita ma, &quot;'''tata'''&quot; daban. idan kuma a gajerar mallaka ne sai a rubuta &quot;'''jakarta'''&quot; a haɗe. Wato dai ana haɗa &quot;'''jakar'''&quot; da kuma &quot;'''ta'''&quot; a haɗe ('''jakarta''')

== Manazararta==</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>889984</id>
      <parentid>889983</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-01T06:27:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Baban Asiya</username>
        <id>15906</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* 3.0 Shaddatun Tagwayen Harufan Hausa (Daurin tagwayen harufa) */</comment>
      <origin>889984</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="18248" sha1="aisb8xulp624o0e7yzu09srlcvgn4vz" xml:space="preserve">== Ƙa'idojin rubutun hausa ==
Kamar yadda aka sani, kowanne lamari na duniya yana da ka'idar yadda ya kamata a gudanar da shi. Kuma bin ƙa'idar ita ke sa a sami dacen yadda ake bukata ba tare da an fuskanci wata matsala ba. Idan kuma ba a bi ka'idar ba to za a ga  ba daidai ba..
Tunda yake haka ne, rubutun Hausa shi ma, yana da ka'idarsa. Bin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa sau-da-kafa, su ke sa a sami rubutu mai Cikakkiyar ma'ana. Wato a sami daidaiton manufa tsakanin tunanain marubuci da kuma na makaranci.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://hemingwayapp.com/articles/grammar-punctuation/punctuation-marks&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

==Abin da ake nufi da ka'idojin rubutun hausa==
Ka'idojin rubutun Hausa, wani yanayi ne na lura da kiyaye ka'idojin harshen Hausa a rubuce domin samun damar isar da sakon da marubuci ke nufi zuwa ga mai karatu daidai da daidai, ba tare da canzawar ma'anar da marubuci ke nufi ba
. Haka kuma, yana samar da saukin fahimtar karatu daga mai karantawa.

== Fannonin Ka'idojin Rubutun Hausa ==
Fannonin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa da muke da su a nan, suna da dama. Kuma sune ginshin duk abinda ya kamata marubuci ya koya game da ka'idojin rubutun Hausa domin samun gwanancewa a rubutu. Don haka, zan zayyano su, sannan kuma na yi bayaninsu daki-daki kamar haka:

#Alamomin ajiye magana;
#Raba kalma da kuma hade kalma;
#Shaddatun tagwayen harufan Hausa;
#Gajera da doguwar mallaka;
#Dafa-keya 'w' da jakada 'w';
#Daurin 'm' da daurin 'n';

=='''1.0 Alamomin Ajiye Magana' (punctuation mark)'''== 
Ga Alamomin aje magana tare da bayanansu daki-daki:
* '''Aya / . /
* '''Waƙafi / . /
* '''Ayar tambaya / ? /
* '''Ruwa-biyu / : /
* '''Waƙafi m mai ruwa / ; /
* '''Karan-ɗori / - /
* '''Alamar zancen wani / &quot; &quot; /
* '''Baka-biyu / ( ) /
* '''Alamar Motsin rai / ! /
* '''Zarce / ... /

1.1 '''Aya / . /'''
Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta  cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali:

'''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.'''
idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan.

1.2== Wakafi/ , / ==
Wakafi, wata karmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali:

*'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.'''
To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: 
*'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.'''
A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe.

1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / ==
Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali:
* Aliyu ya zo?, 
* menene ake sayarwa?
Idan aka yi la'akari da missalan da ke sama, za a ga
an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkanin suna dauke da alamar tambaya. 
Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba:

Aliyu ya zo

A nan za a fahimci cewa, ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri.

1.4== Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/==
Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal:
# '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida)
# missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )'''

sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita
* idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:'''

* Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi;
* Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa;
* Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. 

A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da aka sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana.

==1.1 Aya / . /==
Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta  cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali:

'''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.'''
idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan.

==1.2 Wakafi/ , / ==
Waƙafi, wata ƙarmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali:

*'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.'''
To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: 
*'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.'''
A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe.

1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / ==
Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali:
* Aliyu ya zo?, 
* menene ake sayarwa?
Idan aka yi la'akari missalan da ke sama, za a ga
an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkaninsu suna dauke da alamar tambaya. 
Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba:

Aliyu ya zo

A nan za a fahimci cewa ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri.

==1.4 Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/==
Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal:
# '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida)
# missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )'''

sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita
* idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:'''

* Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi;
* Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa;
* Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. 

A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da na sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana.

==1.5 Waƙafi mai ruwa / ; / ==

wannan alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen raba jerin wasu jimloli ko kalmomi a cikin zance. 
Game da missali, a duba a missalin karshe na Aya mai ruwa, za a ga yadda aka bayyana abinda Shugaban kasa ya zayyana.  A nan za a ga an sa
Ka alamar /;/ a gaban kowacce jimla. 
Ga Karin missali:
* Shugqban makarantar ya gargadi dalibai cewa,idan sun tashi dawowa daga hutu, su zo da kayan karatu kamar irin wadannan:
# littafin koyon turanci, aji na biyar;
# littafin koyan lissafi, aji na biyar;
# littafin nazarin rayuwar dan Adam, aji na biyar;
# littafin koyan karatn Hausa, aji na biyar.
A wadannan missalai za a lura cewa, a duk karshen jimloli 3 na farko an saka alamaar tsayawa ta wakafi mai ruwa (;), in banda jimla ta karshe da aka yi wa alamar aya /./

==1.6 Karan-ɗori / - /==
Karan-dori, alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen hade kalmomi biyu ko sama da biyu, su zama kalma daya da ma'ana daya. Akan saka wannan alama ne a tsakanin kalmomi da suka zo iri daya ko wadanda suka zo daban-daban. Kin  saka wannan alama a inda ya dace, yakan kawo sabanin ma'ana tsakanin mawallafi da makaranci. Missali:
# malam-buda-mana-littafi (sunnan wani kafilfilo);
# fadi-ka-mutu (tangaran);
# fari-fari (abinda bai kai fari sosai ba);
# malfar-ungulu (wani tsiro ne); dss.
A lura da kyau, idan muka dauki missali na farko, (malam-buda-mana-littafi)  za mu ga yana nufin sunan wani abu wato (kafilfilo). Idan kuma ba a sa wannan alama ba a tsakankanin kalmomin (malam buda mana littafi) to rubutun ya zama wata jimla mai nufin umarni, maimakon kalma daya mai nufin sunan wani Kwaro. Wato, dalibai ne ke umartar malaminsu da ya buda masu littafi. Don haka, zamu fahimci cewa, idan an saka alamar, zancen ya zama Kalma daya kacal. Amma idan ba a sa alamar ba to rubutun ya zama jimla sukum.
# Karin Missali, idan mutum yana rubutu a cikin takarda ko kan allo, sai aka fara rubuta wata kalma da ta zo a karshen layi sannan kuma ba ta karasu duka ba, sai a saka karan-dori ( - ) kuma a karasata a layi na kasa.

==1.7 Alamar baka-biyu / ( ) /==
Wannan wata alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna karin bayani akan wata kalma, ko Jimla ko dai a kan wata maganar ta daban. Ga missalai nan kamar haka:
* Yaron da aka kama da laifin kisan matar, 'yar uwa ce ga mahaifin yaron (Gwaggon yaron ce)
* Gwamnan kano, Alh. Abba Kabir Yusuf, ya tura wakilinsa (Sunusi Nature) wajen Taron.
* # Ni mutum ne mai son a sami zaman lafiya tsakanin Musulmai da wanda ba Musulmai ba (Kiristoci).

==1.8 Ayar Motsin-rai / ! /==
Ayar Motsin-rai, wata alama ce da ke nuni da zaburar furuci cikin gaggawar kargafa murya. Hakan na faruwa ne yawanci a farkon bayyanar mury cikin Karfafawa, musamman a kalmomin; razana,mamaki, tausayi da kuma karfafar wata kalma a cikin wani zance na musamman. Alal Missali: '''Ah!, Wayyo!, Lah!, Innalillahi!, Kai!''' Da sauransu. Ga Karin missalai a cikin jimloli:
* Saurayin na zuwa ya nuna mata kyautar bazatar da ya zo mata da ita. Sai ta cika da mamaki,sannan ta ja wani gwauron numfashi sanan ta ce, '''La!''' Amma ko na gode '''sosai!'''
* A lokacin da yaron yake guje-guje cikin lalatattun Kujerun cikin ajin, sai ya taka kusa, ya ce, '''wayyo Allahna!''' jin haka malaminsu ya leko yana cewa, '''kai!''' Me ya faru.
* Haba, yana lekowa cikkin dare sai ya ga wani duhu-duhu  dab da shi. Aiko ya firgita ya ce '''waye nan!'''

Yanzu sai mu lura cewa, a Missali na daya (1), mun yi amfani da '''Lah!''' da kuma '''sosai!'''. A Missali na biyu (2) kuma mun yi amfani da '''wayyo Allah!''' tare da '''kai!'''. Har illa yau a Missali na uku (3) kuma na karshe, mun yi amfani da '''waye nan!'''.
Don haka, wadannan missalai, kadan ne daga cikin missalan '''ayar Motsin-rai / ! /''' Ko kuma inda ya kamata a yi amfani da ita. Sannan kuma, ya kamata a fahimci cewa, dole ne a sami karfafa murya a duk inda ake nufin '''ayar Motsin-rai,''' domin idan aka yi amfani da sanyin murya ma'ana ba za ta samu ba.

==1.9 Zarce / ... /==
Zarce wata alama ce ta digo-dogo akalla guda uku (...), da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna ketare wata kalma ko Jimla a cikin rubutu. Ana samun missalai ta bangarori da dama, mussan a cikin karin magana, tsaallake gurbin amasa wata tambaya, dss. Missali:
# '''Ban sa a ka ba,...''' A nan ba a bukatar karasa zancen ne, shi ya sa aka yi digo-dogon. Manufa a nan, duk Wanda aka yi wa karin maganar, ya karasa ma'anar a zuci ko ma a fili. Wto kenan sai ya karasa zuwa '''inji barawon tagiya'''
# Haka kuma, akan saka wannan alama / ... /, a tsarin tambayar '''cikke tazara'''. Missali:
* '''Sunan Babban birnin kasar Najeriya...''' a nana sai cike da '''Abuja''' ko makamancin haka.

=='''2.0 Rabawa Da Haɗa Kalma'''==
Raba kalma da hada kalma, abubuwa ne mabanbanta amma, masu alaka da juna. Da farko za mu dauki raba kalma. Kamar haka:

==2.1 Raba Kalma==
raba kalma na nufin, barin kalma ta ci gashin kanta duk kankantarta Kuma duk girmanta. Hakan, na nufin a barkalma a matayita ba tare da an hade ta da wata ba, don kaucewa rasa ma'ana ta asali. Wato dai,kin raba kalmomin a inda ya ya dace, yana haifar da chanjawar ma'ana. Missali:

* Shi ne, (kar a ce: shine)
* Ita ce, (kar a ce: itace)
* Wa ya je da su kasuwa? (Kar a ce: waya je dasu kasuwa?)
* Ba ni na zo da shi ba, (kar a ce: bani nazo dashi ba)
* Da ni da ku mu hada Kai, (kar a ce: Dani daku mu hadakai)

A nan, idan muka Laura, mafi yawancin kalmomin da aka yi amfani da su, masu gaba dai-dai ne. Kuma kowacce an bar ta a matayinta. Don haka mu duba Missali na farko: '''Shi ne.''' Kalmar farko '''shi''' wakilin suna ce, Kalmar '''ce''' kuwa tana cikin wani aji na nahawu da ake cewa dirka. Don hak, idan aka hade su kamar '''Shine''' kalmomi biyu daban-daban an hade guri daya, don haka sun zama kalma daya ke nan, wacce kwata-kwata babu ita a Hausa sai a Turancin Ingilishi. Wacce ke nufin '''sheki''' a harshen Hausa.

A Missali na hudu kuwa, ('''ba ni na zo da shi ba ''') za a fahimci cewa, kowacce kalma tana dauke da gaba daya ne. Kuma, duk da rashin tsawonsu,ba a hada wata da wata ba, domin kuwacce na cin gashin kanta. To hakan shi ne daidai. Inda kuwa an hada wata Kalmar da wata, ma'anarta za ta canza. Missali, idan aka hada '''da''' tare da '''shi,''' za su koma kalma daya kamar haka: '''dashi.''' kuma Kalmar tana nufin sunan wata itaciya ne.

==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance.

Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya)

==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance.

Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya)

=='''3.0 Shaddatun Tagwayen Harufan Hausa (Daurin tagwayen harufa)'''==
Shadda na nufin nanata harafi sau biyu, wtau abinda ake kira dauri. Sannan kuma, muna da tagwayen harufa a harshen Hausa,kamar, '''gw, gy, fy,' sh.''' da sauransu. Wadannan tagwayen harufa ana daurinsu a yayin rubuta wasu kalmomi, kamar, Sha'''ssha'''ka. A nan ga missalan yadda ya kamata a rubuta su dalla-dalla:
* fya'''ffy'''ade
* Sha'''ssha'''ka (ba Sha'''shsha'''ka ba)
* gwa'''ggwa'''le (ba gwa'''gwgwa'''le ba)
* gya'''ggy'''ara (ba gya'''gygy'''ara ba)
* kya'''kky'''awa (ba kya'''kyky'''awa ba)
* tsa'''tts'''ewala (ba tsa'''tsts'''ewala ba)
*

=='''4.0 Kalmomin Mallaka'''==
Kalmomin Mallaka, wasu kalmomi ne da ake amfani da su wajen nuna faruwar mallaka a cikin rubutu. Game da ka'idojin rubun Hausa, an tanadar da hanyoyi biyu domin samar da rubutu mai inganci.
Don haka, muna da gajerar mallaka da kuma doguwar mallaka.

===4.1 Gajerar Mallaka===
Gajerar mallaka, ita ake hade Kalmar abinda aka mallaka da wakilin sunan abin da aka mallaka da wakilin sunan wanda yai mallaka a guri daya.missli: gida+na= ('''gidana''') a nan za a fahimci cewa, kalmar 'gida' da kalmar 'na' an haɗa su a guri ɗaya sun zama kamar kalma guda. A kiyaye da cewa, gajerar mallaka haɗe ta ake yi. Don haka, akwai ƙarin missalai kamar haka:
*Jakarta ba jakar ta ba;
*ajinsu ba ajin su ba;
*matata ba mata ta ba;
*ɗakinki ba ɗakin ki ba;
*motarka ba motar ka ba. 
*masallacinku ba Masallacin ku ba. Da sauransu.

==='''4.2 Doguwar Mallaka'''===

Ita doguwar mallaka, ba a haɗe ake rubuta ta ba. Wato ke nan, ana rabewa tsakanin abinda aka mallaka da kuma wakilin sunan mai mallaka. Ga missalai kamar haka:
* Jakar tata
* Ɗakin nasu
* Wayar tawa
* Littafin nashi
* Gonar taku
* Masallacin nawa
* Takalmin namu

Da haka, za mu fahimci cewa akwai banbanci tsakanin doguwar mallaka da gajerar mallaka.  Mu tuna da missalin farko na doguwar. Wato &quot;'''jakar tata'''&quot; ma'ana, an rubuta &quot;'''jakar'''&quot; daban, ita ma, &quot;'''tata'''&quot; daban. idan kuma a gajerar mallaka ne sai a rubuta &quot;'''jakarta'''&quot; a haɗe. Wato dai ana haɗa &quot;'''jakar'''&quot; da kuma &quot;'''ta'''&quot; a haɗe ('''jakarta''')

== Manazararta==</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>889985</id>
      <parentid>889984</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-01T06:28:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Baban Asiya</username>
        <id>15906</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* 3.0 Shaddatun Tagwayen Harufan Hausa (Daurin tagwayen harufa) */</comment>
      <origin>889985</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="18273" sha1="rmofyilboy036r2cax8fzmr0x3peigx" xml:space="preserve">== Ƙa'idojin rubutun hausa ==
Kamar yadda aka sani, kowanne lamari na duniya yana da ka'idar yadda ya kamata a gudanar da shi. Kuma bin ƙa'idar ita ke sa a sami dacen yadda ake bukata ba tare da an fuskanci wata matsala ba. Idan kuma ba a bi ka'idar ba to za a ga  ba daidai ba..
Tunda yake haka ne, rubutun Hausa shi ma, yana da ka'idarsa. Bin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa sau-da-kafa, su ke sa a sami rubutu mai Cikakkiyar ma'ana. Wato a sami daidaiton manufa tsakanin tunanain marubuci da kuma na makaranci.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://hemingwayapp.com/articles/grammar-punctuation/punctuation-marks&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

==Abin da ake nufi da ka'idojin rubutun hausa==
Ka'idojin rubutun Hausa, wani yanayi ne na lura da kiyaye ka'idojin harshen Hausa a rubuce domin samun damar isar da sakon da marubuci ke nufi zuwa ga mai karatu daidai da daidai, ba tare da canzawar ma'anar da marubuci ke nufi ba
. Haka kuma, yana samar da saukin fahimtar karatu daga mai karantawa.

== Fannonin Ka'idojin Rubutun Hausa ==
Fannonin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa da muke da su a nan, suna da dama. Kuma sune ginshin duk abinda ya kamata marubuci ya koya game da ka'idojin rubutun Hausa domin samun gwanancewa a rubutu. Don haka, zan zayyano su, sannan kuma na yi bayaninsu daki-daki kamar haka:

#Alamomin ajiye magana;
#Raba kalma da kuma hade kalma;
#Shaddatun tagwayen harufan Hausa;
#Gajera da doguwar mallaka;
#Dafa-keya 'w' da jakada 'w';
#Daurin 'm' da daurin 'n';

=='''1.0 Alamomin Ajiye Magana' (punctuation mark)'''== 
Ga Alamomin aje magana tare da bayanansu daki-daki:
* '''Aya / . /
* '''Waƙafi / . /
* '''Ayar tambaya / ? /
* '''Ruwa-biyu / : /
* '''Waƙafi m mai ruwa / ; /
* '''Karan-ɗori / - /
* '''Alamar zancen wani / &quot; &quot; /
* '''Baka-biyu / ( ) /
* '''Alamar Motsin rai / ! /
* '''Zarce / ... /

1.1 '''Aya / . /'''
Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta  cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali:

'''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.'''
idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan.

1.2== Wakafi/ , / ==
Wakafi, wata karmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali:

*'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.'''
To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: 
*'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.'''
A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe.

1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / ==
Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali:
* Aliyu ya zo?, 
* menene ake sayarwa?
Idan aka yi la'akari da missalan da ke sama, za a ga
an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkanin suna dauke da alamar tambaya. 
Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba:

Aliyu ya zo

A nan za a fahimci cewa, ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri.

1.4== Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/==
Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal:
# '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida)
# missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )'''

sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita
* idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:'''

* Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi;
* Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa;
* Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. 

A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da aka sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana.

==1.1 Aya / . /==
Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta  cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali:

'''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.'''
idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan.

==1.2 Wakafi/ , / ==
Waƙafi, wata ƙarmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali:

*'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.'''
To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: 
*'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.'''
A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe.

1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / ==
Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali:
* Aliyu ya zo?, 
* menene ake sayarwa?
Idan aka yi la'akari missalan da ke sama, za a ga
an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkaninsu suna dauke da alamar tambaya. 
Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba:

Aliyu ya zo

A nan za a fahimci cewa ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri.

==1.4 Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/==
Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal:
# '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida)
# missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )'''

sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita
* idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:'''

* Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi;
* Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa;
* Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. 

A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da na sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana.

==1.5 Waƙafi mai ruwa / ; / ==

wannan alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen raba jerin wasu jimloli ko kalmomi a cikin zance. 
Game da missali, a duba a missalin karshe na Aya mai ruwa, za a ga yadda aka bayyana abinda Shugaban kasa ya zayyana.  A nan za a ga an sa
Ka alamar /;/ a gaban kowacce jimla. 
Ga Karin missali:
* Shugqban makarantar ya gargadi dalibai cewa,idan sun tashi dawowa daga hutu, su zo da kayan karatu kamar irin wadannan:
# littafin koyon turanci, aji na biyar;
# littafin koyan lissafi, aji na biyar;
# littafin nazarin rayuwar dan Adam, aji na biyar;
# littafin koyan karatn Hausa, aji na biyar.
A wadannan missalai za a lura cewa, a duk karshen jimloli 3 na farko an saka alamaar tsayawa ta wakafi mai ruwa (;), in banda jimla ta karshe da aka yi wa alamar aya /./

==1.6 Karan-ɗori / - /==
Karan-dori, alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen hade kalmomi biyu ko sama da biyu, su zama kalma daya da ma'ana daya. Akan saka wannan alama ne a tsakanin kalmomi da suka zo iri daya ko wadanda suka zo daban-daban. Kin  saka wannan alama a inda ya dace, yakan kawo sabanin ma'ana tsakanin mawallafi da makaranci. Missali:
# malam-buda-mana-littafi (sunnan wani kafilfilo);
# fadi-ka-mutu (tangaran);
# fari-fari (abinda bai kai fari sosai ba);
# malfar-ungulu (wani tsiro ne); dss.
A lura da kyau, idan muka dauki missali na farko, (malam-buda-mana-littafi)  za mu ga yana nufin sunan wani abu wato (kafilfilo). Idan kuma ba a sa wannan alama ba a tsakankanin kalmomin (malam buda mana littafi) to rubutun ya zama wata jimla mai nufin umarni, maimakon kalma daya mai nufin sunan wani Kwaro. Wato, dalibai ne ke umartar malaminsu da ya buda masu littafi. Don haka, zamu fahimci cewa, idan an saka alamar, zancen ya zama Kalma daya kacal. Amma idan ba a sa alamar ba to rubutun ya zama jimla sukum.
# Karin Missali, idan mutum yana rubutu a cikin takarda ko kan allo, sai aka fara rubuta wata kalma da ta zo a karshen layi sannan kuma ba ta karasu duka ba, sai a saka karan-dori ( - ) kuma a karasata a layi na kasa.

==1.7 Alamar baka-biyu / ( ) /==
Wannan wata alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna karin bayani akan wata kalma, ko Jimla ko dai a kan wata maganar ta daban. Ga missalai nan kamar haka:
* Yaron da aka kama da laifin kisan matar, 'yar uwa ce ga mahaifin yaron (Gwaggon yaron ce)
* Gwamnan kano, Alh. Abba Kabir Yusuf, ya tura wakilinsa (Sunusi Nature) wajen Taron.
* # Ni mutum ne mai son a sami zaman lafiya tsakanin Musulmai da wanda ba Musulmai ba (Kiristoci).

==1.8 Ayar Motsin-rai / ! /==
Ayar Motsin-rai, wata alama ce da ke nuni da zaburar furuci cikin gaggawar kargafa murya. Hakan na faruwa ne yawanci a farkon bayyanar mury cikin Karfafawa, musamman a kalmomin; razana,mamaki, tausayi da kuma karfafar wata kalma a cikin wani zance na musamman. Alal Missali: '''Ah!, Wayyo!, Lah!, Innalillahi!, Kai!''' Da sauransu. Ga Karin missalai a cikin jimloli:
* Saurayin na zuwa ya nuna mata kyautar bazatar da ya zo mata da ita. Sai ta cika da mamaki,sannan ta ja wani gwauron numfashi sanan ta ce, '''La!''' Amma ko na gode '''sosai!'''
* A lokacin da yaron yake guje-guje cikin lalatattun Kujerun cikin ajin, sai ya taka kusa, ya ce, '''wayyo Allahna!''' jin haka malaminsu ya leko yana cewa, '''kai!''' Me ya faru.
* Haba, yana lekowa cikkin dare sai ya ga wani duhu-duhu  dab da shi. Aiko ya firgita ya ce '''waye nan!'''

Yanzu sai mu lura cewa, a Missali na daya (1), mun yi amfani da '''Lah!''' da kuma '''sosai!'''. A Missali na biyu (2) kuma mun yi amfani da '''wayyo Allah!''' tare da '''kai!'''. Har illa yau a Missali na uku (3) kuma na karshe, mun yi amfani da '''waye nan!'''.
Don haka, wadannan missalai, kadan ne daga cikin missalan '''ayar Motsin-rai / ! /''' Ko kuma inda ya kamata a yi amfani da ita. Sannan kuma, ya kamata a fahimci cewa, dole ne a sami karfafa murya a duk inda ake nufin '''ayar Motsin-rai,''' domin idan aka yi amfani da sanyin murya ma'ana ba za ta samu ba.

==1.9 Zarce / ... /==
Zarce wata alama ce ta digo-dogo akalla guda uku (...), da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna ketare wata kalma ko Jimla a cikin rubutu. Ana samun missalai ta bangarori da dama, mussan a cikin karin magana, tsaallake gurbin amasa wata tambaya, dss. Missali:
# '''Ban sa a ka ba,...''' A nan ba a bukatar karasa zancen ne, shi ya sa aka yi digo-dogon. Manufa a nan, duk Wanda aka yi wa karin maganar, ya karasa ma'anar a zuci ko ma a fili. Wto kenan sai ya karasa zuwa '''inji barawon tagiya'''
# Haka kuma, akan saka wannan alama / ... /, a tsarin tambayar '''cikke tazara'''. Missali:
* '''Sunan Babban birnin kasar Najeriya...''' a nana sai cike da '''Abuja''' ko makamancin haka.

=='''2.0 Rabawa Da Haɗa Kalma'''==
Raba kalma da hada kalma, abubuwa ne mabanbanta amma, masu alaka da juna. Da farko za mu dauki raba kalma. Kamar haka:

==2.1 Raba Kalma==
raba kalma na nufin, barin kalma ta ci gashin kanta duk kankantarta Kuma duk girmanta. Hakan, na nufin a barkalma a matayita ba tare da an hade ta da wata ba, don kaucewa rasa ma'ana ta asali. Wato dai,kin raba kalmomin a inda ya ya dace, yana haifar da chanjawar ma'ana. Missali:

* Shi ne, (kar a ce: shine)
* Ita ce, (kar a ce: itace)
* Wa ya je da su kasuwa? (Kar a ce: waya je dasu kasuwa?)
* Ba ni na zo da shi ba, (kar a ce: bani nazo dashi ba)
* Da ni da ku mu hada Kai, (kar a ce: Dani daku mu hadakai)

A nan, idan muka Laura, mafi yawancin kalmomin da aka yi amfani da su, masu gaba dai-dai ne. Kuma kowacce an bar ta a matayinta. Don haka mu duba Missali na farko: '''Shi ne.''' Kalmar farko '''shi''' wakilin suna ce, Kalmar '''ce''' kuwa tana cikin wani aji na nahawu da ake cewa dirka. Don hak, idan aka hade su kamar '''Shine''' kalmomi biyu daban-daban an hade guri daya, don haka sun zama kalma daya ke nan, wacce kwata-kwata babu ita a Hausa sai a Turancin Ingilishi. Wacce ke nufin '''sheki''' a harshen Hausa.

A Missali na hudu kuwa, ('''ba ni na zo da shi ba ''') za a fahimci cewa, kowacce kalma tana dauke da gaba daya ne. Kuma, duk da rashin tsawonsu,ba a hada wata da wata ba, domin kuwacce na cin gashin kanta. To hakan shi ne daidai. Inda kuwa an hada wata Kalmar da wata, ma'anarta za ta canza. Missali, idan aka hada '''da''' tare da '''shi,''' za su koma kalma daya kamar haka: '''dashi.''' kuma Kalmar tana nufin sunan wata itaciya ne.

==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance.

Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya)

==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance.

Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya)

=='''3.0 Shaddatun Tagwayen Harufan Hausa (Daurin tagwayen harufa)'''==
Shadda na nufin nanata harafi sau biyu, wtau abinda ake kira dauri. Sannan kuma, muna da tagwayen harufa a harshen Hausa,kamar, '''gw, gy, fy,' sh.''' da sauransu. Wadannan tagwayen harufa ana daurinsu a yayin rubuta wasu kalmomi, kamar, Sha'''ssha'''ka. A nan ga missalan yadda ya kamata a rubuta su dalla-dalla:
* fya'''ffy'''ade (ba fya'''fyfy'''ade ba)
* Sha'''ssha'''ka (ba Sha'''shsha'''ka ba)
* gwa'''ggwa'''le (ba gwa'''gwgwa'''le ba)
* gya'''ggy'''ara (ba gya'''gygy'''ara ba)
* kya'''kky'''awa (ba kya'''kyky'''awa ba)
* tsa'''tts'''ewala (ba tsa'''tsts'''ewala ba)
*

=='''4.0 Kalmomin Mallaka'''==
Kalmomin Mallaka, wasu kalmomi ne da ake amfani da su wajen nuna faruwar mallaka a cikin rubutu. Game da ka'idojin rubun Hausa, an tanadar da hanyoyi biyu domin samar da rubutu mai inganci.
Don haka, muna da gajerar mallaka da kuma doguwar mallaka.

===4.1 Gajerar Mallaka===
Gajerar mallaka, ita ake hade Kalmar abinda aka mallaka da wakilin sunan abin da aka mallaka da wakilin sunan wanda yai mallaka a guri daya.missli: gida+na= ('''gidana''') a nan za a fahimci cewa, kalmar 'gida' da kalmar 'na' an haɗa su a guri ɗaya sun zama kamar kalma guda. A kiyaye da cewa, gajerar mallaka haɗe ta ake yi. Don haka, akwai ƙarin missalai kamar haka:
*Jakarta ba jakar ta ba;
*ajinsu ba ajin su ba;
*matata ba mata ta ba;
*ɗakinki ba ɗakin ki ba;
*motarka ba motar ka ba. 
*masallacinku ba Masallacin ku ba. Da sauransu.

==='''4.2 Doguwar Mallaka'''===

Ita doguwar mallaka, ba a haɗe ake rubuta ta ba. Wato ke nan, ana rabewa tsakanin abinda aka mallaka da kuma wakilin sunan mai mallaka. Ga missalai kamar haka:
* Jakar tata
* Ɗakin nasu
* Wayar tawa
* Littafin nashi
* Gonar taku
* Masallacin nawa
* Takalmin namu

Da haka, za mu fahimci cewa akwai banbanci tsakanin doguwar mallaka da gajerar mallaka.  Mu tuna da missalin farko na doguwar. Wato &quot;'''jakar tata'''&quot; ma'ana, an rubuta &quot;'''jakar'''&quot; daban, ita ma, &quot;'''tata'''&quot; daban. idan kuma a gajerar mallaka ne sai a rubuta &quot;'''jakarta'''&quot; a haɗe. Wato dai ana haɗa &quot;'''jakar'''&quot; da kuma &quot;'''ta'''&quot; a haɗe ('''jakarta''')

== Manazararta==</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>889987</id>
      <parentid>889985</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-01T06:31:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Baban Asiya</username>
        <id>15906</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* 3.0 Shaddatun Tagwayen Harufan Hausa (Daurin tagwayen harufa) */</comment>
      <origin>889987</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="18293" sha1="iq54tqi6syynn49619tjmi7pmw1wq9q" xml:space="preserve">== Ƙa'idojin rubutun hausa ==
Kamar yadda aka sani, kowanne lamari na duniya yana da ka'idar yadda ya kamata a gudanar da shi. Kuma bin ƙa'idar ita ke sa a sami dacen yadda ake bukata ba tare da an fuskanci wata matsala ba. Idan kuma ba a bi ka'idar ba to za a ga  ba daidai ba..
Tunda yake haka ne, rubutun Hausa shi ma, yana da ka'idarsa. Bin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa sau-da-kafa, su ke sa a sami rubutu mai Cikakkiyar ma'ana. Wato a sami daidaiton manufa tsakanin tunanain marubuci da kuma na makaranci.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://hemingwayapp.com/articles/grammar-punctuation/punctuation-marks&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

==Abin da ake nufi da ka'idojin rubutun hausa==
Ka'idojin rubutun Hausa, wani yanayi ne na lura da kiyaye ka'idojin harshen Hausa a rubuce domin samun damar isar da sakon da marubuci ke nufi zuwa ga mai karatu daidai da daidai, ba tare da canzawar ma'anar da marubuci ke nufi ba
. Haka kuma, yana samar da saukin fahimtar karatu daga mai karantawa.

== Fannonin Ka'idojin Rubutun Hausa ==
Fannonin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa da muke da su a nan, suna da dama. Kuma sune ginshin duk abinda ya kamata marubuci ya koya game da ka'idojin rubutun Hausa domin samun gwanancewa a rubutu. Don haka, zan zayyano su, sannan kuma na yi bayaninsu daki-daki kamar haka:

#Alamomin ajiye magana;
#Raba kalma da kuma hade kalma;
#Shaddatun tagwayen harufan Hausa;
#Gajera da doguwar mallaka;
#Dafa-keya 'w' da jakada 'w';
#Daurin 'm' da daurin 'n';

=='''1.0 Alamomin Ajiye Magana' (punctuation mark)'''== 
Ga Alamomin aje magana tare da bayanansu daki-daki:
* '''Aya / . /
* '''Waƙafi / . /
* '''Ayar tambaya / ? /
* '''Ruwa-biyu / : /
* '''Waƙafi m mai ruwa / ; /
* '''Karan-ɗori / - /
* '''Alamar zancen wani / &quot; &quot; /
* '''Baka-biyu / ( ) /
* '''Alamar Motsin rai / ! /
* '''Zarce / ... /

1.1 '''Aya / . /'''
Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta  cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali:

'''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.'''
idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan.

1.2== Wakafi/ , / ==
Wakafi, wata karmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali:

*'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.'''
To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: 
*'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.'''
A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe.

1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / ==
Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali:
* Aliyu ya zo?, 
* menene ake sayarwa?
Idan aka yi la'akari da missalan da ke sama, za a ga
an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkanin suna dauke da alamar tambaya. 
Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba:

Aliyu ya zo

A nan za a fahimci cewa, ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri.

1.4== Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/==
Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal:
# '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida)
# missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )'''

sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita
* idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:'''

* Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi;
* Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa;
* Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. 

A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da aka sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana.

==1.1 Aya / . /==
Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta  cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali:

'''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.'''
idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan.

==1.2 Wakafi/ , / ==
Waƙafi, wata ƙarmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali:

*'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.'''
To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: 
*'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.'''
A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe.

1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / ==
Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali:
* Aliyu ya zo?, 
* menene ake sayarwa?
Idan aka yi la'akari missalan da ke sama, za a ga
an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkaninsu suna dauke da alamar tambaya. 
Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba:

Aliyu ya zo

A nan za a fahimci cewa ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri.

==1.4 Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/==
Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal:
# '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida)
# missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )'''

sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita
* idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:'''

* Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi;
* Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa;
* Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. 

A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da na sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana.

==1.5 Waƙafi mai ruwa / ; / ==

wannan alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen raba jerin wasu jimloli ko kalmomi a cikin zance. 
Game da missali, a duba a missalin karshe na Aya mai ruwa, za a ga yadda aka bayyana abinda Shugaban kasa ya zayyana.  A nan za a ga an sa
Ka alamar /;/ a gaban kowacce jimla. 
Ga Karin missali:
* Shugqban makarantar ya gargadi dalibai cewa,idan sun tashi dawowa daga hutu, su zo da kayan karatu kamar irin wadannan:
# littafin koyon turanci, aji na biyar;
# littafin koyan lissafi, aji na biyar;
# littafin nazarin rayuwar dan Adam, aji na biyar;
# littafin koyan karatn Hausa, aji na biyar.
A wadannan missalai za a lura cewa, a duk karshen jimloli 3 na farko an saka alamaar tsayawa ta wakafi mai ruwa (;), in banda jimla ta karshe da aka yi wa alamar aya /./

==1.6 Karan-ɗori / - /==
Karan-dori, alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen hade kalmomi biyu ko sama da biyu, su zama kalma daya da ma'ana daya. Akan saka wannan alama ne a tsakanin kalmomi da suka zo iri daya ko wadanda suka zo daban-daban. Kin  saka wannan alama a inda ya dace, yakan kawo sabanin ma'ana tsakanin mawallafi da makaranci. Missali:
# malam-buda-mana-littafi (sunnan wani kafilfilo);
# fadi-ka-mutu (tangaran);
# fari-fari (abinda bai kai fari sosai ba);
# malfar-ungulu (wani tsiro ne); dss.
A lura da kyau, idan muka dauki missali na farko, (malam-buda-mana-littafi)  za mu ga yana nufin sunan wani abu wato (kafilfilo). Idan kuma ba a sa wannan alama ba a tsakankanin kalmomin (malam buda mana littafi) to rubutun ya zama wata jimla mai nufin umarni, maimakon kalma daya mai nufin sunan wani Kwaro. Wato, dalibai ne ke umartar malaminsu da ya buda masu littafi. Don haka, zamu fahimci cewa, idan an saka alamar, zancen ya zama Kalma daya kacal. Amma idan ba a sa alamar ba to rubutun ya zama jimla sukum.
# Karin Missali, idan mutum yana rubutu a cikin takarda ko kan allo, sai aka fara rubuta wata kalma da ta zo a karshen layi sannan kuma ba ta karasu duka ba, sai a saka karan-dori ( - ) kuma a karasata a layi na kasa.

==1.7 Alamar baka-biyu / ( ) /==
Wannan wata alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna karin bayani akan wata kalma, ko Jimla ko dai a kan wata maganar ta daban. Ga missalai nan kamar haka:
* Yaron da aka kama da laifin kisan matar, 'yar uwa ce ga mahaifin yaron (Gwaggon yaron ce)
* Gwamnan kano, Alh. Abba Kabir Yusuf, ya tura wakilinsa (Sunusi Nature) wajen Taron.
* # Ni mutum ne mai son a sami zaman lafiya tsakanin Musulmai da wanda ba Musulmai ba (Kiristoci).

==1.8 Ayar Motsin-rai / ! /==
Ayar Motsin-rai, wata alama ce da ke nuni da zaburar furuci cikin gaggawar kargafa murya. Hakan na faruwa ne yawanci a farkon bayyanar mury cikin Karfafawa, musamman a kalmomin; razana,mamaki, tausayi da kuma karfafar wata kalma a cikin wani zance na musamman. Alal Missali: '''Ah!, Wayyo!, Lah!, Innalillahi!, Kai!''' Da sauransu. Ga Karin missalai a cikin jimloli:
* Saurayin na zuwa ya nuna mata kyautar bazatar da ya zo mata da ita. Sai ta cika da mamaki,sannan ta ja wani gwauron numfashi sanan ta ce, '''La!''' Amma ko na gode '''sosai!'''
* A lokacin da yaron yake guje-guje cikin lalatattun Kujerun cikin ajin, sai ya taka kusa, ya ce, '''wayyo Allahna!''' jin haka malaminsu ya leko yana cewa, '''kai!''' Me ya faru.
* Haba, yana lekowa cikkin dare sai ya ga wani duhu-duhu  dab da shi. Aiko ya firgita ya ce '''waye nan!'''

Yanzu sai mu lura cewa, a Missali na daya (1), mun yi amfani da '''Lah!''' da kuma '''sosai!'''. A Missali na biyu (2) kuma mun yi amfani da '''wayyo Allah!''' tare da '''kai!'''. Har illa yau a Missali na uku (3) kuma na karshe, mun yi amfani da '''waye nan!'''.
Don haka, wadannan missalai, kadan ne daga cikin missalan '''ayar Motsin-rai / ! /''' Ko kuma inda ya kamata a yi amfani da ita. Sannan kuma, ya kamata a fahimci cewa, dole ne a sami karfafa murya a duk inda ake nufin '''ayar Motsin-rai,''' domin idan aka yi amfani da sanyin murya ma'ana ba za ta samu ba.

==1.9 Zarce / ... /==
Zarce wata alama ce ta digo-dogo akalla guda uku (...), da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna ketare wata kalma ko Jimla a cikin rubutu. Ana samun missalai ta bangarori da dama, mussan a cikin karin magana, tsaallake gurbin amasa wata tambaya, dss. Missali:
# '''Ban sa a ka ba,...''' A nan ba a bukatar karasa zancen ne, shi ya sa aka yi digo-dogon. Manufa a nan, duk Wanda aka yi wa karin maganar, ya karasa ma'anar a zuci ko ma a fili. Wto kenan sai ya karasa zuwa '''inji barawon tagiya'''
# Haka kuma, akan saka wannan alama / ... /, a tsarin tambayar '''cikke tazara'''. Missali:
* '''Sunan Babban birnin kasar Najeriya...''' a nana sai cike da '''Abuja''' ko makamancin haka.

=='''2.0 Rabawa Da Haɗa Kalma'''==
Raba kalma da hada kalma, abubuwa ne mabanbanta amma, masu alaka da juna. Da farko za mu dauki raba kalma. Kamar haka:

==2.1 Raba Kalma==
raba kalma na nufin, barin kalma ta ci gashin kanta duk kankantarta Kuma duk girmanta. Hakan, na nufin a barkalma a matayita ba tare da an hade ta da wata ba, don kaucewa rasa ma'ana ta asali. Wato dai,kin raba kalmomin a inda ya ya dace, yana haifar da chanjawar ma'ana. Missali:

* Shi ne, (kar a ce: shine)
* Ita ce, (kar a ce: itace)
* Wa ya je da su kasuwa? (Kar a ce: waya je dasu kasuwa?)
* Ba ni na zo da shi ba, (kar a ce: bani nazo dashi ba)
* Da ni da ku mu hada Kai, (kar a ce: Dani daku mu hadakai)

A nan, idan muka Laura, mafi yawancin kalmomin da aka yi amfani da su, masu gaba dai-dai ne. Kuma kowacce an bar ta a matayinta. Don haka mu duba Missali na farko: '''Shi ne.''' Kalmar farko '''shi''' wakilin suna ce, Kalmar '''ce''' kuwa tana cikin wani aji na nahawu da ake cewa dirka. Don hak, idan aka hade su kamar '''Shine''' kalmomi biyu daban-daban an hade guri daya, don haka sun zama kalma daya ke nan, wacce kwata-kwata babu ita a Hausa sai a Turancin Ingilishi. Wacce ke nufin '''sheki''' a harshen Hausa.

A Missali na hudu kuwa, ('''ba ni na zo da shi ba ''') za a fahimci cewa, kowacce kalma tana dauke da gaba daya ne. Kuma, duk da rashin tsawonsu,ba a hada wata da wata ba, domin kuwacce na cin gashin kanta. To hakan shi ne daidai. Inda kuwa an hada wata Kalmar da wata, ma'anarta za ta canza. Missali, idan aka hada '''da''' tare da '''shi,''' za su koma kalma daya kamar haka: '''dashi.''' kuma Kalmar tana nufin sunan wata itaciya ne.

==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance.

Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya)

==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance.

Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya)

=='''3.0 Shaddatun Tagwayen Harufan Hausa (Daurin tagwayen harufa)'''==
Shadda na nufin nanata harafi sau biyu, wtau abinda ake kira dauri. Sannan kuma, muna da tagwayen harufa a harshen Hausa,kamar, '''gw, gy, fy,' sh.''' da sauransu. Wadannan tagwayen harufa ana daurinsu a yayin rubuta wasu kalmomi, kamar, Sha'''ssha'''ka. A nan ga missalan yadda ya kamata a rubuta su dalla-dalla:
* fya'''ffy'''ade (ba fya'''fyfy'''ade ba)
* Sha'''ssha'''ka (ba Sha'''shsha'''ka ba)
* gwa'''ggwa'''le (ba gwa'''gwgwa'''le ba)
* gya'''ggy'''ara (ba gya'''gygy'''ara ba)
* kya'''kky'''awa (ba kya'''kyky'''awa ba)
* tsa'''tts'''ewala (ba tsa'''tsts'''ewala ba)
* kwa'''kkw'''afe (ba

=='''4.0 Kalmomin Mallaka'''==
Kalmomin Mallaka, wasu kalmomi ne da ake amfani da su wajen nuna faruwar mallaka a cikin rubutu. Game da ka'idojin rubun Hausa, an tanadar da hanyoyi biyu domin samar da rubutu mai inganci.
Don haka, muna da gajerar mallaka da kuma doguwar mallaka.

===4.1 Gajerar Mallaka===
Gajerar mallaka, ita ake hade Kalmar abinda aka mallaka da wakilin sunan abin da aka mallaka da wakilin sunan wanda yai mallaka a guri daya.missli: gida+na= ('''gidana''') a nan za a fahimci cewa, kalmar 'gida' da kalmar 'na' an haɗa su a guri ɗaya sun zama kamar kalma guda. A kiyaye da cewa, gajerar mallaka haɗe ta ake yi. Don haka, akwai ƙarin missalai kamar haka:
*Jakarta ba jakar ta ba;
*ajinsu ba ajin su ba;
*matata ba mata ta ba;
*ɗakinki ba ɗakin ki ba;
*motarka ba motar ka ba. 
*masallacinku ba Masallacin ku ba. Da sauransu.

==='''4.2 Doguwar Mallaka'''===

Ita doguwar mallaka, ba a haɗe ake rubuta ta ba. Wato ke nan, ana rabewa tsakanin abinda aka mallaka da kuma wakilin sunan mai mallaka. Ga missalai kamar haka:
* Jakar tata
* Ɗakin nasu
* Wayar tawa
* Littafin nashi
* Gonar taku
* Masallacin nawa
* Takalmin namu

Da haka, za mu fahimci cewa akwai banbanci tsakanin doguwar mallaka da gajerar mallaka.  Mu tuna da missalin farko na doguwar. Wato &quot;'''jakar tata'''&quot; ma'ana, an rubuta &quot;'''jakar'''&quot; daban, ita ma, &quot;'''tata'''&quot; daban. idan kuma a gajerar mallaka ne sai a rubuta &quot;'''jakarta'''&quot; a haɗe. Wato dai ana haɗa &quot;'''jakar'''&quot; da kuma &quot;'''ta'''&quot; a haɗe ('''jakarta''')

== Manazararta==</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>889988</id>
      <parentid>889987</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-01T06:32:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Baban Asiya</username>
        <id>15906</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* 3.0 Shaddatun Tagwayen Harufan Hausa (Daurin tagwayen harufa) */</comment>
      <origin>889988</origin>
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      <text bytes="18314" sha1="ns3sthj002ajub25ncsrjjbnxo8rok3" xml:space="preserve">== Ƙa'idojin rubutun hausa ==
Kamar yadda aka sani, kowanne lamari na duniya yana da ka'idar yadda ya kamata a gudanar da shi. Kuma bin ƙa'idar ita ke sa a sami dacen yadda ake bukata ba tare da an fuskanci wata matsala ba. Idan kuma ba a bi ka'idar ba to za a ga  ba daidai ba..
Tunda yake haka ne, rubutun Hausa shi ma, yana da ka'idarsa. Bin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa sau-da-kafa, su ke sa a sami rubutu mai Cikakkiyar ma'ana. Wato a sami daidaiton manufa tsakanin tunanain marubuci da kuma na makaranci.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://hemingwayapp.com/articles/grammar-punctuation/punctuation-marks&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

==Abin da ake nufi da ka'idojin rubutun hausa==
Ka'idojin rubutun Hausa, wani yanayi ne na lura da kiyaye ka'idojin harshen Hausa a rubuce domin samun damar isar da sakon da marubuci ke nufi zuwa ga mai karatu daidai da daidai, ba tare da canzawar ma'anar da marubuci ke nufi ba
. Haka kuma, yana samar da saukin fahimtar karatu daga mai karantawa.

== Fannonin Ka'idojin Rubutun Hausa ==
Fannonin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa da muke da su a nan, suna da dama. Kuma sune ginshin duk abinda ya kamata marubuci ya koya game da ka'idojin rubutun Hausa domin samun gwanancewa a rubutu. Don haka, zan zayyano su, sannan kuma na yi bayaninsu daki-daki kamar haka:

#Alamomin ajiye magana;
#Raba kalma da kuma hade kalma;
#Shaddatun tagwayen harufan Hausa;
#Gajera da doguwar mallaka;
#Dafa-keya 'w' da jakada 'w';
#Daurin 'm' da daurin 'n';

=='''1.0 Alamomin Ajiye Magana' (punctuation mark)'''== 
Ga Alamomin aje magana tare da bayanansu daki-daki:
* '''Aya / . /
* '''Waƙafi / . /
* '''Ayar tambaya / ? /
* '''Ruwa-biyu / : /
* '''Waƙafi m mai ruwa / ; /
* '''Karan-ɗori / - /
* '''Alamar zancen wani / &quot; &quot; /
* '''Baka-biyu / ( ) /
* '''Alamar Motsin rai / ! /
* '''Zarce / ... /

1.1 '''Aya / . /'''
Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta  cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali:

'''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.'''
idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan.

1.2== Wakafi/ , / ==
Wakafi, wata karmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali:

*'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.'''
To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: 
*'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.'''
A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe.

1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / ==
Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali:
* Aliyu ya zo?, 
* menene ake sayarwa?
Idan aka yi la'akari da missalan da ke sama, za a ga
an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkanin suna dauke da alamar tambaya. 
Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba:

Aliyu ya zo

A nan za a fahimci cewa, ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri.

1.4== Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/==
Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal:
# '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida)
# missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )'''

sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita
* idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:'''

* Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi;
* Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa;
* Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. 

A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da aka sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana.

==1.1 Aya / . /==
Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta  cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali:

'''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.'''
idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan.

==1.2 Wakafi/ , / ==
Waƙafi, wata ƙarmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali:

*'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.'''
To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: 
*'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.'''
A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe.

1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / ==
Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali:
* Aliyu ya zo?, 
* menene ake sayarwa?
Idan aka yi la'akari missalan da ke sama, za a ga
an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkaninsu suna dauke da alamar tambaya. 
Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba:

Aliyu ya zo

A nan za a fahimci cewa ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri.

==1.4 Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/==
Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal:
# '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida)
# missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )'''

sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita
* idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:'''

* Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi;
* Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa;
* Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. 

A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da na sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana.

==1.5 Waƙafi mai ruwa / ; / ==

wannan alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen raba jerin wasu jimloli ko kalmomi a cikin zance. 
Game da missali, a duba a missalin karshe na Aya mai ruwa, za a ga yadda aka bayyana abinda Shugaban kasa ya zayyana.  A nan za a ga an sa
Ka alamar /;/ a gaban kowacce jimla. 
Ga Karin missali:
* Shugqban makarantar ya gargadi dalibai cewa,idan sun tashi dawowa daga hutu, su zo da kayan karatu kamar irin wadannan:
# littafin koyon turanci, aji na biyar;
# littafin koyan lissafi, aji na biyar;
# littafin nazarin rayuwar dan Adam, aji na biyar;
# littafin koyan karatn Hausa, aji na biyar.
A wadannan missalai za a lura cewa, a duk karshen jimloli 3 na farko an saka alamaar tsayawa ta wakafi mai ruwa (;), in banda jimla ta karshe da aka yi wa alamar aya /./

==1.6 Karan-ɗori / - /==
Karan-dori, alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen hade kalmomi biyu ko sama da biyu, su zama kalma daya da ma'ana daya. Akan saka wannan alama ne a tsakanin kalmomi da suka zo iri daya ko wadanda suka zo daban-daban. Kin  saka wannan alama a inda ya dace, yakan kawo sabanin ma'ana tsakanin mawallafi da makaranci. Missali:
# malam-buda-mana-littafi (sunnan wani kafilfilo);
# fadi-ka-mutu (tangaran);
# fari-fari (abinda bai kai fari sosai ba);
# malfar-ungulu (wani tsiro ne); dss.
A lura da kyau, idan muka dauki missali na farko, (malam-buda-mana-littafi)  za mu ga yana nufin sunan wani abu wato (kafilfilo). Idan kuma ba a sa wannan alama ba a tsakankanin kalmomin (malam buda mana littafi) to rubutun ya zama wata jimla mai nufin umarni, maimakon kalma daya mai nufin sunan wani Kwaro. Wato, dalibai ne ke umartar malaminsu da ya buda masu littafi. Don haka, zamu fahimci cewa, idan an saka alamar, zancen ya zama Kalma daya kacal. Amma idan ba a sa alamar ba to rubutun ya zama jimla sukum.
# Karin Missali, idan mutum yana rubutu a cikin takarda ko kan allo, sai aka fara rubuta wata kalma da ta zo a karshen layi sannan kuma ba ta karasu duka ba, sai a saka karan-dori ( - ) kuma a karasata a layi na kasa.

==1.7 Alamar baka-biyu / ( ) /==
Wannan wata alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna karin bayani akan wata kalma, ko Jimla ko dai a kan wata maganar ta daban. Ga missalai nan kamar haka:
* Yaron da aka kama da laifin kisan matar, 'yar uwa ce ga mahaifin yaron (Gwaggon yaron ce)
* Gwamnan kano, Alh. Abba Kabir Yusuf, ya tura wakilinsa (Sunusi Nature) wajen Taron.
* # Ni mutum ne mai son a sami zaman lafiya tsakanin Musulmai da wanda ba Musulmai ba (Kiristoci).

==1.8 Ayar Motsin-rai / ! /==
Ayar Motsin-rai, wata alama ce da ke nuni da zaburar furuci cikin gaggawar kargafa murya. Hakan na faruwa ne yawanci a farkon bayyanar mury cikin Karfafawa, musamman a kalmomin; razana,mamaki, tausayi da kuma karfafar wata kalma a cikin wani zance na musamman. Alal Missali: '''Ah!, Wayyo!, Lah!, Innalillahi!, Kai!''' Da sauransu. Ga Karin missalai a cikin jimloli:
* Saurayin na zuwa ya nuna mata kyautar bazatar da ya zo mata da ita. Sai ta cika da mamaki,sannan ta ja wani gwauron numfashi sanan ta ce, '''La!''' Amma ko na gode '''sosai!'''
* A lokacin da yaron yake guje-guje cikin lalatattun Kujerun cikin ajin, sai ya taka kusa, ya ce, '''wayyo Allahna!''' jin haka malaminsu ya leko yana cewa, '''kai!''' Me ya faru.
* Haba, yana lekowa cikkin dare sai ya ga wani duhu-duhu  dab da shi. Aiko ya firgita ya ce '''waye nan!'''

Yanzu sai mu lura cewa, a Missali na daya (1), mun yi amfani da '''Lah!''' da kuma '''sosai!'''. A Missali na biyu (2) kuma mun yi amfani da '''wayyo Allah!''' tare da '''kai!'''. Har illa yau a Missali na uku (3) kuma na karshe, mun yi amfani da '''waye nan!'''.
Don haka, wadannan missalai, kadan ne daga cikin missalan '''ayar Motsin-rai / ! /''' Ko kuma inda ya kamata a yi amfani da ita. Sannan kuma, ya kamata a fahimci cewa, dole ne a sami karfafa murya a duk inda ake nufin '''ayar Motsin-rai,''' domin idan aka yi amfani da sanyin murya ma'ana ba za ta samu ba.

==1.9 Zarce / ... /==
Zarce wata alama ce ta digo-dogo akalla guda uku (...), da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna ketare wata kalma ko Jimla a cikin rubutu. Ana samun missalai ta bangarori da dama, mussan a cikin karin magana, tsaallake gurbin amasa wata tambaya, dss. Missali:
# '''Ban sa a ka ba,...''' A nan ba a bukatar karasa zancen ne, shi ya sa aka yi digo-dogon. Manufa a nan, duk Wanda aka yi wa karin maganar, ya karasa ma'anar a zuci ko ma a fili. Wto kenan sai ya karasa zuwa '''inji barawon tagiya'''
# Haka kuma, akan saka wannan alama / ... /, a tsarin tambayar '''cikke tazara'''. Missali:
* '''Sunan Babban birnin kasar Najeriya...''' a nana sai cike da '''Abuja''' ko makamancin haka.

=='''2.0 Rabawa Da Haɗa Kalma'''==
Raba kalma da hada kalma, abubuwa ne mabanbanta amma, masu alaka da juna. Da farko za mu dauki raba kalma. Kamar haka:

==2.1 Raba Kalma==
raba kalma na nufin, barin kalma ta ci gashin kanta duk kankantarta Kuma duk girmanta. Hakan, na nufin a barkalma a matayita ba tare da an hade ta da wata ba, don kaucewa rasa ma'ana ta asali. Wato dai,kin raba kalmomin a inda ya ya dace, yana haifar da chanjawar ma'ana. Missali:

* Shi ne, (kar a ce: shine)
* Ita ce, (kar a ce: itace)
* Wa ya je da su kasuwa? (Kar a ce: waya je dasu kasuwa?)
* Ba ni na zo da shi ba, (kar a ce: bani nazo dashi ba)
* Da ni da ku mu hada Kai, (kar a ce: Dani daku mu hadakai)

A nan, idan muka Laura, mafi yawancin kalmomin da aka yi amfani da su, masu gaba dai-dai ne. Kuma kowacce an bar ta a matayinta. Don haka mu duba Missali na farko: '''Shi ne.''' Kalmar farko '''shi''' wakilin suna ce, Kalmar '''ce''' kuwa tana cikin wani aji na nahawu da ake cewa dirka. Don hak, idan aka hade su kamar '''Shine''' kalmomi biyu daban-daban an hade guri daya, don haka sun zama kalma daya ke nan, wacce kwata-kwata babu ita a Hausa sai a Turancin Ingilishi. Wacce ke nufin '''sheki''' a harshen Hausa.

A Missali na hudu kuwa, ('''ba ni na zo da shi ba ''') za a fahimci cewa, kowacce kalma tana dauke da gaba daya ne. Kuma, duk da rashin tsawonsu,ba a hada wata da wata ba, domin kuwacce na cin gashin kanta. To hakan shi ne daidai. Inda kuwa an hada wata Kalmar da wata, ma'anarta za ta canza. Missali, idan aka hada '''da''' tare da '''shi,''' za su koma kalma daya kamar haka: '''dashi.''' kuma Kalmar tana nufin sunan wata itaciya ne.

==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance.

Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya)

==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance.

Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya)

=='''3.0 Shaddatun Tagwayen Harufan Hausa (Daurin tagwayen harufa)'''==
Shadda na nufin nanata harafi sau biyu, wtau abinda ake kira dauri. Sannan kuma, muna da tagwayen harufa a harshen Hausa,kamar, '''gw, gy, fy,' sh.''' da sauransu. Wadannan tagwayen harufa ana daurinsu a yayin rubuta wasu kalmomi, kamar, Sha'''ssha'''ka. A nan ga missalan yadda ya kamata a rubuta su dalla-dalla:
* fya'''ffy'''ade (ba fya'''fyfy'''ade ba)
* Sha'''ssha'''ka (ba Sha'''shsha'''ka ba)
* gwa'''ggwa'''le (ba gwa'''gwgwa'''le ba)
* gya'''ggy'''ara (ba gya'''gygy'''ara ba)
* kya'''kky'''awa (ba kya'''kyky'''awa ba)
* tsa'''tts'''ewala (ba tsa'''tsts'''ewala ba)
* kwa'''kkw'''afe (ba kwa'''kwkw'''afe ba)

=='''4.0 Kalmomin Mallaka'''==
Kalmomin Mallaka, wasu kalmomi ne da ake amfani da su wajen nuna faruwar mallaka a cikin rubutu. Game da ka'idojin rubun Hausa, an tanadar da hanyoyi biyu domin samar da rubutu mai inganci.
Don haka, muna da gajerar mallaka da kuma doguwar mallaka.

===4.1 Gajerar Mallaka===
Gajerar mallaka, ita ake hade Kalmar abinda aka mallaka da wakilin sunan abin da aka mallaka da wakilin sunan wanda yai mallaka a guri daya.missli: gida+na= ('''gidana''') a nan za a fahimci cewa, kalmar 'gida' da kalmar 'na' an haɗa su a guri ɗaya sun zama kamar kalma guda. A kiyaye da cewa, gajerar mallaka haɗe ta ake yi. Don haka, akwai ƙarin missalai kamar haka:
*Jakarta ba jakar ta ba;
*ajinsu ba ajin su ba;
*matata ba mata ta ba;
*ɗakinki ba ɗakin ki ba;
*motarka ba motar ka ba. 
*masallacinku ba Masallacin ku ba. Da sauransu.

==='''4.2 Doguwar Mallaka'''===

Ita doguwar mallaka, ba a haɗe ake rubuta ta ba. Wato ke nan, ana rabewa tsakanin abinda aka mallaka da kuma wakilin sunan mai mallaka. Ga missalai kamar haka:
* Jakar tata
* Ɗakin nasu
* Wayar tawa
* Littafin nashi
* Gonar taku
* Masallacin nawa
* Takalmin namu

Da haka, za mu fahimci cewa akwai banbanci tsakanin doguwar mallaka da gajerar mallaka.  Mu tuna da missalin farko na doguwar. Wato &quot;'''jakar tata'''&quot; ma'ana, an rubuta &quot;'''jakar'''&quot; daban, ita ma, &quot;'''tata'''&quot; daban. idan kuma a gajerar mallaka ne sai a rubuta &quot;'''jakarta'''&quot; a haɗe. Wato dai ana haɗa &quot;'''jakar'''&quot; da kuma &quot;'''ta'''&quot; a haɗe ('''jakarta''')

== Manazararta==</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>889991</id>
      <parentid>889988</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-01T06:35:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Baban Asiya</username>
        <id>15906</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* 3.0 Shaddatun Tagwayen Harufan Hausa (Daurin tagwayen harufa) */</comment>
      <origin>889991</origin>
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      <text bytes="18314" sha1="hglaoij3rb5zk077z8l4zmci4rvuk1b" xml:space="preserve">== Ƙa'idojin rubutun hausa ==
Kamar yadda aka sani, kowanne lamari na duniya yana da ka'idar yadda ya kamata a gudanar da shi. Kuma bin ƙa'idar ita ke sa a sami dacen yadda ake bukata ba tare da an fuskanci wata matsala ba. Idan kuma ba a bi ka'idar ba to za a ga  ba daidai ba..
Tunda yake haka ne, rubutun Hausa shi ma, yana da ka'idarsa. Bin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa sau-da-kafa, su ke sa a sami rubutu mai Cikakkiyar ma'ana. Wato a sami daidaiton manufa tsakanin tunanain marubuci da kuma na makaranci.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://hemingwayapp.com/articles/grammar-punctuation/punctuation-marks&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

==Abin da ake nufi da ka'idojin rubutun hausa==
Ka'idojin rubutun Hausa, wani yanayi ne na lura da kiyaye ka'idojin harshen Hausa a rubuce domin samun damar isar da sakon da marubuci ke nufi zuwa ga mai karatu daidai da daidai, ba tare da canzawar ma'anar da marubuci ke nufi ba
. Haka kuma, yana samar da saukin fahimtar karatu daga mai karantawa.

== Fannonin Ka'idojin Rubutun Hausa ==
Fannonin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa da muke da su a nan, suna da dama. Kuma sune ginshin duk abinda ya kamata marubuci ya koya game da ka'idojin rubutun Hausa domin samun gwanancewa a rubutu. Don haka, zan zayyano su, sannan kuma na yi bayaninsu daki-daki kamar haka:

#Alamomin ajiye magana;
#Raba kalma da kuma hade kalma;
#Shaddatun tagwayen harufan Hausa;
#Gajera da doguwar mallaka;
#Dafa-keya 'w' da jakada 'w';
#Daurin 'm' da daurin 'n';

=='''1.0 Alamomin Ajiye Magana' (punctuation mark)'''== 
Ga Alamomin aje magana tare da bayanansu daki-daki:
* '''Aya / . /
* '''Waƙafi / . /
* '''Ayar tambaya / ? /
* '''Ruwa-biyu / : /
* '''Waƙafi m mai ruwa / ; /
* '''Karan-ɗori / - /
* '''Alamar zancen wani / &quot; &quot; /
* '''Baka-biyu / ( ) /
* '''Alamar Motsin rai / ! /
* '''Zarce / ... /

1.1 '''Aya / . /'''
Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta  cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali:

'''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.'''
idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan.

1.2== Wakafi/ , / ==
Wakafi, wata karmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali:

*'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.'''
To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: 
*'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.'''
A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe.

1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / ==
Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali:
* Aliyu ya zo?, 
* menene ake sayarwa?
Idan aka yi la'akari da missalan da ke sama, za a ga
an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkanin suna dauke da alamar tambaya. 
Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba:

Aliyu ya zo

A nan za a fahimci cewa, ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri.

1.4== Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/==
Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal:
# '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida)
# missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )'''

sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita
* idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:'''

* Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi;
* Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa;
* Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. 

A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da aka sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana.

==1.1 Aya / . /==
Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta  cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali:

'''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.'''
idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan.

==1.2 Wakafi/ , / ==
Waƙafi, wata ƙarmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali:

*'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.'''
To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: 
*'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.'''
A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe.

1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / ==
Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali:
* Aliyu ya zo?, 
* menene ake sayarwa?
Idan aka yi la'akari missalan da ke sama, za a ga
an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkaninsu suna dauke da alamar tambaya. 
Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba:

Aliyu ya zo

A nan za a fahimci cewa ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri.

==1.4 Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/==
Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal:
# '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida)
# missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )'''

sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita
* idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:'''

* Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi;
* Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa;
* Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. 

A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da na sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana.

==1.5 Waƙafi mai ruwa / ; / ==

wannan alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen raba jerin wasu jimloli ko kalmomi a cikin zance. 
Game da missali, a duba a missalin karshe na Aya mai ruwa, za a ga yadda aka bayyana abinda Shugaban kasa ya zayyana.  A nan za a ga an sa
Ka alamar /;/ a gaban kowacce jimla. 
Ga Karin missali:
* Shugqban makarantar ya gargadi dalibai cewa,idan sun tashi dawowa daga hutu, su zo da kayan karatu kamar irin wadannan:
# littafin koyon turanci, aji na biyar;
# littafin koyan lissafi, aji na biyar;
# littafin nazarin rayuwar dan Adam, aji na biyar;
# littafin koyan karatn Hausa, aji na biyar.
A wadannan missalai za a lura cewa, a duk karshen jimloli 3 na farko an saka alamaar tsayawa ta wakafi mai ruwa (;), in banda jimla ta karshe da aka yi wa alamar aya /./

==1.6 Karan-ɗori / - /==
Karan-dori, alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen hade kalmomi biyu ko sama da biyu, su zama kalma daya da ma'ana daya. Akan saka wannan alama ne a tsakanin kalmomi da suka zo iri daya ko wadanda suka zo daban-daban. Kin  saka wannan alama a inda ya dace, yakan kawo sabanin ma'ana tsakanin mawallafi da makaranci. Missali:
# malam-buda-mana-littafi (sunnan wani kafilfilo);
# fadi-ka-mutu (tangaran);
# fari-fari (abinda bai kai fari sosai ba);
# malfar-ungulu (wani tsiro ne); dss.
A lura da kyau, idan muka dauki missali na farko, (malam-buda-mana-littafi)  za mu ga yana nufin sunan wani abu wato (kafilfilo). Idan kuma ba a sa wannan alama ba a tsakankanin kalmomin (malam buda mana littafi) to rubutun ya zama wata jimla mai nufin umarni, maimakon kalma daya mai nufin sunan wani Kwaro. Wato, dalibai ne ke umartar malaminsu da ya buda masu littafi. Don haka, zamu fahimci cewa, idan an saka alamar, zancen ya zama Kalma daya kacal. Amma idan ba a sa alamar ba to rubutun ya zama jimla sukum.
# Karin Missali, idan mutum yana rubutu a cikin takarda ko kan allo, sai aka fara rubuta wata kalma da ta zo a karshen layi sannan kuma ba ta karasu duka ba, sai a saka karan-dori ( - ) kuma a karasata a layi na kasa.

==1.7 Alamar baka-biyu / ( ) /==
Wannan wata alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna karin bayani akan wata kalma, ko Jimla ko dai a kan wata maganar ta daban. Ga missalai nan kamar haka:
* Yaron da aka kama da laifin kisan matar, 'yar uwa ce ga mahaifin yaron (Gwaggon yaron ce)
* Gwamnan kano, Alh. Abba Kabir Yusuf, ya tura wakilinsa (Sunusi Nature) wajen Taron.
* # Ni mutum ne mai son a sami zaman lafiya tsakanin Musulmai da wanda ba Musulmai ba (Kiristoci).

==1.8 Ayar Motsin-rai / ! /==
Ayar Motsin-rai, wata alama ce da ke nuni da zaburar furuci cikin gaggawar kargafa murya. Hakan na faruwa ne yawanci a farkon bayyanar mury cikin Karfafawa, musamman a kalmomin; razana,mamaki, tausayi da kuma karfafar wata kalma a cikin wani zance na musamman. Alal Missali: '''Ah!, Wayyo!, Lah!, Innalillahi!, Kai!''' Da sauransu. Ga Karin missalai a cikin jimloli:
* Saurayin na zuwa ya nuna mata kyautar bazatar da ya zo mata da ita. Sai ta cika da mamaki,sannan ta ja wani gwauron numfashi sanan ta ce, '''La!''' Amma ko na gode '''sosai!'''
* A lokacin da yaron yake guje-guje cikin lalatattun Kujerun cikin ajin, sai ya taka kusa, ya ce, '''wayyo Allahna!''' jin haka malaminsu ya leko yana cewa, '''kai!''' Me ya faru.
* Haba, yana lekowa cikkin dare sai ya ga wani duhu-duhu  dab da shi. Aiko ya firgita ya ce '''waye nan!'''

Yanzu sai mu lura cewa, a Missali na daya (1), mun yi amfani da '''Lah!''' da kuma '''sosai!'''. A Missali na biyu (2) kuma mun yi amfani da '''wayyo Allah!''' tare da '''kai!'''. Har illa yau a Missali na uku (3) kuma na karshe, mun yi amfani da '''waye nan!'''.
Don haka, wadannan missalai, kadan ne daga cikin missalan '''ayar Motsin-rai / ! /''' Ko kuma inda ya kamata a yi amfani da ita. Sannan kuma, ya kamata a fahimci cewa, dole ne a sami karfafa murya a duk inda ake nufin '''ayar Motsin-rai,''' domin idan aka yi amfani da sanyin murya ma'ana ba za ta samu ba.

==1.9 Zarce / ... /==
Zarce wata alama ce ta digo-dogo akalla guda uku (...), da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna ketare wata kalma ko Jimla a cikin rubutu. Ana samun missalai ta bangarori da dama, mussan a cikin karin magana, tsaallake gurbin amasa wata tambaya, dss. Missali:
# '''Ban sa a ka ba,...''' A nan ba a bukatar karasa zancen ne, shi ya sa aka yi digo-dogon. Manufa a nan, duk Wanda aka yi wa karin maganar, ya karasa ma'anar a zuci ko ma a fili. Wto kenan sai ya karasa zuwa '''inji barawon tagiya'''
# Haka kuma, akan saka wannan alama / ... /, a tsarin tambayar '''cikke tazara'''. Missali:
* '''Sunan Babban birnin kasar Najeriya...''' a nana sai cike da '''Abuja''' ko makamancin haka.

=='''2.0 Rabawa Da Haɗa Kalma'''==
Raba kalma da hada kalma, abubuwa ne mabanbanta amma, masu alaka da juna. Da farko za mu dauki raba kalma. Kamar haka:

==2.1 Raba Kalma==
raba kalma na nufin, barin kalma ta ci gashin kanta duk kankantarta Kuma duk girmanta. Hakan, na nufin a barkalma a matayita ba tare da an hade ta da wata ba, don kaucewa rasa ma'ana ta asali. Wato dai,kin raba kalmomin a inda ya ya dace, yana haifar da chanjawar ma'ana. Missali:

* Shi ne, (kar a ce: shine)
* Ita ce, (kar a ce: itace)
* Wa ya je da su kasuwa? (Kar a ce: waya je dasu kasuwa?)
* Ba ni na zo da shi ba, (kar a ce: bani nazo dashi ba)
* Da ni da ku mu hada Kai, (kar a ce: Dani daku mu hadakai)

A nan, idan muka Laura, mafi yawancin kalmomin da aka yi amfani da su, masu gaba dai-dai ne. Kuma kowacce an bar ta a matayinta. Don haka mu duba Missali na farko: '''Shi ne.''' Kalmar farko '''shi''' wakilin suna ce, Kalmar '''ce''' kuwa tana cikin wani aji na nahawu da ake cewa dirka. Don hak, idan aka hade su kamar '''Shine''' kalmomi biyu daban-daban an hade guri daya, don haka sun zama kalma daya ke nan, wacce kwata-kwata babu ita a Hausa sai a Turancin Ingilishi. Wacce ke nufin '''sheki''' a harshen Hausa.

A Missali na hudu kuwa, ('''ba ni na zo da shi ba ''') za a fahimci cewa, kowacce kalma tana dauke da gaba daya ne. Kuma, duk da rashin tsawonsu,ba a hada wata da wata ba, domin kuwacce na cin gashin kanta. To hakan shi ne daidai. Inda kuwa an hada wata Kalmar da wata, ma'anarta za ta canza. Missali, idan aka hada '''da''' tare da '''shi,''' za su koma kalma daya kamar haka: '''dashi.''' kuma Kalmar tana nufin sunan wata itaciya ne.

==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance.

Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya)

==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance.

Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya)

=='''3.0 Shaddatun Tagwayen Harufan Hausa (Daurin tagwayen harufa)'''==
Shadda na nufin nanata harafi sau biyu, wtau abinda ake kira dauri. Sannan kuma, muna da tagwayen harufa a harshen Hausa,kamar, '''gw, gy, fy,' sh.''' da sauransu. Wadannan tagwayen harufa ana daurinsu a yayin rubuta wasu kalmomi, kamar, Sha'''ssha'''ka. A nan ga missalan yadda ya kamata a rubuta su dalla-dalla:
* fya'''ffy'''ade (ba fya'''fyfy'''ade ba)
* Sha'''ssh'''aka (ba Sha'''shsha'''ka ba)
* gwa'''ggw'''ale (ba gwa'''gwgwa'''le ba)
* gya'''ggy'''ara (ba gya'''gygy'''ara ba)
* kya'''kky'''awa (ba kya'''kyky'''awa ba)
* tsa'''tts'''ewala (ba tsa'''tsts'''ewala ba)
* kwa'''kkw'''afe (ba kwa'''kwkw'''afe ba)

=='''4.0 Kalmomin Mallaka'''==
Kalmomin Mallaka, wasu kalmomi ne da ake amfani da su wajen nuna faruwar mallaka a cikin rubutu. Game da ka'idojin rubun Hausa, an tanadar da hanyoyi biyu domin samar da rubutu mai inganci.
Don haka, muna da gajerar mallaka da kuma doguwar mallaka.

===4.1 Gajerar Mallaka===
Gajerar mallaka, ita ake hade Kalmar abinda aka mallaka da wakilin sunan abin da aka mallaka da wakilin sunan wanda yai mallaka a guri daya.missli: gida+na= ('''gidana''') a nan za a fahimci cewa, kalmar 'gida' da kalmar 'na' an haɗa su a guri ɗaya sun zama kamar kalma guda. A kiyaye da cewa, gajerar mallaka haɗe ta ake yi. Don haka, akwai ƙarin missalai kamar haka:
*Jakarta ba jakar ta ba;
*ajinsu ba ajin su ba;
*matata ba mata ta ba;
*ɗakinki ba ɗakin ki ba;
*motarka ba motar ka ba. 
*masallacinku ba Masallacin ku ba. Da sauransu.

==='''4.2 Doguwar Mallaka'''===

Ita doguwar mallaka, ba a haɗe ake rubuta ta ba. Wato ke nan, ana rabewa tsakanin abinda aka mallaka da kuma wakilin sunan mai mallaka. Ga missalai kamar haka:
* Jakar tata
* Ɗakin nasu
* Wayar tawa
* Littafin nashi
* Gonar taku
* Masallacin nawa
* Takalmin namu

Da haka, za mu fahimci cewa akwai banbanci tsakanin doguwar mallaka da gajerar mallaka.  Mu tuna da missalin farko na doguwar. Wato &quot;'''jakar tata'''&quot; ma'ana, an rubuta &quot;'''jakar'''&quot; daban, ita ma, &quot;'''tata'''&quot; daban. idan kuma a gajerar mallaka ne sai a rubuta &quot;'''jakarta'''&quot; a haɗe. Wato dai ana haɗa &quot;'''jakar'''&quot; da kuma &quot;'''ta'''&quot; a haɗe ('''jakarta''')

== Manazararta==</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>889992</id>
      <parentid>889991</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-01T06:37:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Baban Asiya</username>
        <id>15906</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* 3.0 Shaddatun Tagwayen Harufan Hausa (Daurin tagwayen harufa) */</comment>
      <origin>889992</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="18314" sha1="80r5er6uft33p224ul50e416ictwptl" xml:space="preserve">== Ƙa'idojin rubutun hausa ==
Kamar yadda aka sani, kowanne lamari na duniya yana da ka'idar yadda ya kamata a gudanar da shi. Kuma bin ƙa'idar ita ke sa a sami dacen yadda ake bukata ba tare da an fuskanci wata matsala ba. Idan kuma ba a bi ka'idar ba to za a ga  ba daidai ba..
Tunda yake haka ne, rubutun Hausa shi ma, yana da ka'idarsa. Bin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa sau-da-kafa, su ke sa a sami rubutu mai Cikakkiyar ma'ana. Wato a sami daidaiton manufa tsakanin tunanain marubuci da kuma na makaranci.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://hemingwayapp.com/articles/grammar-punctuation/punctuation-marks&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

==Abin da ake nufi da ka'idojin rubutun hausa==
Ka'idojin rubutun Hausa, wani yanayi ne na lura da kiyaye ka'idojin harshen Hausa a rubuce domin samun damar isar da sakon da marubuci ke nufi zuwa ga mai karatu daidai da daidai, ba tare da canzawar ma'anar da marubuci ke nufi ba
. Haka kuma, yana samar da saukin fahimtar karatu daga mai karantawa.

== Fannonin Ka'idojin Rubutun Hausa ==
Fannonin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa da muke da su a nan, suna da dama. Kuma sune ginshin duk abinda ya kamata marubuci ya koya game da ka'idojin rubutun Hausa domin samun gwanancewa a rubutu. Don haka, zan zayyano su, sannan kuma na yi bayaninsu daki-daki kamar haka:

#Alamomin ajiye magana;
#Raba kalma da kuma hade kalma;
#Shaddatun tagwayen harufan Hausa;
#Gajera da doguwar mallaka;
#Dafa-keya 'w' da jakada 'w';
#Daurin 'm' da daurin 'n';

=='''1.0 Alamomin Ajiye Magana' (punctuation mark)'''== 
Ga Alamomin aje magana tare da bayanansu daki-daki:
* '''Aya / . /
* '''Waƙafi / . /
* '''Ayar tambaya / ? /
* '''Ruwa-biyu / : /
* '''Waƙafi m mai ruwa / ; /
* '''Karan-ɗori / - /
* '''Alamar zancen wani / &quot; &quot; /
* '''Baka-biyu / ( ) /
* '''Alamar Motsin rai / ! /
* '''Zarce / ... /

1.1 '''Aya / . /'''
Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta  cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali:

'''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.'''
idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan.

1.2== Wakafi/ , / ==
Wakafi, wata karmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali:

*'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.'''
To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: 
*'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.'''
A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe.

1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / ==
Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali:
* Aliyu ya zo?, 
* menene ake sayarwa?
Idan aka yi la'akari da missalan da ke sama, za a ga
an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkanin suna dauke da alamar tambaya. 
Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba:

Aliyu ya zo

A nan za a fahimci cewa, ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri.

1.4== Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/==
Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal:
# '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida)
# missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )'''

sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita
* idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:'''

* Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi;
* Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa;
* Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. 

A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da aka sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana.

==1.1 Aya / . /==
Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta  cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali:

'''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.'''
idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan.

==1.2 Wakafi/ , / ==
Waƙafi, wata ƙarmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali:

*'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.'''
To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: 
*'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.'''
A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe.

1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / ==
Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali:
* Aliyu ya zo?, 
* menene ake sayarwa?
Idan aka yi la'akari missalan da ke sama, za a ga
an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkaninsu suna dauke da alamar tambaya. 
Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba:

Aliyu ya zo

A nan za a fahimci cewa ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri.

==1.4 Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/==
Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal:
# '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida)
# missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )'''

sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita
* idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:'''

* Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi;
* Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa;
* Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. 

A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da na sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana.

==1.5 Waƙafi mai ruwa / ; / ==

wannan alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen raba jerin wasu jimloli ko kalmomi a cikin zance. 
Game da missali, a duba a missalin karshe na Aya mai ruwa, za a ga yadda aka bayyana abinda Shugaban kasa ya zayyana.  A nan za a ga an sa
Ka alamar /;/ a gaban kowacce jimla. 
Ga Karin missali:
* Shugqban makarantar ya gargadi dalibai cewa,idan sun tashi dawowa daga hutu, su zo da kayan karatu kamar irin wadannan:
# littafin koyon turanci, aji na biyar;
# littafin koyan lissafi, aji na biyar;
# littafin nazarin rayuwar dan Adam, aji na biyar;
# littafin koyan karatn Hausa, aji na biyar.
A wadannan missalai za a lura cewa, a duk karshen jimloli 3 na farko an saka alamaar tsayawa ta wakafi mai ruwa (;), in banda jimla ta karshe da aka yi wa alamar aya /./

==1.6 Karan-ɗori / - /==
Karan-dori, alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen hade kalmomi biyu ko sama da biyu, su zama kalma daya da ma'ana daya. Akan saka wannan alama ne a tsakanin kalmomi da suka zo iri daya ko wadanda suka zo daban-daban. Kin  saka wannan alama a inda ya dace, yakan kawo sabanin ma'ana tsakanin mawallafi da makaranci. Missali:
# malam-buda-mana-littafi (sunnan wani kafilfilo);
# fadi-ka-mutu (tangaran);
# fari-fari (abinda bai kai fari sosai ba);
# malfar-ungulu (wani tsiro ne); dss.
A lura da kyau, idan muka dauki missali na farko, (malam-buda-mana-littafi)  za mu ga yana nufin sunan wani abu wato (kafilfilo). Idan kuma ba a sa wannan alama ba a tsakankanin kalmomin (malam buda mana littafi) to rubutun ya zama wata jimla mai nufin umarni, maimakon kalma daya mai nufin sunan wani Kwaro. Wato, dalibai ne ke umartar malaminsu da ya buda masu littafi. Don haka, zamu fahimci cewa, idan an saka alamar, zancen ya zama Kalma daya kacal. Amma idan ba a sa alamar ba to rubutun ya zama jimla sukum.
# Karin Missali, idan mutum yana rubutu a cikin takarda ko kan allo, sai aka fara rubuta wata kalma da ta zo a karshen layi sannan kuma ba ta karasu duka ba, sai a saka karan-dori ( - ) kuma a karasata a layi na kasa.

==1.7 Alamar baka-biyu / ( ) /==
Wannan wata alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna karin bayani akan wata kalma, ko Jimla ko dai a kan wata maganar ta daban. Ga missalai nan kamar haka:
* Yaron da aka kama da laifin kisan matar, 'yar uwa ce ga mahaifin yaron (Gwaggon yaron ce)
* Gwamnan kano, Alh. Abba Kabir Yusuf, ya tura wakilinsa (Sunusi Nature) wajen Taron.
* # Ni mutum ne mai son a sami zaman lafiya tsakanin Musulmai da wanda ba Musulmai ba (Kiristoci).

==1.8 Ayar Motsin-rai / ! /==
Ayar Motsin-rai, wata alama ce da ke nuni da zaburar furuci cikin gaggawar kargafa murya. Hakan na faruwa ne yawanci a farkon bayyanar mury cikin Karfafawa, musamman a kalmomin; razana,mamaki, tausayi da kuma karfafar wata kalma a cikin wani zance na musamman. Alal Missali: '''Ah!, Wayyo!, Lah!, Innalillahi!, Kai!''' Da sauransu. Ga Karin missalai a cikin jimloli:
* Saurayin na zuwa ya nuna mata kyautar bazatar da ya zo mata da ita. Sai ta cika da mamaki,sannan ta ja wani gwauron numfashi sanan ta ce, '''La!''' Amma ko na gode '''sosai!'''
* A lokacin da yaron yake guje-guje cikin lalatattun Kujerun cikin ajin, sai ya taka kusa, ya ce, '''wayyo Allahna!''' jin haka malaminsu ya leko yana cewa, '''kai!''' Me ya faru.
* Haba, yana lekowa cikkin dare sai ya ga wani duhu-duhu  dab da shi. Aiko ya firgita ya ce '''waye nan!'''

Yanzu sai mu lura cewa, a Missali na daya (1), mun yi amfani da '''Lah!''' da kuma '''sosai!'''. A Missali na biyu (2) kuma mun yi amfani da '''wayyo Allah!''' tare da '''kai!'''. Har illa yau a Missali na uku (3) kuma na karshe, mun yi amfani da '''waye nan!'''.
Don haka, wadannan missalai, kadan ne daga cikin missalan '''ayar Motsin-rai / ! /''' Ko kuma inda ya kamata a yi amfani da ita. Sannan kuma, ya kamata a fahimci cewa, dole ne a sami karfafa murya a duk inda ake nufin '''ayar Motsin-rai,''' domin idan aka yi amfani da sanyin murya ma'ana ba za ta samu ba.

==1.9 Zarce / ... /==
Zarce wata alama ce ta digo-dogo akalla guda uku (...), da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna ketare wata kalma ko Jimla a cikin rubutu. Ana samun missalai ta bangarori da dama, mussan a cikin karin magana, tsaallake gurbin amasa wata tambaya, dss. Missali:
# '''Ban sa a ka ba,...''' A nan ba a bukatar karasa zancen ne, shi ya sa aka yi digo-dogon. Manufa a nan, duk Wanda aka yi wa karin maganar, ya karasa ma'anar a zuci ko ma a fili. Wto kenan sai ya karasa zuwa '''inji barawon tagiya'''
# Haka kuma, akan saka wannan alama / ... /, a tsarin tambayar '''cikke tazara'''. Missali:
* '''Sunan Babban birnin kasar Najeriya...''' a nana sai cike da '''Abuja''' ko makamancin haka.

=='''2.0 Rabawa Da Haɗa Kalma'''==
Raba kalma da hada kalma, abubuwa ne mabanbanta amma, masu alaka da juna. Da farko za mu dauki raba kalma. Kamar haka:

==2.1 Raba Kalma==
raba kalma na nufin, barin kalma ta ci gashin kanta duk kankantarta Kuma duk girmanta. Hakan, na nufin a barkalma a matayita ba tare da an hade ta da wata ba, don kaucewa rasa ma'ana ta asali. Wato dai,kin raba kalmomin a inda ya ya dace, yana haifar da chanjawar ma'ana. Missali:

* Shi ne, (kar a ce: shine)
* Ita ce, (kar a ce: itace)
* Wa ya je da su kasuwa? (Kar a ce: waya je dasu kasuwa?)
* Ba ni na zo da shi ba, (kar a ce: bani nazo dashi ba)
* Da ni da ku mu hada Kai, (kar a ce: Dani daku mu hadakai)

A nan, idan muka Laura, mafi yawancin kalmomin da aka yi amfani da su, masu gaba dai-dai ne. Kuma kowacce an bar ta a matayinta. Don haka mu duba Missali na farko: '''Shi ne.''' Kalmar farko '''shi''' wakilin suna ce, Kalmar '''ce''' kuwa tana cikin wani aji na nahawu da ake cewa dirka. Don hak, idan aka hade su kamar '''Shine''' kalmomi biyu daban-daban an hade guri daya, don haka sun zama kalma daya ke nan, wacce kwata-kwata babu ita a Hausa sai a Turancin Ingilishi. Wacce ke nufin '''sheki''' a harshen Hausa.

A Missali na hudu kuwa, ('''ba ni na zo da shi ba ''') za a fahimci cewa, kowacce kalma tana dauke da gaba daya ne. Kuma, duk da rashin tsawonsu,ba a hada wata da wata ba, domin kuwacce na cin gashin kanta. To hakan shi ne daidai. Inda kuwa an hada wata Kalmar da wata, ma'anarta za ta canza. Missali, idan aka hada '''da''' tare da '''shi,''' za su koma kalma daya kamar haka: '''dashi.''' kuma Kalmar tana nufin sunan wata itaciya ne.

==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance.

Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya)

==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance.

Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya)

=='''3.0 Shaddatun Tagwayen Harufan Hausa (Daurin tagwayen harufa)'''==
Shadda na nufin nanata harafi sau biyu, wtau abinda ake kira dauri. Sannan kuma, muna da tagwayen harufa a harshen Hausa,kamar, '''gw, gy, fy,' sh.''' da sauransu. Wadannan tagwayen harufa ana daurinsu a yayin rubuta wasu kalmomi, kamar, Sha'''ssha'''ka. A nan ga missalan yadda ya kamata a rubuta su dalla-dalla:
* fya'''ffy'''ade (ba fya'''fyfy'''ade ba)
* Sha'''ssh'''aka (ba Sha'''shsh'''aka ba)
* gwa'''ggw'''ale (ba gwa'''gwgw'''ale ba)
* gya'''ggy'''ara (ba gya'''gygy'''ara ba)
* kya'''kky'''awa (ba kya'''kyky'''awa ba)
* tsa'''tts'''ewala (ba tsa'''tsts'''ewala ba)
* kwa'''kkw'''afe (ba kwa'''kwkw'''afe ba)

=='''4.0 Kalmomin Mallaka'''==
Kalmomin Mallaka, wasu kalmomi ne da ake amfani da su wajen nuna faruwar mallaka a cikin rubutu. Game da ka'idojin rubun Hausa, an tanadar da hanyoyi biyu domin samar da rubutu mai inganci.
Don haka, muna da gajerar mallaka da kuma doguwar mallaka.

===4.1 Gajerar Mallaka===
Gajerar mallaka, ita ake hade Kalmar abinda aka mallaka da wakilin sunan abin da aka mallaka da wakilin sunan wanda yai mallaka a guri daya.missli: gida+na= ('''gidana''') a nan za a fahimci cewa, kalmar 'gida' da kalmar 'na' an haɗa su a guri ɗaya sun zama kamar kalma guda. A kiyaye da cewa, gajerar mallaka haɗe ta ake yi. Don haka, akwai ƙarin missalai kamar haka:
*Jakarta ba jakar ta ba;
*ajinsu ba ajin su ba;
*matata ba mata ta ba;
*ɗakinki ba ɗakin ki ba;
*motarka ba motar ka ba. 
*masallacinku ba Masallacin ku ba. Da sauransu.

==='''4.2 Doguwar Mallaka'''===

Ita doguwar mallaka, ba a haɗe ake rubuta ta ba. Wato ke nan, ana rabewa tsakanin abinda aka mallaka da kuma wakilin sunan mai mallaka. Ga missalai kamar haka:
* Jakar tata
* Ɗakin nasu
* Wayar tawa
* Littafin nashi
* Gonar taku
* Masallacin nawa
* Takalmin namu

Da haka, za mu fahimci cewa akwai banbanci tsakanin doguwar mallaka da gajerar mallaka.  Mu tuna da missalin farko na doguwar. Wato &quot;'''jakar tata'''&quot; ma'ana, an rubuta &quot;'''jakar'''&quot; daban, ita ma, &quot;'''tata'''&quot; daban. idan kuma a gajerar mallaka ne sai a rubuta &quot;'''jakarta'''&quot; a haɗe. Wato dai ana haɗa &quot;'''jakar'''&quot; da kuma &quot;'''ta'''&quot; a haɗe ('''jakarta''')

== Manazararta==</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>889993</id>
      <parentid>889992</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-01T06:38:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Baban Asiya</username>
        <id>15906</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* 3.0 Shaddatun Tagwayen Harufan Hausa (Daurin tagwayen harufa) */</comment>
      <origin>889993</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="18331" sha1="gwmjj4jwij4k5i2hvc3r1h1y09l8qxi" xml:space="preserve">== Ƙa'idojin rubutun hausa ==
Kamar yadda aka sani, kowanne lamari na duniya yana da ka'idar yadda ya kamata a gudanar da shi. Kuma bin ƙa'idar ita ke sa a sami dacen yadda ake bukata ba tare da an fuskanci wata matsala ba. Idan kuma ba a bi ka'idar ba to za a ga  ba daidai ba..
Tunda yake haka ne, rubutun Hausa shi ma, yana da ka'idarsa. Bin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa sau-da-kafa, su ke sa a sami rubutu mai Cikakkiyar ma'ana. Wato a sami daidaiton manufa tsakanin tunanain marubuci da kuma na makaranci.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://hemingwayapp.com/articles/grammar-punctuation/punctuation-marks&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

==Abin da ake nufi da ka'idojin rubutun hausa==
Ka'idojin rubutun Hausa, wani yanayi ne na lura da kiyaye ka'idojin harshen Hausa a rubuce domin samun damar isar da sakon da marubuci ke nufi zuwa ga mai karatu daidai da daidai, ba tare da canzawar ma'anar da marubuci ke nufi ba
. Haka kuma, yana samar da saukin fahimtar karatu daga mai karantawa.

== Fannonin Ka'idojin Rubutun Hausa ==
Fannonin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa da muke da su a nan, suna da dama. Kuma sune ginshin duk abinda ya kamata marubuci ya koya game da ka'idojin rubutun Hausa domin samun gwanancewa a rubutu. Don haka, zan zayyano su, sannan kuma na yi bayaninsu daki-daki kamar haka:

#Alamomin ajiye magana;
#Raba kalma da kuma hade kalma;
#Shaddatun tagwayen harufan Hausa;
#Gajera da doguwar mallaka;
#Dafa-keya 'w' da jakada 'w';
#Daurin 'm' da daurin 'n';

=='''1.0 Alamomin Ajiye Magana' (punctuation mark)'''== 
Ga Alamomin aje magana tare da bayanansu daki-daki:
* '''Aya / . /
* '''Waƙafi / . /
* '''Ayar tambaya / ? /
* '''Ruwa-biyu / : /
* '''Waƙafi m mai ruwa / ; /
* '''Karan-ɗori / - /
* '''Alamar zancen wani / &quot; &quot; /
* '''Baka-biyu / ( ) /
* '''Alamar Motsin rai / ! /
* '''Zarce / ... /

1.1 '''Aya / . /'''
Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta  cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali:

'''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.'''
idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan.

1.2== Wakafi/ , / ==
Wakafi, wata karmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali:

*'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.'''
To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: 
*'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.'''
A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe.

1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / ==
Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali:
* Aliyu ya zo?, 
* menene ake sayarwa?
Idan aka yi la'akari da missalan da ke sama, za a ga
an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkanin suna dauke da alamar tambaya. 
Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba:

Aliyu ya zo

A nan za a fahimci cewa, ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri.

1.4== Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/==
Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal:
# '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida)
# missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )'''

sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita
* idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:'''

* Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi;
* Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa;
* Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. 

A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da aka sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana.

==1.1 Aya / . /==
Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta  cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali:

'''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.'''
idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan.

==1.2 Wakafi/ , / ==
Waƙafi, wata ƙarmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali:

*'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.'''
To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: 
*'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.'''
A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe.

1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / ==
Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali:
* Aliyu ya zo?, 
* menene ake sayarwa?
Idan aka yi la'akari missalan da ke sama, za a ga
an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkaninsu suna dauke da alamar tambaya. 
Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba:

Aliyu ya zo

A nan za a fahimci cewa ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri.

==1.4 Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/==
Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal:
# '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida)
# missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )'''

sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita
* idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:'''

* Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi;
* Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa;
* Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. 

A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da na sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana.

==1.5 Waƙafi mai ruwa / ; / ==

wannan alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen raba jerin wasu jimloli ko kalmomi a cikin zance. 
Game da missali, a duba a missalin karshe na Aya mai ruwa, za a ga yadda aka bayyana abinda Shugaban kasa ya zayyana.  A nan za a ga an sa
Ka alamar /;/ a gaban kowacce jimla. 
Ga Karin missali:
* Shugqban makarantar ya gargadi dalibai cewa,idan sun tashi dawowa daga hutu, su zo da kayan karatu kamar irin wadannan:
# littafin koyon turanci, aji na biyar;
# littafin koyan lissafi, aji na biyar;
# littafin nazarin rayuwar dan Adam, aji na biyar;
# littafin koyan karatn Hausa, aji na biyar.
A wadannan missalai za a lura cewa, a duk karshen jimloli 3 na farko an saka alamaar tsayawa ta wakafi mai ruwa (;), in banda jimla ta karshe da aka yi wa alamar aya /./

==1.6 Karan-ɗori / - /==
Karan-dori, alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen hade kalmomi biyu ko sama da biyu, su zama kalma daya da ma'ana daya. Akan saka wannan alama ne a tsakanin kalmomi da suka zo iri daya ko wadanda suka zo daban-daban. Kin  saka wannan alama a inda ya dace, yakan kawo sabanin ma'ana tsakanin mawallafi da makaranci. Missali:
# malam-buda-mana-littafi (sunnan wani kafilfilo);
# fadi-ka-mutu (tangaran);
# fari-fari (abinda bai kai fari sosai ba);
# malfar-ungulu (wani tsiro ne); dss.
A lura da kyau, idan muka dauki missali na farko, (malam-buda-mana-littafi)  za mu ga yana nufin sunan wani abu wato (kafilfilo). Idan kuma ba a sa wannan alama ba a tsakankanin kalmomin (malam buda mana littafi) to rubutun ya zama wata jimla mai nufin umarni, maimakon kalma daya mai nufin sunan wani Kwaro. Wato, dalibai ne ke umartar malaminsu da ya buda masu littafi. Don haka, zamu fahimci cewa, idan an saka alamar, zancen ya zama Kalma daya kacal. Amma idan ba a sa alamar ba to rubutun ya zama jimla sukum.
# Karin Missali, idan mutum yana rubutu a cikin takarda ko kan allo, sai aka fara rubuta wata kalma da ta zo a karshen layi sannan kuma ba ta karasu duka ba, sai a saka karan-dori ( - ) kuma a karasata a layi na kasa.

==1.7 Alamar baka-biyu / ( ) /==
Wannan wata alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna karin bayani akan wata kalma, ko Jimla ko dai a kan wata maganar ta daban. Ga missalai nan kamar haka:
* Yaron da aka kama da laifin kisan matar, 'yar uwa ce ga mahaifin yaron (Gwaggon yaron ce)
* Gwamnan kano, Alh. Abba Kabir Yusuf, ya tura wakilinsa (Sunusi Nature) wajen Taron.
* # Ni mutum ne mai son a sami zaman lafiya tsakanin Musulmai da wanda ba Musulmai ba (Kiristoci).

==1.8 Ayar Motsin-rai / ! /==
Ayar Motsin-rai, wata alama ce da ke nuni da zaburar furuci cikin gaggawar kargafa murya. Hakan na faruwa ne yawanci a farkon bayyanar mury cikin Karfafawa, musamman a kalmomin; razana,mamaki, tausayi da kuma karfafar wata kalma a cikin wani zance na musamman. Alal Missali: '''Ah!, Wayyo!, Lah!, Innalillahi!, Kai!''' Da sauransu. Ga Karin missalai a cikin jimloli:
* Saurayin na zuwa ya nuna mata kyautar bazatar da ya zo mata da ita. Sai ta cika da mamaki,sannan ta ja wani gwauron numfashi sanan ta ce, '''La!''' Amma ko na gode '''sosai!'''
* A lokacin da yaron yake guje-guje cikin lalatattun Kujerun cikin ajin, sai ya taka kusa, ya ce, '''wayyo Allahna!''' jin haka malaminsu ya leko yana cewa, '''kai!''' Me ya faru.
* Haba, yana lekowa cikkin dare sai ya ga wani duhu-duhu  dab da shi. Aiko ya firgita ya ce '''waye nan!'''

Yanzu sai mu lura cewa, a Missali na daya (1), mun yi amfani da '''Lah!''' da kuma '''sosai!'''. A Missali na biyu (2) kuma mun yi amfani da '''wayyo Allah!''' tare da '''kai!'''. Har illa yau a Missali na uku (3) kuma na karshe, mun yi amfani da '''waye nan!'''.
Don haka, wadannan missalai, kadan ne daga cikin missalan '''ayar Motsin-rai / ! /''' Ko kuma inda ya kamata a yi amfani da ita. Sannan kuma, ya kamata a fahimci cewa, dole ne a sami karfafa murya a duk inda ake nufin '''ayar Motsin-rai,''' domin idan aka yi amfani da sanyin murya ma'ana ba za ta samu ba.

==1.9 Zarce / ... /==
Zarce wata alama ce ta digo-dogo akalla guda uku (...), da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna ketare wata kalma ko Jimla a cikin rubutu. Ana samun missalai ta bangarori da dama, mussan a cikin karin magana, tsaallake gurbin amasa wata tambaya, dss. Missali:
# '''Ban sa a ka ba,...''' A nan ba a bukatar karasa zancen ne, shi ya sa aka yi digo-dogon. Manufa a nan, duk Wanda aka yi wa karin maganar, ya karasa ma'anar a zuci ko ma a fili. Wto kenan sai ya karasa zuwa '''inji barawon tagiya'''
# Haka kuma, akan saka wannan alama / ... /, a tsarin tambayar '''cikke tazara'''. Missali:
* '''Sunan Babban birnin kasar Najeriya...''' a nana sai cike da '''Abuja''' ko makamancin haka.

=='''2.0 Rabawa Da Haɗa Kalma'''==
Raba kalma da hada kalma, abubuwa ne mabanbanta amma, masu alaka da juna. Da farko za mu dauki raba kalma. Kamar haka:

==2.1 Raba Kalma==
raba kalma na nufin, barin kalma ta ci gashin kanta duk kankantarta Kuma duk girmanta. Hakan, na nufin a barkalma a matayita ba tare da an hade ta da wata ba, don kaucewa rasa ma'ana ta asali. Wato dai,kin raba kalmomin a inda ya ya dace, yana haifar da chanjawar ma'ana. Missali:

* Shi ne, (kar a ce: shine)
* Ita ce, (kar a ce: itace)
* Wa ya je da su kasuwa? (Kar a ce: waya je dasu kasuwa?)
* Ba ni na zo da shi ba, (kar a ce: bani nazo dashi ba)
* Da ni da ku mu hada Kai, (kar a ce: Dani daku mu hadakai)

A nan, idan muka Laura, mafi yawancin kalmomin da aka yi amfani da su, masu gaba dai-dai ne. Kuma kowacce an bar ta a matayinta. Don haka mu duba Missali na farko: '''Shi ne.''' Kalmar farko '''shi''' wakilin suna ce, Kalmar '''ce''' kuwa tana cikin wani aji na nahawu da ake cewa dirka. Don hak, idan aka hade su kamar '''Shine''' kalmomi biyu daban-daban an hade guri daya, don haka sun zama kalma daya ke nan, wacce kwata-kwata babu ita a Hausa sai a Turancin Ingilishi. Wacce ke nufin '''sheki''' a harshen Hausa.

A Missali na hudu kuwa, ('''ba ni na zo da shi ba ''') za a fahimci cewa, kowacce kalma tana dauke da gaba daya ne. Kuma, duk da rashin tsawonsu,ba a hada wata da wata ba, domin kuwacce na cin gashin kanta. To hakan shi ne daidai. Inda kuwa an hada wata Kalmar da wata, ma'anarta za ta canza. Missali, idan aka hada '''da''' tare da '''shi,''' za su koma kalma daya kamar haka: '''dashi.''' kuma Kalmar tana nufin sunan wata itaciya ne.

==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance.

Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya)

==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance.

Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya)

=='''3.0 Shaddatun Tagwayen Harufan Hausa (Daurin tagwayen harufa)'''==
Shadda na nufin nanata harafi sau biyu, wtau abinda ake kira dauri. Sannan kuma, muna da tagwayen harufa a harshen Hausa,kamar, '''gw, gy, fy,' sh.''' da sauransu. Wadannan tagwayen harufa ana daurinsu a yayin rubuta wasu kalmomi, kamar, Sha'''ssha'''ka. A nan ga missalan yadda ya kamata a rubuta su dalla-dalla:
* fya'''ffy'''ade (ba fya'''fyfy'''ade ba)
* Sha'''ssh'''aka (ba Sha'''shsh'''aka ba)
* gwa'''ggw'''ale (ba gwa'''gwgw'''ale ba)
* gya'''ggy'''ara (ba gya'''gygy'''ara ba)
* kya'''kky'''awa (ba kya'''kyky'''awa ba)
* tsa'''tts'''ewala (ba tsa'''tsts'''ewala ba)
* kwa'''kkw'''afe (ba kwa'''kwkw'''afe ba)
Idan mun lura za

=='''4.0 Kalmomin Mallaka'''==
Kalmomin Mallaka, wasu kalmomi ne da ake amfani da su wajen nuna faruwar mallaka a cikin rubutu. Game da ka'idojin rubun Hausa, an tanadar da hanyoyi biyu domin samar da rubutu mai inganci.
Don haka, muna da gajerar mallaka da kuma doguwar mallaka.

===4.1 Gajerar Mallaka===
Gajerar mallaka, ita ake hade Kalmar abinda aka mallaka da wakilin sunan abin da aka mallaka da wakilin sunan wanda yai mallaka a guri daya.missli: gida+na= ('''gidana''') a nan za a fahimci cewa, kalmar 'gida' da kalmar 'na' an haɗa su a guri ɗaya sun zama kamar kalma guda. A kiyaye da cewa, gajerar mallaka haɗe ta ake yi. Don haka, akwai ƙarin missalai kamar haka:
*Jakarta ba jakar ta ba;
*ajinsu ba ajin su ba;
*matata ba mata ta ba;
*ɗakinki ba ɗakin ki ba;
*motarka ba motar ka ba. 
*masallacinku ba Masallacin ku ba. Da sauransu.

==='''4.2 Doguwar Mallaka'''===

Ita doguwar mallaka, ba a haɗe ake rubuta ta ba. Wato ke nan, ana rabewa tsakanin abinda aka mallaka da kuma wakilin sunan mai mallaka. Ga missalai kamar haka:
* Jakar tata
* Ɗakin nasu
* Wayar tawa
* Littafin nashi
* Gonar taku
* Masallacin nawa
* Takalmin namu

Da haka, za mu fahimci cewa akwai banbanci tsakanin doguwar mallaka da gajerar mallaka.  Mu tuna da missalin farko na doguwar. Wato &quot;'''jakar tata'''&quot; ma'ana, an rubuta &quot;'''jakar'''&quot; daban, ita ma, &quot;'''tata'''&quot; daban. idan kuma a gajerar mallaka ne sai a rubuta &quot;'''jakarta'''&quot; a haɗe. Wato dai ana haɗa &quot;'''jakar'''&quot; da kuma &quot;'''ta'''&quot; a haɗe ('''jakarta''')

== Manazararta==</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>889995</id>
      <parentid>889993</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-01T06:39:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Baban Asiya</username>
        <id>15906</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* 3.0 Shaddatun Tagwayen Harufan Hausa (Daurin tagwayen harufa) */</comment>
      <origin>889995</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="18343" sha1="8dre0in7pqzsxczp8bn88xcbxgonj4l" xml:space="preserve">== Ƙa'idojin rubutun hausa ==
Kamar yadda aka sani, kowanne lamari na duniya yana da ka'idar yadda ya kamata a gudanar da shi. Kuma bin ƙa'idar ita ke sa a sami dacen yadda ake bukata ba tare da an fuskanci wata matsala ba. Idan kuma ba a bi ka'idar ba to za a ga  ba daidai ba..
Tunda yake haka ne, rubutun Hausa shi ma, yana da ka'idarsa. Bin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa sau-da-kafa, su ke sa a sami rubutu mai Cikakkiyar ma'ana. Wato a sami daidaiton manufa tsakanin tunanain marubuci da kuma na makaranci.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://hemingwayapp.com/articles/grammar-punctuation/punctuation-marks&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

==Abin da ake nufi da ka'idojin rubutun hausa==
Ka'idojin rubutun Hausa, wani yanayi ne na lura da kiyaye ka'idojin harshen Hausa a rubuce domin samun damar isar da sakon da marubuci ke nufi zuwa ga mai karatu daidai da daidai, ba tare da canzawar ma'anar da marubuci ke nufi ba
. Haka kuma, yana samar da saukin fahimtar karatu daga mai karantawa.

== Fannonin Ka'idojin Rubutun Hausa ==
Fannonin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa da muke da su a nan, suna da dama. Kuma sune ginshin duk abinda ya kamata marubuci ya koya game da ka'idojin rubutun Hausa domin samun gwanancewa a rubutu. Don haka, zan zayyano su, sannan kuma na yi bayaninsu daki-daki kamar haka:

#Alamomin ajiye magana;
#Raba kalma da kuma hade kalma;
#Shaddatun tagwayen harufan Hausa;
#Gajera da doguwar mallaka;
#Dafa-keya 'w' da jakada 'w';
#Daurin 'm' da daurin 'n';

=='''1.0 Alamomin Ajiye Magana' (punctuation mark)'''== 
Ga Alamomin aje magana tare da bayanansu daki-daki:
* '''Aya / . /
* '''Waƙafi / . /
* '''Ayar tambaya / ? /
* '''Ruwa-biyu / : /
* '''Waƙafi m mai ruwa / ; /
* '''Karan-ɗori / - /
* '''Alamar zancen wani / &quot; &quot; /
* '''Baka-biyu / ( ) /
* '''Alamar Motsin rai / ! /
* '''Zarce / ... /

1.1 '''Aya / . /'''
Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta  cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali:

'''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.'''
idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan.

1.2== Wakafi/ , / ==
Wakafi, wata karmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali:

*'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.'''
To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: 
*'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.'''
A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe.

1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / ==
Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali:
* Aliyu ya zo?, 
* menene ake sayarwa?
Idan aka yi la'akari da missalan da ke sama, za a ga
an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkanin suna dauke da alamar tambaya. 
Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba:

Aliyu ya zo

A nan za a fahimci cewa, ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri.

1.4== Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/==
Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal:
# '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida)
# missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )'''

sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita
* idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:'''

* Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi;
* Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa;
* Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. 

A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da aka sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana.

==1.1 Aya / . /==
Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta  cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali:

'''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.'''
idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan.

==1.2 Wakafi/ , / ==
Waƙafi, wata ƙarmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali:

*'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.'''
To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: 
*'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.'''
A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe.

1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / ==
Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali:
* Aliyu ya zo?, 
* menene ake sayarwa?
Idan aka yi la'akari missalan da ke sama, za a ga
an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkaninsu suna dauke da alamar tambaya. 
Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba:

Aliyu ya zo

A nan za a fahimci cewa ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri.

==1.4 Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/==
Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal:
# '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida)
# missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )'''

sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita
* idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:'''

* Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi;
* Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa;
* Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. 

A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da na sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana.

==1.5 Waƙafi mai ruwa / ; / ==

wannan alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen raba jerin wasu jimloli ko kalmomi a cikin zance. 
Game da missali, a duba a missalin karshe na Aya mai ruwa, za a ga yadda aka bayyana abinda Shugaban kasa ya zayyana.  A nan za a ga an sa
Ka alamar /;/ a gaban kowacce jimla. 
Ga Karin missali:
* Shugqban makarantar ya gargadi dalibai cewa,idan sun tashi dawowa daga hutu, su zo da kayan karatu kamar irin wadannan:
# littafin koyon turanci, aji na biyar;
# littafin koyan lissafi, aji na biyar;
# littafin nazarin rayuwar dan Adam, aji na biyar;
# littafin koyan karatn Hausa, aji na biyar.
A wadannan missalai za a lura cewa, a duk karshen jimloli 3 na farko an saka alamaar tsayawa ta wakafi mai ruwa (;), in banda jimla ta karshe da aka yi wa alamar aya /./

==1.6 Karan-ɗori / - /==
Karan-dori, alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen hade kalmomi biyu ko sama da biyu, su zama kalma daya da ma'ana daya. Akan saka wannan alama ne a tsakanin kalmomi da suka zo iri daya ko wadanda suka zo daban-daban. Kin  saka wannan alama a inda ya dace, yakan kawo sabanin ma'ana tsakanin mawallafi da makaranci. Missali:
# malam-buda-mana-littafi (sunnan wani kafilfilo);
# fadi-ka-mutu (tangaran);
# fari-fari (abinda bai kai fari sosai ba);
# malfar-ungulu (wani tsiro ne); dss.
A lura da kyau, idan muka dauki missali na farko, (malam-buda-mana-littafi)  za mu ga yana nufin sunan wani abu wato (kafilfilo). Idan kuma ba a sa wannan alama ba a tsakankanin kalmomin (malam buda mana littafi) to rubutun ya zama wata jimla mai nufin umarni, maimakon kalma daya mai nufin sunan wani Kwaro. Wato, dalibai ne ke umartar malaminsu da ya buda masu littafi. Don haka, zamu fahimci cewa, idan an saka alamar, zancen ya zama Kalma daya kacal. Amma idan ba a sa alamar ba to rubutun ya zama jimla sukum.
# Karin Missali, idan mutum yana rubutu a cikin takarda ko kan allo, sai aka fara rubuta wata kalma da ta zo a karshen layi sannan kuma ba ta karasu duka ba, sai a saka karan-dori ( - ) kuma a karasata a layi na kasa.

==1.7 Alamar baka-biyu / ( ) /==
Wannan wata alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna karin bayani akan wata kalma, ko Jimla ko dai a kan wata maganar ta daban. Ga missalai nan kamar haka:
* Yaron da aka kama da laifin kisan matar, 'yar uwa ce ga mahaifin yaron (Gwaggon yaron ce)
* Gwamnan kano, Alh. Abba Kabir Yusuf, ya tura wakilinsa (Sunusi Nature) wajen Taron.
* # Ni mutum ne mai son a sami zaman lafiya tsakanin Musulmai da wanda ba Musulmai ba (Kiristoci).

==1.8 Ayar Motsin-rai / ! /==
Ayar Motsin-rai, wata alama ce da ke nuni da zaburar furuci cikin gaggawar kargafa murya. Hakan na faruwa ne yawanci a farkon bayyanar mury cikin Karfafawa, musamman a kalmomin; razana,mamaki, tausayi da kuma karfafar wata kalma a cikin wani zance na musamman. Alal Missali: '''Ah!, Wayyo!, Lah!, Innalillahi!, Kai!''' Da sauransu. Ga Karin missalai a cikin jimloli:
* Saurayin na zuwa ya nuna mata kyautar bazatar da ya zo mata da ita. Sai ta cika da mamaki,sannan ta ja wani gwauron numfashi sanan ta ce, '''La!''' Amma ko na gode '''sosai!'''
* A lokacin da yaron yake guje-guje cikin lalatattun Kujerun cikin ajin, sai ya taka kusa, ya ce, '''wayyo Allahna!''' jin haka malaminsu ya leko yana cewa, '''kai!''' Me ya faru.
* Haba, yana lekowa cikkin dare sai ya ga wani duhu-duhu  dab da shi. Aiko ya firgita ya ce '''waye nan!'''

Yanzu sai mu lura cewa, a Missali na daya (1), mun yi amfani da '''Lah!''' da kuma '''sosai!'''. A Missali na biyu (2) kuma mun yi amfani da '''wayyo Allah!''' tare da '''kai!'''. Har illa yau a Missali na uku (3) kuma na karshe, mun yi amfani da '''waye nan!'''.
Don haka, wadannan missalai, kadan ne daga cikin missalan '''ayar Motsin-rai / ! /''' Ko kuma inda ya kamata a yi amfani da ita. Sannan kuma, ya kamata a fahimci cewa, dole ne a sami karfafa murya a duk inda ake nufin '''ayar Motsin-rai,''' domin idan aka yi amfani da sanyin murya ma'ana ba za ta samu ba.

==1.9 Zarce / ... /==
Zarce wata alama ce ta digo-dogo akalla guda uku (...), da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna ketare wata kalma ko Jimla a cikin rubutu. Ana samun missalai ta bangarori da dama, mussan a cikin karin magana, tsaallake gurbin amasa wata tambaya, dss. Missali:
# '''Ban sa a ka ba,...''' A nan ba a bukatar karasa zancen ne, shi ya sa aka yi digo-dogon. Manufa a nan, duk Wanda aka yi wa karin maganar, ya karasa ma'anar a zuci ko ma a fili. Wto kenan sai ya karasa zuwa '''inji barawon tagiya'''
# Haka kuma, akan saka wannan alama / ... /, a tsarin tambayar '''cikke tazara'''. Missali:
* '''Sunan Babban birnin kasar Najeriya...''' a nana sai cike da '''Abuja''' ko makamancin haka.

=='''2.0 Rabawa Da Haɗa Kalma'''==
Raba kalma da hada kalma, abubuwa ne mabanbanta amma, masu alaka da juna. Da farko za mu dauki raba kalma. Kamar haka:

==2.1 Raba Kalma==
raba kalma na nufin, barin kalma ta ci gashin kanta duk kankantarta Kuma duk girmanta. Hakan, na nufin a barkalma a matayita ba tare da an hade ta da wata ba, don kaucewa rasa ma'ana ta asali. Wato dai,kin raba kalmomin a inda ya ya dace, yana haifar da chanjawar ma'ana. Missali:

* Shi ne, (kar a ce: shine)
* Ita ce, (kar a ce: itace)
* Wa ya je da su kasuwa? (Kar a ce: waya je dasu kasuwa?)
* Ba ni na zo da shi ba, (kar a ce: bani nazo dashi ba)
* Da ni da ku mu hada Kai, (kar a ce: Dani daku mu hadakai)

A nan, idan muka Laura, mafi yawancin kalmomin da aka yi amfani da su, masu gaba dai-dai ne. Kuma kowacce an bar ta a matayinta. Don haka mu duba Missali na farko: '''Shi ne.''' Kalmar farko '''shi''' wakilin suna ce, Kalmar '''ce''' kuwa tana cikin wani aji na nahawu da ake cewa dirka. Don hak, idan aka hade su kamar '''Shine''' kalmomi biyu daban-daban an hade guri daya, don haka sun zama kalma daya ke nan, wacce kwata-kwata babu ita a Hausa sai a Turancin Ingilishi. Wacce ke nufin '''sheki''' a harshen Hausa.

A Missali na hudu kuwa, ('''ba ni na zo da shi ba ''') za a fahimci cewa, kowacce kalma tana dauke da gaba daya ne. Kuma, duk da rashin tsawonsu,ba a hada wata da wata ba, domin kuwacce na cin gashin kanta. To hakan shi ne daidai. Inda kuwa an hada wata Kalmar da wata, ma'anarta za ta canza. Missali, idan aka hada '''da''' tare da '''shi,''' za su koma kalma daya kamar haka: '''dashi.''' kuma Kalmar tana nufin sunan wata itaciya ne.

==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance.

Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya)

==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance.

Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya)

=='''3.0 Shaddatun Tagwayen Harufan Hausa (Daurin tagwayen harufa)'''==
Shadda na nufin nanata harafi sau biyu, wtau abinda ake kira dauri. Sannan kuma, muna da tagwayen harufa a harshen Hausa,kamar, '''gw, gy, fy,' sh.''' da sauransu. Wadannan tagwayen harufa ana daurinsu a yayin rubuta wasu kalmomi, kamar, Sha'''ssha'''ka. A nan ga missalan yadda ya kamata a rubuta su dalla-dalla:
* fya'''ffy'''ade (ba fya'''fyfy'''ade ba)
* Sha'''ssh'''aka (ba Sha'''shsh'''aka ba)
* gwa'''ggw'''ale (ba gwa'''gwgw'''ale ba)
* gya'''ggy'''ara (ba gya'''gygy'''ara ba)
* kya'''kky'''awa (ba kya'''kyky'''awa ba)
* tsa'''tts'''ewala (ba tsa'''tsts'''ewala ba)
* kwa'''kkw'''afe (ba kwa'''kwkw'''afe ba)
Idan mun lura za mu ga cewa,

=='''4.0 Kalmomin Mallaka'''==
Kalmomin Mallaka, wasu kalmomi ne da ake amfani da su wajen nuna faruwar mallaka a cikin rubutu. Game da ka'idojin rubun Hausa, an tanadar da hanyoyi biyu domin samar da rubutu mai inganci.
Don haka, muna da gajerar mallaka da kuma doguwar mallaka.

===4.1 Gajerar Mallaka===
Gajerar mallaka, ita ake hade Kalmar abinda aka mallaka da wakilin sunan abin da aka mallaka da wakilin sunan wanda yai mallaka a guri daya.missli: gida+na= ('''gidana''') a nan za a fahimci cewa, kalmar 'gida' da kalmar 'na' an haɗa su a guri ɗaya sun zama kamar kalma guda. A kiyaye da cewa, gajerar mallaka haɗe ta ake yi. Don haka, akwai ƙarin missalai kamar haka:
*Jakarta ba jakar ta ba;
*ajinsu ba ajin su ba;
*matata ba mata ta ba;
*ɗakinki ba ɗakin ki ba;
*motarka ba motar ka ba. 
*masallacinku ba Masallacin ku ba. Da sauransu.

==='''4.2 Doguwar Mallaka'''===

Ita doguwar mallaka, ba a haɗe ake rubuta ta ba. Wato ke nan, ana rabewa tsakanin abinda aka mallaka da kuma wakilin sunan mai mallaka. Ga missalai kamar haka:
* Jakar tata
* Ɗakin nasu
* Wayar tawa
* Littafin nashi
* Gonar taku
* Masallacin nawa
* Takalmin namu

Da haka, za mu fahimci cewa akwai banbanci tsakanin doguwar mallaka da gajerar mallaka.  Mu tuna da missalin farko na doguwar. Wato &quot;'''jakar tata'''&quot; ma'ana, an rubuta &quot;'''jakar'''&quot; daban, ita ma, &quot;'''tata'''&quot; daban. idan kuma a gajerar mallaka ne sai a rubuta &quot;'''jakarta'''&quot; a haɗe. Wato dai ana haɗa &quot;'''jakar'''&quot; da kuma &quot;'''ta'''&quot; a haɗe ('''jakarta''')

== Manazararta==</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>889996</id>
      <parentid>889995</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-01T06:41:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Baban Asiya</username>
        <id>15906</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* 3.0 Shaddatun Tagwayen Harufan Hausa (Daurin tagwayen harufa) */</comment>
      <origin>889996</origin>
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      <text bytes="18393" sha1="kvva3k4fwu4lv6m0z0nt3645291ndlc" xml:space="preserve">== Ƙa'idojin rubutun hausa ==
Kamar yadda aka sani, kowanne lamari na duniya yana da ka'idar yadda ya kamata a gudanar da shi. Kuma bin ƙa'idar ita ke sa a sami dacen yadda ake bukata ba tare da an fuskanci wata matsala ba. Idan kuma ba a bi ka'idar ba to za a ga  ba daidai ba..
Tunda yake haka ne, rubutun Hausa shi ma, yana da ka'idarsa. Bin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa sau-da-kafa, su ke sa a sami rubutu mai Cikakkiyar ma'ana. Wato a sami daidaiton manufa tsakanin tunanain marubuci da kuma na makaranci.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://hemingwayapp.com/articles/grammar-punctuation/punctuation-marks&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

==Abin da ake nufi da ka'idojin rubutun hausa==
Ka'idojin rubutun Hausa, wani yanayi ne na lura da kiyaye ka'idojin harshen Hausa a rubuce domin samun damar isar da sakon da marubuci ke nufi zuwa ga mai karatu daidai da daidai, ba tare da canzawar ma'anar da marubuci ke nufi ba
. Haka kuma, yana samar da saukin fahimtar karatu daga mai karantawa.

== Fannonin Ka'idojin Rubutun Hausa ==
Fannonin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa da muke da su a nan, suna da dama. Kuma sune ginshin duk abinda ya kamata marubuci ya koya game da ka'idojin rubutun Hausa domin samun gwanancewa a rubutu. Don haka, zan zayyano su, sannan kuma na yi bayaninsu daki-daki kamar haka:

#Alamomin ajiye magana;
#Raba kalma da kuma hade kalma;
#Shaddatun tagwayen harufan Hausa;
#Gajera da doguwar mallaka;
#Dafa-keya 'w' da jakada 'w';
#Daurin 'm' da daurin 'n';

=='''1.0 Alamomin Ajiye Magana' (punctuation mark)'''== 
Ga Alamomin aje magana tare da bayanansu daki-daki:
* '''Aya / . /
* '''Waƙafi / . /
* '''Ayar tambaya / ? /
* '''Ruwa-biyu / : /
* '''Waƙafi m mai ruwa / ; /
* '''Karan-ɗori / - /
* '''Alamar zancen wani / &quot; &quot; /
* '''Baka-biyu / ( ) /
* '''Alamar Motsin rai / ! /
* '''Zarce / ... /

1.1 '''Aya / . /'''
Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta  cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali:

'''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.'''
idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan.

1.2== Wakafi/ , / ==
Wakafi, wata karmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali:

*'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.'''
To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: 
*'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.'''
A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe.

1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / ==
Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali:
* Aliyu ya zo?, 
* menene ake sayarwa?
Idan aka yi la'akari da missalan da ke sama, za a ga
an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkanin suna dauke da alamar tambaya. 
Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba:

Aliyu ya zo

A nan za a fahimci cewa, ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri.

1.4== Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/==
Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal:
# '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida)
# missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )'''

sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita
* idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:'''

* Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi;
* Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa;
* Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. 

A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da aka sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana.

==1.1 Aya / . /==
Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta  cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali:

'''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.'''
idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan.

==1.2 Wakafi/ , / ==
Waƙafi, wata ƙarmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali:

*'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.'''
To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: 
*'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.'''
A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe.

1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / ==
Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali:
* Aliyu ya zo?, 
* menene ake sayarwa?
Idan aka yi la'akari missalan da ke sama, za a ga
an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkaninsu suna dauke da alamar tambaya. 
Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba:

Aliyu ya zo

A nan za a fahimci cewa ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri.

==1.4 Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/==
Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal:
# '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida)
# missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )'''

sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita
* idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:'''

* Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi;
* Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa;
* Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. 

A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da na sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana.

==1.5 Waƙafi mai ruwa / ; / ==

wannan alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen raba jerin wasu jimloli ko kalmomi a cikin zance. 
Game da missali, a duba a missalin karshe na Aya mai ruwa, za a ga yadda aka bayyana abinda Shugaban kasa ya zayyana.  A nan za a ga an sa
Ka alamar /;/ a gaban kowacce jimla. 
Ga Karin missali:
* Shugqban makarantar ya gargadi dalibai cewa,idan sun tashi dawowa daga hutu, su zo da kayan karatu kamar irin wadannan:
# littafin koyon turanci, aji na biyar;
# littafin koyan lissafi, aji na biyar;
# littafin nazarin rayuwar dan Adam, aji na biyar;
# littafin koyan karatn Hausa, aji na biyar.
A wadannan missalai za a lura cewa, a duk karshen jimloli 3 na farko an saka alamaar tsayawa ta wakafi mai ruwa (;), in banda jimla ta karshe da aka yi wa alamar aya /./

==1.6 Karan-ɗori / - /==
Karan-dori, alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen hade kalmomi biyu ko sama da biyu, su zama kalma daya da ma'ana daya. Akan saka wannan alama ne a tsakanin kalmomi da suka zo iri daya ko wadanda suka zo daban-daban. Kin  saka wannan alama a inda ya dace, yakan kawo sabanin ma'ana tsakanin mawallafi da makaranci. Missali:
# malam-buda-mana-littafi (sunnan wani kafilfilo);
# fadi-ka-mutu (tangaran);
# fari-fari (abinda bai kai fari sosai ba);
# malfar-ungulu (wani tsiro ne); dss.
A lura da kyau, idan muka dauki missali na farko, (malam-buda-mana-littafi)  za mu ga yana nufin sunan wani abu wato (kafilfilo). Idan kuma ba a sa wannan alama ba a tsakankanin kalmomin (malam buda mana littafi) to rubutun ya zama wata jimla mai nufin umarni, maimakon kalma daya mai nufin sunan wani Kwaro. Wato, dalibai ne ke umartar malaminsu da ya buda masu littafi. Don haka, zamu fahimci cewa, idan an saka alamar, zancen ya zama Kalma daya kacal. Amma idan ba a sa alamar ba to rubutun ya zama jimla sukum.
# Karin Missali, idan mutum yana rubutu a cikin takarda ko kan allo, sai aka fara rubuta wata kalma da ta zo a karshen layi sannan kuma ba ta karasu duka ba, sai a saka karan-dori ( - ) kuma a karasata a layi na kasa.

==1.7 Alamar baka-biyu / ( ) /==
Wannan wata alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna karin bayani akan wata kalma, ko Jimla ko dai a kan wata maganar ta daban. Ga missalai nan kamar haka:
* Yaron da aka kama da laifin kisan matar, 'yar uwa ce ga mahaifin yaron (Gwaggon yaron ce)
* Gwamnan kano, Alh. Abba Kabir Yusuf, ya tura wakilinsa (Sunusi Nature) wajen Taron.
* # Ni mutum ne mai son a sami zaman lafiya tsakanin Musulmai da wanda ba Musulmai ba (Kiristoci).

==1.8 Ayar Motsin-rai / ! /==
Ayar Motsin-rai, wata alama ce da ke nuni da zaburar furuci cikin gaggawar kargafa murya. Hakan na faruwa ne yawanci a farkon bayyanar mury cikin Karfafawa, musamman a kalmomin; razana,mamaki, tausayi da kuma karfafar wata kalma a cikin wani zance na musamman. Alal Missali: '''Ah!, Wayyo!, Lah!, Innalillahi!, Kai!''' Da sauransu. Ga Karin missalai a cikin jimloli:
* Saurayin na zuwa ya nuna mata kyautar bazatar da ya zo mata da ita. Sai ta cika da mamaki,sannan ta ja wani gwauron numfashi sanan ta ce, '''La!''' Amma ko na gode '''sosai!'''
* A lokacin da yaron yake guje-guje cikin lalatattun Kujerun cikin ajin, sai ya taka kusa, ya ce, '''wayyo Allahna!''' jin haka malaminsu ya leko yana cewa, '''kai!''' Me ya faru.
* Haba, yana lekowa cikkin dare sai ya ga wani duhu-duhu  dab da shi. Aiko ya firgita ya ce '''waye nan!'''

Yanzu sai mu lura cewa, a Missali na daya (1), mun yi amfani da '''Lah!''' da kuma '''sosai!'''. A Missali na biyu (2) kuma mun yi amfani da '''wayyo Allah!''' tare da '''kai!'''. Har illa yau a Missali na uku (3) kuma na karshe, mun yi amfani da '''waye nan!'''.
Don haka, wadannan missalai, kadan ne daga cikin missalan '''ayar Motsin-rai / ! /''' Ko kuma inda ya kamata a yi amfani da ita. Sannan kuma, ya kamata a fahimci cewa, dole ne a sami karfafa murya a duk inda ake nufin '''ayar Motsin-rai,''' domin idan aka yi amfani da sanyin murya ma'ana ba za ta samu ba.

==1.9 Zarce / ... /==
Zarce wata alama ce ta digo-dogo akalla guda uku (...), da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna ketare wata kalma ko Jimla a cikin rubutu. Ana samun missalai ta bangarori da dama, mussan a cikin karin magana, tsaallake gurbin amasa wata tambaya, dss. Missali:
# '''Ban sa a ka ba,...''' A nan ba a bukatar karasa zancen ne, shi ya sa aka yi digo-dogon. Manufa a nan, duk Wanda aka yi wa karin maganar, ya karasa ma'anar a zuci ko ma a fili. Wto kenan sai ya karasa zuwa '''inji barawon tagiya'''
# Haka kuma, akan saka wannan alama / ... /, a tsarin tambayar '''cikke tazara'''. Missali:
* '''Sunan Babban birnin kasar Najeriya...''' a nana sai cike da '''Abuja''' ko makamancin haka.

=='''2.0 Rabawa Da Haɗa Kalma'''==
Raba kalma da hada kalma, abubuwa ne mabanbanta amma, masu alaka da juna. Da farko za mu dauki raba kalma. Kamar haka:

==2.1 Raba Kalma==
raba kalma na nufin, barin kalma ta ci gashin kanta duk kankantarta Kuma duk girmanta. Hakan, na nufin a barkalma a matayita ba tare da an hade ta da wata ba, don kaucewa rasa ma'ana ta asali. Wato dai,kin raba kalmomin a inda ya ya dace, yana haifar da chanjawar ma'ana. Missali:

* Shi ne, (kar a ce: shine)
* Ita ce, (kar a ce: itace)
* Wa ya je da su kasuwa? (Kar a ce: waya je dasu kasuwa?)
* Ba ni na zo da shi ba, (kar a ce: bani nazo dashi ba)
* Da ni da ku mu hada Kai, (kar a ce: Dani daku mu hadakai)

A nan, idan muka Laura, mafi yawancin kalmomin da aka yi amfani da su, masu gaba dai-dai ne. Kuma kowacce an bar ta a matayinta. Don haka mu duba Missali na farko: '''Shi ne.''' Kalmar farko '''shi''' wakilin suna ce, Kalmar '''ce''' kuwa tana cikin wani aji na nahawu da ake cewa dirka. Don hak, idan aka hade su kamar '''Shine''' kalmomi biyu daban-daban an hade guri daya, don haka sun zama kalma daya ke nan, wacce kwata-kwata babu ita a Hausa sai a Turancin Ingilishi. Wacce ke nufin '''sheki''' a harshen Hausa.

A Missali na hudu kuwa, ('''ba ni na zo da shi ba ''') za a fahimci cewa, kowacce kalma tana dauke da gaba daya ne. Kuma, duk da rashin tsawonsu,ba a hada wata da wata ba, domin kuwacce na cin gashin kanta. To hakan shi ne daidai. Inda kuwa an hada wata Kalmar da wata, ma'anarta za ta canza. Missali, idan aka hada '''da''' tare da '''shi,''' za su koma kalma daya kamar haka: '''dashi.''' kuma Kalmar tana nufin sunan wata itaciya ne.

==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance.

Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya)

==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance.

Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya)

=='''3.0 Shaddatun Tagwayen Harufan Hausa (Daurin tagwayen harufa)'''==
Shadda na nufin nanata harafi sau biyu, wtau abinda ake kira dauri. Sannan kuma, muna da tagwayen harufa a harshen Hausa,kamar, '''gw, gy, fy,' sh.''' da sauransu. Wadannan tagwayen harufa ana daurinsu a yayin rubuta wasu kalmomi, kamar, Sha'''ssha'''ka. A nan ga missalan yadda ya kamata a rubuta su dalla-dalla:
* fya'''ffy'''ade (ba fya'''fyfy'''ade ba)
* Sha'''ssh'''aka (ba Sha'''shsh'''aka ba)
* gwa'''ggw'''ale (ba gwa'''gwgw'''ale ba)
* gya'''ggy'''ara (ba gya'''gygy'''ara ba)
* kya'''kky'''awa (ba kya'''kyky'''awa ba)
* tsa'''tts'''ewala (ba tsa'''tsts'''ewala ba)
* kwa'''kkw'''afe (ba kwa'''kwkw'''afe ba)
Idan mun lura za mu ga cewa, tagwayen harafin da aka daura ba a saka shi duka.

=='''4.0 Kalmomin Mallaka'''==
Kalmomin Mallaka, wasu kalmomi ne da ake amfani da su wajen nuna faruwar mallaka a cikin rubutu. Game da ka'idojin rubun Hausa, an tanadar da hanyoyi biyu domin samar da rubutu mai inganci.
Don haka, muna da gajerar mallaka da kuma doguwar mallaka.

===4.1 Gajerar Mallaka===
Gajerar mallaka, ita ake hade Kalmar abinda aka mallaka da wakilin sunan abin da aka mallaka da wakilin sunan wanda yai mallaka a guri daya.missli: gida+na= ('''gidana''') a nan za a fahimci cewa, kalmar 'gida' da kalmar 'na' an haɗa su a guri ɗaya sun zama kamar kalma guda. A kiyaye da cewa, gajerar mallaka haɗe ta ake yi. Don haka, akwai ƙarin missalai kamar haka:
*Jakarta ba jakar ta ba;
*ajinsu ba ajin su ba;
*matata ba mata ta ba;
*ɗakinki ba ɗakin ki ba;
*motarka ba motar ka ba. 
*masallacinku ba Masallacin ku ba. Da sauransu.

==='''4.2 Doguwar Mallaka'''===

Ita doguwar mallaka, ba a haɗe ake rubuta ta ba. Wato ke nan, ana rabewa tsakanin abinda aka mallaka da kuma wakilin sunan mai mallaka. Ga missalai kamar haka:
* Jakar tata
* Ɗakin nasu
* Wayar tawa
* Littafin nashi
* Gonar taku
* Masallacin nawa
* Takalmin namu

Da haka, za mu fahimci cewa akwai banbanci tsakanin doguwar mallaka da gajerar mallaka.  Mu tuna da missalin farko na doguwar. Wato &quot;'''jakar tata'''&quot; ma'ana, an rubuta &quot;'''jakar'''&quot; daban, ita ma, &quot;'''tata'''&quot; daban. idan kuma a gajerar mallaka ne sai a rubuta &quot;'''jakarta'''&quot; a haɗe. Wato dai ana haɗa &quot;'''jakar'''&quot; da kuma &quot;'''ta'''&quot; a haɗe ('''jakarta''')

== Manazararta==</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>889997</id>
      <parentid>889996</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-01T06:43:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Baban Asiya</username>
        <id>15906</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* 3.0 Shaddatun Tagwayen Harufan Hausa (Daurin tagwayen harufa) */</comment>
      <origin>889997</origin>
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      <text bytes="18435" sha1="ssfsy7vtuy6ta7bo2dsssab11x3fqgf" xml:space="preserve">== Ƙa'idojin rubutun hausa ==
Kamar yadda aka sani, kowanne lamari na duniya yana da ka'idar yadda ya kamata a gudanar da shi. Kuma bin ƙa'idar ita ke sa a sami dacen yadda ake bukata ba tare da an fuskanci wata matsala ba. Idan kuma ba a bi ka'idar ba to za a ga  ba daidai ba..
Tunda yake haka ne, rubutun Hausa shi ma, yana da ka'idarsa. Bin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa sau-da-kafa, su ke sa a sami rubutu mai Cikakkiyar ma'ana. Wato a sami daidaiton manufa tsakanin tunanain marubuci da kuma na makaranci.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://hemingwayapp.com/articles/grammar-punctuation/punctuation-marks&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

==Abin da ake nufi da ka'idojin rubutun hausa==
Ka'idojin rubutun Hausa, wani yanayi ne na lura da kiyaye ka'idojin harshen Hausa a rubuce domin samun damar isar da sakon da marubuci ke nufi zuwa ga mai karatu daidai da daidai, ba tare da canzawar ma'anar da marubuci ke nufi ba
. Haka kuma, yana samar da saukin fahimtar karatu daga mai karantawa.

== Fannonin Ka'idojin Rubutun Hausa ==
Fannonin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa da muke da su a nan, suna da dama. Kuma sune ginshin duk abinda ya kamata marubuci ya koya game da ka'idojin rubutun Hausa domin samun gwanancewa a rubutu. Don haka, zan zayyano su, sannan kuma na yi bayaninsu daki-daki kamar haka:

#Alamomin ajiye magana;
#Raba kalma da kuma hade kalma;
#Shaddatun tagwayen harufan Hausa;
#Gajera da doguwar mallaka;
#Dafa-keya 'w' da jakada 'w';
#Daurin 'm' da daurin 'n';

=='''1.0 Alamomin Ajiye Magana' (punctuation mark)'''== 
Ga Alamomin aje magana tare da bayanansu daki-daki:
* '''Aya / . /
* '''Waƙafi / . /
* '''Ayar tambaya / ? /
* '''Ruwa-biyu / : /
* '''Waƙafi m mai ruwa / ; /
* '''Karan-ɗori / - /
* '''Alamar zancen wani / &quot; &quot; /
* '''Baka-biyu / ( ) /
* '''Alamar Motsin rai / ! /
* '''Zarce / ... /

1.1 '''Aya / . /'''
Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta  cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali:

'''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.'''
idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan.

1.2== Wakafi/ , / ==
Wakafi, wata karmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali:

*'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.'''
To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: 
*'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.'''
A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe.

1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / ==
Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali:
* Aliyu ya zo?, 
* menene ake sayarwa?
Idan aka yi la'akari da missalan da ke sama, za a ga
an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkanin suna dauke da alamar tambaya. 
Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba:

Aliyu ya zo

A nan za a fahimci cewa, ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri.

1.4== Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/==
Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal:
# '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida)
# missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )'''

sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita
* idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:'''

* Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi;
* Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa;
* Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. 

A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da aka sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana.

==1.1 Aya / . /==
Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta  cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali:

'''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.'''
idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan.

==1.2 Wakafi/ , / ==
Waƙafi, wata ƙarmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali:

*'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.'''
To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: 
*'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.'''
A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe.

1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / ==
Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali:
* Aliyu ya zo?, 
* menene ake sayarwa?
Idan aka yi la'akari missalan da ke sama, za a ga
an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkaninsu suna dauke da alamar tambaya. 
Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba:

Aliyu ya zo

A nan za a fahimci cewa ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri.

==1.4 Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/==
Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal:
# '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida)
# missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )'''

sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita
* idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:'''

* Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi;
* Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa;
* Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. 

A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da na sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana.

==1.5 Waƙafi mai ruwa / ; / ==

wannan alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen raba jerin wasu jimloli ko kalmomi a cikin zance. 
Game da missali, a duba a missalin karshe na Aya mai ruwa, za a ga yadda aka bayyana abinda Shugaban kasa ya zayyana.  A nan za a ga an sa
Ka alamar /;/ a gaban kowacce jimla. 
Ga Karin missali:
* Shugqban makarantar ya gargadi dalibai cewa,idan sun tashi dawowa daga hutu, su zo da kayan karatu kamar irin wadannan:
# littafin koyon turanci, aji na biyar;
# littafin koyan lissafi, aji na biyar;
# littafin nazarin rayuwar dan Adam, aji na biyar;
# littafin koyan karatn Hausa, aji na biyar.
A wadannan missalai za a lura cewa, a duk karshen jimloli 3 na farko an saka alamaar tsayawa ta wakafi mai ruwa (;), in banda jimla ta karshe da aka yi wa alamar aya /./

==1.6 Karan-ɗori / - /==
Karan-dori, alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen hade kalmomi biyu ko sama da biyu, su zama kalma daya da ma'ana daya. Akan saka wannan alama ne a tsakanin kalmomi da suka zo iri daya ko wadanda suka zo daban-daban. Kin  saka wannan alama a inda ya dace, yakan kawo sabanin ma'ana tsakanin mawallafi da makaranci. Missali:
# malam-buda-mana-littafi (sunnan wani kafilfilo);
# fadi-ka-mutu (tangaran);
# fari-fari (abinda bai kai fari sosai ba);
# malfar-ungulu (wani tsiro ne); dss.
A lura da kyau, idan muka dauki missali na farko, (malam-buda-mana-littafi)  za mu ga yana nufin sunan wani abu wato (kafilfilo). Idan kuma ba a sa wannan alama ba a tsakankanin kalmomin (malam buda mana littafi) to rubutun ya zama wata jimla mai nufin umarni, maimakon kalma daya mai nufin sunan wani Kwaro. Wato, dalibai ne ke umartar malaminsu da ya buda masu littafi. Don haka, zamu fahimci cewa, idan an saka alamar, zancen ya zama Kalma daya kacal. Amma idan ba a sa alamar ba to rubutun ya zama jimla sukum.
# Karin Missali, idan mutum yana rubutu a cikin takarda ko kan allo, sai aka fara rubuta wata kalma da ta zo a karshen layi sannan kuma ba ta karasu duka ba, sai a saka karan-dori ( - ) kuma a karasata a layi na kasa.

==1.7 Alamar baka-biyu / ( ) /==
Wannan wata alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna karin bayani akan wata kalma, ko Jimla ko dai a kan wata maganar ta daban. Ga missalai nan kamar haka:
* Yaron da aka kama da laifin kisan matar, 'yar uwa ce ga mahaifin yaron (Gwaggon yaron ce)
* Gwamnan kano, Alh. Abba Kabir Yusuf, ya tura wakilinsa (Sunusi Nature) wajen Taron.
* # Ni mutum ne mai son a sami zaman lafiya tsakanin Musulmai da wanda ba Musulmai ba (Kiristoci).

==1.8 Ayar Motsin-rai / ! /==
Ayar Motsin-rai, wata alama ce da ke nuni da zaburar furuci cikin gaggawar kargafa murya. Hakan na faruwa ne yawanci a farkon bayyanar mury cikin Karfafawa, musamman a kalmomin; razana,mamaki, tausayi da kuma karfafar wata kalma a cikin wani zance na musamman. Alal Missali: '''Ah!, Wayyo!, Lah!, Innalillahi!, Kai!''' Da sauransu. Ga Karin missalai a cikin jimloli:
* Saurayin na zuwa ya nuna mata kyautar bazatar da ya zo mata da ita. Sai ta cika da mamaki,sannan ta ja wani gwauron numfashi sanan ta ce, '''La!''' Amma ko na gode '''sosai!'''
* A lokacin da yaron yake guje-guje cikin lalatattun Kujerun cikin ajin, sai ya taka kusa, ya ce, '''wayyo Allahna!''' jin haka malaminsu ya leko yana cewa, '''kai!''' Me ya faru.
* Haba, yana lekowa cikkin dare sai ya ga wani duhu-duhu  dab da shi. Aiko ya firgita ya ce '''waye nan!'''

Yanzu sai mu lura cewa, a Missali na daya (1), mun yi amfani da '''Lah!''' da kuma '''sosai!'''. A Missali na biyu (2) kuma mun yi amfani da '''wayyo Allah!''' tare da '''kai!'''. Har illa yau a Missali na uku (3) kuma na karshe, mun yi amfani da '''waye nan!'''.
Don haka, wadannan missalai, kadan ne daga cikin missalan '''ayar Motsin-rai / ! /''' Ko kuma inda ya kamata a yi amfani da ita. Sannan kuma, ya kamata a fahimci cewa, dole ne a sami karfafa murya a duk inda ake nufin '''ayar Motsin-rai,''' domin idan aka yi amfani da sanyin murya ma'ana ba za ta samu ba.

==1.9 Zarce / ... /==
Zarce wata alama ce ta digo-dogo akalla guda uku (...), da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna ketare wata kalma ko Jimla a cikin rubutu. Ana samun missalai ta bangarori da dama, mussan a cikin karin magana, tsaallake gurbin amasa wata tambaya, dss. Missali:
# '''Ban sa a ka ba,...''' A nan ba a bukatar karasa zancen ne, shi ya sa aka yi digo-dogon. Manufa a nan, duk Wanda aka yi wa karin maganar, ya karasa ma'anar a zuci ko ma a fili. Wto kenan sai ya karasa zuwa '''inji barawon tagiya'''
# Haka kuma, akan saka wannan alama / ... /, a tsarin tambayar '''cikke tazara'''. Missali:
* '''Sunan Babban birnin kasar Najeriya...''' a nana sai cike da '''Abuja''' ko makamancin haka.

=='''2.0 Rabawa Da Haɗa Kalma'''==
Raba kalma da hada kalma, abubuwa ne mabanbanta amma, masu alaka da juna. Da farko za mu dauki raba kalma. Kamar haka:

==2.1 Raba Kalma==
raba kalma na nufin, barin kalma ta ci gashin kanta duk kankantarta Kuma duk girmanta. Hakan, na nufin a barkalma a matayita ba tare da an hade ta da wata ba, don kaucewa rasa ma'ana ta asali. Wato dai,kin raba kalmomin a inda ya ya dace, yana haifar da chanjawar ma'ana. Missali:

* Shi ne, (kar a ce: shine)
* Ita ce, (kar a ce: itace)
* Wa ya je da su kasuwa? (Kar a ce: waya je dasu kasuwa?)
* Ba ni na zo da shi ba, (kar a ce: bani nazo dashi ba)
* Da ni da ku mu hada Kai, (kar a ce: Dani daku mu hadakai)

A nan, idan muka Laura, mafi yawancin kalmomin da aka yi amfani da su, masu gaba dai-dai ne. Kuma kowacce an bar ta a matayinta. Don haka mu duba Missali na farko: '''Shi ne.''' Kalmar farko '''shi''' wakilin suna ce, Kalmar '''ce''' kuwa tana cikin wani aji na nahawu da ake cewa dirka. Don hak, idan aka hade su kamar '''Shine''' kalmomi biyu daban-daban an hade guri daya, don haka sun zama kalma daya ke nan, wacce kwata-kwata babu ita a Hausa sai a Turancin Ingilishi. Wacce ke nufin '''sheki''' a harshen Hausa.

A Missali na hudu kuwa, ('''ba ni na zo da shi ba ''') za a fahimci cewa, kowacce kalma tana dauke da gaba daya ne. Kuma, duk da rashin tsawonsu,ba a hada wata da wata ba, domin kuwacce na cin gashin kanta. To hakan shi ne daidai. Inda kuwa an hada wata Kalmar da wata, ma'anarta za ta canza. Missali, idan aka hada '''da''' tare da '''shi,''' za su koma kalma daya kamar haka: '''dashi.''' kuma Kalmar tana nufin sunan wata itaciya ne.

==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance.

Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya)

==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance.

Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya)

=='''3.0 Shaddatun Tagwayen Harufan Hausa (Daurin tagwayen harufa)'''==
Shadda na nufin nanata harafi sau biyu, wtau abinda ake kira dauri. Sannan kuma, muna da tagwayen harufa a harshen Hausa,kamar, '''gw, gy, fy,' sh.''' da sauransu. Wadannan tagwayen harufa ana daurinsu a yayin rubuta wasu kalmomi, kamar, Sha'''ssha'''ka. A nan ga missalan yadda ya kamata a rubuta su dalla-dalla:
* fya'''ffy'''ade (ba fya'''fyfy'''ade ba)
* Sha'''ssh'''aka (ba Sha'''shsh'''aka ba)
* gwa'''ggw'''ale (ba gwa'''gwgw'''ale ba)
* gya'''ggy'''ara (ba gya'''gygy'''ara ba)
* kya'''kky'''awa (ba kya'''kyky'''awa ba)
* tsa'''tts'''ewala (ba tsa'''tsts'''ewala ba)
* kwa'''kkw'''afe (ba kwa'''kwkw'''afe ba)
Idan mun lura za mu ga cewa, tagwayen harafin da aka daura ba a saka shi duka. Watau, farkon shi ake sa wa a cire gaban.

=='''4.0 Kalmomin Mallaka'''==
Kalmomin Mallaka, wasu kalmomi ne da ake amfani da su wajen nuna faruwar mallaka a cikin rubutu. Game da ka'idojin rubun Hausa, an tanadar da hanyoyi biyu domin samar da rubutu mai inganci.
Don haka, muna da gajerar mallaka da kuma doguwar mallaka.

===4.1 Gajerar Mallaka===
Gajerar mallaka, ita ake hade Kalmar abinda aka mallaka da wakilin sunan abin da aka mallaka da wakilin sunan wanda yai mallaka a guri daya.missli: gida+na= ('''gidana''') a nan za a fahimci cewa, kalmar 'gida' da kalmar 'na' an haɗa su a guri ɗaya sun zama kamar kalma guda. A kiyaye da cewa, gajerar mallaka haɗe ta ake yi. Don haka, akwai ƙarin missalai kamar haka:
*Jakarta ba jakar ta ba;
*ajinsu ba ajin su ba;
*matata ba mata ta ba;
*ɗakinki ba ɗakin ki ba;
*motarka ba motar ka ba. 
*masallacinku ba Masallacin ku ba. Da sauransu.

==='''4.2 Doguwar Mallaka'''===

Ita doguwar mallaka, ba a haɗe ake rubuta ta ba. Wato ke nan, ana rabewa tsakanin abinda aka mallaka da kuma wakilin sunan mai mallaka. Ga missalai kamar haka:
* Jakar tata
* Ɗakin nasu
* Wayar tawa
* Littafin nashi
* Gonar taku
* Masallacin nawa
* Takalmin namu

Da haka, za mu fahimci cewa akwai banbanci tsakanin doguwar mallaka da gajerar mallaka.  Mu tuna da missalin farko na doguwar. Wato &quot;'''jakar tata'''&quot; ma'ana, an rubuta &quot;'''jakar'''&quot; daban, ita ma, &quot;'''tata'''&quot; daban. idan kuma a gajerar mallaka ne sai a rubuta &quot;'''jakarta'''&quot; a haɗe. Wato dai ana haɗa &quot;'''jakar'''&quot; da kuma &quot;'''ta'''&quot; a haɗe ('''jakarta''')

== Manazararta==</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>889998</id>
      <parentid>889997</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-01T06:44:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Baban Asiya</username>
        <id>15906</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* 3.0 Shaddatun Tagwayen Harufan Hausa (Daurin tagwayen harufa) */</comment>
      <origin>889998</origin>
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      <text bytes="18474" sha1="hxp0e17inpie3v9t14qgx9ty322833i" xml:space="preserve">== Ƙa'idojin rubutun hausa ==
Kamar yadda aka sani, kowanne lamari na duniya yana da ka'idar yadda ya kamata a gudanar da shi. Kuma bin ƙa'idar ita ke sa a sami dacen yadda ake bukata ba tare da an fuskanci wata matsala ba. Idan kuma ba a bi ka'idar ba to za a ga  ba daidai ba..
Tunda yake haka ne, rubutun Hausa shi ma, yana da ka'idarsa. Bin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa sau-da-kafa, su ke sa a sami rubutu mai Cikakkiyar ma'ana. Wato a sami daidaiton manufa tsakanin tunanain marubuci da kuma na makaranci.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://hemingwayapp.com/articles/grammar-punctuation/punctuation-marks&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

==Abin da ake nufi da ka'idojin rubutun hausa==
Ka'idojin rubutun Hausa, wani yanayi ne na lura da kiyaye ka'idojin harshen Hausa a rubuce domin samun damar isar da sakon da marubuci ke nufi zuwa ga mai karatu daidai da daidai, ba tare da canzawar ma'anar da marubuci ke nufi ba
. Haka kuma, yana samar da saukin fahimtar karatu daga mai karantawa.

== Fannonin Ka'idojin Rubutun Hausa ==
Fannonin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa da muke da su a nan, suna da dama. Kuma sune ginshin duk abinda ya kamata marubuci ya koya game da ka'idojin rubutun Hausa domin samun gwanancewa a rubutu. Don haka, zan zayyano su, sannan kuma na yi bayaninsu daki-daki kamar haka:

#Alamomin ajiye magana;
#Raba kalma da kuma hade kalma;
#Shaddatun tagwayen harufan Hausa;
#Gajera da doguwar mallaka;
#Dafa-keya 'w' da jakada 'w';
#Daurin 'm' da daurin 'n';

=='''1.0 Alamomin Ajiye Magana' (punctuation mark)'''== 
Ga Alamomin aje magana tare da bayanansu daki-daki:
* '''Aya / . /
* '''Waƙafi / . /
* '''Ayar tambaya / ? /
* '''Ruwa-biyu / : /
* '''Waƙafi m mai ruwa / ; /
* '''Karan-ɗori / - /
* '''Alamar zancen wani / &quot; &quot; /
* '''Baka-biyu / ( ) /
* '''Alamar Motsin rai / ! /
* '''Zarce / ... /

1.1 '''Aya / . /'''
Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta  cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali:

'''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.'''
idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan.

1.2== Wakafi/ , / ==
Wakafi, wata karmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali:

*'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.'''
To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: 
*'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.'''
A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe.

1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / ==
Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali:
* Aliyu ya zo?, 
* menene ake sayarwa?
Idan aka yi la'akari da missalan da ke sama, za a ga
an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkanin suna dauke da alamar tambaya. 
Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba:

Aliyu ya zo

A nan za a fahimci cewa, ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri.

1.4== Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/==
Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal:
# '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida)
# missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )'''

sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita
* idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:'''

* Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi;
* Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa;
* Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. 

A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da aka sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana.

==1.1 Aya / . /==
Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta  cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali:

'''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.'''
idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan.

==1.2 Wakafi/ , / ==
Waƙafi, wata ƙarmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali:

*'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.'''
To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: 
*'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.'''
A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe.

1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / ==
Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali:
* Aliyu ya zo?, 
* menene ake sayarwa?
Idan aka yi la'akari missalan da ke sama, za a ga
an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkaninsu suna dauke da alamar tambaya. 
Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba:

Aliyu ya zo

A nan za a fahimci cewa ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri.

==1.4 Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/==
Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal:
# '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida)
# missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )'''

sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita
* idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:'''

* Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi;
* Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa;
* Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. 

A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da na sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana.

==1.5 Waƙafi mai ruwa / ; / ==

wannan alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen raba jerin wasu jimloli ko kalmomi a cikin zance. 
Game da missali, a duba a missalin karshe na Aya mai ruwa, za a ga yadda aka bayyana abinda Shugaban kasa ya zayyana.  A nan za a ga an sa
Ka alamar /;/ a gaban kowacce jimla. 
Ga Karin missali:
* Shugqban makarantar ya gargadi dalibai cewa,idan sun tashi dawowa daga hutu, su zo da kayan karatu kamar irin wadannan:
# littafin koyon turanci, aji na biyar;
# littafin koyan lissafi, aji na biyar;
# littafin nazarin rayuwar dan Adam, aji na biyar;
# littafin koyan karatn Hausa, aji na biyar.
A wadannan missalai za a lura cewa, a duk karshen jimloli 3 na farko an saka alamaar tsayawa ta wakafi mai ruwa (;), in banda jimla ta karshe da aka yi wa alamar aya /./

==1.6 Karan-ɗori / - /==
Karan-dori, alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen hade kalmomi biyu ko sama da biyu, su zama kalma daya da ma'ana daya. Akan saka wannan alama ne a tsakanin kalmomi da suka zo iri daya ko wadanda suka zo daban-daban. Kin  saka wannan alama a inda ya dace, yakan kawo sabanin ma'ana tsakanin mawallafi da makaranci. Missali:
# malam-buda-mana-littafi (sunnan wani kafilfilo);
# fadi-ka-mutu (tangaran);
# fari-fari (abinda bai kai fari sosai ba);
# malfar-ungulu (wani tsiro ne); dss.
A lura da kyau, idan muka dauki missali na farko, (malam-buda-mana-littafi)  za mu ga yana nufin sunan wani abu wato (kafilfilo). Idan kuma ba a sa wannan alama ba a tsakankanin kalmomin (malam buda mana littafi) to rubutun ya zama wata jimla mai nufin umarni, maimakon kalma daya mai nufin sunan wani Kwaro. Wato, dalibai ne ke umartar malaminsu da ya buda masu littafi. Don haka, zamu fahimci cewa, idan an saka alamar, zancen ya zama Kalma daya kacal. Amma idan ba a sa alamar ba to rubutun ya zama jimla sukum.
# Karin Missali, idan mutum yana rubutu a cikin takarda ko kan allo, sai aka fara rubuta wata kalma da ta zo a karshen layi sannan kuma ba ta karasu duka ba, sai a saka karan-dori ( - ) kuma a karasata a layi na kasa.

==1.7 Alamar baka-biyu / ( ) /==
Wannan wata alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna karin bayani akan wata kalma, ko Jimla ko dai a kan wata maganar ta daban. Ga missalai nan kamar haka:
* Yaron da aka kama da laifin kisan matar, 'yar uwa ce ga mahaifin yaron (Gwaggon yaron ce)
* Gwamnan kano, Alh. Abba Kabir Yusuf, ya tura wakilinsa (Sunusi Nature) wajen Taron.
* # Ni mutum ne mai son a sami zaman lafiya tsakanin Musulmai da wanda ba Musulmai ba (Kiristoci).

==1.8 Ayar Motsin-rai / ! /==
Ayar Motsin-rai, wata alama ce da ke nuni da zaburar furuci cikin gaggawar kargafa murya. Hakan na faruwa ne yawanci a farkon bayyanar mury cikin Karfafawa, musamman a kalmomin; razana,mamaki, tausayi da kuma karfafar wata kalma a cikin wani zance na musamman. Alal Missali: '''Ah!, Wayyo!, Lah!, Innalillahi!, Kai!''' Da sauransu. Ga Karin missalai a cikin jimloli:
* Saurayin na zuwa ya nuna mata kyautar bazatar da ya zo mata da ita. Sai ta cika da mamaki,sannan ta ja wani gwauron numfashi sanan ta ce, '''La!''' Amma ko na gode '''sosai!'''
* A lokacin da yaron yake guje-guje cikin lalatattun Kujerun cikin ajin, sai ya taka kusa, ya ce, '''wayyo Allahna!''' jin haka malaminsu ya leko yana cewa, '''kai!''' Me ya faru.
* Haba, yana lekowa cikkin dare sai ya ga wani duhu-duhu  dab da shi. Aiko ya firgita ya ce '''waye nan!'''

Yanzu sai mu lura cewa, a Missali na daya (1), mun yi amfani da '''Lah!''' da kuma '''sosai!'''. A Missali na biyu (2) kuma mun yi amfani da '''wayyo Allah!''' tare da '''kai!'''. Har illa yau a Missali na uku (3) kuma na karshe, mun yi amfani da '''waye nan!'''.
Don haka, wadannan missalai, kadan ne daga cikin missalan '''ayar Motsin-rai / ! /''' Ko kuma inda ya kamata a yi amfani da ita. Sannan kuma, ya kamata a fahimci cewa, dole ne a sami karfafa murya a duk inda ake nufin '''ayar Motsin-rai,''' domin idan aka yi amfani da sanyin murya ma'ana ba za ta samu ba.

==1.9 Zarce / ... /==
Zarce wata alama ce ta digo-dogo akalla guda uku (...), da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna ketare wata kalma ko Jimla a cikin rubutu. Ana samun missalai ta bangarori da dama, mussan a cikin karin magana, tsaallake gurbin amasa wata tambaya, dss. Missali:
# '''Ban sa a ka ba,...''' A nan ba a bukatar karasa zancen ne, shi ya sa aka yi digo-dogon. Manufa a nan, duk Wanda aka yi wa karin maganar, ya karasa ma'anar a zuci ko ma a fili. Wto kenan sai ya karasa zuwa '''inji barawon tagiya'''
# Haka kuma, akan saka wannan alama / ... /, a tsarin tambayar '''cikke tazara'''. Missali:
* '''Sunan Babban birnin kasar Najeriya...''' a nana sai cike da '''Abuja''' ko makamancin haka.

=='''2.0 Rabawa Da Haɗa Kalma'''==
Raba kalma da hada kalma, abubuwa ne mabanbanta amma, masu alaka da juna. Da farko za mu dauki raba kalma. Kamar haka:

==2.1 Raba Kalma==
raba kalma na nufin, barin kalma ta ci gashin kanta duk kankantarta Kuma duk girmanta. Hakan, na nufin a barkalma a matayita ba tare da an hade ta da wata ba, don kaucewa rasa ma'ana ta asali. Wato dai,kin raba kalmomin a inda ya ya dace, yana haifar da chanjawar ma'ana. Missali:

* Shi ne, (kar a ce: shine)
* Ita ce, (kar a ce: itace)
* Wa ya je da su kasuwa? (Kar a ce: waya je dasu kasuwa?)
* Ba ni na zo da shi ba, (kar a ce: bani nazo dashi ba)
* Da ni da ku mu hada Kai, (kar a ce: Dani daku mu hadakai)

A nan, idan muka Laura, mafi yawancin kalmomin da aka yi amfani da su, masu gaba dai-dai ne. Kuma kowacce an bar ta a matayinta. Don haka mu duba Missali na farko: '''Shi ne.''' Kalmar farko '''shi''' wakilin suna ce, Kalmar '''ce''' kuwa tana cikin wani aji na nahawu da ake cewa dirka. Don hak, idan aka hade su kamar '''Shine''' kalmomi biyu daban-daban an hade guri daya, don haka sun zama kalma daya ke nan, wacce kwata-kwata babu ita a Hausa sai a Turancin Ingilishi. Wacce ke nufin '''sheki''' a harshen Hausa.

A Missali na hudu kuwa, ('''ba ni na zo da shi ba ''') za a fahimci cewa, kowacce kalma tana dauke da gaba daya ne. Kuma, duk da rashin tsawonsu,ba a hada wata da wata ba, domin kuwacce na cin gashin kanta. To hakan shi ne daidai. Inda kuwa an hada wata Kalmar da wata, ma'anarta za ta canza. Missali, idan aka hada '''da''' tare da '''shi,''' za su koma kalma daya kamar haka: '''dashi.''' kuma Kalmar tana nufin sunan wata itaciya ne.

==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance.

Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya)

==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance.

Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya)

=='''3.0 Shaddatun Tagwayen Harufan Hausa (Daurin tagwayen harufa)'''==
Shadda na nufin nanata harafi sau biyu, wtau abinda ake kira dauri. Sannan kuma, muna da tagwayen harufa a harshen Hausa,kamar, '''gw, gy, fy,' sh.''' da sauransu. Wadannan tagwayen harufa ana daurinsu a yayin rubuta wasu kalmomi, kamar, Sha'''ssha'''ka. A nan ga missalan yadda ya kamata a rubuta su dalla-dalla:
* fya'''ffy'''ade (ba fya'''fyfy'''ade ba)
* Sha'''ssh'''aka (ba Sha'''shsh'''aka ba)
* gwa'''ggw'''ale (ba gwa'''gwgw'''ale ba)
* gya'''ggy'''ara (ba gya'''gygy'''ara ba)
* kya'''kky'''awa (ba kya'''kyky'''awa ba)
* tsa'''tts'''ewala (ba tsa'''tsts'''ewala ba)
* kwa'''kkw'''afe (ba kwa'''kwkw'''afe ba)
Idan mun lura za mu ga cewa, tagwayen harafin da aka daura ba a saka shi duka. Watau, farkon shi ake sa wa a cire gaban. Missalan, '''fy''', sai a cire '''y'''

=='''4.0 Kalmomin Mallaka'''==
Kalmomin Mallaka, wasu kalmomi ne da ake amfani da su wajen nuna faruwar mallaka a cikin rubutu. Game da ka'idojin rubun Hausa, an tanadar da hanyoyi biyu domin samar da rubutu mai inganci.
Don haka, muna da gajerar mallaka da kuma doguwar mallaka.

===4.1 Gajerar Mallaka===
Gajerar mallaka, ita ake hade Kalmar abinda aka mallaka da wakilin sunan abin da aka mallaka da wakilin sunan wanda yai mallaka a guri daya.missli: gida+na= ('''gidana''') a nan za a fahimci cewa, kalmar 'gida' da kalmar 'na' an haɗa su a guri ɗaya sun zama kamar kalma guda. A kiyaye da cewa, gajerar mallaka haɗe ta ake yi. Don haka, akwai ƙarin missalai kamar haka:
*Jakarta ba jakar ta ba;
*ajinsu ba ajin su ba;
*matata ba mata ta ba;
*ɗakinki ba ɗakin ki ba;
*motarka ba motar ka ba. 
*masallacinku ba Masallacin ku ba. Da sauransu.

==='''4.2 Doguwar Mallaka'''===

Ita doguwar mallaka, ba a haɗe ake rubuta ta ba. Wato ke nan, ana rabewa tsakanin abinda aka mallaka da kuma wakilin sunan mai mallaka. Ga missalai kamar haka:
* Jakar tata
* Ɗakin nasu
* Wayar tawa
* Littafin nashi
* Gonar taku
* Masallacin nawa
* Takalmin namu

Da haka, za mu fahimci cewa akwai banbanci tsakanin doguwar mallaka da gajerar mallaka.  Mu tuna da missalin farko na doguwar. Wato &quot;'''jakar tata'''&quot; ma'ana, an rubuta &quot;'''jakar'''&quot; daban, ita ma, &quot;'''tata'''&quot; daban. idan kuma a gajerar mallaka ne sai a rubuta &quot;'''jakarta'''&quot; a haɗe. Wato dai ana haɗa &quot;'''jakar'''&quot; da kuma &quot;'''ta'''&quot; a haɗe ('''jakarta''')

== Manazararta==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>890000</id>
      <parentid>889998</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-01T06:45:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Baban Asiya</username>
        <id>15906</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* 3.0 Shaddatun Tagwayen Harufan Hausa (Daurin tagwayen harufa) */</comment>
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      <text bytes="18488" sha1="15mhoj118l5ch6bd30hnsjc0medcfd5" xml:space="preserve">== Ƙa'idojin rubutun hausa ==
Kamar yadda aka sani, kowanne lamari na duniya yana da ka'idar yadda ya kamata a gudanar da shi. Kuma bin ƙa'idar ita ke sa a sami dacen yadda ake bukata ba tare da an fuskanci wata matsala ba. Idan kuma ba a bi ka'idar ba to za a ga  ba daidai ba..
Tunda yake haka ne, rubutun Hausa shi ma, yana da ka'idarsa. Bin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa sau-da-kafa, su ke sa a sami rubutu mai Cikakkiyar ma'ana. Wato a sami daidaiton manufa tsakanin tunanain marubuci da kuma na makaranci.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://hemingwayapp.com/articles/grammar-punctuation/punctuation-marks&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

==Abin da ake nufi da ka'idojin rubutun hausa==
Ka'idojin rubutun Hausa, wani yanayi ne na lura da kiyaye ka'idojin harshen Hausa a rubuce domin samun damar isar da sakon da marubuci ke nufi zuwa ga mai karatu daidai da daidai, ba tare da canzawar ma'anar da marubuci ke nufi ba
. Haka kuma, yana samar da saukin fahimtar karatu daga mai karantawa.

== Fannonin Ka'idojin Rubutun Hausa ==
Fannonin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa da muke da su a nan, suna da dama. Kuma sune ginshin duk abinda ya kamata marubuci ya koya game da ka'idojin rubutun Hausa domin samun gwanancewa a rubutu. Don haka, zan zayyano su, sannan kuma na yi bayaninsu daki-daki kamar haka:

#Alamomin ajiye magana;
#Raba kalma da kuma hade kalma;
#Shaddatun tagwayen harufan Hausa;
#Gajera da doguwar mallaka;
#Dafa-keya 'w' da jakada 'w';
#Daurin 'm' da daurin 'n';

=='''1.0 Alamomin Ajiye Magana' (punctuation mark)'''== 
Ga Alamomin aje magana tare da bayanansu daki-daki:
* '''Aya / . /
* '''Waƙafi / . /
* '''Ayar tambaya / ? /
* '''Ruwa-biyu / : /
* '''Waƙafi m mai ruwa / ; /
* '''Karan-ɗori / - /
* '''Alamar zancen wani / &quot; &quot; /
* '''Baka-biyu / ( ) /
* '''Alamar Motsin rai / ! /
* '''Zarce / ... /

1.1 '''Aya / . /'''
Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta  cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali:

'''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.'''
idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan.

1.2== Wakafi/ , / ==
Wakafi, wata karmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali:

*'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.'''
To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: 
*'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.'''
A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe.

1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / ==
Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali:
* Aliyu ya zo?, 
* menene ake sayarwa?
Idan aka yi la'akari da missalan da ke sama, za a ga
an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkanin suna dauke da alamar tambaya. 
Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba:

Aliyu ya zo

A nan za a fahimci cewa, ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri.

1.4== Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/==
Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal:
# '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida)
# missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )'''

sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita
* idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:'''

* Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi;
* Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa;
* Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. 

A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da aka sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana.

==1.1 Aya / . /==
Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta  cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali:

'''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.'''
idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan.

==1.2 Wakafi/ , / ==
Waƙafi, wata ƙarmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali:

*'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.'''
To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: 
*'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.'''
A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe.

1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / ==
Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali:
* Aliyu ya zo?, 
* menene ake sayarwa?
Idan aka yi la'akari missalan da ke sama, za a ga
an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkaninsu suna dauke da alamar tambaya. 
Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba:

Aliyu ya zo

A nan za a fahimci cewa ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri.

==1.4 Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/==
Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal:
# '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida)
# missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )'''

sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita
* idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:'''

* Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi;
* Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa;
* Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. 

A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da na sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana.

==1.5 Waƙafi mai ruwa / ; / ==

wannan alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen raba jerin wasu jimloli ko kalmomi a cikin zance. 
Game da missali, a duba a missalin karshe na Aya mai ruwa, za a ga yadda aka bayyana abinda Shugaban kasa ya zayyana.  A nan za a ga an sa
Ka alamar /;/ a gaban kowacce jimla. 
Ga Karin missali:
* Shugqban makarantar ya gargadi dalibai cewa,idan sun tashi dawowa daga hutu, su zo da kayan karatu kamar irin wadannan:
# littafin koyon turanci, aji na biyar;
# littafin koyan lissafi, aji na biyar;
# littafin nazarin rayuwar dan Adam, aji na biyar;
# littafin koyan karatn Hausa, aji na biyar.
A wadannan missalai za a lura cewa, a duk karshen jimloli 3 na farko an saka alamaar tsayawa ta wakafi mai ruwa (;), in banda jimla ta karshe da aka yi wa alamar aya /./

==1.6 Karan-ɗori / - /==
Karan-dori, alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen hade kalmomi biyu ko sama da biyu, su zama kalma daya da ma'ana daya. Akan saka wannan alama ne a tsakanin kalmomi da suka zo iri daya ko wadanda suka zo daban-daban. Kin  saka wannan alama a inda ya dace, yakan kawo sabanin ma'ana tsakanin mawallafi da makaranci. Missali:
# malam-buda-mana-littafi (sunnan wani kafilfilo);
# fadi-ka-mutu (tangaran);
# fari-fari (abinda bai kai fari sosai ba);
# malfar-ungulu (wani tsiro ne); dss.
A lura da kyau, idan muka dauki missali na farko, (malam-buda-mana-littafi)  za mu ga yana nufin sunan wani abu wato (kafilfilo). Idan kuma ba a sa wannan alama ba a tsakankanin kalmomin (malam buda mana littafi) to rubutun ya zama wata jimla mai nufin umarni, maimakon kalma daya mai nufin sunan wani Kwaro. Wato, dalibai ne ke umartar malaminsu da ya buda masu littafi. Don haka, zamu fahimci cewa, idan an saka alamar, zancen ya zama Kalma daya kacal. Amma idan ba a sa alamar ba to rubutun ya zama jimla sukum.
# Karin Missali, idan mutum yana rubutu a cikin takarda ko kan allo, sai aka fara rubuta wata kalma da ta zo a karshen layi sannan kuma ba ta karasu duka ba, sai a saka karan-dori ( - ) kuma a karasata a layi na kasa.

==1.7 Alamar baka-biyu / ( ) /==
Wannan wata alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna karin bayani akan wata kalma, ko Jimla ko dai a kan wata maganar ta daban. Ga missalai nan kamar haka:
* Yaron da aka kama da laifin kisan matar, 'yar uwa ce ga mahaifin yaron (Gwaggon yaron ce)
* Gwamnan kano, Alh. Abba Kabir Yusuf, ya tura wakilinsa (Sunusi Nature) wajen Taron.
* # Ni mutum ne mai son a sami zaman lafiya tsakanin Musulmai da wanda ba Musulmai ba (Kiristoci).

==1.8 Ayar Motsin-rai / ! /==
Ayar Motsin-rai, wata alama ce da ke nuni da zaburar furuci cikin gaggawar kargafa murya. Hakan na faruwa ne yawanci a farkon bayyanar mury cikin Karfafawa, musamman a kalmomin; razana,mamaki, tausayi da kuma karfafar wata kalma a cikin wani zance na musamman. Alal Missali: '''Ah!, Wayyo!, Lah!, Innalillahi!, Kai!''' Da sauransu. Ga Karin missalai a cikin jimloli:
* Saurayin na zuwa ya nuna mata kyautar bazatar da ya zo mata da ita. Sai ta cika da mamaki,sannan ta ja wani gwauron numfashi sanan ta ce, '''La!''' Amma ko na gode '''sosai!'''
* A lokacin da yaron yake guje-guje cikin lalatattun Kujerun cikin ajin, sai ya taka kusa, ya ce, '''wayyo Allahna!''' jin haka malaminsu ya leko yana cewa, '''kai!''' Me ya faru.
* Haba, yana lekowa cikkin dare sai ya ga wani duhu-duhu  dab da shi. Aiko ya firgita ya ce '''waye nan!'''

Yanzu sai mu lura cewa, a Missali na daya (1), mun yi amfani da '''Lah!''' da kuma '''sosai!'''. A Missali na biyu (2) kuma mun yi amfani da '''wayyo Allah!''' tare da '''kai!'''. Har illa yau a Missali na uku (3) kuma na karshe, mun yi amfani da '''waye nan!'''.
Don haka, wadannan missalai, kadan ne daga cikin missalan '''ayar Motsin-rai / ! /''' Ko kuma inda ya kamata a yi amfani da ita. Sannan kuma, ya kamata a fahimci cewa, dole ne a sami karfafa murya a duk inda ake nufin '''ayar Motsin-rai,''' domin idan aka yi amfani da sanyin murya ma'ana ba za ta samu ba.

==1.9 Zarce / ... /==
Zarce wata alama ce ta digo-dogo akalla guda uku (...), da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna ketare wata kalma ko Jimla a cikin rubutu. Ana samun missalai ta bangarori da dama, mussan a cikin karin magana, tsaallake gurbin amasa wata tambaya, dss. Missali:
# '''Ban sa a ka ba,...''' A nan ba a bukatar karasa zancen ne, shi ya sa aka yi digo-dogon. Manufa a nan, duk Wanda aka yi wa karin maganar, ya karasa ma'anar a zuci ko ma a fili. Wto kenan sai ya karasa zuwa '''inji barawon tagiya'''
# Haka kuma, akan saka wannan alama / ... /, a tsarin tambayar '''cikke tazara'''. Missali:
* '''Sunan Babban birnin kasar Najeriya...''' a nana sai cike da '''Abuja''' ko makamancin haka.

=='''2.0 Rabawa Da Haɗa Kalma'''==
Raba kalma da hada kalma, abubuwa ne mabanbanta amma, masu alaka da juna. Da farko za mu dauki raba kalma. Kamar haka:

==2.1 Raba Kalma==
raba kalma na nufin, barin kalma ta ci gashin kanta duk kankantarta Kuma duk girmanta. Hakan, na nufin a barkalma a matayita ba tare da an hade ta da wata ba, don kaucewa rasa ma'ana ta asali. Wato dai,kin raba kalmomin a inda ya ya dace, yana haifar da chanjawar ma'ana. Missali:

* Shi ne, (kar a ce: shine)
* Ita ce, (kar a ce: itace)
* Wa ya je da su kasuwa? (Kar a ce: waya je dasu kasuwa?)
* Ba ni na zo da shi ba, (kar a ce: bani nazo dashi ba)
* Da ni da ku mu hada Kai, (kar a ce: Dani daku mu hadakai)

A nan, idan muka Laura, mafi yawancin kalmomin da aka yi amfani da su, masu gaba dai-dai ne. Kuma kowacce an bar ta a matayinta. Don haka mu duba Missali na farko: '''Shi ne.''' Kalmar farko '''shi''' wakilin suna ce, Kalmar '''ce''' kuwa tana cikin wani aji na nahawu da ake cewa dirka. Don hak, idan aka hade su kamar '''Shine''' kalmomi biyu daban-daban an hade guri daya, don haka sun zama kalma daya ke nan, wacce kwata-kwata babu ita a Hausa sai a Turancin Ingilishi. Wacce ke nufin '''sheki''' a harshen Hausa.

A Missali na hudu kuwa, ('''ba ni na zo da shi ba ''') za a fahimci cewa, kowacce kalma tana dauke da gaba daya ne. Kuma, duk da rashin tsawonsu,ba a hada wata da wata ba, domin kuwacce na cin gashin kanta. To hakan shi ne daidai. Inda kuwa an hada wata Kalmar da wata, ma'anarta za ta canza. Missali, idan aka hada '''da''' tare da '''shi,''' za su koma kalma daya kamar haka: '''dashi.''' kuma Kalmar tana nufin sunan wata itaciya ne.

==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance.

Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya)

==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance.

Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya)

=='''3.0 Shaddatun Tagwayen Harufan Hausa (Daurin tagwayen harufa)'''==
Shadda na nufin nanata harafi sau biyu, wtau abinda ake kira dauri. Sannan kuma, muna da tagwayen harufa a harshen Hausa,kamar, '''gw, gy, fy,' sh.''' da sauransu. Wadannan tagwayen harufa ana daurinsu a yayin rubuta wasu kalmomi, kamar, Sha'''ssha'''ka. A nan ga missalan yadda ya kamata a rubuta su dalla-dalla:
* fya'''ffy'''ade (ba fya'''fyfy'''ade ba)
* Sha'''ssh'''aka (ba Sha'''shsh'''aka ba)
* gwa'''ggw'''ale (ba gwa'''gwgw'''ale ba)
* gya'''ggy'''ara (ba gya'''gygy'''ara ba)
* kya'''kky'''awa (ba kya'''kyky'''awa ba)
* tsa'''tts'''ewala (ba tsa'''tsts'''ewala ba)
* kwa'''kkw'''afe (ba kwa'''kwkw'''afe ba)
Idan mun lura za mu ga cewa, tagwayen harafin da aka daura ba a saka shi duka. Watau, farkon shi ake sa wa a cire gaban. Missalan, '''fy''', sai a cire '''y''' a bar '''f'''

=='''4.0 Kalmomin Mallaka'''==
Kalmomin Mallaka, wasu kalmomi ne da ake amfani da su wajen nuna faruwar mallaka a cikin rubutu. Game da ka'idojin rubun Hausa, an tanadar da hanyoyi biyu domin samar da rubutu mai inganci.
Don haka, muna da gajerar mallaka da kuma doguwar mallaka.

===4.1 Gajerar Mallaka===
Gajerar mallaka, ita ake hade Kalmar abinda aka mallaka da wakilin sunan abin da aka mallaka da wakilin sunan wanda yai mallaka a guri daya.missli: gida+na= ('''gidana''') a nan za a fahimci cewa, kalmar 'gida' da kalmar 'na' an haɗa su a guri ɗaya sun zama kamar kalma guda. A kiyaye da cewa, gajerar mallaka haɗe ta ake yi. Don haka, akwai ƙarin missalai kamar haka:
*Jakarta ba jakar ta ba;
*ajinsu ba ajin su ba;
*matata ba mata ta ba;
*ɗakinki ba ɗakin ki ba;
*motarka ba motar ka ba. 
*masallacinku ba Masallacin ku ba. Da sauransu.

==='''4.2 Doguwar Mallaka'''===

Ita doguwar mallaka, ba a haɗe ake rubuta ta ba. Wato ke nan, ana rabewa tsakanin abinda aka mallaka da kuma wakilin sunan mai mallaka. Ga missalai kamar haka:
* Jakar tata
* Ɗakin nasu
* Wayar tawa
* Littafin nashi
* Gonar taku
* Masallacin nawa
* Takalmin namu

Da haka, za mu fahimci cewa akwai banbanci tsakanin doguwar mallaka da gajerar mallaka.  Mu tuna da missalin farko na doguwar. Wato &quot;'''jakar tata'''&quot; ma'ana, an rubuta &quot;'''jakar'''&quot; daban, ita ma, &quot;'''tata'''&quot; daban. idan kuma a gajerar mallaka ne sai a rubuta &quot;'''jakarta'''&quot; a haɗe. Wato dai ana haɗa &quot;'''jakar'''&quot; da kuma &quot;'''ta'''&quot; a haɗe ('''jakarta''')

== Manazararta==</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>890001</id>
      <parentid>890000</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-01T06:47:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Baban Asiya</username>
        <id>15906</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* 3.0 Shaddatun Tagwayen Harufan Hausa (Daurin tagwayen harufa) */</comment>
      <origin>890001</origin>
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      <text bytes="18529" sha1="lr92h1r8dk0xm0p38endt83alxdexry" xml:space="preserve">== Ƙa'idojin rubutun hausa ==
Kamar yadda aka sani, kowanne lamari na duniya yana da ka'idar yadda ya kamata a gudanar da shi. Kuma bin ƙa'idar ita ke sa a sami dacen yadda ake bukata ba tare da an fuskanci wata matsala ba. Idan kuma ba a bi ka'idar ba to za a ga  ba daidai ba..
Tunda yake haka ne, rubutun Hausa shi ma, yana da ka'idarsa. Bin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa sau-da-kafa, su ke sa a sami rubutu mai Cikakkiyar ma'ana. Wato a sami daidaiton manufa tsakanin tunanain marubuci da kuma na makaranci.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://hemingwayapp.com/articles/grammar-punctuation/punctuation-marks&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

==Abin da ake nufi da ka'idojin rubutun hausa==
Ka'idojin rubutun Hausa, wani yanayi ne na lura da kiyaye ka'idojin harshen Hausa a rubuce domin samun damar isar da sakon da marubuci ke nufi zuwa ga mai karatu daidai da daidai, ba tare da canzawar ma'anar da marubuci ke nufi ba
. Haka kuma, yana samar da saukin fahimtar karatu daga mai karantawa.

== Fannonin Ka'idojin Rubutun Hausa ==
Fannonin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa da muke da su a nan, suna da dama. Kuma sune ginshin duk abinda ya kamata marubuci ya koya game da ka'idojin rubutun Hausa domin samun gwanancewa a rubutu. Don haka, zan zayyano su, sannan kuma na yi bayaninsu daki-daki kamar haka:

#Alamomin ajiye magana;
#Raba kalma da kuma hade kalma;
#Shaddatun tagwayen harufan Hausa;
#Gajera da doguwar mallaka;
#Dafa-keya 'w' da jakada 'w';
#Daurin 'm' da daurin 'n';

=='''1.0 Alamomin Ajiye Magana' (punctuation mark)'''== 
Ga Alamomin aje magana tare da bayanansu daki-daki:
* '''Aya / . /
* '''Waƙafi / . /
* '''Ayar tambaya / ? /
* '''Ruwa-biyu / : /
* '''Waƙafi m mai ruwa / ; /
* '''Karan-ɗori / - /
* '''Alamar zancen wani / &quot; &quot; /
* '''Baka-biyu / ( ) /
* '''Alamar Motsin rai / ! /
* '''Zarce / ... /

1.1 '''Aya / . /'''
Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta  cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali:

'''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.'''
idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan.

1.2== Wakafi/ , / ==
Wakafi, wata karmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali:

*'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.'''
To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: 
*'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.'''
A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe.

1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / ==
Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali:
* Aliyu ya zo?, 
* menene ake sayarwa?
Idan aka yi la'akari da missalan da ke sama, za a ga
an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkanin suna dauke da alamar tambaya. 
Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba:

Aliyu ya zo

A nan za a fahimci cewa, ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri.

1.4== Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/==
Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal:
# '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida)
# missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )'''

sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita
* idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:'''

* Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi;
* Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa;
* Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. 

A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da aka sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana.

==1.1 Aya / . /==
Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta  cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali:

'''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.'''
idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan.

==1.2 Wakafi/ , / ==
Waƙafi, wata ƙarmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali:

*'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.'''
To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: 
*'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.'''
A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe.

1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / ==
Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali:
* Aliyu ya zo?, 
* menene ake sayarwa?
Idan aka yi la'akari missalan da ke sama, za a ga
an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkaninsu suna dauke da alamar tambaya. 
Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba:

Aliyu ya zo

A nan za a fahimci cewa ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri.

==1.4 Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/==
Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal:
# '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida)
# missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )'''

sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita
* idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:'''

* Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi;
* Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa;
* Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. 

A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da na sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana.

==1.5 Waƙafi mai ruwa / ; / ==

wannan alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen raba jerin wasu jimloli ko kalmomi a cikin zance. 
Game da missali, a duba a missalin karshe na Aya mai ruwa, za a ga yadda aka bayyana abinda Shugaban kasa ya zayyana.  A nan za a ga an sa
Ka alamar /;/ a gaban kowacce jimla. 
Ga Karin missali:
* Shugqban makarantar ya gargadi dalibai cewa,idan sun tashi dawowa daga hutu, su zo da kayan karatu kamar irin wadannan:
# littafin koyon turanci, aji na biyar;
# littafin koyan lissafi, aji na biyar;
# littafin nazarin rayuwar dan Adam, aji na biyar;
# littafin koyan karatn Hausa, aji na biyar.
A wadannan missalai za a lura cewa, a duk karshen jimloli 3 na farko an saka alamaar tsayawa ta wakafi mai ruwa (;), in banda jimla ta karshe da aka yi wa alamar aya /./

==1.6 Karan-ɗori / - /==
Karan-dori, alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen hade kalmomi biyu ko sama da biyu, su zama kalma daya da ma'ana daya. Akan saka wannan alama ne a tsakanin kalmomi da suka zo iri daya ko wadanda suka zo daban-daban. Kin  saka wannan alama a inda ya dace, yakan kawo sabanin ma'ana tsakanin mawallafi da makaranci. Missali:
# malam-buda-mana-littafi (sunnan wani kafilfilo);
# fadi-ka-mutu (tangaran);
# fari-fari (abinda bai kai fari sosai ba);
# malfar-ungulu (wani tsiro ne); dss.
A lura da kyau, idan muka dauki missali na farko, (malam-buda-mana-littafi)  za mu ga yana nufin sunan wani abu wato (kafilfilo). Idan kuma ba a sa wannan alama ba a tsakankanin kalmomin (malam buda mana littafi) to rubutun ya zama wata jimla mai nufin umarni, maimakon kalma daya mai nufin sunan wani Kwaro. Wato, dalibai ne ke umartar malaminsu da ya buda masu littafi. Don haka, zamu fahimci cewa, idan an saka alamar, zancen ya zama Kalma daya kacal. Amma idan ba a sa alamar ba to rubutun ya zama jimla sukum.
# Karin Missali, idan mutum yana rubutu a cikin takarda ko kan allo, sai aka fara rubuta wata kalma da ta zo a karshen layi sannan kuma ba ta karasu duka ba, sai a saka karan-dori ( - ) kuma a karasata a layi na kasa.

==1.7 Alamar baka-biyu / ( ) /==
Wannan wata alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna karin bayani akan wata kalma, ko Jimla ko dai a kan wata maganar ta daban. Ga missalai nan kamar haka:
* Yaron da aka kama da laifin kisan matar, 'yar uwa ce ga mahaifin yaron (Gwaggon yaron ce)
* Gwamnan kano, Alh. Abba Kabir Yusuf, ya tura wakilinsa (Sunusi Nature) wajen Taron.
* # Ni mutum ne mai son a sami zaman lafiya tsakanin Musulmai da wanda ba Musulmai ba (Kiristoci).

==1.8 Ayar Motsin-rai / ! /==
Ayar Motsin-rai, wata alama ce da ke nuni da zaburar furuci cikin gaggawar kargafa murya. Hakan na faruwa ne yawanci a farkon bayyanar mury cikin Karfafawa, musamman a kalmomin; razana,mamaki, tausayi da kuma karfafar wata kalma a cikin wani zance na musamman. Alal Missali: '''Ah!, Wayyo!, Lah!, Innalillahi!, Kai!''' Da sauransu. Ga Karin missalai a cikin jimloli:
* Saurayin na zuwa ya nuna mata kyautar bazatar da ya zo mata da ita. Sai ta cika da mamaki,sannan ta ja wani gwauron numfashi sanan ta ce, '''La!''' Amma ko na gode '''sosai!'''
* A lokacin da yaron yake guje-guje cikin lalatattun Kujerun cikin ajin, sai ya taka kusa, ya ce, '''wayyo Allahna!''' jin haka malaminsu ya leko yana cewa, '''kai!''' Me ya faru.
* Haba, yana lekowa cikkin dare sai ya ga wani duhu-duhu  dab da shi. Aiko ya firgita ya ce '''waye nan!'''

Yanzu sai mu lura cewa, a Missali na daya (1), mun yi amfani da '''Lah!''' da kuma '''sosai!'''. A Missali na biyu (2) kuma mun yi amfani da '''wayyo Allah!''' tare da '''kai!'''. Har illa yau a Missali na uku (3) kuma na karshe, mun yi amfani da '''waye nan!'''.
Don haka, wadannan missalai, kadan ne daga cikin missalan '''ayar Motsin-rai / ! /''' Ko kuma inda ya kamata a yi amfani da ita. Sannan kuma, ya kamata a fahimci cewa, dole ne a sami karfafa murya a duk inda ake nufin '''ayar Motsin-rai,''' domin idan aka yi amfani da sanyin murya ma'ana ba za ta samu ba.

==1.9 Zarce / ... /==
Zarce wata alama ce ta digo-dogo akalla guda uku (...), da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna ketare wata kalma ko Jimla a cikin rubutu. Ana samun missalai ta bangarori da dama, mussan a cikin karin magana, tsaallake gurbin amasa wata tambaya, dss. Missali:
# '''Ban sa a ka ba,...''' A nan ba a bukatar karasa zancen ne, shi ya sa aka yi digo-dogon. Manufa a nan, duk Wanda aka yi wa karin maganar, ya karasa ma'anar a zuci ko ma a fili. Wto kenan sai ya karasa zuwa '''inji barawon tagiya'''
# Haka kuma, akan saka wannan alama / ... /, a tsarin tambayar '''cikke tazara'''. Missali:
* '''Sunan Babban birnin kasar Najeriya...''' a nana sai cike da '''Abuja''' ko makamancin haka.

=='''2.0 Rabawa Da Haɗa Kalma'''==
Raba kalma da hada kalma, abubuwa ne mabanbanta amma, masu alaka da juna. Da farko za mu dauki raba kalma. Kamar haka:

==2.1 Raba Kalma==
raba kalma na nufin, barin kalma ta ci gashin kanta duk kankantarta Kuma duk girmanta. Hakan, na nufin a barkalma a matayita ba tare da an hade ta da wata ba, don kaucewa rasa ma'ana ta asali. Wato dai,kin raba kalmomin a inda ya ya dace, yana haifar da chanjawar ma'ana. Missali:

* Shi ne, (kar a ce: shine)
* Ita ce, (kar a ce: itace)
* Wa ya je da su kasuwa? (Kar a ce: waya je dasu kasuwa?)
* Ba ni na zo da shi ba, (kar a ce: bani nazo dashi ba)
* Da ni da ku mu hada Kai, (kar a ce: Dani daku mu hadakai)

A nan, idan muka Laura, mafi yawancin kalmomin da aka yi amfani da su, masu gaba dai-dai ne. Kuma kowacce an bar ta a matayinta. Don haka mu duba Missali na farko: '''Shi ne.''' Kalmar farko '''shi''' wakilin suna ce, Kalmar '''ce''' kuwa tana cikin wani aji na nahawu da ake cewa dirka. Don hak, idan aka hade su kamar '''Shine''' kalmomi biyu daban-daban an hade guri daya, don haka sun zama kalma daya ke nan, wacce kwata-kwata babu ita a Hausa sai a Turancin Ingilishi. Wacce ke nufin '''sheki''' a harshen Hausa.

A Missali na hudu kuwa, ('''ba ni na zo da shi ba ''') za a fahimci cewa, kowacce kalma tana dauke da gaba daya ne. Kuma, duk da rashin tsawonsu,ba a hada wata da wata ba, domin kuwacce na cin gashin kanta. To hakan shi ne daidai. Inda kuwa an hada wata Kalmar da wata, ma'anarta za ta canza. Missali, idan aka hada '''da''' tare da '''shi,''' za su koma kalma daya kamar haka: '''dashi.''' kuma Kalmar tana nufin sunan wata itaciya ne.

==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance.

Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya)

==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance.

Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya)

=='''3.0 Shaddatun Tagwayen Harufan Hausa (Daurin tagwayen harufa)'''==
Shadda na nufin nanata harafi sau biyu, wtau abinda ake kira dauri. Sannan kuma, muna da tagwayen harufa a harshen Hausa,kamar, '''gw, gy, fy,' sh.''' da sauransu. Wadannan tagwayen harufa ana daurinsu a yayin rubuta wasu kalmomi, kamar, Sha'''ssha'''ka. A nan ga missalan yadda ya kamata a rubuta su dalla-dalla:
* fya'''ffy'''ade (ba fya'''fyfy'''ade ba)
* Sha'''ssh'''aka (ba Sha'''shsh'''aka ba)
* gwa'''ggw'''ale (ba gwa'''gwgw'''ale ba)
* gya'''ggy'''ara (ba gya'''gygy'''ara ba)
* kya'''kky'''awa (ba kya'''kyky'''awa ba)
* tsa'''tts'''ewala (ba tsa'''tsts'''ewala ba)
* kwa'''kkw'''afe (ba kwa'''kwkw'''afe ba)
Idan mun lura za mu ga cewa, tagwayen harafin da aka daura ba a saka shi duka. Watau, farkon shi ake sa wa a cire gaban. Missalan, '''fy''', sai a cire '''y''' a bar '''f'''. Sannan sai a biyo baya da tagwan harafi

=='''4.0 Kalmomin Mallaka'''==
Kalmomin Mallaka, wasu kalmomi ne da ake amfani da su wajen nuna faruwar mallaka a cikin rubutu. Game da ka'idojin rubun Hausa, an tanadar da hanyoyi biyu domin samar da rubutu mai inganci.
Don haka, muna da gajerar mallaka da kuma doguwar mallaka.

===4.1 Gajerar Mallaka===
Gajerar mallaka, ita ake hade Kalmar abinda aka mallaka da wakilin sunan abin da aka mallaka da wakilin sunan wanda yai mallaka a guri daya.missli: gida+na= ('''gidana''') a nan za a fahimci cewa, kalmar 'gida' da kalmar 'na' an haɗa su a guri ɗaya sun zama kamar kalma guda. A kiyaye da cewa, gajerar mallaka haɗe ta ake yi. Don haka, akwai ƙarin missalai kamar haka:
*Jakarta ba jakar ta ba;
*ajinsu ba ajin su ba;
*matata ba mata ta ba;
*ɗakinki ba ɗakin ki ba;
*motarka ba motar ka ba. 
*masallacinku ba Masallacin ku ba. Da sauransu.

==='''4.2 Doguwar Mallaka'''===

Ita doguwar mallaka, ba a haɗe ake rubuta ta ba. Wato ke nan, ana rabewa tsakanin abinda aka mallaka da kuma wakilin sunan mai mallaka. Ga missalai kamar haka:
* Jakar tata
* Ɗakin nasu
* Wayar tawa
* Littafin nashi
* Gonar taku
* Masallacin nawa
* Takalmin namu

Da haka, za mu fahimci cewa akwai banbanci tsakanin doguwar mallaka da gajerar mallaka.  Mu tuna da missalin farko na doguwar. Wato &quot;'''jakar tata'''&quot; ma'ana, an rubuta &quot;'''jakar'''&quot; daban, ita ma, &quot;'''tata'''&quot; daban. idan kuma a gajerar mallaka ne sai a rubuta &quot;'''jakarta'''&quot; a haɗe. Wato dai ana haɗa &quot;'''jakar'''&quot; da kuma &quot;'''ta'''&quot; a haɗe ('''jakarta''')

== Manazararta==</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>890002</id>
      <parentid>890001</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-01T06:49:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Baban Asiya</username>
        <id>15906</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* 3.0 Shaddatun Tagwayen Harufan Hausa (Daurin tagwayen harufa) */</comment>
      <origin>890002</origin>
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      <text bytes="18553" sha1="k789yp5xe9ycde2qvh1cf5dzit9ofqh" xml:space="preserve">== Ƙa'idojin rubutun hausa ==
Kamar yadda aka sani, kowanne lamari na duniya yana da ka'idar yadda ya kamata a gudanar da shi. Kuma bin ƙa'idar ita ke sa a sami dacen yadda ake bukata ba tare da an fuskanci wata matsala ba. Idan kuma ba a bi ka'idar ba to za a ga  ba daidai ba..
Tunda yake haka ne, rubutun Hausa shi ma, yana da ka'idarsa. Bin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa sau-da-kafa, su ke sa a sami rubutu mai Cikakkiyar ma'ana. Wato a sami daidaiton manufa tsakanin tunanain marubuci da kuma na makaranci.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://hemingwayapp.com/articles/grammar-punctuation/punctuation-marks&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

==Abin da ake nufi da ka'idojin rubutun hausa==
Ka'idojin rubutun Hausa, wani yanayi ne na lura da kiyaye ka'idojin harshen Hausa a rubuce domin samun damar isar da sakon da marubuci ke nufi zuwa ga mai karatu daidai da daidai, ba tare da canzawar ma'anar da marubuci ke nufi ba
. Haka kuma, yana samar da saukin fahimtar karatu daga mai karantawa.

== Fannonin Ka'idojin Rubutun Hausa ==
Fannonin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa da muke da su a nan, suna da dama. Kuma sune ginshin duk abinda ya kamata marubuci ya koya game da ka'idojin rubutun Hausa domin samun gwanancewa a rubutu. Don haka, zan zayyano su, sannan kuma na yi bayaninsu daki-daki kamar haka:

#Alamomin ajiye magana;
#Raba kalma da kuma hade kalma;
#Shaddatun tagwayen harufan Hausa;
#Gajera da doguwar mallaka;
#Dafa-keya 'w' da jakada 'w';
#Daurin 'm' da daurin 'n';

=='''1.0 Alamomin Ajiye Magana' (punctuation mark)'''== 
Ga Alamomin aje magana tare da bayanansu daki-daki:
* '''Aya / . /
* '''Waƙafi / . /
* '''Ayar tambaya / ? /
* '''Ruwa-biyu / : /
* '''Waƙafi m mai ruwa / ; /
* '''Karan-ɗori / - /
* '''Alamar zancen wani / &quot; &quot; /
* '''Baka-biyu / ( ) /
* '''Alamar Motsin rai / ! /
* '''Zarce / ... /

1.1 '''Aya / . /'''
Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta  cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali:

'''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.'''
idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan.

1.2== Wakafi/ , / ==
Wakafi, wata karmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali:

*'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.'''
To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: 
*'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.'''
A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe.

1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / ==
Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali:
* Aliyu ya zo?, 
* menene ake sayarwa?
Idan aka yi la'akari da missalan da ke sama, za a ga
an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkanin suna dauke da alamar tambaya. 
Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba:

Aliyu ya zo

A nan za a fahimci cewa, ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri.

1.4== Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/==
Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal:
# '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida)
# missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )'''

sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita
* idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:'''

* Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi;
* Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa;
* Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. 

A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da aka sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana.

==1.1 Aya / . /==
Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta  cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali:

'''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.'''
idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan.

==1.2 Wakafi/ , / ==
Waƙafi, wata ƙarmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali:

*'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.'''
To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: 
*'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.'''
A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe.

1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / ==
Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali:
* Aliyu ya zo?, 
* menene ake sayarwa?
Idan aka yi la'akari missalan da ke sama, za a ga
an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkaninsu suna dauke da alamar tambaya. 
Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba:

Aliyu ya zo

A nan za a fahimci cewa ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri.

==1.4 Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/==
Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal:
# '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida)
# missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )'''

sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita
* idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:'''

* Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi;
* Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa;
* Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. 

A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da na sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana.

==1.5 Waƙafi mai ruwa / ; / ==

wannan alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen raba jerin wasu jimloli ko kalmomi a cikin zance. 
Game da missali, a duba a missalin karshe na Aya mai ruwa, za a ga yadda aka bayyana abinda Shugaban kasa ya zayyana.  A nan za a ga an sa
Ka alamar /;/ a gaban kowacce jimla. 
Ga Karin missali:
* Shugqban makarantar ya gargadi dalibai cewa,idan sun tashi dawowa daga hutu, su zo da kayan karatu kamar irin wadannan:
# littafin koyon turanci, aji na biyar;
# littafin koyan lissafi, aji na biyar;
# littafin nazarin rayuwar dan Adam, aji na biyar;
# littafin koyan karatn Hausa, aji na biyar.
A wadannan missalai za a lura cewa, a duk karshen jimloli 3 na farko an saka alamaar tsayawa ta wakafi mai ruwa (;), in banda jimla ta karshe da aka yi wa alamar aya /./

==1.6 Karan-ɗori / - /==
Karan-dori, alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen hade kalmomi biyu ko sama da biyu, su zama kalma daya da ma'ana daya. Akan saka wannan alama ne a tsakanin kalmomi da suka zo iri daya ko wadanda suka zo daban-daban. Kin  saka wannan alama a inda ya dace, yakan kawo sabanin ma'ana tsakanin mawallafi da makaranci. Missali:
# malam-buda-mana-littafi (sunnan wani kafilfilo);
# fadi-ka-mutu (tangaran);
# fari-fari (abinda bai kai fari sosai ba);
# malfar-ungulu (wani tsiro ne); dss.
A lura da kyau, idan muka dauki missali na farko, (malam-buda-mana-littafi)  za mu ga yana nufin sunan wani abu wato (kafilfilo). Idan kuma ba a sa wannan alama ba a tsakankanin kalmomin (malam buda mana littafi) to rubutun ya zama wata jimla mai nufin umarni, maimakon kalma daya mai nufin sunan wani Kwaro. Wato, dalibai ne ke umartar malaminsu da ya buda masu littafi. Don haka, zamu fahimci cewa, idan an saka alamar, zancen ya zama Kalma daya kacal. Amma idan ba a sa alamar ba to rubutun ya zama jimla sukum.
# Karin Missali, idan mutum yana rubutu a cikin takarda ko kan allo, sai aka fara rubuta wata kalma da ta zo a karshen layi sannan kuma ba ta karasu duka ba, sai a saka karan-dori ( - ) kuma a karasata a layi na kasa.

==1.7 Alamar baka-biyu / ( ) /==
Wannan wata alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna karin bayani akan wata kalma, ko Jimla ko dai a kan wata maganar ta daban. Ga missalai nan kamar haka:
* Yaron da aka kama da laifin kisan matar, 'yar uwa ce ga mahaifin yaron (Gwaggon yaron ce)
* Gwamnan kano, Alh. Abba Kabir Yusuf, ya tura wakilinsa (Sunusi Nature) wajen Taron.
* # Ni mutum ne mai son a sami zaman lafiya tsakanin Musulmai da wanda ba Musulmai ba (Kiristoci).

==1.8 Ayar Motsin-rai / ! /==
Ayar Motsin-rai, wata alama ce da ke nuni da zaburar furuci cikin gaggawar kargafa murya. Hakan na faruwa ne yawanci a farkon bayyanar mury cikin Karfafawa, musamman a kalmomin; razana,mamaki, tausayi da kuma karfafar wata kalma a cikin wani zance na musamman. Alal Missali: '''Ah!, Wayyo!, Lah!, Innalillahi!, Kai!''' Da sauransu. Ga Karin missalai a cikin jimloli:
* Saurayin na zuwa ya nuna mata kyautar bazatar da ya zo mata da ita. Sai ta cika da mamaki,sannan ta ja wani gwauron numfashi sanan ta ce, '''La!''' Amma ko na gode '''sosai!'''
* A lokacin da yaron yake guje-guje cikin lalatattun Kujerun cikin ajin, sai ya taka kusa, ya ce, '''wayyo Allahna!''' jin haka malaminsu ya leko yana cewa, '''kai!''' Me ya faru.
* Haba, yana lekowa cikkin dare sai ya ga wani duhu-duhu  dab da shi. Aiko ya firgita ya ce '''waye nan!'''

Yanzu sai mu lura cewa, a Missali na daya (1), mun yi amfani da '''Lah!''' da kuma '''sosai!'''. A Missali na biyu (2) kuma mun yi amfani da '''wayyo Allah!''' tare da '''kai!'''. Har illa yau a Missali na uku (3) kuma na karshe, mun yi amfani da '''waye nan!'''.
Don haka, wadannan missalai, kadan ne daga cikin missalan '''ayar Motsin-rai / ! /''' Ko kuma inda ya kamata a yi amfani da ita. Sannan kuma, ya kamata a fahimci cewa, dole ne a sami karfafa murya a duk inda ake nufin '''ayar Motsin-rai,''' domin idan aka yi amfani da sanyin murya ma'ana ba za ta samu ba.

==1.9 Zarce / ... /==
Zarce wata alama ce ta digo-dogo akalla guda uku (...), da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna ketare wata kalma ko Jimla a cikin rubutu. Ana samun missalai ta bangarori da dama, mussan a cikin karin magana, tsaallake gurbin amasa wata tambaya, dss. Missali:
# '''Ban sa a ka ba,...''' A nan ba a bukatar karasa zancen ne, shi ya sa aka yi digo-dogon. Manufa a nan, duk Wanda aka yi wa karin maganar, ya karasa ma'anar a zuci ko ma a fili. Wto kenan sai ya karasa zuwa '''inji barawon tagiya'''
# Haka kuma, akan saka wannan alama / ... /, a tsarin tambayar '''cikke tazara'''. Missali:
* '''Sunan Babban birnin kasar Najeriya...''' a nana sai cike da '''Abuja''' ko makamancin haka.

=='''2.0 Rabawa Da Haɗa Kalma'''==
Raba kalma da hada kalma, abubuwa ne mabanbanta amma, masu alaka da juna. Da farko za mu dauki raba kalma. Kamar haka:

==2.1 Raba Kalma==
raba kalma na nufin, barin kalma ta ci gashin kanta duk kankantarta Kuma duk girmanta. Hakan, na nufin a barkalma a matayita ba tare da an hade ta da wata ba, don kaucewa rasa ma'ana ta asali. Wato dai,kin raba kalmomin a inda ya ya dace, yana haifar da chanjawar ma'ana. Missali:

* Shi ne, (kar a ce: shine)
* Ita ce, (kar a ce: itace)
* Wa ya je da su kasuwa? (Kar a ce: waya je dasu kasuwa?)
* Ba ni na zo da shi ba, (kar a ce: bani nazo dashi ba)
* Da ni da ku mu hada Kai, (kar a ce: Dani daku mu hadakai)

A nan, idan muka Laura, mafi yawancin kalmomin da aka yi amfani da su, masu gaba dai-dai ne. Kuma kowacce an bar ta a matayinta. Don haka mu duba Missali na farko: '''Shi ne.''' Kalmar farko '''shi''' wakilin suna ce, Kalmar '''ce''' kuwa tana cikin wani aji na nahawu da ake cewa dirka. Don hak, idan aka hade su kamar '''Shine''' kalmomi biyu daban-daban an hade guri daya, don haka sun zama kalma daya ke nan, wacce kwata-kwata babu ita a Hausa sai a Turancin Ingilishi. Wacce ke nufin '''sheki''' a harshen Hausa.

A Missali na hudu kuwa, ('''ba ni na zo da shi ba ''') za a fahimci cewa, kowacce kalma tana dauke da gaba daya ne. Kuma, duk da rashin tsawonsu,ba a hada wata da wata ba, domin kuwacce na cin gashin kanta. To hakan shi ne daidai. Inda kuwa an hada wata Kalmar da wata, ma'anarta za ta canza. Missali, idan aka hada '''da''' tare da '''shi,''' za su koma kalma daya kamar haka: '''dashi.''' kuma Kalmar tana nufin sunan wata itaciya ne.

==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance.

Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya)

==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance.

Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya)

=='''3.0 Shaddatun Tagwayen Harufan Hausa (Daurin tagwayen harufa)'''==
Shadda na nufin nanata harafi sau biyu, wtau abinda ake kira dauri. Sannan kuma, muna da tagwayen harufa a harshen Hausa,kamar, '''gw, gy, fy,' sh.''' da sauransu. Wadannan tagwayen harufa ana daurinsu a yayin rubuta wasu kalmomi, kamar, Sha'''ssha'''ka. A nan ga missalan yadda ya kamata a rubuta su dalla-dalla:
* fya'''ffy'''ade (ba fya'''fyfy'''ade ba)
* Sha'''ssh'''aka (ba Sha'''shsh'''aka ba)
* gwa'''ggw'''ale (ba gwa'''gwgw'''ale ba)
* gya'''ggy'''ara (ba gya'''gygy'''ara ba)
* kya'''kky'''awa (ba kya'''kyky'''awa ba)
* tsa'''tts'''ewala (ba tsa'''tsts'''ewala ba)
* kwa'''kkw'''afe (ba kwa'''kwkw'''afe ba)
Idan mun lura za mu ga cewa, tagwayen harafin da aka daura ba a saka shi duka. Watau, farkon shi ake sa wa a cire gaban. Missalan, '''fy''', sai a cire '''y''' a bar '''f'''. Sannan sai a biyo baya da tagwan harafi mai wasali ('''fya''').

=='''4.0 Kalmomin Mallaka'''==
Kalmomin Mallaka, wasu kalmomi ne da ake amfani da su wajen nuna faruwar mallaka a cikin rubutu. Game da ka'idojin rubun Hausa, an tanadar da hanyoyi biyu domin samar da rubutu mai inganci.
Don haka, muna da gajerar mallaka da kuma doguwar mallaka.

===4.1 Gajerar Mallaka===
Gajerar mallaka, ita ake hade Kalmar abinda aka mallaka da wakilin sunan abin da aka mallaka da wakilin sunan wanda yai mallaka a guri daya.missli: gida+na= ('''gidana''') a nan za a fahimci cewa, kalmar 'gida' da kalmar 'na' an haɗa su a guri ɗaya sun zama kamar kalma guda. A kiyaye da cewa, gajerar mallaka haɗe ta ake yi. Don haka, akwai ƙarin missalai kamar haka:
*Jakarta ba jakar ta ba;
*ajinsu ba ajin su ba;
*matata ba mata ta ba;
*ɗakinki ba ɗakin ki ba;
*motarka ba motar ka ba. 
*masallacinku ba Masallacin ku ba. Da sauransu.

==='''4.2 Doguwar Mallaka'''===

Ita doguwar mallaka, ba a haɗe ake rubuta ta ba. Wato ke nan, ana rabewa tsakanin abinda aka mallaka da kuma wakilin sunan mai mallaka. Ga missalai kamar haka:
* Jakar tata
* Ɗakin nasu
* Wayar tawa
* Littafin nashi
* Gonar taku
* Masallacin nawa
* Takalmin namu

Da haka, za mu fahimci cewa akwai banbanci tsakanin doguwar mallaka da gajerar mallaka.  Mu tuna da missalin farko na doguwar. Wato &quot;'''jakar tata'''&quot; ma'ana, an rubuta &quot;'''jakar'''&quot; daban, ita ma, &quot;'''tata'''&quot; daban. idan kuma a gajerar mallaka ne sai a rubuta &quot;'''jakarta'''&quot; a haɗe. Wato dai ana haɗa &quot;'''jakar'''&quot; da kuma &quot;'''ta'''&quot; a haɗe ('''jakarta''')

== Manazararta==</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>890003</id>
      <parentid>890002</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-01T06:50:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Baban Asiya</username>
        <id>15906</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* 3.0 Shaddatun Tagwayen Harufan Hausa (Daurin tagwayen harufa) */</comment>
      <origin>890003</origin>
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      <text bytes="18554" sha1="2q7hrywhe5jte6jeh8jnjp7hjcoci60" xml:space="preserve">== Ƙa'idojin rubutun hausa ==
Kamar yadda aka sani, kowanne lamari na duniya yana da ka'idar yadda ya kamata a gudanar da shi. Kuma bin ƙa'idar ita ke sa a sami dacen yadda ake bukata ba tare da an fuskanci wata matsala ba. Idan kuma ba a bi ka'idar ba to za a ga  ba daidai ba..
Tunda yake haka ne, rubutun Hausa shi ma, yana da ka'idarsa. Bin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa sau-da-kafa, su ke sa a sami rubutu mai Cikakkiyar ma'ana. Wato a sami daidaiton manufa tsakanin tunanain marubuci da kuma na makaranci.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://hemingwayapp.com/articles/grammar-punctuation/punctuation-marks&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

==Abin da ake nufi da ka'idojin rubutun hausa==
Ka'idojin rubutun Hausa, wani yanayi ne na lura da kiyaye ka'idojin harshen Hausa a rubuce domin samun damar isar da sakon da marubuci ke nufi zuwa ga mai karatu daidai da daidai, ba tare da canzawar ma'anar da marubuci ke nufi ba
. Haka kuma, yana samar da saukin fahimtar karatu daga mai karantawa.

== Fannonin Ka'idojin Rubutun Hausa ==
Fannonin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa da muke da su a nan, suna da dama. Kuma sune ginshin duk abinda ya kamata marubuci ya koya game da ka'idojin rubutun Hausa domin samun gwanancewa a rubutu. Don haka, zan zayyano su, sannan kuma na yi bayaninsu daki-daki kamar haka:

#Alamomin ajiye magana;
#Raba kalma da kuma hade kalma;
#Shaddatun tagwayen harufan Hausa;
#Gajera da doguwar mallaka;
#Dafa-keya 'w' da jakada 'w';
#Daurin 'm' da daurin 'n';

=='''1.0 Alamomin Ajiye Magana' (punctuation mark)'''== 
Ga Alamomin aje magana tare da bayanansu daki-daki:
* '''Aya / . /
* '''Waƙafi / . /
* '''Ayar tambaya / ? /
* '''Ruwa-biyu / : /
* '''Waƙafi m mai ruwa / ; /
* '''Karan-ɗori / - /
* '''Alamar zancen wani / &quot; &quot; /
* '''Baka-biyu / ( ) /
* '''Alamar Motsin rai / ! /
* '''Zarce / ... /

1.1 '''Aya / . /'''
Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta  cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali:

'''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.'''
idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan.

1.2== Wakafi/ , / ==
Wakafi, wata karmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali:

*'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.'''
To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: 
*'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.'''
A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe.

1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / ==
Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali:
* Aliyu ya zo?, 
* menene ake sayarwa?
Idan aka yi la'akari da missalan da ke sama, za a ga
an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkanin suna dauke da alamar tambaya. 
Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba:

Aliyu ya zo

A nan za a fahimci cewa, ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri.

1.4== Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/==
Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal:
# '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida)
# missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )'''

sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita
* idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:'''

* Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi;
* Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa;
* Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. 

A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da aka sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana.

==1.1 Aya / . /==
Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta  cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali:

'''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.'''
idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan.

==1.2 Wakafi/ , / ==
Waƙafi, wata ƙarmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali:

*'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.'''
To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: 
*'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.'''
A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe.

1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / ==
Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali:
* Aliyu ya zo?, 
* menene ake sayarwa?
Idan aka yi la'akari missalan da ke sama, za a ga
an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkaninsu suna dauke da alamar tambaya. 
Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba:

Aliyu ya zo

A nan za a fahimci cewa ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri.

==1.4 Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/==
Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal:
# '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida)
# missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )'''

sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita
* idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:'''

* Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi;
* Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa;
* Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. 

A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da na sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana.

==1.5 Waƙafi mai ruwa / ; / ==

wannan alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen raba jerin wasu jimloli ko kalmomi a cikin zance. 
Game da missali, a duba a missalin karshe na Aya mai ruwa, za a ga yadda aka bayyana abinda Shugaban kasa ya zayyana.  A nan za a ga an sa
Ka alamar /;/ a gaban kowacce jimla. 
Ga Karin missali:
* Shugqban makarantar ya gargadi dalibai cewa,idan sun tashi dawowa daga hutu, su zo da kayan karatu kamar irin wadannan:
# littafin koyon turanci, aji na biyar;
# littafin koyan lissafi, aji na biyar;
# littafin nazarin rayuwar dan Adam, aji na biyar;
# littafin koyan karatn Hausa, aji na biyar.
A wadannan missalai za a lura cewa, a duk karshen jimloli 3 na farko an saka alamaar tsayawa ta wakafi mai ruwa (;), in banda jimla ta karshe da aka yi wa alamar aya /./

==1.6 Karan-ɗori / - /==
Karan-dori, alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen hade kalmomi biyu ko sama da biyu, su zama kalma daya da ma'ana daya. Akan saka wannan alama ne a tsakanin kalmomi da suka zo iri daya ko wadanda suka zo daban-daban. Kin  saka wannan alama a inda ya dace, yakan kawo sabanin ma'ana tsakanin mawallafi da makaranci. Missali:
# malam-buda-mana-littafi (sunnan wani kafilfilo);
# fadi-ka-mutu (tangaran);
# fari-fari (abinda bai kai fari sosai ba);
# malfar-ungulu (wani tsiro ne); dss.
A lura da kyau, idan muka dauki missali na farko, (malam-buda-mana-littafi)  za mu ga yana nufin sunan wani abu wato (kafilfilo). Idan kuma ba a sa wannan alama ba a tsakankanin kalmomin (malam buda mana littafi) to rubutun ya zama wata jimla mai nufin umarni, maimakon kalma daya mai nufin sunan wani Kwaro. Wato, dalibai ne ke umartar malaminsu da ya buda masu littafi. Don haka, zamu fahimci cewa, idan an saka alamar, zancen ya zama Kalma daya kacal. Amma idan ba a sa alamar ba to rubutun ya zama jimla sukum.
# Karin Missali, idan mutum yana rubutu a cikin takarda ko kan allo, sai aka fara rubuta wata kalma da ta zo a karshen layi sannan kuma ba ta karasu duka ba, sai a saka karan-dori ( - ) kuma a karasata a layi na kasa.

==1.7 Alamar baka-biyu / ( ) /==
Wannan wata alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna karin bayani akan wata kalma, ko Jimla ko dai a kan wata maganar ta daban. Ga missalai nan kamar haka:
* Yaron da aka kama da laifin kisan matar, 'yar uwa ce ga mahaifin yaron (Gwaggon yaron ce)
* Gwamnan kano, Alh. Abba Kabir Yusuf, ya tura wakilinsa (Sunusi Nature) wajen Taron.
* # Ni mutum ne mai son a sami zaman lafiya tsakanin Musulmai da wanda ba Musulmai ba (Kiristoci).

==1.8 Ayar Motsin-rai / ! /==
Ayar Motsin-rai, wata alama ce da ke nuni da zaburar furuci cikin gaggawar kargafa murya. Hakan na faruwa ne yawanci a farkon bayyanar mury cikin Karfafawa, musamman a kalmomin; razana,mamaki, tausayi da kuma karfafar wata kalma a cikin wani zance na musamman. Alal Missali: '''Ah!, Wayyo!, Lah!, Innalillahi!, Kai!''' Da sauransu. Ga Karin missalai a cikin jimloli:
* Saurayin na zuwa ya nuna mata kyautar bazatar da ya zo mata da ita. Sai ta cika da mamaki,sannan ta ja wani gwauron numfashi sanan ta ce, '''La!''' Amma ko na gode '''sosai!'''
* A lokacin da yaron yake guje-guje cikin lalatattun Kujerun cikin ajin, sai ya taka kusa, ya ce, '''wayyo Allahna!''' jin haka malaminsu ya leko yana cewa, '''kai!''' Me ya faru.
* Haba, yana lekowa cikkin dare sai ya ga wani duhu-duhu  dab da shi. Aiko ya firgita ya ce '''waye nan!'''

Yanzu sai mu lura cewa, a Missali na daya (1), mun yi amfani da '''Lah!''' da kuma '''sosai!'''. A Missali na biyu (2) kuma mun yi amfani da '''wayyo Allah!''' tare da '''kai!'''. Har illa yau a Missali na uku (3) kuma na karshe, mun yi amfani da '''waye nan!'''.
Don haka, wadannan missalai, kadan ne daga cikin missalan '''ayar Motsin-rai / ! /''' Ko kuma inda ya kamata a yi amfani da ita. Sannan kuma, ya kamata a fahimci cewa, dole ne a sami karfafa murya a duk inda ake nufin '''ayar Motsin-rai,''' domin idan aka yi amfani da sanyin murya ma'ana ba za ta samu ba.

==1.9 Zarce / ... /==
Zarce wata alama ce ta digo-dogo akalla guda uku (...), da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna ketare wata kalma ko Jimla a cikin rubutu. Ana samun missalai ta bangarori da dama, mussan a cikin karin magana, tsaallake gurbin amasa wata tambaya, dss. Missali:
# '''Ban sa a ka ba,...''' A nan ba a bukatar karasa zancen ne, shi ya sa aka yi digo-dogon. Manufa a nan, duk Wanda aka yi wa karin maganar, ya karasa ma'anar a zuci ko ma a fili. Wto kenan sai ya karasa zuwa '''inji barawon tagiya'''
# Haka kuma, akan saka wannan alama / ... /, a tsarin tambayar '''cikke tazara'''. Missali:
* '''Sunan Babban birnin kasar Najeriya...''' a nana sai cike da '''Abuja''' ko makamancin haka.

=='''2.0 Rabawa Da Haɗa Kalma'''==
Raba kalma da hada kalma, abubuwa ne mabanbanta amma, masu alaka da juna. Da farko za mu dauki raba kalma. Kamar haka:

==2.1 Raba Kalma==
raba kalma na nufin, barin kalma ta ci gashin kanta duk kankantarta Kuma duk girmanta. Hakan, na nufin a barkalma a matayita ba tare da an hade ta da wata ba, don kaucewa rasa ma'ana ta asali. Wato dai,kin raba kalmomin a inda ya ya dace, yana haifar da chanjawar ma'ana. Missali:

* Shi ne, (kar a ce: shine)
* Ita ce, (kar a ce: itace)
* Wa ya je da su kasuwa? (Kar a ce: waya je dasu kasuwa?)
* Ba ni na zo da shi ba, (kar a ce: bani nazo dashi ba)
* Da ni da ku mu hada Kai, (kar a ce: Dani daku mu hadakai)

A nan, idan muka Laura, mafi yawancin kalmomin da aka yi amfani da su, masu gaba dai-dai ne. Kuma kowacce an bar ta a matayinta. Don haka mu duba Missali na farko: '''Shi ne.''' Kalmar farko '''shi''' wakilin suna ce, Kalmar '''ce''' kuwa tana cikin wani aji na nahawu da ake cewa dirka. Don hak, idan aka hade su kamar '''Shine''' kalmomi biyu daban-daban an hade guri daya, don haka sun zama kalma daya ke nan, wacce kwata-kwata babu ita a Hausa sai a Turancin Ingilishi. Wacce ke nufin '''sheki''' a harshen Hausa.

A Missali na hudu kuwa, ('''ba ni na zo da shi ba ''') za a fahimci cewa, kowacce kalma tana dauke da gaba daya ne. Kuma, duk da rashin tsawonsu,ba a hada wata da wata ba, domin kuwacce na cin gashin kanta. To hakan shi ne daidai. Inda kuwa an hada wata Kalmar da wata, ma'anarta za ta canza. Missali, idan aka hada '''da''' tare da '''shi,''' za su koma kalma daya kamar haka: '''dashi.''' kuma Kalmar tana nufin sunan wata itaciya ne.

==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance.

Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya)

==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance.

Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya)

=='''3.0 Shaddatun Tagwayen Harufan Hausa (Daurin tagwayen harufa)'''==
Shadda na nufin nanata harafi sau biyu, wtau abinda ake kira dauri. Sannan kuma, muna da tagwayen harufa a harshen Hausa,kamar, '''gw, gy, fy,' sh.''' da sauransu. Wadannan tagwayen harufa ana daurinsu a yayin rubuta wasu kalmomi, kamar, Sha'''ssha'''ka. A nan ga missalan yadda ya kamata a rubuta su dalla-dalla:
* fya'''ffy'''ade (ba fya'''fyfy'''ade ba)
* Sha'''ssh'''aka (ba Sha'''shsh'''aka ba)
* gwa'''ggw'''ale (ba gwa'''gwgw'''ale ba)
* gya'''ggy'''ara (ba gya'''gygy'''ara ba)
* kya'''kky'''awa (ba kya'''kyky'''awa ba)
* tsa'''tts'''ewala (ba tsa'''tsts'''ewala ba)
* kwa'''kkw'''afe (ba kwa'''kwkw'''afe ba)
Idan mun lura za mu ga cewa, tagwayen harafin da aka daura ba a saka shi duka. Watau, farkon shi ake sa wa a cire gabansa. Missali, '''fy''', sai a cire '''y''' a bar '''f'''. Sannan sai a biyo baya da tagwan harafi mai wasali ('''fya''').

=='''4.0 Kalmomin Mallaka'''==
Kalmomin Mallaka, wasu kalmomi ne da ake amfani da su wajen nuna faruwar mallaka a cikin rubutu. Game da ka'idojin rubun Hausa, an tanadar da hanyoyi biyu domin samar da rubutu mai inganci.
Don haka, muna da gajerar mallaka da kuma doguwar mallaka.

===4.1 Gajerar Mallaka===
Gajerar mallaka, ita ake hade Kalmar abinda aka mallaka da wakilin sunan abin da aka mallaka da wakilin sunan wanda yai mallaka a guri daya.missli: gida+na= ('''gidana''') a nan za a fahimci cewa, kalmar 'gida' da kalmar 'na' an haɗa su a guri ɗaya sun zama kamar kalma guda. A kiyaye da cewa, gajerar mallaka haɗe ta ake yi. Don haka, akwai ƙarin missalai kamar haka:
*Jakarta ba jakar ta ba;
*ajinsu ba ajin su ba;
*matata ba mata ta ba;
*ɗakinki ba ɗakin ki ba;
*motarka ba motar ka ba. 
*masallacinku ba Masallacin ku ba. Da sauransu.

==='''4.2 Doguwar Mallaka'''===

Ita doguwar mallaka, ba a haɗe ake rubuta ta ba. Wato ke nan, ana rabewa tsakanin abinda aka mallaka da kuma wakilin sunan mai mallaka. Ga missalai kamar haka:
* Jakar tata
* Ɗakin nasu
* Wayar tawa
* Littafin nashi
* Gonar taku
* Masallacin nawa
* Takalmin namu

Da haka, za mu fahimci cewa akwai banbanci tsakanin doguwar mallaka da gajerar mallaka.  Mu tuna da missalin farko na doguwar. Wato &quot;'''jakar tata'''&quot; ma'ana, an rubuta &quot;'''jakar'''&quot; daban, ita ma, &quot;'''tata'''&quot; daban. idan kuma a gajerar mallaka ne sai a rubuta &quot;'''jakarta'''&quot; a haɗe. Wato dai ana haɗa &quot;'''jakar'''&quot; da kuma &quot;'''ta'''&quot; a haɗe ('''jakarta''')

== Manazararta==</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>890005</id>
      <parentid>890003</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-01T06:51:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Baban Asiya</username>
        <id>15906</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* 3.0 Shaddatun Tagwayen Harufan Hausa (Daurin tagwayen harufa) */</comment>
      <origin>890005</origin>
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      <text bytes="18558" sha1="8k09pqgejjdiwfwya76ji33o006rwx0" xml:space="preserve">== Ƙa'idojin rubutun hausa ==
Kamar yadda aka sani, kowanne lamari na duniya yana da ka'idar yadda ya kamata a gudanar da shi. Kuma bin ƙa'idar ita ke sa a sami dacen yadda ake bukata ba tare da an fuskanci wata matsala ba. Idan kuma ba a bi ka'idar ba to za a ga  ba daidai ba..
Tunda yake haka ne, rubutun Hausa shi ma, yana da ka'idarsa. Bin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa sau-da-kafa, su ke sa a sami rubutu mai Cikakkiyar ma'ana. Wato a sami daidaiton manufa tsakanin tunanain marubuci da kuma na makaranci.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://hemingwayapp.com/articles/grammar-punctuation/punctuation-marks&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

==Abin da ake nufi da ka'idojin rubutun hausa==
Ka'idojin rubutun Hausa, wani yanayi ne na lura da kiyaye ka'idojin harshen Hausa a rubuce domin samun damar isar da sakon da marubuci ke nufi zuwa ga mai karatu daidai da daidai, ba tare da canzawar ma'anar da marubuci ke nufi ba
. Haka kuma, yana samar da saukin fahimtar karatu daga mai karantawa.

== Fannonin Ka'idojin Rubutun Hausa ==
Fannonin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa da muke da su a nan, suna da dama. Kuma sune ginshin duk abinda ya kamata marubuci ya koya game da ka'idojin rubutun Hausa domin samun gwanancewa a rubutu. Don haka, zan zayyano su, sannan kuma na yi bayaninsu daki-daki kamar haka:

#Alamomin ajiye magana;
#Raba kalma da kuma hade kalma;
#Shaddatun tagwayen harufan Hausa;
#Gajera da doguwar mallaka;
#Dafa-keya 'w' da jakada 'w';
#Daurin 'm' da daurin 'n';

=='''1.0 Alamomin Ajiye Magana' (punctuation mark)'''== 
Ga Alamomin aje magana tare da bayanansu daki-daki:
* '''Aya / . /
* '''Waƙafi / . /
* '''Ayar tambaya / ? /
* '''Ruwa-biyu / : /
* '''Waƙafi m mai ruwa / ; /
* '''Karan-ɗori / - /
* '''Alamar zancen wani / &quot; &quot; /
* '''Baka-biyu / ( ) /
* '''Alamar Motsin rai / ! /
* '''Zarce / ... /

1.1 '''Aya / . /'''
Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta  cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali:

'''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.'''
idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan.

1.2== Wakafi/ , / ==
Wakafi, wata karmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali:

*'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.'''
To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: 
*'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.'''
A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe.

1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / ==
Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali:
* Aliyu ya zo?, 
* menene ake sayarwa?
Idan aka yi la'akari da missalan da ke sama, za a ga
an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkanin suna dauke da alamar tambaya. 
Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba:

Aliyu ya zo

A nan za a fahimci cewa, ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri.

1.4== Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/==
Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal:
# '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida)
# missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )'''

sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita
* idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:'''

* Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi;
* Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa;
* Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. 

A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da aka sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana.

==1.1 Aya / . /==
Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta  cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali:

'''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.'''
idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan.

==1.2 Wakafi/ , / ==
Waƙafi, wata ƙarmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali:

*'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.'''
To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: 
*'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.'''
A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe.

1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / ==
Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali:
* Aliyu ya zo?, 
* menene ake sayarwa?
Idan aka yi la'akari missalan da ke sama, za a ga
an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkaninsu suna dauke da alamar tambaya. 
Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba:

Aliyu ya zo

A nan za a fahimci cewa ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri.

==1.4 Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/==
Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal:
# '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida)
# missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )'''

sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita
* idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:'''

* Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi;
* Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa;
* Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. 

A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da na sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana.

==1.5 Waƙafi mai ruwa / ; / ==

wannan alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen raba jerin wasu jimloli ko kalmomi a cikin zance. 
Game da missali, a duba a missalin karshe na Aya mai ruwa, za a ga yadda aka bayyana abinda Shugaban kasa ya zayyana.  A nan za a ga an sa
Ka alamar /;/ a gaban kowacce jimla. 
Ga Karin missali:
* Shugqban makarantar ya gargadi dalibai cewa,idan sun tashi dawowa daga hutu, su zo da kayan karatu kamar irin wadannan:
# littafin koyon turanci, aji na biyar;
# littafin koyan lissafi, aji na biyar;
# littafin nazarin rayuwar dan Adam, aji na biyar;
# littafin koyan karatn Hausa, aji na biyar.
A wadannan missalai za a lura cewa, a duk karshen jimloli 3 na farko an saka alamaar tsayawa ta wakafi mai ruwa (;), in banda jimla ta karshe da aka yi wa alamar aya /./

==1.6 Karan-ɗori / - /==
Karan-dori, alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen hade kalmomi biyu ko sama da biyu, su zama kalma daya da ma'ana daya. Akan saka wannan alama ne a tsakanin kalmomi da suka zo iri daya ko wadanda suka zo daban-daban. Kin  saka wannan alama a inda ya dace, yakan kawo sabanin ma'ana tsakanin mawallafi da makaranci. Missali:
# malam-buda-mana-littafi (sunnan wani kafilfilo);
# fadi-ka-mutu (tangaran);
# fari-fari (abinda bai kai fari sosai ba);
# malfar-ungulu (wani tsiro ne); dss.
A lura da kyau, idan muka dauki missali na farko, (malam-buda-mana-littafi)  za mu ga yana nufin sunan wani abu wato (kafilfilo). Idan kuma ba a sa wannan alama ba a tsakankanin kalmomin (malam buda mana littafi) to rubutun ya zama wata jimla mai nufin umarni, maimakon kalma daya mai nufin sunan wani Kwaro. Wato, dalibai ne ke umartar malaminsu da ya buda masu littafi. Don haka, zamu fahimci cewa, idan an saka alamar, zancen ya zama Kalma daya kacal. Amma idan ba a sa alamar ba to rubutun ya zama jimla sukum.
# Karin Missali, idan mutum yana rubutu a cikin takarda ko kan allo, sai aka fara rubuta wata kalma da ta zo a karshen layi sannan kuma ba ta karasu duka ba, sai a saka karan-dori ( - ) kuma a karasata a layi na kasa.

==1.7 Alamar baka-biyu / ( ) /==
Wannan wata alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna karin bayani akan wata kalma, ko Jimla ko dai a kan wata maganar ta daban. Ga missalai nan kamar haka:
* Yaron da aka kama da laifin kisan matar, 'yar uwa ce ga mahaifin yaron (Gwaggon yaron ce)
* Gwamnan kano, Alh. Abba Kabir Yusuf, ya tura wakilinsa (Sunusi Nature) wajen Taron.
* # Ni mutum ne mai son a sami zaman lafiya tsakanin Musulmai da wanda ba Musulmai ba (Kiristoci).

==1.8 Ayar Motsin-rai / ! /==
Ayar Motsin-rai, wata alama ce da ke nuni da zaburar furuci cikin gaggawar kargafa murya. Hakan na faruwa ne yawanci a farkon bayyanar mury cikin Karfafawa, musamman a kalmomin; razana,mamaki, tausayi da kuma karfafar wata kalma a cikin wani zance na musamman. Alal Missali: '''Ah!, Wayyo!, Lah!, Innalillahi!, Kai!''' Da sauransu. Ga Karin missalai a cikin jimloli:
* Saurayin na zuwa ya nuna mata kyautar bazatar da ya zo mata da ita. Sai ta cika da mamaki,sannan ta ja wani gwauron numfashi sanan ta ce, '''La!''' Amma ko na gode '''sosai!'''
* A lokacin da yaron yake guje-guje cikin lalatattun Kujerun cikin ajin, sai ya taka kusa, ya ce, '''wayyo Allahna!''' jin haka malaminsu ya leko yana cewa, '''kai!''' Me ya faru.
* Haba, yana lekowa cikkin dare sai ya ga wani duhu-duhu  dab da shi. Aiko ya firgita ya ce '''waye nan!'''

Yanzu sai mu lura cewa, a Missali na daya (1), mun yi amfani da '''Lah!''' da kuma '''sosai!'''. A Missali na biyu (2) kuma mun yi amfani da '''wayyo Allah!''' tare da '''kai!'''. Har illa yau a Missali na uku (3) kuma na karshe, mun yi amfani da '''waye nan!'''.
Don haka, wadannan missalai, kadan ne daga cikin missalan '''ayar Motsin-rai / ! /''' Ko kuma inda ya kamata a yi amfani da ita. Sannan kuma, ya kamata a fahimci cewa, dole ne a sami karfafa murya a duk inda ake nufin '''ayar Motsin-rai,''' domin idan aka yi amfani da sanyin murya ma'ana ba za ta samu ba.

==1.9 Zarce / ... /==
Zarce wata alama ce ta digo-dogo akalla guda uku (...), da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna ketare wata kalma ko Jimla a cikin rubutu. Ana samun missalai ta bangarori da dama, mussan a cikin karin magana, tsaallake gurbin amasa wata tambaya, dss. Missali:
# '''Ban sa a ka ba,...''' A nan ba a bukatar karasa zancen ne, shi ya sa aka yi digo-dogon. Manufa a nan, duk Wanda aka yi wa karin maganar, ya karasa ma'anar a zuci ko ma a fili. Wto kenan sai ya karasa zuwa '''inji barawon tagiya'''
# Haka kuma, akan saka wannan alama / ... /, a tsarin tambayar '''cikke tazara'''. Missali:
* '''Sunan Babban birnin kasar Najeriya...''' a nana sai cike da '''Abuja''' ko makamancin haka.

=='''2.0 Rabawa Da Haɗa Kalma'''==
Raba kalma da hada kalma, abubuwa ne mabanbanta amma, masu alaka da juna. Da farko za mu dauki raba kalma. Kamar haka:

==2.1 Raba Kalma==
raba kalma na nufin, barin kalma ta ci gashin kanta duk kankantarta Kuma duk girmanta. Hakan, na nufin a barkalma a matayita ba tare da an hade ta da wata ba, don kaucewa rasa ma'ana ta asali. Wato dai,kin raba kalmomin a inda ya ya dace, yana haifar da chanjawar ma'ana. Missali:

* Shi ne, (kar a ce: shine)
* Ita ce, (kar a ce: itace)
* Wa ya je da su kasuwa? (Kar a ce: waya je dasu kasuwa?)
* Ba ni na zo da shi ba, (kar a ce: bani nazo dashi ba)
* Da ni da ku mu hada Kai, (kar a ce: Dani daku mu hadakai)

A nan, idan muka Laura, mafi yawancin kalmomin da aka yi amfani da su, masu gaba dai-dai ne. Kuma kowacce an bar ta a matayinta. Don haka mu duba Missali na farko: '''Shi ne.''' Kalmar farko '''shi''' wakilin suna ce, Kalmar '''ce''' kuwa tana cikin wani aji na nahawu da ake cewa dirka. Don hak, idan aka hade su kamar '''Shine''' kalmomi biyu daban-daban an hade guri daya, don haka sun zama kalma daya ke nan, wacce kwata-kwata babu ita a Hausa sai a Turancin Ingilishi. Wacce ke nufin '''sheki''' a harshen Hausa.

A Missali na hudu kuwa, ('''ba ni na zo da shi ba ''') za a fahimci cewa, kowacce kalma tana dauke da gaba daya ne. Kuma, duk da rashin tsawonsu,ba a hada wata da wata ba, domin kuwacce na cin gashin kanta. To hakan shi ne daidai. Inda kuwa an hada wata Kalmar da wata, ma'anarta za ta canza. Missali, idan aka hada '''da''' tare da '''shi,''' za su koma kalma daya kamar haka: '''dashi.''' kuma Kalmar tana nufin sunan wata itaciya ne.

==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance.

Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya)

==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance.

Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya)

=='''3.0 Shaddatun Tagwayen Harufan Hausa (Daurin tagwayen harufa)'''==
Shadda na nufin nanata harafi sau biyu, wtau abinda ake kira dauri. Sannan kuma, muna da tagwayen harufa a harshen Hausa,kamar, '''gw, gy, fy,' sh.''' da sauransu. Wadannan tagwayen harufa ana daurinsu a yayin rubuta wasu kalmomi, kamar, Sha'''ssha'''ka. A nan ga missalan yadda ya kamata a rubuta su dalla-dalla:
* fya'''ffy'''ade (ba fya'''fyfy'''ade ba)
* Sha'''ssh'''aka (ba Sha'''shsh'''aka ba)
* gwa'''ggw'''ale (ba gwa'''gwgw'''ale ba)
* gya'''ggy'''ara (ba gya'''gygy'''ara ba)
* kya'''kky'''awa (ba kya'''kyky'''awa ba)
* tsa'''tts'''ewala (ba tsa'''tsts'''ewala ba)
* kwa'''kkw'''afe (ba kwa'''kwkw'''afe ba) dss
Idan mun lura za mu ga cewa, tagwayen harafin da aka daura ba a saka shi duka. Watau, farkon shi ake sa wa a cire gabansa. Missali, '''fy''', sai a cire '''y''' a bar '''f'''. Sannan sai a biyo baya da tagwan harafi mai wasali ('''fya''').

=='''4.0 Kalmomin Mallaka'''==
Kalmomin Mallaka, wasu kalmomi ne da ake amfani da su wajen nuna faruwar mallaka a cikin rubutu. Game da ka'idojin rubun Hausa, an tanadar da hanyoyi biyu domin samar da rubutu mai inganci.
Don haka, muna da gajerar mallaka da kuma doguwar mallaka.

===4.1 Gajerar Mallaka===
Gajerar mallaka, ita ake hade Kalmar abinda aka mallaka da wakilin sunan abin da aka mallaka da wakilin sunan wanda yai mallaka a guri daya.missli: gida+na= ('''gidana''') a nan za a fahimci cewa, kalmar 'gida' da kalmar 'na' an haɗa su a guri ɗaya sun zama kamar kalma guda. A kiyaye da cewa, gajerar mallaka haɗe ta ake yi. Don haka, akwai ƙarin missalai kamar haka:
*Jakarta ba jakar ta ba;
*ajinsu ba ajin su ba;
*matata ba mata ta ba;
*ɗakinki ba ɗakin ki ba;
*motarka ba motar ka ba. 
*masallacinku ba Masallacin ku ba. Da sauransu.

==='''4.2 Doguwar Mallaka'''===

Ita doguwar mallaka, ba a haɗe ake rubuta ta ba. Wato ke nan, ana rabewa tsakanin abinda aka mallaka da kuma wakilin sunan mai mallaka. Ga missalai kamar haka:
* Jakar tata
* Ɗakin nasu
* Wayar tawa
* Littafin nashi
* Gonar taku
* Masallacin nawa
* Takalmin namu

Da haka, za mu fahimci cewa akwai banbanci tsakanin doguwar mallaka da gajerar mallaka.  Mu tuna da missalin farko na doguwar. Wato &quot;'''jakar tata'''&quot; ma'ana, an rubuta &quot;'''jakar'''&quot; daban, ita ma, &quot;'''tata'''&quot; daban. idan kuma a gajerar mallaka ne sai a rubuta &quot;'''jakarta'''&quot; a haɗe. Wato dai ana haɗa &quot;'''jakar'''&quot; da kuma &quot;'''ta'''&quot; a haɗe ('''jakarta''')

== Manazararta==</text>
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[[Fayil:High-level Conference on Energy 'Europe’s Future Electricity Market' Pekka Lundmark (36489615604).jpg|thumb|Pekka Lundmark]]
[[Fayil:High-level Conference on Energy 'Europe’s Future Electricity Market' (36514528673).jpg|thumb|Pekka Lundmark a wani taron]]
[[Fayil:High-level Conference on Energy 'Europe’s Future Electricity Market' Pekka Lundmark (36489617004).jpg|thumb|pekka lundmark]]
'''Pekka Lundmark''' (an haifeshi ranar 9 ga watan Disamba, shekarar 1963) babban dan kasuwan na kasar Finland, kuma shugaban kamfanin Nokia. Kafin haka shine shugaban Fortum, kamfani ne mallakar kasar Finland, daga shekara dubu biyu da sha biyar zuwa Yuli na shekarar dubu biyu da ashirin.

==Rayuwa da Karatu==
Lundmark an haifeshi a garin a Espoo dake kasar Finland a watan Yulin shekarar alif daya da dari tara da sittin da uku. Ya kammala karatunshi a bangaren Physics daga jami'ar Helsinki ta kere-kere a shekarar alif dubu daya da dari tara da tamanin da takwas. &lt;ref&gt;https://www.nokia.com/about-us/news/releases/2020/03/02/pekka-lundmark-appointed-president-and-ceo-of-nokia-rajeev-suri-to-step-down-after-more-than-a-decade-as-president-and-ceo-of-nokia-and-nokia-siemens-networks/&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;https://www.tekniikkatalous.fi/uutiset/pekka-lundmark-on-nostovaen-nokkamies/ac09b840-7021-36e7-8304-77eef6633e09&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}} 
[[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] 
[[Category:Haifaffun 1963]]</text>
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[[Fayil:High-level Conference on Energy 'Europe’s Future Electricity Market' Pekka Lundmark (36489615604).jpg|thumb|Pekka Lundmark]]
[[Fayil:High-level Conference on Energy 'Europe’s Future Electricity Market' (36514528673).jpg|thumb|Pekka Lundmark a wani taron]]
[[Fayil:High-level Conference on Energy 'Europe’s Future Electricity Market' Pekka Lundmark (36489617004).jpg|thumb|pekka lundmark]]
'''Pekka Lundmark''' (an haifeshi ranar 9 ga watan Disamba, shekarar 1963) babban dan kasuwan na kasar Finland, kuma shugaban kamfanin Nokia. Kafin haka shine shugaban Fortum, kamfani ne mallakar kasar Finland, daga shekara 2015, dubu biyu da sha biyar zuwa watan Yuli na shekarar 2020, dubu biyu da ashirin.

==Rayuwa da Karatu==
Lundmark an haifeshi a garin a Espoo dake kasar Finland a watan Yulin shekarar 1963, alif daya da dari tara da sittin da uku. Ya kammala karatunshi a bangaren Physics daga jami'ar Helsinki ta kere-kere a shekarar 1988, alif dubu daya da dari tara da tamanin da takwas. &lt;ref&gt;https://www.nokia.com/about-us/news/releases/2020/03/02/pekka-lundmark-appointed-president-and-ceo-of-nokia-rajeev-suri-to-step-down-after-more-than-a-decade-as-president-and-ceo-of-nokia-and-nokia-siemens-networks/&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;https://www.tekniikkatalous.fi/uutiset/pekka-lundmark-on-nostovaen-nokkamies/ac09b840-7021-36e7-8304-77eef6633e09&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}} 
[[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] 
[[Category:Haifaffun 1963]]</text>
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[[Fayil:High-level Conference on Energy 'Europe’s Future Electricity Market' Pekka Lundmark (36489615604).jpg|thumb|Pekka Lundmark]]
[[Fayil:High-level Conference on Energy 'Europe’s Future Electricity Market' (36514528673).jpg|thumb|Pekka Lundmark a wani taron]]
[[Fayil:High-level Conference on Energy 'Europe’s Future Electricity Market' Pekka Lundmark (36489617004).jpg|thumb|pekka lundmark]]
'''Pekka Lundmark''' (an haifeshi ranar 9 ga watan Disamba, shekarar 1963) babban dan kasuwan na kasar Finland, kuma shugaban kamfanin Nokia. Kafin haka shine shugaban Fortum, kamfani ne mallakar kasar Finland, daga shekara 2015, zuwa watan Yuli na shekarar 2020,

==Rayuwa da Karatu==
Lundmark an haifeshi a garin a Espoo dake kasar Finland a watan Yulin shekarar 1963, Ya kammala karatunshi a bangaren Physics daga jami'ar Helsinki ta kere-kere a shekarar 1988,  &lt;ref&gt;https://www.nokia.com/about-us/news/releases/2020/03/02/pekka-lundmark-appointed-president-and-ceo-of-nokia-rajeev-suri-to-step-down-after-more-than-a-decade-as-president-and-ceo-of-nokia-and-nokia-siemens-networks/&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;https://www.tekniikkatalous.fi/uutiset/pekka-lundmark-on-nostovaen-nokkamies/ac09b840-7021-36e7-8304-77eef6633e09&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}} 
[[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] 
[[Category:Haifaffun 1963]]</text>
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'''Sebastian Kakule Kyalwazi''', (20 Oktoba 1920 - 25 Janairu 1992), wani likitan tiyata ne ɗan kasar Uganda wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin farfesa kuma shugaban tiyata a Makarantar Magunguna ta Jami'ar Makerere kuma a lokaci guda a matsayin babban likitan tiyata a Asibitin Referral na Mulago daga farkon shekara ta 1970s har zuwa lokacin mutuwar sa a farkon shekarun 1990. An ba da rahoton cewa shi ne ɗan asalin ƙasar na farko da ya cancanci zama likitan fiɗa a [[Gabashin Afirka|Gabashi]] da [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (yanki)|Tsakiyar Afirka]].&lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.asou.or.ug/kyalwazi-memorial-lecture/ | title=Dr. Kyalwazi Memorial Lecture: About Prof. Sebastian Kakule Kyalwazi | date=17 April 2017 | work=Association of Surgeons of Uganda | author=[[Charles Olweny]] | access-date=8 July 2023 | location=Kampala, Uganda | archive-date=8 July 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708124308/https://www.asou.or.ug/kyalwazi-memorial-lecture/ | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;/&gt;  

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Kyalwazi a gundumar Masaka, a cikin yankin Buganda na Uganda, inda ya girma a matsayin [[Cocin katolika|Roman Katolika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;/&gt; 

Bayan kammala firamare a Kampala da Masaka, ya yi karatu a St. Mary's College Kisubi, inda ya samu shaidar kammala karatunsa na GCE Ordinary Level da GCE Advanced Level.&lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;/&gt;  

A cikin shekarar 1948, ya kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Makerere (a wancan lokacin babban kwalejin jami'ar London ), tare da digiri na likitanci da digiri na farko (MBChB). Daga baya ya yi karatun digiri na biyu a [[Edinburgh]], Scotland, inda ya kammala karatun a matsayin Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh, kasancewarsa ɗan Afirka na farko a Gabashin Afirka da Tsakiyar Afirka da ya cancanci zama likitan tiyata.&lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;/&gt;   A cikin shekarar 1968, ya shafe tsawon lokaci na karatu a Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute (Czechoslovakia Cancer Institute) akan [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]], malanta.&lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;&gt;{{cite web|
url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/news/1301778/prof-sebastian-kyalwazi-ugandan-surgeon |title=Prof. Sebastian Kyalwazi : First Ugandan surgeon |work=[[New Vision]] |date=19 May 2012 | author=Christopher Bendana |access-date=8 July 2023 | location=Kampala, Uganda}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'a ==
An naɗa Kyalwazi a matsayin malami a fannin tiyata a Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami’ar Makerere a shekarar 1968. Ya ci gaba a wannan matsayin har ya zama Farfesa kuma shugaban sashen tiyata a makarantar likitanci da asibitin koyarwa na jami'a, ɗan Afirka na farko da ya samu wannan matsayi.&lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;/&gt;  

Ya ɗauki sha'awar bincike da tiyata na wasu cututtukan daji masu ƙarfi, gami da ciwon hanta, ciwon daji na azzakari, sarcoma na Kaposi da [[Ciwon daji na mahaifa|kansar mahaifa]] da sauransu. A lokacin da aka kafa Cibiyar Ciwon Kankara ta Uganda (UCI) a cikin shekarar 1967, Kyalwazi shi ne jagoran sasantawa a bangaren Uganda kuma ana ba da lamuni don ba da damar kafa UCI.&lt;ref name=&quot;3R&quot;&gt;{{cite web| work=[[New Vision]] |date=1 April 2023 | url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/category/news/uganda-needs-people-like-cancer-institute-fou-157333 |title=Uganda Needs People Like Cancer Institute Founder Prof. Kyalwazi |author=Juliet Waiswa | access-date=10 July 2023 |location=Kampala, Uganda}}&lt;/ref&gt;  A shekarar 1968, an zaɓe shi a matsayin shugaban kungiyar likitocin fiɗa na gabashin Afirka, ɗan Afirka na farko da ya taɓa riƙe wannan muƙamin.&lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;/&gt;

== Sauran la'akari ==
An naɗa shi babban likitan tiyata a tawagar likitocin da aka zaɓa don yi wa Paparoma Paul VI magani a ziyarar da Fafaroma ya kai Uganda a shekarar 1969, idan bukatar hakan ta taso.&lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;/&gt;  Kyalwazi ya taɓa zama shugaban kungiyar Rotary Club na Kampala a karshen shekarun 1970.&lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;/&gt;

== Girmamawa da kyaututtuka ==
Cocin Katolika ta baiwa Kyalwazi lambar yabo ta St. Gregory Mai Girma, don girmamawa ga hidimarsa ga Cocin da kuma bil'adama.  Ƙungiyar likitocin ƙasar Uganda ta ƙirƙiro wani lacca na tunawa da shekara-shekara don tunawa da gudunmawar Kyalwazi ga kiwon lafiya da ci gaban zamantakewa a Uganda. &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot; /&gt; 

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Ya mutu a ranar 25 ga watan Janairu 1992 a wani asibiti a Landan daga [[Ciwon Daji na Pancreatic|ciwon daji na pancreatic]] yana da shekaru 71. Gwamnatin Uganda ta yi mishi shi jana'iza.&lt;ref name=&quot;3R&quot;/&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Ilimi a Uganda
* Jerin makarantun likitanci a Uganda
* Uganda Cancer Institute
* Charles Olweny
* Francis Miiro

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}} 
[[Category:Haifaffun 1920]]
[[Category:Mutuwan 1992]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Something Wicked (fim na 2017)</title>
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'''Something Wicked''', fim ne na Najeriya na 2017 wanda Okey Uzoeshi da Isioma Osaje suka samar kuma Yemi Morafa ya ba da umarni a ƙarƙashin kamfanonin samar da Jack of Aces, Agency 106, Film Boyz da FilmOne Distribution . &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=izuzu |first=chibumga |date=2017-02-15 |title=&quot;Something Wicked&quot; packs a punch with a satisfying jolting end |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/pulse-movie-review-something-wicked-packs-a-punch-with-a-satisfying-jolting-end/kq776g4 |access-date=2022-08-02 |website=Pulse Nigeria }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Stories |first=True Nollywood |date=2017-01-12 |title=5 things we learned from the 'Something Wicked' trailer |url=https://thenet.ng/5-things-we-learned-from-something-wicked-trailer/ |access-date=2022-08-02 |website=Nigerian Entertainment Today |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=sunnews |date=2017-07-07 |title=Movies: Something Fresh, Something Familiar, Something Wicked |url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/something-fresh-something-familiar-something-wicked/ |access-date=2022-08-02 |website=The Sun Nigeria |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Tauraron fim din [[Gabriel Afolayan]], [[Iretiola Doyle]], [[Ivie Okujaye|Ivie Okujaye-Egboh]], [[Adesua Etomi]], [[Beverly Naya]] da Okey Uzoeshi.   [1]

== Bayani game da shi ==
Fim din ya shafi gwauruwa da dan uwanta maraya.  dan uwanta wanda ya koma gidanta ke da wahalar jimrewa da sabon dangin, tana da wahalar kiyaye kasuwancin ta da iyaye guda.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-01-01 |title=Most anticipated MOVIES of 2017 |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/anticipated-movies-2017/ |access-date=2022-08-02 |website=The Nation Newspaper |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Farko ==
An fara fim din ne a duk faɗin fina-finai a kasar a ranar 17 ga Fabrairu, 2017. 

== Ƴan wasan ==

* Ireti Doyle
* Okey Uzoeshi
* Gabriel Afolayan
* Beverly Naya
* Ivie Okujaye
* Adesua Etomi
* Omawumi Dada
* [[Bisola Aiyeola]]
* [[Timini Egbuson]] . 

== Manazarta ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Fim]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tabite or Not Tabite</title>
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'''''Tabite or Not Tabite''''' fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Moroccan da aka shirya shi a shekarar 2005 wanda [[Nabyl Lahlou]] ya jagoranta kuma ya bada umarni.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=:: CENTRE CINEMATOGRAPHIQUE MAROCAIN ::|url=https://www.ccm.ma/fiche_film-24|access-date=2021-11-17|website=www.ccm.ma}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Africiné - Tabite or not Tabite|url=http://www.africine.org/film/tabite-or-not-tabite/4858|access-date=2021-11-17|website=Africiné|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=MATIN|first=LE|title=Le Matin - &quot;Tabite or not Tabite&quot;|url=https://lematin.ma/journal/2006/7e-Art_Tabite-or-not-Tabite/72205.html|access-date=2021-11-17|website=Le Matin|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Orlando|first=Valérie K.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gPRHBAAAQBAJ&amp;dq=nabyl+lahlou+2006&amp;pg=PR11|title=Screening Morocco: Contemporary Film in a Changing Society|date=2011-05-05|publisher=Ohio University Press|isbn=978-0-89680-478-4|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Armes|first=Roy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=88sTRTl6yKwC&amp;dq=nabyl+lahlou+2006&amp;pg=PA220|title=Dictionary of African Filmmakers|date=2008|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0-253-35116-6|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Brière|first=Jean-François|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qMIjQwhuOhwC&amp;dq=nabyl+lahlou+2006&amp;pg=PA371|title=Dictionnaire des cinéastes africains de long métrage|date=2008-01-01|publisher=KARTHALA Editions|isbn=978-2-8111-4250-6|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;        Fim ɗin ya samu kwarin guiwa ne ta hanyar shari'ar Mohamed Tabet.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Gugler|first=Josef|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UQ9zsiRnQQMC&amp;dq=nabyl+lahlou+2006&amp;pg=PA330|title=Film in the Middle East and North Africa: Creative Dissidence|date=2011-01-15|publisher=University of Texas Press|isbn=978-0-292-72327-6|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Orlando|first1=Valerie|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r0sSjYrq1V8C&amp;dq=nabyl+lahlou+2006+tabite&amp;pg=PA61|title=Screening Morocco: Contemporary Depictions in Film of a Changing Society|last2=Orlando|first2=Valérie K.|date=2011-05-24|publisher=Ohio University Press|isbn=978-0-89680-281-0|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;   Iyalin Tabet sun shigar da kara don hana nuna samfoti na fim ɗin. Da aka gayyace shi kotu a Rabat, daraktan ya yi nasarar ɗaukaka kararsa da kansa, yana mai cewa hakkinsa ne ya shirya fina-finai a wannan lokaci. An gudanar da samfoti a ƙarshe a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Mohamed V a Rabat.&lt;ref&gt;''Telquel 2006, 252 : 70''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Takaitaccen bayani ==
Ali Brahma ya ziyarci ƙasarsa a karon farko domin halartar jana'izar mahaifinsa. Wannan tafiya ta farko zuwa kasar Maroko ta zo daidai da shari'ar kwamishinan 'yan sanda kuma wanda ya aikata laifin fyade Mohamed Mustapha Tabit. A kan jirgin da zai koma Paris, Ali ya gana da Zakiya Malik. Tare, suna duba cikin gwajin Tabet don rubuta wasan kwaikwayo da rubutun fim.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== 'Yan wasa ==

* [[Sophia Hadi (actress)|Sofiya Hadi]]
* Nabyl Lahlou
* Amal Ayuk
* Mourad Abderrahim
* Younes Megri
* Othmane Jennane

== Kyaututtuka da yabo ==

* Kyauta  Mafi kyawun yanayi a bugu na 9 na bikin Fina-finai na Moroccan a Tangier.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=jurynat7|url=http://www.ccm.ma/fnf9/palmaresnat9.html|access-date=2021-11-17|website=www.ccm.ma|archive-date=2021-11-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117112925/http://www.ccm.ma/fnf9/palmaresnat9.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
[[Category:fim]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Seriously Single (fim)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="1219" sha1="81x2j96h70yvuo5dvx07ixcb8u2vat3" xml:space="preserve">Seriously Single fim ne na [[Afirka ta Kudu]] na shekara ta2020 wanda Katleho Ramaphakela da Rethabile Ramaphakela suka jagoranta, wanda Lwazi Mvusi ya rubuta kuma ya hada da Fulu Mugovhani, Tumi Morake da Bohang Moeko.&lt;ref name=&quot;indiewire&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.indiewire.com/2020/07/seriously-single-review-netflix-south-african-rom-com-1234576633/ |title='Seriously Single' Review: Netflix's South African Rom-Com Brings Fresh Energy to Genre |accessdate=July 31, 2020 |website=Indie Wire |date=29 July 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/31/movies/seriously-single-review.html|title='Seriously Single' Review: Celebrating the Independent Life|work=The New York Times|first=Teo|last=Bugbee|date=July 31, 2020|access-date=July 31, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Anthony |first1=Christopher |title=หนัง Netflix |url=https://www.netflix-thai.org/ |access-date=21 August 2023 |archive-date=26 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126034012/https://www.netflix-thai.org/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

 
== Saki ==
An saki Seriously Single a ranar 31 ga Yuli, 2020 a kan Netflix. 

== Manazarta ==

[[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Shepherds and Butchers</title>
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Shepherds and Butchers fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Afirka ta Kudu na 2016 wanda Oliver Schmitz ya jagoranta.&lt;ref name=&quot;Panorama&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.berlinale.de/en/presse/pressemitteilungen/alle/Alle-Detail_31573.html |title=Berlinale 2016: Panorama 2016 Complete |access-date=23 January 2016 |work=Berlinale |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160124054721/http://www.berlinale.de/en/presse/pressemitteilungen/alle/Alle-Detail_31573.html |archivedate=24 January 2016  }}&lt;/ref&gt; An nuna shi a cikin sashin Panorama a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Berlin na 66.   samo shi ne daga Littafin farko na wannan sunan na Chris Marnewick, marubucin New Zealand kuma tsohon lauyan Kotun Koli ta Afirka ta Kudu da alƙali.&lt;ref name=&quot;Marnewick&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://m.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&amp;objectid=11596131 | title=The dark shadow of the death penalty | work=[[The New Zealand Herald]] | date=28 February 2016 | access-date=1 February 2017 | archive-date=28 February 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160228095854/http://m.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&amp;objectid=11596131 | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Labarin fim ==
Kusan ƙarshen ''wariyar launin fata'' a Afirka ta Kudu, wani saurayi mai tsaron gidan yarin fari (Garion Dowds) ya fara harbi wanda ya kai ga mutuwar baƙar fata bakwai marasa makamai. Wani lauya da aka haifa a Burtaniya wanda aka sanya shi a shari'arsa (Steve Coogan) ya shirya don tabbatar da ayyukansa sakamakon kai tsaye ne na raunin tunani daga yanayin aikinsa. Lauyan mai karewa mai adawa ne da hukuncin kisa.

== Ƴan Wasa ==

* Steve Coogan a matsayin John Weber - Lauyan kare
* Andrea Riseborough a matsayin Kathleen Marais - Mai gabatar da kara
* Garion Dowds a matsayin Leon Labuschagne - Wanda ake tuhuma
* Deon Lotz a matsayin Warrant Officer Rautenbach - Jami'in Kurkuku
* Marcel van Heerden a matsayin Mai Shari'a J. P. van Zyl - Babban Alkalin
* Robert Hobbs a matsayin Pierre De Villiers - surukin John

== Kyaututtuka ==
Fim din ya sami matsayi na uku a cikin lambar yabo ta Panorama a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Berlin na 66.&lt;ref name=&quot;Awardslist&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.berlinale.de/media/pdf_word/service_7/66_ifb/66_Berlinale_Awards.pdf |title=The Awards Of The 66th Berlin International Film Festival | work=Berlinale}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sandile Mthethwa</title>
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'''Sandile Mthethwa''' (an haife shi a ranar 14 ga watan Afrilu 1997), ƙwararren ɗan wasan [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na Afirka ta Kudu wanda ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga baya|ɗan baya]] ga [[Orlando Pirates FC|Orlando Pirates]] kuma tsohon [[Tawagar Kwallon kafar Afirka ta Kudu|ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Afirka ta Kudu]] .

== Aikin kulob ==
An haifi Mthethwa a Ngwelezane, a wajen Empangeni a cikin KwaZulu-Natal . &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 May 2017 |title=Amajita - Meet Sandile Mthethwa |url=https://www.ecr.co.za/news/sport/amajita-meet-sandile-mthethwa/ |access-date=5 March 2021 |website=ECR}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mthethwa ya fara aikin matashi ne a Shooting Stars, kafin ya buga wasa a kungiyar Flamengo FC na kungiyar SAFA a tsakanin 2011 da 2013. &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot; /&gt; Ya rattaba hannu a KZN Academy a 2013, kuma ya buga wasa a kulob din Durban FC na abokin tarayya. &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 February 2016 |title=Orlando Pirates Sign Durban FC Youngsters |url=https://www.soccerladuma.co.za/news/articles/categories/south-africa/orlando-pirates-sign-durban-fc-youngsters/225373 |access-date=5 March 2021 |website=Soccer Laduma |archive-date=8 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308190423/http://www.soccerladuma.co.za/news/articles/categories/south-africa/orlando-pirates-sign-durban-fc-youngsters/225373 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin Mayu 2015, an sanar da cewa Mthethwa ya shiga CS Maritimo a kan yarjejeniyar shekara guda, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 May 2015 |title=Maritimo sign KZN Academy graduate Sandile Mthethwa |url=https://www.kickoff.com/news/articles/south-africa-news/categories/news/premiership/maritimo-sign-kzn-academy-graduate-sandile-mthethwa/559429 |access-date=5 March 2021 |website=Kick Off }}{{Dead link|date=April 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; amma a maimakon haka ya sanya hannu kan [[Orlando Pirates FC|Orlando Pirates]] a farkon 2016. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 February 2016 |title=Orlando Pirates signing Sandile Mthethwa nicknamed 'Mathoho', Brian Hlongwa likened to Zungu |url=https://www.kickoff.com/news/articles/south-africa-news/categories/news/premiership/orlando-pirates-signing-sandile-mthethwa-nicknamed-mathoho-brian-hlongwa-likened-to-zungu/566119 |access-date=5 March 2021 |website=Kick Off |archive-date=8 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608130551/https://www.kickoff.com/news/articles/south-africa-news/categories/news/premiership/orlando-pirates-signing-sandile-mthethwa-nicknamed-mathoho-brian-hlongwa-likened-to-zungu/566119 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya shiga Richards Bay a kan aro a lokacin rani 2017, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 July 2017 |title=Richards Bay FC sign Bafana and Orlando Pirates defender Sandile Mthethwa |url=https://www.kickoff.com/news/articles/local/categories/psl-transfer-news/richards-bay-fc-sign-bafana-and-orlando-pirates-defender-sandile-mthethwa/580753 |access-date=5 March 2021 |website=Kick Off |archive-date=8 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608130549/https://www.kickoff.com/news/articles/local/categories/psl-transfer-news/richards-bay-fc-sign-bafana-and-orlando-pirates-defender-sandile-mthethwa/580753 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; inda ya buga wasanni 17 a lokacin kakar 2017 – 18. &lt;ref name=&quot;sw&quot;&gt;{{Soccerway|sandile-mthethwa/484454|accessdate=30 October 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya koma Richards Bay don ƙarin yanayi a lokacin bazara 2018, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 July 2018 |title=Orlando Pirates defender Sandile Mthethwa heading back to Richards Bay FC |url=https://www.kickoff.com/news/articles/local/categories/psl-transfer-news/orlando-pirates-defender-sandile-mthethw/590716 |access-date=5 March 2021 |website=Kick Off |archive-date=8 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608130625/https://www.kickoff.com/news/articles/local/categories/psl-transfer-news/orlando-pirates-defender-sandile-mthethw/590716 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ya zira kwallaye 4 a cikin wasanni 26 a tsawon lokacin 2018 – 19. &lt;ref name=&quot;sw&quot; /&gt;

A cikin Yuli 2019, ya koma [[Chippa United FC|Chippa United]] a kan aro na tsawon kakar wasa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Phumzile |first=Ngcatshe |date=19 July 2019 |title=Chippa United sign Orlando Pirates defender Sandile Mthethwa |url=https://www.goal.com/en-za/news/chippa-united-sign-orlando-pirates-defender-sandile-mthethwa/17zlck075l6bk1x2xd2fx8iyk0 |access-date=5 March 2021 |website=Goal}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Breakfast |first=Siviwe |date=19 July 2019 |title=Orlando Pirates ship yet another player off to Chippa United |url=https://www.thesouthafrican.com/sport/soccer/psl-south-africa/orlando-pirates-ship-yet-another-player-off-to-chippa-united/ |access-date=5 March 2021 |website=The South African |archive-date=13 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513005217/https://www.thesouthafrican.com/sport/soccer/psl-south-africa/orlando-pirates-ship-yet-another-player-off-to-chippa-united/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya buga wasanni 8 don Chippa United a duk kakar 2019-20. &lt;ref name=&quot;sw&quot;&gt;{{Soccerway|sandile-mthethwa/484454}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya koma kulob din a matsayin aro na kakar 2020-21. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nkanjeni |first=Vuyokazi |date=12 November 2020 |title=Chippa will emerge stronger after Fifa break, Mthethwa says |url=https://www.heraldlive.co.za/sport/soccer/2020-11-12-chippa-will-emerge-stronger-after-fifa-break-mthethwa-says/ |access-date=5 March 2021 |website=HeraldLIVE}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyukan kasa da kasa ==
Mthethwa ya wakilci Afirka ta Kudu a matakin kasa da shekaru 20 da [[Tawagar Kwallon kafar Afirka ta Kudu|manyan kasashen duniya]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;NFT&quot;&gt;{{NFT player|68539|accessdate=5 March 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sandile Mthethwa |url=https://www.worldfootball.net/player_summary/sandile-mthethwa/ |access-date=5 March 2021 |website=worldfootball.net}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Salon wasa ==
Mthethwa yana taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga baya|mai tsaron baya]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Richardson |first=James |date=13 July 2019 |title=Orlando Pirates: What lies ahead for Sandile Mthethwa |url=https://www.thesouthafrican.com/sport/orlando-pirates-what-lies-ahead-for-sandile-mthethwa/ |access-date=5 March 2021 |website=The South African |archive-date=12 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512092120/https://www.thesouthafrican.com/sport/orlando-pirates-what-lies-ahead-for-sandile-mthethwa/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Category:Haihuwan 1997]]
[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sangoné Sarr</title>
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'''Sangone Sarr''' (an haife shi a ranar  7 ga watan Yuli shekara ta 1992) [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon]] ƙafa ne na ƙasar Senegal wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya &lt;ref&gt;{{Soccerway|pape-sangone-sarr/366951}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 January 2015 |title=As Pikine : Sangoné Sarr s’engage avec le Fc Zurich |url=http://www.wiwsport.com/View/detailNews.php?idN=17152 |access-date=24 April 2015 |publisher=wiwsport.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; don Schaffhausen a Switzerland. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 October 2022 |title=Sangoné Sarr kehrt zum FCS zurück |url=https://www.fcschaffhausen.ch/2022/10/27/sangone-sarr-kehrt-zum-fcs-zurueck/ |access-date=1 November 2022 |publisher=www.fcschaffhausen.ch |archive-date=1 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101214009/https://www.fcschaffhausen.ch/2022/10/27/sangone-sarr-kehrt-zum-fcs-zurueck/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'a ==
Sarr ya taka leda a Jeanne d'Arc, Renaissance de Dakar da AS Pikine &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.galsenfoot.com/coupe-du-senegal-meilleur-joueur-de-la-finale-pape-sangone-sarr-met-demba-diop-a-ses-pieds/ Coupe du Sénégal, Meilleur joueur de la finale : Pape Sangoné Sarr met Demba Diop à ses pieds]{{Dead link|date=September 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, galsenfoot.com, 13 September 2017&lt;/ref&gt; kafin ya shiga ’yan wasan FC Zürich a 2015. &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.worldfootball.net/player_summary/sangone-sarr/ Profile at WorldFootball], worldfootball.net&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 18 ga Janairu, 2019, an ba Sarr aro ga FC Rapperswil-Jona daga FC Zürich na sauran kakar wasa. &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.fcrj.ch/2019/01/sarr_zum_fcrj/ Sangoné Sarr zum FCRJ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813132021/https://fcrj.ch/2019/01/sarr_zum_fcrj/ |date=2022-08-13 }}, fcrj.ch, 18 January 2019&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Category:Haihuwan 1992]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Suleman Cissé</title>
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'''Souleymane Cissé''' (an haife shi 30 ga Yuli 1991) [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon]] ƙafa ne na ƙasar Senegal wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya .

== Aikin kulob ==
Cissé ya fara buga kwallon kafa tare da Pikine, kuma ya kasance wani ɓangare na babban ƙungiyar su daga 2008 zuwa 2014. A 2014, ya koma Sudan tare da [[Kungiyar Al-Hilal (Omdurman)|Al-Hilal Club]], kuma a 2017 zuwa El Hilal El Obeid . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 October 2020 |title=Afrique : Souleymane Cissé, du Soudan à Grenoble |url=https://www.24matins.fr/topnews/sport/souleymane-cisse-domdurman-au-stade-des-alpes-1235997 |website=24matins.fr }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan ya bar Sudan saboda tashe-tashen hankula, ya koma Pikine na ɗan lokaci kafin ya rattaba hannu tare da ajiyar Grenoble a ƙarshen 2019. Ya shiga babban tawagar a 2020. &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 November 2020 |title=[Portrait] La bonne étoile de Souleymane Cissé |url=https://www.grenoblefoot.info/portrait-la-bonne-etoile-de-souleymane-cisse/33251/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya fara wasansa na ƙwararru tare da Grenoble a cikin rashin nasara da ci 1-0 a gasar Ligue 2 a hannun En Avant Guingamp a ranar 26 ga Satumba 2020. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Guingamp vs. Grenoble Foot 38 - 26 September 2020 - Soccerway |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2020/09/26/france/ligue-2/en-avant-de-guingamp/grenoble-foot-38/3287857/ |website=int.soccerway.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

23 ga Agusta 2022, Cissé ya koma kulob din Hajer na Saudiyya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=لاعب الوسط السنغالي &quot;سليمان سيسيه&quot; ينظم لهجر |url=https://hajerclub.net/site/?p=41630}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 18 ga Janairu 2023, an sake Cissé daga kwantiraginsa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=أنهت إدارة نادي #هجر برئاسة الاستاذ حمد العريفي علاقتها التعاقدية مع اللاعب السنغالي سليمان سيسيه |url=https://twitter.com/HajerClub/status/1615775940029595652}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Cissé dan uwan dan wasan kwallon kafa ne na Senegal Moussa Djitté . &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Category:Haihuwan 1991]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tabitha Chawinga</title>
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'''Tabitha Chawinga''' (an haife ta a ranar 22 ga Mayu 1996) ƙwararriyar ƴar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta Malawi wacce ke buga wasan gaba a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta [[Paris Saint-Germain]] a matsayin aro daga Jami'ar Wuhan Jianghan ta China. Ta kuma taka leda a [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Mata ta Kasar Malawi|tawagar kasar Malawi]] .

== Rayuwar farko ==
An haife shi a ranar 19 ga Mayu, 1996, a gundumar Rumphi da ke arewacin [[Malawi]], Chawinga ita ce ta uku cikin yara biyar da iyayenta suka haifa. Kabilar Tumbuka ce. Ta fara buga kwallon kafa tun tana shekara biyar kuma ta yi wasa da yara maza har zuwa shekara 13 lokacin da ta fara wasa a kulob din 'yan mata, DD Sunshine a babban birnin kasar, [[Lilongwe]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;kvarnsvedensIK_bio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tabitha Chawinge |url=http://idrottonline.se/KvarnsvedensIK-Fotboll/varaseniorlag/Damlaget/Spelarintervjuer/tabithachawinga11 |access-date=18 June 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tuni a wannan shekarun ta tilasta mata cire rigar saboda &quot;Masu adawa da ita ba su yarda cewa mace ce ba saboda yanayin jikinta da kuma yadda take taka leda.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pensulo |first=Charles |date=6 August 2021 |title=‘A violation’: football star recounts having to strip during match to prove she was female |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2021/aug/06/violation-of-dignity-football-star-had-to-strip-publicly-to-prove-she-was-female |via=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; 'Yar uwarta Temwa Chawinga ita ma ƙwararriyar 'yar ƙwallon ƙafa ce. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ahmadu |first=Samuel |date=6 March 2021 |title=Chawinga: Tabitha joins Malawian sister Temwa at Wuhan |url=https://www.goal.com/en-gh/news/chawinga-tabitha-joins-malawian-sister-temwa-at-wuhan/3vfopstnj7u91x1o1wfqt1440 |access-date=6 August 2021 |website=Goal.com |publisher=Goal}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin kulob ==

=== Krokom/Dvärsätts IF, 2014 ===
Sa'ad da yake ɗan shekara 18, Chawinga ya buga wa kulob na uku na Sweden {{Interlanguage link|Krokom/Dvärsätts IF|sv}}, inda ta samu kyautar takalmin zinare bayan ta zura kwallaye 39 a wasanni 18.  Ita ce 'yar wasan kwallon kafa ta mata ta farko daga Malawi da ta fara buga wasa a kulob din Turai. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=DT |url=https://www.dt.se/artikel/fotboll/elitettan/kvarnsvedens-tabitha-chawinga-vill-gora-40-mal |website=www.dt.se}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kvarnsvedens IK, 2015-2017 ===
Chawinga ya shiga Kvarnsvedens IK a Elitettan na Sweden a cikin 2015. A wasanta na farko na kulob din, ta zira kwallaye biyu a wasan da suka doke Linköpings FC da ci 4-0.  Kulob ɗin ya ƙare a wuri na farko a lokacin wasannin yau da kullun tare da rikodin 21–2–3 . &lt;ref name=&quot;2015_elitettan&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=2015 Elitettan |url=http://us.women.soccerway.com/national/sweden/division-1-women/2015/regular-season/r30498/ |access-date=19 June 2017 |publisher=Soccer Way}}&lt;/ref&gt; Chawinga shi ne ya fi zura kwallaye a gasar da kwallaye 43 – 14 fiye da wanda ya fi kowa zura kwallaye. &lt;ref name=&quot;2015_elitettan&quot; /&gt; Matsayin farko na kulob din ya ba su damar zuwa {{Lang|sv|[[Damallsvenskan]]}}&lt;/link&gt; don kakar 2016. &lt;ref name=&quot;footdelles_061316&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vincelot |first=Charlotte |date=13 June 2016 |title=Tabitha Chawinga, buteuse made in Malawi |url=http://www.footdelles.com/article/Ligues-etrangeres_Tabitha-Chawinga-buteuse-made-in-Malawi_133953.html |access-date=19 June 2017 |publisher=Foot d'Elles |archive-date=27 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171027181619/http://www.footdelles.com/article/Ligues-etrangeres_Tabitha-Chawinga-buteuse-made-in-Malawi_133953.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

A lokacin kakar 2016, Chawinga ya kasance na uku mafi yawan zura kwallaye a gasar da kwallaye 15. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nedstängd webbadress |url=https://www2.svenskfotboll.se/damallsvenskan/information/?scr=scorers&amp;ftid=61860 |website=www2.svenskfotboll.se }}{{Dead link|date=February 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2017, ta ƙare a matsayin mafi kyawun ƙwallo a gasar da kwallaye 26, &lt;ref name=&quot;2017_scorers&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nedstängd webbadress |url=https://www2.svenskfotboll.se/damallsvenskan/information/?scr=scorers&amp;ftid=67020 |website=www2.svenskfotboll.se |access-date=2024-04-12 |archive-date=2018-06-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612142805/https://www2.svenskfotboll.se/damallsvenskan/information/?scr=scorers&amp;ftid=67020 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; duk da faɗuwar kulob ɗinta daga babban jirgin Sweden a ƙarshen kakar wasa.

=== Jiangsu Suning, 2018-2021 ===
Bayan da ya yi nasara a Sweden, Chawinga ya sami sha'awa daga manyan kungiyoyi daban-daban na ketare  kuma daga ƙarshe ya rattaba hannu kan kungiyar Jiangsu Suning ta kasar Sin,  an bayar da rahoton cewa, don samun rikodi na canja wuri a wasan kwallon kafa na mata na Sweden.   A ranar 6 ga Mayu 2018, ta ci kwallon da ta yi nasara a wasanta na farko da ta buga a [[Shanghai]].

Chawinga ta samu kyautar Gwarzon Dan Wasa na Shekara a kakar wasa ta farko da ta buga a gasar Super League ta mata ta kasar Sin . Ta ci kwallaye 31 a dukkan gasa, 17 tana cikin CWSL. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ahmadu |first=Samuel |date=10 August 2020 |title=Malawi striker Tabitha Chawinga retains Chinese Women's Player of the Year award {{!}} Goal.com |url=https://www.goal.com/en-gh/news/malawi-striker-tabitha-chawinga-retains-chinese-womens-player-of-/f950k5llpp9ozk48brlno73q |access-date=8 August 2021 |website=www.goal.com |publisher=[[Goal (website)|Goal]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta ci gaba da samun lambar yabo a cikin 2019-20, inda ta zira kwallaye 12 a raga (38 a duk gasa) kuma ta taimaka wa Jiangsu zuwa sau hudu mai tarihi. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Obayiuwana |first=Osau |date=18 October 2023 |title=PSG’s Tabitha Chawinga: ‘My parents did not support the idea of me playing football’ |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2023/oct/18/psgs-tabitha-chawinga-my-parents-did-not-support-the-idea-of-me-playing-football |access-date=20 October 2023 |website=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Wuhan Jiangda 2021 - yanzu ===
Bayan babban mai daukar nauyin Jiangsu Suning ya daina tallafawa Chawinga, ta koma Wuhan Jiangda inda 'yar uwarta Temwa ke wasa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; Wuhan ya aika da ita aro a jere zuwa Inter [[Milano|Milan]] da Paris Saint Germain.

=== Inter Milan (rance), 2022-23 ===
Chawinga ya rattaba hannu kan kwantiragin aro na shekara daya da Inter Milan a kakar wasa ta 2022-23. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 August 2022 |title=Tabitha Chawinga Joins Inter |url=https://www.inter.it/en/news/tabitha-chawinga-joins-inter |access-date=20 October 2023 |website=Inter Milan}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ita ce ta fi zura kwallo a raga a gasar Seria A da ci 23 a Inter Milan, 16 daga cikinsu a kakar wasa ta yau. Ita ce macen Afirka ta farko da ta zama 'yar wasa mafi yawan maki a Seria A. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt;

=== Paris Saint-Germain (rance), 2023- ===
Chawinga ya koma Paris Saint-Germain a matsayin aro na tsawon kakar wasa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tabitha Chawinga |url=https://en.psg.fr/teams/womens-team/squad/tabitha-chawinga |access-date=20 October 2023 |website=PSG |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Chawinga ta sake haduwa da manaja Gérard Prêcheur, wanda ta yi aiki a lokacin 2018-19 CWSL kakar tare da Jiangsu Suning. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=19 September 2023 |title=Tabitha Chawinga: &quot;We can score a lot of goals&quot; |url=https://en.psg.fr/teams/womens-team/content/tabitha-chawinga-we-can-score-a-lot-of-goals |access-date=20 October 2023 |website=PSG}}&lt;/ref&gt; Koyaya, ya bar mukamin a cikin Satumba 2023. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 September 2023 |title=Communiqué du club |url=https://www.psg.fr/equipes/football-feminin/content/communique-du-club-psg-feminines-women |access-date=20 October 2023 |website=PSG |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Chawinga ta ci wa PSG kwallonta ta farko a wasan da suka doke Saint-Etienne da ci 1-0. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 October 2023 |title=The Parisians win at Saint-Etienne |url=https://en.psg.fr/teams/womens-team/content/the-parisians-win-at-saint-etienne-psg-feminines-d1-arkema-2023-2024#:~:text=Thanks%20to%20a%20particularly%20lively%20Sakina%20Karchaoui%2C%20the,first%20Parisian%20goal%20from%20close%20range%20%280-1%2C%205%27%29. |access-date=20 October 2023 |website=PSG}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kuma zama 'yar Malawi ta farko da ta fara taka leda tare da zura kwallo a gasar cin kofin zakarun mata na UEFA da kwallonta a wasan da suka tashi 1-1 da Manchester United. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 October 2023 |title=Chawinga becomes first Malawian to score in UEFA competition |url=https://malawi24.com/2023/10/11/chawinga-becomes-first-malawian-to-score-in-uefa-competition/ |access-date=20 October 2023 |website=Malawi 24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin mintuna na 74 da BK Häcken a wasan farko na wasan kusa dana karshe na gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai na 2023-24, Chawinga ya ci kwallon da ta yi nasara da ci 2-1. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Parisians win the first leg against Häcken! |url=https://en.psg.fr/teams/womens-team/content/the-parisians-win-the-first-leg-against-haecken-bk-haecken-paris-saint-germain-women-uwcl-20232024 |access-date=20 March 2024 |website=PSG}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ƙididdigar sana'a ==

=== Kulob ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:100%; text-align: center;&quot;
|+Appearances and goals by club, season, and competition. Only official games are included in this table.
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Club
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Season
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |League
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Cup
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |League Cup
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Continental
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
|-
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
|-
| rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |DD Sunshine
|2009
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
|2010
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
|2011
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
|2012
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
|2013
|10
|43
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|10
|43
|-
|2014
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!10
!43
!0
!0
!0
!0
!0
!0
!10
!43
|-
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |{{Interlanguage link|Krokom/Dvärsätts IF|sv}}
|2014
|18
|39
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|18
|39
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Kvarnsvedens IK
|2015
|26
|43
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|26
|43
|-
|2016
|22
|15
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|22
|15
|-
|2017
|22
|25
|1
|1
|0
|0
|0
|0
|23
|26
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!70
!83
!1
!1
!0
!0
!0
!0
!71
!86
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Jiangsu Suning
|2018
|14
|17
|0
|0
|1
|0
|0
|0
|15
|17
|-
|2019
|14
|12
|2+
|6
|1
|0
|3
|3
|20+
|21
|-
|2020
|12
|7
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|12
|7
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!40
!36
!2+
!6
!2
!0
!0
!0
!44+
!42
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Wuhan Jianghan University
|2021
|14
|9
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|14
|9
|-
|2022
|10
|8
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|10
|8
|-
|2023
|3
|3
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|3
|3
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!27
!20
!0
!0
!0
!0
!0
!0
!27
!20
|-
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |Inter Milan (loan)
|2022-23
|23
|23
|4
|3
|0
|0
|0
|0
|27
|26
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Paris Saint-Germain (loan)
|2023-24
|18
|17
|4
|4
|10
|5
|0
|0
|32
|26
|-
!Total
!206
!261
!11+
!14
!2
!0
!13
!8
!222+
!283+
|-
|}

== Ayyukan kasa da kasa ==
Chawinga yana aiki a matsayin kyaftin na Malawi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 June 2023 |title=Tabitha Chawinga joins Victor Osimhen as top scorer in Serie A |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/africa/65684452 |access-date=20 October 2023 |website=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sakamakon kwallon kafa na kulob, Chawinga bai halarci nasarar Malawi a 2023 a gasar cin kofin mata ta COSAFA ba . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mlanjira |first=Duncan |date=20 October 2023 |title=Tabitha Chawinga shines again as PSG oust Manchester United in UEFA Women's Champions League |url=https://www.nyasatimes.com/tabitha-chawinga-shines-again-as-psg-oust-manchester-united-in-uefa-womens-champions-league/ |access-date=20 October 2023 |website=Nyasa Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manufar kasa da kasa ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!No.
!Date
!Venue
!Opponent
!Score
!Result
!Competition
|-
|1.
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |13 September 2017
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |Barbourfields Stadium, [[Bulawayo]], [[Zimbabwe]]
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |{{Fbw|ZAM}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |'''1'''–0
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |3–6
| rowspan=&quot;9&quot; |2017 COSAFA Women's Championship
|-
|2.
| align=&quot;center&quot; |'''2'''–3
|-
|3.
| align=&quot;center&quot; |'''3'''–5
|-
|4.
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |15 September 2017
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |{{Fbw|MAD}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |'''1'''–0
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |6–3
|-
|5.
| align=&quot;center&quot; |'''2'''–0
|-
|6.
| align=&quot;center&quot; |'''5'''–3
|-
|7.
| align=&quot;center&quot; |'''6'''–3
|-
|8.
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |17 September 2017
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Luveve Stadium, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |{{Fbw|ZIM}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |'''2'''–3
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |3–3
|-
|9.
| align=&quot;center&quot; |'''3'''–3
|-
|10.
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |4 April 2019
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Kamuzu Stadium, Blantyre, [[Malawi]]
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |{{Fbw|MOZ}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |'''1'''–0
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |11–1
| rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |2020 CAF Women's Olympic Qualifying Tournament
|-
|11.
| align=&quot;center&quot; |'''3'''–0
|-
|12.
| align=&quot;center&quot; |'''11'''–0
|-
|13.
|9 April 2019
|Estádio do Zimpeto, [[Maputo]], [[Mozambik|Mozambique]]
|{{Fbw|MOZ}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |'''2'''–0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |3–0
|-
|14.
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |28 August 2019
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Kamuzu Stadium, Blantyre, Malawi
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |{{Fbw|KEN}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |'''2'''–1
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |3–2
|-
|15.
| align=&quot;center&quot; |'''3'''–1
|-
|16.
| rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |7 November 2020
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |Wolfson Stadium, Ibhayi, [[Afirka ta Kudu|South Africa]]
| rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |{{Fbw|LES}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |'''2'''–0
| rowspan=&quot;6&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |9–0
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |2020 COSAFA Women's Championship
|-
|17.
| align=&quot;center&quot; |'''4'''–0
|-
|18.
| align=&quot;center&quot; |'''5'''–0
|-
|19.
| align=&quot;center&quot; |'''6'''–0
|-
|20.
| align=&quot;center&quot; |'''8'''–0
|-
|21.
| align=&quot;center&quot; |'''9'''–0
|-
|22.
|12 November 2020
|{{Fbw|RSA}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |'''2'''–6
| align=&quot;center&quot; |2–6
|-
|23.
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |5 September 2022
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |NMU Stadium, [[Port Elizabeth|Gqeberha]], South Africa
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |{{Fbw|COM}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |'''3'''–0
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |6–0
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2022 COSAFA Women's Championship
|-
|24.
| align=&quot;center&quot; |'''4'''–0
|-
|25.
| align=&quot;center&quot; |'''5'''–0
|-
|}

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
'Yar'uwar Chawinga Temwa ita ma 'yar wasan kwallon kafa ce ta Malawi. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

== Girmamawa ==

; Kvarnsvedens IK

* Wanda ya lashe Elitettan : 2015 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tabitha Chawinga |url=http://us.women.soccerway.com/players/tabita-chawinga/401554/ |access-date=19 June 2017 |publisher=SoccerWay}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Jiangsu Suning'''

* Super League na mata na kasar Sin : 2019 &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ahmadu |first=Samuel |date=18 Nov 2019 |title=Addo and Chawinga win quadruple as Jiangsu Suning lift Chinese Women's Super Cup title {{!}} Goal.com |url=https://www.goal.com/en-gh/news/addo-and-chawinga-win-quadruple-in-china-as-jiangsu-suning/136wvm6qkgagx1qte6y3qmtz6w |access-date=2020-12-02 |website=www.goal.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Group |first=Suning Holdings |title=Zhang Jindong Praised Suning Women's Football Club for a Quadruple Crown |url=https://www.prnewswire.com/in/news-releases/zhang-jindong-praised-suning-women-s-football-club-for-a-quadruple-crown-811182512.html |access-date=2020-12-04 |website=www.prnewswire.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kofin FA na mata na kasar Sin: 2019 &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
* Gasar Cin Kofin Mata ta Sin: 2019 &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;
* Kofin Super na mata na kasar Sin : 2019 &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
* Gasar Cin Kofin Mata ta AFC 2019 : Masu tsere &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=MD3: Jiangsu Suning defeat Incheon Hyundai to finish second {{!}} Football {{!}} News {{!}} Women's Club Championship 2019 |url=https://www.the-afc.com/competitions/afc-womens-club-championship/latest/news/md3-jiangsu-suning-defeat-incheon-hyundai-to-finish-second |access-date=2020-12-04 |website=the-AFC |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Jami'ar Wuhan Jianghan'''

* Gasar Cin Kofin Mata ta China : 2021

; ɗaiɗaiku

* Babban dan wasan Elitettan: 2015 
* {{Lang|sv|[[Damallsvenskan]]}} wanda ya fi zira kwallaye: 2017 &lt;ref name=&quot;2017_scorers&quot;/&gt;
* Gwarzon dan wasan Sweden na shekara : 2017 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 November 2017 |title=Här är alla vinnare på Fotbollsgalan 2017 |url=https://www.aftonbladet.se/a/3jkmwP |website=www.aftonbladet.se}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ƙungiyar Mata ta IFFHS CAF na Shekaru Goma 2011-2020 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 January 2021 |title=IFFHS Women's CAF Team Decade 2011–2020 |url=https://www.iffhs.com/index.php/posts/925 |access-date=7 August 2023 |website=The International Federation of Football History &amp; Statistics ([[IFFHS]]) |archive-date=2 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402080022/https://iffhs.com/index.php/posts/925 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* IFFHS Ko da yaushe Ƙungiyar Mafarkin Mata na Afirka : 2021 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 June 2021 |title=IFFHS All-time Africa Women's Dream Team |url=https://www.iffhs.com/posts/1138 |website=The International Federation of Football History &amp; Statistics (IFFHS) |access-date=12 April 2024 |archive-date=7 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607210413/https://www.iffhs.com/posts/1138 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Babban wanda ya zira kwallaye a gasar Super League ta mata : 2018, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 April 2018 |title=#CWSL {{!}} Topscorers of the League |url=https://twitter.com/chnwnt/status/1056221824604872706/photo/1 |access-date=6 August 2021 |website=China Women's Football – 中国女足 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2019, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=中国足球协会女子足球超级联赛 |url=http://women.thecfa.cn/cwsl_data_2022/index.html |access-date=17 August 2022 |website=CFA Women's SUper League |language=zh}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2021 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 November 2021 |title=#CWSL Top Scorers |url=https://twitter.com/CHNWNT/status/1465669582312644611 |access-date=17 August 2022 |website=China Women's Football – 中国女足 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Gwarzon dan wasan Super League na mata na kasar Sin : 2018, &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt; 2019 &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;
* Gwarzon Kwallon Mata na Seria A : 2022-23 &lt;ref name=&quot;gala2023&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 December 2023 |title=Gran Galà del Calcio: tutti i vincitori della serata LIVE |url=https://sport.sky.it/calcio/serie-a/2023/12/04/gala-del-calcio-2023-premi-vincitori |access-date=5 December 2023 |website=Sky Sport |language=it}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kungiyar Mata ta Seria A : 2022–23 &lt;ref name=&quot;gala2023&quot; /&gt;

== Magana ==
{{reflist|2}}
[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Category:Haifaffun 1996]]
[[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Shubha Chacko</title>
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'''Shubha Chacko''' (an haife shi a ranar 26 ga watan Agusta 1965) 'yar Indiya ce kuma mai fafutukar kare hakkin mata. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sanotra |first=Nikhita |title=Shubha Chacko: Fighting for Equal Rights of LGBT &amp; Sex Worker Communities, for Nearly Two Decades |url=https://www.shethepeople.tv/news/shubha-chacko-fighting-for-equal-rights-of-lgbt-sex-worker-communities-for-nearly-two-decades/ |access-date=2024-05-01 |website=www.shethepeople.tv |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chacko |first=Shubha |date=2001 |title=Changing the stream: backgrounder on the women's movement in India |url=https://kalnet.kshec.kerala.gov.in/vufind/Record/cus.38893 |access-date=2024-05-01 |website=kalnet.kshec.kerala.gov.in |language=English |archive-date=2024-05-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240501113147/https://kalnet.kshec.kerala.gov.in/vufind/Record/cus.38893 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ita ce ta kafa Gidauniyar Solidarity, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta ta Bangalore. Ita ma ɗaya ce daga cikin mambobin kwamitin kafa Sangama, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta ta 'yancin jinsi da jima'i a Bangalore tare da [[Manohar Elavarthi]].

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
Shubha Chacko tana da tushenta a [[Kerala]] amma an haife ta kuma tana zaune a [[Bengaluru|Bangalore]]. Ta yi karatun ta a St. Francis Xavier's Girls High School, Frazer Town, Bangalore. Daga baya, ta yi karatu a Mount Carmel College, Bangalore, kuma ta yi digiri na biyu a Social Work a Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-05-15 |title=Global Webinar – Comprehensive Approach: Transgender Inclusive Workplaces in India |url=https://outandequal.org/events/global-webinar-comprehensive-approach-transgender-inclusive-workplaces-in-india/ |access-date=2024-05-01 |website=Out &amp; Equal |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-05-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240501120920/https://outandequal.org/events/global-webinar-comprehensive-approach-transgender-inclusive-workplaces-in-india/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'a ==
Chacko na ɗaya daga cikin ƴan gwagwarmayar mata waɗanda ke fafutukar kare haƙƙin jinsi da tsirarun jima'i, da masu yin jima'i a Indiya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sindwani |first=Namrata |date=2023-10-18 |title=Activists vow to continue fight after SC ruling on same-sex marriage |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/Bangalore/2023/Oct/18/activists-vow-to-continue-fight-after-sc-ruling-on-same-sex-marriage-2624875.html |access-date=2024-05-01 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Panchanadeswaran |first=Subadra |last2=Vijayakumar |first2=Gowri |last3=Chacko |first3=Shubha |last4=Bhanot |first4=Andy |date=2016 |title=Unionizing sex workers: The Karnataka experience |url=https://pure.johnshopkins.edu/en/publications/unionizing-sex-workers-the-karnataka-experience |journal=Studies in Law Politics and Society |volume=71 |pages=139–156 |doi=10.1108/S1059-433720160000071007 |issn=1059-4337}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta jagoranci kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da yawa, ciki har da Sangama, Aneka  da Gidauniyar Solidarity kuma ta goyi bayan haɓakawa da haɓaka ƴan tsiraru da ƙungiyoyin ma'aikatan jima'i da ƙungiyoyi da ƙungiyoyi sama da shekaru 25. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=An Interview with Activist Shubha Chacko: Privacy and Sex Workers — The Centre for Internet and Society |url=https://editors.cis-india.org/internet-governance/blog/privacy/privacy_privacyandsexworkers |access-date=2024-05-01 |website=editors.cis-india.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Daga shekarar 2013, ita ce babbar darektar Gidauniyar Solidarity. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Shubha Chacko joins the GFCF board |url=https://globalfundcommunityfoundations.org/news/shubha-chacko-joins-the-gfcf-board |access-date=2024-05-01 |website=Global Fund for Community Foundations |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Re-Link - Shubha Chacko, Author, Founder &amp; Chief Inclusion Officer |url=https://re-link.org/our-team__trashed/shubha-chacko/ |access-date=2024-05-01 |website=Re-Link |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ita ce mai bincike da ke sha'awar  tattalin arziki, gudanarwa na kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, al'amurran da suka shafi adalci na zamantakewa ciki har da jinsi da 'yan tsiraru na jima'i kuma ta buga labarai a cikin mujallolin da aka yi nazari na takwarorinsu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Vijayakumar |first=Gowri |last2=Panchanadeswaran |first2=Subadra |last3=Chacko |first3=Shubha |last4=Halford |first4=Sarah J. |last5=Subramaniam |first5=Sanjitha |date=2022-12-02 |title=Between pandemics: sex worker, sexual minority, and transgender activism from HIV to COVID-19 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17441692.2022.2124531 |journal=Global Public Health |language=en |volume=17 |issue=12 |pages=3596–3610 |doi=10.1080/17441692.2022.2124531 |issn=1744-1692}}&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Vijayakumar |first=Gowri |last2=Panchanadeswaran |first2=Subadra |last3=Chacko |first3=Shubha |date=October 2019 |title=Sex Work, Marginalization, and Activism in India |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30617663/ |journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior |volume=48 |issue=7 |pages=1969–1972 |doi=10.1007/s10508-018-1384-3 |issn=1573-2800 |pmid=30617663}}&lt;/ref&gt; An gayyace ta a matsayin mai magana a yawancin tarurrukan duniya kuma ta buga rahotanni da yawa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Shubha Chacko |url=https://www.shiftthepowersummit.org/shubhachacko |access-date=2024-05-01 |website=Shift The Power 2023 |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; [https://in.boell.org/sites/default/files/perspectives-asia_4_the_gender_issue_en.pdf] &lt;ref&gt;https://tiss.edu/uploads/files/TISSAR2016Final.pdf Page 17&lt;/ref&gt; Ta taka rawar gani wajen kawo jogappas cikin al'ada kuma ta goyi bayan taron kiɗa tare da mashahurin TM Krishna. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Shubha Chacko Feature Photo Director of NGO Aneka and S... |url=https://timescontent.timesgroup.com/photo/feature/Shubha-Chacko/469183 |access-date=2024-05-01 |website=Times Of India |language=English |archive-date=2024-05-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240501113146/https://timescontent.timesgroup.com/photo/feature/Shubha-Chacko/469183 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Don tallafa wa al'ummar LGBTQIA+, ta fito da ra'ayin Pride Cafe da Solidarity Foundation tare da Acadeus kuma ta kaddamar da cafe a Bangalore. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-01-10 |title=Pride Café launched in Bangalore |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/pride-cafe-Bangalore-lgbtqia-8373769/ |access-date=2024-05-01 |website=The Indian Express |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=July 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kyauta ==
Ta karɓi lambar yabo ta Times Ascent A matsayin jagorar bambancin duniya a Majalisar HRD ta Duniya, Mumbai 2017. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-08-16 |title=Re-Link - Changing the Diversity, Equity and Inclusion Equation for India Inc. |url=https://www.business-standard.com/content/press-releases-ani/re-link-changing-the-diversity-equity-and-inclusion-equation-for-india-inc-121081600732_1.html |access-date=2024-05-01 |website=www.business-standard.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1965]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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'''Tamara Divišková''' (an haife ta ranar 9 ga watan Yulin 1934, a Brno) ƴar Czech ce mai ƙera yumbu &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Fasurová |first=Hana |date=21 March 2009 |title=Trápí vás nějaký druh alergie? Koliště rozveselují postavy z Kouzelné flétny |url=http://brnensky.denik.cz/serialy/koliste-rozveseluji-postavy-z-kouzelne-20090320.html |access-date=29 September 2014 |publisher=[[Deník]] |language=Czech |archive-date=6 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006083601/http://brnensky.denik.cz/serialy/koliste-rozveseluji-postavy-z-kouzelne-20090320.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma Mai tsara kayan ado.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tamara Divišková |url=http://boss.ped.muni.cz/katlogDumUmeni.pdf |access-date=29 September 2014 |publisher=[[:cs:Dům umění města Brna|Dům umění města Brna]] |archive-date=6 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006065904/http://boss.ped.muni.cz/katlogDumUmeni.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; A lokacin aikinta, ta yi aiki tare da Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kasa a Brno, da sauran cibiyoyin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tamara Divíšková |url=http://www.ndbrno.cz/modules/theaterarchive/?h=person&amp;a=detail&amp;id=1694 |access-date=29 September 2014 |publisher=[[National Theatre Brno|National Theatre in Brno]] |language=Czech}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ita ce 'yar'uwar' yar wasan kwaikwayo Nina Divíšková .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hulec |first=Vladimír |date=23 March 2010 |title=Nina Divíšková: Živote, děkuju za všechno. I za bolest. |url=http://www.divadelni-noviny.cz/nina-diviskova-zivote-dekuju-za-vsechno-i-za-bolest |access-date=29 September 2014 |publisher=Divadelní noviny |language=Czech}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Manazarta==
{{Reflist}} 
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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      <comment>علاء moved page [[Tattaunawar user:A'isha Adamu]] to [[Tattaunawar user:Alubaki]]: Automatically moved page while renaming the user &quot;[[Special:CentralAuth/A'isha Adamu|A'isha Adamu]]&quot; to &quot;[[Special:CentralAuth/Alubaki|Alubaki]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="2308" sha1="a7va1hkdgeuna49s0hovja5372fo5h1" xml:space="preserve">== Barka da zuwa! ==
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, A&amp;#39;isha Adamu! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/A&amp;#39;isha Adamu|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma ina fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]], ko kuma ka tambayeni a {{Gyara|User talk:Em-mustapha|section=new|shafina na tattaunawa}}. Na gode.[[User:Em-mustapha|&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: #804; color: #fa0;&quot;&gt;&lt;samp&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;Em-mustapha&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/samp&gt;&lt;/span&gt;]] &lt;sup&gt;&lt;samp&gt;&lt;u&gt;[[User talk:Em-mustapha|'''talk''']]&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/samp&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; 08:33, 24 ga Augusta, 2024 (UTC)

== Improve  ==

Assalam, da fatan kina lafiya,

Wannan mukala [[Abincin Mizrahi na Yahudawa|Abincin Mizrahi na Yahudawa:]] tana dauke da gyararraki da yawa, ku inganta ta ko kuwa za'a goge sashin da ke da gyararraki.


Bissalam [[User:Uncle Bash007|Patroller&gt;&gt;]] 23:20, 17 ga Maris, 2025 (UTC)

== [[Abincin Phuket]] - Za'a Goge ==

Assalam, @[[User:A'isha Adamu|A'isha Adamu]]

Wannan mukala [[Abincin Phuket]] da kika kirkira bata inganci, munyi masa alamar gogewa. Ki taimaka ki gyara ko za'a goge shi.


Bissalam,

[[User:Uncle Bash007|Patroller&gt;&gt;]] 20:45, 30 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC)

:Wslm @[[User:Uncle Bash007|Uncle Bash007]],
:Ni sabuwar edita ce kuma ina yin bakin kokarina, idan akwai abinda ya kamata a gyara a matsayinku na shuwagabannimu ku ya kamata Ku gyara tunda ku kun gano gyaran. [[User:A&amp;#39;isha Adamu|A&amp;#39;isha Adamu]] ([[User talk:A&amp;#39;isha Adamu|talk]]) 20:50, 30 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC)</text>
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    <title>Tafkin kivu</title>
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'''Tabkin Kivu''' ({{Audio|LL-Q33573 (kin)-NDAHIMANA FRANK (NDAHIMANA FRANK PORTER)-KIVU.wav|pronunciation}}) yana daya daga cikin Manyan Tabkunan Afirka.&lt;ref name=&quot;readersnatural&quot; /&gt; Yana kan iyaka tsakanin Jamhuriyar Demokraɗiyyar Kongo da Ruwanda, kuma yana cikin Albertine Rift, reshen yamma na Rift din Gabashin Afirka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Wong |first1=H.-K. |last2=Herzen |first2=R. P. |date=1974-06-01 |title=A Geophysical Study of Lake Kivu, East Africa |journal=Geophysical Journal International |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=371–389 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246x.1974.tb04091.x |doi-access=free |bibcode=1974GeoJ...37..371W |issn=0956-540X}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tabkin Kivu yana malala ne zuwa cikin Kogin Ruzizi, wanda ke gudu zuwa kudu zuwa cikin Tabkin Tanganyika.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; 
[[File:Gisenyi (6817417653).jpg|alt=|thumb|Gabar tafkin Kivu a Gisenyi, Ruwanda]]

A baya, Tabkin Kivu yana malala ne zuwa arewa, yana ba da gudummawa ga Farar Nile. Kimanin shekaru 13,000 zuwa 9,000 da suka gabata, ayyukan aman wuta sun toshe mashikin Tafkin Kivu zuwa madatsar ruwan Nile.&lt;ref name=&quot;Danley&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Danley|first1=Patrick D.|title=The Impact of the Geologic History and Paleoclimate on the Diversification of East African Cichlids|journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology|volume=2012|pages=1–20|doi=10.1155/2012/574851|pmid=22888465|pmc=3408716|year=2012|last2=Husemann|first2=Martin|last3=Ding|first3=Baoqing|last4=Dipietro|first4=Lyndsay M.|last5=Beverly|first5=Emily J.|last6=Peppe|first6=Daniel J.|display-authors=etal|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Aman wutar ya samar da duwatsu, ciki har da Duwatsun Virunga, waɗanda suka taso tsakanin Tafkin Kivu da Tafkin Edward, zuwa arewa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Clark|first=J. D.|title=Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site, Volume 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r08AAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA35|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=London|year=1969|page=34|access-date=16 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ruwa daga Tafkin Kivu sai aka tursasa shi zuwa kudu ta cikin Ruzizi. Wannan, bi da bi, ya daga matakin Tafkin Tanganyika, wanda ya ambaliya ta Kogin Lukuga.&lt;ref name=&quot;Danley&quot;/&gt;
Tafkin Kivu yana daya daga cikin tabkuna uku a duniya, tare da Tabkin Nyos da Tafkin Monoun, wadanda ke fuskantar fashewar limnic (inda juyawar sassan ruwa mai zurfi ke sakin carbon dioxide mai narkewa (CO2)). Kasan tafkin kuma yana dauke da iskar gas ta methane (CH4). Idan fashewar limnic ta faru, rayuwar mutane miliyan biyu da ke zaune a kusa za ta kasance cikin hadari.

==Yanayin ƙasa==
Tabkin Kivu yana da tsayin kusan 42 km kuma faɗinsa ya kai 50 km a mafi faɗi.&lt;ref name=&quot;readersnatural&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Natural Wonders of the World|url=https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche|url-access=registration|publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc|year=1980|isbn=978-0-89577-087-5|editor-last=Scheffel|editor-first=Richard L.|location=United States of America|pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche/page/206 206]–207|editor-last2=Wernet|editor-first2=Susan J.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Siffarsa maras daidaituwa tana sa auna madaidaicin faɗin samansa ya zama mai wahala; an kiyasta cewa ya mamaye fadin saman kusan 2700 km2, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama tafki na takwas mafi girma a Afirka.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-lakes-in-africa.html|title=The Largest Lakes in Africa|website=WorldAtlas|date=15 June 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Saman tabkin yana zaune ne a tsayin 1460 m sama da matakin teku. Wannan tabki yana da damar fuskantar fashewar limnic duk bayan shekaru 1000.&lt;ref name=&quot;readersnatural&quot; /&gt; Tabkin yana da zurfin mita 475 a mafi zurfi da kuma matsakaicin zurfi na mita 220, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama tafki na ashirin mafi zurfi a duniya ta fuskar mafi zurfi, kuma na sha uku ta fuskar matsakaicin zurfi.&lt;ref name=&quot;readersnatural&quot; /&gt;
Kasan tabkin yana kan kwarin rift wanda ke rabe a hankali, yana haifar da ayyukan aman wuta a yankin.

Tsibiri na goma mafi girma a duniya a cikin tabki, Idjwi, yana cikin Tabkin Kivu.

=== Yanayin zaman jama'a ===
Kimanin murabba'in kilomita 1,370 ko kashi 58 na ruwan tabkin yana cikin iyakokin DRC.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Garuruwan da ke gabar tabkin sun hada da Bukavu, Kabare, Kalehe, Sake da Goma a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, sai kuma Gisenyi, Kibuye, da Cyangugu a Ruwanda.

A farkon shekarar 2025, yayin yakin M23, dakarun sojin Ruwanda da Kungiyar M23 sun mamaye dukkan garuruwan da ke gefen tabkin na Kongo, inda aka kwace babban birnin lardin Goma a watan Janairu kuma dukkan garuruwan suna karkashin ikon M23 tun daga farkon watan Maris.&lt;ref name=&quot;:015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 March 2025 |title=RDC: sur les 8 territoires que compte le Sud-Kivu, 7 sont désormais sous occupation après l'arrivée sans combat des rebelles de l'AFC/M23 au territoire insulaire d'Idjwi |trans-title=DRC: Of the eight territories in South Kivu, seven are now under occupation following the arrival of AFC/M23 rebels in the island territory of Idjwi without a fight |url=https://actualite.cd/index.php/2025/03/14/rdc-sur-les-8-territoires-que-compte-le-sud-kivu-7-sont-desormais-sous-occupation-apres |access-date=14 March 2025 |website=Actualite.cd |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 12 ga watan Maris, M23 ta sauka a tsibirin Idjwi, inda ta mamaye shi ba tare da wani juriya ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Congo War Security Review, March 4, 2025 |url=https://www.criticalthreats.org/briefs/congo-war-security-review/congo-war-security-review-march-4-2025 |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=Critical Threats}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Kemistri==
Tabkin Kivu tabki ne na meromictic wanda ke dauke da ruwa mai dadi a samansa kuma yake kara gishiri yayin da ake zurfafa gudanarwa, tare da gishiri da ke kusantar 6 g/kg kusa da kasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Sommer |first1=Tobias |last2=Schmid |first2=Martin |last3=Wüest |first3=Alfred |date=2019 |title=The role of double diffusion for the heat and salt balance in Lake Kivu |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/lno.11066 |journal=Limnology and Oceanography |language=en |volume=64 |issue=2 |pages=650–660 |doi=10.1002/lno.11066 |bibcode=2019LimOc..64..650S |issn=1939-5590}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tare da Tabkin Nyos na Kamaru da Tabkin Monoun, Tabkin Kivu yana daya cikin tabkuna uku da aka sani da fuskantar fashewar limnic (inda juyawar sassan ruwa mai zurfi ke sakin carbon dioxide mai narkewa). Kewaye da tabkin, masu bincike sun gano shaidar bacewar halittu masu yawa a cikin gida kusan kowane shekaru dubu, wanda ake kyautata zaton yana faruwa ne sakamakon fitar iskar gas. Dalilin da ke haifar da juyawar ruwa a Tabkin Kivu ba a sani ba, amma ana zargin ayyukan aman wuta da sauyin yanayi duka biyu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Fowkes |first1=Neville |last2=Mason |first2=David |last3=Hutchinson |first3=A.J. |title=Proceedings of the Mathematics in Industry Study Group: Emissions from Lake Kivu |date=2018 |publisher=University of the Witwatersrand |isbn=978-0-9870336-8-0 |pages=27–73 |url=https://www.wits.ac.za/media/wits-university/conferences/misgsa/documents/2018/LakeKivuReportRefereedFinal.pdf |access-date=11 October 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sinadaran iskar gas na tabkuna masu fashewa sun bambanta ga kowane tabki. A yanayin Tabkin Kivu, ya hada da methane (CH4) da carbon dioxide (CO2), sakamakon mu'amalar ruwan tabkin da magudanar ruwan zafi na aman wuta.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wenz&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|doi=10.1146/knowable-100720-1|title=The danger lurking in an African lake|year=2020|last1=Wenz|first1=John|journal=Knowable Magazine|s2cid=225118318 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Adadin methane da ke kasan tabkin an kiyasta ya kai 65 km3. Idan aka kona shi a masana'antar samar da wutar lantarki ta zamani ta hadin gwiwa (combined-cycle), wannan adadin na methane zai iya samar da kusan megawatt 40,000 na tsawon shekara guda, wanda ya yi daidai da karfin wutar lantarki har sau shida na madatsar ruwa ta Grand Coulee Dam a lokacin kololuwar ruwan bazara. Tabkin kuma yana dauke da kimanin 256 km3 na carbon dioxide wanda, idan aka sake shi a lokacin fashewa, zai iya shake dukkan mazauna gabar tabkin.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/explosive-hazard-hiding-african-lake-180976024/|title=The Explosive Hazard Hiding in an African Lake|work=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; Zafin ruwan ya kai 24 °C, kuma ma'auninsa na pH yana kusa da 7 a yankin da ba shi da iskar oxygen, da kuma kusa da 9 a ruwan da ke da iskar oxygen.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Njala University, Sierra Leone |last2=Olapade |first2=Oj |last3=Omitoyin |first3=Bo |last4=University of Ibadan, Nigeria |date=2012-08-03 |title=Anthropogenic pollution impact on physico-chemical characteristics of Lake Kivu, Rwanda |journal=African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development |volume=12 |issue=53 |pages=6517–6536 |doi=10.18697/ajfand.53.9840|hdl=1807/55851 |s2cid=70874696 |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; An bayyana cewa kwayoyin cuta ne ke samar da methane ta hanyar rage CO2 na aman wuta.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Nayar | first1 = Anjali | year = 2009 | title = A lakeful of trouble | journal = Nature | volume = 460 | issue = 7253| pages = 321–323 | doi=10.1038/460321a| pmid = 19606123 | doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Juyawar ruwa a gaba da sakin iskar gas daga zurfafan ruwan Tabkin Kivu zai haifar da mummunan bala'i, wanda zai sha gaban tarihin juyawar ruwa da aka gani a tabkunan Nyos da Monoun wadanda suka fi kankanta. Rayuwar kusan mutane miliyan biyu da ke zaune a yankin kwatami na tabkin za ta kasance cikin barazana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wenz&quot;/&gt;
Samfuran kasa da aka debo daga yankin Bukavu Bay na tabkin sun nuna cewa kasan yana da shimfidar ma'adanai na monohydrocalcite da ke hade da diatoms, a saman lallaken sapropelic mai dauke da sinadarin pyrite mai yawa. Ana samun wadannan a matakai guda uku daban-daban. An yi amanna cewa lallaken sapropelic yana da alaka da fitar ruwan zafi na karkashin kasa kuma diatoms suna da alaka da yaduwar tsiro wanda ya rage matakin carbon dioxide har ya sa monohydrocalcite ya yi kwasfa.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Stoffers, P., and Fischbeck, R. (1974) Monohydrocalcite in the sediments of Lake Kivu (East Africa) ''Sedimentology'', 21, 163–170.&lt;/ref&gt;
Masana kimiyya sun yi hasashen cewa isasshen haduwar aman wuta da kasan ruwan tabkin mai dauke da iskar gas mai yawa zai dumama ruwan, ya tursasa methane fitowa daga ruwan, ya haifar da fashewar methane, sannan ya janyo sakin carbon dioxide kusan a lokaci guda, koda yake shigar mita cubic miliyan 1 na danyen aman wuta (lava) lokacin fashewar watan Janairu na shekarar 2002 bai yi wani tasiri ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Seach |first=John |date=January 17–25, 2002 |title=Archived Volcano News - John Seach |url=https://volcanolive.com/news16.html |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=volcanolive.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=solidarites&gt;
{{cite web
| url=https://www.eawag.ch/forschung/surf/gruppen/kivu/publications/Halbwachs_2002_Investigations_in_Lake_Kivu.pdf
| title=Investigations in Lake Kivu (East Central Africa) after the Nyiragongo Eruption of January 2002: Specific study of the impact of the sub-water lava inflow on the lake stability
| publisher=Solidarities
| author=Halbwachs| date=2002-03-09
| access-date=2012-12-21
|display-authors=etal}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20040917101646/http://www.eawag.ch/research_e/apec/Scripts/Lorke_publication_lake_kivu_2002.pdf mirror]
&lt;/ref&gt;  Carbon dioxide din zai shake dimbin mutane a yankin kwatami na tabkin yayin da iskar gas din ke shawagi a saman ruwan. Hakanan yana yiwuwa tabkin zai iya haifar da tsunamin tabki yayin da iskar gas din ke fashewa daga cikinsa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rwanda and DRC Sign Agreement Over L. Kivu Methane Gas Exploration&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=November 21, 2015 |title=Rwanda and DRC Sign Agreement Over L. Kivu Methane Gas Exploration |url=https://newsghana.com.gh/rwanda-and-drc-sign-agreement-over-l-kivu-methane-gas-exploration/ |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=newsghana.com.gh |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Killer Lakes&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 4, 2002 |title=Killer Lakes - Transcript |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/science/horizon/2001/killerlakestrans.shtml |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=BBC}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://walrusmagazine.ca/articles/2006.05-field-notes-in-the-shadow-of-doom/ &quot;In the Shadow of Doom&quot;] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928142857/http://walrusmagazine.ca/articles/2006.05-field-notes-in-the-shadow-of-doom/ |date=2007-09-28 }}, ''The Walrus'', May 2006&lt;/ref&gt;

An fara fahimtar hadarin da Tabkin Kivu ke fuskanta ne yayin nazarin abubuwan da suka faru kwanan nan a Tabkin Nyos. Da farko an dauki methane na Tabkin Kivu a matsayin arha na albarkatun kasa kawai don fitarwa zuwa kasashen waje da samar da wutar lantarki mai sauki. Da zarar an fara fahimtar hanyoyin da ke haifar da juyawar ruwan tabkin, sai kuma wayar da kan jama'a game da hadarin da tabkin ke haifarwa ga mazauna yankin ya karu.

An sanya bututun iska na gwaji a Tabkin Nyos a shekarar 2001 don fitar da iskar gas daga zurfafan ruwa, amma irin wannan mafita ga Tabkin Kivu wanda ya fi girma nesa ba kusa ba zai kasance mai tsada sosai. Kimanin tan miliyan 500 na carbon dioxide da ke cikin tabkin yana kasa da kashi 2 cikin dari na adadin da bil'adam ke sakewa duk shekara ta hanyar kona man fetur. Don haka, tsarin sakin sa na iya haifar da farashi fiye da ginin tsarin da sarrafa shi kawai.

Wannan matsalar da ke da alaka da yaduwar methane ita ce ta mazuku, kalmar Swahili da ke nufin &quot;mummunar iska&quot; don fitar da methane da carbon dioxide da ke kashe mutane da dabbobi, kuma tana iya kashe shuke-shuke lokacin da take da yawa.

===Hakar Methane===
[[File:Methane extraction platform at Lake Kivu.jpg|thumb|Wani dandamalin hakar methane a Tabkin Kivu, Gisenyi, Ruwanda.|alt=]]

Kwanan nan an gano cewa Tabkin Kivu yana dauke da kusan mita cubic biliyan 55 na iskar gas mai narkewa a zurfin mita 300. Har zuwa shekarar 2004, ana gudanar da aikin hakar iskar gas ne a kan karamin sikeli, inda ake amfani da iskar gas din da aka hako wajen gudanar da tukunyar jirgi a kamfanin giya na Bralirwa a Gisenyi.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.avec.co.za/casestudies/cs_08.htm &quot;Case Studies : Recovery of Gas from Lake Kivu – The Goats of Rwanda&quot;] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060224004457/http://www.avec.co.za/casestudies/cs_08.htm|date=2006-02-24}}, Added Value Engineering Consultants, accessed 4 May 2007&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=powerhouse&gt;{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/6624395.stm |title=Rwanda's Underwater Powerhouse |date=May 4, 2007 |access-date=2008-02-05 |author=Adam Mynott |work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dangane da yin amfani da wannan albarkatun a kan babban sikeli, gwamnatin Ruwanda ta tattauna da bangarori da dama don hakar methane daga tabkin.

A shekarar 2011 ContourGlobal, wani kamfanin makamashi na kasar Burtaniya da ke mayar da hankali kan kasuwanni masu tasowa, ya sami tallafin kudi don kaddamar da babban aikin hakar methane. Ana gudanar da aikin ne ta hanyar wata kungiyar Ruwanda ta cikin gida mai suna KivuWatt Power Station, ta yin amfani da dandamalin jirgin ruwa na teku don hako, rabuwa, da tsabtace iskar gas da aka samu daga kasan tabkin kafin a tura methane mai tsafta ta bututun karkashin ruwa zuwa injinan gas na kan gaba. An kammala matakin farko na aikin, wanda ke sarrafa injina guda uku a gabar tabkin da kuma samar da MW 26 na wutar lantarki ga grid na cikin gida. Mataki na gaba yana da nufin tura ƙarin injina guda tara a 75 MW don samar da jimillar ƙarfin 101 MW.&lt;ref name=&quot;contourglobal&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.contourglobal.com/asset/kivuwatt|title=Assets: KivuWatt|publisher=ContourGlobal|access-date=2018-04-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bugu da kari, an bai wa Symbion Power Lake Kivu Limited yarjejeniyar rangwame da yarjejeniyar samar da wutar lantarki (PPA) a shekarar 2015, don samar da MW 50 na wutar lantarki ta amfani da methane na Tabkin Kivu. Ana sa ran za a fara aikin gine-gine a shekarar 2019, tare da samar da wutar lantarki ta farko (Mataki na 1 - 14 MW) a cikin kwata na farko na shekarar 2020. An tsara masana'antar ta fara aiki sosai a shekarar 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.mininfra.gov.rw/rw/index.php?id=19&amp;tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=129&amp;cHash=127294a548d8a3eb621a32c693938624 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2018-05-04 |archive-date=2018-05-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180505065702/http://www.mininfra.gov.rw/rw/index.php?id=19&amp;tx_ttnews&amp;#91;tt_news&amp;#93;=129&amp;cHash=127294a548d8a3eb621a32c693938624 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.mininfra.gov.rw/digital-transformation-1-1 |title=Energy Division |website=MININFRA |access-date=July 14, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Update inline|date=June 2023}}

Symbion Power ya sayi wani rangwame na karin MW 25 kuma a halin yanzu suna tattaunawa kan yarjejeniyar PPA tare da Hukumar Wutar Lantarki ta Ruwanda wanda zai iya ganin an aika MW 8 na wutar lantarki zuwa Grid watanni shida bayan an sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar PPA. Wannan rangwame yana kan rukunin masana'antar gwaji ta farko da aka sani da KP1.{{Update inline|date=June 2023}}

Baya ga kula da hakar iskar gas, KivuWatt kuma zai kula da masana'antun samar da wutar lantarki da kuma sayar da wutar lantarki ga gwamnatin Ruwanda a karkashin sharuddan yarjejeniyar sayen wutar lantarki na dogon lokaci (PPA). Wannan yana bawa KivuWatt damar sarrafa hadakar makamashi na tsaye daga wurin hakar zuwa wurin sayarwa zuwa cikin grid na cikin gida. An ce hakar tana da tasiri sosai kuma mai sauki ce saboda da zarar an tura ruwan mai dauke da iskar gas sama, iskar gas din da ke narke (musamman carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide da methane) suna fara kumfa yayin da matsin ruwan ke raguwa. Ana sa ran wannan aikin zai kara karfin samar da makamashi na Ruwanda har sau 20, kuma zai bai wa Ruwanda damar sayar da wutar lantarki ga kasashen Afirka makwabta.&lt;ref name=powerhouse /&gt; An ba kamfanin kyautar yarjejeniyar samar da wutar lantarki ta Afirka ta shekarar 2011 saboda kirkire-kirkire a cikin tsare-tsaren samar da kudi da ta samu daga kafofi daban-daban don aikin KivuWatt.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title= Methane gas project gets global award|url= http://rwandaenergy.com/2012/02/rwanda-methane-gas-project-gets-global-award/|publisher= www.rwandaenergy.com|access-date= 7 March 2012}}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title= African power deal of the year 2011 KivuWatt |url=http://www.projectfinancemagazine.com/Article/2974654/Search-Results/African-Power-Deal-of-the-Year-2011-KivuWatt.html?PartialFields=(CATEGORY_448_IDS%3a).(CATEGORY_904_IDS%3a14673)&amp;OrderType=1&amp;DisplaySearchTerms=true|publisher=www.projectfinancemagazine.com|access-date=7 March 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Masana'antar wutar lantarki ta dala miliyan 200 tana aiki a 26 MW a shekarar 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.technologyreview.com/2016/05/16/160192/rwanda-inaugurates-groundbreaking-methane-power-project/|title=Rwanda Inaugurates Groundbreaking Methane Power Project|website=MIT Technology Review}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ilimin Halittu da Kamun Kifi==
[[Image:Lake Kivu, boats.jpg|thumb|Jiragen kamun kifi a Tabkin Kivu, 2009]]
[[File:An aerial of Paradis Malahide island in Lake Kivu with the area of 2,700 km². Emmanuel Kwizera.jpg|thumb|Tsibirin Paradis Malahide a cikin tabkin]]
[[File:View of the sky and its reflection on Lake Kivu.jpg|thumb|Hasken sararin samaniya yana bayyana a saman Tabkin Kivu]]
Kifin da ke cikin Tabkin Kivu yana da karanci sosai tare da nau'ikan nau'o'i 28 da aka bayyana, ciki har da nau'ikan nau'o'i hudu da aka shigo da su.&lt;ref name=FishSnoeks&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Snoeks |first1=J |last2=De Vos |first2=L. |last3=Thys van den Audenaerde |first3=D. |date=1997 |title=The ichthyogeography of lake Kivu |journal=South African Journal of Science |volume=93 |pages=579–584}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kifin na asali sune kifin minnow na Tabkin Rukwa (Raiamas moorii), nau'ikan kifin barb guda hudu (ripon barbel, Barbus altianalis, kifin barb mai jan fika na Gabashin Afirka, Enteromius apleurogramma, kifin barb mai jan digo, E. kerstenii da kifin barb na Pellegrin, E. pellegrini), kifin kifi na Amphilius, nau'ikan kifin kifi na Clarias guda biyu (C. liocephalus da C. gariepinus), kifin tilapiar Nile (Oreochromis niloticus) da kuma nau'ikan kifin Haplochromis cichlids guda 15 dake yankin kawai.&lt;ref name=FishSnoeks/&gt; Kimanin wasu nau'ikan cichlids 20 da watakila ba a riga tsara bayanansu ba an san su a tabkin.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Walker |first1=J. |year=2013 |title=How many species are there in Lake Kivu? |url=https://www.eawag.ch/fileadmin/user_upload/tx_userprofiles/upload/walkerjo/Bachelor_Thesis_Jonas_Walker_August_2013_Lake_Kivu.pdf |publisher=University of Bern|journal=Institute of Ecology and Evolution}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nau'ikan da aka shigo da su sun hada da cichlids guda uku, tilapiar longfin (Oreochromis macrochir), tilapiar mai dagon shudi (O. leucostictus) da tilapiar mai jan gaba (Coptodon rendalli), sai kuma kifin clupeid, sardine na Tabkin Tanganyika (Limnothrissa miodon).&lt;ref name=FishSnoeks/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Collart&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last=Collart |first=A. |title=L'introduction du 'Stolothrissa tanganicae' (Ndagala) au lac Kivu |language=French |journal=Bulletin Agricole du Congo Belge |volume=51 |issue=4 |date=1960 |url=https://ineac.africamuseum.be./catalog/11887 |series=Hosted at Agricultural Research Archive for DRC, Rwanda and Burundi, 1885-1960}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Capart&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last=Capart |first=A. |title=A propos de l'introduction du Ndakala (Stolothrissa tanganikae) dans le lac Kivu |language=French |journal=Bulletin Agricole du Congo Belge et du Ruanda-Burundi |volume=50 |issue=4 |date=1959 |url=https://ineac.africamuseum.be./catalog/11546}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana kiran sardine din a cikin gida da 'Ndagala' ko 'Isambaza'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Collart 1989&quot;&gt;{{cite book |first=Alphonse |last=Collart |date=June 1989 |chapter=Introduction et acclimatation de l'Isambaza du lac Tanganyika au lac Kivu |title=Compte rendu du seminaire trente ans apres l'introduction de l'Isambaza au lac Kivu (RWA/87/012/DOC/TR/16) |url=https://www.fao.org/3/AD174F/AD174F00.htm#TOC |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |language=French |place=Gisenyi, Rwanda}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Adadin sardine na Tabkin Tanganyika da za a iya kamawa an kiyasta ya kai tan 2000 zuwa 4000 duk shekara.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Marshall|first=B. E.|title=Seasonal and annual variations in the abundance of the clupeid Limnothrissa miodon in lake Kivu|journal=Journal of Fish Biology|year=1991|volume=39|issue=5|pages=641–648|doi=10.1111/j.1095-8649.1991.tb04394.x|bibcode=1991JFBio..39..641M }}&lt;/ref&gt; Masanin aikin gona na kasar Belgium Alphonse Collart ne ya shigar da shi Tabkin Kivu a karshen shekarar 1959.&lt;ref name=&quot;Collart&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Capart&quot; /&gt; Kokarin shigar da irin kifin sprat na Tabkin Tanganyika (Stolothrissa tanganicae) a lokaci guda bai yi nasara ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;Collart 1989&quot; /&gt;

A halin yanzu, Tabkin Kivu ne kadai tabki na halitta wanda aka shigar da L. miodon, wato sardine wanda asali ya takaitu a Tabkin Tanganyika, da farko don cike gurbi da babu kowa a ciki. Kafin shigarwar, babu kifin planktivorous da ke cikin ruwan pelagic na Tabkin Kivu. A farkon shekarun 1990, yawan masunta a tabkin ya kai 6,563, wadanda 3,027 daga cikinsu ke da alaka da kamun kifi na pelagic sune kuma 3,536 ke da alaka da kamun kifi na gargajiya. Mummunan rikicin makami da ya bazu a yankin tun tsakiyar shekarun 1990 ya haifar da raguwar abun da ake samu na kamun kifi.&lt;ref name=&quot;FAO&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 2001 |title=INFORMATION ON FISHERIES MANAGEMENT IN THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO |url=https://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/COD/BODY.HTM |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060315065154/https://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/COD/BODY.HTM |archive-date=March 15, 2006 |access-date=June 26, 2023 |website=fao.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan wannan shigarwa, sardine din ya sami gagarumin muhimmanci na tattalin arziki da abinci ga mazauna gabar tabkin amma ta fuskar tsarin halitta, shigar da kifin planktivorous na iya haifar da gagaruman canje-canje na tsarin al'ummar plankton. Abubuwan da aka lura kwanan nan sun nuna bacewar babban mai kiwo, Daphnia curvirostris, a cikin shekarun da suka gabata, da kuma mamaye al'ummar mesozooplankton ta nau'ikan copepod na cyclopoid guda uku: Thermocyclops consimilis, Mesocyclops aequatorialis da Tropocyclops confinis.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Isumbisho|first=M|title=Zooplankton ecology of Lake Kivu (Eastern Africa)|year=2006|publisher=University of Namur|location=Belgium|isbn=978-2-87037-534-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Isumbisho |first1=M. |last2=Sarmento |first2=H. |last3=Kaningini |first3=B. |last4=Micha |first4=J.-C. |last5=Descy |first5=J.-P. |date=2006 |title=Zooplankton of Lake Kivu, East Africa, half a century after the Tanganyika sardine introduction |journal=Journal of Plankton Research |doi=10.1093/plankt/fbl032 |volume=28 |issue=11 |pages=971–989 |url=http://www.icm.csic.es/bio/projects/icmicrobis/fitxes/Personal_webs/Sarmento/pdf/Isumbisho%20et%20al%202006_JPR_Zooplankton%20of%20Lake%20Kivu.pdf |doi-access=free |archive-date=2012-03-12 |access-date=2011-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120312092135/http://www.icm.csic.es/bio/projects/icmicrobis/fitxes/Personal_webs/Sarmento/pdf/Isumbisho%20et%20al%202006_JPR_Zooplankton%20of%20Lake%20Kivu.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

An fitar da cikakken binciken farko na phytoplankton a shekarar 2006.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sarmento 2006&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Sarmento|first=H.|title=Phytoplankton ecology of Lake Kivu (Eastern Africa)|year=2006|publisher=University of Namur|location=Belgium|isbn=978-2-87037-532-7|url=http://www.icm.csic.es/bio/projects/icmicrobis/fitxes/Personal_webs/Sarmento/pdf/Thesis_Sarmento_Lake%20Kivu.pdf|access-date=2011-04-23|archive-date=2016-01-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117042508/http://www.icm.csic.es/bio/projects/icmicrobis/fitxes/Personal_webs/Sarmento/pdf/Thesis_Sarmento_Lake%20Kivu.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tare da matsakaicin chlorophyll na shekara-shekara a cikin gaurayawan Layer na 2.2 mg m−3 da ƙananan matakan gina jiki a cikin yankin euphotic, tabkin a fili yake na oligotrophic. Diatoms sune rukunin da suka mamaye tabkin, musamman a lokacin rani na haduwar ruwa mai zurfi. Lokacin damina, rukunin ruwan da ke da haske mai yawa da ƙarancin abinci mai gina jiki, yana ba da fifiko ga mamaye cyanobacteria tare da adadi mai yawa na picoplankton phototrophic.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sarmento 2006&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Sarmento|first=H.|author2=Isumbisho, M|author3=Descy, JP|title=Phytoplankton ecology of Lake Kivu (eastern Africa)|journal=Journal of Plankton Research|year=2006|volume=28|issue=9|pages=815–829|doi=10.1093/plankt/fbl017|url=http://www.icm.csic.es/bio/projects/icmicrobis/fitxes/Personal_webs/Sarmento/pdf/Sarmento%20et%20al%202006_JPR_Phytoplankton%20ecology%20of%20Lake%20Kivu.pdf|doi-access=free|archive-date=2015-09-24|access-date=2011-04-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924032642/http://www.icm.csic.es/bio/projects/icmicrobis/fitxes/Personal_webs/Sarmento/pdf/Sarmento%20et%20al%202006_JPR_Phytoplankton%20ecology%20of%20Lake%20Kivu.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Sarmento|first=H.|title=Abundance and distribution of picoplankton in tropical, oligotrophic Lake Kivu, eastern Africa|journal=Freshwater Biology|year=2008|volume=53|issue=4|pages=756–771|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2427.2007.01939.x|bibcode=2008FrBio..53..756S |url=http://www.icm.csic.es/bio/projects/icmicrobis/fitxes/Personal_webs/Sarmento/pdf/Sarmento%20et%20al%202008_Freshwater%20Biol_Tropical%20picoplankton.pdf|display-authors=etal}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Sarmento|first=H.|title=Species diversity of pelagic algae of Lake Kivu (East Africa)|journal=Cryptogamie-Algologie|year=2007|volume=28|issue=3|pages=245:269|url=http://www.icm.csic.es/bio/projects/icmicrobis/fitxes/Personal_webs/Sarmento/pdf/Sarmento%20et%20al%202007_Cryptogamie%20Algologie_Phyto%20diversity%20Lake%20Kivu.pdf|display-authors=etal|archive-date=2015-09-24|access-date=2011-04-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924032655/http://www.icm.csic.es/bio/projects/icmicrobis/fitxes/Personal_webs/Sarmento/pdf/Sarmento%20et%20al%202007_Cryptogamie%20Algologie_Phyto%20diversity%20Lake%20Kivu.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Haƙiƙanin samarwa na farko shine 0.71 g C m−2 d−1 (≈ 260 g C m−2 a−1).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Sarmento|first=H.|title=Phytoplankton ecology of Lake Kivu (eastern Africa): biomass, production and elemental ratios|journal=International Association of Theoretical and Applied Limnology, Vol 30, Pt 5, Proceedings|year=2009|volume=30|issue=5|pages=709–713|doi=10.1080/03680770.2009.11902221|bibcode=2009SILP...30..709S|hdl=2268/139009|url=http://www.icm.csic.es/bio/projects/icmicrobis/fitxes/Personal_webs/Sarmento/pdf/Sarmento%20et%20al%202009_SIL.pdf|display-authors=etal|archive-date=2015-09-24|access-date=2011-04-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924032734/http://www.icm.csic.es/bio/projects/icmicrobis/fitxes/Personal_webs/Sarmento/pdf/Sarmento%20et%20al%202009_SIL.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wani bincike na kwayoyin halitta na juyin halitta ya nuna cewa cichlids daga tabkuna a arewacin Virunga (misali, Edward, George, Victoria) sun samo asali ne a cikin &quot;proto-lake Kivu&quot;, wanda ya fi girma fiye da tsananin ayyukan aman wuta (shekaru 20,000-25,000 da suka gabata) wanda ya katse alakar. Daga tsayin duwatsun yammacin tabkin (wanda a halin yanzu yake shi ne Kahuzi-Biega National Park, daya daga cikin manyan wuraren ajiyar birai na gorillas na gabas a duniya), haɗe da tsayin daka na gabashin rift (wanda yake a gabashin Ruwanda) zai kasance da alakar magudanar ruwa daga tsakiyar Ruwanda zuwa ainihin Tabkin Kivu na yanzu. Wannan ra'ayi na &quot;proto-lake Kivu&quot; an kalubalance shi ta hanyar rashin daidaiton shaidar kasa, kodayake agogon kwayoyin halitta na cichlid yana nuna wanzuwar tabki da ya fi tsufa fiye da shekaru 15,000 da aka saba ambata.

Tabkin Kivu gida ne ga nau'ikan kaguwar ruwa mai dadi guda hudu, ciki har da guda biyu wadanda ba na yankin ba (Potamonautes lirrangensis da P. mutandensis) da guda biyu na yankin (Potamonautes bourgaultae da P. idjwiensis). A tsakanin tabkunan Kwarin Rift, Tabkin Tanganyika da Tabkin Victoria sune kadai sauran tabkuna masu kaguwar ruwa mai dadi na yankin.&lt;ref name=crabs&gt;Cumberlidge, N., and Meyer, K. S. (2011). ''[http://commons.nmu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1029&amp;context=facwork_journalarticles A revision of the freshwater crabs of Lake Kivu, East Africa.]'' Journal Articles. Paper 30.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=crabs/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | last1=Cumberlidge | first1=Neil | last2=Clark | first2=Paul F. | title=Description of three new species of Potamonautes MacLeay, 1838 from the Lake Victoria region in southern Uganda, East Africa (Brachyura: Potamoidea: Potamonautidae) | journal=European Journal of Taxonomy | date=2017 | issue=371 | doi=10.5852/ejt.2017.371 | doi-access=free | hdl=10141/622400 | hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Kamun kifi ba bisa ka'ida ba===
A shekarar 2018, an rubuta fiye da shari'o'i 400 na yiwuwar kamun kifi ba bisa ka'ida ba a Tabkin Kivu. A cewar Hukumar Binciken Dabbobi da Canja wurin Fasaha ta Hukumar Aikin Gona ta Ruwanda, samar da kifi a Tabkin Kivu ya ragu daga tan 24,199 a lokacin kamun kifi na 2017-2018 zuwa tan 16,194 a 2019-2020, wanda Mataimakiyar Darakta Solange Uwituze ta dora alhakinsa a kan hanyoyin kamun kifi da ke shafar haifuwar kifi. Tsakanin Mayu da Yuli 2020, ayyukan Rundunar 'Yansandan Ruwa ta Ruwanda sun ba da rahoton shari'o'i 27 da suka hada da kama barayin kifi 10 saboda kamun kifi ba bisa ka'ida ba a tabkin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|access-date=2023-06-23|url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/183562/News/illicit-fishing-threatens-biodiversity-in-lake-kivu|title=Illicit fishing threatens biodiversity in Lake Kivu|date=26 January 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=ENACTAfrica.org |date=2022-01-31 |title=Tipping the scales of illicit fishing in Lake Kivu |url=https://enactafrica.org/enact-observer/tipping-the-scales-of-illicit-fishing-in-lake-kivu |access-date=2022-03-24 |website=ENACT Africa |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=ISSAfrica.org |date=2022-02-02 |title=Tipping the scales of illicit fishing in Lake Kivu |url=https://issafrica.org/iss-today/tipping-the-scales-of-illicit-fishing-in-lake-kivu |access-date=2022-03-24 |website=ISS Africa |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Tsibiri==

* [[Idjwi]] (ɓangaren [[Idjwi]], [[South Kivu Province]])
* [[Nyamunini]] (an Kuma sanshi da tsibirin Napoleon)
* [[Amahoro]]
* [[Iwawa]]

==Hotuna==
&lt;gallery widths=&quot;175&quot; heights=&quot;120&quot;&gt;
File:Lake Kivu 2021.jpg|Tafkin Kivu daga Sake, Goma, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kwango
File:Goma, Lake Kivu, DRC (Zaire - Congo), Photo by Sascha Grabow.jpg|Lake Kivu with [[Goma]] in the background, Congo
File:Img Lake Kivu100222 2.jpg|Lake Kivu separating Bukavu (In the foreground) and Cyangugu (In the background) as seen from Tumbimbi.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==Manazarta==
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    <title>Tarik Haverić</title>
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'''Tarik Haverić''' (an haife shi ranar 28 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1955) masanin kimiyya ne na Bosnia, [[Kimiyyar siyasa|Masanin kimiyyar siyasa]], [[Falsafa|masanin falsafa]], masanin ilimin wallafe-wallafen, darektan gidan [[wasan kwaikwayo]], mai jayayya, masanin kimiyya, marubuci, masanin harsuna da kuma masanin ilimin jama'a.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Haverić: Je li razvrat kada muškarac spava sa četiri žene? Ne, razvrat je ako bi to uradila žena, a ovo prvo je šerijat |url=https://depo.ba/clanak/246012/haveric-je-li-razvrat-kada-muskarac-spava-sa-cetiri-zene-ne-razvrat-je-ako-bi-to-uradila-zena-a-ovo-prvo-je-serijat |access-date=17 October 2023 |website=depo.ba}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 May 2023 |title=Haverić za N1: Neofeudalizam nam se prodaje kao građanstvo |url=https://n1info.ba/vijesti/haveric-za-n1-neofeudalizam-nam-se-prodaje-kao-gradjanstvo/ |access-date=17 October 2023 |website=n1info.ba}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa da aiki ==
=== Rayuwa ta farko ===
Haverić was born in [[Sarajevo]], SR Bosnia and Herzegovina, SFR Yugoslavia on 28 March 1955.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tarik Haverić: Kad se zastave razviju, sva je pamet u trubi |url=https://6yka.com/novosti/tarik-haveric-kad-se-zastave-razviju-sva-je-pamet-u-trubi |access-date=17 October 2023 |website=6yka.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; His paternal lineage stems from [[Podgoritsa|Podgorica]], [[Montenegro]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 June 2020 |title=Viđenje i vađenje |url=https://tarikhaveric.com/polemicki-spisi/videnje-i-vadenje/ |access-date=17 October 2023 |website=tarikhaveric.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the autumn of 1969, he was registered at the prestigious First Sarajevo Gymnasium ({{langx|sh|Prva Sarajevska gimnazija}}), the oldest secondary school in Bosnia and Herzegovina whose alumni include novelist and Nobel Prize laureate Ivo Andrić and chemist and Nobel Prize laureate Vladimir Prelog. As a child, Haverić was an avid chess player receiving the title of FIDE Master in his early teens.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tarik Haverić: Kad se zastave razviju, sva je pamet u trubi |url=https://6yka.com/novosti/tarik-haveric-kad-se-zastave-razviju-sva-je-pamet-u-trubi |access-date=17 October 2023 |website=6yka.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ilimi ===
A shekara ta 1974 Haverić ya shiga [[Zagreb]]&quot; id=&quot;mwQg&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Academy of Dramatic Art, University of Zagreb&quot;&gt;Kwalejin Fasaha ta Dramatic a Zagreb, inda ya yi karatun jagorancin wasan kwaikwayo. Ya sami digiri na farko a fannin fasaha a shekarar 1978. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lični podaci |url=https://prf.unze.ba/Downloads/CV/Nastavnici/Tarik%20HavericBHS.pdf |access-date=17 October 2023 |website=prf.unze.ba}}&lt;/ref&gt; A lokaci guda ya yi karatun falsafar gargajiya da adabin kwatankwacin a Jami'ar Zagreb, inda ya sami ƙarin digiri biyu na Bachelor of Arts a 1978 da 1979, bi da bi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 May 2020 |title=Bio-bibliografija |url=https://tarikhaveric.com/bio-bibliografija/ |access-date=17 October 2023 |website=tarikhaveric.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 1989 ya sami digiri na Master of Arts a fannin falsafar gargajiya daga Jami'ar Sarajevo tare da rubutun da ake kira Medieval Philosophical Terminology a cikin harshen Larabci.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 July 2022 |title=Tarik Haverić: Cucla za konstitutivne narode |url=https://www.mreza-mira.net/vijesti/clanci/tarik-haveric-cucla-za-konstitutivne-narode/ |access-date=17 October 2023 |website=mreza-mira.net}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya sami Ph.D. a kimiyyar siyasa a Jami'ar Paris Nanterre don rubutunsa game da dichotomy tsakanin dimokuradiyya da kabilanci a cikin 1999.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lični podaci |url=https://prf.unze.ba/Downloads/CV/Nastavnici/Tarik%20HavericBHS.pdf |access-date=17 October 2023 |website=prf.unze.ba}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 May 2020 |title=Bio-bibliografija |url=https://tarikhaveric.com/bio-bibliografija/ |access-date=17 October 2023 |website=tarikhaveric.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Rayuwar ilimi ===
A shekara ta 1988, Haverić ya zama malami a Kwalejin Fasaha a Sarajevo, wanda shine matsayin da ya rike na tsawon shekaru biyu. A shekara ta 2000 ya zama ƙaramin farfesa a sashen kimiyyar siyasa na Jami'ar Paris Nanterre . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 December 2019 |title=INTERVJU, TARIK HAVERIĆ: Multietnički karakter BiH bio je osuđen na nestanak kada su dobre duše počele da ga ističu kao neku posebnost |url=https://preokret.info/index.php/2019/12/09/intervju-tarik-haveric-multietnicki-karakter-bih-bio-je-osuden-na-nestanak-kada-su-dobre-duse-pocele-da-ga-isticu-kao-neku-posebnost/ |access-date=17 October 2023 |website=preokret.info |archive-date=3 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003111329/https://preokret.info/index.php/2019/12/09/intervju-tarik-haveric-multietnicki-karakter-bih-bio-je-osuden-na-nestanak-kada-su-dobre-duse-pocele-da-ga-isticu-kao-neku-posebnost/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 2006 ya zama malami mai ziyara a Kwalejin Shari'a da Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Siyasa ta Jami'ar Sarajevo, da kuma malami mai ziyartar Jami'ar Gothenburg.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 May 2020 |title=Bio-bibliografija |url=https://tarikhaveric.com/bio-bibliografija/ |access-date=17 October 2023 |website=tarikhaveric.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 2017, ya sanya hannu kan sanarwar kan Harshen Harshen Croats, Serbs, Bosniaks da Montenegrins.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Deklaracija o zajedničkom jeziku |url=https://jezicinacionalizmi.com/lista-potpisnika/ |access-date=18 May 2024 |website=Jezici i nacionalizmi}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Littattafan da aka zaɓa ==

=== Littattafai ===

* Jam'iyyar Liberal Democracy. [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9]  
* Wani zargi na tunanin Bosnian. [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9]   [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9789958955792|9789958955792]]
* ''Kuma Tsuntsaye a kan reshe''. [Hasiya]   [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9789958330186|9789958330186]]
* Kwalejin Lobotomy: Gabatarwa na Al'adun Al'adu. [Hasiya]   [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9789958703911|9789958703911]]
* ''Ethnos da Dimokuradiyya. Lamarin Bosnia da Herzegovina''. [Hasiya]   [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9789926827625|9789926827625]]
* Maganar Falsafa ta Tsakiya a cikin harshen Larabci. [Hasiya]

=== Rubuce-rubuce ===

* Bosanskohercegovačko uređenje i sedinsko da kuma ji da. Sveske za javno pravo 29, Sarajevo, 2017, 50-56.
* 'Yanci ne suka yi nasara? Sveske za javno pravo 18, Sarajevo, 2014, 91-96.
* Bosanski Muslimani i (post) modernost. Bosna franciscana 40, Sarajevo, 2014, 61-84.
* Za mu tattauna da za mu yi amfani da ita a siyasa. Bosna da Hercegovina, europska bez ustava -38veni, etički i politički izazov, Franjevački institut za kulturu mira/Synopsis, Zagreb-Sarajevo, 2013, 164-170. Bosna franciscana 40, Sarajevo, 2014, 61-84.
* ''Daga cikin abubuwan da suka faru, sun fito ne daga yankin Hegelovskog. Ujedinjenje Evrope lukavstvo uma?''. Sveske za javno pravo 10, Sarajevo, 2012, 84-87.
* Treći mai kyau. Filozofska retanja 112, Zagreb, 2011, ss. 407–416.
* ''Nepristranost: fikcija kao mai kyau''. [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 2]
* ''Muke ya ba da izini na II''. Yanayi, No. 15, Mostar, 2011, 266-275.
* Muke s liberalizmom I. Matsayi, No. 13, Mostar, 2008, 222-230.
* Granice da kuma Pravde. [Hasiya] An samo asali ne daga wannan talifin.
* ''Halin mutum, Halin rukuni: Sabbin tambayoyi ''. Turai da Turai Tarayyar Turai da ke kalubalantar asalin ƙasa da addini na Gabashin Turai. [Hasiya]
* ''Musulmai na Bosnia tsakanin kabilanci da dimokuradiyya''. Musulunci da canjin zamantakewa. [Hasiya]
* ''Gefahren und Chancen der antestehenden Wahlen a Bosnien-Herzegowina'' . Fluchtlinge, Verfassungsrecht und Menschenrechte. [Hasiya]
* ''Shin yaƙin da aka yi a tsohuwar Yugoslavia yaƙin 'yan tsiraru ne?''. Ta hanyar Turai, London, Janairu 1996.
* Matsalolin ƙarya ne. [Hasiya]
* Bosnia: Jam'iyyun da ke cikin yaki Diagonales Est-Ouest, na 18 ga Fabrairu 1994.
* ''Ka mutu &quot;bosnische Frage&quot; - eine europaische Frage''. A cikin Alida BREMER (dir.) Jugoslawische (Sch) erben . Probleme und Perspektiven. [Hasiya]
* Wannan mummunan shirin zaman lafiya ga Bosnia. An sake shi a ranar 20 ga Oktoba 1993.
* ''&quot;Matsalar Bosnia&quot; a matsayin matsala ta Turai''. [Hasiya] An yi amfani da kalmar nan &quot;An&quot; don a tattauna yadda za a yi amfani da ita.
* ''Ƙungiyar da ta fi muni: Dokar Bosnian don 'Yancin Turai''. Rahoton Yakin, Yuni-Yuli 1993.
* ''Država, an haife shi, mai girma''. Nedjelja, na 19 (1 ga Yulin 1990) da na 20 (8 ga Yulin 1990).
* ''Prokrustova postelja dogmatskog marksizma . Zuwa Zuwa Zuba Zuwa Zuuz''. [Hasiya]
* ''Dijalektika pseudokonkretnog. Politološka ta yi nazari kan abubuwan da suka faru''. Oslobođenje/Nedjelja, 21 ga watan Agusta 1988.
* ''Ketman. Ya kamata a yi amfani da shi a matsayin Czeslawa Milosza''. Oslobođenje/Nedjelja, 5 Yuni 1988.
* ''Kalmomin falsafar Larabci. Gabatarwa''. An samo asali ne daga littafin nan Philosophica na 3, Zagreb, 1987.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}} 
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1955]]</text>
      <sha1>dn5e7cooeg8p55x7edv6zq2nipxac4c</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sara Naomi Bleich</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>95292</id>
    <revision>
      <id>889823</id>
      <parentid>748046</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-31T14:36:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>13371</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>889823</origin>
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      <text bytes="6358" sha1="0k73cqa4vzor5zat9hriqe7es1d1zax" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Sara Naomi Bleich''' Masaniyar ilimin halayyar dan adam ce kuma farfesa a fannin kiwon lafiyar jama'a wanda shine Mataimakin Mataimakin Shugaban Ayyuka na Musamman a Jami'ar [[Harvard]]. Ta ƙware a cikin cututtukan da suka shafi abinci da rashin daidaito na kiwon lafiya. Ta taba aiki a matsayin [[White House|Fadar White House]] Fellow a lokacin Shugabancin [[Barack Obama]]. An shigar da ita cikin Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya ta Kasa.

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
Bleich ta fito ne daga Baltimore kuma ya halarci Makarantar Garrison Forest. &lt;ref&gt;name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Alumnae Posts - Garrison Forest School |url=https://www.gfs.org/alumnae-portal/alumnae-posts/~board/alumnae-profiles/post/sara-bleich-96-gfs-hall-of-excellence-inductee |access-date=2023-10-21 |website=www.gfs.org |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-10-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021192754/https://www.gfs.org/alumnae-portal/alumnae-posts/~board/alumnae-profiles/post/sara-bleich-96-gfs-hall-of-excellence-inductee |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kasance daliba ce a Jami'ar Columbia, inda ta yi karatun ilimin halayyar dan adam.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Alumni Spotlight – Sara N. Bleich, Garrison Forest School '96 {{!}} BEST |url=https://www.besttrust.org/alumni-spotlight-sara-n-bleich-garrison-forest-school-96/ |access-date=2023-10-21 |website=www.besttrust.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta koma [[Jami'ar Harvard]] don bincikenta na digiri, inda ta yi nazarin manufofin [[kiba]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sara Bleich* |url=https://healthpolicy.fas.harvard.edu/people/sara-bleich-0 |access-date=2023-10-21 |website=healthpolicy.fas.harvard.edu |language=en |archive-date=2023-10-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021194306/https://healthpolicy.fas.harvard.edu/people/sara-bleich-0 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Binciken da ta yi ya nuna cewa amincewa da masana kimiyya yana haifar da bin shawarwarin abinci mai gina jiki, kuma cewa mutanen Hispanic da tsofaffi suna da ƙananan damar amincewa da masanan kimiyya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Bincike da aiki ==
[[Fayil:Jewel_Bronaugh_and_Sara_Bleich_(cropped).jpg|right|thumb| Sakataren USDA Jewel Bronaugh ya gode wa Bleich saboda hidimar da ta yi yayin da ta bar USDA a 2023]]
Bleich ta kasance farfesa a Jami'ar Johns Hopkins. Ta bincika bambance-bambance a cikin aikin likita, ta nuna cewa marasa lafiya masu kiba sun ji likitocin su suna hukunta su kuma ba su da damar rasa nauyi a sakamakon haka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Obese Patients Who Feel Judged by Doctors are Less Likely to Shed Pounds, Study Shows - 02/18/2014 |url=https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/News/Media/releases/obese_patients_who_feel_judged_by_doctors_are_less_likely_to_shed_pounds_study_shows |access-date=2023-10-21 |website=www.hopkinsmedicine.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 2015, an nada Bleich a matsayin Fadar White House Fellow. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2015-08-25 |title=Sara Bleich Named 2015-2016 White House Fellow {{!}} Johns Hopkins {{!}} Bloomberg School of Public Health |url=https://publichealth.jhu.edu/2015/sara-bleich-named-2015-2016-white-house-fellow |access-date=2023-10-21 |website=publichealth.jhu.edu |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta shiga Fadar White House a lokacin Gwamnatin Obama. Ta ba da shawara ga Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Amurka (USDA) kan abinci, abinci mai gina jiki da sabis na masu amfani. Ta kuma yi aiki tare da Michelle Obama a kan Let's Move! Ƙaddamarwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sara Bleich Bio |url=https://www.menusofchange.org/sara-bleich |access-date=2023-10-21 |website=Menus of Change |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2016, Bleich ta koma Jami'ar Harvard a matsayin farfesa na Manufofin Lafiya na Jama'a.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-08-03 |title=Sara Bleich |url=https://www.amacad.org/person/sara-bleich |access-date=2023-10-21 |website=American Academy of Arts &amp; Sciences |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga 2022 zuwa 2023, Bleich ya yi aiki tare da [[Joe Biden]] a matsayin Darakta na aikin USDA kan Tsaro na Abinci da Adalci na Lafiya. An sanya ta Mataimakin Provost na Ayyuka na Musamman a Harvard a 2023, inda aka sanya ta a matsayin mai kula da Kwamitin Shugaban kasa kan Harvard &amp; Legacy of Slavery.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-11-14 |title=Sara Bleich named vice provost for special projects |url=https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2022/11/sara-bleich-named-vice-provost-for-special-projects/ |access-date=2023-10-21 |website=Harvard Gazette |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sara Bleich |url=https://www.radcliffe.harvard.edu/people/sara-bleich-radcliffe-professor |access-date=2023-10-21 |website=Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study at Harvard University |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kyaututtuka da girmamawa ==

* Kyautar 2015 don Bincike a Sadarwar Jama'a &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-02-14 |title=The Research Prize in Public Interest Communications - Center for Public Interest Communications |url=https://realgoodcenter.jou.ufl.edu/research-prize/ |access-date=2023-10-21 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kyautar Frank ta 2015 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=B.E.S.T. Alumna, Sara Bleich '96 Wins Prestigious Award {{!}} BEST |url=https://www.besttrust.org/b-e-s-t-alumna-sara-bleich-96-wins-prestigious-award/ |access-date=2023-10-21 |website=www.besttrust.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2017 Garrison Forest Hall of Excellence &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Alumnae Posts - Garrison Forest School |url=https://www.gfs.org/alumnae-portal/alumnae-posts/~board/alumnae-profiles/post/sara-bleich-96-gfs-hall-of-excellence-inductee |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021192754/https://www.gfs.org/alumnae-portal/alumnae-posts/~board/alumnae-profiles/post/sara-bleich-96-gfs-hall-of-excellence-inductee |archive-date=2023-10-21 |access-date=2023-10-21 |website=www.gfs.org |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-10-25 |title=2021 GFS Alumnae Magazine by Garrison Forest School - Issuu |url=https://issuu.com/garrisonforestschool/docs/gfs_mag_2021forweb_no_cn |access-date=2023-10-21 |website=issuu.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2023 An shigar da shi zuwa Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya ta Kasa &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-10-09 |title=National Academy of Medicine Elects 100 New Members |url=https://nam.edu/national-academy-of-medicine-elects-100-new-members-2023/ |website=NAM}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Littattafan da aka zaɓa ==

*  
*  
*  
*  

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>0k73cqa4vzor5zat9hriqe7es1d1zax</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Taiga Nakano</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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    <revision>
      <id>890044</id>
      <parentid>880982</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-01T09:15:26Z</timestamp>
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        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>13371</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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      <text bytes="13579" sha1="q0tgfdlzeu400rbv0d0p5awy3acqcvt" xml:space="preserve">[[Fayil:Fukada Koji, Mahiro Kana, Tsutsui Mariko &amp; Taiga from &quot;Harmonium&quot; at Opening Ceremony of the Tokyo International Film Festival 2016 (33258373050).jpg|thumb|Taiga Nakano a wani taro]]
 {{Databox}}

Taiga Nakano&lt;nowiki&gt;'''&lt;/nowiki&gt;&quot;},&quot;2&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;仲野 太賀&quot;},&quot;3&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Nakano Taiga&quot;},&quot;4&quot;: Taiga Nakano [1] ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na ƙasar Japan. An wakilta shi tare da Stardust Promotion . Shi ne ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na biyu a Hideo Nakano . [2] A baya an lasafta shi a matsayin Taiga kawai.

== Hotunan fina-finai ==

=== Fim din ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
!{{Abbr|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2007
|''Freesia''
|Hiroshi Kano (child)
|
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=フリージア |url=https://natalie.mu/eiga/film/146105 |access-date=June 5, 2024 |website=Natalie}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''Battery''
|Keita Higashitani
|
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=バッテリー |url=https://eiga.com/movie/33875/ |access-date=June 5, 2024 |website=eiga.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |2008
|''108''
|Tachibana
|
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ひゃくはちの出演者・キャスト一覧 |url=https://thetv.jp/program/0001034366/cast/ |access-date=June 4, 2024 |website=The Television}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''Nasu Shōnenki''
|Osamu Shiroyama
|Lead role
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=那須少年記 |url=https://eiga.com/movie/53894/ |access-date=June 4, 2024 |website=eiga.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''The Blue Bird''
|Takeshi Inoue
|
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=青い鳥 |url=https://eiga.com/movie/53949/ |access-date=June 4, 2024 |website=eiga.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''Someday's Dreamers''
|Koji Kuroda
|
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=魔法遣いに大切なこと |url=https://eiga.com/movie/53643/ |access-date=June 4, 2024 |website=eiga.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2009
|''Pandemic''
|Kenichi Motohashi
|
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=感染列島 |url=https://eiga.com/movie/53451/ |access-date=June 3, 2024 |website=eiga.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''Last Operations Under the Orion''
|Katsumi Suzuki
|
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=真夏のオリオン |url=https://eiga.com/movie/53873/ |access-date=June 3, 2024 |website=eiga.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''Rise Up''
|Yuya Kaji
|
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=RISE UP |url=https://eiga.com/movie/54658/ |access-date=June 3, 2024 |website=eiga.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2010
|''Hanbun no Tsuki ga Noboru Sora''
|
|
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=半分の月がのぼる空 |url=https://natalie.mu/eiga/film/151646 |access-date=May 31, 2024 |website=Natalie}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''The Lone Scalpel''
|Makoto Takei
|
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=孤高のメス |url=https://natalie.mu/eiga/film/152183 |access-date=May 31, 2024 |website=Natalie}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''Sankaku''
|Shogo
|
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=さんかく |url=https://eiga.com/movie/55263/ |access-date=May 31, 2024 |website=eiga.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2011
|''Eclair''
|Senkichi Wakamatsu
|
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=エクレール・お菓子放浪記 |url=https://thetv.jp/program/0000849298/ |access-date=May 31, 2024 |website=The Television}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''When I Kill Myself ''
|Ryota Shinjo
|
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=スイッチを押すとき |url=https://eiga.com/movie/56916/ |access-date=May 31, 2024 |website=eiga.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''Life Back Then''
|
|
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=アントキノイノチ |url=https://eiga.com/movie/56054/ |access-date=May 31, 2024 |website=eiga.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2012
|''The Kirishima Thing''
|Fusuke Koizumi
|
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=桐島、部活やめるってよ |url=https://eiga.com/movie/57626/ |access-date=May 27, 2024 |website=eiga.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2013
|''Daily Lives of High School Boys''
|Karasawa
|
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=男子高校生の日常 |url=https://eiga.com/movie/78605/ |access-date=May 27, 2024 |website=eiga.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''Jinrō Game''
|Tomohiro Hada
|
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 Sep 2013 |title=桜庭ななみ主演『人狼ゲーム』公開決定 あの&quot;疑心暗鬼ゲーム&quot;がついに映画化 |url=http://www.crank-in.net/movie/news/26538 |access-date=10 Sep 2016 |website=Crank-in! |publisher=Hollywood Channel |language=ja |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304104546/http://www.crank-in.net/movie/news/26538 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |2014
|''Hotori no Sakuko''
|Takashi Kameda
|
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=19 Oct 2013 |title=中野英雄の息子・太賀、「じらされて、じらされて」とやっとの映画完成に喜びを語る＜TIFF2013＞ |url=http://www.crank-in.net/movie/news/27306 |access-date=10 Sep 2016 |website=Crank-in! |publisher=Hollywood Channel |language=ja |archive-date=8 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808161959/http://www.crank-in.net/movie/news/27306 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''Monsterz''
|Akira
|
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Web Crea |date=23 May 2014 |title=映画『MONSTERZ モンスターズ』で憧れの山田孝之と初共演した太賀 |url=http://crea.bunshun.jp/articles/-/5314 |access-date=10 Sep 2016 |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''My Man''
|Akatsuki
|
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=私の男 |url=https://eiga.com/movie/78264/ |access-date=May 27, 2024 |website=eiga.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''Sweet Poolside''
|Takashi Mimura
|
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=スイートプールサイド |url=https://eiga.com/movie/79148/ |access-date=May 27, 2024 |website=eiga.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2015
|''Again''
|Norio Matsukawa
|
|&lt;ref name=&quot;eiga.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Eiga.com |date=8 Jun 2014 |title=中井貴一主演「アゲイン 28年目の甲子園」で工藤阿須加＆太賀が高校球児に! |url=http://eiga.com/news/20140608/4/ |access-date=10 Sep 2016 |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Cinema Cafe |date=19 Jun 2014 |title=【特別映像】波瑠、中井貴一を相手に涙の熱演…『アゲイン 28年目の甲子園』 |url=http://www.cinemacafe.net/article/2014/06/19/24137.html |access-date=10 Sep 2016 |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''Sweet Bean''
|Yohei
|
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=あん |url=https://eiga.com/movie/81499/ |access-date=May 27, 2024 |website=eiga.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |2016
|''Tokyo Sunrise''
|Ren
|Lead role
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=31 Oct 2015 |title=太賀、中川龍太郎監督自伝映画に主演「想像をどう超えていけるかという勝負」 |url=http://eiga.com/news/20151031/1/ |access-date=10 Sep 2016 |publisher=Eiga.com |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''Harmonium''
|Takashi Yamagami
|
|
|-
|''Ushijima the Loan Shark: the Final''
|Naoto Komoto
|
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 Jun 2016 |title=山田孝之主演『闇金ウシジマくん』新作映画に本郷奏多、安藤政信ら |url=http://www.cinra.net/news/20160630-ushijimakun |access-date=10 Sep 2016 |publisher=Cinra.Net |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''Japanese Girls Never Die''
|
|
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=アズミ・ハルコは行方不明 |url=https://eiga.com/movie/83326/ |access-date=May 27, 2024 |website=eiga.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2017
|''Pumpkin and Mayonnaise''
|Seiichi
|
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=南瓜とマヨネーズ |url=https://eiga.com/movie/86659/ |access-date=May 27, 2024 |website=eiga.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''Dawn Wind in My Poncho''
|
|Lead role
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ポンチョに夜明けの風はらませて |url=https://eiga.com/movie/86708/ |access-date=May 27, 2024 |website=eiga.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |2018
|''The Man from the Sea''
|
|
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=海を駆ける |url=https://eiga.com/movie/87651/ |access-date=May 27, 2024 |website=eiga.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''50 First Kisses''
|
|
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=50回目のファーストキス |url=https://eiga.com/movie/88106/ |access-date=May 27, 2024 |website=eiga.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''No Matter How Much My Mom Hates Me''
|
|Lead role
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=母さんがどんなに僕を嫌いでも |url=https://eiga.com/movie/88839/ |access-date=May 27, 2024 |website=eiga.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''It Comes''
|Takanashi
|
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=来る |url=https://eiga.com/movie/88644/ |access-date=May 27, 2024 |website=eiga.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2019
|''Almost a Miracle''
|
|
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=町田くんの世界 |url=https://eiga.com/movie/90602/ |access-date=May 27, 2024 |website=eiga.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''Taro the Fool''
|Sugio
|
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=泣く子はいねぇが |url=https://eiga.com/movie/92499/ |access-date=May 27, 2024 |website=eiga.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''Journey of the Sky Goddess''
|
|
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=きばいやんせ！私 |url=https://eiga.com/movie/88613/ |access-date=May 27, 2024 |website=eiga.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |2020
|''Silent Rain''
|Yukisuke
|Lead role
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=元乃木坂の衛藤美彩、来春公開映画で初出演＆初主演 |url=https://www.nikkansports.com/entertainment/news/201906040000661.html |access-date=June 6, 2019 |website=Nikkan Sports}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''From Today, It's My Turn!!''
|Katsutoshi Imai
|
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=今日から俺は!!劇場版 |url=https://eiga.com/movie/91920/ |access-date=May 27, 2024 |website=eiga.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''All the Things We Never Said''
|
|Lead role
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=生きちゃった |url=https://eiga.com/movie/92362/ |access-date=May 27, 2024 |website=eiga.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''#HandballStrive''
|Aniue
|
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=＃ハンド全力 |url=https://eiga.com/movie/91103/ |access-date=May 27, 2024 |website=eiga.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''Any Crybabies Around?''
|Tasuku
|Lead role
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=泣く子はいねぇが |url=https://eiga.com/movie/92499/ |access-date=May 27, 2024 |website=eiga.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''Mother''
|Keiichi Akagawa
|
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=長澤まさみの息子役に新人・奥平大兼、「MOTHER マザー」夏帆ら登場する予告公開 |url=https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/376961 |access-date=April 27, 2020 |website=Natalie |archive-date=July 13, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240713111432/https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/376961 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''My Favorite Girl''
|
|
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=僕の好きな女の子 |url=https://eiga.com/movie/90863/ |access-date=June 25, 2020 |website=eiga.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2021
|''Under the Open Sky''
|Ryūtarō Tsunoda
|
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=役所広司、西川美和監督と初タッグ！ 仲野太賀、長澤まさみら共演「すばらしき世界」21年公開 |url=https://eiga.com/news/20200708/2/ |access-date=July 8, 2020 |website=eiga.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''In Those Days''
|Kozumin
|
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=仲野太賀＆若葉竜也らオタク演じる、松坂桃李主演『あの頃。』キャスト発表 |url=https://www.cinemacafe.net/article/2020/10/01/69237.html |access-date=October 1, 2020 |website=Cinema Cafe}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''Onoda: 10,000 Nights in the Jungle''
|Norio Suzuki
|
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=「ONODA」に仲野太賀、松浦祐也、井之脇海、諏訪敦彦、イッセー尾形ら12名 |url=https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/433887 |access-date=June 24, 2021 |website=Natalie |archive-date=December 26, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226214117/https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/433887 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2022
|''A Man''
|
|
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=妻夫木聡×安藤サクラ×窪田正孝ら共演、芥川賞作家・平野啓一郎の「ある男」実写映画化 |url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2205317/full/ |access-date=August 31, 2021 |website=Oricon}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''It's All My Fault''
|Kataoka
|
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ぜんぶ、ボクのせい |url=https://eiga.com/movie/97065/ |access-date=May 27, 2022 |website=eiga.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2023
|''We're Millennials. Got a Problem?: The Movie''
|Hiromu Yamagishi
|
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=『ゆとりですがなにか』続編映画に安藤サクラ・仲野太賀・吉田鋼太郎らキャスト再集結 |url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2282125/full/ |access-date=June 8, 2023 |website=Oricon}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''Masked Hearts''
|Ochiai
|
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=愛にイナズマ |url=https://eiga.com/movie/99329/ |access-date=June 28, 2023 |website=eiga.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |2024
|''The Beast of Comedy''
|Nishidera
|
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=笑いのカイブツ |url=https://eiga.com/movie/95535/ |access-date=June 26, 2023 |website=eiga.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''After the Fever''
|Kenta
|
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=熱のあとに |url=https://eiga.com/movie/100139/ |access-date=August 30, 2023 |website=eiga.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''April Come She Will''
|Tasuku
|
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=四月になれば彼女は |url=https://eiga.com/movie/99395/ |access-date=December 19, 2023 |website=eiga.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''11 Rebels''
|Washio Heishirō
|Lead role
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=十一人の賊軍 |url=https://eiga.com/movie/101822/ |access-date=May 27, 2024 |website=eiga.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''The Real You''
|Iphy
|
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=本心 |url=https://eiga.com/movie/101972/ |access-date=June 21, 2024 |website=eiga.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''Saint Young Men: The Movie''
|Ekādaśamukha
|
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=仲野太賀・神木隆之介が映画「聖☆おにいさん」出演、十一面観音とヨハネになる |url=https://natalie.mu:8443/eiga/news/587696 |access-date=23 August 2024 |website=Natalie}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''At the Bench''
|
|Lead role; anthology film
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=アット・ザ・ベンチ |url=https://eiga.com/movie/102390/ |access-date=6 September 2024 |website=eiga.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|}

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1993]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>q0tgfdlzeu400rbv0d0p5awy3acqcvt</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Shinya Kote</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>96267</id>
    <revision>
      <id>889928</id>
      <parentid>880491</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-01T02:26:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>13371</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>889928</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="12492" sha1="j11iespzr5u693hg6kq1jfzgzxyx4nt" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}} 
'''Shinya Kote''' (小手 伸也, Kote Shin'ya, an haife shi ranar 25 ga watan Disamban 1973, a yankin Kanagawa) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na kasar  Japan, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na murya, marubuci, kuma darektan. An wakilta shi tare da Ofishin PSC.

Kote ta kammala karatu daga makarantar sakandare ta Takehaya. Ya kuma kammala karatu daga Makarantar Ilimi ta Jami'ar Waseda . Bayan ya kasance a cikin kulob din wasan kwaikwayo a jami'ar, Waseda University Theater Club, Kote ya jagoranci Gekidan innerchild. Ya ƙware a fannin [[Ilimin halin dan Adam|ilimin halayyar dan adam]] da wasan kwaikwayo na musamman, yana da masaniya sosai game da tatsuniyoyin Jafananci, musamman Kojiki. Kote ya saba da salon kansa kuma rata a matsayin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo yana da ƙarfi.

== Hotunan fina-finai ==

=== Fim din ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Shekara
!Taken
!Matsayi
!Bayani
!{{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
|2005
|''Hoshi ni natta Shōnen''
|
|
|&lt;ref name=&quot;OfficialProfile&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=小手 伸也Kote Shinya |url=http://office-psc.com/profile/kote_shinya/index.html |access-date=March 7, 2024 |website=Office PSC}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[http://office-psc.com/profile/kote_shinya/index.html &quot;小手 伸也Kote Shinya&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2008
|''Tokumei Kakarichō: Hitoshi Tadano: Saigo no Gekijō-ban''
|
|
|&lt;ref name=&quot;OfficialProfile&quot; /&gt;
|-
|2009
|''Tashar Jirgin Ruwa Mai Duhu''
|
|Matsayin jagora
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Dark Harbor |url=https://jfdb.jp/en/title/1610 |access-date=March 9, 2024 |website=JFDB}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2011
|''Farko a makarantar sakandare''
|
|
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=高校デビュー |url=https://eiga.com/movie/55740/ |access-date=7 August 2024 |website=eiga.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2014
|''Hibi Rock''
|
|
|&lt;ref name=&quot;OfficialProfile&quot; /&gt;
|-
|2019
|''Mutumin Tabbaci JP: Fim din''
|
|
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=コンフィデンスマンJP |url=https://eiga.com/movie/89944/ |access-date=March 7, 2024 |website=eiga.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2020
|''Mutumin Tabbaci JP: Fim na Gimbiya''
|
|
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=コンフィデンスマンJP プリンセス編 |url=https://eiga.com/movie/92106/ |access-date=March 7, 2024 |website=eiga.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''Abubuwan da aka yi wa lakabi''
|
|
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=事故物件 恐い間取り |url=https://eiga.com/movie/92544/ |access-date=March 7, 2024 |website=eiga.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2022
|''Mutumin Tabbaci JP: Fim na Jarumi''
|
|
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=コンフィデンスマンJP 英雄編 |url=https://eiga.com/movie/94338/ |access-date=March 7, 2024 |website=eiga.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''Ni da Tang''
|
|
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=TANG タング |url=https://eiga.com/movie/95214/ |access-date=March 31, 2022 |website=eiga.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |2023
|''Tokyo MER: Gidan Gaggawa na Mobile - Fim ɗin''
|
|
|&lt;ref name=&quot;TMER&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=鈴木亮平主演「TOKYO MER」映画化、賀来賢人や中条あやみも続投 |url=https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/460427 |access-date=January 5, 2022 |website=Natalie |archive-date=January 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220105000615/https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/460427 |url-status=dead }}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/460427 &quot;鈴木亮平主演「TOKYO MER」映画化、賀来賢人や中条あやみも続投&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220105000615/https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/460427 |date=2022-01-05 }}. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''Mun lalace, Ubangijinmu!''
|Hashizume Saheiji
|
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=大名倒産 |url=https://eiga.com/movie/97778/ |access-date=December 14, 2022 |website=eiga.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''Kyautar Lu'u-lu'u''
|
|
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=親のお金は誰のもの 法定相続人 |url=https://eiga.com/movie/98581/ |access-date=August 25, 2023 |website=eiga.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'Yan mata suna tuki''
|Taro Miyaoka
|
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ガールズドライブ |url=https://eiga.com/movie/100014/ |access-date=October 19, 2023 |website=eiga.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2024
|''Me ya ce idan Tokugawa Ieyasu ya zama Firayim Minista?''
|Ashikaga Yoshimitsu
|
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=もしも徳川家康が総理大臣になったら |url=https://eiga.com/movie/100771/ |access-date=February 20, 2024 |website=eiga.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''Mai son soyayya Ellie''
|Mika'ilu
|
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=恋わずらいのエリー |url=https://eiga.com/movie/100834/ |access-date=7 August 2024 |website=eiga.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2025
|''Baƙo ƙaunatacce''
|
|
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=知らないカノジョ |url=https://eiga.com/movie/101306/ |access-date=25 January 2025 |website=eiga.com |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|}

=== Wasanni na talabijin ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Shekara
!Taken
!Matsayi
!Bayani
!{{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
|2001
|''Jarumi''
|Mai ba da rahoto a shafin
|
|&lt;ref name=&quot;OfficialProfile&quot;/&gt;
|-
|xxxx
|''Anrakuisu Tantei zuwa UFO ba Yoru''
|Raita Edogawa
|
|&lt;ref name=&quot;OfficialProfile&quot; /&gt;
|-
|2005
|''Labaran Abin da ba a saba gani ba: bazara 2005''
|Ozaki
|Takaitaccen wasan kwaikwayo; fasalin &quot;Kentaiki Tokkōyaku&quot;
|&lt;ref name=&quot;OfficialProfile&quot; /&gt;
|-
|xxxx
|''Tiger &amp; Dragon''
|
|Kashi na 10
|&lt;ref name=&quot;OfficialProfile&quot; /&gt;
|-
|xxxx
|''Hanyar: Kokuzei Sasatsu-kan''
|Sufeto
|
|&lt;ref name=&quot;OfficialProfile&quot; /&gt;
|-
|xxxx
|''Meshibana Deka Tachibana''
|Kohei Tanaka
|
|&lt;ref name=&quot;OfficialProfile&quot; /&gt;
|-
|xxxx
|''Inpei Sōsa''
|Hisao Kojima
|
|&lt;ref name=&quot;OfficialProfile&quot; /&gt;
|-
|xxxx
|''Shin akwai Vet a cikin gidan?''
|Kazumasa Tamura
|
|&lt;ref name=&quot;OfficialProfile&quot; /&gt;
|-
|2016
|''Sanada Maru''
|Ban Naoyuki
|Wasan kwaikwayo na &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwAUk&quot;&gt;Taiga&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=「真田丸」塙団右衛門役で小手伸也が出演！ |url=https://thetv.jp/news/detail/88451/ |access-date=March 7, 2024 |website=The Television}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|xxxx
|''Kamen Rider Tsohon Taimako''
|Ren Amagasaki
|
|
|-
|2018
|''Mutumin Tabbaci JP''
|Igarashi
|
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Igarashi&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |script-title=ja:『コンフィデンスマンJP』より、五十嵐もCASE 4に参戦!?五十嵐役・小手伸也さん、ローラン役・諏訪部順一さんのアフレコ記念写真＆オフィシャルコメントも公開！ |url=https://www.greatpretender.jp/news/026 |publisher=Netflix |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2018–20
|''Suits''
|Mitsugu Kanie
|Lokaci 2
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=SUITS／スーツ2:新木優子、中村アン、小手伸也、鈴木保奈美が続投「幸村・上杉法律事務所」メンバー集合ビジュアルも |url=https://mantan-web.jp/article/20200223dog00m200046000c.html |access-date=March 7, 2024 |website=Mantan-web}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2019
|''Natsuzora: Sama ta Natsu''
|Noboru Idohara
|''Mai dafa abinci''
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=なつぞらの出演者・キャスト一覧 |url=https://thetv.jp/program/0000935241/cast/ |access-date=March 7, 2024 |website=The Television}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2019
|''Mutumin Tabbaci IG''
|Igarashi
|Matsayin jagora
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=スピンオフ『コンフィデンスマンIG』放送決定 主演はまさかの小手伸也 |url=https://www.crank-in.net/news/64108/1 |access-date=March 7, 2024 |website=Crank-in!}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2021
|''Tokyo MER: Gidan Gaggawa na Mobile''
|Jirō Fuyuki
|
|&lt;ref name=&quot;TMER&quot;/&gt;
|-
|2023
|''Me Za ku yi, Ieyasu?''
|Ōkubo Tadayo
|Wasan kwaikwayo na ''Taiga''
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 April 2022 |title=大河ドラマ『どうする家康』&quot;チーム家康&quot;発表 服部半蔵役に山田孝之 |url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2231469/full/ |access-date=April 15, 2022 |website=Oricon}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2024
|''GTO Revival''
|Fujiyamada
|
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 February 2024 |title=反町隆史『GTOリバイバル』新キャスト一挙解禁 岡崎紗絵&amp;小手伸也ら6人、放送日は4・1に決定【全員のコメントあり】 |url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2313228/full/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240204232746/https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2313228/full/ |archive-date=4 February 2024 |access-date=6 February 2024 |website=Oricon |language=Japanese}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''Omusubi''
|Manabu Morikawa
|''Mai dafa abinci''
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=山本舞香、平祐奈、小手伸也「おむすび」で橋本環奈の同級生に 新キャスト7名発表 |url=https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/590573 |access-date=12 September 2024 |website=Natalie |archive-date=11 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240911233124/https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/590573 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|}

=== Anime ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Shekara
!Taken
!Matsayi
!Bayani
!{{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
|xxxx
|''Capeta''
|Shigeo Hira
|
|&lt;ref name=&quot;OfficialProfile&quot;/&gt;
|-
|xxxx
|''Yu-Gi-Oh! 5D na''
|Rex Godwin
|
|&lt;ref name=&quot;OfficialProfile&quot; /&gt;
|-
|xxxx
|''Rashin hawa''
|Zeksren Ravenard
|OVA
|
|-
|2020
|''Mai Girma Mai Girma''
|Igarashi
|
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Igarashi&quot;/&gt;
|-
|}

=== Wasannin bidiyo ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Shekara
!Taken
!Matsayi
!Bayani
!{{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
|xxxx
|''Yu-Gi-Oh! 5D: Tag Force 6''
|Rex Godwin
|
|&lt;ref name=&quot;OfficialProfile&quot;/&gt;
|-
|}

=== Mataki ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!gudu
!Taken
!Wurin da yake
|-
|10-12 Oktoba 1995
|Ohayō no Musume Vol.4 ''Watashi no Sekai -Kibun wa Love Horror-''
|Akasaki na wasan kwaikwayo na Akasaka
|-
|1-27 Mayu 1997
|Kamukamu Minikīna ''Suzuki no Daichi''
|Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Ikebukuro Green
|-
|21 Yuli - 19 Agusta 1997
|Nylon 100 ° C 11th Taron Camera≠Man Nenhitsu''Kamara≠Man Nenhitsu''
|Shimokita The Suzunari
|-
|1998 –&amp;#x2D;
|''Gekidan ciki ba Zen Sakuhin ba''
|
|-
|24-28 Maris 1999
|Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Panasonic Globe 10 Shūnenkinen Kōen ''Do pondo (Ochī Jito) -Venice na Oborete''
|Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Tokyo Globe
|-
|7-13 Yuni 1999
|Sessha Munieru ''DX Juki''
|Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Shimokita Ekimae
|-
|17 Nuwamba - 23 Disamba 2001
|Gekidan Shin Kan-sen ''Chokugeki! '' ''Dragon Rock 3 Gōten Tai Alien''
|Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Akasaka
|-
|11 Afrilu - 15 Yuni 2003
|Noda Taswirar Daikyūkai Kōen Oil''Mai''
|Bunkamura Gidan wasan kwaikwayo Cocoon
|-
|2-6 Yuli 2003
|Mizuki Sano Shuen Comic Jack''Jack mai ban dariya''
|Saitama Arts Theater Small Hall
|-
|3-24 Nuwamba 2003
|Meiji-za Saikai-ba 10-shūnen Kōen ''Sannin Kichizae Dono Akatsuki''
|Meiji-za
|-
|17 Maris - 13 Afrilu 2004
|Sabon gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kasa Tokyo Tōmei Ningen no Yuge''Tōmei Ningen ba Yuge ba''
|Sabon gidan wasan kwaikwayo na tsakiya na kasa
|-
|16 Janairu - 5 Fabrairu 2005
|Kungiyar Happō-B-Zin ''Tsukaenaito''
|Shimokita Honda
|-
|26 Yuli - 6 Agusta 2006
|Kodomo no Shiro + Nelson Shirye-shiryen Yana samar da Nangoku Pool no Atsui Suna''Nangoku Pool ba Atsui Suna ba''
|Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Aoyama
|-
|6-10 Satumba 2006
|Kamukamu Minikīna+Nelke Shirye-shiryen ya gabatar da ''Ochī Hitodo pondo (saien) '' 
|Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Panasonic Globe
|-
|24 ga Oktoba - 8 ga Nuwamba 2009
|*pnish* vol.11 Maharaja Mode{{Not a typo|&amp;nbsp;*pnish*}}''Yanayin Maharaja''
|Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Ikebukuro Sunshine
|-
|2011 –&amp;#x2D;
|Inchai Sapuri ''Shinya Kote no Yoku wakaru Kojiki''
|
|-
|30 Nuwamba - 4 Disamba 2011
|BQMAP ''Fūun Tengu-Moonlight Serenade''
|Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Shinjuku Sun Mall
|-
|13-17 Satumba 2012
|Gidan wasan kwaikwayo Gekidango Gekidan Sōritsu 20 Shūnenkinen Dai 29-kai Kōen ''Ochiudo-tachi a Broadway''
|Shinjuku Kinokuniya Hall
|-
|Yuli 2012/Yuli 2013
|Broadway Musical Peter Pan &lt;2012-2013&gt;
|Gidan taron kasa da kasa na Tokyo C
|-
|27 Disamba 2012 - 2 Fabrairu 2013
|Shafin Dancan ''Seishun Ongaku Katsugeki Kiben Hashire Merosu''
|Ginza Hiroshima gidan wasan kwaikwayo
|-
|16 Janairu - 8 Fabrairu 2014
|Shafin Dancan Yana samar da ''Shichihenge Ongaku Geki''
|Shimokita Honda
|-
|4 Afrilu - 23 Satumba 2015
|Akihiro Miwa Enshutsu Shuen ''Black Lizard''
|Sabon gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kasa
|-
|20-27 Janairu 2016
|Nelke Planning ya samar da Comic Jack -Return 2016-''Comic Jack - Komawa 2016-''
|Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Shinjuku Kinokuniya
|-
|27 Afrilu - 14 Mayu 2016
|Papageno Ya samar da ''Seishun Ongaku Katsugeki: Kiben Hashire Merosu (Saien) '' 
|Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Shinjuku Sun Mall
|-
|25 Yuli - 5 Agusta 2016
|AKB48 Butai ''Majisuka Gakuen -Last In The SuperMarket-''
|Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Akasaka
|-
|18 Nuwamba - 18 Disamba 2016
|''Black Butler'' na kiɗa
|Gidan Gida na Tokyo Dome
|-
|}

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}} 
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1973]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sarauniya Washio</title>
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Reina Washio (an haife ta a ranar 20 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1994) mawaƙiya ce ta kasar Japan, mai wasan kwaikwayo kuma samfurin. Ta kasance tsohuwar memba na ƙungiyar [[J-pop|J-Pop]] E-girls kuma tsohuwar memba ta Flower . Washio yana wakiltar [[LDH (company)|LDH]].

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haifi Reina Washio a ranar 20 ga watan Janairu shekara ta, 1994, asim, Saga Prefecture, Japan . Tun daga makarantar sakandare, tana da mafarki na zama mawaƙa. Koyaya, ba ta da tabbacin raira waƙa a fili kuma yarinya ce mai jin kunya. Wani canji a rayuwarta shine halartar kide-kide daga Exile a Fukuoka Dome tare da mahaifiyarta. Washio ta yi sha'awar aikin da suka yi da cewa bayan koyon EXPG (makarantar basira da LDH ke gudanarwa) za ta buɗe a [[Fukuoka]], ta fara halarta a shekarar farko ta makarantar sakandare. Don samun damar biyan kuɗin EXPG Fukuoka, ta yi aiki na ɗan lokaci a Karatsu. Washio ta fice daga makaranta bayan shekara ta farko ta makarantar sakandare don mayar da hankali kan zama mawaƙa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-04-28 |title=Ｅ―ｇｉｒｌｓ鷲尾伶菜、きつくても波乱万丈でも選んだ道が自分の正解 |url=https://hochi.news/articles/20180427-OHT1T50196.html |access-date=2020-03-28 |website=スポーツ報知 |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt; Baya ga Exile, mawaƙan Jafananci YUJ wani babban tasiri ne na kiɗa a lokacin yarinta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Flower、JUJUカバーが映画主題歌に 岩田剛典×高畑充希W主演『植物図鑑』 |url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2060739/full/ |access-date=2020-03-29 |website=ORICON NEWS}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
A cikin 2011, bayan halartar EXPG Fukuoka na tsawon shekaru biyu, Washio ta shiga cikin EXILE Presents VOCAL BATTLE AUDITION 3 ~For Girls~ a cikin sashin murya. A ranar 26 ga watan Yuli, a lokacin wani taron ''E-Girls SHOW'' a SHIBUYA-AX, an bayyana cewa tana ɗaya daga cikin masu cin nasara na VOCAL BATTLE AUDITION 3 kuma an kara ta zuwa Flower a matsayin mai murya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 November 2014 |title=&quot;EXILEの妹分&quot;新生FLOWER、5人加入し9人体制で10月デビュー |url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2000168/full/ |access-date=2020-03-28 |website=ORICON NEWS}}&lt;/ref&gt; A wannan rana, an kuma sanar da ita a matsayin sabon memba na E-girls, tana da matsayi na lokaci guda tsakanin kungiyar da Flower. A ranar 12 ga Oktoba, 2011, Washio ta fara fitowa tare da Flower tare da &quot;Still&quot;.

A watan Satumbar 2015 ta fara bugawa a matsayin samfurin a cikin fitowar Nuwamba na mujallar kayan ado ta Japan ''LARM'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=鷲尾伶菜「LARME」に初登場「E-girlsとは違った一面」 - モデルプレス |url=https://mdpr.jp/review/detail/1523954 |access-date=2020-03-28 |website=モデルプレス - ライフスタイル・ファッションエンタメニュース |language=ja |archive-date=2020-03-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329001945/https://mdpr.jp/review/detail/1523954 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin wannan shekarar, ta fara fitowa a matsayin 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen Kindaichi Shonen Case Book R - Bloodless Murder Case -.[2][3]''Kindaichi Shonen Case Book R - Kisan kai mara jini -.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=31 October 2018 |title=Flower鷲尾伶菜、『金田一』で声優初挑戦 新曲がEDテーマに決定 |url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2059153/full/ |access-date=2020-03-29 |website=ORICON NEWS}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=31 October 2018 |title=『金田一少年の事件簿R』新シリーズの見どころは？ |url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2060216/full/ |access-date=2020-03-29 |website=ORICON NEWS}}&lt;/ref&gt;''

A ranar 20 ga Satumba, 2019, Fure da sanarwar rushewar Flower da aka shirya don ƙarshen wannan watan, Washio ta bayyana cewa za ta kusanci sabon burinta na ayyukan solo yayin da take memba na E-girls.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=鷲尾伶菜からファンの皆様へ {{!}} NEWS |url=https://m.egfamily-m.jp/news/detail?news_id=20448 |access-date=2020-03-29 |website=E.G.family mobile |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Inc |first=Natasha |title=Flower中島美央が妊娠＆入籍、グループは今月をもって解散（コメントあり） |url=https://natalie.mu/music/news/348448 |access-date=2020-03-29 |website=音楽ナタリー |language=ja |archive-date=2019-09-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190920114123/https://natalie.mu/music/news/348448 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 22 ga watan Disamba, tare da sanarwar rushewar E-girls da aka shirya a ƙarshen 2020, an bayyana cewa Washio za ta fara yin ta farko.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=LDH |date= |title=E.G.F.C.-E.G.family OFFICIAL FAN CLUB- |url=https://egfc.jp/news-detail/3959 |access-date=2020-03-29 |website=E.G.F.C.-E.G.family OFFICIAL FAN CLUB- |archive-date=2020-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324180555/https://egfc.jp/news-detail/3959 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Inc |first=Natasha |title=E-girls、2020年いっぱいで解散「いただいた愛をしっかり返す1年に」（コメントあり） |url=https://natalie.mu/music/news/360558 |access-date=2020-03-29 |website=音楽ナタリー |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 31 ga watan Janairun 2020, an ba da sanarwar cewa za ta raira waƙar taken fim din Shousetsu no Kamisama / The God of Novels, mai taken &quot;Call Me Sick&quot;, da kuma waƙar da aka saka na sauti mai taken &quot;Konna Sekai ni Shita no wa Dare da&quot;. An kuma bayyana cewa za ta yi amfani da sunan mataki Rei don ayyukanta na solo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Inc |first=Natasha |title=E-girls鷲尾伶菜ソロプロジェクト始動、第1弾は佐藤大樹＆橋本環奈映画主題歌 |url=https://natalie.mu/music/news/365303 |access-date=2020-03-29 |website=音楽ナタリー |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Inc |first=Natasha |title=橋本環奈が佐藤大樹をビンタ！鷲尾伶菜のソロ曲収めた「小説の神様」予告編 |url=https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/367740 |access-date=2020-03-29 |website=映画ナタリー |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 13 ga Afrilu, 2022, ta fitar da kundi na farko mai suna &quot;Just Wanna Sing&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=【伶】（れい）1st ALBUM「Just Wanna Sing」4月13日（水）発売決定！ジャケット・アートワーク公開！ - ニュース |url=https://www.galpo.info/news/4239 |access-date=2022-04-24 |website=アイドル・ガールズポップ＆ロック専門情報サイト「ガルポ！」 |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
Washio yana da kyakkyawar abota da mawaƙa MACO kuma haɗuwa da su biyu ana kiransu ''Washimaco''. Sun hada kai a kan waƙar &quot;Dear My Friend&quot; wanda aka saki a watan Yunin 2018. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 August 2018 |title=MACO、親友のE-girls鷲尾伶菜とデュエット「最高で最幸な1日」 |url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2117611/full/ |access-date=2020-03-29 |website=ORICON NEWS}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Inc |first=Natasha |title=MACOとFlower鷲尾伶菜の&quot;わしまこ&quot;が仲良く「さしめし」 |url=https://natalie.mu/music/news/230028 |access-date=2020-03-29 |website=音楽ナタリー |language=ja |archive-date=2025-01-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250119193006/https://natalie.mu/music/news/230028 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Inc |first=Natasha |title=MACO、新曲で鷲尾伶菜とコラボ「何年経っても歌い続けたい最高な曲」（コメントあり） |url=https://natalie.mu/music/news/281635 |access-date=2020-03-29 |website=音楽ナタリー |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Washio kuma mai son yin wasa ne. Sau da yawa tana buga wasannin bidiyo na hadin gwiwa kamar ''Fortnite'' da Call of Duty tare da Sandaime J Soul Brothers 'Elly, The Rampage daga Takahide Suzuki na Exile Tribe da Ballistik Boyz daga Ryusei Kainuma na Exile. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 August 2019 |title=三代目JSB・ELLY、岩田剛典・鷲尾伶菜からオコエ・八村塁まで『フォートナイト』交友録を明かす |url=https://realsound.jp/tech/2019/08/post-404639.html |access-date=2020-03-29 |website=Real Sound｜リアルサウンド テック |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Yunin 2019 ta yi tafiya zuwa [[California]] tare da Elly don shiga a matsayin mai baƙo a cikin Fortnite Summer Block Party, gasar caca ta Pro-Am.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=19 June 2019 |title=『フォートナイト』三代目JSBのELLYとE-girls 鷲尾伶菜 独占インタビュー：「フォトナはスーパーエンターテイメント！！」 |url=https://fpsjp.net/archives/333323 |access-date=2020-03-29 |website=EAA!! - FPS News |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt; A can, ta haɗu da BELL na ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo ta Japan CRAZY Raccoon . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 June 2019 |title=三代目JSB・ELLY ＆ E-girls・鷲尾伶菜、『フォートナイト』世界大会に参戦 1万人の観客沸かせる |url=https://realsound.jp/tech/2019/06/post-377010.html |access-date=2020-03-29 |website=Real Sound｜リアルサウンド テック |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayanan da aka yi ==

=== Kundin studio ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot;
|+Jerin kundin, tare da bayanan da aka zaɓa, matsayi da tallace-tallace
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:12em;&quot; |Taken
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:20em;&quot; |Bayanan kundin
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; |Matsayi mafi girma
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:10em;&quot; |Sayarwa
|-
!Hoton Hoton Hotuna na Oricon&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
!Oricon Daily AlbumChart&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
!BillboardJapanHot AlbumsChart&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |''Kawai Ka so Ka Raira waƙa''
|
* An saki shi: Afrilu 13, 2022
* Alamar: Sony Music Associated Records
* Tsarin: CD, CD + DVD, sauke dijital
|8&lt;ref name=&quot;oricon.co.jp&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=2022年04月11日～2022年04月17日 オリコン週間 アルバムランキング |url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/ja/w/2022-04-25/ |access-date=2022-04-24 |website=ORICON NEWS}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|5&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-04-12 |title=Oricon Daily Album Raking |url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/ja/d/2022-04-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421034942/https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/ja/d/2022-04-12/ |archive-date=2022-04-21 |access-date=2022-04-24 |website=Oricon}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|11&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-04-20 |title=Billboard Japan Hot Albums |url=https://www.billboard-japan.com/charts/detail?a=hot_albums&amp;year=2022&amp;month=04&amp;day=25 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220420045532/https://www.billboard-japan.com/charts/detail?a=hot_albums&amp;year=2022&amp;month=04&amp;day=25 |archive-date=2022-04-20 |access-date=2023-09-22 |website=Billboard Japan}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|5,863&lt;ref name=&quot;oricon.co.jp&quot; /&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |''Ga ƙaunataccena''
|
* An saki shi: 11 ga Oktoba, 2023
* Alamar: Sony Music Associated Records
* Tsarin: CD, 2CD + Blu-ray, sauke dijital
|10&lt;ref name=&quot;FMD Oricon&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |script-title=ja:オリコン週間 アルバムランキング 2023年10月09日～2023年10月15日 |trans-title=Oricon Weekly Album Ranking October 9, 2023 – October 15, 2023 |url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/ja/w/2023-10-23/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018050548/https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/ja/w/2023-10-23/ |archive-date=October 18, 2023 |access-date=October 18, 2023 |publisher=Oricon |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| -
|9&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-10-18 |title=Billboard Japan Hot Albums |url=https://www.billboard-japan.com/charts/detail?a=hot_albums&amp;year=2023&amp;month=10&amp;day=23 |access-date=2023-10-18 |website=Billboard Japan}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|5,328&lt;ref name=&quot;FMD Oricon&quot; /&gt;
|}

=== Ma'aurata ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Taken
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ranar fitarwa
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Matsayi na jadawalin
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Tallace-tallace &lt;small&gt; (Oricon) &lt;/small&gt; &lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Album
|-
!&lt;small&gt;OriconWeeklySinglesChart&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
!&lt;small&gt;BillboardJapanHot 100&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
!&lt;small&gt;Makon farko&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
!&lt;small&gt;Jimillar&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Oricon&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=オリコンランキング情報サービス「you大樹」 |url=http://ranking.oricon.co.jp |access-date=2012-03-16 |website=[[Oricon]]}} (subscription only)&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; |&quot;Ka kira ni mai ciwo&quot;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; |2 ga Oktoba, 2020
| - {{Efn|&quot;Call Me Sick&quot; did not enter Oricon Weekly Singles Chart, but peaked at number 19 on the component Oricon Weekly Digital Singles Chart.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/dis/w/2020-10-12/p/2/|script-title=ja: 週間 デジタルシングル（単曲）ランキング 2020年10月12日付（2020年09月28日～2020年10月04日）}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
| - {{Efn|&quot;Call Me Sick&quot; did not enter Billboard Japan Hot 100, but peaked at number 16 on the component Billboard Japan Download Songs.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard-japan.com/charts/detail?a=dlsongs&amp;year=2020&amp;month=10&amp;day=12|script-title=ja: Download Songs [ 2020/10/07 公開]}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |
| align=&quot;right&quot; |
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap&quot; |''Kawai Ka so Ka Raira waƙa''
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; |&quot;Konna Sekai ni Shita no wa Dare da&quot;&lt;br /&gt;{{Small|({{lang|ja|こんな世界にしたのは誰だ}})}}
| -
| - {{Efn|&quot;Konna Sekai ni Shita no wa Dare da&quot; did not enter Billboard Japan Hot 100, but peaked at number 33 on the component Billboard Japan Download Songs.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard-japan.com/charts/detail?a=dlsongs&amp;year=2020&amp;month=10&amp;day=12|script-title=ja: Download Songs [ 2020/10/07 公開]}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |
| align=&quot;right&quot; |
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; |&quot;Shirayukihime - Daga Tashin Farko&quot; {{Small|({{lang|ja|白雪姫}})}} &lt;br /&gt;
|Oktoba 14, 2020
| -
| -
| align=&quot;right&quot; |
| align=&quot;right&quot; ||rowspan=&quot;1&quot; {{N/a|Non-album single}}
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; |&quot;Kimi to Nara Ii yo.&quot; (キミと Titoよ.&lt;br /&gt;{{Small|({{lang|ja|キミとならいいよ。}})}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |9 ga Yuni, 2021
| - {{Efn|&quot;Kimi to Nara Ii yo.&quot; did not enter Oricon Weekly Singles Chart, but peaked at number 39 on the component Oricon Weekly Digital Singles Chart.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/dis/w/2021-06-21/p/4/|script-title=ja: 週間 デジタルシングル（単曲）ランキング 2021年06月21日付（2021年06月07日～2021年06月13日）}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
| - {{Efn|&quot;Kimi tonara ī yo.&quot; did not enter Billboard Japan Hot 100, but peaked at number 42 on the component Billboard Japan Download Songs.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard-japan.com/charts/detail?a=dlsongs&amp;year=2021&amp;month=06&amp;day=21|script-title=ja: Download Songs [ 2021/06/16 公開]}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |
| align=&quot;right&quot; |
| style=&quot;white-space:nowrap&quot; |''Kawai Ka so Ka Raira waƙa''
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; |&quot;Ka kira ni mai cutarwa - Daga Tashin Farko&quot;
| align=&quot;right&quot; |Nuwamba 16, 2021
| -
| -
| align=&quot;right&quot; |
| align=&quot;right&quot; ||rowspan=&quot;1&quot; {{N/a|Non-album single}}
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; |&quot;Houseki&quot; (feat. Lilas Ikuta) (dutse mai daraja) &lt;br /&gt;{{Small|({{lang|ja|宝石}})}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |Nuwamba 17, 2021
| - {{Efn|&quot;Houseki&quot; did not enter Oricon Weekly Singles Chart, but peaked at number 24 on the component Oricon Weekly Digital Singles Chart.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/dis/w/2021-11-29/p/3/|script-title=ja: 週間 デジタルシングル（単曲）ランキング 2021年11月29日付（2021年11月15日～2021年11月21日）}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
| - {{Efn|&quot;Hōseki&quot; did not enter Billboard Japan Hot 100, but peaked at number 24 on the component Billboard Japan Download Songs.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard-japan.com/charts/detail?a=dlsongs&amp;year=2021&amp;month=11&amp;day=29|script-title=ja: Download Songs [ 2021/11/24 公開]}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}[i]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |
| align=&quot;right&quot; |
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap&quot; |''Kawai Ka so Ka Raira waƙa''
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; |&quot;Chiru Chiru Michiru&quot; (散る散る__hau____hau____hau__) {{Efn|&quot;Chiru Chiru Michiru&quot; is also available on the album ''Kino yori Akaku Asu yori Aoku - CINEMA FIGHTERS project -''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://m.ldhgirls-m.jp/news/detail?news_id=35132|script-title=ja: 【伶・iScream参加!!】映画の主題歌を集めたアルバム『昨日より赤く明日より青く -CINEMA FIGHTERS project-』11/26(金)Release！}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}&lt;br /&gt;{{Small|({{lang|ja|散る散る満ちる}})}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |26 ga Nuwamba, 2021
| -
| - {{Efn|&quot;Chiru Chiru Michiru&quot; did not enter Billboard Japan Hot 100, but peaked at number 79 on the component Billboard Japan Download Songs.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard-japan.com/charts/detail?a=dlsongs&amp;year=2022&amp;month=01&amp;day=31|script-title=ja: Download Songs [ 2022/01/26 公開]}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |
| align=&quot;right&quot; |
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; |&quot;Encount&quot; (feat. mao sasagawa) &lt;br /&gt;{{Small|({{lang|ja| エンカウント}})}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |21 ga Disamba, 2021
| -
| -
| align=&quot;right&quot; |
| align=&quot;right&quot; |
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; |&quot;Tsuyoku Hakanai Monotachi&quot; (feat. Tokimeki Records) &lt;br /&gt;{{Small|({{lang|ja| 強く儚い者たち}})}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |Janairu 18, 2023
| -
| -
| align=&quot;right&quot; |
| align=&quot;right&quot; |
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |''Ga ƙaunataccena''
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; |&quot;Don haka mai jaraba&quot;
| align=&quot;right&quot; |Fabrairu 15, 2023
| - {{Efn|&quot;So Addictive&quot; did not enter Oricon Weekly Singles Chart, but peaked at number 32 on the component Oricon Weekly Digital Singles Chart.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/dis/w/2023-02-27/p/4/|script-title=ja: 週間 デジタルシングル（単曲）ランキング 2023年02月27日付（2023年02月13日～2023年02月19日）}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
| - {{Efn|&quot;So Addictive&quot; did not enter Billboard Japan Hot 100, but peaked at number 37 on the component Billboard Japan Download Songs.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard-japan.com/charts/detail?a=dlsongs&amp;year=2023&amp;month=02&amp;day=27|script-title=ja: Download Songs [ 2023/02/22 公開]}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |
| align=&quot;right&quot; |
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; |&quot;Gin'iro&quot; (azurfa) &lt;br /&gt;{{Small|({{lang|ja| 銀色}})}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |Satumba 15, 2023
| -
| - {{Efn|&quot;Gin'iro&quot; did not enter Billboard Japan Hot 100, but peaked at number 74 on the component Billboard Japan Download Songs.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard-japan.com/charts/detail?a=dlsongs&amp;year=2023&amp;month=09&amp;day=25|script-title=ja: Download Songs [ 2023/09/20 公開]}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |
| align=&quot;right&quot; |
|-
|}

=== Kasancewa cikin aiki ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!Shekara
!Waƙar
!Mai zane
!Album
!Tabbacin.
|-
|2013
|Shekara Hi no Sayonara&lt;br /&gt;{{Small|({{lang|ja|あの日のさよなら}})}}
|Ayyukan DJ Deckstream. Washio Sarauniya
|''Rubuce-rubuce.JP''
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Inc |first=Natasha |title=DJ DECKSTREAM、メジャー第1作に三浦大知＆鷲尾伶菜 |url=https://natalie.mu/music/news/95546 |access-date=2020-03-29 |website=音楽ナタリー |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Inc |first=Natasha |title=DJ DECKSTREAMメジャー初アルバムにライムベリー参加 |url=https://natalie.mu/music/news/97067 |access-date=2020-03-29 |website=音楽ナタリー |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2014
|d.w.m
|m-flo + Sarauniya Washio
|''FUTURE WOW''
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Inc |first=Natasha |title=m-floアルバムゲスト第1弾は浜崎あゆみ、SOL、Flower鷲尾 |url=https://natalie.mu/music/news/110298 |access-date=2020-03-29 |website=音楽ナタリー |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Inc |first=Natasha |title=[Champagne]川上、m-floと初コラボ「鼓動が高鳴った」 |url=https://natalie.mu/music/news/110464 |access-date=2020-03-29 |website=音楽ナタリー |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2018
|Abokina ƙaunatacce
|Ayyukan MACO. Washio Sarauniya
|''Mafi kyawun soyayya MACO''
|&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt;
|-
|Yaya game da ƙaunarku?
|Jay'ed &amp; Washio Reina
|UTA MONOGATARI -CINEMA FIGHTERS project- (Bonus CD) 
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Inc |first=Natasha |title=TAKAHIRO、三代目JSB、ジェネらの歌声聴ける「ウタモノガタリ」音楽トレイラー（動画あり） |url=https://natalie.mu/music/news/304963 |access-date=2020-03-29 |website=音楽ナタリー |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Inc |first=Natasha |title=「Our Birthday」青柳翔、緊張察したスタッフに&quot;英語クランクアップ&quot;祝われる |url=https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/290206 |access-date=2020-03-29 |website=映画ナタリー |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Inc |first=Natasha |title=「CINEMA FIGHTERS」第2弾公開決定！TAKAHIRO、岩田剛典、白濱亜嵐ら参加（コメントあり） |url=https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/275469 |access-date=2020-03-29 |website=映画ナタリー |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2021
|Labyrinth
|Ayyukan Burning Deadwoods. Sarki
|''T.B.D.''
|
|-
|}

=== Kalmomin ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!Shekara
!Waƙar
!Mai zane
!Album
!Tabbacin.
|-
|2019
|F
|Fure
|''F''
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Flower鷲尾伶菜、初作詞作曲「F」に込めた想い「メンバーにはバレているんじゃないかな」 |url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2130511/full/ |access-date=2020-03-29 |website=ORICON NEWS}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|}

=== Rarraba ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!Waƙar
!Rarraba
!Tabbacin.
|-
|Ka kira Ni Marasa lafiya
|taken waƙar fim din ''Shousetsu no Kamisama / Allah na Littattafai''
|&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;
|-
|Konna Sekai ni Shita no wa Dare da&lt;br /&gt;{{Small|({{lang|ja|こんな世界にしたのは誰だ}})}}
|saka waƙar fim din ''Shousetsu no Kamisama / Allah na Littattafai''
|&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
|-
|Don haka mai jaraba
|taken waƙa na wasan kwaikwayo na TX Network na 2023 ''Otto wo Shakaiteki ni Massatsu suru 5-tsu no Hoho / 5 Hanyoyi don Kashe Mijinka''
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 5, 2023 |title=伶、馬場ふみか＆野村周平主演ドラマ「夫を社会的に抹殺する5つの方法」の主題歌担当 |trans-title=Rei will be in charge of the theme song for the drama &quot;Five Ways to Socially Erase Your Husband&quot; starring Fumika Baba and Shuhei Nomura |url=https://natalie.mu/music/news/507739 |access-date=June 3, 2024 |website=[[Natalie (website)|Natalie]] |publisher=Natasha, Inc. ([[KDDI|KDDI Corporation]]) |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|}

== Hotunan fina-finai ==

=== Yin wasan kwaikwayo na murya ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!Shekara
!Taken
!Matsayi
!Cibiyar sadarwa
!Tabbacin.
|-
|2015
|''Kindaichi Shonen Case Book R - Kisan kai mara jini -''
|Kaori Tengen
|Yomiuri Talabijin
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 June 2015 |title=Flower鷲尾伶菜、声優に初挑戦「また夢が一つ叶いました」 - モデルプレス |url=https://mdpr.jp/news/detail/1522964 |access-date=2020-03-29 |website=モデルプレス - ライフスタイル・ファッションエンタメニュース |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;
|}

=== Talabijin na Intanet ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!Shekara
!Taken
!Cibiyar sadarwa
!Bayani
!Tabbacin.
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2019
|''Na fada cikin soyayya da kai a yau. Summer Vacation Edition / Kyo, Suki ko Narimashita. Hutun bazara''
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |AbemaTV
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |Shaidar soyayya
|
|-
|''Na fada cikin soyayya da kai a yau. Taiwan Edition / Kyo, Suki ko Narimashita. Taiwan''
|
|-
|''Na fada cikin soyayya da kai a yau. Guam Edition / Kyo, Suki ko Narimashita. Guam''
|
|-
|2019–2020
|''Na fada cikin soyayya da kai a yau. Winter Vacation Edition / Kyo, Suki ko Narimashita. Hutun hunturu''
|
|-
|2020
|''Na fada cikin soyayya da kai a yau. Graduation Edition / Kyo, Suki ko Narimashita. Karatun karatu''
|
|}

=== Rediyo ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!Shekara
!Taken
!Tashar
!Bayani
!Tabbacin.
|-
|2017–2019
|''Avalon''
|J-WAVE
|Mai ba da hanya na mako-mako
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Inc |first=Natasha |title=J-WAVE秋の改編でグローバー、ネバヤン、鷲尾伶菜ら新レギュラーに |url=https://natalie.mu/music/news/250285 |access-date=2020-03-29 |website=音楽ナタリー |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=E-girls 鷲尾・佐藤・須田・山口が選ぶ&quot;泣ける歌&quot; |url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/article/576364/ |access-date=2020-03-29 |website=ORICON NEWS}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=E-girls・鷲尾伶菜「聴いて切なくなりました」 定番の卒業ソングTOP3を発表！ |url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/article/731336/ |access-date=2020-03-29 |website=ORICON NEWS}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

=== Bidiyo na kiɗa ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!Shekara
!Taken
!Mai zane
!Tabbacin.
|-
|2015
|Gobe (A kusa da Hoton Duniya) 
|Masu zane-zane daban-daban
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 January 2015 |title=Flower鷲尾伶菜、日本代表として名曲を歌唱 - モデルプレス |url=https://mdpr.jp/music/detail/1459758 |access-date=2020-03-29 |website=モデルプレス - ライフスタイル・ファッションエンタメニュース |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Inc |first=Natasha |title=「アニー」の名曲を世界各国の人々がマイクリレー、日本代表は鷲尾伶菜 |url=https://natalie.mu/music/news/136006 |access-date=2020-03-29 |website=音楽ナタリー |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

=== Rayuwa ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!Shekara
!Taken
!Mai zane
!Tabbacin.
|-
|2014
|FUTURE WOW
|m-flo
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=m-flo、いよいよ明日からスタートする「FUTURE IS WOW」ツアーのスペシャルゲスト、グッズ、新システム&quot;WOW SYSTEM&quot;に注目 |url=https://iflyer.tv/article/2014/05/29/mflo-futureiswowtour-iyoiyostart/ |access-date=2020-03-29 |website=iFLYER.tv}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Inc |first=Natasha |title=m-floが川上洋平、鷲尾伶菜ら仲間と踊り狂ったツアー初日 |url=https://natalie.mu/music/news/117879 |access-date=2020-03-29 |website=音楽ナタリー |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Inc |first=Natasha |title=代々木でm-flo、和田アキ子、三代目ら熱演 |url=https://natalie.mu/music/news/124146 |access-date=2020-03-29 |website=音楽ナタリー |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2017
|BPM Ƙungiyar ta 1st Anniversary
|Masu zane-zane daban-daban
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Inc |first=Natasha |title=SECOND、TAKAHIRO、鷲尾伶菜らがビルボードで魅せた「BPM」1周年ライブ（写真12枚） |url=https://natalie.mu/music/news/253896 |access-date=2020-03-29 |website=音楽ナタリー |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

=== Abubuwan da suka faru ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!Shekara
!Taken
!Tabbacin.
|-
|2012
|Kyautar 'yan mata ta 2012 A/W
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=MODEL {{!}} ガールズアワード {{!}} GirlsAward 2012 AUTUMN/WINTER Official WEB |url=https://2012aw.girls-award.com/pc/model.php |access-date=2020-03-29 |website=2012aw.girls-award.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2016
|Lawson Osaifu Ponta Nighter Tokyo Yakult Swallows vs Yomiuri Giants Opening bikin
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-10-01 |title=9月9日（金）巨人戦で「ローソン おさいふPontaナイター」を開催します {{!}} 東京ヤクルトスワローズ |url=http://www.yakult-swallows.co.jp/news/detail/19839 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161001194907/http://www.yakult-swallows.co.jp/news/detail/19839 |archive-date=2016-10-01 |access-date=2020-03-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=INC |first=SANKEI DIGITAL |title=鷲尾伶菜 「１００点満点」始球式 |url=https://www.sankei.com/photo/story/news/160909/sty1609090026-n1.html |access-date=2020-03-29 |website=産経フォト |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Sauran ayyukan ==

* Hizen, memba na goyon bayan Saga &quot;Hizen, Saga FAN&quot; (2018) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Inc |first=Natasha |title=原泰久が故郷・佐賀のイベント用に鍋島直正のイラストを描き下ろし |url=https://natalie.mu/comic/news/270266 |access-date=2020-03-29 |website=コミックナタリー |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayani ==
{{Notelist|30em}}

== manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1994]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>ka6cgdfssg0snayy6nbsmoe1pfwzcrv</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sue Williamson</title>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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      <text bytes="11059" sha1="m5hm3uj8cfzpqcc525lyshtn81bv8xv" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[Fayil:It's_a_pleasure_to_meet_you.jpg|thumb|261x261px| ''Abin farin cikin saduwa da ku'' (2016) daga ''No More Tatsuniya'' Bidiyo mai tashar tashoshi biyu, lokacin wasa 24.4mins]]
[[Fayil:All_Our_Mothers_(Rebecca_Kotane),_Soweto_(2013)_Archival_ink_on_archival_paper,_Image_58x39cm,_Paper_71,5x51,5_cm_Edition_of_6.jpg|thumb|392x392px| Rebecca Kotane, Soweto (2013) daga ''Duk Iyayenmu -'' jerin hotuna masu gudana na mata masu dangantaka daga 1983.]]
[[Fayil:Sue_Williamson_Family_of_Guguletu_Seven_–_why_were_you_smiling_–_Capt._John_Sterrenberg_1998.tif|thumb|259x259px| ''Wasannin Gaskiya(1998),'' Iyalin Guguletu Bakwai - me yasa kuke murmushi - Capt. John Sterrenberg]]
'''Sue Williamson''' (an haife ta a shekarar 1941) yar wasa ce kuma marubuciya wanda ke zaune a [[Cape Town]], [[Afirka ta Kudu]].
[[Fayil:Messages_from_the_Atlantic_Passage.jpg|thumb| Saƙonni daga Wurin Atlantika, Shigarwa, Basel Unlimited 2017, Switzerland]]

== Rayuwa ==
An haifi Sue Williamson a Lichfield, Ingila a 1941. A shekarar 1948 ta yi hijira tare da danginta zuwa [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. Tsakanin 1963 da 1965 ta yi karatu a Art Students League of New York . A cikin shekarar 1983 ta sami Difloma ta ci gaba a Fine Art daga Makarantar Michaelis na Fine Art, Cape Town. &lt;ref name=&quot;si.edu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=n.d. |title=insights: Sue Williamson |url=https://africa.si.edu/exhibits/insights/williamson-artist.html |access-date=2018-08-13 |website=[[Smithsonian Institution]] |language= |quote= |archive-date=2016-02-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160229015051/http://africa.si.edu/exhibits/insights/williamson-artist.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 2007 ta sami lambar yabo ta Binciken Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin daga Cibiyar Smithsonian a Washington DC kuma a cikin shekarar 2011  Rockefeller Foundation Bellagio Creative Arts Fellowship.  A cikin 2013 ta kasance mai kula da baƙo na makarantar bazara a Zentrum Paul Klee a Bern .

== Aiki ==
Aikin Williamson yana tattare da jigogi masu alaƙa da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya da samuwar ainihi. An horar da shi azaman mai bugawa, Williamson ya yi aiki a cikin kafofin watsa labarai iri-iri da suka haɗa da ɗaukar hoto, bidiyo, kayan haɗin gwiwar kafofin watsa labarai, da abubuwan da aka gina.

A cikin ''tallace-tallacen tallace-tallace na ɗari da goma sha tara'' (2018), an rubuta sunayen da manyan bayi, shekaru, jinsi, da wuraren haihuwa, tare da sunayen masu saye da masu sayarwa, farashin da aka biya, da ranar sayan mutane daga cinikin bayi a Indiya, an rubuta su da baƙar fata a kan rigar auduga. Ana shigo da riguna daga Indiya, ana tsoma su cikin ruwa mai laka da aka zana daga Cape Coast Castle, kuma an rataye su a harabar har zuwa ranar al'adun gargajiya, Satumba 24, 2019. Daga nan sai a saukar da su a mayar da su Indiya, inda za a wanke su da tsabta kuma a sake gyara su a matsayin shigarwa a gidan Aspinwall da ke Kochi. Kamfanin Dutch Gabashin Indiya ne ya kwashe waɗannan mutanen don yin aiki a Castle na Cape Town da Lambunan Kamfanin . Ayyuka dari da goma sha tara na Sale Williamson ya ƙunshi tarihi da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar fataucin bayi domin a canza tarihi mai banƙyama zuwa tarihin da zai iya magance tare da magance rashin daidaito a duniya. Da buɗe baje kolin, Williamson ya karanta bayanan tarihi yayin da wata mata ta dauko kowace riga, ta karanta bayanan da ke cikinta, sannan ta ɗauko ta a ciki domin a tsoma ta cikin laka ta rataye ta a kan layin wanki. [https://www.iol.co.za/capetimes/news/art-brings-history-of-slave-trade-to-life-17112115 Art yana kawo tarihin cinikin bayi a rayuwa] Shigarwa yana ba da labarin hasara kuma yana nuna ainihin ainihin mutumin da ke shawagi a cikin iska, amma abin da ya rage shine ƙwaƙwalwar su. &lt;ref name=&quot;100Deeds&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 April 2019 |title=Sue Williamson, 'One Hundred and Nineteen Deeds of Sale' |url=https://www.artfromus.in/artwork-in-focus-sue-williamson-one-hundred-and-nineteen-deeds-of-sale/ |website=Art From Us}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Aikin shekarar 2016 na Williamson, ''The Lost District,'' girmamawa ce ga gundumomi shida na [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. Kamar sauran ayyukanta,  ''Gundumar Lost'' ta magance tasirin wariyar launin fata ga 'yan Afirka ta Kudu. Gundumar Shida ta kasance mai bambancin al'adu da ƙabilanci har sai da fiye da 60,000 daga cikin mazaunanta wadanda ba fararen fata gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu ta tilasta musu ƙaura a lokacin mulkin wariyar launin fata. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=About District Six {{!}} District Six |url=https://www.districtsix.co.za/about-district-six/ |access-date=2023-05-24 |language=en-ZA |archive-date=2025-12-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251214125100/https://www.districtsix.co.za/about-district-six/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan shigarwa ya ƙunshi zane-zanen plexiglass na hotunan kallon titi na abin da gundumomi shida ke amfani da su bisa ga hotunan tarihin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Work in progress: Bringing District Six back to life |url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2016-02-09-work-in-progress-bringing-district-six-back-to-life/ |access-date=2023-05-24 |website=TimesLIVE |language=en-ZA}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sandunan ƙarfe sun rufe zane-zane, wakiltar ayyukan gwamnatin [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Artsy |date=2016-02-22 |title=South African Past Is Present in Sue Williamson's New Show at Goodman Gallery |url=https://www.artsy.net/article/artsy-south-african-past-is-present-in-sue-williamson-s-new-show-at-goodman-gallery |access-date=2023-05-24 |website=Artsy |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A yayin baje kolin, Williamson ya zana wata taga a cikin hoton da ke kallon ragowar gundumar Shida tare da sake gina yadda gundumar Shida ta yi kama da a shekarun 1960. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Shorkend |first=Danny |date=23 February 2016 |title=Beauty offset by stark reality |url=https://www.iol.co.za/capetimes/arts-portal/visual-arts/beauty-offset-by-stark-reality-1988818 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628102545/https://www.iol.co.za/capetimes/arts-portal/visual-arts/beauty-offset-by-stark-reality-1988818 |archive-date=28 June 2022 |access-date=24 May 2023 |website=IOL}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tare da wannan zane-zane, Williamson ya yi niyyar &quot;yi rikodin tsoffin gine-ginen da har yanzu suke tsaye, galibi majami'u da masallatai da makarantu, tare da ɗaruruwan gidaje da gidajen terrace waɗanda aka lalata.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sue Williamson's Diary: Window over a lost district |url=https://artthrob.co.za/2016/03/08/sue-williamsons-diary-window-over-a-lost-district/ |access-date=2023-05-24 |website=ArtThrob |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Williamson ya samar da nau'ikan fasahar juriya da yawa waɗanda ke nazarin tarihin [[Afirka ta Kudu]].  kuma a cikin shekarar 2009 ta saita ra'ayinta na fasaha don bincikar duniya tare da ci gaba da labarinta, ''Sauran Muryoyi, Sauran Biranen'', wanda aka haɗa a cikin Ƙaddamarwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=PUSH THE LIMITS |url=https://www.fondazionemerz.org/en/push-the-limits/ |access-date=2021-04-09 |website=Fondazione Merz |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; nuni, na Fabrairu 2021, a Italiya. Ita ce editan kafa na &quot;Arthrob.co.za&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sue Williamson &amp; Guy Tillim Bundle |url=https://artthrob.co.za/product/sue-williamson-guy-tillim-limited-offer-bundle/ |access-date=2021-04-09 |website=ArtThrob |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-04-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420043500/https://artthrob.co.za/product/sue-williamson-guy-tillim-limited-offer-bundle/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarin jama'a ==
Aikin Williamson yana cikin tarin tarin gidajen tarihi iri-iri, da suka haɗa da Gidan Tarihi na Fasahar Zamani a [[New York]], &lt;ref name=&quot;MoMA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=n.d. |date= |title=Sue Williamson |url=https://www.moma.org/artists/28222 |access-date=2018-08-13 |website=[[MoMA]] |quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Afirka - Cibiyar Smithsonian a [[Washington DC]], Gidan Gallery na [[Afirka ta Kudu]] a Cape Town, da Gidan Tarihi na Victoria da Albert a London. Williamson kuma ya halarci nune-nunen rukuni da suka hada da ''The Short Century'' (2001), ''Muryar 'Yanci'' (1999), Johannesburg Art Biennale (a cikin 1997 da 1995), Havana Biennale (1994), da Venice Biennale (1993).

== Nunin da aka zaɓa ==

* Saƙonni 2000 daga Moat, Ginin Tarihi, Den Haag, Netherlands
* 2001 Ba za a iya mantawa ba, ba za a iya tunawa ba, Iziko National Gallery na Afirka ta Kudu, Cape Town, Afirka ta Kudu
* 2002 Abincin Abincin Ƙarshe da Aka Sake Ziyartar Gidan Tarihi na Ƙasa na Fasaha na Afirka, Cibiyar Smithsonian, Washington DC, Amurka
* 2003 Sue Williamson: Zaɓaɓɓen Aiki, Cibiyar d'Art Contemporain, Brussels, Belgium*
* 2004 Saƙonni daga Moat, Castle of Good Hope, Cape Town
* 2009 Gaskiya tana kan Ganuwar, Cibiyar Wifredo Lam, Havana, Havana Biennale na 10, Cuba*
* 2012 Iyaye: Tarihin Shekara 31, Castle of Good Hope, Cape Town
* 2014 Akwai wani abu da ya kamata in gaya muku, Iziko Slave Lodge, Cape Town
* 2015 Sauran Muryoyi, Sauran Biranen, Gidan Tarihi na SCAD, Savannah, Jojiya, Amurka
* 2016 Sauran Muryoyi, Sauran Biranen, SCAD Atlanta: Gallery 1600, Jojiya, Amurka
* 2017 Ba za a iya Manta ba, Ba za a Iya Tuna ba, Gidan Tarihi na Apartheid, Johannesburg, Afirka ta Kudu
* 2017 Kasancewa a can: Afirka ta Kudu, yanayin zamani, Foundation Louis Vuitton, Paris, Faransa
* 2017 &quot;Saƙonni daga Wurin Atlantika&quot;, Shigarwa, Basel Unlimited, Basel, Switzerland

== Labarai ==
A cikin 1997 Williamson ya kafa ArtThrob, bugu na kan layi wanda ke nuna ayyukan masu fasaha na Afirka ta Kudu na zamani.

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== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Gabaɗaya nassoshi ==

* Grania Ogilvy, ''Kamus na sculptors da Painters na Afirka ta Kudu'', Karatun Everard, 1989.
* Betty La Duke, ''Afirka ta hanyar Idon Matan Mawaƙin Mata'', Afirka ta Duniya Press, 1991.
* Richard J Powell, ''Baƙar fata da Al'adu a cikin 20th Century'', Duniyar Fasaha ta Duniya, Thames &amp; Hudson, 1997.
* Philippa Hobbs &amp; Elizabeth Rankin, ''Bugawa a Afirka ta Kudu mai sauyawa'', David Philip Publishers, Cape Town, 1997.
* Olu Oguibe &amp; Okwui Enwezor, ''Karatun Zamani: Fasahar Afirka Daga Ka'idar Zuwa Kasuwa'', MIT Press, 1999.
* Sidney Littlefield, ''Fasahar Afirka na Zamani'', Thames &amp; Hudson, 1999.
* N'Gone Fall &amp; Jean Pivin, ''Anthologie de l'Art Africain du Xxe Siecle'', Revue Noir, 2001.
* 
* Nicholas M. Dawes, ''Sue Williamson: Zaɓaɓɓen Aiki'', Juta and Company Ltd, 2003.
* Emma Bedford da Sophie Perryer, ''10 Years 100 Artists: Art A Democratic Africa South Africa'', Struik, 2004.
* Petra Stegmann, ''[http://www.culturebase.net/artist.php?1215 Sue Williamson] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160812201111/http://culturebase.net/artist.php?1215 |date=2016-08-12 }}'' a Culturebase, 2007.
* 
* 

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* {{Official website|http://www.sue-williamson.com/}}
* [http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/sue-williamson Sue Williamson on South African History Online]
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'''Seymour Kattelson''' (Fabrairu 11, 1923 - Nuwamba 24, 2018), wanda aka fi sani da '''Sy Kattelson''', wani mai ɗaukar hoto ne Ba'amurke wanda farkon aikinsa ya rubuta takardun aiki ajin New Yorkers a cikin shekarun nan da suka biyo bayan [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|yakin duniya na biyu]]. Ya kasance farkon mai aikin ɗaukar hoto na titi kuma yana da alaƙa da Ƙungiyar Hoto daga 1947 har zuwa rufe ta a 1951. Hotunan nasa, wadanda ake dauka akai-akai ba tare da sanin al'ummarsa ba yayin da suke yawo kan tituna ko hawan jirgin ƙarƙashin ƙasa na birni, suna bayyana darajar rayuwarsu kamar yadda suke zaune a wuraren taruwar jama'a. Zurfin hotunansa sau da yawa yana zuwa ne daga tashin hankalin da ke tsakanin tsattsauran ra'ayi na biranensu da kuma tunanin mutanensa kamar sun ɓace a cikin kansu.  Ya mutu a Rhinebeck, New York a watan Nuwamba 2018 yana da shekaru 95. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sy Kattelson's Obituary (1923 - 2018) - Rhinebeck, New York - Everhere.com |url=https://www.everhere.com/us/obituary-rhinebeck-sy-kattelson-8362203 |access-date=29 November 2018 |website=everhere.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Farkon aiki ==
An haifi Kattelson a cikin shekarar 1923 a cikin Bronx, [[New York]] daga dangin Yahudawa na tsakiya. Mahaifiyarsa tana da kantin kayan kamfai kuma mahaifinsa ma'aikacin lantarki ne kuma mai ƙirƙira alamun neon. Kakansa na uba mawaƙin vaudeville ne wanda salon rayuwarsa ya rinjayi shawarar Kattelson ta zama mai fasaha. Har sai da ya kai shekaru 7 suna zaune a yankin Dutsen Eden na Grand Concourse sannan suka koma wani gida a Laurelton, Queens . A cikin shekarar 1936 sun rasa kantin sayar da iyali kuma suka koma Bronx, daga ƙarshe suka zauna a cikin yankin da ke a lokacin ajin masu aiki na Manhattan's Washington Heights. Ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Stuyvesant, yana da niyyar zama injiniyan jirgin sama, amma ya watsar da wannan jagorar kan sanin cewa akwai ƴan ayyukan da ake baiwa Yahudawa a lokacin a aikin injiniya. 

A lokacin da yake aiki a matsayin yaron bayarwa na kantin sayar da kyamarar Aremac a kan titin 43 ya fara sanin yiwuwar yin aiki da ƙwarewa a matsayin mai daukar hoto. Wasu ma’aurata ’yan gudun hijira Bajamushe waɗanda su ne ma’abocin ɗakin karatu da yake ba da jawabi game da yadda yake son aikinsu ya ƙarfafa shi ya ci gaba da daukar hoto. &quot;Sun gaya mani ya kamata in yi wani abu mai ban sha'awa da rayuwata - kamar daukar hoto&quot;.  Daga baya ya yi aiki a cikin dakin duhu a Stone-Wright Studio sannan ya zama mataimaki ga ɗaya daga cikin masu ɗaukar hoto na cikin gida. Wannan ya biyo bayan zama mai daukar hoto a Lawrence Studios- inda ya dauki hotunan hotunan da masu zane-zane suka tsara wadanda za su yi amfani da aikinsa a matsayin tushen misalai na su a cikin mujallu irin su ''Labarin Gaskiya'', &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwJQ&quot;&gt;Cosmopolitan&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; da ''Romance'' .

Maimakon jira a tsara shi, a cikin shekarar 1942 ya ba da kansa ga [[United States Army Air Corps|Air Corps]] a matsayin mai daukar hoto na sararin samaniya, yana haɓaka fim ɗin da aka ɗauka daga jirgin sama don tantance nasarar da suke yi na tashin bom.  A ƙarshen yaƙin an sake tura shi zuwa Faransa inda ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ɗaukar hoto na tallata sojoji.

== ƙungiyar Hotuna ==
Bayan ya koma Amurka, Kattelson ya shiga ƙungiyar daukar hoto kuma ya yi karatu a karkashin Sid Grossman da Paul Strand kuma daga baya ya shiga cikin Hans Hofmann School of Art.  An wakilta aikinsa a cikin ainihin 'Wannan shine Hotunan Hotuna' nuni na shekara ta 1948 da nunin 'Sabbin Ma'aikata' na 1949. Ya koyar da darussa na Basic Technique da Advanced Technique a 1949 da 1950 bi da bi. Ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na zartarwa kuma malami a ƙungiyar Hoto har sai da ta wargaje a cikin 1951 a lokacin Red Scare bayan an ayyana shi &quot;mai tada zaune tsaye&quot; da kuma gaba ga Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci.  Ƙungiyar, duk da cewa ba ta da alaka da Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci, asalin sunan ta Ma'aikata Film da Photo League kuma ta samo asali ne a Turai a matsayin &quot;Ma'aikata a matsayin masu daukar hoto&quot; kuma ta ƙidaya a cikin membobinta da yawa waɗanda suka kasance masu ci gaba a zamantakewa da siyasa. Kamar yadda Kattelson ya bayyana, &quot;Muna ƙoƙarin yin irin hotunan da ya sa mutane na gaske a cikin hotuna. Ko ta yaya, an dauke shi mai tsattsauran ra'ayi.&quot;  Ra'ayin siyasar ƙungiyar bai taba damunsa ba. &quot;Ina ƙoƙarin nuna wa duniya abin da yake.&quot;  Bayan wargaza League, Kattelson ya kasance kusa da Grossman kuma ya daidaita shi kuma ya buga carros don littafin Grossman na 1959 na Journey zuwa Cape. 

== Daga baya aiki ==
Daga shekarar 1953 zuwa 1955 Kattelson ya yi aiki a matsayin mai daukar hoto na zamani don Glamour da Fashion and Travel inda kwarewarsa a kan ɗaukar hoto ya kai shi zama daya daga cikin na farko da ya yi amfani da kyamarar 35mm don ɗaukar hoto a cikin saitunan birane na waje. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Photographer Sy Kattelson |url=http://rainakattelson.blogspot.com/2011/02/photographer-sy-kattelson.html |access-date=29 November 2018 |website=rainakattelson.blogspot.com }}{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Abubuwan da ke damun zamantakewa na Photo League sun tasiri dangantakarsa da daukar hoto. &quot;Mu 'yan jarida ne masu daukar hoto, idan na yi wani salon da ake yada wa mujallar kuma na kama wasu baƙaƙen fata a bangon hoto, za su shafe wannan kafin a fito da mujallar. Ina tsammanin ra'ayin shine a yi imani da cewa ba sa zama baƙar fata kuma mu mutanen da ke cikin Ƙungiyar mun yarda da abin da muke yi. Hotuna suna nufin wani abu a gare mu. &quot; 

A cikin shekarar 1954 Kattelson ya ɗauki hoton bikin Newport Jazz na farko. A cikin 1958 ya zama ƙwararren ƙwararren ɗakin duhu kuma manaja a babban ɗakin binciken launi na kasuwanci. A cikin shekarar 1961 ya koma Woodstock, NY inda ya kafa Cinema titin Tinker, a lokacin daya daga cikin 'yan silima na gidan fasaha a wajen wani babban yanki na birni.  A cikin 1980s, ya koma daukar hoto, yana samar da hotuna da suka ci gaba da jigogi na aikinsa na farko yayin da yake ɗaukar kuzarin rayuwar birni ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa da bayyanawa da yawa .   Witkin Gallery ne ya wakilce shi kuma, tun 1992, ta Howard Greenberg Gallery a New York.

== Hotuna ==
Duk da yake ba shi kaɗai ba ne kawai, Hotunan Kattelson sukan yi amfani da lissafi na gine-ginen birane ko kuma nunin faifai da yawa na kantuna ko tagogin jirgin karkashin ƙasa don ƙirƙirar saiti masu yawa don fitattun hotunansa. Aikin nasa daga baya yana amfani da triptychs ko fallasa da yawa don ɗaukar ma'anar kuzarin rayuwar birni. Mutanen da ke cikin hotunan nasa, waɗanda galibi ana shaida su a tsaka-tsaki, wasu lokuta kuma cikin makoki ko takurewar alaka da juna, ana yi musu mu'amala ta hanyar rashin jin dadi da ke nuna halinsu na daidaikun mutane da kuma boye sunansu a babban birni. Vivien Raynor, a rubuce a cikin New York Times ya ce, &quot;Rauni na Mista Kattelson - idan za a iya kira haka - shi ne girmama baƙon da ya ɗauka ... Ba a taɓa jin kasancewarsa ba, amma bincikensa mai jinƙai yana ko'ina.&quot; 

== Carbros ==
A cikin ƙarshen shekarar 1950s da farkon 1960s, Kattelson ya ƙware sosai kuma kusan manta dabarar sarrafa launi na Carbro ko Carbon wanda ke yin amfani da nau'ikan emulsion da yawa don ƙirƙirar cikakkun hotuna masu launi. Dabarar, ta yadda kowane bugu yana haɗuwa cikin kwanaki da yawa daga cikin nau'ikan emulsion da aka haɓaka daban-daban, kwanakin daga shekarun 1870 zuwa 1930 sun faɗi ƙasa da amfani tare da zuwan bugu na canja wuri.  Carbos na Kattelson, wanda aka yi daga hotunan da aka ɗauka a NYC da Mexico, an buga su ne a asali akan kyallen gelatin da ya samu daga cikin haja na ƙarshe da Kamfanin McGraw Colorgraph Company ya kera a California, wani reshen Kamfanin Milk na Carnation. Lokacin da McGraw ya daina samarwa daga ƙarshe ya sami damar samun kayan aiki daga wani kamfani na musamman da ke Jamus. Kwafin Carbro, waɗanda kaɗan ne daga cikinsu, suna da yawan launi na zanen gouache kuma suna da tsayin daka, tsarin launi na kayan tarihi.

== Tari ==
Hotunan Kattelson sun haɗa a cikin tarin kayan tarihi na fasaha na zamani, National Portrait Gallery, The Museum of Fine Arts in [[Houston]] [[Texas]], The Art Institute of Chicago, New York Transit Museum, [[Jewish Museum (New York)|The Yahudawa Museum of New York]], Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture, The National Gallery of Canada and The Musee d'Art Moderne, France, Saint Etienne. Hotonsa na 1948 na [[Asa Philip Randolph]], wanda aka ɗauka a lokacin yaƙin rashin biyayya na Randolph don ɓata rundunar sojojin ƙasa, an nuna shi a cikin tafiye-tafiye na 'Yancin Jama'a Nuna ''Bari Takenku Ya Kasance Resistance''.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* Yanar Gizo na Sy Kattelson [http://www.sykattelson.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240924185826/https://sykattelson.com/ |date=2024-09-24 }}
* Howard Greenberg Gallery (danna kan 'Masu fasaha' sannan 'Jerin Haruffa' gungurawa zuwa Sy Kattelson) * [http://www.howardgreenberg.com/flash.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522044817/http://www.howardgreenberg.com/flash.html |date=2011-05-22 }}
* Bari Takenku Ya Kasance Juriya- Hoto Asa Philip Randolph * [https://www.si.edu/es/object/npg_NPG.87.46]
* Ina Muka dosa Daga Nan? Kungiyar Hoto da Gadonsa 1936–2006 [http://www.nypl.org/research/chss/spe/art/photo/league/index.html]
* Kungiyar Hotuna [https://stories.thejewishmuseum.org/new-yorks-photo-league-black-lives-mattered-before-it-was-a-movement-44e7ed22243a] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240912220423/https://stories.thejewishmuseum.org/new-yorks-photo-league-black-lives-mattered-before-it-was-a-movement-44e7ed22243a |date=2024-09-12 }}
* Madadin Hotuna- Fitar Carbon- [http://www.alternativephotography.com/wp/processes/carbon-carbro/carbon-print-process]
* Buga Carbon- [http://www.bostick-sullivan.com/]

== Kara karantawa ==

* Evans, Katarina. Photo League a 75. CreateSpace (2010) 
* Wilkes, Ann; da al. Wannan Shine Ƙungiyar Hoto: Tausayi da Kyamara daga Bacin rai zuwa Yaƙin Yakin. Stephen Daiter Gallery (2001) ASIN: B001MV0QXM
* VanArragon, Elizabeth. Ƙungiyar Hoto: Ra'ayoyin Rayuwar Birane a cikin 1930s da 1940s. LAP Lambert Buga Ilimi (2009) 
* Bezner, Lili Corbus. Hotuna da Siyasa a Amurka: Daga Sabuwar Yarjejeniyar zuwa Yakin Cold. Jami'ar Johns Hopkins Press (1999) 
* Nadeau, Luis. Tarihi da Ayyukan Ayyukan Carbon. Atelier Luis Nadeau (1983) ASIN: B003EU6REG
* Sullivan, Dik. Littafin Bostick &amp; Sullivan na Buga Carbon Na Zamani. The Bostick &amp; Sullivan Press Santa Fe, New Mexico (2007)
* Klein, Mason da Evans, Catherine. Kyamarar Radical: Ƙungiyar Hoto ta New York, 1936-1951 
[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2018]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1923]]</text>
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    <title>Stelio Savante</title>
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      <text bytes="22975" sha1="a4vvbjou6zrccfx5znhgr906ovudmnk" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Stelio Savante''' ya kasance ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na [[Afirka ta Kudu]] &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;tvovermind.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 August 2018 |title=10 Things You Don't Know About Stelio Savante |url=https://www.tvovermind.com/stelio-savante/}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;sapeople.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 March 2023 |title=Stelio Savante on making it in Hollywood and the SA circle in LA that helps 'mekaar' |url=https://www.sapeople.com/2023/03/13/stelio-savante-on-becoming-a-hollywood-star-and-the-sa-circle-in-la-that-helps-mekaar/}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Actor &amp; Producer Stelio Savante on His Part-Greek Heritage and Career in Films |url=https://www.thenationalherald.com/archive_arts_literature_usa/arthro/actor_producer_stelio_savante_on_his_part_greek_heritage_and_career_in_films-2435435/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025180111/https://www.thenationalherald.com/archive_arts_literature_usa/arthro/actor_producer_stelio_savante_on_his_part_greek_heritage_and_career_in_films-2435435/ |archive-date=25 October 2021 |access-date=25 October 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda ya fito a fina-finai 140, jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin da wasannin bidiyo a cikin shekaru talatin da suka gabata. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Actor Producer Stelio Savante Boosts a Deeply Challenged Tide of South African Actors to Hollywood - Expat Achievements - Inspirations - SABLE Accelerator Network |url=https://www.sablenetwork.com/inspirations/advancements-achievements/actor-producer-stelio-savante-boosts-a-deeply-challenged-tide-of-south-african-actors-to-hollywood}}&lt;/ref&gt; An san shi da matsayinsa na ɗan jaridar [[Afirka ta Kudu]] / Isra'ila kuma wakilin Mossad na ɓoye a gaban Jim Caviezel da Claudia Karvan a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na siyasa Infidel, magajin gari na Portugal a gaban Matt Dillon a cikin wasan kwaikwayon Hawaiian Running for Grace, ƙaramin mataimakin gari kai tsaye a gaban Anne Heche, a cikin fim dinta na ƙarshe a cikin noir What Remains, da kuma ɗan sanda mara kyau a cikin wasan motsa jiki na Afirka ta Kudu Colors of Heaven .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=SAG Nominee Stelio Savante Signs with Eris Talent Agency |url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/los-angeles/article/SAG-Nominee-Stelio-Savante-Signs-With-Eris-Talent-Agency-20221112}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 2007 ya zama namiji na farko da aka haifa a Afirka ta Kudu wanda aka ba da lambar yabo (Best Ensemble in a Comedy) saboda rawar da ya taka a Ugly Betty &lt;ref name=&quot;tvovermind.com&quot; /&gt; sannan ya taka rawa a fina-finai na studio My Super Ex-Girlfriend da Starship Troopers 3: Marauder . An kuma san shi da matsayin Musa a cikin jerin Littafi Mai-Tsarki The Chosen, da kuma muryar Ajax a cikin shahararrun wasannin bidiyo Call of Duty: Black Ops 4 da Call of Duty.

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
Wani Capetonian na Girkanci, Italiyanci, [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]], Ashkenazi, da zuriyar Anatolian,  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stelio Savante |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0767445/bio?ref_=nm_ov_bio_sm |website=[[IMDb]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet|user=StelioSavante}}&lt;/ref&gt; kakansa direban tsere ne wanda ya sanya kuma ya lashe lambobin yabo a 1955 Monte Carlo Rally &lt;ref name=&quot;tvovermind.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 August 2018|title=10 Things You Don't Know About Stelio Savante|url=https://www.tvovermind.com/stelio-savante/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya yi karatu sosai a yaren Afrikaans da Girkanci, ya kammala karatu daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Camps Bay, ya yi hijira daga [[Afirka ta Kudu]] zuwa Amurka lokacin da Jami'ar West Alabama ta ba shi tallafin wasan tennis na fadin duniya.

== Ayyuka ==
Bayan shekaru ashirin na gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kwangila na Lort a New York, farkon lokacinsa na farko ya zo a Law &amp; Order: Special Victims Unit a matsayin mai tsattsauran ra'ayi na [[Bosnia da Herzegovina|Bosnian]]-[[Musulmi]]. Wanda ya lashe Kyautar Kwalejin Juan Jose Campanella kuma ya fito da [[Bradley Cooper]], an zabi wannan labarin don [[Emmy Awards|Emmy]]. An sake maimaita shi a matsayin Steve a kan Ugly Betty, wanda [[Salma hayek|Salma Hayek]] ya samar.&lt;ref name=&quot;news24&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ottermann |first=Birgit |date=17 July 2007 |title=Ugly Betty with a Stelio twist |url=http://www.news24.com/Entertainment/CelebNews/Ugly-Betty-with-a-Stelio-twist-20070717 |access-date=20 July 2014 |website=[[News24 (website)|News24]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya zama namiji na farko na Afirka ta Kudu da ya karbi gabatarwa na Screen Actor's Guild tare da jagorancin da aka jefa a shekara ta 2007.&lt;ref name=&quot;SAGAwards.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The 13th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards |url=http://www.sagawards.org/awards/nominees-and-recipients/13th-annual-screen-actors-guild-awards |access-date=20 July 2014 |website=SAGAwards.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Har ila yau, ya sake dawowa a My Own Worst Enemy, tare da ƙarin rawar baƙo a cikin J. J. Abrams' Undercovers a gaban Gugu Mbatha-Raw, The Suite Life on Deck, Person of Interest a gaban Jim Caviezel, Ba tare da Trace a gaban [[Marianne Jean-Baptiste]] da Ivana Milicevic ba, Breakout Kings a gaban Jimmi Simpson, da ''NCIS''. Kazalika a cikin jerin HBO Togetherness wanda Mark Duplass da Jay Duplass suka jagoranta, a cikin The Chosen by Dallas Jenkins da kuma a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen Captain Fall .

Ƙarin ƙididdigar talabijin sun haɗa da ''FBI'', Law &amp; Order: Criminal Intent a gaban Annabella Sciorra, The ''Sopranos'', a matsayin Dan 'Schaffy' Schaffner a cikin matukin jirgi na Jim Breuer Pulp Comics a Comedy Central kuma yana maimaitawa a matsayin Antonio a ''Late Night tare da Conan O'Brien'' . Ya nuna Joe Masseria a cikin ƙaramin jerin The Making of the Mob: New York don AMC da David Sarnoff a cikin American Genius don National Geographic . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gary |first=Collinson |date=29 May 2015 |title=FLICKERING MYTH INTERVIEW: Interview: Stelio Savante talks about The Making of the Mob and American Genius |url=http://www.flickeringmyth.com/2015/05/interview-stelio-savante-talks-about-the-making-of-the-mob-and-american-genius.html |access-date=20 June 2015 |website=flickeringmyth.com]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tauraruwa kai tsaye a gaban Anne Heche a cikin What Remains wanda Nathan Scoggins ya jagoranta, a gaban Matt Dillon da Jim Caviezel a cikin Running for Grace wanda David L. Cunningham ya jagorantar, kuma a gaban Michael Beach da George Blagden a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya No Postage Necessary . An jefa shi a gaban Jim Caviezel a karo na uku, kuma yana aiki kai tsaye a gaban Claudia Karvan a cikin fim din siyasa na Cyrus Nowrasteh mai suna Infidel wanda Cloudburst da MGM suka fitar. Ƙarin ƙididdigar fim sun haɗa da Twentieth Century Fox's My Super Ex-Girlfriend wanda Ivan Reitman ya jagoranta, tare da Anna Faris, Eddie Izzard, Uma Thurman, da Rainn Wilson, da kuma Ron Howard's Academy Award winner A Beautiful Mind a gaban Russell Crowe. Tare da manyan matsayi a cikin Sony Pictures Entertainment Starship Troopers 3: Marauder wanda aka zaba ta hanyar kyautar Kwalejin David Lancaster, wanda ya lashe kyautar Movieguide What If, da kuma jagorancin Isaach De Bankole da Juliet Landau a cikin [[Rudolf Buitendach]]'s Where the Road Runs Out, fasalin farko da aka yi fim a [[Gini Ikwatoriya|Equatorial Guinea]], wanda ya sami lambar yabo ta Mafi Kyawun Labari a 2014 San Diego Film Festival da Black Reel Award for Outstanding World Cinema a 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 June 2013 |title=Capetonian Actor Headlines History-Making African Film |url=http://www.sapeople.com/2013/06/05/cape-town-actor-headlines-history-african-film-427/ |access-date=20 July 2014 |website=[[sapeople.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Equatorial Guinea-Set 'Where The Road Runs Out' Dominates San Diego Film Festival Awards |url=http://blogs.indiewire.com/shadowandact/equatorial-guinea-set-where-the-road-runs-out-dominates-san-diego-film-festival-awards-20140929 |access-date=29 September 2014 |website=[[Indiewire.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Har ila yau ta fito a cikin Peter Greenaway's Eisenstein a Guanajuato wanda aka zaba don Golden Bear a bikin fina-finai na duniya na Berlin na 2015.,  da kuma fim din fataucin jima'i Selling Isobel, wanda ya lashe bikin fina-finai na Raindance; 'Indie Award' a shekarar 2016.&lt;ref name=&quot;hey&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=&lt;!-- Staff --&gt; |date=28 March 2014 |title=The HeyUGuys Interview: Stelio Savante on Peter Greenaway's Eisenstein, and his career |url=http://www.heyuguys.com/heyuguys-interview-stelio-savante/ |access-date=20 July 2014 |website=HeyUGuys.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kuma bayyana rawar Ajax a Call of Duty: Black Ops 4.

Ya sami kyakkyawan bita saboda rawar da ya taka a cikin fasalin A Million Colours, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 August 2012 |title=SPL!NG Movie Review: A Million Colours |url=http://www.2oceansvibe.com/2012/08/08/spling-movie-review-a-million-colours/ |access-date=20 July 2014 |website=2oceansvibe.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 June 2014 |title=Hey You Guys Movie Review: A Million Colours Review |url=http://www.heyuguys.com/a-million-colours-review/ |access-date=20 July 2014 |website=heyyouguys.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=True Colours Movie Review: A Million Colours Review |url=http://www.bizcommunity.com/Article/196/431/74346.html |access-date=20 July 2014 |website=bizommunity.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda aka nuna a bikin fina-finai na duniya na Montreal, bikin fina-fukkin Pan African, bikin fina'in Atlantic, kuma an ba shi lambar yabo ta fina-fukkuna da talabijin ta Afirka ta Kudu.

Kyautar gidan wasan kwaikwayo sun haɗa da matsayi na farko a cikin Amurka da New York 'Yan wasan kwaikwayo na Arnie Sieren wanda ya lashe kyautar Belgian, My Blackie, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Belgium Jean-Yves Picq's The Case Of Kaspar Meyer, ɗan wasan Jamus Roland Schimmelpfennig's Arabian Night wanda Trip Cullman ya jagoranta, Dan Gordon's Murder in the First wanda tsohon dan wasan kwaikwayo na American Theatre Wing Michael Parva ya jagorantar, da Mortal Coils wanda ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Ed Setrakian ya jagorant.

== Fim da Wasanni da aka samar ==
Savante ya samar kuma ya yi aiki a cikin rawar da ake takawa a kan fina-finai kamar No Postage Necessary, Official Selection of the Heartland Film Festival tare da George Blagden da Michael Beach, suna yin tarihi a matsayin fim na farko da aka saki ta hanyar fasahar blockchain ta amfani da [[cryptocurrency]] a matsayin biyan kuɗi, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=March 21, 2018 |title=Blockchain Media Biz |url=https://variety.com/2018/digital/news/blockchain-media-biz-1202729303/ |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma wasan kwaikwayo Selling Isobel tare da Lew Temple, da Alyson Stoner, wanda ya lashe bikin fim din Raindance na 2016, wanda Gravitas Ventures ya fitar.

Don tunawa da cika shekaru goma na ''[[September 11 attacks|Hare-haren Satumba 11]]'' Stelio ya samar kuma ya yi 110 Stories Celebrity Benefit Performances tare da Katie Holmes, Samuel L. Jackson, Melissa Leo, Cynthia Nixon, da Jeremy Piven. &lt;ref name=&quot;Gans&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gans |first=Andrew |date=8 September 2011 |title=Benefit Reading of 110 Stories, With Billy Crudup, Samuel L. Jackson, Kathleen Turner, Presented Sept. 8–9 |url=http://www.playbill.com/news/article/154318-Benefit-Reading-of-110-Stories-With-Billy-Crudup-Samuel-L-Jackson-Kathleen-Turner-Presented-Sept-8-9 |access-date=20 July 2014 |website=[[Playbill]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; a Cibiyar Skirball don Ayyukan Ayyuka a NYU. Gregory Mosher ne ya ba da umarnin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Playbill&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gans |first=Andrew |date=8 September 2011 |title=Benefit Reading of 110 Stories, With Billy Crudup, Samuel L. Jackson, Kathleen Turner, Presented Sept. 8–9 |url=http://www.playbill.com/news/article/154318-Benefit-Reading-of-110-Stories-With-Billy-Crudup-Samuel-L-Jackson-Kathleen-Turner-Presented-Sept-8-9 |access-date=20 July 2014 |website=[[Playbill]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;deadline&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Fleming |first=Mike |date=22 July 2011 |title=Stars Turn Out For 9/11 Reading |url=https://deadline.com/2011/07/stars-turn-out-for-911-reading-149124/ |access-date=20 July 2014 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Savante ya bayyana ''Labarai 110'' a matsayin damar da za ta ba mutane rufewa game da hare-haren;  ya kasance a Birnin New York a lokacin hare-harun, kuma ya ambaci hakan a matsayin dalilin da ya sa ya samar da wasan. &lt;ref name=&quot;hey&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=&lt;!-- Staff --&gt; |date=11 September 2013 |title=110 Stories' Steven Bauer, Stelio Savante, Diane Venora, Rudolf Buitendach, Sarah Tuft Reflect on September 11 |url=http://www.playbill.com/news/article/181928-110-Stories-Steven-Bauer-Stelio-Savante-Diane-Venora-Rudolf-Buitendach-Sarah-Tuft-Reflect-on-September-11 |access-date=20 July 2014 |website=[[Playbill]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;A shekara ta 2010, ya kuma samar da kuma yin wasan kwaikwayo na farko na Los Angeles na 110 Stories Celebrity Benefit Performances a Geffen Playhouse,  tare da John Hawkes da Ed Asner wanda Mark Freiburger ya jagoranta. &lt;ref name=&quot;deadline&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 September 2011 |title=110 Stories Commemorates the 10th Anniversary of 9/11 |url=https://shine.yahoo.com/author-blog-posts/110-stories-commemorates-the-10th-anniversary-of-9-11-2543782.html |access-date=20 July 2014 |website=[[Yahoo! Shine]] }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Dukkanin kudaden da aka samu an ba da gudummawa ga [[Kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross da Red Crescent ta kasa da kasa|Red Cross]] Los Angeles a matsayin taimako ga [[Haiti]] bayan girgizar ƙasa. A cikin 2013, ya samar kuma ya yi ''Labarai 110'' a Ebony Rep a [[Los Angeles]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=&lt;!-- Staff --&gt; |date=11 September 2013 |title=110 Stories' Steven Bauer, Stelio Savante, Diane Venora, Rudolf Buitendach, Sarah Tuft Reflect on September 11 |url=http://www.playbill.com/news/article/181928-110-Stories-Steven-Bauer-Stelio-Savante-Diane-Venora-Rudolf-Buitendach-Sarah-Tuft-Reflect-on-September-11 |access-date=20 July 2014 |website=[[Playbill]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; An ba da gudummawar kuɗin ga Operation Gratitude . Kuma ya sake samarwa kuma ya yi ''Labarai 110'' a gaban Robert Forster da Mira Sorvino wanda malaminsa na wasan kwaikwayo [[Bill Alderson]] ya jagoranta a cikin 2016. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Photos: Robert Forster, Mira Sorvino and More Take Part in River Street's 110 STORIES Commemoration |url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/los-angeles/article/Photo-Flash-Robert-Forster-Mira-Sorvino-and-More-Take-Part-in-River-Streets-110-STORIES-Commemoration-20160921}}&lt;/ref&gt; A matsayinsa na marubucin wasan kwaikwayo, wasan kwaikwayonsa guda ɗaya Venom ya samar da kansa Off Broadway kuma an zabi shi a matsayin dan wasan karshe na bikin Love Creek na Samuel French.

Murya mai tsawo a kan mai zane, ƙididdigar wasansa na bidiyo sun haɗa da: Kira na Aiki: Black Ops 4 da Kira na Aikin Aiki: Mobile, Tom Clancy's Ghost Recon: Soja na gaba, Uncharted 3: Drake's Deception, Mass Effect 2, Army of Two: The 40th Day, rawar da ya taka a cikin wasan bidiyo na Red Alert 3, da Midnight Club.

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
An gano Savante da Cutar Celiac a cikin 2010 kuma ya zama mai ba da shawara ga wasu masu fama da cutar. Ya bayyana cewa cutar ta kai farmaki ga gabobin sa, gami da hanta. An kuma gano shi da Cutar thyroiditis ta Hashimoto a shekarar 2013.&lt;ref name=&quot;tvovermind.com&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=An Interview with Stelio Savante |url=http://www.gluten-free-america.com/interview-stelio-savante/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808065656/http://www.gluten-free-america.com/interview-stelio-savante/ |archive-date=8 August 2014 |access-date=20 July 2014 |website=GlutenFreeAmerica}}&lt;/ref&gt; Savante Kirista ne.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 June 2021 |title=Hollywood Actor Shares How He Came to Christ and How It Impacts His Roles |url=https://www.movieguide.org/news-articles/hollywood-actor-shares-how-he-came-to-christ-and-how-it-impacts-his-roles.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Shekara
!Kyaututtuka
!Sashe
!Ayyuka
!Sakamakon
|-
|2007
|Kyautar 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na allo
|Kyakkyawan Ayyuka ta Ƙungiya a cikin jerin Comedy
|''Betty mai banƙyama''| {{Nom}}
|-
|2014
|Bikin Fim na San Diego
|Mafi kyawun Bayani (wanda aka raba tare da Rudolf Buitendach) 
|''Inda Hanyar ta Tsaya''| {{Won}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |2015
|Bikin Fim na Duniya na Berlin
|Kyautar Masu sauraro ta Teddy Ballot Volkswagen
|''Eisenstein a cikin Guanajuato''| {{Nom}}
|-
|Kyautar gajeren fim din SOFIE
|Mafi kyawun Actor a cikin gajeren fim
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |''Da zarar Mun kasance bayi''| {{Won}}
|-
|Kyautar Fim ta Amurka
|Mafi kyawun Actor | {{Won}}
|-
|Bikin Fim na Kasa da Kasa na Bare Bones
|Mafi kyawun Actor a cikin gajeren fim| {{Nom}}
|-
|[[Attic Film Festival|Bikin Fim na Attic]]
|Mafi kyawun Ayyukan Maza| {{Nom}}
|-
|[[Transforming Stories International Christian Film Festival|Bikin Fim na Kirista na Duniya]]
|Mafi kyawun Actor a cikin gajeren fim| {{Nom}}
|-
|2016
|Bikin Fim mai zaman kansa na Philadelphia
|Mafi kyawun Actor
|''Da zarar Mun kasance bayi''| {{Nom}}
|-
|2018
|Bikin Fim na Manhattan
|Mafi kyawun Wasan kwaikwayo na Comedy
|''Ruwa mai yawa''| {{Won}}
|-
|2021
|Bikin Fim na Manhattan
|Mafi kyawun fasalin tsoro
|''Inda ake nufi Marfa''| {{Won}}
|-
|2022
|Kyautar Kungiyar Fim ta Siyasa don Zaman Lafiya
|Fim mafi kyau
|''[[Pulled From Darkness|An cire shi daga Duhu]]''| {{Nom}}
|-
|2024
|Bikin Fim na Austin
|Kyautar Bayani
|''[[Summer Of Violence|Lokacin Rashin Rashin Rikici]]''| {{Nom}}
|-
|2024
|Bikin Fim na Downtown Los Angeles
|Hoton da ya fi dacewa
|''[[Summer Of Violence|Lokacin Rashin Rashin Rikici]]''| {{Won}}
|}

== Hotunan da aka zaɓa ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Shekara
!Shirin
!Matsayi
!Bayani
|-
|1995–1996
|''Late Night tare da Conan O'Brien''
|Antonio
|Abubuwa 2
|-
|1996
|''Kusa''
|Frankie
|
|-
|1998
|''Pulp Comics: Jim Breuer Show''
|Dan Schaffner
|1 Kashi na 1
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2000
|''Astoria''
|Nick
|Amurka da Girka Wasanni
|-
|''Sopranos''
|Gaetano Giarizzio
|1 Kashi: &quot;Full Leather Jacket&quot;
|-
|''Hasken Jagora''
|Mista Black
|Abubuwa 2
|-
|2001
|''Kyakkyawan Zuciya''
|Mai kula da Lab
|Fitarwa a Duniya
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2003
|''Dukan Yaranta''
|Mai Tsaro Makiyayi
|Abubuwa 7
|-
|''Kungiyar Tsakar dare ta II''
|Farko
|Wasan Bidiyo
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2005
|''Shari'a &amp;amp;amp; Hanyar: Manufar Laifi''
|Phil Bartoli
|1 Kashi: &quot;Ba a ɗaure shi ba&quot;
|-
|''Shari'a da Hanyar: Ƙungiyar Wadanda aka azabtar ta Musamman''
|Milan Zergin
|1 Kashi: &quot;Dare&quot;
|-
|2006
|''Tsohon budurwata''
|Leon
|Fitarwa a Duniya
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2007
|''NCIS''
|Danny Coyle
|1 Kashi: &quot;Requiem&quot;
|-
|''Betty mai banƙyama''
|Steve
|Sauye-sauye 8 Abubuwa&lt;br /&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |2008
|''Maƙiya mafi muni da kaina: Ka'idar Maƙaryaci''
|Oliver Chelovich / John Bentley
|Abubuwa 2
|-
|''Gudun daji''
|Antonio
|Fitarwa a Duniya
|-
|''Umurni &amp;amp;amp; Cin nasara: Red Alert 3''
|Sergei
|Wasan Bidiyo
|-
|''Sojojin Jirgin Sama 3: Marauder''
|&quot;Bull&quot; Brittles
|Bidiyo
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2009
|''Red Alert 3: Tashin hankali''
|Sergei
|Wasan Bidiyo
|-
|''Ba tare da Alamar ba''
|Dimitri Melvychenko
|1 Kashi: &quot;Heartbeats&quot;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |2010
|''Bayanan da ke tattare da shi''
|Hollis Kruger
|1 Kashi: &quot;Hotuna&quot;
|-
|''Tasirin Mass 2''
|Tsaro na Eclipse
|Bidiyo GameStolen Memory DLC&lt;br /&gt;
|-
|''Sojoji Biyu: Ranar 40''
|Ƙwararrun Rasha / Ƙwararrun Ra'ayi / SA Guard / SA Elite / SA Grunt
|Wasan Bidiyo
|-
|''[[A Million Colours|Launi Miliyan]]''
|Manjo Shawn Dixon
|Fitarwa a Duniya
|-
|''Rayuwa a kan Gidan Gida''
|Stefan
|1 episode: &quot;Rashin jituwa a Paris&quot;
|-
|''Menene Idan...''
|Joel
|Fitarwa a Duniya
|-
|''Neman Fata Yanzu''
|Ruben
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2011
|''Ba a Bayyana ba 3: Yaudarar Drake''
|Masu satar teku na Indiya / Harufi daban-daban
|Wasan Bidiyo
|-
|''[[A Million Colours|Launi Miliyan]]''
|Manjo Shawn Dixon
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2012
|''[[Where the Road Runs Out|Inda Hanyar ta Tsaya]]''
|Martin
|
|-
|''Tom Clancy's Ghost Recon: Soja na gaba''
|Ma'aikacin Najeriya / Ƙarin Muryoyi
|Wasan Bidiyo
|-
|''Sarakuna Masu Fitowa''
|Malko
|1 Kashi: &quot;Dubbi&quot;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |2013
|''Jimmy''
|Mista Laney
|
|-
|''Sayar da Isobel''
|Alfonso
|
|-
|''Ƙauyen Asirin''
|Joe
|
|-
|''Farkawa''
|Benny
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2014
|''Da zarar Mun kasance bayi''
|Da yawa
|
|-
|''Lokaci na Pacific''
|Marius Roos
|
|-
|''Mutumin da ke da sha'awa''
|Aris Zappo
|1 Kashi na 1
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |2015
|''Mai basira na Amurka''
|David Sarnoff
|
|-
|''Haɗin kai''
|Yanni
|Abubuwan da suka faru
|-
|''Eisenstein a cikin Guanajuato''
|Hunter S. Kimbrough
|
|-
|''Yin Jama'a: New York''
|Joe Masseria
|Abubuwa 2
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |2016
|''Hanyar Cassidy''
|Direban babbar mota
|
|-
|''Gidan 407''
|Alfonso
|
|-
|''Kafofin watsa labarai''
|Howard Boston
|Fim din Talabijin
|-
|''Kira na Aiki: Yaƙi marar iyaka''
|Ma'aikacin Ruwa
|Wasan Bidiyo
|-
|''Ba a san shi ba 4: Ƙarshen ɓarawo''
|Mai Sniper
|Wasan Bidiyo
|-
| rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |2017
|''Rashin amincewa''
|Eddie
|
|-
|''Jinin a cikin Ruwa''
|Marius Roos
|
|-
|''Karnukan Soja''
|Sheriff Bill
|
|-
|''Ba a Bayyana ba: Kyautar da ta ɓace''
|Ma'aikacin Ruwa
|Wasan Bidiyo
|-
|''Windsor''
|Pierre Gandy
|
|-
|''Pronoia''
|Jeff
|gajeren lokaci &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Pronoia |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt5516854/ |website=[[IMDb]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |2018
|''Gudun Godiya don Alheri''
|Mai girma
|Blue Fox, Netflix
|-
|''Kira na Aiki: Black Ops 4''
|Ajax
|Wasan Bidiyo
|-
|''Babu Bukatar Wasiku''
|Jami'in Ames
|
|-
|''Ci gaban da aka kama''
|&quot;Gator&quot;
|Abubuwan da suka faru
|-
|''Gidan Mutuwa''
|Dokta Roos
|
|-
|''Haves da Have Nots''
|Dino Malone
|Abubuwan da suka faru
|-
|''Uwargidan Tsabtacewa''
|Mika'ilu
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |2019
|''Bernie da Dolphin''
|Lokacin hunturu
|Lionsgate
|-
|''Ni ne Wannan Mutumin''
|Mai bincike Olsen
|Abin da ake bukata
|-
|''Saƙon (Camp Arrowhead) ''
|Gerald Walker
|Abin da ake bukata
|-
|''Motsi na Ido da Saurin''
|Steve Larabee
|Wasanni
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2020
|''Ɓarawo Mai tuba''
|Tiran
|Amazon, On Demand; kuma mai samarwa
|-
|''Wadanda aka zaba''
|Musa
|PeacockTV
|-
|''Baƙon Ƙarya''
|Pierre Barthes
|Cloudburst, Duniya
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2021
|''Kayan daji kadai''
|Lenny
|Wasanni, Saban, Paramount
|-
|''A karkashin Hasken Filin wasa''
|Mai gabatarwa
|Wasanni, Saban, Paramount
|-
|''Inda ake nufi Marfa''
|Vincent, Mai Hoto
|An sake shi akan DVD, Amazon, da Vudu
|-
| rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |2022
|[[Angry Neighbors (film)|Makwabta masu fushi]]
|Damenial Krento
|Lionsgate; kuma furodusa
|-
|Abin da ya rage
|Scott
|STARZ, Gravitas Ventures; kuma mai gabatar da zartarwa
|-
|[[Find Her (film)|Ka Sanya Ta]]
|Leonard mai farin ciki
|Gudanarwa; kuma furodusa
|-
|''Neman 'Yanci''
|Bedros
|Wasanni, PureFlix
|-
|''Blackwood''
|Henri
|Wasanni, SABAN
|-
|''Ƙarfin Ƙarfi''
|Cuco
|Gudanarwa, XYZ
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |2023
|''Kyaftin Fall''
|Butterfly Thug
|Netflix
|-
|''FBI''
|Fabian Shabani
|CBS
|-
|''Rashin fahimta''
|Mai bincike Russo
|Fitar da wasan kwaikwayo
|-
|''[[Mobking (film)|Taron jama'a]]''
|Babban Kudin
|Fitar da wasan kwaikwayo
|-
|2025
|''Man Saratu''| {{TBA}}
|Bayan samarwa
|}

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>a4vvbjou6zrccfx5znhgr906ovudmnk</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sonia Mbele</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>99147</id>
    <revision>
      <id>889953</id>
      <parentid>837625</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-01T05:04:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>13371</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>889953</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10852" sha1="tqgzh3alip9dxaxmia03cfhz16ho0te" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Sonia Mbele''' 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta [[Afirka ta Kudu]], &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sonia Mbele returns to TV screen |url=https://www.sowetanlive.co.za/entertainment/2021-07-23-sonia-mbele-returns-to-tv-screen/ |website=SowetanLIVE}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 20, 2021 |title=Seasoned Actress Sonia Mbele to star in hit Telenovela, DiepCity |url=https://www.thecallsheet.co.za/seasoned-actress-sonia-mbele-to-star-in-hit-telenovela-diepcity/ |website=Callsheet Africa |access-date=April 24, 2025 |archive-date=February 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207154803/https://www.thecallsheet.co.za/seasoned-actress-sonia-mbele-to-star-in-hit-telenovela-diepcity/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; samfurin, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=5 Of our favourite Sonia Mbele looks |url=https://www.glamour.co.za/fashion/celebrity-style/5-of-our-favourite-sonia-mbele-looks-e36bcf15-6c0d-4a95-b419-a65509420be3 |website=www.glamour.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; mai gabatar da talabijin kuma ɗan kasuwa. Ta samar da lambar yabo ta farko ta Real Housewives a Afirka, kuma ita ce mai gabatar da zartarwa ga Real Housewibes na Johannesburg.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=WATCH: Sonia Mbele spills the tea on 'The Real Housewives of Johannesburg' cast |url=https://www.msn.com/en-za/news/other/watch-sonia-mbele-spills-the-tea-on-the-real-housewives-of-johannesburg-cast/ar-AA14d4KE |website=MSN}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 20, 2022 |title=Sonia Mbele shares the genesis of the 'Real Housewives of Johannesburg' |url=https://yfmghana.com/sonia-mbele-shares-the-genesis-of-the-real-housewives-of-johannesburg/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haifi Sonia Mbele a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1976 a Natalspruit, Afirka ta Kudu . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 18, 2021 |title=Sonia Mbele Biography, Age, Husband, Movies &amp; Net Worth |url=https://ghanadmission.com/za/sonia-mbele/ |access-date=April 24, 2025 |archive-date=February 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207154758/https://ghanadmission.com/za/sonia-mbele/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Mbele ta fara aikinta a shekarar 1998 a matsayin jagora a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na SABC 2 wanda ake kira ''Phamokate'' kuma a shekarar 1999 an ba ta lambar yabo ta FNB Vita don Mafi Kyawun Sabon Actress. A shekara ta 2003, an jefa Mbele a cikin jerin sabulu na SABC 1 Generations ta hanyar da ta zama sananne a Afirka ta Kudu, ta taka rawar da ta taka a matsayin Ntombi Khumalo har zuwa shekara ta 2011.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sekudu |first=Bonolo |title=Sonia Mbele on her new reality show, her success and legacy |url=https://www.news24.com/drum/celebs/news/sonia-mbele-on-her-new-reality-show-her-success-and-legacy-20210211 |website=Drum}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 2009, Mbele ta lashe lambar yabo ta Golden Horn don 'yar wasan kwaikwayo mafi kyau a cikin sabulu na TV a lambar yabo ta fina-finai da talabijin ta Afirka ta Kudu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=SAFTAs 2009: All The Winners &amp;#124; News &amp;#124; TVSA |url=https://www.tvsa.co.za/user/blogs/viewblogpost.aspx?blogpostid=17299 |website=www.tvsa.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mbele ya zama baƙar fata na farko da aka kira fuskar Dark &amp; Lovely, Lux, da Sun-Silk a Afirka ta Kudu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sonia Mbele's LUX inspired Stories |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EOL487172C4 |via=www.youtube.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tleane |first=Lebo |date=April 11, 2018 |title=Sonia Sedibe Excited As She Joins The Lux Family Again |url=https://youthvillage.co.za/2018/04/sonia-sedibe-excited-as-she-joins-the-lux-family-again/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2018, Mbele ta kawo lambar yabo ta farko ta The Real Housewives zuwa Afirka wacce aka fara a Afirka ta Kudu a matsayin Real Housewibes of Johannesburg ta hanyar kamfaninta Sonia Mbele Films, &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 20, 2022 |title=Sonia Mbele shares the genesis of the 'Real Housewives of Johannesburg' |url=https://yfmghana.com/sonia-mbele-shares-the-genesis-of-the-real-housewives-of-johannesburg/}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://yfmghana.com/sonia-mbele-shares-the-genesis-of-the-real-housewives-of-johannesburg/ &quot;Sonia Mbele shares the genesis of the 'Real Housewives of Johannesburg'&quot;]. 20 April 2022.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; sannan a cikin 2021, ta kirkiro wani jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na gaskiya da ake kira Pastor's Wives for HONEY TV. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vilakazi |first=Andile &quot;FineSalt&quot; |date=July 31, 2021 |title=Meet the Pastors Wives on Honey TV |url=https://www.gospelcorneronline.com/meet-the-pastors-wives-on-honey-tv/ |access-date=April 24, 2025 |archive-date=September 9, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909154345/https://www.gospelcorneronline.com/meet-the-pastors-wives-on-honey-tv/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hotunan fina-finai ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Shekara
!Taken
!Matsayi
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; |Bayani
|-
|2001
|Mista Bones&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sonia Mbele - Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/celebrity/sonia_mbele |website=www.rottentomatoes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Thandie
|
|-
|2003
|Allah Ba'amurkiya ne &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Netflix Movies Starring Sonia Mbele |url=https://www.netflixmovies.com/s/actor/sonia-mbele |website=www.netflixmovies.com |access-date=2025-04-24 |archive-date=2023-02-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207163431/https://www.netflixmovies.com/s/actor/sonia-mbele |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|
|-
|2017
|Ganawa da Radebes &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Digital |first=Drum |title=PICTURES: How Sonia Mbele is slaying 2017 |url=https://www.news24.com/drum/news/pictures-how-sonia-mbele-is-slaying-2017-20170728 |website=Drum}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Sam
|Marubucin rubutun, furodusa
|-
|2019
|Masu Albarka  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 21, 2019 |title=MOVIE OF THE WEEK: 'Blessers' starring Kenneth Nkosi, Sonia Mbele, Connie Chiume &amp; more |url=https://www.yomzansi.com/2019/10/21/movie-of-the-week-blessers-kenneth-nkosi-sonia-mbele/ |website=YOMZANSI. Documenting THE CULTURE}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Blessers - ACI |url=https://aci-americancinema.com/screener/the-blessers |website=aci-americancinema.com |access-date=2025-04-24 |archive-date=2023-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230924013352/https://aci-americancinema.com/screener/the-blessers |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Michelle Zulu
|
|}

=== Talabijin ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Shekara
!Taken
!Matsayi
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; |Bayani
|-
|1998
|Phamokate
|
|SABC 2
|-
|2001
|Soul City &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Soul City Series 5 — Soul City Institute for Social Justice |url=https://www.soulcity.org.za/projects/soul-city-series/soul-city-series-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Dokta Ayanda Ngubane
|Lokaci na 5 da 6
|-
|2003-2011
|[[Generations (South African TV series)|Generations (jerin talabijin na Afirka ta Kudu)]] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mlauzi |first=Keith |date=December 11, 2020 |title='My ex forced me to do it' Sonia Mbele speaks on leaving Generations |url=https://tellyafrica.com/2020/12/11/my-ex-forced-me-to-do-it-sonia-mbele-speaks-on-leaving-generations/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Ntombi Khumalo &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tleane |first=Lebo |date=November 15, 2021 |title=&quot;Y'all Are Really Still Calling Me Ntombi?&quot; Sonia Mbele |url=https://youthvillage.co.za/2021/11/yall-are-really-still-calling-me-ntombi-sonia-mbele/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Lokacin 1 - 13, SABC 1
|-
|
|Yizo Yizo &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Yizo Yizo &amp;#124; Season 1 &amp;#124; TVSA |url=https://www.tvsa.co.za/shows/viewshowseasons.aspx?showId=1861&amp;season=1 |website=www.tvsa.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Yarinyar Zakes
|-
|2003
|Soul Buddyz
|Ayanda
|Lokaci na 2
|-
|2004
|Zero Tolerance
|Rosie
|Lokacin 1
|-
|2015
|Masu tono zinariya &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=SA |first=Entertainment |date=October 19, 2015 |title=Welcoming Sonia Sedibe on Gold Diggers |url=https://www.entertainmentsa.co.za/2015/10/19/welcoming-sonia-sedibe-on-gold-diggers/ |access-date=April 24, 2025 |archive-date=February 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207171305/https://www.entertainmentsa.co.za/2015/10/19/welcoming-sonia-sedibe-on-gold-diggers/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Thuli
|Lokacin 1
|-
|2016
|Yarjejeniyar &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=EL-born actor makes TV debut on 'The Alliance' |url=https://www.dispatchlive.co.za/news/2016-05-20-el-born-actor-makes-tv-debut-on-the-alliance/ |website=DispatchLIVE}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Lydia
|Lokacin 1
|-
|2016
|Ci gaba da Ci gaba &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sonia Mbele lands lead role in SABC2's 'Keeping Score' |url=http://www.theedgesearch.com/2016/10/sonia-mbele-lands-lead-role-in-sabc2s.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Mmamosa Letsie
|Lokacin 1
|-
|2016
|Haɗuwa &amp; Sha'awa &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nkosi |first=Joseph |date=January 25, 2023 |title=Greed and Desire Cast &amp; Crew - The Nation |url=https://thenation.co.za/cast/greed-and-desire-cast-crew/ |access-date=April 24, 2025 |archive-date=February 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207172752/https://thenation.co.za/cast/greed-and-desire-cast-crew/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Talebi
|Lokacin 1
|-
|2017
|Sabulu a kan igiya 
|Tuki Ramphele
|Lokacin 1
|-
|2017
|Lamba mai lamba &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Showmax |url=https://www.showmax.com/v1.0/default/eng |website=www.showmax.com |access-date=2025-04-24 |archive-date=2023-06-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605031404/https://www.showmax.com/v1.0/default/eng |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Philane
|Lokacin 1
|-
|2018
|Mai yaudara &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=the-Imposter |url=https://www.seriti.tv/television/the-imposter/ |access-date=2025-04-24 |archive-date=2025-03-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250320043608/https://www.seriti.tv/television/the-imposter/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Babban Daddy
|Lokaci na 2
|-
|2020
|Asirin Iyali &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Carter |first=Logan |date=September 9, 2020 |title=Trouble At, Family Secrets As Actors Sonia Mbele, Menzi Ngubane And Others Go Unpaid. |url=https://www.sarichandfamous.com/2020/09/09/trouble-at-family-secrets-as-actors-sonia-mbele-menzi-ngubane-and-others-go-unpaid/ }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Cleopatra Mokwena
|Lokacin 1
|-
|2021
|DiepCity &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Selisho |first=Kaunda |date=July 20, 2021 |title=All about Sonia Mbele's spicy new DiepCity role |url=https://www.citizen.co.za/entertainment/tv/sonia-mbele-joins-diepcity-cast/ |website=The Citizen}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Zola
|Lokacin 1
|-
|2022
|Blood &amp;amp;amp; Water (jerin talabijin na Afirka ta Kudu) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Naidoo |first=Alicia |date=November 21, 2022 |title='Blood &amp; Water' season three 'villain': Q&amp;A with Sonia Mbele |url=https://www.thesouthafrican.com/culture/entertainment/blood-water-season-three-villain-qa-with-sonia-mbele-21-november-2022/ |website=The South African}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Lisbeth Molapo
|Lokaci na 3
|}

== Haɗin waje ==

* {{IMDb name|1573606}}

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1976]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>tqgzh3alip9dxaxmia03cfhz16ho0te</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Stecia Mayanja</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>99212</id>
    <revision>
      <id>889966</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-08-01T05:45:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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        <id>13371</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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{{Databox}}

'''Stecia Mayanja''' ta auri Abbas Mubiru, wanda ke aiki a [[Dubai (birni)|Dubai]]. Koba yanshi, daga baya ta kasance cikin dangantaka ta kusa da sabon manajanta a ƙungiyar Golden da ake kira Bashir Bogere. Mayanja, [[Ɗan wasa|'yar wasan kwaikwayo]] ce ta [[Uganda]], kuma mawaƙiya, an haɗa ta da Golden Band . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stecia; Bio |url=https://popnable.com/uganda/artists/26307-stecia-mayanja/biography-and-facts }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bio |url=https://celebpatrol.com/stecia-mayanja-biography-her-profile-and-everything-you-need-to-know/ |access-date=2025-04-26 |archive-date=2022-12-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206152348/https://celebpatrol.com/stecia-mayanja-biography-her-profile-and-everything-you-need-to-know/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Mayanja tana raira waƙa a cikin LUganda da [[Turanci]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ta kasance a cikin Eagles Production Band kafin ta zama Golden Band, daga baya ta rabu da Golden Band.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-09-07 |title=Pressure, Selfish Management Force Stecia Mayanja to Quit Golden Band - SoftPower News |url=https://softpower.ug/pressure-selfish-management-force-stecia-mayanja-to-quit-golden-band/ |access-date=2022-03-27 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; An kuma san ta da suna '''Faridah''' .

== Ayyuka ==
Tana da waƙoƙi kamar Equalizer, Game Over, da Kawompo, tana neman aikin kiɗa na solo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt; Mayanja kuma [[Ɗan wasa|'yar wasan kwaikwayo]] ce wacce ta fito a cikin The Honourables (2017) kuma tana aiki a cikin jerin yanar gizo Stecia da House Girl . &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Rayuwar Farko ==
Mayanja ta auri Abbas Mubiru, wanda ke aiki a Dubai.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 September 2018 |title=Personal life:Stecia Mayanja |url=https://newslexpoint.com/stecia-mayanja-aired-former-husband/ |access-date=26 April 2025 |archive-date=6 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206152353/https://newslexpoint.com/stecia-mayanja-aired-former-husband/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Koyaya, daga baya ta kasance cikin dangantaka ta kusa da sabon manajanta a ƙungiyar Golden da ake kira Bashir Bogere . Abin takaici, ta sami matsala tare da daraktocin ƙungiyar waɗanda suka nuna ƙarancin sha'awar ayyukanta na ɗan lokaci mai kyau.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-07-03 |title=I wasn't bewitched by Stecia - Carol Nantongo |url=https://www.pulse.ug/entertainment/celebrities/i-wasnt-bewitched-by-stecia-carol-nantongo/wzjgnlx |access-date=2023-08-07 |website=Pulse Uganda |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayanan da aka yi ==

=== Album ===

* Kantinti &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kantinti |url=https://www.google.com/search?q=Stecia+Mayanja+Kantinti&amp;stick=H4sIAAAAAAAAAOPgE-LVT9c3NEwqiTcxSirKVoJwi5LTy8rKioy0xLOTrfRzS4szk_UTi0oyi0usEnOSSnOLF7GKB5ekJmcmKvgmVibmZSUqeCfmlWQC0QQ2RgCMY_5zVgAAAA}}&lt;/ref&gt; (1930, EP) 
* Mulamuzi  (2015) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stecia |url=https://www.google.com/search?q=Stecia+Mayanja+Mulamuzi&amp;stick=H4sIAAAAAAAAAOPgE-LVT9c3NEwqiTcxSirKVoJyzeOL06viy7XEs5Ot9HNLizOT9ROLSjKLS6wSc5JKc4sXsYoHl6QmZyYq-CZWJuZlAenSnMTc0qrMCWyMAPYc8YdWAAAA}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Wafuka Mulamuzi  (2015) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Wafuka Mulamuzi |url=https://www.google.com/search?q=Stecia+Mayanja+Wafuuka+Mulamuzi&amp;stick=H4sIAAAAAAAAAOPgE-LVT9c3NEwqiTcxSirKVoJyzeNLyiwMc7XEs5Ot9HNLizOT9ROLSjKLS6wSc5JKc4sXscoHl6QmZyYq-CZWJuZlJSqEJ6aVlmYD-aU5ibmlVZkT2BgBAfJ5mF4AAAA}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Hoto  (2016) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Figure |url=https://www.google.com/search?q=Stecia+Mayanja+Figure&amp;stick=H4sIAAAAAAAAAOPgE-LVT9c3NEwqiTcxSirKVoJyqyrjDc3zzLXEs5Ot9HNLizOT9ROLSjKLS6wSc5JKc4sXsYoGl6QmZyYq-CZWJuZlJSq4ZaaXFqVOYGMEAOdcFNZUAAAA}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Alintwala  (2022) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Alintwala |url=https://www.google.com/search?q=Stecia+Mayanja+Alintwala&amp;stick=H4sIAAAAAAAAAOPgE-LVT9c3NEwqiTcxSirKVoJwi_LMi_OK8nK0xLOTrfRzS4szk_UTi0oyi0usEnOSSnOLF7FKBJekJmcmKvgmVibmZSUqOOZk5pWUJ-YkTmBjBAB-6VQ7VwAAAA}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1. Kantinti

2. Daidaitawa

3. Kawompo

4. Rashin ƙarfi

5. Mwami wange

6. Sisuubila

8. Ekilango

9. Mutima

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Stacy Hardy</title>
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{| class=&quot;infobox biography vcard&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-above&quot; style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot; |&lt;div class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;Stacy Hardy&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-image&quot; |[[File:Stacy_Hardy_at_Festivaletteratura_2010.jpg|frameless]]&lt;div class=&quot;infobox-caption&quot;&gt;Stacy Hardy a Festivaletteratura 2010&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Ƙasar
| class=&quot;infobox-data category&quot; |Afirka ta Kudu
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |An san shi da&amp;nbsp;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Marubuci
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;Ayyuka masu ban sha'awa&lt;/span&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Saboda Dare, Archaeology of Holes
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Kyaututtuka
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Mafi kyawun Fim na gwaji 2006 a bikin Chileno Internacional del Cortometraje na Santiago Brittle Kyautar takarda don Fiction 2018, [[Fedora|Kyautar Fedora]] don Opera 2020
|}
'''Stacy M. Hardy''' marubuciya ce, malama, mai bincike, kuma edita ce a Chimurenga, mujallar Afirka.

Tun daga shekara ta 2014, Hardy malami ne a Sashen Rubuce-rubuce na Rubuce a Jami'ar Wits, Afirka ta Kudu, kuma ya koyar da rubuce-rubi na rubuce-ribuce a cikin al'amuran da ba na ilimi ba.

Hardy abokin tarayya ne a Saseni, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Africa in Words |url=https://africainwords.com/2019/05/25/call-for-applications-saseni-short-story-workshop-hargeysa-international-book-fair-deadline-8-june/}}&lt;/ref&gt; wani shiri na koyar da rubuce-rubuce mai kirkiro wanda ke haɗa ilimi mafi girma da zane-zane a Afirka, kuma wanda ya kafa Ukuthula, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Open Book Festival |url=https://openbookfestival.co.za/programme/ukuthula-invoking-silence-day-3/}}&lt;/ref&gt; wani shiri na Afirka wanda ke haɓaka sabon rubutu daga da kuma adawa da tashin hankali na jinsi. Ta dauki bakuncin bita na hadin gwiwa da rubuce-rubuce masu zurfi a wurare daban-daban, gami da Dakar, Kigali, Alkahira, Tombwa ([[Angola]]), [[Nairobi]], Legas, Berlin, New York, da kan layi, kuma ta sauƙaƙe tarurrukan digiri da bita na rubuce-wallace a duk duniya. Rubuce-rubucen Hardy sun bayyana a cikin wallafe-wallafe daban-daban a duk duniya, gami da The Johannesburg Review of Books,  New Contrast,  New Orleans Review, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hardy |first=Stacy |title=The day the white people walked into the seaThe Johannesburg Review of Books |url=https://johannesburgreviewofbooks.com/2018/02/05/new-short-fiction-the-day-the-white-people-walked-into-the-sea-by-stacy-hardy/ |access-date=19 June 2023 |website=The Johannesburg Review of Books}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Evergreen Review, da sauransu da yawa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=New Contrasts |url=https://www.newcontrast.net/product/new-contrast-issue-196/ |access-date=19 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hardy |first=Stacy |title=A Butcher Fantasy |url=https://www.neworleansreview.org/a-butcher-fantasy/ |access-date=19 June 2023 |website=The New Orleans Review |publisher=Department of English at Loyola University New Orleans}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyukan da aka buga ==
Ayyukan da ta wallafa sun haɗa da Because the Night, tarin gajeren fiction da Pocko Books, London, suka buga a cikin 2015.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Holland |first=Noy |title=Because the Night review |url=https://www.raintaxi.com/because-the-night/ |access-date=19 June 2023 |website=Rain Taxi}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Anu |title=A Review of Stacy Hardy’s Because the Night |url=https://africainwords.com/2016/09/05/a-review-of-stacy-hardys-because-the-night/ |access-date=19 June 2023 |website=Africa in Words}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jobson |first=Liesl |title=Archive Book Review: Because the Night |url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/archive/2015-06-12-book-review-because-the-night/ |access-date=19 June 2023 |website=Business Live |archive-date=2023-06-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230619105801/https://www.businesslive.co.za/archive/2015-06-12-book-review-because-the-night/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 2022, an buga sabon tarin gajeren tarihinta, Archéologie des Trous,   a cikin fassarar Faransanci ta [https://www.rot-bo-krik.com/ Rot-Bo-Krik], Paris, kuma Bridge Books, Chicago ta saki Turanci a cikin 2023.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Alimeck |first=Michel |title=Conseil de lecture : Rot-bo-Krik, une anthropologie du soi |url=https://pieddebichemarquepage.noblogs.org/post/2022/05/29/conseil-de-lecture-rot-bo-krik-une-anthropologie-du-soi/ |access-date=19 June 2023 |website=Pied-de-biche Marque}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Slama |first=Ahmed |title=Trouble (Politique) Dans Le Corps |url=https://www.litteralutte.com/trouble-politique-dans-le-corps/ |access-date=19 June 2023 |website=Litteralutte}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kyaututtuka ==
Ta lashe kyaututtuka da yawa saboda aikinta, gami da 2018 Brittle Paper Award for Fiction, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The 2018 Brittle Paper Awards: The Winners |url=https://brittlepaper.com/2018/11/the-2018-brittle-paper-awards-congratulations-to-the-winners/ |access-date=19 June 2023 |website=Brittle Paper}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ta kasance mai tseren karshe ko semifinalist ga wasu da yawa, kamar 2022 Noemi Press Book Award da 2018 Caine Prize. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=2018 Caine Prize Shortlist Announced |url=http://www.caineprize.com/press-releases/2018/5/15/2018-caine-prize-shortlist-announced |access-date=19 June 2023 |website=Caine Prize |archive-date=19 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230619105801/http://www.caineprize.com/press-releases/2018/5/15/2018-caine-prize-shortlist-announced |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;Baya ga rubuce-rubucenta, Hardy tana da hannu a cikin samar da ayyukan multimedia. Ta yi aiki tare da mawaƙa, mai wasan kwaikwayo, da mai tsara kayan kida na Angola [https://www.victorgama.org/ Victor Gama], kuma an yi ayyukansu a wurare daban-daban, gami da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Harris a Chicago, Amurka, Sashen Kiɗa na Jami'ar Stanford a Stanford, CA, Amurka, da Haus der Kulturen der Welt a Berlin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Vela 6911 - A Multimedia Piece by Victor Gama |url=https://ccrma.stanford.edu/events/vela-6911-multimedia-piece-victor-gama |access-date=19 June 2023 |website=Stanford Center for Computer Research in Music and Acoustics (CCRMA) i}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Yulin 2022, wani sabon hadin gwiwar su ya sami lambar yabo ta Yarima Claus Fund don Amsoshin Al'adu da Fasaha ga Canjin Muhalli don buɗe dakin gwaje-gwaje na fasaha a cikin hamadar Namib a Angola.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Recipients of Cultural and Artistic Responses to Environmental Change |url=https://princeclausfund.org/open-call-cultural-and-artistic-responses-to-environmental-change-winners-2020 |access-date=19 June 2023 |website=Prince Claus Fund |archive-date=19 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230619105801/https://princeclausfund.org/open-call-cultural-and-artistic-responses-to-environmental-change-winners-2020 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=PangeiArt presents tectonik: Tombwa – Café Mito da Utopia, Angola |url=https://artafricamagazine.org/pangeiart-presents-tectoniktombwa-cafe-mito-da-utopia-angola/ |access-date=19 June 2023 |website=Art Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hardy ta daya-mace wasan kwaikwayo, Museum of Lungs, wanda ta kirkira tare da darektan Masar Laila Soliman da mawaƙa [https://www.neosong.net/ Neo Muyanga] da Nancy Mounir, an fara shi a Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Kasuwanci a Johannesburg a watan Satumbar 2018. Ya ci gaba da samun babban yawon shakatawa na Turai daga 2018 zuwa 2019, gami da kwanakin a Kaserne a Basel da Spielart a Munich.   &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Laila Soliman / Nancy Mounir / Neo Muyanga / Stacy Hardy – Museum of Lungs |url=https://produktionsdock.ch/projects/museum-of-lungs/ |access-date=19 June 2023 |website=produktionsDOCK |archive-date=19 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230619105802/https://produktionsdock.ch/projects/museum-of-lungs/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Manabe |first=Nkhensani |title=Museum of Lungs: A fight to survive |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-09-14-00-museum-of-lungs-a-fight-to-survive/ |access-date=19 June 2023 |website=Mail &amp; Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stacy Hardy, Nancy Mounir, Neo Muyanga, Laila Soliman (Cape Town/Cairo) Museum of Lungs |url=https://kaserne-basel.ch/en/programme/-museum-of-lungs/25-09-2018_19-00 |access-date=19 June 2023 |website=Kaserne |archive-date=19 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230619105804/https://kaserne-basel.ch/en/programme/-museum-of-lungs/25-09-2018_19-00 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Multinational collaboration Museum of Lungs premieres in Johannesburg and Cape Town |url=https://johannesburg.prohelvetia.org/en/2018/08/16/museum-of-lungs/ |access-date=19 June 2023 |website=prohelvetia}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Opera ==
Hardy ya rubuta litattafan Woman at Point Zero wani sabon opera tare da mawaƙa Bushra El-Turk da darektan Laila Soliman, wanda ya lashe babbar lambar yabo ta Fedora - Generali don Opera 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fedora - Generali Prize for Opera 2020 |url=https://www.fedora-platform.com/about/news/premiere-of-the-fedora-generali-prize-for-operas-winner-2020/337 |access-date=19 June 2023 |website=Fedora}}&lt;/ref&gt; An fara wasan kwaikwayo a Festival d'Aix-en-Provence a 2022 kuma ya sami yabo mai mahimmanci. Ayyukan da za su yi a nan gaba sun haɗa da bayyanar a bikin All Arias a deSingel Antwerpen, [https://www.operaballet.be/en Opera Ballet Vlaanderen], [https://www.concertgebouw.be/en Concertgebouw Brugge], [https://www.bijloke.be/ Muziekcentrum De Bijloke] Gent, Royal Opera House London, Shubbak Festival London, da Snape Maltings UK a 2023 .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=All Arias |url=https://www.lod.be/en/pQ6VJUL/agenda/all-arias-festival-2023 |website=Lod}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Woman at Point Zero Lod / Laila Soliman, Bushra El-Turk &amp; Stacy Hardy |url=https://www.lod.be/en/agenda/58/LOD_Laila_Soliman_Bushra_El_Turk_Stacy_Hardy/Woman_At_Point_Zero |access-date=19 June 2023 |website=Lod}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Cibiyoyin sadarwa da ayyukan ==
Baya ga ayyukanta na fasaha, Hardy tana da hannu a cikin hanyoyin sadarwar da yawa da ayyukan bincike. Ita memba ce ta Connectors, cibiyar sadarwa ta kasa da kasa wacce ke tattara malamai da kungiyoyi da ke taka muhimmiyar rawa a tsakiya tsakanin kiwon lafiya da bincike. Har ila yau, tana ɗaya daga cikin masu shirya &quot;Planetary Health and Postcolonial Dis-Ease,&quot; wani aikin bincike na kasa da kasa wanda aka mayar da hankali kan siyasar muhalli da kiwon lafiya, wanda Sashen Social da Al'adu na Al'adu a Jami'ar [[Vienna]] ya shirya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Environmental Dis-ease. Co-productions of Toxic Politics |url=https://agem.de/en/veranstaltungen/environmental-dis-ease-co-productions-of-toxic-politics/ |access-date=19 June 2023 |website=Association for Anthropology and Medicine}}&lt;/ref&gt; A halin yanzu, Hardy abokiyar bincike ce a Jami'ar Chicago, inda take aiki a kan aikin haɗin gwiwa na bincike da aiki tare da masanin ilimin ɗan adam [https://anthropology.uchicago.edu/people/faculty/kaushik-sunder-rajan Kaushik Sunder Rajan]{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, mawaƙi [https://www.neosong.net/ Neo Muyanga], da mawaki Daniel Borzutsky. Ayyukansu suna bincika siyasa da waƙoƙin numfashi ta hanyar mai da hankali kan tarihin mulkin mallaka da siyasar bayan mulkin mallaka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stacy Hardy |url=https://neubauercollegium.uchicago.edu/people/stacy-hardy |access-date=19 June 2023 |website=Neubauer Collegium, University of Chicago}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Pulmonographies |url=https://neubauercollegium.uchicago.edu/research/pulmonographies |access-date=19 June 2023 |website=Neubauer Collegium}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}{{Authority control}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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    <title>Yaƙin Italiya da Habasha na farko</title>
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      <comment>([[c:GR|GR]])  [[File:Emperor Menelik II.png]] → [[File:Menelik II in coronation garb, Emperor of Ethiopia.jpg]] → File replacement: update from png to a new jpg version ([[c:c:GR]])</comment>
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'''Yaƙin Italo-Habasha na Farko''', wanda kuma ake magana da shi a matsayin '''Yaƙin Italo-Abyssiniya na Farko''', ko kuma aƙalla aka sani da '''Yaƙin Abyssiniya''' a Italiya (Italian), arangama ce ta soji da aka gwabza tsakanin Italiya da Habasha daga shekarun 1895 zuwa 1896. Ya samo asali ne daga yerjejeniyar Wuchale da ake takaddama a kai, wacce turawan Italiya suka yi iƙirarin mayar da Habasha ƙasar ta Italiya, yayin da Habashawa suka yi iƙirarin cewa yarjejeniyar ta tabbatar da zaman lafiya tsakanin ƙasashen biyu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Berkeley |first1=George |title=The Campaign of Adowa and the rise of Menelik |journal=The Geographical Journal |date=1903 |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=345 |doi=10.2307/1775411 |jstor=1775411 |bibcode=1903GeogJ..21..175B |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1954915 |quote=1,865 were Italians and 2,000 were Eritrean askari.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|first=Sean|last=Mclachlan|page=20|title=Armies of the Adowa Campaign 1896|date=20 September 2011 |publisher=Bloomsbury USA |isbn=978-1-84908-457-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; An yi cikakken yaki a shekara ta 1895, inda sojojin Italiya daga [[Italian Eritrea|Iritiriya na Italiya]] suka samu nasara a farko a kan mayakan Tigrai a Coatit, Senafe da Debra Ailà, har sai da babban sojojin Habasha ƙarƙashin jagorancin Emperor Menelik II suka karfafa su. {{Sfn|Henze|2000}} Tashin Italiya ya zo ne bayan [[Yaƙin Adwa|yakin Adwa]], inda sojojin Habasha suka yi wa sojojin Italiya da suka fi yawa da kuma na Eritriya mummunan rauni tare da tilasta musu komawa cikin Eritrea. An kammala yakin da [[yarjejeniyar Addis Ababa]]. Domin wannan shi ne babban nasara na farko da sojojin Afirka suka yi a kan 'yan mulkin mallaka na Turawa,  wannan yaƙin ya zama babbar alama ta [[Pan-Africanism|al'adun Afirka]] kuma ya tabbatar da ikon Habasha har zuwa Yaƙin Italo da Habasha na Biyu na 1935-37.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Marcus |first1=Harold G. |title=A history of Ethiopia |date=22 February 2002 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=9780520224797 |pages=97 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q7AwDwAAQBAJ&amp;q=history+of+ethiopia |quote=Baratieri had a relatively small army of 35,000 men, mostly Eritreans}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
Khedive na Masar Isma'il Pasha, wanda aka fi sani da Isma'il the Magnificent, ya mamaye Eritrea a wani ɓangare na kokarinsa na baiwa Masar daular Afirka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Marsot |first=Afaf |year=1975 |title=The Porte and Ismail Pasha's Quest for Autonomy |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40000011 |journal=Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt |volume=12 |issue=1975 |pages=89–96 |doi=10.2307/40000011 |jstor=40000011 |url-access=subscription |access-date=23 December 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Perry p196&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Perry|2005}}&lt;/ref&gt; Isma'il ya yi ƙoƙari ya bi wannan yaƙin da Habasha, amma ƙoƙarin Masar na cin wannan daular ya ƙare da rashin kunya a yakin Masar da Habasha. Bayan fatara ta Masar a shekara ta 1876 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Atkins |first=Richard |date=1974 |title=The Origins of the Anglo-French Condominium in Egypt, 1875-1876 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24443685 |journal=The Historian |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=264–282 |doi=10.1111/j.1540-6563.1974.tb00005.x |jstor=24443685 |url-access=subscription |access-date=23 December 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; ta biyo bayan tawayen &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwZg&quot;&gt;Ansar&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; ƙarƙashin jagorancin [[Muhammad Ahmad|Mahdi]] a 1881, matsayin Masar a [[Eritrea|Eritriya]] ya yi rashin bege inda sojojin Masar suka yanke kuma ba a biya su tsawon shekaru ba. A shekara ta 1884 Masarawa suka fara ficewa daga Sudan da Eritriya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Perry p196&quot; /&gt;

A ranar 3 ga watan Yunin 1884, an rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar Hewett tsakanin Biritaniya, Masar da Habasha, wadda ta bai wa Habasha damar mamaye wasu sassa na rushewar Habesh Eyalet wanda ya ba wa kayayyakin Habasha damar shiga da fita daga Massawa ba tare da haraji ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;Perry p196&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Perry|2005}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga mahangar Biritaniya, abu ne mai matuƙar kyawawa cewa Faransawa su maye gurbin Masarawa a Massawa domin hakan zai ba Faransa damar samun ƙarin sansanonin sojan ruwa a tekun Bahar Maliya da za su iya yin katsalandan ga jigilar jiragen ruwa na Birtaniyya ta hanyar amfani da mashigin Suez, kuma kamar yadda Birtaniyya ba ta son nauyin kuɗi na mulkin Massawa, sai suka nemi wani ikon da zai yi sha'awar maye gurbin Masarawa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Perry p196&quot; /&gt; Yarjejeniyar Hewett ta yi kama da cewa Massawa zai fada cikin tasirin Habasha yayin da Masarawa suka janye. &lt;ref name=&quot;Perry p196&quot; /&gt; Bayan da farko ya ƙarfafa Sarkin sarakuna Yohannes IV ya ƙaura zuwa Massawa don maye gurbin Masarawa, London ta yanke shawarar tura Italiyawa zuwa Massawa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Perry p196&quot; /&gt; A cikin tarihinsa na Habasha, ɗan tarihi na Birtaniya Augustus Wylde ya rubuta cewa: &quot;Ingila ta yi amfani da Sarki John [Sarki Yohannes] muddin yana cikin kowane hidima sannan kuma ta jefa shi ga masu tausayi na Italiya ... Yana ɗaya daga cikin mafi munin kasuwancinmu daga cikin yawancin da muka yi laifi a Afirka ... ɗaya daga cikin mafi muni na yaudara&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;Perry p196&quot; /&gt;

A ranar 5 ga watan Fabrairun 1885, sojojin Italiya sun sauka a Massawa don maye gurbin Masarawa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Perry p196&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Perry|2005}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gwamnatin Italiya a nata ɓangaren ta yi matukar farin ciki da fara aiwatar da manufar mulkin mallaka don kawar da mutanenta daga gazawar da aka samu a bayan ''Risorgimento'' Italiya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Perry p196&quot; /&gt; A cikin shekarar 1861, haɗewar Italiya ya kamata ya zama farkon sabon zamani mai ɗaukaka a rayuwar Italiya, kuma yawancin Italiya sun yi baƙin ciki sosai don gano cewa ba a sami canji da yawa ba a cikin sabuwar Masarautar Italiya tare da yawancin Italiya har yanzu suna rayuwa cikin matsanancin talauci. Don ramawa, wani yanayi na chauvinist ya mamaye cikin manyan azuzuwan a Italiya tare da jaridar ''Il Diritto'' ta rubuta a cikin edita: &quot;Dole ne Italiya ta kasance a shirye. Shekarar 1885 za ta yanke shawarar makomarta a matsayin babban iko. Wajibi ne a ji nauyin sabon zamani; don sake zama maza masu karfi ba tare da tsoron kome ba, tare da ƙauna mai tsarki na uba, a cikin dukan Italiya,&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;Perry p196&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Erlich&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Erlich |first=Haggai |year=2007 |title=Ethiopia and the Mahdiyya – You Call Me a Chicken? |journal=Journal of Ethiopian Studies |volume=40 |issue=1/2 |pages=219–249 |jstor=41988228}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yaki da ''Ansar'' na Sudan ya dagula dangantakar Yohanna da Italiyawa, wanda a wasu lokuta yakan nemi su ba shi bindigogi don yakar ''Ansar'', a wasu lokutan kuma ya bijirewa turawan Italiya tare da ba da shawarar sasantawa da ''Ansar''. &lt;ref name=&quot;Erlich&quot; /&gt;

A ranar 18 ga watan Janairun shekarar 1887, a wani ƙauye mai suna Saati, rundunar sojan Italiya da ke ci gaba da ci gaba da samun galaba a kan Habashawa a wani gumurzu da suka yi, amma abin ya kare da manyan Habashawa da ke kewaye da Italiya a Saati bayan sun ja da baya suna fuskantar adadin abokan gaba. &lt;ref name=&quot;Perry p200&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Perry|2005}}&lt;/ref&gt; An tura wasu sojojin Italiya 500 a ƙarƙashin Kanar de Christoforis tare da wasu mataimaka 50 na Eritriya don tallafawa sansanin da aka yi wa ƙawanya a Saati. &lt;ref name=&quot;Perry p200&quot; /&gt; A Dogali da ke kan hanyarsa ta zuwa Saati, de Christoforis ya yi wa sojojin Habasha ƙarƙashin ''Ras'' Alula kwanton ɓauna, wanda mutanensa ɗauke da mashi da basira suka kewaye Italiyawa da suka koma wani tudu, sannan suka koma wani tudu mai tsayi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Perry p200&quot; /&gt; Bayan da turawan Italiya suka kare da harsashi, sai ''Ras'' Alula ya umarci mutanensa da su tuhume su, sai Habashawa suka yi gaggawar mamaye Italiyan a wani mataki da suka yi wanda ke nuna bayonet a kan mashi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Perry p200&quot; /&gt; Yakin Dogali ya kare inda Italiya suka rasa jami'ai 23 tare da kashe wasu muƙamai 407. &lt;ref name=&quot;Perry p200&quot; /&gt; Sakamakon shan kaye a Dogali, Italiya sun yi watsi da Saati suka koma bakin tekun Bahar Maliya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Perry p201&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Perry|2005}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jaridun Italiya sun kira yakin &quot;kisan kiyashi&quot; kuma sun kori ''Regio Esercito'' saboda rashin sanya de Chistoforis isassun harsasai. &lt;ref name=&quot;Perry p201&quot; /&gt; Tun da farko, ya ƙarfafa Emperor Yohannes ya koma Eritrea, sa'an nan kuma ya ƙarfafa Italiya suyi haka, London ta gane cewa yaki yana tasowa kuma ya yanke shawarar ƙoƙarin yin sulhu, musamman saboda tsoron cewa Italiya za su yi hasara. &lt;ref name=&quot;Perry p196&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Perry|2005}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kashin da aka yi a Dogali ya sa Italiyawa su yi taka tsantsan na ɗan lokaci, amma a ranar 10 ga watan Maris 1889, Sarkin sarakuna Yohannes ya mutu bayan da ya samu rauni a yakin ''Ansar'' kuma a kan gadon mutuwarsa ya yarda cewa ''Ras'' Mengesha, wanda ake zaton dan ɗan uwansa ne, dan nasa ne kuma ya nemi ya gaje shi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Perry p201&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Perry|2005}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wahayin da sarkin ya yi ya kwana da matar ɗan'uwansa ya tayar da hankali sosai ga Habasha Orthodox, kuma a maimakon haka an ayyana ''Negus'' Menelik a matsayin sarki a ranar 26 ga watan Maris 1889. &lt;ref name=&quot;Perry p201&quot; /&gt; ''Ras'' Mengesha, ɗaya daga cikin manyan sarakunan Habasha, bai ji daɗin yadda aka yi masa juyin mulki ba, kuma ya haɗa kai da Italiyawa a kan Sarki Menelik. &lt;ref name=&quot;Perry p201&quot; /&gt; A ƙarƙashin tsarin Habasha na feudal, babu wata runduna ta tsaye, kuma a maimakon haka, manyan mutane sun kafa runduna a madadin Sarkin sarakuna. A cikin watan Disamba na  shekarar 1889, Italiya sun sake ci gaba a cikin ƙasa kuma suka kwace garuruwan Asmara da Keren. &lt;ref name=&quot;Perry p201&quot; /&gt;

=== Ɓarkewar yakin ===
[[Fayil:Menelik II in coronation garb, Emperor of Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|250x250px| Sarki Menelik II]]
A ranar 25 ga watan Maris 1889, mai mulkin Shewa Menelik II ya ayyana kansa Sarkin Habasha (ko &quot;Abyssinia&quot;, kamar yadda ake kira shi a Turai a lokacin). Kusan wata ɗaya bayan haka, a ranar 2 ga Mayu ya sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Wuchale tare da Italiya, wanda a bayyane ya ba su iko a kan [[Italian Eritrea|Eritrea]], bakin tekun Jar a arewa maso gabashin Habasha, don dawo da amincewa da mulkin Menelik, kuɗi da samar da bindigogi 30,000 da bindigogin bindigogi 28.

Koyaya, yarjejeniyar harsuna biyu ba ta faɗi abu ɗaya a cikin [[Italiyanci|Italiya]] da Amharic ba; fassarar Italiya ba ta ba Habashawa &quot;mai mahimmanci&quot; da aka rubuta a cikin fassarar Amharic.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gardner&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Gardner|2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rubutun Ital''iya'' ya bayyana cewa Habasha dole ne ta gudanar da harkokin ƙasashen waje ta hanyar Italiya (yana mai da ita mai kare Italiya), amma fassarar Amharic kawai ta bayyana cewa Habashia na iya tuntuɓar ikon ƙasashen waje kuma ta gudanar da al'amuran ƙasashen waje ta amfani da ofishin jakadancin Italiya. Jami'an diflomasiyyar Italiya, duk da haka, sun yi iƙirarin cewa asalin rubutun Amharic ya haɗa da sashi kuma Menelik da gangan ya sanya hannu kan kwafin Yarjejeniyar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pastoretto |first=Piero |title=Battaglia di Adua |url=http://www.arsmilitaris.org/pubblicazioni/ADUA/adua.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060531223251/http://www.arsmilitaris.org/pubblicazioni/ADUA/adua.htm |archive-date=May 31, 2006 |access-date=2006-06-04 |language=it}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1889, Italiya sun sanar da dukkan sauran gwamnatocin Turai saboda Yarjejeniyar Wuchale cewa Habasha yanzu ta zama mai kare Italiya sabili da haka sauran ƙasashen Turai ba za su iya gudanar da dangantakar diflomasiyya da Habasha ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rubenson&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Rubenson |first=Sven |year=1964 |title=The Protectorate Paragraph of the Wichale Treaty |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=243–283 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700004837 |jstor=179872}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tare da ban da Daular Ottoman, wacce har yanzu ta ci gaba da da'awarta ga Eritrea, da Rasha, waɗanda ba sa son ra'ayin cewa ana rinjayar al'ummar Orthodox ga al'ummar Roman Katolika, duk ikon Turai sun yarda da'awar Italiya ga mai kariya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rubenson&quot; /&gt;

Da'awar Italiya cewa Menelik ya san Mataki na XVII da ya juya al'ummarsa zuwa mai kariya ta Italiya da alama ba zai yiwu ba saboda Sarkin sarakuna Menelik ya aika da wasiƙu ga Sarauniya Victoria a ƙarshen shekarun 1889 kuma an sanar da shi a cikin amsoshin a farkon shekara ta 1890 cewa Burtaniya ba za ta iya samun dangantakar diflomasiyya da Habasha ba saboda Mataki na VII na Yarjejeniyar Wuchale, wahayi wanda ya zo a matsayin babban abin mamaki ga Sarkin sarakunan.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rubenson&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Rubenson |first=Sven |year=1964 |title=The Protectorate Paragraph of the Wichale Treaty |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=243–283 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700004837 |jstor=179872}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFRubenson1964&quot;&gt;Rubenson, Sven (1964). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Sautin wasikar Victoria ya kasance mai ladabi. Sarauniyar ta sanar da Menelik cewa ƙuntatawa kan shigo da makamai ba ta aiki kuma don tabbatar da wannan ya ambata cewa Ras Makonnen ya sami izini &quot;don wuce bindigogi dubu biyu ta Zeila, komawa Harar&quot; watau daga Italiya. Amma a kan batun ci gaba da hulɗa na diflomasiyya, ba ta bar wata shakka a cikin tunanin Menelik ba: &quot;Za mu sadarwa ga Gwamnatin Abokinmu Mai Girma Sarkin Italiya kwafin wasikar Mai Girma da amsarmu. &quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Rubenson&quot; /&gt;

Francesco Crispi, Firayim Ministan Italiya, ya kasance mai tsattsauran ra'ayi wanda ya yi imanin cewa sabuwar ƙasar Italiya da ta haɗu tana buƙatar &quot;girman daular Romawa ta biyu&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Perry p201&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Perry|2005}}&lt;/ref&gt; Crispi ya yi imanin cewa Horn of Africa shine wuri mafi kyau ga Italiya don fara gina sabuwar daular mulkin mallaka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Perry p201&quot; /&gt; Saboda kin amincewar Habasha da ta yi biyayya da yarjejeniyar Italiya da kuma naƙasa ta tattalin arziki a gida, gwamnatin Italiya ta yanke shawarar magance matsalar soja don tilasta Habasha ta yi biyayya ga yarjejeniyar Italiya. A yin haka, sun yi imanin cewa za su iya amfani da rarrabuwar a cikin Habasha kuma su dogara da karfin da fasaha don kawar da duk wani ƙarancin lambobi. Kokarin Sarkin sarakuna Menelik, wanda London ke kallon shi a matsayin mai goyon bayan Faransa, don haɗa Habasha don kawo tushen Blue Nile a ƙarƙashin ikonsa an gane shi a Whitehall a matsayin barazana ga tasirin su a Misira.&lt;ref name=&quot;Marcus&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Marcus |first=Harold G. |year=1963 |title=A Background to Direct British Diplomatic Involvement in Ethiopia, 1894–1896 |journal=Journal of Ethiopian Studies |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=121–132 |jstor=41965700}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yayin da Menelik ya ci gaba da samun nasara wajen faɗaɗa Habasha, Gwamnatin Burtaniya ta nemi Italiya don magance fadada Habashia.&lt;ref name=&quot;Marcus&quot; /&gt;

Ƙawayen Turai ɗaya tilo da Habasha ita ce Rasha. &lt;ref name=&quot;Robert G. Patman 2009&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Patman|2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;ref name=&quot;eribo&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Eribo|2001}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sarkin Habasha ya aika da ofishin diflomasiyya na farko zuwa St. Petersburg a shekara ta 1895. A cikin watan Yuni 1895, jaridu a St. Yawancin jama'ar babban birnin ƙasar sun zo ne don saɗuwa da jirgin da ya kawo Prince Damto, Janar Genemier, Prince Belyakio, Bishop na Harer Gabraux Xavier da sauran membobin tawagar zuwa St. Petersburg. A jajibirin yaki, an kulla wata yarjejeniya da ke ba da taimakon soja ga Habasha. Rasha ta kasance tana ƙoƙarin samun gindin zama a Habasha,  kuma a cikin shekarar 1894, bayan da ta yi Allah wadai da yerjejeniyar Wuchale a watan Yuli, ta karɓi aikin Habasha a St. Petersburg kuma ta aika da makamai da harsasai zuwa Habasha.  Marubucin balaguro na ƙasar Rasha Alexander Bulatovich wanda ya je ƙasar Habasha a matsayin ɗan agaji na ƙungiyar agaji ta Red Cross tare da Sarkin sarakuna Menelik ya yi nuni da cewa Habashawa sun koma addinin Kiristanci kafin wani daga cikin Turawa ya taɓa yi, ya bayyana Habashawa a matsayin mutane masu zurfin addini kamar Rashawa, kuma ya yi jayayya cewa Habashawa ba su da &quot;ƙananan al'adu&quot; na sauran mutanen Afirka, wanda ya sa su zama daidai da na Turai. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mirzeler |first=Mustafa Kemal |year=2005 |title=Reading &quot;Ethiopia through Russian Eyes&quot;: Political and Racial Sentiments in the Travel Writings of Alexander Bulatovich, 1896–1898 |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/187888 |journal=History in Africa |volume=32 |pages=281–294 |doi=10.1353/hia.2005.0017 |jstor=20065745 |s2cid=52044875 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin shekarar 1893, yana yanke hukunci cewa ikonsa a kan Habasha yana da aminci, Menelik ya yi watsi da yarjejeniyar; A sakamakon haka turawan Italiya sun ƙara matsa lamba a kan yankinsa ta hanyoyi daban-daban, ciki har da mamaye ƙananan yankuna da ke kan iyaka da ainihin da'awarsu a ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar Wuchale, daga ƙarshe kuma ta kai farmakin soji suka keta kogin Mareb zuwa cikin Tigray (a kan iyaka da Eritriya) a watan Disamba 1894. Italiya sun yi tsammanin wasu masu iko kamar Negus Tekle Haymanot na Gojjam, Ras Mengesha Yohannes, da Sarkin Aussa za su shiga tare da su; a maimakon haka, dukkan mutanen Habasha sun yi tururuwa zuwa ɓangaren Sarki Menelik a cikin nunin kishin ƙasa da kuma kyamar Italiya, yayin da sauran al'ummomin da ke da shakku (misali Sarkin Aussa) sojojin Imperial suna kallonsu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Prouty|1986}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin watan Yunin 1894, ''Ras'' Mengesha da hakimansa suka bayyana a Addis Ababa suna ɗauke da manyan duwatsu waɗanda suka jefo a gaban sarki Menelik (wani alama ce ta biyayya a al'adun Habasha). &lt;ref name=&quot;Perry p201&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Perry|2005}}&lt;/ref&gt; An samu gagarumin haɗin kan ƙasa a ƙasar Habasha yayin da wasu masu faɗa aji daban-daban suka yi marawa sarki baya wanda ya dage cewa Habasha ba kamar sauran ƙasashen Afirka ba, za ta ci gaba da rike 'yancinta, kuma ba Italiya ta yi mata mulkin mallaka ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;Perry p201&quot; /&gt;

Menelik ya shafe yawancin mulkinsa yana gina manyan makamai na zamani da harsashi da aka samu ta hanyar tattaunawar yarjejeniya da sayayya daga Rasha, Faransa, Burtaniya, har ma da Italiya. A shekara ta 1884, Count {{Interlanguage link|Pietro Antonelli|it}} , jakadan Italiya ga Menelik II, ya  damar shigo da bindigogi 50,000 na Remington da katako miliyan 10 don musayar raƙuma 600 da ke ɗauke da zinariya, hauren giwa da civet.[it] Bayan da maɓuɓɓugar Italiya suka bushe Menelik ya yi ƙoƙari ya kara sauran shigo da shi, a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata kafin yaƙin kasuwancin makamai ya faɗaɗa sosai. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1893, abokiyar Menelik kuma mai ba da shawara, Alfred Ilg, ya tafi Paris inda ya sayar da zinariya da hauren giwa don 80,000 Fusil Gras mle 1874, 33 na bindigogi da 5,000. Menelik ya kuma sayi bindigogi masu saurin gudu 15,000 da suka rage daga Franco-Hova Wars daga ɗan kasuwa na makamai na Faransa Léon Chefneux. A ƙarshen shekara ta 1894, an shigo da bindigogi 30,000 na Berdan da nauyin harsashi daga Rasha, kuma an shigo da akalla katako 250,000 daga Djibouti na Faransa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Richard Caulk |title=&quot;Between the Jaws of Hyenas&quot;: A Diplomatic History of Ethiopia (1876–1896) |year=2002 |publisher=Harrassowitz |page=413}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite thesis |last1=Carmichael |first1=Tim |title=Approaching Ethiopian History Addis Abäba and Local Governance in Harär, C.1900 to 1950 |date=2001 |publisher=Michigan State University: Department of History |location=East Lansing, MI|pages=38|doi=10.25335/140b-kv31}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Armies of the Adowa Campaign 1896 |first=Sean |last=McLachlan |year=2011 |page=35 |publisher=Osprey Publishing |location=Oxford |isbn=9781849084574}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

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    <title>Tafkin Turkana</title>
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'''Tafkin Turkana''' Kwarin Rift na Kenya, a arewacin Kenya, tare da iyakar arewacinsa zuwa [[Itofiya|Habasha]] .  Ita ce tafkin hamada mafi girma a duniya kuma mafi girman Tafkin alkaline a duniya. Ta hanyar girma ita ce tafkin gishiri na huɗu mafi girma a duniya  bayan [[Tekun Caspian]], Issyk-Kul, da Tafkin Van (ta hanyar raguwar Tekun Aral ta Kudu), kuma a cikin dukkan tabkuna tana cikin matsayi na 24.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lake Turkana in Kenya - The Jade Sea |url=http://www.kenyasafari.com/lake-turkana-kenya.html |access-date=2020-05-25 |website=www.kenyasafari.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tafkin Turkana yanzu yana fuskantar barazanar gina madatsar ruwa ta Gilgel Gibe III a Habasha saboda madatsar ruwan [[Kogin Omo]] wanda ke samar da mafi yawan ruwan tafkin.

Kodayake tafkin ya kasance - kuma har yanzu yana da - don ruwan sha, gishiri (mai ɗanɗano) da kuma matakan Fluoride masu yawa (mafi girma fiye da ruwa mai ƙanshi) gabaɗaya sun sa bai dace da sha kai tsaye ba, kuma ya kasance tushen cututtukan da aka yada ta hanyar gurbataccen ruwa. Ƙara, al'ummomi a bakin tekun sun dogara da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa don ruwan sha. Irin waɗannan halaye da ke sa ya zama bai dace da sha ba, yana iyakance amfani da shi a cikin ban ruwa. Yanayin yana da zafi kuma ya bushe sosai.

[[Duwatsu (geology)|duwatsu]] da ke kewaye da su galibi [[Dutsen Volcano|dutsen wuta]] ne. Tsibirin Tsakiya dutsen wuta ne mai aiki, wanda ke fitar da tururi. Ana samun raƙuman ruwa da raƙuman duwatsu a gabas da kudancin tafkin, yayin da dunes, spits da flats ke yamma da arewa, a ƙasa.

Iska a bakin teku da kuma iska a bakin teku na iya zama mai karfi sosai, yayin da tafkin ke dumi da sanyi a hankali fiye da ƙasar. Ba zato ba tsammani, guguwa mai tsanani suna faruwa akai-akai. Koguna uku ([[Kogin Omo|Omo]], [[Kogin Turkwel|Turkwel]] da Kerio) suna gudana cikin tafkin, amma ba tare da fitowa ba, asarar ruwa kawai ta hanyar evaporation. Girman tafkin da girman ya bambanta. Misali, matakin sa ya fadi da {{Cvt|10|m}}   tsakanin 1975 da 1993. Duk da rashin fitowa, a cikin [[Ecology|ilimin muhalli]] galibi ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin wani ɓangare na - ko aƙalla yana da alaƙa da - kwandon Nilu saboda alaƙar da ta gabata da wannan tsarin da kuma kamanceceniya a cikin fauna na ruwa.

Saboda yanayin zafi na gida (ruwan samansa yawanci 27-31 ° C [81-88 ° F], kuma matsakaicin yanayin zafi na yankin gabaɗaya yayi kama ko dan kadan ya fi girma), bushewa da rashin isa ga ƙasa, tafkin yana riƙe da halayensa na daji. Ana samun aladu na Nilu da yawa a kan filayen bakin teku. Yankin duwatsu gida ne ga [[kunama]] da macizai. Tafkin yana da wadataccen kifi kuma kamun kifi yana da mahimmanci ga tattalin arzikin yankin, amma wannan yana fuskantar barazanar faduwar ruwa da Yawan kamun kifi.

Gidan shakatawa na Lake Turkana yanzu an jera su a matsayin [[Muhimman Guraren Tarihi na Duniya|Gidan Tarihin Duniya]] na UNESCO. [[Filin shakatawa na Sibiloi|Gidan shakatawa na Sibiloi]] yana kan gabar gabashin tafkin, yayin da Gidan shakata na Tsakiya da Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Kudancin suna cikin tafkin. Dukansu biyu an san su da aladun Nilu.

An gano burbushin burbushin hominid da yawa a yankin da ke kewaye da Tafkin Turkana . 

Yankin har yanzu yana ganin baƙi kaɗan, kasancewar tafiyar kwana biyu daga [[Nairobi]]. Tafkin kuma iyakar tunanin Rendille da Borana da Oromo ne zuwa ƙasar Turkana. Yankin ya samo asali ne daga yumɓu kuma ya fi alkaline fiye da ruwan teku.

== Toponymy ==
Bayan samun 'yancin [[Kenya]], shugaban kasar, Mzee [[Jomo Kenyatta]], ya sake masa suna a 1975 bayan Turkana, babbar kabilar da ke can. Turkana suna nufin tafkin a matsayin ''Anam Ka'alakol'', ma'ana &quot;teku na kifi da yawa&quot;. Daga sunan Ka'alakol ne Kalokol, wani gari a yammacin Tekun Turkana, gabashin Lodwar, ya samo sunansa. Sunan asalin Turkana na baya don Tafkin Turkana shine ''Ana da Cheper'' . 'Yan asalin da ke zaune a kusa da Tafkin Turkana sun hada da Turkana, Rendille, Gabbra, Daasanach, Hamar Koke, Karo, Nyagatom, [[Mutanen Mursi|Mursi]], [[Mutanen Surma|Surma]], da mutanen Molo. Don wurin da yawancin waɗannan mutane suke, duba taswirar yaren a cikin labarin.

=== Tafkin Rudolf ===
An fara kiran tafkin da sunan Lake Rudolf (don girmama Yarima Rudolf na Austria) ta Count Sámuel Teleki na Szék da na biyu a cikin kwamandansa Lieutenant Ludwig Ritter Von Höhnel, ɗan Hungary da Austrian, a ranar 6 ga Maris 1888.  Su ne Turawa na farko da suka yi rikodin ziyartar tafkin bayan dogon Safari a Gabashin Afirka. Tafkin ya ci gaba da sunan Turai a lokacin mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya ta Gabashin Afirka. Koyaya, wanzuwar tafkin da siffarsa da wurinsa sanannu ne a Turai tun kafin Teleki ya ɗauki ziyararsa.

=== Tekun Jade ===
A wani lokaci da ba a sani ba, tafkin ya sami wani madadin suna kamar ''Tekun Jade'' daga launi mai launin turquoise da aka gani yana gabatowa daga nesa. Launi ya fito ne daga algae da ke tashi zuwa farfajiyar a yanayin kwanciyar hankali. Wannan mai yiwuwa ne kuma sunan Turai.

=== Basso Narok ===
J. W. Gregory ya ruwaito a cikin ''Jaridar Geographical'' Journal na 1894 cewa an kira shi &quot;Basso Narok&quot;, ma'ana &quot;Black Lake&quot; a cikin [[Yaren Samburu|Harshen Samburu]]. Hakazalika, ana kiran tafkin Habasha da ke kusa da shi &quot;Basso Naibor&quot; a Samburu, ma'ana &quot;White Lake&quot;. Samburu suna daga cikin manyan kabilun da ke yankin tafkin Turkana lokacin da masu binciken suka zo.&quot;  Menene asalin wannan magana, menene ma'anarsa, kuma a cikin wane harshe ba a bayyana ba.

== Ilimin halittu ==
[[Fayil:Lake_turkana_satellite.jpg|left|thumb|Hoton tauraron dan adam na Tafkin Turkana, wanda za'a iya rarrabe shi daga launi na jade. Kogin Omo ya shiga saman. Kogin da ake gani a ƙasa a hagu shine Turkwel, wanda aka yi madatsar ruwa don wutar lantarki.]]

=== Biomes ===
Manyan halittu sune tafkin da kansa, wanda shine yanayin ruwa, da yankin da ke kewaye da shi, wanda aka rarraba shi azaman hamada da shrubland. Yankin hamadar Chalbi yana gabashin tafkin. A lokacin da ake da ruwa, wani ciyawa mai bushe ya bayyana, wanda ke nuna ''Aristida adcensionis'' da ''A. mutabilis''. A lokacin fari, ciyawa ta ɓace. Yankunan shrubs suna dauke da ƙananan shrubs, kamar ''Duosperma eremophilum'' da ''[[Baba|Indigofera]] spinosa'' . Kusa da tafkin akwai itatuwan dabino.

=== Plankton ===
[[Fayil:Neuston,_Plankton,_Nekton,_Benthos.jpg|thumb|Yankin tafkin.]]
Dukkanin phytoplankton da zooplankton suna cikin tafkin. Daga cikin tsohuwar, cyanobacteria suna wakiltar ''Microcystis aeruginosa'' da microalgae ta ''Botryococcus braunii''. Hakanan ana samun ''Anabaenopsis arnoldii'', ''Planctonema lauterbornii'', ''Oocystis gigas'', ''Sphaerocystis schroeteri'', da wasu. Zooplankton ya haɗa da copepods, cladocerans da protozoans.

=== Kifi ===
[[Fayil:Heterotis_niloticus_154613099.jpg|thumb|Heterotis niloticus (Arowana na Afirka) misali ne na nau'in kifi a Tafkin Turkana]]
Idan aka kwatanta da sauran manyan tabkuna na Afirka, Turkana yana da nau'in kifi kaɗan. Tafkin yana da nau'ikan kifi kusan 50, gami da nau'o'in 12: cichlids ''Haplochromis macconneli'', ''H. rudolfianus'', ''H. turkanae'' da ''Hemichromis exsul'', barb ''Enteromius turkanae'', catfish ''Chrysichthys turkana'', ɗan fashi tetras ''Brycinus ferox'' da B. minutus, Rudolf ''Lates longispinis'', lampeyes ''Lacustricola jeanneli'' da Micropanchaxolfianus. da cyprinidella.&lt;ref name=&quot;FEW&quot;&gt;Freshwater Ecoregions of the World (2008). ''[http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=530 Lake Turkana.] {{Webarchive}}'' Accessed 2 May 2011&lt;/ref&gt; Wadanda ba a san su ba sun haɗa da nau'o'in kamar Nilu tilapia, mango tilapia bichirs, giwayen giwa ''Mormyrus kannume'', Afirka arowana, kifin wuka na Afirka, ''Distichodus niloticus'', Nile perch da sauransu da yawa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Freshwater Fish Species in Lake Turkana &amp;#91;East Africa&amp;#93; |url=http://www.mongabay.com/data/ecosystems/Lake%2520Turkana.htm |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=TropicalFreshwaterFish.com }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; A farkon Holocene, matakin ruwa na tafkin ya fi girma, kuma ya cika cikin [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]], yana ba da damar kifi da aladu. Sakamakon haka, kifaye da ba na gida ba a cikin tafkin galibi nau'in kogi ne na asalin Nilotic.&lt;ref name=&quot;FEW&quot; /&gt; Wasu daga cikin wadanda ba na gida ba sa haifuwa a cikin tafkin, amma suna ƙaura zuwa [[Kogin Omo]] da sauran masu arziki don haifuwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;FEW&quot; /&gt; An kama kifi sosai a tafkin.

=== Tsuntsaye ===
[[File:Eremopterix signatus.jpg|thumb|Tsuntsaye]]
Yankin Tafkin Turkana gida ne ga daruruwan nau'ikan tsuntsaye da ke asali daga [[Kenya]].&lt;ref&gt;Intanet na dauke da shafuka da dama da ke bayar da sunayen kimiyya, bayanai da hotunan tsuntsaye da ake samu a kusa da tafkin: [http://www.sibiloi.com/fauna_flora.htm Shafin Filin Kiwon Dabbobi na Sibiloi] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061029161851/http://www.sibiloi.com/fauna_flora.htm |date=29 October 2006 }}, shafin [http://www.kenyabirds.org.uk/iba.htm Kenya Birds] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061209040200/http://www.kenyabirds.org.uk/iba.htm |date=9 December 2006 }}, shafin [http://www.birdquest.net/afbid/photographers.php?pageno=4&amp;func=images&amp;af_bd_id=2&amp;query=&amp;page=4 African Bird Image Database] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101222220152/http://www.birdquest.net/afbid/photographers.php?pageno=4&amp;func=images&amp;af_bd_id=2&amp;query=&amp;page=4 |date=22 December 2010 }}, shafin [http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sites/index.html?action=SitHTMDetails.asp&amp;sid=6418&amp;m=0 BirdLife International], da wasu da dama.&lt;/ref&gt; Tsarin rami na Gabashin Afirka yana kuma zama hanyar hijirar tsuntsaye, wanda ke kawo karin daruruwan nau’uka. Tsuntsayen suna samun ceto ne daga tarin plankton da ke cikin tafkin, wanda ke ciyar da kifi.

Wasu daga cikin tsuntsayen da ake yawan samu a yankin Turkana sun hada da [[little stint]], [[wood sandpiper]], da [[common sandpiper]]. Tsuntsu mai suna [[African skimmer]] (''Rhyncops flavirostris'') yana yin gida a bakin ruwan Tsibirin Tsakiya. [[White-breasted cormorant]] (''Phalacrocorax lucidus'') yana yawo a cikin tafkin, tare da wasu tsuntsaye masu rayuwa a cikin ruwa. [[Greater flamingo]] yana yawo a cikin raunukan ruwan tafkin. Ana kuma samun [[Heuglin's bustard]] (''Neotis heuglinii'') a gabashin yankin tafkin.

=== Dabbobin Ruwa masu Sheƙaƙe ===
[[File:Pelusios subniger subniger - adult Pan Terrapin.jpg|thumb|Kunkuru mai zama a cikin laka]]
A da, tafkin ya kasance da mafi yawan yawan [[kada]] na Afirka: guda 14,000, kamar yadda wani bincike na shekarar 1968 da Alistair Graham ya gudanar ya nuna.&lt;ref&gt;Alistair Graham, ''Eyelids of Morning''&lt;/ref&gt;

Tafkin na da yawan kunkuru masu girma da ke rayuwa cikin ruwa, musamman a yankin Tsibirin Tsakiya. [[Turkana mud turtle]] dabba ce da ke musamman a tafkin kawai.&lt;ref name=Rhodin2017&gt;{{cite book |author=Rhodin, A.G.J. |author2=Iverson, J.B. |author3=Bour, R. |author4=Fritz, U. |author5=Georges, A. |author6=Shaffer, H.B. |author7=van Dijk, P.P. |collaboration=[[Turtle Taxonomy Working Group]] | year=2017 | title=Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution, and Conservation Status |editor=Rhodin, A.G.J. |editor2=Iverson, J.B. |editor3=van Dijk, P.P. |editor4=Saumure, R.A. |editor5=Buhlmann, K.A. |editor6=Pritchard, P.C.H. |editor7=Mittermeier, R.A. | series=Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises: A Compilation Project of the IUCN/SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group | edition=8 | journal=Chelonian Research Monographs | volume=7 | pages=1–292 | doi=10.3854/crm.7.checklist.atlas.v8.2017| isbn=9781532350269}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Dabbobin Ƙasa masu Nonon jiki ===
[[File:Equus grevyi (Zèbre de Grévy) - 390.jpg|thumb|Zabarin Grevy]]
A cikin savannah mai ƙurciya, ana samun wasu ‘yan dabbobi masu kiwo da kuma masu farauta. Masu kiwon sun hada da [[Zabarin Grevy]], [[Zabarin Burchell]], [[Beisa oryx]], [[Grant's gazelle]], [[topi]] da kuma [[reticulated giraffe]]. Masu farauta sun hada da zaki da kuma [[damisa]]. Ana samun [[Gajimare]] da kuma [[baƙar giwa]] a baya, kodayake ba a ganin su yanzu. [[Sámuel Teleki (explorer)|Teleki]] ya bayyana cewa ya gan su (har ya harbe su) a lokacin tafiyarsa. A kusa da ƙasa mai kura akwai [[cushioned gerbil]] (''Gerbillus pulvinatus'').&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Tafkin Turkana|url=http://www.kenya-and-beyond.com/index.php?id=577|date=2016-09-21|website=www.kenya-and-beyond.com|language=en|access-date=2020-05-27|archive-date=7 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807120354/http://www.kenya-and-beyond.com/index.php?id=577|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kimiyyar Kasa ==

[[File:Lake Turkana in Kenya 01.jpg|thumb|left|alt=View of Lake Turkana with the Koobi Fora formations in the background.|View of Lake Turkana with the tsarukan Koobi Fora a bayansa.]]

Tabkin Turkana wani ɓangare ne na fasalin Ramin Gabas na Afirka.&lt;ref&gt;Gabatarwa mai kyau na kunshe ne a shafin [http://www.visitkenya.com/guide/index.php?mID=1&amp;contID=17 Regions of Kenya] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070513235557/http://www.visitkenya.com/guide/index.php?contID=17&amp;mID=1 |date=13 May 2007 }}.&lt;/ref&gt; Rami (rift) wuri ne da ƙasa ta rauni saboda rabuwa tsakanin faranti na tectonic guda biyu, wanda sau da yawa ke haifar da graben, ko ƙasan kwari, inda ruwa zai iya taruwa. Ramin ya fara ne lokacin da Gabashin Afirka, saboda motsin mantul (ƙasa mai taushi a karkashin duniya),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=FURMAN |first1=TANYA |last2=KALETA |first2=KELLY M. |last3=BRYCE |first3=JULIA G. |last4=HANAN |first4=BARRY B. |date=2006-03-21 |title=Tertiary Mafic Lavas of Turkana, Kenya: Constraints on East African Plume Structure and the Occurrence of High-μ Volcanism in Africa |journal=Journal of Petrology |volume=47 |issue=6 |pages=1221–1244 |doi=10.1093/petrology/egl009 |issn=1460-2415|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; ya fara rabewa daga sauran Afirka, yana motsawa zuwa arewa maso gabas. Yanzu haka, graben yana da faɗin kilomita 320 a arewacin tabkin, da kilomita 170 a kudu. Wannan rift ɗin ana kiran sa Ramin Gabas ko Babban Rami. Akwai wani kuma a yamma, wanda ake kira Ramin Yamma.

Tabkin Turkana wata ƙasa ce mai ban mamaki a tsarin yanayin Gabashin Afirka. Bayan kasancewarsa tabki a cikin hamada, shine kaɗai tabki da ke tara ruwa daga yankuna biyu masu banbanci na kogin Nilu. Ruwan tabkin yana zuwa ne daga tsaunukan Kenya da tsaunukan Habasha.

[[File:A map of Lake Rudolf and the region to the south-west. Reprinted from the Geographical Journal April 1935. (WOMAT-AFR-BEA-305-5).jpg|thumb|Taswirar tabkin Turkana]]

Dutsen tushe (basement rocks) na yankin an gano su a matsayin na shekaru miliyan 522 da 510 da suka wuce. Babu wani rift a lokacin. Samuwar rift yana zuwa ne da ayyukan aman wuta da ke bayyana raunin ƙasa. Ayyukan aman wuta na farko a yankin sun faru ne a tsaunukan Nabwal a arewa maso gabashin Turkana kuma an ƙiyasta shi da shekaru miliyan 34.8 da suka gabata a ƙarshen zamanin Eocene.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=McDougall |first1=Ian|last2=Watkins |first2=Ronald T. |date=January 2006|title=Geochronology of the Nabwal Hills: a record of earliest magmatism in the northern Kenyan Rift Valley |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/geological-magazine/article/abs/geochronology-of-the-nabwal-hills-a-record-of-earliest-magmatism-in-the-northern-kenyan-rift-valley/B5BC8346805C488318C51197D2AA2B00 |journal=Geological Magazine |language=en |volume=143 |issue=1 |pages=25–39 |doi=10.1017/S0016756805001184 |bibcode=2006GeoM..143...25M |issn=1469-5081|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Abubuwan da ake iya gani na motsin ƙasa (tectonics) a yankin sun fito ne daga yawan zubowar dutsen basalt a yankin kwarin Turkana-Omo a tsakanin shekaru miliyan 4.18 zuwa 3.99 da suka wuce.&lt;ref&gt;See [http://www.people.carleton.edu/~bhaileab/Petrology/LKNturkana-paper.pdf Mineral chemistry of Turkana basalts and implications for basin development] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331161633/https://people.carleton.edu/~bhaileab/Petrology/LKNturkana-paper.pdf |date=2023-03-31 }}, Karla Knudson, Louise Miltich, Nick Swanson-Hysell. The article is highly technical. Look for the summaries.&lt;/ref&gt; Wadannan su ne Gombe Group Basalts, waɗanda aka raba zuwa Mursi Basalts da Gombi Basalts.

Waɗannan basalts na Mursi da Gombi su ne dutsen da ke bayyana a cikin tsaunuka da hamada masu dutsen kusa da tabkin. A bangaren Omo na kwari, Mursi Basalts sun hada da Formation Mursi a yammacin kogin Omo, Nkalabong a kan Omo, da kuma Usno da Shungura a gabashin Omo. Mafi shahara cikin waɗannan tsarukan su ne Koobi Fora a gabashin Turkana da Nachukui a yammacin tabkin.

Canje-canje na ɗan lokaci a matakin tabki tare da aman toka na lokaci-lokaci daga duwatsu masu aman wuta sun haifar da matakai daban-daban a saman ƙasa. Ana iya gano shekarun waɗannan matakan ta hanyar nazarin sinadarai na toka mai laushi (tuff).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=McDougall |first1=Ian |last2=Brown |first2=Francis H. |date=January 2006|title=Precise &lt;sup&gt;40&lt;/sup&gt;Ar/&lt;sup&gt;39&lt;/sup&gt;Ar geochronology for the upper Koobi Fora Formation, Turkana Basin, northern Kenya |url=https://doi.org/10.1144/0016-764904-166 |journal=Journal of the Geological Society |volume=163 |issue=1 |pages=205–220 |doi=10.1144/0016-764904-166 |bibcode=2006JGSoc.163..205M |issn=0016-7649|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; Saboda yankin yana daga cikin wuraren da ake zargin asalinsu da rayuwar ɗan adam (hominin), ana duba waɗannan kwanaki da mahimmanci domin ƙirƙirar tarihin samfuran fossil na ɗan adam da na dabbobi. An tono dubban nau’o’in irin waɗannan abubuwa a yankin.

Matakan gabar ruwa da ke nuna inda ruwa ya tsaya a dā suna nan a cikin Kwari Turkana. Mafi tsawo shine kimanin mita 100 sama da matakin ruwan yanzu (wanda ke bambanta), wanda ya faru kimanin shekaru 9500 da suka gabata, a ƙarshen zamanin Pleistocene a lokacin Lokacin Danshi na Afirka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bloszies 64–76&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Bloszies|first1=C.|last2=Forman|first2=S. L.|last3=Wright|first3=D. K.|date=1 September 2015|title=Water level history for Lake Turkana, Kenya in the past 15,000 years and a variable transition from the African Humid Period to Holocene aridity|journal=Global and Planetary Change|volume=132|pages=64–76|doi=10.1016/j.gloplacha.2015.06.006}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana hasashen cewa a wancan lokacin, Turkana tana cikin tsarin kogin Nilu, daga kudu da Lake Baringo har zuwa White Nile a arewa, kafin rugujewar kasa ta katse haɗin. Wannan yana bayani kan dalilin da yasa akwai dabbobin kogin Nilu a cikin tabkin, kamar kada da kifi Nile perch. Ruwa mai yawa ya sake faruwa kimanin shekaru 9000, 6000 da 5000 da suka gabata, kowanne yana bin faduwar ruwa fiye da mita 40 cikin ƙasa da shekaru 200.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bloszies 64–76&quot;/&gt; Ana ganin canjin matsayi na Congo Air Boundary ya shafi iskar danshi daga Tekun Atlantika zuwa Gabashin Afirka,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Costa|first1=Kassandra|last2=Russell|first2=James|last3=Konecky|first3=Bronwen|last4=Lamb|first4=Henry|date=1 January 2014|title=Isotopic reconstruction of the African Humid Period and Congo Air Boundary migration at Lake Tana, Ethiopia|journal=Quaternary Science Reviews|volume=83|pages=58–67|doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.10.031|bibcode=2014QSRv...83...58C}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author-link1=Jessica Tierney|last1=Tierney|first1=Jessica E.|last2=Russell|first2=James M.|last3=Sinninghe Damsté|first3=Jaap S.|last4=Huang|first4=Yongsong|last5=Verschuren|first5=Dirk|date=1 April 2011|title=Late Quaternary behavior of the East African monsoon and the importance of the Congo Air Boundary|journal=Quaternary Science Reviews|volume=30|issue=7–8|pages=798–807|doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2011.01.017|bibcode=2011QSRv...30..798T}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda hakan ya shafi matakin ruwan Turkana da sauran tabkuna a yankin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bloszies 64–76&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Junginger|first1=Annett|last2=Roller|first2=Sybille|last3=Olaka|first3=Lydia A.|last4=Trauth|first4=Martin H.|date=15 February 2014|title=The effects of solar irradiation changes on the migration of the Congo Air Boundary and water levels of paleo-Lake Suguta, Northern Kenya Rift, during the African Humid Period (15–5 ka BP)|journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology|volume=396|pages=1–16|doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2013.12.007|bibcode=2014PPP...396....1J}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wurin binciken archaeastronomy na Namoratunga, wanda aka kimanta yana kusa da shekara 300 kafin haihuwar Yesu (BCE), yana kusa da tabkin Turkana.

== Kimiyyar Dan Adam (Anthropology) ==

An gano ƙasusuwan dā na farkon magabatan ɗan adam a Kwarin Turkana. Tafkin Turkana na da suna a matsayin mafari na rayuwar ɗan adam saboda nau’o’in hominid masu yawa da aka gano suna rayuwa a wurin a zamanai daban-daban masu nisan shekaru miliyoyi. Wannan gano ƙasusuwan ya taimaka wajen fahimtar yadda ɗan adam ya samo asali kuma yana nuna cewa sun samo asali daga wasu magabata daban-daban, ba daga tushe ɗaya kawai ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Herrero |first=Hannah |date=20 May 2022 |title=Discoveries at Lake Turkana |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/discoveries-lake-turkana}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Canje-canje a dajin da ke kewaye da su ya tilasta wa mutanen farko su saba da rayuwa a buɗaɗɗen daji, wanda ya sa suka fi fuskantar barazana daga dabbobin da ke cin nama. Tashin gawayi daga aman wuta da bushewar yanayi ya taimaka wajen adana waɗannan ƙasusuwan, sai dai hakan ya sa tafkin ya taɓa raguwa ko ɓacewa a wasu lokuta.

A wani kwarin da babu ruwa, wurin da aka kira Lomekwi 3, an gano manyan duwatsu da aka yi amfani da su kamar guduma, anvil da kayan yanka. Amma samuwar fasahar Acheulean ta sa amfani da kayan aiki bai zama abin bambanci tsakanin nau’o’in Homo ba, kasancewar Australopithecus afarensis suma sun riga sun fara amfani da kayan aiki tun kafin zuwan jinsin Homo fiye da shekaru miliyan 3.3 da suka wuce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Britannica |first=The Editors of Encyclopaedia |date=21 Jan 2016 |title=Lake Turkana remains |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lake-Turkana-remains.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An gano ƙasusuwan Australopithecus anamensis da Meave Leakey ta gano a 1994, kuma suna da shekaru kimanin miliyan 4, wanda hakan ya maida farkon lokacin tafiya da ƙafa zuwa baya da kusan rabin miliyan. Richard Leakey ya jagoranci yawancin binciken ilimin ɗan adam a wannan yanki wanda ya haifar da gano muhimman ƙasusuwan hominin.

A shekarar 1972, an gano ƙasusuwa mai shekaru miliyan biyu da aka sani da skull 1470. Da farko an ɗauka cewa na Homo habilis ne, amma daga bisani an ba shi sunan Homo rudolfensis a 1986 daga tsohon sunan tafkin (Rudolf), wanda V. P. Alexeev ya bayar. A 1984, an gano Turkana Boy, isasshen sassan ƙasusuwa na ɗan yaro na Homo ergaster da Kamoya Kimeu ya gano. A kwanan nan, Meave Leakey ta gano ƙasusuwa mai shekaru miliyan 3.5 da aka bai wa suna Kenyanthropus platyops (&quot;mutumin fuskar faffaɗa na Kenya&quot;).

Marta Mirazón Lahr ta gano shaidar fari da ya faru tsakanin mutane a wurin da ake kira Nataruk, wanda ke kusa da bakin tsohon tafkin Turkana. An gano ƙasusuwan mutane masu yawa da suka nuna rauni a kai, wuya, ƙirji, gwiwa da hannu, wanda ya nuna rikicin kungiyoyi tsakanin mafarauta masu yawon buɗe ido shekaru 10,000 da suka wuce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title = Inter-group violence among early Holocene hunter-gatherers of West Turkana, Kenya|journal = Nature|pages = 394–398|volume = 529|issue = 7586|doi = 10.1038/nature16477|first1 = M. Mirazón|last1 = Lahr|year=2016|url = https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/253726}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fiye da mutane 230 an gano su a wurin Koobi Fora a gabar yammacin tafkin, tare da ƙasusuwan Homo sapiens masu alamar rauni a gabar gabashin tafkin a wurin Nataruk. Wannan yanki na ba da cikakken haske kan yadda waɗannan tsofaffin mutane suka rayu da kuma yadda suka daidaita da sauyin yanayi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bush |first=Eliot |date=27 Jun 2020 |title=The Meaning of Time in the Place Where Humanity's Earliest Ancestors Arose |website=Scientific American |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-meaning-of-time-in-the-place-where-humanitys-earliest-ancestors-arose/.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Homo erectus shine mafi kusa da Homo sapiens a cikin magabata, kuma ana ganin shine farkon hominin da ya ketara Corridor na Levant daga Afirka zuwa Turai da Asiya shekaru miliyan 1.8 da suka wuce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hogenboom |first=Melissa |date=9 Dec 2015 |title=The Importance of Lake Turkana |url=https://www.bradshawfoundation.com/news/index.php?id=The-Importance-of-Lake-Turkana}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana samun kungiyoyin harsuna da dama a yankin da ke kewaye da Tafkin Turkana,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Lynch|first1=B. M.|last2=Robbins|first2=L. H.|date=1 July 1979|title=Cushitic and Nilotic Prehistory: New Archaeological Evidence from North-West Kenya|journal=The Journal of African History|volume=20|issue=3|pages=319–328|doi=10.1017/S0021853700017333}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda ke nuna yawan ƙaura da motsin mutane daban-daban tsawon dubban shekaru. A yau, akwai ƙungiyoyin harsuna guda uku na Nilotic (Nilo-Saharan) da Cushitic (Afro-Asiatic), waɗanda suka rabu zuwa harsuna sama da 12 a kewaye da tafkin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Eastern and Southern Africa in World History 1000 BC to AD 400|last=Ehret|first=Christopher|publisher=University of Virginia Press|year=1998|isbn=9780813920573}}&lt;/ref&gt; A farkon Holocene (lokacin da ruwan tafkin ke da yawa), kamun kifi da tattara abinci na daji sun kasance hanyar samun abinci. Wannan ya zama ya ragu yayin da ake fara kiwon dabbobi shekaru 5000 da suka wuce, lokacin da ruwan tafkin ke canzawa da sauri.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; A ƙarshe na Holocene, mutane sun mayar da hankali sosai wajen kamun kifi idan ruwa ya ƙaru, sannan su koma kiwon dabbobi idan ruwa ya ragu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Wright|first1=David K.|last2=Forman|first2=Steven L.|last3=Kiura|first3=Purity|last4=Bloszies|first4=Christopher|last5=Beyin|first5=Amanuel|date=27 June 2015|title=Lakeside View: Sociocultural Responses to Changing Water Levels of Lake Turkana, Kenya|journal=African Archaeological Review|volume=32|issue=2|pages=335–367|doi=10.1007/s10437-015-9185-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana iya samun kaburbura manya na duwatsu a gabar tafkin wanda ke da alaƙa da lokacin da aka fara shigo da dabbobi da aka mallaka a yankin kimanin shekaru 5000 da suka wuce,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Grillo|first1=Katherine M.|last2=Hildebrand|first2=Elisabeth A.|date=1 June 2013|title=The context of early megalithic architecture in eastern Africa: the Turkana Basin c. 5000–4000 BP|journal=Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa|volume=48|issue=2|pages=193–217|doi=10.1080/0067270X.2013.789188}}&lt;/ref&gt; daga baya kuma an fara binne mutane a ƙananan kaburbura na duwatsu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.african-archaeology.de/index.php?page_id=154&amp;journal_id=42&amp;pdf_id=328|title=Stone Cairns and Material Culture of the Middle to Late Holocene, Lake Turkana|last=D.K. Wright, K.M. Grillo &amp; R. Soper|website=www.african-archaeology.de}}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Mutanen da ke zaune a yankin a yau suna yin rayuwar haɗin gwiwa ta rayuwa, suna musanya tsakanin farauta, kamun kifi da kiwon dabbobi dangane da yanayin shekara.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; Sai dai, gina cibiyoyin addini (mision), ayyukan hakar makamashi (isko, mai) da wuraren raba taimako daga kungiyoyin NGO sun ƙara haɗa yankin da waje da kuma dogaro da su wajen samun abinci.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233492400|title=Success and Failure: The Breakdown of Traditional Drought Coping Institutions Among the Pastoral Turkana of Kenya|last=McCabe|first=Terrance|date=1990|journal=African and Asian Studies|volume=25|issue=3|pages=146–160}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=MONTCLOS|first1=M.-A. P. D.|last2=KAGWANJA|first2=P. M.|date=1 June 2000|title=Refugee Camps or Cities? The Socio-economic Dynamics of the Dadaab and Kakuma Camps in Northern Kenya|journal=Journal of Refugee Studies|volume=13|issue=2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Gidan Wuta na mai aiki da Iska ==
Kungiyar Lake Turkana Wind Power (LTWP) na shirin samar da megawatt 310 na wutar lantarki zuwa layin wutar lantarki na kasa a Kenya ta amfani da yanayin iska na musamman da ke kewaye da tafkin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2022-02-26|title=Home - Lake Turkana Wind Power|url=https://ltwp.co.ke/|access-date=2023-02-07|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shirin na bukatar turbin iska guda 365, kowanne na da karfin kilowatts 850. A watan Oktoba na shekarar 2016, an rigaya an girka turbin 155 kuma ana sa ran kammala aikin a shekarar 2017. Wannan zai kasance mafi girman aikin wutar iska a nahiyar Afirka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Browne|first=Pete|date=2010-03-16|title=Africa's Largest Wind Project Advances|url=https://archive.nytimes.com/green.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/03/16/africas-largest-wind-project-advances/|access-date=2023-02-07|website=Green Blog|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An kammala aikin gaba ɗaya kuma ya fara aiki da cikakken iko a watan Maris 2019. A watan Maris 2021, aikin ya kai cikakken amfani da damar da ake da ita (wato megawatt 310 gaba ɗaya).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Lake Turkana Wind Project - Our journey|url=https://ltwp.co.ke/our-journey/|access-date=2024-03-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dam ==

An riga an fara gina madatsar ruwa ta Gibe III a ƙasar Habasha a kan Kogin Omo, tare da amincewa gaba ɗaya cewa hakan zai rage yawan ruwa da ke gangarowa ƙasa da kuma rage yawan ruwa da ke shiga Tafkin Turkana na ƙasar Kenya, wanda ke samun kusan kashi 90 cikin 100 na ruwansa daga wannan kogi. A cewar rahoton ARWG {{Citation needed|date=March 2025}}, waɗannan canje-canje za su lalata hanyoyin rayuwa na aƙalla mutane 200,000 masu kiwon dabbobi da noman da ke dogaro da ambaliya da kamun kifi a gabar Kogin Omo, da kuma mutane 300,000 masu kiwon dabbobi da kamun kifi a gabar Tafkin Turkana – lamarin da zai jefa ƙabilun yankin cikin rikici mai tsanani da ya shafi kan iyaka har ya kai ƙasar Sudan ta Kudu, yayinda yunwa ke barazana ga rayuwarsu.

Rahoton ya bayyana yadda tsarin ci gaba mai gagarumar illa ke tafiya bisa bukatun masu hannu da shuni na ƙasa da ƙasa da na gwamnatocin Afirka. A cikin hakan, rahoton ya gano barazana da dama da aka yi watsi da su ko rage muhimmancinsu, ciki har da hasashen Hukumar Nazarin Ƙasa ta Amurka na yiwuwar girgizar ƙasa mai ƙarfi tsakanin girma 7 ko 8 a yankin da ake gina madatsar ruwa ta Gibe III.

=== Tasiri a Tafkin Turkana ===
Matsayin tasirin da madatsar ruwan da kuma shirin ban ruwa da ta haifar za su yi ga matakin ruwa a Tafkin Turkana na da sabani. Binciken ilimin ruwa da aka gudanar don Bankin Ci gaban Afirka a watan Nuwamba 2010 ya nuna cewa cika madatsar zai rage matakin ruwa a tafkin da mita biyu, idan ba a fara aikin ban ruwa ba. Idan aka fara ban ruwa, hakan zai ƙara rage ruwan tafkin.

Ƙungiyar Friends of Lake Turkana, wata ƙungiya ta 'yan Kenya da ke wakiltar ƙabilun asali a arewa maso yammacin Kenya waɗanda ke rayuwa da dogaro da tafkin, ta bayyana a da cewa madatsar za ta iya rage matakin tafkin da mita 10 wanda zai shafi har zuwa mutane 300,000. Hakan zai iya sa ruwa mai ɗan gishiri ya ƙara yawan gishirinsa har ya daina dacewa da sha ga ƙabilun da ke kewaye da tafkin. A halin yanzu, ruwa na da gishiri kimanin 2332 mg/L, kuma ana ƙiyasta cewa idan tafkin ya ragu da mita 10, gishirin zai ƙaru zuwa 3397 mg/L. Wannan ƙaruwa a gishiri zai iya rage yawan kifin da ke cikin tafkin ƙwarai, wanda mutanen da ke kewaye da tafkin ke dogara da shi don samun abinci da kuma rayuwa. A cewar masu suka, wannan &quot;zai jefa tafkin cikin wani mutuwa mai ci gaba amma ba da sauri ba.&quot;

A cewar masu goyon bayan madatsar, tasirin da madatsar za ta yi wa tafkin Turkana zai iyakance ne ga raguwar ruwa na ɗan lokaci yayin da ake cika madatsar. Majiyoyi da dama sun bayyana cewa cikar na iya ɗaukar tsakanin kakar damina guda ɗaya zuwa uku. Jimillar ruwan da madatsar Gibe III za ta iya rike wa zai kasance tsakanin biliyan 11.75 zuwa 14 na mita kubik, bisa ga majiyoyi daban-daban. A cewar kamfanin da ke gina madatsar, wannan zai rage ruwan tafkin da “ƙasa da santimita 50 a shekara tsawon shekaru uku” kuma gishirin “ba zai canza ba ko kaɗan.”

A cewar Kwamitin Ƙasa da Muhalli na Tafkuna na Ƙasa da Ƙasa, kashi 90 cikin 100 na ruwan Tafkin Turkana daga Kogin Omo ne, wanda ake gina madatsar a kansa. Ba tare da bututun fitar ruwa ba, Tafkin Turkana na rasa kimanin mita 2.3 na ruwansa kowace shekara ta hanyar zufa, kuma matakin ruwansa yana canzawa bisa ga yanayi da kuma lokutan shekara. Don kwatantawa, matakin tafkin a tarihi ya taɓa yin ƙaruwa da mita 20 fiye da yadda yake a yanzu a cikin shekarun 1890, sannan ya koma yadda yake yanzu a cikin shekarun 1940 zuwa 1950. Daga nan sai ya ƙara hauhawa da mita 7 zuwa saman sa a shekarar 1980, sannan kuma ya fara sauka a hankali.

Takaitaccen rahoton Binciken Tasirin Muhalli da Jama’a (ESIA) na aikin bai tantance tasirin da madatsar za ta yi wa matakin ruwa da ingancin ruwan Tafkin Turkana ba. Daraktan Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Ruwa ta Kenya, John Nyaoro, ya bayyana cewa madatsar ba za ta yi wa tafkin wani illa ba.

Wani rahoto daga Gwamnatin Kenya a shekarar 2021 ya kiyasta cewa fadin saman Tafkin Turkana ya ƙaru da kashi 10 cikin 100 tsakanin shekarar 2010 da 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tobiko |first=Keriako |date=2021 |title=Rising Water Levels in Kenya's Rift Valley Lakes, Turkwel Gorge Dam and Lake Victoria |url=http://www.environment.go.ke/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/MENR_Scoping_Report_Latest-5-07-21.pdf |access-date=2022-03-16 |website=Kenya Government and UNDP |archive-date=28 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220428030814/http://www.environment.go.ke/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/MENR_Scoping_Report_Latest-5-07-21.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Baraka |first=Carey |date=2022-03-17 |title=A drowning world: Kenya's quiet slide underwater |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/mar/17/kenya-quiet-slide-underwater-great-rift-valley-lakes-east-africa-flooding |access-date=2022-03-17 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
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    <title>Sophie Gradon</title>
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'''Sophie Hannah Gradon''' (25 ga Oktoba 1985 - 20 ga Yuni 2018) ta kasance samfurin Ingilishi. A shekara ta 2008, ta lashe kyautar Miss Newcastle . A shekara ta 2009, Gradon ta lashe taken Miss Great Britain .  A shekara ta 2016, ta kasance mai takara a jerin na biyu na ITV2's Love Island . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 June 2018 |title=Former Love Island contestant Sophie Gradon dies aged 32 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2018/jun/21/sophie-gradon-love-island-contestant-dies-aged-32 |website=The Guardian |agency=Press Association}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Gradon a [[Newcastle]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 June 2018 |title=Love Island star Sophie Gradon's shock death stuns fans |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/entertainment/news/article.cfm?c_id=1501119&amp;objectid=12075616 |website=The New Zealand Herald |access-date=19 June 2025 |archive-date=7 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191207050614/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/entertainment/news/article.cfm?c_id=1501119&amp;objectid=12075616 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta yi karatu a Makarantar Dame Allan kuma ta ci gaba da kammala GCE Advanced Levels a makarantar sakandare ta Ponteland. Ta sami digiri na 2:1 a cikin kafofin watsa labarai, al'adu da al'umma daga Jami'ar [[Northumbria]] .

== Ayyuka ==
A shekara ta 2008, Gradon ta lashe lambar yabo ta Miss Newcastle .  A shekara ta 2009, ta lashe lambar yabo ta Miss Great Britain.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Duke |first=Simon |date=22 June 2016 |title=Love Island: Sophie finally reveals Miss Newcastle &amp; Miss GB past |url=http://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/news/tv/love-island-sophie-finally-reveals-11508141 |access-date=4 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gradon ya yi aiki a matsayin manajan tallace-tallace.&lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;radiotimes.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Daly |first=Emma |date=30 May 2016 |title=Love Island 2016: meet Sophie Gradon |url=https://www.radiotimes.com/news/2016-05-30/love-island-2016-meet-sophie-gradon/ |access-date=10 December 2020 |website=[[Radio Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kasance mai gabatar da kamfen ɗin NE1 a Cibiyar Birnin Newcastle, ta hanyar da ta tara kuɗi don agaji. A wannan matsayin, Gradon ya sami nasarar neman tallafin kudi daga Calum Best don Babban Arewacin Run a cikin 2011. An tara dubban fam don aika yara masu cutar kansa a kan tafiya zuwa tsibirin [[Crete|Karita]]. Chronicle Live ya ruwaito cewa Calum ya amince da tallafawa wannan sadaka bayan ya ga aikin da Gradon ya yi wa Gidauniyar Sara's Hope. A cikin 2011, Gradon ya bayyana a kan Sky Sports don tallafawa kamfen ɗin &quot;The Great North Fitness Revolution&quot;. 

Ta kasance mai takara a kan Love Island a shekarar 2016. A lokacin da take cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na gaskiya, Love Island, Gradon ta fara dangantaka da barman Tom Powell kafin ta haɗu da samfurin glamour Katie Salmon, Love Island ta farko ta jima'i. Ta yanke shawarar barin gidan a ranar 39.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dosani |first=Rishma |date=13 July 2016 |title=Love Island's Sophie Gradon admits she 'faked it with Katie Salmon' to win |url=http://www.ok.co.uk/celebrity-news/569975/sophie-gradon-admits-she-faked-it-with-katie-salmon |access-date=4 July 2017 |archive-date=5 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705141900/http://www.ok.co.uk/celebrity-news/569975/sophie-gradon-admits-she-faked-it-with-katie-salmon |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2018, Gradon ya kasance wani ɓangare na jawabi a kan kafofin sada zumunta da tasirinsa ga yara. A wata hira da aka yi da Rediyon Air a watan Maris na shekara ta 2018, Gradon ta bayyana cewa ita ce wanda aka azabtar da ita ta hanyar cin zarafin yanar gizo da kuma intanet.

Ta ruwaito a cikin hira:Yana da ban tsoro. Ina tsammanin lokacin da kuka sami tsokaci da yawa a kan sikelin mun fito daga dubban mabiya. &quot;Ta kara da cewa:Akwai magoya baya da maganganu masu kyau amma mutane za su mai da hankali kan abubuwan da ba su dace ba. Wani lokaci zan nemi shi...Za a sami maganganu marasa kyau da yawa. Suna yin sharhi game da yadda kake kallo, yadda kake magana. Za su zo da ra'ayi game da ku a cikin shirin talabijin inda suka kalli ka na minti 45. &quot;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
A shekara ta 2008, Gradon ya yi soyayya da Wayne Lineker, ɗan'uwan Gary Lineker.A cikin 2013, Gradon ya yi kwanan wata da dan wasan rugby Danny Cipriani . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Binding |first=Lucia |date=24 May 2016 |title=Love Island 2016: Meet the contestants from Miss Great Britain to Danny Cipriani's ex-girlfriend |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/love-island-2016-meet-contestants-miss-great-britain-danny-ciprianis-ex-girlfriend-1561729 |access-date=4 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;radiotimes.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Daly |first=Emma |date=30 May 2016 |title=Love Island 2016: meet Sophie Gradon |url=https://www.radiotimes.com/news/2016-05-30/love-island-2016-meet-sophie-gradon/ |access-date=10 December 2020 |website=[[Radio Times]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFDaly2016&quot;&gt;Daly, Emma (30 May 2016). [https://www.radiotimes.com/news/2016-05-30/love-island-2016-meet-sophie-gradon/ &quot;Love Island 2016: meet Sophie Gradon&quot;]. ''[[Radio Times]]''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;10 December&lt;/span&gt; 2020&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 2016, rahotanni sun bayyana cewa Gradon ya kasance &quot;a bayyane bisexual&quot;.  An san ta sosai a cikin zamantakewar jama'a a [[Newcastle]] . 

== Mutuwa ==
A ranar 20 ga Yuni 2018, tana da shekaru 32, saurayinta da ɗan'uwansa sun sami Gradon ta mutu a gidan iyayenta a Medburn . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wright |first=Minnie |date=21 June 2018 |title=Sophie Gradon dead: Love Island star dies aged 32 |url=https://www.express.co.uk/celebrity-news/977496/Sophie-Gradon-dead-Love-Island-dies-death-how-did-Sophie-Gradon-die-boyfriend-Ashley-Lenco |access-date=21 June 2018 |website=[[Daily Express]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wani mai magana da yawun 'Yan sanda na Northumbria ya ba da rahoton cewa ba a bayyana cewa akwai yanayi mai ban tsoro ba kuma ba a bayyana dalilin mutuwar da farko ba. Jami'ai daga baya sun bayyana dalilin mutuwar mai yiwuwa shine kashe kansa. Mutuwarta ta haifar da martani tsakanin kafofin watsa labarai, tare da kungiyar Miss Great Britain da wasu mambobi da yawa na 'yan wasan Love Island suna nuna ta'aziyya. An gudanar da jana'izarta a ranar 5 ga Yulin 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Warner |first=Sam |date=6 July 2018 |title=Love Island star Sophie Gradon laid to rest as boyfriend pays tribute |url=http://www.digitalspy.com/showbiz/love-island/news/a861061/love-island-sophie-gradon-laid-to-rest-boyfriend-heartfelt-tribute/ |access-date=7 July 2018 |website=[[Digital Spy]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dangane da Bincike a watan Afrilu na 2019, Gradon ya mutu ta hanyar kashe kansa bayan shan cocaine da barasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 April 2019 |title=Love Island star killed herself after mixing drugs and alcohol, inquest finds |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2019/apr/18/sophie-gradon-love-island-star-killed-herself-after-mixing-drugs-and-alcohol-inquest-finds |access-date=10 December 2020 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kimanin kwanaki 20 bayan mutuwarta, saurayin Gradon Aaron Armstrong ma ya mutu ta hanyar kashe kansa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Parveen |first=Nazia |last2=Donald |first2=Kevin |date=19 March 2019 |title=Boyfriend of Love Island star killed himself, coroner rules |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2019/mar/19/boyfriend-of-love-island-star-sophie-gradon-killed-himself-coroner-rules |access-date=10 December 2020 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2018]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1985]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Subaru Impreza</title>
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      <text bytes="5479" sha1="cea6xaajmxp2374ogbxxjg0mv8z3og1" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Subaru Impreza''' shine mota ta matsakaita da kamfanin Subaru na Japan ya fara kera a 1992, kuma tana da suna sananne a duniya saboda ƙarfinta a gasar tuki da tsarin tuƙin dukansu (all-wheel-drive). Ya zama sananne musamman ta hanyar nau’ikan WRX da STI, waɗanda suka yi nasara a gasar Rally World Championship (WRC) a shekarun 1990. A Najeriya, Impreza yana da karɓuwa a cikin al’ummar masu sha’awar motoci a biranen kamar Kano da Enugu saboda ƙarfinsa da tsarin tsayawa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Subaru Impreza Global Sales |url=https://www.subaru-global.com/news/2023/230601-impreza-sales.html |website=Subaru Global |date=2023-06-01 |access-date=2025-06-29 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Subaru Impreza in Nigeria |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/07/subaru-impreza-nigeria-enthusiasts/ |website=Vanguard Nigeria |date=2023-07-15 |access-date=2025-06-29 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; An kera shi a Japan kawai, amma ana shigo da shi zuwa kasuwannin Afirka ta hanyar dillalai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Subaru Impreza Production |url=https://www.subaru.com/impreza/production.html |website=Subaru USA |access-date=2025-06-29 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihin Mota ==
Subaru Impreza ya fara fitowa a Oktoba 1992 a matsayin maye gurbin Subaru Leone, da aka tsara don haɗa ƙarfi da aminci. Nau’in WRX ya bayyana a 1994, wanda ya zama sananne saboda nasarorin sa a WRC tare da direbobai kamar Colin McRae. A shekara ta 2025, an kai ga ƙarni na biyu na samarwa, tare da sabon ƙira a 2023 don ƙara fasaha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=History of Subaru Impreza |url=https://www.subaru-global.com/heritage/impreza/ |website=Subaru Heritage |access-date=2025-06-29 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Impreza WRX Evolution |url=https://www.autocar.co.uk/car-news/industry/evolution-subaru-impreza-wrx |website=Autocar |date=2023-08-20 |access-date=2025-06-29 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; A Afirka, an fara shigo da shi a shekarun 1995, kuma a Najeriya, ya zama zaɓi na masu son gasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Subaru in African Markets |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/autos-transportation/subaru-africa-expansion-2023/ |website=Reuters |date=2023-09-10 |access-date=2025-06-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ƙirƙira da Fasaha ==
Impreza yana da injuna daban-daban, daga injunan 1.6L na farko har zuwa injunan 2.5L Turbo na WRX na yanzu. An sanya shi da tsarin tuƙin dukansu (AWD) don inganta ƙarfi a kan dusar ƙanƙara da laka, tare da fasaha kamar tsarin kula da tsayawa da injunan turbo. A Japan, an yi amfani da shi a gasa don gwajin ƙirƙira.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Subaru Impreza Technical Specs |url=https://www.subaru.com.au/impreza/tech-specs |website=Subaru Australia |date=2024-01-15 |access-date=2025-06-29 |archive-date=2025-08-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250815013919/https://www.subaru.com.au/impreza/tech-specs |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Impreza AWD Technology |url=https://www.motortrend.com/news/subaru-impreza-awd-tech/ |website=Motor Trend |date=2023-09-10 |access-date=2025-06-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; A Najeriya, ana amfani da shi a gasa na gida a jihohin Arewa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Impreza in Nigerian Motorsport |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2024/05/20/impreza-nigeria-motorsport/ |website=ThisDay Nigeria |date=2024-05-20 |access-date=2025-06-29 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tasiri a Duniya ==
Subaru Impreza ya taimaka wajen sauya masana’antar motocin wasan motsa jiki ta hanyar gabatar da tsarin tuƙin dukansu (AWD) ga motocin matsakaita, wanda ya motsa kamfanoni kamar Audi da Mitsubishi. Ya sami yabo daga masu suka saboda nasarorinsa a gasa da ƙarfin sa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Impreza Impact on Motorsport |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/motorsport/56789012 |website=BBC Sport |date=2021-11-05 |access-date=2025-06-29 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Subaru Impreza Legacy |url=https://www.autoweek.com/news/a45123678/subaru-impreza-legacy/ |website=Autoweek |date=2023-07-01 |access-date=2025-06-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; A Afirka, yana zama misali ga masu sha’awar motoci, ko da yake tsadar kayan gyara na iya zama matsala.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Subaru’s Global Influence |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/subaru-impreza-influence-2024 |website=Business Insider |date=2024-06-15 |access-date=2025-06-29 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hotuna ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Subaru_Impreza_1992.jpg|Subaru Impreza na farko, 1992
File:Subaru_Impreza_WRX_2023.jpg|Subaru Impreza WRX, 2023
File:Subaru_Impreza_Rally.jpg|Subaru Impreza a gasa
File:Subaru_Logo.svg|Subaru alama
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin Waje ==
* [https://www.subaru-global.com/news/2023/230601-impreza-sales.html Subaru Impreza Sales Milestone]{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [https://www.subaru-global.com/heritage/impreza/ Tarihin Subaru Impreza]{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

[[Category:Motoci na Japan]]
[[Category:Motocin wasan motsa jiki]]
[[Category:Subaru]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sekhopi Malebo</title>
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'''Sekhopi Molisaotsile Andrew Malebo''' (an haife shi a ranar 5 ga watan Afrilu 1960) ɗan siyasan [[Afirka ta Kudu]] ne kuma tsohon mai fafutukar yaƙi da nuna wariyar launin fata daga Jihar 'Yanci. Ya kasance Memba na Majalisar Zartarwa ta Jihar Free (MEC) mai kula da ayyukan jama'a, hanyoyi da sufuri daga shekarun 1997 zuwa 2004. Kafin haka dai ya wakilci jam'iyyar ANC a [[Majalisar Dokokin Afirka ta Kudu|majalisar dokokin ƙasar]]  daga shekarun 1994 zuwa 1996.

== Rayuwar farko da gwagwarmaya ==
An haifi Malebo a ranar 5 ga watan Afrilu 1960&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine |date=11 June 1999 |title=General Notice: Notice 1319 of 1999 – Electoral Commission: Representatives Elected to the Various Legislatures |url=https://gazettes.africa/archive/za/1999/za-government-gazette-dated-1999-06-11-no-20203.pdf |magazine=[[Government Gazette of South Africa]] |location=Pretoria, South Africa |publisher=[[Government of South Africa]] |volume=408 |issue=20203 |pages= |access-date=26 March 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma yana magana da [[Harshen Tswana|Tswana]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Högberg |first=Bertil |date=15 July 2005 |title=Interviews: Sekopi Malebo |url=https://nai.uu.se/library/resources/liberation-africa/interviews/sekopi-malebo.html |access-date=2023-06-09 |website=The Nordic Africa Institute |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya zama ɗan siyasa a matsayin ɗalibi na sakandare a [[Bloemfontein]] bayan tashin hankalin 1976 na Soweto, musamman ta ƙungiyar ɗaliban Bloemfontein, wanda a lokacin Black Consciousness ta yi tasiri sosai.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt; Daga baya ya ce ya sauya sheka daga akidar Black Consciousness zuwa al'adar Charterist a shekara ta 1979, lokacin da aka fara fallasa shi ga haramtacciyar [[Yarjejeniya ta ƴanci|Yarjejeniya ta 'Yanci]], wacce yake sha'awa sosai. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Daga baya ya shiga cikin ƙungiyoyin jama'a na Charterist a Bloemfontein, da kuma tsarin siyasa ta hanyar Ikilisiyar Lutheran, kuma ya yi hulɗa da ANC yayin ziyara a [[Sweden]] a shekarar 1981.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Chitja Twala |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341297226 |title=The Road to Democracy in South Africa, Vol. 4 (1980-1990) |publisher=UNISA Press |year=2010 |pages=765–813 |chapter=Activists networks and political protest in the Free State, 1983-1990 |access-date=10 April 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin shekarun baya, ya kasance shugaban teburin matasa na Majalisar Cocin Afirka ta Kudu, wanda cocinsa ke da alaƙa;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; ya kuma riƙe muƙaman jagoranci a kungiyar jama'a ta Mangaung.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Bayan da aka dakatar da ANC a cikin shekarar 1990 yayin tattaunawar kawo karshen mulkin nuna wariyar launin fata, Malebo ya shiga cikin kungiyar a hukumance kuma ya zama memba na ruƙunin shugabanninta na wucin gadi a cikin Orange Free State.  A cikin watan Nuwamba 1991,&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt; an zaɓe shi a matsayin shugaban reshen yanki na ANC a Kudancin Orange Free State.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=1991 |title=Southern OFS conference |url=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.za/sites/default/files/ITEM_COD-0100-0001-_-003.pdf |journal=Mayibuye |volume=2 |issue=11 |pages=5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin doka: 1994-2004 ==
An zaɓi Malebo a matsayin ɗan takarar jam'iyyar ANC a majalisar dokokin ƙasar a zaɓen farko da aka yi a Afirka ta Kudu bayan mulkin nuna wariyar launin fata a shekarar 1994.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/read/13429370/south-africa-campaign-and-election-report-april-26- |title=South Africa: Campaign and Election Report April 26–29, 1994 |publisher=[[International Republican Institute]] |year=1994 |access-date=13 April 2023 |via=Yumpu}}&lt;/ref&gt;  A cikin shekarar 1996, ya bar kujerarsa ya shiga majalisar dokokin lardin Free State, inda aka rantsar da shi a ranar 18 ga watan Disamba. &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Twala |first=Chitja |date=2005-01-01 |title=The demon of factionalism in an African National Congress (ANC)-led Free State Province (1994-2004): a reality? |url=https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.10520/EJC28366 |journal=Journal for Contemporary History |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=109–131}}&lt;/ref&gt; An kuma naɗa shi a matsayin MEC na Ayyukan Jama'a, Hanyoyi da Sufuri a Majalisar Zartarwa ta Firayim Minista Ivy Matsepe-Casaburri.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eSM_AQAAIAAJ |title=Who's Who of Southern Africa |date=2005 |publisher=Ken Donaldson |pages=1994 |language=en |chapter=Sekhopi Malebo}}&lt;/ref&gt;  An zaɓe shi cikakken wa'adi a majalisar dokokin lardin a babban zaɓen 1999 kuma magajin Matsepe-Casaburri, Firayim Minista [[Winkie Direko]] ya ci gaba da riƙe shi a matsayin MEC. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 June 2001 |title=Direko axes three MECs |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/direko-axes-three-mecs-20010628 |access-date=2023-06-09 |website=News24 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A babban zaɓen shekara ta 2004, ANC ta zaɓi Malebo don komawa majalisar dokoki ta ƙasa, amma ya kasance a matsayi na 14 a jerin jam'iyyun yankin na jihar 'Yanci &lt;ref name=&quot;:023&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 March 2004 |title=General Notice: List of registered parties and final lists of candidates submitted for the election of the National Assembly and the Nine Provincial Legislatures on 14 April 2004 |url=https://www.gov.za/sites/default/files/gcis_document/201409/26209gen558.pdf |access-date=8 June 2023 |website=[[Government Gazette of South Africa]] |publisher=[[Government of South Africa]] |page=48 |publication-place=Pretoria, South Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma da kyar ya ƙasa samun sake tsayawa takara. Seiso Mohai ne ya gaje shi a matsayin MEC. '''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 May 2004 |title=Marshoff names new Free State council |url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/marshoff-names-new-free-state-council-211941 |access-date=2023-01-03 |website=IOL |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;'''

== Ayyukansa na baya ==
Bayan ya bar siyasar majalisa a shekara ta 2004, Malebo ya ci gaba da harkokin kasuwanci.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; A cikin shekarar 2020, ya shirya wani tattaki a hedkwatar ANC a gidan Luthuli, inda ya buƙaci a kori Ace Magashule da &quot;sauran masu laifin da ke da hannu a cin hanci da rashawa a lardin [Jihar 'Yanci] a lokacin [Magashule] a matsayin Firayim Minista.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-10-22 |title=Free State branches gun for Ace |url=https://mg.co.za/politics/2020-10-22-free-state-branches-gun-for-ace/ |access-date=2023-06-09 |website=The Mail &amp; Guardian |language=en-ZA}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1960]]</text>
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    <title>Sophia Williams-De Bruyn</title>
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'''Sophia Theresa Williams-de Bruyn''' (née Williams; an haife ta a shekara ta 1938) OMSS tsohuwar mai fafutukar adawa da nuna wariyar launin fata ce ta [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. Ita ce ta farko da ta karɓi lambar yabo ta mata don hidimar ƙasa ta musamman. Ita ce jagora ta ƙarshe mai rai ta Women's March.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; 

== Rayuwar farko ==
An haifi Sophia Theresa Williams-De Bruyn a cikin Villageboard, yankin da ke da mutane daga ƙasashe daban-daban. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 February 2011 |title=Sophia Theresa Williams de Bruyn |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/sophia-theresa-williams-de-bruyn |access-date=13 September 2016 |website=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ita ce 'yar Frances Elizabeth da Henry Ernest Williams.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sophia&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/sophia-theresa-williams-de-bruyn|title=Sophia Theresa Williams de Bruyn|last=sahoboss|date=2011-02-17|work=South African History Online|access-date=2018-05-23|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Ta ce tausayin mahaifiyarta ga wasu ya taimaka mata ta kasance da tausayi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/gauteng/women-still-need-to-be-assertive-1905987|title='Women Still Need to Be Assertive'|last=Chernick|first=Ilanit|date=26 August 2015|work=IOL|access-date=13 September 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Lokacin da mahaifinta ya shiga soja don yin yaki a yakin duniya na biyu, mahaifiyar Sophia ta motsa iyali zuwa wani sabon ci gaban gidaje, musamman da aka gina don masu launi, wanda ake kira Schauder. Ta ci gaba da karatunta a Makarantar Katolika ta Saint James.  Ta bar makaranta ta fara aiki a masana'antar saka.  Ma’aikata a masana’antar Tufafi ta Van Lane sun nemi ta taimaka ta “warware matsalolinsu da shugabannin masana’anta,” kuma daga baya ta zama ma’aikaciyar shago. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;  Daga baya ta zama memba mai zartarwa na kungiyar Ma'aikatan Tudu a [[Port Elizabeth]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Aikin siyasa ==
Williams-De Bruyn ta kasance memba na ƙungiyar Kasuwanci ta Afirka ta Kudu (SACTU).&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt; Bayan gwamnati ta gabatar da Dokar Rijistar Jama'a a cikin shekarar 1950s, an naɗa ta a matsayin mai shirya cikakken lokaci na Majalisar Jama'ar Launi a [[Johannesburg]]. 

A ranar 9 ga watan Agusta, 1956, ta jagoranci zanga-zangar mata 20 000 a kan ginin Union of [[Pretoria]] tare da Lilian Ngoyi, Rahima Moosa, Helen Joseph,&lt;ref name=&quot;blue&quot;&gt;[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:JoburgPediA_-_Rahima_Moosa_House.png Blue plaque on the front of Rahima Moosa House mounted in 2013 as part of Johannesburg Heritage].&lt;/ref&gt;  [[Albertina Sisulu]] da Bertha Gxowa don nuna rashin amincewa da buƙatun cewa mata suna ɗaukar littattafai a matsayin wani ɓangare na dokokin wucewa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-149253549.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008194328/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-149253549.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 October 2016|title=Memories of the Long March to Freedom|last=Ndaba|first=Baldwin|date=9 August 2006|work=The Star |access-date=13 September 2016|via=HighBeam Research}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sophia tana da shekaru 18 kacal, wanda hakan ya sa ta kasance mafi ƙanƙanta a cikin shugabannin huɗu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kathrada&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sophia Williams-De Bruyn – a lifetime of activism – Ahmed Kathrada Foundation |url=https://www.kathradafoundation.org/2017/06/12/sophia-williams-de-bruyn-a-lifetime-of-activism/ |access-date=2018-05-23 |website=www.kathradafoundation.org |language=en-ZA |archive-date=2017-08-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170828190900/https://www.kathradafoundation.org/2017/06/12/sophia-williams-de-bruyn-a-lifetime-of-activism/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Waɗannan matan sun bi ta cikin masu gadi a ƙofofin don isar da kokensu a wajen ƙofar ministoci.&lt;ref name=&quot;Women&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xX-vhZQ1QpIC&amp;q=sophie+williams|title=Women and Resistance in South Africa|last=Walker|first=Cherryl|date=1991|publisher=New Africa Books|isbn=9780864861702|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Bayan da aka zartar da dokar yawan jama'a, Williams-De Bruyn ta majalisar wakilan jama'ar launi ta ba shi aiki tare da [[Shulamith Muller]] kan batutuwan da suka shafi zartar da dokoki.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt; 

A shekarar 1959, ta auri Henry Benny Nato De Bruyn kuma sun haifi 'ya'ya uku. Mijinta kuma mai fafutuka ne a harkar ‘yanci, kuma sojan [[Umkhonto we Sizwe]]. Gidansu ya zama mafaka ga sauran masu fafutukar yaki da wariyar launin fata irin su [[Raymond Mhlaba]], [[Elias Motsoaledi]] da Wilton Mkwayi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Iconic&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2016-08-25-60-iconic-women-the-people-behind-the-1956-womens-march-to-pretoria-51-60|title=60 Iconic Women — The people behind the 1956 Women's March to Pretoria (51-60)|last=Supplement|work=The M&amp;G Online|access-date=2018-05-23|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

A shekara ta 1963, an tilasta wa mijinta gudun hijira a Lusaka, Zambia inda aka naɗa shi Shugaban Kwamitin Siyasa na Yanki na ANC.&lt;ref name=&quot;Benny&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Henry Benny Nato De Bruyn – Centro Benny Nato Onlus |url=http://www.bennynato-onlus.org/henry-benny-nato-de-bruyn-2/ |access-date=2018-05-23 |website=www.bennynato-onlus.org |language=it-IT |archive-date=2021-01-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122185220/http://www.bennynato-onlus.org/henry-benny-nato-de-bruyn-2/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta shiga tare da shi bayan shekaru shida kuma ta ci gaba da kammala karatunta kuma ta sami shaidar difloma a shekara ta 1977, duk a lokacin tana aiki a matsayin mai gudanarwa na ANC a [[Lusaka]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Benny&quot; /&gt; Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa majalisar ilimi ta ANC da aka kafa a shekarar 1980. Majalisar ta kafa tsarin koyarwa na Kwalejin Freedom Solomon Mahlangu. An kafa kwalejin ne a cikin shekarar 1978 ta jam'iyyar African National Congress (ANC) da ke gudun hijira a Mazimbu, [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]].

Ta koma [[Afirka ta Kudu]] tare da mijinta bayan da ANC ba ta da izini&lt;ref name=&quot;Kathrada&quot;/&gt; Mijinta ya yi aiki a matsayin jakadan Afirka ta Kudu a Jordan har ya mutu a shekarar 1999.&lt;ref name=&quot;Benny&quot;/&gt;  Ta kasance mamba a hukumar daidaita jinsi kafin ta shiga majalisar dokokin Gauteng a shekarar 2004 sannan ta zama mataimakiyar kakakinta daga shekarun 2005 zuwa 2009, kafin ta koma majalisar dokokin ƙasar.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kathrada&quot; /&gt;

== Martaba ==
Ta yi jawabi ga ɗimbin jama'a a bikin cika shekaru 60 na Women's March a shekarar 1956 a Pretoria a ranar 9 ga watan Agusta, 2016.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kathrada&quot;/&gt;

A cikin shekarar 1999, Williams-De Bruyn ta sami lambar yabo ta [[Ida Menfant|Ida Mntwana]] a Silver.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sophia Williams-De Bruyn |url=http://www.interlog.com/~saww/2005Sophia.html |access-date=13 September 2016 |website=SAWW Annual Awards}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin shekarar 2001, ita ce ta farko da aka ba wa lambar yabo ta mata don hidimar ƙasa ta musamman kuma a cikin wannan shekarar ta sami lambar yabo ta Mahatma Gandhi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

A halin yanzu ita ce 'yar majalisar dokoki a lardin Gauteng na jam'iyyar ANC.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [http://21icons.com/sophia-williams-de-bruyn/ Bayanin Alamar: Sophia Williams de Bruyn]
* [http://www.capetalk.co.za/articles/15638/60-years-after-historic-women-s-day-march-yet-women-remain-vulnerable-in-society Hira da Sophia Williams-De Bruyn] (audio)
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    <title>Shari'ar canjin yanayi da Dokar Ingancin Muhalli ta California</title>
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      <text bytes="30361" sha1="58i5fwgahyijem1m4p95znq9e3v2xxn" xml:space="preserve">'''Shari'ar canjin yanayi da Dokar Inganta muhalli ta California''' shari'a ce  da ta shafi Canjin yanayi da hayaki na gas (GHG) da ya zama ruwan dare a kotunan tarayya da na jihohi. Bayan amincewa da Dokar Maganin Warming na Duniya ta 2006 (AB 32) da kuma buga rahoton Bincike na Hudu na Hudu (IPCC) An sanya ƙarin matsin lamba a kan hukumomin jama'a na California don kimanta yiwuwar tasirin tasirin canjin yanayi na duniya wanda GHG ya haifar. Musamman, an shigar da karar da yawa a kan hukumomi saboda gazawar nazarin hayaki na GHG wanda ayyukan da ke ƙarƙashin Dokar Ingancin Muhalli ta California (CEQA) suka samar. Hukuncin kotu kafin sake dubawa na 2010 ga jagororin CEQA sun ba da haske na farko game da yadda za a yi amfani da CEQA a matsayin abin hawa don ganowa da rage fitar da GHG a cikin jihar. Ana amfani da yanke shawara da aka bayar bayan amincewa da jagororin da aka sake sabuntawa don fassara sabon abin da CEQA ke buƙata don kimanta hayaki na GHG da canjin yanayi.

== Tarihi a kan tsarin kotun California ==
Tsarin kotun California ya ƙunshi Kotuna masu girma guda 58, Kotuna daukaka kara guda shida, da Kotun Koli guda ɗaya. Kotun Koli na California suna cikin kowane gundumar kuma suna jagorantar shari'o'i a cikin ikonsu. Kotun daukaka kara ta California tana sauraron hukunce-hukuncen Kotun Koli kan roko. Kotun da ta fi girma a jihar, Kotun Koli ta California, tana da ikon sake duba yanke shawara da ƙananan kotuna suka yi. Shari'o'in da aka kawo a gaban Kotun Koli galibi ana nufin su warware &quot;manyan tambayoyi&quot; da suka shafi dokar jihar.

Tsarin kotun yana da matsayi inda hukunce-hukuncen da kotuna masu girma suka ba da fifiko ga ƙananan kotuna. Misali, hukunce-hukuncen Kotun Koli ta California suna da ɗaure a kan dukkan Kotunan daukaka kara da Kotun daukaka kara kuma hukunce-hinku na Kotun dawakai suna da ɗauke a kan Kotun da Kasa a cikin wannan gundumar. Kotuna masu girma sun saurari mafi yawan shari'o'in canjin yanayi; Kotun daukaka kara da Kotun Koli ta California sun sake duba ƙananan shari'oʼin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=Climate Change Litigation in the U.S. |url=http://www.climatecasechart.com/ |access-date=2012-03-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== CEQA da canjin yanayi - bayanan doka ==
Babban manufar CEQA ita ce bayyana yiwuwar tasirin muhalli na ayyukan da hukumomin jihohi da na gida suka gabatar. Ba kamar takwaransa na tarayya ba, Dokar Manufofin Muhalli ta Kasa, CEQA tana buƙatar hukumomin jagora don rage tasirin da za a iya samu ta hanyar karɓar duk wani ragewa. Har zuwa kwanan nan, CEQA ta yi shiru game da batun canjin yanayi da fitar da GHG. Koyaya, an sake fasalin jagororin CEQA a ranar 30 ga Disamba, 2009, wanda ke buƙatar ayyukan da ke ƙarƙashin CEQA la'akari da tasirin muhalli wanda GHG ya haifar. [Lokaci 1] &lt;ref name=&quot;guideline&quot;/&gt;Sashe na 15064.4 yana ba da jagora don ƙayyade muhimmancin hayaki na GHG, amma bai kafa ƙofofi na bayyane ba. Sashe na 15126.4 (c) ya ba da shawarar nau'ikan gabaɗaya na ragewa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=CEQA Guidelines California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) Statutes and Guidelines |url=http://ceres.ca.gov/ceqa/docs/CEQA_Handbook_2012_wo_covers.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111100742/http://ceres.ca.gov/ceqa/docs/CEQA_Handbook_2012_wo_covers.pdf |archive-date=2012-11-11 |access-date=2012-04-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dangane da sake dubawa na jagororin CEQA, gundumomin iska da hukumomin jihohi sun buga takardun jagora don taimakawa hukumomin gwamnati wajen magance tasirin canjin yanayi. Har zuwa yau, Gundumar Gudanar da Ingancin Jirgin Sama ta Bay Area (BAAQMD) da Gundumar Kula da Gidauniyar Jirgin Sama (SJVAPCD) sun karɓi ƙofofin hukuma na muhimmancin; Gundumar Gidauniyoyin Kula da Ingancin Ruwa ta Kudu (SCAQMD) ta karɓi ƙa'idodin wucin gadi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=California Environmental Quality Act: Air Quality Guidelines |url=http://www.baaqmd.gov/~/media/Files/Planning%20and%20Research/CEQA/BAAQMD%20CEQA%20Guidelines%20May%202011.ashx?la=en |access-date=2012-04-13}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=Final Staff Report: Addressing Greenhouse Gas Emissions Impacts under the California Environmental Quality Act |url=http://www.valleyair.org/programs/CCAP/12-17-09/1%20CCAP%20-%20FINAL%20CEQA%20GHG%20Staff%20Report%20-%20Dec%2017%202009.pdf |access-date=2012-04-13}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Greenhouse Gas CEQA Significance Thresholds |url=http://www.aqmd.gov/ceqa/handbook/GHG/GHG.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505192624/http://aqmd.gov/ceqa/handbook/GHG/GHG.html |archive-date=2012-05-05 |access-date=2012-04-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;Ofishin Shirye-shiryen Gwamna da Bincike (OPR) ya fitar da shawarwarin fasaha mai taken CEQA da Canjin Yanayi: Addressing Climate Change ta hanyar CEQA, wanda ke ba da cikakkun bayanai game da tsarin bincike na matakai uku don fitar da GHG.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=CEQA and Climate Change: Addressing Climate Change through CEQA |url=http://opr.ca.gov/docs/june08-ceqa.pdf |access-date=2012-04-13}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kungiyar Kula da Cututtukan Jirgin Sama ta California (CAPCOA) ta kuma fitar da takardar ba da shawara da ake kira ''CEQA da Canjin Yanayi'', wanda ke tattauna ƙofofin da suka dace da hanyoyin kimantawa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=CEQA and Climate Change |url=http://www.capcoa.org/wp-content/uploads/downloads/2010/05/CAPCOA-White-Paper.pdf |access-date=2012-04-13 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Babban Lauyan ya fitar da jerin matakan ragewa waɗanda ya kamata a yi la'akari da su don rage hayakin GHG, kuma CAPCOA ta haɓaka takardar jagora da ke kwatanta hanyoyin da za a iya ƙididdige raguwar hayakin GG da aka samu ta hanyar matakan ragewa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=Addressing Climate Change at the Project Level |url=http://ag.ca.gov/globalwarming/pdf/GW_mitigation_measures.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120619021144/http://ag.ca.gov/globalwarming/pdf/GW_mitigation_measures.pdf |archive-date=2012-06-19 |access-date=2012-04-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=Quantifying Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Measures |url=http://www.capcoa.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/CAPCOA-Quantification-Report-9-14-Final.pdf |access-date=2012-04-13 |archive-date=2012-03-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311054446/http://www.capcoa.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/CAPCOA-Quantification-Report-9-14-Final.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kalubale ga takardun CEQA ==

=== Shari'a ta farko kafin jagororin iskar gas ta CEQA ta 2010 (2006-2009) ===
Shari'ar da ta shafi canjin yanayi da CEQA sun fara tashi bayan amincewar jihar ta AB 32 a shekara ta 2006. Yawancin shari'o'i na farko sun yi jayayya cewa yarjejeniyar kimiyya game da barazanar dumama duniya da karɓar AB 32 da ake buƙata takardun muhalli yanzu suna kimanta hayakin GHG. Kotuna masu girma yawanci suna tabbatar da ingancin binciken CEQA na yanzu, suna kammala cewa ba sashi na AB 32 ko kuma manufar canjin yanayi ba ta zama &quot;sabon bayani&quot; wanda zai buƙaci sake dubawa na muhalli - duba ''American Canyon Community United for Responsible Growth et al. v. City of American Canyon et al.'' (Mayu 2007)  da kuma Natural Resources Council et al. [Lokaci 1] 

Hukunce-hukuncen Kotun Koli na farko sun kuma ga muhawara game da yanayin hasashe na canjin yanayi da rashin jagora. Masu shigar da kara a cikin Santa Clarita Oak Conservatory v. City of Santa Clarita (Agusta 2007) sun yi zargin cewa Rahoton Tasirin Muhalli na Birnin (EIR) ya gaza saboda ya kasa la'akari da tasirin canjin yanayi akan samar da ruwa. Koyaya, Kotun Koli ta [[Los Angeles]] County ta kammala cewa &quot;Tasirin canjin yanayi na samar da ruwa ya yi hasashe sosai don gudanar da bita mai yawa. &quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=Climate Change and the California Environmental Quality Act |url=http://www.ab32ig.com/documents/CEQAandclimatechangeWhitePaper.PDF |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100714105946/http://www.ab32ig.com/documents/CEQAandclimatechangeWhitePaper.PDF |archive-date=2010-07-14 |access-date=2012-04-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; An ba da irin wannan shawarar a Cibiyar Nazarin Biological Diversity v. Birnin Perris (Agusta 2007). A cikin Highland Springs v. City of Banning (Janairu 2008), Kotun Koli ta Riverside County ta yanke hukuncin cewa &quot;babu wata doka da ta buƙaci Majalisar Birnin Banning ta yi la'akari da dumamar duniya a lokacin da ta amince da aikin&quot;.[the]&lt;ref name=&quot;review&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=A Review of Climate Change Decisions in California Trial Courts |url=http://www.martindale.com/environmental-law/article_Holland-Knight-LLP_596878.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041520/http://www.martindale.com/environmental-law/article_Holland-Knight-LLP_596878.htm |archive-date=2016-03-04 |access-date=2012-04-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kotun ta kammala cewa saboda haka ba a buƙatar kimantawa na hayaki na GHG a cikin takardar CEQA ba. 

Bukatar nazarin canjin yanayi a lokacin bita na CEQA ya fara canji zuwa tabbaci lokacin da Kotuna masu yawa suka fara kin amincewa da kariya bisa ga rashin isasshen jagora ko hasashe. A cikin Cibiyar Biological Diversity (CBD) v. City of Desert Hot Springs (Agusta 2008), Kotun Koli ta Riverside County ta yanke hukuncin cewa dole ne City ta yi &quot;ƙoƙarin ma'ana&quot; don nazarin hayakin GHG kafin ta kammala cewa irin wannan bincike zai zama hasashe. Kotun Koli ta Sacramento County ta kai irin wannan kammalawa a ''Majalisar Muhalli ta Sacramento v. Ma'aikatar Sufuri ta California'' (Yuli 2008), wanda ya gudanar da cewa rashin ƙofar muhimmancin da aka buga bai isa ya bar ƙididdigar GHG ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;review&quot;/&gt;

Duk da yake waɗannan yanke shawara ba saitawa ba ne, suna da mahimmanci saboda suna nuna canji a cikin ra'ayoyin kotun shari'a da suka shafi CEQA da canjin yanayi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Current Status of Climate Change Analysis Under CEQA |url=http://www.eli.org/pdf/alerts/Holland_Knight_04-16-08A.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081127022807/http://www.eli.org/pdf/alerts/Holland_Knight_04-16-08A.pdf |archive-date=2008-11-27 |access-date=2012-04-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shawarwarin sun kafa mataki don sake dubawa ga jagororin CEQA, wanda ya sa watsi da canjin yanayi a lokacin sake dubawa na CEQA ba zai yiwu ba.

=== Shari'a ta baya-bayan nan bayan amincewa da jagororin iskar gas ta CEQA (2010 zuwa yanzu) ===
An sake fasalin jagororin CEQA a ranar 30 ga Disamba, 2009 don buƙatar hukumomin jagora ganowa da kimanta hayaki na GHG.&lt;ref name=&quot;guideline&quot;/&gt; Tun lokacin da aka buga jagororin da aka sake sabuntawa, an kawo wasu shari'o'i a gaban Kotun daukaka kara game da isasshen sake dubawa na muhalli, gami da ragewa da ƙofofi. 

Babban yanke shawara na farko da aka buga game da rage GHG shine ''Al'ummomi don Muhalli Mafi Kyau (CBE) v. Birnin Richmond'' (Afrilu 2010, 184 Cal.App.4th 70). CBE ta kai karar City kan EIR din su saboda sauye-sauyen aiki da aka gabatar ga mai mai mai da ke akwai. Shirin EIR ya kammala cewa hayakin GHG zai zama ƙasa da mahimmanci tare da aiwatar da shirin ragewa. CBE ta kalubalanci EIR a kan dalilan cewa binciken GHG ba shi da tushe kuma an jinkirta ragewa ba daidai ba. [Lokaci 1]Kotun ta amince, tana mai bayyana cewa EIR ta kasa bayyana tushen lissafin GHG kuma cewa shirin ragewa bai ba da tabbacin cewa za a cimma matsaya ba. Hukuncin kotun ya tabbatar da cewa dole ne a gano raguwar GHG kuma a bayyana shi sosai kafin amincewar aikin.

An sake tayar da batun ragewa a cikin Santa Clarita Organization for Planning the Environment (SCOPE) v. City of Santa Clarita (Yuli 2011, 197 Cal.App.4th 1042). Birnin ya kimanta hayakin GHG da ke da alaƙa da fadada Asibitin Tunawa ta amfani da jagorancin canjin yanayi na OPR (duba tattaunawa a ƙarƙashin Tsarin Statue, a sama). SCOPE ta kai karar, tana jayayya cewa City ta kasa karɓar duk wani ragewa da aka tsara a cikin jagorancin OPR kuma cewa mahimmancin ƙarshen ba shi da tushe. Kotun ta ci gaba da goyon bayan City, ta bayyana cewa bincikensu game da hayakin GHG ya isa kuma cewa hada dukkan matakan OPR 50 ba zai dace ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;ceqa update&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 January 2012 |title=2011 CEQA Annual Update |url=http://blog.aklandlaw.com/2012/01/articles/ceqa/2011-ceqa-annual-update/ |access-date=2012-04-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An gabatar da shari'a game da ƙofofin da suka dace don kimanta muhimmancin hayakin GHG a gaban Kotun daukaka kara a cikin ''Citizens for Responsible Environmental Development (CREED) v. City of Chula Vista'' (Yuli 2011, 197 Cal.App.4th 327). CREED ta kalubalanci ƙaddamarwar Birnin cewa aikin zai sami tasiri mara kyau akan canjin yanayi. CREED ta kuma yi zargin cewa amfani da AB 32 a matsayin ma'auni mai mahimmanci bai dace ba. Kotun ta yanke hukuncin cewa nazarin canjin yanayi ya isa kuma bisa ga Jagororin CEQA Sashe na 15064.4, hukumomin jagora suna da hankali don zaɓar ƙofar muhimmancin su.&lt;ref name=&quot;ceqa update&quot;/&gt;

Tambayar ko CEQA tana buƙatar hukumomin jagora don kimanta tasirin canjin yanayi a kan ayyukan an magance su kwanan nan a cikin Ballona Wetlands Land Trust (Ballona) v. City of Los Angeles (Disamba 2011, 201 Cal.App.4th 455). Ballona ta yi zargin cewa City ta kasa magance tasirin hauhawar matakin teku a kan aikin da aka tsara. Kotun ta amince da EIR na Birnin, tana mai bayyana cewa yayin da EIR dole ne ya bincika tasirin muhalli wanda zai iya haifar da aikin, ba a buƙatar bincika tasirin mujallar a kan aikin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 December 2011 |title=2nd Appellate District Again Holds That For The Purposes Of CEQA, It Is The Impact Of The Project On The Environment, Not The Other Way Around |url=http://blog.aklandlaw.com/2011/12/articles/ceqa/2nd-appellate-district-again-holds-that-for-the-purposes-of-ceqa-it-is-the-impact-of-the-project-on-the-environment-not-the-other-way-around/ |access-date=2012-04-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ra'ayinta, Kotun ta soki Jagororin CEQA waɗanda ke ba da shawarar cewa hukumomin jagora ya kamata suyi la'akari da tasirin muhalli a kan aikin, kamar Sashe na 15065 (a) (4), wanda ke buƙatar hukumomin jagorantar su sami muhimmancin ayyukan da ke haifar da &quot;babban sakamako ga mutane, kai tsaye ko a kaikaice&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;guideline&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=CEQA Guidelines |url=http://ceres.ca.gov/ceqa/guidelines/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401150116/http://ceres.ca.gov/ceqa/guidelines/ |archive-date=2012-04-01 |access-date=2012-04-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kalubale ga doka ==
Kodayake da alama ba daidai ba ne, an shigar da karar a kan Hukumar Kula da Harkokin Jirgin Sama ta California (CARB) game da aiwatar da shirin da aka gabatar a karkashin AB 32. A cikin Association of Irritated Residents (AIR) v CARB, AIR ta yi zargin cewa CARB ta kasa samar da bincike kan madadin don cap-and-trade a cikin &quot;takardar aiki daidai&quot; don Shirin Scoping na AB 32. AIR ta kuma yi jayayya cewa shirin cap-and-trade, kamar yadda aka tsara, zai yi tasiri sosai ga al'ummomin da ke da karancin kudin shiga. Babban abin da AIR ta yi shi ne cewa tushen da ke tsaye a cikin al'ummomin da ba su da isasshen kuɗi na iya ƙara hayaki ta hanyar sayen hayaki. Ta hanyar shigar da kara a kan CARB, AIR ta nemi umarni game da shirin cap-and-trade.&lt;ref name=&quot;lawsuit&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lawsuit Jeopardizes California's 2012 Cap-and-Trade Start Date |url=http://www.velaw.com/resources/LawsuitJeopardizesCalifornias2012CapandTradeStartDate.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004133323/http://www.velaw.com/resources/LawsuitJeopardizesCalifornias2012CapandTradeStartDate.aspx |archive-date=2011-10-04 |access-date=2012-04-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan bita, Kotun Koli ta San Francisco ta ba da hukunci don dakatar da aiwatar da shirin cap-and-trade. Kotun ta yanke hukuncin cewa CARB ta kasa yin la'akari da hanyoyin da za a iya amfani da su don yin amfani da su kuma cewa binciken muhalli ba shi da tushe. A ranar 20 ga Mayu, 2011, Alkalin Kotun Koli na California Ernest Goldsmith ya ba da umarni na musamman wanda ya umarci CARB daga aiwatar da shirin cap-and-trade har sai ya kammala isasshen nazarin muhalli.&lt;ref name=&quot;lawsuit&quot;/&gt; Babban Lauyan California ya yi kira ga umarnin Alkalin Goldsmith, kuma a ranar 24 ga Yuni, 2011, Kotun daukaka kara ta ba da takardar neman izinin CARB don &quot;rubuce-rubuce. &quot; Wannan yanke shawara ta sauya umarnin Kotun Koli, ta ba CARB damar ci gaba da yin mulki. Masu ba da shawara game da shari'ar muhalli sun roki Kotun Koli ta California da ta sauya &quot;rubuce-rubucen manyan mutane&quot;, amma an ki amincewa da karar a ranar 28 ga Satumba, 2011.&lt;ref name=&quot;cap-and-trade&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 December 2011 |title=Cap and Trade Regulations Approved and Transmitted; Preliminary List of Covered Entities Now Available |url=http://blog.aklandlaw.com/2011/12/articles/climate-change/cap-and-trade-regulations-approved-and-transmitted-preliminary-list-of-covered-entities-now-available/ |access-date=2012-04-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A mayar da martani ga karar, CARB ta shirya wani ƙarin takardar CEQA daidai da shirin AB 32 Scoping wanda ke kimanta madadin don yin amfani da kai da kasuwanci. Kotun Koli ta San Francisco ta amince da takardar a ranar 6 ga Disamba, 2011. Dokokin cap-and-trade sun fara aiki a ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2012. &lt;ref name=&quot;cap-and-trade&quot;/&gt;

== Babban Lauyan Yanar Gizo ==
Babban Lauyan California ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin [[Shari'ar Canjin Yanayi|Shari'ar canjin yanayi]] ta baya-bayan nan. Ta hanyar amfani da sulhu da sauran yarjejeniyoyi, Babban Lauyan ya warware rikice-rikice da yawa da suka shafi nazarin canjin yanayi a cikin takardun CEQA. A shekara ta 2007, Babban Lauyan ya shiga cikin sasantawa na farko na canjin yanayi tare da San Bernardino County. Jihar California ta kai karar County, tana zargin cewa Babban Shirin su na baya-bayan nan ya kasa la'akari (a tsakanin sauran abubuwa) da ya dace da rage GHG. Yarjejeniyar Babban Lauyan ta haifar da shigar da rage GHG a cikin Babban Shirin Gundumar.

An kuma cimma matsaya tare da ConocoPhillips a cikin 2007. A ranar 18 ga Mayu, 2007, Babban Lauyan ya shigar da roko tare da Kwamitin Masu Kula da Contra Costa yana mai cewa EIR na ConocoPhillips don Shirin fadada Man Fetur mai tsabta bai magance iskar GHG yadda ya kamata ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Settlement Agreement |url=http://ag.ca.gov/globalwarming/pdf/ConocoPhillips_Agreement.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812160611/http://ag.ca.gov/globalwarming/pdf/ConocoPhillips_Agreement.pdf |archive-date=12 August 2011 |access-date=4 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Don warware wannan takaddama da kuma ba da damar aikin ya ci gaba, bangarorin sun shiga yarjejeniya tare da Babban Lauyan da ke buƙatar ConocoPhillips sayen carbon.

A shekara ta 2008, Birnin Stockton ya shiga cikin yarjejeniyar fahimta (MOU) tare da Babban Lauyan da Sierra Club don warware haɗin kai a kan Babban Shirinsa na 2035. Kungiyar Sierra Club da farko ta shigar da takarda don rubuce-rubuce, tana zargin cewa EIR na Birnin don Babban Shirin bai dace da karuwar hayaki na GHG ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Memorandum of Agreement |url=http://ag.ca.gov/cms_attachments/press/pdfs/n1608_stockton_agreement.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812160613/http://ag.ca.gov/cms_attachments/press/pdfs/n1608_stockton_agreement.pdf |archive-date=12 August 2011 |access-date=4 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; An buƙaci [[Jerin shirye-shiryen canjin yanayi|Shirin Ayyukan Yanayi]] (CAP) (a tsakanin sauran abubuwa) a matsayin wani ɓangare na MOU.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stockton&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Draft City of Stockton Climate Action Plan |url=http://www.stocktongov.com/files/ClimateActionPlanDraftFeb2012.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130329083146/http://stocktongov.com/files/ClimateActionPlanDraftFeb2012.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2013 |access-date=4 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An yi wasu yarjejeniyoyi tare da tashar jiragen ruwa ta Los Angeles (2007) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 December 2007 |title=Brown Announces Greenhouse Gas Agreement With Los Angeles Port |url=http://oag.ca.gov/news/press_release?id=1503 |access-date=5 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; da Filin jirgin saman San Diego (2008). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 May 2008 |title=Brown Announces San Diego Airport Emissions Agreement |url=http://oag.ca.gov/news/press_release?id=1556&amp;c=4 |access-date=4 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; An gabatar da taƙaitaccen manyan ƙauyuka da aka kai har zuwa yau, gami da manyan ayyuka da matsayinsu na yanzu, a cikin teburin da ke ƙasa.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Shari'a
!Ayyuka Masu Muhimmanci
!Matsayi
|-
|San Bernardino County, 2007
|Sabunta Babban Shirin don haɗawa da GHG inventory da rage shirin
|An kammala shi (2007) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=County of San Bernardino 2007 General Plan |url=http://www.hvccsite.org/FINALGeneralPlanText3-1-07.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505171620/http://www.hvccsite.org/FINALGeneralPlanText3-1-07.pdf |archive-date=5 May 2012 |access-date=4 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|
|Kafa manufofi na rage hayaki na GHG
|Shirin Rage GHG da aka kammala &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=County of San Bernardino General Plan Amendment and Greenhouse Gas Reduction Plan Draft Supplemental Programme EIR |url=http://www.sbcounty.gov/Uploads/lus/Countywide/GreenhouseGasII/draftSEIR_GHG_emmission_reduction_plan.pdf |access-date=4 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|ConcoPhillips, 2007
|Bayar da izinin aiki ga Santa Maria Refinery
|An rufe shuka a cikin 2007 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ConocoPhillips Santa Maria Refinery Throughput Increase DEIR |url=http://www.slocleanair.org/pdf/2011/COP/2_0_Project%20Description.pdf |access-date=4 April 2012}}{{Dead link|date=March 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|
|Gundumar Gudanar da Ingancin Jirgin Sama ta Bay Bay dala miliyan 7 a cikin carbon offsets
|An biya BAAQMD (2009) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=BAAQMD Notice of Intent to Issue RFP |url=http://www.ci.hercules.ca.us/documents/Agendas/Council/2009/09-08-09/Item |access-date=4 April 2012}}{{Dead link|date=August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|
|Audubon Society $ 200,000 a cikin carbon offsets
|N/A
|-
|
|Bi California Wildfire ReLeaf dala miliyan 2.8 a cikin carbon offsets
|N/A
|-
|Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Los Angeles, 2007
|Gudanar da lissafin shekara-shekara na hayaki na GHG
|Ana gudanar da kokarin yin lissafi &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Port of Los Angeles Receives Inaugural Climate Leadership Award from U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. |url=http://www.portoflosangeles.org/newsroom/2012_releases/news_022912_climate.asp |access-date=7 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|
|Gina tsarin hasken rana na 10 megawatt
|Ana ci gaba da aikin, ana sa ran kammala shi a cikin 2013 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Port of Los Angeles Sustainability Report 2011 |url=http://www.portoflosangeles.org/DOC/REPORT_Port_Sustainability_Report_2011.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504230012/http://portoflosangeles.org/DOC/REPORT_Port_Sustainability_Report_2011.pdf |archive-date=4 May 2012 |access-date=4 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Filin jirgin saman San Diego, 2008
|Ci gaba da shirin rage hayaki na GHG
|An haɓaka rahoton kayan GHG a cikin 2008 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=San Diego Country Greenhouse Gas Inventory |url=http://catcher.sandiego.edu/items/epic/ESPReport1.pdf |access-date=4 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Birnin Stockton, 2008
|Shirya CAP
|An kammala rubutun CAP (2012) &lt;ref name=&quot;Stockton&quot;/&gt;
|-
|
|Kafa manufofi na rage GHG da VMT
|An haɗa shi a cikin Draft CAP
|-
|
|Ci gaba da tsarin gine-gine da shirin
|Green Building Ordinance da Green-Up Stockton kammala (2011/2012) 
|-
|
|Cikakken karatun sufuri da shirin
|An kammala shi kuma an haɗa shi a cikin Draft CAP  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=San Joaquin Regional Transit District (RTD) Comprehensive Operational Analysis And Gap Study |url=http://www.stocktongov.com/files/TransPresentation.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110428204042/http://www.stocktongov.com/files/TransPresentation.pdf |archive-date=28 April 2011 |access-date=4 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Transit Gap Study |url=http://www.stocktongov.com/files/TransitGapStudy.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110428204402/http://www.stocktongov.com/files/TransitGapStudy.pdf |archive-date=28 April 2011 |access-date=4 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|
|Kafa buƙatun cikawa / cikin gari
|A cikin ci gaba
|}

== Tattaunawa ==
Masu sukar sun yi jayayya cewa shari'ar canjin yanayi a karkashin CEQA ta kasance mai cin lokaci kuma mai tsada.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Climate Change &amp; the Courts: How Lawyers &amp; Litigation Have Led (&amp; Sometimes Frustrated) the Fight to Stop Global Warming |url=http://uccs.ucdavis.edu/assets/event-assets/event-presentations/rick-frank-presentation |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121214211239/http://uccs.ucdavis.edu/assets/event-assets/event-presentations/rick-frank-presentation |archive-date=14 December 2012 |access-date=4 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Costs&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Greenhouse Gas Emissions under CEQA - Costs and Opportunities |url=http://elq.typepad.com/currents/pdf/currents35-06-allen-2008-0411.pdf |access-date=4 April 2012 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; An dauke shi daya daga cikin karar da wasu masu sukar suka fi rikitarwa, San Bernardino County v State of California sun yi adawa da [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|kananan hukumomi]] da masana'antu da yawa saboda wadannan dalilai. Misali, sanatocin Jamhuriyar Republican da yawa sun ji tsoron cewa karar za ta kafa misali ga sabon binciken GHG wanda zai iyakance ci gaba a nan gaba. A sakamakon haka, wasu [[Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya|sanatoci]] sun nemi samun &quot;hana kan shari'ar yanayi ta CEQA&quot; ta hanyar jinkirta wucewar kasafin kudin jihar. [Lokaci 1]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=NEPA AND CEQA: Effective Legal Frameworks For Compelling Consideration Of Adaptation To Climate Change |url=http://mylaw2.law.usc.edu/why/students/orgs/lawreview/documents/BaldwinforWebsite.pdf |access-date=4 April 2012}}{{Dead link|date=March 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;Jami'an San Bernardino County sun kuma yi jayayya cewa shari'ar ba ta da mahimmanci kuma cewa buƙatar County ta aiwatar da matakan ragewa kafin aiwatar da AB 32 ba daidai ba ne.&lt;ref name=&quot;Costs&quot; /&gt;

Har ila yau, an yi zargi da Babban Lauyan da ke da alaƙa da CEQA da canjin yanayi. Musamman, abubuwan da ake buƙata a matsayin wani ɓangare na shari'ar San Bernardino da ConocoPhillips sun ba da kunya ga wasu masu aikin shari'a. Kowane mutum ya yi jayayya cewa Babban Lauyan da sauran jam'iyyun da ke karar ba su dauki tsari mai kyau wajen magance dumamar duniya ta hanyar amfani da yarjejeniyar sasantawa ba. Misali, wasu sun yi zargin cewa ƙauyen San Bernardino ya kasance da farko tsari, yana buƙatar kayan GHG da ragewa, yayin da ƙauyen ConocoPhillips ya dogara sosai ga ƙarancin carbon, sabanin ragewa a wurin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Costs&quot;/&gt;

== Tasiri ga aikin CEQA ==
Hukuncin kotu da aka tattauna a cikin wannan labarin suna ba da jagora ga masu aiki da ke gudanar da nazarin canjin yanayi don ayyukan da ke ƙarƙashin CEQA. Kotunan daukaka kara sun tabbatar da cewa tasirin GHG ba su da yawa don ƙididdigewa da kimantawa (duba CBE v. City of Richmond). Duk da yake jagororin CEQA ba su ƙayyade takamaiman ƙofar lambobi don muhimmancin ba, suna ba da hukumomin jagora damar zaɓar ƙofar kansu.&lt;ref name=&quot;guideline&quot;/&gt;

Jagororin CEQA sun gano nau'ikan rage fitar da GHG. Shawarwarin da Kotun daukaka kara ta yi sun bayyana mutum-mutumi tare da binciken da ya biyo baya.

* Ragewa dole ne ya zama takamaiman kuma ba za a iya jinkirta shi ba (duba CBE v. City of Richmond).
* Hukumomin jagora ba sa buƙatar magance duk wani ragewa na gaba ɗaya da hukumomin jihohi da na gida suka ba da shawarar (duba SCOPE v. City of Santa Clarita).

Babban Lauyan ya nuna shirye-shiryen Jiha don tabbatar da hukumomin jagora da kyau suna la'akari da rage hayaki na GHG da tasirin canjin yanayi. Ƙaddamarwa har zuwa yau sau da yawa suna buƙatar ƙarin ragewa, bincike, da / ko shirya CAP (duba &quot;Attorney General Settlements&quot; a sama). 

Hukuncin Kotun daukaka kara a cikin Ballona v. City of Los Angeles na iya kawar da buƙatar hukumomin jagora a gundumar ta biyu don la'akari da tasirin canjin yanayi a kan ayyukan da aka tsara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Court Holds That CEQA Does Not Require Analysis Of The Environment's Impacts On A Proposed Project |url=http://www.publiclawnews.com/public-blawg/2011/12/court-holds-ceqa-does-not-require-analysis-environments-impacts-proposed-projec |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150222224353/http://www.publiclawnews.com/public-blawg/2011/12/court-holds-ceqa-does-not-require-analysis-environments-impacts-proposed-projec |archive-date=2015-02-22 |access-date=2012-04-03}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 21 ga watan Maris, 2012, Kotun Koli ta musanta sake dubawa da buƙatun da kungiyoyin kare muhalli da yawa suka gabatar (National Resources Defense Council, Sierra Club, Center for Biological Diversity, da Cibiyar Tsaro ta Muhalli). Sai dai idan an karɓi dokar da ta soke shawarar Ballona, za a gabatar da kotuna a duk faɗin Jiha tare da shari'ar a matsayin misali. Duk da haka, kotuna a waje da gundumar ta huɗu za su sami damar bambanta a cikin fassarar su na Jagororin CEQA kuma suna iya samun cewa ana buƙatar nazarin tasirin canjin yanayi akan ayyukan da aka tsara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 March 2012 |title=California Supreme Court Denies Review of Case Holding that CEQA Does Not Require Analysis of Effects on a Project Caused by the Environment |url=http://www.realestatelanduseandenvironmentallaw.com/california-environmental-quality-act-ceqa-california-supreme-court-denies-review-of-case-holding-that-ceqa-does-not-require-analysis-of-effects-on-a-project-caused-by-the-environment.html |access-date=2012-04-20 |archive-date=2012-07-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712050656/http://www.realestatelanduseandenvironmentallaw.com/california-environmental-quality-act-ceqa-california-supreme-court-denies-review-of-case-holding-that-ceqa-does-not-require-analysis-of-effects-on-a-project-caused-by-the-environment.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist|2}}

== Bayani ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Canjin yanayi]]
[[Rukuni:Yancin Dan Adam]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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      <text bytes="20485" sha1="an824fit59x2f1fqbxjm6klh28omslz" xml:space="preserve">A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2022, a lokacin mamayar Rasha a Ukraine, wani zane na adawa da yaki da '''Maria Moskalyova''' (wanda aka fi sani da '''Masha''', wani nau'i na dabba na sunanta), dalibi na shida a garin [[Yefremov (town)|Yefremov]] na Rasha, ya haifar da tsanantawar siyasa na yarinyar da mahaifinta '''Aleksey Moskalyov'''. An tuhumi mahaifin da lalata sojojin Rasha, kuma an raba yarinyar da mahaifinta kuma an tura ta [[Orphanage|Gidan marayu]] na gida. A ranar 28 ga Maris 2023, kotun Rasha ta yanke wa Aleksey hukuncin shekaru biyu a kurkuku.&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-03-27 |title=Отцу Маши Москалевой, нарисовавшей антивоенную картинку, дали два года колонии. Он &quot;сбежал&quot; до приговора |url=https://www.bbc.com/russian/news-65092616 |access-date=2023-03-30 |website=[[BBC News]] |language=ru}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan shi ne karo na farko a cikin Tarayyar Rasha cewa kotun, bayan da ta daure iyaye saboda dalilai na siyasa, ta bar yaron ba tare da mai kula da doka ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc&quot; /&gt;

== Hanyar abubuwan da suka faru ==
A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2022, Maria Moskalyova (an haife ta a shekara ta 2009), &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=Москалёв Алексей Владимирович - Поддержка политзаключённых. |url=https://memopzk.org/figurant/moskalyov-aleksej-vladimirovich/ |access-date=2023-03-30 |website=Мемориал |language=ru}}&lt;/ref&gt; daliba ce ta aji na shida a makarantar No. 9 a [[Yefremov (town)|Yefremov]], ta zana hoton adawa da yaki a cikin littafinta na zane a lokacin da take zane. Hoton ya nuna makamai masu linzami na Rasha suna tashi zuwa yankin Ukraine, inda wata mace ke tsaye a gaban wani yaro da aka shimfiɗa hannunsa. Yankunan kasashe biyu suna da alamun su: an lalata [[Tutan Yukren|tutar Ukraine]] tare da gaisuwar kasar Ukraine &quot;Glory to Ukraine!&quot; a cikin Rasha (&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}&quot; data-ve-no-generated-contents=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;mwHw&quot; typeof=&quot;mw:Transclusion&quot;&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Russian-language romanization&quot;&gt;''Nyet Putinu [/] voynye!''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}&quot; data-ve-no-generated-contents=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;mwJA&quot; typeof=&quot;mw:Transclusion&quot;&gt;Russian:    Слава Украине!,  Slava Ukraine!), yayin da tutar Rasha ta lalace tare da kalmar &quot;A'a ga [[Vladimir Putin|Putin]] [/] yaƙi!&quot; (Rus: Нет Путину [/] yaki! , romanized: Nyet Putinu [/] voynye! Rashin amfani da shi A shafin da ya gabata, ta rubuta, &quot;Glory to Ukraine! Glory to the heroes[!]&quot; (Russian: Героим слава[!], romanized: Heroim slava[!]). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rosenberg |first=Steve |date=24 March 2023 |title=The child whose drawing sparked a police investigation |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-65015289 |access-date=17 April 2023 |website=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 April 2023 |title=Russian girl taken to orphanage after drawing anti-war picture leaves with mother, commissioner says |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-04-06/masha-alexei-moskalyov-ukraine-russia-drawing-orphanage-mother/102199368 |access-date=17 April 2023 |website=ABC News |language=en-AU}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nan da nan aka samu tashin hankali a makarantar: malamin fasaha ya tafi shugaban makarantar, kuma ta kira 'yan sanda. Ma'aikatan [[Ministry of Internal Affairs (Russia)|Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida]] suna aiki a lokacin da suka fita daga makarantar; Moskalyova da sauri ta sami takalmin ta kuma ta sami nasarar tserewa gida.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-03-24 |title=Дело Маши Москалевой, Маша Москалева, петиция, рисунок, Тула, Ефремов |url=https://msk1.ru/text/world/2023/03/24/72148289/ |access-date=2023-03-30 |website=msk1.ru |language=ru}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;paperpaper&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Вита Чикнаева |date=2023-03-01 |title=Отца девочки, которая сделала антивоенный рисунок, задержали |url=https://paperpaper.io/papernews/2023/3/1/v-tulskoj-oblasti-zaderzhali-otca-shko/ |access-date=2023-03-30 |website=«Бумага» |language=ru}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kashegari, an kai Masha da mahaifinta Aleksey Vladimirovich Moskalyov (an haife shi a shekara ta 1968) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=Москалёв Алексей Владимирович - Поддержка политзаключённых. |url=https://memopzk.org/figurant/moskalyov-aleksej-vladimirovich/ |access-date=2023-03-30 |website=Мемориал |language=ru}}&lt;/ref&gt; zuwa ofishin 'yan sanda, inda aka rubuta rahoton gudanarwa game da &quot;rashin amincewa&quot; da sojoji, amma laifin ba zane-zanen yaron ba ne, amma saƙon Aleksey Moskalyov a kan hanyoyin sadarwar jama'a [[Odnoklassniki]], wanda ake zargin ya rubuta.&lt;ref name=&quot;paperpaper2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Вита Чикнаева |date=2023-03-01 |title=Отца девочки, которая сделала антивоенный рисунок, задержали |url=https://paperpaper.io/papernews/2023/3/1/v-tulskoj-oblasti-zaderzhali-otca-shko/ |access-date=2023-03-30 |website=«Бумага» |language=ru}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=[[BBC News]] |date=2023-03-27 |title=Отца Маши Москалевой, нарисовавшей антивоенную картинку, требуют приговорить к двум годам |url=https://rus.delfi.lv/news/daily/abroad/otca-mashi-moskalevoj-narisovavshej-antivoennuyu-kartinku-trebuyut-prigovorit-k-dvum-godam.d?id=55375304 |access-date=2023-03-30 |website=[[Delfi (web portal)|Delfi]] |language=ru}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga baya, jami'an [[Federal Security Service|FSB]] sun isa makarantar kuma sun yi ƙoƙari su canza tunanin yarinyar zuwa tallafawa mamayar Rasha.&lt;ref name=&quot;paperpaper2&quot; /&gt;

A ranar 30 ga watan Disamba, 2022, an bincika gidan Moskalyovs, a lokacin da aka kwace dukiya da duk tsabar kudi, kuma FSB ta tsare Aleksey da kansa kuma ta yi masa tambayoyi. Motocin 'yan sanda guda biyar, Ma'aikatar Yanayi na Gaggawa da injunan kashe gobara suna aiki a gidan Moskalyovs.&lt;ref name=&quot;mduza&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-03-28 |title=Алексея Москалева, чья дочь Маша нарисовала антивоенный рисунок, приговорили к двум годам колонии |url=https://meduza.io/feature/2023/03/28/alekseya-moskaleva-chya-doch-masha-narisovala-antivoennyy-risunok-prigovorili-k-dvum-godam-kolonii |access-date=2023-03-30 |website=[[Meduza]] |language=ru}}&lt;/ref&gt; A lokacin tambayoyin, an doke Aleksey, kuma, a cewarsa, an bukaci ya furta cewa yana aiki ne ga wasu. Bayan tambayoyi, an bude shari'ar aikata laifuka a kan Aleksey, kuma an tura Masha zuwa wata al'umma ta kula da yara ta yankin.&lt;ref name=&quot;paperpaper3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Вита Чикнаева |date=2023-03-01 |title=Отца девочки, которая сделала антивоенный рисунок, задержали |url=https://paperpaper.io/papernews/2023/3/1/v-tulskoj-oblasti-zaderzhali-otca-shko/ |access-date=2023-03-30 |website=«Бумага» |language=ru}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=[[BBC News]] |date=2023-03-27 |title=Отца Маши Москалевой, нарисовавшей антивоенную картинку, требуют приговорить к двум годам |url=https://rus.delfi.lv/news/daily/abroad/otca-mashi-moskalevoj-narisovavshej-antivoennuyu-kartinku-trebuyut-prigovorit-k-dvum-godam.d?id=55375304 |access-date=2023-03-30 |website=[[Delfi (web portal)|Delfi]] |language=ru}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-03-02 |title=Суд отправил под домашний арест отца девочки, нарисовавшей антивоенный рисунок |url=https://www.currenttime.tv/a/sud-devochka-antivoennyy-risunok/32296635.html |access-date=2023-03-30 |website=«[[Current Time TV]]» |language=ru}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mduza&quot; /&gt;

A watan Janairun 2023, Hukumar Yara ta birnin Yefremov ta shigar da kara don iyakance haƙƙin iyaye na iyayen Masha.&lt;ref name=&quot;mduza2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-03-28 |title=Алексея Москалева, чья дочь Маша нарисовала антивоенный рисунок, приговорили к двум годам колонии |url=https://meduza.io/feature/2023/03/28/alekseya-moskaleva-chya-doch-masha-narisovala-antivoennyy-risunok-prigovorili-k-dvum-godam-kolonii |access-date=2023-03-30 |website=[[Meduza]] |language=ru}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 1 ga Maris, 2023, an tsare Aleksey, kuma a ranar 2 ga Maris, an tura shi a karkashin tsare-tsare a cikin shari'ar &quot;rashin amincewa&quot; da sojoji. Dukansu Aleksey da kansa da kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam ba su iya tuntuɓar Masha ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;paperpaper4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Вита Чикнаева |date=2023-03-01 |title=Отца девочки, которая сделала антивоенный рисунок, задержали |url=https://paperpaper.io/papernews/2023/3/1/v-tulskoj-oblasti-zaderzhali-otca-shko/ |access-date=2023-03-30 |website=«Бумага» |language=ru}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mduza3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-03-28 |title=Алексея Москалева, чья дочь Маша нарисовала антивоенный рисунок, приговорили к двум годам колонии |url=https://meduza.io/feature/2023/03/28/alekseya-moskaleva-chya-doch-masha-narisovala-antivoennyy-risunok-prigovorili-k-dvum-godam-kolonii |access-date=2023-03-30 |website=[[Meduza]] |language=ru}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2023-03-12 |title=Против отца Маши Москалёвой подан иск об ограничении родительских прав |url=https://www.svoboda.org/a/protiv-ottsa-mashi-moskalyovoy-podan-isk-ob-ogranichenii-roditeljskih-prav-/32314372.html |accessdate=2023-03-30 |website=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]] |lang=ru}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 27 ga watan Maris, kotun da ke tsakanin gundumar Yefremov, wacce alƙali Anton Vladyslavovich Malikov ya wakilta, ta yi la'akari da shari'ar a rana ɗaya, kuma washegari ta yanke wa Aleksey Moskalyov hukuncin shekaru biyu a kurkuku tare da haramta yin amfani da Intanet na tsawon shekaru 3 da kwace kwamfutarsa don amfanin jihar.&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-03-27 |title=Отцу Маши Москалевой, нарисовавшей антивоенную картинку, дали два года колонии. Он &quot;сбежал&quot; до приговора |url=https://www.bbc.com/russian/news-65092616 |access-date=2023-03-30 |website=[[BBC News]] |language=ru}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;zona&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Дело тульского отца‑одиночки о «дискредитации» армии. Приговор |url=https://zona.media/online/2023/03/28/moskalev |access-date=2023-03-30 |website=Медиазона |language=ru}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mai gabatar da kara a wannan kotun shine Oleg Tymakov . &lt;ref name=&quot;zona&quot; /&gt; Bugu da kari, kotun ta yanke shawarar canja wurin 'yar Aleksey zuwa kula da ayyukan zamantakewa.&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc2&quot; /&gt; A cewar mataimakiyar birni Olga Podolskaya, an kira taron masu goyon bayan yaki zuwa kotun, kuma ba a yarda da ƙungiyar goyon bayan Moskalyov ta shiga kotun ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;svoboda&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=2023-03-27 |title=Прокурор запросил два года колонии для отца Маши Москалёвой |url=https://www.svoboda.org/a/prokuror-zaprosil-dva-goda-kolonii-dlya-ottsa-mashi-moskalyovoy/32336509.html |accessdate=2023-03-30 |website=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]] |lang=ru}}&lt;/ref&gt; Aleksey da kansa ya tsere daga kama gidan kuma bai halarci sanarwar hukuncin ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc2&quot; /&gt;

A ranar 28 ga Maris, 2023, aikin kare hakkin dan adam &quot;Memorial&quot; ya amince da Aleksey Moskalyov a matsayin fursunonin siyasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;zona2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Дело тульского отца‑одиночки о «дискредитации» армии. Приговор |url=https://zona.media/online/2023/03/28/moskalev |access-date=2023-03-30 |website=Медиазона |language=ru}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 29 ga Maris, 2023, Masha ta rubuta wa mahaifinsa daga mafaka: &quot;Ina son ku sosai, kuma na san cewa ba za ku zargi da komai ba, koyaushe ina wurinku, kuma duk abin da kuke yi daidai ne. &lt;...&gt; Ina rokon ku, kawai kada ku daina. Ka yi imani, bege da ƙauna. Wata rana za mu zauna a teburin kuma ka tuna duk wannan. Ina son, ba, ba, na san cewa kada ku daina, ku kasance mai ƙarfi, kuma zan iya yi muku, kuma a gare mu. &quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-03-29 |title=Адвокат опубликовал письмо Маши Москалевой отцу, который сбежал из-под ареста |url=https://theins.info/news/260528 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330133711/https://theins.info/news/260528 |archive-date=2023-03-30 |access-date=2023-04-02 |website=[[The Insider (website)|The Insider]] |language=ru}}&lt;/ref&gt; A gefe guda, yarinyar ta rubuta: &quot;Ka ƙaunace ku, kai jarumi ne. &quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;dw&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Екатерина Венкина |date=2023-03-29 |title=&quot;Ты - мой герой&quot;: Маша Москалева написала письмо отцу |url=https://www.dw.com/ru/ty-moj-geroj-narisovavsaa-antivoennyj-risunok-devocka-napisala-pismo-otcu/a-65170737 |access-date=2023-03-30 |website=[[Deutsche Welle]] |language=ru}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 30 ga watan Maris, an tsare Aleksey Moskalyov a [[Miniska|Minsk]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-03-30 |title=В Минске задержали отца нарисовавшей антивоенный рисунок девочки Алексея Москалева |url=https://www.forbes.ru/society/486882-v-minske-zaderzali-otca-narisovavsej-antivoennyj-risunok-devocki-aleksea-moskaleva |website=[[Forbes]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 1 ga Afrilu, masu gwagwarmayar kare hakkin dan adam na Rasha daga kungiyoyin &quot;Memorial&quot; da &quot;[[OVD-Info]]&quot; sun nemi [[Council of Europe|Majalisar Turai]] da [[European Commission|Hukumar Tarayyar Turai]] da su taimaka wajen hana fitar da Aleksey Moskalyov zuwa Rasha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-04-01 |title=Российские правозащитники обратились в Еврокомиссию и Совет Европы с просьбой не допустить экстрадиции Алексея Москалева в РФ |url=https://meduza.io/news/2023/04/01/rossiyskie-pravozaschitniki-obratilis-v-evrokomissiyu-i-sovet-evropy-s-prosboy-ne-dopustit-ekstraditsii-alekseya-moskaleva-v-rf |access-date=2023-04-01 |website=meduza.io |language=ru}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 4 ga Afrilu, an sami Aleksey Moskalyov a [[Prison Number 8|Cibiyar tsare-tsare]] a [[Zhodzina]], [[Belarus]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Алексей Москалев находится в СИЗО белорусского Жодино, заявили в МИД РФ |url=https://meduza.io/news/2023/04/07/aleksey-moskalev-nahoditsya-v-belorusskom-sizo-zhodino-zayavili-v-rossiyskom-mide}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 12 ga Afrilu an mika shi zuwa Rasha tare da sauran inda ba a san inda yake ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 April 2023 |title=Father of girl who drew anti-war art extradited to Russia |url=https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-war-art-crackdown-father-462517b250d0ee3268fdd43f424b3a1b |website=[[Associated Press]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 5 ga Afrilu, Olga Sitchikhina, mahaifiyar Masha, wacce ba ta zauna tare da 'yarta ba sama da shekaru 7, ta dauke ta daga mafaka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Мать школьницы Маши Москалёвой, нарисовавшей антивоенный рисунок, забрала её из приюта |url=https://meduza.io/news/2023/04/05/mat-shkolnitsy-mashi-moskalevoy-narisovavshey-antivoennyy-risunok-zabrala-ee-iz-priyuta |access-date=2023-04-05 |website=Meduza |language=ru}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://ovd.news/express-news/2023/04/05/mashu-moskalevu-peredali-materi-advokat-ee-otca-nazval-reshenie-pochti-chto Машу Москалеву передали матери: адвокат её отца назвал решение «почти что преступлением» | ОВД-News]&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 19 ga Afrilu, an janye karar da aka shigar don iyakance haƙƙin iyaye daga kotun.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Соцзащита отозвала иск об ограничении в правах родителей Маши Москалёвой |url=https://regnum.ru/news/3799257.html |access-date=2025-07-24 |archive-date=2023-04-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419191329/https://regnum.ru/news/3799257.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 3 ga watan Mayu, an sami Aleksey Moskalyov a wani cibiyar tsare-tsare a [[Smolensk]], inda ya gaya wa lauyansa cewa an yi masa duka yayin kama shi a Belarus.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Алексей Москалев, с которым несколько недель не могли связаться адвокаты, нашелся в Смоленске. Он рассказал, что при задержании в Беларуси его сильно избили |url=https://meduza.io/news/2023/05/03/aleksey-moskalev-s-kotorym-neskolko-nedel-ne-mogli-svyazatsya-advokaty-nashelsya-v-smolenske-on-rasskazal-chto-pri-zaderzhanii-v-belarusi-ego-silno-izbili}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 19 ga Fabrairu, 2024, Kotun Yankin Tula, bayan sake shari'a tare da sabon binciken ilimin halayyar mutum da harshe, ta rage hukuncin zuwa shekara 1 da watanni 10 a cikin mulkin mallaka na gaba ɗaya tare da haramtacciyar gwamnatin gidan yanar gizon na tsawon shekaru 2.

A ranar 15 ga Oktoba, 2024, an saki Alexei Moskalev. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Russian Man Jailed for Daughter’s Anti-War Drawing Released From Prison |url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2024/10/15/russian-man-jailed-for-daughters-anti-war-drawing-released-from-prison-a86689.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Muhimmancin tuhumar aikata laifuka ==
Duk da gaskiyar cewa tsanantawa ta fara ne da zane-zane na Masha Moskalyova, an tsara yarjejeniyar gudanarwa ta farko a watan Afrilu na 2022 don &quot;rashin amincewa&quot; da sojojin Rasha saboda saƙo a kan hanyar sadarwar jama'a ta [[Odnoklassniki]], wanda, a cewar hukumomin tilasta bin doka, Aleksey Moskalyov ne ya rubuta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=[[BBC News]] |date=2023-03-27 |title=Отца Маши Москалевой, нарисовавшей антивоенную картинку, требуют приговорить к двум годам |url=https://rus.delfi.lv/news/daily/abroad/otca-mashi-moskalevoj-narisovavshej-antivoennuyu-kartinku-trebuyut-prigovorit-k-dvum-godam.d?id=55375304 |access-date=2023-03-30 |website=[[Delfi (web portal)|Delfi]] |language=ru}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 28 ga Maris, 2023, an yanke wa Aleksey hukuncin ɗaurin kurkuku a cikin wani laifi na aikata laifuka saboda sau da yawa &quot;rashin amincewa&quot; da sojoji.&lt;ref name=&quot;mduza4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-03-28 |title=Алексея Москалева, чья дочь Маша нарисовала антивоенный рисунок, приговорили к двум годам колонии |url=https://meduza.io/feature/2023/03/28/alekseya-moskaleva-chya-doch-masha-narisovala-antivoennyy-risunok-prigovorili-k-dvum-godam-kolonii |access-date=2023-03-30 |website=[[Meduza]] |language=ru}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Aleksey da kansa ya yi iƙirarin cewa bai rubuta waɗannan saƙonnin ba, kuma ana iya satar shafinsa a kan hanyoyin sadarwar jama'a.&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-03-27 |title=Отцу Маши Москалевой, нарисовавшей антивоенную картинку, дали два года колонии. Он &quot;сбежал&quot; до приговора |url=https://www.bbc.com/russian/news-65092616 |access-date=2023-03-30 |website=[[BBC News]] |language=ru}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Halin da aka yi ==
Wakilin [[European Commission|Hukumar Tarayyar Turai]], Peter Stano, ya kwatanta tsanantawar Aleksey Moskalyov da manufofin [[Joseph Stalin]] kuma ya yi kira ga Rasha da ta mutunta [[Constitution of Russia|kundin tsarin mulki]] &quot;maimakon azabtar da yara da iyaye saboda dalilai na siyasa&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dasha Litvinova |date=2023-03-29 |title=EU slams prison term for Russian father in antiwar art case |url=https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-war-father-daughter-opposition-crackdown-5cf3132f6a9b6e600d13b08c439b5e32 |website=[[Associated Press]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dubi kuma

* [[Krasovsky case|Shari'ar Krasovsky]]
* [[Mikhail Simonov case|Shari'ar Mikhail Simonov]]</text>
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    <title>Taron Carbon na kasar Sin</title>
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'''China Carbon Forum (CCF) ''' kungiya ce mai zaman kanta wacce ke da niyyar sauƙaƙe tattaunawar Mai ruwa da tsaki a bangaren [[Canjin yanayi]] a [[Sin|Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin]] (PRC), gami da Manufofin muhalli da sabuntawa, [[fasaha mai tsabta]] da Kasuwancin Ci Gaban Tsabtacce (CDM).&lt;ref name=&quot;StocksBlog&quot;&gt;“China Carbon Forum.” China Stocks Blog. 2010. Retrieved 14 Dec. 2010. {{Cite web |title=China Carbon Forum &amp;#124; China stocks blog News and Information |url=http://chinastocksblog.net/2010/08/18/china-carbon-forum/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330202846/http://www.chinastocksblog.net/2010/08/18/china-carbon-forum/ |archive-date=2012-03-30 |access-date=2010-12-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;

CCF tana shirya abubuwan da suka faru, gami da masu magana / abubuwan da suka shafi cibiyar sadarwa, shawarwari na masu ruwa da tsaki, da tarurruka tare da VIPs, don tattauna batutuwan canjin yanayi na yanzu da ke shafar kasar Sin.&lt;ref name=&quot;StocksBlog&quot;/&gt; Sabon jerin abubuwan da suka faru sune jerin China Low Carbon Leadership Network, wanda aka shirya tare da GIZ.&lt;ref name=&quot;EventsCCF&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 June 2011 |title=Low Carbon Leadership Network: Emission Trading Schemes – European and Asian Perspectives of Cooperation |url=http://www.chinacarbon.info/?p=190 |access-date=25 August 2011 |publisher=China Carbon Forum / 中国碳论坛 |archive-date=28 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028180711/http://www.chinacarbon.info/?p=190 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kungiyar tana zaune ne a Beijing, China.

== Tarihi ==
China [[Carbon dioxide|Carbon]] Forum an kafa ta ne a cikin 2007 ta ƙungiyar ƙwararru daga al'ummar [[Diflomasiya|diflomasiyya]], gwamnatin kasar Sin da masana'antu da ke aiki a bangaren canjin yanayi a kasar Sin, waɗanda ke son haɓaka musayar bayanai, mafi kyawun ayyuka da kuma shiga tare da wasu 'yan wasa a bangaren.&lt;ref name=&quot;StocksBlog&quot;/&gt;

== Kwamitin ==
Kwamitin [[Executive board|Zartarwa]] da ba da shawara na CCF an samo shi ne daga masu sana'a a cikin al'ummar diflomasiyya, gwamnatin kasar Sin, kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, dokokin kasashen waje da kamfanonin ba da shawara da kamfanonin [[Clean energy|makamashi mai tsabta]] na kasashen waje da na cikin gida. Shugaban kwamitin shine Dokta [[Anton Smitsendonk]], tsohon [[Ambassador|Jakadan]] [[Holand|Netherlands]] a kasar Sin. 

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sauyin yanayi na Oklahoma</title>
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      <text bytes="15654" sha1="9qwzp2l4d88nunuputayi70dsgpgpsi" xml:space="preserve">[[Fayil:Oklahoma_relief_map.png|right|thumb|Taswirar yankin Oklahoma]]
[[Fayil:Oklahoma_topographic_map-en.svg|right|thumb|Taswirar ƙasa ta Oklahoma]]
Yanayin [[Oklahoma]] ya ƙunshi ƙasa da yanayin halittu daga filayen busasshiyar zuwa gandun daji da duwatsu masu zafi. Oklahoma ta ƙunshi yankuna 10 daban-daban na muhalli, fiye da kowane murabba'in mil fiye da kowane jiha ta hanyar iyaka mai faɗi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oklahoma Terrain&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2006-01-12 |title=Oklahoma, All Terrain Vacation |url=http://www.travelok.com/atv/index.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060709205916/http://travelok.com/atv/index.asp |archive-date=July 9, 2006 |access-date=2006-07-15 |website=TravelOK |publisher=TravelOK.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tana cikin Great Plains da yankin US Interior Highlands kusa da cibiyar ƙasa na jihohi 48 da ke kusa. Yawancin lokaci ana ɗaukarsa wani ɓangare na Kudancin Tsakiyar Amurka, Oklahoma tana da iyaka a gabas ta [[Kansas]]&quot; &quot;&gt;Arkansas da [[Missouri (jiha)|Missouri]], a arewacin Kansas, a arewa maso yammacin [[Colorado]], a yammacin [[New Mexico]], kuma a kudu da kusa da yammacin [[Texas]].

Jihar tana da manyan tsaunuka huɗu: Dutsen Arbuckle, Dutsen Wichita, Dutsen Ozark da Dutsen Ouachita . &lt;ref name=&quot;The Geography of Oklahoma&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2007-07-31 |title=The Geography of Oklahoma |url=http://www.netstate.com/states/geography/ok_geography.htm |access-date=2007-07-31 |publisher=Netstate |archive-date=2013-06-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130621044339/http://www.netstate.com/states/geography/ok_geography.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Wani ɓangare na yankin Highlands na ciki na Amurka, Ozarks da Ouachitas sun zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan yankuna masu tsawo tsakanin Dutsen Rocky da Appalachians.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2007-03-07 |title=Managing Upland Forests of the Midsouth |url=http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/4159/about/HotSpringsOffice.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080622180232/http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/4159/about/HotSpringsOffice.htm |archive-date=2008-06-22 |access-date=2007-07-31 |publisher=USDA Forest Service}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wani yanki na Flint Hills ya shimfiɗa zuwa arewa ta tsakiya Oklahoma, kuma a kusurwar kudu maso gabashin jihar, Cavanal Hill ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin tudun mafi tsayi a duniya;  a ƙafa 1,999 (609 m), ya kasa ma'anar dutse da ƙafa ɗaya.[1]  Fiye da rafuka da koguna 500 da aka ambata sun haɗa da magudanan ruwa na Oklahoma, kuma tare da tafkuna 200 da madatsun ruwa suka ƙirƙira, yana riƙe da mafi girman adadin tafki a cikin al'umma.[1]  Oklahoma yana da fadin fili mai fadin murabba'in mil 69,898 (181,030 km2), tare da murabba'in mil 68,667 (177,850 km2) na fili da kuma murabba'in murabba'in mil 1,231 (3,190 km2) na ruwa, wanda ya mai da ita jiha ta 20 mafi girma a Amurka.[2]  Gabaɗaya, an raba shi zuwa yankuna bakwai na yanki: Ƙasar Green (Arewa maso Gabas Oklahoma), Ƙasar Choctaw (Kudu maso Gabas Oklahoma), Oklahoma ta Tsakiya (Ƙasashen Gabas ta Tsakiya), Oklahoma ta Tsakiya ta Tsakiya (Ƙasar Chickasaw), Kudu maso Yammacin Oklahoma (Ƙasar Ƙasar Ƙasa), Arewa maso yammacin Oklahoma (Ƙasar Red Carpet), da Oklahoma Panhandle.
[[Fayil:Talimenavista1.jpg|thumb|8Duwatsun Ouachita sun rufe yawancin kudu maso gabashin Oklahoma.]]
Tana tsakanin Great Plains da Ozark Plateau a cikin Gulf of Mexico watershed, &lt;ref name=&quot;Geography Map&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2003-04-17 |title=A Tapestry of Time and Terrain |url=http://tapestry.usgs.gov/physiogr/physio.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060515044037/http://tapestry.usgs.gov/physiogr/physio.html |archive-date=2006-05-15 |access-date=2007-07-31 |publisher=[[USGS]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Oklahoma tana gangara sannu a hankali daga iyakokinta na yamma zuwa gabas. &lt;ref name=&quot;The Geography of Oklahoma&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Topography of Oklahoma&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |year=2006 |title=Oklahoma State Map Collection |url=http://geology.com/state-map/oklahoma.shtml |access-date=2007-08-01 |publisher=geology.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matsayinta mafi girma da mafi ƙasƙanci suna bin wannan yanayin, tare da mafi girman tsawo, Black Mesa, a ƙafa 4,368 (1,516 m) sama da matakin teku, wanda ke kusa da kusurwar arewa maso yammacin Oklahoma Panhandle. Matsayi mafi ƙasƙanci na jihar yana kan Little River kusa da iyakar kudu maso gabashinsa, wanda ke nutsewa zuwa 289 feet (88 m) sama da matakin teku.&lt;ref name=&quot;The Climate of Oklahoma&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Arndt |first=Derek |date=2003-01-01 |title=The Climate of Oklahoma |url=http://cig.mesonet.org/climateatlas/doc60.html |access-date=2007-07-31 |publisher=Oklahoma Climatological Survey}}&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;

Yawancin jihar suna cikin manyan wuraren ruwa guda biyu na kogin Red da Arkansas, kodayake kogin Lee da Little suma suna dauke da manyan wuraren ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;forests 1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |year=2003 |title=Oklahoma in Brief |url=http://www.odl.state.ok.us/almanac/2005/3-inbrief.pdf |access-date=2007-08-04 |publisher=State of Oklahoma |format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin kusurwar arewa maso yamma jihar, tsaunuka masu tsawo suna da ƙananan gandun daji na halitta kuma suna juyawa zuwa shimfidar wuri tare da canyons da tsinkaye kamar Dutsen Gilashi. Yankunan da ƙananan tsaunuka suka katse kamar Antelope Hills da Wichita Mountains sun mamaye kudu maso yammacin Oklahoma, kuma filayen da gandun daji na wucin gadi sun rufe tsakiyar jihar. Dutsen Ozark da Ouachita (mai suna Oh-Wa-Sheet-ah) Dutsen suna tashi daga yamma zuwa gabas a kan kashi na uku na gabashin jihar, sannu a hankali suna ƙaruwa a tsawo a gefen gabas.&lt;ref name=&quot;Topography of Oklahoma&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;forests 1&quot; /&gt;

Oklahoma baka da tabkuna kaɗan. Wadanda suka wanzu ko dai tafkuna ne na oxbow ko playa. Oklahoma tana da tabkuna sittin da biyu na oxbow sama da kadada 10 (0.040 ) a girman. Mafi girma, kusa da Red River a cikin McCurtain County yana da kadada  (1.10 ). Tsawon fari wanda ya fara a 1930 kuma ya haifar da yanayin da ake kira &quot;Dust Bowl&quot;, ya haifar da gina manyan tafkuna da yawa a duk fadin jihar. Yanzu, Oklahoma tana da mafi yawan tabkuna da madatsun ruwa suka kirkira a kowace jiha a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], tare da fiye da .&lt;ref name=&quot;TravelOK&quot;&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tsire-tsire da dabbobi ==
[[Fayil:Tallgrass_Prairie_Nature_Preserve_in_Osage_County.jpg|right|thumb|Yawan Bison na Amurka suna zaune a cikin yanayin halittu na jihar.]]
dazuzzuka sun rufe kashi 24 cikin dari na Oklahoma, &lt;ref name=&quot;TravelOK&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |year=2007 |title=About Oklahoma |url=http://www.travelok.com/about/index.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060707070748/http://www.travelok.com/about/index.asp |archive-date=2006-07-07 |access-date=2006-07-10 |publisher=TravelOK.com }}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;. TravelOK.com. 2007. Archived from [http://www.travelok.com/about/index.asp the original] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060707070748/http://www.travelok.com/about/index.asp |date=2006-07-07 }} on 2006-07-07&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2006-07-10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma wuraren ciyawa, wanda ya ƙunshi gajeren ciyawa, ciyawa mai gauraye, da tsaunuka masu tsawo, yanayin halittu masu tasowa a cikin tsakiya da yammacin jihar. Inda ruwan sama ya ragu a yankunan yammacin jihar, gajerun ciyawa da shrublands sune mafi mahimmancin yanayin halittu, kodayake pinyon Pine, junipers, da ponderosa pines suna girma kusa da koguna da gadajen rafi a cikin iyakar yammacin panhandle.&lt;ref name=&quot;ecology&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |year=2005 |title=A Look at Oklahoma: A Student's Guide |url=http://www.travelok.com/about/StudentGuide.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061230052128/http://www.travelok.com/about/StudentGuide.pdf |archive-date=December 30, 2006 |access-date=2007-08-14 |publisher=State of Oklahoma |format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; Marshlands, gandun daji na cypress da cakuda na shortleaf pine, loblolly pine, sabal minor, da gandun daji masu laushi sun mamaye yankin kudu maso gabashin jihar, yayin da cakuda yawancin gandun daji da suka shafi Ozark a arewa maso gabashin Oklahoma. Yawancin nau'o'in da ba su da yawa kamar su sukari maple, bigtooth maple, kudancin oak mai rai, da nolina suna zaune a Kudu maso yammacin Oklahoma da Dutsen Wichita.  &lt;ref name=&quot;ecology&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;forests 1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;OK forests&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Oklahoma Ecoregional Maps |url=http://www.ok.gov/~okag/forestry-okforestshome.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013192154/http://ok.gov/~okag/forestry-okforestshome.htm &lt;!-- Bot retrieved archive --&gt; |archive-date=2007-10-13 |access-date=2007-08-02 |publisher=Oklahoma Department of Agriculture}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Jihar tana da yawan mutanen da ke da farin wutsiya, coyotes, Bobcats, elk, da tsuntsaye kamar quail, kurciya, cardinals, bald eagles, red-ja-tailed hawks, da pheasants. A cikin yanayin halittu na tsaunuka, Bison na Amurka, manyan tsuntsaye, badgers, da Armadillo sun zama ruwan dare, kuma wasu daga cikin manyan garuruwan kare na tsaunukan ƙasar suna zaune a cikin tsaunuka masu gajeren ciyawa a cikin jihar. Cross Timbers, wani yanki da ke sauyawa daga filayen zuwa gandun daji a Tsakiyar Oklahoma, yana da nau'in dabbobi 351. Duwatsun Ouachita gida ne ga baƙar fata bear, ja fox, grey fox, da yawan kogin otter, waɗanda ke zaune tare da jimlar nau'in dabbobi 328 a kudu maso gabashin Oklahoma.&lt;ref name=&quot;ecology&quot;/&gt;

== Ƙasashe masu kariya ==
[[Fayil:Gloss_Mountains.jpg|right|thumb|Mesas sun tashi sama da wurin shakatawa na jihar Oklahoma's Glass Mountain.]]
Oklahoma yana da wuraren shakatawa na jihohi 41, dazuzzuka biyu masu kariya na ƙasa ko filayen ciyawa, [] da hanyar sadarwa na kiyaye namun daji da wuraren kiyayewa.  Kashi shida na kadada miliyan 10 na jihar (40,000 km2) na gandun daji ƙasa ce ta jama'a, [2] gami da yammacin dajin Ouachita National Forest, mafi girma kuma mafi tsufa dajin ƙasa a kudancin Amurka.  ya ƙunshi kashi 10 cikin ɗari na tsohon filin ƙasarsa, sau ɗaya yana rufe jihohi 14.[] Bugu da ƙari, Black Kettle National Grassland yana rufe   na filin daji a kudu maso yammacin Oklahoma.[5]  Matsugunin namun daji na tsaunin Wichita shine mafi tsufa kuma mafi girma na mafakar namun daji na ƙasa tara a cikin jihar[6] kuma an kafa shi a cikin 1901, wanda ya ƙunshi  .[] Na Oklahoma ta wurin shakatawa na tarayya ko wuraren nishaɗi, Yankin Nishaɗin Kasa na Chickasaw shine mafi girma, tare da  .[] Sauran wuraren kariya na tarayya da wuraren tarihi na Santa Fe na ƙasa sun haɗa da hanyoyin Santa Fe.  Shafukan tarihi na filin yaƙi, da Tunawa da Tunawa da Jama'a na birnin Oklahoma.[9]&lt;ref name=&quot;Oklahoma national parks&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |year=2007 |title=Oklahoma National Park Guide |url=https://www.nps.gov/findapark/index.htm?st=ok |access-date=2007-08-02 |publisher=National Park Service}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:Köppen_Climate_Types_Oklahoma.png|thumb|300x300px|[[Rarrabawar yanayi na Köppen|Nau'ikan yanayi na Köppen]] na Oklahoma, ta amfani da yanayin yanayi na 1991-2020.]]
[[Fayil:Willrogersmemorial1.JPG|thumb|Hickory, pine, da gandun daji na oak sun mamaye Arewa maso gabashin Oklahoma, wanda ke samun ruwan sama fiye da yankunan yammacin jihar.]]
Oklahoma tana zaune a kan hanyoyi masu yawa tsakanin iska daban-daban guda uku: iska mai dumi, mai laushi daga Tekun Mexico; iska mai dumi zuwa mai zafi, iska mai bushe daga Mexico da Kudu maso Yammacin Amurka; da sanyi, iska mai busasshiyar daga Kanada. Musamman daga faduwa zuwa bazara, Oklahoma tana ganin sauye-sauyen iska akai-akai, wanda zai iya haifar da sauye-shiryen sauye-rikice a cikin zafin jiki da danshi. Yawancin jihar galibi suna fuskantar matsanancin zafin jiki, iska, fari, da ruwan sama.&lt;ref name=&quot;Climate of OK&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Oklahoma's Climate: an Overview |url=http://climate.mesonet.org/county_climate/Products/oklahoma_climate_overview.pdf |access-date=2007-08-01 |publisher=University of Oklahoma |format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yawancin jihar suna cikin wani yanki da aka sani da Tornado Alley wanda ke da alaƙa da sau da yawa tsakanin iska mai sanyi da mai dumi, wanda ke haifar da Yanayi mai tsanani, tare da watanni masu haɗari daga Afrilu zuwa Yuni.&lt;ref name=&quot;The Climate of Oklahoma&quot;/&gt; Matsakaicin [[guguwa]] 62 ya mamaye jihar a kowace shekara, yana mai da wannan ɗayan mafi girma a duniya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Annual average number of tornadoes&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tornado Climatology |url=http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/severeweather/tornadoes.html |access-date=2006-10-24 |publisher=NOAA National Climatic Data Center}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saboda matsayinta tsakanin yankuna daban-daban na zafin jiki da iskõki, yanayin yanayi a cikin jihar na iya bambanta sosai tsakanin gajerun nesa.&lt;ref name=&quot;The Climate of Oklahoma&quot; /&gt; Ruwan sama yana faruwa a duk shekara, amma matsakaicin ruwan sama na kowane wata yana da ƙarancin gaske a cikin watanni na hunturu, yana tashi sosai zuwa mafi girma a watan Mayu (watan da ya fi ruwan sama a cikin jihar, saboda sau da yawa, kuma ba abin mamaki ba, aikin tsawa), kuma yana raguwa a tsakiyar lokacin rani, lokacin da dogon lokaci na zafi, yanayin bushe ya zama ruwan dare a cikin Yuli da Agusta shekaru da yawa. Tun da wuri zuwa tsakiyar fall (Satumba da Oktoba) sau da yawa yana ganin matsakaicin ruwan sama na biyu. Daga ƙarshen Oktoba zuwa Disamba, ruwan sama gabaɗaya yana raguwa.

Gabashin Oklahoma yana da [[Yanayin zafi mai zafi]] ([[Rarrabawar yanayi na Köppen|Köppen ''Cfa'']]) wanda iska ta kudu ke kawo danshi daga Tekun Mexico kuma yana da zafi, lokacin zafi da hunturu mai sanyi gabaɗaya, amma tare da sanyi, tare da dusar ƙanƙara, dusar ƙara ko ruwan sama mai daskarewa. Wannan sauyawa a hankali zuwa yankin da ba shi da ruwa (Köppen ''BSk'') a cikin filayen Panhandle, inda yanayin da ya bushe ya fi dacewa, tare da hunturu mai sanyi da irin wannan lokacin zafi amma ƙananan zafi. Sauran yankuna na tsakiya zuwa yammacin jihar, gami da Lawton da Enid a cikin yankin canji, suma ba su da tasiri daga danshi daga Tekun Mexico. Har ila yau, suna da bushewa fiye da yankunan gabashin Oklahoma.&lt;ref name=&quot;Climate of OK&quot; /&gt; Ruwan sama da yanayin zafi suna fadowa daga gabas zuwa yamma daidai, tare da yankuna a kudu maso gabas da ke da matsakaicin zafin jiki na shekara-shekara na 62 ° F (17 ° C) da ruwan sama na shekara-mako sama da 40 kuma sama da inci 56 (1,420 , yayin da yankunan panhandle ke da matsakaici 58 ° F (14 ° C), tare da ruwan sama ya shekara-sheko a ƙarƙashin inci 17 (430 . &lt;ref name=&quot;The Climate of Oklahoma&quot;/&gt; Dukkanin jihar suna fuskantar yanayin zafi sama da 100 ° F (38 ° C), ko ƙasa da 0 ° F (-18 ° C) (ko da yake yanayin zafi na ƙasa da ƙasa yana da wuya a kudu maso gabashin Oklahoma), &lt;ref name=&quot;Climate of OK&quot;/&gt; kuma dusar ƙanƙara ta kasance daga matsakaicin ƙasa da inci 4 (10  a kudu maso kudu zuwa sama da inci 20 (51  a kan iyakar [[Colorado]] a cikin panhandle.&lt;ref name=&quot;The Climate of Oklahoma&quot; /&gt; Jihar ita ce gida ga Cibiyar Tsinkaya ta Guguwa ta Kasa ta Sabis ɗin Yanayi na Kasa da ke Norman . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Novy |first=Chris |title=SPC and its Products |url=http://www.spc.noaa.gov/misc/about.html |access-date=2007-08-01 |publisher=[[NOAA]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yanayin hunturu da bazara sau da yawa El Niño Southern Oscillation ne ke rinjayar su. Lokacin hunturu a lokacin El Niño ya fi sanyi fiye da matsakaici kuma ya fi ruwan sama a fadin yammacin jihar saboda karuwar kogin jet na kudanci. A lokacin La Niña, hanyar guguwa ta fi arewa, saboda haka hunturu ya fi zafi fiye da matsakaici kuma ya bushe a yammacin jihar.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Guguwar Cheneso</title>
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'''Guguwar Tropical Cheneso''' ta kasance mahaukaciyar guguwa mai zafi da ta shafi Madagascar a watan Janairun 2023. Guguwar yanayi ta hudu da kuma guguwa ta biyar na 2022-23 Kudu maso Yamma a lokacin guguwar Indiya, Cheneso ta fito ne daga wani yanki na rikice-rikicen yanayi wanda aka fara sa ido a RSMC La Réunion a ranar 17 ga Janairu. Duk da jujjuyawar juzu'i a cikin ƙirar band mai lanƙwasa, tsarin ya zama ɓacin rai na wurare masu zafi a ranar 18 ga Janairu. Bacin rai ya ƙarfafa zuwa cikin Tsananin Guguwar Wuta mai zafi Cheneso a rana mai zuwa. Cheneso ya yi kasa a arewacin Madagascar kuma ya raunana zuwa cikin ciki, kafin ya shiga tashar Mozambique. Daga baya Cheneso ya karfafa zuwa guguwar wurare masu zafi a ranar 25 ga Janairu. Tsarin ya ci gaba da tafiya kudu maso gabas, kafin rikidewa zuwa bakin ciki bayan-na zafi a ranar 29 ga Janairu.

Ofishin Kasa da Kasa na Kula da Bala'i (BNGRC) ya ba da rahoton mutuwar mutane 33 da bacewar 20.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Madagascar - Tropical Cyclone CHENESO, update (GDACS, BNGRCMID, MeteoMadagascar, EMSR645) (ECHO Daily Flash of 01 February 2023) - Madagascar | ReliefWeb&quot;. reliefweb.int. Archived from the original on 1 February 2023. Retrieved 1 February 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Hukumar ta ba da rahoton jimillar mutane 90,870 da abin ya shafa, 34,100 daga cikinsu sun yi gudun hijira. Kusan gidaje 23,600 da makarantu 164 sun lalace. Masu ba da agaji da hukumomi kuma sun goyi bayan shirye-shiryen balaguron balaguro da ayyukan agaji, yayin da ake sa ran za a yi wa miliyoyin mutane illa. Wuraren guda ɗaya ya shafa sakamakon guguwar da ta fi ƙarfin yanayi, Cyclone Freddy makonni biyu bayan haka.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Madagascar: Cyclone Season Flash Update No. 1, 18 January 2023 – Madagascar | ReliefWeb&quot;. reliefweb.int. Archived from the original on 24 January 2023. Retrieved 26 January 2023&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihin yanayi ==
Asalin Cheneso za a iya gano shi zuwa wani yanki na shawa mai tsayi da tsawa a kudu da Diego Garcia, wanda Météo–Faransa (MFR) ya fara lura da shi a ranar 10 ga Janairu 2023. Kwanaki uku bayan haka, Cibiyar Gargaɗi ta Haɗin Kan Guguwar (JTWC) ita ma ta fara sa ido kan wuraren da ake tada hankali. Tsarin ya kasance a cikin yanayi mai kyau don haɓakawa, da kuma yanayin zafi na saman teku, ƙasan ƙasa zuwa tsayin iska mai tsayi. Duk da haka, MFR ta ƙaddamar da shawarwari game da yankin yanayi na tashin hankali, yayin da JTWC ta ba da sanarwar Ƙarfafa Ƙarfafawar Cyclone (TCFA) a ranar 17 ga Janairu. Sa'o'i shida bayan haka, MFR ya haɓaka tsarin zuwa yanayin tashin hankali na wurare masu zafi. Hakazalika, JTWC daga baya ta ƙaddamar da shawarwari kan tsarin kuma ta rarraba shi a matsayin Tropical Cyclone 08S.

Zurfafa juzu'i yana lulluɓe cikin ƙirar band mai lanƙwasa, yana sa MFR haɓaka shi zuwa yanayin baƙin ciki na wurare masu zafi. Da karfe 12:00 UTC a ranar 18 ga Janairu, MFR ta kuma inganta tsarin zuwa matsakaicin yanayin guguwa mai zafi, kuma Meteo Madagascar ya sanya masa suna Cheneso. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, Cheneso ya ƙara tsananta zuwa yanayin yanayi mai tsananin zafi. Hotunan tauraron dan adam sun nuna cewa babban abin rufe fuska na tsakiya (CDO) yana lullube cibiyar rarraba ƙananan matakin (LLCC). Cheneso ya ci gaba da tafiya zuwa yamma, kuma a washegari, ta yi kasa a arewacin Madagascar; JTWC ta fitar da gargadi na karshe game da guguwar. Da karfe 18:00 na UTC, MFR ta bayyana cewa Cheneso ya koma bakin ciki. Saboda rashin tabbas game da tsinkayar hanyar guguwar, MFR ta daina ba da shawarwari na ɗan lokaci a ranar 20 ga Janairu. A cikin 21 ga Janairu, Cheneso ya fara fitowa cikin tashar Mozambik, JTWC ta sake sa ido kuma ta bayyana cewa tsarin yana da yuwuwar sake haɓakawa.&lt;ref&gt;Significant Tropical Weather Advisory for the Indian Ocean, 20Z 21 January 2023 (Report). United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. 21 January 2023. Archived from the original on 13 February 2018. Retrieved 21 January 2023. Alt URL&lt;/ref&gt; LLCC ta fara ƙarfafawa tare da ruɗaɗɗen madaɗai masu zurfi a cikin sa. Sakamakon haka, MFR ta sake ƙaddamar da shawarwari a ranar 23 ga Janairu.

Cheneso ya sake samun matsayi na rikice-rikice na wurare masu zafi, duk da haka tsarin ba shi da zurfi mai zurfi kusa da cibiyarsa. Da 14:00 UTC a wannan ranar, JTWC ta sake fitar da TCFA, kuma ta sake inganta tsarin zuwa guguwa mai zafi. Cheneso ya ci gaba da tafiyar da tsarinsa jim kaɗan bayan haka, kuma da ƙarfe 00:00 UTC a ranar 24 ga Janairu, MFR ta haɓaka tsarin zuwa yanayin baƙin ciki na wurare masu zafi. Bayan sa'o'i shida, convection ya karu a kusa da cibiyar, kuma an inganta guguwar zuwa matsakaicin yanayin hadari na wurare masu zafi. Guguwar ta ci gaba da shiryawa tare da kafuwar CDO mai tsanani tare da ido, kuma Cheneso ya karfafa zuwa matsananciyar guguwar yanayi. Da 03:00 UTC a ranar 25 ga Janairu, Cheneso ya ƙarfafa zuwa cikin rukuni na 1-daidai da guguwar cyclone na wurare masu zafi akan ma'aunin iskar Saffir-Simpson (SSHWS), yayin da ta kusanci gabar tekun Madagascar. Guguwar ta ƙara ƙarfafa tare da ƙayyadadden tsari mai lankwasa, wanda ke nuna ƙarfinsa zuwa matsayin guguwar na wurare masu zafi. Da karfe 18:00 na UTC, yanayin ido ya karu yayin da guguwar ta tashi zuwa arewa maso gabas bayan ta tsaya a cikin sa'o'i 6 da suka gabata. Hotunan tauraron dan adam sun nuna cewa annashuwa tam-dam-dam tana yawo a kusa da ido mai cike da gajimare. Cheneso ya fara raguwa da sauri bayan da idonta ya fadi da sauri kuma saman gajimare ya yi zafi. Da karfe 12:00 UTC a ranar 26 ga Janairu, MFR ta rage darajar Cheneso zuwa matsananciyar guguwar yanayi, yayin da take kan hanyar kudu maso gabas.&lt;ref&gt;Severe Tropical Storm Cheneso 05 (Cheneso) Warning Number (21/5/20222023) (PDF) (Report). Météo-France. 24 January 2023. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 January 2023. Retrieved 24 January 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
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    <title>Shirye-shiryen yawan jama'a a Singapore</title>
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      <text bytes="36376" sha1="rh8570c90hvnszii53fc0jivv6twmju" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}[[File:One_Two_and_That's_Ideal_.jpg|right|thumb|A cikin shekarun 1960 gwamnatin Singapore ta karfafa mata, musamman mata marasa ilimi, su sami kwayar halitta bayan ɗansu na biyu.]]
'''Shirye-shiryen yawan jama'a a [[Singafora|Singapore]]''' ya nuna manufofi daban-daban don jinkirta da haɓaka yawan jama'ar Singapore. Singapore ta fara shirye-shiryen tsara yawan jama'a a cikin ƙoƙari na jinkirta da juyar da saurin karuwar haihuwa wanda ya fara bayan [[Yaƙin Duniya na II]]. Daga baya, daga shekarun 1980, an tsara manufofi don ci gaba, ƙoƙarin ƙarfafa uwaye su sami ƙarin yara. A cikin 2020, yawan yawan jama'a na shekara-shekara a Singapore ya kasance -0.3%, kuma yawan yawan haihuwa na mazaunin (TFR) ya kasance 1.10, ƙasa da yawan maye gurbin 2.1. A cikin 2023, ya ci gaba da raguwa zuwa 0.97.

Mataki na farko ya fara ne tare da ƙaddamar da Hukumar Shirye-shiryen Iyali da Jama'a ta Singapore a cikin 1966 don inganta tsarin iyali bayan Singapore ta fuskanci &quot;kashin abinci da gidaje bayan yakin&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Singapore Family Planning &amp; Population Board is established – Singapore History |url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/history/events/0b5c578a-f160-4958-97b0-d3e78ba38a05 |access-date=2018-03-22 |website=eresources.nlb.gov.sg}}&lt;/ref&gt; SFPPB ta yi niyya ga mutane masu ƙarancin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, musamman mata, kuma ta yi aiki don ƙarfafa amfani da hana daukar ciki, kamar condoms da hana haihuwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; SFPPB ta ba da shawara ga ƙananan iyalai, ta kafa shirin &quot;Stop-at-Two&quot;, wanda ya karfafa kuma ya amfana da iyalai biyu da kuma sake haihuwa. SFPPB kuma ta bude karin asibitoci don inganta kiwon lafiya da jin dadin iyalai.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Baya ga karfafa kananan iyalai, manufofi da gwamnati ta kafa a lokacin zamanin &quot;Stop-at Two&quot; sun daina karfafawa da samun yara fiye da biyu; ba a biya ma'aikatan farar hula hutun haihuwa ba bayan yaransu na biyu, kudaden asibiti na yara sun fi girma ga na uku da na gaba, an ba da zaɓin makaranta na sama ga yara kawai tare da iyaye waɗanda aka yi musu kaciya kafin su kai shekaru 40, kuma an ba da haihuwa kanta da kwanaki bakwai na hutun biyan.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Singapore Population Control Policies – Flags, Maps, Economy, History, Climate, Natural Resources, Current Issues, International Agreements, Population, Social Statistics, Political System |url=https://photius.com/countries/singapore/society/singapore_society_population_control_p~11008.html |access-date=2018-03-22 |website=photius.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Shirin gwamnati &quot;Stop-at-Two&quot; ya ci nasara wajen cimma iyakantaccen ci gaba, amma kuma an danganta shi da raguwar yawan jama'ar Singapore. Bayan kamfen ɗin &quot;Stop-at-Two&quot;, shirin yawan jama'a ya ɗauki nau'in ƙoƙari na juyar da raguwar yawan haihuwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=SLOW Movement: ST: Two is not enough |url=http://chutzpah.typepad.com/slow_movement/2008/08/st-two-is-not-enough.html |access-date=2018-03-22 |website=chutzpah.typepad.com |archive-date=2011-09-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110908024517/http://chutzpah.typepad.com/slow_movement/2008/08/st-two-is-not-enough.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Gwamnatin Singapore ta zama mai goyon bayan haihuwa, kuma a hukumance ta sanar da maye gurbin ta &quot;Have-Three-or-More (idan za ku iya iya samun shi) &quot; kamfen a shekarar 1987, inda gwamnati ta fara karfafawa da karfafa manyan iyalai ga iyalai masu zaman kansu. Bugu da ƙari, an kafa Sashin Ci Gaban Jama'a (SDU) a cikin 1984 don inganta aure da soyayya tsakanin masu ilimi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Wong |first=Soo Mun Theresa |last2=Yeoh |first2=Saw Ai Brenda |date=June 2003 |title=Fertility and the family : an overview of pro-natalist population policies on Singapore |url=https://scholarbank.nus.edu.sg/handle/10635/79791 |journal=Asian Metacentre Research Paper Series |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan mataki na biyu na shirin yawan jama'a bai yi nasara ba wajen isa da kiyaye yawan maye gurbin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;

== Ƙuntata ci gaba ==

=== Yakin jarirai da yawa ===
Bayan karshen yakin duniya na biyu a shekara ta 1945, an kimanta ci gaban yawan jama'ar Singapore ba zai yiwu ba saboda burinta na tattalin arziki; akwai kimanin miliyan 1 da aka haifa tsakanin shekarun 1947 da 1964, tare da jimlar haihuwar rayuwa da ke ƙaruwa da kashi 58%.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |date=2014 |title=&quot;Baby Boom Generation in Singapore and its Impact of Ageing&quot;. |journal=Engineering and Technology International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences. |volume=8 |pages=809–817}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A wannan lokacin, matsakaicin ci gaban shekara-shekara ya kasance 4.4%, wanda 1% ya kasance saboda shige da fice. Singapore ta sami mafi girman yawan haihuwa a shekara ta 1957 a 42.7 ga kowane mutum dubu. Hadarin da ke tattare da yawan jama'a ciki har da raguwar albarkatu, lalacewar muhalli, karuwar rashin aikin yi, da karuwar farashin rayuwa sun haifar da martani na ci gaban gwamnati.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;

=== Damuwa da yawan jama'a ===
A lokacin samun 'yancin kai, yawancin mutanen Singapore da ke zaune a Yankin Tsakiya sun zauna a cikin shagunan da suka cika da mutane. A cikin 1947, ''Rahoton Kwamitin Gidajen Burtaniya'' ya lura cewa Singapore tana da &quot;ɗaya daga cikin mafi munin ƙauyuka a duniya - 'abin kunya ga al'umma mai wayewa'&quot;, kuma matsakaicin mutum a kowane gini ya kasance 18.2 a shekara ta 1947. An fahimci saurin karuwar Yawan jama'a a matsayin barazana ga &quot;tsarin siyasa da yanayin rayuwa&quot;. Irin wannan yanayin zai haifar ''da yawa'' jama'a, wanda aka yi tunanin ya mamaye damar aiki da ayyukan zamantakewa a ilimi, kiwon lafiya da tsabtace muhalli.&lt;ref name=&quot;LOC1989&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Singapore: Population Control Policies |url=http://www.photius.com/countries/singapore/society/singapore_society_population_control_p~11008.html |access-date=11 August 2011 |website=Library of Congress Country Studies (1989) |publisher=[[Library of Congress]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wadannan damuwa sun haifar da maye gurbin Singapore Improvement Trust tare da Hukumar Gidaje da Ci Gaban don samar da sake zama ga yawan jama'ar Singapore.

Duk da faduwarsu tun 1957, yawan haihuwa a cikin shekarun 1960 har yanzu ana ganin shi da yawa. A matsakaici, an haifi jariri kowane minti 11 a cikin 1965; Asibitin Kandang Kerbau (KKH) - asibitin mata inda aka haifi yawancin jarirai a Singapore - ya ga fiye da 100 haihuwa a kowace rana a cikin 1962. A cikin 1966, KKH ta haifi jarirai 39,835, wanda ya ba shi wuri a cikin Guinness Book of World Records don &quot;mafi yawan haihuwa a cikin wurin haihuwa guda ɗaya&quot; a kowace shekara na shekaru goma. Saboda yawanci akwai karancin gadaje a wannan zamanin, an sallami uwaye da ke da haihuwa na yau da kullun daga asibitoci cikin awanni 24.&lt;ref name=&quot;a2ofam&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Family Planning |url=http://www.a2o.com.sg/a2o/public/html/etc/07_family.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812063927/http://www.a2o.com.sg/a2o/public/html/etc/07_family.htm |archive-date=12 August 2011 |access-date=12 August 2011 |website=[[National Archives]] |publisher=Government of Singapore}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Gabatar da shirin iyali ===
An gabatar da shirin iyali a Singapore a cikin 1949 ta ƙungiyar masu sa kai karkashin jagorancin mai fafutuka Constance Goh. Ƙungiyar masu sa kai ta ƙarshe ta zama Ƙungiyar Shirye-shiryen Iyali ta Singapore kuma ta kafa Asibitocin kiwon lafiya na jima'i da yawa waɗanda ke ba da maganin hana haihuwa, jiyya ga ƙananan cututtukan mata, da shawarar aure. Har zuwa shekarun 1960, babu wata manufa ta gwamnati a cikin tsarin iyali, amma Gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Burtaniya bayan yakin da gwamnatin Singapore mai zuwa, sun ba da tallafi da ƙasa don cibiyar sadarwar kayan aikinta ga ƙungiyar. Wannan hadin gwiwar ta ƙare a cikin 1960 tare da kamfen ɗin tsara iyali na watanni uku na ƙasa wanda Ƙungiyar da gwamnati suka gudanar tare. Yawan karuwar jama'a ya ragu daga 4-5% a kowace shekara a cikin shekarun 1950 zuwa kusan 2.5% a cikin 1965 game da 'yancin kai. Yawan haihuwa ya fadi zuwa 29.5 ga kowane mutum dubu, kuma yawan ci gaban halitta ya fadi zuwa 2.5%.&lt;ref name=&quot;RobinsonRoss2007&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|edition=John A.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana iya ganin fadada yawan jama'ar Singapore a cikin jadawalin da ke ƙasa:
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Girman yawan jama'a 1947-2000 &lt;ref name=&quot;Natalism&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Wong |first=Theresa |last2=Brenda Yeoh |year=2003 |title=Fertility and the Family: An Overview of Pro-natalist Population Policies in Singapore |url=http://www.populationasia.org/Publications/RP/AMCRP12.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Asian Metacentre Research Paper Series |issue=12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727182245/http://www.populationasia.org/Publications/RP/AMCRP12.pdf |archive-date=27 July 2011 |access-date=12 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
!Lokacin
!Girma
|-
|1947–1957
|84.7%
|-
|1957–1970
|90.8%
|-
|1970–1980
|13.3%
|-
|1980–1990
|18.5%
|-
|1990–2000
|20.6%
|-
|2000–2010
|40.9%
|-
|}

=== Kafawar FPPB ===
A shekara ta 1959, Jam'iyyar People's Action Party ta zo mulki a zaben farko bayan bayar da ikon cin gashin kanta na cikin gida na ''Singapore''. A watan Satumbar 1965 Ministan Lafiya, Yong Nyuk Lin, ya gabatar da fararen takarda ga Majalisar, yana ba da shawarar ''Shirin Shirye-shiryen Iyali na Shekaru biyar'' wanda zai rage yawan haihuwa zuwa 20.0 ga kowane mutum dubu a shekarar 1970. Wannan shirin ya zama sananne da ''Shirin Iyali na Kasa.'' Bayan shekara guda a 1966, an kafa Hukumar Shirye-shiryen Iyali da Jama'a ta Singapore (SFPPB) bisa ga binciken farar takarda, tana ba da sabis na asibiti da ilimin jama'a game da tsara iyali.&lt;ref name=&quot;LOC1989&quot;/&gt; Da farko an ware kasafin kuɗi na $ 1 miliyan SGD don dukan shirin, SFPPB ta fuskanci yawan jama'a masu tsayayya, amma daga ƙarshe ta yi aiki sama da 156,000. Kungiyar Shirye-shiryen Iyali ta Singapore ta shiga cikin ayyukan SFPPB.&amp;nbsp;

=== Tsayawa-da-Biyu ===
 
A ƙarshen shekarun 1960, Singapore ƙasa ce mai tasowa kuma ba ta riga ta sami Canjin yawan jama'a ba; kodayake yawan haihuwa ya fadi daga 1957 zuwa 1970. A shekara ta 1970, yawan haihuwa ya karu yayin da mata wadanda kansu suka kasance samfurin jarirai bayan yakin suka kai ga balaga. Tsoron cewa karuwar yawan jama'ar Singapore na iya mamaye tattalin arzikin da ke ci gaba, Lee ya fara kamfen din Tsayawa a Biyu na tsara iyali. An halatta zubar da ciki da rashin haihuwa a shekarar 1970, kuma an bukaci mata su sami rashin haihuwa bayan ɗansu na biyu.&lt;ref name=&quot;LOC1989&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Natalism&quot;/&gt;

Har ila yau, gwamnati ta kara da karuwar abubuwan da ke karuwa da karkatarwa tsakanin 1968 da 1973, suna hukunta iyaye don samun yara fiye da biyu, suna kara farashin kowane yaro: &lt;ref name=&quot;LOC1989&quot;/&gt;

* A cikin 1968 tare da Dokar Aiki, ma'aikatan mata ba za su sami izinin haihuwa ga ɗansu na huɗu ko duk wani yaro na gaba ba; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Employment Bill – Singapore Statutes Online |url=https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Bills-Supp/21-1968/Published/19680518?DocDate=19680518 |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=sso.agc.gov.sg |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1969, an kara kudin haihuwa na $ 10 da aka caje a asibitocin haihuwa na gwamnati zuwa $ 50 bayan jariri na uku; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Third Annual Report of the Singapore Family Planning and … |url=https://www.nas.gov.sg/archivesonline/government_records/record-details/685e6846-fb00-11e7-bafc-001a4a5ba61b |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=nas.gov.sg}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* A cikin 1972, an gabatar da waɗannan matakan:  Ƙarfafawa: Rashin cajin haihuwa a asibitocin haihuwa na Gwamnati ga mata waɗanda ke fama da rashin haihuwa bayan haihuwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Singapore Family Planning and Population Board Seventh … |url=https://www.nas.gov.sg/archivesonline/government_records/record-details/4b391502-d3b8-11e7-bbf1-0050568939ad |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=nas.gov.sg}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=New family plan incentives |url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/newnation19720729-1.2.24 |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=eresources.nlb.gov.sg}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ga marasa lafiya na C-class waɗanda suka sha wahala, ana rage cajin unguwar. Hakanan ana dakatar da cajin isar da gwamnati idan mijin ya yi rashin haihuwa a cikin wata guda bayan matar ta haifi ɗa. Marasa lafiya da ke fama da rashin haihuwa ana ba su izinin likita a kan sharuddan karimci. Rashin karfafawa: Kudin isar a asibitocin gwamnati yana ƙaruwa tare da kowane ƙarin yaro. Ba a ba da izinin haihuwa don haihuwar yaro na huɗu da yara masu zuwa ba. Ba a ba da fifiko ga manyan iyalai a cikin rabon Gidaje da Ci Gaban Gidaje ba.
** Ƙarfafawa: Rashin biyan kuɗin haihuwa a asibitocin haihuwa na gwamnati ga mata waɗanda ke fama da rashin haihuwa bayan haihuwa. Ga marasa lafiya na C-class waɗanda suka sha wahala, ana rage cajin unguwar. Hakanan ana dakatar da cajin isar da gwamnati idan mijin ya yi rashin haihuwa a cikin wata guda bayan matar ta haifi ɗa. Marasa lafiya da ke fama da rashin haihuwa ana ba su izinin likita a kan sharuddan karimci.
**# Rashin biyan bashin haihuwa a asibitocin haihuwa na gwamnati ga mata da ke fama da rashin haihuwa bayan haihuwa.
**# Ga marasa lafiya na C-class waɗanda suka sha wahala, ana rage cajin unguwar.
**# Hakanan ana dakatar da cajin isar da gwamnati idan mijin ya yi rashin haihuwa a cikin wata guda bayan matar ta haifi ɗa.
**# Marasa lafiya da ke fama da rashin haihuwa ana ba su izinin likita a kan sharuddan karimci.
** Rashin karfafawa: Kudin isar a asibitocin gwamnati yana ƙaruwa tare da kowane ƙarin yaro. Ba a ba da izinin haihuwa don haihuwar yaro na huɗu da yara masu zuwa ba. Ba a ba da fifiko ga manyan iyalai a cikin rabon Gidaje da Ci Gaban Gidaje ba.
**# Kudin isar da shi a asibitocin gwamnati yana ƙaruwa tare da kowane ƙarin yaro.
**# Ba a ba da izinin haihuwa don haihuwar yaro na huɗu da yara masu zuwa ba.
**# Ba a ba da fifiko ga manyan iyalai a cikin rabon Gidaje da Ci Gaban Gidaje ba.
* An sanar da sabuntawa ga waɗannan matakan da suka gabata kuma an yi muhawara a Majalisar Dattijai ta Singapore a ranar 24 ga Oktoba 1972 kuma ta fara aiki a ranar 1 ga Agusta 1973:  Rage sauƙin harajin samun kudin shiga don rufe yara uku na farko kawai; Rage hutun haihuwa da aka biya daga uku zuwa biyu; Rage fifiko don rarraba Gidaje da Ci Gaban (HDB) ga manyan iyalai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 October 1972 |title=INCREASE OF ACCOUCHEMENT CHARGES FOR HIGHER ORDER OF DELIVERY (Statement by the Minister for Health) |url=https://sprs.parl.gov.sg/search/topic?reportid=007_19721024_S0004_T0012 |publisher=Parliament of Singapore}}{{Dead link|date=January 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Biyu ko ƙasa da haka suna da fifiko mafi girma, huɗu ko fiye ba za su sami fifiko ba; Ci gaba da karuwar kuɗin haihuwa da ake caji a asibitocin gwamnati bisa ga tsarin haihuwa. Ana cire waɗannan kudaden idan namiji ko mace sun yi rashin haihuwa.
** Rage sauƙin harajin samun kudin shiga don rufe yara uku na farko kawai;
** Rage hutun haihuwa da aka biya daga uku zuwa biyu.
** Rage fifiko don rarraba gidaje da Ci gaban Hukumar (HDB) ga manyan iyalai. Biyu ko ƙasa da haka suna da fifiko mafi girma, huɗu ko fiye ba za su da fifiko kaɗan;
** Ci gaba da karuwar kudaden haihuwa da aka caje a asibitocin gwamnati bisa ga tsarin haihuwa. Ana cire waɗannan kudaden idan namiji ko mace sun yi rashin haihuwa.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Kudin haihuwa
!Wuri
!B Ward
!C Ward
|-
|Ɗa ta Farko
|250
|100
|50
|-
|Yaro na biyu
|300
|150
|75
|-
|Yaro na Uku
|350
|150
|100
|-
|Yaro na huɗu
|400
|250
|200
|-
|Yaro na biyar
|400
|300
|
|}

* An ba yara na uku ko na huɗu ƙananan fifiko a ilimi;
* Za a ba da fifiko mafi girma a makarantun firamare na sama kawai ga yaran da iyayensu suka yi wa haihuwa kafin su kai shekara arba'in.

Hukumar Shirye-shiryen Iyali da Jama'a ta Singapore ta kirkiro babban kayan ilimi na jama'a don kamfen ɗin Stop-at-Two, a cikin ɗaya daga cikin misalai na farko na kamfen ɗin injiniyan zamantakewar jama'a da gwamnati za ta ci gaba da aiwatarwa (Speak Mandarin, Speak Good English, National Courtesy, Keep Singapore Clean and Toilet Flushing Campaigns) wanda zai haifar da suna a matsayin &quot;paternalistic&quot; da &quot;interventionist&quot; a cikin al'amuran zamantakewa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Natalism&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Poster Collection |url=http://www.nl.sg/NLWEB.portal?_cn_nodePath=NL%2FOtherCollections%2FLKCRL%2FSingaporePagesSpecialMaterial%2FPoster&amp;_nfpb=true&amp;_cn_bookLevel=1&amp;_cn_bookTitle1=LKCRL+Collections+Singapore+Pages&amp;_pageLabel=NL_CMSPage4&amp;collectionCode=SingaporePages&amp;_cn_pageTitle=SingaporePagesSpecialMaterial |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120906063309/http://www.nl.sg/NLWEB.portal?_cn_nodePath=NL/OtherCollections/LKCRL/SingaporePagesSpecialMaterial/Poster&amp;_nfpb=true&amp;_cn_bookLevel=1&amp;_cn_bookTitle1=LKCRL+Collections+Singapore+Pages&amp;_pageLabel=NL_CMSPage4&amp;collectionCode=SingaporePages&amp;_cn_pageTitle=SingaporePagesSpecialMaterial |archive-date=6 September 2012 |access-date=12 August 2011 |website=Singapore Collection |publisher=Lee Kong Chian Reference Library}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kamfen din &quot;Stop at Two&quot; daga 1970 zuwa 1976 ya jagoranci Basskaran Nair, shugaban sashen manema labarai na Ma'aikatar Al'adu, kuma ya kirkiro hotunan da ke da gado mai dorewa: wani labarin Straits Times na 2008 ya rubuta, &quot;masu Singapore da yawa masu matsakaicin shekaru za su tuna hotunan 'yan mata biyu masu kyau da ke raba laima da apple: Laima ya dace da biyu da kyau. Uku za su kasance taron jama'a.  An kuma ambaci wannan hoton a cikin jawabin Firayim Minista Lee Hsien Loong na 2008 National Day Rally na 2008. Sauran hotunan da yawa daga kamfen ɗin &quot;iconic&quot; sun haɗa da irin waɗannan jigogi na kasancewa da gamsuwa tare da 'yan mata biyu, don magance yanayin da aka saba da shi a ci gaban al'ummomin Asiya don iyalai da' ya'ya mata kawai don ci gaba da &quot;ƙoƙarin yaro&quot;.

Baya ga inganta samun 'ya'ya biyu kawai, gwamnati ta karfafa mutane su jinkirta samun ɗansu na biyu kuma su yi aure da wuri, suna ƙarfafa Canjin yawan jama'a. Sauran taken da kayan kamfen sun gargadi 'yan Singapore da irin waɗannan sakonnin kamar:

* &quot;Ƙananan Iyalai - Makomar Haske: Biyu sun isa&quot; (wannan saƙon ya ƙunshi hoto na 'yan mata biyu) 
* &quot;''&quot;Na biyu zai iya jira&quot;''&quot; (an ga uwa da uba suna farin ciki da yaro ɗaya) 
* ''&quot;Auren matasa yana nufin shiga cikin matsaloli: Aure mai farin ciki ya cancanci jira&quot;''
* &quot;Daya, Biyu: Kuma wannan yana da kyau: Sterilisation, hanya mafi kyau don Ƙuntataccen Iyali&quot; (wanda aka nuna tare da zane-zane na fuskokin 'yan mata biyu) 
* ''&quot;Ka dauki lokacinka ka ce 'yes'&quot;.''&lt;ref name=&quot;a2ofam&quot;/&gt;
* ''Ƙananan Iyali: Makomar da ta fi dacewa''
* ''&quot;Don Allah ka tsaya a biyu!&quot;'' (tsuntsu yana ɗauke da dangin nukiliya guda huɗu) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=National Family Planning Programme – Stop at Two |url=http://www.healthcare50.sg/history-and-milestones/album/72157622312509295/photo/3946050015/history-and-milestones-national-family-planning-programme-stop-at-two.html |access-date=12 August 2011 |publisher=healthcare50.sg}}{{Dead link|date=March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Jaridar Straits Times ta yi hira da iyaye mata da aka yi musu haifuwa a wancan zamani, inda ta ce an saba samun haihuwa tun suna karama, inda ta ba da misali da wata mata da aka yi wa tiyatar tubal a KKH tana da shekara 23, ita kanta ta fito daga babban iyali mai mutane goma.  &quot;Matsi (masu hankali) ya yi yawa. Gwamnati a fili ba ta son mu sami fiye da biyu.&quot;  Likitan likitan mata wanda ya yi aiki KKH ya tuna cewa adadin haifuwa ya zama &quot;sama mai girma&quot; bayan an aiwatar da abubuwan hana;  ya zama ruwan dare ga ma’aikatan asibiti su yi wa matan da ke da juna biyu ciki na uku ko fiye da haihuwa, suna ba da shawarar zubar da ciki, yayin da irin wadannan matan ke magana game da cikin su “[kamar] sun aikata laifi”.  Har ila yau jaridar Straits Times ta ba da shawarar cewa abubuwan da ba su da amfani sun yi tasiri sosai;  wata mata ta ba da misali da yadda ya kamata a nuna wa wata makaranta takardar shaidar haihuwa domin yaro na uku ya samu fifiko, yayin da ita da wasu ’yan’uwa mata hudu cikin biyar aka yi musu baftisma.  Kudaden bayarwa masu tsada (&quot;kudaden ajiya&quot;) na oda na uku da na haihuwa kuma za a yi watsi da su tare da haifuwa..

An san kamfen ɗin da ke da niyya ga marasa ilimi musamman; Lee ya yi imanin cewa, &quot;Ilimi kyauta da Gidaje masu tallafi suna haifar da halin da ake ciki inda mutanen da ba su da wadataccen tattalin arziki ... ke haifuwa da kansu a [mafi girma]. &quot;Ya yi imanin gore aiwatar da tsarin hana gwamnati zai dakatar da &quot;marasa alhakin, masu aikata laifuka na zamantakewa&quot; daga tunanin cewa samun karin yara zai ba su damar samun karin ayyukan zamantakewa da gwamnati ta bayar.

:: ''Dole ne mu karfafa wadanda ke samun kasa da $ 200 a kowane wata kuma ba za mu iya iya ciyar da yara da yawa ba za su taba samun fiye da biyu ba. za mu yi nadamar lokacin da ya ɓace idan yanzu ba mu ɗauki matakai na farko na gwaji don gyara yanayin da zai iya barin al'ummarmu tare da adadi mai yawa na jiki, ilimi da al'adu ba.'' Lee Kuan Yew, 1969 

Gwamnati ta tabbatar da manufofinta na zamantakewa a matsayin hanyar ƙarfafa matalauta su mai da hankali kan iyakantaccen albarkatun su kan kula da yaransu da ke akwai, suna sa su iya zama masu iyawa, 'yan ƙasa masu amfani.&lt;ref name=&quot;LOC1989&quot;/&gt; Har ila yau, gwamnati ta amsa zargi cewa wannan manufofin ya fi son kasar Sin a kan kabilun 'yan tsiraru; An yi la'akari da Malays da Indiyawa don samun yawan haihuwa da iyalai mafi girma fiye da Sinawa, wanda ya kara kara kara zarge-zargen eugenics.

=== Canjin yawan jama'a da Shirin Iyaye masu digiri ===
Yayin da Singapore ta zama ta zamani a cikin shekarun 1970s, haihuwa ta ci gaba da raguwa. Adadin maye gurbin halitta ya kai 1.006 a cikin 1975; bayan haka adadin maye gurbin zai sauka ƙasa da hadin kai. Bugu da ƙari, abin da ake kira &quot;Kyautar yawan jama'a&quot; yana faruwa a Singapore kamar yadda yake tare da wasu ƙasashe; karuwar samun kudin shiga, ilimi da kiwon lafiya da rawar da mata ke takawa a cikin ma'aikata suna da alaƙa sosai da matakan ƙarancin yawan jama'ar. A cewar wata takarda ta Library of Congress, a cikin shekarun 1980, &quot;Matsalolin kididdigar Singapore sun yi kama da na wasu ƙasashe masu matakan samun kudin shiga amma ba tare da kamfen ɗin talla na Singapore da kuma ƙididdigar abubuwan da suka dace ba. &quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;LOC1989&quot;/&gt;

Lee Kuan Yew ya firgita game da yanayin da ake ganin cewa mata masu ilimi - mafi yawan wadanda suka yi karatu a jami'a - ba za su iya yin aure da haihuwa ba.  Irin wannan yanayin zai yi hannun riga da manufofinsa na yawan jama'a, kuma wani ɓangare na wannan gazawar, Lee hasashe, shine &quot;babban fifikon maza waɗanda suka kammala jami'a don matan da ba su da ilimi sosai&quot;.  An dauki wannan yanayin a cikin jawabin 1983 a matsayin &quot;matsalar zamantakewa&quot;.  Tun daga 1984, gwamnatin Singapore ta ba da fifikon ilimi da gidaje, rangwamen haraji da sauran fa'idodi ga iyaye mata masu digiri na jami'a, da kuma 'ya'yansu.  Gwamnatin ta kuma karfafa gwiwar mazan kasar Singapore da su zabi mata masu ilimi a matsayin mata, inda ta kafa Sashen Cigaban Jama'a (SDU) a waccan shekarar don inganta zamantakewa tsakanin maza da mata da suka kammala karatun digiri.  Abin ban mamaki, SDU an san ta da sunan &quot; Single, Desperate and Ugly &quot;.  Haka kuma gwamnati ta bayar da tallafi ga iyaye mata masu ilimi domin su haifi ’ya’ya uku ko hudu, a lokacin da aka fara sauya tsarin da aka kafa ta Stop at Two.  Matakan sun haifar da cece-kuce da kuma abin da aka fi sani da Babban Muhawarar Aure a cikin jaridu.  Wasu sassan jama'a, ciki har da matan da suka kammala karatun digiri, sun ji haushin ra'ayin Lee Kuan Yew, wanda ya yi tambaya cewa watakila yakin neman 'yancin mata ya yi nasara sosai:
 
Ra'ayoyin Lee sun nuna matsayinsa na farko - a cikin 1967, an rubuta Lee a matsayin mai gaskata cewa &quot;kashi biyar&quot; na yawan jama'ar al'umma, &quot;waɗanda suke da baiwa fiye da yadda aka saba da shi a jiki da tunani,&quot; ya kamata a ba su mafi kyawun ƙarancin albarkatun ƙasa don samar da &quot;mai haɓaka&quot; ga ci gaban wannan al'umma. Ya yi la'akari da cewa irin wannan manufa ga Singapore za ta &quot;tabbatar da cewa Singapore za ta ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin matsayi na musamman&quot; a kudu maso gabashin Asiya. Irin wannan ra'ayi ya tsara manufofin ilimi da meritocracy a Singapore.

Koyaya, hargitsi game da shawarar ya haifar da sauyawa na kashi 12.9 cikin dari a kan gwamnatin Jam'iyyar People's Action a Babban zaben 1984. A shekara ta 1985, musamman ɓangarorin da ke da rikice-rikice na manufofin da suka ba da ilimi da gidaje ga mata masu ilimi an watsar da su ko kuma an gyara su.&lt;ref name=&quot;LOC1989&quot;/&gt;

Wani binciken da aka yi a shekarar 1992 ya lura cewa kashi 61% na mata masu haihuwa suna da ilimin sakandare ko mafi girma, amma wannan rabo ya ragu don haihuwa na uku (52%) da haihuwa na huɗu ko mafi girma (36%), yana tallafawa ra'ayin cewa ana ci gaba da haihuwar yara ga mata masu ƙarancin cancanta, kuma daidai da haka, ƙananan kuɗin shiga.&lt;ref name=&quot;UN1995&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mui |first=Teng Yap |year=1995 |title=Singapore's 'Three or More' Policy: The First Five Years |url=https://www.un.org/Depts/escap/pop/journal/v10n4a3.htm |journal=Asia-Pacific Population Journal |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=39–52 |pmid=12291532 |access-date=11 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; An ba da ƙarfafawa da yawa ga mata masu digiri don yin aure da haihuwa don haifar da jarirai waɗanda aka yi imanin cewa suna da 'masu basira sosai' don haɓaka ƙwarewa a Singapore. Mata ba tare da cancantar O-Level ba, waɗanda ake la'akari da ƙarancin kuɗi da ƙaranci, gwamnati ta ba su hutun rashin lafiya na kwana bakwai da $ 10,000 SGD a cikin kuɗin motsa jiki don yin aikin haihuwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Natalism&quot;/&gt;

== Mataki na 2: Ƙara haihuwa ==

=== Have-Three-or-More (idan za ku iya saya) ===
A cikin 1986 gwamnatin Singapore ta fahimci cewa faɗuwar adadin haihuwa babbar matsala ce kuma ta fara sauya manufarta ta Dakata-A Biyu, tana ƙarfafa haɓakar ƙimar haihuwa maimakon.  A ranar 30 ga watan Yuni na wannan shekarar, hukumomi sun soke hukumar tsara iyali da yawan jama'a, kuma a shekarar 1987, yawan haihuwa ya ragu zuwa 1.44.  A waccan shekarar, Goh Chok Tong ya sanar da wani sabon taken: Yi uku ko sama da haka (idan za ku iya biya), yana mai sanar da cewa a yanzu gwamnati ta inganta girman iyali na yara uku ko fiye ga ma'auratan da za su iya ba da su, kuma ta inganta &quot;jin dadin aure da iyaye&quot;.  Sabuwar manufar ta yi la'akari da faduwar yawan haihuwa na Singapore da kuma karuwar yawan tsofaffi, amma har yanzu ya damu da &quot;haihuwa mara kyau&quot; na masu ilimi da marasa ilimi, kuma sun hana samun yara fiye da biyu idan ma'aurata ba su da isasshen kudin shiga, don rage yawan taimakon jin dadin da ake kashewa ga irin wadannan iyalai.[3]  Gwamnati ta kuma sassauta manufofinta na shige da fice. 

A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1987, Firayim Minista na gaba Lee Hsien Loong, wanda a lokacin matashi ne Brigadier-General, ya gargadi 'yan Singapore su haifi su maimakon &quot;duba kanmu da za su ƙare&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;LOC-CS&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Singapore – Government |url=http://www.mongabay.com/reference/country_studies/singapore/GOVERNMENT.html |access-date=11 August 2011 |website=Country Studies Program |publisher=Library of Congress}}&lt;/ref&gt; United Press International ta lura da martani na &quot;baffle&quot; na iyaye, da yawa daga cikinsu sun girma a zamanin da aka gaya musu cewa samun yara fiye da biyu &quot;ba na jama'a ba ne&quot;. Wani iyaye ya yi sharhi, &quot;an gaya mana mu sami karin yara saboda kasar ko kuma don kanmu?&quot;  Goh Chok Tong, duk da shakku, ya kasance mai kyakkyawan fata cewa za a mayar da yawan jama'a zuwa yawan maye gurbin zuwa 1995. Wani masanin zamantakewar al'umma na NUS duk da haka, ya lura cewa Singapore tana da &quot;sabon nau'in mata&quot; - wanda &quot;ya shiga cikin ayyukansu [kuma] ya yi amfani da wani adadin nishaɗi da ƙarin kayan aiki&quot; - sabili da haka ba zai kasance mai karɓar karfafa kuɗi kamar matan da suka gabata na shekarun 1960 da 1970 ba.[and] Ya zuwa shekara ta 2011, ba a dawo da yawan haihuwar Singapore zuwa matakin maye gurbin ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Department of Statistics, Singapore. Infographic on Crude Birth Rate |url=http://www.singstat.gov.sg/statistics/visualising_data/crude-birth-rate.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810072424/http://www.singstat.gov.sg/statistics/visualising_data/crude-birth-rate.pdf |archive-date=10 August 2014 |access-date=4 August 2014 |publisher=singstat.gov.sg}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kwatanta manufofi tsakanin Have-Three-or-More da Stop-at-Two, farawa daga 1988 ===

* Iyaye da ke da ɗa na uku za su sami 750 SGD a cikin taimakon yara (wanda ya haifar da ƙimar musayar tarihi, wannan ya kasance kusan $ 662 a cikin dala na Amurka na 2010). Idan uwa tana da 'O'-mataki uku a cikin zama ɗaya, za ta cancanci ingantaccen tallafin yara (wanda aka saukar da shi daga ƙofar wucewa biyar). Samun yaro na huɗu zai cancanci ingantaccen taimakon yaro na 750 SGD tare da 15% na kuɗin shiga na uwa, har zuwa 10000 SGD.
* Dukkanin hanawa da azabtarwa da aka bayar a rajistar makaranta ga iyalai da ke da yara sama da biyu za a cire su; a gaban gasar, za a ba da fifiko ga iyalai masu yara sama da guda biyu.
* Taimako ga kowane yaro a cibiyar kula da yara da gwamnati ta amince da ita
* Medisave yanzu za a iya ba da izini don farashin asibiti na yaro na uku (wanda aka haramta a baya a karkashin manufofin Stop at Two) 
* Iyalai da ke da yara fiye da biyu tare da HDB flat na ɗakuna uku ko sama da haka za su sami fifiko idan suna so su inganta zuwa babban ɗakin
* &quot;Aburin da ya dace&quot; ya hana, tare da ba da shawara game da zubar da cikishawarwarin zubar da ciki
* Mata da ke fama da rashin haihuwa tare da kasa da yara uku za su sami shawarwari na tilas
* fadada rawar da SDU ke takawa da iko; fahimtar cewa ƙarancin haihuwa ya nuna auren da ya gabata, SDU ta kuma jawo hankalin waɗanda ke da ƙwarewar A-level maimakon kawai masu karatun koleji
* Farawa da 1990, an ba da ragi na haraji na 20,000 SGD (US $ 18,000 a cikin dala na 2010, tare da la'akari da farashin musayar tarihi) ga uwaye da suka haifi ɗansu na biyu kafin su kai shekara 28
* Farawa daga shekara ta 1993, an ba da tallafin kuɗi na rashin haihuwa ga mata masu ƙwarewa, yana ba mata damar yarda da amfani da maganin [[Kulawar haihuwa|hana daukar ciki]] mai juyawa maimakon rashin haihuwa; an kara tallafin ilimi ga yara da ke akwai a matsayin fa'idodin da ke akwai, muddin adadin bai wuce biyu ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;UN1995&quot;/&gt;

Mataki na Biyu ya fara ne a farkon shekarun 1960. Yawan ƙaruwa na halitta (kowane yawan mutane 1,000) tsakanin shekarun 1955-1960 (shekaru biyar da suka gabata zuwa mataki na biyu) ya kasance 35.4. Shekaru biyar zuwa goma bayan haka, yawan ƙaruwa ya ragu zuwa 27.8.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=World Population Prospects – Population Division – United Nations |url=https://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DataQuery/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919061238/https://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DataQuery/ |archive-date=19 September 2016 |access-date=2018-04-11 |website=esa.un.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan haka, shekaru 20 bayan haka yawan karuwar ya ci gaba da raguwa. Yawan karuwa tsakanin lokacin 1980-1985, ya kasance 12.2, kuma shekaru da yawa bayan haka, tsakanin shekarun 2010-2015 yawan karuwa, ya ci gaba da raguwa zuwa 4.6.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Ƙarin ƙaruwa mafi ƙasƙanci da aka gani a Singapore kuma bisa ga bayanan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (2017) zai ci gaba da raguwa. An yi hasashen karuwar yanayi a Singapore zai ragu zuwa 1.2 tsakanin lokacin 2025-2030.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |'''Jama'ar Singapore'''
|-
|Lokacin lokaci
|Yawan karuwa na halitta
|-
|1955–1960
|35.4
|-
|1960–1965
|27.8
|-
|1965–1970
|19.7
|-
|1970–1975
|16.8
|-
|1975–1980
|11.8
|-
|1980–1985
|12.2
|-
|1985–1990
|13.1
|-
|1990–1995
|13.4
|-
|1995–2000
|9.7
|-
|2000–2005
|6.7
|-
|2005–2010
|5.6
|-
|2010–2015
|4.6
|}

=== Kyautar zamani da ayyukan yanzu ===
SDU ta zamani, wacce aka sake masa suna Cibiyar Ci Gaban Jama'a a cikin shekara ta 2009, tana ƙarfafa ''duk'' ma'aurata na Singapore su haifi haihuwa kuma su yi aure don juyar da mummunan maye gurbin Singapore. Wasu daga cikin jin dadin jama'a, soyayya da ƙarfafa aure, da manufofin tsara iyali suma ana gudanar da su ta Ma'aikatar Ci gaban Al'umma, Matasa da Wasanni.

Channel NewsAsia ta ruwaito a watan Janairun 2011 cewa yawan haihuwa na Singaporeans a cikin 2010 ya kasance 1.02 ga Sinanci, 1.13 ga Indiyawa da 1.65 ga Malay. A shekara ta 2008, Firayim Minista Lee Hsien Loong ya ce yawan haihuwa na kasa da kasa ga Sinawa &quot;wani abu ne mai ban tsoro&quot;. A wannan shekarar, an nakalto shi yana cewa, &quot;[Idan] ka auri wanda ba ya kammala karatu, to za ka damu idan ɗanka ko 'yarka za ta kai jami'a. &quot;

Tushen daban-daban sun ba da hukunci daban-daban game da tasirin manufofin gwamnati akan tsarin yawan jama'a na Singapore. Duk da yake mafi yawansu sun yarda cewa manufofi sun kasance masu shiga tsakani sosai, cikakke da kuma fadi, Nazarin Kasuwancin Majalisa ya yi jayayya &quot;ba zai yiwu a raba tasirin manufofin gwamnati daga manyan dakarun zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da ke inganta auren da ƙananan iyalai ba, &quot; yana nuna cewa gwamnati na iya aiki ne kawai tare ko aiki da abubuwan da suka fi karfi na al'umma. Ga masu binciken binciken, hanyoyin da aka yi amfani da su a shekarar 1987 don ƙoƙarin juyar da raguwar yawan haihuwa ya kasance nuni ne na &quot;tsarin [ci gaba] na gwamnati&quot; cewa 'yan ƙasa suna karɓar karfafa kuɗi da rarraba ayyukan zamantakewa idan ya zo ga tsara iyali.&lt;ref name=&quot;LOC1989&quot;/&gt;

Koyaya Saw Swee Hock, masanin lissafi da masanin lissafin jama'a da aka nakalto a cikin Straits Times a cikin 2008, ya yi jayayya cewa sauye-sauyen yawan jama'a &quot;ya kasance da sauri saboda matakan kula da yawan jama'ar gwamnati,&quot; amma kuma ya yarda cewa, &quot;ko da ba tare da ka'idojin tsayawa a Biyu ba, [cikakken haihuwa] zai tafi ƙasa da 2.1 saboda [canjin canjin yawan jama'adden lokacin da aka bincika - a cikin 1960, jimlar yawan haihuwa ya kasance kusan ~ 6 - mai bincike na Yammacin lokacin da aka ga Theresa Wong ya faɗi a cikin shekarun haihuwa ya faru a cikin shekarun Asiya ya fi haka ya fi haka lokacin da yawa ya faru a lokacin da yawa a cikin shekarun haihuwar lokacin Yammacin lokaci na Yammaci ya faru a wasu ƙasashe masu yawa&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Natalism&quot;/&gt; A cewar Saw Swee Hock, &quot;matakan sun kasance cikakke kuma suna da ƙarfi, amma ba a sauya su da sauri ba&quot;.

Kodayake sabbin manufofi na zamani suna nuna &quot;alamu cewa gwamnati ta fara fahimtar rashin ingancin tsarin kudi kawai don kara yawan haihuwa&quot;, wani tsohon ma'aikacin gwamnati ya lura cewa gwamnati tana buƙatar &quot;koyon daidaitawa da motsin zuciyarmu maimakon dala da cents. Ya kamata ya fi son ma'anar cikawa da haihuwa&quot;. Irin waɗannan matakan sun haɗa da inganta wuraren aiki waɗanda ke ƙarfafa ciyar da lokaci tare da iyali, da kuma ƙirƙirar &quot;Kamfen ɗin Romancing Singapore&quot; wanda &quot;[ya guje wa kasancewa da alaƙa kai tsaye] ga shirye-shiryen goyon bayan yara da na goyon bayan iyali,&quot; tunda &quot;mutane suna kashewa&quot; lokacin da gwamnati ta bayyana ta shiga tsakani a cikin irin waɗannan al'amuran zamantakewa kamar aure. Koyaya, har yanzu wasu 'yan ƙasa suna ganin wannan a matsayin &quot;mai banƙyama&quot; soyayya da &quot;bayyanar motsin rai&quot;, wanda &quot;bai kamata a ƙirƙira shi ba&quot;.  &lt;ref name=&quot;Natalism&quot;/&gt; A shekara ta 2001, gwamnati ta ba da sanarwar shirin Baby Bonus, wanda ya biya $ 9000 SGD ga yaro na biyu da $ 18000 ga yaro na uku sama da shekaru shida don &quot;bayar da farashin samun yara&quot;, kuma zai dace da &quot;dala don dala&quot; abin da kudi iyaye za su sanya a cikin Asusun Ci gaban Yara (CDA) har zuwa $ 6,000 da $ 12,000 ga yaro na abụọ da na uku bi da bi. A shekara ta 2002, Goh Chok Tong ya shawarci 'yan aure masu marigayi &quot;don yin aiki da sauri. Lokaci yana da kyau yanzu don samun zaɓi don fara iyali&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;2002parly&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Opening of Parliament |url=http://160.96.186.99/reports/private/hansard/full/20020405/20020405_HR.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110816143507/http://160.96.186.99/reports/private/hansard/full/20020405/20020405_HR.htm |archive-date=16 August 2011 |website=Singapore Parliamentary Proceedings |publisher=Parliament of Singapore}}&lt;/ref&gt;
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Tasirin kwaminisanci da ƙungiyoyin gurguzu a Pakistan sun ɗauki nau'o'i daban-daban a matsayin takwaransa ga ra'ayin mazan jiya na siyasa, daga kungiyoyi kamar The Struggle, Lal Salam wanda shine ɓangaren Pakistan na Ƙungiyar Marxist ta Duniya, zuwa ƙungiyar Marxist-Leninist kamar Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta hanyar aikin zaɓe na sake fasalin da aka tsarkake a cikin haihuwar Jam'iyyar Jama'ar Pakistan (PPP).

Duk da yake [[jari-hujja]] koyaushe tana riƙe da rinjaye, duk da haka ana ci gaba da samun yaduwar akidar gurguzu a lokuta da yawa a cikin siyasar Pakistan da kuma fitattun mutane. Yawancin sauran '''gurguzu a Pakistan''' a yau sun yarda da ra'ayin hagu na Islama (socialism da Kwaminisanci), inda za a gudanar da jihar a cikin tsarin gurguzu wanda ya dace da ka'idodin siyasa na Islama, yayin da wasu masu goyon baya ke buƙatar gurguzu mai tsabta.

== Tarihi ==
 

=== Tarihin siyasa ===
{{Reflist|2}}
Yunkurin gurguzu a Daular Indiya ta Burtaniya ya fara ne da Juyin Juya Halin Rasha, da kuma ƙaurawar mutanen Soviet zuwa yankunan Arewa maso Yamma zuwa yankin (yanzu Pakistan) wanda [[Daular Biritaniya|Daular Burtaniya]] ke gudanarwa, a cikin 1922-27.  Hukumomin Burtaniya sun firgita bayan sun bayyana jerin yunkurin tayar da kayar baya a kan [[Daular Biritaniya|Daular Burtaniya]], wanda aka sani da Peshawar Conspiracy Cases . 

=== 1947-50s: farkon Marxism ===

==== 'Yancin kai da gwagwarmayar aji ====
{{Socialism in Pakistan}}
[[Fayil:22_Feb_1952_DURoad.png|right|thumb|200x200px|Jam'iyyun kwaminisanci sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen shirya zanga-zangar zanga-zambe ga Yunkurin Harshe na Bengali wanda ya haifar da lalata PML a Gabashin Pakistan, 1950s.]]
Nan da nan bayan [[Pakistan]]&quot; id=&quot;mwNw&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Creation of Pakistan&quot;&gt;kafawa Pakistan a ranar 14 ga watan Agusta 1947 wanda wata jam'iyya ta siyasa, Muslim League karkashin jagorancin [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]], ta fara gwagwarmaya don jagorancin hagu ne a matsayin gazawar yakin basasa tare da [[Indiya|Jamhuriyar Indiya]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;Rose 1959 59–60, 64&quot; /&gt; Bayan mutuwar [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah|Jinnah ta]] 1948, rikice-rikice da rashin jituwa na siyasa sun fara ne lokacin da Firayim Minista Liaquat Ali Khan ya karfafa matsayinsa sosai.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rose 1959 59–60, 64&quot; /&gt; Jam'iyyar Socialist Party (PSP) ita ce kawai Jam'iyyar Socialist ta lokacinta, kuma tana aiki a Gabashin Pakistan da Yammacin Pakistan.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rose 1959 59–60, 64&quot; /&gt; Jam'iyyar Socialist ta kasance jam'iyya ce mai zaman kanta wacce ta fara adawa da ra'ayin raba Indiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rose 1959 59–60, 64&quot; /&gt; Jam'iyyar Socialist ta sami wahalar yin gasa tare da masu ra'ayin mazan jiya da sauran kungiyoyin dama. Firayim Minista [[Liaquat Ali Khan]]&quot;&gt;Liaquat Ali Khan ne ya jagoranci PML, wanda ke son karɓar abin da ake kira gurguzu na Islama. Wani rukuni na hagu shine Jam'iyyar Socialist . Jam'iyyar Socialist Party ta Pakistan ta kasance a ware a siyasa tare da karancin taro. Wannan ya kasance duk da rokonta mai karfi a yankunan karkara.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rose 1959 59–60, 64&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Rose|1959}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tana da kusan mambobi 1200 kuma memba ne na Taron Socialist na Asiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;rose67&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Rose|1959}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shirye-shiryen sassaucin ra'ayi na Jam'iyyar Socialist sun sadu da adawa mai tsanani wanda masu ra'ayin mazan jiya suka lakafta su da ''Kafirs''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rose 1959 59–60, 64&quot; /&gt; Da yake ya yi takaici da sakamakon yaƙin, Firayim Minista Liaquat Ali Khan ya tsira daga wani makircin juyin mulki da aka yi da shi, gami da ma'aikatan sojoji. A mayar da martani ga bangaren hagu na masu fafutuka, Firayim Minista Ali Khan ya yi nasara wajen rubuce-rubuce da kuma tsara ƙudurin manufofi, a cikin 1950. &lt;ref name=&quot;Press Directorate of the Story of Pakistan, Constitutional history&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Story of Pakistan Press |title=Objectives Resolution is passed [1949] |url=http://www.storyofpakistan.com/articletext.asp?artid=A054&amp;Pg=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101219104102/http://storyofpakistan.com/articletext.asp?artid=A054&amp;Pg=1 |archive-date=19 December 2010 |access-date=30 January 2012 |website=Story of Pakistan Foundation |publisher=Press Directorate of the Story of Pakistan, Constitutional history}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gidan ya wuce shi a ranar 12 ga Maris 1949, amma ya sadu da mai sukar har ma daga Ministan Shari'a Jogendra Nath Mandal wanda ya yi jayayya da shi.

Sabanin haka, Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta fi aiki, mai tsattsauran ra'ayi, kuma tana da goyon baya daga yankunan karkara saboda matsayinta mai tsanani da aka dauka a kan batutuwan tattalin arziki da zamantakewa. Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci da sauri ta fahimci shahararta yayin da take goyon bayan dalilan manoma da ma'aikata na Pakistan game da tsinkaye na &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwgg&quot;&gt;zamindars&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, manyan sarakuna, da masu zaman kansu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Northern Book Center&quot; /&gt; A lokacin babban zaben shekara ta 1954, Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta sami izini na musamman a Gabashin Pakistan da wakilci a Yammacin Pakistan; a farkon shekarar 1950, Jam'iyyar kwaminis ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a yajin aiki ma'aikata don tallafawa ƙungiyar harshe. Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci, tare da goyon baya daga Awami League, ta kafa gwamnatin dimokuradiyya a Gabashin Pakistan.&lt;ref name=&quot;New Left Book plc&quot; /&gt; Gwagwarmayar aji ta kai iyakarta lokacin da mambobin PML da Jam'iyyar Kwaminis suka yi fada da 'Yan sanda na Gabashin Pakistan a shekarar 1958.&lt;ref name=&quot;New Left Book plc&quot; /&gt; Gwamnati ta mayar da martani ta hanyar korar gwamnatin Jam'iyyar Kwaminis a Gabashin Pakistan da kuma kama ~1,000 mambobin Jam'iyyar kwaminis a Yammacin Pakistan, a ƙarshe ta haramta Jam'iyyar Kwamaminis a can.

Rashin jin daɗi game da aikin tsarin dimokuradiyya, rashin mulki a zaben 'yan majalisa na Gabashin Pakistan, da kuma barazanar Rarrabawar Baloch a Yammacin Pakistan, Shugaban Bengali Iskandar Ali Mirza ya ba da sanarwar da ta soke dukkan jam'iyyun siyasa a Yamma da Gabashin Pakistan.  Shugaban Kwaminisanci, Hassan Nasir, 'yan sanda sun kama shi akai-akai; ya mutu a kurkuku a watan Nuwamba 1960. 

=== 1960s-70s: gina al'umma ===

==== Gwagwarmayar iko da masana'antu ====
Bayan dokar soja a shekara ta 1958, Shugaba Ayub Khan ya watsar da tsarin majalisa don tallafawa tsarin Shugaban kasa- tsarin da ake kira &quot;Democracy na asali&quot;. &lt;sup class=&quot;mw-ref reference&quot; cx-link=&quot;&quot; data-linkid=&quot;1075&quot; href=&quot;./Ayub_Khan_(Field_Marshal)&quot; mw-redirect=&quot;&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Ayub Khan (Field Marshal)&quot;&gt;Ayub Khan's decade&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-Ayub_Khan's_decade-12&quot;,&quot;html&quot;:&quot;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span typeof=\&quot;mw:Transclusion\&quot; data-mw=\&quot;{&amp;amp;quot;name&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;templatestyles&amp;amp;quot;,&amp;amp;quot;attrs&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;src&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&amp;amp;quot;},&amp;amp;quot;body&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;extsrc&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;&amp;amp;quot;},&amp;amp;quot;parts&amp;amp;quot;:[{&amp;amp;quot;template&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;target&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;wt&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;cite news&amp;amp;quot;,&amp;amp;quot;href&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;./Template:Cite_news&amp;amp;quot;},&amp;amp;quot;params&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;title&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;wt&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;Martial Law Under Field Marshal Ayub Khan&amp;amp;quot;},&amp;amp;quot;url&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;wt&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;http://storyofpakistan.com/martial-law-under-field-marshal-ayub-khan/&amp;amp;quot;},&amp;amp;quot;access-date&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;wt&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;27 July 2013&amp;amp;quot;},&amp;amp;quot;newspaper&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;wt&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;Ayub Khan's decade&amp;amp;quot;},&amp;amp;quot;date&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;wt&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;1 January 2003&amp;amp;quot;}},&amp;amp;quot;i&amp;amp;quot;:0}}]}\&quot; data-ve-no-generated-contents=\&quot;true\&quot; id=\&quot;mwBFg\&quot;&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;cite about=\&quot;#mwt55\&quot; class=\&quot;citation news cs1\&quot; id=\&quot;mwBFk\&quot; data-ve-ignore=\&quot;\&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=\&quot;external text\&quot; href=\&quot;http://storyofpakistan.com/martial-law-under-field-marshal-ayub-khan/\&quot; id=\&quot;mwBFo\&quot; rel=\&quot;mw:ExtLink nofollow\&quot;&gt;\&quot;Martial Law Under Field Marshal Ayub Khan\&quot;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;. &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=\&quot;mwBFs\&quot;&gt;Ayub Khan's decade&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;. 1 January 2003&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span class=\&quot;reference-accessdate\&quot; id=\&quot;mwBFw\&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=\&quot;nowrap\&quot; id=\&quot;mwBF0\&quot;&gt;27 July&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; 2013&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&quot;}}&quot; id=&quot;cite_ref-Ayub_Khan's_decade_12-0&quot; rel=&quot;dc:references&quot; typeof=&quot;mw:Extension/ref&quot;&gt;[./Socialism_in_Pakistan#cite_note-Ayub_Khan's_decade-12 &lt;span class=&quot;mw-reflink-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cite-bracket&quot;&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;1&lt;span class=&quot;cite-bracket&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;]&lt;/sup&gt; An dauki mulkin shugaban kasa na Ayub Khan a matsayin &quot;Babban Shekaru Goma&quot;, inda shirye-shiryen shugabancinsa suka motsa kasar daga tattalin aikin gona zuwa saurin Masana'antu a cikin shekarun 1960.  Hagu a Pakistan sun fuskanci ƙarin rikitarwa bayan rabuwa da Sino-Soviet a cikin shekarun 1960, kuma Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci tana da ƙungiyoyinta; ɗayan yana Pro-Beijing ɗayan kuma yana Pro-Moscow.

Duk da tasirin da Masana'antu ke da shi, kungiyoyin kwadago, ma'aikata, manoma, da manoma sun shawo kan zamantakewa da tattalin arziki ta hanyar masana'antu masu iko waɗanda ke da dangantaka mai ƙarfi da Shugaba Ayub Khan. &lt;ref name=&quot;Human Development Center&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 March 1973 |title=System is to blame for the 22 wealthy families |url=http://www.mhhdc.org/html/system_blame.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130722001847/http://www.mhhdc.org/html/system_blame.htm |archive-date=22 July 2013 |access-date=6 September 2012 |website=Human Development Center, Originally published on London Times |publisher=Human Development Center |page=1}}&lt;/ref&gt; A zahiri, kungiyoyin masana'antu sun yi watsi da yanayin aiki kuma sun kasa samar da yanayi mai kyau ga ma'aikata a cikin masana'antu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Human Development Center&quot; /&gt; A cewar Babban Masanin Tattalin Arziki na Hukumar Shirye-shiryen, Dokta [[Mahbub ul Haq|Mahbub-ul-Haq]], a shekarar 1968 &quot;ƙungiyoyin iyali 22 na masana'antu sun mamaye rayuwar tattalin arziki da kudi na Pakistan kuma sun mallaki kusan kashi biyu bisa uku na kadarorin masana'antu, 80% na banki da 79% na kadarorin inshora a yankin masana'antu. &quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Human Development Center&quot; /&gt; Bugu da ƙari, sulhu na zaman lafiya na Shugaba Khan da [[Indiya]] a 1965 don kawo karshen Yakin Indo-Pakistan ya haifar da rashin amincewa da [['Yan Pakistan|jama'a]].  Yarjejeniyar ta kuma haifar da murabus din Ministan harkokin waje Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, mai tsayin daka da kuma dan kasa. A farkon watanni na 1968, Ayub Khan ya yi bikin abin da ya kira 'Shekaru goma na Ci gaba', wanda ya haifar da ƙarin tashin hankali. A wannan watan Nuwamba, wani rukuni na daliban Rawalpindi suna komawa baya daga Landi Kotal, lokacin da aka dakatar da su a wani wurin dubawa na Kwastam kusa da Attock, kuma masu tsaron 'yan sanda na jami'an Kwastam sun yi musu mummunan rauni. Lokacin da suka dawo Rawalpindi, sun gudanar da zanga-zanga game da rashin kula da 'yan sanda, wanda' yan sanda suka yi ƙoƙari su murkushe ta hanyar harbi a cikin taron jama'a, da kuma kashe dalibi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 April 2014 |title=Tribal tales ‹ The Friday Times |url=http://www.thefridaytimes.com/tft/tribal-tales/ |access-date=31 August 2018 |website=www.thefridaytimes.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sakamakon tashin hankali, wanda ya fara ne a matsayin ƙungiyar ɗalibai, ya haɗu da goyon bayan ma'aikata, kuma ya canza zuwa ƙungiyar 1968 a Pakistan wanda ya kawo gurguzu a kan ajanda.

Bayan wani taron gurguzu mai nasara a [[Lahore]], Punjab, 'yan gurguzu, da' yan falsafa na hagu na kasar ne suka kafa Jam'iyyar Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP).&lt;ref name=&quot;Links International Journal of Socialist Renewal&quot; /&gt; Takardar PPP da ake kira, mai taken &quot;Islama ita ce Addininmu; Dimokuradiyya ita ce Siyasa; Socialism ita ce Tattalin Arziki; Power Lies with the People&quot;, wanda kwaminisanci na Bengali J. A. Rahim ya rubuta, kuma an fara bayar da shi a ranar 9 ga Disamba 1967. &lt;ref name=&quot;Links International Journal of Socialist Renewal&quot;/&gt; Takardar ta gano babban burin jam'iyyar, babban burin da kuma [[wiktionary:raison d'être|''Dalilin kasancewa'']] a matsayin nasarar samun [[Daidaitawa|daidaito]] da &quot;al'umma mara matsayi&quot;, wanda aka yi imanin cewa za'a iya cimma shi ne kawai ta hanyar zamantakewa. Ya yi kira ga &quot;daidaitaccen daidaito na 'yan ƙasa a ƙarƙashin mulkin dimokuradiyya&quot;, a cikin &quot;tsarin adalci na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki&quot;.  Ba kamar Jam'iyyar Socialist ba, Jam'iyyar Peoples Party da sauri ta sami shahara a duk faɗin ƙasar tare da taken ta, &quot;Land to the Landless&quot;, kamar yadda jam'iyyar ta yi alkawarin ba kawai kawar da tsarin mulki wanda ya addabi ƙasar ba, har ma da sake rarraba ƙasashe tsakanin marasa ƙasa da manoma.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pakistan People's Party&quot; /&gt; Ma'aikata da ƙungiyar ma'aikata da sauri suka taru a cikin jam'iyyar, suna gaskata cewa jam'iyya ce da aka keɓe don halakar da jari-hujja a cikin ƙasar.

A ƙarshe, kalmar da ta dace da gurguzu &quot;''Roti, Kapra aur Makan&quot;'' (lit. &quot;gurasa, tufafi, da gidaje&quot;), wanda jagoran Kwaminisanci ya yi wahayi zuwa gare shi, sanannen taken V.I Lenin 'Peace, Land and Bread' ya zama kira na taruwa a duk fadin kasar don jam'iyyar. A cikin shekarun 1970s, Jam'iyyar Jama'ar Pakistan ta zama babbar ƙungiya mai rinjaye da dimokuradiyya a ƙasar. Jam'iyyar ta wallafa ra'ayoyinta a cikin jaridu, kamar &quot;''Nusrat''&quot;, &quot;''Fatah''&quot;, da &quot;''Mussawat''&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Story of Pakistan, 1970&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Story of Pakistan |date=June 2003 |title=General Elections 1970 |url=http://www.storyofpakistan.com/articletext.asp?artid=A140 |access-date=23 February 2012 |website=Story of Pakistan |publisher=Story of Pakistan, 1970 |archive-date=27 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227171044/http://www.storyofpakistan.com/articletext.asp?artid=A140 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 1970s-80s: sake ginawa da sabuntawa ===

==== Da'a da kuma son kasa na hagu ====
Yunkurin 1968 ya haifar da ƙarshen wa'adin Ayub Khan, amma dakatar da dimokuradiyya da ikon soja ya ci gaba a ƙarƙashin sabon Shugaba [[Yahya Khan]]. Koyaya, Janar Khan ya ba da izinin gudanar da babban zaben 1970, wanda ya kawo Jam'iyyar Jama'ar Pakistan da Awami League, a gasa kai tsaye da juna. Zaben ya ba Awami League cikakkiyar rinjaye gaba ɗaya a Gabashin Pakistan, yayin da PPP, karkashin jagorancin Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, ya ci nasara sosai a Punjab da Sindh. Koyaya, [[Yahya Khan|Janar Yahya Khan]], tare da Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, shugaban PPP, sun yi adawa da wata jam'iyya daga Gabashin Pakistan da ke jagorantar gwamnatin tarayya. Don haka, Janar Khan bai zauna a majalisar ba, wanda ya haifar da rikice-rikicen da ya biyo baya a Gabashin Pakistan, kuma aikin soja na gaba a Gabashin Pakistán ya haifar da mummunan yaki da Indiya, wanda ya ƙare a cikin rabuwa da Gabashin Pakistan a 1971, da kuma kirkirar [[Bangladesh]].

Bayan yakin, an tilasta [[Yahya Khan|Janar Yahya Khan]] ya yi murabus, kuma Zulfikar Ali Bhutto ya zama Shugaban kasa a shekarar 1972. PPP da ke mulki ta goyi bayan siyasar kishin kasa na hagu, tana kira ga hadin kan kasa da wadatar tattalin arziki a matsayin hanyar murmurewa daga asarar zamantakewa da tattalin arziki na Yaƙin 1971.  Nan da nan, jam'iyyar Peoples Party ta fara aiwatar da kasa bayan tashin hankali na ma'aikata na 1972.&lt;ref name=&quot;SC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Haidery |first=Raza |date=12 January 2011 |title=SZABIST LITERARY CLUB: Socialism in Pakistan: Situation before and can it work now?? |url=http://szabistliteraryclub.blogspot.com/2011/01/socialism-in-pakistan-situation-before.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; Manufofin hagu na PPP sun kai farmaki ga tsarin feudal; manyan gyare-gyare na ƙasa sun faru, suna iyakance adadin ƙasar da za a iya mallaka, tare da sauran rarraba ƙasa ga yawancin manoma matalauta, manoma, da masu haya marasa ƙasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Abdul Ghafoor Bugari and Sani Penhwar, Member of Parliament&quot; /&gt; An inganta haƙƙin ma'aikata fiye da kowane lokaci; talauci ya sami raguwa sosai. &lt;ref name=&quot;Abdul Ghafoor Bugari and Sani Penhwar, Member of Parliament&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=De Kruijk |first=H. |last2=Van Leeuwen |first2=M. |date=1985 |title=Changes in poverty and income inequality in Pakistan during the 1970s |journal=Pakistan Development Review |volume=24 |issue=3–4 |pages=407–419 |doi=10.30541/v24i3-4pp.407-422 |issn=0030-9729 |pmid=12340755}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hakki na asali na ɗan ƙasa, kamar samun damar samun isasshen kiwon lafiya da ilimi kyauta, an kawo su a ƙarƙashin sabuntawa. Makarantu, kwalejoji, da jami'o'i sun zama kasa. Wani babban bangare na bangaren banki, bangaren masana'antu (ciki har da ma'adinan ƙarfe da ƙarfe), kamfanonin injiniya, abin hawa, abinci da masana'antun samar da sinadarai suma sun zama kasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;SC&quot;/&gt; Adadin da ƙarfin ƙungiyoyin kwadago sun sami karuwa. Za a ba mazaunan karkara, masu karbar albashi a birane da manoma marasa ƙasa 'taimako' a matsayin mutanen jihar. A mayar da martani ga shirin tsaro mai karfi, PPP ta kaddamar da aikin bam din nukiliya na asirce, inganta gwagwarmayar wallafe-wallafen, Ci gaban masana'antu da wayar da kan jama'a ta kimiyya a duk faɗin ƙasar.&lt;ref name=&quot;Abdul Ghafoor Bugari and Sani Penhwar, Member of Parliament&quot; /&gt;

==== Fuka-fukan hagu sun rabu kuma sun ragu ====
[[Fayil:CMKP-080430.jpg|thumb|313x313px|Wani mai fafutuka daga Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci Mazdoor Kissan (CMKP) a wani taro a [[Karachi]], 2008]]
Duk da populism da goyon baya na PPP, rikice-rikicen cikin gida a cikin jam'iyyar zai haifar da rarrabuwa kuma ya raba bangaren hagu. Ko da yake, PPP ta sami goyon baya daga mutane kan batutuwan adalci na zamantakewa, manufofin tattalin arzikinta, musamman na yunkurin da ta yi na musamman na zama kasa, sun rushe tattalin arzikin kasar. Yawancin masu sukar, musamman masu ra'ayin mazan jiya da shugabannin addinai masu tsattsauran ra'ayi, duk da haka sun zargi manufofin kwaminisanci na Bhutto da jinkirta ci gaban tattalin arzikin Pakistan, saboda rashin yawan aiki da tsada.&lt;ref name=&quot;USCS2&quot; /&gt;

Jam'iyyar hagu, ANP, tana cikin gasa kai tsaye tare da PPP duk da irin wannan akidar. Tattaunawar kan daidaitawa da Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta [[Afghanistan]] ta haifar da babbar matsala da matsaloli tare da Afghanistan sun karu a kan Layin Durand. Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta kuma yi adawa da PPP kan shirye-shiryen tattalin arziki da tasirin ta iyakance ga [[Karachi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Abdul Ghafoor Bugari and Sani Penhwar, Member of Parliament&quot; /&gt; Wannan ya haifar da jam'iyyun hagu da suka shiga kawancen PNA karkashin jagorancin jam'iyyu masu ra'ayin mazan jiya na dama na kasar kuma suka yi gasa da PPP a Babban Zabe a shekarar 1977. &lt;ref name=&quot;Abdul Ghafoor Bugari and Sani Penhwar, Member of Parliament&quot; /&gt;

Babban Zabe 1977 ya haifar da nasarar majalisa ta farko ta Jam'iyyar Peoples. Jam'iyyun adawa sun yi iƙirarin cewa PPP ce ta yi magudi sosai a zaben.&lt;ref name=&quot;Story of Pakistan 1977&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Story of Pakistan |date=June 2003 |title=Parliamentary Elections of 1977 |url=http://www.storyofpakistan.com/articletext.asp?artid=A142 |access-date=23 February 2012 |publisher=Story of Pakistan 1977 |archive-date=27 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227154510/http://www.storyofpakistan.com/articletext.asp?artid=A142 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Rikicin ya karu kuma duk da yarjejeniyar da aka cimma tsakanin 'yan adawa da PPP, Babban Jami'in Sojoji Janar [[Muhammad Zia'ul-Haq|Zia-ul-Haq]] ya sanya dokar tawaye a kasar a shekarar 1977.&lt;ref name=&quot;Story of Pakistan, 1970s&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Story of Pakistan |date=June 2003 |title=Ouster of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto |url=http://www.storyofpakistan.com/articletext.asp?artid=A143 |access-date=23 February 2012 |publisher=Story of Pakistan, 1970s |archive-date=4 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111104094239/http://www.storyofpakistan.com/articletext.asp?artid=A143 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1979, an rataye Bhutto a shekara ta 1977 bayan shari'ar da aka yi masa rikitarwa, inda aka same shi da laifin kisan abokin hamayyarsa na siyasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Story of Pakistan (ZAB)&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Zulfikar Ali Bhutto [1929–1979] |url=http://www.storyofpakistan.com/person.asp?perid=P019&amp;Pg=2 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111104145930/http://www.storyofpakistan.com/person.asp?perid=P019&amp;Pg=2 |archive-date=4 November 2011 |access-date=23 February 2012 |publisher=Story of Pakistan}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 1982, an zabi 'yarsa Benazir Bhutto a matsayin shugabar jam'iyyar Peoples Party.&lt;ref name=&quot;Story of Pakistan (ZAB)&quot; /&gt; Jam'iyyar Peoples Party ta yi gwagwarmaya sosai da Janar Zia-ul-Haq, wanda Amurka ta goyi bayan.&lt;ref name=&quot;Story of Pakistan (ZAB)&quot; /&gt;

Jam'iyyun hagu da zamantakewar al'umma a kasar sun hadu da adawa mai tsanani ta siyasa daga kungiyar Pakistan Muslim League mai ra'ayin mazan jiya da kuma kungiyar addini mai karfi Clergy Coalition. Harkokin Tarayyar Soviet a [[Afghanistan]] ya haifar da raguwar goyon bayan kwaminisanci a kasar. Shugaba mai ra'ayin mazan jiya [[Muhammad Zia'ul-Haq|Zia-ul-Haq]] ya yi hulɗa da masu gurguzu da kwaminisanci tare da matsanancin zalunci na siyasa.

=== 1980s-ya zuwa yanzu: sake fitowa daga waje da Pakistan ===

==== Yakin ====
[[Fayil:International_Marxist_Tendency_emblem.png|thumb|Alamar Tendency ta Duniya]]
An dasa tsaba na sabunta siyasar Marxist a cikin 1980 a Netherlands, lokacin da wasu 'yan gwagwarmayar Pakistan da suka tsere wa Pakistan don tserewa daga zaluncin Zia suka sami kansu a Amsterdam a cikin sanyi Nuwamba 1980. [[Muhammad Zia'ul-Haq|Janar Zia]] ne ya mallaki kasar. Wadannan 'yan gwagwarmayar Pakistan sun kasance Farooq Tariq, Tanvir Gondal (yanzu an fi sani da Lal Khan), Muhammed Amjad da Ayub Gorya . &lt;ref name=&quot;tribune.com.pk&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 August 2012 |title=Blacked out |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/419212/blacked-out/ |website=The Express Tribune}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:Farooq_Tariq.jpg|thumb|Farooq Tariq]]
[[Fayil:Lal_Khan.jpg|thumb|Lal Khan yana jawabi ga Taron shekara-shekara na Gwagwarmaya a Lahore a 2008]]
A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1980, kungiyar Struggle ta yanke shawarar fara mujallar Urdu ta kowane wata da ake kira ''Jidd-o-jehed'' jدو ko The Struggle . &lt;ref name=&quot;tribune.com.pk&quot;/&gt; Ba da daɗewa ba mujallar Struggle ta haɓaka matsayi na addini a tsakanin 'yan Pakistan, kuma mawaƙa kamar Habib Jalib, Ahmad Faraz da Faiz Ahmed Faiz sun fara ba da gudummawa ga mujallar ta hanyar rubuta juyin juya hali da adawa da mulkin kama karya na Urdu don mujallar.&lt;ref name=&quot;tribune.com.pk&quot; /&gt; A watan Disamba na shekara ta 1984, mujallar ta wallafa waka mai suna &quot;''Yakin'' Baaghi Hoon&quot;, wanda Khalid Javaid Jan ya rubuta.&lt;ref name=&quot;tribune.com.pk&quot; /&gt; Waƙar ta zama muhimmiyar al'ada saboda sautin juyin juya hali kuma an yi amfani da ita a cikin zanga-zangar karkashin kasa a matsayin makami a kan Dictator Zia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 April 2012 |title=Dr Khalid Javed Jan: Dare to think, dare to write |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/370390/dr-khalid-javed-jan-dare-to-think-dare-to-write/ |website=The Express Tribune}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kungiyar Struggle ta ci gaba da gwagwarmayarsu a gudun hijira game da mulkin kama-karya na soja a Pakistan kuma ta ci gaba tilasta wa Zulfikar Ali Bhutto jana'izar jama'a a gaban ofishin jakadancin Pakistan a Holland tare da kusan mahalarta 500. Yanayin da aka caje ya kuma ga mahalarta sun jefa duwatsu a tagogin ofishin jakadancin kuma 'yan sanda na Holland sun kama Farooq a takaice.&lt;ref name=&quot;tribune.com.pk&quot;/&gt; Kaddamarwa, gwagwarmaya da yunkurin da hukumomin Pakistan suka yi na kama su ya sa suka shahara tare da ƙungiyoyin hagu da masu ci gaba a Turai. Sun yi kamfen kan batutuwan ma'aikata, game da wariyar launin fata, batutuwan baƙi da adawa da nukiliya tare da jam'iyyun hagu na gida.&lt;ref name=&quot;tribune.com.pk&quot; /&gt;

Ƙungiyar ta kuma tuntuɓar Kwamitin Ƙwararru Ƙwararrunkon 1990s, Kwamitin Ƙwararrun Ma'aikata (CWI) ya rabu gida biyu kan tambayar Shigarwa. Peter Taaffe, fitaccen memba na sashin Ingilishi na CWI ya ba da shawarar &quot;Buɗe Juya&quot;, yana nufin gina ƙungiya mai zaman kanta da ƙarshen &quot;Shigarwa&quot;.[1] Ganin cewa, wani ɓangaren da Ted Grant ke jagoranta ya so ya ci gaba da tsare dabarunsa na &quot;masu ƙiyayya&quot;.[1] Farooq Tariq ma ya samu rarrabuwar kawuna, tare da wasu 'yan gwagwarmaya guda goma sha biyu, suka bi tafarkin Peter Taaffe, suka kuma kafa jam'iyyar siyasa mai zaman kanta ga ma'aikata a Pakistan. [ana binciken hujja] [citation need] Daya bangaren, karkashin jagorancin Lal Khan, ya ci gaba da &quot;shiga&quot; cikin jam'iyyar Pakistan People's Party (PPP). Sun inganta ra'ayin cewa PPP jam'iyya ce da ke da yawan mabiya a tsakanin ma'aikata da manoma, ko da yake jagoranta ya ƙunshi bourgeois da ɓangarorin feudal. Gwagwarmayar ta yi nuni da cewa a Pakistan kamar yadda ake yi a sauran kasashe, manufar ra'ayinsu na Markisanci shine cin nasara kan ma'aikata da manoma.[2]

A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2012, Jam'iyyar Labour Party ta Farooq Tariq a Pakistan, Jam'iyyar Awami, da Jam'iyyar Ma'aikata sun haɗu don kafa Jam'iyyar Aiki ta Awami (AWP) a cikin ƙoƙari da ba a taɓa gani ba don gina ainihin madadin Hagu ga manyan dakarun siyasa a Pakistan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Labour Party Pakistan dissolved, will be part of the Awami Workers Party - International Viewpoint - online socialist magazine |url=http://www.internationalviewpoint.org/spip.php?article2792 |website=www.internationalviewpoint.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; AWP tana inganta hadin kan hagu kuma ta haɗa da mambobi daga dukkan halaye na Kwaminisanci: Trotskyism, Marxist-Leninism, da Maoism.
[[Fayil:Alan_Woods,_Lal_Khan_and_Jam_Saqi.jpg|thumb|Alan Woods, Lal Khan da Jam Saqi a taron shekara-shekara na IMT da aka gudanar a Lahore a 2008]]
Yunkurin ya ci gaba da gwagwarmayar su don juyin juya halin Socialist a Pakistan a matsayin wani bangare na Marxist &quot;International&quot; karkashin jagorancin Ted Grant. Grant ya kafa Kwamitin Marxist International a kasashe daban-daban, musamman Spain, bayan ya rabu da CWI a shekarar 1992. A taron duniya na Kwamitin Marxist International a shekara ta 2006, an sake sunan kungiyar International Marxist Tendency (IMT). Lal Khan ya ci gaba da kasancewa editan mujallar Struggle kuma shugaban kungiyar Struggle__ilo____ilo____ilo__ . Ya kuma rubuta labarai a kai a kai ga Daily Times . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=You searched for test/%C2%A0/483/Lal%20Khan |url=http://dailytimes.com.pk/search/test/%C2%A0/483/Lal%20Khan}}&lt;/ref&gt; da Dunya  Kungiyar Gwagwarmaya tana da nasa kamfanin wallafe-wallafen kuma ta wallafa littattafai da takardu da yawa a kan batutuwa ciki har da akidar Marxist, tarihin gwagwarmayar Marxist a Pakistan, da littattafai daban-daban da ke rufe tarihin juyin juya halin Bolshevik.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Urdu Columns - Roznama Dunya |url=http://www.dunya.com.pk/index.php/columnist/dr-lal-khan/53 |website=www.dunya.com.pk}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu daga cikin littattafan sune: ''Rarraba - Za a iya cire shi?'' ,  Pakistan's Other Story - The Revolution of 1968-69,  da Kashmir: A Revolutionary Way Out.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Sunday Tribune - Books |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070812/spectrum/book5.htm |website=www.tribuneindia.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Daily Times - Latest Pakistan News, World, Business, Sports, Lifestyle |url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2008%5C12%5C30%5Cstory_30-12-2008_pg11_9}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lal Salaam - لال سلام |url=http://www.marxist.pk/ |website=Lal Salaam - لال سلام}}&lt;/ref&gt; Littattafai a cikin harshen Urdu sun haɗa da China tare da, da kuma yin amfani da shi,  yayin da littattafan da aka fassara daga wasu harsuna zuwa Urdu sun hada da yin amfani da su, da kuma tare da yin amfani.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=سوشلزم: 50 سوال اور ان کے جوابات |url=http://www.struggle.pk/category/books/page/2/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930030349/http://www.struggle.pk/category/books/page/2/ |archive-date=30 September 2018 |access-date=8 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; An san ƙungiyar kwadago ta Struggle da Kamfen na Tsaro na Kwadago na Pakistan (PTUDC), da sauran bangarori da yawa da ke aiki tsakanin Matasa, gami da Ƙungiyar Matasa marasa aikin yi. A cikin 2015, matasa da dalibai na gaba na Gwagwarmaya sun fara kamfen don hada manyan dalibai na hagu da kungiyoyin matasa daga ko'ina cikin kasar a kan dandamali guda.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=PYA |first=the |date=22 October 2016 |title=Pakistan: The activities of the Progressive Youth Alliance |url=https://www.marxist.com/pakistan-the-activities-of-the-progressive-youth-alliance.htm |website=www.marxist.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2015, an kaddamar da [http://progressiveyouth.net/ Progressive Youth Alliance (PYA)]  a Lahore.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Marxism |first=In Defence of |date=2 December 2015 |title=Pakistan: support the conference of Progressive Youth Alliance |url=https://www.marxist.com/pakistan-support-the-conference-of-progressive-youth-alliance.htm |website=www.marxist.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Rarraba a cikin Gwagwarmaya ====
In the first quarter of 2016, The Struggle suffered a split,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 October 2016 |title=آئی ایم ٹی پاکستان سیکشن میں حالیہ پھوٹ کے اسباب و اسباق |url=http://www.marxist.pk/lessons-of-split-in-imt-pakistan-section/}}&lt;/ref&gt; with the majority leaving the IMT retaining their name as The Struggle, while the minority reorganized as [http://www.marxist.pk/about-page/ Lal Salam لال سلام] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250804131549/https://www.marxist.pk/about-page/ |date=2025-08-04 }}. Lal Salam is the official Pakistani section of the IMT.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=About |url=http://www.marxist.pk/about-page/ |access-date=2025-08-09 |archive-date=2025-08-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250804131549/https://www.marxist.pk/about-page/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Jam'iyyar Ma'aikata ta Awami ====
Bayan rabuwa da Kwamitin Ma'aikata na Duniya (CWI), wani Trotskyist na kasa da kasa, The Struggle, shi ma ya sha wahala da rabuwa kuma Farooq Tariq, tare da watakila mambobi goma sha biyu na Struggle. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=CWI: Building a mass socialist international – Socialist Party |url=http://www.socialistpartyaustralia.org/archives/440 |website=www.socialistpartyaustralia.org |access-date=2025-08-09 |archive-date=2019-03-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190301033126/http://www.socialistpartyaustralia.org/archives/440 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Farooq Tariq da abokan aikinsa sun sanar da kafa jam'iyyar Labour Party Pakistan a shekarar 1997.

A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2012, Jam'iyyar Labour Party ta Farooq Tariq a Pakistan, Jam'iyyar Awami, da Jam'iyyar Ma'aikata sun haɗu don kafa Jam'iyyar Aiki ta Awami (AWP) a cikin ƙoƙari da ba a taɓa gani ba don gina ainihin madadin Hagu ga manyan dakarun siyasa a Pakistan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Labour Party Pakistan dissolved, will be part of the Awami Workers Party - International Viewpoint - online socialist magazine |url=http://www.internationalviewpoint.org/spip.php?article2792 |website=www.internationalviewpoint.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; AWP tana inganta hadin kan hagu kuma ta haɗa da mambobi daga dukkan halaye na Kwaminisanci: Trotskyism, Marxist-Leninism, da Maoism.

=== 1980s-90s: matsakaici da gasa ===

==== Ƙarfafawa da populism ====
An jefa adadi mai yawa na 'yan siyasa da masu ilimi a kurkuku don fuskantar shari'a, Jam Saqi Trial, a cikin shekarun 1980. A karkashin mulkin Zia, kwaminisanci da kansa ya fara gwagwarmaya don tsira a cikin kasar a cikin mummunan yanayi na Soviet. A mayar da martani ga zaluncin Zia, jam'iyyun hagu sun haɗu a cikin babban dandamali da aka sani da, Movement for the Restoration of Democracy (MRD) wanda PPP ta jagoranta. ANP ta sami goyon baya daga [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]] tun farkon shekara ta 1983. A lokacin 1977-91, Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Tarayyar Soviet (CPSU) ta fara ayyukanta na siyasa ta ɓoye ta hanyar Jam'iyyar Awami National Party, yawancin manyan shugabannin ta sun yi aiki a matsayin matsakanci da masu ba da shawara ga Soviets.&lt;ref name=&quot;Palgrave Trademark&quot; /&gt; Sakataren cikin gida na Shugaba Zia, Roedad Khan, daga baya ya rubuta cewa gwamnatin MRD ta sami damar sarrafa wannan fahimta don amfanin su kuma ta hana MRD samun babbar kira a matakin ƙasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nonviolent Conflict Studies&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Stephen Zunes |title=Pakistan's Movement for the Restoration of Democracy (1981-1984) |url=http://www.nonviolent-conflict.org/index.php/movements-and-campaigns/movements-and-campaigns-summaries?sobi2Task=sobi2Details&amp;sobi2Id=24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530033030/http://www.nonviolent-conflict.org/index.php/movements-and-campaigns/movements-and-campaigns-summaries?sobi2Task=sobi2Details&amp;sobi2Id=24 |archive-date=30 May 2013 |access-date=19 May 2013 |website=Stephen Zunes |publisher=Nonviolent Conflict Studies}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Duk da karfafawa, MRD ta sha wahala da yawa saboda matsayinta na Pro-Leninist wanda ba &quot;layin&quot; ba ne na Kremlin a wannan lokacin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Socialist Pact for Renewal&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Socialist Pact for Renewal&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Farooq Sulehria |title=The Left in Pakistan: Left in the 1980s |url=http://links.org.au/node/170 |access-date=21 August 2012 |website=Farooq Sulehria |publisher=Socialist Pact for Renewal |archive-date=26 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226064443/http://links.org.au/node/170 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Abubuwan da suka haifar da rushewar Tarayyar Soviet sun rushe hagu na Pakistan.&lt;ref name=&quot;Socialist Pact for Renewal&quot;/&gt; Kusan ya ɓace, har sai [[Benazir Bhutto]] ta yi nasarar haɗa kan masu faɗakarwa na hagu, waɗanda suka haɗu da PPP, kuma suka juya masu faɗar ra'ayi da masu goyon bayan Soviet zuwa ƙarin [[Dimokuradiyya zamantakewa|Dimokuradiyya ta zamantakewa]] tare da ka'idodin dimokuradiyar dimokuradiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Socialist Pact for Renewal&quot; /&gt;

==== Sabon Hagu da Dimokuradiyya ta zamantakewa ====
{{Socialism by state}}Bugu da ƙari, abubuwan da suka faru sun haifar da rushewa [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|USSR]] a 1991 ya rushe hagu a Pakistan. Rushewar USSR a cikin 1991 ya haifar da rashin bege da rabuwa a tsakanin jam'iyyun kwaminisanci.&lt;ref name=&quot;International Journal of Socialist Renewal (IJSR)&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Farooq Sulehria |title=The left in Pakistan |url=http://links.org.au/node/170 |access-date=19 May 2013 |publisher=International Journal of Socialist Renewal (IJSR) |archive-date=26 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226064443/http://links.org.au/node/170 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Jam'iyyun hagu sun kusan ɓacewa har sai [[Benazir Bhutto]] ta zo don kare ta. A adawa da masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, [[Benazir Bhutto]] ta yi nasarar hada kungiyoyin hagu da suka warwatse, wadanda suka shiga cikin PPP, kuma suka juya masu tsattsauran ra'ayi da masu goyon bayan Soviet zuwa ga dimokuradiyya ta zamantakewa tare da ka'idodin dimokuradiyar dimokuradiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Links International Journal of Socialist Renewal&quot;/&gt;

A cikin shekarun 1990s, kungiyoyin hagu, yanzu sun haɗa kai a ƙarƙashin PPP, sun sami kansu a cikin gasa mai tsanani tare da Pakistan Muslim League (PML (N) ), jam'iyyar mai ra'ayin mazan jiya ta tsakiya karkashin jagorancin Nawaz Sharif . &lt;ref name=&quot;Links International Journal of Socialist Renewal&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sulehria |first=Farooq |title=The left in Pakistan: A brief history |url=http://links.org.au/node/170 |access-date=23 February 2012 |publisher=Links – International Journal of Socialist Renewal |archive-date=26 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226064443/http://links.org.au/node/170 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; PPP da hagu sun kasance a lokacin da ake adawa da juyin juya hali a Pakistan, suna haifar da hauhawar tsattsauran ra'ayi.&lt;ref name=&quot;International Journal of Socialist Renewal (IJSR)&quot;/&gt; Gasar siyasa tare da masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, tare da PML (N), ta ba da sabuwar rayuwa ga jam'iyyun hagu don taruwa a kusa da motsi don tallafawa PPP a shekarar 1992. Rashin amincewa da gwamnatin Pakistan Muslim League (N) a shekarar 1992 ya rushe goyon baya ga masu ra'ayin mazan jiya.

A sakamakon Babban Zabe da aka gudanar a 1993, PPP da Hagu sun sake komawa mulki, amma kawai don sake shiga gasar tare da Pakistan Muslim League (N). Gwagwarmayar iko tsakanin jam'iyyun hagu da na dama ya lalata tattalin arziki amma, a gefe guda, ya karfafa matsayinsa a kasar. Yankin hagu kusan ya rabu a cikin shekarun 1990 bayan wani aikin soja ya faru a [[Karachi]] don cire wata jam'iyyar hagu, MQM; an dakatar da aikin a shekarar 1995. PPP da masu hagu sun gabatar da shirin na masana'antu na zamani, ilimin kwamfuta, mai da hankali sosai kan ilimin kimiyya, wayar da kan mata jama'a da haƙƙoƙi, da inganta ka'idodin dimokuradiyya da kishin ƙasa na hagu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Links International Journal of Socialist Renewal&quot;/&gt; A mayar da martani, Ƙungiyar Musulmi ta Pakistan (N)  masu ra'ayin mazan jiya sun gabatar da keɓancewa, tare da sassaucin ra'ayi, kishin ƙasa na dama, da kuma mai da hankali kan addini da ilimin kimiyya. A ƙarshen shekara ta 1996, mutuwar mai rikitarwa na shugaban hagu na hagu, Murtaza Bhutto, ya zama abin da ya faru na ƙarshe wanda ya haifar da korar gwamnatin hagu ta PPP ta shugabanta na hagu Farooq Leghari (ba da daɗewa ba masu ra'ayin mazan jiya na PML (N)  suka kore shi daga shugabancin a shekarar 1997).

A shekara ta 1997, Hagu, wanda ke zaune a cikin 'Yan adawa na majalisa, ya ci gaba da samun iko a cikin yunkurin da jam'iyyun dama suka yi na zartar da kudaden da suka fi rikon kwarya don zama wani ɓangare na Kundin Tsarin Mulki. Hagu ya sami nasarar matsawa PML (N)  don matsawa tare da shawarar gudanar da gwajin nukiliya na farko a kasar don mayar da martani ga gwajin nukiliyar [[Indiya]] a shekarar 1998. Rashin jituwa a Dangantakar farar hula da soja a cikin 1999 ya haifar da korarsu mai ra'ayin mazan jiya na tsakiya, gwamnatin PML. Shahararren goyon baya ga PML (N)  da PPP ya ƙi, tare da faduwar kwaminisanci da ra'ayin mazan jiya a lokaci guda a cikin 2000. Shugaba [[Pervez Musharraf]] ya yi kira ga Hanyar ta Uku wacce ta haifar da kafa jam'iyyar PML (Q)  a cikin 2002 yayin da jam'iyyar dimokuradiyya da ta tsakiya, PTI, ta fito a fagen da sanannen [[Kurket|ɗan wasan]] [[Imran Khan]] ke jagoranta.

=== 2000s-2010s: Tarihin zamani ===

==== Sake bayyana matsayin Sabon Hagu ====
[[Fayil:IMT_congress.jpg|right|thumb|250x250px|Taron IMT a Lahore, 2011]]
A matsayin sakamakon [[September 11 attacks|Hare-haren 9/11]] a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] da kuma ci gaba da mamayewar Amurka a Afghanistan a shekara ta 2001, Babban Zabe a shekara ta 2002 ya ga masu sassaucin ra'ayi suna zuwa ikon ƙasa a karo na farko a Tarihi ƙasar. Duk da yunkurin Musharraf na samar da ingantaccen gwamnati, goyon baya ga Shugaba Musharraf ya ragu kuma ra'ayin Hanyar Uku, tare da Haskakawa, ya fara ganin juriya daga jam'iyyun masu ra'ayin mazan jiya da na hagu.

A cikin 2002, an kafa jam'iyyar Social Democratic Party ta Pakistan amma ba ta daɗe ba. Bayan 'yan watanni ne aka wargaza jam'iyyar inda aka koma PPP. A shekara ta 2003, jam'iyyar PPP ta gudanar da babban gangamin adawa da yakin Iraki da Amurka.[1] A cikin 2004, Hagu ya yi hasashen ikonsa a Peshawar bayan da Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta gudanar da wata gagarumar zanga-zangar adawa da Pervez Musharraf da Amurka[2]. Jam'iyyar PPP ta gurgunta Pervez Musharraf yadda ya kamata kan batun LFO da na Hagu daga baya suka yi wa Musharraf sharri kan batun yaduwar nukiliya a kasar.[1] Masana tarihi na gwagwarmayar hagu sun lura da gaskiyar cewa bayyani game da yaduwar atomic ya fusata kuma ya fusata 'yan hagu da masu ra'ayin mazan jiya kamar &quot;jarumin kasa&quot;, Dr. Qadeer Khan.[3]. Bayan wannan abin kunya a cikin 2005-07, 'yan adawar Amurka daga jam'iyyun masu sassaucin ra'ayi sun kasance masu tsananin zafi fiye da jam'iyyun masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, ta yadda za su yi zagon kasa ga duk wani yunƙurin Amurka don shiga cikin tattalin arzikinsu da kuma lalata hoton da ke cikin ƙasar wanda ya ba da gudummawa a cikin kaifi da rikodin haɓakar motsin zuciyar Amurkawa a cikin zukatan Pakistan.[3]

Hagu a Pakistan ya rasa jagorancinsa bayan kisan [[Benazir Bhutto]] a shekara ta 2007, kuma tawaye na dama a kasar ya kara iyakance Hagu. Har ila yau, ra'ayoyin hagu da manyan shugabannin hagu, kamar Aitzaz Ahsan, Ali Ahmad Kurd, da Raza Rabbani, sun kasance mutanen da suka jagoranci motsi don dawo da Shari'a da kuma fitar da [[Pervez Musharraf]] daga gwamnati. Duk da matsin lamba na dama da zarge-zargen cin hanci da rashawa, Hagu ya nuna matsayinsa na hadin kai a lokacin Babban Zabe da aka gudanar a 2013 a karkashin sabbin shugabannin hagu Raza Rabbani da Aitzaz Ahsan 

Kodayake gwamnati da Asif Ali Zardari ke jagoranta ta dauki matakai da yawa a wannan bangaren wanda ya haɗa da amma ba a iyakance shi ba, tsarin zaɓi na Ma'aikata wanda aka sanya ma'aikatan bangaren gwamnati masu riƙe da hannun jari a cikin sassan su, an fara shirin gidaje kyauta a Sindh a ƙarƙashin sunan Benazir Bhen Basti, an rarraba fiye da kadada 56,000 na ƙasa a cikin manoma, an fara cikakken shirin don kawar da talauci a ƙarƙashin sunan Shirin Taimako na Jama'a wanda yanzu yana ɗaya daga cikin mafi girma a Asiya. Baya ga wannan an fara shirin da ake kira waseela-e-haq wanda a karkashin 0.3 miliyan rps. kowannensu an rarraba shi tsakanin dubban iyalai masu cancanta don su iya fara samun kudin shiga. An kuma fara tsare-tsare irin su tsarin inshorar rai na Benazir. Dubban ma'aikatan kwangila ba wai kawai an daidaita su ba amma kuma an dawo da dubban wasu ma'aikata. A sakamakon wadannan matakai an zabi Shugaban Pakistan Mista Asif Ali Zardari a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban kungiyar Socialist International.

A cikin 2018, Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf ya hau mulki tare da [[Imran Khan]] a matsayin Firayim Minista na 22. Ya yi alkawarin sanya Pakistan a matsayin jihar jin dadin jama'a, daidai da ka'idodin kishin kasa. Wasu manufofi na gwamnatin PTI suna cikin layi tare da Social Democracy, Pakistan nationalism da Populism. Manufofinsa sun hada da: Dokar doka, hakkoki ga dukkan 'yan Pakistan (ban da ƙananan ɗalibai), ba tare da la'akari da matsayi ba, launi, addini da sauransu, karfafa mata, da kuma tsarin cancanta.

Jam'iyyar Barabri ta Pakistan ta kafa kuma ta fito a matsayin babbar jam'iyyar siyasa ta Hagu a cikin 2017. Shahararren mawaƙin pop na Pakistan kuma mai fafutukar siyasa na hagu Jawad Ahmad ya kafa wannan jam'iyya tare da sauran ma'aikatan siyasa na hagu. a cikin babban zabe na 2018, Jawad Ahmad ya yi takara da Imran Khan, Bilalwal Bhutto Zardari da Nawaz Sharif . A cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci Barabri Party Pakistan ya zama sananne sosai a duk faɗin gundumar a matsayin adawa da dukkan jam'iyyun da ke mulki. A cikin 2024, Jam'iyyar Barabri ta Pakistan ta gabatar da 'yan takara 31 a Babban Zabe, kuma ta zama babbar jam'iyyar Hagu a Pakistan. 

==== Tasiri a cikin al'adun gargajiya, wallafe-wallafen, zane-zane da kimiyya ====
Hanyar hagu ta yi tasiri sosai ga Red cx-link&quot; data-linkid=&quot;2054&quot; href=&quot;./Literature_of_Pakistan&quot; id=&quot;mwA28&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Literature of Pakistan&quot;&gt;wallafe-wallafen, ayyukan kimiyya, zane-zane, da al'adun gargajiya. Ayyukan wallafe-wallafen Faiz Ahmad Faiz, Anwar Maqsood, Habib Jalib, Aitzaz Ahsan, da Tina Sani, sun taimaka wajen tsara ra'ayoyin hagu a kasar. &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwA3U&quot;&gt;Laal&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; (lit. Red) ya sami yabo da shahara sosai don raira waƙoƙin siyasa na gurguzu, wanda ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tattara [['Yan Pakistan|mutane]] don tallafawa sake dawo da Babban Alkalin Iftikhar Chaudhry a cikin 2007.

A cikin shekara ta 2012, aikin kimiyya na masanin kimiyya, Munir Ahmad Khan, Gwamnati ta amince da shi a fili bayan ya ba Munir Khan kyautar ''Nishan-e-Imtiaz'' saboda gudummawar da ya bayar ga kimiyya a matsayin alamar farfado da siyasa. An karɓi aikin wallafe-wallafen Tariq Ali a cikin marubuta da wasan kwaikwayo da fina-finai. Mawallafinsa, The Leopard and The Fox, an fara shi ne a New York a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2007 sannan daga baya a Majalisar Fasaha ta Karachi a shekara ta 2010.

== Jam'iyyun da kungiyoyi ==

* Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Pakistan (1948-yanzu) 
* Jam'iyyar Jama'ar Pakistan (1967-yanzu) 
* Jam'iyyar Mazdoor Kisan (1968-yanzu) 
* Awami Tahreek (1970-yanzu) 
* Yakin Pakistan (1980-ya zuwa yanzu) 
* Jam'iyyar Awami ta Kasa (1986-yanzu) 
* Pakistan Awami Tehreek (1989-yanzu) 
* Jam'iyyar Pashtunkhwa Milli Awami (1989-yanzu) 
* Jam'iyyar Kasa ta Balochistan (Mengal)  (1996-yanzu) 
* Jam'iyyar Jama'ar Pakistan (Shaheed Bhutto)  (1997-yanzu) 
* Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Pakistan (Thaheem)  (2002-yanzu) 
* Jam'iyyar Social Democratic Party ta Pakistan (2002-yanzu) 
* Jam'iyyar Hazara Democratic Party (2003-yanzu) 
* Jam'iyyar Kasa (2003-yanzu) 
* Ƙungiyar Socialist ta Pakistan (2004-yanzu) 
* Jam'iyyar Jamhuriyar Baloch (2008-yanzu) 
* Jam'iyyar Qaumi Watan (2012-yanzu) 
* Jam'iyyar Ma'aikata ta Awami (2012-yanzu) 
* Ƙungiyar Matasa ta Kasa (2013-yanzu) 
* Ma'aikatan Jam'iyyar Jama'ar Pakistan (2014-yanzu) 
* Barabri Party Pakistan (2017-yanzu) 
* Hagu na Jam'iyyar Democrat (2017-yanzu) 
* Jam'iyyar Haqooq-e-Khalq (2022-yanzu) 

=== Tsohon ===

* Majalisar Dokokin Pakistan (1885-1975) 
* Jam'iyyar Socialist ta Pakistan (1948-1958) 
* Ganatantri Dal (1953-1957) 
* Jam'iyyar Labour ta Pakistan (1986-2012) 
* Sindh National Front (1989-2017) 
* Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci Mazdoor Kissan (1995-2015) 
* Jam'iyyar Ma'aikata ta Kasa (1999-2010) 
* Awami Jamhuri Ittehad Pakistan (2012-2015) 
* Jam'iyyar Ma'aikata ta Pakistan (2010-2012) 

== Dubi kuma ==

* Tsattsauran ra'ayi a Pakistan
* Feudalism a Pakistan
* Rashin son addini a Pakistan
* Dimokuradiyya a Pakistan
* Musulunci a Pakistan

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==

== Ƙarin karantawa ==

*  
*  
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    <title>Shekarar dokokin takara a Amurka</title>
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      <text bytes="26823" sha1="j1t3m11hrcwhlhyvl7yf9ewibwmw2n4" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}{{Reflist|2}}
Wannan labarin ya bayyana shekarun dokokin takara na gwamnatin tarayya da jihohin [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]]. Amurka a tarihi tana da mafi ƙarancin shekaru don matsayi da yawa, daga Shugaban kasa zuwa membobin majalisa na gari. Duk da yake babu iyakar shekaru ko ma'anar tilasta ritaya - wasu ƙasashe kamar Kanada suna tilasta shekarun ritaya ga alƙalai  da sanatoci  - akwai iyakokin lokaci a wasu lokuta, mafi mahimmanci iyakar cikakkun wa'adi biyu ga Shugaban Amurka.

== Gwamnatin Tarayya ==
A karkashin Kundin [[Constitution of the United States|Tsarin Mulki na Amurka]], dole ne mutum ya kasance mai shekaru 35 ko sama da haka don zama shugaban kasa. Don zama sanata, dole ne mutum ya kasance mai shekaru 30 ko sama da haka. Don zama wakilin, dole ne mutum ya kasance mai shekaru 25 ko sama da haka. An bayyana wannan a cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka.

Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka bai bayyana shekarun da ake buƙata don mutum ya yi aiki a Kotun Koli ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=FAQs - General Information |url=https://www.supremecourt.gov/about/faq_general.aspx |access-date=July 29, 2025 |website=Supreme Court of the United States |quote=The Constitution does not specify qualifications for Justices such as age, education, profession, or native-born citizenship.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Babu takamaiman shekarun da ake buƙata don yin aiki a cikin majalisar shugaban kasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Calabrese |first=Chris |date=December 20, 2025 |title=The Constitution and the President's Cabinet |url=https://constitutioncenter.org/amp/blog/the-constitution-and-the-presidents-cabinet |access-date=July 29, 2025 |website=National Constitution Center |quote=There are not many requirements to be a Cabinet member. One cannot be a member of Congress, as no one is allowed to serve in the executive and legislative branches at the same time. There are also no age or birthplace requirements.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gwamnatin jihar ==
Yawancin jihohi a Amurka suna da bukatun shekaru don ofisoshin Gwamna, Sanata na Jiha, da Wakilin Jiha. Wasu jihohi suna da mafi ƙarancin shekaru da ake buƙata don riƙe kowane zaɓaɓɓen mukamin (yawanci 21 ko 18).
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Jiha
!Gwamna
!Gidan da ke sama
!Gidan da ke ƙasa
!Mataimakin gwamna
!Babban lauya
!Sakataren Gwamnati
!Mai ba da kuɗi
|-
|[[Alabama]]
|30
|25
|21
|30
|25
|25
|25
|-
|[[Alaska]]
|30
|25
|21
|30
|18*
|N.A.
|18*
|-
|[[Arizona]]
|25
|25
|25
|N.A.
|25
|25
|25
|-
|[[Arkansas (jiha)|Arkansas]]
|30
|25
|21
|30
|18*
|18*
|18
|-
|[[California]]
|18*
|18*
|18*
|18*
|18*
|18*
|18*
|-
|[[Colorado]]
|30
|25
|25
|30
|25
|25
|25
|-
|[[Connecticut]]
|30
|18*
|18*
|30
|18
|Babu
|18*
|-
|[[Delaware]]
|30
|27
|24
|30
|Babu
|Babu
|Babu
|-
|[[Florida]]
|30
|21
|21
|30
|30
|Babu
|25
|-
|[[Georgia (Tarayyar Amurka)|Georgia]]
|30
|25
|21
|30
|25
|25
|18*
|-
|[[Hawaii]]
|30
|25
|18
|30
|Babu
|N.A.
|Babu
|-
|[[Idaho]]
|30
|18*
|18*
|30
|30
|25
|25
|-
|[[Illinois]]
|25&lt;ref name=&quot;ILart5sec3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 15, 1970 |title=Article V, Section 3 |url=http://www.ilga.gov/commission/lrb/con5.htm |access-date=December 6, 2012 |website=Constitution of the State of Illinois |publisher=Illinois General Assembly}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|21
|21
|25&lt;ref name=&quot;ILart5sec3&quot; /&gt;
|25
|25
|25
|-
|[[Indiana|Indiya]]
|30
|25
|21
|30
|18&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Attorney General Office Characteristics |url=https://www.naag.org/news-resources/research-data/attorney-general-office-characteristics/ |access-date=2025-08-08 |website=National Association of Attorneys General |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-08-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250814181512/https://www.naag.org/news-resources/research-data/attorney-general-office-characteristics/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|18*
|
|-
|[[Iowa]]
|30
|25
|21
|30
|18
|18*
|
|-
|[[Kansas]]
|25&lt;ref name=&quot;KS&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=KWCH |date=May 18, 2018 |title=New law sets minimum age for Kansas governor candidates |url=https://www.kwch.com/content/news/New-law-requires-Kansas-governor-candidates-to-be-at-least-25-years-old-483075941.html |website=[[KWCH]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|18*
|18*
|25&lt;ref name=&quot;KS&quot; /&gt;
|Babu
|Babu
|
|-
|[[Kentucky]]
|30&lt;ref name=&quot;lrc.ky.gov&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=072 |url=http://www.lrc.ky.gov/legresou/constitu/072.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101221003330/http://www.lrc.ky.gov/legresou/constitu/072.htm |archive-date=2010-12-21 |access-date=2011-03-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|30
|24&lt;ref name=&quot;lrc.ky.gov&quot; /&gt;
|30
|30
|30
|30
|-
|[[Louisiana]]
|30
|30
|18
|25
|25
|25
|25
|-
|[[Maine (Tarayyar Amurka)|Maine]]
|30 
|25*
|21*
|N.A.
|Babu
|Babu
|
|-
|[[Maryland]]
|30&lt;ref name=&quot;maryland&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Qualifications for Filing Candidacy |url=http://www.elections.state.md.us/candidacy/qualifications.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|25&lt;ref name=&quot;maryland&quot; /&gt;
|21&lt;ref name=&quot;maryland&quot; /&gt;
|30&lt;ref name=&quot;maryland&quot; /&gt;
|18*
|18*
|
|-
|[[Massachusetts]]
|25&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Galvin |first=William Francis |date=March 2017 |title=How to Run for Office in Massachusetts |url=https://www.sec.state.ma.us/ele/elepdf/Candidates-Guide-generic.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127155154/https://www.sec.state.ma.us/ele/elepdf/Candidates-Guide-generic.pdf |archive-date=January 27, 2023 |access-date=February 9, 2023 |website=Secretary of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|25
|18
|18*
|18
|18
|18
|-
|[[Michigan]]
|30&lt;ref name=&quot;MIart5sec22&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Article V, Section 22 |url=http://www.legislature.mi.gov/documents/publications/constitution.pdf |access-date=December 6, 2012 |website=Michigan Constitution |publisher=State of Michigan}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|21&lt;ref name=&quot;MIart5sec22&quot; /&gt;
|21&lt;ref name=&quot;MIart5sec22&quot; /&gt;
|30&lt;ref name=&quot;MIart5sec22&quot; /&gt;
|21&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
|18*
|
|-
|[[Minnesota]]
|25
|21
|21
|25
|21
|21
|
|-
|[[Mississippi (jiha)|Mississippi]]
|30
|25
|21
|20
|26
|25
|25
|-
|[[Missouri (jiha)|Missouri]]
|30
|30
|24
|30
|Babu
|Babu
|
|-
|[[Montana]]
|30
|Babu
|Babu
|25
|25
|25
|
|-
|[[Nebraska]]
|30
|21
|N.A.
|30
|18&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
|Babu
|
|-
|[[Nevada]]
|25
|21
|21
|25
|18*
|18*
|18*
|-
|[[New Hampshire]]
|30&lt;ref name=&quot;nh.gov&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Qualifications for Office |url=https://www.sos.nh.gov/elections/running-for-office/running-for-office/qualifications-office |access-date=2023-02-09 |website=New Hampshire Secretary of State |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|30&lt;ref name=&quot;nh.gov&quot; /&gt;
|18&lt;ref name=&quot;nh.gov&quot; /&gt;
|N.A.
|18*
|18*
|
|-
|[[New Jersey]]
|30&lt;ref name=&quot;njleg&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=New Jersey Constitution {{!}} NJ Legislature |url=https://www.njleg.state.nj.us/constitution |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205092319/https://www.njleg.state.nj.us/constitution |archive-date=February 5, 2023 |access-date=February 8, 2023 |website=New Jersey Legislature}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|30&lt;ref name=&quot;njleg&quot; /&gt;
|21
|30
|Babu
|Babu
|
|-
|[[New Mexico]]
|30
|25
|21
|30
|30
|30
|30
|-
|[[New York (jiha)|Birnin New York]]
|30&lt;ref name=&quot;newyork&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Running for Office &amp;#124; New York State Board of Elections |url=http://www.elections.ny.gov/RunningOffice.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|18&lt;ref name=&quot;newyork&quot; /&gt;
|18&lt;ref name=&quot;newyork&quot; /&gt;
|30&lt;ref name=&quot;newyork&quot; /&gt;
|30
|Babu
|30
|-
|[[North Carolina|Arewacin Carolina]]
|30&lt;ref name=&quot;NCarticle3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Article III, Section 2 |url=http://www.ncga.state.nc.us/Legislation/constitution/article3.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170327090239/http://www.ncga.state.nc.us/Legislation/constitution/article3.html |archive-date=March 27, 2017 |access-date=April 2, 2012 |website=North Carolina Constitution |publisher=North Carolina General Assembly}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|25&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Article II, Section 6 |url=http://www.ncga.state.nc.us/Legislation/constitution/article2.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120521170318/http://www.ncga.state.nc.us/Legislation/constitution/article2.html |archive-date=May 21, 2012 |access-date=April 2, 2012 |website=North Carolina Constitution |publisher=North Carolina General Assembly}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|21&lt;ref name=&quot;NCarticle6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Article VI, Section 6 |url=http://www.ncga.state.nc.us/Legislation/constitution/article6.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120423100020/http://www.ncga.state.nc.us/Legislation/constitution/article6.html |archive-date=April 23, 2012 |access-date=April 2, 2012 |website=North Carolina Constitution |publisher=North Carolina General Assembly}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|30&lt;ref name=&quot;NCarticle3&quot; /&gt;
|21&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
|21
|21
|-
|[[North Dakota|Arewacin Dakota]]
|30
|19*
|18*
|30
|25
|25
|25
|-
|[[Ohio (jiha)|Ohio]]
|18
|18
|18
|Babu
|18
|18
|18
|-
|[[Oklahoma]]
|31&lt;ref name=&quot;oklegal.onenet.net&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Section VI-3 |url=http://oklegal.onenet.net/okcon/VI-3.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|25&lt;ref name=&quot;oklegal.onenet.net&quot; /&gt;
|21&lt;ref name=&quot;oklegal.onenet.net&quot; /&gt;
|31
|31
|31
|31
|-
|[[Oregon]]
|30
|21
|21
|N.A.
|18
|18
|
|-
|[[Pennsylvania]]
|30
|25
|21
|30
|30
|Babu
|Babu
|-
|[[Rhode Island|Tsibirin Rhode]]
|18
|18
|18
|18
|18
|18
|18
|-
|[[South Carolina|Kudancin Carolina]]
|30&lt;ref name=&quot;SCarticle4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Article IV, Section 2 |url=http://www.scstatehouse.gov/scconstitution/a04.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120427211547/http://www.scstatehouse.gov/scconstitution/a04.php |archive-date=2012-04-27 |access-date=April 2, 2012 |website=South Carolina Constitution |publisher=South Carolina Legislature}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|25&lt;ref name=&quot;SCarticle3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Article III, Section 7 |url=http://www.scstatehouse.gov/scconstitution/a03.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304204700/http://www.scstatehouse.gov/scconstitution/a03.php |archive-date=March 4, 2012 |access-date=April 2, 2012 |website=South Carolina Constitution |publisher=South Carolina Legislature}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|21&lt;ref name=&quot;SCarticle3&quot; /&gt;
|30
|18*
|18*
|
|-
|[[South Dakota|Dakota ta Kudu]]
|21
|21
|21
|21
|Babu
|Babu
|
|-
|[[Tennessee]]
|30
|30
|21&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 8, 2023 |title=Qualifying Procedures for Tennessee House of Representatives |url=https://sos.tn.gov/elections/guides/qualifying-procedures-for-tennessee-house-of-representatives |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707164003/https://sos.tn.gov/elections/guides/qualifying-procedures-for-tennessee-house-of-representatives |archive-date=July 7, 2022 |website=Tennessee Secretary of State}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|30†
|18
|Babu
|
|-
|[[Texas]]
|30
|26
|21
|30
|18
|18*
|18*
|-
|[[Utah]]
|30
|25
|25
|30
|25
|N.A.
|25
|-
|[[Vermont]]
|Babu&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 13, 2018 |title=14-year-old boy uses legal quirk to run for Vermont governor |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/elections/14-year-old-boy-uses-legal-quirk-run-vermont-governor-n900261 |url-status=live |access-date=Aug 3, 2025 |website=NBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Babu
|Babu
|Babu
|18&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
|Babu
|
|-
|[[Virginia]]
|30&lt;ref name=&quot;law.lis.virginia.gov&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Constitution of Virginia - Article V. Executive |url=http://law.lis.virginia.gov/constitution/article5/section3/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|21&lt;ref name=&quot;law.lis.virginia.gov/constitution/article4/section4/&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Constitution of Virginia - Article IV. Legislature |url=http://law.lis.virginia.gov/constitution/article4/section4/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|21&lt;ref name=&quot;law.lis.virginia.gov/constitution/article4/section4/&quot; /&gt;
|30
|30
|18*
|18*
|-
|[[Washington (jiha)|Washington]]
|18*
|18*
|18*
|18*
|18*
|18*
|18*
|-
|[[West Virginia|Yammacin Virginia]]
|30
|18
|18
|N.A.
|25
|18*
|18
|-
|[[Wisconsin]]
|18
|18
|18
|18*
|18*
|18*
|18
|-
|[[Wyoming]]
|30
|25
|21
|N.A.
|18*
|25
|25
|}
&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt; Kyakkyawan mai jefa kuri'a / mai yin rajista da ake buƙata. † Bukatar zama memba na Majalisar Dattijai ta Jiha. N.A. yana nuna cewa irin wannan matsayi bai wanzu a wannan jihar ba.

=== Alaska ===

* Duk wani mukamin gwamnati: akalla 30 (ƙwarewar mai jefa kuri'a) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Alaska Statutes Title 15. Elections § 15.25.180 |url=https://codes.findlaw.com/ak/title-15-elections/ak-st-sect-15-25-180.html |access-date=2023-02-09 |website=Findlaw |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Arizona ===

* Kowane mukamin gwamnati: akalla 18 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=View Document |url=http://www.azleg.gov/viewdocument/?docName=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.azleg.gov%2Fars%2F38%2F00201.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170410132940/http://www.azleg.gov/viewdocument/?docName=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.azleg.gov%2Fars%2F38%2F00201.htm |archive-date=April 10, 2017 |website=Arizona State Legislature}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== California ===

* Kowane mukamin gwamnati:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=June 5, 2012 |title=California Constitution Article IV Sec. 2(c) |url=https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=CONS&amp;sectionNum=SEC.%202.&amp;article=IV |access-date=January 23, 2024 |publisher=[[California Office of Legislative Counsel]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 6, 1990 |title=California Constitution Article V Sec. 2 |url=https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=CONS&amp;sectionNum=SEC.%202.&amp;article=V |access-date=January 23, 2024 |publisher=[[California Office of Legislative Counsel]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; 18&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 5, 1974 |title=California Constitution Article V Sec. 9 |url=https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=CONS&amp;sectionNum=SEC.%209.&amp;article=V |access-date=January 23, 2024 |publisher=[[California Office of Legislative Counsel]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 1, 2020 |title=California Government Code § 1020 |url=https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=GOV&amp;sectionNum=1020. |access-date=July 3, 2025 |publisher=[[California Office of Legislative Counsel]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 1, 2023 |title=California Government Code § 24001 |url=https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=GOV&amp;sectionNum=24001. |access-date=January 23, 2024 |publisher=[[California Office of Legislative Counsel]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=California Government Code § 34904 |url=https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=GOV&amp;sectionNum=34904.&amp;article=3.&amp;highlight=true&amp;keyword=mayor+elector+voter |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181017082149/http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=GOV&amp;sectionNum=34904.&amp;article=3.&amp;highlight=true&amp;keyword=mayor+elector+voter |archive-date=October 17, 2018 |access-date=2023-02-09 |publisher=[[California Office of Legislative Counsel]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Colorado ===

* Duk wani mukamin gwamnati: akalla 18 (ƙwarewar mai jefa kuri'a) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=2015 Georgia Code :: Title 21 - ELECTIONS :: Chapter 2 - ELECTIONS AND PRIMARIES GENERALLY :: Article 4 - SELECTION AND QUALIFICATION OF CANDIDATES AND PRESIDENTIAL ELECTORS :: Part 1 - GENERAL PROVISIONS :: § 21-2-132 - Filing notice of candidacy, nomination petition, and affidavit; payment of qualifying fee; pauper's affidavit and qualifying petition for exemption from qualifying fee; military service |url=https://law.justia.com/codes/georgia/2015/title-21/chapter-2/article-4/part-1/section-21-2-132/ |access-date=2023-02-09 |website=Justia Law |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Connecticut ===

=== Georgia ===

* Duk wani ofishin da aka zaba: 18 (wanda ya cancanci jefa kuri'a) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |year=2017 |title=Qualifications for public office |url=https://www.legis.iowa.gov/docs/code/2017/39.27.pdf |access-date=19 April 2023 |website=legis.iowa.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Hawaii ===

* memba na kwamitin makwabta: 18

=== Idaho ===

* Magajin gari: yana da shekaru 18 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=2016 Idaho Statutes :: Title 50 - MUNICIPAL CORPORATIONS :: Chapter 6 - MAYOR :: Section 50-601 - QUALIFICATIONS |url=http://law.justia.com/codes/idaho/2016/title-50/chapter-6/section-50-601}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Illinois ===

* Mai kula da shi: 25 &lt;ref name=&quot;ILart5sec3&quot;/&gt;
* memba na kwamitin makaranta: 18 (ƙwarewar mai jefa kuri'a) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Your School Board and You |url=https://www.iasb.com/pdf/YourSchoolBoardandYou.pdf |access-date= |website=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Indiya ===

* Magajin gari: 18 (wanda ya cancanta ya zama mai jefa kuri'a) 

=== Iowa ===

* Duk wani mukamin gwamnati: 18 (ƙwarewar mai jefa kuri'a) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=NRS 281.010 Elected and appointed officers |url=https://www.leg.state.nv.us/nrs/NRS-281.html#NRS281Sec010 |access-date=19 April 2023 |website=leg.state.nv.us}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Louisiana ===

* Mai ba da kuɗi: 25
* memba na kwamitin makaranta: 18 (ƙwarewar mai jefa kuri'a) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ABCB, Qualifications for School Board Members |url=https://www.nolapublicschools.com/CAPS/Policies/ABCB-15.htm#:~:text=A%20School%20Board%20member%20shall,district%20for%20the%20preceding%20year |access-date=2025-08-09 |archive-date=2025-01-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126185158/https://www.nolapublicschools.com/CAPS/Policies/ABCB-15.htm#:~:text=A%20School%20Board%20member%20shall,district%20for%20the%20preceding%20year |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Maryland ===

* Alkalin Kotun da'ira: 30 &lt;ref name=&quot;maryland&quot;/&gt;
* Sheriff na County: 25 &lt;ref name=&quot;maryland&quot; /&gt;
* Sauran ofisoshin gundumar: sun bambanta bisa ga dokar gida &lt;ref name=&quot;maryland&quot; /&gt;
* Duk wani mukamin gwamnati: akalla 18 (ƙwarewar mai jefa kuri'a) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Article - Election Law |url=http://mgaleg.maryland.gov/2017RS/Statute_Web/gel/gel.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128163833/http://mgaleg.maryland.gov/2017RS/Statute_Web/gel/gel.pdf |archive-date=November 28, 2018 |access-date=February 8, 2023 |website=Maryland General Assembly}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Massachusetts ===

* Yawancin ofisoshin: 18

=== Michigan ===
Gwamna ko Mataimakin Gwamna: 30

Majalisar Dattijai ta Jiha ko Gidan Jiha: 21

Alƙali: An ba da lasisi don yin aiki da doka

Duk sauran ofisoshin: 18 (ya kamata ya zama mai rajista kuma ya cancanci zama mai jefa kuri'a) 

=== Minnesota ===

* Ofisoshin da yawa: 21 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Minnesota Secretary Of State - Candidate Qualifications |url=https://www.sos.state.mn.us/election-administration-campaigns/become-a-candidate/candidate-qualifications/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230118174721/https://www.sos.state.mn.us/election-administration-campaigns/become-a-candidate/candidate-qualifications/ |archive-date=January 18, 2023 |access-date=2023-02-09 |website=Office of the Minnesota Secretary of State Steve Simon}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Montana ===

* Magajin gari: akalla 21 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=7-4-4301. Qualifications for mayor, MCA |url=http://leg.mt.gov/bills/mca/title_0070/chapter_0040/part_0430/section_0010/0070-0040-0430-0010.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Nebraska ===

=== Nevada ===

* Duk wani ofishin da aka zaba: 18 (wanda ya cancanci jefa kuri'a) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 8, 2022 |title=Title 17 - Elections |url=http://webserver.rilin.state.ri.us/Statutes/TITLE17/17-14/17-14-1.HTM |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221110001856/http://webserver.rilin.state.ri.us/Statutes/TITLE17/17-14/17-14-1.HTM |archive-date=November 10, 2022 |website=State of Rhode Island General Assembly}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== New Mexico ===

* Yawancin ofisoshin: 18 (ƙwarewar mai jefa kuri'a) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=New Mexico One Source of Law® |url=http://public.nmcompcomm.us/nmpublic/gateway.dll/?f=templates&amp;fn=default.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927074603/http://public.nmcompcomm.us/nmpublic/gateway.dll/?f=templates&amp;fn=default.htm |archive-date=2013-09-27 |access-date=2017-04-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Birnin New York ===

* Mai kula da shi: 30 &lt;ref name=&quot;newyork&quot;/&gt;
* Sanata na Jiha: 18 &lt;ref name=&quot;elections.ny.gov&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Running for Office &amp;#124; New York State Board of Elections |url=https://www.elections.ny.gov/RunningOffice.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Majalisar Jiha:18 &lt;ref name=&quot;elections.ny.gov&quot; /&gt;

=== Arewacin Carolina ===

* Ofisoshin da yawa: 30, 25, 21 &lt;ref name=&quot;NCarticle6&quot;/&gt;
* Ofisoshin birni marasa jam'iyya: 60 (ƙwarewar mai jefa kuri'a) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=GS_163-294.2.pdf |url=https://www.ncleg.gov/EnactedLegislation/Statutes/PDF/BySection/Chapter_163/GS_163-294.2.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220104184022/https://www.ncleg.gov/EnactedLegislation/Statutes/PDF/BySection/Chapter_163/GS_163-294.2.pdf |archive-date=January 4, 2022 |website=North Carolina General Assembly}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* https://www.ncsbe.gov/candidates/filing-candidacy/general-candidate-requirements

=== Arewacin Dakota ===

* Magajin gari / majalisa: 18 (ƙwarewar mai jefa kuri'a) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=North Dakota Century Code |url=https://www.ndlegis.gov/cencode/t40c08.pdf#nameddest=40-08-14 |access-date=19 April 2023 |website=ndlegis.gov |page=3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Oklahoma ===

* Ofisoshin gwamnati na Jiha, gundumar, da na birni: akalla 18 (ƙwarewar mai jefa kuri'a) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Candidate Must be Registered - Exceptions |url=https://www.oscn.net/applications/oscn/DeliverDocument.asp?CiteID=438654}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Oregon ===

* Sheriff: 21
* Sauran ofisoshin gundumar da na gida: 18 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=Chapter 249 - Candidates; Recall |url=https://www.oregonlegislature.gov/bills_laws/ors/ors249.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221109232753/https://www.oregonlegislature.gov/bills_laws/ors/ors249.html |archive-date=November 9, 2022 |access-date=February 8, 2023 |website=Oregon State Legislature}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Adalci na Zaman Lafiya: 18

=== Pennsylvania ===

* Magajin gari na uku: 18 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 1, 2019 |title=Pennsylvania Statutes Title 11 Pa.C.S.A. Cities § 11201. Qualifications |url=https://codes.findlaw.com/pa/title-11-pacsa-cities/pa-csa-sect-11-11201.html |access-date=19 April 2023 |website=FindLaw}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Tsibirin Rhode ===

* Kowane ofishin: akalla 18 (ƙwarewar mai jefa kuri'a) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=24.2-500. Qualification of candidates |url=http://law.lis.virginia.gov/vacode/24.2-500/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kudancin Carolina ===

* Shari'a: 32 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Article V, Section 15 |url=http://www.scstatehouse.gov/scconstitution/a05.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104231446/http://www.scstatehouse.gov/scconstitution/a05.php |archive-date=January 4, 2012 |access-date=April 2, 2012 |website=South Carolina Constitution |publisher=South Carolina Legislature}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Dakota ta Kudu ===

* Kwamishinan Ayyuka na Jama'a: 25
* Magajin gari / alderman: akalla 18 (ƙwarewar mai jefa kuri'a) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=South Dakota Legislature |url=http://sdlegislature.gov/Statutes/Codified_Laws/DisplayStatute.aspx?Type=Statute&amp;Statute=9-8-1.1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Tennessee ===

* Alkalin Kotun Koli: 35
* Sauran alƙalai na jihohi: 30
* Magajin gari / mai gudanarwa na gundumar: 30
* Sheriff: 25
* Mai kula da 'yan sanda: 21
* memba na Kwamitin Makarantar County: 18 (wanda ake buƙata don mai jefa kuri'a) 
* Gidan Wakilai na Jiha: 21
* Majalisar Dattawa ta Jiha: 30
* Gwamna: 30

=== Texas ===

* Duk wani mukamin gwamnati: akalla 19 (ƙwarewar mai jefa kuri'a) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Texas Constitution and Statutes - Error |url=http://www.statutes.legis.state.tx.us/DocViewer.aspx?DocKey=GV%2fGV.601&amp;Phrases=qualified%7cvoter&amp;HighlightType=1&amp;ExactPhrase=False&amp;QueryText=qualified+voter}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Vermont ===

* Jami'an gari: akalla 18 (ƙwarewar mai jefa kuri'a) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Vermont Laws |url=http://legislature.vermont.gov/statutes/section/17/055/02646}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Vermont Laws |url=https://legislature.vermont.gov/statutes/section/17/043/02121}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Kowane ofishin: akalla 18 (ƙwarewar mai jefa kuri'a) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=RCW 29A.24.075: Qualifications for filing, appearance on ballot |url=http://app.leg.wa.gov/RCW/default.aspx?cite=29A.24.075}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Washington ===

* Kowane ofishin birni: akalla 18 (ƙwarewar mai jefa kuri'a) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Wisconsin Legislature: Chapter 62 |url=https://docs.legis.wisconsin.gov/statutes/statutes/62}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Wisconsin ===

* Kowane ofishin birni: akalla 18 (ƙwarewar mai jefa kuri'a) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Article 3 - Nominations |url=https://wyoleg.gov/NXT/gateway.dll/2016%20Wyoming%20Statutes/2016%20Titles/1195/1234/1237?f=templates$fn=document-frameset.htm$q=%5Brank%3A%5Bsum%3A%5Bstem%3Aqualified%5D%5Bstem%3Avoter%5D%5D%5D$x=server$3.0#LPHit1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170410213724/http://legisweb.state.wy.us/NXT/gateway.dll/2016%20Wyoming%20Statutes/2016%20Titles/1195/1234/1237?f=templates$fn=document-frameset.htm$q=%5Brank%3A%5Bsum%3A%5Bstem%3Aqualified%5D%5Bstem%3Avoter%5D%5D%5D$x=server$3.0#LPHit1 |archive-date=April 10, 2017 |website=State of Wyoming Legislature}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Wyoming ===

== Karamar hukuma ==
Jihohi da yawa suna buƙatar zaɓaɓɓun jami'an birni su kasance sama da shekaru 18 ko kuma su kasance masu jefa kuri'a a cikin birni. Montana tana buƙatar magajin gari su kasance aƙalla shekaru 21.

Ya zuwa Nuwamba 2016, yawancin biranen Amurka da ke da yawan jama'a sama da 200,000 sun buƙaci magajin gari ya zama mai jefa kuri'a a cikin birni ko aƙalla shekaru 18. Ga wasu bambance-bambance:

* '''Shekaru 30:''' Denver, CO; Honolulu, HI; Memphis, TN; Nashville, TN) St. Louis, MO
* '''Shekaru 25:''' Baltimore, MD; Colorado Springs, CO; Columbus, GA; Glendale, AZ; Kansas City, MO; Omaha, NE; Philadelphia, PA; Washington, DC; Westminster, MD
* '''Shekaru 21:''' Louisville, KY, Oklahoma City, OK; Aurora, CO; Minneapolis, MN; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Eligibility to hold office |url=https://vote.minneapolismn.gov/candidates/filing-for-office/eligibility-to-hold-office/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114035106/https://vote.minneapolismn.gov/candidates/filing-for-office/eligibility-to-hold-office/ |archive-date=November 14, 2023 |website=Minneapolis, MN}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saint Paul, MN &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 April 2015 |title=Candidate Filing |url=https://www.ramseycounty.us/residents/elections-voting/candidates/candidate-filing |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114035410/https://www.ramseycounty.us/residents/elections-voting/candidates/candidate-filing |archive-date=November 14, 2023 |website=Ramsey County, MN}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Shekaru 19:''' Hialeah, FL (ƙwarewar mai jefa kuri'a + shekara 1 na zama) 
* Babu mafi ƙarancin shekaru da aka lissafa ko nunawa: Pittsburgh, PA; Wichita, KS; Jersey City, NJ; Buffalo, NY; Yonkers, NY; Troy, NC
* '''Bayanan da ba a samu ba:''' Birmingham, AL; Newark, NJ

=== Baltimore ===

* Mai kula da Birni, kuma Shugaban Majalisar Birni: 25 &lt;ref name=&quot;maryland&quot;/&gt;
* memba na Majalisar Birni: 21 &lt;ref name=&quot;maryland&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <title>Syed Sultan Uddin Ahmed</title>
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''''Syed Sultan Uddin Ahmed''' ɗan gwagwarmayar Bangladesh ne kuma shugaban Hukumar Gyara Ayyuka ta [[Ma'aikatar Yunus]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |title=Government forms four more reform commissions |url=https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/5bbb39b48b78 |access-date=2024-12-11 |website=[[Bdnews24.com]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shi ne babban darakta na Cibiyar Nazarin Kwadago ta Bangladesh . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-12-25 |title=Machines threaten RMG workers' jobs |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/business/machines-threaten-rmg-workers-jobs-1509988 |access-date=2024-12-10 |website=The Daily Star |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shi kwararren kwararren kare hakkin ma'aikata ne ga Kungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=National Capacity Building and Planning Workshop |url=https://www.ilo.org/sites/default/files/wcmsp5/groups/public/@asia/@ro-bangkok/@sro-new_delhi/documents/meetingdocument/wcms_778046.pdf |access-date=11 December 2024 |website=[[International Labour Organization]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kasance mai kula da Cibiyar Kare Hakkin Ma'aikata ta Cikin Gida, wanda ke da alaƙa da Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Cikin Gida ta Duniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2009-11-09 |title=Bring domestic workers under labour law |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-113431 |access-date=2024-12-10 |website=The Daily Star |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=In Bangladesh, DWRN urges the government to ensure the rights of two million domestic workers |url=https://idwfed.org/events/in-bangladesh-dwrn-urges-the-government-to-ensure-the-rights-of-two-million-domestic-workers/ |access-date=2024-12-11 |website=International Domestic Workers Federation |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-09-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240914140624/https://idwfed.org/events/in-bangladesh-dwrn-urges-the-government-to-ensure-the-rights-of-two-million-domestic-workers/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Ahmed ya kasance Mataimakin Darakta na Cibiyar Nazarin Kwadago ta Bangladesh a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2014. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2014-05-03 |title=Bils: Establishing Workers Rights |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/bils-establishing-workers-rights-22459 |access-date=2024-12-10 |website=The Daily Star |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya zargi hukumomin tilasta bin doka da kashe mutane ba bisa ka'ida ba a cikin ayyukan yaki da ta'addanci bayan Harin Dhaka na 2016 a cikin wata sanarwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-06-23 |title=Law enforcers killing people extra judicially: Noted citizens |url=https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/Law-enforcers-killing-people-extra-judicially |access-date=2024-12-11 |website=Prothomalo |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Afsan Chowdhury, Asif Nazrul, [[Anish Barua]], Bina D'Costa, Chowdhury Rafiqul Abrar, Farida Akhter, [[Faustina Pereira]], Firdous Azim, Jyotirmoy Barua, [[Kamrun Nahar]], Lubna Marium, [[Nur Khan Liton|Md. Nur Khan Liton]], Perween Hasan, [[Rahnuma Ahmed]], [[Razia Quadir]], [[Safia Azim]], Shahdeen, Shahidul, Shahnaz Huda, Shapan Adossa, [[Sara Hossain]], Toilullah&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ya yi aiki tare da wadanda suka tsira daga rushewar Rana Plaza.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-04-21 |title=Living with the ghost of Rana Plaza |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/special-events/rana-plaza-tragedy/news/living-the-ghost-rana-plaza-1393900 |access-date=2024-12-11 |website=The Daily Star |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=29 April 2024 |title=Experts call for including workers' security-related provisions in labour laws |url=https://www.daily-sun.com/post/745817 |access-date=2024-12-11 |website=Daily Sun |language=en |archive-date=2024-05-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240527222530/https://www.daily-sun.com/post/745817 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kasance memba na Kwamitin Gudanar da Rana Plaza wanda Kungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya ke jagoranta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2015-08-21 |title=Rana Plaza victims get full compensation at last |url=https://fashionunited.ca/news/business/rana-plaza-victims-get-full-compensation-at-last/20150821471 |access-date=2024-12-11 |website=FashionUnited |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ahmed ya ce bangaren RMG ya rage ma'aikata da miliyan .8 ta hanyar sarrafa kansa a cikin 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Unions hail deal to pay out for garment worker safety – DW – 01/23/2018 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/unions-hail-deal-to-pay-out-for-worker-safety-in-bangladesh-garment-sector/a-42272553 |access-date=2024-12-11 |website=dw.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya yi kira ga wakilai na majistare zuwa Sashen Bincike na Masana'antu da Cibiyoyi don inganta aminci a masana'antun tufafi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sarkar |first=Pradip |date=2021-07-13 |title=Factories do not comply with 60pc of 'fire safety' rules |url=https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/factories-do-not-comply-with-60pc-of-fire-safety-rules |access-date=2024-12-11 |website=Prothomalo |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya rubuta wani ra'ayi a cikin The Daily Star yana kira ga jihar (Bangladesh) don kare haƙƙin ma'aikata.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-05-01 |title=The state must protect workers' rights |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/opinion/the-state-must-protect-workers-rights-1570009 |access-date=2024-12-11 |website=The Daily Star |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 2023, Ahmed ya kasance a New Delhi yana aiki ga Kungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-11-19 |title=Exporters worried over new US labour rights policy |url=https://en.prothomalo.com/business/local/cn8ffaajgu |access-date=2024-12-11 |website=Prothomalo |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2024, Ahmed ya sadu da ƙungiyar Wakilin Kasuwanci na Amurka na Kudancin da Asiya ta Tsakiya, jakadan Amurka a Bangladesh Peter Haas, da Sakataren Kasuwanci Tapan Kanti Ghosh don kammala shirin sake fasalin kasuwar ma'aikata ta Bangladesh.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-04-22 |title=US wants further improvement of labour rights |url=https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/m4nddmsc8f |access-date=2024-12-11 |website=Prothomalo |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On A ranar 17 ga Nuwamba 2024, an sanya Ahmed a matsayin shugaban Hukumar Gyaran Ayyuka ta [[Muhammad Yunus|Muhmmad Yunus]] karkashin jagorancin gwamnatin wucin gadi da aka kafa bayan faduwar [[Sheikh Hasina]] karkashin jagorancin Awami League. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-11-18 |title=Govt forms reform commissions on labour |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/govt-form-10-member-reform-commissions-labour-health-sector-996021 |access-date=2024-12-11 |website=The Business Standard |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ɗaya daga cikin kwamitocin sauye-sauye goma da gwamnatin wucin gadi ta kafat.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-11-18 |title=Govt forms reform commissions on labour |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/govt-form-10-member-reform-commissions-labour-health-sector-996021 |access-date=2024-12-11 |website=The Business Standard |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-10-17 |title=4 new commissions to be formed on health, media, labour rights, women affairs |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/govt-forms-4-new-commissions-health-media-labour-rights-women-affairs-969161 |access-date=2024-12-11 |website=The Business Standard |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
==Manazarta==</text>
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    <title>Shaheen Anam</title>
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'''Shaheen Anam''', [[Order of the British Empire|MBE]], 'yar gwagwarmayar kare hakkin dan adam ce ta Bangladesh kuma Babban Darakta na Gidauniyar Manusher Jonno . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-02-17 |title=Shaheen Anam gets prestigious UK award for social work |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/rights/news/shaheen-anam-gets-britains-honorary-mbe-3825601 |access-date=2025-03-18 |website=The Daily Star |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Shaheen Anam's schedule for Women and the Right of Access to Information: Inform Women, Transform Lives |url=https://womenandtherightofaccesstoi2018.sched.com/speaker/anams |access-date=2025-03-18 |website=womenandtherightofaccesstoi2018.sched.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
Anam tana da shekaru 19 a farkon Yakin 'Yanci na Bangladesh, mahaifiyarta ta ciyar da ma'aikatan Mukti Bahini a gidansu. Ɗan'uwanta memba ne na Mukti Bahini . &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Anam ta kammala karatun digiri na biyu a fannin ilimin halayyar dan adam a Jami'ar Dhaka . &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Shaheen Anam |url=https://www.taragramyatra.org/tgy2012/Speakers/Shaheen_Anam.pdf |access-date=18 March 2025 |website=taragramyatra.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tana da digiri na biyu a aikin zamantakewa daga Kwalejin Hunter, Jami'ar Birnin New York . &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Daga 1999 zuwa 2002, Anam ya yi aiki a CARE Bangladesh a matsayin mai tsara aikin taimakon ambaliyar ruwa wanda [[Hukumar Kula da Ci Gaban Kasa da Kasa ta Amurka]] ta tallafawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt; Ta sanya hannu kan wata wasika tare da wasu mata masu bincike da ke nuna rashin amincewa da cire [[Muhammad Yunus]] daga Bankin Grameen.

Anam ya yi aiki ga Babban Kwamishinan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 'Yan Gudun Hijira da Shirin Ci Gaban Majalisar Dinkinobho a Bangladesh . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; Tana da alaƙa da [[BRAC Institute of Governance and Development|Cibiyar Gudanarwa da Ci Gaban BRAC]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Shaheen Anam |url=https://bigd.bracu.ac.bd/staffprofile/shaheen-anam/ |access-date=2025-03-18 |website=BRAC Institute of Governance and Development |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ita ce mai tsarawa na Cibiyar Mata ta Kudancin Asiya a kan Kwarewa, Rayuwa da Ci gaban Kasuwanci . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Skills, Livelihood and Entrepreneurship Development – South Asia Women's Network (SWAN) |url=https://www.swaninterface.net/skills-livelihood-and-entrepreneurship-development/ |access-date=2025-03-18 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2021, an shigar da karar a kan Anam da Angela Gomes, Babban Darakta na Banchte Shekha, a Babban Kotun Shari'a ta Brahmanbaria, suna zargin cewa sun yi ƙoƙari su gyara dokar Hindu game da sha'awar al'ummar Hindu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=5 October 2021 |title=Another case filed against Shaheen Anam, Angela Gomes |url=https://www.daily-sun.com/post/580556/Another-case-filed-against-Shaheen-Anam-Angela-Gomes |access-date=2025-03-18 |website=Daily Sun |language=en |archive-date=2025-03-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250318182727/https://www.daily-sun.com/post/580556/Another-case-filed-against-Shaheen-Anam-Angela-Gomes |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan ya riga ya wuce irin wannan shari'a a Kotun Babban Shari'a ta Narayanganj, inda aka umarci Ofishin Bincike na 'yan sanda da su bincika da kuma gabatar da rahoto.

Anam ya sami memba na girmamawa na Mafi Kyawun Dokar Daular Burtaniya daga gwamnatin Ingila a watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2025. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Shaheen Anam gets Britain's honorary MBE - |url=https://www.observerbd.com/news/512513 |access-date=2025-03-18 |website=The Daily Observer}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta soki Kwamishinan 'yan sanda na Dhaka [[Sheikh Md Sazzat Ali]] saboda neman kafafen yada labarai kada su yi amfani da kalmar Rape . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-03-16 |title='Rape' should be called 'rape', NGOs say in response to DMP chief's statement |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/rape-should-be-called-rape-ngos-say-response-dmp-chiefs-statement-1094116 |access-date=2025-03-18 |website=The Business Standard |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kuma nemi gwamnatin Bangladesh da ta dauki mataki game da karuwar abubuwan da suka faru na fyade.5.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Shaheen Anam gets Britain's honorary MBE - |url=https://www.observerbd.com/news/512513 |access-date=2025-03-18 |website=The Daily Observer}}&lt;/ref&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-03-16 |title='Rape' should be called 'rape', NGOs say in response to DMP chief's statement |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/rape-should-be-called-rape-ngos-say-response-dmp-chiefs-statement-1094116 |access-date=2025-03-18 |website=The Business Standard |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=MJF strongly condemns recent rapes, violence against children, women |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/375816/mjf-strongly-condemns-recent-rapes-violence |access-date=2025-03-18 |website=Dhaka Tribune |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayanan littattafai ==

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
Anam ta auri Mahfuz Anam, editan The Daily Star . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 October 2021 |title=Another case filed against Shaheen Anam, Angela Gomes |url=https://www.daily-sun.com/post/580556/Another-case-filed-against-Shaheen-Anam-Angela-Gomes |access-date=18 March 2025 |website=Daily Sun |language=en |archive-date=18 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250318182727/https://www.daily-sun.com/post/580556/Another-case-filed-against-Shaheen-Anam-Angela-Gomes |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; 'Yarsu, Tahmima Anam, marubuciya ce.

==Manazarta==
{{Reflist}} 
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    <title>Sashe na 13 na Dokar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Kanada</title>
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Sashe na 13 na Dokar Haƙƙin Dan Adam ta Kanada tanadi ne na Dokar Kare Haƙƙin Dan Adam na Kanada wanda ke magance saƙonnin ƙiyayya. Tarin ya haramta sadarwar yanar gizo wanda &quot;zai iya nunawa mutum ko mutane ga ƙiyayya ko raini&quot; bisa dalilin haramtacciyar wariya (kamar launin fata, asalin ƙasa ko ƙabila, launi, addini, da sauransu). An gabatar da korafe-korafe a karkashin wannan sashe ga Hukumar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta Kanada kuma idan Hukumar ta sami isasshiyar shaida, Kotun Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam za ta saurari karar. Majalisar Kanada ta soke sashe na 13 daga watan Yuni 2014. 

== Tarihin majalisa ==
An kafa [[Hakkokin ɗan'adam|Dokar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam]] ta Kanada a cikin 1977, ta kirkiro Hukumar Kare Hakkin dan Adam ta Kanada wacce ke binciken da'awar [[Wariya|nuna bambanci]] da kuma Kotun Kare Hakkin Mutum ta Kanada don yin shari'ar shari'o'in. Sashe na 13 ya shafi sakonnin ƙiyayya da aka watsa ta hanyar sadarwa ta tarayya.&lt;ref name=&quot;archived13&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=31 December 2002 |title=Canadian Human Rights Act, Version of section 13 from 2002-12-31 to 2014-06-25 |url=https://laws.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/H-6/section-13-20021231.html |access-date=2021-03-20 |website=laws.justice.gc.ca}}&lt;/ref&gt; Majalisa sau biyu ta fadada ikon sashi na 13. A shekara ta 1998, an kara hukunci don keta sashe. A shekara ta 2001, an fadada sashin don amfani da sadarwa ta intanet.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Branch |first=Legislative Services |date=2017-03-15 |title=Consolidated federal laws of Canada, Anti-terrorism Act |url=http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/AnnualStatutes/2001_41/page-30.html#h-25 |website=laws-lois.justice.gc.ca}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Daga 2001 har zuwa soke a 2014, kashi na farko na sashe na 13 ya karanta:&lt;blockquote&gt;13. (1) Al’ada ce ta nuna wariya ga mutum ko gungun mutanen da ke yin aiki tare da yin sadarwa ta wayar tarho ko kuma su sa a sanar da su, akai-akai, gaba daya ko wani bangare ta hanyar kayayyakin aikin sadarwar da ke cikin ikon majalisar dokoki, duk wani lamari da zai iya fallasa wani mutum ko mutane ga kiyayya ko abin da ya faru ta dalilin kiyayya ko rashin mutuncin mutum. na wani haramtaccen dalilin nuna wariya.&lt;ref name=&quot;archived13&quot;/&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== Shawarwari don sokewa ko sake fasalin ===
A cikin shekara ta 2008, 'yan majalisa na Liberal Keith Martin ya ba da shawarar wani memba mai zaman kansa M-446 yana roƙon majalisar da ta soke sashi na 13.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=31 January 2008 |title=Notice Paper, 39-2, No 41 (31 January 2008) |url=https://www.ourcommons.ca/DocumentViewer/en/39-2/house/sitting-41/order-notice/page-11 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314024345/https://www.ourcommons.ca/DocumentViewer/en/39-2/house/sitting-41/order-notice/page-11 |archive-date=14 March 2023 |access-date=13 March 2023 |website=House of Commons of Canada |page=11 |language=en-ca}}&lt;/ref&gt; Martin ya bayyana gwajin shari'a na &quot;mai yiyuwa fallasa&quot; a matsayin &quot;ramin da za ku iya tuka motar Mack,&quot; kuma ya ce &quot;kwamitocin damfara ne ke amfani da shi inda wasu tsirarun mutane ke tantance abin da 'yan Kanada za su iya kuma ba za su iya fada ba.&quot; Martin kuma ya tabbatar da cewa wasu mahimman ra'ayoyin tarihi &quot;an yi la'akari da su a matsayin sacrilegious kuma tabbas suna adawa da hikimar al'ada. Wanene zai ce hukumar ba za ta iya mulkin waɗannan ra'ayoyin ba tare da tsari ba kuma ta hukunta mutane don faɗi ko tunani?&quot;

Irwin Cotler, wani masanin kare hakkin dan Adam na kasar Kanada kuma tsohon ministan shari'a, (wanda ya bayyana goyon bayansa ga haramcin tunzura kiyayya da kisan kiyashi), ya yi shawagi (amma bai amince da hakan ba) da ra'ayin cewa sashe na 13 ya kamata ya bukaci izinin Babban Lauyan Gwamnati, wanda shine abin da ake bukata na gurfanar da masu laifi don tayar da rikici ko inganta ƙiyayya.

=== Kawar da shi ===
A ranar 30 ga Satumba, 2011, a lokacin Majalisar 41st, MP Brian Storeth mai ra'ayin mazan jiya ya gabatar da Bill C-304 mai zaman kansa, mai suna Dokar da za ta gyara Dokar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Kanada (kare 'yanci), wanda zai soke sashe na 13. Bill C-304 ya karbi karatu na uku a cikin House of Commons ta hanyar 153-136 a cikin kuri'a na kyauta na 6 ga Yuni. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=NP - &quot;Jonathan Kay: Good riddance to Section 13 of the Canadian Human Rights Act&quot; 7 Jun 2012 |url=http://fullcomment.nationalpost.com/2012/06/07/jonathan-kay-good-riddance-to-section-13-of-the-canadian-human-rights-act/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20130105111536/http://fullcomment.nationalpost.com/2012/06/07/jonathan-kay-good-riddance-to-section-13-of-the-canadian-human-rights-act/ |archive-date=2013-01-05 |access-date=2014-02-15}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kudin ya sami amincewar sarauta a ranar 26 ga Yuni, 2013, ya fara aiki bayan shekara guda.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 June 2013 |title=Hate speech no longer part of Canada's Human Rights Act |url=http://news.nationalpost.com/2013/06/27/hate-speech-no-longer-part-of-canadas-human-rights-act/ |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Bill C-36 ===
A cikin 2019, Majalisar Dokokin Kanada a kan Adalci da 'Yancin Dan Adam sun ba da rahoto game da kawo karshen ƙiyayya ta kan layi, wanda ya haɗa da ba da shawarar maido da sashe na 13 ko wani tanadi mai kama da juna.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Taking Action to End Online Hate Report of the Standing Committee on Justice and Human Rights |url=https://www.ourcommons.ca/Content/Committee/421/JUST/Reports/RP10581008/justrp29/justrp29-e.pdf |access-date=2021-09-20 |website=House of commons chambre des communes Canada}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bill C-36 (Majalisar 43, zama ta 2), wanda aka gabatar a cikin 2021, da an dawo da sashe na 13 baya ga ƙara ma'anar ƙiyayya da ta dogara da shari'o'in Kotun Koli na Kanada. Har yanzu ana karatun farko lokacin da majalisar ta rushe a shekarar 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=BILL C-36 (First Reading) |url=https://parl.ca/DocumentViewer/en/43-2/bill/C-36/first-reading |access-date=2021-09-20 |website=Parliament of Canada}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ƙalubalen Tsarin Mulki ==

=== ''Kanada (Kwamitin Kare Hakkin Dan Adam) v Taylor'' ===
A cikin 1990, hukuncin 4-3 na Kotun Koli na Kanada ya amince da tsarin mulki na sashe na 13(1). Mafi rinjaye sun gano cewa sashin ya keta 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki a karkashin sashe na 2 na Yarjejeniya ta Kanada ta 'Yanci da 'Yanci, amma haramcin kalaman kiyayya ya kasance iyakantaccen abin da ya dace a karkashin sashe na 1 na Yarjejeniyar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 2001 |title=Canada (Human Rights Commission) v. Taylor - SCC Cases (Lexum) |url=http://scc.lexum.org/decisia-scc-csc/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/697/index.do |website=scc.lexum.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ''Warman da Lemire'' ===
A cikin shari'ar 2009 ''Warman da Lemire'',  Kotun Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Kanada ta yanke hukuncin cewa sashi na 13 ya saba wa 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki. Kotun ta bambanta tanadin da ke wurin a wannan lokacin daga sigar da Kotun Koli ta Kanada ta yi hukunci, ta gano cewa gyare-gyare a cikin shekarun da suka gabata sun sanya tanadin ya kara hukunci a yanayi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2009-09-22 |title=Warman v. Lemire: The Constitutionality of Hate Speech Legislation |url=http://www.thecourt.ca/warman-v-lemire-the-constitutionality-of-hate-speech-legislation/ |access-date=2020-02-20 |website=TheCourt.ca |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tun da Kotun ba ta da ikon bayyana sassan ''Dokar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Kanada'' marasa inganci, ta ki amfani da sashi na 13 a wannan yanayin.

Hukumar ta daukaka kara ga Kotun daukaka kara ta Tarayya &lt;ref name=&quot;Makow&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2010-05-26 |title=Canadian Jewish Congress v. Makow |url=http://chrt-tcdp.gc.ca/aspinc/search/vhtml-eng.asp?doid=1012&amp;lg=_e&amp;isruling=0 |access-date=2010-10-28 |archive-date=2010-10-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007071616/http://chrt-tcdp.gc.ca/aspinc/search/vhtml-eng.asp?doid=1012&amp;lg=_e&amp;isruling=0 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma a watan Fabrairun 2014 Kotun dawakai ta Tarayya ta yanke hukuncin sashi na 13 ya zama mai inganci bisa tsarin mulki. Kotun ta sake dawo da hukuncin da kuma dakatar da umarnin kotun a kan Lemire saboda keta sashi na 13.

== Sashe na 13 ==

=== Taron Musulunci na Kanada da ''Maclean's'' ===
A watan Disambar 2007, gungun dalibai musulmi da ke koyar da shari'a da kuma majalisar dokokin addinin Islama ta Canada sun yi korafi game da kalaman kyama ga mujallar Maclean. Jigon korafin shi ne cewa wani ginshikin da Mark Steyn ya wallafa mai taken &quot;Makomar Musulunci ta Musulunci ce&quot; ta fallasa musulmi ga kiyayya da kyama. An shigar da kararraki ga Hukumar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta Kanada, Kotun Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta British Columbia da kuma Hukumar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta Ontario. Hukumar kare hakkin dan Adam ta Ontario ta ce ba ta da hurumin sauraron korafin. Hukumar Kare Haƙƙin Dan Adam ta Kanada ta yi watsi da ƙarar a ranar 26 ga Yuni, 2008. Kotun Kare Haƙƙin Dan Adam ta British Columbia ta yi watsi da ƙarar a ranar 10 ga Oktoba, 2008. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=The Canadian Press |date=10 October 2008 |title=B.C. panel rejects Muslim complaint vs. Maclean's |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/b-c-panel-rejects-muslim-complaint-vs-maclean-s-1.332541 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090215034042/http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20081010/muslim_complaint_081010/20081010?hub=Canada |archive-date=15 February 2009 |access-date=23 February 2009 |publisher=CTV}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Imam Al-Hayiti ===
A cikin watan Disambar 2008, Hukumar ta ki binciki korafin da aka kai kan Imam Abou Hammad Sulaiman al-Hayiti, Musulmin [[Salafiyya]] na Montreal, wanda aka zarge shi da haddasa kiyayya ga 'yan luwadi, matan Yamma, da Yahudawa, a cikin wani littafi da ya wallafa a Intanet. Jaridar National Post ta zargi hukumar da zabar dokar ga kiristoci da masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, inda ta yi imanin cewa ya kamata a bar Al-Haiti ya inganta duk wani fassarar Musulunci, ko kuma wani addini, amma hukumomin kare hakkin bil'adama suna bin tsarin siyasa daidai gwargwado. La Presse ta wallafa wani edita da ke sukar hukumar saboda shawarar da ta yanke.

== Tallafi da zargi ==

=== Rashin amincewa ===
Kafin soke shi, sashe na 13 ya jawo suka daga masu kallonsa a matsayin cin zarafi mara dalili ga ‘yancin fadin albarkacin baki.

* Alan Borovoy, babban lauya na Kungiyar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta Kanada, ya lura cewa a karkashin sashi na 13 (1), &quot;Manufar ba abin da ake buƙata ba ne, kuma gaskiya da gaskatawa mai ma'ana ga gaskiya ba kariya ba ce. &quot;  Ya ce lokacin da shi da sauran masu fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam suka ba da shawarar kirkirar kwamitocin kare hakkin dan Adam ba su &quot;ba su taɓa tunanin cewa za a iya amfani da su a kan' yancin magana ba&quot;. 
* [[Mary Agnes Welch]], shugabar kungiyar 'yan jarida ta Kanada ta bayyana cewa kwamitocin kare hakkin dan adam &quot;ba a taɓa nufin su yi aiki a matsayin masu kula da harshe ba. Tsarin yanzu yana bawa masu korafi damar sanyaya jawabin waɗanda ba su yarda da su ba ta hanyar rikitar da manufofi a cikin tsarin kare hakkin dan Adam wanda ba dole ba ne ya aiki a ƙarƙashin ƙa'idodin tsaro iri ɗaya kamar kotun&quot;.
* Masanin harshe kuma masanin falsafa  [[Noam Chomsky]] ya ce game da sashin, &quot;Ina tsammanin abin ban tsoro ne, kamar dokokin Turai masu kama da su. Har ila yau munafunci ne mai tsabta. Idan an yi amfani da shi za a rufe kafofin watsa labarai da mujallu. Ba sa fallasa abokan gaba na yanzu na jihar ga ƙiyayya ko ƙyamar?&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jaworski |first=P.M. |date=December 8, 2008 |title=Question Period: Noam Chomsky on being censored, CHRC censorship, Ayn Rand, Robert Nozick and libertarianism |url=http://westernstandard.blogs.com/shotgun/2008/12/question-period.html |access-date=2009-06-02 |website=The Shotgun Blog |publisher=[[Western Standard]] }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Taimako ===
Wasu kuma sun kare sashe na 13 a matsayin madaidaicin iyaka kan ‘yancin fadin albarkacin baki, idan aka yi la’akari da mahimmancin kayyade kalaman kyama.

* Tsohon ministan shari'a kuma mai ba da shawara kan haƙƙin ɗan adam Irwin Cotler ya ba da shawarar dokar da za ta samar da takardar izini na farar hula (watau ba mai laifi ba) don maganganun ƙiyayya don kare kungiyoyi masu rauni.
* A watan Yunin 2008, lauyan kare hakkin dan adam Pearl Eliadis ya amsa damuwar Alan Borovoy cewa bai taba tsammanin za a yi amfani da sashi na 13 a kan 'yancin bayyana ra'ayi ba. Eliadis ya bayyana cewa ana amfani da shi koyaushe, ta hanyar ma'anar, game da maganganun ƙiyayya, kuma fahimtar doka ta samo asali ne daga shekaru 40 da suka gabata. Tattaunawar da aka yi wa kwamitocin kare hakkin dan adam da ke hulɗa da korafe-korafe game da kafofin watsa labarai an kafa su ne a kan ra'ayin cewa &quot;sabon hakkoki ba su da kyau,&quot; saboda fahimtarmu game da dokar daidaito da kariya ta duniya game da maganganun ƙiyayya sun bunkasa sosai. Ta kara da cewa kwamitocin suna da &quot;dabaru kuma ba su da kwanciyar hankali&quot; a cikin &quot;tsananin tashin hankali&quot; tsakanin kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, gwamnati, masu jefa kuri'a, masana'antu da sauran tasiri. &quot;  Eliadis ta rubuta wata kasida a ''Maisonneuve'' inda ta yi jayayya cewa halayyar nuna bambanci ta kasance batun dokokin haƙƙin ɗan adam tun daga shekarun 1940 kuma masu sukar suna yaudarar jama'a game da &quot;mafi mahimman fannoni na dokar Kanada da haƙƙin ɗanɗano&quot; kuma sun kara jaddada &quot;haɗarin da ke tattare da maganganun nuna bambanci da ci gaban ƙiyayya ta e.  Eliadis daga baya ya buga wani bincike mai zurfi a Kanada a cikin Speaking Out on Human Rights: Debating Canada's Human Rights System .
* Wahida Valiante, mataimakin shugaban kasa na Majalisar Musulunci ta Kanada, ya bayyana cewa kwamitocin shine kawai hanyar da ake samu ga 'yan tsiraru da aka bi da su ba bisa ka'ida ba a cikin kafofin watsa labarai tunda kasancewa memba a cikin majalisun manema labarai zaɓi ne kuma tuhumar maganganun ƙiyayya ta aikata laifuka suna buƙatar yardar Babban Lauyan tarayya.&lt;ref name=&quot;NP06212008&quot; /&gt;
* A watan Janairun 2010 kungiyar lauyoyin Kanada ta fitar da wata sanarwa wacce ta goyi bayan &quot;tsayawa sashi na 13 a matsayin kayan aiki mai amfani&quot;. Koyaya, ta kuma yi kira ga karɓar shawarwari da yawa don inganta Dokar &quot;don tabbatar da cewa ingancin wannan kariya ba kawai an inganta shi ba har ma ya dace da wasu ka'idodin haƙƙin ɗan adam na asali, &quot;gami da soke wasu tanadin hukunci da &quot;ba da ikon CHRC don korar da korafin da ba su a matakin da ƙalubalen da ba su da wuri ba su da damar samun nasara&quot; 
* A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2008, manyan jami'ai uku na Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Kanada sun ba da hira ta tarho tare da kafofin watsa labarai don amsa zargi, suna mai cewa irin haramtacciyar haramtacciya da ke cikin sashi na 13 shine &quot;a zahiri ra'ayi mafi girma tsakanin yawancin jihohin duniya. Ra'ayi a Amurka [cewa 'yancin magana kusan cikakke ne] hakika ra'ayi ne na' yan tsiraru.
* A cikin wani ra'ayi na Satumba 2020 a cikin ''Montreal Gazette'', mai fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam kuma tsohon Shugaba na Cibiyar Simon Wiesenthal don Nazarin Holocaust, Avi Benlolo, ya yi kira ga maido da sashi na 13 don magance ƙiyayya ta kan layi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Opinion: How Canada can counter online hate {{!}} Montreal Gazette |url=https://montrealgazette.com/opinion/opinion-how-canada-can-counter-online-hate}} &lt;/ref&gt;

=== Rahoton wata ===
A shekara ta 2008, Hukumar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta Kanada ta umurci Farfesa Richard Moon Farfesan shari'a don shirya rahoto a kan sashe na 13. A watan Nuwamba 2008, Moon ya fitar da rahotonsa wanda a ciki ya ba da shawarar cewa a soke sashe na 13 ta yadda kalaman kiyayya ta yanar gizo lamari ne kawai na laifi. Moon ya rubuta cewa &quot;Ya kamata a keɓe amfani da takunkumin da gwamnati ke yi ga wani ɗan ƙaramin nau'i na matsananciyar magana - abin da ke barazana, bayar da shawarwari ko kuma tabbatar da cin zarafi ga membobin ƙungiyar da za a iya gane su.&quot; Moon ya bayar da hujjar cewa &quot;ba abu ne mai amfani ba a magance abin da mutum zai iya kwatanta shi da karimci a matsayin cin mutuncin kungiya ko batanci ta hanyar tantancewa. Ba abu ne mai yiwuwa ba. Akwai da yawa daga ciki, kuma yana da yawa a cikin maganganunmu na jama'a cewa duk wani nau'i na sa ido yana da yawa&quot;.

Jennifer Lynch, sannan babbar kwamishiniyar hukumar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Canada, ta bayyana cewa rahoton Moon &quot;mataki daya ne a cikin cikakken nazari&quot; kuma &quot;za mu iya tunanin ci gaba da sashe na 13 tare da wasu gyare-gyare.&quot; Lynch ya kuma bayyana cewa &quot;Hukumarmu tana nan don kare 'yan Kanada daga wariya kuma zan ci gaba da kiyaye wannan babbar ka'ida.&quot; Ta kara da cewa, &quot;za mu yi kokarin nemo hanyoyin da za su kare 'yan kasar Kanada daga nuna kyama a Intanet&quot;. 

Keith Martin, Dan majalisar masu sassaucin ra'ayi wanda ya fara ba da shawarar soke sashe na 13 a farkon shekara ta 2008, ya kira shawarar &quot;mai karfin gwiwa&quot; da kuma cewa &quot;Yanzu yana hannun Majalisa don yin wani abu don kare daya daga cikin haƙƙinmu na gaskiya, 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki&quot;.

Pearl Eliadis, lauya mai kare hakkin dan adam, ya bayyana cewa furucin Moon na cewa sashe na 13 yana hari ne kawai munanan kalamai &quot;ya bayyana abin da kotuna ta riga ta fada a fakaice.&quot; Duk da haka, ta yi adawa da sauya matsayin Hukumar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta Kanada zuwa mayar da hankali kan tashin hankali kawai sabanin ƙiyayya. Eliadis ya bayar da hujjar cewa &quot;lokacin da muke tinkarar matsalar kisan kiyashi da kawar da kabilanci a wasu kasashe, me kasashen duniya ke cewa akai-akai? Muna bukatar tsarin gargadi. Kuma daya daga cikin gargadin shi ne ingiza kiyayya.&quot; Duk da haka, ta rubuta cewa ya kamata a yi amfani da ikon dokokin aikata laifuka da hankali, kuma tanade-tanade a cikin dokokin kare hakkin dan adam suna ba da wani zaɓi mai tsauri fiye da binciken laifuka kan maganganun ƙiyayya a wasu yanayi. [http://www.mqup.ca/speaking-out-on-human-rights-products-9780773543058.php Magana game da 'Yancin Dan Adam: Tattaunawa game da Tsarin' Yancin Dan Adam na Kanada] .

== Dubi kuma ==

* [[korafe-korafe na haƙƙin ɗan adam game da mujallar Maclean]]
* Ezra Levant korafin kare hakkin dan adam
* Censorship a Kanada
* Kotun Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Kanada
* Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Ontario
* 'Yancin Dan Adam a Kanada
* 'Yanci na faɗar albarkacin baki a Kanada

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==

== Haɗin waje ==

* [http://www.chrc-ccdp.ca/ Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Kanada]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090106210741/http://www.cbc.ca/sunday/2008/03/033008_5.html CBC News: Lahadi &quot;Za a iya wuce gona da iri?&quot; Maris 2008]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sian Brooke</title>
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'''Siân Brooke''' (an Laifi ta Siân Elizabeth Phillips; 1980) [1] 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta [[Ingila]]. Ayyukanta na talabijin sun haɗa da Cape Wrath (2007), Sherlock (2017), Doctor Foster (2017), Good Omens (2019), Guilt (2019), Trying (2020-), House of the Dragon (2022), da Blue Lights (2023-).

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Siân Elizabeth Phillips a Lichfield, Staffordshire, Ingila, a cikin 1980 kuma ita ce ƙarama cikin 'yan uwa uku. Ta ɗauki sunan mataki don kauce wa rikicewa tare da 'yar wasan Welsh Siân Phillips, ta zaɓi Brooke bayan wani janar na Yaƙin basasar Ingila Lord Brooke wanda aka kashe a Lichfield.  Ita 'yar wani jami'in 'yan sanda ce kuma malami.&lt;ref name=&quot;LM&quot; /&gt; Iyayenta Welsh ne.&lt;ref name=&quot;WalesOnline1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Whitfield, Lydia |date=25 April 2004 |title=Revealed: Wales's top 50 single women |url=http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/tm_objectid=14180572&amp;method=full&amp;siteid=50082&amp;page=2&amp;headline=revealed--wales-s-top-50-single-women-name_page.html |access-date=20 August 2009 |publisher=[[Wales on Sunday]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Brooke ta fara karatu ne a Makarantar Friary da ke Lichfield.  Da farko ta shiga gidan wasan kwaikwayo na matasa na Lichfield tana da shekaru 11 kafin ta zama memba na Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Matasa na Kasa kuma daga baya ta horar da ita a Royal Academy of Dramatic Art (RADA), daga inda ta kammala a shekara ta 2002.  &lt;ref name=&quot;LM&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sian Brooke |url=https://www.rada.ac.uk/profiles?aos=acting&amp;yr=2002&amp;fn=sian&amp;sn=brooke |access-date=17 January 2017 |publisher=[[Royal Academy of Dramatic Art]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Ta fara wasan kwaikwayo ne a matsayin Krista a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na ''Dinotopia'' a shekara ta 2002.&lt;ref name=&quot;RADA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sian Brooke on Hamlet, Parenthood and her studies at RADA |url=https://www.rada.ac.uk/rada_files/alumni_enewsletter/siân_brooke.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118225110/https://www.rada.ac.uk/rada_files/alumni_enewsletter/sian_brooke.pdf |archive-date=18 January 2017 |access-date=17 January 2017 |publisher=Royal Academy of Dramatic Art}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kyautar talabijin ta Brooke ta haɗa da A Touch of Frost, Hotel Babylon, Foyle's War, da The ''Fixer''. Yayinda take yarinya, an nuna ta a cikin Strangers in Utah tare da Adrian Dunbar da Phyllida Law. Ta kuma taka rawar Laura a cikin All About George da Lori Marcuse a ''Cape Wrath'' .

Brooke ta ba da muryarta ga wasan kwaikwayo na rediyo Murder on the Homefront, A Pin to See the Peepshow, da Dreaming in Africa. &lt;ref name=&quot;NT1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=National Theatre: Company Members: Sian Brooke |url=http://www.nationaltheatre.org.uk/45819/company-members/sian-brooke.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110817103333/http://www.nationaltheatre.org.uk/45819/company-members/sian-brooke.html |archive-date=17 August 2011 |publisher=National Theatre}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ayyukan gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Brooke sun haɗa da ''Girbi'', Dying City, Dido Sarauniya ta Carthage, A cikin Kungiyar, ''''Birina'' Ranar Haihuwar'', &quot;Ba Ni Gudana&quot; da Absolutely Maybe. Ta kuma bayyana a cikin shirye-shiryen Poor Beck, A Midsummer Night's Dream, King Lear da ''Romeo da Juliet'', tare da Royal Shakespeare Company. &lt;ref name=&quot;NT1&quot;/&gt; Daga Yuli zuwa Agusta 2008, Brooke ta buga Dorothy Gale a cikin kiɗa The Wizard of Oz a Cibiyar Southbank. Jude Kelly ne ya ba da umarnin samar da shi. A cikin shekara ta 2011 a Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Almeida, London, ta bayyana a cikin Stephen Poliakoff's My City da Neil LaBute's Reasons to be Pretty. Daga watan Agusta zuwa Oktoba 2015, Brooke ta buga Ophelia tare da Benedict Cumberbatch a cikin samar da ''Hamlet'' na Barbican.'''

A cikin 2017, Brooke ta fito a cikin jerin na huɗu na wasan kwaikwayo na talabijin na ''Sherlock'' a matsayin 'yar'uwar Sherlock Holmes, Eurus. Da farko ta yi sauraro ga haruffa da yawa a cikin wasan kwaikwayon kafin masu nunawa su ''Gwada'' wa Brooke cewa duk haruffa ɗaya ne, Eurus, wanda zai zama masanin ɓoyewa. Michael Hogan da ke rubutawa ga The Daily Telegraph a cikin bita na uku na jerin ya yi sharhi cewa rawar ta kasance &quot;tauraruwa ce daga Siân Brooke&quot;. Daga baya a cikin shekarar, ta bayyana tare da Sheridan Smith da Gemma Whelan a cikin miniseries na BBC The Moorside, bisa ga satar Shannon Matthews.  Ta fito a matsayin Karen a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen Apple TV na farko na Trying, wanda aka sabunta don jerin na uku 

Ayyukanta na jagora a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen BBC na 2023-24 Blue Lights a matsayin Grace Ellis, mahaifiyar wata matashiya wacce ta yanke shawara a cikin shekaru 40 don barin aikinta a matsayin ma'aikaciyar zamantakewa don shiga Ofishin 'yan sanda na Arewacin Ireland, an yaba da ita sosai.

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
Brooke ta yi aure kuma tana da 'ya'ya biyu.&lt;ref name=&quot;RADA&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mellor |first=Louisa |date=13 January 2017 |title=Sherlock series 4: Sian Brooke on keeping her role secret |url=http://www.denofgeek.com/uk/tv/sherlock/46505/sherlock-series-4-sian-brooke-on-keeping-her-role-secret |publisher=Den of Geek |access-date=14 August 2025 |archive-date=14 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170114104759/http://www.denofgeek.com/uk/tv/sherlock/46505/sherlock-series-4-sian-brooke-on-keeping-her-role-secret |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ita jakada ce ga kungiyar agaji ta sauya sauyin yanayi The Glacier Trust. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 November 2017 |title=Siân Brooke joins The Glacier Trust |url=http://theglaciertrust.org/blog/sianbrooke |access-date=2019-05-26 |website=The Glacier Trust |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hotunan fina-finai ==

=== Talabijin ===

=== Film ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Shekaru (s) 
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Taken
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Matsayi
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |{{Abbr|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}}
|-
|2019
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |''Rediyo mai amfani''
|Bronia Sklodowska
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Radioactive (2019) |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/5f93564756844 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203035253/https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/5f93564756844 |archive-date=3 December 2020 |access-date=10 October 2022 |publisher=British Film Institute}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2020
|''Jikin ruwa''
|Stephanie
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |
|}

=== Mataki ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders sortable&quot;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Year(s)
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Title
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Role
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Theatre
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; |Notes
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; |{{Abbr|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}}
|-
|2002
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |''Just a Bloke''
|Lisa
|Royal Court Theatre
|7 November&amp;nbsp;– 23 November
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;RCT&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 October 2002 |title=Imprint: The Royal Court Young Writers Festival 2002 |url=https://www.londontheatre.co.uk/theatre-news/news/imprint-the-royal-court-young-writers-festival-2002 |access-date=17 January 2017 |publisher=London Theatre}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tour archive for Just a Bloke (Play) |url=http://www.uktw.co.uk/archive/Tour/Play/Just-a-Bloke-Imprint-Young-Writers-Festival-2002-Programme-2/T2075800796/ |access-date=17 January 2017 |publisher=UK Theatre Web}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2002
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |''{{Sortname|The|One with the Oven}}''
|Sarah
|Royal Court Theatre
|7 November&amp;nbsp;– 23 November
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;RCT&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tour archive for The One with the Oven (Play) |url=http://www.uktw.co.uk/archive/Tour/Play/The-One-with-the-Oven-Imprint-Young-Writers-Festival-2002-Programme-2/T1218237054/ |access-date=17 January 2017 |publisher=UK Theatre Web}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2003
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |''Absolutely! (Perhaps)''
|Dina
|Wyndham's Theatre
|7 May&amp;nbsp;– 13 September
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tour archive for Absolutely!! (Perhaps) (Play) |url=http://www.uktw.co.uk/archive/Tour/Play/Absolutely-Perhaps/T1798147795/ |access-date=17 January 2017 |publisher=UK Theatre Web}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2004–2005
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |''Romeo and Juliet''
|Juliet
|Royal Shakespeare Theatre&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Noël Coward Theatre
|25 March 2004&amp;nbsp;– 8 October 2004&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;16 December 2004&amp;nbsp;– 8 January 2005
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Orme |first=Steve |title=Romeo and Juliet |url=http://www.britishtheatreguide.info/reviews/RSCrandj-rev |access-date=17 January 2017 |publisher=The British Theatre Guide}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tour archive for Romeo and Juliet (Play) |url=http://www.uktw.co.uk/archive/Tour/Play/Romeo-and-Juliet/T715328794/ |access-date=17 January 2017 |publisher=UK Theatre Web }}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tour archive for Romeo and Juliet (Play) |url=http://www.uktw.co.uk/archive/Tour/Play/Romeo-and-Juliet/T01718616059/ |access-date=17 January 2017 |publisher=UK Theatre Web |archive-date=18 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118135942/http://www.uktw.co.uk/archive/Tour/Play/Romeo-and-Juliet/T01718616059/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2004–2005
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |''King Lear''
|Cordelia
|Royal Shakespeare Theatre&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Theatre Royal, Newcastle&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Noël Coward Theatre
|17 June 2004&amp;nbsp;– 14 October 2004&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;16 November 2004&amp;nbsp;– 20 November 2004&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;13 January 2005&amp;nbsp;– 5 February 2005
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tour archive for King Lear (Play) |url=http://www.uktw.co.uk/archive/Tour/Play/King-Lear/T0462252551/ |access-date=17 January 2017 |publisher=UK Theatre Web |archive-date=18 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118052325/http://www.uktw.co.uk/archive/Tour/Play/King-Lear/T0462252551/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Fisher |first=Philip |title=King Lear |url=http://www.britishtheatreguide.info/reviews/rsclearnnewcastle-rev |access-date=17 January 2017 |publisher=The British Theatre Guide}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tour archive for King Lear (Play) |url=http://www.uktw.co.uk/archive/Tour/Play/King-Lear/T0560502460/ |access-date=17 January 2017 |publisher=UK Theatre Web |archive-date=18 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118052327/http://www.uktw.co.uk/archive/Tour/Play/King-Lear/T0560502460/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2004–2005
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |''Poor Beck''
|Myrrha
|The Other Place&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Soho Theatre
|29 September 2004&amp;nbsp;– 7 October 2004&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;11 March 2005&amp;nbsp;– 16 March 2005
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tour archive for Poor Beck (Play) |url=http://www.uktw.co.uk/archive/Tour/Play/Poor-Beck-New-Work-Festival/T393460816/ |access-date=17 January 2017 |publisher=UK Theatre Web |archive-date=18 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118213609/http://www.uktw.co.uk/archive/Tour/Play/Poor-Beck-New-Work-Festival/T393460816/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2005
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |''Harvest''
|Laura
|Royal Court Theatre
|2 September&amp;nbsp;– 1 October
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Fisher |first=Philip |title=Harvest |url=http://www.britishtheatreguide.info/reviews/harvest-rev |access-date=18 January 2017 |publisher=The British Theatre Guide}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Berkowitz |first=Gerald |date=9 September 2005 |title=Harvest review at Royal Court London |url=https://www.thestage.co.uk/reviews/2005/harvest-review-at-royal-court-london/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118225601/https://www.thestage.co.uk/reviews/2005/harvest-review-at-royal-court-london/ |archive-date=18 January 2017 |access-date=17 January 2017 |website=The Stage}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tour archive for Harvest (Play) |url=http://www.uktw.co.uk/archive/Tour/Play/Harvest/T073537242/ |access-date=18 January 2017 |publisher=UK Theatre Web |archive-date=18 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118223235/http://www.uktw.co.uk/archive/Tour/Play/Harvest/T073537242/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2006
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |''{{Sortname|A|Midsummer Night's Dream}}''
|Hermia
|Theatre Royal, Nottingham&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Hackney Empire&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;St David's Hall
|11 February&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;12 February&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;25 March
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tour archive for A Midsummer Night's Dream (Play) |url=http://www.uktw.co.uk/archive/Tour/Play/A-Midsummer-Nights-Dream/T0748359283/ |access-date=17 January 2017 |publisher=UK Theatre Web |archive-date=19 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170119050556/http://www.uktw.co.uk/archive/Tour/Play/A-Midsummer-Nights-Dream/T0748359283/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2006
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |''Dying City''
|Kelly
|Royal Court Theatre
|12 May&amp;nbsp;– 10 June
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tour archive for Dying City (Play) |url=http://www.uktw.co.uk/archive/Tour/Play/Dying-City/T1106338332/ |access-date=17 January 2017 |publisher=UK Theatre Web |archive-date=18 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118052216/http://www.uktw.co.uk/archive/Tour/Play/Dying-City/T1106338332/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2007–2008
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |''In the Club''
|Sasha
|Hampstead Theatre&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Richmond Theatre&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Festival Theatre, Malvern&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Wycombe Swan&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Theatre Royal, Brighton&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Belgrade Theatre&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;New Theatre, Cardiff
|25 July 2007&amp;nbsp;– 25 August 2007&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;12 February 2008&amp;nbsp;– 16 February 2008&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;18 February 2008&amp;nbsp;– 23 February 2008&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;25 February 2008&amp;nbsp;– 1 March 2008&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;3 March 2008&amp;nbsp;– 8 March 2008&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;10 March 2008&amp;nbsp;– 15 March 2008&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;18 March 2008&amp;nbsp;– 22 March 2008
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tour archive for In the Club (Play) |url=http://www.uktw.co.uk/archive/Tour/Play/In-the-Club/T1822691294/ |access-date=17 January 2017 |publisher=UK Theatre Web |archive-date=18 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118221512/http://www.uktw.co.uk/archive/Tour/Play/In-the-Club/T1822691294/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tour archive for In the Club (Play) |url=http://www.uktw.co.uk/archive/Tour/Play/In-the-Club/T1977182658/ |access-date=17 January 2017 |publisher=UK Theatre Web |archive-date=19 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170119050558/http://www.uktw.co.uk/archive/Tour/Play/In-the-Club/T1977182658/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2008
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |''{{Sortname|The|Birthday Party}}''
|Lulu
|Lyric Theatre
|8 May&amp;nbsp;– 24 May
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tour archive for The Birthday Party (Play) |url=http://www.uktw.co.uk/archive/Tour/Play/The-Birthday-Party-50th-Anniversary-Production/T1682261816/ |access-date=17 January 2017 |publisher=UK Theatre Web |archive-date=18 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118222736/http://www.uktw.co.uk/archive/Tour/Play/The-Birthday-Party-50th-Anniversary-Production/T1682261816/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2008
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |''{{Sortname|The|Wizard of Oz}}''
|Dorothy
|Royal Festival Hall
|23 July&amp;nbsp;– 31 August
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tour archive for The Wizard of Oz (Musical) |url=http://www.uktw.co.uk/archive/Tour/Musical/The-Wizard-of-Oz/T0615438447/ |access-date=17 January 2017 |publisher=UK Theatre Web |archive-date=18 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118135840/http://www.uktw.co.uk/archive/Tour/Musical/The-Wizard-of-Oz/T0615438447/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2009
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |''Dido, Queen of Carthage''
|Anna
|Royal National Theatre
|17 March&amp;nbsp;– 7 May
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tour archive for Dido, Queen of Carthage (Play) |url=http://www.uktw.co.uk/archive/Tour/Play/Dido-Queen-of-Carthage/T1348273274/ |access-date=17 January 2017 |publisher=UK Theatre Web |archive-date=18 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118051811/http://www.uktw.co.uk/archive/Tour/Play/Dido-Queen-of-Carthage/T1348273274/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2009
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |''Article 19''
|
|Royal Court Theatre
|3 July&amp;nbsp;– 4 July
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tour archive for Article 19 (Play) |url=http://www.uktw.co.uk/archive/Tour/Play/Article-19-Thrown/T1764105562/ |access-date=17 January 2017 |publisher=UK Theatre Web |archive-date=18 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118215841/http://www.uktw.co.uk/archive/Tour/Play/Article-19-Thrown/T1764105562/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2010
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |''Wanderlust''
|{{Sortname|Clare|Walsh}}
|Royal Court Theatre
|9 September&amp;nbsp;– 9 October
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tour archive for Wanderlust (Play) |url=http://www.uktw.co.uk/archive/Tour/Play/Wanderlust/T689203488/ |access-date=17 January 2017 |publisher=UK Theatre Web}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2010
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |''Joseph K''
|Various
|Gate Theatre
|11 November&amp;nbsp;– 18 December
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tour archive for Joseph K (Play) |url=http://www.uktw.co.uk/archive/Tour/Play/Joseph-K/T0406017657/ |access-date=17 January 2017 |publisher=UK Theatre Web}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2011
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |''Ecstasy''
|Jean
|Hampstead Theatre&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Duchess Theatre
|10 March&amp;nbsp;– 9 April&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;12 April&amp;nbsp;– 28 May
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tour archive for Ecstasy (Play) |url=http://www.uktw.co.uk/archive/Tour/Play/Ecstasy/T106076200/ |access-date=17 January 2017 |publisher=UK Theatre Web}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2011
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |''My City''
|Julie
|Almeida Theatre
|8 September&amp;nbsp;– 5 November
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tour archive for My City (Play) |url=http://www.uktw.co.uk/archive/Tour/Play/My-City/T593220644/ |access-date=17 January 2017 |publisher=UK Theatre Web |archive-date=29 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171029012642/http://www.uktw.co.uk/archive/Tour/Play/My-City/T593220644/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2011–2012
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |''Reasons to Be Pretty''
|Steph
|Almeida Theatre
|10 November 2011&amp;nbsp;– 14 January 2012
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tour archive for Reasons to be Pretty (Play) |url=http://www.uktw.co.uk/archive/Tour/Play/Reasons-to-be-Pretty/T1505996400/ |access-date=17 January 2017 |archive-date=18 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118135011/http://www.uktw.co.uk/archive/Tour/Play/Reasons-to-be-Pretty/T1505996400/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2013
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |''Tartuffe''
|Elmire
|Birmingham Repertory Theatre
|1 November&amp;nbsp;– 16 November
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tour archive for Tartuffe (Play) |url=http://www.uktw.co.uk/archive/Tour/Play/Tartuffe/T811419278/ |access-date=17 January 2017 |publisher=UK Theatre Web |archive-date=18 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118052417/http://www.uktw.co.uk/archive/Tour/Play/Tartuffe/T811419278/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2015
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |''Hamlet''
|Ophelia
|[[Barbican Centre]]
|5 August&amp;nbsp;– 31 October
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tour archive for Hamlet (Play) |url=http://www.uktw.co.uk/archive/Tour/Play/Hamlet/T0322742747/ |access-date=17 January 2017 |publisher=UK Theatre Web |archive-date=18 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118052218/http://www.uktw.co.uk/archive/Tour/Play/Hamlet/T0322742747/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2018
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |''I'm Not Running''
|Pauline
|National Theatre
|
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |
|}

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==
{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==

* {{IMDb name}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1980]]</text>
      <sha1>chx3ximd9sawmqr4bhg0homxir5yiqo</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sindisiwe van Zyl</title>
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        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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      <text bytes="12259" sha1="3ew5we04nqdl00s5f1ax6e954w98sbl" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Sindisiwe van Zyl''' (née '''Mahamba-Sithole'''; 3 ga Afrilu 1976 - 10 ga Afrilu 2021) ya kasance likita [[Afirka ta Kudu]] da aka haifa a [[Zimbabwe|Zimbabue]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=South Africa passport |url=https://twitter.com/sindivanzyl/status/795540992782979072 |access-date=2021-04-13 |website=Twitter |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=South Africa citizen |url=https://twitter.com/sindivanzyl/status/1325994589241679873 |access-date=2021-04-13 |website=Twitter |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Green |first=Andrew |date=June 2021 |title=Sindisiwe van Zyl |journal=The Lancet |language=en |volume=397 |issue=10292 |pages=2330 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01322-2 |pmid=34147147 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;, DJ na rediyo, marubuci, mai fafutukar kiwon lafiya da [[Bincike|mai bincike]] da aka sani da amfani da kafofin watsa labarai na [[Dandalin Sada Zumunta|zamantakewa]] da na al'ada don raba cutar kanjamau, lafiyar hankali, Lafiyar haihuwa, sauran bayanan kiwon lafiya na jama'a da kiwon lafiya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Local Doctors Are At Your Service - O, The Oprah Magazine |url=http://www.oprahmag.co.za/health/body/the-local-doctors-are-at-your-service |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180312083133/http://www.oprahmag.co.za/health/body/the-local-doctors-are-at-your-service |archive-date=12 March 2018 |access-date=2018-03-11 |website=www.oprahmag.co.za |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;702.co.za&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Healthy Lifestyle : Mental health and psychosocial disorders |url=http://www.702.co.za/articles/3626/healthy-lifestyle-mental-health-and-psychosocial-disorders |access-date=2019-07-26 |website=702 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 2017 |title=SAMA Insider |url=http://www.samainsider.org.za/index.php/SAMAInsider/article/download/72/49 |access-date=26 July 2019 |archive-date=26 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210626124427/http://www.samainsider.org.za/index.php/SAMAInsider/article/download/72/49 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2012-06-21 |title=Advocacy through social media #AngryBlacks |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2012-06-21-hrough-social-media/ |access-date=2020-11-17 |website=The Mail &amp; Guardian |language=en-ZA}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mthethwa |first=Ayanda |date=2021-04-11 |title=OBITUARY: Health activist, the people's doctor, Sindi van Zyl 'gave us a light to look up to' |url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2021-04-11-health-activist-the-peoples-doctor-sindi-van-zyl-gave-us-a-light-to-look-up-to/ |access-date=2021-04-11 |website=Daily Maverick |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Malan |first=Mia |title=TRIBUTE {{!}} Sindi van Zyl, the doctor who never stopped caring |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/columnists/guestcolumn/tribute-sindi-van-zyl-the-doctor-who-never-stopped-caring-20210412 |access-date=2021-04-12 |website=News24 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta lashe kyaututtuka da yawa saboda aikinta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sindi van Zyl – 2012 |url=http://ysa.mg.co.za/2012/sindi-van-zyl/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190726032210/http://ysa.mg.co.za/2012/sindi-van-zyl/ |archive-date=26 July 2019 |access-date=2018-03-11 |website=ysa.mg.co.za |language=en-ZA}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=And the 2018 GLAMOUR Women of the Year are... |url=https://www.glamour.co.za/more/women-of-the-year/and-the-2018-glamour-women-of-the-year-are-17766095 |access-date=2019-07-26 |website=www.glamour.co.za |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saboda yaduwar da take bayarwa ta hanyar kiwon lafiyar jama'a, an san ta da &quot;doctor na mutane&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Zulu |first=Sifiso |title='A beacon of light who gave endlessly' - Dr Sindi van Zyl remembered |url=https://ewn.co.za/2021/04/10/a-beacon-of-light-who-gave-endlessly-dr-sindi-van-zyl-remembered |access-date=2021-04-12 |website=ewn.co.za |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Van Zyl a ranar 3 ga Afrilu 1976 a [[Harare]]&quot; id=&quot;mwWQ&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Harare&quot;&gt;Salisbury, [[Rhodesia]] (yanzu Harare, [[Zimbabwe]]).  Don karatun sakandare ta halarci Makarantar Arundel . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Zim media review |url=https://twitter.com/zimmediareview/status/1380943439420919813 |access-date=2021-05-04 |website=[[Twitter]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Don ilimi na sakandare ta halarci [[Jami'ar Pretoria]], inda ta sami digiri na farko na Kimiyya a cikin ilimin lissafi da ilimin halayyar dan adam da kuma digiri na farko a fannin kiwon lafiya, digiri na farko. Dokta Sindisiwe Van Zyl ya yi aiki a Asibitin Chris Hani Baragwanath .  A shekara ta 2004, ta auri Marinus van Zyl . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=What's the colour of love? |url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2018-04-09-whats-the-colour-of-love/ |access-date=2020-11-17 |website=TimesLIVE |language=en-ZA}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Ta yi amfani da [[Twitter]], galibi, don sanar da shiga game da cutar kanjamau musamman [[HIV da ciki|rigakafin yaduwar uwa zuwa yaro]]. Ta kuma bayyana akai-akai a talabijin, rediyo da sauran dandamali na kafofin watsa labarai.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt; Ta ba da labarin tafiyarta ta sirri tare da [[Babban rashin damuwa|baƙin ciki]] da ƙarancin likita.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-03-06 |title=Landisa: I am a doctor in Gauteng, and who is supposed to help me when I have burnout? |url=https://www.news24.com/Columnists/Landisa/landisa-i-am-a-doctor-in-gauteng-and-who-is-supposed-to-help-me-when-i-have-burnout-20200306 |access-date=2020-03-11 |website=News24 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;702.co.za&quot;/&gt; Dokta van Zyl ya ba da labarin yadda ta rasa kilo 41 yayin da take cin abinci na Banting.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lose It! Magazine Volume 15 2016 issue – Get your digital copy |url=https://www.magzter.com/share/mag/5880/185489 |access-date=2019-08-31 |website=Magzter}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kasance mai gajeren [[Bacci|Barci]] na halitta wanda ke buƙatar kimanin awanni 4 na barci a kowace dare yayin da take aiki yadda take.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mohan |first=Pavithra |date=2019-08-09 |title=I'm one of the rare few who needs only 4 hours of sleep per night |url=https://www.fastcompany.com/90386657/im-one-of-the-rare-few-who-needs-only-4-hours-of-sleep-per-night |access-date=2020-10-15 |website=Fast Company |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Binciken kimiyya ya haɗa da jagororin don tallafawa mutanen da ke fama da cutar kanjamau da ma'aurata don samun ciki lafiya  da [[Koronavirus 2019|COVID-19]] da kamuwa da cutar kansaru. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Davies |first=Natasha E. C. G. |last2=Ashford |first2=Gail |last3=Bekker |first3=Linda-Gail |last4=Chandiwana |first4=Nomathemba |last5=Cooper |first5=Diane |last6=Dyer |first6=Silker J. |last7=Jankelowitz |first7=Lauren |last8=Mhlongo |first8=Otty |last9=Mnyani |first9=Coceka N. |last10=Mulaudzi |first10=Muhangwi B. |last11=Moorhouse |first11=Michelle |date=2018-10-18 |title=Guidelines to support HIV-affected individuals and couples to achieve pregnancy safely: Update 2018 |url=https://sajhivmed.org.za/index.php/hivmed/article/view/915 |journal=Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine |language=en |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=26 |doi=10.4102/sajhivmed.v19i1.915 |issn=2078-6751 |pmc=6244351 |pmid=30473876}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Masukume |first=Gwinyai |last2=Mapanga |first2=Witness |last3=Grinberg |first3=Sagy |last4=Zyl |first4=Doreen S. van |year=2021 |title=COVID-19 and HIV co-infection an emerging consensus |url= |journal=Journal of Medical Virology |language=en |volume=93 |issue=1 |pages=170–171 |doi=10.1002/jmv.26270 |issn=1096-9071 |pmc=7361738 |pmid=32633849}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta rike mukamai daban-daban a Kungiyar Likitocin Afirka ta Kudu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Medical fraternity mourns 'passionate, dedicated' Dr Sindi van Zyl |url=https://ewn.co.za/2021/04/11/medical-fraternity-mourns-passionate-dedicated-dr-sindi-van-zyl |access-date=2021-04-12 |website=ewn.co.za |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kasance memba na Kwamitin Daraktoci na Médecins Sans Frontières na Kudancin Afirka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=In Memoriam {{!}} Dr Sindi van Zyl, former MSF Southern Africa Board member |url=https://www.msf.org.za/news-and-resources/press-release/memoriam-dr-sindi-van-zyl-former-msf-southern-africa-board-member |access-date=2021-04-12 |website=MSF Southern Africa |language=en-ZA}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saboda yaduwar da take bayarwa ta kan lafiyar jama'a, an san ta da &quot;doctor na mutane&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt;&amp;nbsp;

* Mawallafin Health24,  ''Bona'' mujallar'', Choma'' mujallar &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Choma |title=Depression Q&amp;A with Dr Sindi |url=https://choma.co.za/articles/79/depression-qa-with-dr-sindi |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412095223/https://choma.co.za/articles/79/depression-qa-with-dr-sindi |archive-date=12 April 2021 |access-date=2021-04-12 |website=choma.co.za |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Search - Choma |url=https://choma.co.za/search/results?search=Sindi |access-date=2021-04-12 |website=choma.co.za |archive-date=2021-04-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412095223/https://choma.co.za/search/results?search=Sindi |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Rediyo DJ, Kaya FM mai karɓar bakuncin Sidebar tare da Sindi &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-04-24 |title=Dr. Sindi van Zyl Joins Kaya FM Taking Over From Mapaseka Mokwele |url=https://www.kayafm.co.za/sindi-van-zyl-kaya-fm/ |access-date=2019-07-26 |website=KAYA FM |language=en-ZA}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=FM |first=Kaya |title=Sidebar with Sindi |url=https://iono.fm/c/4313 |access-date=2021-04-12 |website=iono.fm |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Mai zane-zane a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na sabulu 7de Laan  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-04-10 |title=RIP Dr Sindi Van Zyl: South Africa lost 'such a great Queen' |url=http://www.thesouthafrican.com/news/rip-dr-sindi-van-zyl-10-april-2021/ |access-date=2021-04-12 |website=The South African |language=en-ZA |archive-date=2021-04-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410184522/http://www.thesouthafrican.com/news/rip-dr-sindi-van-zyl-10-april-2021/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Engelbrecht |first=Leandra |title=7de Laan pays tribute to Dr Sindi van Zyl |url=https://www.news24.com/channel/tv/news/7de-laan-pays-tribute-to-dr-sindi-van-zyl-20210415-2 |access-date=2021-04-15 |website=Channel |language=en-ZA}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mutuwa ==
On [[Koronavirus 2019|Awoliyi ita ce shugabar reshen Legas na]] [[National Council of Women's Societies|Majalisar Ƙungiyoyin Mata ta Kasa]] (NCWS) kuma memba ne na kwamitin ƙasa na kungiyar  kuma ta ba da gudummawa ga manufofinsu da ayyukansu.{{Sfn|Ojewusi|1996}} Ta tattauna don kyautar hedkwatar kasa da ke Tafawa Balewa Square kuma ta kasance mai ba da shawara ga asibitin tsara iyali na kungiyar wanda daga baya ya zama ƙungiyar iyaye ta Najeriya.{{Sfn|Ojewusi|1996}} Ta gaji [[Kofoworola Ademola|Kofo Ademola]] a matsayin shugaban NCWS na biyu a shekarar 1964..&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dr Sindi dies aged 45 after two-month fight for life in hospital |url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2021-04-10-dr-sindi-dies-aged-45-after-two-month-fight-for-life-in-hospital/ |access-date=2021-04-10 |website=Times Live |language=en-ZA}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-04-10 |title=Popular doctor and broadcaster Sindi van Zyl succumbs to COVID-19 |url=https://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/popular-doctor-and-dj-sindi-succumbs-to-covid-19/ |access-date=2021-04-11 |website=SABC News - Breaking news, special reports, world, business, sport coverage of all South African current events. Africa's news leader. |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;le.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nyathi |first=Ayanda |title=Funeral of much-loved Dr Sindi van Zyl under way in Johannesburg |url=https://ewn.co.za/2021/04/15/funeral-of-much-loved-dr-sindi-van-zyl-under-way-in-johannesburg |access-date=2021-06-24 |website=ewn.co.za |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Katlego Danke remembers Dr Sindi van Zyl with #DresswithPockets tribute |url=https://www.dispatchlive.co.za/lifestyle/entertainment/2021-06-03-katlego-danke-remembers-dr-sindi-van-zyl-with-dresswithpockets-tribute/ |access-date=2021-06-24 |website=DispatchLIVE |language=en-ZA}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Rukuni:Matattun 2021]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1976]]
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    <title>Shinkafa da aka zubar</title>
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[[Fayil:PuffedRice.jpg|thumb|Shinkafa da aka zubar]]
[[shinkafa]] da shinkafa (ko shinkafa) nau'ikan hatsi ne da aka yi da shinkafar da aka saba cinyewa a cikin abincin gargajiya na Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya, Gabashin Asiya, da Kudancin Asiya. An kuma samar da shi ta hanyar kasuwanci a Yamma tun a shekarar 1904 kuma ya shahara a cikin hatsi na safe da sauran abinci. 

Hanyoyin gargajiya don puff ko pop shinkafa sun haɗa da soya a cikin mai ko gishiri. Ana yin shinkafa mai cin kasuwa ta hanyar dumama shinkafa a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba a gaban tururi, kodayake hanyar kerawa ta bambanta sosai. Ana cinye su a matsayin hatsi ko kuma a sanya su cikin kekunan shinkafa.

Mai ƙirƙirar shinkafa mai cinikayya Alexander P. Anderson ne ya ƙirƙireshi yayin da yake tabbatar da abin da ke cikin ruwa na starch granules.

== Bayyanawa ==
Duk da yake ana amfani da kalmomin &quot;shinkafa mai laushi&quot; da &quot;shinkafar da aka yi amfani da ita&quot; a musayar, suna da matakai daban-daban. Ruwan shinkafa yana nufin hatsi na shinkafa da aka riga aka yi amfani da shi (ko dai ta hanyar dafa shi, dafa shi, ko kuma a tsoma shi) wanda aka yi amfani dashi ta hanyar fadada tururi a kan dafa abinci. Shinkafa da aka zubar tana riƙe da siffar hatsi na shinkafa, amma ya fi girma. Popped shinkafa, a gefe guda, yana nufin hatsi na shinkafa inda kwalba ko [[Bran]] yake. Lokacin da aka dafa shi, ƙwayar ta fashe ta hanyar murfin waje mai wuya saboda dumama. Shinkafa da aka yi da ita tana da siffar da ba daidai ba kamar [[popcorn]]. Akwai hanyoyi daban-daban, na zamani da na gargajiya, don yin shinkafa da shinkafa.

== Fassarar gargajiya ta yanki ==

=== Gabashin Asiya ===
Ana samun shinkafa ko wasu hatsi a wasu lokuta a matsayin abincin ''&quot;Twiji&quot;'' a ƙasar Sin (wanda ake kira ''&quot;mixiang&quot;'' 米香), [[Taiwan]] (wanda ake kiranta &quot;bí-''&quot;bi-phang&quot;''&quot; 米芳), Koriya (wanda ake kiran &quot;ppeong twigi&quot;), da [[Japan]] (wanda ake magana da &quot;pon gashi&quot; Potz), inda masu siyarwa ke aiwatar da tsarin fashewa ta amfani da karfe / bututun da ke nuna ɗakin matsin ƙarfe mai juyawa da aka dumama a kan harshen wuta. Babban sautin da aka samar ta hanyar ɗakin matsin lamba yana aiki azaman talla.

==== China ====
[[Fayil:Puffed_rice_cakes.jpg|thumb|Gurasar shinkafa a kasar Sin[[Sin|China]]]]
Magana ta farko game da shinkafa a ƙasar Sin tana cikin Lardin Zhejiang, daga littafin da Fan Chengda ya rubuta a Daular Song (c. 1100). Ya kasance wani ɓangare na al'adun Bikin bazara kuma an yi shi a cikin manyan tukwane na dafa abinci da aka sani da ''fǔ'' wanda aka dumama da wuta. Ruwan shinkafa, wanda aka fi sani da bào chǎo mǐ huā lou, har yanzu abinci ne na gargajiya a kan titi a [[Shanghai]] inda ake yin shi ta hanyar dafa shinkafa a cikin mai da sukari.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bào Chǎo Mǐ Huā – Puffed Rice – 爆炒米花 |url=https://sh-streetfood.org/bao-chao-mi-hua-puffed-rice-%E7%88%86%E7%82%92%E7%B1%B3%E8%8A%B1/ |access-date=14 November 2020 |website=Movable Feasts}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Japan ====
[[Fayil:Japanese_kaminari_okoshi_2014.jpg|left|thumb|Nau'o'in ''Kaminari-okoshi'' daga [[Japan]]]]
Gishiri na shinkafa na gargajiya a cikin Abincin Jafananci an san su da &lt;span parts:template:target:wt:nihongohref:.=&quot;&quot; template:nihongoparams:1:wt:2:wt:おこし3:wt:i=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;okoshi&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}' data-ve-no-generated-contents=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;mwUg&quot; title=&quot;Hepburn transliteration&quot; typeof=&quot;mw:Transclusion&quot;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''okoshi''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}' data-ve-no-generated-contents=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;mwUA&quot; title=&quot;Hepburn transliteration&quot; typeof=&quot;mw:Transclusion&quot;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''kaminari-okoshi'' (雷́) 'gishiri na tsawa' ko kuma kawai okoshi . A Edo Japan, sunan okoshi yana da alaƙa da sa'a, kamar yadda irin wannan kalmar okosu ke nufin kafa ko kafawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Edo Okoshi&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 May 2018 |title=Okoshi, Osaka's confectionary |url=http://kansai-odyssey.com/okoshi-osaka/ |access-date=24 May 2021 |website=Kansai Odyssey}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana yin shi ne ta hanyar dafa hatsi mai bushewa har sai sun fito. Sa'an nan kuma an gauraya shi da syrup (da sauran sinadaran kamar peanuts ko tsaba na sesame), matse shi cikin trays, kuma ya bushe. Ana yanka su cikin murabba'i ko tubalan rectangular kafin a sayar da su. Akwatin okoshi na gargajiya suna da hotuna na Raijin, allahn Jafananci na tsawa da walƙiya. Shaidar farko ta kasance a tsakiyar zamanin Edo, Lokacin Edo aka sayar da shi azaman abincin rana a waje da Sensō-ji na Asakusa, [[Tokyo]]. Okoshi na zamani na iya amfani da wasu sinadaran da dandano iri-iri kuma yawanci ana yin su ne a masana'anta.&lt;ref name=&quot;Okoshi&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Okoshi |url=https://www.tasteatlas.com/okoshi/recipe |access-date=14 November 2020 |website=tasteatlas}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wani nau'in shinkafa mai laushi na Jafananci shine ninjin , wanda shine hatsi mai laushi. Sunansa a zahiri yana nufin &quot;karoshi&quot; saboda ana sayar da shi a cikin siffar karoshi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tomo&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 February 2019 |title=Ninjin: Classic Puffed Rice Snack in Carrot-like Packaging |url=https://japanese-products.blog/2019/02/21/ninjin-dagashi-snack/ |access-date=14 November 2020 |website=Tomo}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana kuma amfani da shinkafa a cikin genmaicha , &quot;shafi mai launin ruwan kasa&quot;, abin sha na gargajiya na Jafananci wanda ya kunshi shayi mai kore da aka gauraya da shinkafar launin ruwan kasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Genmaicha at ocha.tv |url=http://ocha.tv/varieties/nihoncha_varieties/genmaicha/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209180750/http://www.ocha.tv/varieties/nihoncha_varieties/genmaicha/ |archive-date=2018-02-09 |access-date=2020-11-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Koriya ====
[[Fayil:Gangjeong.jpg|thumb|''Gangjeong'' daga [[Koriya ta Kudu]] an rufe shi da shinkafa]]
A Koriya, an san shinkafa da ake kira ''twibap'' kuma ana amfani da ita don yin ''[./Yeot-&amp;#x3C;i&amp;#x20;id=]gangjeong''&quot; id=&quot;mwfg&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Yeot-gangjeong&quot;&gt;yeot-gangjeong ko don rufe gangjeong.&lt;ref name=&quot;SKLD&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Twibap |script-title=ko:튀밥 |url=http://stdweb2.korean.go.kr/search/View.jsp?idx=349280 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170805101600/http://stdweb2.korean.go.kr/search/View.jsp?idx=349280 |archive-date=5 August 2017 |access-date=5 August 2017 |website=[[Standard Korean Language Dictionary]] |publisher=[[National Institute of Korean Language]] |language=ko}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Koriya kuma tana da abin sha na shayi da aka yi da shinkafa mai laushi da ake kira ''hyeonmi-nokcha'' (현미绿洲차, a zahiri &quot;shinkafa mai launin ruwan kasa&quot;), wanda aka yi da shayi mai laushi kuma shinkafa ta launin ruwan kasa.

==== Taiwan ====
A [[Taiwanese Hokkien|Taiwanese]]_cuisine&quot; id=&quot;mwig&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Taiwanese cuisine&quot;&gt;Taiwan, an san shinkafa da Bí-''Bi-phang'' ko ''pōng-bí-phang'' ({{Lang|zh-tw|磅米芳}}, kalmar &quot;pōng&quot; ita ce sautin fashewar lokacin da aka buɗe murfin matsin lamba) a cikin Taiwanese da Mi-hsiang ({{Lang|zh-tw|米香}}) a cikin Mandarin. Wannan abincin ya sami karbuwa a lokacin bayan yakin, musamman a cikin shekarun 1950 da 1960, lokacin da masu sayar da shinkafa masu guba suka zama abin gani a unguwanni na Taiwan. Wadannan masu siyarwa za su yi tafiya tare da na'urorin buffing kuma su shirya abincin dare a wurin, suna jan hankalin yara tare da sauti mai ban mamaki da ƙanshin shinkafa.

A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, shinkafa ta gargajiya ta Taiwan, wacce aka samo ta ne kawai a cikin nau'ikan man shanu na gargajiya, ta sami farfadowa ta zamani a duk faɗin ƙasar. A Keelung, wani shagon shinkafa da aka yi gwagwarmaya sau ɗaya ya sake ƙirƙirar layin samfurin ta hanyar gabatar da sabbin ɗanɗano masu dadi da ɗanɗano sama da ashirin. Waɗannan sun haɗa da kofi, cranberry, abincin teku, da nau'ikan sakura shrimp, an lulluɓe su cikin sabbin kayan kwalliya waɗanda suka sami matsayinsu a cikin kyaututtuka goma na tunawa na Keelung - musamman sananne tare da bukukuwan aure.

=== Kudu maso gabashin Asiya ===

==== Philippines ====
[[Fayil:Ampao_from_Carcar,_Cebu.jpg|thumb|''Ampaw'' daga [[Filipin|Philippines]]]]
A cikin Abincin Filipino, shinkafa mai laushi na gargajiya an san shi da ''[./&amp;#x3C;i&amp;#x20;id= Alpao]''&quot; id=&quot;mwsQ&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Ampaw&quot;&gt;Ampaw ko ampao (kalma wacce kuma ta zama amfani da popcorn). An yi shi da farin shinkafa da aka dafa (yawanci raguwa). An bushe shi a rana na kimanin sa'o'i hudu. Sa'an nan kuma a dafa su da mai mai zafi don su yi tsami. Ana fitar da man sosai bayan an dafa shi. Ana dafa sukari daban ta amfani da sukari na Muscovado ko molasses (ko syrup na masara), gishiri, man shanu, da ruwan inabi ko ruwan calamansi. Ana zuba gilashi a kan shinkafa da aka yi amfani da ita kuma an gauraye shi har sai an rufe hatsi daidai. Ana ba da izinin sanyaya kuma an tsara shi cikin siffar da ake so kafin ya yi tauri sosai. Yawancin lokaci ana yanka su cikin murabba'i ko tubalan rectangular ko kuma an tsara su cikin kwallaye.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 August 2017 |title=Ampaw (Puffed Rice) |url=https://www.mamasguiderecipes.com/2017/08/02/ampaw-puffed-rice/ |access-date=28 March 2019 |website=Mama's Guid Recipes}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 April 2014 |title=Filipino traditional snack: AMPAO (dried rice with sugar and lemon) |url=https://sharsy.wordpress.com/2014/04/08/filipino-traditional-snack-ampao-dried-rice-with-sugar-and-lemon/ |access-date=28 March 2019 |website=Sharsy}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 March 2017 |title=Puffed Rice (Ampaw) |url=https://www.atbp.ph/2017/03/24/puffed-rice-ampaw/ |access-date=28 March 2019 |website=Atbp.ph |archive-date=28 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328070047/https://www.atbp.ph/2017/03/24/puffed-rice-ampaw/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Thailand ====
A cikin Abincin Thai, abincin shinkafa na gargajiya shine ''kraya''Saat''''. An haɗa shi da bikin Saat na Buddha, wanda ake yin bikin a cikin kaka. Ana iya yin shi da shinkafa na yau da kullun ko shinkafa mai tsami. Ana gasa shi kai tsaye a cikin kwanon rufi kamar popcorn har sai ya fito. An gauraye shi da sukari na dabino, madarar kwakwa, peanuts, tsaba na sesame, da ''Khao mao'' (shinkafa mai laushi). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 May 2019 |title=Vegan Thai Kanom (Thai Desserts) |url=https://www.messyvegancook.com/vegan-thai-kanom-thai-desserts/ |access-date=14 November 2020 |website=MessyVeganCook}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Malaysia ====
A cikin Abincin Iban, shinkafa mai tsami, wanda aka sani da rendai, ana gasa shi a cikin wak mai zafi ko pan ba tare da ƙara mai a ciki ba har sai &quot;ya fito&quot; ko ya fito kamar yadda ake yin popcorn. A al'ada ana amfani da shi don bikin Miring, wanda shine al'ada don kwantar da hankalin ''petara'' (alloli) da ruhohi don wadata, lafiya da kariya.

A cikin [[Abincin Malay]], an san shinkafa ta gargajiya da ''''bepang'' pulut'' musamman a jihar Terengganu. Ana bushe shinkafa mai laushi a cikin hasken rana kuma ana dafa shi da sukari na dabino. Ya bambanta da bepang na yau da kullun wanda ke amfani da kwayoyi maimakon shinkafa mai tsami. Bepang pulut sananne ne a matsayin kyauta daga mai masaukin baki ga baƙi a bikin aure.

=== Kudancin Asiya ===

==== Nepal ====
Puffed Rice sanannen abincin dare ne a [[Nepal]] wanda aka sani da &quot;''bhuja''&quot; - . Ana amfani da shi a cikin girke-girke iri-iri daga cin shi kai tsaye zuwa yin wasu jita-jita. Wasu mutane kuma suna magana game da shinkafa a matsayin bhuja wanda zai iya zama ɗan rikice-rikice.

==== Indiya ====
[[Fayil:Uggani_bajji.jpg|thumb|''Uggani'' da ''bajji'' (shinkafa da aka dafa da tururi da fritters), karin kumallo na Rayalaseema.]]
[[Fayil:Puffed_rice_with_Telebhaja_(Bengali_fritters),_and_potato_fries_in_West_Bengal,_India.jpg|thumb|Shinkafa da aka shayar da Telebhaja (Bengali fritters), da kuma dankali a [[Bengal ta Yamma|Yammacin Bengal]].]]
A Indiya, shinkafa mai tsami an san shi da sunayen yankuna da ''Mama'', wanda ya haɗa da murmura a cikin Hindi, pura a cikin Punjabi, mamra a cikin Gujrati, ''kurmura'' a matsayin Marathi, ''charmbura'' a cikin Konkani, muri a cikin Bangla, ''mudhi'' a cikin Odia, muri a Assamese, puer a cikin Tamizh, ''Poiri'' a cikin Malaya, Tulu, Tulu. Abinci ne na musamman a [[Odisha]], West Bengal, [[Andhra Pradesh]], da [[Telangana]]. 

An yi shi tun zamanin d ̄ a ta amfani da dabara da ake kira gishiri mai zafi wanda aka dafa shinkafa (watau an dafa shi sannan a bushe shi) ana shafa shi da gishiri mai ɗumi. Ana dumama gishiri a cikin kwanon rufi har sai ya yi zafi sosai don ƙara shinkafa a ciki cikin seconds. Ana ƙara shinkafa da aka dafa ko bushewa da aka riga aka dafa a cikin abin da ke cikin kwanon rufi kuma an girgiza shi. Puffing yana farawa kusan nan da nan kuma ya ƙare a ƙasa da minti daya kuma an cire shinkafa ta hanyar sieve.

Shinkafa mai laushi wani sinadarin bhel puri ne, sanannen ''[[chaat]]'' na Indiya (abincin abinci). Ana miƙa shi ga alloli da alloli na Hindu a duk pujas a jihohin kudancin Indiya na [[Kerala]] da [[Tamil language|Tamil]]_Nadu&quot; id=&quot;mwAQ4&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Tamil Nadu&quot;&gt;Tamil Nadu. Mahajjata na Sabarimala galibi suna shirya shinkafa a cikin jakar tafiyarsu tare da Jaggery da ake nufi da za a miƙa wa Ayyappan. An ambaci ''Pori'' a cikin matani daban-daban na Tamil a matsayin hadaya ga alloli na Hindu. An ambaci hadayu na pori da Jaggery da aka yi wa Ganesha a cikin ''Tiruppukal'', wani tarihin karni na 15 na waƙoƙin addini na Tamil, wanda mawallafin Tamil Arunagirinathar ya rubuta. A cikin Abincin Gujarati ana kiransa 'mamra' kuma ana amfani dashi sau da yawa don yin abincin dare mai bushe ta hanyar dafa shi cikin mai tare da kayan yaji ko kuma a sanya shi cikin ƙwallo mai dadi ta amfani da jaggery da [[ghee]].

A Telangana, a matsayin abincin da ake ba wa yara, ana yin shinkafa ko borugulu a cikin kwallon tare da syrup sukari na jaggery ko bellam pakam.

A [[Karnataka]], ana haɗa shinkafa da aka yi da carot, tumatir, kayan yaji da ganyen coriander don yin churumuri, sanannen abincin dare.

A karkashin shirin Make a Indiya, Gwamnatin Tsakiya ta Indiya ta yanke shawarar cewa mudhi daga [[Odisha]] zai zama wani ɓangare na abincin gargajiya na Indiya tsakanin kayan gargajiya 12 daga jihohi daban-daban da za a ƙaddamar a duniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Humble mudhi makes it big |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150804/jsp/odisha/story_35223.jsp#.VcBR4_mqqko |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150807155231/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150804/jsp/odisha/story_35223.jsp |archive-date=2015-08-07 |website=www.telegraphindia.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A yankin Mithila da Bengal, ana yin shinkafa mai laushi tare da &quot;kachari&quot;- da aka dafa dankali / onion, da aka dafa kifi ko tare da ragon curry. &quot;Jhal-muri&quot; da &quot;Murhi-Bhuja&quot; suma sanannun kayan lambu ne a wannan yanki. A Madhya Pradesh, ana kiran wannan Parmal kuma ana cinye shi sau da yawa tare da Sev a matsayin abincin rana kuma ana amfani dashi a Bhel. A wasu yankuna kuma an san shi da laai kuma ana kiran jita-jita da aka yi da shi da laoi mai dadi, laai poha da sauransu.

==== Bangladesh ====
Ruwan shinkafa da ake kira Muri a cikin Bengali sanannen abincin dare ne a Bangladesh. An fi amfani da shi don yin ''Jhalmuri,'' shine mafi yawan kayan lambu a Bangladesh. Suna amfani da irin wannan tsohuwar hanyar da Indiya ta yi don shirya shinkafa. Ana iya samun wannan abincin a ko'ina cikin Bangladesh. A Tsohon Dhaka, ana ganin ''jhalmuri -wala'' (mai sayar da Jhalmuri) sau da yawa yana sanye da tufafi masu launi, yana sanye le kararrawa kuma yana kira ga mazauna. Har ila yau, ana haɗa shinkafa da jaggery kuma an tsara shi a cikin abincin da ake kira ''murir moa''.

=== Sauran duniya ===

==== Jamhuriyar Czech da Slovakia ====
In 1960s Czechoslovakia, state firm Vitana was the first to begin the production of 'expanded rice', as plain flavoured or sweetened snack. The product became popular under the names burizony (Czech: burisony) or arizonky. These continue to be produced to this day in Pardubice&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Naše výrobky - KÁVOVINY |url=https://www.kavoviny.cz/nase-vyrobky/ |access-date=2021-08-21 |website=www.kavoviny.cz |archive-date=2021-08-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210821092849/https://www.kavoviny.cz/nase-vyrobky/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; or Sereď.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=B.M. Kávoviny {{!}} Ryžové burizony |url=https://kavoviny.sk/sk/products/ryzove-produkty/ryzove-burizony |access-date=2021-08-21 |website=kavoviny.sk}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Samar da kasuwanci na zamani ==

=== Shinkafa da aka yi da ita ===
[[Fayil:Bowl_of_Rice_Krispies.jpg|thumb|Kwano na Rice Krispies]]
An samar da shinkafa ta hanyar amsawar starch da danshi lokacin da aka dumama shi a cikin kwayar hatsi. Ba kamar masara ba, ƙwayoyin shinkafa ba su da danshi kuma dole ne a fara kwantar da su da tururi. Za'a iya ƙirƙirar shinkafa mai narkewa ta hanyar dumama ƙwayoyin da ke da tururi ko dai tare da mai ko a cikin tanda. Shinkafa da aka shayar da ita ta wannan hanyar tana da kyau, kuma an san ta da &quot;shinkafa mai shayarwa&quot;. Ana amfani da shinkafa mai laushi don samar da hatsi na Rice Krispies da kuma shinkafa da aka yi amfani da ita a Lion Bars, Nestle Crunch, Krackel, da irin waɗannan mashaya na cakulan.&lt;ref name=&quot;What is Rice Krispy?&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=June 2, 2000 |title=What is a Rice Krispy? What is it made out of and how do they make it? |url=https://recipes.howstuffworks.com/question393.htm |website=HowStuffWorks}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kodayake ba a matsayin canji mai ban mamaki ba idan aka kwatanta da popcorn, tsari da sakamakon iri ɗaya ne.&lt;ref name=&quot;What is Rice Krispy?&quot; /&gt;

Wata hanyar da ake amfani da ita wajen yin amfani da shinkafa ita ce &quot;gungun puffing&quot;, inda aka sanya hatsi zuwa matakin da ya dace na danshi kuma an matsa shi zuwa kusan {{Convert|200|psi}} psi (1,400 . Lokacin da aka saki matsin lamba ba zato ba tsammani, matsin da aka adana a cikin kwayar ya sa ya fita. Wannan hanyar tana samar da shinkafa mai laushi wanda yake da soso a cikin sashi.&lt;ref name=&quot;What is Rice Krispy?&quot;/&gt;

Hakanan za'a iya shinkafa ta hanyar yin gurasar shinkafa, da kuma fitar da ƙananan ƙwayoyin da aka ɗora su da sauri. Rashin ruwa a cikin gurasar yana tafasa kuma yana kumbura shinkafa. Ana fitar da hatsi kamar Cap'n Crunch, ana dafa shi, an yanke shi, an matse shi, an yi masa tursasawa kuma an bushe shi a cikin tsari mai ci gaba.&lt;ref name=&quot;What is Rice Krispy?&quot;/&gt;

Hanyar samar da shinkafa ta zamani ta masana'antu an danganta ta da mai kirkirar Amurka Alexander P. Anderson, wanda ya yi tuntuɓe a fadin shinkafa yayin da yake ƙoƙarin tabbatar da abin da ke cikin ruwa na kwayar starch guda ɗaya. Anderson ya gabatar da na'ura ta farko a baje kolin duniya a [[St. Louis|St. Louis, Missouri]], a cikin 1904. &quot;Manyan bindigogi&quot; guda takwas da ke fitar da hatsi ga masu halartar Fair an kira su &quot;The Eighth Wonder of the World&quot; ta hanyar tallace-tallace. Da zarar Anderson ya gano ka'idar, fasaha da fasaha, gasar don cin abinci na Amurka ya karɓi tattalin arzikin Battle Creek, Michigan, tare da Kellogg da Quaker Oats suna da sunaye biyu da ba za a iya mantawa da su ba kuma har yanzu suna aiki don jimrewa ta hanyar fashewar fashewar farfadowa.

A Amurka da Turai, ana ba da shinkafa mai laushi tare da madara a matsayin hatsi na karin kumallo, sanannen alama na wannan shine Rice Krispies. Wasu sandunan cakulan, irin su Nestle Crunch, sun haɗa da shinkafa mai ƙanshi, kuma ana sayar da kekunan shinkafa masu ƙanshi a matsayin abincin ƙarancin ƙwayoyin cuta.

=== Gurasar shinkafa da aka yi da ita ===
[[Fayil:Quaker-Popped-Rice-Snacks.jpg|thumb|Gishiri na shinkafa na Amurka]]
A Amurka, kamfanin Chico-San ya sayar da wani faifai mai laushi na shinkafa a matsayin &quot;keke na shinkafar&quot; a cikin shekarun 1970s. Wadannan bukunkumin shinkafa ana tallata su a matsayin &quot;saucers&quot; masu ƙarancin adadin kuzari da ake nufi da cinyewa tare da kayan ado kamar cottage cuku, jelly, da 'ya'yan itace. Chico-San daga ƙarshe [[Heinz]] ne ya sayi shi a cikin 1984, a wannan lokacin [[Quaker Oats Company|Kamfanin Quaker Oats]] ya haɓaka nasu kek na shinkafa da aka tallata a matsayin &quot;maɓallin karamin karami ga burodi&quot;. Gurasar shinkafa ta zama abincin gargajiya a cikin shekarun 1980 da 1990 a Amurka. A cikin 1993, Kamfanin Quaker Oats ya kuma sami Chico-San, babban mai fafatawa, daga Heinz. Sauran kamfanoni suna samar da kekunan shinkafa ciki har da Lundberg Family Farms, Hain Celestial Group, da Whole Foods Market.

Wadannan bukunkumin shinkafa yawanci ana sayar da su a fili ko a hankali, tare da mafi mashahuriyar dandano da aka yi da gishiri. Ana kuma sayar da su a cikin nau'ikan dandano, gami da caramel, cakulan, cinnamon toast. Suna da siffar faifai, amma kuma ana iya sayar da su azaman murabba'i.

A cikin [[Holand|Netherlands]], ana sayar da kekunan shinkafa masu kama da faifai a cikin marufi a cikin manyan kantuna. Ana kuma sayar da kekunan shinkafa a cikin nau'o'i daban-daban a cikin [[Sweden]].

== Dubi kuma ==

* Girbi da aka zubar
* Shinkafa mai laushi

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ci gaba</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1364270011|Progress]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Ci gaba''' shine motsi zuwa ga ingantaccen, ingantaccen, ko in ba haka ba ake so.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Progress definition and meaning &amp;#124; Collins English Dictionary |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/progress}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Progress &amp;#124; Meaning of Progress by Lexico |url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/progress |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181016000222/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/progress |archive-date=October 16, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=PROGRESS &amp;#124; meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/progress}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yana da mahimmanci ga falsafar ci gaba, wanda ke fassara ci gaba a matsayin karuwar [[Yanci mai kyau|'Yanci mai kyau]] na al'umma; yana kallon shi a matsayin wanda za'a iya cimma shi ta hanyar aikin zamantakewa kai tsaye, kamar yadda yake a cikin kamfanonin zamantakewa ko ta hanyar gwagwarmaya, amma kuma ta hanyar Juyin Halitta na zamantakewa da al'adu - cewa ci gaba yana riƙe da dukkan al'ummomin ɗan adam ya kamata su yi ƙoƙari.

An gabatar da manufar ci gaba a farkon karni na 19, musamman juyin halitta na zamantakewa kamar yadda Auguste Comte da Herbert Spencer suka bayyana. Ya kasance a cikin falsafancin tarihi na [[Zamanin Haskakawa|Haskakawa]]. A matsayin burin, ci gaban zamantakewa an ba da shawarar ta hanyar bambance-bambance daban-daban na akidar siyasa tare da ra'ayoyi daban-daban game da yadda za a cimma shi.

== Auna ci gaba ==
Takamaiman alamomi don auna ci gaba na iya kasancewa daga bayanan tattalin arziki, sababbin fasaha, canji a cikin tsarin siyasa ko shari'a, da tambayoyin da ke ɗauke da damar rayuwa ta mutum, kamar tsammanin rayuwa da haɗarin cututtuka da nakasa.

Ci gaban GDP ya zama babban jagora ga siyasa kuma galibi ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin babban adadi don kimanta aikin ɗan siyasa. Koyaya, GDP yana da wasu sanannun kuskuren da suka sa ya zama ma'auni mara kyau na ci gaba, musamman ga ƙasashe masu tasowa. Misali, ba a la'akari da lalacewar muhalli ba, kuma ba a la-akari da dorewa ayyukan tattalin arziki ba. An kafa Wikiprogress don raba bayanai game da kimanta ci gaban al'umma. Manufarta ita ce sauƙaƙe musayar ra'ayoyi, shirye-shirye da ilimi. [http://www.humanprogress.org/ HumanProgress.org] wata hanya ce ta kan layi wacce ke neman tattara bayanai kan matakai daban-daban na ci gaban al'umma.
[[Fayil:Life_expectancy_in_1800,_1950,_and_2015.png|thumb|Rayuwa da ake tsammani a cikin 1800, 1950, da 2015 - hangen nesa ta Duniya ta Duniya a BayanaiDuniyarmu a Bayanai]]
Our World in Data wani littafi ne na kimiyya a kan layi, wanda ke zaune a [[Jami'ar Oxford]], wanda ke nazarin yadda za a ci gaba da manyan [[Problèmes globaux|Matsalolin duniya]] kamar talauci, cututtuka, yunwa, canjin yanayi, yaƙi, haɗarin rayuwa, da rashin daidaito.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=About |url=https://ourworldindata.org/about |access-date=2019-08-23 |website=Our World in Data}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Manufar Our World in Data ita ce gabatar da &quot;bincike da bayanai don samun ci gaba game da manyan matsalolin duniya&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Our World in Data |url=https://ourworldindata.org/ |access-date=2019-08-23 |website=Our World in Data}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ci gaba Jama'a kayan aiki ne wanda Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya ta haɓaka, wanda ke auna yadda ƙasashe ke rufe bukatun zamantakewa da muhalli na 'yan ƙasa daga hangen nesa na falsafar ci gaba. Akwai alamomi hamsin da biyu a wurare uku ko girma: Bukatar Dan Adam ta asali, Tushen Lafiya, da Dama.

Alamun da za a iya amfani da su don auna ci gaba sun haɗa da:

  
== Ci gaban kimiyya ==
'''Ci gaban kimiyya''' shine ra'ayin cewa al'ummar kimiyya suna koyo a tsawon lokaci, wanda ke haifar da ilimin kimiyya don tarawa: &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Wesseling |first=Henk |date=August 1998 |title=History: Science or art? |journal=European Review |language=en |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=265–267 |doi=10.1017/S106279870000329X |issn=1474-0575 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; masana sunadarai a karni na 19 sun san kadan game da [[Kimiyya|ilmin sunadarai]] fiye da masana sunadinai a karni na 20, kuma su ma sun san ƙasa da masana sunada a karni na 21. Da yake kallon gaba, masana sunadarai na yau suna sa ran cewa masana sunadinai a cikin ƙarni masu zuwa za su san fiye da yadda suke yi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Daga karni na 18 zuwa ƙarshen karni na 20, Tarihin kimiyya, musamman na kimiyyar jiki da na halitta, ana gabatar da su sau da yawa a matsayin ci gaba da tara ilimi, wanda ra'ayoyin gaskiya suka maye gurbin imani na ƙarya. Wasu fassarorin tarihi na baya-bayan nan, kamar na Thomas Kuhn, suna nuna tarihin kimiyya dangane da tsarin gasa ko tsarin ra'ayi a cikin matrix mai zurfi na ilimi, al'adu, tattalin arziki da siyasa. Wadannan fassarorin, duk da haka, sun haɗu da adawa saboda suna kuma nuna tarihin kimiyya a matsayin tsarin da ba a iya kwatanta shi ba, ba ya haifar da ci gaban kimiyya, amma kawai ga mafarkin ci gaba.

Ko wasu fannoni na ilimi suna samun ci gaba kamar yadda kimiyya ke da muhawara. Misali, mutum na iya sa ran cewa masana tarihi na yau sun fi sanin tarihin duniya fiye da takwarorinsu na dā (yi la'akari da tarihin Herodotus). Duk da haka, ilimi na iya ɓacewa ta hanyar wucewar lokaci, ko kuma ka'idojin kimanta abin da ya cancanci sani na iya canzawa. Hakazalika, akwai rashin jituwa sosai game da ko fannoni irin su falsafar suna ci gaba - ko ma suna da niyyar tara ilimi kamar yadda kimiyya ke.

== Ci gaban zamantakewa ==
Abubuwan '''Ci gaban zamantakewa''', kamar yadda Condorcet ya bayyana, sun haɗa da bacewar [[Kau da Bautan Bayi|Bautar]], haɓakar [[Ilimin karatu|karatu da rubutu]], raguwar rashin daidaito tsakanin maza da mata, sake fasalin kurkuku masu tsanani da raguwar [[talauci]]. Za'a iya auna ci gaban zamantakewar al'umma bisa ga dalilai kamar iyawarta na magance Bukatar ɗan adam na asali, taimaka wa 'yan ƙasa inganta ingancin rayuwa, da kuma samar da dama ga' yan ƙasa su yi nasara.&lt;ref name=&quot;WEF&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Porter M |date=10 April 2015 |title=Why social progress matters |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2015/04/why-social-progress-matters/ |access-date=18 April 2021 |website=World Economic Forum}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ci gaban zamantakewa sau da yawa yana ingantawa ta hanyar karuwar GDP, kodayake wasu dalilai ma sun dace. Rashin daidaituwa tsakanin ci gaban tattalin arziki da zamantakewa yana hana ci gaban tattalin arziƙi, kuma yana iya haifar da rashin kwanciyar hankali na siyasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;WEF&quot; /&gt; Inda akwai rashin daidaituwa tsakanin ci gaban tattalin arziki da ci gaban zamantakewa, rashin kwanciyar hankali na siyasa da tashin hankali sau da yawa yakan taso. Rashin ci gaban zamantakewa kuma yana hana ci gaban tattalin arziki a cikin waɗannan da sauran ƙasashe waɗanda suka kasa magance bukatun ɗan adam, gina babban birnin jama'a, da kuma samar da dama ga 'yan ƙasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;WEF&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Porter M |date=10 April 2015 |title=Why social progress matters |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2015/04/why-social-progress-matters/ |access-date=18 April 2021 |website=World Economic Forum}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFPorter_M2015&quot;&gt;Porter M (10 April 2015). [https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2015/04/why-social-progress-matters/ &quot;Why social progress matters&quot;]. ''World Economic Forum''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;18 April&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Matsayin mata ===
Yadda ci gaba ya inganta matsayin mata a cikin al'ummar gargajiya shine babban jigo na masana tarihi wanda ya fara a cikin Haskakawa kuma ya ci gaba har zuwa yau. Masana kimiyyar Burtaniya William Robertson (1721-1793) da Edmund Burke (1729-1797), tare da yawancin tsaran su, sun kasance masu jajircewa ga ra'ayoyin kirista da na jamhuriya game da nagarta, yayin da suke aiki a cikin sabon tsarin Haskakawa. Shirin siyasa ya danganta da kyau, dandano, da ɗabi'a ga abubuwan da suka dace da bukatun al'ummomin zamani na babban matakin ƙwarewa da bambanci. Jigogi biyu a cikin aikin Robertson da Burke - yanayin mata a cikin al'ummomin 'mai banƙyama' da 'masu wayewa' da 'kyakkyawan cikin wahala' - sun nuna yadda aka dade ana amincewa da halin mata, musamman game da iyawarsu da haƙƙin bayyana a cikin yankin jama'a, an canza su kuma an daidaita su da ra'ayin ci gaba kuma sun zama tsakiya ga wayewar Turai ta zamani.

Masana gargajiya sun bincika matsayin mata a duniyar tsohuwar duniya, suna kammala cewa a cikin Daular Roma, tare da tsarin zamantakewa mafi girma, zaman lafiya na ciki, da mulkin doka, sun ba mata damar jin daɗin matsayi mafi kyau fiye da tsohuwar Girka, inda mata suka kasance mafi ƙasƙanci. Matsayi mara kyau na mata a cikin al'adun gargajiya na kasar Sin ya tayar da batun ko ra'ayin ci gaba yana buƙatar ƙin yarda da al'adun al'ada - imanin da yawancin masu gyara kasar Sin suka yi a farkon karni na 20.

Masana tarihi Leo Marx da Bruce Mazlish suna tambaya, &quot;ya kamata mu bar ra'ayin ci gaba a matsayin ra'ayi na baya,&quot; sun amsa cewa babu wata shakka &quot;cewa matsayin mata ya inganta sosai&quot; a cikin al'adun da suka karɓi ra'ayin Haskakawa na ci gaba.

== Sabuntawa ==
masu sassaucin ra'ayi na gargajiya ne suka inganta zamani a cikin ƙarni na 19 da 20, waɗanda suka yi kira ga saurin sabunta tattalin arziki da al'umma don cire cikas na gargajiya ga kasuwanni masu 'yanci da ƙungiyoyin mutane masu 'yancin kai.[1] A lokacin Haskakawa a Turai masu sharhi da masana falsafa sun fara fahimtar cewa mutane da kansu na iya canza al'umma da canza hanyar rayuwarsu. Maimakon alloli su yi su gaba ɗaya, akwai ƙarin wuri ga ra'ayin cewa mutane da kansu sun kafa al'ummarsu - kuma ba kawai wannan ba, kamar yadda Giambattista Vico ya yi jayayya, saboda mutane sun kafa al-al'ummarsu, za su iya fahimtar shi sosai. Wannan ya haifar da sabbin kimiyyar, ko kimiyyar asali, wanda ya yi iƙirarin samar da sabon ilimin kimiyya game da yadda al'umma take, da kuma yadda mutum zai iya canza shi zuwa mafi kyau.[2]

Hakanan, wannan ya haifar da ra'ayi mai ci gaba, ya bambanta da ra'ayin mazan jiya. Masu kiyaye zamantakewar al'umma sun yi shakku game da maganin cututtukan zamantakewa. A cewar masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, yunkurin sake fasalin al'umma yana sa abubuwa su fi muni. Edmund Burke shine babban mai gabatar da wannan, kodayake masu sassaucin ra'ayi na baya kamar Friedrich Hayek sun goyi bayan irin wannan ra'ayi. Suna jayayya cewa al'umma tana canzawa ta hanyar halitta da ta halitta, kuma manyan shirye-shirye don sake fasalin al'umma, kamar Juyin Juya Halin Faransa, National Socialism da [[Kwaminisanci]] sun cutar da al'umma ta hanyar cire matsalolin gargajiya akan yin amfani da iko.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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      <comment>Saka akwatun bayanai</comment>
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      <text bytes="10807" sha1="r4553tzdthqobd7c0687kd5mgwnxd4g" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''Ci gaba''' shine matsawa zuwa ga  ingantaccen matsayi ko in ba haka ba ake so.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Progress definition and meaning &amp;#124; Collins English Dictionary |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/progress}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Progress &amp;#124; Meaning of Progress by Lexico |url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/progress |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181016000222/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/progress |archive-date=October 16, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=PROGRESS &amp;#124; meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/progress}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yana da mahimmanci ga falsafar ci gaba, wanda ke fassara ci gaba a matsayin karuwar [[Yanci mai kyau|'Yanci mai kyau]] na al'umma; yana kallon shi a matsayin wanda za'a iya cimma shi ta hanyar aikin zamantakewa kai tsaye, kamar yadda yake a cikin kamfanonin zamantakewa ko ta hanyar gwagwarmaya, amma kuma ta hanyar Juyin Halitta na zamantakewa da al'adu - cewa ci gaba yana riƙe da dukkan al'ummomin ɗan adam ya kamata su yi ƙoƙari.

An gabatar da manufar ci gaba a farkon karni na 19, musamman juyin halitta na zamantakewa kamar yadda Auguste Comte da Herbert Spencer suka bayyana. Ya kasance a cikin falsafancin tarihi na [[Zamanin Haskakawa|Haskakawa]]. A matsayin burin, ci gaban zamantakewa an ba da shawarar ta hanyar bambance-bambance daban-daban na akidar siyasa tare da ra'ayoyi daban-daban game da yadda za a cimma shi.

== Auna ci gaba ==
Takamaiman alamomi don auna ci gaba na iya kasancewa daga bayanan tattalin arziki, sababbin fasaha, canji a cikin tsarin siyasa ko shari'a, da tambayoyin da ke ɗauke da damar rayuwa ta mutum, kamar tsammanin rayuwa da haɗarin cututtuka da nakasa.

Ci gaban GDP ya zama babban jagora ga siyasa kuma galibi ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin babban adadi don kimanta aikin ɗan siyasa. Koyaya, GDP yana da wasu sanannun kuskuren da suka sa ya zama ma'auni mara kyau na ci gaba, musamman ga ƙasashe masu tasowa. Misali, ba a la'akari da lalacewar muhalli ba, kuma ba a la-akari da dorewa ayyukan tattalin arziki ba. An kafa Wikiprogress don raba bayanai game da kimanta ci gaban al'umma. Manufarta ita ce sauƙaƙe musayar ra'ayoyi, shirye-shirye da ilimi. [http://www.humanprogress.org/ HumanProgress.org] wata hanya ce ta kan layi wacce ke neman tattara bayanai kan matakai daban-daban na ci gaban al'umma.
[[Fayil:Life_expectancy_in_1800,_1950,_and_2015.png|thumb|Rayuwa da ake tsammani a cikin 1800, 1950, da 2015 - hangen nesa ta Duniya ta Duniya a BayanaiDuniyarmu a Bayanai]]
Our World in Data wani littafi ne na kimiyya a kan layi, wanda ke zaune a [[Jami'ar Oxford]], wanda ke nazarin yadda za a ci gaba da manyan [[Problèmes globaux|Matsalolin duniya]] kamar talauci, cututtuka, yunwa, canjin yanayi, yaƙi, haɗarin rayuwa, da rashin daidaito.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=About |url=https://ourworldindata.org/about |access-date=2019-08-23 |website=Our World in Data}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Manufar Our World in Data ita ce gabatar da &quot;bincike da bayanai don samun ci gaba game da manyan matsalolin duniya&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Our World in Data |url=https://ourworldindata.org/ |access-date=2019-08-23 |website=Our World in Data}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ci gaba Jama'a kayan aiki ne wanda Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya ta haɓaka, wanda ke auna yadda ƙasashe ke rufe bukatun zamantakewa da muhalli na 'yan ƙasa daga hangen nesa na falsafar ci gaba. Akwai alamomi hamsin da biyu a wurare uku ko girma: Bukatar Dan Adam ta asali, Tushen Lafiya, da Dama.

Alamun da za a iya amfani da su don auna ci gaba sun haɗa da:

  
== Ci gaban kimiyya ==
'''Ci gaban kimiyya''' shine ra'ayin cewa al'ummar kimiyya suna koyo a tsawon lokaci, wanda ke haifar da ilimin kimiyya don tarawa: &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Wesseling |first=Henk |date=August 1998 |title=History: Science or art? |journal=European Review |language=en |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=265–267 |doi=10.1017/S106279870000329X |issn=1474-0575 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; masana sunadarai a karni na 19 sun san kadan game da [[Kimiyya|ilmin sunadarai]] fiye da masana sunadinai a karni na 20, kuma su ma sun san ƙasa da masana sunada a karni na 21. Da yake kallon gaba, masana sunadarai na yau suna sa ran cewa masana sunadinai a cikin ƙarni masu zuwa za su san fiye da yadda suke yi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Daga karni na 18 zuwa ƙarshen karni na 20, Tarihin kimiyya, musamman na kimiyyar jiki da na halitta, ana gabatar da su sau da yawa a matsayin ci gaba da tara ilimi, wanda ra'ayoyin gaskiya suka maye gurbin imani na ƙarya. Wasu fassarorin tarihi na baya-bayan nan, kamar na Thomas Kuhn, suna nuna tarihin kimiyya dangane da tsarin gasa ko tsarin ra'ayi a cikin matrix mai zurfi na ilimi, al'adu, tattalin arziki da siyasa. Wadannan fassarorin, duk da haka, sun haɗu da adawa saboda suna kuma nuna tarihin kimiyya a matsayin tsarin da ba a iya kwatanta shi ba, ba ya haifar da ci gaban kimiyya, amma kawai ga mafarkin ci gaba.

Ko wasu fannoni na ilimi suna samun ci gaba kamar yadda kimiyya ke da muhawara. Misali, mutum na iya sa ran cewa masana tarihi na yau sun fi sanin tarihin duniya fiye da takwarorinsu na dā (yi la'akari da tarihin Herodotus). Duk da haka, ilimi na iya ɓacewa ta hanyar wucewar lokaci, ko kuma ka'idojin kimanta abin da ya cancanci sani na iya canzawa. Hakazalika, akwai rashin jituwa sosai game da ko fannoni irin su falsafar suna ci gaba - ko ma suna da niyyar tara ilimi kamar yadda kimiyya ke.

== Ci gaban zamantakewa ==
Abubuwan '''Ci gaban zamantakewa''', kamar yadda Condorcet ya bayyana, sun haɗa da bacewar [[Kau da Bautan Bayi|Bautar]], haɓakar [[Ilimin karatu|karatu da rubutu]], raguwar rashin daidaito tsakanin maza da mata, sake fasalin kurkuku masu tsanani da raguwar [[talauci]]. Za'a iya auna ci gaban zamantakewar al'umma bisa ga dalilai kamar iyawarta na magance Bukatar ɗan adam na asali, taimaka wa 'yan ƙasa inganta ingancin rayuwa, da kuma samar da dama ga' yan ƙasa su yi nasara.&lt;ref name=&quot;WEF&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Porter M |date=10 April 2015 |title=Why social progress matters |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2015/04/why-social-progress-matters/ |access-date=18 April 2021 |website=World Economic Forum}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ci gaban zamantakewa sau da yawa yana ingantawa ta hanyar karuwar GDP, kodayake wasu dalilai ma sun dace. Rashin daidaituwa tsakanin ci gaban tattalin arziki da zamantakewa yana hana ci gaban tattalin arziƙi, kuma yana iya haifar da rashin kwanciyar hankali na siyasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;WEF&quot; /&gt; Inda akwai rashin daidaituwa tsakanin ci gaban tattalin arziki da ci gaban zamantakewa, rashin kwanciyar hankali na siyasa da tashin hankali sau da yawa yakan taso. Rashin ci gaban zamantakewa kuma yana hana ci gaban tattalin arziki a cikin waɗannan da sauran ƙasashe waɗanda suka kasa magance bukatun ɗan adam, gina babban birnin jama'a, da kuma samar da dama ga 'yan ƙasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;WEF&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Porter M |date=10 April 2015 |title=Why social progress matters |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2015/04/why-social-progress-matters/ |access-date=18 April 2021 |website=World Economic Forum}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFPorter_M2015&quot;&gt;Porter M (10 April 2015). [https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2015/04/why-social-progress-matters/ &quot;Why social progress matters&quot;]. ''World Economic Forum''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;18 April&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Matsayin mata ===
Yadda ci gaba ya inganta matsayin mata a cikin al'ummar gargajiya shine babban jigo na masana tarihi wanda ya fara a cikin Haskakawa kuma ya ci gaba har zuwa yau. Masana kimiyyar Burtaniya William Robertson (1721-1793) da Edmund Burke (1729-1797), tare da yawancin tsaran su, sun kasance masu jajircewa ga ra'ayoyin kirista da na jamhuriya game da nagarta, yayin da suke aiki a cikin sabon tsarin Haskakawa. Shirin siyasa ya danganta da kyau, dandano, da ɗabi'a ga abubuwan da suka dace da bukatun al'ummomin zamani na babban matakin ƙwarewa da bambanci. Jigogi biyu a cikin aikin Robertson da Burke - yanayin mata a cikin al'ummomin 'mai banƙyama' da 'masu wayewa' da 'kyakkyawan cikin wahala' - sun nuna yadda aka dade ana amincewa da halin mata, musamman game da iyawarsu da haƙƙin bayyana a cikin yankin jama'a, an canza su kuma an daidaita su da ra'ayin ci gaba kuma sun zama tsakiya ga wayewar Turai ta zamani.

Masana gargajiya sun bincika matsayin mata a duniyar tsohuwar duniya, suna kammala cewa a cikin Daular Roma, tare da tsarin zamantakewa mafi girma, zaman lafiya na ciki, da mulkin doka, sun ba mata damar jin daɗin matsayi mafi kyau fiye da tsohuwar Girka, inda mata suka kasance mafi ƙasƙanci. Matsayi mara kyau na mata a cikin al'adun gargajiya na kasar Sin ya tayar da batun ko ra'ayin ci gaba yana buƙatar ƙin yarda da al'adun al'ada - imanin da yawancin masu gyara kasar Sin suka yi a farkon karni na 20.

Masana tarihi Leo Marx da Bruce Mazlish suna tambaya, &quot;ya kamata mu bar ra'ayin ci gaba a matsayin ra'ayi na baya,&quot; sun amsa cewa babu wata shakka &quot;cewa matsayin mata ya inganta sosai&quot; a cikin al'adun da suka karɓi ra'ayin Haskakawa na ci gaba.

== Sabuntawa ==
masu sassaucin ra'ayi na gargajiya ne suka inganta zamani a cikin ƙarni na 19 da 20, waɗanda suka yi kira ga saurin sabunta tattalin arziki da al'umma don cire cikas na gargajiya ga kasuwanni masu 'yanci da ƙungiyoyin mutane masu 'yancin kai.[1] A lokacin Haskakawa a Turai masu sharhi da masana falsafa sun fara fahimtar cewa mutane da kansu na iya canza al'umma da canza hanyar rayuwarsu. Maimakon alloli su yi su gaba ɗaya, akwai ƙarin wuri ga ra'ayin cewa mutane da kansu sun kafa al'ummarsu - kuma ba kawai wannan ba, kamar yadda Giambattista Vico ya yi jayayya, saboda mutane sun kafa al-al'ummarsu, za su iya fahimtar shi sosai. Wannan ya haifar da sabbin kimiyyar, ko kimiyyar asali, wanda ya yi iƙirarin samar da sabon ilimin kimiyya game da yadda al'umma take, da kuma yadda mutum zai iya canza shi zuwa mafi kyau.[2]

Hakanan, wannan ya haifar da ra'ayi mai ci gaba, ya bambanta da ra'ayin mazan jiya. Masu kiyaye zamantakewar al'umma sun yi shakku game da maganin cututtukan zamantakewa. A cewar masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, yunkurin sake fasalin al'umma yana sa abubuwa su fi muni. Edmund Burke shine babban mai gabatar da wannan, kodayake masu sassaucin ra'ayi na baya kamar Friedrich Hayek sun goyi bayan irin wannan ra'ayi. Suna jayayya cewa al'umma tana canzawa ta hanyar halitta da ta halitta, kuma manyan shirye-shirye don sake fasalin al'umma, kamar Juyin Juya Halin Faransa, National Socialism da [[Kwaminisanci]] sun cutar da al'umma ta hanyar cire matsalolin gargajiya akan yin amfani da iko.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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      <text bytes="4922" sha1="2gqo78nsizp6f0jltgubig3llu9dprt" xml:space="preserve">The Taraba State House of Assembly reshe ne na Gwamnatin Jihar Tarava, wanda ke aiki a matsayin majalisar dokoki inda duk yanke shawara na majalisa da yin doka don gwamnatin Jihar Tarabe ke fitowa. Kungiyar ce mai zaman kanta tare da mambobi 24 da aka zaba a cikin mazabar jihohi 24. Kakakin Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Taraba na yanzu shine [[John Kizito Bonzina]] daga mazabar [[Zing (Nijeriya)|Zing]] ta Jihar Tarava . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=admin |title=Principal Officers |url=https://tarabastate.gov.ng/the-government/principal-officers/ |access-date=2019-06-06 |website=TARABA STATE GOVERNMENT |language=en-GB |archive-date=2019-06-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608211419/http://tarabastate.gov.ng/the-government/principal-officers/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;newspeaker&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-12-21 |title=Taraba Assembly gets new Speaker as Kunini resigns |url=https://dailypost.ng/2022/12/21/taraba-assembly-gets-new-speaker-as-kunini-resigns/ |access-date=2023-04-04 |website=dailypost.ng |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Taraba Assembly Gets New Speaker, Bonzina |url=https://leadership.ng/taraba-assembly-gets-new-speaker-bonzina/ |access-date=2023-04-04 |website=Leadership.ng |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jalingo |first=John Mkom |date=2019-03-27 |title=INEC Present Certificate Of Return To Gov. Ishaku, 24 Members Elect Of Taraba State House Assembly |url=https://leadership.ng/2019/03/27/inec-present-certificate-of-return-to-gov-ishaku-24-members-elect-of-taraba-state-house-assembly/ |access-date=2019-06-06 |website=Leadership Newspaper |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Taraba State House of Assembly Archives – Premium Times Nigeria |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/tag/taraba-state-house-of-assembly |access-date=2019-06-06 |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== 9th Taraba State House of Representatives 2019 - 2023 ==

Maijankai Charles Abihuda memba Karim1 mazabar 2019-2023

Kunini Joseph Albasu memba Lau mazabar 2019 - 2023

Gwampo Mohammed Danladi memba na mazabar Yorro 2019 - 2023

Gayam Mohammed Umar Galadima memba Gashaka mazabar 2019 - 2023

Aji Josiah John memba Wukari1 mazabar 2019 - 2023

Bonzena John Kizito memba na Majalisar Zing 2019 - yanzu

Adamu Mohammed memba Gidan Karim Lamido11 Mazabar 2019 - 2023


Abdulkarim Mohammed memba na Majalisar Ibi 2019 - 2023

Yahaya Douglas Ndatse memba na Majalisar Donga 2019 - 2023

Sabo Pius memba Wukari 11 Majalisa 2019 - 2023

Sulaiman Abbas memba Majalisar Gassol 1 mazabar 2019 - 2023

Diah Peter Abel memba na mazabar Mbamga 2019 - yanzu

Eneme Tafarki Agbadu memba na mazabar Kumi 2019 - yanzu

Abdullahi Hamman Adama Borkono memba Bali11 mazabar 2019 - yanzu

Ahmad Jedua Dawud memba na Gembu mazabar 2019 - 2023

Anderifun Timothy Habila memba na mazabar Ussa 2019 - 2023

Abubakar Yahuza Maidalailu memba na mazabar Jalingo 11 2019 - 2023


Bashir Mohammed memba na mazabar Nguroje 2019 - 2023

Bukuni Dominic Nzinang memba Ardo Kola mazabar 2019 - 2023

Garba Ajiya Samson memba Takum1 mazabar 2019 - 2023

Kaura Abbas Umar memba Gassol 11 2019 - 2023

Taraba Mark Bako Useni memba na Majalisar Takum1 2019 - 2023

Tafida Nasiru Usman memba Jalingo11 Mazabar 2019 - 2023

Maikudi Gambo memba Bali1 mazabar 2019 - 2023


10th Taraba State House of Assembly Members 2023 - 2027=

Hon. Happy Shonruba memba wakiltar mazabar Ardo-Kola

Hon. Veronica Alhassan memba wakiltar mazabar Bali 1

Hon. Hamann Adama Borkono
 '''Mataimakin Kakakin'''
memba mai wakiltar mazabar 11

Hon. Bibonga Dinkomiya Nulamuga memba wakiltar mazabar Donga

Hon. Abdullahi (Chul) Musa memba wakiltar Gassol 1 Majalisa

Hon. Umar Kaura Abbas memba wakiltar Gassol 11

Hon. Muhammad Batulu Katltume memba mai wakiltar mazabar Gashaka

Hon. Suleiman Titong Abdul-Azeez Tanko memba mai wakiltar mazabar Gembu

Hon. Ibrahim Isa Bawa memba mai wakiltar mazabar Ibbi

Hon. Umar Adamu Sarki memba wakiltar mazabar Jalingo 1

Hon. Mairiga Usman Uba memba wakiltar mazabar Jalingo 11

Hon. Mike Dio M.M. Jen memba wakiltar Karim 1 Mazabar

Hon. Anas Shuaibu Didango memba wakiltar mazabar Karim 11

Hon. Akila Nuhu Rantiyo memba wakiltar mazabar Lau

Rt. Hon. Peter Abel Diah memba mai wakiltar mazabar Mbamga

Hon. Cyprain Nelson Len memba wakiltar mazabar Nguroje

Hon. Tafarki Agbadu Eneme memba wakiltar mazabar Kurmi

Hon. Tanko-Yusuf Abubakar John memba wakiltar Takum 1

Hon. Lamba John memba wakiltar Takum 11

Hon. Rikupki Joshua Urenyang memba wakiltar mazabar Ussa

&quot;'Zikengyu Yakubu Jethro'&quot;
 '''Shugaba mafi rinjaye'''
memba mai wakiltar Wukari 1

Hon. Angye Josiah Yaro memba wakiltar Wukari 11 Election

Hon. Kassong Kannoh Joseph memba wakiltar mazabar Yorro


'''Mai girma John Kizito Bonzina'''
 '''Mai magana mai daraja'''
memba mai wakiltar mazabar [[Zing (Nijeriya)|Zing]] &lt;ref name=&quot;newspeaker&quot;/&gt;

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sandra Ozabor</title>
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      <text bytes="7539" sha1="3ywna1x0xu2dhjb7vmlz57sl8fhcn3t" xml:space="preserve"> {{databox}}
{| class=&quot;infobox vcard&quot; style=&quot;width:26em&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-above fn&quot; |Sandra Ozabor
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;background:#b0c4de;color:inherit;&quot; |Bayani na mutum
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Cikakken suna&amp;nbsp;
| class=&quot;infobox-data fn&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align:middle;&quot; |Sandra Ehinomen Ozabor
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Ƙasar
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align:middle;&quot; |Najeriya&lt;span class=&quot;flagicon&quot;&gt;[[File:Flag_of_Nigeria.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |An haife shi
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align:middle;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;(&lt;span class=&quot;bday&quot;&gt;1997-11-04&lt;/span&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; Nuwamba 4, 1997 &lt;span class=&quot;noprint ForceAgeToShow&quot;&gt; (shekara 27) &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt; 
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Garin gida
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align:middle;&quot; |[[Benin City|Birnin Benin]]
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Tsawon
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align:middle;&quot; |182 cm (6 ft 0 in) &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Nauyin nauyi
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align:middle;&quot; |63 kg (139 lb) &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Spike
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align:middle;&quot; |290
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Block
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align:middle;&quot; |270
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;background:#b0c4de;color:inherit;&quot; |Bayanan volleyball
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Matsayi
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align:middle;&quot; |[[Middle blocker|Mai toshewa na tsakiya]]
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Kungiyar yanzu
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align:middle;&quot; |Hukumar Tsaro da Tsaro ta Najeriya (NSCDC) 
|}
'''Sandra Ozabor''' (an haife ta a ranar 4 ga watan Nuwamba, 1997, a [[Benin City (Birnin Benin)|Birnin Benin]]) ‘yar wasan kwallon raga ce ‘yar Najeriya wadda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron tsakiya (middle blocker) a ƙungiyar Hukumar Tsaro da Kare Fararen Hula ta Najeriya (NSCDC) da kuma Kungiyar kwallon volleyball ta mata ta Najeriya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Player - Sandra Ehinomen Ozabor - FIVB Continental Olympic Qualification 2020 |url=https://en.volleyballworld.com/en/volleyball/coqt/2020/cavb-women/teams/ngr-nigeria/players/sandra_ehinomen_ozabor?id=80617 |access-date=2024-05-06 |website=en.volleyballworld.com |archive-date=2024-05-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240506230353/https://en.volleyballworld.com/en/volleyball/coqt/2020/cavb-women/teams/ngr-nigeria/players/sandra_ehinomen_ozabor?id=80617 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihin aiki ==

=== Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Najeriya ===
Ta wakilci Najeriya a wasannin Afirka na shekarar 2019 a [[Rabat]], Morocco. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Saliu |first=Mohammed |date=2019-08-15 |title=Nigeria Volleyball Federation release list of players for 2019 African Games |url=https://www.brila.net/nigeria-volleyball-federation-release-list-of-players-for-2019-african-games/ |access-date=2024-05-06 |website=Latest Sports News In Nigeria |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ozabor ta kasance daga cikin tawagar mata ta volleyball ta Najeriya da ke buga wasan Olympics na Tokyo 2020 a Kamaru wanda ke gudana daga 2 ga watan Janairu zuwa 9 ga watan Janairu 2020. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Oluwalowo |first=’Tosin |date=2020-01-01 |title=Volleyball: 12 players invited for Olympics qualifiers |url=https://punchng.com/volleyball-12-players-invited-for-olympics-qualifiers/ |access-date=2024-05-06 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=III |first=Admin |date=2020-01-01 |title=Volleyball Olympic Qualifiers: We want to make history – Coach Ajayi |url=https://blueprint.ng/volleyball-olympic-qualifiers-we-want-to-make-history-coach-ajayi/ |access-date=2024-05-06 |website=Blueprint Newspapers Limited |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=V'Ball Coach, Ajayi, Vows to Make History with Tokyo Olympics Qualifier – THISDAYLIVE |url=https://content.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2020/01/02/vball-coach-ajayi-vows-to-make-history-with-tokyo-olympics-qualifier/ |access-date=2024-05-06 |website=content.thisdaylive.com |archive-date=2024-05-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240506231706/https://content.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2020/01/02/vball-coach-ajayi-vows-to-make-history-with-tokyo-olympics-qualifier/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kuti |first=Dare |date=2020-01-01 |title=Samuel Ajayi: We want to make Olympic history |url=https://aclsports.com/samuel-ajayi-we-want-to-make-olympic-history/ |access-date=2024-05-06 |website=ACLSports |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sandra Ozabor ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasan volleyball 19 da Samuel Ajayi ya kira don wakiltar Najeriya don [[Gasar Kwallon Raga ta Mata ta Afirka|Gasar Volleyball ta Mata ta Afirka]] ta 21 wacce ta gudana daga 14 ga watan Agusta zuwa 29 ga watan Agusta 2023 a [[Yaounde]], [[Kamaru|Kamaru.]] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Adegboyega |first=Bayo |date=2023-08-05 |title=NVBF invites 19 players for 2023 Continental Championship {{!}} Ogun State Broadcasting Corporation |url=https://ogunradio.ng/2023/08/05/nvbf-invites-19-players-for-2023-continental-championship/ |access-date=2024-05-06 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nigeria |first=News Agency of |date=2023-08-06 |title=NVBF invites 19 players for 2023 Nations Championship |url=https://gazettengr.com/nvbf-invites-19-players-for-2023-nations-championship/ |access-date=2024-05-06 |website=Peoples Gazette Nigeria |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kuti |first=Dare |date=2023-08-13 |title=Volleyball: Ajayi unveils squad for 2023 African Women's C'ship |url=https://aclsports.com/volleyball-ajayi-unveils-squad-for-2023-african-womens-cship/ |access-date=2024-05-06 |website=ACLSports |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Fayiga |first=Kunle |date=2023-08-13 |title=Nigeria squad unveiled for 2023 Africa Women's Volleyball Championship - AfrosportNow |url=https://afrosportnow.com/nigeria-squad-unveiled-for-2023-africa-womens-volleyball-championship/,%20https://afrosportnow.com/nigeria-squad-unveiled-for-2023-africa-womens-volleyball-championship/ |access-date=2024-05-06 |language=en-US}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta sake kasancewa daga cikin 'yan wasan volleyball da ke wakiltar Najeriya a lokacin wasannin Afirka na 13 a [[Ghana]] wanda ya gudana daga 8 ga watan Maris zuwa 23 ga watan Maris 2024 .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-01-19 |title=Nigeria Volleyball: Women's Team-Players List Released For The 13th All African Games In Ghana - Govima News |url=https://govima.com/news/nigeria-volleyball-womens-team-players-list-released-for-the-13th-all-african-games-in-ghana/ |access-date=2024-05-06 |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-05-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502154018/https://govima.com/news/nigeria-volleyball-womens-team-players-list-released-for-the-13th-all-african-games-in-ghana/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ochicha |first=Lovette |date=2024-01-20 |title=#13th African Games: Nigerian Women's Volleyball Team Announces 25-Player Squad for 13th African Games |url=https://www.sports247.ng/13th-african-games-nigerian-womens-volleyball-team-announces-25-player-squad-for-13th-african-games/ |access-date=2024-05-06 |website=Sports247 Nigeria |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Spinall</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <timestamp>2026-08-01T05:27:38Z</timestamp>
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'''Oluseye Desmond Sodamola''', ƙwararre da aka sani da '''Spinall''' (wanda aka yi masa salo da '''SPINALL''' ; tsohon '''DJ Spinall''' ), ɗan wasan faifan diski ne na Najeriya, mai yin rikodin, kuma marubuci. Ya fitar da [[Albom|kundi guda shida na studio]] kuma ya hada kai da masu fasaha da suka hada da [[Wizkid]], [[Tiwa Savage]], [[Asake]], da sauransu. Ya lashe kyaututtuka da yawa don aikinsa, ciki har da All Africa Music Awards da The Beatz Awards . Shi ne kuma dan wasan faifan diski na farko na Najeriya da ya fara wasa a bukukuwa irin su Coachella, SXSW, da Glastonbury .

Spinall shine wanda ya kafa TheCapMusic, lakabin kiɗan da ya ƙaddamar a cikin 2014. Ya kuma ƙirƙiri wani salon salo ga kayan sa da aka sani da TheCAP, yana gano tushen sa zuwa al'adunsa.

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Sodamola a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] kuma shi ne na uku &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kool |first=C. J. |title=Colourful Radio |url=https://www.colourfulradio.com/content/guest/39587 |access-date=15 January 2020 |website=[[Colourful Radio]] |archive-date=15 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115064436/https://www.colourfulradio.com/content/guest/39587 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; cikin ƴan’uwa biyar. Ya yi karatun firamare da sakandare a [[Lagos (jiha)|jihar Legas]], sannan ya koma [[Ogun|jihar Ogun]], inda ya karanta Electrical and Electronics Engineering a [[Jami'ar Olabisi Onabanjo]],  inda ya samu digirin BSc. Ya kuma yi karatu a Tenstrings Music Institute . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Alumni {{!}} Tenstrings Music Institute |url=https://tenstrings.org/alumni/ |access-date=12 April 2023 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kwarewar kiɗa na farko na Spinall  yana ƙarami, yana sauraron wasu rikodin vinyl da iyayensa ke buga kuma a cewarsa &quot;Da safe mahaifina ya farka, ya buɗe ɗebo, ya fara kunna wasu Fela Kuti, da kuma rikodin King Sunny Adé &quot;. Wannan ya siffanta shi kuma ya kara rura wutar sha’awar waka bayan ya kalli DJ da ya dauka ya yi wasa a makarantar sakandare.

== Sana'a ==

=== Farkon aiki ===
[[File:SPINALL_logo.jpg|right|thumb|Alamar kasuwanci ta hukuma ta SPINALL]]
Sodamola ya fara yin fice a cikin 2004, yayin da yake aiki &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 March 2019 |title=DJ Spinall speaks to Pulse on his journey, losing out at the SMWA's and meeting Killertunes |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/dj-spinall-on-wizkid-losing-out-on-smvas-and-career-pulse-exclusive-interview/m3c981m |access-date=16 January 2020 |website=Pulse Nigeria}}&lt;/ref&gt; a matsayin rediyo DJ a Raypower 100.5 FM, Spinall yayi karatu a Cibiyar Kiɗa ta Tenstrings . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Alumni {{!}} Tenstrings Music Institute |url=https://tenstrings.org/alumni/ |access-date=12 April 2023 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga baya ya shiga masana'antar Nite &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Magazine |first=Tush |date=25 November 2015 |title=DJ SPINALL: Spinning Around the World |url=http://tushmagazine.com.ng/dj-spinall-spinning-around-the-world/ |access-date=14 January 2020 |website=[[Tush Magazine]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; inda ya inganta basirar karkashin kasa a dandalin mako-mako.

A cikin 2014, ya ƙaddamar da TheCAPMusic, kamfani mai rikodi / gudanarwa. A cikin shekara mai zuwa, ya sanya hannu kan masu samarwa &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 March 2019 |title=DJ Spinall speaks to Pulse on his journey, losing out at the SMWA's and meeting Killertunes |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/dj-spinall-on-wizkid-losing-out-on-smvas-and-career-pulse-exclusive-interview/m3c981m |access-date=14 January 2020 |website=Pulse Nigeria}}&lt;/ref&gt; zuwa TheCAPMusic. Babban Yaro kamar yadda ake kiran sa, ya fito da waƙarsa ta farko mai suna &quot;GbaGbe E&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=S |first=Deji |date=5 June 2014 |title=New Video: DJ Spinall Feat. Burna Boy – Gba Gbe è |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2014/06/new-video-dj-spinall-feat-burna-boy-gba-gbe-e/ |access-date=16 January 2020 |website=[[BellaNaija]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; a cikin 2014 tare da [[Burna Boy]] . Ya hada kai da sauran ayyuka kamar; [[2Baba]], [[Wizkid]], Wande Coal, [[Davido]], Mr Eazi, [[Tiwa Savage]], [[Kizz Daniel]], da dai sauransu.

=== 2015–2018: Album na halarta na farko, ''Mafarki'', da ''Iyanu'' ===
Spinall's debut album ''My Story: The Album''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 August 2016 |title=Album Review: DJ Spinall – My Story |url=https://www.360nobs.com/2016/08/album-review-dj-spinall-story/ |access-date=14 January 2020 |website=360Nobs}}&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;(2015) with breakthrough singles &quot;Oluwa&quot;, &quot;Gba Gbe E;&quot;, and &quot;Money&quot;. In the following year, on 10 October 2016, DJ Spinall released his second album titled ''TEN''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 October 2016 |title=Religion and science inspired my new &quot;Ten&quot; album |url=https://www.pulse.ng/dj-spinall-religion-and-science-inspired-my-new-ten-album/wq86djj |access-date=14 January 2020 |website=Pulse Nigeria |archive-date=14 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114192054/https://www.pulse.ng/dj-spinall-religion-and-science-inspired-my-new-ten-album/wq86djj |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; The album features [[Davido]], Sauti Sol, Mr Eazi, among others, with lead singles &quot;Package&quot; featuring Davido &amp; &quot;Ohema&quot; featuring Mr Eazi. His third studio albums, ''Dreams''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=DJ Spinall Features Top Nigerian Artistes For Third Album ‘Dreams’ |url=https://guardian.ng/life/whatsnew/dj-spinall-features-top-nigerian-artistes-for-third-album-dreams/ |access-date=14 January 2020 |website=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardia]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;was released on 8 October 2017 with singles &quot;Opoju&quot;, &quot;Calm Down&quot;, and &quot;Gimme Luv&quot;. On 26 October 2018, he released his 4th studio album ''Iyanu''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 October 2018 |title=DJ Spinall Drops Tracklist For &quot;Iyanu&quot; Album |url=https://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2018/10/24/dj-spinall-drops-tracklist-for-iyanu-album/ |access-date=14 January 2020 |website=[[P.M. News]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; The album features two lead singles including &quot;Nowo&quot;,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 June 2018 |title=The 15 Best Nigerian Songs of the Year So Far |url=https://www.okayafrica.com/nigerian-songs-music-2018-best-download/ |access-date=16 January 2020 |website=[[OkayAfrica]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; OkayAfrica refers to as one of 15 biggest Nigerian songs of 2018 featuring [[Wizkid]], which also peaked on MTV Base Official Naija Top 10 Countdown&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Official Naija Top 10 Countdown |url=https://guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/weekend-beats/official-naija-top-10-countdown/ |access-date=16 January 2020 |website=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|Saturday Magazine]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; and &quot;Baba&quot; featuring [[Kizz Daniel]], which made it to MTV Base Top 20 Hottest Naija&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=MTV Base Top 20 Hottest Naija Tracks of 2018 |url=https://www.informationng.com/2018/12/mtv-base-top-20-hottest-naija-tracks-of-2018-full-list.html |access-date=16 January 2020 |website=Information Nigeria}}&lt;/ref&gt; tracks of 2018. On 11 December 2020, he released his 5th studio album ''Grace'',&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 December 2020 |title=DJ Spinall drops Star-Studded Album &quot;Grace&quot; featuring Tiwa Savage, Minz &amp; Omah Lay |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/12/dj-spinall-grace-album/ |access-date=5 February 2021 |website=BellaNaija}}&lt;/ref&gt; under TheCAP Music&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 December 2020 |title=DJ Spinall’s ‘Grace’ feels like a playlist [Pulse Album Review] |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/dj-spinall-grace-album-review/tbzt73f |access-date=5 February 2021 |website=Pulse Nigeria |archive-date=6 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106233311/https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/dj-spinall-grace-album-review/tbzt73f |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; with 5 self-produced songs.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 December 2020 |title=Here’s the Star-Studded Tracklist for DJ Spinall’s forthcoming Album &quot;Grace&quot; |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/12/dj-spinall-grace/ |access-date=5 February 2021 |website=BellaNaija}}&lt;/ref&gt; The album features the top-six songs, &quot;Dis Love&quot; featuring [[Wizkid]] &amp; [[Tiwa Savage]], &quot;Sere&quot; featuring [[Fireboy DML]], &quot;Pressure&quot; featuring [[Dice Ailes]], &quot;Everytime&quot; featuring Kranium, &quot;Tonight&quot; featuring Omah Lay, and &quot;EDI&quot; featuring Reminisce.

A cikin 2015, Spinall ya zama DJ na Afirka na farko da ya yi a bikin SXSW &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 March 2015 |title=Photos of African stars at SXSWest Africa, Texas |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/ice-prince-dj-spinall-sarkodie-photos-of-african-stars-at-sxswest-africa-texas/zp1jbv8 |access-date=14 January 2020 |website=Pulse Nigeria |archive-date=2 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200202194800/https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/ice-prince-dj-spinall-sarkodie-photos-of-african-stars-at-sxswest-africa-texas/zp1jbv8 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; a [[Austin|Austin, Texas]], tare da wasu ayyukan tallafi don shiga Spinall akan mataki ciki har da;&amp;nbsp;[[Davido]], [[Sarkodie]], R2Bees tare da mai masaukin baki Eddie Kadi . Shi ne kuma dan Najeriya DJ na farko da ya zagaya biranen 5 a Amurka, ciki har da [[New York (birni)|New York City]], [[Miami]], [[Houston]], [[Austin]], da [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]] A cikin 2017, shi ne DJ &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=‘DJ Spinall’ Official DJ For BET International Awards 2017 |url=https://www.channelstv.com/2017/06/23/dj-spinall-official-dj-bet-international-awards-2017/ |access-date=14 January 2020 |publisher=[[Channels TV|Channels Television]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; na hukuma don lambar yabo ta BET a Los Angeles, California. An ba da kyautar a duk faɗin duniya, wanda kuma ya ba shi kulawa a duk duniya a matsayin Disc Jockey wanda ya fara [[Afrobeat|aikin Afrobeat]] a duniya. A ranar 21 ga Afrilu 2019, Spinall ya zama DJ na Najeriya na farko da ya fara kanun labarai &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Complex Sessions 033: DJ Spinall |url=https://www.complex.com/music/2019/04/complex-sessions-033-dj-spinall |access-date=14 January 2020 |website=[[Complex (magazine)|Complex]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;nuna a&amp;nbsp;XOYO&amp;nbsp;in&amp;nbsp;London&amp;nbsp;da DJ na Najeriya na farko da ya yi wasa a wurin&amp;nbsp;Bikin Glastonbury &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 June 2019 |title=DJ Spinall to perform at Glastonbury festival today |url=https://guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/dj-spinall-to-perform-at-glastonbury-festival-today/ |access-date=30 June 2019 |website=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;a kan 29 Yuni 2019. Ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya da [[Guinness Nigeria]] a matsayin Smirnoff  jakadan alama a 2015 kuma ya sabunta kwangilar  a 2016, 2017, 2018 da 2019.

An saki kundi na uku na studio Dreams da kansa ta hanyar TheCAP Music a ranar 8 ga Oktoba 2017. Kundin ya ƙunshi bayyanar baƙi daga [[Niniola]], Wurld, Ycee, [[Wizkid]], [[Simisola Kosoko|Simi]], Mr Eazi, [[Harrysong]], [[Davido]], Wande Coal, Reekado Banks, da Olamide. Kundin jagororin kundin sun hada da: &quot;Opoju&quot; tare da [[Wizkid]], &quot;Calm Down&quot; tare da Mr Eazi, da kuma &quot;Gimme Luv&quot; tare da Olamide. A ranar 18 ga Nuwamba 2017, Spinall ya sanar da ƙaddamar da kundin Party Of Your Dreams &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 November 2017 |title=#PartyOfYourDreams: We’ve got the Juice on how you can attend DJ Spinall’s Album Launch Party |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2017/11/dj-spinalls-album-launch/ |access-date=15 January 2020 |website=[[BellaNaija]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; a ranar 26 ga Nuwamba a Grand Ballroom of Oriental Hotel, Victoria Island, [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] kuma a cikin 2018, Spinall ta sanar da fitowar ta biyu ta Party of Your Dreams &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Idowu |first=Tomi |date=3 December 2018 |title=Your Definitive Event Guide to Christmas 2018 in Lagos |url=http://culturecustodian.com/your-definitive-event-guide-to-christmas-2018-in-lagos/ |access-date=15 January 2020 |website=The Culture Custodian}}&lt;/ref&gt; a Legas a ranar 7 ga Disamba 2018, tare da tallafawa DJs; [[DJ Big N (Dan DJ)|DJ Big N]], DJ Consequence, DJ Enimoney, DJ Lambo, da sauransu don yin wasa a taron. A cikin 2019, Sodamola ya yi wasan kwaikwayo na farko na Burtaniya a London da aka lakafta Party of Your Dreams  a ranar 21 ga Afrilu 2019 a XOYO!.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 February 2019 |title=DJ Spinall Presents: Party Of Your Dreams, London – Notjustok |url=https://notjustok.com/news/dj-spinall-presents-party-of-your-dreams-london/ |access-date=15 January 2020 |website=[[NotJustOk]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 24 ga Oktoba 2018, DJ Spinall ya raba ayyukan da suka fito da furodusa akan kundin studio na huɗu Iyanu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 October 2018 |title=DJ Spinall Drops Tracklist For &quot;Iyanu&quot; Album |url=https://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2018/10/24/dj-spinall-drops-tracklist-for-iyanu-album/ |access-date=15 January 2020 |website=[[P.M. News]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Baƙi a cikin kundin sune [[Wizkid]], [[Kizz Daniel]], [[Davido]], [[Burna Boy]], [[Tekno (mawaki)|Tekno]], Nonso Amadi, Wurld, Dotman, da ƙari. DJ Spinall ne ya samar da kundi na musamman kuma Killertunes, CKAY, Nonso Amadi, Benie Macaulay da Stg ne suka shirya shi. Kundin jagorar guda &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 October 2018 |title=DJ Spinall's New Album 'Iyanu' Is Here |url=https://www.okayafrica.com/listen-stream-dj-spinall-iyanu/ |access-date=15 January 2020 |website=[[OkayAfrica]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; sun haɗa da: &quot;Nowo&quot; mai nuna [[Wizkid]] da &quot;Baba&quot; tare da [[Kizz Daniel]] . TheCAP Music ne ya fitar da kundi na kansa a ranar 26 ga Oktoba 2018.

A kan 11 Satumba 2018, Ya sanya hannu kan babbar yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa tare da Atlantic Records UK &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 September 2018 |title=DJ Spinall Signs Deal With Atlantic Records, UK |url=http://thenet.ng/dj-spinall-signs-deal-atlantic-records-uk/ |access-date=27 September 2018 |website=[[Nigerian Entertainment Today]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; da yarjejeniyar bugawa tare da Warner Chappell Music UK. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Amber Davis Promoted to Head of A&amp;R at Warner Chappell Music U.K. |url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/8526029/amber-davis-promoted-warner-chappell-music-uk |access-date=14 January 2020 |website=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kuma zama jakadan tambarin [[Pepsi]] Nigeria. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 March 2018 |title=Pepsi Signs DJ Cuppy, DJ Spinall, DJ Xclusive, DJ Obi As Ambassadors – Information Nigeria |url=http://www.informationng.com/2018/03/pepsi-signs-dj-cuppy-dj-spinall-dj-xclusive-dj-obi-as-ambassadors.html |access-date=10 August 2018 |website=INFORMATION NIGERIA}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===2019–2022: ''Beyoncé Presents: Making The Gift'', da Recording Academy===

[[File:DJ Spinall at shody rocks party in 2019, UNIBEN.jpg|thumb|right|File:DJ Spinall a bikin shody rocks a 2019.]]

A shekarar 2019, Beyoncé ta fitar da wani fim na awa guda mai taken ''Beyoncé Presents: Making The Gift''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Watch &quot;Beyoncé Presents: Making The Gift&quot; {{!}} ABC Updates |url=https://abc.com/news/insider/watch-beyonce-presents-making-the-gift-on-abc-and-the-abc-app |website=ABC |accessdate=16 January 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt; An dauki fim din a ƙasashen Egypt, Nigeria, South Africa, da United States. An nuna fim din a tashar ABC, inda DJ Spinall ya bayyana kuma ya yi magana game da kundin wakoki ''The Lion King: The Gift'', wanda fim din ya dogara da shi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Beyoncé Making The Gift – Documentary 2019 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cZDVZJX4FDQ |via=YouTube |accessdate=16 January 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2019, ya zama DJ na farko daga Najeriya da ya taba yin rawa a tarihin Glastonbury Festival.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Spinall first Nigerian DJ to perform at the Glastonbury Festival |url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2019/07/01/spinall-first-nigerian-dj-to-perform-at-the-glastonbury-festival/ |website=PM News Nigeria}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2020, Spinall ya kasance cikin jerin mutane 2,300 da aka shigar a cikin Recording Academy&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Nigeria: Bankulli, DJ Spinall join Recording Academy |url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/nigeria-bankulli-dj-spinall-join-recording-academy |website=Music In Africa |access-date=5 February 2021 |language=en |date=15 July 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; na shekarar 2020, tare da Bankulli, Lil Nas X, Gunna, Victoria Monét, Juls, da wasu don bikin 63rd Annual Grammy Awards. A ranar 26 ga Yuli 2020, Spinall ya yi magana game da Grammy Award a shirin This Sunday&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Gitau |first1=Susan |title=Apple Music's Africa Now Radio With Cuppy Features DJ Spinall This Sunday |url=https://africa.com/apple-musics-africa-now-radio-with-cuppy-features-dj-spinall-this-sunday/ |website=Africa.com |access-date=5 February 2021 |date=29 July 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; tare da DJ Cuppy a Africa Now Radio ta Apple Music. Haka kuma, ya halarci wani taron sirri da MTN ta shirya don sabis ɗin kiɗa MusicTour, tare da shahararrun mutane kamar D'banj, Praiz da Olisa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=11 January 2020|title=D’Banj, DJ Spinall, Praiz, Olisa, others turned up for MTN’s MusicTime|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/01/dbanj-dj-spinall-praiz-olisa-others-turned-up-for-mtns-musictime/|access-date=26 February 2021|website=Vanguard News|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 13 ga Mayu 2022, Spinall ya saki wakar &quot;Palazzo&quot;, tare da Asake, kuma Olamide ne ya rubuta ta. A ranar 22 ga Mayu 2022, wakar ta fara bayyana a lamba ta 6 a UK Afrobeats Singles chart, sannan ta kai lamba ta 4.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Official Afrobeats Chart Top 20 |url=https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/afrobeats-chart/20220619/afrobeat/ |access-date=15 July 2022 |website=www.officialcharts.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 23 ga Mayu 2022, ta fara bayyana a lamba ta 2 a Nigeria TurnTable Top 50 chart.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=24 May 2022 |title=TurnTable Top 50: Asake, Burna Boy &amp; More Lead The Charge This Week |url=https://thenativemag.com/turntable-top-50-five-new-top-ten/ |access-date=15 July 2022 |website=The NATIVE}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 25 ga Mayu 2022, ta fara bayyana a lamba ta 6 a Billboard U.S. Afrobeats Songs. A ranar 11 ga Yuli 2022, ta fara bayyana a sabon TurnTable Top 100, wanda ya faɗaɗa daga Top 50, a lamba ta 5.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=14 July 2022 |title=Asake leads the debut edition of the TurnTable Top 100 |url=https://thenativemag.com/asake-debut-turntable-charts/ |access-date=15 July 2022 |website=The NATIVE}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 13 ga Yuli 2022, bayan ƙaddamar da Nigeria TurnTable Top Radio Songs chart, wakar ta fara bayyana a lamba ta 7,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=TurnTable Charts Top Radio Songs |url=https://www.turntablecharts.com/charts/4 |access-date=15 July 2022 |website=www.turntablecharts.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; da lamba ta 4 a Nigeria TurnTable Top Streaming Songs chart.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=TurnTable Charts Top Streaming Songs |url=https://www.turntablecharts.com/charts/3 |access-date=15 July 2022 |website=www.turntablecharts.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2022, Spinall ya bude wa Bruno Mars a tafiyarsa a Australia kuma ya yi DJ wa Jay-Z a bikin Oscars bayan taro.&lt;ref name=&quot;BillOscar&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Mamo |first1=Heran |title=Nigerian DJ/Producer Spinall Signs With Epic Records |url=https://www.billboard.com/pro/nigerian-dj-producer-spinall-signs-epic-records/ |website=Billboard}}&lt;/ref&gt; Haka kuma, ya kasance mai rufe shirin 2022 MTV Europe Music Awards.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Yongo |first1=Sughnen |title=Burna Boy, Nasty C and DJ Spinall Shine At The MTV EMA Awards |url=https://www.okayafrica.com/burna-boy-mtv-emas/ |website=Okay Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 2023–yanzu: ''Top Boy'' ===
A ranar 13 ga Fabrairu 2023, Spinall ya raba hoton murfin fasaha na kundin wakokinsa na shida a shafukan sada zumunta daban-daban. Bisa ga Bomi Anifowose daga ''African Folder'', kundin ''Top Boy'' na Spinall ya haɗa sautuka masu ɗimbin arziki na Afirka da ke gauraye da abubuwan kiɗan Yammacin duniya kamar su synths da electronic chordophones, wanda hakan ke tabbatar da kundin a matsayin wani nasara a fagen gwajin sautuka.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Top Boy By Spinall: A Supersonic Opera Of A Top DJ|url=https://africanfolder.com/spinall-top-boy-album-review/|website=African Folder |access-date=24 February 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2023, ya sanya hannu tare da Epic Records kuma ya fitar da sabuwar wakarsa &quot;Loju&quot; tare da Wizkid. A baya Spinall ya yi haɗin gwiwa da Wizkid a wakoki kamar &quot;Nowo&quot;, &quot;Opoju&quot;, da &quot;Dis Love&quot; (tare da Tiwa Savage).&lt;ref name=&quot;OKAfrica&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Laketu |first1=Adedayo |title=Spinall, Nigerian DJ/Producer, Joins Epic Records and Releases New Single Featuring Wizkid |url=https://www.okayafrica.com/spinall-loju-wizkid/ |website=OK Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Spinall ya halarci bukukuwa da dama a shekarar 2023, ciki har da Camp Flog Gnaw Carnival&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Helfand |first1=Raphael |title=Tyler, the Creator announces Camp Flog Gnaw 2023 lineup |url=https://www.thefader.com/2023/08/18/tyler-the-creator-announces-camp-flog-gnaw-2023-lineup |website=The Fader}}&lt;/ref&gt; da Listen Out.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Singh |first1=Surej |title=Listen Out 2023 shares line-up featuring Skrillex, Ice Spice, Lil Uzi Vert, Metro Boomin and more |url=https://www.nme.com/en_au/news/music/listen-out-2023-line-up-cities-dates-tickets-3443982 |website=NME}}&lt;/ref&gt; Haka kuma, ya zama DJ na farko daga Afrobeats da ya taba yin rawa a Coachella, inda ya buga wasan a bikin shekarar 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Onikoyi |first1=Ayo |title=Coachella announces Spinall as first Afrobeats DJ to perform at Festival |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2024/03/coachella-announces-spinall-as-first-afrobeats-dj-to-perform-at-festival/ |website=Vanguard}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
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    <title>Scott Wagstaff</title>
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'''Scott Andrew Wagstaff''' (an haife shi a ranar 31 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1990) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Ingila wanda yake taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|dan wasan tsakiya]] na Tonbridge Angels .

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haifi Wagstaff a Maidstone, kuma ya halarci Makarantar Bennett Memorial Diocesan a Tunbridge Wells .

== Ayyuka ==

=== Charlton Athletic ===
Wagstaff ya shiga Charlton Athletic yana da shekaru 8 bayan an hango shi a wani darasi na Charlton Sports Community. . Daga nan sai ya zama kyaftin din Charlton's Under 18s a kan gudu zuwa FA Youth Cup quarter finals.Ya fara bugawa a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2008 a kan Barnsley, a wannan wasan kamar yadda Jonjo Shelvey ya fara bugawa. A wannan kakar an lasafta shi a matsayin matashi dan wasan kulob din na shekara. Wagstaff ya koma Bournemouth akan rancen wata daya a watan Agustan 2008 kuma zuwa Northwich Victoria na wata daya a Nuwamba 2008.  A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2008 an ba shi kwangilar kwararru ta shekaru 2 + 1⁄2 daga kocin Charlton Alan Pardew . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 December 2008 |title=Wagstaff gets first professional contract |url=https://www.kentonline.co.uk/maidstone/sport/wagstaff-gets-first-professional-a34348/ |access-date=8 October 2021 |website=Kent Online |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Wagstaff ya zira kwallaye na farko ga Charlton a wasan league da Walsall a ranar 22 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 2009. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 August 2009 |title=Charlton 2–0 Walsall |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/eng_div_2/8207650.stm |access-date=25 August 2009 |publisher=[[BBC]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Charlton ya sake shi a ƙarshen kakar 2012-13. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 May 2013 |title=Wagstaff heads released list |url=http://www.cafc.co.uk/news/article/20130508-released-players-813521.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513073417/http://www.cafc.co.uk/news/article/20130508-released-players-813521.aspx |archive-date=13 May 2013 |access-date=8 May 2013 |publisher=Charlton Athletic}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Birnin Bristol ===
A ranar 8 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2013, Wagstaff ya sanya hannu a Bristol City kan yarjejeniyar shekaru uku.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Baker |first=Adam |title=Wagstaff secures City switch |url=http://www.bcfc.co.uk/news/article/20130708-wagstaffsigns-901488.aspx |access-date=8 July 2016 |website=www.bcfc.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya fara bugawa Bristol City wasa a wasan 2-2 da ya yi da Bradford City, kuma ya zira kwallaye a wannan wasan.

A ranar 27 ga watan Yuni shekara ta 2016 Bristol City ta tabbatar da cewa Wagstaff zai bar kulob din don neman kwallon kafa na farko.

=== Gillingham ===
Ya shiga kungiyar Gillingham ta League One a kan yarjejeniyar shekaru biyu a ranar 7 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2016.  Ya zira kwallaye na farko ga Gillingham a wasan 3-3 tare da Chesterfield a ranar 27 ga watan Satumba shekara ta 2016. 

Gillingham ne ya sake shi a ƙarshen kakar 2017-18. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 May 2018 |title=Lee Martin: Gillingham release captain and Scott Wagstaff and Jake Hessenthaler |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/44176350 |access-date=21 May 2018 |publisher=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== AFC Wimbledon ===
A ranar 11 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2018 an sanar da cewa Wagstaff ya sanya hannu tare da kungiyar League One AFC Wimbledon . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Neal clinches signing number five: Scott Wagstaff joins AFC Wimbledon |url=https://www.afcwimbledon.co.uk/news/2018/july/neal-clinches-signing-number-five |access-date=11 July 2018 |website=AFC Wimbledon}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 26 ga watan Janairu, Wagstaff ya zira kwallaye biyu a gasar cin Kofin FA ta AFC Wimbledon ta 4th Round da aka ci West Ham United a Kingsmeadow . 

Kungiyar ta saki Wagstaff a ƙarshen kakar shekarun 2019-20, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Squad update from the manager |url=https://www.afcwimbledon.co.uk/news/2020/june/squad-update-from-the-manager/ |access-date=27 June 2020 |website=www.afcwimbledon.co.uk |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt; bayan ya buga wasanni 72 a duk gasa kuma ya zira kwallaye 6.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Scott Wagstaff {{!}} Football Stats {{!}} AFC Wimbledon {{!}} Age 30 {{!}} Soccer Base |url=https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=48989 |access-date=27 June 2020 |website=www.soccerbase.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Masu Ruwa na daji ===
A ranar 26 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2020, Wagstaff ya shiga Forest Green Rovers kan yarjejeniyar shekara guda.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 October 2021 |title=Scott Wagstaff: Forest Green Rovers sign midfielder after AFC Wimbledon departure |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/53924412 |access-date=26 August 2020 |publisher=[[BBC]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 24 ga watan Mayu shekara ta 2021, an ba da sanarwar cewa Wagstaff zai bar Forest Green Rovers a ƙarshen kakar 2020-21. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 October 2021 |title=Chris Stokes and Scott Wagstaff to leave Forest Green this summer |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/forest-green-adam-smith-sky-bet-league-two-b1852777.html |access-date=24 May 2021 |website=[[The Independent]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Birnin Aldershot ===
A ranar 7 ga watan Oktoba shekara ta 2021,Wagstaff ya shiga Aldershot Town don kakar shekarun 2021-22.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 October 2021 |title=NEW SIGNING: SHOTS SIGN WAGSTAFF! |url=https://www.theshots.co.uk/new-signing-shots-sign-wagstaff/ |access-date=7 October 2021 |publisher=[[Aldershot Town F.C.|Aldershot Town]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Bromley ===
A ranar 7 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2022, Wagstaff ya sanya hannu a kungiyar Bromley ta National League . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 January 2022 |title=Bromley sign Scott Wagstaff |url=https://www.bromleyfc.tv/site/bromley-sign-scott-wagstaff/ |access-date=7 January 2022 |publisher=Bromley FC |archive-date=7 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107171108/https://www.bromleyfc.tv/site/bromley-sign-scott-wagstaff/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 31 ga watan Mayu shekarar 2022, an tabbatar da cewa Wagstaff zai bar Bromley bayan ƙarshen kwangilarsa.

=== Mala'iku na Tonbridge ===
A ranar 2 ga watan Oktoba shekara ta 2022,Wagstaff ya sanya hannu a kungiyar Tonbridge Angels ta Kudancin Kungiyar Kasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 October 2022 |title=Great Scott! Wagstaff's an Angel |url=https://www.tonbridgeangels.co.uk/news/great-scott-wagstaffs-an-angel/3659 |access-date=2 October 2022 |publisher=Tonbridge Angels FC |archive-date=2 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002100156/https://www.tonbridgeangels.co.uk/news/great-scott-wagstaffs-an-angel/3659 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Koyarwa da aikin gudanarwa ==

=== Tonbridge Mala'iku (mai kula) ===
A ranar 31 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2025,an nada Wagstaff a matsayin manajan mai kula da Tonbridge Angels bayan ficewar tsohon manajan Jay Saunders.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=31 March 2025 |title=CLUB STATEMENT |url=https://www.tonbridgeangels.co.uk/news/club-statement/6108 |access-date=31 March 2025 |publisher=Tonbridge Angels FC }}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kididdigar aiki ==

=== A matsayin mai kunnawa ===
{{Updated|match played 8 February 2025}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Bayyanawa da burin kulob din, kakar wasa da gasa
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Lokacin
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Kungiyar
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Ƙungiyar
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Kofin FA
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Kofin League
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Sauran
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Jimillar
|-
!Rarraba
!Aikace-aikacen
!Manufofin
!Aikace-aikacen
!Manufofin
!Aikace-aikacen
!Manufofin
!Aikace-aikacen
!Manufofin
!Aikace-aikacen
!Manufofin
|-
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |Charlton Athletic
|2007–08
|Gasar cin kofin
|2
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|2
|0
|-
|2008–09
|Gasar cin kofin
|2
|0
|1
|0
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|4
|0
|-
|2009–10
|Ƙungiyar Ɗaya
|31
|4
|1
|0
|1
|0
|4{{Efn|Two appearances and one goal in [[EFL Trophy]], two appearances in [[EFL League One play-offs|League One play-offs]]}}
|1
|37
|5
|-
|2010–11
|Ƙungiyar Ɗaya
|40
|8
|5
|1
|1
|0
|3[b]
|1
|49
|10
|-
|2011–12
|Ƙungiyar Ɗaya
|34
|4
|3
|0
|2
|0
|1[b]
|0
|40
|4
|-
|2012–13
|Gasar cin kofin
|9
|1
|0
|0
|1
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|10
|2
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Jimillar
!118
!17
!10
!1
!6
!1
!8
!2
!142
!21
|-
|Bournemouth (rashin kuɗi) 
|2008–09&lt;ref name=&quot;SW09&quot; /&gt;
|Ƙungiyar Biyu
|5
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|1[b]
|0
|6
|0
|-
|Northwich Victoria (rashin kuɗi) 
|2008–09&lt;ref name=&quot;SW09&quot; /&gt;
|Taron Kasa
|5
|1
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|5
|1
|-
|Gabashin Leyton (Lanoni) 
|2012–13&lt;ref name=&quot;SW13&quot; /&gt;
|Ƙungiyar Ɗaya
|7
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|7
|0
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |Birnin Bristol
|2013–14
|Ƙungiyar Ɗaya
|37
|5
|4
|0
|2
|1
|2[b]
|0
|45
|6
|-
|2014–15
|Ƙungiyar Ɗaya
|26
|2
|4
|0
|1
|0
|4[b]
|0
|35
|2
|-
|2015–16&lt;ref name=&quot;SW16&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Games played by Scott Wagstaff in 2015/2016 |url=http://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=48989&amp;season_id=144 |access-date=7 July 2017 |publisher=Soccerbase}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Gasar cin kofin
|9
|1
|1
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|10
|1
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Jimillar
!72
!8
!9
!0
!3
!1
!6
!0
!90
!9
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Gillingham
|2016–17
|Ƙungiyar Ɗaya
|26
|1
|1
|1
|1
|0
|0
|0
|28
|2
|-
|2017–18
|Ƙungiyar Ɗaya
|31
|0
|3
|1
|1
|0
|3[b]
|1
|38
|2
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Jimillar
!57
!1
!4
!2
!2
!0
!3
!1
!66
!4
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |AFC Wimbledon
|2018–19
|Ƙungiyar Ɗaya
|35
|2
|3
|2
|2
|0
|2{{Efn|Appearance(s) in EFL Trophy}}
|0
|42
|4
|-
|2019–20
|Ƙungiyar Ɗaya
|26
|1
|2
|0
|1
|1
|1[b]
|0
|30
|2
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Jimillar
!61
!3
!5
!2
!3
!1
!3
!0
!72
!6
|-
|Masu Ruwa na daji
|2020–21
|Ƙungiyar Biyu
|33
|1
|0
|0
|0
|0
|4{{Efn|Two appearances in EFL Trophy, two appearances in [[EFL League Two play-offs|League Two play-offs]]}}
|0
|37
|1
|-
|Birnin Aldershot
|2021–22
|Ƙungiyar Ƙasa
|8
|0
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|1{{Efn|Appearance in [[FA Trophy]]}}
|0
|10
|0
|-
|Bromley
|2021–22&lt;ref name=&quot;SW22&quot; /&gt;
|Ƙungiyar Ƙasa
|10
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|10
|1
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |Mala'iku na Tonbridge
|2022–23&lt;ref name=&quot;SW23&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Games played by Scott Wagstaff for Tonbridge Angles 2022/2023 |url=https://uk.soccerway.com/players/-scott-wagstaff/45981/ |access-date=21 February 2023 |publisher=Soccerway}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Kudu
|34
|1
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|1[d]
|0
|35
|1
|-
|2023–24&lt;ref name=&quot;SW24&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Games played by Scott Wagstaff for Tonbridge Angles 2023/2024 |url=https://uk.soccerway.com/players/-scott-wagstaff/45981/ |access-date=21 February 2023 |publisher=Soccerway}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Kudu
|37
|1
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|1[d]
|0
|39
|1
|-
|2024–25&lt;ref name=&quot;SW25&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Games played by Scott Wagstaff for Tonbridge Angles 2024/2025 |url=https://uk.soccerway.com/players/-scott-wagstaff/45981/ |access-date=21 February 2023 |publisher=Soccerway}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Kudu
|23
|0
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|1[d]
|0
|25
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Jimillar
!94
!2
!2
!0
!0
!0
!3
!0
!99
!2
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Cikakken aikinsa
!470
!34
!31
!5
!14
!3
!29
!3
!543
!45
|}
{{Notelist}}{{Updated|match played 26 April 2025}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Rubuce-rubucen manajan ta hanyar ƙungiya da kuma zama
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Kungiyar
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Daga
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Zuwa
! colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Rubuce-rubuce
|-
!{{Abbr|P|Matches played}}
!{{Abbr|W|Matches won}}
!{{Abbr|D|Matches drawn}}
!{{Abbr|L|Matches lost}}
!{{Abbr|Win %|Win percentage}}
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; |Tonbridge Mala'iku (mai kula) 
| align=&quot;left&quot; |31 Maris 2025
| align=&quot;left&quot; |26 ga Afrilu 2025{{WDL|5|0|1|4|decimals=2}}
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Jimillar
{{WDLtot|5|0|1|4|decimals=2}}
|}

== Daraja ==
'''Charlton Athletic'''

* Gasar kwallon kafa ta farko: 2011-122011–12

* Gasar kwallon kafa ta farko: 2014-152014–15
* Kofin Kwallon Kafa: 2014-15 

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==

* Bayanan mai kunnawa na Scott Wagstaff [mafi kyawun hanyar haɗi] a cafc.co.uk{{Dead link|date=May 2018}}
* Scott Wagstaffa filin wasan kwallon kafa
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1990]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Stephen Asamoah Boateng</title>
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      <text bytes="6298" sha1="ll1hfk3bp16u3a8abqh2i0rdtbt2ny6" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
Stephen Asamoah Boateng (an haife shi a ranar 18 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta 1958) ɗan siyasan Ghana ne kuma tsohon memba na majalisa na mazabar Mfantsiman West na Yankin Tsakiya Dan Ghana . Ya kasance tsohon Ministan Ci gaban Karkara da Muhalli, Yawon Bude Ido da Dangantakar Diaspora.[1] Boateng kuma tsohon ministan bayanai ne da kuma jagorancin kasa da kuma tsohon babban jami'in zartarwa na kwamitin Kasuwancin Jiha.[2][3] A halin yanzu shi ne Darakta Janar na Hukumar Kula da Harkokin Jiha da Gudanarwa (SIGA).[4][5][6][7]

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Boateng a shekara ta 1958 kuma ya fito ne daga [[Kormantse, Ghana|Kormantse]] a [[Yankin Tsakiya (Ghana)|Yankin Tsakiya na Ghana]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;serve&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 1, 2020 |title=I'm in office to serve Ghanaians not my friends –Asamoah Boateng |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/news/national/im-in-office-to-serve-ghanaians-not-my-friends-asamoah-boateng/ |access-date=August 6, 2020 |website=MyJoyOnline |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya sami ilimin sa na asali a makarantar firamare ta [[Konongo, Ghana|Konongo]] Methodist, Makarantun Tsakiya na Majalisar Gundumar Kormantse da Makarantar Tsakiya ta [[Cocin katolika|Roman Katolika]] sannan ya ci gaba da samun babban makarantar sakandare a Konongo / Odumase Senior High School . &lt;ref name=&quot;appointed&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 2, 2017 |title=Stephen Asamoah-Boateng appointed to head State Enterprise Commission |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/business/Stephen-Asamoah-Boateng-appointed-to-head-State-Enterprise-Commission-533516 |access-date=August 6, 2020 |website=GhanaWeb |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Boateng ya sami digiri na farko daga [[Jami'ar Ghana]] da kuma digiri na biyu a harkokin kasuwanci a Kwalejin Gudanar da Henley Oxfordshire a Ingila. A lokacin da ya zauna a Ingila, ya yi aiki a matsayin [[Kasuwancin yanar gizo|Mai ba da shawara kan talla]]-tallace a Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Amurka (AMS) na Pfizer Pharmaceuticals . Ya kuma kasance mai ba da shawara kan kasuwanci a Business Link a London da kuma Jami'in Gida a Royal Borough na Kensington, Chelsea . Ya yi aiki a matsayin ma'aikacin gwamnati tare da matsayin mataimakin shagon a Gidan Kiwon Lafiya na Ghana a [[Kumasi]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;Hon&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hon. Stephen Asamoah Boateng(ASABEE) |url=https://www.modernghana.com/references/77/hon-stephen-asamoah-boatengasabee.html |access-date=August 6, 2020 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Siyasa ==
Boateng is a member of the 4th parliament of the 4th republic of Ghana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=FM |first=Peace |title=Ghana Election 2004 Results – Mfantseman Constituency |url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2004/central/79/index.php |access-date=August 6, 2020 |website=Ghana Elections – Peace FM |archive-date=December 12, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221212184228/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2004/central/79/index.php |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; His political career began in his early days as a political activist. He became the President of the [[Madinah|Madina]] Students Union and the secretary of the Central Committee of [[Ƙungiyar Dalibai ta Kasa ta Ghana|National Union of Ghana Students]] (NUGS) from 1979 to 1982.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hon&quot;/&gt; He participated in the 2004 general elections as a representative of Mfantseman Constituency on the ticket of the New Patriotic Party and was elected as the member of parliament with a total of 28,081 votes out of 49,618 total valid votes cast that year.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=FM |first=Peace |title=Ghana Election 2004 Results – Mfantseman Constituency |url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2004/central/79/index.php |access-date=August 4, 2020 |website=Ghana Elections – Peace FM |archive-date=December 12, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221212184228/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2004/central/79/index.php |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; His constituency was a part of the 16 constituencies won by the New Patriotic Party in the [[Yankin Tsakiya (Ghana)|Central region]] in that elections.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=FM |first=Peace |title=Ghana Election 2004 Results - Central Region |url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2004/central/index.php |access-date=August 4, 2020 |website=Ghana Elections – Peace FM |archive-date=April 28, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428070731/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2004/central/index.php |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; His parliamentary term ended in the 2008 general elections after losing his seat to Aquinas Tawiah Quansah of the National Democratic Congress.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=FM |first=Peace |title=Ghana Election 2008 Results – Mfantseman Constituency |url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2008/central/79/index.php |access-date=August 6, 2020 |website=Ghana Elections – Peace FM |archive-date=December 12, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221212184228/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2008/central/79/index.php |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; He was appointed by President [[Nana Akufo-Addo|Nana Addo Dankwa Akuffo Addo]] as the executive chairman of the State Enterprise Committee in 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stephen Asamoah-Boateng. Archives |url=https://thebftonline.com/tag/stephen-asamoah-boateng/ |access-date=August 6, 2020 |website=The Business &amp; Financial Times |language=en-GB }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;appointed&quot;/&gt; Boateng was later appointed the director general of the State Interest And Governance (SIGA) Committee by the same president.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 1, 2019 |title=Ghana: President Swears in 2 Members of Council of State |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201912120662.html |access-date=August 6, 2020 |website=AllAfrica |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
Boateng Kirista ne. Ya auri Zuleika Lorwia, tare da ita yana da 'ya'ya bakwai ciki har da Samuel Nana Yaw Boateng . &lt;ref name=&quot;Hon&quot;/&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* Jerin 'yan majalisa da aka zaba a zaben majalisar dokokin Ghana na 2004

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1958]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Steven Stayner</title>
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      <text bytes="17911" sha1="gr5g8ic9j71jocycbbc8xqrmn0dw25q" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}

Steven Gregory Stayner (An haifi shi 18 ga watan Afrilu, 1965 - 16 ga Satumba, 1989), ɗan ƙasar Amirka ne, wanda aka sace. A ranar 4 ga watan Disamba, 1972, an sace Stayner mai shekaru bakwai a Merced, California, ta hanyar yarinya Kenneth Parnell. Wanda ya sace shi ya tsare shi kilomita 38 (61) a cikin Mariposa County, daga baya a cikin Mendocino County, har sai da ya kai shekaru 14, lokacin da ya sami nasarar tserewa tare da wani daga cikin wadanda Parnell ya kashe, Timothy White mai shekaru biyar. Ɗan'uwansa, Cary Stayner, daga baya ya zama Mai kisan gilla. –

== Haihuwar haihuwa da iyali ==
Steven Stayner shi ne na uku cikin yara biyar da Delbert da Kay Stayner suka haifa a Merced, California . [1] Yana da 'yan'uwa mata guda uku da babban ɗan'uwa, Cary.[2] A shekara ta 2002, an yanke wa Cary hukunci kuma An yanke masa hukuncin kisa saboda kisan mata hudu a kusa da Yosemite National Park da yayi .

== Garkuwa da mutane ==
A yammacin satar 4 ga watan Disamba, 1972, wani mutum mai suna Ervin Edward Murphy ya kusanci Stayner a kan hanyarsa ta komawa gida daga makaranta, wanda ya saba da wanda aka yanke masa hukuncin kisa Kenneth Parnell a matsayin abokan aiki a wani wurin shakatawa a Yosemite National Park .  Murphy, wanda wadanda suka san shi a matsayin mai amincewa, mai wayo da tunani mai sauƙi, &lt;ref name=&quot;name&quot; /&gt; Parnell (wanda ya ba da kansa ga Murphy a matsayin minista mai son)   ya taimaka masa ya sace wani saurayi don Parnell ya iya &quot;yi masa a cikin yarjejeniyar addini, &quot; kamar yadda Murphy daga baya ya bayyana.&lt;ref name=&quot;multiple&quot; /&gt;

Yin aiki bisa umarni daga Parnell, Murphy ya ba da warƙoƙi na addini ga yara maza da ke tafiya gida daga makaranta a wannan rana  kuma, bayan ya ga Stayner, ya yi iƙirarin zama wakilin coci da ke neman gudummawa. Stayner daga baya ya yi iƙirarin cewa Murphy ya tambaye shi idan mahaifiyarsa za ta yarda ta ba da gudummawa ga kowane abu ga cocin. Lokacin da yaron ya amsa cewa za ta yi, Murphy sai ya tambayi Stayner inda yake zaune kuma idan zai yarda ya kai Murphy gidansa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Echols 1991, p. 42&quot; /&gt;

Bayan Stayner ya amince, fararen [[Buick]] wanda Parnell ya tuka ya tashi, kuma Stayner da yardar rai ya hau cikin mota tare da Murphy. Daga nan sai Parnell ya kori Stayner mai rikitarwa zuwa gidansa a kusa da Catheys Valley a maimakon haka. Ba tare da sanin Stayner ba, gidan Parnell yana da ƙafa ɗari kawai daga gidan kakan mahaifiyarsa.

Parnell ya lalata da Stayner a cikin dare na farko a gidan. Ya fara yi wa yaron fyade kwanaki 13 bayan haka, a ranar 17 ga watan Disamba. Bayan da Stayner ya gaya wa Parnell sau da yawa a cikin wannan makon farko cewa yana so ya koma gida, Parnell ya gaya wa Stayner cewa an ba shi ikon kula da yaron saboda iyayensa ba za su iya samun yara da yawa ba kuma ba sa son shi kuma.

Parnell ya fara kiran yaron &quot;Dennis Gregory Parnell&quot;,  yana riƙe da ainihin sunan Stayner na tsakiya da ainihin ranar haihuwarsa lokacin da ya yi masa rajista a makarantu daban-daban a cikin shekaru masu zuwa. Parnell ya wuce kansa a matsayin mahaifin Stayner, kuma biyun sun koma California akai-akai, suna zaune a wurare da suka hada da Santa Rosa da Comptche. Parnell ya ba Stayner damar fara shan giya tun yana ƙarami kuma ya zo ya tafi kusan kamar yadda yake so. Yayinda yake sauya sau da yawa daga wani aiki mara kyau zuwa wani, wasu ayyukansa suna buƙatar tafiya kuma suna barin Stayner ba tare da kulawa ba. Wani babba Stayner daga baya ya ce zai iya amfani da waɗannan rashi a matsayin damar tserewa, amma bai san yadda za a kira taimako ba.

Parnell ya ba Stayner Manchester Terrier wanda ya kira Queenie . Mahaifiyarsa ce ta ba Parnell wannan kare, wacce ba ta san wanzuwar Stayner ba a lokacin da Parnell ke riƙe da shi.

Shekaru 18 da suka gabata, wata mace mai suna Barbara Mathias ta zauna tare da Parnell da Stayner. A cewar Stayner, Mathias, tare da Parnell, sun yi masa fyade sau tara yana da shekaru 9. A shekara ta 1975, a kan umarnin Parnell, Mathias ya yi ƙoƙari ya ja hankalin wani saurayi, wanda ke cikin Santa Rosa Boys' Club tare da Stayner, cikin motar Parnell. Yunkurin bai yi nasara ba. Mathias daga baya ya yi iƙirarin cewa bai san cewa an sace &quot;Dennis&quot; ba.

=== Tserewa ===
Yayin da Stayner ya shiga lokacin [[balaga]], Parnell ya fara neman ƙaramin yaro don sace shi. Parnell ya yi amfani da Stayner don ƙoƙarin sace yara a lokuta da suka gabata, amma duk ƙoƙarin satar ba su yi nasara ba. Wannan ya sa Parnell ya yi imani da Stayner ba shi da hanyar zama abokin tarayya. Stayner ya bayyana daga baya cewa ya yi amfani da gangan wajen lalata waɗannan satar mutane. A ranar 14 ga Fabrairu, 1980, Parnell da wani matashi na Stayner mai suna Randall Sean Poorman sun sace Timothy White mai shekaru biyar a Ukiah. Da yake damuwa da yaron ya motsa shi, Stayner ya yanke shawarar mayar da yaron ga iyayensa.

A ranar 1 ga Maris, 1980, yayin da Parnell ya tafi aikin tsaro na dare, Stayner ya bar gidan tare da White kuma ya shiga Ukiah, California. Bayan sun kasa gano gidan White, sai suka tafi ofishin 'yan sanda. Da asubahi a ranar 2 ga watan Maris, an kama Parnell bisa zargin sace yaran biyu. Lokacin da 'yan sanda suka bincika asalinsa, sun sami hukuncin sodomy na baya daga shekara ta 1951.&lt;ref name=&quot;lodi&quot; /&gt; Yaran biyu sun sake haduwa da iyalansu a wannan rana. An gwada Parnell kuma an yanke masa hukunci a 1981 na satar White da Stayner a cikin gwaji biyu. An yanke masa hukuncin shekaru bakwai, amma an sake shi bayan ya yi shekaru biyar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-09-08 |title=Stayner, serial killer Cary Stayner's brother, was abducted for 7 years - Crime Library on truTV.com |url=http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/criminal_mind/psychology/kenneth_parnell/9.htmlSteven |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080602054353/http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/criminal_mind/psychology/kenneth_parnell/9.htmlSteven |archive-date=2008-06-02 |access-date=2019-08-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ba a tuhumi Parnell da hare-haren jima'i da yawa a kan Stayner da sauran yara maza ba saboda mafi yawansu sun faru ne a waje da ikon mai gabatar da kara na Merced County ko kuma a lokacin sun kasance a waje da dokar iyakoki. Masu gabatar da kara na Gundumar Mendocino, suna aiki kusan gaba ɗaya, sun yanke shawarar kada su gurfanar da Parnell saboda cin zarafin jima'i da ya faru a cikin ikonsu.

Murphy, don taimakawa satar Stayner, da Poorman, don taimakawa sace White, an same su da ƙananan tuhume-tuhume. Dukansu sun yi iƙirarin cewa ba su san komai game da cin zarafin jima'i a kan Stayner ba. Ba a taɓa kama Mathias ba. Stayner ya tuna da alherin &quot;Uncle&quot; Murphy ya nuna masa a cikin makon farko na bauta yayin da suke ƙarƙashin tasirin Parnell, kuma ya yi imanin cewa Murphy ya kasance wanda aka azabtar da Parnell kamar yadda shi da White suka kasance. Garkuwa da Stayner da sakamakonsa sun sa 'yan majalisa na California su canza dokokin jihar &quot;don ba da izinin sharuɗɗa na kurkuku a jere a cikin irin waɗannan shari'o'in satar mutane&quot;.

== Rayuwa da mutuwa daga baya ==
Bayan ya koma iyalinsa, Stayner yana da matsala wajen daidaitawa da gidan da aka tsara kamar yadda aka ba shi izinin shan sigari, sha da yin kamar yadda yake so lokacin da yake zaune tare da Parnell.&lt;ref name=&quot;schindehette&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Schindehette |first=Susan |last2=Adelson |first2=Suzanne |date=May 22, 1989 |title=17 Years Later, a Tv Miniseries Forces Steven Stayner to Relive the Horror of His Childhood |url=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20120348,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307072914/http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20120348,00.html |archive-date=March 7, 2016 |access-date=May 1, 2014 |website=[[People (magazine)|People]] |publisher=People magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; A wata hira da ''Newsweek'' jim kadan bayan tserewa, Stayner ya ce, &quot;Na dawo kusan mutum ne mai girma kuma duk da haka iyayena sun gan ni da farko a matsayin yarinya mai shekaru 7. Bayan sun daina ƙoƙarin koya mini ka'idoji, ya fi kyau. Amma me ya sa mahaifina bai rungume ni ba? [...] Duk abin da ya canza. Wani lokaci na zargi kaina. Ba na san wani lokaci idan ya kamata na dawo gida. Da na fi kyau idan ban yi ba?&quot;

Stayner ya sami gajeren shawara amma bai taɓa neman ƙarin magani ba. Ya kuma ki bayyana duk bayanan cin zarafin da ya jimre daga Parnell.&lt;ref name=&quot;schindehette&quot;/&gt; A cikin wata hira da aka yi da ita a shekara ta 2007, 'yar'uwar Stayner ta ce dan uwanta bai nemi shawara ba saboda mahaifinsu ya ce Stayner &quot;ba ya bukatar wani&quot;. Ta kara da cewa, &quot;Ya [Steven] ya ci gaba da rayuwarsa amma ya kasance mai kyau. &quot; Sauran yara a makaranta sun tsananta wa Stayner saboda an yi masa lalata kuma daga ƙarshe an bar shi. Ya fara shan giya akai-akai kuma daga ƙarshe an kore shi daga gidan danginsa; dangantakarsa da mahaifinsa za ta kasance mai wahala.

A shekara ta 1985, Stayner ya auri Jody Edmondson mai shekaru 17,  tare da wanda ya haifi 'ya'ya biyu: 'yar mai suna Ashley da ɗa mai suna Steven Jr. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=September 4, 2009 |title=Remembering Stephen Stayner |url=http://www.mercedsunstar.com/news/article3206390.html |access-date=May 1, 2014 |website=mercedsunstar.com |publisher=Merced Sun-Star}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kuma yi aiki tare da kungiyoyin satar yara, ya yi magana da yara game da tsaron kansa kuma ya ba da tambayoyi game da satar sa. Stayner ya shiga Cocin Yesu Almasihu na Kiristoci na Ƙarshe jim kadan kafin mutuwarsa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mormon News for WE 01Aug99: Stayner family's woeful history |url=http://www.mormonstoday.com/990801/L8Stayner01.shtml |website=mormonstoday.com |access-date=2025-12-01 |archive-date=2008-09-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080906102847/http://www.mormonstoday.com/990801/L8Stayner01.shtml |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; A lokacin mutuwarsa, Stayner yana zaune a Merced kuma yana aiki a shagon pizza.&lt;ref name=&quot;holland&quot; /&gt;

A ranar 16 ga Satumba, 1989, Stayner ya sami mummunan rauni a kansa yayin da yake komawa gida daga aiki lokacin da mota ta juya a gaban babur dinsa a cikin hatsari.&lt;ref name=&quot;people&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Stark |first=John |last2=Adelson |first2=Suzanne |date=October 2, 1989 |title=A Hit-and-Run Crash Ends the Life of Kidnap Victim Steven Stayner |url=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20121314,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303225015/http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20121314,00.html |archive-date=March 3, 2016 |access-date=May 1, 2014 |website=[[People (magazine)|People]] |publisher=People magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shaidu ne suka gano direban motar, Antonio Loera.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=John Star, Suzanne Adelson |date=1989-10-02 |title=A Hit-and-Run Crash Ends the Life of Kidnap Victim Steven Stayner |url=https://people.com/archive/a-hit-and-run-crash-ends-the-life-of-kidnap-victim-steven-stayner-vol-32-no-14/ |access-date=2021-06-13 |publisher=[[People (magazine)|People]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; An yanke wa Loera hukuncin watanni uku a kurkuku saboda kisa da gudu amma an same shi ba shi ba laifi ba kisan kai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Spencer |first=Samuel |date=22 April 2022 |title=Captive Audience': Who Was Steven Stayner and What Happened To Him? |url=https://www.newsweek.com/captive-audience-hulu-what-happened-steven-stayner-1700061 |website=Newsweek}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mutane ɗari biyar sun halarci jana'izar Stayner, inda Timothy White mai shekaru 14 ya kasance mai ɗaukar gawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;people&quot; /&gt;

== Sauye-sauyen kafofin watsa labarai ==
A farkon shekara ta 1989, an samar da jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin guda biyu bisa ga kwarewar Stayner, Na san Sunan Na Farko shine Steven (wanda aka fi sani da The Missing Years). Stayner, yana barin aikinsa, ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga Lorimar-Telepictures kuma yana da ɓangaren da ba ya magana, yana wasa ɗaya daga cikin 'yan sanda biyu waɗanda ke raka Steven mai shekaru 14 (wanda Korin Nemec ya buga) ta hanyar taron jama'a zuwa ga iyalinsa masu jiran. Ko da yake ya gamsu da wasan kwaikwayo, Stayner ya koka cewa ya nuna shi a matsayin mutum mai &quot;marasa kyau, mara kyau&quot;, musamman ga iyayensa, wani abu da ya karyata yayin da yake tallata Miniserie a cikin bazara na 1989.  [[NBC]] ce ta fara watsa shirye-shiryen a ranar 21-22 ga Mayu, 1989. An sayar da haƙƙin dubawa ga kamfanonin talabijin na duniya da yawa ciki har da [[BBC]], wanda ya nuna miniseries a tsakiyar Yuli na shekara mai zuwa; daga baya har yanzu, an sake shi azaman fim mai tsayi.

Shirin, wanda ya sami gabatarwa hudu na Emmy Award, ciki har da daya ga Nemec, ya dogara ne akan rubutun Mike Echols, wanda ya bincika labarin kuma ya yi hira da Stayner da Parnell, da sauransu. Bayan gabatarwa, Echols ya buga littafinsa, wanda ake kira I Know My First Name is Steven, a cikin 1991. A cikin bayanan littafinsa, Echols ya bayyana yadda ya shiga NAMBLA. A cikin 1999, ba tare da sha'awar iyalin Stayner ba, Echols ya rubuta wani ƙarin babi game da ɗan'uwan Steven Cary bisa buƙatar mai bugawa, wanda daga nan ya sake buga littafin.

An dauki taken fim din da littafin daga sakin layi na farko na bayanin 'yan sanda da Steven ya rubuta, wanda aka bayar a farkon sa'o'i na Maris 2, 1980, a Ukiah. Ya karanta:&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;Suna na shine Steven Stainer ''[sic]''. Ina da shekaru goma sha huɗu. Ban san ranar haihuwata ta gaskiya ba, amma ina amfani da Afrilu 18, 1965. Na san sunana na farko shine Steven, Na tabbata na karshe shine Stainer''[sic]'', kuma idan ina da sunan tsakiya, ban san shi ba. &quot;&lt;/blockquote&gt;An kuma haɗa labarin Stayner a cikin littafin Against Their Will na Nigel Cawthorne, tarin labaran satar mutane.

Wani labari na 2019 na Shirin talabijin ''9-1-1'' ya nuna labarin da aka daidaita daga kwarewar Stayner, wanda ya nuna wani mutum mai suna Eric Parnell a matsayin mai sace-sacen da kuma wani hali mai suna Stevie a matsayin mai shekaru 13 da aka sace. A cikin labarin, Stevie yana zaune tare da Parnell tun lokacin da aka sace shi shekaru bakwai da suka gabata yana da shekaru shida, kuma ya sami damar ceton yaro na biyu wanda Parnell ya sace.

A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2022, Hulu ta fitar da takamaiman laifuka na gaskiya Captive Audience: A Real American Horror Story bayan rayuwar Stayner da iyalinsa da kuma yadda satar ta shafi rayuwarsu. An ba da kulawa ta musamman ga yadda abubuwan da suka faru suka shafi rayuwar Cary Stayner. Shirin ya mayar da hankali sosai ga miniseries kuma ya nuna bayyanar Corin Nemec da Todd Eric Andrews.

== Sakamakon haka ==
Shekaru goma bayan mutuwar Stayner, birnin Merced ya nemi mazaunanta su ba da sunayen wuraren shakatawa na gari don girmama sanannun 'yan ƙasa na Merced. Iyayen Stayner sun ba da shawarar cewa a kira daya &quot;Stayner Park&quot;. An ƙi wannan ra'ayin kuma an ba da girmamawa ga wani mazaunin Merced saboda ɗan'uwan Stayner Cary ya furta, kuma an same shi da, kashe mata huɗu a 1999; Jami'an birnin Merced sun ji tsoron cewa sunan &quot;Stayner Park&quot; zai kasance da alaƙa da Cary maimakon Steven.

A shekara ta 2004, Parnell, wanda ke da shekaru 72, an same shi da laifin ƙoƙarin a shekarar da ta gabata don shawo kan 'yar'uwar mai kula da shi ta saya masa yaro don dala ɗari biyar. Sanin abin da ya gabata na Parnell, ta ba da rahoton wannan ga 'yan sanda na yankin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bulwa |first=Demian Bulwa |date=16 April 2004 |title=OAKLAND / Child predator sentenced to 25 years to life / Steven Stayner's kidnapper tried to buy 4-year-old in Berkeley |url=https://www.sfgate.com/crime/article/OAKLAND-Child-predator-sentenced-to-25-years-to-2792860.php |access-date=2 September 2020 |website=SFGate |publisher=San Francisco Chronicle}}&lt;/ref&gt; White, wanda a lokacin ya girma, an kira shi don yin shaida a shari'ar aikata laifuka ta Parnell. Kodayake Stayner ya mutu, an karanta shaidarsa a shari'ar da ta gabata ta Parnell ga masu juri a matsayin shaida a shari'a ta Parnell ta 2004. Parnell ya mutu ne a ranar 21 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2008, a Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta California a Vacaville, yayin da yake yin hukuncin shekaru 25 zuwa rai.

White daga baya ya zama mataimakin a Sashen Sheriff na Los Angeles County. Ya mutu a ranar 1 ga Afrilu, 2010, yana da shekaru 35 daga cutar huhu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 8, 2010 |title=Ukiah Daily Journal: Timothy White, boy saved by Steven Stayner, dead at 35 |url=http://www.mercedsunstar.com/2010/04/08/1379135/ukiah-daily-journal-timmie-white.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502091854/http://www.mercedsunstar.com/2010/04/08/1379135/ukiah-daily-journal-timmie-white.html |archive-date=May 2, 2014 |access-date=May 1, 2014 |website=Merced Sun-Star}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Timothy White, victim of 1980 kidnapping, dies |url=http://www.signalscv.com/archives/27125/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402132137/http://www.signalscv.com/archives/27125/ |archive-date=2015-04-02 |access-date=2015-03-10 |website=signalscv.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kusan watanni biyar bayan haka, a ranar 28 ga watan Agusta, an keɓe wani mutum-mutumi na Stayner da White a Applegate Park a Merced. Mazaunan Ukiah, garin White, sun zana wani mutum-mutumi wanda ke nuna wani matashi Stayner tare da saurayi White a hannunsa yayin da yake tserewa daga bauta. Masu tara kudade don mutum-mutumi sun bayyana cewa an yi shi ne don girmama Stayner da kuma ba iyalai na yara da suka ɓace da waɗanda aka sace fatan cewa har yanzu suna da rai.&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Steven Stayner memorial |url=http://www.stevenstaynermemorial.org/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061205054647/http://stevenstaynermemorial.org/ |archive-date=2006-12-05 |access-date=2007-01-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==
 

* Jerin satar mutane
* Jerin shari'o'in ɗaurin kurkuku na dogon lokaci
* Jerin shari'o'in mutanen da suka ɓace: 1950-1999

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1989]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1965]]
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    <title>Skandals Kibao</title>
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Skandals Kibao (Turanci: Full of Scandals) wasan kwaikwayo ne na sabulu na Kenya wanda aka fara a kan KTN a watan Agusta 2015. Mary Migui ce ta ba da umarnin. Babban simintin sun hada da; Lwanda Jawar, George Mo, Vincent Mbaya, Billiard Wanjau, Janet Sision da Afrilu.

== Makirci ==
Abokai huɗu John, Maxwell, Kingsley da George sun yanke shawarar yin biki na bachelor wata dare kafin bikin auren John da budurwarsa Christine (Janet Sision). Suna shiga cikin shan miyagun ƙwayoyi masu yawa; suna cinye su. Kashegari, lokacin da suka yi sanyi, sun fahimci cewa John bai farka ba; ya fada cikin kwayoyi. Christine tana jiran ango amma sai ta yanke shawarar dakatar da bikin. Daga baya a wannan rana, abokai uku sun ga wani mutumin da ba shi da gida mai suna Joe a talabijin. Yana fama da amnesia kuma yana da kama da Yahaya. Sun shawo kan Joe ya yi kama da John, sun yi imanin cewa aƙalla zai sami mafaka. Jerin ƙarya, yaudara, kishi da haɗama sun biyo baya.&lt;ref name=&quot;starts16august&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Show Premier: Skandals Kibao Starts Sunday 16 August on KTN |url=http://www.talenteastafrica.com/2015/08/show-premier-skandals-kibao-starts.html?m=1 |access-date=September 2, 2015 |publisher=Talent East Africa |archive-date=October 2, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002111930/http://www.talenteastafrica.com/2015/08/show-premier-skandals-kibao-starts.html?m=1 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Masu ba da labari ==

=== Babban aikin ===

* Lwanda Jawar a matsayin John / Joe, ya nuna maza biyu iri ɗaya waɗanda dangantakarsu har yanzu ba ta bayyana ba. John shine ango na Christine, abokiyar Maxwell, Kingsley da George. Ya mutu sakamakon shan miyagun ƙwayoyi. Joe, a gefe guda, ya manta da abin da ya gabata wanda ya sa ya kasance mai saukin kamuwa da ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa ta abokan John.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Maureen Orwa |title=Lwanda Jawar the sense 8 star is in skandals kibao |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201509180394.html |access-date=September 27, 2015 |publisher=Talent East Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Janet Sision a matsayin Christine, ba ta da tabbas kuma tana ƙoƙarin zama 'yar kirki da kuma cikakkiyar ango. Dole ne ta yi watsi da halin 'yar'uwarta game da ita. Ta zama wanda abokan aikin John suka azabtar kuma dole ne ta yi ƙarya tare da Joe ba tare da sanin cewa shi mai zamba ne ba. Bayan haka akwai wani sirri da ita da mahaifiyarta ke kula da shi, ba ta da ciki daga zubar da ciki a farkon shekarunta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Janet Sision embodies on her new role |url=http://www.talenteastafrica.com/2015/08/janet-sision.html?m=1 |access-date=September 27, 2015 |publisher=Talent East Africa |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041241/http://www.talenteastafrica.com/2015/08/janet-sision.html?m=1 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* George Mo a matsayin Maxwell, ya fi zama abokin gaba fiye da aboki ga John. Ya raina shi saboda yana da Christine. Ta haka ne zai yi komai don samun ta. Bugu da ƙari, shi dillalin miyagun ƙwayoyi ne kuma zai yi duk abin da ya dace don samun aljihun mai.
* Vincent Mbaya a matsayin George, shi ne aboki mafi kyau na John daga cikin uku.
* [[Avril (mawaƙiya)|Afrilu]] a matsayin Karen ita ce 'yar'uwar Christine. Saboda mummunar zaɓinta a rayuwa ta shiga cikin kwayoyi wanda kusan ya kai ta ga mutuwa. A sakamakon dangantakarta da Alex, ta yi ciki kuma ta yanke shawarar kawar da shi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Avril not switching to gospel |url=http://biggestkaka.co.ke/confirmed-avril-not-switching-to-gospel/ |access-date=September 2, 2015 |publisher=Biggest Kaka}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Avril not switching to gospel |url=http://www.sde.co.ke/article/2000173285/avril-i-have-not-crossed-over-to-the-gospel-camp |access-date=September 2, 2014 |publisher=SDE |archive-date=August 18, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150818152040/http://www.sde.co.ke/article/2000173285/avril-i-have-not-crossed-over-to-the-gospel-camp |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Bilharl Wanjau a matsayin Kingsley, yana da rauni kuma yana da rauni. Ya hana zalunci da zagi daga abokansa musamman Maxwell kuma har yanzu yana manne wa matarsa mai cin zarafi. Ba zai iya yanke shawara ba, wannan ya sa ya zama ɗan tsana na Maxwell.
* [[Muthoni Gathecha]] a matsayin Mama, ita ce mahaifiyar Christine da Karen. 'Ya'yanta mata sune apple na idanunta.
* [[Brenda Wairimu]] a matsayin Kiki, abokiyar John kuma mai yiwuwa abokin hamayya ga Christine yayin da ta farka da kishi lokacin da ta kasance tana ciyar da lokaci mai yawa tare da budurwarta. Tana gudanar da ƙungiyar 'yan fashi a cikin unguwar [[Nairobi]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kisuli |first=Steven |last2=Mwendo |date=21 November 2015 |title=Gorgeous Brenda features in the new drama series Scandals Kibao |url=http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/evewoman/m/?articleID=2000183145&amp;story_title=gorgeous-brenda-features-in-the-new-drama-series-scandals-kibao |access-date=30 December 2015 |website=SDE}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Taimako ===

* [[Bobby Muga]] a matsayin Alex, ya shiga cikin wani al'amari tare da Karen wanda ya haifar da ciki kuma yana adawa da zubar da ciki.
* Robert Agengo a matsayin Nathan, ɗan jarida kuma abokin Alex. Ya bincika abokai huɗu.
* Mumbi Lukwili a matsayin Matashi, ita ce mahaifiyar Joe, tana da ma'ana kuma tana fita don ɗaukar abin da ya kamata Joe bayan mutuwar mahaifinsa. Ta kasa fahimtar cewa kokarin da take yi na haifar da wani dodon daga danta David.
* [[Lies that Bind|Justin Mirichii]] a matsayin David, shi ɗan'uwan Joe ne, mai hankali kuma mahaifiyarsa ta sarrafa shi wanda ya haifar da mutuwarta kuma ya binne ta.
* Florence Nduta a matsayin Joan, mahaifiyar John da ke adawa da auren tsakanin John da Christine.

== Fitarwa ==
It is produced by Lwanda Jawar and directed by Mary Migui. Filming is done entirely in [[Nairobi]].{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2015}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2015)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== watsa shirye-shirye ==
''Skandals Kibao'' ya fara ne a kan KTN daga ranar 16 ga watan Agusta, 2015. &lt;ref name=&quot;starts16august&quot;/&gt; An watsa shi a ranar Lahadi da karfe 8 na yamma amma daga baya ya koma ranar Talata 8 na yamma don shirya lokacin zuwa Ultimate Weight Challenge.

== Manazarta ==
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  <page>
    <title>Single Kiasi (Shirin Talabijin na Kenya)</title>
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      <text bytes="14171" sha1="t340bzpsj6kt7wpgl44tbo6yy8ymg7p" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''''Single Kiasi''''' is a Kenyan drama series produced by [https://www.insigniaproductions.global/project/single-kiasi-tv-show/ Insginia Productions]  for African streamer, Showmax.   

Gathoni Mutua, Faith Kibathi da RHON star Minne Kariuki suna taka rawar mata. Philippe Bresson da Grace Kahaki, masu kirkirar The Chocolate Empire da Netflix's Kash Money ne suka hada kai da kuma hada kai da wasan kwaikwayon.

Single Kiasi yana daya daga cikin shirye-shiryen da aka fi kallo a kan Showmax tun lokacin da aka fara shi a shekarar 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 January 2025 |title=2024 in review: What Kenyans watched on Showmax |url=https://stories.showmax.com/ke/2024-in-review-what-kenyans-watched-on-showmax |access-date=7 July 2025 |website=Showmax Stories |archive-date=12 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251212065714/https://stories.showmax.com/ke/2024-in-review-what-kenyans-watched-on-showmax |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Satumbar 2025, Showmax ya sabunta kuma ya sanar da kakar wasa ta huɗu. 

== Makirci ==
Single Kiasi ya bi rayuwar Sintamei, Mariah da Rebecca, yayin da suke kewaya aure, dangantaka, da ayyukansu a cikin gandun daji na Nairobi. Har ila yau, yana bincika kyakkyawar abota da waɗannan mata ke da ita, da sanin cewa ko da lokacin da duniya ta rushe a kusa da su, koyaushe za su kasance da juna.

Lokaci na 2 ya kama tare da uku bayan wani bombshell finalé a kakar 1. Sintamei ta fara kamfaninta na lauya tare da abokin kasuwancin ta kuma tsohuwar abokiyarta Olivia. Bayan ya rasa JK, Mariah ya fara gamuwa da likitan filastik. Gwagwarmayar kudi ta Rebecca ta ci gaba bayan ta rabu da Eric wanda ya sami sabuwar budurwa. 

Lokaci na 3 ya biyo bayan Rebecca har yanzu tana damuwa daga barin ta a bagaden kuma ta sami ta'aziyya a sabon aikinta a matsayin mataimaki ga tsohon saurayinta, Nick. Yayin da suke ciyar da karin lokaci tare, tsoffin jiye-jiye sun sake bayyana, kuma sun sake fara dangantaka ta soyayya. Sintamei ta fara tafiya ta bincike ta hanyar rungumar polyamory tare da Giselle da Marcel, yayin da Mariah ke fama da fahimtar cewa kyakkyawa mai ban sha'awa tana ɓacewa. Da yake ba ta da niyyar sake samun sha'awarta ta ƙuruciya, Mariah ta yi amfani da matakai masu tsanani don canza kamanninta na jiki.

Lokaci na 4 ya tashi daga mummunan tashin hankali tare da duniyar Sintamei ta juya daga iko bayan dare na zaɓuɓɓuka masu tambaya tare da Nick. Da yake ta sha wahala, sai ta nutse cikin aikinta, tana ƙoƙari ta ɗaga bayanan lauyanta. Koyaya, isowar baƙo mai ƙwarewa da haɗari ya jarabci Sintamei don bincika hanya mai haɗari. A halin yanzu, ana gwada soyayya ta Rebecca da Nick ta hanyar matsa lamba ta iyali, wanda mahaifiyar Nick da mahaifiyarsa masu girman kai suka shirya. Mariah da ta tsira daga baƙin ciki da wulakanci a kakar da ta gabata, ta ƙaddara ta zubar da labarin wanda aka azabtar. Ta rungumi ikonta kuma ta shiga cikin sabuwar dangantaka inda ta sami iko.

== Masu ba da labari ==

* Gathoni Mutua a matsayin '''Sintamei''', lauya mai cin nasara, mai mai da hankali kan aiki wanda da alama yana da rayuwar da kowace mace za ta yi mafarki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 February 2022 |title=Sintamei: Single Kiasi actress Gathoni Mutua on channelling Olivia Pope |url=https://stories.showmax.com/ke/sintamei-single-kiasi |website=Showmax Stories |access-date=3 December 2025 |archive-date=11 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250211121453/https://stories.showmax.com/ke/sintamei-single-kiasi |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Minne Kariuki a matsayin Mariah wata mace mai sassauci tare da ɗanɗano ga abubuwa mafi kyau a rayuwa, wanda ke amfani da kamanninta don samun duk abin da take so.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 February 2022 |title=Mariah: Single Kiasi actress on playing the slay queen |url=https://stories.showmax.com/ke/mariah-single-kiasi |access-date=1 January 2025 |website=Showmax Stories }}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Faith Kibathi a matsayin '''Rebecca''', uwar gida kuma mahaifiyar yara biyu wacce ta zauna tare da ƙaunatacciyar makarantar sakandare na tsawon shekaru tara duk da cewa ba ta yi aure a hukumance ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 February 2022 |title=Rebecca: Single Kiasi actress Faith Kibathi on freedom, identity and on-screen chemistry |url=https://stories.showmax.com/ke/rebecca-single-kiasi |access-date=1 January 2023 |website=Showmax Stories }}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kevin Maina a matsayin Richie, wani saurayi wanda ke da jima'i na yau da kullun tare da tsofaffin mata don kuɗi. Shi kuma dan uwan Mariah ne kuma abokin zama.
* Michael Munyoki a matsayin '''Eric''', mai kyau a makarantar sakandare ta Rebecca kuma mahaifin 'ya'yanta biyu.
* Lenana Kariba a matsayin '''Nick''', sanannen tauraron talabijin kuma sha'awar soyayya ta Rebecca. Su biyun suna ɗaukar matakai don yin dangantakar a hukumance a kakar wasa ta 4.
* Brian Abajah a matsayin '''Andrew''', wani matashi lauya a kamfanin lauya na Sintamei kuma yana aiki a matsayin sha'awar soyayya a Season 1. Daga baya sun tafi hanyoyi daban-daban.
* Mburu Kimani a matsayin '''JK''', sha'awar soyayya ta Mariah a Season 1.
* Grace Wacuka a matsayin '''Olivia''', abokiyar Sintamei kuma abokin aikin lauya da aka gabatar a Season 1.
* Jimmy Gathu a matsayin '''Dickson''', Mariah mai ban tsoro da kuma mai son mallakar da aka gabatar a Season 3.
* Wanjira Longauer a matsayin '''Stephanie''', Babban Abokin Ciniki na Sintamei a ofishinta na lauya. An gabatar da ita a cikin Season 3. Tana aiki tukuru kuma za ta kalubalanci aikin Sintamei da aminci.
* Joy Kendi a matsayin Joy, babban abokin hamayyar Mariah.
* Hellen Keli a matsayin '''Delilah''', budurwa mai girma ta Ritchie da aka gabatar a Season 3. Tana da shirin fara iyali, ba tare da Ritchie ya sani ba.
* Ciku Shire da Quincy Rapando, a matsayin '''Giselle da Marcel''', ma'aurata masu yawa da ke bin Sintamei a Season 2.
* Lucarelli Onyango a matsayin '''Kevin''', mijin Sintamei na shekaru 12 wanda ke rayuwa a asirce. Daga bisani suka tafi hanyoyi daban-daban a Season 1.
* Derek Bbanga a matsayin '''Henry''', shugaban Sintamei a kamfanin lauya a Season 1.
* Walter Opiyo a matsayin '''Steve''', Sintamei's nemesis, wanda aka inganta a kanta a Season 1.
* [[Ian Mbugua]] a matsayin '''Dokta Bernard''', likitan filastik wanda ke da alaƙa da Mariah a Season 2.
* Brian Ogola a matsayin Chris, sabon sha'awar soyayya ta Sintamei tare da rikitarwa da aka gabatar a Season 4. 
* Xavier Ywaya a matsayin Boni, sabon sha'awar soyayya ta Mariah wanda da alama yana rayuwa sau biyu. 
* [[Maqbul Mohammed|Maqbull Mohammed]] a matsayin Mista Kahaki, mutumin da yake son Mariah amma abubuwa suna da rikitarwa lokacin da matarsa ke da wasu tsare-tsare. An gabatar da shi a cikin Season 4. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
* Silayio Kirisuaha a matsayin Mrs. Kahaki, wata mace mai arziki da ta ba Mariah wata shawara mai ban sha'awa. An gabatar da ita a cikin Season 4. 
* Daina Njuguna a matsayin Rachel, abokiyar yarinta ta Mariah da Joy. An gabatar da ita a cikin Season 4.

== Fitarwa ==

=== Ci gaba ===
Showmax ya sanar  Kiasi a watan Janairun 2022 ya zama na biyu na asali na Kenya &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ochieng |first=Jennifer |date=4 January 2022 |title=Showmax announces its next Kenyan Original series, Single Kiasi |url=https://stories.showmax.com/ke/showmax-announces-single-kiasi |access-date=4 July 2025 |website=Showmax Stories }}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; bayan Kalasha-nominated Crime and Justice, da kuma na uku na asali na asali a cikin kasar bayan fim din asali ''Baba Twins'' . Insignia Productions, ɗakin studio a bayan Changing Times da New Beginnings, an sanar da shi don jagorantar wasan kwaikwayon tare da duo mai kirkirar Philippe Bresson da Grace Kahaki suna aiki a matsayin masu gudanarwa tare da Robby Bresson. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Nunin ya samo asali ne daga jerin shirye-shiryen Afirka ta Kudu, Unmarried &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Nunin ya fara ne a Social House Nairobi a lokacin da kamfanin ya fara nuna abun ciki wanda ya hada da gabatarwar Crime and Justice Season 2. 

Bayan nasarar kakar wasa ta farko, Showmax ya ba da umurni  sabon kakar wasa tare da ranar farko a 2023. Gathoni Mutua, Minne Kariuki da Faith Kibathi an tabbatar da su sake komawa matsayinsu a matsayin jagorantar Sintamei, Mariah da Rebecca bi da bi. Har ila yau, masu dawowa sune Michael Munyoki, Brian Abajah, Kevin Maina, Walter Bruce Opiyo, Derek Bbanga da Maggie Kiundi.

Trailer na farko na Season 2 ya sauka a watan Janairun 2023.  An tabbatar da sabbin 'yan wasa don shiga kakar. Wannan ya hada da Grace Wacuka a matsayin Olivia, sabuwar jagorar mace da kuma abokiyar Sintamei mai arziki wacce zata iya zama amsar matsalolinta; Fidel Maithya, Quincy Rapando, Ian Mbugua, Mufasa Kibet aka Mufasa Poet, da Ciku Shire.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 October 2022 |title=The girls are back! Showmax confirms Single Kiasi Season 2 as production begins |url=https://stories.showmax.com/ke/showmax-confirms-single-kiasi-season-2-as-production-begins |access-date=1 January 2025 |website=Showmax Stories }}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

An sabunta wasan kwaikwayon don kakar wasa ta uku tare da gabatarwar da aka bayyana a watan Fabrairun 2024. Sabon simintin da aka nuna sun hada da Nini Wacera, Jimmi Gathu, Ilya Frank, Briyanna Wanjiku, da Wanjira Longauer (Disconnect: The Wedding Planner), tare da bayyanar cameo daga Joy Kendi, Fena Gitu, Bushra Sakshi, Yvonne Kisa, Kamene Goro, Anne Mwaura da Julius Otieno.

An sanar da kakar wasa ta huɗu a watan Satumbar 2025 tare da sabbin abubuwan da aka kara da suka hada da Brian Ogola, Xavier Ywaya, Maqbul Mohammed, da Silayio Neema.  A ranar 2 ga Oktoba, Showmax ta dauki bakuncin taron farko na kakar wasa ta huɗu a The Monaco Nairobi . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 October 2025 |title=Single Kiasi Season 4 officially premieres in Nairobi |url=https://stories.showmax.com/ke/single-kiasi-season-4-officially-premieres-in-nairobi |access-date=13 October 2025 |website=Showmax Stories |archive-date=11 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251111102313/https://stories.showmax.com/ke/single-kiasi-season-4-officially-premieres-in-nairobi |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Masu gabatar da wasan kwaikwayon da masu goyon baya sun halarci taron. 

== Saki ==
Showmax ya fitar da kakar wasa ta 1 a ranar 20 ga Janairu, 2022 tare da abubuwan da suka biyo baya da ke raguwa kowace Litinin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Showmax Stories&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Edwards |first=Michelle |title=Producer Grace Kahaki on developing The Chocolate Empire |url=https://stories.showmax.com/ke/producer-grace-kahaki-on-developing-the-chocolate-empire |access-date=30 March 2025 }}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Lokaci na 2 da 3 sun fara ne a ranar 16 ga Janairu, 2023 da 5 ga Maris, 2024 bi da bi. Lokacin 4 ya sauka a ranar 17 ga Satumba, 2025. 

== Karɓar karɓa mai mahimmanci ==
Lokaci na 2 ya sami sakamako mai kyau ga halayen da suka haɗu. A cikin bita mai kyau don Season 2, Hapa Kenya's Faith Wambui ya ce &quot;Single Kiasi ya yi babban aiki wajen kama rayuwar yau da kullun na nau'ikan 'yan mata daban-daban da za ku hadu a Nairobi. Akwai jaririn shugaban da ke fama da rayuwar soyayya, matar da ke da aminci wanda aka yaudare shi da kuma mai son zama mai zaman kansa da ke rayuwa ta karya. Jerin ne mai ban sha'awa tare da labarin da ke da ban sha'awar mata da maza. &lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;

Sinema Focus 'Kelvin Kariuki ya kara da cewa: &quot;''Kiasi guda ɗaya'' da kyau don samun farin ciki a karshen mako wanda zai sa ka yi murmushi kuma ka ji daɗin yin fim mai kyau, watakila fiye da sau ɗaya. Amma ina shakkar zai yi amfani da shi daban-daban a kan sake dubawa daban-daban. Wannan shi ne abin da ke sa shirye-shirye kamar ''Jima'i da Birni'' ko Insecure su zama sanannun: kuna sake kallon su a wani zamani daban kuma kuna jin kamar kuna sake kallonsu daga sabon hangen nesa saboda kuna girma tare da haruffa, ba abubuwan da aka saba da su a rayuwarsu ba. &lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;

Lokaci na 3 ya sami ra'ayoyi masu rikitarwa. Sinema Focus &lt;nowiki&gt;'Kelvin Kariuki a cikin bita mai ban sha'awa don Season 3 ya ce,&lt;/nowiki&gt; &quot;Duk da farawa mai banƙyama, saurin da ba daidai ba da labari mai maimaitawa, wannan kakar a ƙarshe ta shiga cikin yankin da ba a san shi ba yayin da ya kai ga ƙarshe. &lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;

=== Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable plainrowheaders&quot;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Kyautar
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Shekara
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Sashe
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Mai karɓa
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Sakamakon
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; |Ref.
|-
! rowspan=&quot;4&quot; scope=&quot;rowgroup&quot; |Kyautar Talabijin da Fim ta Kasa da Kasa ta Kalasha
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |2024
|Mafi kyawun Wasan kwaikwayo na Talabijin
|''Kiasi guda ɗaya''| {{Nom}}
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 July 2025 |title=Showmax Leads 2024 Kalasha Awards Nominations |url=https://uncutmedia.live/2024/03/02/showmax-leads-2024-kalasha-awards-nominations/ |access-date=3 July 2025 |website=UNCUT Media |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na talabijin
|Bangaskiyar Kibathi| {{Nom}}
|-
|Mafi kyawun Mai Taimako a cikin Wasan kwaikwayo na TV
|Michael Munyoki| {{Nom}}
|-
|Zaɓin Masu kallo Mafi Kyawu (Drama na TV) 
|''Kiasi guda ɗaya''| {{Nom}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[Bikin Fim na Duniya na Zanzibar]]
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2025
|Mafi kyawun Wasanni na Talabijin a Gabashin Afirka
|Philippe Bresson da Grace Kahaki| {{Nom}}
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Everest |first=Covenant |date=2 July 2025 |title=Showmax Originals dominate at the 2025 Zanzibar International Film Festival |url=https://news.radio47.fm/2025/07/02/showmax-originals-dominate-at-the-2025-zanzibar-international-film-festival/ |access-date=3 July 2025 |website=Radio 47 |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|}

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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'''Taron kolin Startup Europe''' (SES) wani taro ne da zai tattaro 'yan kasuwa, masu zuba jari, malamai, masu tsara manufofi da manyan kamfanoni.&lt;ref name=&quot;ilmitte.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 February 2015 |title=Startup Europe Summit: al via la conferenza &quot;pop-up&quot; europea alla Factory a Berlino |url=http://www.ilmitte.com/startup-europe-summit-berlino-2015/ |website=il Mitte}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yana nuna sabbin shirye-shirye da [[Tarayyar Turai]] ta dauki nauyin gudanarwa don bunkasa fasahar zamani da kamfanonin yanar gizo na Turai. &lt;ref name=&quot;europa.eu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 February 2015 |title=Startup Europe Summit: showcasing and connecting EU startups |url=https://ec.europa.eu/digital-agenda/en/news/startup-europe-summit-showcasing-and-connecting-eu-startups |website=Digital Agenda for Europe}}&lt;/ref&gt; An gudanar da taron farko na SES a [[Berlin]] a shekarar 2015.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Today in Germany: hem, Startup Europe Summit, Number26, Graylog, Fairrank. |url=http://venturevillage.eu/today-in-germany_hem_graylog |website=VentureVillage |access-date=2025-12-24 |archive-date=2015-04-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150430122848/http://venturevillage.eu/today-in-germany_hem_graylog |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;ilmitte.com&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 February 2015 |title=Startup Europe, summit a Berlino sull'economia digitale |url=http://www.key4biz.it/startup-europe-summit-economia-digitale-europea-berlino/ |website=Key4biz}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Marta Bonucci |title=Ue: a Berlino lo Startup Europe Summit |url=http://www.fasi.biz/it/strategie/12189-ue-a-berlino-lo-startup-europe-summit.html |website=fasi.biz |access-date=2025-12-24 |archive-date=2015-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924010605/http://www.fasi.biz/it/strategie/12189-ue-a-berlino-lo-startup-europe-summit.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Farawa Taron Turai 2015 ==
Taron Taron Tattalin Arziki na Turai na 2015 wani taron koli ne na kwana biyu da aka shirya a Factory Berlin a ranar 12 da 13 ga Fabrairu wanda aka haɗa shi tare da hadin gwiwar Hukumar Tarayyar Turai, Factory da Startup Europe Initiative . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Today in Germany: hem, Startup Europe Summit, Number26, Graylog, Fairrank. |url=http://venturevillage.eu/today-in-germany_hem_graylog |website=VentureVillage |access-date=2025-12-24 |archive-date=2015-04-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150430122848/http://venturevillage.eu/today-in-germany_hem_graylog |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Akwai tattaunawa daga manyan 'yan wasan farawa na Turai, baje kolin farawa wanda ke nuna sabbin samfuran [[fasaha]] da aka haɓaka a Turai da kuma rufe bene na sama, wanda ke samuwa don tarurruka masu zaman kansu tsakanin masu kafawa, wakilan masana'antu da masu tsara manufofi. Taron gayyatar kawai ya ja hankalin masu halarta 1,200.&lt;ref name=&quot;europa.eu&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 February 2015 |title=Startup Europe, summit a Berlino sull'economia digitale |url=http://www.key4biz.it/startup-europe-summit-economia-digitale-europea-berlino/ |website=Key4biz}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Masu magana sun hada da Kwamishinonin Turai Günther H. Oettinger da Andrus Ansip, VC na Isra'ila Yossi Vardi, da Marie Ekeland na Faransa Digitale.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Today in Germany: hem, Startup Europe Summit, Number26, Graylog, Fairrank. |url=http://venturevillage.eu/today-in-germany_hem_graylog |website=VentureVillage |access-date=2025-12-24 |archive-date=2015-04-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150430122848/http://venturevillage.eu/today-in-germany_hem_graylog |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 February 2015 |title=Startup Europe, summit a Berlino sull'economia digitale |url=http://www.key4biz.it/startup-europe-summit-economia-digitale-europea-berlino/ |website=Key4biz}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsohon Mataimakin Shugaban Hukumar Tarayyar Turai da kuma Jakadan Musamman na yanzu na Startups, Neelie Kroes ne suka ba da jawabin rufewa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Marta Bonucci |title=Ue: a Berlino lo Startup Europe Summit |url=http://www.fasi.biz/it/strategie/12189-ue-a-berlino-lo-startup-europe-summit.html |website=fasi.biz |access-date=2025-12-24 |archive-date=2015-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924010605/http://www.fasi.biz/it/strategie/12189-ue-a-berlino-lo-startup-europe-summit.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Today in Germany: hem, Startup Europe Summit, Number26, Graylog, Fairrank. |url=http://venturevillage.eu/today-in-germany_hem_graylog |website=VentureVillage |access-date=2025-12-24 |archive-date=2015-04-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150430122848/http://venturevillage.eu/today-in-germany_hem_graylog |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wanda ya kafa [[Prezi]] [[Adam Somlai-Fischer]] ya nuna sabon aikace-aikacen gabatarwarsa Nutshell kai tsaye a kan mataki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Today in Germany: hem, Startup Europe Summit, Number26, Graylog, Fairrank. |url=http://venturevillage.eu/today-in-germany_hem_graylog |website=VentureVillage |access-date=2025-12-24 |archive-date=2015-04-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150430122848/http://venturevillage.eu/today-in-germany_hem_graylog |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ijad Madisch daga Research Gate kuma ya gabatar da sabon samfurin - RG Format, madadin ma'amala ga [[pdf]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Marta Bonucci |title=Ue: a Berlino lo Startup Europe Summit |url=http://www.fasi.biz/it/strategie/12189-ue-a-berlino-lo-startup-europe-summit.html |website=fasi.biz |access-date=2025-12-24 |archive-date=2015-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924010605/http://www.fasi.biz/it/strategie/12189-ue-a-berlino-lo-startup-europe-summit.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[John B. Emerson|John Emerson]], jakadan Amurka a Jamus, ya yi magana game da kariya ta bayanai da gazawar a cikin wata magana da Wall Street Journal ta karɓa. Duk da yake Angel List's Philipp Moehring ya ƙaddamar da ƙungiyoyin Burtaniya, wanda ke ba da damar mutane su saka hannun jari tare da masu saka hannun jari.  

An watsa dukkan taron kai tsaye kuma an samar da bidiyon taron a fili tare da hotuna da jadawalin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Today in Germany: hem, Startup Europe Summit, Number26, Graylog, Fairrank. |url=http://venturevillage.eu/today-in-germany_hem_graylog |website=VentureVillage |access-date=2025-12-24 |archive-date=2015-04-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150430122848/http://venturevillage.eu/today-in-germany_hem_graylog |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 February 2015 |title=Startup Europe, summit a Berlino sull'economia digitale |url=http://www.key4biz.it/startup-europe-summit-economia-digitale-europea-berlino/ |website=Key4biz}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Farawa Taron Turai na 2016 ==
Masu magana sun hada da ROBYN SCOTT Co-kafa &amp; Shugaba, Apolitical, Christophe Maire Kafa Abokin Hulɗa &amp; Shugaba، Atlantic Labs Travis Kalanick Shugaba, Uber, Günther H. Oettinger Kwamishinan, Digital Economy &amp; Society, Pawel Chudzinski Manajan Abokin Hulda, Point Nine Capital, Katja Bergman Abokin Huldi, MOOR Capital, Florian Meissner Co-kafa da Shugaba, EyeEm, Carlos Moedas Kwamishinan Bincike, Kimiyya da Innovation, Jamie Shea, Shugaba, Shugaba mai suna Nelie Krole, Shugaba

== Taron Taron Turai na 2018 ==
Sofia ta dauki bakuncin taron na hudu na Startup Europe Summit . Taron manufofi yana mai da hankali kan masu gabatarwa na farko kuma Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ce ke jagoranta.

An shirya shi a Sofia a ranar 15 ga Nuwamba 2018, taron ya mayar da hankali kan jagorancin fasaha, kudaden tsarin halittu na fasaha na Turai da kuma mafita don karfafa yanayin farawa a Tsakiyar Turai da Gabashin Turai da Yammacin Balkans.

Firayim Ministoci huɗu da Kwamishinan Gabriel tare da masu ruwa da tsaki 700 daga tsarin halittu na nahiyar, gami da masu saka hannun jari da 'yan kasuwa, sun taru a babban birnin Bulgaria don samar da shirye-shiryen da za su iya tallafawa ƙarni na gaba na majagaba don samun nasara a Turai, da kuma bayan haka.

== Farawa Taron Turai na 2019 ==
An san shi da cibiyar fasaha mai tasowa a Romania, birnin Cluj-Napoca zai dauki bakuncin taron na huɗu na Startup Europe Summit a cikin 2019.

Shugabancin Romania na Majalisar Tarayyar Turai ya yanke shawarar shirya taron koli na Startup Turai a matsayin taron shugabancin EU a ranar 21-22 ga Maris 2019 a Cluj-Napoca, Romania.

Manufofin guda uku na Taron sun kasance: don karfafa tsarin halittu na CEE da yanayin tsarin yayin da suke samar da alaƙa da tsarin halittu mai farawa na Yammacin Turai; don nuna Cluj da Romania a matsayin cibiyar farawa; da kuma gabatar da yanayin wasa da ci gaban da cibiyoyin sadarwar EU suka kirkira a Taron Farawa a Sofia.

Baƙi da aka nuna sun haɗa da: Kwamishinan Mariya Gabriel, Kat Borlongan - Darakta, La French Tech, Martin Villig - Co-kafa, Bolt, Marius Ghenea - Daraktocin Zuba Jari a 3TS Capital Partners, Miguel Arias - Daraktan Kasuwanci na Duniya, Telefónica, Alberto Onetti - shugaban, Mind The Bridge Foundation ko Robin Wauters - Wanda ya kafa, Tech.eu.

== Manazarta ==

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    <title>Shamim Rajani</title>
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'''Shamim Rajani''' (an haife ta a cikin shekarun 1970s) 'yar kasuwa ce kuma 'yar kasuwa daga [[Karachi]], [[Pakistan]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 May 2020 |title=Shamim Rajani — Have the courage to break out of your bubble yourself |url=https://www.tech-sisters.com/2020/05/shamim-rajani-intervie/ |access-date=12 November 2020 |website=Tech Sisters |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 2004, ta fara aiki a masana'antar Fasahar Bayanai (IT)  ta Pakistan.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Reporting |date=9 October 2017 |title=Shamim Rajani; Traveling the Journey of Web Programming to Entrepreneurship |url=https://www.digitaldips.pk/index.php/2017/10/09/shamim-rajani-traveling-journey-web-programming-entrepreneurship/ |access-date=12 November 2020 |website=DigitalDips |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 2005, ta kafa Genetech Solutions, kamfanin ci gaban software, wanda ke zaune a Karachi, Pakistan.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Shamim Rajani |url=https://www.pasha.org.pk/team_mf/shamim-rajani-2/ |access-date=12 November 2020 |website=P@SHA |language=en-US |archive-date=29 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829213055/https://www.pasha.org.pk/team_mf/shamim-rajani-2/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Tun daga shekara ta 2010, tana aiki a matsayin babban jami'in aiki (COO) a cikin wannan kamfani.  A cikin shekara ta 2017, ta ƙaddamar da shirin horar da kwamfuta a ƙarƙashin Kamfanin ConsulNet don ilimantar da mata marasa fasaha a Karachi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; A cikin 2018, ta ƙaddamar da wani shirin horo, CodeGirls, tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da [[Faiza Yousuf]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=RapidCompute Partners with CodeGirls to Promote Diversity and Inclusion in Tech – Daily News |url=https://dailynewspk.com/rapidcompute-partners-with-codegirls-to-promote-diversity-and-inclusion-in-tech/ |access-date=13 November 2020 |language=en-US |archive-date=27 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127112748/https://dailynewspk.com/rapidcompute-partners-with-codegirls-to-promote-diversity-and-inclusion-in-tech/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; CodeGirls ita ce reshe na Kamfanin ConsulNet.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 April 2019 |title=These two women are battling the gender biased technology industry by teaching coding to young girls |url=https://www.techjuice.pk/these-two-women-are-battling-the-gender-biased-technology-industry-by-teaching-coding-to-young-girls/ |access-date=12 November 2020 |website=TechJuice |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin wannan shekarar, ta kuma fara aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga [[WomenInTechPK]] kuma ta zama jakadan Pakistan a [[CryptoChicks]], cibiyar bincike da ke [[Toronto]], [[Kanada]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=CryptoChicks Hackathon in Pakistan |url=https://pakistan.cryptochicks.ca/ |access-date=13 November 2020 |website=CryptoChicks Hackathon in Pakistan |language=en-US |archive-date=17 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117091900/https://pakistan.cryptochicks.ca/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 2019, ta zama memba na kwamitin Pakistan Agile Development Society.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dayspring |first=The |date=4 December 2019 |title=Ms. Shamim Rajani Co-opted in the P@SHA Central Executive Committee |url=https://www.thedayspring.com.pk/ms-shamim-rajani-co-opted-in-the-psha-central-executive-committee/ |access-date=12 November 2020 |website=The Dayspring {{!}} Youth Centric Newspaper of Pakistan |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin kwata na biyu na shekara ta 2020, an zabe ta a matsayin mataimakiyar shugaban P@SHA . Ta fara aiki a ofishin daga tsakiyar Oktoba 2020 yayin da take aiki tare da Jehan Ara, shugaban P@SHA.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ahmed |first=Ali |date=1 October 2020 |title=P@SHA elects new leadership |url=https://www.brecorder.com/news/40022874 |access-date=12 November 2020 |website=Brecorder |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haife ta ne a cikin shekarun 1970s a cikin iyalin [[Musulmi]] da ke [[Karachi]], [[Pakistan]] . Ta girma ne a cikin dangin Al'adun Pakistan.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;/&gt; Iyalinta sun koma [[Baharen|Bahrain]] saboda aikin mahaifinta. A farkon shekarun 1990s, ta koma [[Karachi]] tare da dukan iyalinta kuma ta yi aure tana da shekaru 17. Bayan 'yan shekaru na aurenta da kuma yaro mai shekaru hudu, ta ci gaba da karatunta a fagen kwamfuta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

== Ilimi ==
Ta sami ilimin farko a [[Baharen|Bahrain]] a cikin shekarun 1980. A shekara ta 1997, ta ci gaba da karatunta a kwalejin kwamfuta da ke [[Karachi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;/&gt; Daga baya, ta kammala karatu daga Cibiyar Gudanar da Kasuwanci (IBA)  a cikin shirin 'Yan Kasuwanci a cikin shekara ta 2017.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ahmed |first=Ali |date=1 October 2020 |title=P@SHA elects new leadership |url=https://www.brecorder.com/news/40022874 |access-date=12 November 2020 |website=Brecorder |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da ƙari, ta kammala karatu a cikin shirin zartarwa na Blockchain daga Jami'ar Draper a San Francisco, California.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pakistan |first=Build and foster a thriving ecosystem for agile community in |title=Shamim Rajani (Member) – Pakistan Agile Development Society |url=https://agile.org.pk/member-detail-972-Shamim+Rajani |access-date=12 November 2020 |website=Shamim Rajani (Member) – Pakistan Agile Development Society |archive-date=23 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923134014/https://agile.org.pk/member-detail-972-Shamim+Rajani |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;/&gt; Har ila yau, an tabbatar da ita a matsayin Scrum Master.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Shamim Rajani |url=https://www.scrum.org/user/264052 |access-date=13 November 2020 |website=Scrum.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
A shekara ta 1998, ta bude cibiyar horar da kwamfuta, ConsulNet Corporation, tare da t[[Kirkirar Basira|AI]] kuɗin ritaya na mahaifinta. Ta yi aiki a cibiyar a matsayin malami na kwamfuta don koyar da 'yan mata da mata marasa fasaha game da harsunan kwamfuta bisa ga [[Bootstrap (front-end framework)|bootstrap]]. A shekara ta 2004, ta sami aikin ci gaban gidan yanar gizon ta na farko na duniya. A shekara ta 2005, ta kafa Genetech Solutions kuma ta yi aiki a can a matsayin jagorar ƙungiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 May 2020 |title=Shamim Rajani — Have the courage to break out of your bubble yourself |url=https://www.tech-sisters.com/2020/05/shamim-rajani-intervie/ |access-date=12 November 2020 |website=Tech Sisters |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Reporting |date=9 October 2017 |title=Shamim Rajani; Traveling the Journey of Web Programming to Entrepreneurship |url=https://www.digitaldips.pk/index.php/2017/10/09/shamim-rajani-traveling-journey-web-programming-entrepreneurship/ |access-date=12 November 2020 |website=DigitalDips |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 2010, ta fara aiki da Genetech Solutions a matsayin Babban Jami'in Gudanarwa (COO).&lt;ref name=&quot;:62&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 April 2019 |title=These two women are battling the gender biased technology industry by teaching coding to young girls |url=https://www.techjuice.pk/these-two-women-are-battling-the-gender-biased-technology-industry-by-teaching-coding-to-young-girls/ |access-date=12 November 2020 |website=TechJuice |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin shekarun 2010, ta yi aiki don [[Gender diversity|bambancin jinsi]] da [[Women's empowerment|karfafawa mata]] a bangaren Fasahar Bayanai (IT)  na Pakistan ta hanyar shirye-shiryen [[CodeGirls]] a kan karamin sikelin. A cikin 2017, ta fara shirye-shiryen horo da yawa ta hanyar [[CodeGirls]] tare da [[Faiza Yousuf]] yayin da ta sake kafa Kamfanin ConsulNet a kan sikelin da ya fi girma ta hanyar samun kuɗi daga masu saka hannun jari na duniya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:62&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 March 2019 |title=CodeGirls Pakistan: founder Shamim Rajani is only just getting started! |url=https://www.w4.org/en/wowwire/codegirls-pakistan-founder-shamim-rajani-is-getting-started/ |access-date=12 November 2020 |website=Women's World Wide Web |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:52&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=RapidCompute Partners with CodeGirls to Promote Diversity and Inclusion in Tech – Daily News |url=https://dailynewspk.com/rapidcompute-partners-with-codegirls-to-promote-diversity-and-inclusion-in-tech/ |access-date=13 November 2020 |language=en-US |archive-date=27 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127112748/https://dailynewspk.com/rapidcompute-partners-with-codegirls-to-promote-diversity-and-inclusion-in-tech/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 2018, ta zama memba mai ba da shawara na WomenInTechPK kuma ta yi amfani da wannan dandamali don ƙarfafa ci gaban mata a masana'antar fasaha ta Pakistan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ahmed |first=Ali |date=1 October 2020 |title=P@SHA elects new leadership |url=https://www.brecorder.com/news/40022874 |access-date=12 November 2020 |website=Brecorder |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A wannan shekarar, ta zama jakada ta Pakistan a cikin [[CryptoChicks]], cibiyar bincike da ke [[Toronto]], [[Kanada]]. Wannan cibiyar tana shirya Taron da yawa da [[Hackathon]] don [[Blockchain]] da fasahar AI a Pakistan daga Kanada.&lt;ref name=&quot;:72&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=CryptoChicks Hackathon in Pakistan |url=https://pakistan.cryptochicks.ca/ |access-date=13 November 2020 |website=CryptoChicks Hackathon in Pakistan |language=en-US |archive-date=17 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117091900/https://pakistan.cryptochicks.ca/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:102&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 April 2019 |title=Meet the winners of Pakistan's first Blockchain &amp; AI Hackathon by CryptoChicks Pakistan |url=https://www.techjuice.pk/cryptochicks-pakistan-blockchain-hackathon/ |access-date=13 November 2020 |website=TechJuice |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 2019, kamfanin ya lashe lambar yabo ta biyu don mafi kyawun bambancin jinsi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:82&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dayspring |first=The |date=4 December 2019 |title=Ms. Shamim Rajani Co-opted in the P@SHA Central Executive Committee |url=https://www.thedayspring.com.pk/ms-shamim-rajani-co-opted-in-the-psha-central-executive-committee/ |access-date=12 November 2020 |website=The Dayspring {{!}} Youth Centric Newspaper of Pakistan |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:112&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 September 2019 |title=These Are the Winners of P@SHA ICT Awards 2019 |url=https://www.pasha.org.pk/these-are-the-winners-of-psha-ict-awards-2019/ |access-date=13 November 2020 |website=P@SHA |language=en-US |archive-date=27 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927192638/https://www.pasha.org.pk/these-are-the-winners-of-psha-ict-awards-2019/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta fara aiki a P@SHA a matsayin mataimakiyar shugaban a tsakiyar watan Oktoba 2020.&lt;ref name=&quot;:82&quot; /&gt; Har ila yau, ƙwararren ƙwararren Scrum Master ne.&lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pakistan |first=Build and foster a thriving ecosystem for agile community in |title=Shamim Rajani (Member) – Pakistan Agile Development Society |url=https://agile.org.pk/member-detail-972-Shamim+Rajani |access-date=12 November 2020 |website=Shamim Rajani (Member) – Pakistan Agile Development Society |archive-date=23 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923134014/https://agile.org.pk/member-detail-972-Shamim+Rajani |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:92&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Shamim Rajani |url=https://www.scrum.org/user/264052 |access-date=13 November 2020 |website=Scrum.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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    <title>Shafin Yarinya na sihiri</title>
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Magical Girl Site (Japanese, Hepburn: Mahō Shōjo Saito) jerin wasan kwaikwayo ne na yarinya na Japan wanda Kentarō Satō ya rubuta kuma ya kwatanta shi. Yana da wani spin-off na Magical Girl Apocalypse . Jerin game da wata daliba ce ta makarantar sakandare da aka azabtar da ita, wanda aka zalunta kuma mai son kashe kansa mai suna Aya, wanda ya sami damar zama [[Magical girl|Yarinya mai sihiri]] ta hanyar shafin yanar gizon ban mamaki. Ba da daɗewa ba ta sami abokai, waɗanda su ma 'yan mata masu sihiri ne kamar kanta, waɗanda ke ba ta ƙarfi. Aya da abokanta suma suna fuskantar abokan gaba. Jerin ya zama tseren ƙarshe ga Aya saboda dole ne ta ci gaba da rayuwa da abokanta. An tsara shi a kan [[Akita Shoten]]'s ''Champion Tap!'' shafin yanar gizon daga Yuli 2013 zuwa Oktoba 2017 kuma daga baya a cikin mujallar shōnen [[manga]] Weekly Shōnen Champion daga Oktoba 2017 zuwa Agusta 2019, tare da surorinta da aka tattara a cikin kundin ''[[tankōbon]]'' goma sha shida. An ba da lasisi ga sakin manga don Turanci a Arewacin Amurka ta Seven Seas . Wani jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na [[anime]] wanda aka samar da shi ta hanyar samar da doA an watsa shi daga Afrilu zuwa Yuni 2018.

== Makirci ==
Aya Asagiri yarinya ce ta makarantar sakandare wacce ke da matsaloli a makaranta tare da kusan cin zarafin kisa da kuma gida daga cin zarafin ɗan'uwanta Kaname. Wata rana wani shafin yanar gizon da ake zargi ya bayyana a allon kwamfutarta, yana nuna mutum mai ban tsoro. Wannan mutumin ya bayyana ya ji tausayinta kuma ya sanar da cewa za ta ba Aya ikon sihiri. Daga baya a makaranta, Aya ta sami bindiga wanda ya bayyana a cikin akwatinta. Ba da daɗewa ba masu zalunci suka kama ta kuma ba tare da wani abu da za a rasa ba, Aya ta harbe su da bindiga. Harbin ya sa masu zalunci su ɓace, amma ga tsoronsa ta gano cewa wani jirgin kasa da ke kusa da su ya kashe su. Aya tana jin kamar ta kashe su, kuma tana rikicewa ta sami kanta da dogon jan gashi da jini yana gudana daga idanunta. Daga baya ta gano cewa ba ita kadai ba ce, lokacin da wata abokiyar aji ta bayyana cewa ita ma yarinya ce mai sihiri. Abokin aji, wanda aka fi sani da Tsuyuno Yatsumura, ya zama ɗaya daga cikin sabbin abokanta, yayin da yake ba da gudummawa don taimaka mata ta guje wa &quot;masu farauta masu sihiri&quot; waɗanda ke kashe 'yan mata masu sihiri kuma kawai suna sata sandunansu. Tsuyuno ta koya wa Aya game da ikon da ta samu da canje-canjen jiki da ta kawo a jikinta. Koyaya, 'yan matan biyu ba su san dalilin wani abu da ya yi kama da agogo a shafin yanar gizon ba, kuma suna tsoron cewa yana iya zama wani abu mara kyau. Bayan saduwa da ƙungiyar wasu 'yan mata masu sihiri, duk suna da iko da iyawa daban-daban, Tsuyuno da Aya suna ƙoƙari su gano abin da ƙididdigar ke nufi da gaske, duk yayin da suke ƙoƙarin tabbatar da cewa babu wanda ya san game da ikonsu.

== Kafofin watsa labarai ==

=== Manga ===
Kentarō Satō ne ya rubuta kuma ya kwatanta shafin yanar gizon Magical Girl. Jerin ya gudana a kan Akita Shoten's Champion Tap! shafin yanar gizon daga Yuli 4, 2013, zuwa Oktoba 5, 2017 . [1][2] Daga nan aka sauya jerin zuwa mujallar shōnen manga ta mai bugawa Weekly Shōnen Champion, inda ya gudana daga 26 ga Oktoba, 2017, zuwa 1 ga Agusta, 2019 . [3][4][5] Akita Shoten ta tattara surori 139 a cikin kundin tankōbon goma sha shida, wanda aka saki daga Maris 7, 2014, zuwa Oktoba 8, 2019￼

A Arewacin Amurka, jerin suna da lasisi daga Seven Seas Entertainment, wanda ya sanar da saye a watan Yulin 2016. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=June 27, 2013 |script-title=ja:WEBマンガ「Champion タップ！」に阿部共実の新連載など |url=https://natalie.mu/comic/news/93766 |access-date=February 3, 2021 |website=[[Natalie (website)|Natalie]] |publisher=Natasha, Inc. |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Jerin da aka yi amfani da shi, mai taken Magical Girl Site Sept (魔法少女 театSept, Mahō Shōjo Saito Sept), ya gudana a kan ''Champion Tap!'' daga 26 ga Oktoba, 2017, zuwa 23 ga Agusta, 2018.&lt;ref name=&quot;transfered&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 26, 2017 |script-title=ja:アニメ化決定の「魔法少女サイト」週チャンに移籍、スピンオフはWebで開幕 |url=https://natalie.mu/comic/news/254169 |access-date=February 3, 2021 |website=[[Natalie (website)|Natalie]] |publisher=Natasha, Inc. |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=June 27, 2013 |script-title=ja:WEBマンガ「Champion タップ！」に阿部共実の新連載など |url=https://natalie.mu/comic/news/93766 |access-date=February 3, 2021 |website=[[Natalie (website)|Natalie]] |publisher=Natasha, Inc. |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Jerin ƙarar ====
{{Graphic novel list/header|Language=Japanese|SecondLanguage=English|Width=75%}}
{{Graphic novel list|VolumeNumber=1|RelDate=March 7, 2014&lt;ref name=&quot;sequel vol 1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.akitashoten.co.jp/comics/4253224016|script-title=ja:魔法少女サイト 第1巻|trans-title=Magical Girl Site Volume 1|website=[[Akita Shoten]]|language=ja|access-date=July 2, 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;|ISBN=978-4-253-22401-7|LicensedRelDate=February 21, 2017&lt;ref name=&quot;SevenSeasOfficial&quot;/&gt;|LicensedISBN=978-1-626924-76-5}}
{{Graphic novel list|VolumeNumber=2|RelDate=September 8, 2014&lt;ref name=&quot;sequel vol 2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.akitashoten.co.jp/comics/4253224024|script-title=ja:魔法少女サイト 第2巻|trans-title=Magical Girl Site Volume 2|website=[[Akita Shoten]]|language=ja|access-date=July 2, 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;|ISBN=978-4-253-22402-4|LicensedRelDate=May 2, 2017&lt;ref name=&quot;SevenSeasOfficial&quot;/&gt;|LicensedISBN=978-1-626924-84-0}}
{{Graphic novel list|VolumeNumber=3|RelDate=March 6, 2015&lt;ref name=&quot;sequel vol 3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.akitashoten.co.jp/comics/4253224032|script-title=ja:魔法少女サイト 第3巻|trans-title=Magical Girl Site Volume 3|website=[[Akita Shoten]]|language=ja|access-date=July 2, 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;|ISBN=978-4-253-22403-1|LicensedRelDate=August 1, 2017&lt;ref name=&quot;SevenSeasOfficial&quot;/&gt;|LicensedISBN=978-1-626925-16-8}}
{{Graphic novel list|VolumeNumber=4|RelDate=November 6, 2015&lt;ref name=&quot;sequel vol 4&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.akitashoten.co.jp/comics/4253224040|script-title=ja:魔法少女サイト 第4巻|trans-title=Magical Girl Site Volume 4|website=[[Akita Shoten]]|language=ja|access-date=July 2, 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;|ISBN=978-4-253-22404-8|LicensedRelDate=November 7, 2017&lt;ref name=&quot;SevenSeasOfficial&quot;/&gt;|LicensedISBN=978-1-626925-80-9}}
{{Graphic novel list|VolumeNumber=5|RelDate=April 8, 2016&lt;ref name=&quot;sequel vol 5&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.akitashoten.co.jp/comics/4253224059|script-title=ja:魔法少女サイト 第5巻|trans-title=Magical Girl Site Volume 5|website=[[Akita Shoten]]|language=ja|access-date=July 2, 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;|ISBN=978-4-253-22405-5|LicensedRelDate=February 13, 2018&lt;ref name=&quot;SevenSeasOfficial&quot;/&gt;|LicensedISBN=978-1-626926-90-5}}
{{Graphic novel list|VolumeNumber=6|RelDate=September 8, 2016&lt;ref name=&quot;sequel vol 6&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.akitashoten.co.jp/comics/4253224067|script-title=ja:魔法少女サイト 第6巻|trans-title=Magical Girl Site Volume 6|website=[[Akita Shoten]]|language=ja|access-date=February 9, 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt;|ISBN=978-4-253-22406-2|LicensedRelDate=May 15, 2018&lt;ref name=&quot;SevenSeasOfficial&quot;/&gt;|LicensedISBN=978-1-626927-82-7}}
{{Graphic novel list|VolumeNumber=7|RelDate=September 8, 2017&lt;ref name=&quot;sequel vol 7&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.akitashoten.co.jp/comics/4253224075|script-title=ja:魔法少女サイト 第7巻|trans-title=Magical Girl Site Volume 7|website=[[Akita Shoten]]|language=ja|access-date=August 11, 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt;|ISBN=978-4-253-22407-9|LicensedRelDate=September 25, 2018&lt;ref name=&quot;SevenSeasOfficial&quot;/&gt;|LicensedISBN=978-1-626928-97-8}}
{{Graphic novel list|VolumeNumber=8|RelDate=January 5, 2018&lt;ref name=&quot;sequel vol 8&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.akitashoten.co.jp/comics/4253224083|script-title=ja:魔法少女サイト 第8巻|trans-title=Magical Girl Site Volume 8|website=[[Akita Shoten]]|language=ja|access-date=January 30, 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt;|ISBN=978-4-253-22408-6|LicensedRelDate=March 5, 2019&lt;ref name=&quot;SevenSeasOfficial&quot;/&gt;|LicensedISBN=978-1-626929-82-1}}
{{Graphic novel list|VolumeNumber=9|RelDate=March 8, 2018&lt;ref name=&quot;sequel vol 9&quot;&gt;{{cite book|script-title=ja:魔法少女サイト 第9巻|trans-title=Magical Girl Site Volume 9|language=ja|id={{ASIN|4253224091|country=jp}}}}&lt;/ref&gt;|ISBN=978-4-253-22409-3|LicensedRelDate=May 28, 2019&lt;ref name=&quot;SevenSeasOfficial&quot;/&gt;|LicensedISBN=978-1-642750-82-9}}
{{Graphic novel list|VolumeNumber=10|RelDate=May 8, 2018&lt;ref name=&quot;sequel vol 10&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.akitashoten.co.jp/comics/4253224105|script-title=ja:魔法少女サイト 第10巻|trans-title=Magical Girl Site Volume 10|website=[[Akita Shoten]]|language=ja|access-date=April 22, 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt;|ISBN=978-4-253-22410-9|LicensedRelDate=September 17, 2019&lt;ref name=&quot;SevenSeasOfficial&quot;/&gt;|LicensedISBN=978-1-642757-00-2}}
{{Graphic novel list|VolumeNumber=11|RelDate=August 8, 2018&lt;ref name=&quot;sequel vol 11&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.akitashoten.co.jp/comics/4253224113|script-title=ja:魔法少女サイト 第11巻|trans-title=Magical Girl Site Volume 11|website=[[Akita Shoten]]|language=ja|access-date=June 28, 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt;|ISBN=978-4-253-22411-6|LicensedRelDate=January 21, 2020&lt;ref name=&quot;SevenSeasOfficial&quot;/&gt;|LicensedISBN=978-1-645051-87-9}}
{{Graphic novel list|VolumeNumber=12|RelDate=November 8, 2018&lt;ref name=&quot;sequel vol 12&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.akitashoten.co.jp/comics/4253224121|script-title=ja:魔法少女サイト 第12巻|trans-title=Magical Girl Site Volume 12|website=[[Akita Shoten]]|language=ja|access-date=October 26, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;|ISBN=978-4-253-22412-3|LicensedRelDate=June 2, 2020&lt;ref name=&quot;SevenSeasOfficial&quot;/&gt;|LicensedISBN=978-1-645054-82-5}}
{{Graphic novel list|VolumeNumber=13|RelDate=February 8, 2019&lt;ref name=&quot;sequel vol 13&quot;&gt;{{cite web|script-title=ja:魔法少女サイト 第13巻
|trans-title=Magical Girl Site Volume 13|url=https://www.akitashoten.co.jp/comics/425322413X|website=[[Akita Shoten]]|access-date=August 9, 2020|language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt;|ISBN=978-4-253-22413-0|LicensedRelDate=November 24, 2020&lt;ref name=&quot;SevenSeasOfficial&quot;/&gt;|LicensedISBN=978-1-645057-39-0}}
{{Graphic novel list|VolumeNumber=14|RelDate=May 8, 2019&lt;ref name=&quot;sequel vol 14&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.akitashoten.co.jp/comics/4253224148|script-title=ja:魔法少女サイト 第14巻
|trans-title=Magical Girl Site Volume 14|website=[[Akita Shoten]]|language=ja|access-date=August 9, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;|ISBN=978-4-253-22414-7|LicensedRelDate=April 6, 2021&lt;ref name=&quot;SevenSeasOfficial&quot;/&gt;|LicensedISBN=978-1-645058-31-1}}
{{Graphic novel list|VolumeNumber=15|RelDate=August 8, 2019&lt;ref name=&quot;sequel vol 15&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.akitashoten.co.jp/comics/4253224156|script-title=ja:魔法少女サイト 第15巻|trans-title=Magical Girl Site Volume 15|website=[[Akita Shoten]]|language=ja|access-date=August 9, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;|ISBN=978-4-253-22415-4|LicensedRelDate=June 29, 2021&lt;ref name=&quot;SevenSeasOfficial&quot;/&gt;|LicensedISBN=978-1-645059-94-3}}
{{Graphic novel list|VolumeNumber=16|RelDate=October 8, 2019&lt;ref name=&quot;sequel vol 16&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.akitashoten.co.jp/comics/4253224164|script-title=ja:魔法少女サイト 第16巻|trans-title=Magical Girl Site Volume 16|website=[[Akita Shoten]]|language=ja|access-date=August 9, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;|ISBN=978-4-253-22416-1|LicensedRelDate=November 23, 2021&lt;ref name=&quot;SevenSeasOfficial&quot;/&gt;|LicensedISBN=978-1-648272-33-2}}
{{Graphic novel list/footer}}

=== Anime ===
A ranar 8 ga Satumba, 2017, an sanar da karɓar talabijin na anime a cikin kundi na bakwai na manga. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=June 27, 2013 |script-title=ja:WEBマンガ「Champion タップ！」に阿部共実の新連載など |url=https://natalie.mu/comic/news/93766 |access-date=February 3, 2021 |website=[[Natalie (website)|Natalie]] |publisher=Natasha, Inc. |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt; An fara jerin ne a kan MBS, TBS da BS-TBS a ranar 7 ga Afrilu, 2018 kuma Tadahito Matsubayashi ne ya ba da umarni a samar da doA, tare da Takayo Ikami yana rubuta rubutun.{{Efn|The show lists April 6 at 26:55, which is after midnight on April 7, 2018.}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |script-title=ja:魔法少女サイト |url=http://tap.akitashoten.co.jp/comics/maho |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171030042358/http://tap.akitashoten.co.jp/comics/maho |archive-date=October 30, 2017 |access-date=February 3, 2021 |website=Champion Tap! |publisher=[[Akita Shoten]] |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Premiere&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Magical Girl Site Anime's Promo Video Reveals April 6 Premiere |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2018-03-02/magical-girl-site-anime-promo-video-reveals-april-6-premiere/.128466 |access-date=March 2, 2018 |website=Anime News Network}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jerin yana gudana a kan Amazon Prime Video a duk duniya.  &lt;ref name=&quot;Cast&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 24, 2018 |title=Magical Girl Site Anime Reveals Cast, Song Artists, April Debut |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2018-01-24/magical-girl-site-anime-reveals-cast-song-artists-april-debut/.126839 |access-date=January 24, 2018 |publisher=[[Anime News Network]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pineda |first=Rafael Antonio |date=July 18, 2019 |title=Magical Girl Site Manga Ends in 3 Chapters |url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2019-07-18/magical-girl-site-manga-ends-in-3-chapters/.149022 |access-date=July 18, 2019 |website=[[Anime News Network]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Keiji Inai yana tsara kiɗa. Ƙungiyar gumaka I☆Ris ta yi waƙar buɗewa &quot;Changing point&quot;, yayin da Haruka Yamazaki ta yi waƙoƙin ƙarshe &quot;Zenzen Tomodachi&quot; (Nadarin da ke cikinダチ).  &lt;ref name=&quot;ThemeSongArtists&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 16, 2018 |title=Magical Girl Site Anime's 1st Teaser Video Reveals More Cast, More Staff, Theme Song Artist |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2018-02-16/magical-girl-site-anime-1st-teaser-video-reveals-more-cast-more-staff-theme-song-artist/.127874 |access-date=February 16, 2018 |website=Anime News Network}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Premiere&quot; /&gt; Sentai Filmworks sun ba da lasisi ga wasan kwaikwayo kuma za su saki shi a cikin tsarin bidiyo na dijital da na gida.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 1, 2019 |script-title=ja:恥ずかしがり屋のヒーロー描く新連載が週チャンで、「魔法少女サイト」は完結 |url=https://natalie.mu/comic/news/341933 |access-date=February 3, 2021 |website=[[Natalie (website)|Natalie]] |publisher=Natasha, Inc. |language=ja |archive-date=October 29, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029212613/https://natalie.mu/comic/news/341933 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Jerin abubuwan da suka faru ====
 

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <title>Steven L. Arnold</title>
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      <text bytes="2510" sha1="rw6kironq7lnqfyuq4vixgvfvc3y6bg" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}'''Steven Lloyd Arnold''' (an haife shi a ranar 8 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1940)   ya yi ritaya a matsayin kwamandan rundunar Sojojin Amurka ta uku kuma mataimakin kwamandan FORSCOM daga 1994 zuwa 1997. Ya yi aiki a matsayin kwamandan janar na 10th Mountain Division daga 1991 zuwa 1993.

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
An haife shi a [[Illinois]], Arnold ya kammala karatu daga Kwalejin Sojan Amurka a 1962 tare da digiri na BS. Daga baya ya sami digiri na MA a kimiyyar siyasa daga [[Auburn University at Montgomery|Jami'ar Auburn]] da kuma digiri na MS a cikin tsarin gudanarwa daga Jami'an Kudancin California . Arnold kuma ya kammala karatu a [[Air Command and Staff College|Kwalejin Air Command da Staff]] da Kwalejin Sojojin . 

== Ayyukan soja ==
Arnold ya yi aiki tare da 2nd Battalion, 502nd Airborne Infantry, 101st Airborne Division a Vietnam, yana umurni da kamfani kuma yana samun lambobin Silver Star guda biyu da Purple Hearts guda biyu.&lt;ref name=&quot;RHOF&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 November 2018 |title=Ranger Hall of Fame |url=https://www.benning.army.mil/Infantry/ARTB/RHOF/index.html |access-date=2021-11-23 |website=Fort Benning |publisher=U.S. Army |archive-date=2022-03-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220323202856/https://www.benning.army.mil/Infantry/ARTB/RHOF/index.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Arnold daga baya ya yi aiki tare da 8th Infantry Division a Jamus ta Yamma, yana umurni da 1st Battalion, 68th Armor Regiment da 2nd Battalion. Daga baya ya yi aiki a matsayin kwamandan Brigade na 2, 82nd Airborne Division a Fort Bragg . 

== Na Mutum ==
Arnold ɗan Charles Dean Arnold ne (22 Fabrairu 1914 - 8 Yuli 1988) da Lois Evelyn (McNicol) Arnold (24 Janairu 1916 - Agusta 1982). Babban ɗan'uwansa Stanley Dean Arnold (6 ga Oktoba 1934 - 23 ga Nuwamba 1993) ya kasance ɗan jirgin sama na Sojoji kuma tsohon soja na Vietnam wanda ya yi ritaya a matsayin mataimakin kwamandan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Charles Dean Arnold |url=https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/67193646/charles-dean-arnold |access-date=2021-12-15 |website=Find A Grave}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lois Evelyn ''McNicol'' Arnold |url=https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/67193624/lois-evelyn-arnold |access-date=2021-12-15 |website=Find A Grave}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=LTC Stanley Dean Arnold |url=https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/15426725/stanley-dean-arnold |access-date=2021-12-15 |website=Find A Grave}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1940]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Stephen Elliott (mai wasan ƙwallon ƙafa)</title>
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'''Stephen William Elliott''' (an haife shi a ranar 6 ga Janairu 1984) manajan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Ireland. A halin yanzu shi ne manajan ƙungiyar [[League of Ireland First Division]] [[Wexford F.C.|ta Wexford]] . A lokacin aikinsa na wasa, ya buga wa [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]], [[Sunderland A.F.C.|Sunderland]], [[Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C.|Wolves]], [[Preston North End F.C.|Preston North End]], [[Heart of Midlothian F.C.|Heart of Midlothian]], [[Coventry City F.C.|Coventry City]], [[Carlisle United F.C.|Carlisle United]], [[Shelbourne F.C.|Shelbourne]], [[Drogheda United F.C.|Drogheda United]] da [[Morpeth Town A.F.C.|Morpeth Town]] wasa, sannan kuma ya yi zaman aro a [[Norwich City F.C.|Norwich City]] .

Ya wakilci Jamhuriyar Ireland, inda ya zira kwallaye masu mahimmanci a wasan neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin duniya da suka fafata da Cyprus a shekarar 2005.

== Aikin kulob ==
Elliott ya fara aikinsa a matsayin ɗan wasan matasa tare da Belvedere . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Belvedere Full Internationals |url=http://www.belvederefc.com/honours/full-internationals.945.html |access-date=26 February 2012 |publisher=Belvedere FC |archive-date=24 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324085928/http://www.belvederefc.com/honours/full-internationals.945.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; da Stella Maris. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 March 2006 |title=Republic of Ireland: Under 20 – Squad Profile |url=http://www.fai.ie/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=4560&amp;Itemid=136 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721124425/http://fai.ie/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=4560&amp;Itemid=136 |archive-date=21 July 2011 |access-date=26 February 2012 |publisher=Football Association of Ireland}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Manchester City ===
Elliott ya fara aikinsa na ƙwararru a matsayin ɗan wasan matasa a [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]] bayan ya yi fice a wasan gwaji da Stella Maris inda ya zura kwallaye biyar a cikin rabin sa'a. &lt;ref name=&quot;25el&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 November 2007 |title=The 25 who broke through |url=http://www.mcfc.co.uk/news/team-news/2007/november/the-25-who-broke-through-12-stephen-elliott |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090717223051/http://www.mcfc.co.uk/News/Team-news/2007/November/The-25-who-broke-through-12-Stephen-Elliott |archive-date=17 July 2009 |access-date=20 February 2012 |publisher=Manchester City FC}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wasansa na farko a gasar ya zo ne a ranar 21 ga Fabrairu 2004 lokacin da Kevin Keegan ya yi amfani da shi a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa a wasan da suka ci Bolton Wanderers 3-1. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Belvedere Full Internationals |url=http://www.belvederefc.com/honours/full-internationals.945.html |access-date=26 February 2012 |publisher=Belvedere FC |archive-date=24 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324085928/http://www.belvederefc.com/honours/full-internationals.945.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kasa kafa kansa a cikin ƙungiyar farko, inda ya sake buga wasa sau ɗaya kawai a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa, &lt;ref name=&quot;Grad&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 October 2011 |title=Graduates Stephen Elliott |url=http://www.mcfc.co.uk/news/academy-news/2011/october/the-graduates-no-12-stephen-elliott |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111013152311/http://www.mcfc.co.uk/News/Academy-news/2011/October/The-Graduates-No-12-Stephen-Elliott |archive-date=13 October 2011 |access-date=20 February 2012 |publisher=Manchester City FC}}&lt;/ref&gt; tare da ci gabansa a City sakamakon mummunan rauni a baya wanda ya hana shi buga wasa na tsawon kakar wasa. &lt;ref name=&quot;25el&quot; /&gt;

=== Sunderland ===
Kocin [[Sunderland A.F.C.|Sunderland]] Mick McCarthy ya saye shi daga [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]] a ranar 1 ga Yuni 2004  kan kuɗin farko na £125,000, wanda kotu ta kafa,  tare da ƙarin kuɗi sama da £250,000 da ke da alaƙa da aikinsa na gaba a Black Cats na kusan £100,000 idan aka ɗaga Sunderland zuwa [[Premier League|Gasar Premier]] ; £50,000 idan ya buga wasa mai kyau ga Jamhuriyar Ireland ; kashi biyar na £20,000 ga kowane wasa goma da ya yi wa Sunderland har zuwa matsakaicin wasanni 50; da kuma kashi 25% na duk wani kuɗin canja wuri. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Belvedere Full Internationals |url=http://www.belvederefc.com/honours/full-internationals.945.html |access-date=26 February 2012 |publisher=Belvedere FC |archive-date=24 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324085928/http://www.belvederefc.com/honours/full-internationals.945.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga baya McCarthy ya yarda cewa ya saye shi da araha sosai, kodayake hakan ya faru ne kafin a kammala dukkan ƙarin abubuwan da ke sama.  Ya fara buga wasa a ranar 7 ga Agusta a wasansu da Coventry a wasan da suka sha kashi da ci 2-0,  inda ya zura kwallo ta farko a kungiyar a ranar 10 ga Agusta a kan Crewe Alexandra, inda ya ci kwallo ta farko a wasansu da ci 3-1. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 August 2004 |title=Sunderland 3–1 Crewe |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/eng_div_1/3942253.stm |access-date=20 February 2012 |publisher=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kafa kansa a matsayin wanda ya fi kowa taka rawar gani a kungiyar, inda ya buga wasanni 47 inda ya zura kwallaye 16 a kakar wasansa ta farko  yayin da kungiyar ta kare a matsayin zakara a shekarar 2005, wanda hakan ya taimaka masa lashe kyautar matashin dan wasan kungiyar na kakar wasa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Grad&quot;/&gt; Kuma a watan Yulin 2005 ya sanya hannu kan tsawaita kwantiraginsa har zuwa 2008. 

Duk da haka, kakarsa ta farko ta Premier ta samu cikas sakamakon rauni, &lt;ref name=&quot;25el&quot;/&gt; ya jagoranci wasanni 15 kacal  duk da cewa kafin raunin ya zura kwallaye biyu a jere a wasan da suka yi da [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]]  da [[Newcastle United FC|Newcastle United]] . 

A lokacin da [[Sunderland A.F.C.|Sunderland]] ta dawo gasar Championship a kakar wasa mai zuwa, ya nuna kyakkyawan yanayi lokacin da ya dace, amma kuma raunin idon sawunsa ya hana shi yin wasa na tsawon watanni biyu.  A duka, ya buga wasanni 88 a Sunderland inda ya zura kwallaye 23. &lt;ref name=&quot;SOC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stephen Elliott Stats |url=http://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=37913 |access-date=27 January 2012 |publisher=Soccerbase}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1984]]

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  <page>
    <title>Shelby M. C. Davis</title>
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Shelby Moore Cullom Davis (an haife shi a shekara ta 1937 [) ɗan ƙasar Amurka ne mai taimakon jama'a kuma mai saka hannun jari mai ritaya kuma manajan kuɗi.

== Rayuwar farko da aiki ==
An haifi Davis a shekarar 1937, ɗan manajan kuɗi ne Shelby Cullom Davis  da Kathryn Wasserman Davis . &lt;ref&gt;&quot;All in the Davis Family: Still Picking Winners&quot; Virginia Munger Kahn. New York Times, Late Edition (East Coast); New York, N.Y. [New York, N.Y]. 08 Feb 1998: 8&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kammala karatunsa a Jami'ar Princeton  kuma ya fara aikinsa a Bankin New York, &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Shelby Davis |url=https://www.skidmore.edu/international-students/davis-uwc/anniversary/profiles/davis.php |access-date=2021-11-12 |website=www.skidmore.edu |language=en |archive-date=2025-09-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250913161603/https://www.skidmore.edu/international-students/davis-uwc/anniversary/profiles/davis.php |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; inda ya zama mataimakin shugaban bankin mafi ƙaranci tun bayan Alexander Hamilton. &lt;ref name=&quot;insidePhil&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=31 December 2019 |title=Shelby Davis — Wall Street Donors Guide |url=https://www.insidephilanthropy.com/wall-street-donors/tag/Shelby+Davis}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Davis ya bar BNY a shekarar 1968 ya kafa kamfanin kula da saka hannun jari wanda daga ƙarshe ya zama Davis Selected Advisers, &lt;ref name=&quot;ba&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 June 2023 |title=Philanthropy Archives |url=https://www.bankers-anonymous.com/tag/philanthropy/.}}&lt;/ref&gt;  wanda a shekarar 2021 ya mallaki kimanin dala biliyan 37 a cikin asusu da dama. &lt;ref&gt;&quot;All in the Davis Family: Still Picking Winners&quot; Virginia Munger Kahn. New York Times, Late Edition (East Coast); New York, N.Y. [New York, N.Y]. 08 Feb 1998: 8&lt;/ref&gt;

Duk asusun Davis suna zuba jari a hannun jarin jama'a kuma an bayyana su a matsayin asusun &quot;ƙimar hannun jari&quot;. Sunan Shelby Davis da irin waɗannan hannun jari ya kai matsayin da [[New York Times|jaridar New York Times]] ta kira shi &quot;manajan asusun almara&quot;,  mujallar Money &quot;tatsuniya&quot;,  mujallar Financial Advisor &quot;tatsuniya&quot;,  da kuma &quot;mai saka hannun jari na almara&quot; ta mujallar Kiplinger 's Personal Finance. 

A halin yanzu Davis yana auren matarsa ta biyu, Gale. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt; Matarsa ta farko, Wendy A. Adams, 'yar shugaban ƙungiyar Boston Bruins ce , Weston Adams .  Davis ya yi aiki na ɗan lokaci a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban ƙungiyar Bruins, kuma sakamakon nasarar da ƙungiyar ta samu a gasar zakarun Turai a shekarar 1972, an rubuta sunansa a gasar cin kofin Stanley . &lt;ref&gt;&quot;All in the Davis Family: Still Picking Winners&quot; Virginia Munger Kahn. New York Times, Late Edition (East Coast); New York, N.Y. [New York, N.Y]. 08 Feb 1998: 8&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2012, John Rothchild ya buga wani bayanin Davis, mahaifinsa, da 'ya'yansa maza, mai suna &quot;Daular Davis: Shekaru Hamsin na Nasarar Zuba Jari a Wall Street&quot;.

== Taimakon jama'a ==
An san Shelby Davis a matsayin mai bayar da agaji mai karimci, musamman ga harkokin ilimi. &lt;ref&gt;&quot;All in the Davis Family: Still Picking Winners&quot; Virginia Munger Kahn. New York Times, Late Edition (East Coast); New York, N.Y. [New York, N.Y]. 08 Feb 1998: 8&lt;/ref&gt; Daga cikin manyan waɗanda suka amfana da ayyukan agajinsa akwai ƙungiyar United World College da kuma ɗalibansa, Jami'ar Princeton, &lt;ref&gt;What Becomes a Legend Most? Woolley, Suzanne. Money. Jul2000, Vol. 29 Issue 7, p44&lt;/ref&gt; wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin amintacce tun daga 2006, &lt;ref&gt;Chris And Shelby Davis Trade Places, April 2001, Alan Lavine, https://www.fa-mag.com/news/article-319.html?issue=7&lt;/ref&gt; kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin masu ba da gudummawa mafi girma ga jami'ar a lokacin da yake cikin kwamitin gudanarwa. &lt;ref&gt;&quot;All in the Davis Family: Still Picking Winners&quot; Virginia Munger Kahn. New York Times, Late Edition (East Coast); New York, N.Y. [New York, N.Y]. 08 Feb 1998: 8&lt;/ref&gt; Tallafinsa ga Kwalejojin Duniya na United World sun haɗa da biyan kuɗin gyara Montezuma Castle a harabar jami'ar Amurka. &lt;ref&gt;&quot;All in the Davis Family: Still Picking Winners&quot; Virginia Munger Kahn. New York Times, Late Edition (East Coast); New York, N.Y. [New York, N.Y]. 08 Feb 1998: 8&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;&quot;All in the Davis Family: Still Picking Winners&quot; Virginia Munger Kahn. New York Times, Late Edition (East Coast); New York, N.Y. [New York, N.Y]. 08 Feb 1998: 8&lt;/ref&gt; Ya ƙara tallafawa waɗannan makarantu ta hanyar Shirin Masana Kwalejin Duniya na Davis United, ƙalubalen Davis-UWC IMPACT da Shirin Dare zuwa Mafarki na Davis-UWC. &lt;ref&gt;&quot;All in the Davis Family: Still Picking Winners&quot; Virginia Munger Kahn. New York Times, Late Edition (East Coast); New York, N.Y. [New York, N.Y]. 08 Feb 1998: 8&lt;/ref&gt; Ta hanyar Shirin Masana Kwalejin Duniya na Davis United, Davis ya samar da guraben karatu ga ɗalibai sama da 10,000 a kwalejoji da jami'o'i a faɗin duniya. &lt;ref&gt;&quot;All in the Davis Family: Still Picking Winners&quot; Virginia Munger Kahn. New York Times, Late Edition (East Coast); New York, N.Y. [New York, N.Y]. 08 Feb 1998: 8&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UWC Scholars Program |url=https://www.ou.edu/admissions/uwc}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The College of Idaho's Record-Setting Class Wins Davis Cup &amp;#124; the College of Idaho |url=https://www.collegeofidaho.edu/news/college-idahos-record-setting-class-wins-davis-cup }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Davis United World College Scholars Program (DUWCSP) |url=https://www.skidmore.edu/international-students/davis-uwc/index.php }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 April 2015 |title=Davis United World College Scholars Program Marks 15 Years |url=https://www.middlebury.edu/newsroom/node/494015}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 January 2017 |title=Making the World a Better Place: Davis United World College Scholars at UF |url=https://ufprism.com/2017/01/22/making-the-world-a-better-place-davis-united-world-college-scholars-at-uf/}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=LAVINE |first=ALAN |date=2001 |title=Chris And Shelby Davis Trade Places |url=https://www.fa-mag.com/news/article-319.html?issue=7}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 November 2022 |title=Major Private Gifts to Higher Education |url=https://www.chronicle.com/article/major-private-gifts-to-higher-education/}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 February 2020 |title=Shelby Davis: &quot;How UWC Has Made Me a Better Me&quot; |url=https://perilofafrica.com/2020/02/shelby-davis-how-uwc-has-made-me-better.html |access-date=11 January 2026 |archive-date=13 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211113230129/https://perilofafrica.com/2020/02/shelby-davis-how-uwc-has-made-me-better.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Princeton - News - Multi-year, multi-million-dollar commitment will fund Davis UWC Scholarships, promote global understanding |url=http://pr.princeton.edu/news/00/q2/0403-davis.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim has too many footnotes for reading to be smooth. (September 2024)&quot;&gt;ambato mai yawa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Davis da matarsa suna kuma tallafawa ayyukan agaji na muhalli da na yanki, ciki har da a Maine, Wyoming, Florida, da Utah. &lt;ref name=&quot;insidePhil&quot;/&gt;

Davis ya bayyana ayyukansa na taimakon jama'a ta hanyar cewa &quot;Ina ganin ilimi yana haifar da damammaki. Kullum yana game da matasa da makomarsu, kuma duk mun fahimci cewa tare da ilimi, matasa suna da damammaki fiye da ba tare da shi ba. Ina saka hannun jari a cikin ɗaliban UWC, musamman, saboda ina ganin suna samun wani nau'in ilimi na musamman a makarantun UWC. Suna gaya min wannan, akai-akai a cikin wasiƙunsu da kuma lokacin da na haɗu da su. Malamansu da farfesoshinsu suma suna gaya min haka&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;&quot;All in the Davis Family: Still Picking Winners&quot; Virginia Munger Kahn. New York Times, Late Edition (East Coast); New York, N.Y. [New York, N.Y]. 08 Feb 1998: 8&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1937]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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    <title>Elena Panaritis</title>
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'''Elena Panaritis''' (Girkanci) masanin tattalin arziki ne, [[Kasuwancin zamantakewa|ɗan kasuwa na zamantakewa]], kuma tsohuwar 'yar siyasa da aka sani da aikinta a cikin tattalin arziki da sake fasalin haƙƙin mallaka. Ta kasance memba na Majalisar Girka kuma ta rike mukamin ba da shawara a Bankin Duniya, inda ta haɓaka samfuran don haɗa tattalin arzikin da ba na al'ada ba a cikin kasuwar al'ada, musamman a Peru. A matsayinsa na wanda ya kafa Thought for Action (T4Action), Panaritis yana ba da shawara ga manufofi da ke inganta hada tattalin arziki da nuna gaskiya a cikin tattalin arziki mai tasowa da wahala.

== Rayuwa ta farko da karatu ==
An haifi Elena Panaritis a Athens, Girka .  Ta yi karatun Tattalin Arziki a Kwalejin Amurka ta Girka, ta kammala karatu tare da BA a shekarar 1989, kuma ta ci gaba zuwa Jami'ar Bologna [[Italiya]], don samun digiri na biyu a Tattalin Ruwa na Duniya, a shekarar 1990. A shekara ta 1992, ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin tattalin arziki na kasa da kasa da nazarin Turai daga Makarantar Nazarin Kasa da Kasa ta Jami'ar Johns Hopkins kuma a shekara ta 2003 ta sami digiri ya biyu a fannonin Gudanar da Kasuwanci daga INSEAD .

A lokacin karatunta, Panaritis ta mayar da hankali kan ka'idar tattalin arziki, kudi na kasa da kasa, da tattalin arzikin ma'aikata, fannoni waɗanda daga baya za su zama tushen aikinta kan haƙƙin mallaka da sake fasalin tattalin arziki. Ilimi a Johns Hopkins ya fallasa ta ga ra'ayoyin duniya game da manufofin tattalin arziki, wanda ya haifar da sha'awar amfani da kayan aikin tattalin arziki don magance abubuwan da ke haifar da talauci da ci gaba.

== Bankin Duniya ==
Panaritis ya fara aiki a Bankin Duniya, Washington, DC, a cikin 1991, a matsayin mai sharhi na yanki. A matsayinta na Mataimakin Jami'in Kasar na Peru, ta kula da shirye-shiryen mallakar jihar da sake fasalin bashin. Ta kuma taimaka wajen tsara yanayin da aka amince da shi tare da ƙasashen Latin Amurka, kamar Brazil, Peru, da Venezuela, don ba da rance na gyare-gyare, gyare- gyare-shiryen kasafin kuɗi da keɓancewa.

A matsayinta na kwararren kwararren kula da bangarorin jama'a / masu zaman kansu a Bankin Duniya, Panaritis ya yi aiki, a tsakanin sauran shirye-shirye, a kan sake fasalin haƙƙin mallaka a [[Filipin|Philippines]], da kuma sake fasalin shari'a a [[Trinidad da Tobago]], kuma ya tsara yanayin rancen dala miliyan 100 ga [[Moroko|Maroko]]. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2023}}

==Manazarta== 
{{Reflist}} 
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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'''Elena Panaritis''' (Girkanci) masanin tattalin arziki ne, [[Kasuwancin zamantakewa|ɗan kasuwa na zamantakewa]], kuma tsohuwar 'yar siyasa da aka sani da aikinta a cikin tattalin arziki da sake fasalin haƙƙin mallaka. Ta kasance memba na Majalisar Girka kuma ta rike mukamin ba da shawara a Bankin Duniya, inda ta haɓaka samfuran don haɗa tattalin arzikin da ba na al'ada ba a cikin kasuwar al'ada, musamman a Peru. A matsayinsa na wanda ya kafa Thought for Action (T4Action), Panaritis yana ba da shawara ga manufofi da ke inganta hada tattalin arziki da nuna gaskiya a cikin tattalin arziki mai tasowa da wahala.

== Rayuwa ta farko da karatu ==
An haifi Elena Panaritis a Athens, Girka.&lt;ref&gt;Former MPs, [[Hellenic Parliament]] Archives&lt;/ref&gt; Ta yi karatun Tattalin Arziki a Kwalejin Amurka ta Girka, ta kammala karatu tare da BA a shekarar 1989, kuma ta ci gaba zuwa Jami'ar Bologna [[Italiya]], don samun digiri na biyu a Tattalin Ruwa na Duniya, a shekarar 1990. A shekara ta 1992, ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin tattalin arziki na kasa da kasa da nazarin Turai daga Makarantar Nazarin Kasa da Kasa ta Jami'ar Johns Hopkins kuma a shekara ta 2003 ta sami digiri ya biyu a fannonin Gudanar da Kasuwanci daga INSEAD .

A lokacin karatunta, Panaritis ta mayar da hankali kan ka'idar tattalin arziki, kudi na kasa da kasa, da tattalin arzikin ma'aikata, fannoni waɗanda daga baya za su zama tushen aikinta kan haƙƙin mallaka da sake fasalin tattalin arziki. Ilimi a Johns Hopkins ya fallasa ta ga ra'ayoyin duniya game da manufofin tattalin arziki, wanda ya haifar da sha'awar amfani da kayan aikin tattalin arziki don magance abubuwan da ke haifar da talauci da ci gaba.

== Bankin Duniya ==
Panaritis ya fara aiki a Bankin Duniya, Washington, DC, a cikin 1991, a matsayin mai sharhi na yanki. A matsayinta na Mataimakin Jami'in Kasar na Peru, ta kula da shirye-shiryen mallakar jihar da sake fasalin bashin. Ta kuma taimaka wajen tsara yanayin da aka amince da shi tare da ƙasashen Latin Amurka, kamar Brazil, Peru, da Venezuela, don ba da rance na gyare-gyare, gyare- gyare-shiryen kasafin kuɗi da keɓancewa.

A matsayinta na kwararren kwararren kula da bangarorin jama'a / masu zaman kansu a Bankin Duniya, Panaritis ya yi aiki, a tsakanin sauran shirye-shirye, a kan sake fasalin haƙƙin mallaka a [[Filipin|Philippines]], da kuma sake fasalin shari'a a [[Trinidad da Tobago]], kuma ya tsara yanayin rancen dala miliyan 100 ga [[Moroko|Maroko]]. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2023}}

==Manazarta== 
{{Reflist}} 
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Sarah Oram</title>
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'''Dame Sarah Elizabeth Oram''', DBE , RRC (26 ga Disamba 1860 - 26 ga Yuni 1946) babbar mamba ce a Hukumar Kula da Jinya ta Sojoji da kuma Hukumar Kula da Jinya ta Sojojin Sarauniya Alexandra (QAIMNS). Ta yi aiki a matsayin Babbar Mai Kula da Jinya, Mai Kula da Jinya a QAIMNS, kuma an haɗa ta da Rundunar Yaƙin Burtaniya a Faransa daga 1914 zuwa 1915 sannan daga baya ta zama Mukaddashin Babban Mai Kula da Jinya, QAIMNS, a Rundunar Yaƙin Gabashin Bahar Rum daga 1915 zuwa 1919 a lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya]] . 

== Bayani da horo ==
An haifi Oram a ranar dambe, 1860  a Cirencester, 'yar Samuel Thomas Oram, mai binciken haraji, da matarsa, Sarah Oram, wacce aka haifa a Gibbons. 

Mahaifin Oram ya mutu a Thirsk, Yorkshire a shekarar 1868, kuma Oram ta yi karatu a wata makaranta mai zaman kanta a Landan da kuma Malvern Link. [1] Oram ta yi aiki a matsayin malamar makaranta kafin ta fara horar da ma'aikatan jinya a Asibitin London a watan Fabrairun 1884. [2] Oram ta yi horo a ƙarƙashin uwargida Eva Charlotte Ellis Luckes, tsakanin 1884 kuma ta kammala horonta a ranar 22 ga Fabrairun 1886. [3] [4]

== Sana'a ==
Oram ta shiga Rundunar Kula da Lafiya ta Sojoji (ANS) a matsayin 'Yar'uwar Ma'aikatan Jinya ta Sojoji a ranar 1 ga Mayu 1886 kuma ta yi aiki a Masar na tsawon shekaru 5 daga 1891. A ranar 11 ga Disamba 1896,  Jaridar ''London Gazette'' ta sanar da cewa an ba ta kyautar Royal Red Cross saboda rawar da ta taka wajen kula da sojojin da ba su da lafiya da kuma wadanda suka ji rauni a yakin Anglo-Sudan, kuma [[Sarauniya Victoria]] ta ba ta kyautar a Windsor Castle a ranar 5 ga Maris 1897.   &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 April 2018 |title=The Boer War Nurses Database |url=https://boerwarnurses.com/boer-war-nurses-database |access-date=6 March 2026 |archive-date=4 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240304041219/https://boerwarnurses.com/boer-war-nurses-database/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan shekaru 13 a matsayin 'Yar'uwar Ma'aikatan Jinya ta Sojoji, an daukaka ta zuwa matsayin Sufeto a watan Mayu 1899 kuma ta yi aiki a Yaƙin Boer na Biyu a Afirka ta Kudu daga Janairu 1900 zuwa 1902. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 April 2018 |title=The Boer War Nurses Database |url=https://boerwarnurses.com/boer-war-nurses-database |access-date=6 March 2026 |archive-date=4 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240304041219/https://boerwarnurses.com/boer-war-nurses-database/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; An nada Oram a matsayin ungozoma a sabuwar QAIMNS da aka kafa a 1903.   An daukaka ta zuwa Ungozoma ta Shugaba, QAIMNS, Afirka ta Kudu, 1911–1914; Babbar Mai Kula da Ma'aikatan Jinya, Sufeto Janar na Ma'aikatan Jinya QAIMNS, 1911–1914, kuma tana aiki a Rundunar Sojan Sama ta Burtaniya, Faransa, 1914–1915, kafin naɗinta na ƙarshe a matsayin Mukaddashin Babban Mai Kula da Ma'aikatan Jinya a 1915 na Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Bahar Rum.   

An naɗa Oram a matsayin [[Order of the British Empire|Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire]] a shekarar 1919 kuma ya saka hannun jari a ranar 10 ga Maris 1920 a Fadar Buckingham .

== Mutuwa ==
Dame Sarah Oram ta mutu ba tare da aure ba, a ranar 26 ga Yuni 1946 a Kudancin Kensington, [[Landan]], tana da shekaru 85.  An yi jana'izar a Cocin St George, Campden Hill, kuma an kona Oram a wurin ƙona gawawwakin Kensal Green a ranar 1 ga Yuli 1946. 

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <title>Tanja Fajon</title>
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'''Tanja Anna Fajon''' (an haife ta a ranar 9 ga Mayu 1971) 'yar siyasar Slovenia ce wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Waje da Harkokin Turai tun watan Yunin 2022. Ta kasance memba na jam'iyyar Social Democrats, ta jagoranci jam'iyyar daga 2020 zuwa 2024. Fajon ya kasance memba na Majalisar Tarayyar Turai (MEP) na Slovenia har zuwa 2022, bayan an zabe shi a 2009, 2014, da 2019.

An haife shi a [[Ljubljana]], Fajon ya halarci makarantar Poljane Grammar School kuma ya yi karatun aikin jarida a Faculty of Social Sciences, Jami'ar Ljubljana , daga baya ya sami digiri na biyu a siyasar kasa da kasa a Jami'ar Paris-Sud . Kafin ta shiga siyasa, ta yi aiki a matsayin 'yar jarida a ''Rediyon Glas Ljubljana'' da jaridar Republika, kuma daga 1996 a RTV Slovenia . Ta shafe shekaru takwas a matsayin wakilin RTV Slovenia na Brussels, tana rufe shigar Slovenia cikin Tarayyar Turai a shekara ta 2004 da kuma farkon shekarun zama memba na EU.

A matsayinsa na memba na majalisar dokokin Turai, Fajon ya jagoranci tawagar Slovenia a cikin Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats (S&amp;D). Ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a matsayin mai ba da rahoto game da 'yancin biza ga Yammacin Balkans kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban S &amp; D daga 2014 zuwa 2019 a lokacin wa'adin ta na uku. Ita ce kadai 'yar Slovenia da aka ambaci sunanta sau biyu a cikin' yan majalisa 40 mafi tasiri ta Politico Europe.

Bayan zaben 'yan majalisa na 2022, an zabi Fajon a takaice a matsayin memba na Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa kafin ya shiga Gwamnatin Slovenia ta 15 karkashin jagorancin Firayim Minista Robert Golob . A matsayinta na shugabar jam'iyya a lokacin da aka kafa gwamnati, ita da kanta ta zaɓi zama Ministan Harkokin Waje da Harkokin Turai.

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
An haife ta a [[Ljubljana]] a ranar 9 ga Mayu 1971, Tanja Fajon 'yar Nevenka &quot;Neva&quot; Fajon (1943-2021), sanannen editan fina-finai na Slovenia wanda ya yi aiki a fim din da aka zaba na Oscar ''Lokacin da Na rufe Idanuna'' (1993) da kuma RTV Slovenia, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Š |first=N. |title=Umrla je montažerka Neva Fajon |url=https://www.rtvslo.si/kultura/film-in-tv/umrla-je-montazerka-neva-fajon/551666 |access-date=2025-09-01 |website=rtvslo.si |language=sl}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma Bogdan Fajon, ɗan jarida da edita kuma ke aiki a RTV Slovenia. Tana da babban ɗan'uwa, Sašo Fajon, mawaƙi kuma mawaƙi wanda aka sani da rubuce-rubuce na ''Prisluhni mi'', wanda ya wakilci Slovenia a Gasar Waƙoƙin Eurovision a 1995; ya kamu da [[ciwon zuciya]] a 2016. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Černe |first=Moni |date=2016-01-17 |title=Pretres v družini Fajon |url=https://old.slovenskenovice.si/bulvar/domaci-trac/pretres-v-druzini-fajon |access-date=2025-09-01 |website=old.slovenskenovice.si |language=sl-si}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan kammala makarantar Poljane Grammar School a 1990, Fajon ta sami digiri na farko a fannin aikin jarida daga Faculty of Social Sciences, Jami'ar Ljubljana a 1996. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tanja Fajon • Zvezoskop |url=http://sveltekit-prerender/zvezoskop/en/people/1/ |access-date=2025-09-01 |website=Zvezoskop |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Yayinda take aiki a RTV Slovenia, ta kammala digiri na biyu a siyasar kasa da kasa a Kwalejin Nazarin Interdisciplinary, Jami'ar Paris-Sud a shekara ta 2005.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tanja Fajon - EU40 |url=https://www.eu40.eu/alumnis/tanja-fajon/ |access-date=2025-09-01 |website=Bedste casinoer uden ROFUS |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga baya ta gudanar da karatun digiri a cikin gudanarwa a Makarantar Gudanarwa ta IEDC har zuwa 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tanja Fajon |url=https://www.gov.si/en/state-authorities/ministries/ministry-of-foreign-and-european-affairs/about-the-ministry/tanja-fajon/ |access-date=2025-09-01 |website=Portal GOV.SI |language=en |archive-date=2025-09-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250915230522/https://www.gov.si/en/state-authorities/ministries/ministry-of-foreign-and-european-affairs/about-the-ministry/tanja-fajon/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyukan jarida ==
Fajon ta fara aikin jarida a matsayin 'yar jarida da mataimakiyar edita a ''Rediyon Glas Ljubljana'' daga 1991 zuwa 1995. A shekara ta 1993, ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da rahoto da marubuciya ga jaridar yau da kullun ta Slovenia Republika . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tanja Fajon • Zvezoskop |url=http://sveltekit-prerender/zvezoskop/en/people/1/ |access-date=2025-09-01 |website=Zvezoskop |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga 1996 zuwa 2001, ta kasance 'yar jarida a RTV Slovenia, kafin ta zama wakilin RTV Slovenia a Brussels, rawar da ta taka daga 2001 zuwa 2009, bayan da Slovenia ta shiga Tarayyar Turai a shekara ta 2004. &lt;ref&gt;name=&quot;eu40&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tanja Fajon – EU40 |url=http://www.eu40.eu/tanja-fajon/ |publisher=Network of MEPs under 40 |access-date=2026-03-08 |archive-date=2022-11-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115220738/http://www.eu40.eu/tanja-fajon/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; A wannan lokacin, ta kuma ba da gudummawa a matsayin mai ba da rahoto ga [[CNN]] daga 1995 zuwa 2001.&lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;7meps&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |year=2009 |title=The Seven Slovenian MEPs |url=http://www.ukom.gov.si/en/media_room/newsletter_slovenia_news/news/article/391/260/ |publisher=Slovenian Government Communication Office}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyukan siyasa ==

=== memba na Majalisar Tarayyar Turai, 2009-2022 ===
A cikin Zaben Majalisar Tarayyar Turai na 2009 a Slovenia, an zabi Fajon a matsayin memba na Social Democrats (SD). A lokacin wa'adin ta na farko, ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar shugaban tawagar Majalisar Tarayyar Turai ta Croatia har sai kasar ta shiga Tarayyar Tarayyar Yuropa. Ta kuma kasance memba na Kwamitin Gudanar da Laifuka, Cin Hanci da Cin Hanci (CRIM), Kwamitin 'Yancin Bil'adama, Adalci da Harkokin Cikin Gida (LIBE), da Wakilin Hulɗa da Amurka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1971-05-09 |title=7th parliamentary term {{!}} Tanja Fajon {{!}} MEPs |url=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/meps/en/96911/TANJA_FAJON/history/7 |access-date=2025-09-01 |website=www.europarl.europa.eu |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:Tanja_Fajon_-_Citizens'_Corner_debate_on_the_right_to_vote_(12074372763).jpg|thumb|Fajon a Majalisar Tarayyar Turai a shekarar 2014]]
An sake zabar Fajon a shekarar 2014, inda ya sami kuri'u da yawa fiye da jagoran jerin, Igor Lukšič . An gabatar da ita a matsayin dan takarar Slovenia ga Hukumar Tarayyar Turai a karkashin Jean-Claude Juncker, amma gwamnatin Slovenia ta zabi Violeta Bulc.  A karo na biyu ta yi aiki a LIBE, Delegation to the Euronest Parliamentary Assembly, da Delegation for relations with Bosnia and Herzegovina and Kosovo (DSEE). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1971-05-09 |title=8th parliamentary term {{!}} Tanja Fajon {{!}} MEPs |url=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/meps/en/96911/TANJA_FAJON/history/8 |access-date=2025-09-01 |website=www.europarl.europa.eu |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fajon ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban S &amp; D a wannan lokacin. A shekara ta 2016, an dauke ta daya daga cikin shahararrun 'yan siyasa na Slovenia bisa ga binciken ra'ayi na kasa.

Bayan Zaben Turai na 2019, Fajon ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a tattaunawar jam'iyyun da EP ta yi a Serbia, yana aiki a matsayin shugaban tawagar don dangantaka da Serbia. Ta kuma kasance memba na Kwamitin Harkokin Waje (AFET)  kuma ta shiga cikin ƙungiyar aiki ta jam'iyyun da aka ba da umurni da tsara shirin aiki na shekaru biyar na Majalisar Tarayyar Turai kan [[Dokokin doka|mulkin doka]], iyakoki, da ƙaura. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1971-05-09 |title=9th parliamentary term {{!}} Tanja Fajon {{!}} MEPs |url=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/meps/en/96911/TANJA_FAJON/history/9 |access-date=2025-09-01 |website=www.europarl.europa.eu |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A duk lokacin da ta yi aiki a matsayin EP, Fajon ta yi aiki ne a matsayin mai ba da rahoto game da tsarin 'yanci na visa don Yammacin Balkans.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 December 2019 |title=Conclusion of the party dialogue in Serbia: Commitments need to be implemented |url=https://europeanwesternbalkans.com/2019/12/16/conclusion-of-the-party-dialogue-in-serbia-commitments-need-to-be-implemented/ |access-date=21 February 2020 |website=[[European Western Balkans]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen ba da damar 'yan ƙasa na [[Albaniya|Albania]] su yi tafiya kyauta a cikin Yankin Schengen, suna nuna babban mataki zuwa ga shiga EU na Albania.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |year=2010 |title=Pahor Says Visa Liberation Is Dream Come True for Albania |url=http://www.sta.si/en/vest.php?s=a&amp;id=1583989 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140506025747/http://www.sta.si/en/vest.php?s=a&amp;id=1583989 |archive-date=6 May 2014 |access-date=18 December 2010 |publisher=[[Slovenian Press Agency]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Don nuna godiya ga kokarin da ta yi, an sanya wa wani kofi a [[Tirana]] suna don girmama ta a shekarar 2010. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |year=2010 |title=Albanian Cafe Named After Slovenian MEP |url=http://www.sta.si/en/vest.php?s=a&amp;id=1587201 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140506031743/http://www.sta.si/en/vest.php?s=a&amp;id=1587201 |archive-date=6 May 2014 |access-date=18 December 2010 |publisher=[[Slovenian Press Agency]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kuma ba da gudummawa ga 'yancin biza ga [[Bosnia da Herzegovina]] da [[Moldufiniya|Moldova]].  &lt;ref name=&quot;poty&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |year=2009 |title=MEP Tanja Fajon named Person of the year in Bosnia and Herzegovina |url=http://www.mzz.gov.si/nc/en/newsroom/news/article/3247/26399/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304001230/http://www.mzz.gov.si/nc/en/newsroom/news/article/3247/26399/ |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=6 May 2014 |publisher=Slovenian Ministry of Foreign Affairs}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |year=2014 |title=S&amp;D Euro MP Tanja Fajon gives green light to visa-free movement between Moldova and EU Schengen countries |url=http://www.socialistsanddemocrats.eu/newsroom/sd-euro-mp-tanja-fajon-gives-green-light-visa-free-movement-between-moldova-and-eu-schengen |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303232602/http://www.socialistsanddemocrats.eu/newsroom/sd-euro-mp-tanja-fajon-gives-green-light-visa-free-movement-between-moldova-and-eu-schengen |archive-date=3 March 2016 |access-date=6 May 2014 |publisher=[[Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 5 ga watan Mayu, wata tawagar Social Democrats, tare da mataimakin shugaban kasar Tanja Fajon, sun girmama abin tunawa ga Boris Kidrič a Ljubljana, yayin da suka rubuta, don tunawa da kafa gwamnatin Kidrič da aka hada a lokacin kuma sun yi alkawarin &quot;tsaron 'yanci, zaman lafiya, da adalci&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-07-28 |title=Nur ein paar Bilder, aber tausend Missverständnisse |url=https://www.diepresse.com/6013548/nur-ein-paar-bilder-aber-tausend-missverstaendnisse |access-date=2025-12-16 |website=Die Presse |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan aikin ya haifar da rashin amincewa a wani bangare na jama'a, yayin da tawagar ta yi wa Kidrič girmamawa, wanda a lokacin da kuma bayan yakin duniya na biyu ya shiga cikin laifuka, gami da tsanantawa, gami' yan jarumin Jamus na 'yan tsiraru.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-07-28 |title=Nur ein paar Bilder, aber tausend Missverständnisse |url=https://www.diepresse.com/6013548/nur-ein-paar-bilder-aber-tausend-missverstaendnisse |access-date=2025-12-16 |website=Die Presse |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=postaja |first=Spletna |title=Boris Kidrič, komunistični prvak in zločinec, še vedno slavljen [6] {{!}} Družina – vsak dan s teboj |url=https://www.druzina.si/clanek/boris-kidric-komunisti-komunisticna-revolucija-partizani-6 |access-date=2025-12-16 |website=druzina.si |language=sl}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Siyasa ta jam'iyya ===
Tanja Fajon ta yi aiki na shekaru da yawa a matsayin mataimakiyar shugabar jam'iyyar Social Democrats (SD) kuma a matsayin shugabar Majalisar SD ta Manufofin Kasashen Waje. A ranar 28 ga Mayu 2020, bayan murabus din Dejan Židan a matsayin shugaban jam'iyya, Fajon ya ɗauki matsayin mukaddashin shugaban kasa. A lokacin mika mulki, Židan ya amince da Fajon a fili, yana kira ga majalisar jam'iyyar da ta nada ta a matsayin shugaban kasa kuma ta bayyana cewa yana kallon ta a matsayin mai yiwuwa Firayim Minista na gaba.

A cikin zaben 'yan majalisa na 2022, jam'iyyar ta sami raguwa, ta rage yawan kujerun ta daga goma zuwa bakwai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=SD poslabšal rezultat. Tanja Fajon: Dosegli smo naš skupni cilj |url=https://www.24ur.com/novice/volitve/sd-ju-se-obetajo-tri-poslanska-mesta-manj-kot-doslej.html |access-date=2025-09-01 |website=www.24ur.com |language=sl}}&lt;/ref&gt; An zabi Fajon kanta a matsayin memba na majalisa, wanda ya haifar da ƙarshen wa'adin ta a Majalisar Tarayyar Turai a ranar 13 ga Mayu 2022, Matjaž Nemec ta gaje ta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Z |first=M. |title=V Bruslju bo Tanjo Fajon kot evroposlanec nadomestil Matjaž Nemec |url=https://www.rtvslo.si/slovenija/v-bruslju-bo-tanjo-fajon-kot-evroposlanec-nadomestil-matjaz-nemec/625570 |access-date=2025-09-01 |website=rtvslo.si |language=sl}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kwanaki biyu bayan zaben, mataimakin shugaban SD Jernej Pikalo ya yi murabus.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ma |first=Al |title=Jernej Pikalo zaradi slabega volilnega izida stranke SD odstopil z mesta podpredsednika |url=https://www.rtvslo.si/slovenija/jernej-pikalo-zaradi-slabega-volilnega-izida-stranke-sd-odstopil-z-mesta-podpredsednika/625369 |access-date=2025-09-01 |website=rtvslo.si |language=sl}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:Secretary_Blinken_Meets_with_Deputy_Prime_Minister_and_Foreign_Minister_Fajon_(52257335269).jpg|thumb|Fajon ya sadu da Sakataren Gwamnatin Amurka [[Antony Blinken]] a cikin 2022]]
A taron jam'iyyar a ranar 8 ga Oktoba 2022 a Ptuj, an tabbatar da Fajon a matsayin shugaban jam'iyyar, yana gudana ba tare da hamayya ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 October 2020 |title=Tanja Falon Named Interim Head of Social Democrats |url=https://www.total-slovenia-news.com/politics/7118-tanja-falon-named-interim-head-of-social-democrats |access-date=11 April 2024 |website=www.total-slovenia-news.com |language=en-gb |archive-date=23 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250823094040/https://www.total-slovenia-news.com/politics/7118-tanja-falon-named-interim-head-of-social-democrats |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kasance a cikin wannan matsayi har zuwa 13 ga Afrilu 2024, lokacin da aka zabi Matjaž Han a matsayin sabon jagora.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-04-14 |title=Guterres po zasedanju Varnostnega sveta: Svet si ne more privoščiti nove vojne |url=https://n1info.si/novice/svet/iran-napad-na-izrael-droni/ |access-date=2025-09-01 |website=N1 |language=sl-SI}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 14 ga Oktoba 2022, an kuma zabe ta mataimakin shugaban jam'iyyar European Socialists a taron da ta yi a [[Berlin]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=R |first=J. |title=Evropski socialisti in demokrati: Löfven novi predsednik, Fajon podpredsednica |url=https://www.rtvslo.si/evropska-unija/evropski-socialisti-in-demokrati-loefven-novi-predsednik-fajon-podpredsednica/643797 |access-date=2025-09-01 |website=rtvslo.si |language=sl}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ministan harkokin waje, 2022-ya zuwa yanzu ===
Bayan kafa Gwamnatin Slovenia ta 15, Firayim Minista Robert Golob ya ba da izinin shugabannin jam'iyyun hadin gwiwa su zaɓi ma'aikatun su. Tanja Fajon ta zaɓi [[Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje (Sloveniya)|Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje]], kuma Kwamitin Majalisar Dattijai na Harkokin Wajen ya tabbatar da ita a ranar 30 ga Mayu 2022, inda ta samu kuri'u tara da shida a kan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Odbor za zunanjo politiko podprl predstavitev Fajonove |url=https://www.24ur.com/novice/slovenija/odbor-za-zunanjo-politiko-podprl-predstavitev-fajonove.html |access-date=2025-09-01 |website=www.24ur.com |language=sl}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta fara aiki a hukumance a ranar 1 ga Yuni 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-06-06 |title=Ministrica Fajon z avstrijskim zunanjim ministrom Schallenbergom o nadaljevanju tesnega sodelovanja |url=https://www.gov.si/novice/2022-06-06-ministrica-fajon-z-avstrijskim-zunanjim-ministrom-schallenbergom-o-nadaljevanju-tesnega-sodelovanja/ |access-date=2025-09-01 |website=Portal GOV.SI |language=sl}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga cikin abubuwan da ta fi fifiko, ta ba da shawarar sake sunan ma'aikatar zuwa Ma'aikatun Harkokin Waje da Harkokin Turai kuma ta jaddada komawa ga mayar da hankali ga manyan jihohin EU.

Ba da daɗewa ba bayan ya hau mulki, Fajon ya ba da sunan ɗaya daga cikin dakunan taron ma'aikatar bayan marubucin Slovenia Boris Pahor . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-06-15 |title=Poklon spominu na Borisa Pahorja |url=https://www.gov.si/novice/2022-06-15-poklon-spominu-na-borisa-pahorja/ |access-date=2025-09-01 |website=Portal GOV.SI |language=sl}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kuma shiga tsakani game da yiwuwar rage wakilan RTV Slovenia, ta aika da wasika ga Darakta Janar Andrej Grah Whatmough, wanda jam'iyyar adawa ta SDS ta soki a matsayin matsin siyasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=STA: SDS v pismu Fajonove generalnemu direktorju RTVS vidi nedopusten pritisk |url=https://www.sta.si/3051192/sds-v-pismu-fajonove-generalnemu-direktorju-rtvs-vidi-nedopusten-pritisk |access-date=2025-09-01 |website=www.sta.si}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A farkon lokacinta, Fajon ta karɓi wasiƙu uku game da matsayin Slovenia game da mamayar Rasha a Ukraine, tana ba da shawarar hanyoyi daban-daban daga tattaunawar zaman lafiya &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Poziv vladi k spremembi politike do Rusije. Fajonova pismo delno podprla |url=https://www.24ur.com/novice/slovenija/poziv-vladi-k-spremembi-politike-do-rusije-fajonova-pismo-delno-podprla.html |access-date=2025-09-01 |website=www.24ur.com |language=sl}}&lt;/ref&gt; zuwa goyon baya ga tsaron Ukraine. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-06-13 |title=Pismo Golobu in Fajon: Slovenija mora ukrajinski odpor podpreti z vsemi sredstvi |url=https://n1info.si/novice/slovenija/pismo-golobu-in-fajon-slovenija-mora-ukrajinski-odpor-podpreti-z-vsemi-sredstvi/ |access-date=2025-09-01 |website=N1 |language=sl-SI}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta gayyaci marubutan zuwa taron farko na Majalisar dabarun manufofin kasashen waje.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-06-24 |title=Prva seja Strateškega sveta za zunanjo politiko v novi sestavi namenjena razpravi o vojni v Ukrajini |url=https://www.gov.si/novice/2022-06-24-prva-seja-strateskega-sveta-za-zunanjo-politiko-v-novi-sestavi-namenjena-razpravi-o-vojni-v-ukrajini/ |access-date=2025-09-01 |website=Portal GOV.SI |language=sl}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Satumbar 2022, ma'aikatar ta fuskanci gardama lokacin da jakadan Amurka ya ɓoye kebul na diflomasiyya da ke tallafawa takarar shugaban kasa na Nataša Pirc Musar, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Z |first=M. |title=Slovenskemu veleposlaniku v ZDA zaradi suma fotografiranja zaupne depeše grozi odpoklic |url=https://www.rtvslo.si/slovenija/slovenskemu-veleposlaniku-v-zda-zaradi-suma-fotografiranja-zaupne-depese-grozi-odpoklic/640245 |access-date=2025-09-01 |website=rtvslo.si |language=sl}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda ya sa SDS ta gabatar da ƙudurin rashin amincewa da Fajon, wanda ya gaza (22 kuri'u a cikin ni'ima, 52 a kan). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ma |first=Al |title=Tanja Fajon ostaja ministrica za zunanje zadeve |url=https://www.rtvslo.si/slovenija/tanja-fajon-ostaja-ministrica-za-zunanje-zadeve/646764 |access-date=2025-09-01 |website=rtvslo.si |language=sl}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 24 ga watan Janairun 2023, an sake sunan ma'aikatar a hukumance Ma'aikatun Harkokin Waje da Tarayyar Turai yayin sake gina gwamnati.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-06-23 |title=Kaj prinaša nov Zakon o Vladi Republike Slovenije |url=https://www.gov.si/novice/2022-06-23-kaj-prinasa-nov-zakon-o-vladi-republike-slovenije/ |access-date=2025-09-01 |website=Portal GOV.SI |language=sl}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fajon ya kuma ci gaba da kamfen din Slovenia don zama na dindindin a Majalisar Tsaro ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ya nada wakilin musamman Franc But don tallafawa kokarin. An zabi Slovenia da kuri'u 153 a [[Babban Taron Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tratnik |first=T. K. B. , Ksenja |title=Slovenija bo nestalna članica VS-ja: &quot;Tak rezultat je veliko priznanje in odgovornost&quot; |url=https://www.rtvslo.si/slovenija/slovenija-bo-nestalna-clanica-vs-ja-tak-rezultat-je-veliko-priznanje-in-odgovornost/670788 |access-date=2025-09-01 |website=rtvslo.si |language=sl}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:Bongbong_Marcos_and_Tanja_Fajon.jpg|thumb|Fajon ya sadu da shugaban kasar Philippines Bongbong Marcos a [[Manila]] a shekarar 2025]]
A ranar 4 ga Yuni 2024, Slovenia ta amince da [[Ƙasar Falasɗinu|Jihar Falasdinu]] a matsayin ƙasa mai zaman kanta da mai cin gashin kanta, ta zama memba na 147 na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don yin hakan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ma |first=Al |title=Slovenija je priznala državo Palestino |url=https://www.rtvslo.si/slovenija/slovenija-je-priznala-drzavo-palestino/710567 |access-date=2025-09-01 |website=rtvslo.si |language=sl}}&lt;/ref&gt; An kafa dangantakar diflomasiyya a hukumance washegari ta hanyar isar da bayanin baki ga jakadan Palasdinawa a [[Vienna]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-06-05 |title=Republika Slovenija in Država Palestina vzpostavili diplomatske odnose |url=https://www.gov.si/novice/2024-06-05-republika-slovenija-in-drzava-palestina-vzpostavili-diplomatske-odnose/ |access-date=2025-09-01 |website=Portal GOV.SI |language=sl}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan yanke shawara ta biyo bayan irin wannan mataki daga [[Ispaniya|Spain]], [[Ayilan (ƙasa)|Ireland]], da [[Norway]].

A ranar 15 ga watan Yulin 2025, babban jami'in diflomasiyyar EU [[Kaja Kallas]] da ministocin kasashen waje na kasashe membobin EU sun yanke shawarar kada su dauki wani mataki a kan Isra'ila kan zargin Laifukan yaki na Isra'ila a yakin Gaza da tashin hankali a [[Gaɓar Yamma|Yammacin Kogin]] Yamma. Fajon ya wallafa a kafofin sada zumunta: &quot;Yana da takaici cewa babu wata yarjejeniya ta EU da za ta yi aiki a kan shawarar Yuni cewa Isra'ila ta keta Mataki na 2 na [Yarjejeniyar Tarayyar Tarayyaa da Isra'ila], game da haƙƙin ɗan adam&quot;.

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
Fajon tana zaune tsakanin Ljubljana da Brussels tare da mijinta Veit-Ulrich Braun, ɗan jaridar Jamus.&lt;ref name=&quot;bledforum&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |year=2014 |title=Tanja FAJON, Curriculum Vitae |url=http://www.bled-forum.org/pdf/speakers/cv-Tanja-Fajon.pdf |publisher=Bled Forum |access-date=2026-03-08 |archive-date=2022-11-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115220737/http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?hl=en&amp;q=cache%3Ahttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.bled-forum.org%2Fpdf%2Fspeakers%2Fcv-Tanja-Fajon.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Baya ga Slovenian, tana magana da Turanci, Jamusanci, Faransanci, da Croatian. &lt;ref name=&quot;bledforum&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;eu40&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tanja Fajon – EU40 |url=http://www.eu40.eu/tanja-fajon/ |publisher=Network of MEPs under 40 |access-date=2026-03-08 |archive-date=2022-11-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115220738/http://www.eu40.eu/tanja-fajon/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://www.eu40.eu/tanja-fajon/ &quot;Tanja Fajon – EU40&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115220738/http://www.eu40.eu/tanja-fajon/ |date=2022-11-15 }}. Network of MEPs under 40.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sauran ayyukan ==

* Majalisar Tarayyar Turai kan Harkokin Kasashen Waje (ECFR), memba 
* Abokai na Turai, memba na kwamitin amintattu

== Daraja da kyaututtuka ==

* : An ba Tanja Fajon suna Mutum na Shekara 2009 a Bosnia da Hersegovina, saboda kokarin da ta yi na kawar da bukatun biza ga 'yan ƙasar [[Balkans|Yammacin Balkan]].&lt;ref name=&quot;poty&quot;/&gt;{{Flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}}
* : A ranar 22 ga Oktoba 2010, Tanja Fajon ta karɓi kwafin maɓallin birnin [[Tirana]], a lokacin ziyarar jihar zuwa Albania.{{Flag|Albania}}
* : A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2010, Tanja Fajon ita ce ta farko da ta sami digirin digirin girmamawa daga Jami'ar Amurka da ke Bosnia da Hersegovina a [[Sarajevo]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |year=2010 |title=Tanja Fajon received the Honorary Doctorate |url=http://aubih.edu.ba/en/news/news.php?ano=137 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110612115251/http://aubih.edu.ba/en/news/news.php?ano=137 |archive-date=12 June 2011 |access-date=21 December 2010 |publisher=[[American University in Bosnia and Herzegovina]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |year=2010 |title=Tanja Fajon, first honorary doctorate |url=http://www.nezavisne.com/novosti/bih/Tanja-Fajon-prvi-pocasni-doktor-74072.html |publisher=[[Nezavisne novine]] |language=bs}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}}
* : A watan Mayu 2014, Tanja Fajon ta sami Maɓallin Zuciya daga 'yan ƙasa na Bosnia da Hersegovina a Sarajevo . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |year=2014 |title=NES award 'European Radio BIH' |url=http://www.nezavisne.com/novosti/drustvo/NES-u-nagrada-Evropski-radio-BiH-243699.html |publisher=[[Nezavisne novine]] |language=bs}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}}
* EU: A ranar 10 ga Satumba 2019, Tanja Fajon ta sami &quot;Lambar don Gudummawa ga Haɗin Turai na Yankin&quot; ta hanyar tashar Turai ta Yammacin Balkans don &quot;ƙaddamar da ita ga makomar Turai na Yammacin Balkan (WB) a cikin ƙalubale masu tasowa, ci gaba da wakiltar darajar EU a yankin, da kuma inganta dimokuradiyya, 'yanci da haƙuri&quot;Lambar don Taimako ga Haɗin  na Yunin. &quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=EWB award MEP Tanja Fajon for commitment to WB European future |url=http://rs.n1info.com/English/NEWS/a638361/EWB-award-MEP-Tanja-Fajon-for-commitment-to-WB-European-future.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022021918/http://rs.n1info.com/English/NEWS/a638361/EWB-award-MEP-Tanja-Fajon-for-commitment-to-WB-European-future.html |archive-date=22 October 2020 |access-date=19 October 2020 |website=[[N1 (TV channel)|N1 Srbija]] |language=sr-Latn}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=EWB |date=10 September 2020 |title=Tanja Fajon – Dobitnica EWB nagrade za doprinos evropskim integracijama regiona |url=https://europeanwesternbalkans.rs/tanja-fajon-dobitnica-ewb-nagrade-za-doprinos-evropskim-integracijama-regiona/ |access-date=19 October 2020 |website=[[European Western Balkans]] |language=sr-RS}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Flag|EU}}

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1971]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Selina Hayat Ivy</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-08-01T00:19:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>13371</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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      <text bytes="5804" sha1="21d9fo0xqdrjcwj6cb3tsunq22kstzl" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}

'''Salina Hayat Ivy''' (an haife ta a ranar 5 ga Yuni) &lt;ref&gt;name=&quot;bio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=নারায়ণগঞ্জ সিটি কর্পোরেশন |url=http://ncc.portal.gov.bd/site/page/95625253-5807-4f7c-a98d-8782fac492c9 |access-date=2021-01-04 |website=http |language=en |archive-date=2023-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003182816/http://ncc.portal.gov.bd/site/page/95625253-5807-4f7c-a98d-8782fac492c9 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;  'Yar siyasa ce [[Bangladesh|ta Bangladesh]], likita, kuma magajin gari na farko na Kamfanin Birnin Narayanganj .  An ba ta mukamin Minista a ranar 8 ga Agusta, 2022, tare da Magajin Garin Chattragram.  Ta lashe wa'adinta na uku a matsayin magajin gari a zaben Kamfanin Birnin Narayanganj a shekarar 2022. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Report |first=Star Digital |date=2021-12-03 |title=Selina Hayat Ivy gets AL ticket for Narayanganj City Corporation polls |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/politics/news/salina-hayat-ivy-gets-al-ticket-narayanganj-city-corporation-polls-2908966 |access-date=2021-12-07 |website=The Daily Star |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Salina Hayat Ivy a ranar 6 ga Yuni, 1966, a cikin dangin siyasa a Gundumar Narayanganj . Mahaifinta tsohon shugaban gundumar Narayanganj ne Ali Ahmed Chunka  kuma mahaifiyarta Momtaz Begum ce. Ivy ita ce 'ya ta farko a cikin yara biyar. Ta fara karatunta a Makarantar Firamare ta Dewvog Akhra. Daga baya, an shigar da ita Makarantar Shirye-shiryen Narayanganj, inda ta yi karatu har zuwa aji shida. Daga nan, aka shigar da ita Makarantar Sakandare ta 'Yan Mata ta Morgan . Ta sami tallafin karatu na ƙarami a 1979 kuma ta ci jarrabawar kammala karatun sakandare a 1982. Daga nan, ta shiga Jami'ar Likitanci ta Ƙasa ta Odesa a 1985 bisa tallafin karatu daga gwamnatin Soviet kuma ta sami digirin likitanci mai inganci a 1992. Daga baya, a 1992-93, ta kammala aikin horonta a Asibitin Mitford . Ivy ta yi aiki a matsayin likita mai girmamawa a Asibitin Midwest a tsakanin 1993–94 da kuma a asibitin Narayanganj mai gadaje 200 a tsakanin 1994–95. A da, ta kuma jagoranci karamar hukumar tsawon shekaru takwas, tun daga shekarar 2003. Tana da alaƙa da Awami League .

== Aikin siyasa ==
A shekarar 1993, Ivy ita ce jami'ar lafiya da muhalli ta ƙungiyar Awami ta birnin Narayanganj. Aikinta na siyasa ya fara ne a shekarar 2003 lokacin da ta shiga zaɓen shugaban ƙaramar hukuma. A shekarar 2003, an zaɓe ta a matsayin Shugabar ƙaramar hukumar Narayanganj kuma ta zama shugabar mace ta farko a ƙaramar hukumar Narayanganj. A shekarar 2011, ta kayar da ɗan takarar da ke goyon bayan ƙungiyar Awami League kuma ɗan majalisar dokoki mai ci Shamim Osman da ƙuri'u 120,000, wanda hakan ya sa ta zama magajin garin Narayanganj a karon farko.  An sake zaɓe ta a shekarar 2016 sannan kuma a shekarar 2022, a kowane lokaci ta sami rinjayen ƙuri'u. A zaɓen magajin gari na shekarar 2016, Ivy ta sami ƙuri'u kusan 106,887, kimanin 44,000 fiye da abokin hamayyarta mafi kusa. Sake zaɓenta a shekarar 2022 ya sa ta yi nasara da ƙuri'u 159,057 zuwa 161,273, inda ta zarce abokin hamayyarta mafi kusa da tazarar kusan ƙuri'u 66,000 zuwa 69,000. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Report |first=Star Digital |date=2021-12-03 |title=Selina Hayat Ivy gets AL ticket for Narayanganj City Corporation polls |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/politics/news/selina-hayat-ivy-gets-al-ticket-narayanganj-city-corporation-polls-2908966 |access-date=2024-04-20 |website=The Daily Star |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=In a league of her own, Ivy is re-elected Narayanganj mayor for third term |url=https://bdnews24.com/politics/ivy-takes-an-early-lead-in-narayanganj-mayoral-polls |access-date=2024-04-20 |website=bdnews24.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar shugabar ƙungiyar Awami ta birnin Narayanganj. Dr. Salina Hayat Ivy ita ce ta kafa kuma shugabar gidauniyar Ali Ahmad Chunka da gidauniyar zuciya ta Narayanganj. Ita ce kuma ke kula da taron gundumar Narayanganj ta Swadhinata Chikitsak Parishad.  

An daure ta bayan juyin juya halin Yuli na 2024 saboda laifukan kisan kai guda 5, amma an bayar da belinta a farkon 2026. 

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Salina Hayat Ivy ta auri Kazi Ahsan Hayat daga New Zealand. Suna da 'ya'ya maza biyu masu suna Shadman Kazi da Sharjil Kazi. &lt;ref name=&quot;bio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=নারায়ণগঞ্জ সিটি কর্পোরেশন |url=http://ncc.portal.gov.bd/site/page/95625253-5807-4f7c-a98d-8782fac492c9 |access-date=2021-01-04 |website=http |language=en |archive-date=2023-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003182816/http://ncc.portal.gov.bd/site/page/95625253-5807-4f7c-a98d-8782fac492c9 |url-status=dead }}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://ncc.portal.gov.bd/site/page/95625253-5807-4f7c-a98d-8782fac492c9 &quot;নারায়ণগঞ্জ সিটি কর্পোরেশন&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003182816/http://ncc.portal.gov.bd/site/page/95625253-5807-4f7c-a98d-8782fac492c9 |date=2023-10-03 }}. ''http''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;4 January&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kyaututtuka ==

* Manyan Kyaututtuka Goma na Anannya (2015)
* [https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2022/12/22/7-honoured-with-bangla-academy-fellowship Kyautar Kwalejin Bangla] (2022) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-12-22 |title=7 honoured with Bangla Academy fellowship |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2022/12/22/7-honoured-with-bangla-academy-fellowship |access-date=2023-04-15 |website=www.dhakatribune.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1966]]</text>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Céréales Killer</username>
        <id>4616</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>Céréales Killer moved page [[Tattaunawar user:Guillaume2001]] to [[Tattaunawar user:Lucidus01]]: Automatically moved page while renaming the user &quot;[[Special:CentralAuth/Guillaume2001|Guillaume2001]]&quot; to &quot;[[Special:CentralAuth/Lucidus01|Lucidus01]]&quot;</comment>
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== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Guillaume2001! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Guillaume2001|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 11 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC)</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sheila Roberts (marubucin Afirka ta Kudu)</title>
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'''Sheila Roberts''' (25 ga Mayu 1942 - 11 ga Agusta 2009) marubuciya ce ta Afirka ta Kudu, marubuciya mai gajerun labarai, kuma mawaƙiya, wacce farfesa ce a fannin harshen Turanci a Jami'ar Wisconsin-Milwaukee . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gray |first=Stephen |date=2 July 2016 |title=Long Story Short: The Writing Life of Sheila Roberts |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1013929X.2016.1202043 |journal=Current Writing: Text and Reception in Southern Africa |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=148–158 |doi=10.1080/1013929X.2016.1202043 |issn=1013-929X |access-date=9 April 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ==
An haifi Roberts a [[Johannesburg]], Afirka ta Kudu. A cikin wani rahoto da ''Mail &amp;amp;amp; Guardian'' ta fitar, ranar haihuwarta ita ce 25 ga Mayu 1942 duk da cewa akwai hasashen cewa za ta cika shekara 1937. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=31 August 2009 |title=Farewell to a classic realist |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2009-08-31-farewell-to-a-classic-realist/ |access-date=9 April 2026 |website=[[Mail &amp; Guardian]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iyayenta Gideon P. da Claire M. (née Freestone). Roberts ya auri Peter Roberts a ranar 17 ga Janairu 1963. Peter ya mutu a ranar 19 ga Afrilu 1971. Ta sake yin aure da Farfesa Philip C. McGuire a ranar 20 ga Yuni 1980. Roberts ta yi karatu a [[Jami'ar Afirka ta Kudu]] inda ta sami digiri na farko a shekarar 1967 da kuma digiri na biyu a shekarar 1972. A shekarar 1977, ta sami digiri na uku a [[Jami'ar Pretoria]] a shekarar 1977. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 May 1942 |title=Roberts, Sheila 1942- |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/educational-magazines/roberts-sheila-1942 |access-date=9 April 2026 |website=[[Encyclopedia.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tarin labaranta na farko, ''Outside Life's Feast'' (1975), ya lashe kyautar Olive Schreiner a shekarar 1976. An buga tarin waƙoƙinta na farko, ''Lou's Life and Other Poems'', a shekarar 1977, kuma an buga littafinta na farko, ''He's My Brother'', a wannan shekarar. A shekarar 1980, an buga littafin a matsayin ''Johannesburg Requiem'' a [[Amurka ta Arewa|Arewacin Amurka]], amma an haramta shi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UWM professor, author cast light on apartheid |url=https://archive.jsonline.com/news/obituaries/54864037.html |access-date=9 April 2026 |website=[[Milwaukee Journal Sentinel]] |archive-date=30 April 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260430000705/https://archive.jsonline.com/news/obituaries/54864037.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Littafinta na biyu shine ''The Weekenders'' (1981). Bayan shekaru biyu, ta buga kundinta na biyu mai suna, ''This Time of Year'' (1983). An ba ta kyautar Thomas Pringle daga Kwalejin Turanci ta Afirka ta Kudu saboda gajerun labaranta da aka buga a cikin mujallar, ''Contrast'' . Roberts ta rubuta wani aiki mai mahimmanci mai suna ''Dan Jacobson'' (1984). Sai kuma tarin waƙoƙinta, ''Dialogue and Divertimenti'' (1985), wani labari ''Jacks in Corners'' (1987), da kuma tarin gajerun labarai, ''Coming In and Other Stories'' (1993). 

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}{{Authority control}}
[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2009]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1942]]</text>
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'''Sheila Roberts''' (25 ga Mayu 1942 - 11 ga Agusta 2009) marubuciya ce ta Afirka ta Kudu, marubuciya mai gajerun labarai, kuma mawaƙiya, wacce farfesa ce a fannin harshen Turanci a Jami'ar Wisconsin-Milwaukee . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gray |first=Stephen |date=2 July 2016 |title=Long Story Short: The Writing Life of Sheila Roberts |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1013929X.2016.1202043 |journal=Current Writing: Text and Reception in Southern Africa |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=148–158 |doi=10.1080/1013929X.2016.1202043 |issn=1013-929X |access-date=9 April 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ==
An haifi Roberts a [[Johannesburg]], Afirka ta Kudu. A cikin wani rahoto da ''Mail &amp;amp;amp; Guardian'' ta fitar, ranar haihuwarta ita ce 25 ga Mayu 1942 duk da cewa akwai hasashen cewa za ta cika shekara 1937. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=31 August 2009 |title=Farewell to a classic realist |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2009-08-31-farewell-to-a-classic-realist/ |access-date=9 April 2026 |website=[[Mail &amp; Guardian]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iyayenta Gideon P. da Claire M. (née Freestone). Roberts ya auri Peter Roberts a ranar 17 ga Janairu 1963. Peter ya mutu a ranar 19 ga Afrilu 1971. Ta sake yin aure da Farfesa Philip C. McGuire a ranar 20 ga Yuni 1980. Roberts ta yi karatu a [[Jami'ar Afirka ta Kudu]] inda ta sami digiri na farko a shekarar 1967 da kuma digiri na biyu a shekarar 1972. A shekarar 1977, ta sami digiri na uku a [[Jami'ar Pretoria]] a shekarar 1977. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 May 1942 |title=Roberts, Sheila 1942- |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/educational-magazines/roberts-sheila-1942 |access-date=9 April 2026 |website=[[Encyclopedia.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tarin labaranta na farko, ''Outside Life's Feast'' (1975), ta lashe kyautar Olive Schreiner a shekarar 1976. An buga tarin waƙoƙinta na farko, ''Lou's Life and Other Poems'', a shekarar 1977, kuma an buga littafinta na farko, ''He's My Brother'', a wannan shekarar. A shekarar 1980, an buga littafin a matsayin ''Johannesburg Requiem'' a [[Amurka ta Arewa|Arewacin Amurka]], amma an haramta shi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UWM professor, author cast light on apartheid |url=https://archive.jsonline.com/news/obituaries/54864037.html |access-date=9 April 2026 |website=[[Milwaukee Journal Sentinel]] |archive-date=30 April 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260430000705/https://archive.jsonline.com/news/obituaries/54864037.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Littafinta na biyu shine ''The Weekenders'' (1981). Bayan shekaru biyu, ta buga kundinta na biyu mai suna, ''This Time of Year'' (1983). An ba ta kyautar Thomas Pringle daga Kwalejin Turanci ta Afirka ta Kudu saboda gajerun labaranta da aka buga a cikin mujallar, ''Contrast'' . Roberts ta rubuta wani aiki mai mahimmanci mai suna ''Dan Jacobson'' (1984). Sai kuma tarin waƙoƙinta, ''Dialogue and Divertimenti'' (1985), wani labari ''Jacks in Corners'' (1987), da kuma tarin gajerun labarai, ''Coming In and Other Stories'' (1993). 

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}{{Authority control}}
[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2009]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1942]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sarah Gregorius</title>
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'''Sarah Joelle Gregorius''' (an haife ta a ranar 6 ga Agusta 1987), 'yar wasan [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta ƙungiyar]] New Zealand wacce ke bugawa Miramar Rangers wasa kuma ta wakilci New Zealand a matakin ƙasa da ƙasa . &lt;ref name=&quot;candg&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Caps 'n' Goals, New Zealand Women's national representatives |url=http://www.ultimatenzsoccer.com/FootballFerns/id38.htm |access-date=1 October 2010 |publisher=The Ultimate New Zealand Soccer Website}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gregorius ya kammala digiri na biyu a Jami'ar Massey, tare da takardar digiri da ke nazarin nisan al'adu a fannin 'yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa mata. 

== Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa ==
Gregorius ya kasance memba na ƙungiyar New Zealand a gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA 'yan ƙasa da shekara 2006, inda ya buga dukkan wasanni uku a gasar ƙarshe a Rasha, inda suka sha kashi a hannun Ostiraliya (0-3) da Rasha (2-3), kafin su riƙe Brazil ba tare da an ci kwallo ba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 August 2006 |title=Match report – Brazil vs New Zealand |url=https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/tournament=108/edition=10292/matches/match=102920018/report.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071119140001/http://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/tournament=108/edition=10292/matches/match=102920018/report.html |archive-date=19 November 2007 |publisher=FIFA}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta fara buga wasanta na farko a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta matasa ta Football Ferns a wasan da ta doke Vanuatu da ci 14-0 a gasar cin kofin ƙasashen mata ta Oceania a ranar 29 ga Satumba, 2010. &lt;ref name=&quot;candg&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Football Ferns – Line-ups |url=http://www.ultimatenzsoccer.com/FootballFerns/id42.htm |access-date=1 October 2010 |publisher=The Ultimate New Zealand Soccer Website}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta zura ƙwallonta ta farko a gasar ƙasa da ƙasa a wasanta na biyu yayin da ta ci kwallaye uku a wasan da suka doke Cook Islands da ci 10-0 a ranar 1 ga Oktoba, 2010. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ferns continue scoring ways |url=http://www.nzfootball.co.nz/index.php?id=11&amp;tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=729&amp;tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=10&amp;cHash=213297187c |access-date=1 October 2010 |publisher=New Zealand Football}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta buga dukkan wasannin New Zealand a gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA ta 2011 a Jamus da kuma gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA ta 2015 a Kanada, inda ta buga wasanni 6 jimilla (3 a kowace gasa). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=FIFA player's stats |url=https://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/statisticsandrecords/players/player=252520/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110132622/http://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/statisticsandrecords/players/player=252520/ |archive-date=10 November 2012 |access-date=28 June 2015 |publisher=[[FIFA]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gregorius ya zura kwallo a ragar Ingila a wasan sada zumunci a ranar 1 ga Yuni, 2019, inda ya taimaka wa New Zealand ta ci 1-0. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=England vs New Zealand: Women's Friendlies · 2 Jun 19 |url=https://www.google.com/search?q=new+zealand+vs+england+womens#sie=m;/g/11fkd4n2d1;2;/g/11b6x__21s;dt;fp;1;; |access-date=2019-06-30 |website=www.google.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta kasance cikin ƙungiyoyin Olympics na New Zealand na 2012 da 2016. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sarah Gregorius Bio, Stats, and Results |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/gr/sarah-gregorius-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418081009/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/gr/sarah-gregorius-1.html |archive-date=2020-04-18 |access-date=2017-04-13 |website=Olympics at Sports-Reference.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kuma buga gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA ta 2019 a Faransa. 

A ranar 4 ga Maris 2020, Gregorius ta buga wasa na 100 a New Zealand da Belgium a gasar cin kofin Algarve ta 2020, lokacin da ta kuma sanar da yin ritaya daga kwallon kafa ta kasa da kasa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 March 2020 |title=Sarah Gregorius one of the lucky ones as she retires after her 100th Football Ferns match |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/football/nz-teams/120030410/sarah-gregorius-retires-from-international-football-after-her-100th-football-ferns-cap |website=stuff.co.nz}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin kulob ==
A cikin Yuli 2013, Gregorius ya rattaba hannu kan shugabannin kungiyar FA WSL Liverpool daga kulob din Frauen-Bundesliga na Jamus SC 07 Bad Neuenahr . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 July 2013 |title=Sarah Gregorius among four Liverpool Ladies signings |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/23441976 |access-date=24 July 2013 |publisher=[[British Broadcasting Corporation]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Daraja ==

=== Kulob ===

* Gasar Mata ta Super League (1): 2013

=== Mutum ɗaya ===

* Ƙungiyar Mata ta IFFHS OFC ta Shekarar 2011–2020 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=31 January 2021 |title=IFFHS WOMAN TEAM - OFC - OF THE DECADE 2011-2020 |url=https://www.iffhs.com/index.php/posts/933 |website=IFFHS |access-date=11 May 2026 |archive-date=12 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612130118/https://www.iffhs.com/index.php/posts/933 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manufofin ƙasa da ƙasa ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!A'a.
! Kwanan wata
! Wuri
! Abokin hamayya
! Ci
! Sakamako
! Gasar
|-
| 1.
| 17 Yuni 2012
| Cibiyar Park, Māngere, New Zealand
|{{Fbw|CHN}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; | '''2''' – 0
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 3–1
| Aboki
|-
| 2.
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | 25 Oktoba 2014
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | Kalabond Oval, Kokopo, [[Sabuwar Gini Papuwa|Papua New Guinea]]
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |{{Fbw|TGA}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; | '''2''' – 0
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | 16–0
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | Kofin Kasashen Mata na OFC na 2014
|-
| 3.
| align=&quot;center&quot; | '''7''' – 0
|-
| 4.
| align=&quot;center&quot; | '''10''' – 0
|-
| 5.
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | 19 Nuwamba 2018
| rowspan=&quot;8&quot; | Stade Numa-Daly Magenta, Nouméa, New Caledonia
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |{{Fbw|TGA}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; | '''7''' – 0
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | 11–0
| rowspan=&quot;8&quot; | Kofin Kasashen Mata na OFC na 2018
|-
| 6.
| align=&quot;center&quot; | '''8''' – 0
|-
| 7.
| align=&quot;center&quot; | '''9''' – 0
|-
| 8.
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | 25 Nuwamba 2018
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |{{Fbw|FIJ}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; | '''2''' – 0
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | 10–0
|-
| 9.
| align=&quot;center&quot; | '''3''' – 0
|-
| 10.
| align=&quot;center&quot; | '''10''' – 0
|-
| 11.
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 1 ga Disamba, 2018
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |{{Fbw|FIJ}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; | '''2''' – 0
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | 8–0
|-
| 12.
| align=&quot;center&quot; | '''7''' – 0
|-
|}

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1987]]

==manazarta==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Stefano Lilipaly</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <timestamp>2026-08-01T05:47:27Z</timestamp>
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'''Stefano Jantje Lilipaly''' wanda aka fi sani da '''Fano''' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=2016 AFF Suzuki Cup semifinal first leg match report |url=http://www.aseanfootball.org/results/2016AFFSuzukiCup-Match013.pdf |access-date=6 December 2016 |language=English}}&lt;/ref&gt; (an haife shi a ranar 10 ga Janairun shekarar 1990) ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne wanda ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan gefe]] ko kuma [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan tsakiya mai kai hari]] a ƙungiyar Super League ta Dewa United Banten, a matsayin aro daga Borneo Samarinda . An haife shi a Netherlands, yana wakiltar ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Indonesia . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 June 2013 |title=Stefano Lilipaly Tak Kapok Gabung Timnas Indonesia |url=http://www.republika.co.id/berita/sepakbola/liga-indonesia/13/06/11/mo7te0-stefano-lilipaly-tak-kapok-gabung-timnas-indonesia |access-date=28 October 2014 |language=Indonesian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin kulob ==

=== Utrecht ===
Lilipaly ya buga wa ƙungiyar RKSV DCG ta ƙasar Holland wasa tsawon shekaru uku kafin ya koma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Eredivisie ta AZ a shekarar 2000. &lt;ref name=&quot;Goal profile&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 January 2011 |title=Stefano Lilipaly, 'The Indonesian Iniesta' |url=http://www.goal.com/id-ID/news/1387/nasional/2011/01/05/2290451/profil-stefano-lilipaly-the-indonesian-iniesta |access-date=29 September 2011 |publisher=Goal |language=Indonesian}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya koma Utrecht a shekara mai zuwa kuma ya ci gaba da taka rawar gani a ƙungiyar matasa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Goal profile&quot; /&gt; Lilipaly ya fara buga wasa a ƙungiyarsa ta farko a Utrecht a wasan lig a VVV-Venlo a watan Agustan 2011, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=VVV vs. Utrecht 0–0 |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2011/08/06/netherlands/eredivisie/vvv-venlo/stichting-fc-utrecht/1120313/ |access-date=29 September 2011 |website=Soccerway |publisher=Global Sports Media}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma fitowarsa ta farko a cikin 'yan wasa goma sha ɗaya ta zo ne a watan Janairun 2012, inda ya zura ƙwallon farko a wasan da suka yi da [[PSV Eindhoven|PSV]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 January 2012 |title=PSV held to a draw by Utrecht |url=https://www.foxnews.com/sports/psv-held-to-a-draw-by-utrecht/ |access-date=23 January 2012 |website=Fox News}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya buga wasa sau biyar a Utrecht kafin ya koma ƙungiyar Eerste Divisie ta Almere City a kan canja wuri kyauta a lokacin bazara na 2012. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Paul Beekmans, Ricardo Kip en Stefano Lilipaly signeren contract bij Almere City FC |url=http://www.almerecity.nl/ac-1/paul-beekmans-ricardo-kip-en-stefano-lilipaly-signeren-contract-bij-almere-city-fc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201125134/http://www.almerecity.nl/ac-1/paul-beekmans-ricardo-kip-en-stefano-lilipaly-signeren-contract-bij-almere-city-fc |archive-date=1 February 2014 |access-date=16 August 2013 |publisher=Almere City FC |language=Dutch}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Birnin Almere ===
A ranar 21 ga Mayun shekarar 2012, Lilipaly ya koma kulob ɗin Eerste Divise na Almere City kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 May 2012 |title=Stefano Lilipaly Resmi Pemain Almere City |url=https://www.goal.com/id/news/1362/sepakbola-belanda/2012/05/21/3117849/stefano-lilipaly-resmi-pemain-almere-city |access-date=28 September 2021 |website=Goal |language=id}}&lt;/ref&gt; a kakar wasa ta 2012-13, Lilipaly ya taimaka wa kungiyarsa ta kare a matsayi na 13 a gasar da wasanni 22 da kwallaye 2. Ya bar kungiyar a watan Maris na 2014.

=== Consadole Sapporo ===
A ranar 23 ga Maris 2014, Lilipaly ya rattaba hannu kan kulob din J2 League na Japan, Consadole Sapporo . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wahono |first=Suryo |date=26 March 2014 |title=Stefano Lilipaly Resmi ke Consadole Sapporo |url=https://www.juara.net/read/321577585/stefano-lilipaly-resmi-ke-consadole-sapporo |access-date=29 September 2021 |website=Juara.net |language=id}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amma da sabuwar kulob dinsa, Lilipaly bai buga wasa ko daya ba, sannan ya koma Netherlands.

=== Telstar ===
An sanya masa hannu don Telstar ya buga wasa a Eerste Divisie . Lilipaly ya fara buga wasa a ranar 28 ga Agusta 2015 a wasan da suka yi da Emmen, kuma Lilipaly ya zura kwallonsa ta farko ga Telstar a minti na 68 a wasan da suka yi da Emmen a Sportpark Schoonenberg .

=== SC Cambuur ===
A watan Janairun 2017 ya shiga kuma ya sanya hannu kan kwangila da Cambuur . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stefano Lilipaly Resmi Pindah ke SC Cambuur |url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/olahraga/20170120065550-142-187620/stefano-lilipaly-resmi-pindah-ke-sc-cambuur |access-date=20 January 2017 |website=cnnindonesia.com |language=id}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ya fara buga wasa a matsayin wanda aka maye gurbinsa a wasan da suka yi da FC Utrecht a gasar cin kofin KNVB ta 2016–17 . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Debut Stefano Lilipaly di SC Cambuur Berbuah Sejarah |url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/olahraga/20170126105202-142-189156/debut-stefano-lilipaly-di-sc-cambuur-berbuah-sejarah |access-date=25 January 2017 |website=cnnindonesia.com |language=id}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a kan Helmond Sport, a ranar 3 ga Fabrairun 2017. A wannan wasan, Lilipaly ya taimaka wajen taimakawa wajen cin kwallaye 2 a wasan da suka yi nasara da ci 3-0 a kan Helmond Sports. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cetak Gol Perdana dan Assists, SC Cambuur: Kerja Bagus Stefano Lilipaly |url=https://www.indosport.com/sepakbola/20170205/cetak-gol-perdana-dan-assist-sc-cambuur-kerja-bagus-stefano-lilipaly |access-date=5 February 2017 |website=indosport.com |language=id}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya bar kulob din a watan Agustan 2017 ya koma [[Indonesiya|Indonesia]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stefano Lilipaly Pergi, Ini Calon Penggantinya di SC Cambuur |url=https://superball.bolasport.com/read/331429794/stefano-lilipaly-pergi-ini-calon-penggantinya-di-sc-cambuur |access-date=12 August 2017 |website=superball.bolasport.com |language=id}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Bali United ===

==== Kakar 2017 ====
A ranar 12 ga Agusta 2017, ya sanya hannu kan kwangila da ƙungiyar Bali United ta ƙasar Indonesia, wadda za ta buga gasar La Liga ta 1 a shekarar 2017. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 August 2017 |title=Kejutan! Stefano Lilipaly Resmi Gabung Bali United |url=https://bola.kompas.com/read/2017/08/12/03172778/kejutan-stefano-lilipaly-resmi-gabung-bali-united |access-date=2017-08-12 |website=bola.kompas.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 13 ga Agusta 2017, Lilipaly ya fara buga gasar a ƙungiyar a wasan da suka yi da Madura United, inda ya maye gurbin I Made Andhika Wijaya a minti na 78.  A ranar 8 ga Oktoba 2017, Lilipaly ya zura ƙwallonsa ta farko a ƙungiyar, inda ya zura ƙwallo biyu a gasar La Liga ta 1, wanda hakan ya sa suka yi nasara a kan Arema da ci 6-1. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gol Perdana Lilipaly dan Semangat Berlipat dari Keluarga |url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/olahraga/20171009160105-142-247189/gol-perdana-lilipaly-dan-semangat-berlipat-dari-keluarga |website=cnnindonesia.com |language=id}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 16 ga Oktoba 2017, ya zura ƙwallo a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun Persiba Balikpapan da ci 3-2 a waje. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Persiba 3-2 Bali United: Berakhir Dramatis di Menit Akhir |url=https://www.indosport.com/sepakbola/20171016/persiba-3-2-bali-united-berakhir-dramatis-di-menit-akhir |website=indosport.com |language=id}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 6 ga Nuwamba 2017, Lilipaly ya zura ƙwallo ɗaya tilo a minti na 95, kuma ita ce ta yi nasara a kan PSM Makassar . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 November 2017 |title=Hasil PSM vs Bali United Skor Akhir 0-1 |url=https://tirto.id/hasil-psm-vs-bali-united-skor-akhir-0-1-czHS |website=tirto.id |language=id}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kammala kakar wasa ta farko a shekarar 2017 da kwallaye 4 a wasanni 15.

==== kakar 2018 ====
A ranar 27 ga Fabrairu 2018, ya fara buga wa kulob din Asiya wasa, inda ya fara wasa a wasan cin Kofin AFC na 2018 da kulob din Philippines Global a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 February 2018 |title=PIALA AFC 2018 : Bali United Imbangi Global Cebu FC 1-1 |url=https://m.solopos.com/piala-afc-2018-bali-united-imbangi-global-cebu-fc-1-1-898454 |website=solopos.com |language=id }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 7 ga Maris 2018, Lilipaly ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a gasar cin Kofin AFC ga Bali United a minti na 74 da nasara 3-1 a kan kulob din V.League 1 Thanh Hóa . Kwallon da ya zura an sanya masa a matsayin mafi kyawun kwallo a mako na uku na gasar cin Kofin AFC na 2018, a kuri'ar da Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Asiya ta gudanar, kwallon da Lilipaly ya zura ta sami goyon bayan masu jefa kuri'a 31.446 ko kuma kashi 83% na kuri'un da aka kada. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 March 2018 |title=Bali United Vs FLC Thanh Hoa - Gol Demerson dan Lilipaly Bawa Serdadu Tridatu Berbalik Unggul |url=https://www.bolasport.com/read/311337461/bali-united-vs-flc-thanh-hoa-gol-demerson-dan-lilipaly-bawa-serdadu-tridatu-berbalik-unggul |website=www.bolasport.com |language=id}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 March 2018 |title=Gol Lilipaly Terbaik Di Pekan Ketiga Piala AFC |url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/olahraga/20180309182358-142-281823/gol-lilipaly-terbaik-di-pekan-ketiga-piala-afc |website=www.cnnindonesia.com |language=id}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 24 ga Maris 2018, Lilipaly ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a kakar wasa ta 2018, wato kwallon farko da ya ci a kan PSMS Medan a wasan da suka tashi 1-0 a gasar La Liga 1. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 March 2018 |title=Hasil Liga 1, Gol Lilipaly Bawa Bali United Kalahkan PSMS Medan |url=https://bola.kompas.com/read/2018/03/24/20220018/hasil-liga-1-gol-lilipaly-bawa-bali-united-kalahkan-psms-medan?page=all |website=kompas.com |language=id}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya zura kwallonsa ta biyu a gasar a ranar 22 ga Afrilu 2018, inda ya fara zura kwallo a wasan da suka doke PS Barito Putera da ci 2-0 da bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida Aditya Harlan . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 April 2018 |title=VIDEO: Gol Indah Stefano Lilipaly Buat Kiper Barito Putera Merenung |url=https://www.bola.com/indonesia/read/3478714/video-gol-indah-stefano-lilipaly-buat-kiper-barito-putera-merenung |website=www.bola.com |language=id}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kwarewarsa a watan Mayu ya sa ya ci kwallaye uku a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun Sriwijaya (3-4), Mitra Kukar (3-1), sannan ya yi nasara a kan Arema (1-0). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 May 2018 |title=Bali United 3–4 Sriwijaya FC |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2018/05/05/indonesia/super-liga/persisam-putra-samarinda/persijatim-sriwijaya-fc-palembang/2758715/ |website=Soccerway |language=id}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 May 2018 |title=Mitra Kukar 3–1 Bali United |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/stefano-lilipaly/136114/ |website=Soccerway |language=id}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 May 2018 |title=Bali United 1–0 Arema |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2018/05/18/indonesia/super-liga/persisam-putra-samarinda/arema-isl-rendra-kresna/2758733/ |website=Soccerway |language=id}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lilipaly ya kammala kakar wasa da kwallaye 12 a wasanni 22.

==== kakar 2019 ====
A ranar 13 ga Afrilu 2019, Lilipaly ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a kakar wasa ta 2019 ga Bali United a wasan sada zumunci da kungiyar Ligue Futebol ta Timor-Leste Boavista, wadda ta kare da nasara da ci 4-1. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 April 2019 |title=Menang 4-1 Lawan Boavista FC Timor Leste, Lini Belakang Bali United Jadi Sorotan |url=https://bali.tribunnews.com/2019/04/13/menang-4-1-lawan-boavista-fc-timor-leste-lini-belakang-bali-united-jadi-sorotan |access-date=13 April 2019 |website=bali.tribunnews.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 18 ga Afrilu, ya zura kwallaye biyu a ragar Bali United inda suka doke Persija Jakarta da ci 2-1 a wasan farko na gasar Piala Indonesia ta 2018-19 . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 April 2019 |title=Hasil 8 Besar Piala Indonesia, Bali United Vs Persija Jakarta 2-1 |url=https://bola.tempo.co/read/1199605/hasil-8-besar-piala-indonesia-bali-united-vs-persija-jakarta-2-1 |access-date=18 April 2019 |website=tempo.co}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 26 ga Yuli, Lilipaly ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a gasar a kakar wasa ta 2019, kwallon farko da ya ci Persib Bandung a wasan da suka tashi 0-2 a gasar La Liga 1. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 July 2019 |title=Persib Vs Bali United, Gol Cepat Lilipaly Jadi Pembeda Babak Pertama |url=https://bola.kompas.com/read/2019/07/26/19201138/persib-vs-bali-united-gol-cepat-lilipaly-jadi-pembeda-babak-pertama?page=all |website=kompas.com |language=id}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 15 ga Agusta, ya sake zura kwallaye biyu a ragar Bali United a wasan da suka tashi 1-2 da TIRA-Persikabo, inda nasarar da suka samu a waje, Bali United yanzu tana matsayi na daya ta hanyar tara maki 31 daga wasanni 13 da aka buga. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 August 2019 |title=3 Fakta Menarik Kemenangan Bali United atas Tira Persikabo, Panggung Stefano Lilipaly! |url=https://bolastylo.bolasport.com/amp/171819954/3-fakta-menarik-kemenangan-bali-united-atas-tira-persikabo-panggung-stefano-lilipaly?page=all |access-date=15 August 2019 |website=bolasport.com |archive-date=4 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220804234412/https://bolastylo.bolasport.com/amp/171819954/3-fakta-menarik-kemenangan-bali-united-atas-tira-persikabo-panggung-stefano-lilipaly?page=all |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Lilipaly ya zura kwallo a rabin lokaci na biyu kuma ya taimaka wa Melvin Platje ya zura kwallo a bugun farko a wasan da Bali United ta tashi kunnen doki 2-2 da Persipura Jayapura a ranar 11 ga Nuwamba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 November 2019 |title=Stefano Lilipaly Akui Begitu Emosional Saat Jebol Gawang Persipura, Ini Alasannya |url=https://bali.tribunnews.com/2019/11/11/stefano-lilipaly-akui-begitu-emosional-saat-jebol-gawang-persipura-ini-alasannya |website=bali.tribunnews.com |language=id}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lilipaly ya zura kwallo a rabin lokaci na biyu sannan Ilija Spasojević ya sake zura kwallo a raga a wasan da Bali United ta doke Persib Bandung da ci 3-2 a ranar 28 ga Nuwamba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 November 2019 |title=Hasil Liga 1: Bali United vs Persib Bandung, Skor Akhir 3-2 |url=https://bola.tempo.co/read/1277893/hasil-liga-1-bali-united-vs-persib-bandung-skor-akhir-3-2 |website=tempo.co |language=id}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya yi kakar wasa mai kyau a wannan kakar wasa da wasanni 30 da kwallaye 5, yayin da ya taimaka wa Bali United lashe gasar La Liga 1 a wannan kakar. A ranar 2 ga Disamba 2019, Bali United ta lashe gasar a karon farko a tarihinta, inda ta zama kungiya ta bakwai da ta lashe gasar La Liga 1 bayan Borneo da ke matsayi na biyu ta yi kunnen doki da PSM, sannan ta yi nasara a Semen Padang, wanda hakan ya bai wa Bali United maki 17 yayin da wasanni hudu kacal suka rage mata. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 December 2019 |title=Bali United seal first-ever Indonesia Liga 1 title with 2-0 win over Semen Padang |url=https://www.foxsportsasia.com/football/asian-football/1205506/bali-united-seal-first-ever-indonesia-liga-1-title-with-2-0-win-over-semen-pedang/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191202230543/https://www.foxsportsasia.com/football/asian-football/1205506/bali-united-seal-first-ever-indonesia-liga-1-title-with-2-0-win-over-semen-pedang/ |archive-date=2 December 2019 |access-date=2 December 2019 |website=FOX Sports Asia}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== kakar 2020 ====
A ranar 14 ga Janairu 2020, Lilipaly ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a kakar wasa ta 2020 ga Bali United a wasan share fage na neman gurbin shiga gasar zakarun AFC ta 2020 da zakarun gasar Premier ta Singapore sau biyar, Tampines Rovers, Lilipaly da kuma sabon dan wasan da aka saya [[Sidik Saimima]] sun tabbatar da nasara 5-3 sannan Bali United ta kai zagaye na farko na 2. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 January 2020 |title=DRAMA DELAPAN GOL HINGGA BABAK PERPANJANGAN WAKTU WARNAI KEMENANGAN BALI UNITED ATAS TAMPINES ROVERS |url=http://www.baliutd.com/news/media-news/drama-delapan-gol-hingga-babak-perpanjangan-waktu-warnai-kemenangan-bali-united-atas-tampines-rovers/ |access-date=14 January 2020 |website=Bali United Official Website |archive-date=14 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114233917/http://www.baliutd.com/news/media-news/drama-delapan-gol-hingga-babak-perpanjangan-waktu-warnai-kemenangan-bali-united-atas-tampines-rovers/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 6 ga Maris, Lilipaly ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a gasar a kakar wasa ta 2020, kwallon farko da ya ci wa PS Barito Putera a wasan da suka tashi 1-2 a gasar La Liga 1. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 March 2020 |title=Barito Putera Vs Bali United - VIDEO Gol Stefano Lilipaly, Perdana Musim Ini |url=https://bola.kompas.com/read/2020/03/06/19240838/barito-putera-vs-bali-united-video-gol-stefano-lilipaly-perdana-musim-ini |access-date=6 March 2020 |website=kompas.com |language=id}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lilipaly ya kammala kakar wasa da kwallo daya kacal a wasanni 2, saboda an dakatar da gasar a hukumance saboda annobar COVID-19 .

==== Kakar wasa ta 2021–22: Kakar wasa ta ƙarshe tare da Bali United ====
Lilipaly ya kasance abin tattaunawa mai zafi a farkon wannan shekarar. Kwantiraginsa ya kare a ranar 31 ga Disamba, 2020. Duk da haka, lokacin da ƙungiyar ta fara shirye-shirye a ranar 8 ga Fabrairu, Lilipaly bai shiga ba. An nuna shi a cikin ayyukan horo a kusa da bakin teku na Jerman, Kuta, Bali, tare da Beto Gonçalves da Demerson . Sau da yawa yana ɗora ayyukan ta hanyar asusunsa na [[Instagram]], A ranar 12 ga Maris, 2021, Bali United ta sanar da tsawaita kwangilar Lilipaly har zuwa ƙarshen kakar wasa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 March 2021 |title=Akhiri Spekulasi, Bali United Resmi Perpanjang Kontrak Stefano Lilipaly |url=https://www.indosport.com/sepakbola/20210312/akhiri-spekulasi-bali-united-resmi-perpanjang-kontrak-stefano-lilipaly |access-date=12 March 2021 |website=www.indosport.com |language=id}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 18 ga Satumba, 2021, ya fara wasansa a kakar wasa ta 2021–22 ta La Liga 1 ga Bali United a wasan da suka tashi 2-2 da Persib Bandung, ya zo a matsayin madadin Yabes Roni a minti na 85. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 September 2021 |title=Bali United 2–2 Persib Bandung - Soccerway |url=https://id.soccerway.com/matches/2021/09/18/indonesia/super-liga/persisam-putra-samarinda/persib-bandung/3514562/ |access-date=18 September 2021 |website=Soccerway}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya buga cikakken minti 90 a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun Bhayangkara a ranar 23 ga Oktoba, inda ya sami taimakon taimako ɗaya, kuma a ranar 25 ga Nuwamba, ya buga cikakken minti 90 a wasan da suka yi da Persija Jakarta . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 October 2021 |title=Bali United 1–2 Bhayangkara FC - Soccerway |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2021/10/23/indonesia/super-liga/persisam-putra-samarinda/bhayangkara-surabaya-utd/3514611/ |access-date=23 October 2021 |website=Soccerway}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 November 2021 |title=Persija Jakarta 0–1 Bali United - Soccerway |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2021/11/25/indonesia/super-liga/persija-isl/persisam-putra-samarinda/3514659/ |access-date=25 November 2021 |website=Soccerway}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 13 ga Janairu 2022, Lilipaly ya zira kwallonsa ta farko a gasar kakar wasa ta 2021–22, kwallon farko da ya zira a kan Persib Bandung a wasan da suka tashi 0-1 a gasar La Liga 1. [1] Kwarewarsa a watan Fabrairu ya sa ya zira kwallaye hudu a wasanni da suka yi da Persikabo 1973 (0–3), Bhayangkara (0–3), Persipura Jayapura (4–1) sannan ya yi kunnen doki da PSM Makassar (2–2). [2] [3] [4] [5] A ranar 31 ga Maris 2022, ya zira kwallaye a wasan da suka doke Persik Kediri da ci 1-3. [6] A ranar 6 ga Mayu 2021, Lilipaly bai sabunta kwangilarsa da Bali United a kakar wasa mai zuwa ba, wannan ya faru ne saboda kungiyar ta kasa amincewa kan darajar kwangilar da ya nema, don haka ya zabi ya tafi. Ya buga wasanni 119 a cikin shekaru biyar ga Bali United a dukkan gasa, inda ya zira kwallaye 32, inda ya taimaka wajen taimakawa kungiyar lashe gasar a karo na biyu. [7] [8]

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1990]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sunday Emmanuel (mai wasan ƙwallon ƙafa)</title>
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'''Sunday Chukwuemeka Emmanuel''' Listen ⓘ (an haife shi a ranar 25 ga Fabrairu 1992) ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne]] na Najeriya wanda ke buga wa ƙungiyar Bashundhara Kings ta ƙasar Bangladesh wasa a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kings, Mohammedan win as Abahani held in BPL opener |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/sport/football/334638/kings-mohammedan-win-as-abahani-held-in-bpl |access-date=2024-02-04 |website=Dhaka Tribune |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'a ==
Emmanuel ya fara aikinsa a Najeriya kafin ya buga wa ƙungiyoyin Vietnam da dama wasa. A shekarar 2014, an mayar da shi SV Grödig na Austria. [1]

Ya fara buga wasa a ƙasashen waje da Angola . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=National-Football-Teams profile |url=http://www.national-football-teams.com/player/47348/Emmanuel_Sunday.html |access-date=8 October 2014 |publisher=National-football-teams}}&lt;/ref&gt; Emmanuel Sunday ya fara buga wasa a Bashundhara Kings a ranar 12 ga watan Agusta a Qatar a lokacin gasar ƙalubalen AFC. [https://www.newagebd.net/post/Football/272919/kings-stun-al-karamah-to-qualify-for-group-stage-] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260106060506/https://www.newagebd.net/post/Football/272919/kings-stun-al-karamah-to-qualify-for-group-stage- |date=2026-01-06 }}

== Daraja ==
'''Muhammadu SC'''

* Gasar Firimiya ta Bangladesh : 2024–25
* Kofin Tarayya : 2022–23

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1992]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sylvester Igboun</title>
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'''Sylvester Emeka Igbonu''' (an haife shi a ranar 8 ga watan Satumbar 1990), wanda aka fi sani da '''Sylvester Igboun''', tsohon dan wasan [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kwallon kafa]] ne na Najeriya wanda ya taka leda a matsayin mai gaba.

An san Igboun da saurin saurin sa. Sunan mahaifiyarsa Igbonu ne amma an yi kuskuren rubutu lokacin da yake yin rajistar fasfo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 September 2015 |title=IGBOUN REVEALS HOW DANISH CLUB CHANGED HIS NAME |url=https://africanfootball.com/news/566317/Igboun-reveals-how-Danish-club-changed-his-name |access-date=10 September 2015 |publisher=Africanfootball.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Takarunsa sun lissafa sunansa na lakabi &quot;Sly&quot; a baya maimakon sunansa na karshe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Russian Premier League player page |url=http://rfpl.org/players/Igbun-Silvestr-Emeka |access-date=24 October 2016 |publisher=[[Russian Premier League]] |language=Russian |archive-date=20 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180220065113/http://rfpl.org/players/Igbun-Silvestr-Emeka |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyukan kulob din ==
A ranar 2 ga Satumba 2019, ya koma FC Dynamo Moscow a kan aro don kakar 2019-20. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 September 2019 |title=Сильвестр Игбун – в &quot;Динамо&quot; |trans-title=Sylvester Igboun at Dynamo |url=http://fcdynamo.ru/news/events/?id_4=14588 |publisher=[[FC Dynamo Moscow]] |language=Russian}}&lt;/ref&gt; Magoya bayan Dynamo ne suka zabe shi dan wasan watan Satumbar 2019.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 October 2019 |title=Сильвестр Игбун стал лучшим игроком сентября |trans-title=Sylvester Igboun is the best player of September |url=http://fcdynamo.ru/news/events/?id_4=14707 |publisher=[[FC Dynamo Moscow]] |language=Russian}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 4 ga watan Agustan 2020, Dynamo Moscow ta ba da sanarwar cewa sun sanya hannu kan Igboun kan canja wurin dindindin daga FC Ufa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sylvester Igboun&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 August 2020 |title=Сильвестр Игбун остаётся в &quot;Динамо&quot; |url=https://fcdynamo.ru/news/events/?id_4=15566 |publisher=[[FC Dynamo Moscow]] |language=Russian}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 7 ga watan Janairun 2022, an dakatar da kwangilarsa tare da Dynamo ta hanyar yardar juna.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 January 2022 |title=Сильвестр Игбун покидает &quot;Динамо&quot; |url=https://fcdm.ru/news/silvestr-igbun-pokidaet-dinamo |publisher=[[FC Dynamo Moscow]] |language=ru |access-date=20 May 2026 |archive-date=7 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107171749/https://fcdm.ru/news/silvestr-igbun-pokidaet-dinamo |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 20 ga watan Fabrairun 2022, Igboun ya shiga kungiyar Nizhny Novgorod ta Premier League ta Rasha har zuwa karshen kakar. A ranar 16 ga Maris 2022, an dakatar da kwangilar ta hanyar yardar juna.

A watan Satumbar 2022, Igboun ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru biyu tare da Kungiyar Super League ta Indiya ta NorthEast United . &lt;ref name=&quot;NEUtd&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 September 2022 |title=NorthEast United have completed the signings of Nigerian Striker Sylvester Emeka Igboun and Australian defender Aaron Evans |url=https://twitter.com/IFTWC/status/1572261826397896704 |access-date=21 September 2022 |website=@IFTWC}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 20 ga Oktoba, ya fara bugawa kulob din wasa da East Bengal, ya zo a matsayin mai maye gurbin Michael Jakobsen na minti 71. Wasan ya ƙare a cikin shan kashi 3-1.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 October 2022 |title=East Bengal earn dominating win over NorthEast United |url=https://khelnow.com/football/2022-10-indian-football-isl-2022-23-northeast-united-vs-east-bengal-match-report-highlights |access-date=25 October 2022 |website=khelnow.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 October 2022 |title=NorthEast United 1 – 3 East Bengal |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2022/10/20/india/indian-super-league/northeast-united/east-bengal-club-fc/3949681/ |access-date=25 October 2022 |website=Soccerway}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kwanaki uku bayan haka, a cewar Igboun, ya bar saboda rashin kayan aiki da masauki da tawagar ta bayar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 October 2022 |title=Breaking: Nigerian forward Sylvester Igboun leaves NorthEast United |url=https://khelnow.com/football/2022-10-indian-football-isl-2022-23-northeast-united-sylvester-igboun-leaves-club |access-date=24 October 2022 |website=khelnow.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyukan kasa da kasa ==
Ya fara buga wasan farko na kasa da kasa a wasan cancantar gasar cin kofin Afirka ta 2017 da ya yi da Tanzania a ranar 5 ga Satumba 2015, inda ya maye gurbin Moses Simon a matsayin mai maye gurbinsa a minti na 69. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 September 2015 |title=Tanzania vs. Nigeria |url=http://www.weltfussballarchiv.com/match-report/2015-09-05/africa-afcon-qualifcation-2017-gabon/tanzania-vs-nigeria/487377/ |publisher=weltfussballarchiv.com |access-date=2026-05-20 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304083032/http://www.weltfussballarchiv.com/match-report/2015-09-05/africa-afcon-qualifcation-2017-gabon/tanzania-vs-nigeria/487377/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kididdigar aiki ==

=== Kungiyar ===
{{Updated|20 October 2022}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Soccerway|sylvester-igboun/128195}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NFT Stats&quot;/&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Kungiyar
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Lokacin
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Ƙungiyar
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Kofin
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Yankin nahiyar
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Sauran
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Jimillar
|-
!Rarraba
!Aikace-aikacen
!Manufofin
!Aikace-aikacen
!Manufofin
!Aikace-aikacen
!Manufofin
!Aikace-aikacen
!Manufofin
!Aikace-aikacen
!Manufofin
|-
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |Midtjylland
|2009–10
| rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |Danish Superliga
|1
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|1
|0
|-
|2010–11
|31
|6
|5{{Efn|Appearance(s) in [[Danish Cup]]}}
|2
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|36
|8
|-
|[[2011-12 Danish Superliga|2011–12]]
|31
|8
|1[a]
|0
|4{{Efn|Appearance(s) in [[UEFA Europa League]]}}
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|36
|9
|-
|2012–13
|25
|8
|0
|0
|2[b]
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|27
|9
|-
|2013–14
|28
|10
|1[a]
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|29
|10
|-
|2014–15
|31
|9
|0
|0
|2[b]
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|33
|10
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Jimillar
!147
!41
!7
!2
!8
!3
!0
!0
!162
!46
|-
| rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |Ufa
|2015–16
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |Gasar Firimiya ta Rasha
|25
|4
|1{{Efn|Appearance(s) in [[Russian Cup (football)|Russian Cup]]}}
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|26
|4
|-
|2016–17
|24
|3
|2[c]
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|26
|3
|-
|2017–18
|26
|7
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|26
|7
|-
|2018–19
|27
|9
|0
|0
|6[b]
|1
|2{{Efn|Appearance(s) in Relegation play-offs}}
|1
|35
|11
|-
|2019–20
|6
|2
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|6
|2
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Jimillar
!108
!25
!3
!0
!6
!1
!2
!1
!119
!27
|-
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |Dynamo Moscow (rashin kuɗi) &lt;br /&gt;
|2019–20
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Gasar Firimiya ta Rasha
|20
|2
|1[c]
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|21
|2
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Dynamo Moscow
|2020–21
|17
|1
|2[c]
|0
|1[b]
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|20
|1
|-
|2021–22
|10
|0
|2[c]
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|12
|1
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Jimillar
!27
!1
!4
!1
!1
!0
!0
!0
!32
!2
|-
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |Nizhny Novgorod
|2021–22
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |Gasar Firimiya ta Rasha
|1
|0
|1[c]
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|2
|0
|-
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |Arewa maso Gabas United
|2022–23
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |Kungiyar Super League ta Indiya
|1
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|1
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Cikakken aikinsa
!304
!69
!16
!3
!15
!4
!2
!1
!337
!77
|}
{{Notelist}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafar Najeriya|Najeriya]]
|-
!Shekara
!Aikace-aikacen
!Manufofin
|-
|2015
|6
|0
|-
!Jimillar
!6
!0
|}
''Kididdigar da ta dace kamar yadda aka buga 17 Nuwamba 2015''&lt;ref name=&quot;NFT Stats&quot;&gt;{{NFT player|id=60335|name=Sylvester Igboun|accessdate=5 December 2016}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/60335.html &quot;Sylvester Igboun&quot;]. ''National Football Teams''. Benjamin Strack-Zimmermann&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;5 December&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Daraja ==
'''Midtjylland'''

* Danish Superliga: 2014-15 &lt;ref name=&quot;NFT Stats&quot;&gt;{{NFT player|id=60335|name=Sylvester Igboun|accessdate=5 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

== Haɗin waje ==

* [http://fcm.dk/spillere/sylvester-emeka Bayanan FC Midtjylland]
* Sylvester IgbounaDR  (a cikin Danish)  (an adana shi) 
* {{NFT player|60335}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1990]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Shiloh Godson</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>151969</id>
    <revision>
      <id>889926</id>
      <parentid>838947</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-01T02:23:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>13371</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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      <text bytes="6382" sha1="evgkh7rf3i211dwvxci482dc3lx62qw" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Shiloh Godson''' (an haife shi a ranar 14 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1993) ɗan Najeriya ne mai shirya fina-finai, mawaki kiɗa, injiniyan rikodin kuma mai tsara sauti. An yi amfani da aikinsa a fina-finai kuma an zabi shi don [[Kyautar zaɓuɓɓuka masu kallon afirka|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka]] don Kyautattun Sauti .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Olufemi |first=Damilola |date=17 April 2023 |title=FULL LIST: 2023 AMVCA nominated actors, movies, writers |url=https://punchng.com/full-list-2023-amvca-nominated-actors-movies-writers/ |access-date=23 August 2024 |newspaper=[[The Punch]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=29 April 2024 |title=Shiloh Godson: Acclaimed film composer redefines movie music in Out of Breath |url=https://guardian.ng/arts-2/shiloh-godson-acclaimed-film-composer-redefines-movie-music-in-out-of-breath/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=23 August 2024 |newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Godson ya sami karbuwa saboda aikinsa a fina-finai daban-daban, ciki har da Blackmail, ''[[Badamasi]]'', Blindspots da Out of Breath .&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |title=Shiloh Godson: Making Pleasurable Soundtracks in Nollywood|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2022/12/28/shiloh-godson-making-pleasurable-soundtracks-in-nollywood/ |access-date=23 August 2024 |newspaper=[[This Day]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Shiloh Godson: Acclaimed Sound Engineer Shares Insights into Captivating Movie Soundscapes in Out of Breath|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2024/04/25/shiloh-godson-acclaimed-sound-engineer-shares-insights-into-captivating-movie-soundscapes-in-out-of-breath/ |access-date=23 August 2024 |newspaper=[[This Day]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Sau da yawa yana aiki tare da wasu abokan aiki ta hanyar kamfanin da ya kafa, Hush Sounds Productions .&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; 

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
An haifi Godson a [[Kano (jiha)|Jihar Kano]], [[Najeriya]] . Ya [[Inyamurai|Ibo]] ne daga kabilun Igbo na [[Yankunan siyasa na Najeriya|Kudu maso gabashin Najeriya.]] . Yana da digiri na [[Biochemistry]] daga [[Jami'ar Calabar]], da kuma digiri daga Kwalejin Kiɗa ta Berklee . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Shiloh Godson: International Sound Designer. – JohnLocke'sBlog |url=https://johnlockeactor.com/dir/2022/01/06/shiloh-godson-international-sound-designer/ |access-date=23 August 2024 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa ==
A cikin 2023, an zabi Godson &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 April 2023 |title=AMVCA 2023: Full list of AMVCA award nominees as Anikulapo, King of Thieves, Brotherhood battle for win |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/articles/cv292ql866do |access-date=23 August 2024 |website=BBC News Pidgin}}&lt;/ref&gt; don Kyautar Zaɓin Mai kallo na Afirka (AMVCA) don Editan Sauti mafi Kyawu a cikin Blackmail, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Okechukwu |first=Daniel |date=4 October 2019 |title=Badamasi Trailer: First Look of Enyinna Nwigwe as Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida |url=https://culturecustodian.com/badamasi-trailer-first-look-of-enyinna-nwigwe-as-ibrahimi-babangida/ |access-date=23 August 2024 |website=The Culture Custodian (Est. 2014.) |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma an zabi fim ɗin don Mafi Kyawun Fim a Bikin Fim na Birnin Burtaniya na 2021 (BUFF) kuma ya lashe kyautar makarantar fina-finai ta Afirka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Otosirieze |date=24 May 2023 |title=Night of Upsets at AMVCAs 2023: List of Winners and Nominees |url=https://opencountrymag.com/night-of-upsets-at-the-amvcas-full-list-of-winners-and-nominees/ |access-date=23 August 2024 |website=Open Country Mag |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=BellaNaija.com |date=23 November 2021 |title=Obi Emelonye's Action Thriller &quot;Black Mail&quot; Has Been Nominated for a British Urban Film Festival Award |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2021/11/obi-emelonye-black-mail-buff/ |access-date=23 August 2024 |website=BellaNaija |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An zabi aikinsa a kan ''[[Badamasi]]'' don lambar yabo ta Afirka Movie Academy sau biyu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Administrator |date=26 September 2023 |title=AMAA 2020 Winners List |url=https://ama-awards.com/amaa-2020-winners-list/?amp=1 |access-date=23 August 2024 |website=Africa Movie Academy Awards |language=en-US |archive-date=23 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240823190357/https://ama-awards.com/amaa-2020-winners-list/?amp=1 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; , An kuma zaba shi a shekarar 2025 don Kyautattun Kyaututtuka ta Red Movie don aikinsa a kan Blindspots .

Ayyukansa a kan Money Miss Road (2022) an zabi shi  a cikin 2022 don lambar yabo ta Afirka Movie Academy Awards guda huɗu, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=ShockNG |date=26 September 2022 |title=The 2022 AMAA Nominations Breakdown + Full List |url=https://shockng.com/the-2022-amaa-nominations-breakdown-full-list/ |access-date=23 August 2024 |website=ShockNG |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; gami da National Film &amp; Video Censors Board (NFVCB) Award for Best Nigerian Film da Michael Anyiam Osigwe Award for Best Film by an African-born Director Living Abroad.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/nollywood/562541-amaa-2022-nigeria-leads-with-eight-awards-as-tanzania-south-africa-win-big.html |title=AMAA 2022: Nigeria leads with eight awards as Tanzania, South Africa win big |access-date=23 August 2024 |newspaper=[[Premium Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hotunan fina-finai ==

* ''[[Badamasi]]'' (2021) 
* ''Gidan jawabi'' (2021) 
* ''Ranar Dare'' (2022) 
* ''Labarin Johnny Jackson'' (2022) 
* ''[[Money Miss Road|Kudin Miss Road]]'' (2022) 
* ''Babban kifi'' (2023) 
* ''Fuskar kuɗi'' (2023) 
* ''Makaho'' (2024) 
* ''Max da Sadie'' (2024) 
* ''Matsalar karshen mako'' (2024) 
* ''Kowace rana tare da kai'' (2024) 
* Daga numfashi (2024) 
* ''Safari'' (2025) 

== Duba kuma ==

* Foley (yin fim) 
* Mawallafi
* Fim din
* [[Kidan Afirka|Waƙoƙin Afirka]]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==

* {{IMDb name|id=12133201}}
* [https://www.vanguardngr.com/2024/04/shiloh-godson-acclaimed-composer-shares-insights-into-captivating-movie-music-in-out-of-breath/ Tattaunawa da Shiloh a kan Vanguard]
* [https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2024/04/25/shiloh-godson-acclaimed-sound-engineer-shares-insights-into-captivating-movie-soundscapes-in-out-of-breath/ Tattaunawa da Shiloh a kan ThisDayLive]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1993]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>evgkh7rf3i211dwvxci482dc3lx62qw</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Taiwo Ogunjobi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>152119</id>
    <revision>
      <id>890046</id>
      <parentid>880984</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-01T09:27:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>13371</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>890046</origin>
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      <text bytes="7627" sha1="fiv4jmpuxqi6fq58kyd4r0pfekjsdk2" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Taiwo Joseph Ogunjobi''' Listen ⓘ  (17 ga Agusta 1953 - 11 ga Fabrairu 2019)  ɗan wasan [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na Najeriya kuma mai gudanarwa. Ya buga wasa a matsayin [[Mai buga baya|mai tsaron tsakiya]] na Shooting Stars kuma ya wakilci [[Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafar Najeriya|Najeriya]] a ƙasashen duniya. Daga baya ya riƙe muƙamai a matsayin mai gudanarwa a matakin ƙungiya da jiha, da kuma tare da [[Hukumar Kwallon Kafar Najeriya|Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Najeriya]] (NFF) da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya, inda ya yi aiki a matsayin sakatare-janar tsakanin 2002 da 2005.

== Sana'ar wasa ==
Ogunjobi ya buga wa ƙungiyar malaman jami'o'i ta Najeriya wasa; an naɗa shi kyaftin a tsakanin 1973 zuwa 1974 kuma ya jagoranci ƙungiyar da ta doke ƙwararrun masana a Ghana a wannan kakar. &lt;ref name=&quot;Shina Oludare&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Shina Oludare |date=28 September 2014 |title=Will Taiwo Ogunjobi's experience land him the NFF job? |url=https://www.goal.com/en-ng/news/4082/comment/2014/09/28/5126534/is-taiwo-ogunjobi-the-best-man-for-the-nff-job |access-date=22 February 2019 |publisher=Goal.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya shiga Shooting Stars, wanda aka fi sani da WNDC Ibadan a lokacin, a shekarar 1973. &lt;ref name=&quot;Tribune&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dipo Ogunsola |date=12 February 2019 |title=Taiwo Ogunjobi - 1953 to 2019: Football giant par excellence |url=http://sportingtribune.com/taiwo-ogunjobi-1953-to-2019-football-giant-par-excellence/ |access-date=22 February 2019 |website=Sporting Tribune}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya bar Shooting Stars a shekarar 1975 don yin karatu a Amurka, amma ya dawo a shekarar 1980 kuma aka naɗa shi kyaftin.  A matsayinsa na [[Mai buga baya|ɗan wasan tsakiya]], yana yin hulɗa da [[Ogbein Fawole]] akai-akai.  Ya jagoranci ƙungiyar zuwa wasan ƙarshe na gasar cin kofin zakarun Afirka ta 1984. &lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Oluwashina Okeleji |date=11 February 2019 |title=Taiwo Ogunjobi: Former Nigeria defender and official dies |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/47199626 |access-date=22 February 2019 |publisher=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya yi ritaya a shekarar 1986. &lt;ref name=&quot;Tribune&quot;/&gt;

Ya kuma wakilci [[Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafar Najeriya|ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya]], inda ya fara buga wasa da [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta kasar Morocco|Morocco]] a wasan neman cancantar shiga gasar Olympics ta 1984. &lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;/&gt;

== Aikin gwamnati ==
Bayan ya yi ritaya, Ogunjobi ya zama mataimakin darakta a Ma'aikatar Watsa Labarai a [[Oyo (jiha)|Jihar Oyo]] . A lokacin da yake can, an nada shi mataimakin Shooting Stars. &lt;ref name=&quot;Tribune&quot;/&gt; Ya zama sakataren ƙungiyar kuma daga baya aka ɗaukaka shi zuwa babban manaja. &lt;ref name=&quot;ICIR&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 February 2019 |title=Taiwo Ogunjobi, former football scribe dies |url=https://www.icirnigeria.org/taiwo-ogunjobi-former-football-scribe-dies/ |access-date=22 February 2019 |publisher=The ICIR}}&lt;/ref&gt; A wannan lokacin, ya jagoranci nasarar da suka samu a gasar cin kofin CAF ta 1992. &lt;ref name=&quot;NextEdition&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Emeka Obasi |date=15 February 2019 |title=Sports Flakes: Another Taiwo Ogunjobi Departs |url=http://nextedition.com.ng/2019/02/15/sports-flakes-another-taiwo-ogunjobi-departs/ |access-date=22 February 2019 |website=The Next Edition |archive-date=23 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190223090016/http://nextedition.com.ng/2019/02/15/sports-flakes-another-taiwo-ogunjobi-departs/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 1994, an naɗa shi a matsayin shugaban ƙungiyar tilo, yana kula da nasarorin da suka samu a gasar cin kofin [[Nigeria National League|National League]] da Federation Cup a 1995. &lt;ref name=&quot;Tribune&quot; /&gt; An naɗa shi shugaban Gabros International a 1999, daga baya kuma ya koma Julius Berger, inda ya yi aiki a matsayin babban manaja na tsawon shekaru biyu. &lt;ref name=&quot;ICIR&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Shina Oludare&quot;/&gt;

Ogunjobi ya yi aiki a matsayin sakatare-janar na [[Hukumar Kwallon Kafar Najeriya|Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Najeriya]] tsakanin 2002 da 2005. Ya ci gaba da rike mukamin shugaban Kwamitin Fasaha na NFF, kuma ya yi aiki a kwamitin zartarwa tsakanin 2006 da 2010. &lt;ref name=&quot;ICIR&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Farouk Mohammed |date=11 February 2019 |title=Taiwo Ogunjobi, former NFF Secretary General, dies |url=https://www.okay.ng/taiwo-ogunjobi-former-nff-secretary-general-dies/ |access-date=11 February 2019 |publisher=Okay Nigeria}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin memba na wakilan NFF a gasar [[FIFA]] tsakanin 2002 da 2010, kuma ya jagoranci wasa a wasanni biyu na cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2010.  A shekarar 2012, yana daya daga cikin jami'an NFF hudu da aka kama sakamakon zargin cewa kudi sun bata bayan gasar cin kofin duniya ta 2010, kuma a shekarar 2013, an dakatar da shi daga ayyukan kwallon kafa na tsawon shekaru 10 bayan zargin hana [[Olarenwaju Kayode]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 September 2010 |title=Nigeria arrests ex-football heads |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-11213606 |access-date=22 February 2019 |publisher=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt;  An wanke shi bayan dukkan abubuwan biyu. &lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot; /&gt; Ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Prime United kuma ya jagoranci sauye-sauyen da suka yi zuwa Osun United, kafin ya yi murabus a 2017.  Bayan wani yunƙuri da ya yi a baya a 2014, a watan Satumba na 2018 ya sha kaye a karo na biyu na zama Shugaban NFF. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kunle Solaja |date=11 February 2019 |title=NFF Mourns Astute Administrator, Chief Taiwo Ogunjobi |url=https://www.sportsvillagesquare.com/2019/02/11/nff-mourns-astute-administrator-chief-taiwo-ogunjobi/ |access-date=22 February 2019 |website=Sports Village Square |archive-date=23 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190223074248/https://www.sportsvillagesquare.com/2019/02/11/nff-mourns-astute-administrator-chief-taiwo-ogunjobi/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Femi Badmus |date=20 September 2018 |title=Amaju Pinnick re-elected as NFF president for second term |url=https://www.goal.com/en-ng/news/breaking-news-amaju-pinnick-re-elected-as-nff-president-for/zm7acpy110f21vdjcpozq59h3 |access-date=12 February 2019 |publisher=Goal.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta jihar Osun a lokacin rasuwarsa a watan Fabrairu na 2019. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tolu Olasoji |date=11 February 2019 |title=Ex-NFF general secretary Taiwo Ogunjobi passes away |url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/ex-nff-general-secretary-taiwo-ogunjobi-passes-away/1rsc7igx736qm1nw3elkum2utk |access-date=12 February 2019 |publisher=Goal.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
An haifi Ogunjobi a Ilesa a shekarar 1953, cikin dangin Yarabawa . [1] Babban ɗan'uwansa, wanda ake kira Taiwo, ya kasance zakaran ƙasa a tseren mita 400 kuma ya mutu a hatsarin jirgin sama na rundunar sojojin saman Najeriya C-130 a shekarar 1992. Ogunjobi ya halarci Makarantar Grammar Cocin Afirka sannan ya halarci Makarantar Grammar Ibadan, wacce ta ƙware a wasanninta a lokacin ita ce Lam Adesina . [2] [3] Ya ɗauki shekaru huɗu daga aikinsa na ƙwallon ƙafa don yin karatu a Amurka, inda ya ɗauki Injiniyan Yadi a Jami'ar Clemson da ke South Carolina, ta hanyar tallafin karatu na wasanni . [4] [5] Ya haɗu da matarsa - wacce ta ci gaba da aiki a Hukumar Wasanni ta Ƙasa - yayin da yake bugawa Shooting Stars, yana neman aiki a &quot;ranar farko da muka haɗu&quot;. [6] Suna da 'ya'ya biyar. [2] Ya mutu a shekarar 2019, yana da shekaru 65, a Asibitin Kwalejin Jami'a, Ibadan bayan ɗan gajeren rashin lafiya. [7]

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2019]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1953]]</text>
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    <title>Strive Masiyiwa</title>
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 {{Infobox person

| name = Strive Masiyiwa
| image = Strive Masiyiwa 2019.jpg
| caption = Strive Masiyiwa a shekarar 2019
| birth_name = Strive Tawanda Masiyiwa
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1961|1|29}}
| birth_place = Zimbabwe
| nationality = Zimbabwean
| occupation = Ɗan kasuwa, mai saka jari, mai taimakon jama'a
| education = Jami'ar Wales
| known_for = Kafa kamfanin Econet Global da Cassava Technologies
| spouse = Tsitsi Masiyiwa
| children = 6
}}

'''Strive Tawanda Masiyiwa''' (an haife shi ranar 29 ga Janairu, 1961) ɗan kasuwa ne daga ƙasar Zimbabwe, mai saka jari kuma mai taimakon jama'a. Shi ne wanda ya kafa kuma shugaban kamfanonin fasaha da sadarwa na '''Econet Global''' da '''Cassava Technologies'''. Ana ɗaukarsa ɗaya daga cikin fitattun attajiran Afirka da suka yi tasiri a harkar sadarwa da fasahar zamani.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Strive Masiyiwa |url=[https://www.weforum.org/people/strive-masiyiwa/](https://www.weforum.org/people/strive-masiyiwa/) |publisher=World Economic Forum |access-date=24 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Masiyiwa a Zimbabwe a shekarar 1961. Yana ƙarami iyalinsa suka koma ƙasar Scotland saboda rikicin siyasa da ake fama da shi a lokacin mulkin Rhodesia. Daga baya ya yi karatun injiniyan lantarki a Jami'ar Wales inda ya kammala digirinsa a shekarar 1983.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Strive Masiyiwa – Board Member |url=[https://www.gatesfoundation.org/about/leadership/strive-masiyiwa](https://www.gatesfoundation.org/about/leadership/strive-masiyiwa) |publisher=Gates Foundation |access-date=24 May 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Harkokin kasuwanci ==
Bayan ya dawo Zimbabwe, Masiyiwa ya yi aiki a kamfanin sadarwa na gwamnati kafin ya fara harkokin kasuwancinsa. A shekarun 1990 ya shiga doguwar takaddama da gwamnatin Zimbabwe domin samun lasisin kafa kamfanin sadarwar wayar hannu. Bayan shekaru na shari'a, ya samu damar kafa '''Econet Wireless''', wanda daga baya ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan kamfanonin sadarwa a Afirka.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Strive Masiyiwa |url=[https://www.econetafrica.com/strive-masiyiwa](https://www.econetafrica.com/strive-masiyiwa) |publisher=Econet Global |access-date=24 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Masiyiwa ya faɗaɗa kasuwancinsa zuwa ƙasashe da dama ciki har da Botswana, Najeriya, New Zealand da ƙasashen Turai. Daga cikin manyan ayyukansa akwai '''Liquid Intelligent Technologies''', wanda ke da ɗaya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin fiber optic a Afirka.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Strive Masiyiwa |url=[https://liquid.tech/about-us/our_team/strive-masiyiwa/](https://liquid.tech/about-us/our_team/strive-masiyiwa/) |publisher=Liquid Intelligent Technologies |access-date=24 May 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2021 ya haɗa wasu daga cikin kamfanoninsa ƙarƙashin '''Cassava Technologies''', kamfani da ya mayar da hankali kan cibiyoyin bayanai, fasahar AI, tsaro ta yanar gizo da kuma ayyukan girgije (cloud services).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Founder and Executive Chairman at Cassava Technologies |url=[https://theorg.com/org/cassava-technologies/org-chart/strive-masiyiwa](https://theorg.com/org/cassava-technologies/org-chart/strive-masiyiwa) |publisher=The Org |access-date=24 May 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyukan taimakon jama'a ==
Masiyiwa da matarsa Tsitsi Masiyiwa sun kafa '''Higherlife Foundation''', gidauniya da ta tallafa wa dubban yara marasa galihu da marayu a fannin ilimi a faɗin Afirka.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Strive Masiyiwa |url=[https://www.gatesfoundation.org/about/leadership/strive-masiyiwa](https://www.gatesfoundation.org/about/leadership/strive-masiyiwa) |publisher=Gates Foundation |access-date=24 May 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya kuma taka rawa wajen yaƙi da cututtuka kamar Ebola da COVID-19, inda Tarayyar Afirka ta naɗa shi a matsayin wakili na musamman domin taimakawa wajen samar da kayan lafiya da rigakafi a nahiyar Afirka.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Strive Masiyiwa – Board Member |url=[https://www.gatesfoundation.org/about/leadership/strive-masiyiwa](https://www.gatesfoundation.org/about/leadership/strive-masiyiwa) |publisher=Gates Foundation |access-date=24 May 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mukamai da lambobin yabo ==
Masiyiwa ya kasance memba a kwamitocin manyan ƙungiyoyi da kamfanoni ciki har da:

* Netflix
* Gates Foundation
* National Geographic Society
* Bank of America Advisory Council

Ya samu lambobin yabo da digirin girmamawa daga jami'o'i daban-daban saboda gudummawar da ya bayar wajen bunƙasa fasaha da taimakon jama'a.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Strive Masiyiwa |url=[https://www.weforum.org/people/strive-masiyiwa/](https://www.weforum.org/people/strive-masiyiwa/) |publisher=World Economic Forum |access-date=24 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dukiya ==
An bayyana Masiyiwa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin attajiran Afirka. Mujallar ''Forbes'' ta kiyasta dukiyarsa da biliyoyin daloli saboda hannun jarinsa a harkokin sadarwa da fasaha.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=How Strive Masiyiwa built a telecom empire in Africa |work=The Guardian |url=[https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/aug/18/econet-wireless-strive-masiyiwa-africa-cashless-society](https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/aug/18/econet-wireless-strive-masiyiwa-africa-cashless-society) |access-date=24 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin waje ==

* [[https://www.econetafrica.com/strive-masiyiwa](https://www.econetafrica.com/strive-masiyiwa) Shafin Econet Global]
* [[https://www.weforum.org/people/strive-masiyiwa](https://www.weforum.org/people/strive-masiyiwa) World Economic Forum Profile]</text>
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    <title>Shuka mai narkewar ruwa</title>
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      <text bytes="8033" sha1="p44g2oh0u7pdm811xa86oyys85d2f2o" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Kamfanin tace ruwan gishiri na Mamelles''' wani kamfanin tace ruwan gishiri ne da ake ginawa a birnin [[Dakar]] da ke [[Senegal]] . Gwamnatin Senegal ce ke gina wannan wurin, tare da tallafin kuɗi daga Hukumar Haɗin Kan Ƙasashen Duniya ta Japan (JICA). Kamfanin samar da ruwan famfo na ƙasar Senegal (Société Nationale des Eaux du Senegal), ''SONES'', ne ke haɓaka wannan aikin a madadin gwamnatin Senegal, kuma kamfanin mai zaman kansa na Japan ''Nippon Koei'', ne ke haɓaka wannan aikin, a madadin JICA. An fara ginin a watan Yunin 2022, a kan kuɗin da aka ware na Yuro miliyan 200 da kuma ana sa ran samar da ruwan {{Convert|50000|m3|liter}} na ruwan sha mai tsafta kowace rana a mataki na farko, wanda za a iya faɗaɗa shi zuwa {{Convert|100000|m3|liter}} kowace rana, a mataki na biyu. &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jean Marie Takouleu |date=3 June 2022 |title=Senegal: Criticised Mamelles desalination plant now under construction |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/senegal-criticised-mamelles-desalination-plant-now-under-construction/ |access-date=6 June 2022 |website=Afrik21.africa |archive-date=5 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220605191934/https://www.afrik21.africa/en/senegal-criticised-mamelles-desalination-plant-now-under-construction/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Théa Ollivier |date=2 May 2022 |title=In Senegal, many are feeling salty about a proposed desalination plant |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/le-monde-afrique/article/2022/05/02/in-senegal-many-are-feeling-salty-about-a-proposed-desalination-plant_5982231_12.html |access-date=6 June 2022 |website=[[Le Monde]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wuri ==
Kamfanin tace gishirin yana nan a bakin tekun Mamelles, a cikin kwamintin Ouakam, a bakin [[Tekun Atalanta|tekun Atlantika]], kimanin {{Convert|10|km|0}} ta hanya, arewa maso yamma da tsakiyar yankin kasuwanci na Dakar, babban birni kuma birni mafi girma a Senegal. 

== Tarihi ==
A shekarar 2020, SONES ta fara shimfida bututu domin isar da ruwan da aka tace daga masana'antar zuwa wani wuri a Dakar inda sabon ruwan zai shiga tsarin rarraba ruwan Dakar. Bututun da ke tsakanin Mamelles zuwa Dakar yana da tsawon {{Convert|10.4|km|0}}, &lt;ref name=&quot;4R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Inès Magoum |date=15 September 2020 |title=Senegal: Mamelles desalination project enters its final phase |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/senegal-mamelles-desalination-project-enters-its-final-phase/ |access-date=6 June 2022 |website=Afrik21.africa |archive-date=8 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808103606/https://www.afrik21.africa/en/senegal-mamelles-desalination-project-enters-its-final-phase/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; da {{Convert|13.5|km|0}}, a tsawonsa. &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;/&gt; A ranar 31 ga Mayu 2022, shugaban ƙasar Senegal, Macky Sall, ya aza harsashin ginin masana'antar tace gishiri da kanta. &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot; /&gt;

== Bayani ==
A cewar JICA, an yi nufin aikin ne don &quot;samun isasshen isasshen ruwa don biyan buƙatun birnin Dakar da yankinsa na gaba.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;5R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Japan International Cooperation Agency |date=2018 |title=Mamelles Sea Water Desalination Project |url=https://www.jica.go.jp/english/our_work/social_environmental/id/africa/senegal/c8h0vm000090rjcr.html |access-date=6 June 2022 |website=[[Japan International Cooperation Agency]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana sa ran yawan jama'ar wasu ƙananan hukumomin birnin zai faɗaɗa da kusan kashi 100 cikin 100 tsakanin 2020 da 2035. &lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;/&gt;

Ci gaban aikin ya ƙunshi waɗannan abubuwan: &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;/&gt;

1. Gina masana'antar tace ruwan teku, wacce ke amfani da tsarin tace ruwan teku na baya, inda ake shan lita biyu na ruwan teku, wanda ke samar da lita daya na ruwan da za a iya sha da lita daya na ruwan gishiri mai yawa ( brine ), wanda ake mayar da shi cikin teku. &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;4R&quot;/&gt; Lokacin aiki da kulawa na shekaru uku wani bangare ne na kwangilar EPC. &lt;ref name=&quot;6R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=[[Artelia|Artelia Group]] |date=2020 |title=Les Mamelles sea water desalination plant: Context and Issues |url=https://www.arteliagroup.com/en/expertise/challenges/sustainable-use-resources/drinking-water-production-and-supply/les-mamelles-sea-water-desalination-plant |access-date=6 June 2022 |website=Arteliagroup.com |archive-date=7 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207175727/https://www.arteliagroup.com/en/expertise/challenges/sustainable-use-resources/drinking-water-production-and-supply/les-mamelles-sea-water-desalination-plant |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

2. Sanya bututun ruwa na ruwa tare da tsarin famfo don shigar da ruwan teku cikin masana'antar. &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;4R&quot;/&gt;

3. Shimfida bututu, tare da tsarin famfo da aka haɗa don fitar da ruwan gishirin zuwa cikin teku. &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;4R&quot;/&gt;

4. Shimfida {{Convert|10-15|km|0}} na bututun ruwa, tare da famfo(s) da aka haɗa, don ɗaukar ruwan da aka tace gishiri zuwa Dakar. &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;4R&quot;/&gt;

== Ginawa da jadawalin lokaci ==
An bai wa wata ƙungiya mai suna (a) Toyota Tsusho Corporation (Toyota Tsusho) ta Japan (b) Eiffage Génie Civil (Eiffage) ta Faransa da (c) VA Tech Wabag (Wabag) ta Indiya kwangilar injiniya, sayayya da gini (EPC). An fara ginin ne a watan Mayu na 2022 kuma ana sa ran zai ɗauki tsawon lokaci har zuwa 2025. &lt;ref name=&quot;7R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Peter Wanjala |date=2 June 2022 |title=Construction of Mamelles Sea Water Desalination Plant, the First of its Kind in Senegal, Begins |url=https://constructionreviewonline.com/news/construction-of-mamelles-sea-water-desalination-plant-the-first-of-its-kind-in-senegal-begins/ |access-date=6 June 2022 |website=Construction Review Online}}&lt;/ref&gt;

VA Tech Wabag ce ke da alhakin injiniyanci, saye da kuma aiki da kuma kula da kamfanin da aka kammala aikin na tsawon watanni ashirin da huɗu na farko.

''&quot;Wannan ya ƙunshi ƙira, injiniyanci da samar da kayan aikin lantarki, kula da shigarwa da aiwatarwa, sannan a yi aiki da kula da masana'antar na tsawon shekaru biyu.&quot;'' &lt;ref name=&quot;8R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jean Marie Takouleu |date=13 June 2022 |title=Senegal: Eiffage, Wabag and Toyota win the Mamelles desalination contract |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/senegal-eiffage-wabag-and-toyota-win-the-mamelles-desalination-contract/ |access-date=14 June 2022 |website=Afrik21.africa |archive-date=13 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220613131556/https://www.afrik21.africa/en/senegal-eiffage-wabag-and-toyota-win-the-mamelles-desalination-contract/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFJean_Marie_Takouleu2022&quot;&gt;Jean Marie Takouleu (13 June 2022). [https://www.afrik21.africa/en/senegal-eiffage-wabag-and-toyota-win-the-mamelles-desalination-contract/ &quot;Senegal: Eiffage, Wabag and Toyota win the Mamelles desalination contract&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250721212356/https://www.afrik21.africa/en/senegal-eiffage-wabag-and-toyota-win-the-mamelles-desalination-contract/ |date=2025-07-21 }}. ''Afrik21.africa''. Paris, France&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;14 June&lt;/span&gt; 2022&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Kamfanin Eiffage Génie Civil ne zai ɗauki nauyin ayyukan ginin, kuma kamfanin Toyota Tsusho Corporation ne zai jagoranci aikin tare. &lt;ref name=&quot;8R&quot;/&gt;

== 'Yan adawa ==
Ƙungiyoyin masunta na gida, masu gidajen cin abinci na bakin teku da masu zuwa bakin teku na gida, waɗanda masu rajin kare muhalli na gida da na waje ke tallafawa, suna adawa da wannan ci gaba kuma suna gudanar da wani kamfen na hulɗa da jama'a a kan hakan. &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;/&gt;

A nata ɓangaren, JICA ta ce sakamakon da ba a so ba yana da matuƙar illa, inda fa'idodin suka fi asarar da aka samu. &lt;ref name=&quot;5R&quot; /&gt; Gwamnatin Senegal ta bayyana cewa ta gudanar da &quot;dukkan binciken da suka wajaba don kare yanayin halittu na ruwa, rairayin bakin teku, da wuraren gargajiya&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;7R&quot; /&gt;
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]


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    <title>Tafkin Victoria</title>
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      <text bytes="45690" sha1="hn0wem8kiawh13vqku93hcy7uv91jx6" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}[[Fayil:Victoria_Nyanza.jpg|thumb|Victoria Nyanza. Layin baƙar fata yana nuna hanyar Stanley.]]
'''Tafkin Victoria''' yana ɗaya daga cikin Manyan Tafkunan [[Afirka]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lake Victoria {{!}} AGLI |url=https://www.africangreatlakesinform.org/page/lake-victoria |access-date=2025-07-05 |website=www.africangreatlakesinform.org |archive-date=2025-07-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250715034133/https://www.africangreatlakesinform.org/page/lake-victoria |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Yana da faɗin fili na kimanin {{Cvt|59947|km2|sqmi}},&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Stuart |first=Hamilton |date=2016-10-05 |title=Shoreline, Lake Victoria, vector polygon, ~2015 |journal=Harvard Dataverse |type=Data Set |language=en |doi=10.7910/dvn/pwfw26}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tafkin Victoria shi ne tafki mafi girma a [[Afirka]] ta fannin yanki, tafki mafi girma a duniya ta fannin [[Wurare masu zafi (Tropics)|wurare masu zafi]], &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Saundry |first=Peter |title=Lake Victoria |url=http://www.eoearth.org/view/article/154134/}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma tafki mafi girma na biyu a duniya ta fannin ruwa bayan Tafkin Superior a Arewacin [[Amurka]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lake Victoria |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Lake-Victoria |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dangane da yawan ruwa, [[Tafkin Victoria]] shi ne tafki na tara mafi girma a [[duniya]], wanda ya ƙunshi kimanin {{Cvt|2424|km3|acre ft}}      na ruwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;auto3&quot;&gt;{{Cite book}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;auto4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Stuart |first=Hamilton |last2=Taabu |first2=Anthony Munyaho |last3=Noah |first3=Krach |last4=Sarah |first4=Glaser |date=2018-05-17 |title=Bathymetry TIFF, Lake Victoria Bathymetry, raster, 2017, V7 |journal=Harvard Dataverse |type=Data Set |language=en |doi=10.7910/dvn/soeknr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tafkin Victoria yana da wani yanki mai zurfi a [[Afirka]]. Tafkin yana da matsakaicin zurfin {{Cvt|40|m|ft}} da kuma zurfin mafi girman {{Cvt|80 - 81|m|ft}} . &lt;ref name=&quot;auto3&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;auto4&quot; /&gt;  Yankin [[Ruwan ruwa|magudanar ruwansa]] ya ƙunshi {{Cvt|169858|km2|sqmi}}   . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Stuart |first=Hamilton |date=2017-11-12 |title=Basin, Lake Victoria Watershed (inside), vector polygon, ~2015 |journal=Harvard Dataverse |type=Data Set |language=en |doi=10.7910/dvn/z5rmyd}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tafkin yana da bakin teku na {{Cvt|7142|km|mi}} lokacin da aka sanya shi cikin dijital a matakin 1:25,000,   tare da tsibiran da suka ƙunshi kashi 3.7% na wannan tsawon.  

Yankin tafkin ya rabu zuwa ƙasashe uku: [[Tanzaniya]] tana da kashi 49% ( {{Cvt|33,700|km2|sqmi}}   ), [[Uganda]] 45% ( {{Cvt|31,000|km2|sqmi}}   ), da [[Kenya]] 6% ( {{Cvt|4,100|km2|sqmi}}. 

Tafkin gida ne ga nau'ikan kifi da yawa waɗanda ba sa rayuwa a wani wuri, musamman cichlids. Kifi masu mamayewa, irin su Nilu perch, sun kori nau'o'in halittu da yawa zuwa [[Karewar kwayoyin halitta|halaka]].

== Sunayen ==
Duk da cewa yana da sunaye da yawa na yaren gida ( Swahili   ; Dholuo   ; Luganda   ; Kinyarwanda   ), &lt;ref name=&quot;WDL1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |year=1899 |title=The Victoria. The Land, the Races and their Customs, with Specimens of Some of the Dialects |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/2557 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529091640/https://www.wdl.org/en/item/2557/ |archive-date=29 May 2016 |access-date=18 February 2013 |publisher=[[World Digital Library]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lake Ukerewe |url=https://ntz.info/gen/n01545.html |access-date=17 October 2020 |website=nTZ: An Information Resource for Northern Tanzania |publisher=David Marsh}}&lt;/ref&gt; An sake wa tafkin suna da sunan [[Sarauniya Victoria]] ta hanyar mai binciken John Hanning Speke, ɗan Birtaniya na farko da ya rubuta shi a shekarar 1858, yayin da yake kan wani balaguro tare da Richard Francis Burton .  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Alan Moorehead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilmin ƙasa ==
{{Refimprove science | section | date = Disamba 2024}}

[[File:Topography of Lake Victoria.png|thumb|Taswirar yanayin ƙasa (topography) na Tafkin Victoria]]

Dan jaridan hotuna [[John Reader]], wanda ya rubuta littafinsa mai suna ''Africa: A Biography of a Continent'' wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Alan Paton Literary Award,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | author = The Times Staff | date= 26 February 2009  | orig-date= 4 June 2007  | title = Previous Winners of the Alan Paton Award and the Sunday Times Fiction Prize | newspaper = The Times (Johannesburg) | url = http://www.thetimes.co.za/SpecialReports/BookAwards/Article.aspx?id=482608 | access-date = 26 December 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090226215141/http://www.thetimes.co.za/SpecialReports/BookAwards/Article.aspx?id=482608 | archive-date = 2009-02-26 | quote = Previous Literary Awards winners / Previous Winners of the Alan Paton Award / 1998: Africa: A Biography of a Continent by John Reader, published by Penguin SA }}&lt;/ref&gt; ya bayyana Tafkin Victoria a matsayin tafki mai sabuwar samuwa a tarihin ilimin ƙasa, mai kimanin shekaru 400,000—wanda ya samo asali ne sakamakon yadda koguna da ke kwarara zuwa yamma suka toshe lokacin da wani ɓangare na ɓawon ƙasan duniya (earth’s crust) ya karkata a kan layin [[Great Rift Valley]], wanda ya ɗaga gefensa na yamma.&lt;ref name=&quot;Reader&quot;&gt;{{cite book | author = Reader, John | date = 2001 | orig-date = 1998 | title=Africa: A Biography of a Continent | location=Washington, DC | publisher=[[National Geographic Society]] | via = Archive.org | isbn=978-0-7922-7681-4 | pages=227f | url-access=registration | url=https://archive.org/details/africa0000read | access-date = 26 December 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{better source|date = December 2024}}

Wani bincike na asali da aka yi kan yadda koguna ke rarrabuwa a yankin Tafkin Victoria ya fitar da wasu ƙiyasta. Na farko, a zamanin [[Miocene]], yankin da yanzu ke zama kwarin tafkin yana gefen yammacin wani tudu da ya kasance rabe-raben ruwa na nahiyar, inda koguna daga yamma ke kwarara zuwa [[Kogin Kongo]], yayin da na gabas ke nufi zuwa Tekun Indiya. Na biyu, yayin da tsarin [[East African Rift]] ke samuwa, bangon gabas na [[Albertine Rift]] (ko Western Rift) ya ɗaga, wanda a hankali ya sauya kwararar ruwa zuwa yankin da yanzu ke Tafkin Victoria. Na uku, buɗewar manyan rabe-raben ƙasa na East African Rift da Albertine Rift ya jawo yankin da ke tsakaninsu ya nutse, yayin da gefuna ke tashi, wanda ya samar da kwarin da ke ɗauke da Tafkin Victoria a yau.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ouma |first=J. P. B. M. |date=1970 |title=Fluvial Differentiation in the Basin of Lake Victoria |journal=Journal of Hydrology (New Zealand) |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=221–223 |jstor=43944206}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin tarihin ilimin ƙasa, Tafkin Victoria ya fuskanci sauye-sauye daga kasancewa ƙaramar kwari mai zurfi kaɗan zuwa yiwuwar zama jerin ƙananan tafkuna a lokuta daban-daban.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hickling61&quot;/&gt;{{page needed|date = December 2024}} Binciken ƙasan tafkin ya nuna cewa Tafkin Victoria ya bushe gaba ɗaya aƙalla sau uku tun lokacin da ya samo asali.&lt;ref name=&quot;Reader&quot;/&gt;{{better source|date = December 2024}} Wadannan lokutan bushewa ana danganta su da zamanin kankara (ice ages), lokacin da yawan ruwan sama a duniya ke raguwa sosai.&lt;ref name=&quot;Reader&quot;/&gt;{{better source|date = December 2024}}

A cewar wani bincike na daban, Tafkin Victoria ya ƙarshe bushewa kimanin shekaru 17,300 da suka wuce, sannan ya sake cika kimanin shekaru 14,700 da suka wuce—lokacin da [[African humid period]] ya fara.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=deMenocal |first1=Peter |last2=Ortiz |first2=Joseph |last3=Guilderson |first3=Tom |last4=Adkins |first4=Jess |last5=Sarnthein |first5=Michael |last6=Baker |first6=Linda |last7=Yarusinsky |first7=Martha |title=Abrupt Onset and Termination of the African Humid Period |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |date=January 2000 |volume=19 |issue=1–5 |pages=347–361 |doi=10.1016/S0277-3791(99)00081-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ruwa ==
[[Fayil:Lake_Vic_Bathy.jpg|thumb|Tsarin ruwa na Lake Victoria &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hamilton |first=Stuart |last2=Munyaho |first2=Anthony Taabu |last3=Krach |first3=Noah |last4=Glaser |first4=Sarah |date=2018-05-17 |title=Bathymetry TIFF, Lake Victoria Bathymetry, raster, 2016 – LakeVicFish Dataverse |journal=Harvard Dataverse |type=Data Set |doi=10.7910/dvn/soeknr}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Tafkin tafki ne mai zurfi idan aka yi la'akari da babban yankin da ke da zurfin kusan mita 80 (260  da matsakaicin zurfin mita 40 (130 . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hamilton, S.E. |date=2016 |title=Creation of a Bathymetric Map of Lake Victoria, Africa |url=http://faculty.salisbury.edu/~sehamilton/LV_Bathy/ |journal=Salisbury.edu |location=Salisbury, MD |publisher=Salisbury University |doi=10.7910/DVN/SOEKNR |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025050539/http://faculty.salisbury.edu/~sehamilton/LV_Bathy/ |archive-date=2016-10-25 |access-date=26 December 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; Aikin 2016 ya ƙididdige maki dubu goma kuma ya kirkiro taswirar bathymetric ta farko ta tafkin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hamilton |first=Stuart |last2=Munyaho |first2=Anthony Taabu |last3=Krach |first3=Noah |last4=Glaser |first4=Sarah |date=2018-05-17 |title=Bathymetry TIFF, Lake Victoria Bathymetry, raster, 2016 – LakeVicFish Dataverse |journal=Harvard Dataverse |type=Data Set |doi=10.7910/dvn/soeknr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sashe mafi zurfi na tafkin yana da iyaka zuwa gabashin tafkin kusa da Kenya kuma tafkin gabaɗaya ba shi da zurfi a yamma tare da bakin tekun Uganda da kudu tare da bakin Tekun Tanzania.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

==Hydrology da Limnology==

Tafkin Victoria yana samun kashi 80 cikin 100 na ruwansa kai tsaye daga ruwan sama.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hickling61&quot;/&gt;{{page needed|date = December 2024}} Matsakaicin ƙaƙƙarfan fitar ruwa (evaporation) a tafkin yana tsakanin {{convert|2.0| and |2.2|m}} a kowace shekara, kusan ninki biyu na ruwan sama da ake samu a yankunan da ke kusa da koguna (riparian).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Ominde, Simeon H. |year=1971|chapter=Rural Economy in West Kenya| chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WgamvCA98usC&amp;pg=PA220 |title=Studies in East African Geography and Development| pages=207–29| editor=S.H. Ominde|location=London|publisher=Heinemann Educational |isbn=978-0-520-02073-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tafkin Victoria yana kuma samun ruwa daga koguna da dubban ƙananan rafuka (streams). Kogin Kagera shi ne mafi girma daga cikin kogunan da ke shiga cikin wannan tafki, kuma bakinsa yana a gefen yammacin tafkin. Tafkin Victoria yana samun hanyar fitar ruwa ne kawai ta Kogin Nilu kusa da Jinja, Uganda a arewacin gefen tafkin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fishery&quot;&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WLZRxM9vfXoC&amp;pg=PA291|title=Source Book for the Inland Fishery Resources of Africa, Issue 18, Volume 1|last1=vanden Bossche|first1=J.-P.|last2=Bernacsek|first2=G.M.|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]], [[United Nations]]|year=1990|isbn=978-92-5-102983-1|page=291|access-date=4 January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Rift en.svg|thumb|right|Tafkin Victoria da Kwarin Babbar Rift Valley]]

A ɓangaren Kenya, manyan kogunan da ke shigowa tafkin sun haɗa da Sio, Nzoia, Yala, Nyando, Sondu Miriu, Mogusi, da Migori. Kogin da ke fita daga Tafkin Victoria kaɗai shi ne Kogin Nilu, wanda ke fita daga tafkin kusa da Jinja, Uganda. Dangane da yawan ruwan da yake samu, wannan ya sa Tafkin Victoria ya zama babban tushen babban reshen Kogin Nilu mafi tsawo. Sai dai tushen mafi nisa na Kogin Nilu, kuma a matsayin ainihin tushen Nilu, yawanci ana ɗaukar shi ɗaya daga cikin kogunan da ke ciyar da Kogin Kagera (ko wanne reshe daga cikinsu ba a tabbatar da shi gaba ɗaya ba), wanda ke farawa a Rwanda ko Burundi. Sashen sama na Nilu ana kiransa Victoria Nile har sai ya isa Tafkin Albert. Ko da yake yana cikin tsarin kogi ɗaya da ake kira White Nile, kuma a wasu lokuta ana kiran shi haka, wannan suna ba ya fara aiki sai bayan kogi ya tsallaka iyakar Uganda zuwa Sudan ta Kudu a arewa.

Tafkin yana nuna yanayin eutrophication. A shekarun 1990–1991, matakan oxygen a cikin saman ruwa sun fi na 1960–1961, tare da kusan ci gaba da wuce kima (supersaturation) na oxygen a ruwan saman. Matakan oxygen a cikin ruwan zurfi (hypolimnetic waters), wato ɓangaren ruwa da ke ƙasa da thermocline wanda ba ya gaurayuwa kuma yana kasancewa sanyi a kullum, sun yi ƙasa a 1990–1991 fiye da na 1960–1961, inda wasu lokuta suka kai ƙasa da 1 mg a kowace lita (&lt; 0.4 gr/cu ft) a zurfin ruwa har zuwa {{convert|40|m|ft}} idan aka kwatanta da fiye da {{convert|50|m|ft}} a 1961. Ana ganin canjin oxygen ɗin ya dace da ƙarin yawan algae da haɓakar samar da halittu a cikin ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/240845630  | author1=R.E. Hecky | author2=F.W.B. Bugenyi | author3=P. Ochumba | author4=J.F. Talling | author5=R. Mugidde | author6=M. Gophen | author7=L. Kaufman | year=1994 | title=Deoxygenation of the deep water of Lake Victoria, East Africa | journal=[[Limnology and Oceanography]] | volume=39 | issue=6  |pages=1476–81 | jstor=2838147 | doi=10.4319/lo.1994.39.6.1476| bibcode=1994LimOc..39.1476H | doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wadannan sauye-sauye sun faru ne saboda dalilai da dama: ci gaba da kona da ake yi a cikin yankin da ke kewaye da tafkin,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal | author=R.E. Hecky | year=1993 | title=The eutrophication of Lake Victoria | journal=[[Verhandlungen der Internationale Vereinigung für Limnologie]] | volume=25 | issue=1 | pages=39–48 | doi=10.1080/03680770.1992.11900057| bibcode=1993SILP...25...39H }}&lt;/ref&gt; inda toka da hayaki suka shiga suka zauna a faɗin tafkin; ƙarin shigar sinadarai masu gina jiki (nutrients) daga koguna,&lt;ref name=&quot;OchumbaKibaara&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | author1=Peter B. O. Ochumba | author2=David I. Kibaara | year=1989 | title=Observations on blue-green algal blooms in the open waters of Lake Victoria, Kenya | journal=[[African Journal of Ecology]] | volume=27 | issue=1 | pages=23–34  | doi=10.1111/j.1365-2028.1989.tb00925.x| bibcode=1989AfJEc..27...23O }}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma ƙarin gurbatar muhalli da ke da alaƙa da matsugunin mutane a bakin tafkin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=March 2018|title=Environmental and Social Management Framework-ESMF|work=World Bank Document - Early Warning System|url=https://ewsdata.rightsindevelopment.org/files/documents/82/WB-P163782_3UJvON4.pdf|access-date=26 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tsakanin 2010 da 2022, girman saman Tafkin Victoria ya ƙaru da kashi 15%,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Keriako |first=Tobiko |date=2021 |title=Rising Water Levels in Kenya's Rift Valley Lakes, Turkwel Gorge Dam and Lake Victoria |url=http://www.environment.go.ke/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/MENR_Scoping_Report_Latest-5-07-21.pdf |access-date=2022-03-16 |website=Government of Kenya and UNDP |archive-date=28 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220428030814/http://www.environment.go.ke/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/MENR_Scoping_Report_Latest-5-07-21.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda ya haddasa ambaliya a ƙauyukan da ke bakin tafkin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Baraka |first=Carey |date=2022-03-17 |title=A drowning world: Kenya's quiet slide underwater |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/mar/17/kenya-quiet-slide-underwater-great-rift-valley-lakes-east-africa-flooding |access-date=2022-03-17 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tsawon ƙasa (Bathymetry) ==
[[File:Lake Vic Bathy.jpg|thumb|Taswirar tsawon ƙasa ta Tafkin Victoria&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal | title=Bathymetry TIFF, Lake Victoria Bathymetry, raster, 2016 – LakeVicFish Dataverse | doi=10.7910/dvn/soeknr| date=2018-05-17 | last1=Hamilton | first1=Stuart | last2=Munyaho | first2=Anthony Taabu | last3=Krach | first3=Noah | last4=Glaser | first4=Sarah |type = Data Set|journal = Harvard Dataverse}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

Tafkin Victoria tafki ne mai faɗi amma ba shi da zurfi sosai, yana da matsakaicin zurfi kusan {{convert|80|m|ft}} da matsakaicin zurfi kusan {{convert|40|m|ft}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal | author = Hamilton, S.E. | date = 2016 | title = Creation of a Bathymetric Map of Lake Victoria, Africa | journal = Salisbury.edu | location = Salisbury, MD | publisher = Salisbury University | access-date = 26 December 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161025050539/http://faculty.salisbury.edu/~sehamilton/LV_Bathy/ | archive-date = 2016-10-25 | doi = 10.7910/DVN/SOEKNR}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 2016, an digitize wurare dubu goma kuma aka ƙirƙiri taswirar tsawon ƙasa ta farko ta gaskiya na tafkin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; Mafi zurfin ɓangaren tafkin yana gabas kusa da Kenya, kuma tafkin ya fi zama mai sauƙi a yammacin bakin Uganda da kuma kudu a bakin Tanzaniya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

===Sauran kifaye===
Kifayen da ba cichlid ba na asali sun haɗa da tetras na Afirka (''[[Brycinus]]''), cyprinids (''[[Enteromius]]'', ''[[Garra]]'', ''[[Labeo]]'', ''[[Labeobarbus]]''), da sauransu. Waɗannan kifaye suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a tsarin rayuwar tabkin, musamman wajen sarrafa abinci da kuzari a cikin ruwa.

A tarihi, Tabkin Victoria ya kasance yana da yalwar kifaye masu yawa, ciki har da nau’o’in da ba a same su a ko’ina ba (endemics). Sai dai yawancin waɗannan nau’o’in sun ɓace tun daga shekarun 1940.&lt;ref name=&quot;Witte1992&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Witte | last2 = Goldschmidt | last3 = Goudswaard | last4 = Ligtvoet | last5 = van Oijen | last6 = Wanink | year = 1992 | title = Species extinction and concomitant ecological changes in Lake Victoria | journal = Netherlands Journal of Zoology | volume = 42 | issue = 2–3| pages = 214–32 | doi = 10.1163/156854291X00298 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Babban rukuni na kifi a Tabkin Victoria shi ne kifayen cichlid na haplochromine (''[[Haplochromis]]'' ''[[sensu lato]]''), wanda ya ƙunshi fiye da nau’o’i 500, kusan dukkaninsu na musamman ga wannan yankin ne.&lt;ref name=&quot;Verheyen2003&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Meier2017&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Meier | last2 = Marques | last3 = Mwaiko | last4 = Wagner | last5 = Excoffier | last6 = Seehausen | year = 2017 | title = Ancient hybridization fuels rapid cichlid fish adaptive radiations | journal = Nature Communications | volume = 8 | article-number = 14363 | doi = 10.1038/ncomms14363 | pmid = 28186104 | pmc = 5309898 | bibcode = 2017NatCo...814363M }}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan ya sa Tabkin Victoria ya zama ɗaya daga cikin wurare mafi arziki da nau’in kifi a duniya, sai dai [[Tabkin Malawi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Turner2001&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Turner |last2=Seehausen |last3=Knight |last4=Allender |last5=Robinson |year=2001 |title=How many species of cichlid fishes are there in African lakes? |journal=Molecular Ecology |volume=10 |issue=3|pages=793–806 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-294x.2001.01200.x |pmid=11298988 |s2cid=12925712 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wannan bambancin nau’o’i ya samo asali ne sakamakon saurin **samuwar sabbin nau’o’i ta hanyar juyin halitta (adaptive radiation)** a cikin kusan shekaru 15,000 da suka gabata.&lt;ref name=&quot;Verheyen2003&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Meier2017&quot;/&gt;

Kifayen haplochromine na Victoria suna nuna bambance-bambancen jima’i (males suna da launuka masu haske, mata kuma ba su da haske sosai),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal | author = Rijssel | author2 = Moser | author3 = Frei | author4 = Seehausen | title = Prevalence of disruptive selection predicts extent of species differentiation in Lake Victoria cichlids | journal = Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences | volume = 285 | issue = 1871 | date = 2018 | doi = 10.1098/rspb.2017.2630 | pmid = 29367400 | pmc = 5805951 }}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma suna da bambancin rayuwa sosai, suna cin abinci iri-iri kamar:
masu cin ragowar abinci (detritivores), masu cin plankton (zooplanktivores), masu cin kwari (insectivores), masu cin ƙananan jatan ruwa (prawn-eaters), masu cin katantanwa (molluscivores), da masu cin sauran kifi (piscivores).&lt;ref name=&quot;Lowe2009&quot;/&gt;

Sakamakon shigowar [[Nile perch]] da kuma gurɓacewar ruwa (eutrophication), an yi kiyasin cewa aƙalla nau’o’i 200 na haplochromine sun ɓace, wanda ya kai kusan kashi 40% na jinsin da ke tabkin.&lt;ref name=&quot;DeWeerdt2004&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lowe2009&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Rijssel2013&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=van Rijssel |last2=Witte |year=2013 |title=Adaptive responses in resurgent Lake Victoria cichlids over the past 30 years |journal=Evol. Ecol. |volume=27 |issue=2|pages=253–67 |doi=10.1007/s10682-012-9596-9 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wasu nau’o’in sun ɓace gaba ɗaya, wasu kuma sun rage sosai, yayin da wasu suka tsira a ƙananan tabkuna na gefe, ko kuma a wuraren duwatsu da ciyayi na papyrus da ke kare su daga mafarauta.&lt;ref name=&quot;Chapman1996&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Chapman | last2 = Chapman | last3 = Chandler | year = 1996 | title = Wetland ecotones as refugia for endangered fishes | journal = Biological Conservation | volume = 78 | issue = 3| pages = 263–70 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wasu kuma sun daidaita da sabbin yanayi a tabkin, kamar samun manyan gill don jure ƙarancin iskar oxygen, sauye-sauyen siffar baki, da ingantaccen gani a ruwa mai datti.&lt;ref name=&quot;Witte2000&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lowe2009&quot;/&gt;

A yau, wasu daga cikin waɗannan kifaye suna rayuwa ne kawai a cikin gidajen adana dabbobi (zoos da aquaria), yayin da wasu suka riga sun ɓace gaba ɗaya daga yanayi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sayer2018&quot;/&gt;

===Crustaceans===
Nau’o’in [[ƙadangaren ruwa mai ɗanɗano (freshwater crab)|ƙadangaren ruwa mai ɗanɗano]] guda huɗu an san su a cikin [[Tabkin Victoria]]. Daga cikinsu, ''[[Potamonautes niloticus]]'' yana yaɗuwa a cikin tabkin, kuma ''[[Potamonautes emini|P. emini]]'' an ruwaito samuwarsa a yankin [[Bukoba]] a Tanzaniya, amma dukkansu ana samun su a wasu wurare a Afirka kuma.&lt;ref&gt;Cumberlidge, N. (2009). &quot;Freshwater Crabs and Shrimps (Crustacea: Decapoda) of the Nile Basin&quot;. Chapter 27, pp. 547–61 in : Dumony, H.J. (editor). ''The Nile. Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use. Monographiae Biologicae'', Vol. 89. Springer, New York. {{ISBN|978-1-4020-9726-3}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite iucn | author = Cumberlidge, N. | title = ''Potamonautes emini'' | volume = 2016 | article-number = e.T44523A84352263 | date = 2016 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T44523A84352263.en | access-date = 14 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nau’o’in na ƙarshe guda biyu an fara bayyana su a kimiyyance a shekarar 2017, kuma har yanzu ba a san abubuwa da yawa game da su ba: ''[[Potamonautes entebbe|P. entebbe]]'' kawai an san shi daga yankin kusa da [[Entebbe]] (samfurin da aka tattara shi kaɗai a 1955, kuma ba a tabbatar ko an samo shi cikin ko kusa da tabkin ba), sannan ''[[Potamonautes busungwe|P. busungwe]]'' kuma an same shi ne kawai a Tsibirin Busungwe a arewa maso yammacin tabkin. Wannan nau’i na ƙarshe yana iya zama mafi ƙanƙanta ƙadangaren ruwa a Afirka, tare da faɗin ƙwaryar jikinsa (carapace) har zuwa kusan {{cvt|1.6|cm|in|1}}, kodayake ''[[Potamonautes kantsyore|P. kantsyore]]'' na Kogin Kagera da kuma ''[[Platythelphusa]] maculata'' da ''P. polita'' na Tabkin Tanganyika suna kusa da wannan ƙanƙantar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Cumberlidge | first1 = N. | last2 = Clark | first2 = P.F. | year = 2017 | title = Description of three new species of Potamonautes MacLeay, 1838 from the Lake Victoria region in southern Uganda, East Africa (Brachyura: Potamoidea: Potamonautidae) | journal = European Journal of Taxonomy | issue = 371| pages = 1–19 | doi = 10.5852/ejt.2017.371 | doi-access = free | hdl = 10141/622400 | hdl-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Lake Victoria IMG 20200202 145633.jpg|alt=Tabkin Victoria.|thumb|Tabkin Victoria daga nesa mai faɗi.]]

Shrimp/prawn guda ɗaya da ake samu shi ne ''[[Caridina nilotica]]'',&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Goudswaard | first1 = K. | last2 = Witte | first2 = F. | last3 = Wanink | first3 = J.H. | year = 2006 | title = The shrimp Caridina nilotica in Lake Victoria (East Africa), before and after the Nile perch increase | journal = Hydrobiologia | volume = 563 | issue = 1| pages = 31–44 | doi = 10.1007/s10750-005-1385-9 | bibcode = 2006HyBio.563...31G | s2cid = 40935454 }}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda yake da yawa kuma ya yaɗu a cikin Tabkin Victoria.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lowe2009&quot;/&gt;

===Molluscs (Dabbobin ƙwarya)===
Tabkin Victoria na ɗauke da nau’o’in [[katantanwar ruwa mai ɗanɗano]] 28 (misali: ''[[Bellamya (gastropod)|Bellamya]]'', ''[[Biomphalaria]]'', ''[[Bulinus]]'', ''[[Cleopatra (gastropod)|Cleopatra]]'', ''[[Gabbiella]]'', da ''[[Melanoides]]''), ciki har da nau’o’i 12 da ke musamman ga wannan wuri (endemic).&lt;ref name=&quot;Darwall2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite book | editor1=Darwall, W. | editor2=Smith, K. | editor3=Allen, D. | editor4=Holland, R. | editor5=Harrison, I. | editor6=Brooks, E. | year=2011 | title=The Diversity of Life in African Freshwaters: Under Water, Under Threat. An Analysis of the Status and Distribution of Freshwater Species Throughout Mainland Africa | author1=Seddon, M. | author2=Appleton, C. | author3=Van Damme, D. | author4=Graf, D. | chapter=Freshwater Molluscs of Africa: Diversity, Distribution, and Conservation | pages=92–119 | isbn=978-2-8317-1345-8 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Brown, D. (1994). ''Freshwater Snails of Africa and Their Medical Importance.'' 2nd edition. {{ISBN|0-7484-0026-5}}{{full|date = December 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{page needed|date = December 2024}}

Haka kuma akwai nau’o’in [[bivalves]] 17 (misali: ''[[Corbicula]]'', ''[[Coelatura]]'', ''[[Sphaerium]]'', da ''[[Byssanodonta]]''), ciki har da nau’o’i 6 da ke musamman ga wannan wuri.&lt;ref name=&quot;Darwall2011&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Mwambungu | first1 = J.A. | year = 2004 | title = The diversity of benthic molluscs of Lake Victoria and Lake Burigi | journal = Tanzania Journal of Science| volume = 30 | issue = 1| pages = 21–32 | doi = 10.4314/tjs.v30i1.18384 | doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wataƙila har yanzu akwai nau’o’in katantanwa da ba a bayyana su a kimiyya ba. A gefe guda kuma, binciken kwayoyin halitta ya nuna cewa wasu nau’o’in da aka riga aka bambanta a zahiri (morphology) na iya kasancewa bambance-bambancen nau’i guda ne kawai.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sayer2018&quot;/&gt;

Nau’o’in katantanwa biyu, ''Biomphalaria'' da ''Bulinus'', suna ɗauke da [[tsutsar bilharzia (schistosomiasis)|parasite]] da ke haifar da cutar [[bilharzia]]. Kamuwa da wannan cuta a yankin Tabkin Victoria ya zama ruwan dare.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |author=Senthilingam, M. |date=9 February 2016 |title=The Snails Spreading Fever Across Africa | url=https://edition.cnn.com/2016/02/09/health/snails-spread-schistosomiasis-in-africa/index.html | publisher=CNN | access-date=16 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wannan na iya ƙaruwa sakamakon yawaitar [[ruwan ciyawar hyacinth (water hyacinth)]], wanda ke zama wurin da katantanwa ke rayuwa sosai,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Chege, N. |date=1995 |title=Lake Victoria: A Sick Giant |url=http://faculty.fgcu.edu/twimberley/EnviroPhilo/LakeVictoriaCrisis.pdf |publisher=People &amp; the Planet |access-date=16 May 2018 |archive-date=17 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180517153755/http://faculty.fgcu.edu/twimberley/EnviroPhilo/LakeVictoriaCrisis.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma raguwar kifayen cichlid masu cin katantanwa a cikin tabkin.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Pomerantz, J. |date=19 September 2015 |title=Haplochromine Cichlids of Lake Victoria |url=https://www.ecologycenter.us/natural-history-2/haplochromine-cichlids-of-lake-victoria.html |publisher=ecologycenter.us |access-date=16 May 2018 |archive-date=4 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180804140824/https://www.ecologycenter.us/natural-history-2/haplochromine-cichlids-of-lake-victoria.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Gizo-gizo===
''[[Evarcha culicivora]]'' wani nau’in gizo-gizo ne mai tsalle (family [[Salticidae]]) da ake samu kawai a kewayen Tabkin Victoria a Kenya da Uganda. Yana cin abinci musamman sauro mata.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Nelson|first1=Ximena J.|last2=Jackson|first2=Robert R.|last3=Sune|first3=Godfrey|date=2005|title=Use of Anopheles-Specific Prey-Capture Behavior by the Small Juveniles of Evarcha culicivora, a Mosquito-Eating Jumping Spider|journal=The Journal of Arachnology|volume=33|issue=2|pages=541–548|doi=10.1636/05-3.1|issn=0161-8202|jstor=4129852|s2cid=55244513|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/228863}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kamun kifi ==
[[File:Ugandan fishing boats.jpg|thumb|Masunta da jiragen su a bakin Tafkin Victoria]]

Tafkin Victoria yana tallafawa babbar kamun kifi ta cikin ƙasa a Afirka (tun daga 1997).&lt;ref name=&quot;Geheb97&quot;&gt;{{cite thesis |author=Kim Geheb |year=1997 |title=The Regulators and the regulated: fisheries management, options and dynamics in Kenya's Lake Victoria Fishery |degree=PhD |publisher=University of Sussex |access-date=12 October 2010 |archive-date=7 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007142331/http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?did=1&amp;uin=uk.bl.ethos.336275 }}&lt;/ref&gt; A farko kamun kifin ya ƙunshi nau’o’in asali, musamman tilapia da haplochromine cichlids, amma har da catfish (''Bagrus'', ''Clarias'', ''Synodontis'' da silver butter catfish), elephantfish, ningu (''Labeo victorianus'') da marbled lungfish (''Protopterus aethiopicus'').&lt;ref name=&quot;LVFO2016&quot;&gt;Lake Victoria Fisheries Organization (2016). {{cite web |title=Lake Victoria Fisheries: An introduction |access-date=2017-03-27 |archive-date=15 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160915061916/http://www.lvfo.org/index.php/lvfo/lvfo-secretariat/5-lake-victoria-fisheries-an-introduction }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Njiru2005&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Njiru | last2 = Waithaka | last3 = Muchiri | last4 = van Knaap | last5 = Cowx | year = 2005 | title = Exotic introductions to the fishery of Lake Victoria: What are the management options? | journal = Lakes &amp; Reservoirs: Research and Management | volume = 10 | issue = 3 | pages = 147–55 | doi = 10.1111/j.1440-1770.2005.00270.x | archive-date = 2 February 2021 | access-date = 20 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202102022/https://karuspace.karu.ac.ke/handle/20.500.12092/2060 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu daga cikin waɗannan, ciki har da tilapia da ningu (''Labeo victorianus''), sun ragu tun farkon karni na 20 saboda kamun fiye da kima.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lowe2009&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite iucn | author = FishBase team RMCA &amp; Geelhand, D. | title = ''Labeo victorianus'' | volume = 2016 | article-number = e.T60318A47182908 | date = 2016 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T60318A47182908.en | access-date = 14 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Don ƙara yawan kamun kifi, an shigo da nau’o’in tilapia da Nile perch a cikin 1950s. Duk da haka, nau’o’in asali sun ci gaba da mamaye kamun kifi har zuwa 1970s inda raguwar su ya sa aka koma sosai ga Nile tilapia (yanzu kashi 7 cikin 100 na kamun), Nile perch (kashi 60 cikin 100) da sardine na Tafkin Victoria (kashi 30 cikin 100).&lt;ref name=&quot;Lowe2009&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Njiru2005&quot;/&gt; Saboda ƙaramin girman sa, sardine mai yawa a cikin tafkin bai tallafawa manyan kamun kifi ba sai bayan raguwar sauran nau’o’in asali.&lt;ref name=&quot;Njiru2005&quot;/&gt; A kololuwa a farkon shekarun 1990s, ton 500,000 na Nile perch ana kamawa kowace shekara a Tafkin Victoria, amma wannan ya ragu sosai a baya-bayan nan.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lowe2009&quot;/&gt;

== Matsalolin Muhalli ==

Akwai matsalolin muhalli da dama da ke da alaƙa da Tafkin Victoria, kuma bacewar yawancin nau’in kifin cichlid na asali an kira shi “mafi girman misali na halakar halittu da ɗan adam ya haddasa a cikin wani muhalli”.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fiedler1998&quot;/&gt;

=== Kifayen da aka shigo da su (Invasive fish) ===

Tun daga shekarun 1950, an shigo da nau’o’in kifi da dama cikin Tafkin Victoria, inda suka zama masu mamaye muhalli (invasive) kuma suka zama babban dalilin bacewar yawancin kifin cichlid na asali.&lt;ref name=&quot;Witte1992&quot;/&gt; Daga cikin kifayen da aka shigo da su akwai nau’o’in tilapia da dama: redbreast (Coptodon rendalli), redbelly (C. zillii), Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) da blue-spotted tilapia (O. leucostictus).&lt;ref name=&quot;Lowe2009&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Njiru2005&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Pringle2005&quot;/&gt;

Ko da yake waɗannan kifaye sun taimaka wajen sauya tsarin muhalli ta hanyar yin gasa da kifayen asali da rage yawansu, har ma a wasu lokuta (musamman Nile tilapia) ana zargin sun yi haɗuwa da kifayen tilapia na asali da ke cikin haɗarin bacewa, mafi shahara daga cikin shigarwar ita ce babban kifin cin nama mai ƙarfi, wato Nile perch (Lates niloticus).&lt;ref name=&quot;Witte1992&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lowe2009&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Njiru2005&quot;/&gt;

[[File:Lates niloticus 2.jpg|thumb|Nile perch an shigo da shi Tafkin Victoria domin kamun kifi, kuma yana iya kaiwa tsayin mita 2 da nauyin kilo 200.&lt;ref&gt;{{FishBase | genus = Lates | species = niloticus | month = March| year = 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

Tun farkon shekarun 1920, an fara ba da shawarar shigo da babban kifin cin nama kamar Nile perch domin inganta kamun kifi a tafkin. Amma an kuma yi gargaɗi cewa hakan na iya haifar da babbar illa ga kifayen asali, don haka aka buƙaci a yi bincike sosai kafin aiwatarwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pringle2005&quot;/&gt; Waɗannan gargaɗi sun fi mayar da hankali kan tilapia na asali (O. esculentus), domin ƙananan kifin haplochromine (duk da muhimmancinsu a kamun kifi na gida) an ɗauke su a matsayin “kifin sharar gida” a lokacin mulkin mallaka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pringle2005&quot;/&gt;

A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, matsin lamba na shigo da Nile perch ya ci gaba, haka kuma gargaɗi game da illarsa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pringle2005&quot;/&gt; Shigar farko a yankin, da Hukumar Kula da Dabbobin da Kamun Kifi ta Uganda ta yi (a lokacin tana ƙarƙashin gwamnatin mulkin mallaka), ya faru ne a saman Murchison Falls bayan kammala Dam ɗin Owen Falls a 1954, wanda ya ba shi damar ya bazu zuwa Tafkin Kyoga.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pringle2005&quot;/&gt; Daga baya kuma an ƙara sakin shi a Kyoga a 1955, amma ba a fara shi kai tsaye a Victoria ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pringle2005&quot;/&gt;

Masana sun yi kira a dakata har sai an fahimci tasirin sa, amma a ƙarshen shekarun 1950 an fara kama Nile perch a Tafkin Victoria.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pringle2005&quot;/&gt; Da yake ya riga ya shiga tafkin, ba a yi tsayayya sosai ba lokacin da aka ƙara shigar da shi a 1962–63 domin ƙara yawan sa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pringle2005&quot;/&gt;

Asalin yadda Nile perch ya fara shiga Tafkin Victoria ba cikakke ba ne kuma babu tabbataccen hujja. Jami’an Hukumar Kula da Dabbobin da Kamun Kifi ta Uganda sun musanta hannu, amma wasu hujjoji da shaidun ma’aikatan da aka yi amfani da su a hukumar sun nuna cewa an shigo da shi a 1954–55 bisa umarnin manyan jami’ai.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pringle2005&quot;/&gt; Wasu sun ce kifin ya iya wucewa ta Dam ɗin Owen Falls ne lokacin gyara, amma masana da dama sun ɗauki wannan a matsayin abu mai wahala sosai.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pringle2005&quot;/&gt;

Nile perch ya bazu cikin duk tafkin zuwa shekarar 1970.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lowe2009&quot;/&gt; A farko yawan sa ya yi ƙasa, amma daga baya ya ƙaru sosai ya kai kololuwa a shekarun 1980, sannan ya fara raguwa daga shekarun 1990.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lowe2009&quot;/&gt;

=== Mamayar ruwan hyacinth ===

Ruwan hyacinth ya zama babbar matsalar shuke-shuke masu mamaye muhalli a Tafkin Victoria.

Zubar da ruwan datti ba tare da tacewa ba, da kuma ruwan noma da masana’antu kai tsaye cikin tafkin a cikin shekaru 30 da suka gabata ya ƙara sinadaran nitrogen da phosphorus, wanda ya jawo girman shukar ruwan hyacinth mai yawa a ƙarshen shekarun 1990.&lt;ref name=&quot;Luilo&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;...&lt;/ref&gt;

Wannan shuka tana rage iskar oxygen a cikin ruwa, tana hana ruɓar shuke-shuke yadda ya kamata, tana ƙara guba da cututtuka ga kifi da mutane. Haka kuma tana hana jiragen ruwa motsi, tana toshe bakin ruwa, tana hana samar da wutar lantarki, da hana shan ruwa ga masana’antu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Luilo&quot;/&gt;

A gefe guda, tarin shukar na iya samar da wurin buya ga kifaye daga kamun kifi, har ma an ga dawowar wasu nau’o’in kifaye da ake tunanin sun ɓace. Amma har yanzu tasirinta gaba ɗaya ba a tabbatar da shi ba.&lt;ref/&gt;

An fara lura da yawan ta daga 1993, ta kai kololuwa a 1997, sannan ta fara raguwa a 2001.&lt;ref/&gt;

An yi ƙoƙarin cire ta da hannu, amma ta sake girma da sauri. Daga baya aka fara amfani da kwari na halitta da jiragen yanka shuka, wanda ya fi tasiri.&lt;ref/&gt;

Haka kuma an kafa wata tashar makamashi a Kisumu a 2013 da ke amfani da hyacinth wajen samar da gas da taki.&lt;ref/&gt;

=== Gurɓatar muhalli ===

Gurɓatar Tafkin Victoria na faruwa ne sakamakon zubar da ruwan datti kai tsaye cikin tafkin, da zubar da shara daga gidaje da masana’antu, da sinadaran taki daga gonaki.

Birane da garuruwa da dama a kewayen tafkin suna fitar da ruwan datti ba tare da tsarkakewa ba, wanda ke ƙara lalata ruwa da jawo eutrophication, wanda kuma ke taimakawa yaduwar ruwan hyacinth.&lt;ref/&gt;

Yawan sare dazuka ya rage ikon ƙasa na tace gurɓataccen ruwa, wanda ya ƙara lalata ingancin ruwan tafkin.&lt;ref/&gt;

=== Bayanai na muhalli ===

Akwai ma’ajiyar bayanan muhalli na Tafkin Victoria tun daga 2016, wanda ke ɗauke da bayanan bakin teku, zurfin ruwa, gurɓatawa, zafin ruwa, iska da sauran muhimman bayanai.

A shekarar 2026 an ƙara faɗaɗa wannan tsarin bayanai tare da sabon rahoton yanayin tafkin na 2025, wanda ya nuna yadda ake sa ido kan sauyin muhalli da yanayi ga miliyoyin mutane da ke rayuwa a yankin tafkin.

== Tarihi da Bincike ==
[[File:The National Archives UK - CO 1069-3-183.jpg|thumb|Bismarck Rock]]

Bayanan farko da aka rubuta game da Tafkin Victoria sun fito ne daga ’yan kasuwar [[Larabawa]] da ke bin hanyoyin cikin nahiyar don neman [[zinariya]], [[hauren giwa]], wasu muhimman kayayyaki masu daraja, da kuma [[bauta]].

[[File:Africa Lake Victoria 10 006.jpg|left|thumb|Tafkin kamar yadda ake ganinsa daga gabar Speke Resort a Kampala, Uganda]]

Yawancin ƙabilun Afirka suna zaune a yankin da ke kewaye da tafkin. Turawan [[Turai]] na farko da ya fara ganin tafkin shi ne a shekarar 1858, lokacin da mai binciken Birtaniya [[John Hanning Speke]] ya isa kudancin gabar tafkin yayin tafiyarsa tare da [[Richard Francis Burton]] domin binciken Afirka ta tsakiya da gano Manyan Tafkuna. Speke ya yi imanin cewa ya gano tushen kogin [[Nile]] ne lokacin da ya ga wannan “babban shimfidar ruwa mai faɗi” a karon farko, don haka ya sanya wa tafkin suna na Sarauniya Victoria. Burton, wanda a lokacin yana jinya kuma yana hutawa a Kazeh (kusa da [[Tabora]] ta yau),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Millard |first=Candice |title=River of the Gods |publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group}}{{full|date = December 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{page needed|date = December 2024}} ya fusata sosai saboda Speke ya yi ikirarin cewa ya tabbatar da gano tushen Kogin Nile, abin da Burton ya ɗauka har yanzu ba a tabbatar da shi ba. Wannan ya haifar da babbar rigima a fili, wadda ta tayar da muhawara mai zafi a cikin masana kimiyya na wancan lokaci, tare da ƙara sha’awar wasu masu bincike da ke son tabbatarwa ko karyata binciken Speke.&lt;ref name = &quot;DNB&quot;&gt;{{DNB Cite|wstitle=Speke, John Hanning}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:View at Lake Victoria (Uganda).jpg|thumb|Karamar jirgin ruwa mai motsi a Tafkin Victoria, kusa da gabar Uganda]]

A ƙarshen shekarun 1860, shahararren mai bincike kuma mishan ɗin [[David Livingstone]] ya kasa tabbatar da gano Speke, sai dai ya karkata zuwa yamma fiye da kima har ya shiga tsarin Kogin [[Congo]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url=http://www.jambokenya.com/jambo/location/victoria.htm| archive-url=https://archive.today/19970617231906/http://www.jambokenya.com/jambo/location/victoria.htm| archive-date=17 June 1997| title=Kenya, Africa – Lake Victoria in Kenya| publisher=Jambo Kenya Network| access-date=14 July 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga ƙarshe, mai binciken Birtaniya-Amurka [[Henry Morton Stanley]], a cikin balaguron da jaridar ''[[New York Herald]]'' ta ɗauki nauyi, ya tabbatar da gaskiyar abin da Speke ya gano, inda ya zagaya tafkin tsakanin 1875–1876 kuma ya ruwaito babban hanyar fitar ruwan da ke [[Ripon Falls]] a arewacin gabar tafkin.

== Amfani da Ruwa ==
Yawancin garuruwa da birane sun dogara da Tafkin Victoria wajen samun ruwan sha, noma da sauran amfani.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Lake Victoria {{!}} Size, Map, Countries, &amp; Facts|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Lake-Victoria|access-date=2020-08-24|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Tsarin Ruwan Lamadi ===
Tsarin ruwan Lamadi wani aikin ruwa da tsafta ne da ke yi wa biranen Mwanza da ƙananan garuruwan Lamadi, Misungwi, Magu, Bukoba, da Musoma hidima a bakin Tafkin Victoria. Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai ya fara aikin a shekarar 2013 da nufin kare lafiyar muhalli na tafkin, ta hanyar inganta ruwa da tsafta a garuruwan da gurɓataccen ruwansu ke taimakawa lalacewar tafkin. Aikin yana nufin samar da ruwan sha mai tsafta ga kimanin mutane miliyan guda, da kuma inganta tsafta ga mutane 100,000. Ana tace laka da ƙazanta da ke cikin ruwa ta amfani da yashi wanda ke aiki kamar matatar tacewa. Daga nan ruwan yana shirye don a saka masa sinadarin chlorin ko a bi wasu hanyoyin tsarkake shi. Tacewar yashi na taimakawa rage cututtukan da ke yaduwa ta ruwa, kuma yana amfani da albarkatun muhalli na yankin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Development Solutions: Creative flow|url=https://www.eib.org/en/essays/creative-development-solutions|access-date=2020-08-24|website=European Investment Bank|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Dam ɗin Nalubaale ===

[[File:From top of Nalubaale Power Station.jpg|thumb|right|Tashar wutar lantarki ta [[Nalubaale Hydroelectric Power Station]] a [[Njeru]], Uganda.]]

Wurin da ruwan Tafkin Victoria ke fita shi ne a Jinja, Uganda, inda ya zama Kogin Victoria Nile. Shekaru sama da 12,000 ana samun fitar ruwan ta kan wata dutsen halitta mai kama da shinge. A shekarar 1952, injiniyoyi na gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta [[British Uganda]] sun fashe wannan dutsen domin maye gurbinsa da wani ginin da aka yi da hannu (barrage) don sarrafa matakin ruwan tafkin da rage lalacewar dutsen. An kafa ƙa’ida mai suna “agreed curve” domin kwaikwayon tsohon tsarin fitar ruwan, inda aka kayyade yawan ruwan da ke fita tsakanin mita kubik 300 zuwa 1,700 a cikin dakika ɗaya dangane da matakin ruwan tafkin.

A shekarar 2002, Uganda ta kammala gina wani sabon tsarin samar da wutar lantarki na ruwa a yankin, wato Kiira Hydroelectric Power Station, tare da taimakon Bankin Duniya. Zuwa shekarar 2006, matakin ruwan Tafkin Victoria ya kai mafi ƙanƙanta cikin shekaru 80, kuma Daniel Kull, wani masanin ilimin ruwa mai zaman kansa da ke zaune a Nairobi, Kenya, ya ƙiyasta cewa Uganda na fitar da ruwa sau biyu fiye da adadin da aka amince da shi,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=mg18925384.100 |title=Uganda pulls plug on Lake Victoria |journal=[[New Scientist]] |date=9 February 2006 |author=Fred Pearce |volume=2538 |page=12 |access-date=2 September 2017 |archive-date=13 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081013113221/http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=mg18925384.100 }}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma hakan shi ne babban dalilin raguwar matakin ruwan tafkin a kwanan nan.

== Sufuri ==
[[File:Ukerewe-Mwanza Ferry.jpg|thumb|Jirgin ruwan Ukerewe-Mwanza Ferry.]]

Tun daga shekarun 1900s, jiragen ruwan Tafkin Victoria sun kasance muhimmin hanyar sufuri tsakanin Uganda, Tanzaniya da Kenya. Manyan tashoshin jirgin ruwa a tafkin sun haɗa da Kisumu, Mwanza, Bukoba, Entebbe, Port Bell, da Jinja. Har zuwa 1963, mafi saurin da sabuwar jirgin ruwan MV Victoria (1959) an ayyana shi a matsayin Royal Mail Ship. A cikin 1966, an kafa sabis na jirgin ƙasa tsakanin Kenya da Tanzaniya tare da gabatar da MV Uhuru da MV Umoja. Jirgin ruwan MV Bukoba ya nutse a tafkin a ranar 21 ga Mayu 1996 inda aka rasa rayukan mutane tsakanin 800 zuwa 1,000, wanda ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan haɗuran ruwa a Afirka.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Diver's recover 180 bodies from Africa's worst ferry disaster|date=29 September 2002|work=Panama City News Herald|location=Panama city, Florida|page=8|last=Harris|first=Edward|access-date=6 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wani mummunan haɗari ya faru kwanan nan a ranar 20 ga Satumba 2018 wanda ya shafi jirgin ruwan fasinja MV Nyerere daga Tanzaniya wanda ya jawo mutuwar fiye da mutane 200.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ferry tragedy: More than 200 feared dead in Tanzania|website=The East African|language=en|access-date=2020-02-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 6 ga Nuwamba 2022, Tafkin Victoria ya kasance wurin hatsarin jirgin fasinja na kasuwanci. Jirgin Precision Air Flight 494, ATR 42–500 mai ɗauke da fasinjoji 39 da ma’aikata 4, ya yi hatsari yayin da yake kusantar Bukoba Airport, wanda ya jawo mutuwar mutane 19.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=19 dead after commercial aircraft crashes into Lake Victoria in Tanzania |date=6 November 2022|first1=Idris|last1=Mukhtar|first2=Lauren|last2=Said-Moorhouse|first3=Larry|last3=Madowo|work=CNN|access-date=6 November 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Passenger plane crashes into Lake Victoria in Tanzania, 19 dead|first=Nuzulack|last=Dausen|date=6 November 2022|work=Reuters|access-date=6 November 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{reflist|2}}

== Mahaɗu ==
{{Commons category|Lake Victoria}}
{{EB1911 Poster|Victoria Nyanza|Lake Victoria}}
* [http://www.ugpulse.com/articles/daily/homepage.asp?ID=306 Decreasing levels of Lake Victoria Worry East African Countries]
* [https://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=mg18925384.100 New Scientist article] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081013113221/http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=mg18925384.100 |date=13 October 2008 }} on Uganda's violation of the agreed curve for hydroelectric water flow.
* [http://internationalrivers.org/en/node/1056 Dams Draining Lake Victoria] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120310044431/http://internationalrivers.org/en/node/1056 |date=10 March 2012 }}
* [https://archive.org/details/naturalistonlake00carp ''A Naturalist on Lake Victoria, with an Account of Sleeping Sickness and the Tse-tse Fly''] (1920). T.F. Unwin Ltd, London; Biodiversity Archive
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v9VJ6cezlnU Video of Lake Victoria]
* Institutions of the East African Community: [https://web.archive.org/web/20120213132137/http://www.lvfo.org/ Lake Victoria Fisheries Organisation]</text>
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    <title>Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Baynes</title>
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'''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Baynes''' wadda aka tsara za ta samar da {{Convert|600|MW|0}} tashar wutar lantarki ta ruwa a arewa maso yammacin [[Namibiya|Namibia]], a kan iyaka da [[Angola]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=NamPower |date=6 May 2020 |title=Profile of Baynes Power Station |url=https://www.nampower.com.na/Page.aspx?p=222 |access-date=6 May 2020 |publisher=[[NamPower]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wuri ==
Tashar wutar lantarki tana a fadin Kogin Kunene, a Yankin Kunene na Namibia, kimanin {{Convert|200|km|0}} a ƙasan Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Ruacana, a kan iyakar ƙasa da ƙasa da [[Angola|Jamhuriyar Angola]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jean Marie Takouleu |date=10 April 2020 |title=Angola &amp; Namibia: Concluded Agreement for Baynes Dam Construction in 2021 |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/angola-namibia-concluded-agreement-for-baynes-dam-construction-in-2021/ |access-date=6 May 2020 |publisher=Afrik21.africa |archive-date=13 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413021119/https://www.afrik21.africa/en/angola-namibia-concluded-agreement-for-baynes-dam-construction-in-2021/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wurin yana a gindin tsaunuka na Baynes Mountains, kimanin kilomita 750 (466 , ta hanyar hanya, arewa maso yammacin [[Windhoek]], babban birnin kuma birni mafi girma na Namibia. Dam din da tashar wutar lantarki za su zauna a kan iyakar tsakanin Angola da Namibia.&lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;/&gt;

== Bayani na gaba ɗaya ==
Kafin shekara ta 2005, NamPower, kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki a Namibia, ya ci gaba da Yarjejeniyar Firm Power (FPC) tare da Eskom na Afirka ta Kudu. A wannan shekarar, kwangilar ta ƙare kuma ba za a iya sabuntawa ba saboda Afirka ta Kudu tana da karancin wutar lantarki. Nazarin hadin gwiwa, kimantawa na muhalli da sake zama, sun zaɓi wurin da ke yanzu, saboda shi ne mafi ƙarancin rikici ga muhalli kuma ga rayuwar al'ummomin asali. Gwamnatocin Angola da Namibia sun yanke shawarar gina tashar wutar lantarki ta 600 megawatt kuma su raba makamashi daidai.&lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;/&gt;

== Bayani game da fasaha ==
Dam din ya kunshi dutse mai cike da dutse tare da fuska. Ruwan dutse zai zama 12,000,000  mita (423,776,001  . Matsakaicin tsawo na bangon madatsar ruwan zai zama mita 200 (656 , samar da tafkin da ke auna kilomita 43 (27 , tsawo da matsakaicin faɗin kilomita 4 (2 . Sakamakon tafkin zai sami yanki na  kilomita 57 (22 sq  kuma yana riƙe da mita cubic 2,650,000,000 (9.3583866812 cu ft) na ruwa. Za a samar da wutar lantarki ta hanyar turbines biyar na Francis-type Vertical Axis. Turbines guda biyu kowannensu zai sami damar 71 megawatts kuma uku tare da 156.75 megawatts damar kowannensu.&lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;/&gt;

== Gine-gine ==
An lissafa kasafin kuɗin ginin a dala biliyan 1.2. An shirya ginin don farawa a cikin 2021 kuma ya kammala a cikin 2025. Bayan kammala, ana sa ran Angola da Namibia za su yi amfani da megawatts 300 kowannensu.&lt;ref name=&quot;4R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dominic Mandela |date=19 March 2020 |title=Namibia, Angola to develop cross-border Baynes hydroelectric dam |url=https://constructionreviewonline.com/2020/03/namibia-angola-to-develop-cross-border-baynes-hydroelectric-dam/ |access-date=6 May 2020 |publisher=Construction Review Online}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Afrilu na 2020, an tura wannan jadawalin lokaci; tare da ginin da ya fara a 2023 kuma ya fara aiki a 2029.&lt;ref name=&quot;5R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Charmaine Ngatjiheue |date=20 April 2020 |title=Baynes Power Plant Construction Slated For 2023 |url=https://www.namibian.com.na/90396/read/Baynes-power-plant-construction-slated-for-2023 |access-date=6 May 2020 |archive-date=5 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200505171230/https://www.namibian.com.na/90396/read/Baynes-power-plant-construction-slated-for-2023 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==manazarta==</text>
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    <title>Tafkin Malawi (Lake Nyasa) rikici na yankin</title>
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Rikici na yankin Lake Malawi (Lake Nyasa) rikici ne na dogon lokaci na diflomasiyya da shari'a tsakanin [[Malawi|Jamhuriyar Malawi]] da [[Tanzaniya|Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Tanzania]] game da wurin iyakar kasa da kasa a cikin tafkin da kuma mallaka / haƙƙin mallaka ga ruwansa da albarkatun. Rashin jituwa yana da tushen tarihi a cikin yarjejeniyar mulkin mallaka, ya kara tsanantawa bayan bayar da lasisin Binciken hydrocarbon a cikin shekarun 2010, kuma ya kasance batun ƙoƙarin sulhu na yanki.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lake_Malawi_Limbo&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lake Malawi or Lake Nyasa? Malawi–Tanzania Border Dispute Slips Into Limbo |url=https://www.rusi.orghttps//www.rusi.org |access-date=2025-10-13 |website=www.rusi.orghttps |language=en |archive-date=2023-09-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230901190943/https://rusi.org/explore-our-research/publications/commentary/russias-iranian-made-uavs-technical-profile |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; A ƙarshen 2024, Tanzania ta ba da jagora ga makarantu don amfani da taswirar hukuma da ke nuna iyakar da ke gudana ta tsakiyar tafkin, matakin da ya kara nuna takaddamar a cikin muhawara ta jama'a.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tanzania_Schools_Directive&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-12-21 |title=Tanzania directs schools to teach ‘correct’ Lake Malawi map |url=https://times.mw/tanzania-directs-schools-to-teach-correct-lake-malawi-map/ |access-date=2025-10-13 |website=The Times Group |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi da asalin tarihi ==
[[Fayil:Lake_Malawi,_Great_Rift_Valley.jpg|thumb|Hoton tauraron dan adam na Tafkin Malawi (Yankin Great Rift Valley). Yana nuna siffar tafkin da yanayin da ke kewaye da shi]]

=== Yarjejeniyar mulkin mallaka da da'awar farko ===
Tushen shari'a da taswirar rikici ya kasance a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 tsakanin manyan ƙasashen Turai. A karkashin shirye-shiryen Anglo-Jamusanci (Heligoland-Zanzibar) na 1890 da taswirar mulkin mallaka masu alaƙa, iyakar tsakanin abin da ya zama Nyasaland ([[Malawi]]) da Jamusanci Gabashin Afirka (daga baya Tanganyika / [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]]) ana wakiltar su tare da iyakar Tanzanian (sa'an nan Jamusanci / Burtaniya), yadda ya kamata sanya tafkin a cikin kariya da ta zama Malawi. Yarjejeniyar da taswirar da ke tattare da ita sune tushen matsayin Malawi cewa tafkin yana cikin yankin Malawi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Anglo-German-Treaty&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 July 2007 |title=Anglo German Treaty |url=https://ghdi.ghi-dc.org/pdf/eng/606_Anglo-German%20Treaty_110.pdf |access-date=13 October 2025 |website=Germany History in Documents and Images |archive-date=26 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250926204856/https://ghdi.ghi-dc.org/pdf/eng/606_Anglo-German%20Treaty_110.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Matsayi bayan samun 'yancin kai ===
A kan 'yancin kai, duka Tanzania da Malawi sun gaji rikitarwa kuma wani lokacin taswirar mulkin mallaka. Malawi a tarihi ta bi da tafkin (sai dai inda ya taɓa [[Mozambik|Mozambique]]) kamar yadda ya fi yawa a cikin ikonsa kuma ya yi amfani da wannan matsayi a cikin gudanarwar ƙasa da sarrafa albarkatu. Tanzania ta kalubalanci wannan matsayi, tana jayayya cewa ya kamata a iyakance iyakar ta hanyar daidaito (layin tsakiya) don raba ruwan cikin gida, ko kuma cewa shaidar taswirar mulkin mallaka ba ta da tabbas kuma ba ta isa ta hana canjin da aka tattauna ko wanda aka yanke hukunci bisa doka. Binciken ilimi da shari'a sun lura cewa matsayin jam'iyyun sun sauya a wasu lokuta kuma ana fassara taswirar mulkin mallaka da matani na yarjejeniya daban-daban daga kowane gefe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 March 2023 |title=Oil Under Troubled Waters?: Some Legal Aspects of the Boundary Dispute Between Malawi and Tanzania Over Lake Malawi |url=https://repository.law.umich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1193&amp;context=mjil |access-date=13 October 2025 |website=Michigan Journal of International Law}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hujjojin shari'a ==
[[Fayil:Malawi-Tanzania_border_dispute.png|thumb|Taswirar da ke nuna da'awar iyakar Malawi ta yanzu da da'awar Tanzania (layin tsakiya) akan Lake Nyasa / iyakar Malawi]]

=== Shari'ar Malawi ===
Babban ikirarin shari'a na Malawi ya dogara ne akan maye gurbin iyakokin mulkin mallaka da aka kafa ko aka amince da su ta hanyar shirye-shiryen Anglo-Jamusanci na karni na 19 da kuma aikin zane-zane na [[Daular Biritaniya|Birtaniya]]. Malawi ta yi jayayya cewa iyakar mulkin mallaka - wanda aka fassara shi kamar yadda yake gudana a bakin tekun Tanzaniya - ba a taɓa canza shi ba bisa doka kuma cewa ka'idar uti possidetis juris (girmama iyakokin da aka gada a lokacin 'yancin kai) tana goyancin ikon mallakar Malawi a kan [[Tabkin Malawi|tafkin]]. Binciken masana ya ambaci matani na yarjejeniya da bayanan mulkin mallaka don tallafawa matsayin da aka bayyana na Malawi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anglo-German-Treaty&quot;/&gt;

=== Shari'ar Tanzania ===
Tanzania ta yi jayayya cewa ka'idodin zamani na dokar kasa da kasa da ta shafi ruwa da iyakokin teku (gami da tanadi masu dacewa a cikin UNCLOS da al'adun iyakokin al'ada) suna tallafawa iyakokin ruwa na cikin gida ta hanyar daidaito, sau da yawa ana aiwatar da shi ta hanyar rarraba layin tsakiya inda babu wani yanayi na musamman da ya dace da akasin haka. Tanzaniya ta kuma yi jayayya cewa taswirar mulkin mallaka da yarjejeniyoyi ba su nuna iyakar da ke ba da cikakkiyar ko sassan tafkin kawai ga Malawi ba. Masu sharhi sun lura da dogaro da Tanzania akan haɗuwa da jayayya ta shari'a da madadin fassarorin taswirar.&lt;ref name=&quot;UN_Convention&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 September 2001 |title=United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea |url=https://www.un.org/depts/los/convention_agreements/texts/unclos/unclos_e.pdf |access-date=13 October 2025 |website=United Nations}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Soetendalsvlei''' tafkin ruwa ne na halitta a cikin Agulhas Plains a lardin Yammacin Cape na Afirka ta Kudu . Ita ce tafkin da ya fi kudu a nahiyar Afirka kuma tafkin ruwa na biyu mafi girma a Afirka ta Kudu bayan [[Tafkin Chrissie]] . Tafkin, wanda ke cikin wani wuri mai faɗi da ake kira strandveld, gida ga wani nau'in ciyayi na Fynbos, sanannen yanki ne na masu juyawa. Tafkin ya sami sunansa daga ''[[Zoetendaal]]'', jirgin Kamfanin Dutch East India, wanda ya rushe a bakin tekun kusa da [[Cape Agulhas]] a ranar 23 ga watan Agusta 1673. Ita ce tsohuwar jirgin ruwa a bakin tekun Afirka ta Kudu. Wadanda suka tsira sun fara tafiya zuwa Cape kuma sun isa babban tafkin ruwa mai laushi wanda ba a sani ba kimanin sa'o'i uku bayan haka. Sun ba da sunan tafkin saboda taimako da godiya bayan jirgin su.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Agulhas Park eBulletin |url=https://www.sanparks.org/docs/parks-agulhas/january.pdf |website=South African National Parks |access-date=2026-05-28 |archive-date=2013-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130303112121/http://sanparks.org/docs/parks-agulhas/january.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tafkin Kibwera</title>
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'''Tafkin Kibwera''' tafkin crater ne na Uganda a cikin Gidan shakatawa na Sarauniya Elizabeth a Yammacin Uganda . Tafkin yana da nau'ikan kifi daban-daban wanda al'ummar da ke kewaye da shi suka fi so.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-01-05 |title=Mystical 52 crater lakes, valley of the dead of Bunyaruguru |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/travel/mystical-52-crater-lakes-valley-of-the-dead-of-bunyaruguru-1655932 |access-date=2024-06-26 |website=Monitor |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-01-19 |title=UWA maps out crocodile areas |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/uwa-maps-out-crocodile-areas-1613974 |access-date=2024-06-26 |website=Monitor |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; An kuma san tafkin a matsayin wurin zama ga crocodiles da aka sake komawa daga tabkuna da ke kusa kamar Lake George yayin da suke haifar da barazana ga rayuwar ɗan adam.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Makanga |first=Samuel |date=2015-06-10 |title=Residents around Lake George relieved following the relocation of a man eating crocodile – Uganda safari news |url=https://www.primeugandasafaris.com/residents-around-lake-george-relieved-following-the-relocation-of-a-man-eating-crocodile-uganda-safari-news/ |access-date=2024-06-26 |website=Prime Uganda Safaris |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2015-06-09 |title=Uganda Wildlife Authority maps Crocodile territory |url=https://www.kfm.co.ug/news/uganda-wildlife-authority-maps-crocodile-territory.html |access-date=2024-06-26 |website=93.3 KFM |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-06-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240626091953/https://www.kfm.co.ug/news/uganda-wildlife-authority-maps-crocodile-territory.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; '''Tafkin Kibwera''' yanki ne mai kariya wanda Hukumar Kula da namun daji ta Uganda (UWA) da Ma'aikatar Yawon Bude Ido, namun daji da kayan tarihi ke sarrafawa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tourism Uganda {{!}} Ministry of Tourism Wildlife and Antiquities {{!}} Kampala |url=https://www.tourism.go.ug/ |access-date=2024-06-26 |website=tourismuganda |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-04-30 |title=Uganda Wildlife Authority - UWA |url=https://ugandawildlife.org/ |access-date=2024-06-26 |website=ugandawildlife.org |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wurin da yake ==
'''Tafkin Kibwera''' yana cikin Gidan shakatawa na Sarauniya Elizabeth a Yammacin Uganda Gundumar Rubirizi a '''Latitude''' 0°15'15.6&quot;S da Longitude 29°59'20.8&quot;E . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Queen Elizabeth National Park {{!}} Institute of Tropical Forest Conservation |url=https://itfc.must.ac.ug/study-sites/queen-elizabeth-national-park |access-date=2024-06-26 |website=itfc.must.ac.ug}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rubirizi District in Western Region in Uganda - Information on Rubirizi District - Uganda.Places-in-the-world.com |url=https://uganda.places-in-the-world.com/8030584-region2-rubirizi-district.html |access-date=2024-06-26 |website=uganda.places-in-the-world.com }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* Tafkin Kyema
* Tafkin Nyamusingire
* Tafkin Bujuku

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tafkin Nakivali</title>
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''''''Tafkin Nakivale'''''', wanda aka fi sani da Tafkin Nakavale, tafkin ruwa ne mai laushi wanda ke cikin Yankin Isingiro na yammacin Uganda; yana daga cikin Tsarin tafkin Mburo-Nakivale.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lake Nakivale, Lake Mburo National Park |url=https://www.insidelakemburonationalpark.com/lake-nakivale-lake-mburo.html |access-date=2024-05-26 |website=Inside Lake Mburo National Park |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tana kusa da kilomita 40 kudu maso gabashin garin Mbarara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lake Nakivale |url=https://mbararatours.com/attractions/lake-nakivale.html |access-date=2024-05-26 |website=Mbarara Tours |language=en-US |archive-date=2026-06-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260624122514/https://mbararatours.com/attractions/lake-nakivale.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Biodiversity ==
Tafkin Nakivale yana da nau'in kifi 9 (4 haplochromines da 5 wadanda ba haplochromins ba) an gano su. cichlids (tilapiines da Nkejje haplochromines) sun mamaye kamawa. Ta hanyar lambobi, haplochromines da Astatotilapia aeneocolor ya mamaye, (89%) shine mafi yawan jinsuna yayin da tilapias Oreochromis esculentus, Oreochromis niloticus da Oreochromis leucostictus suka biyo baya (8%). Mamba Protopterus aethiopicus (2%) ya kasance na uku. Sauran nau'in kifi na muhimmancin kasuwanci, Male Clarias gariepinus ya ba da gudummawa 0.25%.

== Gidaje ==
[[Fayil:Isingiro_District_in_Uganda.svg|alt=Isingiro District in Uganda.|thumb|Wurin Gundumar Isingiro a Uganda.]]
Tafkin yana hidimtawa 'yan gudun hijira a cikin Nakivale Refugee Settlement da ƙasashen Uganda a yankunan da ke kusa da Tafkin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=A refugees' idea to restore a degraded Ugandan lake pays off |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/undefined |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=New Vision |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kasance a cikin barazana saboda gurɓataccen gurɓatawar da aka samu daga lalacewar daji saboda kafa sansanonin 'yan gudun hijira kodayake' yan gudun hijira sun jagoranci rawar da suka taka wajen kiyayewa da kare tafkin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; A kan dutsen dutse a kan tudu a mazaunin 'yan gudun hijira na Nakivale, ƙungiyar ma'aikata suna amfani da kayan aikin hannu don haƙa jerin ramuka, su sauka a cikin tsiro-tsire na itace sannan su rufe su don dawo da gandun daji.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=AfricaNews |date=4 January 2024 |title=Uganda: Refugees in Nakivale one of Africa's oldest settlements replant lost forests |url=https://www.africanews.com/2024/01/04/uganda-refugees-in-nakivale-one-of-the-oldest-settlements-in-africa-replant-lost-forests/ |access-date=2024-06-26 |website=Africanews |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ra'ayi daga Nakivale Refugee Settlement ya nuna kwarin kore da ke kaiwa ga Tafkin Nakivale . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Uganda's generosity to refugees continues despite limited resources |url=https://www.unhcr.org/africa/news/stories/ugandas-generosity-refugees-continues-despite-limited-resources |access-date=2024-06-26 |website=UNHCR Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; An kori wasu mutane daga yankunan kariya na Lake Nakivale . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mariam |first=Kabasongora |date=11 Mar 2013 |title=Lake Nakivale Evictees Sue Nema For Property Destruction |url=https://ugandaradionetwork.net/story/lake-nakivale-evictees-sue-nema-for-property-destruction}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==

* Shuka shuke-shuke a bakin tekun Nakivale yana haifar da yaduwa da raguwar matakan ruwa &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=L.Nakivale in danger |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/undefined |access-date=2024-06-13 |website=New Vision |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kashe daji &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-02-16 |title=Lake Nakivale Archives - Water Journalists Africa |url=https://waterjournalistsafrica.com/tag/lake-nakivale/ |access-date=2024-06-13 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kifi ba bisa ka'ida ba kuma ya wuce gona da iri, sama da kashi 70% na mazauna da ke kusa da tafkin suna rayuwa ne akan kamun kifi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
* Ayyukan noma kamar noma, kiwon dabbobi, yana haifar da gurɓataccen ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
* Sauran ayyukan ɗan adam kamar yin tubali a kusa da gabar tafkin yana haifar da gurɓataccen ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
* Yara suna iyo a sashin tafkin yayin da wasu ke jawo ruwa don amfani da gida &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;

== Rushewar yanayin halittu ==
Gauges a cikin Tafkin Nakivale ya nuna cewa an rufe tafkin ta hanyar laka wanda ya rage zurfin tafkin da 4m kuma ban da cewa an rage yankin saman (tsawon) da 10m daga bakin teku. Ci gaba da shigowar laka a cikin tafkin Nakivale mai murabba'in kilomita 25 ya juya ruwan ya zama ruwan kasa saboda gurɓataccen laka.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Siltation and sediment is clogging up Lake Nakivale |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/undefined |access-date=2024-06-29 |website=New Vision |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Siltation ya samo asali ne daga rashin kula da ciyayi misali yankan itace a kan tuddai na Ngarama da Kabingo da kuma kan kiwo, gobarar daji, konewar gawayi da rashin terraces.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* Tafkin Mburo
* [[Tafkin Albert (Africa)|Tafkin Albert]]
* Tafkin Bunyonyi
* Tafkin Nyabihoko

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Wanjii</title>
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'''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Wanjii''' tashar wutar lantarki ce ta {{Convert|7.4|MW}}   a Kenya.&lt;ref name=&quot;About&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=KENGEN |date=5 April 2016 |title=Kenya Electricity Generating Company: Wanjii Power Station |url=http://www.kengen.co.ke/index.php?page=business&amp;subpage=hydro&amp;id=13&amp;num=1 |access-date=6 April 2016 |publisher=[[Kenya Electricity Generating Company]] (KENGEN) }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wuri ==
Tashar wutar lantarkin tana kusa da ƙauyen ''Kambirwa'', a gundumar Muranga, kimanin {{Convert|82|km|0}}, ta hanya, arewa maso gabashin [[Nairobi]], babban birni kuma birni mafi girma a Kenya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=GFC |date=6 April 2016 |title=Distance between Nairobi, Kenya and Wanjii Power Station, Murang'a, Kenya |url=http://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Kenya_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Nairobi%2C%20Kenya&amp;toplace=Wanjii%20Power%20Station%2C%20Murang%27a%2C%20Kenya%2C&amp;dt1=ChIJp0lN2HIRLxgRTJKXslQCz_c&amp;dt2=ChIJp5sYklOiKBgRk7f8Kfszpig |access-date=6 April 2016 |publisher=Globefeed.com (GFC)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daidaito na Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Wanjii sune: 0°44'58.0&quot;S, 37°10'29.0&quot;E (Latitude:-0.749437; Longitude:37.174731). 

== Bayani ==
Tashar wutar lantarki tana jawo ruwanta daga Kogin Mathioya da Kogin Maragwa da aka adana a cikin ''madatsar ruwa ta Wanjii'' a ''Kogin Maragwa'' . 

== Mallaka ==
6Kamfanin Samar da Wutar Lantarki na Kenya Electricity, wani kamfani na gwamnatin Kenya ne mallakar tashar wutar lantarki ta Wanjii Hydroelectric Power Company. &lt;ref name=&quot;About&quot;/&gt;

==mqnqzarta==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Nachtigal</title>
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'''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Nachtigal''' tashar wutar lantarki ce ta megawatt 420 da ke gudana a cikin kogin da ke ci gaba a [[Kamaru]] a fadin [[Kogin Sanaga]], wanda ke amfani da makamashi na Nachtigal Falls. An ba da haƙƙin ci gaba ga ''Kamfanin Nachtigal Hydro Power Company'' (NHPC), kamfani mallakar ƙungiyar da ta ƙunshi (a) Électricité de France (b) Kamfanin Kudi na Duniya da (c) Gwamnatin Kamaru. Yarjejeniyar sayen wutar lantarki ta shekaru 35 tana nan, tsakanin Eneo Cameroon S.A. da NHPC.&lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=NS Energy |date=2018 |title=Nachtigal Hydro Power Plant |url=https://www.nsenergybusiness.com/projects/nachtigal-hydro-power-plant/ |access-date=5 June 2021 |publisher=NS Energy Business}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wurin da yake ==
Dam din yana fadin Kogin Sanaga, kimanin kilomita 65 (40  arewa maso gabashin [[Yaounde|Yaoundé]], babban birnin Kamaru.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nachtigal Hydropower Project |url=https://www.power-technology.com/projects/nachtigal-hydropower-project/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayani na gaba ɗaya ==
[[Fayil:La_Sanaga_près_de_Nachtigal_en_février_1973_(5).jpg|left|thumb|Nachtigal Falls a cikin 1973]]
Tsarin yana buƙatar madatsar ruwa mai nauyi tare da ƙarfin ƙarfin ƙarfin 420 megawatts, wanda turbines bakwai ke amfani da shi, kowannensu yana da ƙarfin 60 megawatts. Dam din kankare (RCC) zai haifar da tafki tare da yanki na murabba'in kilomita 4.21 (1,040 kadada), wanda zai iya adana 2.78 miliyan m3 na ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;/&gt;

A matsayin wani ɓangare na wannan aikin, NHPC mai ba da izini, zai gina layin watsa wutar lantarki mai ƙarfi 225 kilovolt mai tsawon kilomita 50.3, wanda zai watsa wutar lantarki da aka samar zuwa tashar inda za a haɗa shi cikin wutar lantarki ta ƙasa. Da zarar an gina layin watsa wutar lantarki mai ƙarfi kuma ya yi aiki, mallaka, aiki da kulawa za su canja zuwa ''Kamfanin watsa wutar lantarki na kasa'' (Sonatrel). &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;/&gt;

== Mallaka ==
Kamfanin mai amfani na musamman mai suna Nachtigal Hydro Power Company (NHPC) ne ke mallakar tashar wutar lantarki. Teburin da ke ƙasa yana nuna hannun jari a cikin NHPC. A cikin 2019, wasu masu hannun jari biyu sun shiga cikin na asali uku. Afirka50, wani reshe na Bankin Raya Afirka, ya dauki kashi 15 cikin dari na hannun jari a NHPC. Stoa Infra &amp; Energy daga [[Faransa]] kuma sun sami kashi 10 cikin 100 na hannun jari a cikin aikin.&lt;ref name=&quot;3R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Boris Ngounou |date=6 December 2018 |title=Cameroon: Nachtigal Hydropower Company's capital passes from 3 to 5 shareholders |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/cameroon-nachtigal-hydropower-companys-capital-passes-from-3-to-5-shareholders/ |access-date=5 Jun 2021 |publisher=Afrik21.africa |archive-date=5 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210605134313/https://www.afrik21.africa/en/cameroon-nachtigal-hydropower-companys-capital-passes-from-3-to-5-shareholders/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
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! style=&quot;width:2em;&quot; |Matsayi
!Mai hannun jari
!Gida
!Kashi
!Bayani
|-
|1
|Wutar Lantarki ta Faransa
|[[Faransa]]
|{{Center|40.00}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;3R&quot;/&gt;
|-
|2
|Kamfanin Kudi na Duniya
|[[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]]
|{{Center|20.00}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;3R&quot; /&gt;
|-
|3
|Gwamnatin Kamaru
|[[Kamaru]]
|{{Center|15.00}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;3R&quot; /&gt;
|-
|4
|[[Bankin Ci Gaban Afirka|Afirka50]]
|[[Ivory Coast]]
|{{Center|15.00}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;3R&quot; /&gt;
|-
|5
|Stoa Infra &amp; Energy
|Faransa
|{{Center|10.00}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;3R&quot; /&gt;
|-
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|'''Jimillar'''
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|
|-
|}

== Kudin gini ==
Kudin da aka kiyasta don madatsar ruwan da tashar wutar lantarki ya kai Yuro biliyan 1.2 a cikin 2018. Kimanin Yuro miliyan 300 (kashi 25) an tara shi a cikin gida ta hanyar ƙungiyar NHPC a matsayin saka hannun jari. Sauran adadin, kimanin Yuro miliyan 900, an aro shi daga masu ba da kuɗi na duniya goma sha ɗaya da bankunan Kamaru huɗu. Wasu daga cikin masu ba da rance ga wannan aikin sun hada da: &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;4R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Boris Ngounou |date=9 November 2018 |title=Cameroon: Funding for Nachtigal hydroelectric power plant (420 MW) complete |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/cameroon-funding-for-nachtigal-hydroelectric-power-plant-420-mw-complete/ |access-date=5 June 2021 |publisher=Afrik21.africa |archive-date=5 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210605123109/https://www.afrik21.africa/en/cameroon-funding-for-nachtigal-hydroelectric-power-plant-420-mw-complete/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

* [[Bankin Ci Gaban Afirka]]
* [[Kamfanin Kudi na Afirka (AFC)|Kamfanin Kudi na Afirka]]
* Hukumar Raya Faransa
* Bayyanawa
* Kamfanin Kudi na Duniya
* Babban Kamfanin Banki a Kamaru
* Kamaru da aka tsara
* Asusun Infrastructure na Afirka mai tasowa
* FMO (Netherlands) 
* Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai

== Tsarin lokaci da kuma aiki ==
A watan Disamba na 2021, ''Afrika21'' ta ba da rahoton cewa ana sa ran za a ba da turbine na farko na 60 megawatt a watan Yulin 2023. Ana sa ran na karshe da na bakwai na turbines masu daidaito za su zo kan layi a watan Yulin 2024. &lt;ref name=&quot;FinalR&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Benoit-Ivan Wansi |date=22 December 2021 |title=Cameroon: Nachtigal hydroelectric dam to come on stream mid-2024 |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/cameroon-nachtigal-hydroelectric-dam-to-come-on-stream-mid-2024/ |access-date=28 December 2021 |website=Afrik21.africa |archive-date=28 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228132956/https://www.afrik21.africa/en/cameroon-nachtigal-hydroelectric-dam-to-come-on-stream-mid-2024/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 10 ga Mayu 2024, turbine na farko ya fara samar da 60 MW ga grid. Sauran turbines guda shida ana sa ran za su zo kan layi a kusan daya a kowane wata har zuwa turbine na bakwai da aka shirya don kunnawa a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2024.&lt;ref name=&quot;FinalR1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jean Marie Takouleu |date=14 May 2024 |title=Nachtigal Dam Injects Its First MW Into Cameroon's Power Grid |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/nachtigal-dam-injects-its-first-mw-into-cameroons-power-grid/ |access-date=14 May 2024 |website=Afrik21.africa |archive-date=14 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240514105250/https://www.afrik21.africa/en/nachtigal-dam-injects-its-first-mw-into-cameroons-power-grid/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* Jerin tashoshin wutar lantarki a Kamaru
* [[Tashar wutar lantarki ta Kikot]]

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Shia, Ghana</title>
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'''Shi'a''' gari ne da ke gundumar Ho Municipal, [[Gundumomin Ghana|gundumar]] [[yankin Volta]] na [[Ghana]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-11-15 |title=2 in critical condition as immigration officers clash with Shia residents in V/R - MyJoyOnline |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/2-in-critical-condition-as-immigration-officers-clash-with-shia-residents-in-v-r/ |access-date=2024-11-15 |website=www.myjoyonline.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Magana ==
Sunan Shia ya samo asali ne daga ayyukan Forebears na Shia waɗanda suka kasance masu ƙarfin zuciya sosai don haka suka yanke shawarar aiwatar da aikin sanin abubuwan da ke cikin wani abu kuma a cikin tsari sun fashe abu. An yi amfani da hayaniya da ta fito daga wannan tsari don bayyana mutanen da suka shiga wannan aikin. Sautin shi ne shiiaaa don haka an gano mutane a matsayin mutanen Shia.

== Wurin da yake ==
Shia wani gari ne a Ghana a cikin yankin Volta na Ghana . Tana kusa da kilomita 16 daga Ho babban birnin yankin Volta. Yana gabashin Ho kuma gari ne na iyaka tsakanin Ghana da Togo . Yana cikin gundumar Ho kuma yana zaune a cikin mazabar Shia-Ave don dalilai na zabe. Yana ɗaya daga cikin garuruwa uku na iyaka a cikin gabashin Ho.

== Tarihi ==
Mutanen Shia sun kasance daga cikin asalin Mutanen Ewe waɗanda suka samo asali daga Notsie a Najeriya kuma sun yi tafiya ta hanyar Benin, Togo, ta hanyar yankunan Keta da Anlo kuma a ƙarshe sun zauna a Ho da yankunan da ke kewaye. Mutanen Shia musamman sun zauna a Taviefe inda suka kasance shekaru da yawa kuma kawai suka koma wurin da suke yanzu bayan wasu rashin jituwa da abokan aiki game da abinda ke cikin samfurin wanda ya haifar da su raba abu zuwa kashi biyu wanda a ƙarshe ya haifar da tilasta musu su bar al'umma zuwa wurin su na yanzu.

== Yanayi ==
Yanayin Shia yanki ne na gandun daji tare da tsarin ruwan sama mai kama da na Ho. Yana kwance 153 millimeters sama da matakin teku. Yana da yanayi na wurare masu zafi. Matsakaicin zafin shekara-shekara shine digiri 26.8 na Celsius. Yana da kimanin yanayi uku masu aiki; Lokacin ruwan sama, Mix na kaka da bazara da kuma lokacin Harmattan.

== Gudanarwa ==
Shia tana cikin Gundumar Ho kuma tana da Ho a matsayin babban birnin gundumar. Shia kuma wani bangare ne na yankin Norvisi Traditional wanda ya ƙunshi al'ummomi 11 waɗanda suka yanke shawarar kasancewa tare don dalilai na hadin kai da ci gaba.

== Yawan jama'a ==
Garin yana da yawan jama'a kusan 2000. Akwai mata da yara da yawa fiye da maza. An yi la'akari da rabuwa da yawan jama'a a 60/40 rabuwa don goyon bayan mata.

== Gudun Hijira ==
An sami ƙaura mai yawa na mutanen Shia zuwa biranen. Manyan biranen da suka amfana daga ƙwarewar mutanen Shia sune Accra, Kumasi da Ho. Har ila yau, an sami ƙaurawar mutanen Shia zuwa ƙasashen waje. An kiyasta cewa za a sami sama da mutane 100 na Shia da ke zaune a kasashen waje.

== Gidaje ==
Al'umma ta bunkasa ne a cikin al'umma. Gidajen suna da nisa sosai tare da tituna da aka share da sauransu.

== Tattalin Arziki ==
Tattalin Arziki na noma ne kuma wasu ƙananan ayyukan kasuwanci waɗanda galibi ayyukan da ke kan iyakar Ghana Togo ne ke motsawa.

=== Sashe na farko ===
Babban bangare shine Aikin Gona

== Ilimi ==
Akwai makarantu da yawa daga Pre-schools har zuwa Jss da makarantar sakandare. Duk da haka babu makarantar sakandare a cikin al'umma.

== Kula da lafiya ==
Akwai asibitin kiwon lafiya guda daya a cikin al'umma wanda ke kula da mutane.

== Gine-gine ==
Akwai hanyar mota zuwa ga al'umma. Hanyar tana da tar kuma tana jagorantar daga Ho kuma tana ƙare a Shia.

=== Sufuri ===
Akwai taksi da bas da ke tafiya a kan hanyar zuwa Shia. Kasuwanci masu zaman kansu suna ba da sufuri na yau da kullun.

== Wasanni ==
Shia tana da kulob din kwallon kafa mai aiki da ake kira Shia manyan mayaƙa. Abin takaici saboda kalubalen gudanarwa kulob din ba ya aiki sosai.

== Wuraren ibada ==
Akwai majami'u da yawa na Orthodox, bishara, Pentecostal da Charismatic

Ikklisiyoyi sun haɗa da: Cocin Katolika, cocin Presbyterian na Bishara, Ikilisiyar Allah, Ikilisiya ta Pentecostes, Kristi shine Ikilisiya ɗaya, Ikilisiyan Light House da Ikilisiyar Presbyteriyan Bishara ta Duniya.

== Al'adu ==
Al'adun mutane an gina su ne a kan al'adun Mutanen Ewe na Ghana. Mutanen Shia suna da ɗan adam a cikin yanayi. Ayyukansu na jama'a ne saboda su ne masu kula da juna. An gina tsarin iyali a kusa da dangi mai tsawo.

Shia tana da Babban Makarantar Fasaha da Fasaha, cibiyar sake zagayowar ta biyu wacce Hukumar Ilimi ta Ghana ta shigar da ita a cikin 2010. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Shia SHS: Shis SHS, a school under trees |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/news/2018/April-13th/shia-shs-a-high-school-under-trees-supported-by-donations.php |access-date=2018-10-07 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Piana-Mwanga</title>
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'''Piana-Mwanga Hydroelectric Power Station''', kuma Mpiana-Mwang Hydroele Electric Power Station, tashar wutar lantarki ce ta {{Convert|54|MW}}  a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo . An fara ba da izinin wutar lantarki a 1933 don yin hidima ga ma'adinin ƙarfe da ke kusa. An rufe ma'adinin a cikin 1982 kuma haka ne tashar wutar lantarki. A cikin 2020, kamfanin hakar ma'adinai na ''AVZ Minerals Limited'', ya cimma yarjejeniya don farfado da tashar wutar lantarki don samar da wutar lantarki ga ayyukan hakar ma-adinai a yankin Manono, gami da ''Manono-Kitotolo Mine'', ɗaya daga cikin manyan ma'adanai na lithium a cikin DRC, wanda aka kiyasta tan 120,000,000 (132,277,357) na ma'adinin. &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jean Marie Takouleu |date=4 February 2020 |title=DRC: AVZ Minerals to revive old Mpiana-Mwanga hydroelectric plant |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/drc-avz-minerals-to-revive-old-mpiana-mwanga-hydroelectric-plant/ |access-date=2 September 2021 |website=Afrik21.africa |archive-date=13 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240413224044/https://www.afrik21.africa/en/drc-avz-minerals-to-revive-old-mpiana-mwanga-hydroelectric-plant/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=African Energy |date=30 January 2020 |title=DR Congo: Miner plans to refurbish Piana-Mwanga hydro |url=https://www.africa-energy.com/article/dr-congo-miner-plans-refurbish-piana-mwanga-hydro |access-date=2 September 2021 |website=Africa-Energy.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wurin da yake ==
Tashar wutar lantarki tana gefen Kogin Luvua (wani yanki na [[Kogin Congo|Kogin Kongo]]), a garin ''Piana Mwanga'', a [[Manono, Democratic Republic of the Congo|Manono]]_Territory&quot; id=&quot;mwMw&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Manono Territory&quot;&gt;Yankin Manono, a Lardin Tanganyika na [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|DR Congo]] . Wannan wurin yana da kusan kilomita 81.5 (51 , ta hanyar hanya, kudu maso gabashin garin Manono, babban birnin yankin. Piana Mwanga tana da nisan kilomita 394 (245 mi), ta hanyar hanya, kudu maso yammacin birnin Kalemie, babban birnin lardin Tanganyika. Yanayin ƙasa na Piana-Mwanga Hydroelectric Power Station shine 07°38'55.0&quot;S, 28°05'36.0&quot;E (Latitude:-7.648611; Longitude:28.093333). 

== Bayani na gaba ɗaya ==
AVZ Minerals Limited, wanda ke zaune a Ostiraliya yana cikin aiwatar da haɓaka lithium da tin ''Manono-Kitotolo Mine'', a garin Manono, DRC. A matsayin wani ɓangare na ababen more rayuwa don bunkasa wannan ci gaban, AVZ, ta hanyar reshen ''AVZ Power Limited'' ya amince da hukumomin Kongo don bincika yiwuwar samun Piana-Mwanga HPP da aka watsar, gyara shi da amfani da megawatts 54 da aka samar a can don tallafawa ayyukan hakar ma'adinai a yankin Manono. An ba da izinin binciken yiwuwar, sakamakon haka, zai sanar da waɗancan yanke shawara.&lt;ref name=&quot;6R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Water Power |date=24 February 2020 |title=AVZ Power to investigate refurb of Mpiana-Mwanga, DRC |url=https://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsavz-power-to-investigate-refurb-of-mpiana-mwanga-drc-7787287 |access-date=2 September 2021 |website=Water Power Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;7R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hydro Review |date=15 January 2020 |title=AVZ Power signs MOU to refurbish Mpiana-Mwanga hydroelectric power station in DRC |url=https://www.hydroreview.com/hydro-industry-news/avz-power-signs-mou-to-refurbish-mpiana-mwanga-hydroelectric-power-station-in-drc/#gref |access-date=2 September 2021 |website=HydroRview.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sauran la'akari ==
Lokacin da gyaran ya fara, AVZ Power Limited yana fatan farawa tare da turbines guda biyu tare da damar 9 megawatts kowannensu, don jimlar 18 megawatts. Daga baya, za a maye gurbin dukkan turbines guda shida, don jimlar megawatts 54 na fitarwa. Cibiyar watsawa da rarraba a cikin garin Manono da kuma yankin Manono za su buƙaci gyarawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;8R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Daniel Itai |date=16 January 2020 |title=Australia bids to salvage DRC's electricity crisis |url=http://newsofthesouth.com/australia-bids-to-salvage-drcs-electricity-crisis/ |access-date=2 September 2021 |website=News of the South }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* Jerin tashoshin wutar lantarki a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo
* Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Katende

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Dibwangui</title>
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'''Dibwangui Hydroelectric Power Station''' wani tashar wutar lantarki ce da aka tsara ta 15 megawatts a [[Gabon]]. Tashar wutar lantarki tana ci gaba ta ƙungiyar da ta ƙunshi (a) Eranove, mai samar da wutar lantarki mai zaman kansa na Faransa (IPP) da (b) Asusun Kasuwanci Kasuwanci na Gabon (FGIS), kamfanin saka hannun jari na gwamnati. An sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar sayen wutar lantarki na dogon lokaci (PPA) tsakanin hukumomin Gabon da Louetsi Energy, kamfanin mota mai amfani na musamman (SPV) wanda ke da kuma bunkasa wannan tashar wutar lantarki.&lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Luchelle Feukeng |date=10 January 2019 |title=Gabon: AfDB finances construction of two hydroelectric power plants |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/gabon-afdb-finances-construction-of-two-hydroelectric-power-plants/ |access-date=11 May 2022 |archive-date=11 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511083259/https://www.afrik21.africa/en/gabon-afdb-finances-construction-of-two-hydroelectric-power-plants/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wurin da yake ==
Tashar wutar lantarki tana gefen [[Kogin Loutsié|Kogin Louetsié]], a ƙauyen Mandji, a Lardin Ngounié, a kudu maso yammacin Gabon. Dam din da tashar wutar lantarki suna da nisan kilomita 550 (342  ta hanyar hanya, kudu maso gabashin [[Libreville]], babban birnin da kuma birni mafi girma a kasar.&lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Anthony Donaghue |date=26 August 2020 |title=The sustainability of the Dibwangui hydroelectric power plant project was certified |url=https://born2invest.com/articles/the-sustainability-of-the-dibwangui-hydroelectric-power-plant-project-was-certified/ |access-date=11 May 2022 |website=Born2Invest.com |archive-date=9 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809200514/https://born2invest.com/articles/the-sustainability-of-the-dibwangui-hydroelectric-power-plant-project-was-certified/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayani na gaba ɗaya ==
Tsarin ya yi murmushi don madatsar ruwa mai cike da dutse tare da kai na ruwa na mita 23.7 (78 . Za a shigar da turbines uku na Kaplan, kowannensu an kiyasta shi a 5.1 MW. Za a kiyaye yawan ruwa na mita 25 (25,000  a kowace dakika a kowane turbine. Aikin ya haɗa da gina tashar wutar lantarki ta waje a tashar wutar wutar lantarki. Sabbin layin wutar lantarki na kwashewa zai kwashe wutar lantarki daga Dibwangui zuwa Bongolo. Za a fadada tashar lantarki a Bongolo kuma a sake gyara ta don karɓar makamashi mai shigowa.&lt;ref name=&quot;3R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Setec France |date=2018 |title=Dibwangui hydroelectric development project: Overview |url=https://www.setec.fr/en/uncategorized/amenagement-hydroelectrique-de-dibwangui |access-date=11 May 2022 |website=Setec France |place=Paris, France}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mallaka ==
Kungiyar da ke da ikon wutar lantarki kuma tana bunkasa shi, ta kafa wani kamfani na musamman da ake kira Louetsi Energy, don mallakar, tsarawa, tallafawa, haɓaka, ginawa, aiki da kula da kayan aikin makamashi mai sabuntawa. Teburin da ke ƙasa yana nuna hannun jari a cikin kamfanin ad hoc.&lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;/&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em auto&quot;
|+Kasuwanci a cikin Louetsi Energy''Makamashi na Louetsi''
!Matsayi
!Mai hannun jari
!Gida
!Kashi
!Bayani
|-
|1
|Ƙungiyar Eranove
|[[Faransa]]
|
|&lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;/&gt;
|-
|2
|Asusun Kasuwancin Kasuwanci na Gabon (FGIS) 
|[[Gabon]]
|
|&lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot; /&gt;
|-
|
|'''Jimillar'''
|
|'''100.0'''
|
|-
|}

== Sauran la'akari ==
Wani binciken da aka gudanar don tantance dorewar wannan tashar wutar lantarki ya kimanta tashar wutar wutar lantarki da aka tsara a fadin &quot;ka'idojin aikin muhalli, zamantakewa da shugabanci (ESG) guda goma sha ɗaya&quot;. A cikin wani rahoto da aka gabatar a cikin 2020, tashar wutar lantarki &quot;ta yi aiki mai kyau a duniya a cikin kimantawar ESG&quot; kuma &quot;an lasafta ta a matsayin misali na kyakkyawan aiki na kasa da kasa a cikin ƙirar ɗorewa da tsarawa&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;4R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=International Hydropower Association |date=25 August 2020 |title=Gabon's Dibwangui project achieves global good practice in ESG assessment |url=https://www.hydropower.org/news/gabons-dibwangui-project-achieves-global-good-practice-in-esg-assessment |access-date=11 May 2022 |website=Hydropower.Org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <title>Muhammed Mustapha Akanbi</title>
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| name = Muhammed Mustapha Akanbi
| image = 
| caption = Muhammed Mustapha Akanbi
| birth_name = Mohammed Mustapha Adebayo Akanbi
| birth_date = 11 September 1932
| birth_place = Accra, Gold Coast (now Ghana)
| death_date = 3 June 2018
| death_place = Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria
| nationality = Nigerian
| occupation = Lawyer, Jurist
| alma_mater = Ahmadu Bello University
| known_for = President of the Court of Appeal of Nigeria; Pioneer Chairman of the Independent Corrupt Practices Commission (ICPC)
| children = Mohammed Mustapha Akanbi
}}
'''Muhammed Mustapha Akanbi''' (11 ga Satumba, 1932 – 3 ga Yuni, 2018) lauya ne, alƙali kuma fitaccen masanin shari'a na Najeriya wanda ya yi suna wajen yaƙi da cin hanci da rashawa. Ya kasance Shugaban Kotun Ɗaukaka Ƙara ta Najeriya (Court of Appeal) daga shekarar 1992 zuwa 1999, sannan ya zama shugaban farko na Hukumar Yaƙi da Cin Hanci da Rashawa ta Najeriya (ICPC) daga shekarar 2000 zuwa 2005. An san shi da gaskiya, riƙon amana da kuma ƙoƙarinsa wajen inganta shugabanci nagari a Najeriya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://icpc.gov.ng/hon-justice-akanbi-cfr-pca-rtd/ |title=Hon. Justice Akanbi CFR, PCA (Rtd) |publisher=Independent Corrupt Practices and Other Related Offences Commission (ICPC) |access-date=2 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://dailypost.ng/2018/06/04/made-justice-akanbi-icpc-chairman-obasanjo/ |title=Why I made Justice Akanbi ICPC chairman – Obasanjo |work=Daily Post Nigeria |date=4 June 2018 |access-date=2 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Muhammed Mustapha Adebayo Akanbi a ranar 11 ga Satumba 1932 a birnin Accra na ƙasar Gold Coast (yanzu Ghana), ga iyaye Musulmai 'yan asalin Ilorin a Jihar Kwara, Najeriya. Bayan kammala karatun sakandare, ya yi aiki a ma'aikatar gwamnatin Ghana kafin ya koma Najeriya. Daga baya ya samu gurbin karatun lauya a Cibiyar Gudanarwa ta Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello da ke Zariya, sannan ya ci gaba da karatun shari'a a Birtaniya inda aka kira shi zuwa Bar na Ingila a shekarar 1963. A watan Janairun 1964 kuma aka kira shi zuwa Bar na Najeriya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://icpc.gov.ng/hon-justice-akanbi-cfr-pca-rtd/ |title=Hon. Justice Akanbi CFR, PCA (Rtd) |publisher=ICPC |access-date=2 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.tvcnews.tv/ex-icpc-chairman-mustapha-akanbi-dies-at-85/ |title=Ex-ICPC chairman, Mustapha Akanbi, dies at 85 |work=TVC News |date=3 June 2018 |access-date=2 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin lauya da alƙalanci ==
Bayan kammala karatunsa, Akanbi ya shiga Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Najeriya inda ya kai matsayin Senior State Counsel a shekarar 1968. A shekarar 1969 ya buɗe ofishin lauyanci mai zaman kansa a Kano. A shekarar 1974 aka naɗa shi alƙalin Federal Revenue Court, sannan a shekarar 1977 aka ɗaga shi zuwa Kotun Ɗaukaka Ƙara. A shekarar 1992 ya zama Shugaban Kotun Ɗaukaka Ƙara ta Najeriya, mukamin da ya riƙe har zuwa ritayarsa a shekarar 1999.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://icpc.gov.ng/hon-justice-akanbi-cfr-pca-rtd/ |title=Hon. Justice Akanbi CFR, PCA (Rtd) |publisher=ICPC |access-date=2 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.tvcnews.tv/ex-icpc-chairman-mustapha-akanbi-dies-at-85/ |title=Ex-ICPC chairman, Mustapha Akanbi, dies at 85 |work=TVC News |date=3 June 2018 |access-date=2 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Shugabancin ICPC ==
A shekarar 2000, tsohon shugaban ƙasa Olusegun Obasanjo ya naɗa Akanbi a matsayin shugaban farko na Hukumar Independent Corrupt Practices and Other Related Offences Commission (ICPC). A lokacin jagorancinsa, ya yi ƙoƙari wajen kafa tsarin yaƙi da cin hanci da rashawa a Najeriya. Duk da ƙalubalen rashin isassun kuɗaɗe da matsalolin doka, Akanbi ya kasance mai sukar rashin goyon bayan gwamnati wajen ƙarfafa yaƙi da cin hanci. Ya kuma yi kira ga Najeriya ta rungumi yarjejeniyoyin duniya da na Afirka kan yaƙi da rashawa domin ƙarfafa aikin hukumar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://icpc.gov.ng/hon-justice-akanbi-cfr-pca-rtd/ |title=Hon. Justice Akanbi CFR, PCA (Rtd) |publisher=ICPC |access-date=2 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/akanbi-a-poet-and-quintessential-jurist-bows-out/ |title=Akanbi: A poet and quintessential jurist, bows out |work=The Nation |date=10 June 2018 |access-date=2 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa bayan ritaya ==
Bayan ya kammala wa'adinsa a ICPC a shekarar 2005, Akanbi ya ci gaba da fafutukar inganta gaskiya da riƙon amana a Najeriya. Ya shiga ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da ke yaƙi da cin hanci tare da kafa ''Mustapha Akanbi Foundation'' a Ilorin domin bunƙasa gaskiya, riƙon amana da shugabanci nagari a cikin gwamnati da al'umma. Har ila yau ya kasance marubuci kuma mawaƙi wanda ya wallafa littattafai da rubuce-rubuce da dama kan shari'a da zamantakewa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://icpc.gov.ng/hon-justice-akanbi-cfr-pca-rtd/ |title=Hon. Justice Akanbi CFR, PCA (Rtd) |publisher=ICPC |access-date=2 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/akanbi-a-poet-and-quintessential-jurist-bows-out/ |title=Akanbi: A poet and quintessential jurist, bows out |work=The Nation |date=10 June 2018 |access-date=2 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mutuwa ==
Muhammed Mustapha Akanbi ya rasu a ranar 3 ga Yuni 2018 yana da shekaru 85. Mutuwarsa ta jawo alhini daga sassa daban-daban na Najeriya, inda shugabanni da masana shari'a suka yaba da gudummawar da ya bayar wajen bunƙasa tsarin shari'a da yaƙi da cin hanci da rashawa. Tsohon shugaban ƙasa Olusegun Obasanjo ya bayyana cewa an zaɓe shi ya jagoranci ICPC ne saboda gaskiyarsa da cikakken riƙon amana.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.tvcnews.tv/ex-icpc-chairman-mustapha-akanbi-dies-at-85/ |title=Ex-ICPC chairman, Mustapha Akanbi, dies at 85 |work=TVC News |date=3 June 2018 |access-date=2 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://dailypost.ng/2018/06/04/made-justice-akanbi-icpc-chairman-obasanjo/ |title=Why I made Justice Akanbi ICPC chairman – Obasanjo |work=Daily Post Nigeria |date=4 June 2018 |access-date=2 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Iyali ==
Akanbi ya fito daga fitacciyar iyali mai ilimi da hidimar jama'a. Ɗansa, Farfesa Mohammed Mustapha Akanbi (SAN), ya kasance malamin shari'a kuma tsohon Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'ar Jihar Kwara (KWASU).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://prnigeria.com/2018/07/12/son-icpc-chair-senior-advocate-nigeria/ |title=Son of Pioneer ICPC Chair Elevated to Rank of SAN |work=PRNigeria |date=12 July 2018 |access-date=2 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Haifaffun  1932]]
[[Category:Mutuwan  2018]]</text>
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    <title>St Lucia, Afirka ta Kudu</title>
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{| class=&quot;infobox ib-settlement vcard&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-above&quot; |&lt;div class=&quot;fn org&quot;&gt;St Lucia&lt;/div&gt;
|- class=&quot;mergedtoprow&quot;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; |[[File:St_Lucia_Main_Beach_02.jpg|250x250px|Saint Lucia Main Beach]]&lt;div class=&quot;ib-settlement-caption&quot;&gt;Saint Lucia Main Beach&lt;/div&gt;
|- class=&quot;mergedtoprow&quot;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; |&lt;div class=&quot;switcher-container&quot;&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Location map/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;locmap&quot; style=&quot;width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;width:250px;padding:0&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;position:relative;width:250px&quot;&gt;[[Fayil:South_Africa_KwaZulu-Natal_location_map.svg|class=notpageimage noviewer|285x285px|St Lucia is located in KwaZulu-Natal]]&lt;div class=&quot;od notheme&quot; style=&quot;top:36.289%;left:81.489%;font-size:91%&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;id&quot; style=&quot;left:-3px;top:-3px&quot;&gt;[[Fayil:Red_pog.svg|link=|class=notpageimage noviewer|6x6px|St Lucia]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;pl&quot; style=&quot;width:6em;right:4px&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;St Lucia&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding-top:0.2em&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;switcher-label&quot; style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Show map of KwaZulu-Natal&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Location map/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;locmap&quot; style=&quot;width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;width:250px;padding:0&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;position:relative;width:250px&quot;&gt;[[Fayil:South_Africa_adm_location_map.svg|class=notpageimage noviewer|250x250px|St Lucia is located in South Africa]]&lt;div class=&quot;od notheme&quot; style=&quot;top:49.127%;left:95.448%;font-size:91%&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;id&quot; style=&quot;left:-3px;top:-3px&quot;&gt;[[Fayil:Red_pog.svg|link=|class=notpageimage noviewer|6x6px|St Lucia]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;pl&quot; style=&quot;width:6em;right:4px&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;St Lucia&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding-top:0.2em&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;switcher-label&quot; style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Show map of South Africa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; |Coordinates: &lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-inline&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks nourlexpansion&quot;&gt;[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=St_Lucia,_South_Africa&amp;params=28.383_S_32.417_E_region:ZA_type:city(1104) &lt;span class=&quot;geo-nondefault&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-dms&quot; title=&quot;Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;latitude&quot;&gt;28°22′59″S&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;longitude&quot;&gt;32°25′01″E&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-multi-punct&quot;&gt;&amp;#xFEFF; / &amp;#xFEFF;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-default&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-dec&quot; title=&quot;Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location&quot;&gt;28.383°S 32.417°E&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;&amp;#xFEFF; / &lt;span class=&quot;geo&quot;&gt;-28.383; 32.417&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;indicator name=&quot;coordinates&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;coordinates&quot;&gt;[[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]: &lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks nourlexpansion&quot;&gt;[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=St_Lucia,_South_Africa&amp;params=28.383_S_32.417_E_region:ZA_type:city(1104) &lt;span class=&quot;geo-nondefault&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-dms&quot; title=&quot;Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;latitude&quot;&gt;28°22′59″S&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;longitude&quot;&gt;32°25′01″E&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-multi-punct&quot;&gt;&amp;#xfeff; / &amp;#xfeff;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-default&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-dec&quot; title=&quot;Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location&quot;&gt;28.383°S 32.417°E&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;&amp;#xfeff; / &lt;span class=&quot;geo&quot;&gt;-28.383; 32.417&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;[[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/indicator&gt;
|- class=&quot;mergedtoprow&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Country
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |[[Afirka ta Kudu|South Africa]]
|- class=&quot;mergedrow&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Province
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |KwaZulu-Natal
|- class=&quot;mergedrow&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |District
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Umkhanyakude
|- class=&quot;mergedrow&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Municipality
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Mtubatuba
|- class=&quot;mergedtoprow&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; |Area&lt;div class=&quot;ib-settlement-fn&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
|- class=&quot;mergedrow&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |&lt;div style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;Total&lt;/div&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |2.68&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (1.03&amp;nbsp;sq&amp;nbsp;mi)
|- class=&quot;mergedtoprow&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; |Population&lt;div class=&quot;ib-settlement-fn&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;(2022)&lt;ref name=&quot;census2011&quot; /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
|- class=&quot;mergedrow&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |&lt;div style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;Total&lt;/div&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |1,104
|- class=&quot;mergedrow&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |&amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;Density
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |412/km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (1,070/sq&amp;nbsp;mi)
|- class=&quot;mergedtoprow&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; |Racial makeup (2022)&lt;div class=&quot;ib-settlement-fn&quot;&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;census2011&quot; /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
|- class=&quot;mergedrow&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |&amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;Black African
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |21.0%
|- class=&quot;mergedrow&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |&amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;Coloured
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |3.8%
|- class=&quot;mergedrow&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |&amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;Indian/Asian
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |2.1%
|- class=&quot;mergedrow&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |&amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;White
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |72.3%
|- class=&quot;mergedrow&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |&amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;Other
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |0.8%
|- class=&quot;mergedtoprow&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; |[[Harshen Uwa|First languages]] (2022)&lt;div class=&quot;ib-settlement-fn&quot;&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;census2011&quot; /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
|- class=&quot;mergedrow&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |&amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;[[Afrikaans]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |47.2%
|- class=&quot;mergedrow&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |&amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;English
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |41.9%
|- class=&quot;mergedrow&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |&amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;[[Harshen Zulu|Zulu]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |11.4%
|- class=&quot;mergedrow&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |&amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;Other
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |1.5%
|- class=&quot;mergedtoprow&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Time zone
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |UTC+2 (SAST)
|- class=&quot;mergedtoprow&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |PO box
| class=&quot;infobox-data adr&quot; |&lt;div class=&quot;postal-code&quot;&gt;3936&lt;/div&gt;
|- class=&quot;mergedrow&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Area code
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |035
|}
'''St Lucia''' wani matsuguni ne a gundumar Umkhanyakude a lardin KwaZulu-Natal na [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. Ƙaramin garin galibi cibiyar wurin shakatawa na iSimangaliso Wetland Park ce.&lt;ref name=&quot;satd&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=St Lucia, KwaZulu-Natal |url=http://sa.travel-directory.co/towns/view/id/1743 |access-date=4 January 2014 |publisher=SA Travel Directory |archive-date=5 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140105041302/http://sa.travel-directory.co/towns/view/id/1743 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
An fara sanya wa St Lucia suna a shekarar 1554 a matsayin ''Rio dos Medos do Ouro'' (wato ''Rio dos Médãos do Ouro'' — ''Kogin Zinare Dunes'' )   daga waɗanda suka tsira daga jirgin ruwan [[Portugal]] São Bento .  A wannan matakin, bakin [[Kogin Tugela]] ne kawai aka san shi da St. Lucia. Daga baya, a shekarar 1575, aka sanya wa Kogin Tugela suna Tugela. A ranar 13 ga Disamba, 1575, ranar bikin Saint Lucy, Manuel Peresterello ya sake wa yankin bakin suna zuwa Santa Lucia.
[[Fayil:Afrika_Politische_Uebersicht_Maerz_1885.jpg|left|thumb|''Taswirar Afirka ta Mallaka ta 1885. Saint Lucia Bay a matsayin'' &quot;deutscher Besitz&quot; (lit. Mallakar Jamusanci) a cikin orange.]]
Adolf Lüderitz ya so ya ƙirƙiri wani yanki a '''Santa Lucia Bay''' ( [[Jamusanci|deutsch]] : ''Santa-Lucia-Bucht'' ), a lokacin [[Kasa Afrika|tseren neman Afirka]] . An ba shi ikon kafa ''Reichsschutz'' (wanda aka fassara a matsayin kariya ta Imperial) a ranar 24 ga Afrilu 1884. Duk da haka, saboda ikirarin da [[Daular Biritaniya|Birtaniya]] ta yi a baya (da kuma hana duk wani lamari na ƙasa da ƙasa da ko dai yankin Natal ko jamhuriyar Boer ) Gwamnatin Masarautar Jamus ta yi watsi da ikirarinta na yankin a ranar 7 ga Mayu 1885.  

A shekarar 1822, [[Birtaniya|Turawan Ingila]] suka ayyana St Lucia a matsayin gari. A shekarar 1895, An kafa St Lucia Game Reserve, 30&amp;nbsp;kilomita a arewacin garin, an ayyana shi. Tun daga shekarar 1971, Tafkin St Lucia da rairayin bakin teku na kunkuru da kuma murjani na Maputaland an jera su a cikin Yarjejeniyar kan Dausayin Muhimmancin Ƙasashen Duniya ( Taron Ramsar ). A watan Disamba na 1999, an jera wurin shakatawa a matsayin [[Muhimman Guraren Tarihi na Duniya|Wurin Tarihi na Duniya]] [[UNESCO|na UNESCO]].

An sanya wa ƙungiyar Synthpop St. Lucia suna ne saboda garin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Schwartz |first=Alexandra |date=3 February 2016 |title=The Band St. Lucia Reveals How They Got the Name, Secret Talents, and More |url=https://www.glamour.com/story/we-played-20-questions-with-st |access-date=25 January 2023 |website=Glamour}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Alƙaluma ==
Kabila mafi girma a St. Lucia su ne fararen fata 'yan Afirka ta Kudu waɗanda suka fito daga Ingila waɗanda suka kai kashi 30.9% na mazauna St. Lucia. Kabila ta biyu mafi girma a St. Lucia ita ce 'yan Zulu, waɗanda suka kai kashi 26.4% na mazauna St. Lucia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Census 2011: Main Place: St Lucia |url=https://census2011.adrianfrith.com/place/586030}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dabbobi a wurin shakatawa ==
[[Fayil:Hippopotame_Sainte_Lucia.jpg|left|thumb|Hindatu a wurin shakatawa]]
Wurin shakatawa kuma gida ne ga kimanin [[Yankin Nilu|kada na Nilu]] 1,200 da kuma kusan dorinar ruwa 800. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2018)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; Hippos sau da yawa suna yawo a kan tituna da daddare. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-09-05 |title=St. Lucia – a unique town where hippos roam the streets |url=https://africageographic.com/blog/st-lucia-a-unique-town-where-hippos-roam-the-streets/ |access-date=2019-10-11 |website=Africa Geographic |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sauran dabbobi sun haɗa [[Damisa|da damisa]], Babban Kudu, [[Karkanda|Baƙar Rino]], [[Tsuntsu|tsuntsaye]] masu arziki da kuma dabbobi marasa ƙashi da yawa.  

== Yanayi ==
A ƙarƙashin [[Rarrabawar yanayi na Köppen|tsarin rarraba yanayi na Köppen-Geiger]], yana da [[Yanayin zafi mai zafi|yanayi mai danshi a ƙarƙashin wurare masu zafi]] (Cfa). &lt;ref name=&quot;Climate-Data.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Climate: St. Lucia - Climate graph, Temperature graph, Climate table |url=http://en.climate-data.org/location/772735/ |access-date=23 August 2013 |publisher=Climate-Data.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Weather box}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:90%&quot;
|+Matsakaicin zafin teku na St Lucia 
! Janairu
! Fabrairu
! Maris
! Afrilu
! Mayu
! Yuni
! Yuli
! Agusta
! Satumba
! Oktoba
! Nuwamba
! Disamba
|-
| {{Convert|26|°C}}
| {{Convert|27|°C}}
| {{Convert|27|°C}}
| {{Convert|26|°C}}
| {{Convert|25|°C}}
| {{Convert|23|°C}}
| {{Convert|22|°C}}
| {{Convert|22|°C}}
| {{Convert|22|°C}}
| {{Convert|23|°C}}
| {{Convert|24|°C}}
| {{Convert|25|°C}}
|}

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sunday Adewusi</title>
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      <text bytes="2528" sha1="4kg9quni7261vddh8v81kxgxx22p9e9" xml:space="preserve">== Sunday Adewusi ==

'''Sunday Bolorunduro Adewusi''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1938 – ya rasu a ranar 26 ga Janairu, 2016) tsohon babban jami’in ‘yan sanda ne na Najeriya wanda ya rike mukamin '''Inspector General of Police (IGP)''' daga shekarar 1981 zuwa 1983. Ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan shugabannin da suka taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen jagorantar rundunar ‘yan sanda a lokacin gwamnatin soja a Najeriya.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/197904-ex-igp-sunday-adewusi-is-dead.html&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Sunday Adewusi a jihar Ondo, a yankin kudu maso yammacin Najeriya. Ya yi karatunsa na farko da na sakandare a Najeriya kafin ya shiga aikin ‘yan sanda. Daga baya ya samu karin horo a kasashen waje, wanda ya taimaka wajen bunkasa kwarewarsa a harkar tsaro da gudanarwa.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/01/ex-igp-adewusi-dies-78/{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin ‘yan sanda ==
Adewusi ya shiga rundunar ‘yan sandan Najeriya a shekarun 1960s, inda ya fara aiki a matakai daban-daban. Saboda kwazonsa da kwarewarsa, ya rika samun karin girma har ya kai ga zama '''Inspector General of Police''' a shekarar 1981 a lokacin mulkin shugaba Shehu Shagari.&lt;ref&gt;https://guardian.ng/news/former-igp-adewusi-dies-at-78/&lt;/ref&gt;

A lokacin da yake kan mukami, ya mayar da hankali wajen inganta tsaro a kasa da kuma karfafa tsarin aiki na rundunar ‘yan sanda. Haka kuma ya yi kokarin tabbatar da doka da oda a lokacin da Najeriya ke fuskantar kalubalen siyasa da zamantakewa.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2016/01/27/former-igp-sunday-adewusi-dies-at-78{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayan sauka daga mukami ==
Bayan ya sauka daga mukamin IGP a shekarar 1983, Adewusi ya ci gaba da zama mutum mai tasiri a harkokin tsaro da shawarwari. Ya kuma shiga harkokin kasuwanci da zamantakewa, yana bada gudunmawa wajen cigaban al’umma.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.punchng.com/former-igp-sunday-adewusi-dies-at-78/{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mutuwa ==
Sunday Adewusi ya rasu a ranar 26 ga Janairu, 2016 yana da shekaru 78. Mutuwarsa ta jawo alhini daga gwamnati da tsofaffin jami’an tsaro, inda aka yabawa irin gudunmawar da ya bayar wajen bunkasa rundunar ‘yan sandan Najeriya.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/197904-ex-igp-sunday-adewusi-is-dead.html&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
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  <page>
    <title>Shuka itace</title>
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[[Fayil:Treeplanter.jpg|right|thumb|Mai shuka itace a arewacin Ontario]]
[[Fayil:Tree_planting_-_geograph.org.uk_-_389349.jpg|thumb|Shuka bishiyoyi wani bangare ne na kiyaye mazaunin. A cikin kowane bututun filastik, an dasa itace mai katako.]]
[[Fayil:Tree_planting_Ghana_2.jpg|thumb|Shuka itace a [[Ghana]]]]
Shuka bishiyoyi shine tsari na dasa shuke-shuke na bishiyoyi, gabaɗaya don [[Forestry|gandun daji]], farfado da ƙasa, ko dalilai na shimfidar wuri. Ya bambanta da dasa manyan bishiyoyi a cikin arboriculture da kuma ƙananan farashi amma a hankali kuma ba abin dogaro ba ne na rarraba tsaba bishiyoyi. Bishiyoyi suna ba da gudummawa ga mahallinsu na dogon lokaci ta hanyar samar da iskar oxygen, inganta ingancin iska, inganta yanayi, kiyaye ruwa, adana ƙasa, da tallafawa namun daji. A lokacin aiwatar da photosynthesis, bishiyoyi suna ɗaukar [[carbon dioxide]] kuma suna samar da iskar oxygen da muke numfashi.

A cikin silviculture, an san aikin da &quot;reforestation&quot;, ko &quot;forestation,&quot; dangane da ko yankin da ake dasa ya kasance gandun daji ne kwanan nan ko a'a. Ya haɗa da dasa shuke-shuke a kan wani yanki na ƙasa inda aka girbi [[Gandun Daji|gandun daji]] ko ya lalace ta hanyar Cutar, cuta, ko aikin ɗan adam.Ana shuka bishiyoyi a sassa daban-daban na duniya, kuma dabarun na iya bambanta sosai a fadin kasashe da yankuna da kuma tsakanin kamfanonin sake dasa bishiyoyi. An dasa itace a cikin [[Forestry|kimiyyar gandun daji]] kuma, idan aka yi shi yadda ya kamata, zai iya haifar da nasarar sake farfado da yankin da aka sare. Reforestation shine amsar masana'antar katako ta kasuwanci ga mummunar lalacewar Tsoffin gandun daji, amma gandun daji da aka dasa ba ya kwaikwayon bambancin halittu da rikitarwa na gandun daji na halitta.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2011}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2011)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Saboda itatuwa suna cire carbon dioxide daga iska yayin da suke girma, ana iya amfani da dasa bishiyoyi don taimakawa wajen [[Rage canjin yanayi|iyakance canjin yanayi]]. Ayyukan Shuke-shuke na hamada suna motsawa ta hanyar inganta bambancin halittu da sake farfado da tsarin ruwa na halitta, da kuma inganta tattalin arziki da jin dadin jama'a saboda karuwar yawan ayyukan yi a aikin gona da gandun daji.

== Nau'ikan bishiyoyi da aka dasa ==
[[Fayil:Eucalyptus_plantation_in_final_stages.JPG|thumb|Shuka na eucalyptus a matakai na ƙarshe a Arimalam.]]
Irin itacen da aka dasa na iya samun babban tasiri a kan sakamakon muhalli. Sau da yawa yana da fa'ida sosai ga abubuwan da ke waje don shuka nau'ikan da ke girma da sauri, kamar su eucalyptus, casuarina ko Pine (misali, ''Pinus radiata'' ko ''Pinus caribaea''), kodayake fa'idodin muhalli da bambancin halittu na irin waɗannan shuke-shuke ba su da alaƙa da gandun daji na asali, kuma irin waɗannan ayyukan da aka rage su sau da yawa abubuwa ne na rikici.

Don inganta ci gaban yanayin halittu na asali, masu kula da muhalli da yawa suna ba da shawarar a dasa bishiyoyi na asali kawai. Hanyar da za a iya amfani da ita ita ce dasa nau'ikan bishiyoyi masu tsayi, masu saurin girma waɗanda suka fara sake gina ƙasar. Shuka bishiyoyi marasa mamayewa waɗanda ke taimakawa wajen dawowar halitta na jinsunan asali ana kiransu &quot;taimako na sake farfadowa na halitta. &quot; Akwai nau'o'in da yawa da za a iya dasa su, daga cikinsu kimanin 12 suna amfani da su sosai a Amurka, kamar &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwQg&quot;&gt;Leucaena leucocephala&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; . A madadin haka, sabuntawa na halitta mai kula da manoma (FMNR), ya haɗa da manoma da ke adana bishiyoyi (ba sake dasa su ba), kuma ana ɗaukar su a matsayin hanyar da ta fi tsada fiye da dasa bishiyoyi na yau da kullun.

== Lokacin shuka ==
[[Fayil:Several_people_planting_trees.jpg|thumb|Shuka bishiyoyi a Amurka]]

=== Kasuwancin Bareroot ===
Littattafan silvicultural na gargajiya suna ba da shawarar bazara a matsayin lokacin da za a shuka kayan bareroot, tare da ɗagawa da fitarwa yayin da bishiyoyi ke faruwa a bayyane.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sutton 1984&quot;&gt;Sutton, R.F. 1984. Plantation establishment in the boreal forest: glyphosate, hexazinone, and manual weed control. For. Chron. 60:282–287.&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan ra'ayi, wanda shukawar bazara ke bayyane, Toumey da Korstian (1942) sun bayyana shi:  &quot;Kusan ba tare da banbanci ba lokacin da ya fi dacewa ga ... shuka shine makonni 2 ko fiye kafin buds [na shuka] fara girma&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;toum&quot;&gt;Toumey, J. W. and Korstian, C.F. 1942. Seeding and planting in the forestry practice. Ed. 3. John Wiley &amp; Sons Inc., New York.&lt;/ref&gt; Yanayin danshi na ƙasa gabaɗaya yana da kyau a lokacin da lokacin girma ke gab da farawa, yayin da kayan da ba su da kyau suna ƙarƙashin rauni na inji da damuwa na jiki.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stiell 1976&quot;&gt;Stiell, W.M. 1976. White spruce: artificial regeneration in Canada. Dep. Environ., Can. For. Serv., Ottawa ON, Inf. Rep. FMR-X-85. 275 p.&lt;/ref&gt;

Idan girman shirin shuka ya ba da izini, babu wata shakka cewa irin wannan jadawalin zai zama mai fa'ida saboda ya gamsar da ɗaya, kuma yawanci 2, daga cikin abubuwan da ke da muhimmanci don samun nasara: (1) amfani da kayan shuka wanda ke da ikon amsawa ga yanayin girma a shuka, da kuma (2) shuka lokacin da abubuwan da ke cikin shafin ke son rayuwa da girma. Dalili na uku aiki ne mai kyau na shuka, kuma kodayake yana da kyau a duk shuke-shuke, mai yiwuwa ba shi da mahimmanci a shuke-huke na al'ada fiye da wasu lokuta. Idan, duk da haka, ba za a iya kammala shirin shuka ta wannan hanyar ba, akwai wasu zaɓuɓɓuka: shuka shuka na al'ada tare da kayan da aka ɗaga; shuka shuke-shuke na rani tare da kayan aikin da aka ɗora ko kayan da aka ɗaukaka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sutton 1984&quot;&gt;Sutton, R.F. 1984. Plantation establishment in the boreal forest: glyphosate, hexazinone, and manual weed control. For. Chron. 60:282–287.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Shuka shuke-shuke na al'ada tare da sabbin kayan da aka ɗaga ===
A cikin mahallin sake farfadowa silviculture, &quot;spring&quot;, &quot;summer&quot;, da dai sauransu ba su da silviculture, &quot;spring&quot;, &quot;summer&quot;, da dai sauransu ba su da ma'ana. Yawanci, lokacin shuka na bazara yana farawa da zaran ɗagawa ya yiwu a cikin jariri, kuma ya ƙare tare da kammala shirin. A wannan lokacin, kayan shuka suna da alaƙa da lokacin girma mai zuwa, kuma shuka yana da duk wannan lokacin da za a kafa tsarin tushen sa kafin a kalubalanci shi ta hanyar kowane sanyi. A aikace, ba a samun manufofi da yawa. Wannan kayan yana yawan [[barci]] lokacin da aka dasa shi yana da kuskuren da ya zama gama gari. Girman aiki yana bayyane a lokacin shuka, amma a kowane hali aikin metabolism yana ƙaruwa a cikin kayan shuka kafin saman ya ba da bayyane ga wannan. Matsalar samun, a cikin yawa, kayan da aka ɗaga a cikin yanayin barci yana ƙaruwa tare da karuwar yanayin yanayi. A wurare da yawa, lokacin bazara ba abin dogaro ba ne kuma sau da yawa gajere. Hakanan, fa'idar danshi na ƙasa da aka yi iƙirarin don shuka bazara ma ba ta da tabbas. Ƙasa da ke da yashi ko dutse, da ƙasa mai zurfi na kowane nau'i sun dogara sosai da yanayin yanzu saboda iyakancewar ƙarfin ruwa. Har ila yau, wadataccen danshi na ƙasa ba zai amfana da tsire-tsire wanda tushen sa ya rufe da ƙasa mai sanyi, kuma mutuwar bishiyoyi da aka dasa a cikin ƙasa mai sanyi fiye da kusan 6 ° C na iya zama mai yawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sutton 19682&quot;&gt;Sutton, R.F. 1968. Ecology of young white spruce (''Picea glauca'' [Moench] Voss). Ph.D. thesis, Cornell Univ., Ithaca NY, Univ. Microfilms, Ann Arbor, Michigan MI, 68–11645. 500 p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Sutton 19692&quot;&gt;Sutton, R.F. 1969. Form and development of conifer root systems. Commonw. For. Bureau, Oxford, U.K., Tech. Communication No. 7. 131 p.&lt;/ref&gt; &amp;nbsp;Fuskar yana ƙara haɗarin kayan shuka ga duka damuwa na jiki (saboda karuwar buƙatun ruwa da rage ƙarfin haɓaka tushen) da lalacewar inji, wanda mai yiwuwa ya haifar da mafi girman da aka saba da shi na farkon bazara akan ƙarshen shuka na bazara. Yawanci, lokacin shuka na bazara yana farawa da zaran ɗagawa ya yiwu a cikin jariri, kuma ya ƙare tare da kammala shirin. A wannan lokacin, kayan shuka suna da alaƙa da lokacin girma mai zuwa, kuma shuka yana da duk wannan lokacin da za a kafa tsarin tushen sa kafin a kalubalanci shi ta hanyar kowane sanyi. A aikace, ba a samun manufofi da yawa. Wannan kayan yana yawan barci lokacin da aka dasa shi yana da kuskuren da ya zama gama gari. Girman aiki yana bayyane a lokacin shuka, amma a kowane hali aikin metabolism yana ƙaruwa a cikin kayan shuka kafin saman ya ba da bayyane ga wannan. Matsalar samun, a cikin yawa, kayan da aka ɗaga a cikin yanayin barci yana ƙaruwa tare da karuwar yanayin yanayi. A wurare da yawa, lokacin bazara ba abin dogaro ba ne kuma sau da yawa gajere. Hakanan, fa'idar danshi na ƙasa da aka yi iƙirarin don shuka bazara ma ba ta da tabbas. Ƙasa da ke da yashi ko dutse, da ƙasa mai zurfi na kowane nau'i sun dogara sosai da yanayin yanzu saboda iyakancewar ƙarfin ruwa. Har ila yau, wadataccen danshi na ƙasa ba zai amfana da tsire-tsire wanda tushen sa ya rufe da ƙasa mai sanyi, kuma mutuwar bishiyoyi da aka dasa a cikin ƙasa mai sanyi fiye da kusan 6 ° C na iya zama mai yawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sutton 1968&quot;&gt;Sutton, R.F. 1968. Ecology of young white spruce (''Picea glauca'' [Moench] Voss). Ph.D. thesis, Cornell Univ., Ithaca NY, Univ. Microfilms, Ann Arbor, Michigan MI, 68–11645. 500 p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Sutton 1969&quot;&gt;Sutton, R.F. 1969. Form and development of conifer root systems. Commonw. For. Bureau, Oxford, U.K., Tech. Communication No. 7. 131 p.&lt;/ref&gt; &amp;nbsp;Fuskar yana ƙara haɗarin kayan shuka ga duka damuwa na jiki (saboda karuwar buƙatun ruwa da rage ƙarfin haɓaka tushen) da lalacewar inji, wanda mai yiwuwa ya haifar da mafi girman da aka saba da shi na farkon bazara akan ƙarshen shuka na bazara.

Ana iya dasa bishiyoyi ba kawai a duk lokacin shuka na bazara ba idan aka guje wa lokacin da aka fi yin amfani da shi, amma kusan a duk lokacin girma, tare da asarar aiki ba tare da raguwa ba. Nazarin Mullin (1971) &lt;ref name=&quot;mull3&quot;&gt;Mullin, R.E. 1971. &quot;Some effects of root dipping, root exposure and extended planting dates with white spruce.&quot; For. Chron. 47(2):90–93.&lt;/ref&gt; a Midhurst a kudancin Ontario ya nuna nasarar da za a iya dasa fararen spruce a duk lokacin da ake tambaya da kuma buƙatar rage damuwa a kan kayan shuka. Mullin ya yi amfani da 3 + 0 stock daga gadaje na jigilar kaya na yau da kullun a cikin jerin shuke-shuke 6 na mako-mako wanda ya fara da bishiyoyi masu barci a ranar 3 ga Mayu kuma ya ƙare a ranar 7 ga Yuni, lokacin da sabbin manyan shuke-huke sun kasance da yawa. An ɗaga itatuwa tare da kuma ba tare da nutsewar tushen ba, an dasa su a ranar ɗagawa bayan an fallasa tsarin tushen su na awanni 0, 1, 2, ko 3. Ganin cewa rayuwa ta shekara ta 2 a cikin iko (haskakawa ta tushen = 0) yanayin ya bambanta kadan tsakanin shuke-shuke 6, tare da matsakaicin 83.5% + / - 4.7% don bishiyoyi masu nutsewa da 77.2 + / - 7.0% don wadanda ba a nutsewa ba, yawan mace-mace tsakanin kayan da aka nuna tushen sun fi canzawa. Misali, rayuwa ta shekara ta 2 tsakanin bishiyoyi masu tsiro waɗanda aka fallasa tsarin tushen su na awa 1 ya bambanta daga 17% zuwa 84%.

=== Shuka shuka na al'ada tare da kayan da aka ɗaga ===
Lokacin shuka fall yawanci ana ɗaukarsa farawa ne lokacin da kayan kiwo suka yi tauri kuma an sake cika tanadin danshi na ƙasa ta ruwan sama na kaka. Daga nan sai ya ci gaba har sai an kammala shirin shuka ko kuma an dakatar da shi ta hanyar daskarewa ko dusar ƙanƙara mai nauyi. Fa'idodin shuka faduwa an taɓa la'akari da su &quot;Don auna nauyin waɗanda ke cikin bazara tabbas&quot; cewa a cikin dazuzzuka na Ƙasar Lake States kusan duk an shuka a cikin faduwa, amma duk da wasu nasarori, shuke-shuke na faduwa a Arewacin Amurka sun kasance marasa nasara fiye da shuke-huke na bazara.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kittredge&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kittredge |first=J |date=1929 |title=Forest planting in the Lake States |journal=U.S.D.A., for. Serv., Washington DC, Agric. Bull. |issue=1497 |pages=87 p}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;leb&quot;&gt;LeBarron, R.K.; Fox, G.; Blythe, R.H. 1938. The effect of season of planting and other factors on early survival of forest plantations. J. For. 36:1211–1215.&lt;/ref&gt; A wasu shafuka, babban rashin amfani na shuka faduwa shine cewa tsarin tushen shuke-shuke ba su da ɗan lokaci kaɗan don zama da ƙarfi kafin a sanya su cikin sanyi. Irin waɗannan tsire-tsire suna da rauni ga &quot;tsire-tsalle na hunturu&quot;, wanda zai iya faruwa a cikin fall ba da daɗewa ba bayan shuka, musamman tsakanin hannun jari da ke da tsayi mai yawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;rud&quot;&gt;Rudolf, P.O. 1950. Cold soaking – a short-cut substitute for stratification? J. For. 48(1):31–32.&lt;/ref&gt; Dangantaka tsakanin ci gaban barci da yanayin ilimin lissafi, gami da ƙarfin tsiro, ba su da kyau a cikin bishiyoyi fiye da bishiyoyi, amma tabbas akwai kyakkyawar shaida    &lt;ref name=&quot;Baldwin 1938&quot;&gt;Baldwin, H.I. 1938. Planting experiments in the northeast. J. For. 36:758–760.&lt;/ref&gt; cewa, ba tare da sanyi ba, shuka bishiyoyi na iya samun nasara a cikin fall kamar a cikin bazara.&lt;ref name=&quot;mull&quot;&gt;Mullin, R.E. 1968. Comparisons between seedlings and transplants in fall and spring plantings. Ont. Dep. Lands For., Res. Div., Toronto ON, Res. Rep. 85. 40 p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;sin&quot;&gt;Sinclair, C.; Boyd, R.J. 1973. Survival comparisons of three fall and spring plantings of four coniferous species in northern Idaho. USDA, For. Serv., Intermount. For. Range Exp. Sta., Ogden UT, Res. Pap. INT-139. 20 p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;McClain 1975&quot;&gt;McClain, K.M. 1975. Continuous planting of seedling black spruce. p. 177–194 ''in'' Black Spruce Symp. Proc., Can. Dep. Environ., Can. For. Serv., Sault Ste. Marie ON, Symp. Proc. O-P-4.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;McClain 1979&quot;&gt;McClain, K.M. 1979. A review on the possibility of extending the planting season. Ont. Min. Nat. Resour., Northern For. Res. Unit, Thunder Bay ON. 44 p.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Shuka shuka a lokacin rani tare da kayan da aka ɗaga ===
Ta hanyar tunani da dabaru, hanya mafi sauƙi ta tsawaita lokacin dasa shuki na al'ada shine a tsawaita ɗagawa da dasa kayan sabo a lokacin rani har sai an gasa shirin shuka. Akwai shaidar cewa za a iya dasa spruces cikin nasara a duk lokacin rani. Dasa shuki &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5D; &amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2017)&quot;&gt;kuma&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&lt;/sup&gt; ya sami nasara a yawancin binciken bincike tare da farin spruce, misali, Crossley 1956;  Ackerman da Johnson 1962;  Decie 1962 wanda Revel and Coates 1976 ya ambata;  Burgar da Lyon 1968;  Mullin 1971,  1974;  Revel and Coates 1976. &lt;ref name=&quot;rev&quot; /&gt; Nasarar ya dogara ne akan rage damuwa don shuka haja a kowane mataki daga ɗagawa ta hanyar dasawa da kuma dasa shuki lokacin da yanayin wurin ya dace don rayuwa da girma.

=== Shuka na bazara da lokacin rani tare da kayan da aka adana ===
An haɓaka ajiyar sanyaya na kayan shuka da yawa tare da manufar shawo kan matsalolin da aka samu ta amfani da kayan shuka. Adanawa yana ba da hanyar riƙe kayan aiki don amfani lokacin da sabbin kayan ba su samuwa ba ko kuma a matakin ci gaba wanda ya sa bai dace da shuka ba. Har ila yau, yana ba da damar sarrafa yanayin jiki na hannun jari. Koyaya, akwai matsalolin da ke da alaƙa da ajiya, misali, ƙura, raunin sanyi, bushewa, da ƙarancin ajiyar abinci. Yawan lalacewa ya dogara sosai da yanayin ilimin lissafi na kayan shuka a lokacin ɗagawa, da kuma yanayin ajiya da tsawon ajiya. A cikin ƙoƙari na tsara jadawalin aminci don ɗaga kayan aiki don ajiyar daskarewa, Mullin (1978) &lt;ref name=&quot;mull5&quot;&gt;Mullin, R.E. 1978. &quot;Tests of frozen spring storage for white spruce and red pine planting stock.&quot; USDA, For. Serv., Tree Plant. Notes 29(4):26–29.&lt;/ref&gt; ya yi amfani da tushe na 0 ° C kuma ya tara matsakaicin yanayin ƙasa na yau da kullun a zurfin 15 cm don lissafin kwanakin digiri (DD). Ya fassara shaidar yana nufin cewa fararen spruce da aka ƙaddara don ajiyar daskarewa ya kamata ya tara fiye da 50 DD kafin a ɗaga shi. Game da ajiyar sanyi, kayan da aka ɗaga, manyan sinadaran don samun nasara suna ɗagawa kafin a fara bushewa, rigakafin bushewa, kula da zafin jiki na yau da kullun a cikin digiri 1 ko 2 na daskarewa, rage ƙirar ta hanyar kula da zazzabin jiki da tsabta, kauce wa murkushewa da sauran lalacewar inji, da kauce wa tsawon lokacin ajiya.

Mullin da Forcier (1976) &lt;ref name=&quot;mull6&quot;&gt;Mullin, R.E.; Forcier, L. 1976. Effect of lifting and planting dates on survival and growth of spring stored nursery stock. Ont. Min, Nat. Resour., For. Res. Branch, Toronto ON, For. Res. Notes 3. 4 p.&lt;/ref&gt; da Mullin da Reffle (1980) &lt;ref name=&quot;mull8&quot;&gt;Mullin, R.E.; Reffle, R.J. 1980. Effects of dates of lifting and planting on success of frozen spring storage at Swastika Nursery. Ont. Min, Nat. Resour., Toronto ON, Nursery Notes 66. 5 p.&lt;/ref&gt; sun bincika tasirin ranar ɗagawa da kwanan shuka a kan nau'o'i da yawa, gami da 3 + 0 fari spruce bayan ajiyar daskarewa, tare da sabbin sarrafawa da aka shuka a kowane ranar shuka don kwatanta. A cikin dukkan shuke-shuke, ɗagawa na farko (2 ga Mayu) ya ba da matsakaicin matsakaicin rayuwa na shekara ta biyu a cikin dukkan nau'o'in. A cikin wani binciken, Mullin (1978) &lt;ref name=&quot;mull5&quot;&gt;Mullin, R.E. 1978. &quot;Tests of frozen spring storage for white spruce and red pine planting stock.&quot; USDA, For. Serv., Tree Plant. Notes 29(4):26–29.&lt;/ref&gt; ya gano cewa tsire-tsire na 3 + 0 fari mai daskarewa sun ci gaba da samun nasara har zuwa ƙarshen Yuli kawai tare da farkon da aka ɗaga (25 Afrilu). Sutton (1982)  kuma ya yi amfani da 3 + 0 fari spruce a cikin fitarwa kowane makonni 2 daga ƙarshen Yuni ta hanyar lokacin girma a cikin shekaru 3 masu zuwa a shafuka daban-daban a arewacin Ontario.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sutton 1982&quot;&gt;Sutton, R.F. 1982. &quot;Plantation establishment in the boreal forest: planting [[season extension]].&quot; Can. Dep. Environ., Can. For. Serv., Sault Ste. Marie ON, Inf. Rep. O-X-344. 129 p.&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da bambancin kayan shuka, yanayin ajiya mara kyau da mummunan yanayi, sakamakon shekara ta 4 ya nuna daidaitattun tsari na rayuwa mai ma'ana da ƙimar girma tsakanin bishiyoyi da aka dasa har zuwa Yuli, tare da saurin raguwa a cikin aikin bishiyoyi da suka dasa daga baya. An kuma yi amfani da ajiyar kayan da aka yi amfani da su a lokacin sanyi. Yana da fa'idar ɗaga kaya a ƙarshen lokacin girma lokacin da matakai na jiki ke kiran barci na halitta. Mullin da Parker (1976)  sun binciki lokacin da aka ɗaga faduwa tare da zafin ajiyar hunturu don tantance tasirin su akan aikin da aka dasa 3 + 0 fari.&lt;ref name=&quot;mull7&quot;&gt;Mullin, R.E.; Parker, J.D. 1976. &quot;Provisional guidelines for fall lifting for frozen overwinter storage of nursery stock.&quot; For. Chron. 52(1):22–25.&lt;/ref&gt; Akwai ɗagawa 5, kowane mako daga 19 ga Oktoba zuwa 16 ga Nuwamba, bayan haka ƙasa mai daskarewa ta dakatar da ɗagawa. An yi amfani da yanayin ajiya guda biyu, -18 °C da -4 °C. Kusan dukkan bishiyoyin da aka adana a -18 °C sun mutu. Sauran kayan an dasa su a cikin ƙananan ramuka a cikin ƙananan yashi mai laushi a ranar 12 ga Afrilu, 17 ga Mayu, da 14 ga Yuni tare da kayan da aka ɗaga a kowane kwanan wata. Sabon kuma an adana fararen spruce ya ba da sakamako iri ɗaya a cikin shuke-shuke da aka faɗaɗa zuwa tsakiyar Yuni a yankin Midhurst na Ontario.

An yi amfani da ajiyar firiji na halitta a cikin ɗakunan tushe da wuraren ɓoye dusar ƙanƙara. Yin amfani da sanyaya na halitta a cikin ajiyar tushen, Jorgensen da Stanek (1962) &lt;ref name=&quot;jorg&quot;&gt;Jorgensen, E.; Stanek, W.K.L. 1962. &quot;Overwinter storage of coniferous seedlings as a means of preventing late frost damage.&quot; For. Chron. 38(2):192–202.&lt;/ref&gt; sun ajiye 3 + 0 da 2 + 2 farin spruce a cikin yanayin barci na watanni 6 ba tare da lalacewa ga aikin ba bayan an shuka shi. Bugu da ƙari, kayan sun kasance masu tsayayya sosai ga lalacewar sanyi. Mullin ya yi amfani da ajiyar sanyi na halitta don overwintering 3+0 da 2+2 fari spruce (1966). &lt;ref name=&quot;mull1&quot;&gt;Mullin, R.E. 1966. &quot;Overwinter storage of baled nursery stock in northern Ontario.&quot; Commonw. For. Rev. 45(3):224–230.&lt;/ref&gt; Ba kamar Jorgensen da Stanek's (1962) &lt;ref name=&quot;jorg&quot; /&gt; stock ba, wanda aka ɗaga 550 km zuwa kudu inda aka dasa shi, an ɗaga stock na Mullin a cikin wani nursery a kusan latitude iri ɗaya da wurin shuka; stock ɗin ya sami yanayin zafi na ciki har zuwa -15 ° C a tsakiyar hunturu, amma har yanzu ya nuna farkon- da na biyu-shekara yawan rayuwa na 85.9% da 65.9%, bi da bi, idan aka kwatanta da 91.4% da 76.2%, bi da haka, don sabon-da bi da bi da bi.Koyaya, kayan da aka adana na Mullin sun fi lalacewa ta hanyar sanyi fiye da kayan da aka ɗaga kuma &quot;ya nuna raguwar ƙarfi kamar yadda aka auna dangane da rayuwa, saukin lalacewa da girma&quot;.

== Matsayi a cikin sauyin yanayi ==
{{excerpt|Carbon sequestration#Forestry}}

== Ta hanyar ƙasa ==

=== Ostiraliya ===
An shafar gandun daji na Australiya sosai tun lokacin mulkin mallaka na Turai, kuma an yi wasu ƙoƙari don dawo da wuraren zama na asali, ta gwamnati da mutane. Greening Australia wata kungiya ce ta kasa da ba ta da riba da aka kafa don gudanar da &quot;National Tree Program&quot; wanda Gwamnatin Tarayya ta fara a shekarar 1982. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Greening Australia - History |url=http://www.greeningaustralia.org.au/about-us/history |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110220082057/http://www.greeningaustralia.org.au/about-us/history |archive-date=2011-02-20 |access-date=2011-02-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; Greening Australia ta kammala burin itace biliyan 1 kuma ta ci gaba da zama daya daga cikin manyan kungiyoyin shuka bishiyoyi a kasar.

Akwai karfi mai karfi na masu sa kai don kiyayewa a Ostiraliya ta hanyar Landcare da sauran hanyoyin sadarwa. Ranar Itace ta Kasa ana shirya ta kowace shekara ta Planet Ark a cikin makon da ya gabata a watan Yuli, yana ƙarfafa jama'a su dasa bishiyoyi miliyan 1 a kowace shekara. Girma bishiyoyi don masana'antun katako aiki ne na dogon lokaci. Zai iya ɗaukar shekaru da yawa don itace ya girma zuwa shekaru da girman da ya dace da katako don masana'antu su yi amfani da shi. Wasu bishiyoyi suna da shekaru ɗaruruwan da yawa.

Gwamnatocin jihohi da yawa suna gudanar da nasu shirye-shiryen &quot;Million Tree&quot; a kowace shekara don ƙarfafa shiga cikin al'umma.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=2 Million Trees Victoria |url=http://www.2milliontrees.com.au/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517061108/http://2milliontrees.com.au/ |archive-date=2013-05-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Growing A Great Future |url=http://www.milliontrees.com.au/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924184135/http://www.milliontrees.com.au/ |archive-date=September 24, 2014 |access-date=December 13, 2013 |website=SA Urban Forests Million Trees Program |publisher=Government of South Australia}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Trees for Life (Brooklyn Park) misali ne mai kyau na ƙungiyar al'umma da ke da tasiri mai ɗorewa.

=== Bangladesh ===
Za a dasa bishiyoyi 45,000 a kan hanyoyin karkara a Bangladesh. Yarjejeniyar shari'a za ta tabbatar da cewa kashi 60% na dukiyar itace da aka kirkira za ta kasance ga iyalai mafi talauci (45 km × 15 = iyalai 675). &amp;nbsp;Karamar hukuma da PEP kowannensu yana karɓar 20% na dukiyar itace. Mata mata matalauta 45 na karkara da ma'aikatan zamantakewa 3 za a yi aiki na tsawon shekaru 3 don kula da matasa, suna karɓar albashi na kowane wata. Tare da kashi 8% kawai na ƙasa da ake so a ƙarƙashin bishiyoyi, aikin zai inganta muhalli.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2013-02-11 |title=Poverty Eradication Program PAP- Innovative reforestation project |url=https://www.pep-bd.org/reforestation/ |access-date=2023-05-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kanada ===
Yawancin dasa bishiyoyi a [[Kanada]] ana gudanar da su ne ta kamfanonin sake dasa bishiyoyi masu zaman kansu. Kamfanonin sake dasa bishiyoyi suna gasa da juna don kwangila waɗanda kamfanonin katako ke bayarwa. [[Annual allowable cut|Yankewa na shekara-shekara]] na shekara mai zuwa ya dogara ne akan yawan [[Kuɗi|kudi]] da kamfanin katako ke saka hannun jari a cikin sake dasa bishiyoyi da sauran ayyukan silvicultural. Ana yin shuka bisa ga ƙayyadaddun abokin ciniki, kuma ana sa ran masu shuka su koyi ƙa'idodin inganci ga kowane kwangila da suke aiki a kai. Ana bincika tubalan da aka shuka akai-akai. Kodayake damuwa game da inganci ya bambanta a cikin kwangila, masu binciken wuri yawanci suna neman irin waɗannan abubuwa kamar: zaɓin wurin da ya dace da nau'in, nau'in da ya dace, yadda tsire-tsire suke a ƙasa, yadda tsiro suke daidai, da kuma ko tsiro sun lalace ko a'a. Wadannan damuwa sun bambanta daga yanki zuwa yanki, kuma daga kwangila zuwa kwangila.

Shuka itace yawanci aiki ne kuma farashin itace na iya bambanta sosai dangane da wahalar filin da kuma farashin kwangilar da ta ci nasara. A sakamakon haka, akwai faɗar tsakanin masu shuka: &quot;Babu mummunan ƙasa, kawai mummunan kwangila. &quot; Watanni 4 na aiki tuƙuru na iya samar da isasshen rayuwa har tsawon shekara, amma yanayin yana da tsanani.

Ma'aikatan shuka bishiyoyi galibi ba sa zama har abada a wuraren da suke aiki, don haka yawancin shuka ya dogara ne daga Motels ko sansanonin daji. gidaje sansanin Bush yawanci sun kunshi alfarwa, shagon dafa abinci, alfarwar kayan bushe, alfarwa ta farko, sababbin gidaje, da alfarwa ko tirela. Masu shuka suna da alhakin kawo ko dai alfarwa ko mota don yin barci. Har ila yau, sansanin yana dauke da masu dafa abinci da ma'aikatan tallafi.

Matsakaicin mai shuka na British Columbian yana shuka bishiyoyi 1,600 a kowace rana, &lt;ref name=&quot;BC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |year=2006 |title=Preventing Tree Planting Injuries |url=http://www.worksafebc.com/publications/health_and_safety/by_topic/assets/pdf/treeplanting.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130227072039/http://worksafebc.com/publications/health_and_safety/by_topic/assets/pdf/treeplanting.pdf |archive-date=February 27, 2013 |access-date=December 13, 2013 |website=Work Safe BC |publisher=Workers' Compensation Board of British Columbia}}&lt;/ref&gt; amma ba sabon abu ba ne ga masu shuka masu ƙwarewa su shuka har zuwa bishiyoyi 4,000 a kowace rana yayin aiki a ciki.  Wadannan lambobi sun fi girma a tsakiya da gabashin Kanada, inda filin ya fi sauri, duk da haka farashin kowace itace ya ɗan ragu a sakamakon haka. Matsakaicin jimlar yau da kullun na 2,500 sun zama ruwan dare, tare da masu shuka masu gogewa da ke dasa sama da itatuwa 5,000 a rana. An yi rikodin lambobi har zuwa 7,500 a rana.&lt;ref name=&quot;AlterNet&quot; /&gt; Masu shuka yawanci suna aiki 8-11 hours a kowace rana tare da ƙarin 1 zuwa 2 hours na (yawanci) lokacin tafiye-tafiye da ba a biya ba. Makonni na aiki a kan kwangilar shuka na British Columbian yawanci kwanaki 3-4 ne, tare da rana 1 hutu. A Ontario, makonni na aiki yawanci kwanaki 5-6 ne, tare da rana 1 hutu.

Sau da yawa, masu kwangila na dasa bishiyoyi za su cire wasu daga cikin farashin da ke tattare da aikin kwangilar kai tsaye daga albashin da mai shuka bishiyoyi ke samu na yau da kullun. Wadannan kudaden da aka ɗora yawanci sun bambanta daga $ 10 zuwa $ 30 a kowace rana, kuma ana kiransu &quot;farashin sansanin&quot;.

Da zarar an haɗa hauhawar farashi, ainihin kuɗin da ake samu na shuka itace ya ragu shekaru da yawa a Kanada. Wannan ya shafi ikon bangaren na jan hankalin ma'aikata da riƙe ma'aikata.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Betts |first=John |date=2007-07-30 |title=2007 Planting Season: More Planters—Less Experience |url=http://www.wsca.ca/index.php?Page=225.0&amp;Key=667 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110523233145/http://www.wsca.ca/index.php?Page=225.0&amp;Key=667 |archive-date=2011-05-23 |access-date=2010-11-12 |website=Current Affairs |publisher=Western Silvicultural Contractors' Association}}&lt;/ref&gt; Albashi mafi girma da yanayin aiki mafi kyau a wasu masana'antu da yawa, daga gini, zuwa mai da iskar gas, har ma da fasahar bayanai, ya haifar da ƙananan matasa na Kanada da ke son dasa bishiyoyi.

Dangane da kididdigar British Columbia, matsakaicin mai shuka itace: yana ɗaga nauyin nauyin kilo 1,000 (2,200 , yana karkatar da fiye da sau 200 a kowace awa, yana fitar da cokali zuwa ƙasa fiye da sau 200, a kowace awa kuma yana tafiya sama da {{Convert|16|km|mi}}  tare da nauyi mai nauyi, kowace rana na dukan kakar. Masana'antar sake dasa bishiyoyi tana da matsakaicin raunin shekara-shekara na kusan 22 da'awar ga ma'aikata 100, a kowace shekara. Sau da yawa yana da wahala kuma wani lokacin yana da haɗari.&lt;ref name=&quot;BC&quot;/&gt;
[[Fayil:Traditional_tree_protectors_in_the_Schwarzwald.jpg|thumb|[[Gidan bishiya|masu kare bishiyoyi]] na gargajiya a cikin Black Forest, Jamus]]

=== Jamus ===
Ana shuka bishiyoyi a ko'ina a Jamus.
[[Fayil:Plastic_tree_protectors_in_the_Schwarzwald.jpg|thumb|[[Gidan bishiya|masu kare bishiyoyi]] filastik a cikin Black Forest, Jamus]]

=== Biritaniya ===
Shuka a Burtaniya ana kiranta da ''sakewa'', lokacin da yake faruwa a ƙasar da aka girbi kwanan nan. Lokacin da yake faruwa a ƙasar da ba a taɓa yin daji ba an san shi da ''sabon shuka''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |year=2005 |title=Forestry Statistics 2005 |url=http://www.forestry.gov.uk/website/foreststats.nsf/byunique/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004141440/http://www.forestry.gov.uk/website/foreststats.nsf/byunique/index.html |archive-date=October 4, 2012 |access-date=December 13, 2013 |website=Forestry Commission: Economics and Statistics |publisher=Forestry Commission}}&lt;/ref&gt; A karkashin tsarin Burtaniya, don samun izinin da ake buƙata don sharewa, mai mallakar ƙasa dole ne ya amince da shirin gudanarwa tare da Hukumar Kula da dazuzzuka (kungiyar da ke kula da duk abubuwan gandun daji) wanda dole ne ya haɗa da shawarwari don sake kafa murfin bishiyoyi a ƙasar. Masu kwangila na shuka za su shiga kamfanin mai mallakar ƙasa / gudanarwa, kwangila da aka tsara kuma aiki zai faru ne daga Nuwamba zuwa Afrilu lokacin da yawancin shuka ke barci.

shuka wani bangare ne na yanayin juyawa na yawancin gandun daji na Burtaniya. Ana dasa amfanin gona mai amfani sannan daga baya a sare shi. Wasu nau'ikan noma na ƙasa na iya faruwa sannan a sake cika ƙasa. Inda samar da katako shine fifiko na gudanarwa, dole ne a cimma matsaya ga yawan kayan aiki. Ga nau'ikan coniferous wannan zai zama mafi ƙarancin 2500 a kowace hekta a shekara ta 5 (daga shuka). An nuna shuka a wannan yawa don tallafawa ci gaban katako marasa ma'auni.

Ana biyan masu shuka a ƙarƙashin sharuddan aiki kuma ƙwararren ma'aikaci zai dasa kusan itatuwa 1600 a rana a ƙarƙashin mafi yawan yanayi.

=== Indiya ===
[[Fayil:Tree_Plantation_Drive.jpg|thumb|Shuka shuka itace ta Shree Aniruddha Upasana Foundation, Mumbai, Indiya]]
 {{Reflist|30em}}
Shuka bishiyoyi yana haifar da yaki da batutuwan muhalli da yawa kamar sare daji, rushewar ƙasa, hamada a yankunan da ba su da ruwa, dumamar duniya kuma saboda haka inganta kyakkyawa da ma'auni na muhalli. Bishiyoyi suna shan iskar gas mai cutarwa kuma suna fitar da iskar oxygen wanda ke haifar da karuwar iskar oxygen. A matsakaici, itace guda ɗaya yana fitar da fam 260 na iskar oxygen a kowace shekara. Hakazalika, itace da ya girma sosai ya isa ga mutane 18 a cikin acre ɗaya na ƙasa a cikin shekara guda yana jaddada muhimmancin dasa bishiyoyi ga bil'adama. Cibiyar Gudanar da Bala'i ta Aniruddha a [[Mumbai|Mumbai, Indiya]] tana gudanar da ayyuka da yawa don dasa bishiyoyi a babban sikelin. Gidauniyar tana horar da masu sa kai a kan wannan batun a Govidyapeetham (Cibiyar Kula da Karjat) a garin Karjat a Maharashtra, Indiya. Masu sa kai da aka horar sannan su dasa shuke-shuke, bishiyoyi a cikin rukuni a ƙasar da ke akwai. Hukumomin karamar hukuma suna ba da filayen da ba su da komai, ƙasa a gefen manyan hanyoyi da kan tuddai don dasa bishiyoyi. Ek Kadam Sansthan &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.ekkadam.org/ |title=Ek Kadam Sansthan |access-date=2026-06-03 |archive-date=2026-06-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260605224231/https://www.ekkadam.org/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; na [[Jaipur|Jaipur, Indiya]] yana da hannu a cikin ayyukan shuka da yawa ciki har da itace daya aikina na shuka bishiyoyi a duniya. Ek Kadam suna shuka bishiyoyi kuma suna ba da su ga mutum a ƙauyen, wanda ya cika ka'idojin masu cin gajiyar kamar suna da ƙalubalen kuɗi, ƙalubalen jiki da dai sauransu. Bayan sun ba da tsari Sansthan yana biyan su INR 100 a kowace itace don ban ruwa da aminci daga kiwo. Saboda haka ta hanyar wannan tsari Ek Kadam sansthan yana so ya tabbatar da 100% rayuwa na bishiyoyi da aka dasa. An kara masu sa kai da yawa a wannan kamfen ɗin. Masu sa kai da aka horar suna taimakawa Ek Kadam Sansthan don dasa shuke-shuke, da kuma sarrafa dukkan matakai. Ek Kadam Sansthan ba ta karɓi wani tallafi daga hukumomin gwamnati ba. Kwamitin gudanarwa yana daidaitawa kuma ana gudanar da shi ta hanyar ma'aikatan gwamnati da suka yi ritaya don tabbatar da nuna gaskiya a cikin kudade da matakan aiki.

Kamfen din Ek Kadam Sansthan One Tree My Duty yana aiki tare da aikin shuka bishiyoyi mai amfani da fasaha.

=== Isra'ila ===

: ''Dubi: Asusun Ƙasar Yahudawa #Afforestation; Jerin gandun daji a Isra'ila.''

Shuka itace tsohuwar al'adar [[Yahudawa]] ce. Rabi na Talmudic Yohanan ben Zakai ya saba cewa idan mutumin da ke dasa itace ya ji cewa Almasihu ya zo, ya kamata ya gama dasa shi kafin ya je ya gaishe shi. Saboda kokarin gandun daji,  wannan gaskiyar ta sake maimaitawa a cikin kamfen daban-daban. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Israel Forestry &amp; Ecology |url=http://www.jnf.org/work-we-do/our-projects/forestry-ecology/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207064210/http://www.jnf.org/work-we-do/our-projects/forestry-ecology/ |archive-date=7 February 2009 |access-date=29 October 2011 |publisher=Jewish National Fund, East 69th Street, NY 10021 USA}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Trees from Israel |url=http://www.standwithus.com/pdfs/flyers/green-trees.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061117182000/http://www.standwithus.com/pdfs/flyers/green-trees.pdf |archive-date=November 17, 2006 |access-date=29 October 2011 |publisher=standwithus.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Five Widely-Read Bloggers Tour Israel and Plant Trees |url=http://www.standwithus.com/app/iNews/view_n.asp?ID=2045 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111102231610/http://standwithus.com/app/iNews/view_n.asp?ID=2045 |archive-date=2 November 2011 |access-date=29 October 2011 |publisher=standwithus.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gidajen Isra'ila sune samfurin babban kamfen na gandun daji da Asusun Ƙasar Yahudawa (JNF) ya yi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=JNF Tree Planting Center |url=http://www.jnf.org/support/tree-planting-center/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111025065017/http://www.jnf.org/support/tree-planting-center/ |archive-date=25 October 2011 |access-date=29 October 2011 |publisher=Jewish National Fund, East 69th Street, NY 10021, USA}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Babban gandun daji da aka dasa a Isra'ila shine Yatir Forest, wanda ke kan gangaren kudancin Dutsen Hebron, a gefen hamadar Negev. Ya mamaye yanki na dunams 30,000 (kilomita 30). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2013-12-17 |title=Planting of Yatir Forest |url=http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1258489197018&amp;pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110115142404/http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1258489197018&amp;pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull |archive-date=2011-01-15 |access-date=2013-12-21 |publisher=Fr.jpost.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; An sanya masa suna ne bayan tsohuwar birnin Levite a cikin yankinsa, Yatir, kamar yadda aka rubuta a cikin Attaura: &quot;Kuma ga 'ya'yan Haruna firist sun ba Hebron da kewayenta, birnin mafaka ga mai kisan kai, da Libnah da kewayen ta, da Jattir da kewayonta, da Eshtemoa da kewayanta&quot; (Littafin Joshua 21:13-14). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2013-12-17 |title=JPost &amp;#124; French-language news from Israel, the Middle East &amp; the Jewish World |url=http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull&amp;cid=1176152801104 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120708153954/http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull&amp;cid=1176152801104 |archive-date=2012-07-08 |access-date=2013-12-21 |publisher=Fr.jpost.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 2006, JNF ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar haya ta shekaru 49 tare da Jihar Isra'ila wanda ke ba ta iko kan hekta 30,000 na ƙasar Negev don ci gaban gandun daji. Ana gudanar da bincike kan [[Canjin yanayi]] a cikin Yatir Forest .  &lt;ref name=&quot;SahneyBentonFalconLang 2010RainforestCollapse&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sahney S, Benton MJ, Falcon-Lang HJ |year=2010 |title=Rainforest collapse triggered Pennsylvanian tetrapod diversification in Euramerica |journal=Geology |volume=38 |issue=12 |pages=1079–1082 |bibcode=2010Geo....38.1079S |doi=10.1130/G31182.1}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bachelet |first=D. |author-link=Dominique Bachelet |last2=Neilson |first2=R. |last3=Lenihan |first3=J. M. |last4=Drapek |first4=R. J. |year=2001 |title=Climate Change Effects on Vegetation Distribution and Carbon Budget in the United States |url=http://www.usgcrp.gov/usgcrp/Library/nationalassessment/forests/Ecosystems2%20Bachelet.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=[[Ecosystems]] |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=164–185 |doi=10.1007/s10021-001-0002-7 |s2cid=15526358 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030620031759/http://www.usgcrp.gov/usgcrp/Library/nationalassessment/forests/Ecosystems2%20Bachelet.pdf |archive-date=2003-06-20 |access-date=2011-10-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nazarin Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Weizmann, tare da hadin gwiwar Cibiyar Binciken Desert a Sde Boker, sun nuna cewa bishiyoyi suna aiki azaman tarko ga carbon a cikin iska.&lt;ref name=&quot;haaretz.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Issar |first=Arie |date=2009-11-30 |title=Benefits of planting trees in the desert |url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1131595.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100315054505/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1131595.html |archive-date=2010-03-15 |access-date=2013-12-21 |website=Haaretz}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=KKL-JNF cooperating on afforestation at Yatir forest |url=http://www.kkl.org.il/eng/forestry-and-ecology/afforestation-in-israel/turning-the-desert-green/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906132345/http://www.kkl.org.il/eng/forestry-and-ecology/afforestation-in-israel/turning-the-desert-green/ |archive-date=2015-09-06 |access-date=2015-09-22}}&lt;/ref&gt; Inuwa da bishiyoyi da aka dasa a cikin hamada suka bayar tana rage kumburi na ruwan sama mai yawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;haaretz.com&quot; /&gt; Yatir Forest wani bangare ne na aikin NASA FluxNet, cibiyar sadarwa ta duniya ta shafukan hasumiyar micrometeorological da aka yi amfani da ita don auna musayar [[carbon dioxide]], [[Turirin Ruwa|tururi na ruwa]], da makamashi tsakanin yanayi duniya da yanayi. Cibiyar Nazarin Muhalli ta Arava tana gudanar da bincike wanda ke mai da hankali kan amfanin gona kamar kwanakin da inabi da aka shuka a kusa da gandun daji na Yatir.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=2000 year old seed grows in the arava |url=http://www.watsonblogs.org/meef/subjects/plants/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220010831/http://www.watsonblogs.org/meef/subjects/plants/ |archive-date=2012-02-20 |access-date=2013-12-21 |publisher=Watsonblogs.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Binciken wani bangare ne na aikin da aka yi niyyar gabatar da sabbin amfanin gona a cikin yankuna masu bushewa da saline.

An soki JNF saboda dasa bishiyoyin pine wadanda ba na asali ba wadanda ba su dace da yanayi ba, maimakon nau'ikan gida kamar itatuwan zaitun.&lt;ref&gt;Rabbi David Seidenberg.&quot;The Giving Tree: A Way to Honor Our Vision for Israel&quot;; Neohasid, 2006&lt;/ref&gt; Sauran sun ce JNF ya cancanci yabo ga wannan shawarar, kuma gandun daji ba za su tsira ba.   [mafi kyawun tushe da ake buƙata] A cewar kididdigar JNF, shida daga cikin 10 da aka dasa a shafin JNF a Urushalima ba su tsira ba, kodayake yawan rayuwa don dasa wuraren da ke waje da Urushalima ya fi girma - kusa da kashi 95 cikin dari.

=== New Zealand ===
[[Fayil:Tree_planting_in_India.jpg|thumb|Wani yaro ya dasa itace a Indiya]]
Dajin Kaingaroa a [[New Zealand]] shine gandun daji na biyu mafi girma a kudancin kudancin bayan yankin Sabie / Graskop a Afirka ta Kudu. Yana daya daga cikin gandun daji da yawa da aka dasa tun lokacin da Turawa suka zauna. Ana amfani da Monterey Pine (''Pinus radiata'') don shuke-shuke tun lokacin da aka haɓaka shuka mai saurin girma wanda ya dace da yanayi daban-daban.

Hukumomin gwamnati, kungiyoyin muhalli da masu zaman kansu suna gudanar da dasa bishiyoyi don kiyayewa da [[Rage canjin yanayi]]. Duk da yake wasu ayyuka ana gudanar da su ta kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, akwai kuma kwanakin shuka da aka shirya don masu sa kai. Landcare Research amfani da gandun daji da aka shuka don tsarin su na EBEX21 don rage fitar da iskar gas.

=== Afirka ta Kudu ===
dazuzzukan [[Afirka ta Kudu]] sun lalace sosai saboda aikin gona, noma na gargajiya da birane a yankunan bakin teku. Kungiyoyi daban-daban suna aiki don kara yawan gandun daji a wasu sassan kasar. A halin yanzu akwai kasa da 0.5% gandun daji a Afirka ta Kudu. Wildlands Conservation Trust da Food &amp; Trees for Africa (FTFA) wasu daga cikin tsofaffin kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da ke aiki don dasa bishiyoyi a duk faɗin Afirka ta Kudu - dukansu an kafa su a farkon shekarun 1990. Greenpop kamfani ne na zamantakewa na kasa wanda aka kafa a cikin 2010 wanda ke mai da hankali kan dasa bishiyoyi a cikin kayan lambu na birane da kuma sabunta gandun daji a Afirka ta Kudu. Akwai karfi mai karfi na masu sa kai don kiyayewa a Afirka ta Kudu. Ana shirya Ranar Itace ta Kasa ko Ranar Arbor a kowace shekara a watan Satumba, kuma ta ci gaba da zama Watan Arbor na kasa.

Babban gandun daji da aka dasa a Kudancin Hemisphere yana cikin yankin Sabie / Graskop a Afirka ta Kudu kuma yana rufe kusan 6,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Forestry - Sabie |url=http://www.sabie.co.za/about/forestry/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181109073510/http://sabie.co.za/about/forestry/index.html |archive-date=2018-11-09 |access-date=2018-11-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;

=== Amurka ===
Shuka hannu shine hanyar shuka da aka fi amfani da ita a Amurka. Ana iya dasa hannu a mafi yawan ƙasa, a mafi yawan yanayin ƙasa, da kuma kewaye da cikas. Kayan aiki don dasa hannu ba su da tsada, amma dasa hannu yana da ma'aikata masu yawa wanda ke haifar da farashin da ke da 20% zuwa 50% mafi girma fiye da na dasa na'ura.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Lowman |first=Ben |date=1999 |title=Tree Planting Equipment |journal=Stocking Standards and Reforestation Methods for Alaska Proceedings of the Alaska Reforestation Council April 29, 1999 Workshop |volume=Misc Publication 99-8 |page=74}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shuka hannu zaɓi ne mai kyau ga masu mallakar ƙasa da kungiyoyin kiyayewa da ke shuka ƙananan filaye; musamman idan akwai aikin sa kai. Yawan rayuwa na shuka zai bambanta bisa ga matakan kwarewar masu shuka. A cikin Amurka, kayan aikin shuka na hannu na yau da kullun sun haɗa da dibbles, mattocks, augers, da hoedads  waɗanda aka haɗa su tare da jaka na shuka ko kafada.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Forest Landowners Guide to Tree Planting Success |url=https://extension.psu.edu/forest-landowners-guide-to-tree-planting-success |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212220159/https://extension.psu.edu/forest-landowners-guide-to-tree-planting-success |archive-date=12 February 2021 |access-date=10 February 2021 |website=PennState Extension}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Shuka na'ura wata hanya ce ta shuka a Amurka. Kayan aiki da farashin sufuri sune cewa ana amfani da shuka na'ura don manyan filayen inda ake son rage farashin ma'aikata da yawan amfanin shuka. An ƙuntata shuka na'ura zuwa ƙasa mai kyau tare da ƙasa mai kyau da iyakantaccen cikas. Duk da yake shuka na inji galibi ana danganta shi da shuka shuka a kudu maso gabas da Upper Midwest, an yi amfani da shi a cikin Maido da muhalli. An yi amfani da shuka na inji don maido da gandun daji a yankin Kenai na Alaska biyo bayan babban fashewar Spruce Bark Beetle a cikin shekarun 1990.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Peterson |first=Al |last2=Charton |first2=Jason |date=1999 |title=Advantages and Disadvantages of Machine Planting in South-Central Alaska |journal=Stocking Standards and Reforestation Methods for Alaska Proceedings of the Alaska Reforestation Council April 29, 1999 Workshop |volume=Misc Publication 99-8 |page=68}}&lt;/ref&gt; Injin shuka bishiyoyi na yau da kullun sun haɗa da C&amp;G Tree Planter, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Manufacturer Site |url=http://www.treeplanters.org/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215010250/http://www.treeplanters.org/ |archive-date=2021-02-15 |access-date=2021-02-09 |website=Tree Planting from C&amp;G}}&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=February 1983 |title=Tree in a Row |url=https://academic.oup.com/jof/article-abstract/81/2/114/4646597?redirectedFrom=PDF |url-status=live |journal=Journal of Forestry |volume=81 |issue=2 |page=114 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317221921/https://academic.oup.com/jof/article-abstract/81/2/114/4646597?redirectedFrom=PDF |archive-date=2023-03-17 |access-date=2021-02-10}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Heavy Duty Seedling Planter |url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US4344374A/en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317221911/https://patents.google.com/patent/US4344374A/en |archive-date=17 March 2023 |access-date=10 February 2021 |website=Google Patents}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=History of ACTGA |url=http://www.arktreegrowers.com/whoweare.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516060705/http://www.arktreegrowers.com/whoweare.htm |archive-date=16 May 2021 |access-date=10 February 2021 |publisher=Arkansas Christmas Tree Growers Association}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Peterson |first=Al |last2=Charton |first2=Jason |date=December 1999 |title=Advantages and Disadvantages of Machine Planting in South-Central Alaska |journal=Stocking Standards and Reforestation Methods for Alaska Proceedings of the Alaska Reforestation Council April 29, 1999 Workshop |issue=Misc Publication 99-8 |page=68}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Arnold |first=Jim |date=1984 |title=Trees Are My Life |journal=Progressive Farmer |issue=March |page=62}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hoedag Tree Planter,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Converse |first=Chad |date=1999 |title=Mechanical Site Preparation and Tree Planting Equipment for Alaska |journal=Stocking Standards and Reforestation Methods for Alaska Proceedings of the Alaska Reforestation Council April 29, 1999 Workshop |volume=Misc Publication 99-8 |page=65}}&lt;/ref&gt; Taylor Tree Planter&quot;&quot;, Reynolds Tree Planter، da Whitfield Tree Planter.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Converse |first=Chad |date=1999 |title=Mechanical Site Preparation and Tree Planting Equipment for Alaska |journal=Stocking Standards and Reforestation Methods for Alaska Proceedings of the Alaska Reforestation Council April 29, 1999 Workshop |volume=Misc Publication 99-8 |page=64}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Converse |first=Chad |date=1999 |title=Mechanical Site Preparation and Tree Planting Equipment for Alaska |journal=Stocking Standards and Reforestation Methods for Alaska Proceedings of the Alaska Reforestation Council April 29, 1999 Workshop |volume=Misc. Publication 99-8 |page=64}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Equipment Gallery |url=https://www.whitfieldforestry.com/about |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128060834/https://www.whitfieldforestry.com/about |archive-date=2022-01-28 |access-date=2022-03-12 |website=R.A. Whitfield Manufacturing |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bishiyoyi don Gaba da Tsirrai Tare da Manufa ƙungiyoyi ne masu zaman kansu waɗanda ke zaune a Amurka waɗanda ke dasa bishiyoyi a ƙasashe masu tasowa don haɓaka sarrafa ƙasa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Trees for the Future |url=http://www.plant-trees.org/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100707051700/http://www.plant-trees.org/resources/data.htm |archive-date=2010-07-07 |access-date=2013-12-21 |publisher=Plant-trees.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Plant With Purpose |url=http://www.plantwithpurpose.org/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131122125948/http://www.plantwithpurpose.org/ |archive-date=2013-11-22 |access-date=2013-12-21 |publisher=Plant With Purpose}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sauran ƙungiyoyin da ke dasa bishiyoyi a Amurka sun haɗa da:

* Dajin Amurka
* Shuka Shade Student yana gudanar da ba riba ba wanda ke zaune a Virginia Beach. Yana ba wa 'yan ƙasa albarkatun da za su dasa bishiyoyi a bayan gida da sauran wuraren zama.
* Gidauniyar Ranar Arbor
* Kula da Yanayi
* Shuka-it 2020 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Plant-it 2020 |url=http://www.plantit2020.org/index.html/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120609055655/http://plantit2020.org/index.html |archive-date=2012-06-09 |access-date=2012-07-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Shirin USDA Forest Service &quot;Plant-A-Tree&quot; wanda mutum zai iya ba da gudummawa don dasa bishiyoyi a cikin dazuzzuka na kasa.
* Garinmu na Birninmu &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Our City Forest |url=http://www.ourcityforest.org/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204113550/http://www.ourcityforest.org/ |archive-date=2013-12-04 |access-date=2013-12-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* TreeFolks ya ba da ikon tsakiyar Texans don gina al'ummomi masu ƙarfi ta hanyar dasa da kula da bishiyoyi. Tun daga shekara ta 1989, TreeFolks ya dasa bishiyoyi sama da miliyan 1.5 a wuraren shakatawa, unguwa, da wuraren halitta a duk tsakiyar Texas.

== Tarihi ==
Mutane sun dasa bishiyoyi a dubban shekaru a duniya don samar da abinci, mafaka, katako, da sauran kayan itace da kuma kayan ado da kuma bukukuwan. Nau'in katako na farko da aka dasa tabbas ita ce zaitun a kudu maso gabashin Turai a cikin 4000BC. Har ila yau, akwai nassoshi da yawa na Littafi Mai-Tsarki game da dasa bishiyoyi, kamar a cikin [[Tsohon Alkawari]] na [[Ibrahim]] dasa tamarisk don tunawa da yarjejeniyar Beersheba (Farawa 21:33). &lt;ref name=&quot;Evans&quot;&gt;Evans J. 2009. &quot;The history of tree planting and planted forests.&quot; ''Planted Forests: Uses, Impacts and Sustainability''. Published jointly by FAO and CAB International, pp. 5–22. [9781845935641.pdf (slu.se)]&lt;/ref&gt;

Manufar dasa bishiyoyi da yawa tare a kan babban sikelin don sake samar da kayan aiki da farko a Turai a lokacin Tsakiyar Tsakiya, kuma a hankali ya haifar da shuke-shuke na gandun daji.&lt;ref name=&quot;Evans&quot;&gt;Evans J. 2009. &quot;The history of tree planting and planted forests.&quot; ''Planted Forests: Uses, Impacts and Sustainability''. Published jointly by FAO and CAB International, pp. 5–22. [9781845935641.pdf (slu.se)]&lt;/ref&gt; Rubutun farko na shuke-shuke na conifer sun fito ne daga [[Nuremberg]] a cikin 1368,  kodayake shuka bishiyoyi a kan babban sikelin na iya faruwa tun farkon karni na 13 a wannan yankin don sake gina wuraren da aka yi amfani da su. &lt;ref&gt;Rubner K. 1925. ''Die pflanzengeographischen Grundlagen des Waldbaus''. J. Neumann.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ortloff W. 1999. &quot;Sustainability issues in Switzerland’s forests.&quot; ''New Forests'' 18: 59–73.&lt;/ref&gt;

Kamar yadda mutane na Neolithic suka ɗauki hanyar rayuwa mai zaman kanta, kuma tare da ci gaban fasaha na noma da ci gaban wayewa, za a buƙaci sare wasu bishiyoyi kuma a tattara su a matsayin tushen katako da sauran kayan gandun daji da kuma samar da hanyar noma amfanin gona. Idan aka ba da ƙarancin kayan itace ba tare da isasshen sake dasa su ba, an fahimci cewa dole ne a sarrafa gandun daji da gandun daji, kuma dole ne a gudanar da gandun dajin kuma kiyaye su don albarkatun halitta da suka bayar yayin da buƙata ta girma. A Ingila misali, wannan ya bayyana daga dokokin farko da aka zartar a 1457 don ƙarfafa dasa bishiyoyi. Koyaya, duk da waɗannan dokoki, ci gaba da lalacewar gandun daji tun lokacin Anglo-Saxon ya kai ga ƙarni na goma sha bakwai ya haifar da abin da ake kira &quot; yunwa ta katako&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Hoskins WG. 1967. ''The Making of the English Landscape''. Hodder and Stoughton Ltd.&lt;/ref&gt; Saboda wannan karancin, katako yana da tsada sosai kuma saboda haka ya zama mai tsada sosai, wanda ya kasance matsala musamman ga gine-ginen jiragen ruwa da kamfanonin jiragen ruwa. Bayan da Hukumar Sojan Ruwa ta yi kira ga Royal Society don mafita,  wani memba na Society, John Evelyn, ya rubuta kuma ya buga aikinsa na 1664 Sylva, ko A Discourse of Forest-Trees and the Propagation of Timber .&lt;ref&gt;Albion RG. 1926. ''Forests and Sea Power: The Timber Problem of the Royal Navy, 1652–1862'' (Vol. 29). Cambridge: Harvard University Press.&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan ya kawo roƙo mai nasara don sake farfado da gandun daji ta hanyar shawo kan masu mallakar ƙasa su dasa miliyoyin bishiyoyi a kan kadarorinsu masu zaman kansu don yin amfani da matsanancin karancin katako da kuma gyara &quot;ganuwar katako&quot; na Ingila.

A cikin wurare masu zafi, akwai dogon tarihi na dasa teak don katako, wanda ya samo asali ne daga karni na 15 a [[Java]]. Bukatar teak mai ɗorewa don gine-gine da gine-ginen jirgin ruwa sun kara tsanantawa tare da isowar Portuguese a karni na 15 da Dutch a karni na 17. Masana'antar teak daga baya ta zama mai sarrafawa da mallakar Kamfanin Dutch East India Company.&lt;ref name=&quot;Evans&quot;&gt;Evans J. 2009. &quot;The history of tree planting and planted forests.&quot; ''Planted Forests: Uses, Impacts and Sustainability''. Published jointly by FAO and CAB International, pp. 5–22. [9781845935641.pdf (slu.se)]&lt;/ref&gt;

A Arewacin Amurka, shuka bishiyoyi a yammacin filayen ne da baƙi daga gabas suka yi a cikin karni na 19. Wannan ya kasance don gamsar da bukatar itace da sauran kayan itace da kuma kafa belin mafaka don noma, tunda bishiyoyi masu girma na halitta suna da ƙarancin gaske a kan Great Plains.&lt;ref&gt;Droze WH. 1977. ''Trees, Prairies, and People: A History of Tree Planting in the Plains States'' (Vol. 10). Texas Woman's University.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==
{{Forestry}}{{Reflist|30em}}{{Commonscat|Tree planting}}

== MANAZARTA ==
{{Forestry}}{{Forestry tools}}

== Haɗin waje ==
{{Authority control}}Nursery ya shiga https://nursery.id {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518041648/http://nursery.id/ |date=2024-05-18 }}
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    <title>Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Berbera</title>
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'''Tashar jiragen ruwa na Berbera''' ( Somali  , Arabic   ), wanda kuma aka sani da '''Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Berbera''', ita ce tashar jiragen ruwa ta hukuma ta Berbera, babban birnin kasuwanci na [[Somaliland]] . An sanya ta a matsayin babbar tashar jiragen ruwa a [[Somaliya]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;Icsti&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Istanbul conference on Somalia 21 – 23 May 2010 - Draft discussion paper for Round Table &quot;Transport infrastructure&quot; |url=http://www.somalitalk.com/2010/may/istambul/transport.pdf |access-date=31 August 2013 |publisher=Government of Somalia}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayani ==
[[Fayil:Berbera_Port_at_night_2020.jpg|left|thumb|Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Berbera Duba da daddare]]
[[Fayil:DP_World_Berbera_Masterplan.jpg|left|thumb|Sabuwar Tsarin DP World na Berbera DP World na Berbera.]]
Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Berber ta kasance sansanin sojojin ruwa da makamai masu linzami na gwamnatin tsakiyar Somaliya a tarihi. Bayan yarjejeniyar 1962 tsakanin Jamhuriyar Somaliya da [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]], an inganta kayayyakin tashar jiragen ruwa tare da kula da su daga Soviets.   Daga baya aka fadada ta don amfani da sojojin Amurka, bayan da hukumomin Somaliya suka karfafa dangantaka da gwamnatin Amurka. 

In July 2013, the Raysut Cement of [[Oman]] announced that it is scheduled to build a new state-of-the-art cement terminal at the Port of Berbera. The construction project is part of a joint venture with Somali business partners. It will comprise three [[Rumbu|silos]] with a 4000 t capacity each, which will be earmarked for storage, packing and distribution of cement.

'''Ci Gaban Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Berbera: Yarjejeniyar Hayar Shekaru 30 Tsakanin Somaliland da DP World'''
[[Fayil:New_DP_World_Berbera_Container_Terminal_Port.jpg|thumb|Sabuwar Tashar Jirgin Ruwa ta DP World da ke Berbera .]]
A watan Mayun 2016, DP World ta sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya ta dala miliyan 442 da gwamnatin [[Somaliland]] don gudanar da cibiyar kasuwanci da jigilar kayayyaki ta yanki a Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Berbera.  Aikin, wanda za a fara shi a mataki-mataki, zai kuma kunshi kafa yankin 'yanci.

A ranar 1 ga Maris, 2018, [[Itofiya|Habasha]] ta zama babbar mai hannun jari bayan yarjejeniya da DP World da Hukumar Kula da Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Somaliland. DP World tana da kashi 51% na hannun jari a cikin aikin, Somaliland tana da kashi 30%, yayin da CDC Group ke da sauran kashi 19%. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Port of Berbera |url=https://www.cdcgroup.com/en/story/port-of-berbera/ |access-date=2022-02-17 |website=CDC Group |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; A matsayin wani ɓangare na yarjejeniyar, gwamnatin Habasha za ta zuba jari a fannin ababen more rayuwa don haɓaka hanyar Berbera a matsayin hanyar kasuwanci ga ƙasar da ke cikinta, wadda take ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe masu saurin bunƙasa a duniya. Akwai kuma shirin gina ƙarin wurin zama a Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Berbera, bisa ga babban tsarin Berbera, wanda DP World ta fara aiwatarwa, yayin da take ƙara sabbin kayan aiki don ƙara inganta inganci da yawan aiki na tashar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ethiopia acquires 19% stake in DP World Berbera Port |url=http://web.dpworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/2018_03_01-Ethiopia-acquires-stake-in-DP-World-Berbera.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180328181807/http://web.dpworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/2018_03_01-Ethiopia-acquires-stake-in-DP-World-Berbera.pdf |archive-date=28 March 2018 |access-date=21 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Duk da haka, a shekarar 2022, jami'an Somaliland sun bayyana cewa Habasha ta rasa hannun jarinta na kashi 19% saboda gazawar cika sharuddan da ake bukata (misali, gudummawar kuɗi ga kayayyakin more rayuwa). Wannan ya bar tsarin da ake amfani da shi a yanzu kamar haka:

* DP World: 51%
* Somaliland: 49%

Bayan shekarar 2022, [http://Port%20of%20Berbera Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Berbera]{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} ta ci gaba da girma zuwa babbar cibiyar kasuwanci ta yanki a ƙarƙashin jagorancin DP World . Tsakanin 2023 da 2026, tashar jiragen ruwa ta inganta kayayyakin more rayuwa, ta faɗaɗa ƙarfin sarrafa kwantena, kuma ta ƙara ingancin ayyukan jigilar kaya ta hanyar ingantattun fasahohi da wuraren ajiya. Ci gaban [http://Berbera%20Economic%20Zone Yankin Tattalin Arziki na Berbera]{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} shi ma ya ci gaba, wanda ya jawo hankalin masu zuba jari a fannin sufuri da masana'antu. A lokaci guda, ciniki ta hanyar [http://Berbera%20Corridor hanyar Berbera]{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} zuwa [[Itofiya|Habasha]] ya ƙaru sosai, wanda hakan ya sa tashar jiragen ruwa ta fi muhimmanci a matsayin wata hanya ta daban zuwa [[Jibuti (ƙasa)|Djibouti]] . Gabaɗaya, waɗannan ci gaban sun ƙarfafa rawar da Berbera ke takawa a harkokin kasuwanci na yanki kuma sun ƙara mahimmancin tattalin arziki da dabaru a yankin Afirka.

Yarjejeniyar ta zo ne a matsayin wani ɓangare na babban Yarjejeniyar fahimtar juna tsakanin gwamnati da gwamnati tsakanin Gwamnatin [[Haɗaɗɗiyar Daular Larabawa|Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa]] da Gwamnatin Somaliland don ƙara ƙarfafa dangantakarsu ta dabarun.  Duk da haka, yarjejeniyar ta tayar da muhawara tsakanin babbar jam'iyyar adawa [[Somaliland|ta Somaliland]] , Waddani, tana mai cewa yarjejeniyar tsakanin [[Somaliya]] da [[Haɗaɗɗiyar Daular Larabawa|Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa]] ce, amma Ministan Harkokin Waje na Somaliya ya musanta wannan ikirarin yana mai cewa babu wata shaida da aka gabatar da ke nuna cewa an sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar tashar jiragen ruwa ta Berbera da gwamnatocin da suka gabata na Somaliya. 

== Duba kuma ==

* [[Somaliland]]
* Sabuwar Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta DP World a Berbera
* DP World
* [[Somaliland|Sufuri a Somaliland]]

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <title>Taimako na farko na lafiyar kwakwalwa</title>
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'''Taimako na farko na lafiyar kwakwalwa''' shine fadada manufar taimakon farko na gargajiya don rufe yanayin lafiyar kwakwalwa. Taimako na farko na lafiyar kwakwalwa shine taimakon farko da nan da nan da aka ba wa duk wanda ke fuskantar ko ci gaban yanayin lafiyar kwakwalwa, kamar baƙin ciki ko rikice-rikice na damuwa, ko fuskantar yanayin rikicin lafiyar kwakwalwa kamar Tunanin kashe kansa ko fashewar tsoro.
[[Fayil:Mental_Health_First_Aid_Training_at_Chabad_at_Texas_A&amp;M_University_in_October_of_2019.jpg|thumb|380x380px|Horar da taimakon taimakon farko na lafiyar kwakwalwa a Chabad a Jami'ar Texas A&amp;M]]

== Horar da taimakon gaggawa na lafiyar kwakwalwa ==
Horar da taimakon taimakon farko na lafiyar kwakwalwa yana koya wa jama'a yadda za a taimaka wa mutumin da ke fuskantar matakai daban-daban na matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kitchener BA, Jorm AF |date=October 2002 |title=Mental health first aid training for the public: evaluation of effects on knowledge, attitudes and helping behavior |journal=BMC Psychiatry |volume=2 |pages=10 |doi=10.1186/1471-244x-2-10 |pmc=130043 |pmid=12359045 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kamar horo na taimakon gaggawa na gargajiya, horo na taimakon taimakon gaggawa ya koya wa mutane su kula da ko gano lafiyar hankali ko yanayin amfani da kwayoyi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Maimakon haka, horo yana koya wa mutane yadda za su ba da tallafi na farko har sai an sami taimakon kwararru da ya dace ko har sai rikicin ya warware.

=== Tarihi ===
Shirin horo na farko na kiwon lafiya na hankali an kirkireshi ne a Ostiraliya a cikin 2001 ta ƙungiyar bincike da Betty Kitchener da Anthony Jorm suka jagoranta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Program History |url=https://mentalhealthcommission.ca/training/mhfa/program-history/ |access-date=2023-01-26 |website=Mental Health Commission of Canada |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; An kirkiro shirin ne don koya wa membobin jama'a yadda za su samar da tallafi na farko ga mutanen da ke fama da matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa, da kuma haɗa su da taimakon kwararru da ya dace da albarkatun al'umma.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Why Mental Health First Aid? {{!}} Mental Health First Aid |url=https://mhfa.com.au/why-mental-health-first-aid |access-date=2023-01-26 |website=mhfa.com.au |language=en |archive-date=2023-01-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230126012510/https://mhfa.com.au/why-mental-health-first-aid |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Sun gwada ra'ayin cewa ba da taimakon farko don lafiyar kwakwalwa na iya rage tasirin matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa, hanzarta farfadowa, da kuma kashe kansa da ba zai yiwu ba ta hanyar ilimantar da dalibai kan matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwar kwakwalwa na yau da kullun  gami da jin daɗin kashe kansa, cutar kai da gangan, hare-haren tsoro, ko alamun psychosis, da kuma yadda za a magance waɗannan yanayi. &lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Health &amp; Human Services |title=Mental health first aid |url=http://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/servicesandsupport/mental-health-first-aid-course |access-date=2023-01-19 |website=www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Manufar ita ce ta rage zargi da ke tattare da rashin lafiya na kwakwalwa kuma ta sa ya fi dacewa da cewa mutanen da ke da matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa za su nemi taimako, wanda zai rage haɗarin mutumin da ke zuwa lahani.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;

Shirye-shiryen horar da taimakon taimakon farko na kiwon lafiya na kwakwalwa suna ba da ƙungiyoyi daban-daban a duniya, da yawa daga cikinsu ba riba ba ne. An aiwatar da su a kasashe kamar Amurka, Kanada, Ingila, Ireland, da sauran kasashen Turai, Asiya, da Afirka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Our Impact {{!}} Mental Health First Aid |url=https://mhfa.com.au/our-impact/our-global-impact |access-date=2023-01-26 |website=mhfa.com.au |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

MHFA Ingila an karbe ta sosai a cikin Ingila; Kimanin rabin mutane miliyan sun kasance ta hanyar shirin horar da taimakon taimakon taimakon lafiyar kwakwalwa, wanda ya yi daidai da kusan daya daga cikin manya 100.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=‘Record number’ of mental health first aiders… {{!}} CIPD HR-inform |url=https://www.hr-inform.co.uk/news-article/record-number-of-mental-health-first-aiders-being-trained |access-date=2026-01-06 |website=www.hr-inform.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 2017, taimakon farko na kiwon lafiya na Ingila ya yi haɗin gwiwa tare da Gwamnatin Burtaniya don ƙirƙirar shirin fam miliyan 15 wanda ke da niyyar horar da mutane miliyan ɗaya a cikin ƙwarewar &quot;taimako na farko&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=New £15 million programme to help train one million in mental health first aid |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/new-15-million-programme-to-help-train-mental-health-first-aiders |access-date=2026-01-06 |website=GOV.UK |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 2023, an gabatar da dokar taimakon taimakon lafiyar kwakwalwa a majalisa. A cikin 2025, MHFA Ingila ta ƙaddamar da shawarwarin jama'a game da sabon wurin aiki na taimakon farko na Lafiya ta Zuciya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Grapevine |first=H. R. |title=MHFA England launches public consultation on new workplace Mental Health First Aid standards |url=https://www.hrgrapevine.com/content/article/2025-10-16-mhfa-england-launches-public-consultation-on-new-workplace-mental-health-first-aid-standards |access-date=2026-01-06 |website=www.hrgrapevine.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Karɓar jama'a ===
Labaran kafofin watsa labarai da bidiyo sun nuna cewa horar da taimakon taimakon farko na lafiyar kwakwalwa yana da masu goyon bayan siyasa da shahararrun mutane, kamar tsohon shugaban Amurka [[Barack Obama]], &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2015-02-12 |title=President Obama's Plan to Address Our Nation's Urgent Mental Health Needs |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/president-obamas-plan-to-_1_b_6662016 |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=HuffPost |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; tsohuwar uwargidan shugaban Amurka Michelle Obama,  da mawaƙa / 'yar wasan kwaikwayo [[Lady Gaga]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 June 2019 |title=Lady Gaga + students on Teen Mental Health First Aid! |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-nXw1I-F-38 |access-date=26 July 2023 |website=YouTube}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'Yan siyasa a kasashe kamar Australia &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-01-25 |title=Mental health first aid law proposed in parliament |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-64404427 |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=BBC News |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; da United Kingdom  sun gabatar da wasu takardun doka don tilasta horar da taimakon taimakon lafiyar kwakwalwa a makarantu da sauran kungiyoyi. Kodayake ana ɗaukar su da kyau a ƙasashe da yawa, ba a tilasta horo na taimakon taimakon lafiyar kwakwalwa ga ƙungiyoyi a ko'ina cikin duniya ba.

=== Tsarin karatu ===
Tsarin karatun horo na taimakon gaggawa na lafiyar kwakwalwa yawanci ya haɗa da batutuwa masu zuwa:

* Alamomin da ke da alaƙa da yanayin lafiyar kwakwalwa na yau da kullun kamar baƙin ciki, damuwa, schizophrenia, rikicewar bipolar, da rikicewar cin abinci, da kuma bayyani game da lafiyar kwakwalwa da cututtukan kwakwalwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt;
* Alamun gargadi na yau da kullun na cututtukan kwakwalwa, kamar yanayi, halayyar, da canje-canje na fahimta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
* Bayani game da ba da shawara na gida da sabis na ilimin hauka, da kuma yadda za a taimaka wa wasu samun damar zuwa gare su.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt;

Yin amfani da ilimin daga waɗancan batutuwa, ana horar da mahalarta a kan shirin mataki-mataki don samar da taimakon farko na lafiyar kwakwalwa, gami da yadda za a:&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Jorm AF, Kitchener BA, O'Kearney R, Dear KB |date=October 2004 |title=Mental health first aid training of the public in a rural area: a cluster randomized trial [ISRCTN53887541] |journal=BMC Psychiatry |volume=4 |pages=33 |doi=10.1186/1471-244X-4-33 |pmc=526774 |pmid=15500695 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

# Bincika haɗarin kashe kansa ko lahani
# Ku kusanci lafiya kuma yadda ya kamata
# Saurari ba tare da shari'a ba
# Bayar da tabbaci
# Karfafa taimakon kwararru da ya dace
# Tallafa taimakon kai
# Ƙarin dabarun tallafi

Dangane da shirin, akwai yiwuwar ƙarin kayan aiki waɗanda ke da niyya ga takamaiman jama'a, kamar yara da matasa, tsofaffi, ko tsofaffi.[1] ko yanayi kamar rikicewar amfani da kwayoyi da batutuwan da suka shafi shi.[1] Dukkanin waɗannan batutuwa an rufe su don haɓaka ilimin lafiyar kwakwalwa na mahalarta wanda ya ƙunshi ilimin, ƙwarewa, da amincewa da ake buƙata don ganewa da amsawa yadda ya kamata ga alamun rashin lafiya na hankali da rikice-rikice na amfani da kwayoyi.[1]

=== Bincike kan horar da taimakon gaggawa na lafiyar kwakwalwa ===
An gudanar da sake dubawa da yawa don nazarin bayanai game da tasirin horar da taimakon taimakon farko na lafiyar kwakwalwa akan ilimin mahalarta game da yanayin lafiyar kwakwalwa da kuma halayen taimako na gaba.

Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 2014 ya kammala cewa horar da taimakon taimakon farko na lafiyar kwakwalwa yana kara ilimin mahalarta game da lafiyar kwakwalwa, yana rage ra'ayoyinsu mara kyau, kuma yana kara halayensu na tallafawa ga mutanen da ke fama da matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa.

Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 2018 ya kammala cewa horar da taimakon taimakon farko na lafiyar kwakwalwa yana inganta ilimin mahalarta, wayar da kan jama'a, da imani game da nasarar jiyya ga cututtukan kwakwalwa. A biye-biyen, an sami ɗan ci gaba a cikin adadin taimakon da aka ba wa mutumin da ke da matsalar lafiyar kwakwalwa, amma yanayin canjin a cikin halayen da aka bayar ba a bayyane yake ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Binciken da aka gudanar a cikin 2020 ya nuna cewa horar da taimakon taimakon farko na lafiyar kwakwalwa yana da tasiri mai rikitarwa akan yadda masu horar da su ke amfani da ƙwarewar da suka koya, amma babu tasiri kan yadda ayyukansu suka kasance masu amfani ga lafiyar kwakwalwa na masu karɓa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Forthal S, Sadowska K, Pike KM, Balachander M, Jacobsson K, Hermosilla S |date=April 2022 |title=Mental Health First Aid: A Systematic Review of Trainee Behavior and Recipient Mental Health Outcomes |journal=Psychiatric Services |volume=73 |issue=4 |pages=439–446 |doi=10.1176/appi.ps.202100027 |pmc=8814050 |pmid=34346736}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wani bita na tsari da aka gudanar a cikin 2020 ya mayar da hankali kan horar da taimakon taimakon taimakon taimakon matasa da matasa na lafiyar kwakwalwa kuma ya sami gagarumin ci gaba a fahimtar, ganewa, nuna rashin fahimta, taimakawa motsawa, da kuma taimakawa halayyar matasa da matasa masu halarta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ng SH, Tan NJ, Luo Y, Goh WS, Ho R, Ho CS |date=August 2021 |title=A Systematic Review of Youth and Teen Mental Health First Aid: Improving Adolescent Mental Health |journal=The Journal of Adolescent Health |volume=69 |issue=2 |pages=199–210 |doi=10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.10.018 |pmid=33221189 |s2cid=227131505}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ci gaban da aka fi bayyana akai-akai shine a cikin ilimi da amincewa, yayin da mafi ƙarancin ci gaba da aka ruwaito akai-akai shi ne a cikin taimakawa halayyar.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Ya zuwa 2024, an fitar da shirin taimakon farko na kiwon lafiyar kwakwalwa zuwa kasashe sama da 25 kuma an horar da mutane sama da miliyan 6 a duk duniya, tare da sama da miliyan 1 da aka horar a cikin Ostiraliya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mental Health First Aid Australia |url=https://www.mhfa.com.au/ |access-date=2024-04-06 |website=Mental Health First Aid Australia |language=en-AU}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sunday Ehindero</title>
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'''Sunday Ehindero''' (an haife shi a ranar 20 Disamba 1954) tsohon babban jami’in rundunar ‘yan sandan Najeriya ne wanda ya taba rike mukamin '''Inspector General of Police (IGP)''' daga shekarar 2005 zuwa 2007. Ya zama daya daga cikin fitattun shugabannin rundunar ‘yan sanda a Najeriya a lokacin mulkinsa. &lt;ref&gt;BBC News. &quot;Nigeria police chief named&quot;. https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4203556.stm{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Farkon Rayuwa da Ilimi ==
An haifi Sunday Ehindero a Najeriya, inda ya samu ilimin firamare da sakandare kafin ya shiga jami’a. Ya yi karatu a fannin kimiyya, wanda daga bisani ya taimaka masa wajen shiga aikin ‘yan sanda. Ya kuma samu horo na musamman a fannoni daban-daban na tsaro da gudanarwa. &lt;ref&gt;Vanguard News. &quot;Profile of Sunday Ehindero&quot;. https://www.vanguardngr.com/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin Dan Sanda ==
Ehindero ya shiga rundunar ‘yan sandan Najeriya a shekarar 1976. Ya rike mukamai daban-daban a sassa daban na kasar nan, ciki har da binciken manyan laifuka da kuma kula da tsaro a matakin jiha da kasa. Kwarewarsa da jajircewarsa suka sa ya samu karin girma har ya kai matakin koli. &lt;ref&gt;ThisDay Newspaper. &quot;Ehindero’s career in the police&quot;. https://www.thisdaylive.com/&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2005, an nada shi a matsayin '''Inspector General of Police''' bayan murabus din wanda ya gabace shi. A lokacin mulkinsa, ya yi kokarin inganta tsaro da kuma gyara tsarin rundunar ‘yan sanda, musamman wajen yaki da aikata laifuka da rashawa. &lt;ref&gt;Reuters. &quot;Nigeria appoints new police chief&quot;. https://www.reuters.com/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Muhimman Abubuwa da Kalubale ==
A lokacin da yake IGP, Ehindero ya fuskanci kalubale da dama, ciki har da matsalar tsaro, rikice-rikicen siyasa, da kuma zarge-zargen rashawa a cikin rundunar. Duk da haka, ya dauki wasu matakai don inganta aiki da ladabtar da jami’ai marasa gaskiya. &lt;ref&gt;The Guardian Nigeria. &quot;Challenges in Nigerian Police leadership&quot;. https://guardian.ng/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayan Ritaya ==
Bayan ya bar mukami a shekarar 2007, an taba bincikensa kan wasu zarge-zargen karkatar da kudade, amma daga baya an wanke shi daga wasu daga cikin zarge-zargen. Ya ci gaba da zama daya daga cikin manyan tsoffin jami’an tsaro da ake girmamawa a Najeriya. &lt;ref&gt;Punch Newspaper. &quot;Court clears Ehindero&quot;. https://punchng.com/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kammalawa ==
Sunday Ehindero ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a tarihin rundunar ‘yan sandan Najeriya, musamman a matsayin shugabanta. Gudummawar da ya bayar ta taimaka wajen gina tsarin tsaro a kasar, duk da kalubalen da aka fuskanta a lokacin mulkinsa. &lt;ref&gt;Daily Trust. &quot;Former IGP Ehindero and legacy&quot;. https://dailytrust.com/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
&lt;references/&gt;
[[Category:Haifaffun  1954]]
[[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]]</text>
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    <title>Masjid Moulana Mohamed Ali</title>
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'''Masjid Moulana Mohamed Ali''' (Jawi;''Masallacin Moulana Mohamed Ali'', wani lokacin an taƙaita shi zuwa ''Moulana Mohd Ali'') masallaci ne na karkashin kasa a Raffles Place, [[Singafora|Singapore]] . Tsohon shaguna biyu da ke kan titin Kasuwanci waɗanda aka canza su zuwa dakunan addu'a, masallacin yanzu yana cikin ginshiki na UOB Plaza One. Ita ce kawai masallaci na karkashin kasa a Singapore.

== Magana ==
Masallacin an sanya masa suna ne bayan Muhammad Ali Jawhar (1878-1931), wanda aka fi sani da taken ''Moulana'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.masjidmoulana.sg/aboutus/history/ |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=Masjid Moulana Mohamed Ali}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kasance memba na kafa kungiyar All-India Muslim League, Jamia Millia Islamia kuma memba na yau da kullun na Majalisar Dokokin Indiya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Tarihi ==
An kafa masallacin asali a shekarun 1950 ta hannun 'yan cirani 'yan asalin Indiya da suka sayi shaguna guda biyu a kan titin Market Street suka mayar da su wuraren ibada don Musulmai a yankin su yi amfani da su.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Moulana Mohd Ali Mosque {{!}} learnislam |url=https://learnislam.sg/mosque/moulana-mohd-ali-mosque/ |access-date=2025-03-26 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2014-09-08 |title=S'pore's only underground mosque located beneath one of the tallest buildings in the CBD |url=https://mothership.sg/2017/12/singapores-underground-mosque/ |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=Mothership |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=2022-01-20 |title=A tidbit of the history of a mosque located under the basement of a Chinese bank |url=https://www.beritaharian.sg/wacana/secebis-kisah-masjid-di-besmen-bank-cina-tempatan |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=Berita Harian |language=ms}}&lt;/ref&gt; An sake gina shi a cikin ginin masallaci mai hawa uku a wani lokaci. Tare da fadada Gundumar Kasuwanci ta Tsakiya a cikin shekarun 1970s, masallacin ya tsaya a hanyar ci gaban UOB Plaza.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Bayan tattaunawar da za a ci gaba da masallacin, an amince da barin a sake kafa masallacin a matsayin wani ɓangare na matakin ginshiki na UOB Plaza One . &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; An rushe tsohuwar masallacin kuma an sake komawa kwamitin sa da ma'aikatansa zuwa masallacin Nagore Dargah a Telok Ayer, wanda aka yi amfani da shi azaman wurin wucin gadi don addu'o'in ikilisiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
[[Fayil:Chinatown_SG_-_Nagore_Durgha_(Nagore_Dargah)_Sufi_Shrine_(2025)_-_img_04.jpg|thumb|Masallacin Nagore Dargah ya yi aiki a matsayin masallaci na wucin gadi yayin gina UOB Plaza .]]
A shekara ta 1993, an bayyana cewa wurin masallacin wani yunkuri ne na iya jan hankalin ma'aikatan musulmi a Gundumar Kasuwanci ta Tsakiya da Shenton Way .  Ginin masallacin ya fara ne a 1982 amma an jinkirta shi na ɗan lokaci a 1984. An kammala masallacin a shekarar 1994 tare da amincewa daga Mufti, Syed Isa Semait, amma an kammala shi da wuri saboda rashin kudade. An buɗe shi a hukumance a shekarar 1995.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2014-09-08 |title=S'pore's only underground mosque located beneath one of the tallest buildings in the CBD |url=https://mothership.sg/2017/12/singapores-underground-mosque/ |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=Mothership |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://mothership.sg/2017/12/singapores-underground-mosque/ &quot;S'pore's only underground mosque located beneath one of the tallest buildings in the CBD&quot;]. ''Mothership''. 8 September 2014&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;26 March&lt;/span&gt; 2025&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

An shafe akalla shekaru 21 ba a gyara masallacin ba, har sai da aka rufe shi a watan Oktoban 2014 don wani babban gyara da aka kammala a shekarar 2015. Gyaran ya ƙara sanya na'urar sanyaya daki ga masallacin tare da faɗaɗa zauren sallah da wurin alwala..&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Lai |first=Linette |date=10 April 2025 |title=Moulana Mohamed Ali Mosque reopens at Raffles Place |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/moulana-mohamed-ali-mosque-reopens-at-raffles-place |work=The Straits Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Masjid Moulana Mohamed Ali a halin yanzu ita ce kawai masallacin karkashin kasa da ke aiki a Singapore, wanda ya sa ta zama ta musamman a tsakanin dukkan masallatai na Singapore.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Moulana Mohd Ali Mosque {{!}} learnislam |url=https://learnislam.sg/mosque/moulana-mohd-ali-mosque/ |access-date=2025-03-26 |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://learnislam.sg/mosque/moulana-mohd-ali-mosque/ &quot;Moulana Mohd Ali Mosque | learnislam&quot;]&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;26 March&lt;/span&gt; 2025&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2014-09-08 |title=S'pore's only underground mosque located beneath one of the tallest buildings in the CBD |url=https://mothership.sg/2017/12/singapores-underground-mosque/ |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=Mothership |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://mothership.sg/2017/12/singapores-underground-mosque/ &quot;S'pore's only underground mosque located beneath one of the tallest buildings in the CBD&quot;]. ''Mothership''. 8 September 2014&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;26 March&lt;/span&gt; 2025&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tan |first=Kezia |date=2023-12-15 |title=7 Things In The Underground World of Singapore You Never Knew Existed |url=https://thesmartlocal.com/read/underground-singapore/#4_Singapores_only_underground_mosque |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=TheSmartLocal - Singapore's Leading Travel and Lifestyle Portal |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ma'aikata ne suka ziyarta a Gundumar Kasuwanci ta Tsakiya . &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=2022-01-20 |title=A tidbit of the history of a mosque located under the basement of a Chinese bank |url=https://www.beritaharian.sg/wacana/secebis-kisah-masjid-di-besmen-bank-cina-tempatan |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=Berita Harian |language=ms}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.beritaharian.sg/wacana/secebis-kisah-masjid-di-besmen-bank-cina-tempatan &quot;A tidbit of the history of a mosque located under the basement of a Chinese bank&quot;]. ''Berita Harian'' (in Malay). 20 January 2022&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;26 March&lt;/span&gt; 2025&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 Malay-language sources (ms)]]&lt;/ref&gt; A halin yanzu, yana da damar masu bautar 800 bisa ga Majlis Ugama Islam Singapura . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mosque Directory {{!}} Moulana Mohd Ali |url=https://www.muis.gov.sg/mosque/our-mosques/mosque-directory/moulana-mohd-ali |website=Majlis Ugama Islam Singapura}}&lt;/ref&gt; Har ila yau wuri ne don rarraba ''bubur'' (gurasa) a lokacin watan Musulunci na Ramadan .

== Gidan wasan kwaikwayo ==

=== Na waje ===
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fayil:Masjid_Moulana_Mohamed_Ali_-_Boat_Quay_Entrance.jpg|Entrance to the mosque that is accessible from Boat Quay.
Fayil:Stairway_to_Masjid_Moulana_Mohamed_Ali.jpg|The stairs leading to the mosque.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Cikin gida ===
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fayil:Moulana_Mohd_Ali_Mosque_interior,_Raffles_Place.jpg|The main prayer hall of the mosque.
Fayil:Moulana_Mohd_Ali_Mosque_mihrab_and_qibla,_Raffles_Place.jpg|A front view of the [[Alƙibila|qibla]] of the mosque.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* Jerin masallatai a Singapore

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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    <title>Tashar Asagni</title>
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'''Asagni Canal''', ko Canal d'Asagni, tashar jirgin ruwa ce a [[Ivory Coast]], tana haɗa [[Kogin Bandama]] zuwa Ébrié Lagoon . Yana da tsawon {{Convert|18|km|mi|0}} (11  kuma an gina shi a 1923. Yana wucewa ta hanyar Assagny National Park . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=N'Guessan, Alexis Bernard |title=Le cas de la Côte d'Ivoire |url=http://www.tlte.paris-sorbonne.fr/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/2015-Alexis-Nguessan.pdf |access-date=18 June 2019 |website=Transports et Enterprises |archive-date=12 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712183037/http://www.tlte.paris-sorbonne.fr/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/2015-Alexis-Nguessan.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Xerxes Desai</title>
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'''Xerxes Desai''' (1937 - 27 Yuni 2016) ɗan kasuwa ne ɗan Indiya wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin manajan darektan farko na Kamfanin Titan, kamfanin yin agogo na Indiya, inda ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kafa harsashin kamfanin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tandon |first=Suneera |date=2016-06-09 |title=Xerxes Desai: The timekeeper |url=http://www.livemint.com/Companies/WFxqxvGSp7YIsqK2LecftJ/Xerxes-Desai-The-timekeeper.html |access-date=2016-07-03 |website=Live Mint}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihin rayuwa ==
An haife shi a cikin iyalin Parsi, Desai ya kammala karatu a Kwalejin Elphinstone (Jami'ar Mumbai) da [[Jami'ar Oxford]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tandon |first=Suneera |date=2016-06-09 |title=Xerxes Desai: The timekeeper |url=http://www.livemint.com/Companies/WFxqxvGSp7YIsqK2LecftJ/Xerxes-Desai-The-timekeeper.html |access-date=2016-07-03 |website=Live Mint}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Desai ya shiga Ayyukan Gudanarwa na Tata a 1961 bayan kammala karatunsa, yana aiki a kamfanonin su da yawa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Titan's founding MD Xerxes Desai passes away at 79 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/people/titans-founding-md-xerxes-desai-passes-away-at-79/he-worked-with-tata-press-tata-chemicals-and-taj-hotels/slideshow/52953263.cms |access-date=2020-05-26 |website=The Economic Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kafa Titan a matsayin hadin gwiwa tare da JRD Tata a 1986, tare da tallafi daga Kamfanin Ci gaban Masana'antu na Tamil Nadu. Ya ba da shawarar ra'ayin kamfanin yin agogo ga Tata a cikin shekarun 1970s, wanda yake son shi, amma matsalolin bureaucratic sun ɗauki lokaci har sai an buɗe kamfanin a 1986 a Hosur.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Xerxes Desai: The man behind Titan's success |url=http://www.rediff.com/business/report/xerxes-desai-the-man-behind-titans-success/20160628.htm |access-date=2016-07-03 |website=Rediff}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-06-29 |title=Xerxes Desai, the Titan who changed the way Indians kept time dies |url=http://www.financialexpress.com/article/fe-columnist/end-of-a-titan/300226/ |access-date=2016-07-03 |website=The Financial Express |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 1994, Desai ya kalubalanci injiniyoyi a Titan don tsara agogo mafi ƙanƙanta a duniya, tare da motsi na 1.15mm mai kauri a cikin shari'ar 3.5mm. An gabatar da agogo, wanda ake kira Titan Edge a shekara ta 2002.

Bayan nasarar Titan, Desai ta kafa Tanishq, alamar kayan ado. Yana da sababbin ra'ayoyi kamar neman mutane a Bangalore su sami kayan ado a cikin 1999. Kasuwancin kayan ado ya girma a tsawon lokaci, bayan jinkirin farawa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Krishnan |first=Raghu |title=Xerxes Desai: The titan behind the timekeeper |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/xerxes-desai-the-titan-behind-the-timekeeper-116062700808_1.html |access-date=2016-07-03 |website=Business Standard}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Bayan ritaya ===
Desai ta sami lambar yabo ta Lifetime Achievement daga Cibiyar Nazarin Kasa a lokacin 4th Design Excellence Awards a shekara ta 2006. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Xerxes at NID Awards, 2006 |url=http://www.indiatodayimages.com/buyimage-xerxes-desai-200107-sm1-2719481.html |access-date=2016-07-03 |website=www.indiatodayimages.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan ya yi ritaya, Desai ya kasance wani ɓangare na Cibiyar Nazarin Dan Adam ta Indiya (IIHS)  ta Nandan Nilekani.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nandan, Rohini Nilekani gift IIHS Rs 50 cr - Indian Express |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/nandan-rohini-nilekani-gift-iihs-rs-50-cr/809445/ |access-date=2016-07-03 |website=archive.indianexpress.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Desai ya mutu daga rashin lafiya a [[Bengaluru|Bangalore]], inda ya zauna shekaru 30, a ranar 27 ga Yuni 2016, yana da shekaru 79. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Skariachan |first=Dhanya |date=2016-06-27 |title=Xerxes Desai, founder of Titan, dies |url=http://www.livemint.com/Companies/YU0lGZxi8vGW383NazxsOK/Xerxes-Desai-founder-of-Titan-dies.html |access-date=2016-07-03 |website=Live Mint}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}} 
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1937]]
[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2016]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Stigmasterol</title>
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{{cs1 config|name-list-style=vanc}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox chemical}}

'''Stigmasterol''' – wani [[Phytosterol|sinadari mai suna sterol]] ( ''[[phytosterol]]'' ) – yana cikin mafi yawan sinadari mai [[Sterol|suna sterols]] na shuka, wanda ke da babban aiki wajen kula da tsarin da yanayin membranes na tantanin halitta . &lt;ref name=&quot;Ferrer&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ferrer A, Altabella T, Arró M, Boronat A |date=July 2017 |title=Emerging roles for conjugated sterols in plants |journal=Progress in Lipid Research |volume=67 |pages=27–37 |doi=10.1016/j.plipres.2017.06.002 |pmid=28666916 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; A [[Tarayyar Turai]], wani sinadari ne na abinci da aka jera shi da lambar E499, kuma ana iya amfani da shi wajen kera abinci don ƙara yawan sinadarin phytosterol, wanda hakan zai iya rage yawan sinadarin LDL cholesterol . &lt;ref name=&quot;Cabral&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Cabral CE, Klein MR |date=November 2017 |title=Phytosterols in the Treatment of Hypercholesterolemia and Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases |journal=Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia |volume=109 |issue=5 |pages=475–482 |doi=10.5935/abc.20170158 |pmc=5729784 |pmid=29267628}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ganowa ==
A da ake kira ''Wulzen factor'' a tsakiyar karni na 20, masanin kimiyyar lissafi na Jami'ar California Rosalind Wulzen (an haife shi a shekara ta 1886) ne ya gano stigmasterol. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rosalind Wulzen (b. 1886) |url=http://siris-archives.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?&amp;profile=all&amp;source=~!siarchives&amp;uri=full=3100001~!306595~!0#focus |access-date=14 October 2015 |website=Archives, Manuscripts and Photographs catalog |publisher=Smithsonian Institution}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Abubuwan da suka faru na halitta ==
Stigmasterol wani sinadari ne mai sinadarin [[phytosterol]] wanda ba shi da cikakken kitse wanda ke faruwa a cikin kitsen shuka ko mai na tsirrai da yawa, &lt;ref name=&quot;Ferrer&quot;/&gt; kamar [[Waken suya|waken soya]], wake calabar, da iri na rape, da kuma ganyaye da ake amfani da su a ayyukan ganye, gami da ganyayen kasar Sin ''Ophiopogon japonicus'' (Mai men dong), a cikin ''Mirabilis jalapa'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Siddiqui S, Siddiqui BS, Adil Q, Begum S |date=1990 |title=Constituents of Mirabilis jalapa |url=http://www.cabdirect.org/abstracts/19910302341.html;jsessionid=196D9B7C532F29E40F2551F192CD3923 |journal=Fitoterapia |volume=61 |issue=5 |page=471}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Stigmasterol wani sinadari ne da ke cikin kayan lambu daban-daban, [[Legum|wake]], goro, iri, da madarar da ba a yi wa pasteur ba . Pasteurization zai hana stigmasterol aiki. Man da ake ci yana ɗauke da adadi mai yawa fiye da kayan lambu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Han JH, Yang YX, Feng MY |date=December 2008 |title=Contents of phytosterols in vegetables and fruits commonly consumed in China |journal=Biomedical and Environmental Sciences |volume=21 |issue=6 |pages=449–53 |bibcode=2008BioES..21..449H |doi=10.1016/S0895-3988(09)60001-5 |pmid=19263798 |doi-access=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amfani ==
Stigmasterol wani ƙari ne na abinci a cikin kayayyakin abinci da aka ƙera a Burtaniya da Tarayyar Turai. &lt;ref name=&quot;FSA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 March 2018 |title=EU-approved additives and E Numbers |url=https://www.food.gov.uk/business-guidance/eu-approved-additives-and-e-numbers |access-date=21 February 2019 |website=Food Standards Agency, UK |archive-date=17 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190917114525/https://www.food.gov.uk/business-guidance/eu-approved-additives-and-e-numbers |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Percy Lavon Julian ne ya gabatar da shi a matsayin abin da ya fara samar da sinadarin progesterone mai kama da sinadari a masana'antu, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sundararaman P, Djerassi C |date=October 1977 |title=A convenient synthesis of progesterone from stigmasterol |journal=The Journal of Organic Chemistry |volume=42 |issue=22 |pages=3633–4 |doi=10.1021/jo00442a044 |pmid=915584}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 February 2007 |title=Nova Transcripts: Forgotten Genius |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/video/forgotten-genius/ |publisher=PBS.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Giants of the Past |url=http://lipidlibrary.aocs.org/history/Julian/index.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415001340/http://lipidlibrary.aocs.org/history/Julian/index.htm |archive-date=15 April 2012 |publisher=lipidlibrary.aocs.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; wani sinadarin hormone mai muhimmanci na ɗan adam wanda ke taka muhimmiyar rawa a fannin tsarin jiki da kuma sake gina kyallen jiki da suka shafi tasirin estrogen, da kuma aiki a matsayin tsaka-tsaki a cikin tsarin sinadaran androgens, estrogens, da corticoids . Haka kuma ana amfani da shi a matsayin abin da ya fara samar da bitamin &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sub id=&quot;mwYA&quot;&gt;D3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kametani T, Furuyama H |year=1987 |title=Synthesis of vitamin D3 and related compounds |journal=Medicinal Research Reviews |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=147–71 |doi=10.1002/med.2610070202 |pmid=3033409 |s2cid=20538461}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kamfanin Upjohn ya yi amfani da stigmasterol a matsayin kayan farko na hada cortisone a kasuwanci a shekarar 1959. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hogg JA |date=December 1992 |title=Steroids, the steroid community, and Upjohn in perspective: a profile of innovation |journal=Steroids |volume=57 |issue=12 |pages=593–616 |doi=10.1016/0039-128X(92)90013-Y |pmid=1481225 |s2cid=21779154}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Bincike ==
A matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan phytosterols, stigmasterol yana cikin mahaɗan sterol a cikin abincin da ke da yuwuwar rage haɗarin cututtukan zuciya da jijiyoyin jini. &lt;ref name=&quot;Ferrer&quot;/&gt; Shan gram 2 na sterols na shuka a kowace rana yana da alaƙa da raguwar cholesterol na LDL a cikin jini na 8-10%, wanda wataƙila yana rage haɗarin cututtukan zuciya da jijiyoyin jini. &lt;ref name=&quot;Cabral&quot;/&gt; A matsayin wani abu da ke haifar da tsarin ƙwayoyin halitta na tsirrai, stigmasterol na iya taka rawa a cikin martanin damuwa na shuka, metabolism, da enzymes da ke da hannu a cikin biosynthesis na membranes na ƙwayoyin shuka. &lt;ref name=&quot;Ferrer&quot; /&gt; An kuma nuna cewa Stigmasterol yana yin tasirin anti-angiogenic da anti-cancer ta hanyar rage yawan TNF-alpha da VEGFR-2. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kangsamaksin T, Chaithongyot S, Wootthichairangsan C, Hanchaina R, Tangshewinsirikul C, Svasti J |date=12 December 2017 |editor-last=Ahmad |editor-first=Aamir |title=Lupeol and stigmasterol suppress tumor angiogenesis and inhibit cholangiocarcinoma growth in mice via downregulation of tumor necrosis factor-α |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=12 |issue=12 |bibcode=2017PLoSO..1289628K |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0189628 |pmc=5726636 |pmid=29232409 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mai yuwuwar abin da zai iya haifar da boldenone ==
Kasancewar sitigosterol, sitigosterol shine abin da ya fara samar da sitigosterol na anabolic steroid [[boldenone]] . Ana amfani da sitigosterol undecylenate a magungunan dabbobi don haifar da girma a shanu, amma kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin sitigorin anabolic da aka fi amfani da su a wasanni. Wannan ya haifar da zargin cewa wasu 'yan wasa da suka gwada inganci ga sitigosterol ba su cinye sitigorin da kansu ba, amma sun ci abinci mai wadataccen sitigosterol. Wannan ya zama ba haka lamarin yake ba, domin mutane ba sa canza sitigosterol daga abinci zuwa sitigosterol. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ros MM, Sterk SS, Verhagen H, Stalenhoef AF, de Jong N |date=July 2007 |title=Phytosterol consumption and the anabolic steroid boldenone in humans: a hypothesis piloted |url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00577549/file/PEER_stage2_10.1080%252F02652030701216727.pdf |journal=Food Additives and Contaminants |volume=24 |issue=7 |pages=679–84 |doi=10.1080/02652030701216727 |pmid=17613052 |s2cid=38614535}}&lt;/ref&gt; An ruwaito cewa 'yan maraƙi suna canza sitigosterol zuwa sitigosterol, amma duk da haka adadin da ke cikin fitsari bai kai adadin da ake buƙata ba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Gallina G, Ferretti G, Merlanti R, Civitareale C, Capolongo F, Draisci R, Montesissa C |date=October 2007 |title=Boldenone, boldione, and milk replacers in the diet of veal calves: the effects of phytosterol content on the urinary excretion of boldenone metabolites |journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry |volume=55 |issue=20 |pages=8275–83 |doi=10.1021/jf071097c |pmid=17844992}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Draisci R, Merlanti R, Ferretti G, Fantozzi L, Ferranti C, Capolongo F, Segato S, Montesissa C |date=March 2007 |title=Excretion profile of boldenone in urine of veal calves fed two different milk replacers |journal=Analytica Chimica Acta |volume=586 |issue=1–2 |pages=171–6 |bibcode=2007AcAC..586..171D |doi=10.1016/j.aca.2007.01.026 |pmid=17386709}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Charantin, wani sikari mai kama da stigmasteryl glucoside da ake samu a cikin shukar kankana mai ɗaci .
* Stigmastanol, wani phytosterol mai alaƙa da shi
* [[B-Sitosterol|Sitosterol]], wani phytosterol da ake samu akai-akai

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}{{Phytosterols}}{{Cholesterol metabolism intermediates}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sustainable Sanitation Technology</title>
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      <text bytes="5825" sha1="mct5ikoeai0fziffwi8gvzwvdok3lca" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox biography
| name = Sustainable Sanitation Technology
| image = Sustainable sanitation value chain.svg
| image_size = 250px
| caption = Tsarin fasahar tsaftar muhalli mai dorewa
| type = Fasahar tsaftar muhalli
| industry = [[Water supply and sanitation]]
| application = Tattarawa, jigilarwa, sarrafawa da sake amfani da sharar ɗan Adam
| purpose = Kare lafiyar jama'a da muhalli
| related = [[Ecological sanitation]], [[Wastewater treatment]], [[Resource recovery]]
}}

'''Sustainable Sanitation Technology''' (a Hausa: '''Fasahar Tsaftar Muhalli Mai Dorewa''') tana nufin hanyoyi da fasahohin da ake amfani da su wajen tattarawa, jigilarwa, sarrafawa da sake amfani da najasa da ruwan sharar gida ta yadda za a kare lafiyar jama'a, muhalli da albarkatun ƙasa na dogon lokaci. Fasahar tana mayar da hankali kan dorewa ta fuskar muhalli, tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da fasaha.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=What is sustainable sanitation? |url=https://www.susana.org/alliance/vision/sustainable-sanitation |publisher=Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA) |access-date=13 Yuni 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ma'ana ==
A cewar [[Sustainable Sanitation Alliance]] (SuSanA), tsarin tsaftar muhalli mai dorewa dole ne ya kasance mai yiwuwa ta fuskar tattalin arziki, karɓaɓɓe ga al'umma, dacewa da yanayin fasaha da hukumomi, kuma ya kare muhalli da albarkatun ƙasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=What is sustainable sanitation? |url=https://www.susana.org/alliance/vision/sustainable-sanitation |publisher=Sustainable Sanitation Alliance}}&lt;/ref&gt; 0

== Tarihi ==
Tunanin fasahar tsaftar muhalli mai dorewa ya samu karɓuwa a ƙarshen ƙarni na 20 yayin da masana suka fara neman hanyoyin magance matsalolin tsafta da ƙarancin ruwa ba tare da lalata muhalli ba. Taron Bellagio da aka gudanar a shekarar 2000 ya taimaka wajen kafa ƙa'idodin da suka zama tushen tsarin tsaftar muhalli mai dorewa a duniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Sustainable Sanitation |url=https://www.womenforclimate.org/english/water-sanitation/practice/sustainable-sanitation.php |publisher=WECF }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; 1

== Ka'idoji ==
Fasahar tsaftar muhalli mai dorewa tana dogara ne da wasu muhimman ka'idoji:

* Kare lafiyar jama'a da rage yaɗuwar cututtuka.
* Kare muhalli da albarkatun ruwa.
* Rage gurɓacewar ƙasa da ruwa.
* Sake amfani da sinadarai masu amfani da ke cikin sharar ɗan Adam.
* Samar da hanyoyin da al'umma za su iya ɗauka da kula da su.
* Rage amfani da makamashi da albarkatun da ba sa sabuntawa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Sustainable sanitation |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_sanitation}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=What is sustainable sanitation? |url=https://www.susana.org/alliance/vision/sustainable-sanitation}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2

== Nau'o'in Fasahohi ==
=== Ecological Sanitation (EcoSan) ===
'''[[Ecological sanitation]]''' wata hanya ce da ke kallon najasa da ruwan sharar gida a matsayin albarkatu maimakon sharar da za a zubar. Ana sarrafa su domin samar da taki, makamashi ko ruwa mai amfani.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |title=Ecological sanitation: Principles, technologies and project examples for sustainable wastewater and excreta management |journal=Desalination |year=2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; 3

=== Composting Toilets ===
Waɗannan bayan-gidaje suna amfani da tsarin ruɓar ƙwayoyin halitta domin mayar da najasa taki mai amfani ga noma.

=== Urine-Diverting Dry Toilets ===
Wani nau'in bayan-gida ne da ke ware fitsari da bayan gida domin sauƙaƙa sarrafawa da sake amfani da sinadarai masu amfani da suke ɗauke da su.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Ecological sanitation |url=https://www.geo.fu-berlin.de/en/v/iwm-network/learning_content/watershed-resources/ressource_water/water_protection/ecosan/index.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; 4

=== Constructed Wetlands ===
Ana amfani da tsirrai da yanayin ƙasa wajen tace ruwan sharar gida ta hanya mai sauƙi da araha.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |title=Are constructed treatment wetlands sustainable sanitation solutions? |journal=Ecological Engineering}}&lt;/ref&gt; 5

== Fa'idodi ==
* Rage yaɗuwar cututtuka masu alaƙa da rashin tsafta.
* Kare koguna, tafkuna da ruwan ƙasa daga gurɓatawa.
* Samar da taki da makamashi daga sharar gida.
* Rage asarar albarkatun ruwa.
* Taimakawa cimma [[Sustainable Development Goal 6]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Ecological sanitation |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_sanitation}}&lt;/ref&gt; 6

== Ƙalubale ==
Duk da fa'idodinta, fasahar tsaftar muhalli mai dorewa tana fuskantar ƙalubale kamar:

* Tsadar gina wasu tsare-tsare.
* Rashin ilimi da wayar da kai.
* Matsalolin gudanarwa da kula da kayan aiki.
* Karancin manufofi da dokoki masu tallafawa aiwatarwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |title=Constructing the ecological sanitation: A review on technology and methods |journal=Journal of Cleaner Production |year=2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; 7

== Muhimmanci a Afirka ==
Fasahar tsaftar muhalli mai dorewa tana da muhimmanci a ƙasashen [[Africa]] saboda ƙarancin ruwa, saurin ƙaruwa yawan jama'a da matsalolin tsaftar muhalli. Ƙungiyoyi kamar [[African Development Bank]], [[UNICEF]] da [[World Health Organization]] suna tallafawa ayyukan da suka shafi irin waɗannan fasahohi domin bunƙasa lafiyar jama'a da kare muhalli. 8

== Duba kuma ==
* [[Sanitation]]
* [[Ecological sanitation]]
* [[Wastewater treatment]]
* [[Water supply and sanitation]]
* [[Sustainable Development Goal 6]]
* [[Resource recovery]]
* [[Environmental engineering]]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Sanitation]]
[[Category:Environmental technology]]
[[Category:Wastewater treatment]]
[[Category:Sustainable development]]
[[Category:Water supply and sanitation]]
[[Category:Environmental engineering]]
[[Category:Public health]]
[[Category:Appropriate technology]]
[[Category:Ecological sanitation]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Senanga</title>
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'''Senanga''' babban birni ne na gundumar Senanga, wanda ke lardin Yammacin Zambiya. Garin yana gefen gabas na Kogin Zambezi, a kudancin iyakar Barotse. Yana kan babban titin da ke tafiya daidai da kogin daga Livingstone da Sesheke zuwa Mongu.[1] Kwanan nan an kammala gadar Kaunga Lyeti don tsallaka kogin Kaunga Lyeti kusa da mahadar zuwa Sioma, ta tashi daga Sesheke da Katima Mulilo.[2] A saman aikin gada, ayyukan tituna na baya-bayan nan (hanyoyin zuwa Mongu da Sesheke) sun inganta yanayin tafiye-tafiye da karfafa kwarin gwiwa da ci gaban tattalin arziki.[3][4][5]

Baya ga kogi da ambaliyar ruwa tare da namun daji da damar kamun kifi, Senanga yana da kusan kilomita 120 (75 mi) daga Sioma Ngwezi National Park kuma kusan kilomita 80 (50 mi) daga [[Faɗuwar ruwan Ngonye|Ngonye Falls]]. Yana da otal kuma yana aiki a matsayin tushe don yawon shakatawa na kamun kifi ta jirgin ruwa. Wani tsayi mai tsayi na rediyo ya zama sanannen alama a garin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Senanga Travel Information |url=https://www.zambia-info.org/country/town/1350/senanga |access-date=8 December 2018 |website=www.zambia-info.org |archive-date=27 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327141835/https://www.zambia-info.org/country/town/1350/senanga |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;

Yanayin Senanga, wanda ke kan [[Kogin Zambezi]], an san shi da yawan kifaye.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Senanga {{!}} Route {{!}} Open Africa - Do Travel Differently |url=http://www.openafrica.org/experiences/route/104-senanga |access-date=8 December 2018 |website=www.openafrica.org |archive-date=9 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181209124344/http://www.openafrica.org/experiences/route/104-senanga |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Kowace shekara garin yana gudanar da Gasar Kifi ta Wasanni ta Zambia, wanda ke jan hankalin mahalarta na gida da na duniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Senanga Travel Information |url=https://www.zambia-info.org/country/town/1350/senanga |access-date=8 December 2018 |website=www.zambia-info.org |archive-date=27 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327141835/https://www.zambia-info.org/country/town/1350/senanga |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Koyaya, yankin yana da saukin kamun Kifi ba bisa ka'ida ba wanda ke da babban tasiri a kan mahimman wuraren kiwo na nembwe, tigerfish da slidejaw.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Phiri |first=Friday |date=September 17, 2017 |title=Improved fish processing brings gains for women – Zambia Daily Mail |url=http://www.daily-mail.co.zm/improved-fish-processing-brings-gains-for-women/ |access-date=8 December 2018 |website=www.daily-mail.co.zm |publisher=Zambia Daily Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Yanayi ==
{{Weather box}}

== Biranen 'yan uwa ==

* [[Kelowna]], [[Kanada]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sister Cities |url=http://www.kelowna.ca/CM/Page133.aspx |access-date=2007-09-26 |publisher=City of Kelowna}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Flagicon|CAN}}

== Manazarta ==
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    <title>Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Muzizi</title>
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'''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Muzizi''' {{Convert|45|MW}}aikin samar da wutar lantarki ta  a [[Uganda]] . Aikin, wanda aka tsara tsawon shekaru da dama, ya sami alƙawarin samar da kuɗi daga KfW da Hukumar Raya Ƙasa ta Faransa . &lt;ref name=&quot;Give&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Barigaba |first=Julius |title=Muzizi project to begin as European lenders give $95 million |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/business/Muzizi-project-to-begin-as-European-lenders-give--95m/2560-3494198-xdka9cz/index.html |access-date=23 December 2016 |archive-date=22 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222044120/http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/business/Muzizi-project-to-begin-as-European-lenders-give--95m/2560-3494198-xdka9cz/index.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Biryabarema |first=Elias |date=10 December 2016 |title=Uganda signs 90 million euro loan deal for dam |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-uganda-electricity/uganda-signs-90-million-euro-loan-deal-for-dam-idUSKBN13Z0M1 |access-date=7 January 2018 |publisher=[[Reuters.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wuri ==
Tashar wutar lantarki tana a fadin [[Kogin Muzizi]], wanda ke kan iyaka tsakanin Gundumar Kagadi da Gundumar Ntoroko, kusa da gabar kudu maso gabashin [[Tafkin Albert (Africa)|Tafkin Albert]], a Yankin Yamma . Wannan wuri yana da nisan kimanin {{Convert|10|km}}, ta hanya, kudu maso yammacin garin Ndaiga a gundumar Hoima. Tashar tana da nisan kimanin {{Convert|292|km|0}}, ta hanya, arewa maso yamma da [[Kampala]], babban birni kuma birni mafi girma a Uganda. 

== Bayani ==
Tun daga shekarar 1999, gwamnatin Uganda ta gano wurin da tashar wutar lantarki za ta kasance a matsayin wurin samar da wutar lantarki mai ƙarancin ruwa. Da farko, an yi hasashen aikin megawatt 10. Daga baya, an ƙara ƙarfin aikin da aka tsara zuwa megawatts 26. A watan Disamba na 2010, an nemi tayin yin nazari kan tasirin muhalli, ƙirar tashoshin wutar lantarki, da kuma kimanta farashi a kafofin watsa labarai na Uganda. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=DEVEX |date=9 December 2010 |title=Consulting Services for The Muzizi Hydro Power Project In Uganda |url=https://www.devex.com/projects/tenders/consulting-services-for-the-muzizi-hydro-power-project-in-uganda/64135 |access-date=10 July 2014 |publisher=Devex.com (DEVEX)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kwanan nan, an ƙara ƙarfin da aka yi hasashen zuwa megawatts 44.7. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=ERA |date=12 February 2014 |title=Application for a License for the Establishment of a 44.7MW Hydro Power Plant in Kibaale District |url=http://www.era.or.ug/index.php/2013-10-23-18-03-21/2013-10-23-18-12-48/notices/281-application-for-a-license-for-the-establishment-of-a-44-7mw-hydro-power-plant-in-kibaale-district |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141229094902/http://www.era.or.ug/index.php/2013-10-23-18-03-21/2013-10-23-18-12-48/notices/281-application-for-a-license-for-the-establishment-of-a-44-7mw-hydro-power-plant-in-kibaale-district |archive-date=29 December 2014 |access-date=29 December 2014 |publisher=[[Electricity Regulatory Authority]] (ERA)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
Da farko, ana sa ran fara ginin a shekarar 2015, inda aka shirya fara aikin a shekarar 2018. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Businge |first=Julius |date=8 February 2013 |title=Micro Dams To The Rescue |url=http://www.independent.co.ug/business/business-news/7420-micro-dams-to-the-rescue |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714212836/http://www.independent.co.ug/business/business-news/7420-micro-dams-to-the-rescue |archive-date=14 July 2014 |access-date=10 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga baya, an mayar da ranar fara aikin zuwa 2017, inda aka tsara fara aikin a shekarar 2019. &lt;ref name=&quot;Signs&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Otage |first=Stephen |date=17 August 2015 |title=Govt signs Shs270 billion Muzizi hydro-power deal |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/Business/Markets/Govt-signs-Shs270-billion-Muzizi-hydro-power-deal/-/688606/2834978/-/nvugjp/-/index.html |access-date=25 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; An dage fara aikin ginin har zuwa 2019, inda aka shirya fara aikin a shekarar 2021. &lt;ref name=&quot;Give&quot;/&gt; Ana sa ran wutar lantarki da ake samarwa za ta shiga layin wutar lantarki na kasa a wani sabon tashar samar da wutar lantarki, kusa da tashar samar da wutar lantarki, tare da sabon layin wutar lantarki mai karfin kilovolt 132 daga Hoima zuwa yankin Mputa, ta ci gaba zuwa Fort Portal sannan ta wuce zuwa tashar Nkenda da ke Kasese . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Giek |date=September 2008 |title=Environmental Impact Assessment for Proposed Hoima–Mputa–Fort Portal–Nkenda 132kV Power Transmission Line And Associated Substations |url=http://giek.no/resources/pdfer/miljorapporter/EIA_Mputa_Power_Transmission_Line.pdf |access-date=17 August 2015 |publisher=Giek.no (Giek) |format=PDF |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304093248/http://giek.no/resources/pdfer/miljorapporter/EIA_Mputa_Power_Transmission_Line.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Nuwamba na 2019, Post Media Limited, ta ruwaito cewa an bai wa Strabag, wani kamfanin gine-gine [[Austriya|na Austria]] kwangilar Injiniya, Sayayya da Gine-gine (EPC). A wancan lokacin, yarjejeniyar fahimta, tsakanin Strabag da Ma'aikatar Kudi ta Uganda tana jiran a fara aikin ginin, bayan haka za a fara aikin ginin. &lt;ref name=&quot;BeinR&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sydona Nazze |date=13 November 2019 |title=Strabag, Finance Ministry to sign MoU on Muzizi Hydro Power Project |url=https://www.pmldaily.com/business/2019/11/strabag-finance-ministry-to-sign-mou-on-muzizi-hydro-power-project.html |access-date=12 March 2020 |publisher=Post Media Limited (PML Daily)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kudaden gini ==
A shekarar 2007, an kiyasta kudin ginin ya kai dala miliyan 30 ga {{Convert|10|MW}}aikin  . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Among |first=Barbara |date=10 December 2007 |title=Powerless In Uganda |url=http://www.ocnus.net/artman2/publish/Africa_8/Powerless_in_Uganda_printer.shtml |access-date=10 July 2014 |publisher=Ocnus.net Quoting [[The EastAfrican]] |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924054657/http://www.ocnus.net/artman2/publish/Africa_8/Powerless_in_Uganda_printer.shtml |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; An ba da kuɗin nazarin yuwuwar aiki ta hanyar tallafin Yuro miliyan 1.5 daga KfW . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=UEGCL |date=2013 |title=Muzizi Small Hydro Power Project (26MW) |url=http://uegcl.com/muzizi-small-hydropower-project.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714120939/http://uegcl.com/muzizi-small-hydropower-project.html |archive-date=14 July 2014 |access-date=10 July 2014 |publisher=Uganda Electricity Generating Company Limited (UEGCL)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya zuwa watan Agusta na 2015, kuɗaɗen aikin sun kasu kashi-kashi kamar yadda aka nuna a teburin da ke ƙasa: &lt;ref name=&quot;Give&quot;/&gt;

== Abubuwan da suka faru kwanan nan ==
A shekarar 2014, an ruwaito cewa an ƙara girman aikin zuwa megawatts 44.7 daga megawatts 26 na asali. Yanzu an gabatar da madatsun ruwa guda biyu da suka haɗa kai, Muzizi A (megawatts 26) da Muzizi B (megawatts 18.7).

Kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na Uganda Electricity Generation Company Limited (UEGCL), wani kamfani na gwamnati, tare da haɗin gwiwar wani mai zuba jari mai zaman kansa. A watan Fabrairun 2014, UEGCL ta nemi izinin Hukumar Kula da Wutar Lantarki ta Uganda don samar da wutar lantarki har zuwa megawatts 44.7 a Muzizi. Da zarar an ba da lasisin, shirin shine UEGCL ta nemi mai zuba jarin ta ci gaba da gini. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Deep Earth |date=25 February 2014 |title=Muzizi Power Project Could Be Licensed Soon |url=http://deepearthint.com/index.php?Item=5040 |access-date=10 July 2014 |publisher=DeepEarthInt.com (Deep Earth)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Amma a watan Mayun 2015, Majalisar Ministocin Uganda ta yanke shawarar haɓaka Muzizi ba tare da mai zuba jari mai zaman kansa ba. Gwamnati ta yanke shawarar aro daga Hukumar Raya Ƙasa ta Faransa da KfW don ɗaukar nauyin ginin. Kuɗaɗen sun haɗa da kuɗin gina layukan wutar lantarki masu ƙarfin lantarki waɗanda za su kwashe wutar zuwa inda za a haɗa ta cikin layin wutar lantarki na ƙasa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kafeero |first=Stephen |date=22 May 2015 |title=Govt to borrow Shs283b for dam |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Govt-to-borrow-Shs283b-for-dam/-/688334/2724866/-/dnisds/-/index.html |access-date=25 December 2016 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Hydroelectric ta Nyamwamba II''', tashar wutar lantarki ce mai ƙarfin megawatts 7.8, wacce aka fara aiki da ita a watan Maris na 2022 a [[Uganda]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jean Marie Takouleu |date=6 April 2022 |title=Uganda: Nyamwamba II hydroelectric power plant goes into commercial operation |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/uganda-nyamwamba-ii-hydroelectric-power-plant-goes-into-commercial-operation/ |access-date=7 April 2022 |website=Afrik21.africa |place=Paris, France |archive-date=6 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220406114410/https://www.afrik21.africa/en/uganda-nyamwamba-ii-hydroelectric-power-plant-goes-into-commercial-operation/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Kamfanin Serengeti Energy Limited, wani kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki mai zaman kansa na Kenya (IPP), wanda a da ake kira ''responsibility Renewable Energy Holding'' ( '''rAREH''' ) ne ya mallaki kuma ya ƙirƙiro ta, tsakanin Oktoba 2019 da Maris 2022. &lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Stacy Fiehler |date=30 November 2019 |title=rAREH starts construction on greenfield Ugandan hydropower plant |url=https://www.responsability.com/en/press-releases/rareh-starts-construction-on-greenfield-ugandan-hydropower-plant |access-date=7 April 2022 |website=Responsability.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana sayar da makamashin da aka samar a nan kai tsaye ga kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na Uganda, Uganda Electricity Transmission Company Limited (UETCL), a ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar siyan wutar lantarki ta shekaru 20 (PPA). An haɗa wutar lantarkin cikin layin wutar lantarki na ƙasar Uganda. &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot; /&gt;

== Wuri ==
Tashar wutar lantarki tana cikin ƙauyen Kilembe, a ketaren Kogin Nyamwamba, a gundumar Kasese a Yankin Yamma na Uganda . Wannan yana cikin tsaunin tsaunukan Rwenzori, kusa da kan iyaka da [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kongo]] . Nyamwamba II HPP tana ratsa ''Kogin Nyamwamba'', sama da Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Nyamwamba I mai ƙarfin megawatts 9.2, wacce Serengeti Energy Limited ke sarrafawa. &lt;ref name=&quot;3R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nasi Hako |date=6 April 2022 |title=7.8MW hydropower project in Uganda to supply clean energy |url=https://www.esi-africa.com/renewable-energy/7-8mw-hydropower-project-in-uganda-to-supply-clean-energy/ |access-date=7 April 2022 |website=ESI Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayani ==
Tashar wutar lantarki tana ''aiki ne da ƙaramin tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa a kogin'', tare da ƙarfin wutar lantarki mai ƙarfin megawatts 7.8. Serengeti Energy Limited ce ke mallakar tashar wutar lantarki, wani kamfanin IPP da ke Nairobi, Kenya. &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;/&gt;

Kamfanin kwangilar injiniya, saye da gini (EPC) na Nyamwamba II HPP wani kamfani ne da ya ƙunshi ''South Asia Energy Management Systems LLC'' (SAEMS), wanda ke [[Sri Lanka]], wanda ke da alhakin ayyukan farar hula, da kuma Andritz AG na Austria, waɗanda ke da alhakin samarwa da shigar da janareto da sauran kayan aikin lantarki. ''Zutari Engineering'', wanda ke da hedikwata a South Arica, shi ne Injiniyan Mai shi. &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;/&gt;

== Kuɗin gini da kuɗaɗen gudanarwa ==
An ruwaito cewa kuɗin ginin ya kai dala miliyan 22. Teburin da ke ƙasa yana nuna hanyoyin samun kuɗi don wannan aikin makamashi mai sabuntawa. &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;/&gt;

== Jadawalin aikin gini ==
An fara ginin a watan Oktoba na 2019 kuma an fara gudanar da ayyukan kasuwanci a ranar 17 ga Maris na 2022. &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;5R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Water Power and Dam Construction |date=6 April 2022 |title=Nyamwamba II hydro plant operational in Uganda |url=https://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsnyamwamba-ii-hydro-plant-operational-in-uganda-9607958 |access-date=7 April 2022 |website=WaterPowerMagazine.com |place=Dartford, Kent, United Kingdom}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wasu abubuwan da za a yi la'akari da su ==
Kamfanin Nyamwamba II HPP ya samar da ayyukan yi 205 a lokacin aikin ginin kuma ya ɗauki ma'aikata 25 a lokacin aikin. Yana samar da wutar lantarki ga kimanin abokan ciniki 161,000 na Uganda. Ƙarfin wutar lantarki da yake samarwa yana taimakawa wajen rage fitar da hayakin [[carbon dioxide]] da tan 18,000 a kowace shekara. &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;/&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Jerin tashoshin samar da wutar lantarki a Afirka
* Jerin tashoshin wutar lantarki na hydroelectric
* Jerin tashoshin wutar lantarki a Uganda
* Jerin tashoshin wutar lantarki a Afirka

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Nyamagasani I''', kuma '''tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Nyamagasani 1''' {{Convert|15|MW}}aikin samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa , wanda ake ginawa a [[Uganda]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;One&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=GetFit Uganda |date=31 December 2016 |title=Get Fit Uganda: 2016 Annual Report: Nyamagasani I &amp; II |url=http://www.getfit-reports.com/2016/projects/nyamagasani-i-ii/ |access-date=17 December 2017 |publisher=GetFit Uganda |archive-date=23 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223102547/http://www.getfit-reports.com/2016/projects/nyamagasani-i-ii/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wuri ==
Tashar wutar lantarki tana kusa da ƙauyen Kyarumba, a gundumar Kasese, &lt;ref name=&quot;Fin&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Frontier Energy |date=17 December 2017 |title=Nyamagasani 1 Hydro Power Project |url=http://frontier.dk/nyamagasani-mini-hydro-power-project/ |access-date=17 December 2017 |publisher=Frontier Investment Management ApS}}&lt;/ref&gt; kimanin {{Convert|45.3|km|0}}, ta hanya, kudu maso yammacin Kasese, babban gari mafi kusa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=GFC |date=17 December 2017 |title=Distance between Kasese, Western Region, Uganda and Kyarumba, Uganda |url=https://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Uganda_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Kasese%2C%20Western%20Region%2C%20Uganda&amp;toplace=Kyarumba%2C%20Uganda&amp;dt1=ChIJ27nqCi3yYRcRcP7Ml11wWSQ&amp;dt2=ChIJY9_VW4vvYRcRWxQKY84NSQY |access-date=17 December 2017 |publisher=Globefeed.com (GFC)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayani ==
Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Nyamagasani I, wata tashar samar da wutar lantarki ce ta ruwa da ke gudana a kogi, wadda aka tsara fara aikin shigar da wutar lantarki mai karfin {{Convert|15|MW|0}}, lokacin da aka kammala aikin. Aikin yana kan iyakar Kogin Nyamagasani, kusa da aikin ƙanwarsa, Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Nyamagasani II, a tsayin tsaunukan Rwenzori, a matsakaicin tsayin kimanin {{Convert|1392|m|ft}} . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mapcarta |date=17 December 2017 |title=Average Elevation of Kyarumba Village |url=https://mapcarta.com/12806424 |access-date=17 December 2017 |publisher=Mapcarta.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kamfanin aikin, ''Rwenzori Hydro Private Limited'', mallakar DI Frontier Market Energy &amp; Carbon Fund ne, wani kamfanin saka hannun jari [[Makamashi mai sabuntawa|na makamashi mai sabuntawa]] da ke Denmark. &lt;ref name=&quot;Fin&quot; /&gt;

== Kudaden gini ==
An ware kasafin kuɗin gina wannan tashar wutar lantarki kan dala miliyan 36.7 na Amurka, tare da dala miliyan 9.4 na Amurka, a cikin rangwamen GetFit. &lt;ref name=&quot;One&quot;/&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Jerin tashoshin wutar lantarki a Uganda
* Jerin tashoshin samar da wutar lantarki a Afirka

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Rwimi</title>
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'''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Rwimi''', wacce kuma ita ce '''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Rwimi''', tana da {{Convert|5.54|MW}} da ke aiki. tashar wutar lantarki ta ruwa a Yankin Yammacin [[Uganda]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;Data&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=GetFit Uganda |date=31 December 2017 |title=GetFit Uganda: 2017 Annual Report, Rwimi Power Station |url=https://www.getfit-reports.com/2017/projects/rwimi/ |access-date=8 March 2018 |publisher=GetFit Uganda |archive-date=9 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180309054516/https://www.getfit-reports.com/2017/projects/rwimi/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wuri ==
Tashar wutar lantarki tana kan ''kogin Rwimi'', a kan iyakar gundumar Kasese da gundumar Bunyangabu . Wannan wurin yana kusa da garin Rwimi a gundumar Bunyangabu, kimanin {{Convert|34|km|0}}, arewacin Kasese tare da titin Fort Portal-Kasese-Mpondwe . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=GFC |date=17 August 2017 |title=Distance between Kasese, Western Region, Uganda and Rwimi Mosque, Bunyangabu, Western Region, Uganda |url=http://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Uganda_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Kasese%2C%20Western%20Region%2C%20Uganda&amp;toplace=Rwimi%20Mosque%2C%20Bunyangabu%2C%20Western%20Region%2C%20Uganda%2C&amp;dt1=ChIJ27nqCi3yYRcRcP7Ml11wWSQ&amp;dt2=ChIJ4xkWb9MnYhcRVCnWRwyxS-I |access-date=17 August 2017 |publisher=Globefeed.com (GFC)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wannan wuri yana da nisan {{Convert|47|km|mi}}, ta hanya, kudu da Fort Portal, birni mafi girma a yankin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=GFC |date=17 August 2017 |title=Distance between Fort Portal, Western Region, Uganda and Rwimi Mosque, Bunyangabu, Western Region, Uganda |url=http://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Uganda_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Fort%20Portal%2C%20Western%20Region%2C%20Uganda&amp;toplace=Rwimi%20Mosque%2C%20Bunyangabu%2C%20Western%20Region%2C%20Uganda%2C&amp;dt1=ChIJwUHNPELaYxcRUEdocKxcEbM&amp;dt2=ChIJ4xkWb9MnYhcRVCnWRwyxS-I |access-date=17 August 2017 |publisher=Globefeed.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daidaito na Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Rwimi sune:0°23'10.0&quot;N, 30°11'07.0&quot;E (Latitude:0.386111; Longitude:30.185278). 

== Bayani ==
Tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta Rwimi wata ƙaramar tashar samar da wutar lantarki ce ta ruwa, wadda ke da ƙarfin shigar da wutar lantarki mai ƙarfin {{Convert|5.54|MW}} . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wesonga |first=Nelson |date=17 December 2012 |title=64MW To Boost Power Grid, Avert Shortage |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/64MW-to-boost-power-grid--avert-shortage/-/688334/1645474/-/wi29v9/-/index.html |access-date=12 July 2014 |archive-date=23 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141023174440/http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/64MW-to-boost-power-grid--avert-shortage/-/688334/1645474/-/wi29v9/-/index.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; [https://web.archive.org/web/20141118034124/http://www.ecopowersrilanka.com/our_projects_services.php Kamfanin Eco Power (Private) Limited], kamfanin wutar lantarki mafi girma a [[Sri Lanka]], ta hannun reshensa na Uganda, ''Eco Power Uganda Limited'' an ba shi haƙƙin ci gaba na aikin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kasita |first=Ibrahim |date=25 November 2013 |title=Eight Firms To Benefit From $58 Million Renewable Energy Deal |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/649830-eight-firms-to-benefit-from-58m-renewable-energy-deal.html |access-date=12 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kudaden gini ==
An ware kasafin kuɗin ginin a kan dala miliyan 21.1 (da farko dala miliyan 20.9 na Amurka). &lt;ref name=&quot;Data&quot;/&gt; Daga cikin wannan, Kamfanin Zuba Jari na Belgium don Ƙasashe Masu tasowa (BIO), yana ba da rancen dala miliyan 13 na Amurka, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=BIO |date=2015 |title=Rwimi Small Hydro Power |url=http://www.bio-invest.be/en/portfolio/africa/details/209.html?mn=7 |access-date=17 August 2017 |publisher=[[Belgian Investment Company for Developing Countries]] (BIO) |archive-date=18 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818012039/http://www.bio-invest.be/en/portfolio/africa/details/209.html?mn=7 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Norfund yana ba da rancen dala miliyan 4.2 na Amurka (NOK: miliyan 33.4), &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Norfund |date=31 March 2017 |title=Norfund Investments: Rwimi EP Company Limited: Investment Details |url=https://www.norfund.no/investmentdetails/rwimi-ep-company-ltd-article10628-1042.html |access-date=17 August 2017 |archive-date=18 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818011001/https://www.norfund.no/investmentdetails/rwimi-ep-company-ltd-article10628-1042.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma GETFit Uganda tana ba da rancen dala miliyan 3.9 na Amurka ta hanyar KfW . &lt;ref name=&quot;Data&quot; /&gt;

== Jadawalin lokacin gini ==
A watan Oktoban 2014, Hukumar Kula da Wutar Lantarki (ERA), ta ba da lasisin sabbin ayyukan makamashi guda tara masu sabuntawa. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan tara, ita ce Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Rwimi. Ana sa ran za a fara aikin ginin a watan Disamba na 2014 kuma zai ɗauki kimanin watanni 24. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sanya |first=Samuel |date=22 October 2014 |title=ERA Licenses 9 Renewable Energy Projects |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/660985-era-licenses-9-renewable-energy-projects.html |access-date=23 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; An fara aikin ginin a watan Yulin 2015, tare da sabuwar ranar fara ayyukan kasuwanci a rabin na biyu na 2017. &lt;ref name=&quot;Data&quot;/&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Madatsun ruwa na Afirka
* Tashoshin Wutar Lantarki na Uganda

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <title>Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Lubilia</title>
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'''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Lubilia''', wacce kuma ita ce '''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Lubilia Kawembe''', tana da karfin 5.4&amp;nbsp;Tashar wutar lantarki ta MW a [[Uganda]], wacce ita ce ta uku mafi girma a tattalin arziki a cikin [[Al'ummar Gabashin Afirka]] .

== Wuri ==
Tashar wutar lantarki tana a fadin ''Kogin Lubilia'', a yankin Ihandiro, gundumar Kasese, a kudu maso yammacin Uganda, kusa da kan iyakar kasa da kasa da [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Congo]] . Wannan wurin yana kusa da garin Mpondwe a Uganda, kimanin {{Convert|67|km|mi}}, ta hanya, kudu maso yammacin Kasese, inda hedikwatar gundumar take. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 October 2014 |title=Distance Between Mpondwe And Kasese With Map |url=http://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Uganda_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Mpondwe%2C%20Western%20Region%2C%20Uganda&amp;toplace=Kasese%2C%20Western%20Region%2C%20Uganda%2C&amp;dt1=ChIJAaeNjq_dYRcRMdNdo7uSGiw&amp;dt2=ChIJ27nqCi3yYRcRcP7Ml11wWSQ |access-date=25 October 2014 |publisher=Globefeed.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayani ==
Tashar wutar lantarki tana aiki da kogi, {{Convert|5.4|MW}}, aikin samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa a fadin ''Kogin Lubilia'' . Hakkin ci gaba na tashar samar da wutar lantarki mallakar '''Lubilia Kawembe Hydro Limited''' (LKHL) ne. A watan Mayu na 2013, ''DI Frontier Market Energy &amp; Carbon Fund'', ta sami mafi yawan hannun jari a LKHL. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=Frontier Investment Management: Lubilia Mini Hydro Power Project |url=https://www.frontier.dk/lubilia-small-hydro-power-project |access-date=24 October 2014 |publisher=Frontier.Dk}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kudaden gini ==
{{As of|December 2016}}, the estimated construction budget was US$18.7 million, with US$3.2 million in GetFit guarantees.&lt;ref name=&quot;Data&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=GetFit Uganda |date=31 December 2016 |title=GetFit Uganda 2016 Annual Report: Lubilia Hydroelectric Power Station |url=http://www.getfit-reports.com/2016/projects/lubilia/ |access-date=15 December 2017 |publisher=GetFit Uganda |archive-date=15 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215111706/http://www.getfit-reports.com/2016/projects/lubilia/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Jadawalin aikin gini ==
A watan Oktoban 2014, Hukumar Kula da Wutar Lantarki ta Uganda (ERA), wacce ta ba da lasisin tashar wutar lantarki ta Lubilia, ta ba da izinin samar da wutar lantarki mai karfin 5.4MW ga tashar wutar lantarki ta ƙasa. Ana sa ran za a fara ginin a watan Disamba na 2014 kuma zai ɗauki kimanin shekaru biyu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sanya |first=Samuel |date=22 October 2014 |title=ERA Licenses 9 Renewable Energy Projects |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/660985-era-licenses-9-renewable-energy-projects.html |access-date=24 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; An fara ginin a watan Maris na 2016, ana sa ran kammala shi a kwata na huɗu na 2017. &lt;ref name=&quot;Data&quot;/&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Tashoshin Wutar Lantarki na Uganda

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  <page>
    <title>Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Singrobo</title>
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'''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Singrobo Hydroelectric''', wacce kuma ita ce '''Singrobo-Ahouaty Hydroelectric Power Project''', tashar wutar lantarki ce da ake ginawa a fadin [[Kogin Bandama]], a [[Ivory Coast]] . Idan aka kammala ta, kamar yadda aka zata a shekarar 2023, tashar wutar lantarki za ta zama tashar wutar lantarki ta farko da za a iya amfani da ita a fadin wutar lantarki, wacce wani mai samar da wutar lantarki mai zaman kansa (IPP) ya samar kuma ya mallaka a [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yammacin Afirka]] . Za a sayar da makamashin da ake samarwa a nan ga kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na Ivory Coast, ''Cienergues'', a karkashin yarjejeniyar siyan wutar lantarki ta shekaru 35 (PPA). &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chloe Cox |date=27 May 2020 |title=Singrobo hydropower project to deliver electricity under a 35-year PPA |url=https://www.hydroreview.com/hydro-industry-news/singrobo-hydropower-project-to-deliver-electricity-under-a-35-year-ppa/ |access-date=2 August 2021 |website=Hydroeview.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wuri ==
Tashar wutar lantarki tana cikin ƙauyukan ''Singrobo'' da ''Ahouaty'', a Sashen Tiassalé, Yankin Agnéby-Tiassa, a gundumar Lagunes ta Ivory Coast. Madatsar ruwan tana a fadin Kogin Bandama, kimanin {{Convert|95|km|0}}, arewa maso yammacin Agboville, babban birnin yankin.  Wannan kimanin {{Convert|141|km|0}} arewa maso yammacin [[Abidjan]], birni mafi girma a ƙasar.  Singrobo yana gefen babban titin da ke tsakanin Abidjan da Yamoussoukro (A3), kimanin {{Convert|97|km|0}} kudu maso gabashin [[Yamoussoukro]], babban birnin shari'a na Ivory Coast. 

== Bayani ==
A watan Oktoban 2018, kamfanin injiniyan farar hula da gine-gine na Faransa, Eiffage Group, ya sami kwangilar injiniya, saye da gini (EPC) don tsara da gina wannan tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa. Tashar samar da wutar lantarki mai karfin megawatt 44 ta kunshi gina &quot;madatsar ruwa mai hade da duwatsu da siminti&quot;, mai girman {{Convert|23.5|m|0}}tsayin ƙafa  da kuma {{Convert|1374|m|0}} a tsayi, ƙirƙirar ma'ajiyar ruwa wadda za ta iya adana {{Convert|105000000|m³|0}}    na ruwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;5R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jean Marie Takouleu |date=28 May 2020 |title=Cote D'Ivoire: Themis Approves Singrobo Dam Construction |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/cote-divoire-themis-approves-singrobo-dam-construction/ |access-date=2 August 2021 |website=Afrik21.africa |archive-date=1 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210801214934/https://www.afrik21.africa/en/cote-divoire-themis-approves-singrobo-dam-construction/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sauran kayayyakin more rayuwa da suka shafi wannan EPC, sun haɗa da gina &quot;tashar fitarwa&quot; don tashar wutar lantarki, tashar samar da wutar lantarki mai ƙarfin 90kV a wajen tashar wutar lantarki, layin watsa wutar lantarki mai ƙarfin 90kV mai girman {{Convert|3|km|0}} wanda zai kwashe wutar lantarki zuwa wani wuri inda zai shiga layin wutar lantarki na ƙasa, da kuma hanyoyin shiga tashar wutar lantarki. &lt;ref name=&quot;5R&quot;/&gt;

== Mallaka ==
Kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki mallakar wani kamfani ne da ya ƙunshi masu hannun jari da aka bayyana a cikin jadawalin da ke ƙasa. Kamfanin kera motoci na musamman da aka ƙirƙira wanda aka kira ''Ivoire Hydro Energy'' ko ''IHE'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;5R&quot;/&gt;

== Kuɗin gini da kuɗaɗen gudanarwa ==
An ambaci kuɗin gini a matsayin Yuro miliyan 195 ko kuma dala miliyan 214 na Amurka. &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot; /&gt; Hukumomin da ke ba da tallafi ga wannan aikin sun haɗa da (a) Kamfanin Kuɗi na Afirka (AFC) &lt;ref name=&quot;7R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Power Info Today |date=2019 |title=AFC to deliver 44mw Singrobo hydroelectric power plant in Cote d'Ivoire |url=https://www.powerinfotoday.com/hydroelectric/afc-to-deliver-44mw-singrobo-hydroelectric-power-plant-in-cote-d-ivoire/ |access-date=2 August 2021 |website=Power Info Today}}&lt;/ref&gt; (b) Asusun Kayayyakin more rayuwa na Afirka mai tasowa (EAIF) &lt;ref name=&quot;8R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jean Marie Takouleu |date=27 July 2021 |title=Ivory Coast: EAIF Lends €25m For The Singrobo Hydroelectric Dam (44 MW) |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/ivory-coast-eaif-lends-e25m-for-the-singrobo-hydroelectric-dam-44-mw/ |access-date=2 August 2021 |website=Afrik21.africa |archive-date=1 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210801214930/https://www.afrik21.africa/en/ivory-coast-eaif-lends-e25m-for-the-singrobo-hydroelectric-dam-44-mw/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; da Kamfanin Zuba Jari na Jamus (DEG). &lt;ref name=&quot;8R&quot; /&gt; Masu ba da lamuni suna bayar da kimanin kashi 75 cikin 100 na kasafin kuɗi yayin da ƙungiyar masu hannun jari za ta tara sauran kashi 25 cikin 100 a matsayin jarin hannun jari. &lt;ref name=&quot;8R&quot; /&gt;

== Wasu abubuwan da za a yi la'akari da su ==
Tashar wutar lantarki za ta samar da wutar lantarki mai tsafta mai karfin GWh 217 a kowace shekara, wanda hakan zai bai wa kasar damar kaucewa fitar da tan 124,000 na [[carbon dioxide]] a wannan lokacin. A lokacin ginin, ana sa ran za a samar da ayyukan yi kimanin 500. &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;/&gt;

[[Bankin Ci Gaban Afirka|Bankin Raya Afirka]], ya amince da haɗin gwiwar masu haɓakawa/masu mallaka don aiwatar da Tsarin Aiki na Matsugunni (RAP) wanda ya ƙunshi mutane 730, waɗanda &quot;aikin zai shafe su&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;5R&quot;/&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Mpatamanga</title>
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Aikin samar da '''wutar lantarki ta ruwa na Mpatamanga Hydro Power Project''' wani aikin samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa mai karfin MW 350 ne da ake ci gaba da ginawa a Mpatamanga da ke kan kogin Shire, a Malawi. Aikin zai kunshi Babban Tashar Wutar Lantarki da kuma Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Madatsar Ruwa ta Daidaito. An kafa Mpatamanga Hydro Power Limited (MHPL), wata mota ta musamman, don manufar aikin wanda zai sayar da kashi 100 cikin 100 na samar da wutar lantarki ga kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na kasa na Malawi, ESCOM, a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a karkashin yarjejeniyar sayen wutar lantarki ta shekaru 30 (PPA). Aikin zai taimaka wa Gwamnatin Malawi wajen biyan bukatun wutar lantarki da ake da su a lokacin kololuwa da kuma lokacin da ba a cika ba, wanda hakan zai zama babban tushen samar da wutar lantarki. &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jean Marie Takouleu |date=7 September 2022 |title=Malawi: EDF And Scatec Sign PPP For Mpatamanga Hydroelectric Plant |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/malawi-edf-and-scatec-sign-ppp-for-mpatamanga-hydroelectric-plant/ |access-date=22 November 2024 |website=Afrik21.africa |archive-date=20 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250720161839/https://www.afrik21.africa/en/malawi-edf-and-scatec-sign-ppp-for-mpatamanga-hydroelectric-plant/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Aikin samar da wutar lantarki ta Mpatamanga ba wai kawai zai ninka karfin wutar lantarki da aka sanya a Malawi ba, har ma zai inganta tsaron samar da wutar lantarki, ya samar da damammaki ga karuwar karfin samar da makamashi mai sabuntawa a kasar, sannan kuma zai bayar da gudummawa wajen sarrafa kwararar ruwan kogin Shire da ke karkashin tashar samar da wutar lantarki. Mpatamanga zai samar da wutar lantarki ga kimanin mutane miliyan biyu, sannan kuma zai adana tan 520,000 na hayakin &lt;sub&gt;CO2&lt;/sub&gt; a kowace shekara. Ana sa ran aikin zai taimaka wajen rage karancin makamashi da kuma inganta tsaron makamashi a Malawi. &lt;ref name=&quot;IfcR&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Devon Maylie |date=6 September 2022 |title=The Government of Malawi, IFC, Scatec JV and EDF Sign a Binding Agreement to Develop the Mpatamanga Hydropower Plant |url=https://www.ifc.org/en/pressroom/2022/the-government-of-malawi-ifc-scatec-jv-and-edf-sign-a-binding-agreement-to-develop-the-mpatamanga-hydropower-plant |access-date=22 November 2024 |website=[[International Finance Corporation]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wuri ==
Tashar wutar lantarki za ta kasance a Mpatamanga, a kan [[Rafin Shire|Kogin Shire]], a gundumar Blantyre, a yankin Kudancin Malawi. Wannan yana da kimanin {{Convert|53|km|0}}, ta hanya, arewa maso yamma da birnin Blantyre, babban birnin kuɗi kuma birni mafi girma a ƙasar.  Daidaito na ƙauyen Mpatamanga sune: 15°43'11.0&quot;S, 34°43'35.0&quot;E (Latitude:-15.719722; Longitude:34.726389). 

== Bayani ==
Cibiyar samar da wutar lantarki mai karfin MW 350 za ta kasance irinta ta farko a Malawi kuma cibiyar samar da wutar lantarki za ta kunshi tasoshin wutar lantarki guda biyu. Babban madatsar ruwan zai samar da wutar lantarki mai sassauci har zuwa karfin wutar lantarki mai karfin MW 309 da aka sanya. Ana iya amfani da wutar lantarkin a lokacin da wutar lantarki ta kai kololuwa har zuwa awanni tara a rana don biyan bukatun da ake bukata. Madatsar ruwan mai kula da wutar lantarki, 7&amp;nbsp;Ana sa ran kilomita da ke ƙasa, za ta dawo da kwararar kogin zuwa matakinsa na halitta, wanda hakan zai rage tasirin Muhalli da zamantakewa (E&amp;S). Za a gina ƙarin ƙarfin samar da wutar lantarki na MW 52 (gudun kogin) a madatsar ruwa mai kula da ruwa. An kiyasta matsakaicin samar da wutar lantarki na shekara-shekara a 1,470 GWh[FO1], wanda daga ciki ana sa ran za a samar da kashi 70 cikin ɗari a lokacin da ake yawan samun wutar lantarki, tare da matsakaicin ƙarfin wutar lantarki na kashi 49 cikin ɗari. &lt;ref name=&quot;5R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Maurice Nkwawihe |date=5 April 2017 |title=Egenco in Multi-Billion Electricity Projects |url=https://www.nyasatimes.com/egenco-multibillion-electricity-projects-tedzani-iv-solar-power/ |access-date=22 November 2024 |website=[[Nyasa Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Babban madatsar ruwa ya ƙunshi {{Convert|50|m|0}} madatsar ruwa mai ƙarfi (RCC) da kuma hanyar magudanar ruwa da aka haɗa don ƙirƙirar {{Convert|19|km2|0}} ma'ajiyar ajiya mai ƙarfin ajiya na {{Convert|261000000|m3|0}}   , wanda daga ciki {{Convert|59000000|m3|0}}    za a samu kowace rana. Wani ɓangare na ƙirar akwai ramin juyawa ɗaya, {{Convert|920|m|0}} dogayen ramukan tsere masu hawa da kuma ramukan ƙarƙashin ƙasa da kuma wani babban ƙarfin lantarki mai injinan Francis guda huɗu a tsaye. Madatsar ruwan da ke kula da shi ta ƙunshi {{Convert|35|m|0}} madatsar siminti mai tsayi da kuma hanyar magudanar ruwa, wanda ke ƙirƙirar madatsar ruwa mai tsari tare da {{Convert|8200000|m3|0}} wurin ajiya mai aiki da kuma ƙaramin ƙarfin lantarki da aka haɗa a cikin madatsar ruwa tare da injinan kwan fitila guda biyu masu kwance. Haɗin ya ƙunshi: (a) gina layin watsawa mai ƙarfin 400 kV mai tsawon {{Convert|64|km|0}} (b) madaurin layin watsawa mai karfin 132 kV mai tsawon {{Convert|11.4|km|0}} zuwa wurin canza layin wutar lantarki mai karfin 132 kV zuwa Tedzani/Kapichira. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Tsarin lokaci ==
Ana ci gaba da nazarin fasaha a halin yanzu don sanar da ƙirar injiniya ta ƙarshe ta Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Mpatamanga. Waɗannan su ne: Nazarin Hydrology; Nazarin sauyin yanayi; Binciken ƙasa/bathymetry/gano haske da kuma bincike mai zurfi (LIDAR); Nazarin ƙasa; da nazarin ƙasa da na ƙasa. Ana shirin gudanar da gina hanyoyin shiga daga kwata na huɗu na 2025. An kiyasta jadawalin gini na shekaru huɗu don Aikin, wanda zai fara daga 2026. Ya kamata a gudanar da aikin tashoshin wutar lantarki a kwata na huɗu na 2030. A watan Agusta na 2024, an zaɓi kamfanoni da ƙungiyoyi da dama don yin gasa don kwangilolin EPC a cikin rukunan (a) ayyukan farar hula (b) ayyukan lantarki da (c) layukan watsawa da tashoshin ƙarƙashin ƙasa, kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin wannan bayanin. &lt;ref name=&quot;7R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Carrieann Stocks |date=15 August 2024 |title=MHPL announces shortlisted companies for Mpatamanga Hydropower Project, Malawi |url=https://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/mhpl-announces-shortlisted-companies-for-mpatamanga-hydropower-project-malawi/ |access-date=22 November 2024 |website=Water Power Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

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    <title>Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Songwe</title>
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'''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Songwe Hydroelectric''', wacce kuma ita ce '''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Songwe''', wani matattarar wutar lantarki ce da aka tsara za ta samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa, tare da shirin shigar da wutar lantarki mai karfin {{Convert|180|MW}} lokacin da aka kammala. &lt;ref name=&quot;One&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=US Government |date=22 February 2017 |title=Malawi Country Commercial Guide: Malawi Energy: Mpatamanga Hydroelectric Power Station |url=https://www.export.gov/article?id=Malawi-Energy |access-date=20 April 2018 |publisher=Department of Commerce, United States Government |archive-date=20 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180420074514/https://www.export.gov/article?id=Malawi-Energy |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Sauran ci gaba masu alaƙa sun haɗa da haɓaka ƙarin madatsun ruwa don samar da wutar lantarki da kuma ayyukan ban ruwa, da kuma ƙirƙirar Hukumar Haɗin Gwiwa ta Kogin. &lt;ref name=&quot;Five&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lahmeyer International |date=20 February 2013 |title=Songwe River Basin Development Programme between Malawi and Tanzania |url=https://www.lahmeyer.de/en/item/article/songwe-river-basin-development-programme-between-malawi-and-tanzania/ |access-date=20 April 2018 |publisher=Lahmeyer International |archive-date=21 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180421094402/https://www.lahmeyer.de/en/item/article/songwe-river-basin-development-programme-between-malawi-and-tanzania/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wuri ==
Tashar wutar lantarki za ta kasance a kan [[kogin Songwe]], tana kan iyakar da ke tsakanin [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] da [[Malawi]] . Wurin da take a kudu da garin Itumba, kimanin {{Convert|115|km|0}}, kudu da Mbeya, hedkwatar gundumar Mbeya . 

== Bayani ==
Wannan tashar wutar lantarki ita ce ta farko da Hukumar Hadin Gwiwa ta Kogin Songwe ta ƙirƙiro, wacce Gwamnatin Tanzania da Gwamnatin Malawi suka mallaka tare. &lt;ref name=&quot;Three&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Elizabeth Ingram |date=24 May 2017 |title=MOU Signed to Develop Songwe River Basin Program, including 180-MW Hydropower Facility |url=https://www.hydroworld.com/articles/2017/05/mou-signed-to-develop-songwe-river-basin-program-including-180-mw-hydropower-facility.html |access-date=20 April 2018 |website=Hydroworld.com |archive-date=20 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620101426/https://www.hydroworld.com/articles/2017/05/mou-signed-to-develop-songwe-river-basin-program-including-180-mw-hydropower-facility.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsarin tashar wutar lantarkin yana buƙatar ƙirƙirar ma'ajiyar ruwa, don amfani da ita don samar da wutar lantarki da kuma ban ruwa a ƙasashen biyu. &lt;ref name=&quot;Four&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Malawi Voice |date=18 May 2017 |title=Unity Of Purpose: Malawi, Tanzania Agree To develop Songwe River Basin Into Economic Hub, Court Donors |url=http://www.malawivoice.com/unity-of-purpose-malawi-tanzania-agree-to-develop-songwe-river-basin-into-economic-hub-court-donors-2/comment-page-2/ |access-date=20 April 2018 |website=Malawi Voice |archive-date=20 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620101725/http://www.malawivoice.com/unity-of-purpose-malawi-tanzania-agree-to-develop-songwe-river-basin-into-economic-hub-court-donors-2/comment-page-2/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya zuwa watan Mayu na 2017, an kammala nazarin yiwuwar aiki da kuma [[Binciken tasirin muhalli|kimanta tasirin muhalli da zamantakewa]] (ESIA). An amince da tsarin ƙarshe. Ana neman alƙawarin samar da kuɗi daga masu zuba jari. &lt;ref name=&quot;Four&quot;/&gt;

== Gine-gine ==
[[Bankin Ci Gaban Afirka|Bankin Raya Afirka]] (AfDB) ne ya dauki nauyin nazarin yiwuwar da kuma zane . An yi tsammanin rahoton zane na ƙarshe zai ƙare a ƙarshen 2015. Ana sa ran sauran batutuwan gudanarwa da kuɗaɗen gudanarwa za su ƙare a 2016. Ana sa ran fara ginin bayan haka kuma zai ƙare a 2022. Za a bai wa kowace ƙasa {{Convert|90|MW}} daga wannan aikin. &lt;ref name=&quot;One&quot;/&gt;

An kiyasta jimillar kuɗin aikin a kan dala miliyan 829, wanda ƙasashen biyu za su raba daidai wa daida. Bankin AfDB ya nuna sha'awarsa ta samar da wannan aikin. &lt;ref name=&quot;Four&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;FundR&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jean Marie Takouleu |date=22 March 2019 |title=Malawi/Tanzania: Alliance for Songwe River Basin development |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/malawi-tanzania-alliance-for-songwe-river-basin-development/ |access-date=14 May 2022 |website=Afrik21.africa |archive-date=14 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220514184015/https://www.afrik21.africa/en/malawi-tanzania-alliance-for-songwe-river-basin-development/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

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  <page>
    <title>Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Tedzani</title>
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'''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Tedzani''', wacce kuma ita ce '''Tedzani Hydroelectric Power Complex''', wani hadadden masana'antar wutar lantarki ce ta hydroelectric stations a fadin [[Rafin Shire|Kogin Shire]] a [[Malawi]] . Tana da karfin wutar lantarki mai karfin {{Convert|111.7|MW}}, tare da tashoshin wutar lantarki guda huɗu da ke kusa da juna, suna raba wasu daga cikin kayayyakin more rayuwa na zahiri da haɗin lantarki. &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Electricity Generation Company Malawi Limited |date=16 April 2018 |title=Electricity Generation Company Malawi Limited: Hydroelectric Power Station: Tedzani Hydroelectric Power Station |url=http://www.egenco.mw/power-stations |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416200442/http://www.egenco.mw/power-stations |archive-date=16 April 2018 |access-date=16 April 2018 |website=[[Electricity Generation Company Malawi Limited]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An ƙera rukunin samar da wutar lantarki a matakai, inda aka kammala mataki na farko na Tedzani na ɗaya a shekarar 1973, &lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Electricity Supply Commission of Malawi |date=24 September 2015 |title=Hydropower Generation: Existing ESCOM Limited Generation System |url=http://www.escommw.com/power_generation.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710201223/http://www.escommw.com/power_generation.php |archive-date=10 July 2011 |access-date=16 April 2018 |website=[[Electricity Supply Commission of Malawi]] |format=Archived from the Original}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma na baya-bayan nan, Tedzani na huɗu, wanda ya cimma nasarar gudanar da harkokin kasuwanci a watan Mayu na 2021. &lt;ref name=&quot;TedR&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Electricity Generation Company Malawi Limited |date=8 June 2021 |title=19 Megawatts Tedzani IV Inaugurated |url=https://www.egenco.mw/19-megawatts-tedzani-iv-inaugurated/ |access-date=8 September 2022 |website=[[Electricity Generation Company Malawi Limited]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wuri ==
Tashoshin wutar lantarki na wannan rukunin samar da wutar lantarki suna a fadin [[Rafin Shire|Kogin Shire]], a gundumar Chikwawa, a yankin Kudancin Malawi, kimanin {{Convert|7|km|0}}, ƙasan [[Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Nkhula B|Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Nkhula B.]] &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot; /&gt; Wannan kimanin {{Convert|65|km|0}}, ta hanya, arewa maso yamma da Blantyre, babban birnin kuɗi kuma birni mafi girma a ƙasar.  Daidaito na yanki na tashoshin wutar lantarki na Tedzani Hydroelectric Power Complex sune: 15°33'34.0&quot;S, 34°46'38.0&quot;E (Latitude:-15.559444; Longitude:34.777222). 

== Tashoshin wutar lantarki ==

=== Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Tedzani I ===
An kawo Tedzani I, na farko da aka ƙirƙiro ta intanet a shekarar 1973. Ya ƙunshi injinan turbine guda biyu, kowannensu yana da ƙarfin {{Convert|10|MW}}, wanda ya kawo jimillar ƙarfin wutar lantarki a wannan tashar wutar lantarki zuwa {{Convert|20|MW}} . &lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;/&gt;

=== Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Tedzani II ===
An kammala ginin Tedzani II a shekarar 1977, yana da na'urori biyu masu samar da wutar lantarki na {{Convert|10|MW}} kowannensu, wanda hakan ke kawo karfin wutar lantarki a wannan tashar wutar lantarki zuwa {{Convert|20|MW}} . &lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;/&gt;

=== Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Tedzani III ===
Tedzani III shine tashar wutar lantarki ta uku a cikin rukunin da aka kammala, wanda aka fara amfani da shi a shekarar 1996. Ya ƙunshi janareto biyu masu ƙarfin {{Convert|26.35|MW}} kowannensu, wanda hakan ya kawo karfin wutar lantarki a wannan tashar wutar lantarki zuwa {{Convert|52.7|MW}} . &lt;ref name=&quot;6R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Electricity Generation Company Malawi Limited |date=16 April 2018 |title=Tedzani Hydro Power Station |url=http://www.egenco.mw/power-stations/tedzani-power-station |access-date=16 April 2018 |website=[[Electricity Generation Company Malawi Limited]] |archive-date=12 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180412230648/http://www.egenco.mw/power-stations/tedzani-power-station |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Tedzani ta IV ===
A watan Yulin 2017, Kamfanin Samar da Wutar Lantarki na Malawi Limited (Egenco) ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyoyi da Kamfanin Mitsubishi da kuma Calik Enerji, domin gina Tedzani IV. {{Convert|19|MW}}An gina tashar wutar lantarki  da tallafin tallafin dala miliyan 52 da aka samu daga Hukumar Haɗin Kan Ƙasashen Duniya ta Japan da kuma jarin hannun jari na dala miliyan 4.8 da gwamnatin Malawi ta zuba (jimillar dala miliyan 56.8). An cimma nasarar gudanar da harkokin kasuwanci a watan Mayu na 2021. &lt;ref name=&quot;TedR&quot;/&gt;

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    <title>Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Siti II</title>
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'''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Siti II''' {{Convert|16.5|MW}}, kwararar kogi, tashar wutar lantarki ta ruwa a Yankin Gabashin [[Uganda]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;What&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Frontier |date=August 2016 |title=Siti 2 Hydro Power Project |url=http://frontier.dk/siti-2-mini-hydro-power-project/ |access-date=15 August 2017 |publisher=Frontier.dk (Fronter)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wuri ==
Tashar wutar lantarki tana a fadin Kogin Siti, a ƙauyen Chesowari, gundumar Siti, gundumar Bukwo, tare da gangaren arewa maso gabashin [[Dutsen Elgon]] . Tana nan ƙasa da tashar wutar lantarki ta 'yar'uwarta, [[Siti I Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Hydroelectric|Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Siti I.]] &lt;ref name=&quot;What&quot;/&gt; Wannan wuri yana da kimanin {{Convert|16|km|0}}, ta hanya, kudu maso yammacin Majalisar Garin Bukwo, inda hedikwatar gundumar take.  Wannan kimanin {{Convert|145|km|0}}, ta hanya, arewa maso gabashin Mbale, birni mafi girma a Yankin Gabashin Uganda. 

== Bayani ==
Tashar wutar lantarki tana da ƙaramin tsarin samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa, mai ƙarfin {{Convert|16.5|MW|}} . Mai haɓaka ginin mallakar mai shi ne wanda shi ma ya mallaki kuma ya ƙera {{Convert|5.0|MW|}} Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Ruwa ta Siti I. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Portland Inc. |date=2015 |title=Siti I and II – Mini Hydro |url=http://www.portlandic.com/pdfs/ENG/PIC5151SITI.pdf |access-date=15 August 2017 |publisher=Portland Investment Counsel Inc. (Portland Inc.) |archive-date=16 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816064239/http://www.portlandic.com/pdfs/ENG/PIC5151SITI.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

An fara gina wannan aikin a watan Agusta na 2016, kuma ayyukan kasuwanci sun fara a rabin na biyu na 2018.  Za a kwashe wutar lantarki da aka samar ta hanyar Layin Wutar Lantarki na 33kV Mbale-Bulambuli-Siti, wanda ke da {{Convert|125|km|0}} a tsawon. Ana sa ran za a samar da wannan layin wutar lantarki bayan an ƙaddamar da Siti II. A halin yanzu, [http://www.rea.or.ug/ Hukumar Lantarki ta Karkara ta Uganda] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220309085718/http://www.rea.or.ug/ |date=2022-03-09 }} tana haɓaka wasu hanyoyin magance matsalolin wutar lantarki na ɗan lokaci. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=GFU |date=31 December 2016 |title=GETFiT Uganda: Downloads: Annual Report 2016 |url=https://www.getfit-uganda.org/downloads/ |access-date=15 August 2017 |publisher=GETFit Uganda (GFU) |format=PDF |archive-date=16 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816062931/https://www.getfit-uganda.org/downloads/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Agusta na 2020, ''Afik21.africa'' ta ba da rahoton cewa [[Umeme]], wani kamfanin rarraba wutar lantarki mallakar mai zaman kansa, ya shirya kashe dala miliyan 9.29 na Amurka (USh: biliyan 34 a lokacin) don gina layin watsa wutar lantarki mai tsawon da'ira biyu na 33kV zuwa Mbale, inda makamashi zai shiga layin wutar lantarki na ƙasa. &lt;ref name=&quot;EvacR&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jean Marie Takouleu |date=19 August 2020 |title=Uganda: Umeme to use $9 million for electricity disposal from Siti 2's power plant |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/uganda-umeme-to-use-9-million-for-electricity-disposal-from-siti-2s-power-plant/ |access-date=2 September 2021 |website=Afrik21.africa |place=Paris, France |archive-date=2 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902125739/https://www.afrik21.africa/en/uganda-umeme-to-use-9-million-for-electricity-disposal-from-siti-2s-power-plant/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mallaka ==
Masu wannan aikin su ne &quot;Elgon Hydro Siti Limited&quot;, wani kamfanin kera motoci na musamman da aka kafa musamman don haɓakawa, ginawa da gudanar da Siti I (5MW) da Siti II (16.5MW) a Gundumar Bukwo, Gabashin Uganda. Elgon Hydro wani reshe ne na &quot;DI Frontier Market Energy and Carbon Fund K/S Fund&quot;, wani asusun hannun jari mai zaman kansa [[Denmark|na Denmark]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;Data&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=FMO |date=19 September 2016 |title=Elgon Hydro Siti (Private) Limited: Project Details |url=https://www.fmo.nl/project-detail/48986 |access-date=15 August 2017 |publisher=[[Netherlands Development Finance Company]] (FMO)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tallafin Kuɗi ==
Wannan aikin ya sami rancen dala miliyan 24 na Amurka, daga FMO, wanda kashi 50 cikin 100 nasa an samo su ne daga Asusun Inganta Kayayyakin Afirka na Farko (EAIF). Za a yi amfani da wurin ba da rancen don gina tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta Siti 2. FMO ta kuma ba da kuɗin tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta Siti I, wacce aka gina tsakanin Maris 2015 da Mayu 2017. &lt;ref name=&quot;Data&quot;/&gt;

* Jerin tashoshin wutar lantarki a Uganda

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Nyamagasani II</title>
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'''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Nyamagasani II''', wacce kuma ake kira ' '''Nyamagasani 2 Hydroelectric Power Station'''', tana da {{Convert|5|MW}}tashar samar da wutar lantarki  ƙaramin tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa, ana gina ta a Yankin Yammacin [[Uganda]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;One&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=GetFit Uganda |date=31 December 2016 |title=GetFit Uganda: 2016 Annual Report: Nyamagasani II Power Station |url=http://www.getfit-reports.com/2016/projects/nyamagasani-i-ii/ |access-date=23 December 2017 |publisher=GetFit Uganda |archive-date=23 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223102547/http://www.getfit-reports.com/2016/projects/nyamagasani-i-ii/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wuri ==
Tashar wutar lantarki tana kusa da ƙauyen ''Kyarumba'', a cikin cocin Kaghema, ƙaramin gundumar Kyarumba, a gundumar Kasese, a cikin gindin tsaunukan Rwenzori . &lt;ref name=&quot;One&quot;/&gt; Wannan kimanin {{Convert|45.5|km|0}}, ta hanya, kudu maso yammacin Kasese, babban gari mafi kusa da kuma wurin da hedikwatar gundumar take. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Globefeed.com |date=23 December 2017 |title=Distance between Kasese, Western Region, Uganda and Kyarumba, Uganda |url=https://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Uganda_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Kasese%2C%20Western%20Region%2C%20Uganda&amp;toplace=Kyarumba%2C%20Uganda&amp;dt1=ChIJ27nqCi3yYRcRcP7Ml11wWSQ&amp;dt2=ChIJY9_VW4vvYRcRWxQKY84NSQY |access-date=23 December 2017 |publisher=Globefeed.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Nyamagasani II tana kusa da kuma nan take ƙasa da tashar 'yar'uwarta ta [[Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Nyamagasani I|Nyamagasani I Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Hydroelectric]], wacce masu haɓaka wannan ginin ke ci gaba da haɓakawa a lokaci guda. &lt;ref name=&quot;One&quot; /&gt; Nyamagasani 2 tana da tsayin {{Convert|1392|m|ft}} . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mapcarta |date=23 December 2017 |title=Average Elevation of Kyarumba Village |url=https://mapcarta.com/12806424 |access-date=23 December 2017 |publisher=Mapcarta.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayani ==
Nyamagasani II HEPS wani ƙaramin tashar samar da wutar lantarki ce ta ruwa da ke gudana a kogi, wadda ƙarfin wutar lantarkinta ya kai MW 5. &lt;ref name=&quot;One&quot;/&gt; Kamfanin aikin, ''Nyamagasani 2 HPP Limited'', mallakar DI Frontier Market Energy &amp; Carbon Fund ne, wani kamfanin saka hannun jari a fannin [[makamashi mai sabuntawa]] da ke Denmark. &lt;ref name=&quot;Fin&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Frontier Energy |date=23 December 2017 |title=Nyamagasani 2 Hydro Power Project |url=http://frontier.dk/nyamagasani-2-mini-hydro-power-project/ |access-date=23 December 2017 |publisher=Frontier Investment Management ApS}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tsarin lokaci ==
Aikin ya sami amincewar GetFit a watan Yunin 2015, kuma an cimma yarjejeniyar rufe harkokin kuɗi a shekarar 2016. An fara ginin a shekarar 2017. Da farko ana sa ran kammalawa a kwata na huɗu na shekarar 2018. &lt;ref name=&quot;One&quot;/&gt; Tun daga watan Yunin 2019, ana sa ran kammalawa da kuma aiwatar da ayyukan a rabin na biyu na shekarar 2019. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=GET FiT Uganda |date=2019 |title=GET FiT Uganda - Annual Report 2018 |url=https://www.getfit-uganda.org/home/get-fit-annual-report-2018/ |access-date=19 June 2019 |publisher=GET FiT Uganda |archive-date=17 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190617192212/https://www.getfit-uganda.org/home/get-fit-annual-report-2018/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tallafin Kuɗi ==
An ware kasafin kuɗin ginin don kashe dala miliyan 19.8 na Amurka, tare da tallafin GetFit na dala miliyan 3.7. Tallafin ya haɗa da kuɗin gina sabbin layukan wutar lantarki masu ƙarfin lantarki 33 kV don kwashe wutar lantarki da ake samarwa zuwa ƙaramin tashar Nkenda, &lt;ref name=&quot;One&quot; /&gt; kimanin {{Convert|36|km|0}}, zuwa arewa maso gabashin Kyarumba, yayin da hankaka ke tashi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Globefeed.com |date=23 December 2017 |title=Distance between Kyarumba, Uganda and Nkenda, Busongora, Western Region, Uganda |url=https://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Uganda_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Kyarumba%2C%20Uganda&amp;toplace=Nkenda%2C%20Busongora%2C%20Western%20Region%2C%20Uganda&amp;dt1=ChIJY9_VW4vvYRcRWxQKY84NSQY&amp;dt2=ChIJ72BoP8X0YRcRBydR-eMj9-8 |access-date=23 December 2017 |publisher=Globefeed.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan ya haɗa da wutar lantarki da ake samarwa daga tashar wutar lantarki ta Nyamagasi 1 da ke kusa. &lt;ref name=&quot;One&quot; /&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Makamashi a Uganda
* Jerin tashoshin wutar lantarki a Uganda

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sashen Haihuiwa na Mace</title>
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      <text bytes="2357" sha1="3r8kbqzqwgqllpd841fixmlgdw28ia3" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}Tsarin haifuwa mata na ɗan adam ya ƙunshi gabobin jima'i na taki da na waje waɗanda ke aiki a ciki haihuwa sabon zuriya. Tsarin haihuwa ba shi da girma a lokacin haihuwa kuma yana tasowa a lokacin balaga don ya sami damar sakin ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta daga ovaries, ya sauƙaƙe haɓakar su tare da maniyyi, kuma ya haifar da yanayin kariya ga tayin mai tasowa yayin daukar ciki. Yankin haihuwar mace an yi shi ne da gabobin ciki da yawa da aka haɗa - farji, mahaifa, da bututun fallopian - kuma yana iya kamuwa da cuta.&lt;ref&gt;https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/27/3/20-1783_article&lt;/ref&gt; An kare takardar ta hanyar karkace da ake kira labia majora da kuma flap da ake kira labi minora. Jinin yana ba da damar yin jima'i da haihuwa, kuma yana da alaƙa da mahaifa a cikin mahaifa. Uterus (ko mahaifa) yana karɓar tayin ta hanyar haɓaka lining na mahaifa. Ƙananan ɓangaren waje na clitoris, a ƙasa da Mons Venus, yana taimakawa tare da farkawa da orgasm.

Har ila yau, mahaifa tana samar da ɓoye-ɓoye wanda ke taimakawa jigilar maniyyi zuwa bututun fallopian, inda ɗaya daga cikinsu zai iya shayar da kwai. A lokacin sake zagayowar haila, wani ovary ya saki kwai, wanda ke wucewa ta hanyar bututun fallopian zuwa cikin mahaifa. Idan kwayar halitta ta haɗu da maniyyi a kan hanyarsa zuwa mahaifar, kwayar halitta guda ɗaya na iya shiga kuma ta haɗu tare da ita, ta haifar da zygote. Idan babu wani takin da ya faru, dole ne a zubar da lining na mahaifa a matsayin jini, mucus, da nama, tsari da aka sani da haila.

Fertilization yawanci yana faruwa a ciki bututun fallopian kuma yana nuna farkon embryogenesis. Zygote zai raba kan isasshen ƙirji na sel don samar da blastocyst, wanda ke sanya kansa a cikin bango na mahaifa. Wannan ya fara lokacin daukar ciki kuma tayin zai ci gaba da bunkasa har zuwa cikakken lokaci. Lokacin da tayin ya bunkasa ya isa ya tsira a waje da mahaifa, cervix ya fadada, kuma raguwar mahaifa yana motsa shi ta hanyar hanyar haihuwa (farin jiki), inda ya zama jariri. Mafarki suna daga cikin tsarin haihuwa &lt;ref&gt;https://www.universityobgynassoc.com/2021/04/23/gynecology-what-you-need-to-know-about-your-lady-parts/{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; kodayake zuwan zamani na Tsarin jariri ya sa glandun nono ba su da mahimmanci ga ciyar da jarirai.
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  <page>
    <title>Sedercypris</title>
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'''''Sedercypris''''', wanda aka fi sani da '''Cedarberg redfins''', &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cedarberg Redfins (Genus ''Sedercypris'') |url=https://uk.inaturalist.org/taxa/1231145-Sedercypris |website=iNaturalist |access-date=2026-06-18 |archive-date=2025-09-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250913000105/https://uk.inaturalist.org/taxa/1231145-Sedercypris |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; nau'in [[kifi]] ne a cikin dangin Cyprinidae wanda ke da alaƙa da tsarin Kogin Clanwilliam Olifants a Afirka ta Kudu.

An rarraba nau'ikan da ke ƙasa a cikin wannan nau'in: 

* ''Sedercypris calidus'' &lt;small&gt;( Barnard, 1938)&lt;/small&gt; (Clanwilliam redfin)
* ''[[Twee River redfin|Sedercypris erubescens]]'' &lt;small&gt;( [[Paul H. Skelton|Skelton]], 1974)&lt;/small&gt; (Twee River redfin)

Dukansu nau'ikan tetraploid ne, kamar ''[[Pseudobarbus]]'' redfins, wanda aka raba su a shekarar 2018. Bambancin da ke tsakanin sauran nau'ikan tetraploid na kudancin Afirka shine samun haskoki shida ko bakwai masu rassan a cikin fin ɗin dubura. &lt;ref name=&quot;SSV&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Skelton, Paul H. |last2=Swartz, Ernst R. |last3=Vreven, Emmanuel J. |year=2018 |title=The identity of ''Barbus capensis'' Smith, 1841 and the generic status of southern African tetraploid cyprinids (Teleostei, Cyprinidae) |journal=European Journal of Taxonomy |volume=410 |page=1-29 |doi=10.5281/zenodo.5687609}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Asalin Ma'anar ==
An sanya wa ''Sedercypris'' suna ne bayan yankin Cedarberg da suke zaune. &lt;ref name=&quot;ETYFish&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Christopher Scharpf |last2=Kenneth J. Lazara |name-list-style=amp |title=Family CYPRINIDAE: Subfamily SMILIOGASTRINAE Bleeker 1863 (Small Barbs) |url=https://etyfish.org/smiliogastrinae/ |access-date=14 January 2024 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}&lt;/ref&gt; An yi amfani da rubutun 'yan Afirkanci don guje wa ruɗani da zai iya faruwa da nau'in ''[[Cheilobarbus]]'' idan aka taƙaita shi zuwa farkon rubutu. &lt;ref name=&quot;SSV&quot; /&gt;

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    <title>Sulfalene</title>
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{{Drugbox|Watchedfields=changed|verifiedrevid=470472993|IUPAC_name=4-Amino-''N''-(3-methoxypyrazinyl)benzenesulfonamide|image=Sulfalene2DCSD.svg|image_class=skin-invert-image|width=|alt=|image2=|width2=|drug_name=|caption=&lt;!--Clinical data--&gt;|tradename=Eadazine, Kelfizina, Kelfizine W, Longum|Drugs.com={{drugs.com|international|sulfametopyrazine}}|licence_EU=&lt;!-- EMA requires brand name --&gt;|licence_US=&lt;!-- FDA may use generic name --&gt;|DailyMedID=&lt;!-- preference to licence_US --&gt;|pregnancy_AU=&lt;!-- A / B1 / B2 / B3 / C / D / X --&gt;|pregnancy_US=&lt;!-- A / B            / C / D / X --&gt;|pregnancy_category=|legal_AU=&lt;!-- S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7, S8, S9 or Unscheduled--&gt;|legal_CA=&lt;!-- OTC, Rx-only, Schedule I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII --&gt;|legal_UK=&lt;!-- GSL, P, POM, CD, CD Lic, CD POM, CD No Reg POM, CD (Benz) POM, CD (Anab) POM or CD Inv POM --&gt;|legal_US=&lt;!-- OTC / Rx-only / Schedule I, II, III, IV, V --&gt;|legal_status=|dependency_liability=|routes_of_administration=Oral&lt;ref name=&quot;MIMS&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url = http://www.cimsasia.com/USA/drug/info/sulfalene/?q=Sulphonamides&amp;type=full | title = Sulfalene | work = MIMS Drug Information System | access-date = 26 August 2011 | archive-date = 27 January 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200127042914/http://www.cimsasia.com/USA/drug/info/sulfalene/?q=Sulphonamides&amp;type=full | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;!--Pharmacokinetic data--&gt;|bioavailability=|protein_bound=60 to 80%&lt;ref name=&quot;MIMS&quot;/&gt;|metabolism=|elimination_half-life=60 to 65 hours&lt;ref name=&quot;MIMS&quot;/&gt;|excretion=[[Urine|Urinary]]&lt;ref name=&quot;MIMS&quot;/&gt;

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| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-image&quot; |[[File:Sulfalene2DCSD.svg|class=skin-invert-image|frameless]]
|-
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|-
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|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Sauran sunaye
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Sulfametopyrazine
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |[[American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|AHFS]]/[[Drugs.com]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;span title=&quot;www.drugs.com&quot;&gt;[https://www.drugs.com/international/sulfametopyrazine.html Sunayen Magunguna na Duniya]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |[[Route of administration|Hanyoyin gudanarwa&lt;br /&gt;]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Magana&lt;ref name=&quot;MIMS&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url = http://www.cimsasia.com/USA/drug/info/sulfalene/?q=Sulphonamides&amp;type=full | title = Sulfalene | work = MIMS Drug Information System | access-date = 26 August 2011 | archive-date = 27 January 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200127042914/http://www.cimsasia.com/USA/drug/info/sulfalene/?q=Sulphonamides&amp;type=full | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |[[Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System|Lambar ATC]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* J01ED02 (&lt;span title=&quot;www.whocc.no&quot;&gt;[https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01ED02 WHO]&lt;/span&gt;) QJ01EQ19 (&lt;span title=&quot;www.whocc.no/atcvet&quot;&gt;[https://www.whocc.no/atcvet/atcvet_index/?code=QJ01EQ19 WHO]&lt;/span&gt;) &amp;#x20;&amp;#x20;&amp;#x20;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;background:#ddd;color:inherit;&quot; |Bayanan Magunguna
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Haɗin furotin
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |60 zuwa 80% &lt;ref name=&quot;MIMS&quot; /&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Kashe &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;rabin rayuwa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Sa'o'i 60 zuwa 65 &lt;ref name=&quot;MIMS&quot; /&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Rashin fitarwa
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |[[Fitsari|Rashin fitsari]]&lt;ref name=&quot;MIMS&quot; /&gt;
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;background:#ddd;color:inherit;&quot; |Bayyanawa
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; |&lt;div class=&quot;collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Sunan IUPAC&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

* &lt;div style=&quot;font-size: 97%;&quot;&gt;4-Ami''N''-N- (3-methoxypyrazinyl) benzenesulfonamide&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Lambar CAS
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;commonchemistry.cas.org&quot;&gt;[https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=152-47-6 152-47-6]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Y&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |[./PubChem#&amp;#x3C;span&amp;#x20;style= &lt;abbr title=&quot;&lt;nowiki&amp;gt;Compound ID&lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&quot;&gt;CID&lt;/abbr&gt;&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;PubChem&quot;&gt;PubChem] CID
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&quot;&gt;[https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/9047 9047]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Bankin Magunguna
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;www.drugbank.ca&quot;&gt;[https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00664 DB00664] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190725104254/https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00664 |date=2019-07-25 }}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Y&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |ChemSpider
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;www.chemspider.com&quot;&gt;[https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.8695.html 8695]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Y&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |UNII
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;precision.fda.gov&quot;&gt;[https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/T6BL4ZC15G T6BL4ZC15G]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |KEGG
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;www.kegg.jp&quot;&gt;[https://www.kegg.jp/entry/D01216 D01216]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Y&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |CompTox Dashboard &lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:normal&quot;&gt; (&lt;abbr title=&quot;&lt;nowiki&amp;gt;U.S. Environmental Protection Agency&lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&quot;&gt;EPA&lt;/abbr&gt;) &lt;/span&gt; 
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;comptox.epa.gov&quot;&gt;[https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID2046179 DTXSID2046179][[File:OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg|link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6577302#P3117|text-top|class=noprint|frameless|10x10px|Edit this at Wikidata]]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;echa.europa.eu&quot;&gt;ECHA InfoCard&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |[https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.005.278 100.005.278][[File:OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg|link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6577302#P2566|text-top|class=noprint|frameless|10x10px|Edit this at Wikidata]]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;background:#ddd;color:inherit;&quot; |Bayanan sunadarai da na jiki
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Tsarin
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;span title=&quot;Carbon&quot;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;11&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Hydrogen&quot;&gt;H&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;12&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Nitrogen&quot;&gt;N&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Oxygen&quot;&gt;O&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Sulfur&quot;&gt;S&lt;/span&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Ma'auni na ƙuƙwalwa
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;280.30&lt;/span&gt; g·mol-1&amp;nbsp;&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Tsarin 3D (JSmol) 
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;chemapps.stolaf.edu (3D interactive model)&quot;&gt;[https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=O%3DS%28%3DO%29%28Nc1nccnc1OC%29c2ccc%28N%29cc2 Hoton hulɗa]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; |&lt;div class=&quot;collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Rashin kunya&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

* &lt;div style=&quot;word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;&quot;&gt;O=S (=O) (Nc1nccnc1OC) c2ccc (N) cc2&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; |&lt;div class=&quot;collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;InChI&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

* &lt;div style=&quot;word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;&quot;&gt;InChI=1S/C11H12N4O3S/c1-18-11-10 (13-6-7-14-11) 15-19 (16,17) 9-4-2-8 (12) 3-5-9/h2-7H,12H2,1H3, (H,13,15) &lt;sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Y&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
* &lt;div style=&quot;word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;&quot;&gt;Maɓalli:KXRZBTAEDBELFD-UHFFFAO&lt;sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Y&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;-N Y&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-below&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Nobold/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;nobold&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion&quot;&gt;[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&amp;rev1=470472993&amp;page2=Sulfalene  (Gaskiya)]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|}
'''Sulfalene''' (INN, USAN) ko '''sulfametopyrazine''' (BAN) maganin rigakafi sulfonamide ne mai tsawo wanda ake amfani da shi don maganin cutar bronchitis mai tsanani, cututtukan urinary tract da [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|zazzabin cizon sauro]].&lt;ref name=&quot;MD&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 May 2013 |title=Sulfametopyrazine |url=http://www.medicinescomplete.com/mc/martindale/current/4920-k.htm |access-date=28 March 2014 |website=Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference |publisher=Pharmaceutical Press}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya zuwa shekara ta 2014 akwai kasashe biyu kawai inda a halin yanzu ake tallata shi: [[Tailan|Thailand]] da Ireland.&lt;ref name=&quot;MD&quot; /&gt;

Masu bincike ne suka gano shi a Farmitalia kuma an fara buga shi a cikin 1960 kuma an tallata shi a matsayin Kelfizina . &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid5332105&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Baruffa G |date=1966 |title=Clinical trials in Plasmodium falciparum malaria with a long-acting sulphonamide |journal=Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |volume=60 |issue=2 |pages=222–4 |doi=10.1016/0035-9203(66)90030-7 |pmid=5332105}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Per prior citation, the first publication: {{Cite journal |vauthors=Camerino B, Palamidessi G |date=1960 |title=Derivati della parazina II. Sulfonamdopir |journal=Gazz Chim Ital |language=it |volume=90 |pages=1802–1815}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* Sulfadoxine

== Manazarta ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>pgdqyvbnqq8wc0hih3qdz6i6aw3ihrm</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Seacor Lee</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>159601</id>
    <revision>
      <id>889907</id>
      <parentid>866292</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-01T00:06:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>13371</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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      <text bytes="724" sha1="c20q5itdg9ykuiwwa4nlpp3k5p35ihv" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''''Seacor Lee''''' jirgin ruwa ne mai tallafi a ƙasashen waje [[Tarayyar Amurka|wanda Amurka]] ta yi wa alama, wanda a da ya yi aiki a matsayin kwamandan jiragen ruwa da kuma kula da martanin malalar mai na Cibiyar Haɗin Kan Kwamandan Soja ta Deepwater Horizon . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=9 July 2010 |title=Deepwater Horizon Response Photography 100709-G-7087B-005 |url=http://cgvi.uscg.mil/media/main.php?g2_itemId=935496 |access-date=14 July 2010 |publisher=United States Coast Guard |archive-date=18 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718230111/http://cgvi.uscg.mil/media/main.php?g2_itemId=935496 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; SEACOR Holdings ne kuma ke kula da shi.

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>c20q5itdg9ykuiwwa4nlpp3k5p35ihv</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Samuel R. Delany</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>13371</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>889811</origin>
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      <text bytes="57898" sha1="453f94pf69srpes3zku9cudcb2vwwae" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; 

'''Samuel R.''' &quot; '''Chip''' &quot; '''Delany''' / / dəˈleɪni / , də - də- -nee ; an haife shi a ranar 1 ga Afrilu, 1942) &lt;ref name=&quot;porter&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Porter |first=Lavelle |date=February 22, 2023 |title=Ode to Samuel Delany |url=https://daily.jstor.org/ode-to-samuel-delany/ |journal=JSTOR Daily |access-date=May 13, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; marubuci ne ɗan asalin Afirka kuma mai sukar adabi . Ayyukansa sun haɗa da almara (musamman almarar kimiyya), tarihin rayuwa, suka, da kasidu kan almarar kimiyya, adabi, jima'i, da al'umma.

Littafinsa na almara ya haɗa da ''Babel-17'', ''The Einstein Intersection'' (waɗanda suka lashe kyautar Nebula Award a 1966 da 1967, bi da bi); ''Hogg'', ''Nova'', ''Dhalgren'', jerin littattafan ''Return to Nevèreon'', da kuma ''Through the Valley of the Nest of Spiders'' . Littafinsa na almara ya haɗa da ''Times Square Red, Times Square Blue'', ''About Writing'', da littattafai takwas na muƙaloli. Ya lashe kyaututtukan Nebula guda huɗu da kyaututtukan Hugo guda biyu, kuma an shigar da shi cikin [[Gidan Tarihi na Al'adun Pop|Fim ɗin Kimiyya da Fantasy Hall of Fame]] a 2002.

Daga Janairu 1975 zuwa Mayu 2015, &lt;ref name=&quot;Retirement party&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Retirement party announcement |url=http://www.cla.temple.edu/event/samuel-r-delany-celebration/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923204457/http://www.cla.temple.edu/event/samuel-r-delany-celebration/ |archive-date=September 23, 2015 |access-date=August 20, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;  ya kasance farfesa a fannin Turanci, Adabin Kwatanta, da/ko Rubutu Mai Kirkire-kirkire a SUNY Buffalo, SUNY Albany, Jami'ar Massachusetts Amherst, da Jami'ar Temple .

A shekarar 1997, ya lashe kyautar Kessler Award ; sannan kuma, a shekarar 2010, ya lashe kyautar J. Lloyd Eaton Lifetime Achievement Award a fannin Kimiyyar Almara daga taron Eaton Science Fiction Conference a UCR Laburare .  Marubutan Fiction na Kimiyya na Amurka sun nada shi a matsayin Babban Jagora na SFWA na 30 a shekarar 2013,  kuma a shekarar 2016, an shigar da shi cikin Zauren Shahararrun Marubutan Jihar New York . Delany ya sami kyautar Anisfield-Wolf Lifetime Achievement Award na 2021. A ranar 11 ga Oktoba, 2025, an shigar da Delany cikin Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-10-03 |title=Samuel Ray Delany {{!}} American Academy of Arts and Sciences |url=https://www.amacad.org/person/samuel-ray-delany |access-date=2025-10-15 |website=www.amacad.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko ==
An haifi Samuel Ray Delany, Jr. kuma ya girma a Harlem. Mahaifiyarsa, Margaret Carey (Boyd) Delany (1916–1995), magatakarda ce a tsarin Laburaren Jama'a na New York . Mahaifinsa, Samuel Ray Delany Sr. (1906–1960), ya gudanar da Gidan Jana'izar Levy &amp; Delany da ke kan titin 7th a Harlem, daga 1938 har zuwa rasuwarsa a 1960. Iyalin sun zauna a hawa biyu na sama na wani gida mai hawa uku tsakanin gine-ginen gidaje na Harlem mai hawa biyar zuwa shida. 

An haifi Delany a cikin iyali mai hazaka da buri na manyan 'yan Afirka-Amurkawa . Kakansa, Henry Beard Delany (1858-1928), an haife shi cikin bauta, amma bayan 'yantar da shi ya sami ilimi, firist kuma bishop baƙar fata na farko na Cocin Episcopal . [1] Magoya bayan kare haƙƙin jama'a Sadie da Bessie Delany suna cikin goggon mahaifinsa. [2] (Ya ɗauko daga rayuwarsu a matsayin tushen haruffan Elsie da Corry a cikin &quot;Atlantis: Model 1924&quot;, littafin farko a cikin tarin tarihin rayuwarsa na Atlantis: Tatsuniyoyi Uku .) Sauran fitattun 'yan uwa sun haɗa da goggonsa, mawaƙin Harlem Renaissance Clarissa Scott Delany, da kawunsa, alkali Hubert Thomas Delany . [3]

Delany ya halarci Makarantar Dalton mai zaman kanta, kuma daga 1951 zuwa 1956, ya yi bazara a Camp Woodland da ke Phoenicia, New York.  Ya yi karatu a Makarantar Kimiyya ta Bronx da ke da ƙwarewa, inda aka zaɓe shi don halartar Camp Rising Sun, shirin tallafin karatu na ƙasa da ƙasa na Gidauniyar Louis August Jonas. Labarin Delany na farko da aka buga, &quot;Salt&quot;, ya bayyana a ''Dynamo'', mujallar adabi ta Bronx Science, a 1960. &lt;ref name=&quot;bxsci202202&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 2022 |title=Bronx Science Alumni Foundation Newsletter: February 2022 |url=http://go.pardot.com/webmail/513921/754861096/ec3880b7785560ee469c58219bfe5385a4accaf8a8958cfa34567a1845df4c4a |access-date=February 2, 2022 |website=Bronx Science Alumni Foundation}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mahaifin Delany ya mutu sakamakon cutar kansar huhu a watan Oktoban 1960. A shekara mai zuwa, a watan Agustan 1961, Delany ta auri mawaƙiya/fassara Marilyn Hacker, kuma ma'auratan sun zauna a unguwar East Village da ke New York a lamba 629 East 5th Street. Hacker yana aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar edita a Ace Books, kuma shiga tsakani na ya taimaka wa Delany ta zama marubuciyar labaran kimiyya da aka buga tana da shekaru 20.  Ya gama rubuta wannan littafin na farko ( ''The Jewels of Aptor'', wanda aka buga a 1962) &lt;ref name=&quot;porter&quot;/&gt; yana da shekaru 19, jim kaɗan bayan ya bar Kwalejin City ta New York bayan zangon karatu ɗaya.

== Sana'a ==
Aikinsa na gaba shine littafin &quot;The Fall of the Towers&quot;, sai kuma littafin &quot;The Ballad of Beta-2&quot; da &quot;Babel-17&quot; ; ya bayyana rubutunsa a wannan lokacin, da kuma aurensa da Hacker, a cikin littafin tarihin rayuwarsa mai suna &quot;The Motion of Light in Water&quot; . A shekarar 1966, yayin da Hacker ya ci gaba da zama a New York, Delany ya yi tafiya ta tsawon watanni biyar zuwa Faransa, Ingila, Italiya, Girka, da Turkiyya. [1] A wannan lokacin, ya rubuta &quot;The Einstein Intersection &quot;. [1] Ya yi amfani da waɗannan wurare a cikin ayyuka da dama, ciki har da Nova da gajerun labarai &quot; Aye, da Gomorrah &quot; da &quot;Kare a cikin Net ɗin Masunta&quot;. Waɗannan ayyukan sun sami yabo mai zafi: Algis Budrys ya kira Delany haziki kuma mawaƙi kuma ya lissafa shi tare da JG Ballard, Brian W. Aldiss, da Roger Zelazny a matsayin &quot;sabon nau'in marubuci mai girgiza duniya&quot;, [2] yayin da Judith Merril ya laƙaba masa &quot;TNT (The New Thing)&quot;. [3] Babel-17 da The Einstein Intersection sun lashe kyautar Nebula Award a matsayin Mafi Kyawun Littafin Novel a 1966 da 1967, bi da bi. [4] [5]

&quot;The Star-Pit&quot;, ɗan gajeren labari na farko na Delany, Frederick Pohl ne ya buga shi a cikin fitowar Fabrairu 1967 ta ''Worlds of Tomorrow'', kuma ya sanya ƙarin uku a wasu mujallu a wannan shekarar.  A shekarar 1968, ya buga ƙarin gajerun labarai guda huɗu (ciki har da &quot; Time Considered as a Helix of Semi-Precious Stones &quot;, wanda ya lashe kyautar Hugo don Mafi Kyawun Labari Mai Gajere a 1970) &lt;ref name=&quot;hugoawards70&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 26, 2007 |title=1970 Hugo Awards |url=https://www.thehugoawards.org/hugo-history/1970-hugo-awards/ |access-date=February 27, 2023 |website=The Hugo Awards}}&lt;/ref&gt; da ''Nova'' . Doubleday ne ya buga wannan, wanda ke nuna rabuwar Delany daga Ace; shine littafinsa na ƙarshe na almara na kimiyya har zuwa ''Dhalgren'' a 1975.

Makonni bayan dawowar Delany, shi da Hacker suka fara zama daban. Delany ya yi wasa kuma ya zauna tare na tsawon watanni biyar a Lower East Side tare da Heavenly Breakfast, wata ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta folk-rock wadda sauran membobinta su ne Susan Schweers, Steven Greenbaum (wanda aka fi sani da Wiseman), da Bert Lee (wanda daga baya ya zama memba na Central Park Sheiks ). Delany ya rubuta tarihin abubuwan da ya fuskanta da ƙungiyar mawaƙa da rayuwar al'umma, wanda daga ƙarshe aka buga a matsayin Heavenly Breakfast (1979). Bayan shi da Hacker sun sake haɗuwa na ɗan lokaci, ta ƙaura zuwa San Francisco. A ranar Sabuwar Shekara a 1968, Delany ta haɗu da ita; sannan suka ƙaura zuwa London. A lokacin bazara na 1971, Delany ya koma New York, inda ya zauna a Albert Hotel da ke Greenwich Village .

A shekarar 1972, Delany ta jagoranci wani ɗan gajeren fim mai suna ''The Orchid'' (wanda aka fara yi wa lakabi da ''The Science Fim in the Latter Twentieth Century'' ), wanda Barbara Wise ta shirya.  An ɗauki fim ɗin a cikin 16 mm tare da launi da sauti, fim ɗin ya kuma yi amfani da David Wise, Adolfas Mekas, kuma John Herbert McDowell ne ya ba shi kyautar. &lt;ref name=&quot;Maxin&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Maxin |first=Tyler |date=May 18, 2019 |title=Three Films by Samuel R. Delaney [sic] |url=https://www.screenslate.com/features/1238 |website=Screen Slate |language=en |access-date=June 25, 2026 |archive-date=January 18, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118031230/https://www.screenslate.com/features/1238 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Nuwamba, Delany marubuci ne mai ziyara a Cibiyar Nazarin Bil Adama ta Jami'ar Wesleyan . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Samuel R. Delany by K. Leslie Steiner |url=https://www.pseudopodium.org/repress/KLeslieSteiner-SamuelRDelany.html |publisher=pseudopodium.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A wannan shekarar, Delany ta rubuta fitowa biyu na littafin barkwanci mai suna Wonder Woman, [1] a lokacin da ake takaddama kan lokacin da jarumin ya bar manyan jaruman ta ya zama wakili na sirri. [2] Delany ta rubuta fitowa ta 202 da ta 203 a cikin jerin. [3] Da farko an yi tsammanin zai rubuta wani labari mai fitowa shida wanda zai kai ga yaƙi kan asibitin zubar da ciki, amma an soke labarin bayan da Gloria Steinem ta jagoranci wani yunƙuri na yin zanga-zanga kan cire ikon Wonder Woman, wani sauyi da ya faru kafin shigar Delany. [4] Malama Ann Matsuuchi ta kammala da cewa ra'ayoyin Steinem &quot;sun dace da amfani da su a matsayin uzuri&quot; daga shugabannin DC. [5]

Daga Disamba 1972 zuwa Disamba 1974, Delany da Hacker sun zauna a Marylebone, London. A wannan lokacin, Delany ta fara aiki da jigogi na jima'i da gaske kuma ta rubuta ayyuka biyu na batsa, ''Equinox'' (wanda aka buga a farko a matsayin ''The Tides of Lust'' ), da ''Hogg'', wanda ba za a iya bugawa a lokacin ba saboda abubuwan da ke cikinsa na keta haddi; ba a sami bugawa ba sai a shekarar 1995.

An buga littafin Delany na sha ɗaya, ''Dhalgren'', a shekarar 1975, inda aka yaba masa a fannin adabi (daga ciki da wajen al'ummar almarar kimiyya) da kuma ba'a (galibi daga cikin al'umma). Ya sayar da fiye da kwafi miliyan ɗaya. Bayan dogon musayar wasiƙu da Leslie Fiedler, Delany ya koma Amurka bisa umarnin Fiedler don koyarwa a Jami'ar Buffalo a matsayin Farfesa na Visiting Butler na Turanci a zangon karatu na bazara na 1975. A wannan bazarar ya koma birnin New York.

Duk da cewa ya buga wasu manyan littattafan almara guda biyu na kimiyya ( ''Triton'' da ''Stars in My Pocket Like Grains of Sand'' ) a cikin shekaru goma bayan ''Dhalgren'', Delany ya fara aiki a cikin sukar almara da kimiyya. Ya fara da ''The Jewel-Hinged Jaw'' (1977), tarin kasidu masu suka waɗanda suka yi amfani da ka'idar adabi ta lokacin a cikin nazarin almara na kimiyya, ya buga littattafai da yawa na suka, tambayoyi, da kasidu. Ya kuma kasance abokin ziyara a Jami'ar Wisconsin–Milwaukee a 1977 da Jami'ar Albany a 1978. Babban aikin adabinsa a ƙarshen shekarun 1970 da 1980 shine ''Komawa zuwa Nevèrÿon'', jerin tatsuniyoyi da sihiri guda huɗu.

A shekarar 1987, Delany ya kasance abokin ziyara a [[Cornell|Jami'ar Cornell]] . A shekara mai zuwa, ya zama farfesa a fannin adabi na kwatantawa a Jami'ar Massachusetts Amherst . Ya riƙe wannan muƙamin na tsawon shekaru 11, kafin ya yi shekara ɗaya da rabi a matsayin farfesa a Turanci a Jami'ar da ke Buffalo .

Ayyukan Delany a shekarun 1990 sun haɗa da ''They Fly at Çiron'', wani sabon rubutu da aka sake rubutawa kuma aka faɗaɗa shi na wani ɗan gajeren labari da ba a buga ba da ya rubuta a 1962, da kuma littafinsa na ƙarshe a cikin nau'ikan almara na kimiyya ko na tatsuniya tsawon shekaru da yawa. Ya kuma buga littafinsa ''The Mad Man'' da tarin muƙaloli da dama, ciki har da ''Times Square Red, Times Square Blue'' (1999), muƙaloli biyu waɗanda Delany ya yi amfani da su daga gogewarsa don bincika alaƙar da ke tsakanin ƙoƙarin sake haɓaka Times Square da rayuwar jima'i ta jama'a ta maza masu aiki a birnin New York. Delany ya sami kyautar Bill Whitehead don cimma nasara ta rayuwa daga Publishing Triangle a 1993; ya bayyana wannan a matsayin kyautar da yake alfahari da ita. 

Bayan an gayyace shi ya zauna a unguwar mawakan Yaddo, ya koma Sashen Turanci na Jami'ar Temple a watan Janairun 2001, inda ya koyar har zuwa lokacin da ya yi ritaya a watan Afrilun 2015. A shekarar 2007, Delany ya kasance batun wani fim na gaskiya, ''The Polymath, ko kuma, The Life and Ra'ayoyin Samuel R. Delany, Gentleman'', wanda Fred Barney Taylor ya jagoranta. Fim ɗin ya fara fitowa a ranar 25 ga Afrilu a bikin fina-finai na Tribeca na 2007, kuma a shekarar 2008, an yi masa ado da kyautar Jury Award don Mafi Kyawun Takardar Documentary a bikin fina-finan 'yan madigo da 'yan luwadi na duniya na Philadelphia. Haka kuma a shekarar 2007, Delany shi ne &quot;ɗan kalandar&quot; na watan Afrilu a kalandar &quot;Legends of the Village&quot; da Village Care of New York ta fitar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 22–28, 2006 |title=A legendary night for Village Care |url=http://www.thevillager.com/villager_186/alegendarynightfor.html |access-date=March 19, 2011 |website=thevillager.com |archive-date=June 12, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110612092628/http://www.thevillager.com/villager_186/alegendarynightfor.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2008, littafinsa mai suna ''Dark Reflections'' ya lashe kyautar Stonewall Book Award . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=September 9, 2009 |title=Stonewall Book Awards List |url=https://www.ala.org/rt/rrt/award/stonewall/honored |access-date=January 13, 2024 |website=Stonewall Book Awards List |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2010, Delany ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin alkalai biyar (tare da Andrei Codrescu, Sabina Murray, Joanna Scott da Carolyn See ) a rukunin almara na kyaututtukan littattafai na ƙasa . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 17, 2010 |title=2010 National Book Awards web page |url=http://www.nationalbook.org/nba2010.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170722143226/http://www.nationalbook.org/nba2010.html#.WbbszsaQw-U |archive-date=July 22, 2017 |access-date=January 5, 2011 |website=nationalbook.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:Delany_encyc.png|thumb|251x251px|A wani karatu a The Kitchen a watan Yunin 2011]]
Magnus Books ne ya buga littafinsa na almara na kimiyya ''mai suna &quot;Through the Valley of the Nest of Spiders&quot;'' a ranar haihuwarsa a shekarar 2012. A shekarar 2013 ya sami kyautar Brudner daga Jami'ar Yale, saboda gudunmawar da ya bayar ga adabin 'yan luwadi. A wannan shekarar, abokinsa na marubucin littafin barkwanci kuma mai tsara aiwatar da adabi, Robert Morales, ya mutu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Delany, Samuel R. as interviewed by Junot Diaz |date=May 9, 2017 |title=Radicalism Begins in the Body |url=http://bostonreview.net/literature-culture/junot-d%C3%ADaz-samuel-r-delany-radicalism-begins-body |website=Boston Review |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya yi aiki a matsayin Farfesa Mai Ziyartar ''Binciken Bincike Mai Mahimmanci'' a Jami'ar Chicago a lokacin kwata na hunturu na 2014.  A shekarar 2015, shekarar da Delany ya yi ritaya daga koyarwa a Jami'ar Temple, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=College of Liberal Arts – Archive |url=http://www.cla.temple.edu/english/event-type/creative-writing/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923204452/http://www.cla.temple.edu/english/event-type/creative-writing/ |archive-date=September 23, 2015 |access-date=August 19, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ƙungiyar Falsafar Caribbean ta ba shi kyautar Nicolás Guillén Lifetime Achievement Award. &lt;ref name=&quot;cpa-nga&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nicholas Guillen Award |url=https://caribbeanphilosophy.org/nicolas-guillen |url-status= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201053413/https://caribbeanphilosophy.org/nicolas-guillen |archive-date=February 1, 2023 |access-date=January 4, 2024 |website=caribbeanphilosophicalassociation.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tun daga shekarar 2018, tarihinsa yana nan a ɗakin karatu na Beinecke da ke Yale, inda ake shirya shi a yanzu. Kafin wannan lokacin, takardunsa suna nan a Cibiyar Bincike ta Tarihin Howard Gotlieb . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Howard Gotlieb Archival Research Center web page listing collections for Samuel R. Delany |url=http://www.bu.edu/phpbin/archives-cc/app/details.php?id=7645&amp;return=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bu.edu%2Fphpbin%2Farchives-cc%2Fapp%2Fbrowse.php%3Fletter%3DD%26sort_column%3Dcomposite_name%26sort_direction%3DASC%26per_page%3D10%26offset%3D10%26set_page%3Dnext |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110427214554/http://www.bu.edu/phpbin/archives-cc/app/details.php?id=7645&amp;return=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bu.edu%2Fphpbin%2Farchives-cc%2Fapp%2Fbrowse.php%3Fletter%3DD%26sort_column%3Dcomposite_name%26sort_direction%3DASC%26per_page%3D10%26offset%3D10%26set_page%3Dnext |archive-date=April 27, 2011 |access-date=March 19, 2011 |website=Howard Gotlieb Archival Research Center}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Tun yana yaro, Delany yana kishin yara da laƙabi. Ya ɗauki ɗaya a ranar farko ta sabon sansanin bazara, Camp Woodland, yana da shekaru 11, ta hanyar amsa &quot;Kowa yana kirana Chip!&quot; lokacin da aka tambaye shi sunansa.  Shekaru da yawa bayan haka, Frederik Pohl ya kira shi &quot;mutumin da abokansa ba sa kiransa da Sam, Samuel ko wani nau'in sunan da iyayensa suka ba shi.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;pohl&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pohl, Frederik |date=November 20, 2010 |title=Chip Delany |url=http://www.thewaythefutureblogs.com/2010/11/chip-delany/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101123023245/http://www.thewaythefutureblogs.com/2010/11/chip-delany/ |archive-date=November 23, 2010 |access-date=November 20, 2010 |website=The Way The Future Blogs}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sunan Delany yana ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda aka fi rubutawa a cikin almarar kimiyya, bayan an yi kuskuren rubuta shi sau sama da 60 a cikin sharhi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bravard |first=Robert S. |last2=Peplow |first2=Michael W. |year=1984 |title=Through a Glass Darkly: Bibliographing Samuel R. Delany |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2904129 |journal=Black American Literature Forum |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=69–75 |doi=10.2307/2904129 |jstor=2904129 |url-access=subscription |access-date=February 27, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mawallafinsa Doubleday ya rubuta sunansa a shafin taken ''Driftglass'', kamar yadda masu shirya Balticon suka yi a 1982 inda Delany ya kasance baƙon girmamawa.

Delany ta gano cewa ita 'yar luwaɗi ce tun tana ƙarama.  Duk da haka, Delany ta shafe shekaru 19 tana aure da mawaƙiya/fassara Marilyn Hacker, wacce ta san yanayin Delany kuma ta gane cewa 'yar madigo ce tun bayan rabuwarsu. 

Delany da Hacker sun haifi ɗa ɗaya a shekarar 1974, Iva Hacker-Delany, wacce yanzu likita ce. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Anders |first=Tisa M. |date=November 18, 2013 |title=Samuel Ray Delany Jr. (1942- ) |url=https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/delany-samuel-ray-jr-1942/ |access-date=May 25, 2024 |website=BLACKPAST.org |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

A shekarar 1991, Delany ta shiga dangantaka mai kyau da Dennis Rickett, wanda a da ba shi da gidaje, wanda a da yake sayar da littattafai ne. An rubuta soyayyarsu a cikin littafin tarihi mai suna ''Bread and Wine: An Erotic Tale of New York'' (1999), wanda ya haɗa kai da marubuciya kuma mai zane [[Mia Wolff]] .

Delany ba [[Mulhidanci|ya yarda da Allah]] . 

A shekarar 2004, ya bayyana cewa yana goyon bayan NAMBLA . 

An adana takardun Delany a Jami'ar Yale . 

== Jigogi ==
[[Fayil:Loz_delany_2015.png|thumb|Delany a wani karatu a shekarar 2015.]]
Kayan ado, tunani, da kuma jan hankali&amp;nbsp;- ba wai kawai hotunan ba, har ma da tunani da kuma raguwar rubutu da ra'ayoyi&amp;nbsp;– kuma jigogi ne masu ƙarfi da misalai a cikin aikin Delany. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Delany |first=Samuel R. |last2=Tatsumi |first2=Takayuki |year=1986 |title=Interview: Samuel R. Delany |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/464950 |journal=Diacritics |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=27–45 |doi=10.2307/464950 |issn=0300-7162 |jstor=464950 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lakabi kamar su ''Jewels of Aptor'', ''The Jewel-Hinged Jaw'', &quot;Time Considered As as a Helix of Semi-Precious Stones&quot;, ''Driftglass'', da ''Dark Reflections'', tare da sarkar gani na prisms, madubai, da ruwan tabarau da haruffa da dama ke sawa a cikin ''Dhalgren'', wasu misalai ne na wannan; kamar yadda yake a cikin &quot;Mu (...) muna tafiya akan layi mai tsauri&quot; kusan ana bayyana zobe a cikin damuwa a kowane juyi da juyawa na labarin. An bincika tunani da rabewa a cikin labarin a cikin ''Dhalgren'' kuma suna ɗaukar matsayi na tsakiya a cikin jerinsa na Return to Nevèreon.

Bayan buga littafin ''Nova'' na shekarar 1968, ba wai kawai akwai babban gibi a cikin ayyukan da Delany ya wallafa ba (bayan ya fitar da littattafai takwas da wani labari tsakanin 1962 da 1968, fitowarsa da aka buga ta tsaya cak har zuwa 1973), akwai kuma wani ƙarin bayani mai mahimmanci ga jigogi da aka samu a cikin labaran da aka buga bayan wannan lokacin. A wannan lokacin ne Delany ya fara mu'amala sosai da jigogi na jima'i . ''Dhalgren'' da ''Stars in My Pocket Like Grains of Sand'' sun haɗa da sassa da yawa na jima'i, kuma wasu daga cikin littattafansa kamar ''Equinox'' (wanda aka buga a farko a matsayin ''The Tides of Lust'', taken da Delany bai amince da shi ba), ''The Mad Man'', ''Hogg'' da ''Phallos'' za a iya ɗaukar su a matsayin batsa, wani lakabi da Delany da kansa ke amfani da shi. 

Littattafai kamar ''Triton'' da shafuka sama da dubu waɗanda suka ƙunshi jerin littattafansa na Return to Nevèreon guda huɗu sun yi nazari dalla-dalla kan yadda jima'i da halayen jima'i ke da alaƙa da tushen tattalin arziki na asali.&amp;nbsp;- ko kuma, a yanayin ''Triton'', abin da ke {{'}} a nan gaba&amp;nbsp;– al'umma.  Ko da a cikin ayyukan da ba su da almarar kimiyya ko abubuwan tatsuniya da za a yi magana a kansu, kamar ''Atlantis: Three Tales'', ''The Mad Man'', da ''Hogg'', Delany ya bi waɗannan tambayoyin ta hanyar ƙirƙirar hotuna masu haske na New York da sauran biranen Amurka, waɗanda yanzu suke cikin Zamanin Jazz, waɗanda yanzu suke cikin shekaru goma na farko na annobar cutar kanjamau, makarantun masu zaman kansu na New York a shekarun 1950, da kuma Girka da Turai a shekarun 1960,  da&amp;nbsp;- a cikin ''Hogg''&amp;nbsp;– ƙaramin gari a Amurka.  ''Phallos'' ya yi cikakken bayani game da neman farin ciki da tsaro da wani ɗan luwaɗi daga tsibirin Syracuse ya yi a zamanin mulkin Sarki [[Hadrian]] na ƙarni na biyu. &lt;ref name=&quot;Linds&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Linds |first=Justin |date=October 10, 2013 |title='Phallos' by Samuel R. Delany |url=https://www.lambdaliterary.org/reviews/10/10/phallos-by-samuel-r-delany/ |access-date=July 13, 2018 |website=[[Lambda Literary Foundation]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Dark Reflections'' wani labari ne na zamani, wanda ke magana game da jigogi na danniya, tsufa, da rayuwar marubucin mara lada. 

Marubuci kuma masanin ilimi C. Riley Snorton ya yi magana game ' batun ''Triton'' game da bambancin jinsi, jima'i, da launin fata da kuma yadda ake amfani da su wajen kula da dangantakar zamantakewa ta jiha da kuma ta hukumomi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Snorton |first=C. Riley |date=Summer 2014 |title='An Ambiguous Heterotopia': On the Past of Black Studies' Future |journal=The Black Scholar |volume=44 |issue=2 |pages=29–36 |doi=10.1080/00064246.2014.11413685 |jstor=10.5816/blackscholar.44.2.0029 |s2cid=141748700}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da yawan matsayi da asalin da littafin ya samu ta hanyar shiga tsakani na fasaha, Snorton ya yi jayayya cewa yaduwar asalin Delany &quot;yana faruwa ne a cikin mahallin karuwar tsarin halittu da aka ƙaddara ta hanyar fasaha, inda aka tsara jikuna zuwa rukuni-zane-zane na rayuwar (ɗan adam), kamar yadda aka ƙaddara ta hanyar hanyoyin kwayoyin halitta da aka amince da su a zamantakewa da kimiyya.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Snorton |first=C. Riley |date=Summer 2014 |title='An Ambiguous Heterotopia': On the Past of Black Studies' Future |journal=The Black Scholar |volume=44 |issue=2 |pages=33 |doi=10.1080/00064246.2014.11413685 |jstor=10.5816/blackscholar.44.2.0029 |s2cid=141748700}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Triton'' ya yi tambaya game da ƙa'idodin zamantakewa da siyasa game da adawa da ka'ida muddin waɗannan ayyukan ba sa ƙalubalantar amma a zahiri suna sake fasalin nau'ikan ɗan adam masu tsauri. A cikin littafinsa ''Afro-Fabulations'', Tavia Nyong'o ta yi irin wannan hujja a cikin nazarinsa na ''The Einstein Intersection'' . Da yake ambaton Delany a matsayin mai ra'ayin Queer, Nyong'o ya yi nuni da &quot;binciken da aka yi na tsawon lokaci game da ƙarfin ƙa'idodi, wanda aka rubuta a daidai lokacin - ' shekarun 1960 ' - lokacin da ƙungiyoyin hana tsari, masu adawa da tsari a Amurka da duniya baki ɗaya suka kai kololuwarsu.&quot;  Kamar ''Triton'', ''The Einstein Intersection'' yana nuna haruffa waɗanda ke wanzuwa a cikin bambance-bambance daban-daban tsakanin jinsi, jima'i, da iyawa. Wannan yaduwar asali &quot;yana faruwa ne a cikin ƙoƙari na haɗin gwiwa don ci gaba da tsarin zamantakewa mai alaƙa da jinsi da kuma isar da makoma mai dorewa ta hanyar harshe&quot; a cikin ɓoyewar al'ummar Lo na &quot;kages&quot; marasa aiki waɗanda aka hana su harshe da kulawa.  Nyong'o da Snorton sun haɗa aikin Delany da &quot;nau'ikan zama ɗan adam&quot; na Sylvia Wynter,  suna jaddada dangantakar da Delany ke da ita da bambancin ra'ayi, daidaito, da yuwuwar rugujewa ko sake fasalin su, da kuma sanya shi a matsayin muhimmin mai shiga tsakani a fannin ka'idar Queer da [[Nazarin baƙar fata|nazarin Baƙar fata]] .

''Mahaukacin Mutum'', ''Phallos'', da ''Duhu Tunani'' suna da alaƙa ta ƙananan hanyoyi. Dabbar da aka ambata a farkon ''Mahaukacin Mutum'' tana ɗauke da murfin ''Phallos'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;Scott&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Scott |first=Darieck |date=September 13, 2012 |title=Delany's Divinities |journal=American Literary History |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=702–722 |doi=10.1093/alh/ajs045 |s2cid=145175953}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Lambobin yabo da karramawa ==

* 1985: Kyautar Mahajjata, wadda Ƙungiyar Bincike ta Almarar Kimiyya ta Gabatarwa ta Gabatarwa ta bayar a fannin tallafin karatu na almarar kimiyya . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The SFRA Award for Lifetime Contributions to SF Scholarship {{!}} Science Fiction Research Association |url=https://sfra.org/The-SFRA-Award-for-Lifetime-Contributions-to-SF-Scholarship/ |access-date=2026-05-29 |website=sfra.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1997: Kyautar David R. Kessler don Nazarin LGBTQ a CLAGS: Cibiyar Nazarin LGBTQ &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=March 2013 |title=...3, 2, 1, CONTACT: Delany Gives Kessler Lecture – CLAGS: Center for LGBTQ Studies |url=https://clags.org/articles/3-2-1-contact-delany-gives-kessler-lecture/ |access-date=May 15, 2022 |language=en-US |archive-date=May 15, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220515152113/https://clags.org/articles/3-2-1-contact-delany-gives-kessler-lecture/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2002: An shigar da shi cikin Almarar [[Gidan Tarihi na Al'adun Pop|Kimiyya da Zauren Shahararrun Labarai]] . 
* 2010: Kyautar J. Lloyd Eaton ta Nasara ta Rayuwa a cikin Almarar Kimiyya daga taron Eaton na Almarar Kimiyya a ɗakunan karatu na UCR . 
* 2012: Kyautar Brudner saboda gudummawar da ta bayar ga nazarin LGBT da al'ummomin LGBT, wanda aka bayar ta hanyar Nazarin 'Yan Madigo, 'Yan Luwadi, Masu Juna Biyu, da Masu Canza Jinsi (LGBTS) a Jami'ar Yale. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=James Robert Brudner '83 Memorial Prize and Lectures |url=https://lgbts.yale.edu/brudner |access-date=July 26, 2023 |website=Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Studies}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2013: Marubutan Fina-finan Kimiyya na Amurka sun nada shi Babban Jagora na SFWA na 30 
* 2016: An shigar da shi cikin Zauren Marubuta na Jihar New York . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Samuel R. Delany |url=https://luma.org/en/arles/artists-thinkers-a-z/samuel-r.-delany |access-date=2026-05-29 |website=luma.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2021: Kyautar Sir Arthur Clarke ta Tunani a cikin Hidima ga Al'umma saboda Gudummawa Mai Kyau ga Almara, Suka da Makaloli kan Almarar Kimiyya, Adabi da Al'umma ta [[Arthur C. Clarke Foundation|Gidauniyar Arthur C. Clarke]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Samuel R Delany |url=https://www.clarkefoundation.org/samuel-r-delany/ |access-date=January 3, 2022 |website=The Arthur C Clarke Foundation |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2021: Kyautar Nasarar Rayuwa ta Anisfield-Wolf . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 5, 2021 |title=Introducing Our Class of 2021 |url=https://www.anisfield-wolf.org/2021/04/introducing-our-class-of-2021/ |access-date=April 5, 2021 |website=Anisfield-Wolf Book Awards}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2022: Kyautar Duniya ta Fantasy, Nasarar Rayuwa &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Asher-Perrin |first=Emmet |date=July 20, 2022 |title=Announcing the 2022 World Fantasy Award Finalists |url=https://www.tor.com/2022/07/20/announcing-the-2022-world-fantasy-award-finalists-2/ |access-date=July 25, 2022 |website=Tor.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2022: Kyautar Adabi ta Lambda, LGBTQ Pornica &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=2022 Winners |url=https://lambdaliterary.org/awards/2022-winners/ |access-date=September 14, 2022 |website=lambdaliterary.org |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2022: An nuna Delany a cikin shirin shirin talabijin [[PBS|na PBS]] ''mai suna Articulate'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=What Might Be |url=https://articulateshow.org/videos/what-might-be/ |access-date=January 3, 2022 |website=Articulate with Jim Cotter |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2024: Bako mai daraja a taron Sturgeon na 2024 a Cibiyar Nazarin Almarar Kimiyya ta J. Wayne da Elsie M. Gunn, &quot;Taurari a Aljihunmu: Murnar Samuel R. Delany.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=2024 Sturgeon Symposium |url=https://sfcenter.ku.edu/2024-sturgeon-symposium |access-date=2024-09-06 |website=sfcenter.ku.edu |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2024: Kyautar MAPACA ta Impact Divine &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Samuel R. Delany {{!}} MAPACA |url=https://mapaca.net/conference/2024/samuel-r-delany |access-date=2024-09-06 |website=mapaca.net}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==

=== Almara ===

==== Labarai ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Name
!Published
!ISBN
!Notes
|-
|''The Jewels of Aptor''
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1962
| 
|Published as Ace-Double F-173 together with ''Second Ending'' by James White
|-
|''Captives of the Flame''
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1963
| 
|Published as Ace-Double F-199 together with ''The Psionic Menace'' by John Brunner, republished as the more definitive ''Out of the Dead City'' &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;included in omnibus edition: ''The Fall of the Towers''
|-
|''The Towers of Toron''
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1964
| 
|Published as Ace-Double F-261 together with ''The Lunar Eye'' by Robert Moore Williams, included in omnibus edition: ''The Fall of the Towers''
|-
|''City of a Thousand Suns''
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1965
| 
|Published by Ace Books as F-322, included in omnibus edition: ''The Fall of the Towers''
|-
|''The Ballad of Beta-2''
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1965
| 
|Published as Ace-Double M-121 together with ''Alpha Yes, Terra No!'' by Emil Petaja; Nebula Award nominee, 1965&lt;ref name=&quot;nebula-1965&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=1965 Nebula Awards |url=https://nebulas.sfwa.org/award-year/1965 |access-date=August 22, 2018}} /&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''Empire Star''
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1966
| 
|Published as Ace-Double M-139 together with ''The Tree Lord of Imeten'' by Tom Purdom
|-
|''Babel-17''
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1966
| 
|Published by Ace Books as F-388, Nebula Award '''winner''', 1966;&lt;ref name=&quot;WWE-1966&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=1966 Award Winners &amp; Nominees |url=http://www.worldswithoutend.com/books_year_index.asp?year=1966 |access-date=July 4, 2009 |website=Worlds Without End}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Hugo Award nominee, 1967&lt;ref name=&quot;WWE-1967&quot; /&gt;
|-
|''The Einstein Intersection''
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1967
| 
|Published by Ace Books as F-427, Nebula Award '''winner''', 1967&lt;ref name=&quot;WWE-1967&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=1967 Award Winners &amp; Nominees |url=http://www.worldswithoutend.com/books_year_index.asp?year=1967 |access-date=July 4, 2009 |website=Worlds Without End}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Hugo Award nominee, 1968&lt;ref name=&quot;WWE-1968&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=1968 Award Winners &amp; Nominees |url=http://www.worldswithoutend.com/books_year_index.asp?year=1968 |access-date=July 4, 2009 |website=Worlds Without End}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''Nova''
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1968
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 
|Hugo Award nominee, 1969&lt;ref name=&quot;WWE-1969&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=1969 Award Winners &amp; Nominees |url=http://www.worldswithoutend.com/books_year_index.asp?year=1969 |access-date=July 4, 2009 |website=Worlds Without End}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''The Tides of Lust''
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1973
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 
|Published by Lancer Books as #71344, later reprinted under Delany's preferred title ''Equinox'' (1994),  .
|-
|''Dhalgren''
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1975
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 
|Nebula Award nominee, 1975&lt;ref name=&quot;WWE-1975&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=1975 Award Winners &amp; Nominees |url=http://www.worldswithoutend.com/books_year_index.asp?year=1975 |access-date=July 4, 2009 |website=Worlds Without End}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Locus Award nominee, 1976&lt;ref name=&quot;WWE-1976&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=1976 Award Winners &amp; Nominees |url=http://www.worldswithoutend.com/books_year_index.asp?year=1976 |access-date=July 4, 2009 |website=Worlds Without End}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''Triton''
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1976
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 
|Republished as ''Trouble on Triton'' in 1996 by Wesleyan University Press&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Nebula Award nominee, 1976&lt;ref name=&quot;WWE-1976&quot; /&gt;
|-
|''Empire''
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1978
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 
|With Howard Chaykin&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Graphic novel&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Published by Byron Preiss/Berkley Windhover
|-
|''Stars in My Pocket Like Grains of Sand''
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1984
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 
|Locus Award nominee, 1985&lt;ref name=&quot;WWE-1985&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=1985 Award Winners &amp; Nominees |url=http://www.worldswithoutend.com/books_year_index.asp?year=1985 |access-date=July 4, 2009 |website=Worlds Without End}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Arthur C. Clarke Award nominee, 1987&lt;ref name=&quot;WWE-1987&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=1987 Award Winners &amp; Nominees |url=http://www.worldswithoutend.com/books_year_index.asp?year=1987 |access-date=July 4, 2009 |website=Worlds Without End}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''They Fly at Çiron''
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1993
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 
|
|-
|''The Mad Man''
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1994
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 
|
|-
|''Hogg''
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1995
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 
|
|-
|''Phallos''
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2004
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 
|
|-
|''Dark Reflections''
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2007
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 
|Stonewall Book Award '''winner''', 2008&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Lambda Award nominee, 2007&lt;ref name=&quot;Lambda-2007&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Cerna, Antonio Gonzales |title=Previous Lammy Award Winners: 20th Annual Lambda Literary Awards |url=http://www.lambdaliterary.org/awards/previous_winners/paw_2004_2005.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070504233142/http://www.lambdaliterary.org/awards/previous_winners/paw_2004_2005.html |archive-date=May 4, 2007 |access-date=March 19, 2011 |website=Lambda Literary}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''Through the Valley of the Nest of Spiders''
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2012
| 
|Chapter 90 was inadvertently left out by the publisher, and was later published in ''Sensitive Skin'' magazine&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Delany |first=Samuel R. |date=December 2012 |title=Chapter 90 – Through the Valley of the Nest of Spiders |url=http://www.sensitiveskinmagazine.com/chapter-90-through-the-valley-of-the-nest-of-spiders/ |website=Sensitive Skin}}&lt;/ref&gt; Since then Delany has self-published a corrected edition on Amazon with a new cover by Mia Wolff, the missing chapter, and many cosmetic corrections.
|-
|''The Atheist in the Attic''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-04-01 |title=The Atheist in the Attic (Outspoken Authors) {{!}} Rainy Day Books |url=https://rainydaybooks.com/book/9781629634401 |access-date=2026-06-01 |website=rainydaybooks.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Atheist in the Attic |url=https://pmpress.org/index.php?l=product_detail&amp;p=897 |access-date=2026-06-01 |website=pmpress.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2018
| 
|Novella; includes essay &quot;Racism and Science Fiction&quot;, &quot;'Discourse in an Older Sense': Outspoken Interview&quot;, and Bibliography
|-
|''Shoat Rumblin: His Sensations and Ideas''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Delany |first=Samuel R. |date=2001 |title=Shoat Rumblin: His Sensations and Ideas |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3300519 |journal=Callaloo |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=432–441 |issn=0161-2492 |jstor=3300519}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2020
| 
|
|-
|''Big Joe''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=rile*books |title=BIG JOE by Samuel R. Delany - rile*books |url=https://www.rile.space/books/big-joe |access-date=2026-06-01 |website=www.rile.space |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2021
| 
|Illustrated by Drake Carr and Sabrina Bockler. Published by Inpatient Press&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Lambda Literary Award winner, LGBTQ Erotica, 2022&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Current Finalists |url=https://lambdaliterary.org/awards/2022-winners/ |access-date=June 14, 2022 |website=Lambda Literary |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''This Short Day of Frost and Sun''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=LaClaire |first=Scott |date=2022-06-23 |title=To Sleep before Evening (from This Short Day of Frost and Sun) - The Georgia Review |url=https://www.thegeorgiareview.com/posts/to-sleep-before-evening-from-this-short-day-of-frost-and-sun/ |access-date=2026-06-01 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2022–
|
|Serially published in ''The Georgia Review'' from Summer 2022&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Samuel R. Delany to Publish Serial Novel in The Georgia Review |url=https://thegeorgiareview.com/news/samuel-r-delany-to-publish-serial-novel-in-the-georgia-review/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220527222302/https://thegeorgiareview.com/news/samuel-r-delany-to-publish-serial-novel-in-the-georgia-review/ |archive-date=May 27, 2022 |access-date=May 21, 2022 |website=The Georgia Review}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

==== Komawa zuwa jerin Nevèrÿon ====
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Hatnote/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; 
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; id=&quot;noveltable&quot;
!Suna
! An buga
! ISBN
! Bayanan kula
|-
| ''Tatsuniyoyin Nevère''
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1979
| 
| Wanda aka zaɓa don lashe kyautar Locus Award, 1980; &lt;ref name=&quot;WWE-1980&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=1980 Award Winners &amp; Nominees |url=http://www.worldswithoutend.com/books_year_index.asp?year=1980 |access-date=July 4, 2009 |website=Worlds Without End}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wanda ya lashe kyautar littattafai ta ƙasa don labarin kimiyya, 1980 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tales of Neveryon |url=https://www.nationalbook.org/books/tales-of-neveryon/ |access-date=December 6, 2021 |website=National Book Foundation |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| ''Neveryóna''
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1983
| 
| Labari
|-
| ''Jirgin daga Nevère''
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1985
| 
| Novellas
|-
| ''Gadar Sha'awa da Aka Rasa''
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1987
| 
| Novellas&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; An sake fasalin a matsayin ''Komawa zuwa Nevèrÿon'' (1994), 
|}

==== Labarai gajeru ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; width:100%;&quot;
!Story
!First &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Publication &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Date&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Samuel R. Delany&amp;nbsp;– Summary Bibliography |url=http://www.isfdb.org/cgi-bin/ea.cgi?Samuel_R._Delany |access-date=March 19, 2011 |website=Internet Speculative Fiction Database}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
!Awards
!''Drift-&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;br id=&quot;mwBEc&quot;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;glass'' (1971)
!''Distant Stars'' (1981), illustrated,  
!''The Complete Nebula Award-Winning Fiction'' (1983),  
!''Driftglass/&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;br id=&quot;mwBFU&quot;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;/Starshards'' (1993),  
!''Atlantis: Three Tales'' (1995),  
!''Aye, and Gomorrah, and other stories'' (2003),  
|-
|&quot;Salt&quot;
|1960 in ''Dynamo''{{R|bxsci202202}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|&quot;The Star Pit&quot;
|Feb 1967 in ''[[Worlds of Tomorrow]]''
|Hugo (nom)
| {{Yes}}
|
|
| {{Yes}}
|
| {{Yes}}
|-
|&quot;Dog in a Fisherman's Net&quot;
|May 1971 in ''[[Quark/3]]'', [[Marilyn Hacker]], Samuel R. Delany (ed.)
|
| {{Yes}}
|
|
| {{Yes}}
|
| {{Yes}}
|-
|&quot;Corona&quot;
|Oct 1967 in ''[[The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction]]''
|
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|
| {{Yes}}
|
| {{Yes}}
|-
|&quot;Aye, and Gomorrah...&quot;
|Oct 1967 in ''[[Dangerous Visions]]'', [[Harlan Ellison]] (ed.)
|Hugo (nom), Nebula ('''win''')
| {{Yes}}
|
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|
| {{Yes}}
|-
|&quot;Driftglass&quot;
|Jun 1967 in ''[[If (magazine)|If]]''
|Nebula (nom)
| {{Yes}}
|
|
| {{Yes}}
|
| {{Yes}}
|-
|&quot;We, in Some Strange Power's Employ, Move on a Rigorous Line&quot;
|May 1968 as &quot;Lines of Power&quot;, ''[[The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction]]''
|Hugo (nom), Nebula (nom)
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|
| {{Yes}}
|
| {{Yes}}
|-
|&quot;Cage of Brass&quot;
|Jun 1968 in ''[[If (magazine)|If]]''
|
| {{Yes}}
|
|
| {{Yes}}
|
| {{Yes}}
|-
|&quot;High Weir&quot;
|Oct 1968 in ''[[If (magazine)|If]]''
|
| {{Yes}}
|
|
| {{Yes}}
|
| {{Yes}}
|-
|&quot;Time Considered as a Helix of Semi-Precious Stones&quot;
|Dec 1968 in ''[[New Worlds (magazine)|New Worlds]]'' [[Michael Moorcock]] and [[James Sallis]] (eds.)
|Hugo ('''win'''), Nebula ('''win''')
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|
| {{Yes}}
|-
|&quot;Tapestry&quot;
|Apr 1970 in ''[[American Review (literary journal)|New American Review 9]] '' (under the title &quot;The Unicorn Tapestry&quot;)
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{Yes}}
|-
|&quot;Night and the Loves of Joe Dicostanzo&quot;
|Nov 1970 in ''Alchemy and Academe'', [[Anne McCaffrey]] (ed.)
|
| {{Yes}}
|
|
| {{Yes}}
|
| {{Yes}}
|-
|&quot;Prismatica&quot;
|Oct 1977 in [[The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction]]
|Hugo (nom)
|
| {{Yes}}
|
| {{Yes}}
|
| {{Yes}}
|-
|&quot;Empire Star&quot;
|1966 as an Ace Double
|
|
| {{Yes}}
|
|
|
|
|-
|&quot;Omegahelm&quot;
|1981 in ''Distant Stars''
|
|
| {{Yes}}
|
| {{Yes}}
|
| {{Yes}}
|-
|&quot;Ruins&quot;
|1981 in ''Distant Stars''
|
|
| {{Yes}}
|
| {{Yes}}
|
| {{Yes}}
|-
|&quot;Among the Blobs&quot;
|1988 in [[Jami'ar Kudancin Mississippi|Mississippi Review]] 47/48
|
|
|
|
| {{Yes}}
|
| {{Yes}}
|-
|&quot;The Desert of Time&quot;
|May 1992 in ''[[Omni (magazine)|Omni]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|&quot;Citre et Trans&quot;
|1993 in ''Driftglass/Starshards''
|
|
|
|
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|
|-
|&quot;Erik, Gwen, and D.H. Lawrence's Esthetic of Unrectified Feeling&quot;
|1993 in ''Driftglass/Starshards''
|
|
|
|
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|
|-
|&quot;Atlantis: Model 1924&quot;
|1995 in ''[[Atlantis: Three Tales]]''
|
|
|
|
|
| {{Yes}}
|
|-
|&quot;The Spendor and Misery of Bodies, of Cities&quot;
|1996 in ''[[Review of Contemporary Fiction]]''; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
repr. 2021 in ''Out of the Ruins'' ed. by Preston Grassmann
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|&quot;In The Valley of the Nest of Spiders&quot;
|2007 in ''[[Black Clock]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|&quot;The Hermit of Houston&quot;
|Sep 2017 in ''[[The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;F&amp;SF2017Sept&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Van Gelder |first=Gordon |title=Sep–Oct 2017 issue – F&amp;SF Forum |url=https://www.sfsite.com/fsf/blog/forum/topic.php?id=1880545 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816235054/https://www.sfsite.com/fsf/blog/forum/topic.php?id=1880545 |archive-date=August 16, 2017 |access-date=August 16, 2017 |website=sfsite.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Locus ('''win''')&lt;ref name=&quot;locus2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=June 23, 2018 |title=Announcing the 2018 Locus Awards Winners |url=https://www.tor.com/2018/06/23/announcing-the-2018-locus-awards-winners/ |website=Tor.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|&quot;To the Fordham&quot;
|Dec 6, 2019 in ''[[Boston Review]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;bostonreview2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Delany |first=Samuel R. |date=December 6, 2019 |title=To the Fordham |url=https://bostonreview.net/arts-society/samuel-r-delany-fordham |access-date=December 9, 2019 |website=Boston Review |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|&quot;The Wyrm&quot;
|January 10, 2022, in ''The Baffler''; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 10, 2022 |title=The Wyrm {{!}} Samuel Delany |url=https://thebaffler.com/stories/the-wyrm-delany |access-date=August 7, 2022 |website=The Baffler |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; reprinted 2025 in ''Intergalactic Rejects'' edited by Storm Humbert&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Intergalactic Rejects |url=https://calendaroffools.com/publications/intergalactic-rejects/ |access-date=2025-08-20 |website=Calendar of Fools |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|&quot;First Trip to Brewster&quot;
|Nov 2022 in ''Astra Magazine''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 11, 2022 |title=First Trip to Brewster {{!}} Samuel R. Delany |url=https://astra-mag.com/articles/first-trip-to-brewster/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712205849/https://astra-mag.com/articles/first-trip-to-brewster/ |archive-date=July 12, 2023 |access-date=July 14, 2023 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|
|
|
|
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|
|}

==== Labarun barkwanci/zane-zane ====

* ''Mace Mai Al'ajabi'', 1972 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Matsuuchi |first=Ann |date=2012-01-01 |title=Wonder Woman Wears Pants: Wonder Woman, Feminism and the 1972 'Women's Lib' Issue. |url=https://academicworks.cuny.edu/lg_pubs/3 |journal=Publications and Research}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Daular'', zane-zane na ''Howard V. Chaykin'', 1978 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Empire (Berkley Books, 1978 series) #12245 |url=https://www.comics.org/issue/229126/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250827212943/https://www.comics.org/issue/229126/ |archive-date=2025-08-27 |access-date=2026-06-02 |website=www.comics.org |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* &quot;Hasken Wata Bakwai Ya Jefa Inuwar Hadaka&quot; a cikin ''Epic Illustrated'' No. 2, zane na Howard Chaykin, shafuka 67–74, Yuni 1980 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Samuel R. Delany collection {{!}} Manuscript and Archival Collection Finding Aids |url=https://library.udel.edu/special/findaids/view?docId=ead/mss0618.xml;tab=content |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008034225/https://library.udel.edu/special/findaids/view?docId=ead/mss0618.xml;tab=content |archive-date=October 8, 2023 |access-date=April 26, 2021 |website=library.udel.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 23, 2022 |title=Look There, and Here: A whole lotta Chaykin goin' on... – Ragged Claws Network |url=https://raggedclaws.com/2010/10/22/look-there-and-here-a-whole-lotta-chaykin-goin-on/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423211730/https://raggedclaws.com/2010/10/22/look-there-and-here-a-whole-lotta-chaykin-goin-on/ |archive-date=April 23, 2022 |access-date=April 23, 2022 |website=}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Burodi da Giya: Labarin Batsa na New York'', zane na Mia Wolff, gabatarwa ta Alan Moore, 1999 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bread &amp; Wine: An Erotic Tale of New York Updated Edition |url=https://www.fantagraphics.com/products/bread-wine-an-erotic-tale-of-new-york-updated-edition |access-date=2026-06-02 |website=Fantagraphics |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bread &amp; Wine: An Erotic Tale of New York Updated Edition |url=https://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/bread-wine-samuel-r-delany/1147426048}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Takaitattun Labarai ====

* ''Quark/1'' (1970) (an gyara shi da Marilyn Hacker )
* ''Quark/2'' (1971) (an gyara shi da Marilyn Hacker)
* ''Quark/3'' (1971) (an gyara shi da Marilyn Hacker)
* ''Quark/4'' (1971) (an gyara shi da Marilyn Hacker)
* ''Masu Nasara na Nebula 13'' (1980)
* ''Fifties Fictions'' (2003), (an gyara tare da Josh Lukin),  Ya haɗa da rubutun 2003 mai taken &quot;Saurin Sauyi.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=No. 18 Fifties Fictions {{!}} Paradoxa |url=https://paradoxa.com/no-18-fifties-fictions/ |access-date=2025-08-20 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Labarai na Almara ===

==== Ayyuka masu mahimmanci ====

* ''[[The Jewel-hinged Jaw|Muƙamuƙin Jawo-jawo]] : Bayani Kan Harshen Almarar Kimiyya'' (Dragon Press, 1977; bugu da aka sake duba na Wesleyan University Press 2009, tare da gabatarwa daga Matthew Cheney  )
* ''[[The American Shore|Tekun Amurka]] : Tunani akan Labarin Almara na Kimiyya'' (Dragon Press, 1978; Wesleyan University Press 2014, tare da gabatarwa daga Matthew Cheney  )
* ''[[Starboard Wine|Ruwan inabi na Starboard]] : Ƙarin Bayani Kan Harshen Almarar Kimiyya'' (Dragon Press, 1984; Wesleyan University Press, 2012, tare da gabatarwa daga Matthew Cheney  )
* ''Wagner/Artaud: Wasan kwaikwayo na Almarar Tarihi na ƙarni na 19 da 20'' (Ansatz Press, 1988),  
* ''Mashigar Messina'' (1989), 
* ''Hira da Ba a San Komai Ba'' (1995), 
* ''Ra'ayoyi Masu Dogon Lokaci'' (1996) tare da gabatarwar Kenneth R. James, 
* [http://www.nyrsf.com/racism-and-science-fiction-.html &quot;Wariyar launin fata da Almarar Kimiyya&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250526124207/https://www.nyrsf.com/racism-and-science-fiction-.html |date=2025-05-26 }} (1998), ''Bitar New York ta Almarar Kimiyya'', Fitowa ta 120.
* ''Ra'ayoyi Masu Gajeru'' (1999), 
* ''Game da Rubutu'' (2005), &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=About Writing |url=https://www.weslpress.org/9780819567161/about-writing/ |access-date=2026-06-02 |website=Wesleyan University Press |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
* ''Tattaunawa da Samuel R. Delany'' (2009), wanda Carl Freedman, Jami'ar Mississippi Press ya shirya. 
* ''Ra'ayoyi na Lokaci-lokaci, Juzu'i na 1: &quot;Ƙarin Bayani Game da Rubutu&quot; da Sauran Makaloli'' (Wesleyan University Press, 2015). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Occasional Views Volume 1 |url=https://www.weslpress.org/9780819579751/occasional-views-volume-1/ |access-date=2026-06-02 |website=Wesleyan University Press |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780819579751|&lt;bdi&gt;9780819579751&lt;/bdi&gt;]]
* ''Ra'ayoyi na Lokaci-lokaci, Juzu'i na 2: &quot;Cike da Wasa&quot; da Sauran Makaloli'' (Wesleyan University Press, 2021). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Occasional Views, Volume 2 |url=https://www.weslpress.org/9780819579782/occasional-views-volume-2/ |access-date=2026-06-02 |website=Wesleyan University Press |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780819579782|&lt;bdi&gt;9780819579782&lt;/bdi&gt;]]
* ''DUETS: Frederick Weston da Samuel R. Delany a cikin Tattaunawa'' ( Kamuwa da Cutar Kanjamau ta Ganuwa, 2021) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=DUETS: Frederick Weston &amp; Samuel R. Delany |url=https://visualaids.org/projects/duets-weston-delany |access-date=2026-06-02 |website=Visual AIDS |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

==== Tunawa da haruffa ====

* ''Karin Kumallo na Samaniya'' (1979), tarihin wani gari na birnin New York a lokacin da ake kira bazara ta soyayya, 
* ''Motsin Haske a Ruwa'' (1988), tarihin abubuwan da ya faru a matsayin matashin marubucin almarar kimiyya na 'yan luwadi; wanda ya lashe kyautar Hugo, 
* ''Times Square Red, Times Square Blue'' (NYU Press, 1999; 2019, bugu na cika shekaru 20 tare da gabatarwa daga Robert Reid-Pharr ), tattaunawa kan canje-canje a cikin hulɗar zamantakewa da jima'i a Times Square na New York,  ; 
* ''Burodi da Giya: Labarin Batsa na New York'' (1999), wani barkwanci na tarihin rayuwa wanda Mia Wolff ta zana tare da gabatarwar Alan Moore, 
* ''1984: Zaɓaɓɓun Haruffa'' (2000) tare da gabatarwa daga Kenneth R. James,  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=1984 [SELECTED LETTERS] . With an Introduction by Kenneth R. James by Delany, Samuel R[ay]: (2000) {{!}} Currey, L.W. Inc. ABAA/ILAB |url=https://www.abebooks.com/first-edition/1984-SELECTED-LETTERS-Introduction-Kenneth-James/32210002804/bd |access-date=2026-06-02 |website=www.abebooks.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1984 |title=1984: Selected Letters by Samuel R. Delany |url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/9780966599817 |access-date=2026-06-02 |website=www.publishersweekly.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
* ''Neman Shiru: Mujallun Samuel R. Delany. Juzu'i na 1, 1957-1969'' (2017), wanda Kenneth R. James ya shirya kuma tare da gabatarwa,  . Wanda ya lashe kyautar Locus ta 2018 (ba almara ba) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=locusmag |date=April 30, 2018 |title=2018 Locus Awards Finalists |url=http://locusmag.com/2018/04/2018-locus-awards-finalists/ |website=locusmag.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Wasiku daga Amherst: Wasiku Biyar Masu Ba da Labari'' (Wesleyan University Press, 2019), tare da gabatarwa daga &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Letters from Amherst |url=https://www.weslpress.org/9780819578211/letters-from-amherst/ |access-date=2026-06-02 |website=Wesleyan University Press |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Nalo Hopkinson, 

==== Gabatarwa ====

* ''Kasadar Alyx'', ta Joanna Russ
* ''Mu Wanda Za Mu Yi...'', na Joanna Russ
* ''Baƙar fata ɗan luwaɗi'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Black Gay Man |url=https://nyupress.org/9780814775035/black-gay-man/ |access-date=2026-06-02 |website=NYU Press |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; na Robert Reid-Pharr
* ''Burning Sky, Zaɓaɓɓun Labarai'', &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=jameswharris |date=2022-02-18 |title=&quot;Burning Sky&quot; by Rachel Pollack |url=https://classicsofsciencefiction.com/2022/02/18/burning-sky-by-rachel-pollack/ |access-date=2026-06-02 |website=Classics of Science Fiction |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;  ta [[Rahila Pollack|Rachel Pollack]]
* ''Conjuring Black Funk: Bayani Kan Al'adu, Jima'i, da Ruhaniya, Juzu'i na 1'' ta Herukhuti &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=McGlotten |first=Shaka |date=2011 |title=A Review of: &quot; ''Conjuring Black Funk: Notes on Culture, Sexuality, and Spirituality,'' Volume 1 Herukhuti (Hameed Williams)&quot; |journal=Souls |volume=13 |pages=119–122 |doi=10.1080/10999949.2011.551480}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
* ''Fyaɗen Duniya'', na Theodore Sturgeon
* ''Uban Ƙarya'', na Brian Evenson (Sake bugawa a Coffee House Press, 2016) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Father of Lies |url=https://coffeehousepress.org/products/father-of-lies |access-date=2026-06-03 |website=Coffee House Press |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Father Lies by Evenson Brian - AbeBooks |url=https://www.abebooks.co.uk/book-search/title/father-lies/author/evenson-brian/ |access-date=2026-06-03 |website=www.abebooks.co.uk |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
* ''Titin Glory'', na Robert A. Heinlein
* ''Fim ɗin Green Lantern tare da fim ɗin Green Arrow #1'', wanda Dennis O'Neil, Neal Adams, da Gil Kane suka fito a ciki (Paperback Library, 1972) 
* ''Allahn Microcosmic'', na Theodore Sturgeon &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Microcosmic God by Theodore Sturgeon: 9781556436598 {{!}} PenguinRandomHouse.com: Books |url=https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/175007/microcosmic-god-by-theodore-sturgeon/ |access-date=2026-06-03 |website=PenguinRandomhouse.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
* ''Sihiri: (Oktoba 1961-Oktoba 1967) Tatsuniyoyi Goma na Roger Zelazny'', wanda Samuel R. Delany ya zaɓa kuma ya gabatar &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Magic (October 1961–October 1967) |url=https://www.ebooks.com/en-ng/book/209549127/the-magic-october-1961-october-1967/roger-zelazny/ |access-date=2026-06-03 |website=eBooks.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Magic |url=https://www.samueldelany.com/the-magic |access-date=2026-06-03 |website=Samuel Delany |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Masters of the Pit'', na Michael Moorcock &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Masters Of The Pit (Planet Stories Library) |url=https://redemmas.org/titles/10367-masters-of-the-pit-planet-stories-library/ |access-date=2026-06-03 |website=redemmas.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Masters Of The Pit (Planet Stories Library): Michael Moorcock, Samuel R. Delany: Amazon.co.uk: Books |url=http://www.amazon.co.uk/Masters-Pit-Planet-Stories-Library/dp/1601251041 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090302133529/http://www.amazon.co.uk/Masters-Pit-Planet-Stories-Library/dp/1601251041 |archive-date=2009-03-02 |access-date=2026-06-03 |website=www.amazon.co.uk |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Nebula Winners 13'', wanda Samuel R. Delany ya shirya  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nebula Winners Thirteen by Delany Samuel, First Edition - AbeBooks |url=https://www.abebooks.com/book-search/title/nebula-winners-thirteen/author/delany-samuel/first-edition/ |access-date=2026-06-03 |website=www.abebooks.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Jagorar Mai Karatu ga Almarar Kimiyya'', ta Baird Searles, Martin Last, Beth Meacham, da Michael Franklin; gabatarwa ta Samuel R. Delany &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=A READer's GUIDE TO SCIENCE FICTION by Baird Searles, Martin Last, Beth Meacham, Michael Franklin on Robert Gavora Fine and Rare Books |url=https://www.robertgavora.com/pages/books/50697/baird-searles-martin-last-beth-meacham-michael-franklin/a-readers-guide-to-science-fiction}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Item no longer available |url=https://www.abebooks.com/books/search |access-date=2026-06-03 |website=AbeBooks |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Sandman: Wasan Kai'', na Neil Gaiman
* ''Inuwa: Littafin Tatsuniyar Almara ta Maza Masu Luwaɗi na Asalin Afirka'', wanda Charles Rowell da Bruce Morrow suka shirya  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Shade: An Anthology of Fiction by Gay Men of African Descent · Anthologies of African American Writing · DSCFF |url=https://masonlibraries.gmu.edu/dscff/s/aaaw/item/781 |access-date=2026-06-03 |website=masonlibraries.gmu.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Wuraren Bidiyo: Gine-gine Takwas'', na Barbara London (Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Zamani, 1995) 

== Duba kuma ==

* Al'adun LGBT a birnin New York
* Jigogi na LGBT a cikin almarar hasashe
* Jerin mutanen LGBT daga birnin New York
* Maris ɗin alfahari na NYC
* ''Labarun Chip: Girmamawa ga Samuel R. Delany'' (2015), wanda SF da marubucin almara mai ban mamaki Nisi Shawl suka shirya, kuma marubuci kuma wanda ya kafa Rosarium Publishing, Bill Campbell ne ya buga. Tare da rubuce-rubuce da gajerun gudummawar almara daga marubuta ciki har da Kim Stanley Robinson, Eileen Gunn, Vincent Czyz, da Michael Swanwick .

== Manazarta ==

=== Ambato ===
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      <text bytes="146784" sha1="f9cchdl4btoqnngvu6759kpgqfy7vwr" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Evstafiev-bosnia-sarajevo-water-line.jpg|thumb|right|Mutane da ke jiran layi don diban ruwa lokacin da aka yi Kewayen Sarajevo]]

'''Siyasar ruwa''', wadda wani lokaci ake kira '''hydropolitics''', ita ce siyasa da ke tasiri sakamakon samuwa ko rashin samun ruwa da albarkatun ruwa, wani abu ne mai muhimmanci ga duk wani nau'in rayuwa da ci gaban ɗan adam.

Ma'anar Arun P. Elhance game da hydropolitics ita ce &quot;bincike na tsanaki kan rikici da haɗin gwiwa tsakanin ƙasashe game da albarkatun ruwa da suka ratsa iyakokin ƙasashe&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Arun P. Elhance|title=Hydropolitics in the 3rd World: Conflict and cooperation in International River Basins |location=Washington, DC|publisher=US Institute of Peace Press|year=1999|pages=3}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Mollinga, P. P. ya raba siyasar ruwa zuwa rukuni huɗu, &quot;siyasar yau da kullum ta gudanar da albarkatun ruwa&quot;, &quot;siyasar manufofin ruwa a cikin mahallin ƙasashe masu cin gashin kansu&quot;, &quot;siyasar ruwa tsakanin ƙasashe&quot; da kuma &quot;siyasar ruwa ta duniya&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Mollinga, P. P., 2008. &quot; Water, politics and development: Framing a political sociology of water resources management.&quot; ''Water alternatives'', 1(1), 7., 12&lt;/ref&gt; Samun ruwan sha ga kowane mutum yana ƙaranci kuma yana raguwa a duk faɗin duniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/world-s-supply-of-fresh-water-shrinking-dramatically-report-1.384437 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070703050705/http://www.cbc.ca/news/story/2003/03/05/water_report030305.html |url-status=live |archive-date=July 3, 2007 |publisher=CBC News |title=World's supply of fresh water shrinking dramatically: report |date=March 5, 2003}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dalilan, waɗanda suka shafi yawa da kuma ingancin ruwan, suna da yawa kuma sun bambanta; sun haɗa da ƙarancin ruwa a yankuna, iyakancewar samun sa da matsin lamba na yawan jama'a,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://reportsyndication.news.blog/2019/10/12/the-coming-wars-for-water/|title=The Coming Wars for Water|date=October 12, 2019|website=Report Syndication}}&lt;/ref&gt; har ma da ayyukan ɗan adam na yawan amfani da kaya, rashin amfani da shi yadda ya kamata, gurbacewar muhalli da gurbacewar ruwa, gami da canjin yanayi.

Ruwa wata hanya ce mai mahimmanci ta albarkatun ƙasa, kuma ƙarancin ruwan sha yana yawan haifar da rikice-rikicen siyasa a faɗin duniya. Tare da raguwar samun ruwa da kuma ƙaruwar buƙatarsa, wasu sun yi hasashen cewa tsaftataccen ruwa zai zama &quot;man fetur na gaba&quot;; wanda zai sa ƙasashe kamar Canada, Chile, Norway, Colombia da Peru, waɗanda ke da wannan albarka mai yawa, su zama ƙasashe masu wadatar ruwa a duniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.worldwater.org/data20062007/Table1.pdf |title=Total Renewable Fresh Water Supply By Country |access-date=2008-04-18 |archive-date=2008-05-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516055735/http://worldwater.org/data20062007/Table1.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.keele.ac.uk/depts/ec/wpapers/kerp0219.pdf Peter Lawrence et al. &quot;The Water Poverty Index : an International Comparison&quot;, Keele Economics Research Papers, 2002]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.worldwater.org/conflict.html A Chronology of Water-Related Conflicts]&lt;/ref&gt; Rahoton Ci Gaban Ruwa na Duniya na MDD (WWDR, 2003) daga Tsarin Siffanta Ruwa na Duniya ya nuna cewa, a cikin shekaru 20 masu zuwa, adadin ruwan da ke akwai ga kowa an yi hasashen zai ragu da kashi 30%. A halin yanzu, kashi 40% na mazauna duniya ba su da isasshen ruwa mai tsafta don mafi ƙarancin tsaftar jiki. Fiye da mutane miliyan 2.2 ne suka mutu a shekara ta 2000 sakamakon cututtukan da ke da alaƙa da shan gurbataccen ruwa ko fari. A shekara ta 2004, ƙungiyar agaji ta WaterAid ta ƙasar Burtaniya ta ba da rahoton cewa yaro ɗaya yana mutuwa a duk bayan daƙiƙa 15 sakamakon cututtukan da suka shafi ruwa waɗanda za a iya kiyaye su cikin sauƙi; galibi wannan yana nufin rashin wurin zubar da ruwan tuka; duba bayan gida. Tsarin Ci Gaban Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ya taƙaita rabon ruwa na duniya a rahoton ci gaba na shekara ta 2006: &quot;Wani sashe na duniya yana riƙe da kasuwar ruwan kwalba ta alfarma wadda ba ta kawo wani amfani na lafiya na zahiri ba, yayin da wani sashe ke fama da mummunan haɗarin lafiyar jama'a saboda mutane dole ne su sha ruwa daga magudanun ruwa ko kuma daga tafunansu da koguna.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[http://hdr.undp.org/hdr2006/report.cfm# UNDP Human Development Report 2006] United Nations Development Programme, 2006.&lt;/ref&gt; Ruwa mai tsafta—wanda yanzu ya fi kowane lokaci daraja a tarihinmu saboda yawan amfani da shi a fannin noma, masana'antu na fasahar zamani, da samar da makamashi—yana ƙara samun kulawa a matsayin albarkatun da ke buƙatar ingantaccen gudanarwa da amfani mai dorewa.

Haƙƙoƙin ruwa na kusa da koguna sun zama batutuwan diflomasiyyar ƙasa da ƙasa, ban da haƙƙoƙin ruwa da siyasa na cikin gida da na yanki.&lt;ref&gt;Rahaman, M. M. (Ed.) (2012) Special Issue: [http://www.inderscience.com/browse/index.php?journalID=297&amp;year=2012&amp;vol=4&amp;issue=1/2 Water Wars in 21st Century along International Rivers Basins: Speculation or Reality?], ''International Journal of Sustainable Society'', Vol. 4, Nos. 1/2, 193 pages.&lt;/ref&gt; Mataimakin Shugaban Bankin Duniya Ismail Serageldin ya yi hasashen cewa, &quot;Da yawa daga cikin yaƙe-yaƙe na ƙarni na 20 sun kasance ne akan man fetur, amma yaƙe-yaƙe na ƙarni na 21 za su kasance ne akan ruwa sai dai idan mun canza fasalin yadda muke gudanar da ruwa.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Serageldin, I. (2009) '[http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v459/n7244/full/459163b.html Water: conflicts set to arise within as well as between states]', ''Nature'', Vol. 459, p.163.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.questia.com/googleScholar.qst;jsessionid=LzvKQT9QJpyrMBm5G3VrTtYfFGfbQlRT9LK7nv5Kn7zym7CZG2VG!-331657331?docId=5008625832 |title=Where Oil and Water Do Mix: Environmental Scarcity and Future Conflict in the Middle East and North Africa&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt; |access-date=2017-09-18 |archive-date=2011-09-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927064300/http://www.questia.com/googleScholar.qst;jsessionid=LzvKQT9QJpyrMBm5G3VrTtYfFGfbQlRT9LK7nv5Kn7zym7CZG2VG!-331657331?docId=5008625832 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Sai dai wasu suna jayayya da wannan ra'ayin, suna nuna cewa rikice-rikice akan ruwa galibi ana magance su ta hanyar diflomasiyya kuma ba sa zama yaƙe-yaƙe.&lt;ref&gt;Barnaby, W., 2009. &quot;Do nations go to war over water?&quot; ''Nature'', Vol. 458, 282–283&lt;/ref&gt; Wata sabuwar makarantar tunani kuma tana jayayya cewa &quot;fargabar rasa iko akan ruwan da aka raba na iya taimakawa wajen kasancewa cikin shiri na yaƙi a tsakanin ƙasashe makwabta, idan har hakan ta faru&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Rahaman, M.M. (2012) [http://www.inderscience.com/search/index.php?action=record&amp;rec_id=44658&amp;prevQuery=&amp;ps=10&amp;m=or Water Wars in 21st Century: Speculation or Reality?], ''International Journal of Sustainable Society'', Vol. 4, Nos. 1/2, pp. 3–10. DOI:10.1504/IJSSOC.2012.044658&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manufofin ruwa ==

== Manufofin siyasar ruwa ==

=== Hydro-hegemony ===
Tarihin hydro-hegemony masana Mark Zeitoun da Jeroen F. Warner ne suka tsara shi a shekara ta 2006 a matsayin wani tsari mai amfani na nazari don bincika zaɓuɓɓukan ƙasashe masu ƙarfi ko waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin ikon wasu da kuma yadda zasu iya nisantar nuna ƙarfi su dawo ga haɗin gwiwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zeitoun Warner 2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Zeitoun|first1=Mark|last2=Warner|first2=Jeroen|date=2006-10-01|title=Hydro-hegemony – a framework for analysis of trans-boundary water conflicts|url=https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/id/eprint/29466/1/ZeitounWarner_-_HydroHegemony_%28as_published%29.pdf|journal=Water Policy|language=en|volume=8|issue=5|pages=435–460|doi=10.2166/wp.2006.054|bibcode=2006WaPol...8..435Z |issn=1366-7017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsarin hydro-hegemony yana da daraja musamman wajen tunkarar shari'o'in da alaƙar iko ta faɗa tsakanin rukunoni biyu na haɗin gwiwa da kuma yaƙe-yaƙe na ruwa da ake yawan tattaunawa akai.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Zeitoun |first1=Mark |last2=Warner |first2=Jeroen |date=2006 |title=Hydro-hegemony – a framework for analysis of trans-boundary water conflicts |journal=Water Policy |volume=8 |issue=5 |pages=436 |doi=10.2166/wp.2006.054 |bibcode=2006WaPol...8..435Z |url=https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/id/eprint/29466/1/ZeitounWarner_-_HydroHegemony_%28as_published%29.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hydro-hegemony yana nufin &quot;ikon mallaka a matakin kwarin kogi, wanda aka samu ta hanyar dabarun sarrafa albarkatun ruwa kamar ƙwace albarkatun ƙasa, haɗewa da iyakancewa. Ana gudanar da dabarun ne ta hanyar matakai daban-daban (misali tilastawa-matsin lamba, yarjejeniyoyi, gina ilimi, da sauransu) waɗanda aka ba da dama ta hanyar amfani da rashin daidaiton iko da ke akwai a cikin raunin mahallin hukumomin ƙasa da ƙasa.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Zeitoun Warner 2006&quot; /&gt; Manyan rukunoni biyu na hydro-hegemony sune matsayin yanki na kogi da damar yin amfani da shi. Kodayake akwai keɓantattu, a matsayin ƙa'ida ta babban yatsa &quot;masu zama a saman kogi suna amfani da ruwa don samun ƙarin iko, masu zama a ƙasa suna amfani da iko don samun ƙarin ruwa.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Jarumin da ya sami iko akan albarkatun an ƙaddara shi ta hanyar nau'in hydro-hegemony da aka kafa, don amfanin jarumi mafi ƙarfi ('na farko a tsakanin daidaitawa').

A shekara ta 2010, Mark Zeitoun da Ana Elisa Cascão sun canza tsarin don ya ƙunshi manyan ginshiƙai huɗu na iko—ikon yanki, ikon kayan aiki, ikon tattaunawa da kuma ikon tunani.&lt;ref&gt;Cascão, A. E. and Zeitoun, M. 2010. Power, hegemony and critical hydropolitics. In A. Earle, A. Jägerskog, &amp; J. Ojendal (Eds.), Transboundary water management: Principles and practice. London: Earthscan, 27–42.&lt;/ref&gt; Saboda haka, za a iya fahimtar hydro-hegemony a matsayin ikon mallaka a matakin kwarin kogi wanda ke faruwa inda mafi ƙarfi ya haɗe ikon sarrafa kwararar ruwa da ya ratsa iyakoki.

Kodayake Zeitoun da Warner suna jayayya cewa hydro-hegemony gabaɗaya tushen kwanciyar hankali ne, a wasu lokuta ƙasashe masu rauni na iya shiga cikin yaki da hydro-hegemony. A cikin wannan yanayin, ana ƙoƙarin sake tattaunawa kuma daga baya kuma a canza rabon iko. Dabarun da za a iya amfani da su a cikin wannan sune ƙoƙarin canza magana don amfanin wanda ba shi da iko.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Zeitoun |first1=Mark |last2=Warner |first2=Jeroen |date=2006 |title=Hydro-hegemony – a framework for analysis of trans-boundary water conflicts |journal=Water Policy |volume=8 |issue=5 |pages=443–444, 454–455 |doi=10.2166/wp.2006.054 |bibcode=2006WaPol...8..435Z |url=https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/id/eprint/29466/1/ZeitounWarner_-_HydroHegemony_%28as_published%29.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ruwa a matsayin muhimmin albarkatu ==

Mafi mahimmanci, ruwa mai tsafta shine babban buƙata ga duk ƙwayoyin halitta masu rai, har da amfanin gona, dabbobi da bil'adama. Hukumar UNDP tana ɗaukar samun damar yin amfani da shi a matsayin ainihin haƙƙin ɗan adam kuma sharaɗi na samar da zaman lafiya. Tsohon Sakatare Janar na MDD Kofi Annan ya bayyana a shekara ta 2001 cewa, &quot;Samun ruwa mai tsafta muhimmiyar buƙata ce ta ɗan adam, saboda haka, ainihin haƙƙin ɗan adam ne. Gurbataccen ruwa yana jefa lafiyar jiki da ta zamantakewar dukkan mutane cikin haɗari. Tozarta mutuncin ɗan adam ne.&quot; Tare da haɓaka ci gaba, masana'antu da yawa, gami da gandun daji, noma, ma'adinai, masana'antu da ayyukan nishadi suna buƙatar ƙarin adadi mai yawa na ruwa mai tsafta don gudanar da ayyukansu. Wannan, duk da haka, ya haifar da ƙaruwar gurbacewar iska da ruwa, wanda hakan ya rage ingancin samar da ruwa. Ayyukan ci gaba mai dorewa sun fi fa'ida da buƙata.

A cewar hukumar lafiya ta duniya WHO, kowane ɗan adam yana buƙatar aƙalla lita 20 na ruwa mai tsafta a kowace rana don tsaftar jiki ta yau da kullum;&lt;ref&gt;[http://hdr.undp.org/external/hdr2006/water/10.htm Water: A Human Right]&lt;/ref&gt; wannan ya yi daidai da cubic mitoci 7.3 a kowane mutum, a kowace shekara. Dangane da samuwa, dama da ci gaban samar da ruwa, takamaiman alkaluman amfani sun bambanta sosai daga ƙasa zuwa ƙasa, tare da ƙasashe masu tasowa suna da tsarin da ake da su don tace ruwa don amfanin ɗan adam, da kuma kai shi kowane gida. Amma a lokaci guda, wasu ƙasashe a fadin Latin Amurka, sassan Asiya, Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya, Afirka da Gabas Ta Tsakiya ko dai ba su da isasshen albarkatun ruwa ko kuma ba su gina waɗannan ko ababen more rayuwa zuwa matakan da ake buƙata ba. Wannan yana faruwa ne saboda dalilai daban-daban da suka bambanta. Ya haifar da rikici kuma galibi yana haifar da ragi ko ƙarancin adadin ruwa mai tsafta da kowane mutum ke amfani da shi; wannan yanayin yana haifar da cututtuka, kuma a wasu lokuta, zuwa yunwa da mutuwa. Ruwan sama ana adana shi a cikin fadama ko tafkuna ko kuma yana gudana a cikin rafi ko kogi, kuma shine mafi yawan albarkatun da ake amfani da su don ruwa. A wasu wurare, ana iya adana ruwan sama a cikin madatsar ruwa a bayan dam, sannan a yi amfani da shi don samar da ruwa na birni da masana'antu, don ban ruwa da kuma samar da wutar lantarki ta hanyar hydroelectricity. Ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa, kodayake ana adana shi a cikin sararin samaniya na ƙasa da dutse; ana amfani da shi mafi yawancin lokuta azaman ruwan da ke gudana a cikin aquifers ƙarƙashin matakin ruwa. Ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa na iya kasancewa azaman tsarin ruwa mai sabuntawa wanda ke da alaƙa ta kusa da ruwan sama da kuma matsayin wani tsarin ruwa na daban, mai zurfi a ƙarƙashin ƙasa a cikin aquifer. Wannan yanayin na ƙarshe wani lokaci ana kiransa &quot;ruwan burbushin halittu&quot; (fossil water), kuma a zahiri ba ya sabuntawa. Yawancin lokaci, ana amfani da ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa inda babu wadatar ruwan sama ko lokacin da rabon ruwan sama ya iyakance.

Koguna wani lokaci suna ratsa ƙasashe da yawa kuma galibi suna aiki azaman iyaka ko alama a tsakaninsu. Tare da waɗannan koguna, samar da ruwa, rabonsa, sarrafawa, da amfani da shi suna da babban tasiri ga rayuwa, ingancin rayuwa, da nasarar tattalin arziki. Sarrafa albarkatun ruwa na ƙasa ana ɗaukarsa da muhimmanci ga rayuwar ƙasa.&lt;ref&gt;Daclon Corrado Maria, ''Geopolitics of Environment, A Wider Approach to the Global Challenges'', Comunità Internazionale, Italy, 2007&lt;/ref&gt; Irin wannan kwararar ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa na kan iyaka shima yana faruwa. Gasar neman waɗannan albarkatun, musamman inda iyakance take, sun haifar ko kuma sun daɗa haifar da rikice-rikice a baya.

Yankunan tuddai na Habasha ana iya ɗaukarsu azaman yankin hasumiya na ruwa a Gabashin Afirka. Ikon mallakar ƙasar na samar da ruwa a tuddai yana da yuwuwar gudanar da siyasar ƙasashen da ke ƙasa na tsawon shekaru da yawa.

== Gurbacewa daga ayyukan ɗan adam ==
Gurbacewar ruwa yawanci yana faruwa ne ta hanyar hanyoyin guda biyu: bayyanannun tushe (point source) da kuma marasa bayyana (non-point sources) na gurbacewa. A cewar Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka (EPA), gurbacewa daga bayyanannen tushe shine &quot;kowane tabbataccen tushe guda ɗaya na gurbacewa wanda ake fitar da abubuwan gurbatawa daga gare shi, kamar bututu, magudanar ruwa, jirgi ko hayakin masana'anta.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/kits/pollution/03pointsource.html|title=NOAA's National Ocean Service Education: Nonpoint Source Pollution |publisher=U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |website=oceanservice.noaa.gov|language=EN-US|access-date=2017-02-21}}&lt;/ref&gt; Don haka, a cikin mafi yawan misalan gurbacewa daga bayyanannen tushe, rashin kyawun masana'antu da kula da ruwan tuka suna bayyana sosai a jerin; kodayake ba su cika faruwa ba, amma, duk da haka, suna da haɗari daidai gwargwado—idan ma ba su fi haka ba—malalar mai wani shahararren misali ne na gurbacewa daga bayyanannen tushe. A gefe guda kuma, hanyoyin gurbacewa marasa bayyana sune waɗanda zasu iya fitowa daga wurare daban-daban, waɗanda a ciki, rashin kyawun ayyukan noma da rashin kula da su sosai zasu iya shafar ingancin kowane tushen ruwa na kusa.&lt;ref name=&quot;cdc.gov&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/other/agricultural/contamination.html|title=Water Contamination &amp;#124; Other Uses of Water &amp;#124; Healthy Water {{!}} CDC|website=www.cdc.gov|language=en-us|access-date=2017-02-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Bayyanannun hanyoyin gurbacewa ===
* '''Kayayyakin masana'antu da shararsu''': Ana amfani da sinadarai masu haɗari da yawa a cikin kasuwanci da masana'antu na cikin gida. Waɗannan zasu iya zama masu gurbata ruwan sha idan ba a sarrafa su da kyau ba. Mafi yawan hanyoyin irin waɗannan matsalolin sune:
** '''Kasuwancin cikin gida''': Masana'antu, injinan samar da kayayyaki, har ma da ƙananan kasuwanni kamar gidajen mai da wuraren wanke tufafi suna amfani da sinadarai masu haɗari daban-daban waɗanda ke buƙatar kulawa ta tsanaki. Malala da rashin zubar da waɗannan sinadarai ko na sharan masana'antu yadda ya kamata na iya yi wa ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa barazana.

Tushen kusan dukkanin ruwa mai tsafta shine hazo daga sararin samaniya, a cikin nau'ikan hazo, ruwan sama da ƙanƙara, a matsayin wani ɓangare na tsarin ruwa na tsawon dubunnan shekaru da kuma a yau. Ruwa mai tsafta ya ƙunshi kashi 3 kacal na dukkan ruwan da ke duniya, kuma daga cikin wannan, fiye da kashi biyu bisa uku yana daskare a cikin ƙanƙara na glaciers da yankuna masu sanyi na polar.&lt;ref name=&quot;USGS dist&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/waterdistribution.html|title=Earth's water distribution|publisher=United States Geological Survey|access-date=2009-05-13}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sauran ruwa mai tsafta da bai daskare ba galibi ana samunsa ne a matsayin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa, tare da ƙaramin kaso kaɗan da ke cikin iska, ko a saman ƙasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Scientific Facts on Water: State of the Resource |publisher=GreenFacts Website |access-date=2008-01-31 |url=http://www.greenfacts.org/en/water-resources/index.htm#2}}&lt;/ref&gt;
** '''Bututu da tankunan ƙarƙashin ƙasa masu yoyo''': Kayayyakin fetur, sinadarai, da sharar da aka adana a cikin tankunan adana kayayyaki na ƙarƙashin ƙasa da bututu na iya ƙarewa a cikin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Tankuna da bututu suna yoyo idan an gina su ko an sanya su ba daidai ba. Tankunan ƙarfe da bututu suna tsatsewa saboda tsufa. Ana yawan samun tankuna a gonaki. Yiwuwar samun tankuna masu yoyo yana da yawa a tsofaffin gonaki da aka yi watsi da su. Tankunan gona an keɓance su daga dokokin EPA na tankunan fetur da sinadarai.&lt;ref name=&quot;Contaminated Water&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.epa.gov/privatewells/potential-well-water-contaminants-and-their-impacts |title=Human Health and Contaminated Water |publisher=United States Environmental Protection Agency |date=6 May 2015 |language=en |access-date=2017-03-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;
** '''Wuraren zubar da shara''': Wuraren zubar da shara na zamani an tsara su ne don ƙunshi kowane ruwa mai yoyo, amma ambaliyar ruwa na iya ɗaukar abubuwan gurbatawa ta kan iyakokin. Tsofaffin wuraren zubar da shara na iya samun abubuwa daban-daban masu gurbata muhalli waɗanda zasu iya shiga cikin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa.
* '''Sharan gida''': Rashin zubar da kayayyaki da yawa na yau da kullum yadda ya kamata na iya gurbata ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Waɗannan sun haɗa da sinadaran wanke-wanke, man inji da aka yi amfani da shi, fenti, da sinadaran rage kaurin fenti. Hatta sabulu da detarjan na iya cutar da ruwan sha. Waɗannan galibi matsala ce daga tankunan rami na bayan gida marasa kyau da kuma wuraren tacewa na rami.&lt;ref name=&quot;Contaminated Water&quot; /&gt;
* '''Dalma da jan ƙarfe''': Ba a cika samun babban taro na dalma (lead) a cikin asalin ruwa ba. Yawancin lokaci ana samun dalma a cikin kayan aikin famfo na gida. Gidajen da aka gina kafin shekara ta 1986 sun fi yuwuwar samun bututun dalma, kayan aiki, da sayarwa. Dalma na iya shiga cikin tsarin ruwa lokacin da waɗannan kayan aikin famfo suka tsatse. Acid ko alkalinity na ruwa - ko na kowane bayani - ana bayyana shi azaman pH, daga 0-14. Kowane abu mai tsaka-tsaki, alal misali, yana da pH na 7. Acid suna da pH ƙasa da 7, tushe (alkaline) ya fi 7 pH yana shafar tsatsa sosai. Zazzabi da abubuwan ma'adinai kuma suna shafar yadda yake da lahani. Dalma a cikin ruwan sha na iya haifar da il
=== Hanyoyin gurbacewa marasa bayyana ===
Ayyukan noma da ke haifar da gurbacewa maras bayyana sun haɗa da:
* Gudanar da ayyukan ciyar da dabbobi maras kyau
* Kiwo fiye da kima
* Yin aiki da ƙasa fiye da kima (alal misali, yin noma sau da yawa)
* Rashin kula da kuma rashin tasirin yin amfani da magungunan kashe kwari, ruwan ban ruwa, da takin zamani.&lt;ref name=&quot;cdc.gov&quot; /&gt;
* '''Kwayoyin cuta (bacteria) da sinadarin nitrate''': Ana samun waɗannan abubuwan gurbatawa a cikin sharan bil'adama da na dabbobi. Tankunan rami na bayan gida ko kuma yawan dabbobin gona na iya haifar da gurbacewar kwayoyin cuta da nitrate. Dole ne a kula da tsarin tankunan rami da takin gargajiya na dabbobi da kyau don hana gurbacewar rijiyoyin kashin kai.&lt;ref name=&quot;Contaminated Water&quot; /&gt;
* '''Harkokin ciyar da dabbobi masu yawa a wuri ɗaya''': Adadin harkokin ciyar da dabbobi masu yawa a wuri ɗaya, wanda galibi ake kira &quot;gonakin masana'antu,&quot; yana ƙaruwa. A waɗannan gonakin, ana rera dubun-dubatar dabbobi a cikin ƙaramin fili. Maƙudan sharan dabbobi/takin gargajiya daga waɗannan gonakin na iya yi wa hanyoyin samar da ruwa barazana. Ana buƙatar tsatstauran gudanarwa da taka-tsantsan na takin gargajiya don hana matsalolin kwayoyin cuta da na abinci a cikin rijiyoyin kashin kai. Gishiri daga manyan matakan takin gargajiya na iya gurbata ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Contaminated Water&quot; /&gt;
* '''Masanan ƙarfe masu nauyi (heavy metals)''': Ayyuka kamar hakar ma'adinai da gine-gine na iya fitar da mazaunai masu yawa na ƙarfe masu nauyi zuwa cikin hanyoyin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa na kusa. Wasu tsofaffin gonakin bishiyar riga na iya ƙunsar manyan matakan sinadarin arsenic, wanda aka taɓa amfani da shi azaman maganin kashe kwari. A manyan matakai, waɗannan ƙarfe suna haifar da haɗari ga lafiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Contaminated Water&quot; /&gt;
* '''Takin zamani da magungunan kashe kwari''': Manoma suna amfani da takin zamani da magungunan kashe kwari don haɓaka girma da rage lalacewar kwari. Ana amfani da waɗannan kayayyakin kuma a fagen wasan golf da lambuna da shuke-shuken kewayen birni. Sinadaran da ke cikin waɗannan kayayyakin na iya ƙarewa a cikin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Gwargwadon gurbacewar ya dogara ne akan nau'ikan da adadin sinadaran da aka amfani da su da kuma yadda aka yayyafa su. Yanayin muhalli na cikin gida (kamar nau'ikan ƙasa, ƙanƙara na lokaci, da ruwan sama) suma suna tasiri ga yuwuwar gurbacewarsu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Contaminated Water&quot; /&gt; Ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa yawanci zai bayyana sarai kuma mai tsafta saboda ƙasa tana tace barbashin abubuwa ta hanyar dabi'a. Amma, ana iya samun sinadarai na dabi'a da na ɗan adam a cikin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Yayin da ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa ke gudana ta cikin ƙasa, ƙarfe kamar baki da manganese suna narkewa kuma ana iya samunsu daga baya a cikin manyan matakai a cikin ruwan. Fitar da kayan masana'antu, ayyukan birane, noma, famfon ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa, da zubar da shara duk zasu iya shafar ingancin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Abubuwan gurbatawa zasu iya kasancewa na ɗan adam ne, kamar daga tankunan mai masu yoyo ko malalar sinadarai masu guba. Magungunan kashe kwari da takin zamani da aka yayyafa wa ciyayi da amfanin gona zasu iya taruwa kuma su yi hijira zuwa matakin ruwa. Yoyo daga tankunan rami na bayan gida da/ko wuraren zubar da shara shima zai iya shigar da kwayoyin cuta cikin ruwan, kuma magungunan kashe kwari da takin zamani da ke shiga cikin ƙasar noma a ƙarshe zasu iya ƙarewa a cikin ruwan da ake jawowa daga rijiya. Ko kuma, ana iya sanya rijiya a ƙasar da aka taɓa amfani da ita don wani abu kamar wurin zubar da shara ko sinadarai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://water.usgs.gov/edu/groundwater-contaminants.html|title=Contaminants Found in Groundwater, USGS Water Science School|last=USGS|first=Howard Perlman|website=water.usgs.gov|language=en|access-date=2017-02-21}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gurbataccen ruwan gudu yana samuwa ne ta hanyar ruwan sama ko narkar da ƙanƙara da ke motsawa a saman ƙasa da cikinta. Yayin da ruwan gudun ke motsawa, yana ɗauka kuma yana kwashe abubuwan gurbatawa na dabi'a da na ɗan adam, a ƙarshe yana ajiye su a cikin madatsun ruwa ta hanyar tafkuna, koguna, fadama, ruwan teku, har ma da hanyoyinmu na ƙarƙashin ƙasa na ruwan sha.&lt;ref name=&quot;cdc.gov&quot; /&gt; A shekara ta 2002, a cikin rahoton Ƙididdigar Ingancin Ruwa na Ƙasa ga Majalisar Dokokin Amurka, ƙasashe sun ba da rahoton cewa gurbacewar noma maras bayyana (NPS) ita ce babbar hanyar da ke jifashewar koguna da rafuka da kuma hanya ta biyu mafi girma ta jifashewa a cikin tafkuna, wuraren waha, da madatsun ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;cdc.gov&quot; /&gt;

== Siyasar ruwa ta ƙasashe ==

=== Ƙasashen OECD ===
[[File:Hopetoun falls.jpg|thumb|right|350px|Mabayon ruwa na Hopetoun kusa da Otway National Park, Victoria, Australia]]
Tare da kusan cubic mitoci 2,000 na ruwa da kowane mutum ke amfani da shi a shekara, Amurka ce ke jagorantar duniya wajen amfani da ruwa ga kowane mutum. A cikin ƙasashen OECD masu tasowa, Amurka ce mafi girma a amfani da ruwa, sannan Canada mai cubic mitoci 1,600 na ruwa ga kowane mutum a shekara, wanda ya kusan ninka adadin ruwan da matsakaicin mutum ke amfani da shi a ƙasar Faransa, ya ninka na matsakaicin ɗan Jamus sau uku, kuma ya kusan ninka na matsakaicin ɗan Denmark sau takwas. Wani rahoto na Jami'ar Victoria na shekara bincike ta 2001 ya nuna cewa tun daga shekarar 1980, amfani da ruwa gabaɗaya a Canada ya ƙaru da kashi 25.7%. Wannan ya ninka ƙaruwar gabaɗaya ta ƙasashen OECD sau biyar wadda take kashi 4.5%. Sabanin haka, ƙasashe tara na OECD sun sami damar rage yawan amfani da ruwansu gabaɗaya tun daga shekarar 1980 (Sweden, Netherlands, Amurka, Burtaniya, Jamhuriyar Czech, Luxembourg, Poland, Finland da Denmark).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.environmentalindicators.com/htdocs/indicators/6wate.htm Water consumption indicator] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415044735/http://www.environmentalindicators.com/htdocs/indicators/6wate.htm |date=2016-04-15 }} in the OECD countries&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Golf 'is water hazard' |work=BBC News |date=March 17, 2003 |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2857587.stm |first=Ben |last=Sutherland}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Indiya ===
{{Main|Sharing the water of the Ganges}}
[[File:Ganges River Delta, Bangladesh, India.jpg|thumb|left|Mabayon kogin Ganges, Bangladesh da Indiya]]

==== Indiya–Bangladesh ====
Ana takaddama kan kogin Ganges tsakanin Indiya da Bangladesh. Ana saurin shanyewa da gurbata rumbun adana ruwan, yayin da ƙanƙara na Gangotri wanda ke ciyar da kogin ke ja da baya da daruruwan ƙafafu a kowace shekara&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/environment/global-warming/Decline-in-the-retreat-of-Gangotri-glacier-Study/articleshow/2770963.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021041619/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-02-10/global-warming/27756035_1_gangotri-glacier-maximum-recession-frequent-snowfall |url-status=live |archive-date=October 21, 2012 |work=The Times of India |title=Decline in the retreat of Gangotri glacier: Study |date=February 10, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; (masana suna ɗora alhakin akan canjin yanayi&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc_ganges&quot; /&gt;) kuma sare bishiyoyi a yankin Himalayas yana haifar da bushewar rafukan ƙarƙashin ƙasa da ke kwarara zuwa kogin Ganges. A can ƙasa kuma, Indiya tana sarrafa kwararar ruwa zuwa Bangladesh ta hanyar madatsar ruwa ta Farakka Barrage, mai nisan kilomita 10 (miliyal 6) a ɓangaren iyakar Indiya. Har zuwa ƙarshen shekarun 1990, Indiya ta yi amfani da madatsar ruwan don karkatar da kogin zuwa Calcutta, don hana tashar jiragen ruwa na birnin bushewa lokacin rani. Wannan ya hana manoman Bangladesh ruwa da laka, kuma ya bar fadama na Sundarban da dazuzzukan mangrove da ke bakin kogin cikin babban haɗari. Kasashen biyu yanzu sun rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar raba ruwan cikin daidaito. Sai dai ingancin ruwan ya kasance babbar matsala, tare da manyan matakan arsenic da ruwan tuka mara tace a cikin ruwan kogin.&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc_ganges&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Ganges river – water hot spots |publisher=BBC News |date=n.d. |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/world/03/world_forum/water/html/river_ganges.stm}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Indiya–Pakistan ====
Kwanan nan Indiya ta fara gina madatsar ruwa ta Kishanganga Dam, wanda hakan ya hana Pakistan kashi 33 cikin ɗari na ruwanta da ke fitowa daga kogin Jehlum. Pakistan na gina irin wannan madatsar ruwa mai suna Neelum Jehlum Dam. Bayan yarjejeniyar Indo Pak ta shekarar 1960, kogunan Ravi da Sutleg na Indiya ne yayin da Jehlum, Chenab, da Indus na Pakistan ne. Amma har yanzu akwai rashin gamsuwa da ke ƙaruwa a ɓangaren Pakistan game da raba ruwanta da Indiya.

==== Rikicin Kaveri ====

=== Mexico ===
Mexico ta fuskanci manyan matsaloli wajen hana gurbacewar ruwa da kuma raba tsaftataccen ruwa ga gidaje da kasuwanni. Yayin da al'umma ta ci gaba da bunƙasa, kuma aka samu haɓakar birane, ci gaban tattalin arziki, da ƙaruwar kasuwanci, buƙatar tsaftataccen ruwa ta ƙaru.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hearne 2004&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Hearne|first=Robert R.|date=2004|title=Evolving water management institutions in Mexico: EVOLVING WATER MANAGEMENT INSTITUTIONS IN MEXICO|journal=Water Resources Research|language=en|volume=40|issue=12|doi=10.1029/2003WR002745|bibcode=2004WRR....4012S04H|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sai dai gurbacewar da ke da alaƙa da ci gaban tattalin arziki da masana'antu haɗe da yanayin bushewar ƙasa sun iyakance damar samun tsaftataccen ruwa ga gidaje da kamfanoni da yawa. Yanayin da riga ya bushe yana da sauƙin fuskantar fari tare da ƙaruwar matsalolin canjin yanayi, wanda hakan zai iya ƙara cikas ga samun ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Ilgen|first1=Silvana|last2=Sengers|first2=Frans|last3=Wardekker|first3=Arjan|date=2019|title=City-To-City Learning for Urban Resilience: The Case of Water Squares in Rotterdam and Mexico City|journal=Water|language=en|volume=11|issue=5|pages=983|doi=10.3390/w11050983|doi-access=free|bibcode=2019Water..11..983I |url=https://dspace.library.uu.nl/bitstream/handle/1874/380617/Ilgen_ea_City_to_city_learning_urban_resilience_2019.pdf?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mexico ta dogara ne akan ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa don samar da ruwansu, wanda hakan ya haifar da gagarumin amfani da aquifers saboda haka ya ƙara tsadar samun ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hearne 2004&quot; /&gt; Birnin Mexico shine birni mafi girma da kuma tsakiyar birni mai matukar buƙatar ruwan sha. Ruwan da tsarin &quot;Sistema de Aguas de la Ciudad de Mexico&quot; (SCAMEX) ke samarwa yana da inganci da kashi 98% kawai, saboda haka ya bar kusan gidaje 48,000 a cikin birnin kaɗai ba tare da ruwa ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rodríguez-Tapia etal 2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Rodríguez-Tapia|first1=Lilia|last2=Revollo-Fernández|first2=Daniel A.|last3=Morales-Novelo|first3=Jorge A.|date=2017|title=Household's Perception of Water Quality and Willingness to Pay for Clean Water in Mexico City|journal=Economies|language=en|volume=5|issue=2|pages=12|doi=10.3390/economies5020012|doi-access=free|hdl=10419/197015|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sai dai hatta waɗanda ke da damar samun ruwan da birnin ke samarwa sun kasance ba su gamsu ba. Hatta waɗanda riga aka haɗa su da SCAMEX suna fuskantar matsaloli saboda asarar ruwa da rashin ingancinsa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rodríguez-Tapia etal 2017&quot; /&gt; A Birnin Mexico, an ƙiyasta cewa kashi 40% na ruwan birnin yana ɓacewa ta hanyar bututu masu yoyo da aka gina a farkon ƙarni na 20. Dangane da sakamakon wani bincike na shekarar 2011, kashi 87% na gidaje a Birnin Mexico sun gwammace su sami ruwan da ake amfani da shi don girki da sha ta wasu hanyoyin daban ba na famfo ba. Hanyoyin daban na samun ruwa sun haɗa da: siyan ruwan kwalba ko na'urorin tace ruwa, ko tafasa ruwa kafin a sha. Matsalar ita ce waɗannan hanyoyin daban yawanci sun fi tsada sosai fiye da amfani da ruwan da ake samarwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rodríguez-Tapia etal 2017&quot; /&gt;

=== Gabas Ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka ===
A Gabas Ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka (MENA), ruwa wani muhimmin albarkatu ne kuma lamari ne na siyasa. Dangane da rahoton ƙungiyar ƙasashen Larabawa (Arab League) a shekarar 1999, kashi biyu bisa uku na ƙasashen Larabawa suna da ƙasa da cubic mitoci 1,000 na ruwa ga kowace shekara ga kowane mutum, wanda ake ɗauka a matsayin iyaka. Zuwa shekarar 2025, an yi hasashen cewa ƙasashen yankin Larabawa (Arabian Peninsula) zasu riƙa amfani da fiye da ninki biyu na adadin ruwan da ke samuwa a gare su ta dabi'a. Zuwa shekarar 2030, a cewar Bankin Duniya, yankin MENA zai kasance ƙarƙashin iyakar ƙarancin ruwa na gaske, kamar yadda Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta ayyana. Tare da saurin haɓakar yawan jama'a da canjin yanayi, ƙarancin ruwa ba zai iya raguwa ba. Ganin waɗannan alkaluma da hasashe, yawanci ana fassara ruwa a matsayin mai ƙaranci a yankin MENA saboda haka galibi ana amfani da shi azaman bayani na rikice-rikice da rashin daidaiton siyasa a yankin. Sai dai masana sun yi jayayya cewa wannan wani nau'i ne na siffantawa, domin matsalar ba lallai ba ce ta samuwa ko rashin samun ruwa illa dai yadda ake raba shi da amfani da shi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Alatout |first=Samer |date=2009 |title=Bringing Abundance into Environmental Politics: Constructing a Zionist Network of Water Abundance, Immigration, and Colonization |journal=Social Studies of Science |volume=39 |issue=3 |pages=363–365, 384 |doi=10.1177/0306312708101979 |pmid=19848183 |bibcode=2009SSS....39..363A }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Barnes |first=Jessica |date=2020 |title=Water in the Middle East: A Primer |url=https://merip.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/MERIP-Primer-on-Water-in-the-Middle-East.pdf |journal=Middle East Report |volume=296 |pages=1–9 |via=Middle East Research and Information Project |access-date=2026-06-26 |archive-date=2020-11-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127140347/https://merip.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/MERIP-Primer-on-Water-in-the-Middle-East.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin mahallin Gabas Ta Tsakiya, tare da bambancin yanayi na ƙasashe, yankuna, akidu, kabilu, addinai da asalin ƙasashen Larabawa gabaɗaya, siyasar ruwa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a rikice-rikice tsakanin Iraki, Siriya, da Turkiyya; Masar da sauran ƙasashen da ke bakin kogin Nilu; da kuma Isra'ila da Palasɗinu. A yankin MENA, dukkan manyan koguna suna ratsa aƙalla iyakar ƙasa ɗaya ta duniya, kamar su Tigris da Euphrates da suka ratsa manyan ƙasashen Gabas Ta Tsakiya guda uku. Kogin Nilu ma ya ratsa ƙasashe sha ɗaya. Wannan yana nufin cewa ƙasashen da ke can ƙasan koguna suna fuskantar babban tasiri sakamakon ayyuka da shawarwarin ƙasashen da ke saman kogunan, jarumin da ba su da ikon iko da shi a aikace. Musamman wannan yana bayyana tare da yuwuwar yanke ko rage samar da ruwa daga wannan ƙasa zuwa ta gaba. Bayan koguna, sauran ruwaye a Gabas Ta Tsakiya waɗanda ke da muhimmanci ga yankin da kasuwancin duniya sune magudanar ruwa ta Suez Canal, mashigin Bab-el-Mandeb Strait, mashigin Strait of Hormuz, da Tekun Fasiya (Persian Gulf).

==== Taƙaitaccen bayani ta ƙasashe ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|+
!Ƙasa
!Siyasar Ruwa
|-
|{{Flag|Algeria}}
|Karancin ruwa wata matsala ce da ke ƙaruwa a Algeria, wadda canjin yanayi da lokutan fari ke ƙarfafawa. A shekarar 2024, zanga-zanga akan siyasar ruwa ta gwamnati ta faru a birnin Tiaret. Don tabbatar da samar da ruwan sha da ruwa ga sassan noma da masana'antu, da kuma rage haɗarin ƙaruwar ƙarancin ruwa a matsayin sakamakon canjin yanayi, Algeria ta samar da kasafin kuɗi na dalar Amurka biliyan 5.4 don haɓaka fasahar tace ruwan teku (desalination) a ƙasar. Zuwa shekarar 2030, ƙasar tana da burin samar da kusan kashi biyu bisa uku na ruwanta ta hanyar tace ruwan teku.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Goosen |first=Matthew |date=2025-02-05 |title=Algeria Commits $5.4B to Desalination for Long-Term Water Security |url=https://energycapitalpower.com/algeria-commits-5-4b-to-desalination-for-long-term-water-security/ |access-date=2025-03-29 |website=energycapitalpower.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{Flag|Bahrain}}
|Siyasar ruwa ta kafa wani muhimmin alfarma ga Bahrain, kasancewarta tsibiri. Kamar sauran ƙasashe a yankin, albarkatun ruwa na dabi'a a Bahrain suna da ƙaranci. Don biyan buƙatun ruwanta, ƙasar tana amfani da fasahohi kamar tace ruwan teku, da kuma tace ruwan wanke-wanke (greywater) don ban ruwa. Waɗannan fasahohi sun ba Bahrain damar rage raguwar albarkatun ruwa marasa dorewa da kashi 20% tsakanin shekarar 2000 da 2021. Waɗannan manufofi na amfani da ruwa cikin inganci da dorewa suna kunshe a cikin hangen nesan Bahrain na shekarar 2030 (Bahrain Vision 2030) kuma ci gaban da aka samu ya sa ƙasar ta yi ikirarin &quot;jagoranci&quot; a wannan fanni. Tuni a shekarun 1980 aka aiwatar da dokoki daban-daban don gudanar da albarkatun ruwa a masarautar cikin inganci da dorewa, wanda hukumomin ƙasa daban-daban ke aiwatarwa da sanyawa idanu.
|-
|{{Flag|Egypt}}
|Siyasar ruwa ta Masar tana da babban tasiri sakamakon yarjejeniyoyin Nilu da aka rattaba hannu a kai a shekarun 1902, 1929, da 1959. A cikin waɗannan yarjejeniyoyin, an tabbatar da ikon mallakar da Masar ta ayyana wa kanta akan Nilu, kuma an ba Masar damar samun mafi yawan ruwan Nilu, gami da haƙƙin dakatar da ayyukan gine-gine da ke shafar Nilu a ƙasashen da ke saman kogi. Duk da cewa sauran ƙasashe suna ɗaukar waɗannan yarjejeniyoyi a matsayin kayayyakin mulkin mallaka, Masar tana ɗaukarsu a matsayin waɗanda doka ta ɗaurata da su.

A cikin tsanantar kishin ƙasa da kuma ikirarin zuriyar Masarawa na zamani daga Masarawan da suka gabata (Pharaonic), kogin Nilu ya zama wani ɓangare na asalin ƙasar Masar. Wannan kuma yana bayyana a cikin sanya batun Nilu a matsayin lamari na tsaro, inda ake yawan haɗa kogin da wanzuwar ƙasar. Wani muhimmin mataki ga Masar ta zamani, wajen haɓaka amfani da Nilu a fannoni da yawa, shine gina madatsar ruwa ta Aswan High Dam ƙarƙashin Gamal Abdel Nasser a shekarar 1970. Baya ga Aswan High Dam, Toshka wani muhimmin shiri ne na siyasar ruwa a Masar. Toshka wani babban shiri ne na ƙirƙirar sabon birni a kudancin hamadar Masar, ta amfani da ruwa daga tafkin Lake Nasser don samun sabuwar ƙasar noma da rage matsin lamba daga matsaloli kamar yawan jama'a da ƙarancin abinci. Sai dai ba a taɓa kammala shirin ba.

Tun lokacin da Habasha ta sanar da gina madatsar ruwa ta Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam a shekarar 2011, siyasar ruwa ta Masar ta kasance ƙarƙashin takaddama kan ginin da kuma daga baya cikawa da sarrafa madatsar ruwan. Masar ta yi tsayayya da madatsar ruwan, tana fargabar cewa zai rage adadin ruwan da take samu daga Nilu. A cewar Masar, madatsar ruwan yana cin karo da yarjejeniyoyin Nilu da Dokar Ruwa ta Duniya, kuma yana barazana ga tsaron ruwa na Masar da Sudan. Masar tana fargabar cewa madatsar ruwan na Renaissance zai haifar da ƙarancin kwararar ruwa a can ƙasan Nilu, wanda hakan zai shafi tsaron ruwanta, domin ƙasar ta dogara kacokan akan kogin Nilu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Milas |first=Seifulaziz Leo |title=Sharing the Nile: Egypt, Ethiopia and the geo-politics of water |date=2013 |publisher=Pluto Press |isbn=978-1-84964-813-4 |location=London |pages=28}}&lt;/ref&gt;
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|{{Flag|Iran}}
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A ƙasar Iran tun daga shekarun 1980 zuwa sama, an sami manufar ruwa wacce a yanzu take nuna cewa ba ta duba makoma ba. Musamman a shekarun 1990, ginin ayyukan samar da ruwa, kamar madatsun ruwa, da kuma rijiyoyin hakar ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa ya ƙaru, kuma a yau, yayin da al'umma ke ƙaruwa cikin sauri, albarkatun ruwa da yanayin ayyukan samar da ruwan suna lalacewa cikin sauri. A cikin hanyoyin yanke shawara na siyasa, gargaɗi daga masana an yi watsi da shi—kuma har yanzu ana watsi da shi—sau da yawa, wanda hakan ya sa wasu ke magana a kan &quot;mafiyar ruwa.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dagres |first=Holly |dat to e=2024-01-22 |title=A thirsty reality: Iran's dire water situation |url=https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/iransource/iran-water-environment-us-policy/ |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=Atlantic Council |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bisa ga wani bincike da Allan Hassaniyan ya gudanar, siyasar ruwa a Iran tana fuskantar gagarumin tasiri daga rashawa, nuna bambancin dangi, da kuma abin da ake kira &quot;wariyar launin fata na muhalli,&quot; domin masu yanke shawara na siyasa galibi suna amfani da yanayi da asusun gwamnati don ƙarkatar da ƙarin ruwa zuwa yankunansu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Maddern |first=Kerra |date=2024-06-12 |title=Iran's water policy is discriminatory and an example of &quot;environmental racism&quot;, study says |url=https://news.exeter.ac.uk/faculty-of-humanities-arts-and-social-sciences/irans-war-policy-is-discriminatory-and-an-example-of-environmental-racism-study-says/ |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=News |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sakamakon ƙarin rashin gudanarwa nagari da kuma burin gwamnatin na samun wadatar abinci da kanta, wanda takunkumin da aka ƙaƙaba wa Iran ya shafa, fannin aikin gona yana buƙata kuma yana amfani da mafi yawan ruwan da ke akwai ba bisa ƙa'ida ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1935-01-01 |title=Water stress and political tensions in Iran {{!}} Climate-Diplomacy |url=https://climate-diplomacy.org/case-studies/water-stress-and-political-tensions-iran |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=climate-diplomacy.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Waɗannan abubuwan da ke faruwa suna da alaƙa da wasu manyan matsaloli da ke rage samun ruwa, kamar canjin yanayi da gishirin ƙasa, kuma suna haifar da ƙarancin ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=How the EU Can Help Iran Tackle Water Scarcity |url=https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2022/07/how-the-eu-can-help-iran-tackle-water-scarcity?lang=en&amp;center=europe |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace | date=7 July 2022 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
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|{{Flag|Iraq}}
|Bayan boren shekarar 1991 a Iraq, Saddam Hussein ya kwashe ruwan dausayin Iraq a matsayin ɗaukar fansa a kan Larabawan Dausayi da ke zaune a yankin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Von Lossow |first=Tobias |date=2016 |title=Water as Weapon: IS on the Euphrates and Tigris. The Systematic Instrumentalisation of Water Entails Conflicting IS Objectives. |journal=SWP Comments |volume=3 |pages=7}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lalata dausayin, da kuma abin da ke da alaƙa da hakan, ya shafi mazaunin Larabawan Dausayi, wanda hakan misali ne inda aka yi amfani da ruwa a matsayin makami a dabarun yaƙi da tayar da ƙayar baya. Ana ɗaukar hakan a matsayin kisan ƙare dangi da kuma kisan gillar muhalli. Bayan yaƙi da tayar da ƙayar baya, masana kuma suna jayayya cewa nuna bambancin ɓangaranci ya taka rawa wajen lalata dausayin, domin mafi yawan mutanen wannan yanki 'Yan Shi'a ne. Yayin da gwamnatin Iraq ta zargi ƙasar Turkiyya da rage ƙwararar ruwan koramar Furat zuwa Iraq yayin ginin Madatsar Ruwa ta Atatürk, wanda hakan ya sa aka kwashe ruwan dausayin, masana sun bayyana cewa kusan duk lalacewar ƙasar Iraq ce ta yi ta. Don kwashe ruwan dausayin, an ƙarkatar da ruwa daga Furat da Dijlah zuwa ramin da ake kira &quot;Kogi na Uku,&quot; wani aiki na gwamnati da ke da nufin ƙara ƙasan noma mai albarka a Iraq. Bayan mamayar da Amurka ta yi wa Iraq a shekarar 2003, jami'an Iraq, sojojin Amurka, da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu sun yi yunkurin mayar da dausayin yadda yake a baya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ahram |first=Ariel I. |date=2015 |title=Development, Counterinsurgency, and the Destruction of the Iraqi Marshes |journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies |volume=47 |issue=3 |pages=447–466 |doi=10.1017/S0020743815000495 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
A halin yanzu, manufofin ruwa na Iraq sun haɗa da manufar inganta alaƙa da haɗin gwiwa da ƙasashe maƙwabta don rage matsalolin da suka shafi rashin daidaiton samun ruwa, gami da shigar da ƙasashen duniya kamar ƙasar Netherlands.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-02-13 |title=Iraqi officials strengthen their collaborative approach to water management and governance |url=https://www.un-ihe.org/news/iraqi-officials-strengthen-their-collaborative-approach-water-management-and-governance |access-date=2025-03-15 |website=www.un-ihe.org |language=English}}&lt;/ref&gt; A farkon shekarar 2025, Iraq da Burtaniya sun amince da wani aiki na fam biliyan 5.3 don inganta samar da ruwa a yankunan kudu maso yammacin ƙasar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-01-14 |title=Iraq, UK agree on trade package worth up to $15 billion, defence deal |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/iraq-uk-agree-trade-package-worth-up-123-billion-pounds-iraqi-pm-office-says-2025-01-14/ |access-date=2025-03-15 |website=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt;
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|{{Flag|ISIS}}
|Kodayake ba ƙasa ba ce, ISIS ta kasance muhimmiyar runduna a cikin siyasar ruwa na yankin lokacin da take da daular Islama. Yankunan da ISIS ke iko da su a Gabas Ta Tsakiya sun ƙunshi hanyoyin samar da ruwa masu mahimmanci ga al'ummar Siriya da Iraq. Gine-gine kamar madatsun ruwa ko wuraren ajiya sun kasance muhimman manufofin dabarun yaƙi ga ISIS, wanda tun daga shekarar 2014 ya kai ga manyan yaƙe-yaƙe da suka sa a ƙarshe ISIS ta mamaye yawancin ayyukan samar da ruwa a gefen koramar Furat da Dijlah a Siriya da Iraq. Bayan haka, an yi amfani da ruwa a matsayin makami ta hanyar haifar da ƙarancin ruwa, ambaliya, da kuma sa guba a cikin ruwa. An yi amfani da waɗannan dabarun don yaƙin soja da kuma kai wa fararen hula hari. Sarrafa muhimmin albarkatu kamar ruwa ya ba ISIS iko, ba wai kawai a matsayin makami ba har ma a matsayin alama, wanda ke nuna burin ƙungiyar na maye gurbin ƙasashe da ke akwai. Bugu da ƙari, ISIS ta yi amfani da ruwa da wutar lantarki da aka samar daga madatsun ruwa don mabiya bayanta, yankunanta, da kuma hakar mai. Tarwatsa madatsun ruwa kuma an ɗauke shi a matsayin zaɓi na gaske a cikin dabarun ISIS idan har ta rasa duk yankunanta kuma tana dab da shan kashi. A shekarar 2014, musamman ma idan ISIS ta lalata Madatsar Ruwa ta Mosul, da hakan ya haifar da mummunan sakamako, inda zai lalata garuruwan Mosul da Baghdad gaba ɗaya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Von Lossow |first=Tobias |date=2016 |title=Water as Weapon: IS on the Euphrates and Tigris. The Systematic Instrumentalisation of Water Entails Conflicting IS Objectives |journal=SWP Comments |volume=3 |pages=1–8}}&lt;/ref&gt;
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|{{Flag|Israel}}
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Yayin gano mazaunan sahyoniyawan a Falasdinu kafin kafa ƙasar Israel a shekarar 1948, sarrafa ruwa ya kasance kayan aiki don ƙara ƙarfin iko a yankin. Tun daga shekarun 1930, masana sahyoniyawa da kamfanonin ruwa suka ayyana ruwa a matsayin wadataccen albarkatu a Falasdinu. Anyi amfani da wannan hujja don ba da damar ƙarfafa mazauna a Falasdinu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Alatout |first=Samer |date=2009 |title=Bringing Abundance into Environmental Politics: Constructing a Zionist Network of Water Abundance, Immigration, and Colonization |journal=Social Studies of Science |volume=39 |issue=3 |pages=372–379, 384–385 |doi=10.1177/0306312708101979 |pmid=19848183 |bibcode=2009SSS....39..363A }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Israel tana taka rawar gani sosai wajen inganta ayyukan samar da ruwa da hanyoyin ƙara samun ruwa a ƙasar. Wannan ya haɗa da tace ruwan teku, sabbin dabarun ban ruwa, sake amfani da ruwa, da madatsun ruwa don dacewa da saurin ƙaruwar jama'a da haɓakar tattalin arziki. Koyaushe dai, ana iya lura da bambance-bambance wajen samun ruwa domin mutanen Bedouin na Negev da mazauna yankunan da aka mamaye suna da ƙarancin damar samun ruwa sosai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-11-06 |title=Israel's sustainable water management plans |url=https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/ipac-policies-in-practice_22632907-en/israel-s-sustainable-water-management-plans_d81db5f5-en.html? |access-date=2025-03-23 |website=OECD |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Marin |first1=Philippe |last2=Tal |first2=Shimon |last3=Yeres |first3=Joshua |last4=Ringskog |first4=Klas |date=2017 |title=Water Management in Israel: Key Innovations and Lessons Learned for Water-Scarce Countries |url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/657531504204943236/pdf/Water-management-in-Israel-key-innovations-and-lessons-learned-for-water-scarce-countries.pdf? |journal=Water Global Practice |via=}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Ruwa muhimmiyar magana ce a rikicin Larabawa da Israel, kuma a cewar tsohon firaministan Israel Ariel Sharon, yana ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka haifar da Yaƙin Kwanaki Shida na shekarar 1967.&lt;ref name=&quot;darwish03&quot;&gt;{{cite news |date=May 30, 2003 |title=Analysis: Middle East water wars, by Abel Darwish |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/2949768.stm |work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mataki na 40 na rataye na B na yarjejeniyar Oslo ta ranar 28 ga Satumba, 1995 ya bayyana cewa &quot;Israel ta amince da haƙƙoƙin Falasɗinawa a kan ruwa a Gabar Yamma da Kogin Jordan&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;drought_middle_east&quot;&gt;See Christian Chesnot in {{cite news |date=February 2000 |title=Drought in the Middle East |url=http://mondediplo.com/2000/02/08chesnot |work=[[Le Monde diplomatique]]}} – French original version freely available [https://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2000/02/CHESNOT/13213.html here].&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, a cikin yaƙin Gaza da ke gudana, masana, masu fafutuka, da 'yan siyasa daban-daban suna sukar kasar Israel saboda amfani da ruwa a matsayin makami. An katse hanyoyin samar da ruwa zuwa yankin Gaza sannan an auna ayyukan samar da ruwa mai tsafta da na ruwan shaƙa. Yoav Gallant, tsohon ministan tsaron Israel, ya bayyana cewa: “Muna kakaba wa Gaza babban kawanya. Ba za a sami wutar lantarki, abinci, ruwa, ko mai ba, komai zai kasance a rufe.” Wannan amfani da ruwa a matsayin makami da sakamakonsa a kan fararen hula a Gaza ana ɗaukarsu a matsayin laifukan yaƙi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-02-21 |title=the weaponisation of water in gaza |url=https://www.dutchscholarsforpalestine.nl/the-weaponisation-of-water-in-gaza |access-date=2025-03-19 |website=Dutch Scholars for Palestine |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Hall |first1=Natasha |last2=Kirschenbaum |first2=Anita |last3=Michel |first3=David |date=2024-01-12 |title=The Siege of Gaza's Water |url=https://www.csis.org/analysis/siege-gazas-water |journal=Center for Strategic &amp; International Studies |language=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt;
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|{{Flag|Jordan}}
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Sakamakon matsayinta na can ƙasa a magudanar Kogin Jordan da Kogin Yarmouk, samar da ruwa na Jordan ya dogara ne da sauran ƙasashe kuma yana fuskantar matsin lamba. Saboda haka, tare da Ƙungiyoyin Duniya, kasar Jordan tana shirya sabbin dabarun amfani da albarkatun ruwa da ba na al'ada ba, kamar sake amfani da ruwan ban ruwa na da da kuma dabarun tace ruwan gishiri.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Overcoming water scarcity in Jordan {{!}} UN-Habitat |url=https://unhabitat.org/news/03-jun-2024/overcoming-water-scarcity-in-jordan |access-date=2025-03-23 |website=unhabitat.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wani muhimmin aiki shi ne aikin jigilar ruwan Disi, wanda ke safarar ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa daga madatsar ruwan karkashin kasa ta Disi a kudancin Jordan zuwa Amman.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=1948-01-01 |title=Yarmouk River: Tensions and cooperation between Syria and Jordan {{!}} Climate-Diplomacy |url=https://climate-diplomacy.org/case-studies/yarmouk-river-tensions-and-cooperation-between-syria-and-jordan |access-date=2025-03-23 |website=climate-diplomacy.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan gazawar tattaunawa game da Tsarin Haɗin Ruwa na Kofatun Jordan a shekarar 1955, ba kamar sauran ƙasashin yankin ba, Jordan ta rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya da Israel a shekarar 1994, wanda hakan ya kawo ƙarshen shekaru da dama na siyasar ruwa ta gefe ɗaya. Matsayin da Jordan take da shi bai ba ta damar janye jiki gaba ɗaya daga tattaunawa ba amma ya sanya haɗin gwiwa ya zama dole. Kodayake har yanzu akwai rashin jituwa tsakanin ƙasajen, yarjejeniyar ta tabbatar da cewa tana da mahimmanci yayin da aka gudanar da ayyukan haɗin gwiwa da yawa da ke haɓaka haɗin gwiwar ruwa da samar da ruwa tun shekarar 1994. Har ma an sami shirin gina &quot;tashar zaman lafiya&quot; ta hanyar haɗa Tekun Gishiri da Tekun Pol, wanda ƙasajen biyu suka so gina shi tare, sai dai wannan aikin bai taɓa tabbata ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1948-01-01 |title=Jordan and Israel: Tensions and Water Cooperation in the Middle-East {{!}} Climate-Diplomacy |url=https://climate-diplomacy.org/case-studies/jordan-and-israel-tensions-and-water-cooperation-middle-east |access-date=2025-03-23 |website=climate-diplomacy.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Don ƙara samun damar shiga Kogin Yarmouk, Jordan ta rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyoyi da yawa da Siriya tun asali a shekarar 1953, kodayake rashin daidaiton ƙarfin iko na ƙasajen da ya samo asali daga yanayin siffar ƙasa a tsawon magudanar Kogin Yarmouk ana iya ganinsa a cikin yarjejeniyoyin. A cikin yarjejeniyoyin, ƙasajen sun amince a kan takamaiman adadin ruwa da Siriya dole ta saki zuwa Jordan, da kuma adadin madatsun ruwa da aka amince Siriya ta gina, sai dai Siriya ta yi watsi da waɗannan yarjejeniyoyin sau da yawa. Saboda haka, ana ɗaukar Jordan ɗaya daga cikin ƙasajen da suka fi fuskantar ƙarancin ruwa a duniya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last1=Bromberg |first1=Gidon |date=18 September 2008 |title=Will the Jordan River Keep on Flowing? |url=http://e360.yale.edu/content/feature.msp?id=2064 |access-date=2010-05-25 |work=Yale Environment 360 |publisher=Yale University |archive-date=2010-06-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100612072821/http://e360.yale.edu/content/feature.msp?id=2064 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
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|{{Flag|Kuwait}}
|Mafi kyawun sashi na siyasar ruwa ta Kuwait da ake iya gani shi ne Hasumiyar Ruwa ta Kuwait. Waɗannan hasumiyoyi, tare da keɓantaccen salon ginin su, suna aiki ne a matsayin wuraren ajiye ruwa don samar wa Birnin Kuwait ruwan teku da aka tace. A yau, Hasumiyar Ruwa ta Kuwait ta ƙunshi hasumiyoyin ruwa guda 31 masu siffar naman kaza da kuma Hasumiyoyin Kuwait na musamman, kuma sun kasance babban mataki ga Kuwait wajen samun amincin ruwa da ikon sarrafa ruwa da kanta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Al Mulla |first=Yasmena |date=2021-01-16 |title=Kuwait Towers: A symbol of independence and sovereignty |url=https://gulfnews.com/world/gulf/kuwait/kuwait-towers-a-symbol-of-independence-and-sovereignty-1.76529512 |access-date=2025-03-18 |website=Gulf News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Abraj Al-Kuwait |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5933/ |access-date=2025-03-18 |website=whc.unesco.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tare da ƙaruwar buƙatar ruwa, Kuwait ta faɗaɗa tsarin ajiye ruwanta, wanda a yau ya ƙunshi fiye da wuraren ajiya 80 na saman ƙasa da kuma fiye da wuraren ajiya 100 na ƙarƙashin ƙasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2018-11-28 |title=Kuwait works to improve water utilities and production capacity - Kuwait 2018 - Oxford Business Group |url=https://oxfordbusinessgroup.com/reports/kuwait/2018-report/economy/the-government-is-working-to-improve-water-infrastructure-and-production-capacity-securing-resources |access-date=2025-03-18 |website=oxfordbusinessgroup.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
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|{{Flag|Lebanon}}
|A ƙasar Lebanon ƙarancin ruwa babbar matsala ce da ke shafar fiye da kashi biyu cikin uku na al'ummar ƙasar, kuma hakan na iya ƙaruwa a nan gaba sakamakon canjin yanayi idan ba a ɗauki matakan kariya ba. Don rage matsin lamba a kan samar da ruwa, masana sun gano mafita a fannin aikin gona wanda ke cinye fiye da rabin ruwan ƙasar. Sake amfani da gurbataccen ruwan gidaje (greywater) don ban ruwa na iya ƙara yawan ruwan da ke akwai don amfanin ɗan adam.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=2022-06-13 |title=Water solutions in Lebanon: who and what is standing in the way? |url=https://rewater-mena.iwmi.org/news-events/water-solutions-in-lebanon-who-and-what-is-standing-in-the-way/ |access-date=2025-03-30 |website=ReWater MENA |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da ƙari, shekaru da dama na rikici da tashe-tashen hankula a Lebanon sun yi tasiri mara kyau ga ayyukan samar da ruwa, wanda ke fuskantar wahala wajen biyan buƙatun ruwa na Beirut. Saboda haka, mazauna ƙasar suna buƙatar amfani da dabarun neman ruwa na haɗin kai, inda zaɓin hakan ya dogara sosai da yanayin kuɗin su.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Choueiri |first=Yasmina |date=2022-12-15 |title=Invisible and Unjust Impacts of Water Informality in Lebanon |url=https://timep.org/2022/12/15/invisible-and-unjust-impacts-of-water-informality-in-lebanon/ |access-date=2025-03-30 |website=The Tahrir Institute for Middle East Policy - |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
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|{{Flag|Libya}}
|Wani muhimmin aikin manufar ruwa a Libya shi ne aikin &quot;Babban Kogi da Mutane Suka Gina&quot; wanda aka fara a ƙarƙashin Gaddafi. Burin shi ne a samar wa yankunan arewacin Libya masu yawan jama'a ruwa daga mahakar ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa da aka gano a kudancin ƙasar. Sai dai, aikin bai kammala ba bayan faɗuwar Gaddafi a shekarar 2011 sakamakon yaƙin basasar Libya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=What's next for Libya's Great Man-Made River Project? |url=https://www.mei.edu/publications/whats-next-libyas-great-man-made-river-project |access-date=2025-03-17 |website=Middle East Institute |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Libya tana fuskantar tsananin rashin tsaro na ruwa kuma ta dogara sosai ga albarkatun ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa waɗanda ba sa sabuntuwa. Rikice-rikicen da aka yi a Libya sun kai ga lalata ayyukan samar da ruwa, wanda hakan ya ƙara rage tsaron ruwa a ƙasar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=UNICEF Libya |date=2022 |title=Water Scarcity and Climate Change: an analysis on WASH enabling environment in Libya |url=https://www.unicef.org/mena/media/19321/file/Libya%20water%20scarcity%20analysis%20and%20recommendations_%20UNICEF%20Sep%202022.pdf |access-date=2025-03-17}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yayin yaƙe-yaƙen basasa, an auna ayyukan samar da ruwa da gangan, wanda hakan ya haifar da matsin lamba a kan tsaron abinci da ruwa, waɗanda abubuwa ne dake da alaƙa da juna tare da wasu matsaloli kamar gudun hijira, ƙaura, da sakamakon lalacewar muhalli na yaƙi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=McFee |first=Erin K. |date=2023 |title=Climate Change, Conflict and Migration (CCM) Nexus and Water Scarcity Study - Final Report |url=https://environmentalmigration.iom.int/sites/g/files/tmzbdl1411/files/documents/2024-03/ccm-nexus-and-water-scarcity-study-final93.pdf |access-date=2025-03-17 |website=International Organization for Migration |pages=48–50}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Satumba na shekarar 2023, madatsun ruwa guda biyu sun rushe a Libya sakamakon Guguwar Daniel. Masana sun danganta rushewar madatsun ruwan da illolin yaƙin basasa a kan abubuwan more rayuwa na ƙasar, inda guguwar ta kasance silar ƙarshe ta rushewar tasu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Climate Change, Conflict, and Corruption: Reflecting on Libya's Catastrophic Floods |url=https://carnegieendowment.org/sada/2023/10/climate-change-conflict-and-corruption-reflecting-on-lybyas-catastrophic-floods?lang=en |access-date=2025-03-17 |website=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace | date=5 October 2023 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
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|{{Flag|Morocco}}
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Siyasar ruwa a Morocco tana tafiya ne da burin gwamnati na ganin an yi amfani da ruwa cikin dorewa da inganci, sannan kuma da haɓaka samar da ruwa. Say dai, babban cikas ga wannan shi ne yaduwar rashawa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=Water integrity risks in Morocco – Priorities for action |url=https://siwi.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/policy-brief-water-integrity-risks-in-morroco.pdf |access-date=2025-03-30 |website=Stockholm International Water Institute}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da ƙari, a wasu yankunan, rarraba ruwa yana da matukar rashin daidaito, domin ana tura ƙarin ruwa ga noman amfanin gona na kasuwanci fiye da yadda ake ba al'umma. A garin Zagora, wannan ya haifar da zanga-zangar da aka kira &quot;juyin juya halin ƙishirwa&quot; a shekarar 2017. A cikin wannan, ana iya lura da yadda abin ya shafi jinsi daban. Musamman mata da yara ne ƙarancin ruwa ya shafa a waɗannan yankuna, domin galibi maza sun ƙaura zuwa manyan birane don yin aiki a can.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Al-Talbi |first=Ilhalm |title=Water shortage in the Maghreb: Morocco's thirst revolution |url=https://www.goethe.de/prj/ruy/en/dos/wil/21718884.html |access-date=2025-03-30 |website=www.goethe.de |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
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|{{Flag|Oman}}
|Masarautar Oman tana da yanayi mai ban mamaki sosai, inda sassan kudancin ƙasar ke fuskantar iskar damina ta yanayi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |chapter=Rethinking water and food security in the Arab Gulf states |date=2015 |title=Arab Water Security: Threats and Opportunities in the Gulf States |pages=6 |editor-last=Amery |editor-first=Hussein A. |chapter-url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/arab-water-security/rethinking-water-and-food-security-in-the-arab-gulf-states/94CFE4238F594CA5BC3A5E6C14565518 |access-date=2025-03-17 |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/cbo9781107326187.002 |isbn=978-1-107-04229-2|chapter-url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; Musamman, birnin Salalah ya shahara saboda yawan kwararo-kwararo da koguna. A cikin Tsaunin Hajar, har yanzu ana amfani da Tsarin Ban Ruwa na Gargajiya na Aflaj kuma yana cikin jerin Kayayyakin Tarihi na Duniya na UNESCO.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Aflaj Irrigation Systems of Oman |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1207 |access-date=2025-03-17 |website=whc.unesco.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; To sai dai a dandalin yanzu, Oman ta dogara kacokan ga tace ruwan gishiri don samun ruwanta, wanda ke daidai da kashi 85 cikin ɗari na ruwan sha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=DC |first=Arab Center Washington |date=2024-09-06 |title=The Costs and Benefits of Water Desalination in the Gulf |url=https://arabcenterdc.org/resource/the-costs-and-benefits-of-water-desalination-in-the-gulf/ |access-date=2025-03-17 |website=Arab Center Washington DC |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
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|{{Flag|Palestine}}
|{{Further|Water supply and sanitation in the State of Palestine}}
Tuni dai tun a zamanin Hukumar Mulki ta Burtaniya, aka mayar da batun samun ruwa na siyasa a Falasdinu. Inda manoma na cikin gida suka ƙirƙiri dabarun magance ƙarancin ruwa, jami'an gwamnatin Burtaniya sun ɗauki waɗannan dabarun a matsayin tsofaffi da na &quot;baya-baya.&quot; Dabarar wariyar launin fata ta shugabancin mulkin mallaka ita ce haɗin gwiwa da mazauna Sahyoniyawa na farko a Falasdinu, domin ana kallon Yahudawa a matsayin waɗanda suka fi Larabawa daraja, don haka za su iya amfani da ƙasa da albarkatu cikin inganci. Ƙarƙashin manufar hukuma ta haɓaka aikin gona da rage cututtuka, manoman Falasdinu sun ga damar su ta samun ruwa tana raguwa, yayin da ƙawancen buƙata na Sahyoniyawa da shugabancin Hukumar Mulki suka sake tsara fannin. Wani ɓangare na sake fasalin sarrafa ruwa a Falasdinun lokacin mulkin mallaka shi ne kwashe ruwan yankuna kamar Tafkin Hula wanda ya kai ga sake tsugunar da Falasdinawa, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama muhimmin abu a cikin mamayar mulkin mallaka na Falasdinu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Broich |first=John |date=2013 |title=British Water Policy in Mandate Palestine: Environmental Orientalism and Social Transformation |journal=Environment and History |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=255–281 |doi=10.3197/096734013X13690716950028 |bibcode=2013EnHis..19..255B }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan mamaye Gabar Yamma da Kogin Jordan a shekarar 1967, Israel ta takaita wa Falasdinawa damar samun ruwa, yayin da a mazaunansu na haramtacciyar hanya babu wani hani ga amfani da ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-11-29 |title=The Occupation of Water |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/campaigns/2017/11/the-occupation-of-water/ |access-date=2025-03-15 |website=Amnesty International |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A yau, yawancin hanyoyin samar da ruwa a Falasdinu suna ƙarƙashin ikon Israel ne, wanda ke sa Falasdinawa dogaro ga kamfanin Mekorot da rangwamen da 'yan majalisar Israel ke bayarwa. Yarjejeniyar Oslo ta tabbatar da rashin daidaiton samun ruwa a cikin dokoki, domin sun ware mafi yawan magudanar ruwa da ake raba wa kasar Israel.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hung out to dry: How the Oslo Accords entrenched Israel's control over Palestinian water |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/oslo-accords-palestine-israel-entrenched-control-water |access-date=2025-03-15 |website=Middle East Eye |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Lazarou |first=Elena |date=2016 |title=Briefing: Water in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict |journal=European Parliamentary Research Service |pages=1–8}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan rashin daidaito wajen samun ruwa kuma yana shafar yawan ruwan da mutum ɗaya ke amfani da shi a rana wanda ya ninka kusan sau 3-4 mafi girma a Israel fiye da na yankunan Falasɗinawa da aka mamaye.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
 A Gaza, a cewar kungiyar Amnesty International, kusan kashi 90-95% na ruwan ba shi da amfani ga al'umma.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Tuni kafin yakin Gaza, an iya lura da amfani da ruwa a matsayin makami, domin hanyoyin samun ruwa da amfani da wuraren sarrafa ruwa a Gaza suna fuskantar takunkumi mai tsanani daga kasar Israel.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-03-10 |title=Israel's decision to cut off electricity supply to Gaza desalination plant cruel and unlawful |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2025/03/israels-decision-to-cut-off-electricity-supply-to-gaza-desalination-plant-cruel-and-unlawful/ |access-date=2025-03-15 |website=Amnesty International |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-03-10 |title=Gaza power cut impacts safe water access for hundreds of thousands {{!}} UN News |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2025/03/1160961 |access-date=2025-03-15 |website=news.un.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-05-25 |title=Failing Gaza: undrinkable water, no access to toilets and little hope on the horizon |url=https://www.oxfam.org/en/failing-gaza-undrinkable-water-no-access-toilets-and-little-hope-horizon |access-date=2025-03-15 |website=Oxfam International |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar ƙungiyar Human Rights Watch, al'ummar Gaza suna samun ƙasa da kashi ɗaya cikin goma na mafi ƙarancin adadin ruwa da mutane ke buƙata a kowace rana a cewar Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title=Extermination and acts of genocide: Israel deliberately depriving Palestinians in Gaza of water |date=2024 |publisher=Human Rights Watch |isbn=979-8-88708-192-2 |editor-last=Human Rights Watch |location=New York, N.Y.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Don haka, kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, gwamnatoci, masana, da masu fafutuka da yawa suna ɗaukar wannan a matsayin laifin yaƙi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Abdul Samad |first1=Lama |last2=Butcher |first2=Martin |last3=Khalidi |first3=Bushra |date=2024 |title=Water War Crimes: How Israel has weaponised water in its military campaign in Gaza |journal=Oxfam International}}&lt;/ref&gt;
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|{{Flag|Qatar}}
|Duk da cewa tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashen da suka fi fuskantar ƙarancin ruwa idan ana maganar albarkatun ruwa na gargajiya, Qatar tana da yawan amfani da ruwa don dabarun ayyuka daban-daban tun daga amfanin sirri, wuraren shakatawa na gwamnati, har zuwa fannin gine-gine. Wannan ruwa galibi ana samun sa ne ta hanyar tace ruwan gishiri kuma 'yan ƙasar Qatar suna samun sa kyauta daga gwamnati. Don biyan bukatun ruwa, Qatar tana ci gaba da faɗaɗa ayyukan samar da ruwanta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-03-30 |title=How Qatar Met The Water Security Challenge |url=https://www.ice.org.uk/news-views-insights/inside-infrastructure/how-qatar-faced-up-to-the-water-security-challenge |access-date=2025-03-30 |website=Institution of Civil Engineers (ICE) |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da ƙari, ƙasar tana da nufin rage amfani da ruwa da kuma sanya shi mafi inganci da dorewa daidai da Manufar Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa ta 6 (SDG 6) ta Manufofin Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Qatar {{!}} Department of Economic and Social Affairs |url=https://sdgs.un.org/basic-page/qatar-34138 |access-date=2025-03-30 |website=sdgs.un.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
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|{{Flag|Saudi Arabia}}
|{{Further|Water supply and sanitation in Saudi Arabia}}
A lokacin kafuwar Masarautar Saudi Arabia, ruwa ya kasance muhimmiyar hanyar iko, domin samun ruwa ya ba gidan sarautar Al Saud damar tabbatar da rinjayensu da kuma amfani da shi don samar da kwanciyar hankali. Kafin gano da kuma bunkasar man fetur, babban ɓangare na al'ummar Saudi Arabia manoma ne. Saboda haka, ana iya amfani da ikon sarrafa ruwa don rarraba shi kuma, ta hakan, a nuna iko da samar da daidaito.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Jones |first=Toby C. |chapter=State of Nature: The Politics of Water in the Making of Saudi Arabia |date=2012-12-12 |title=Water on Sand: Environmental Histories of the Middle East and North Africa |pages=232, 236–237, 240–241 |editor-last=Mikhail |editor-first=Alan |chapter-url=https://academic.oup.com/book/4308/chapter-abstract/146215092?redirectedFrom=fulltext |access-date=2025-03-17 |publisher=Oxford University Press |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199768677.003.0010 |isbn=978-0-19-976867-7|chapter-url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;
Yayin da albarkatun ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa ke raguwa, dogaron Saudi Arabia kan tace ruwan teku yana ƙaruwa tun shekarar 1950. A halin yanzu, ƙasa da kashi biyu cikin uku na buƙatar ruwa a masarautar ana samun sa ne daga ruwan da aka tace. An gina bututun mai na Gabas-Yamma da ke jigilar ruwan da aka tace daga birnin Jubail zuwa Riyadh a shekarar 1980.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cayMShmYgCA |title=Jubail - Ryiadh Water Transimission System 1980-1983 (SWCC) |date=2018-07-18 |last=Eng.Meshari Alanazi |access-date=2025-03-17 |via=YouTube}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana amfani da ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa sau da yawa don dalilai na ban ruwa a mafi yawan yankunan karkara na aikin gona na masarautar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |chapter=Rethinking water and food security in the Arab Gulf states |date=2015 |title=Arab Water Security: Threats and Opportunities in the Gulf States |pages=6–7 |editor-last=Amery |editor-first=Hussein A. |chapter-url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/arab-water-security/rethinking-water-and-food-security-in-the-arab-gulf-states/94CFE4238F594CA5BC3A5E6C14565518 |access-date=2025-03-17 |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/cbo9781107326187.002 |isbn=978-1-107-04229-2|chapter-url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ruwa kuma yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a babban aikin NEOM na Saudi Arabia. Don biyan bukatun ruwa na birnin, zai dogara kacokan ne a kan tace ruwan gishiri. Saboda haka, don cimma burin birnin na kasancewa mai dacewa da muhalli ba tare da gurbata iska da CO2 ba, ana buƙatar sabbin hanyoyin magance tsarin tace ruwan teku mai cin kuzari. Bugu da ƙari, birnin yana shirin sake sarrafa dukkan gurɓataccen ruwansa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=NEOM's Water Infrastructure |url=https://www.neom.com/en-us/our-business/sectors/water/infrastructure |access-date=2025-03-17 |website=www.neom.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
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|{{Flag|Sudan}}
|{{Further|Water supply in Sudan}}
Siyasar ruwa a Sudan a tarihi tana da alaƙa da ta ƙasar Masar. Ƙarƙashin mulkin mallaka na Anglo-Masar, Sudan ta kasance ɓangare na yarjejeniyoyin Kogin Nilu na shekarun 1902 da 1929, inda aka rarraba hanyoyin samun ruwa da iko a yankin Nilu musamman tsakanin Masar da kuma, kaɗan, Sudan.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Matthews |first1=Ron |last2=Vivoda |first2=Vlado |date=2023-07-04 |title='Water Wars': strategic implications of the grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam |journal=Conflict, Security &amp; Development |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=338–339 |doi=10.1080/14678802.2023.2257137 |issn=1467-8802|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan ƙasar ta sami 'yancin kanta a shekarar 1956, an sami rashin jituwa yayin da sabuwar gwamnatin Sudan ba ta amince da yarjejeniyoyin Nilu na baya ba kuma ta nuna adawa da Madatsar Ruwa ta Aswan. Bayan juyin mulkin soja na Sudan a shekarar 1958, Sudan da Masar sun yi rangwame ga juna don gina madatsun ruwa a kan Kogin Nilu, wanda hakan ya kai ga sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya a shekarar 1959, wadda ta ƙarfafa ainihin abubuwan da ke cikin yarjejeniyar shekarar 1929.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ranjan |first=Amit |date=2024-01-02 |title=Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam dispute: implications, negotiations, and mediations |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02589001.2023.2287425 |journal=Journal of Contemporary African Studies |volume=42 |issue=1 |pages=22–23 |doi=10.1080/02589001.2023.2287425 |issn=0258-9001|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; Rarraba ruwan Nilu, kamar yadda aka tsara a cikin yarjejeniyoyin Nilu, har yanzu Sudan tana kallonsa a matsayin mai gamsarwa a dokance a yau, duk da sukar da sauran ƙasashe ke yi game da tasirin mulkin mallaka a cikin yarjejeniyoyin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Matthews |first1=Ron |last2=Vivoda |first2=Vlado |date=2023-07-04 |title='Water Wars': strategic implications of the grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam |journal=Conflict, Security &amp; Development |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=339 |doi=10.1080/14678802.2023.2257137 |issn=1467-8802|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Milas |first=Seifulaziz |title=Sharing the Nile: Egypt, Ethiopia and the geo-politics of water |date=2013 |publisher=Pluto Press |isbn=978-1-84964-813-4 |location=London |pages=67–68, 72–73}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2015, Sudan, Masar, da Habasha sun sanya hannu kan Sanarwar Ka'idoji da ke nuna burin ƙara haɗin gwiwa da, a ƙarshe, haɓaka ci gaban yanki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Yihdego |first=Zeray |date=2017-05-25 |title=The Fairness 'Dilemma' in Sharing the Nile Waters: What Lessons from the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam for International Law? |url=https://brill.com/view/journals/rpwl/2/2/article-p1_1.xml |journal=Brill Research Perspectives in International Water Law |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=36–37 |doi=10.1163/23529369-12340006 |issn=2352-9350|hdl=2164/12347 |hdl-access=free |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;
Bayan Habasha ta sanar da shirinta na gina Madatsar Ruwa ta Renaissance, tun farko Sudan ta yi maraba da aikin. To sai dai kuma, bayan wani juyin mulkin soja a shekarar 2019, an sami kusanci tsakanin Sudan da Masar, inda ƙasajen biyu suka bayyana rashin amincewarsu da Madatsar Ruwa ta Renaissance. A cikin shekarun 2020 da 2021, Sudan da Masar sun gudanar da atisayen soja na &quot;Masu Tsaron Nilu&quot; da &quot;Shakunan Nilu&quot; tare.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=İlkbahar |first1=Hasan |last2=Mercan |first2=Muhammed Hüseyin |date=2025-03-01 |title=Hydro-Hegemony, Counter-Hegemony and Neoclassical Realism on the Nile Basin: An Analysis of Egypt's Response to the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/00219096231188953 |journal=Journal of Asian and African Studies |language=EN |volume=60 |issue=2 |pages=8–9 |doi=10.1177/00219096231188953 |issn=0021-9096|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; Sudan tana shiga cikin tattaunawar da ake yi kan cika da kuma gudanar da Madatsar Ruwa ta Renaissance.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ranjan |first=Amit |date=2024-01-02 |title=Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam dispute: implications, negotiations, and mediations |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02589001.2023.2287425 |journal=Journal of Contemporary African Studies |volume=42 |issue=1 |pages=27–30 |doi=10.1080/02589001.2023.2287425 |issn=0258-9001|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;
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|{{Flag|Syria}}
|{{Further|Water resources management in Syria}}{{Further|Water supply and sanitation in Syria}}
Siriya tana fuskantar matsananciyar ƙarancin ruwa da rashin tsaron ruwa. Ragwar ruwa a cikin Kogin Furat yana haifar da matsaloli da yawa da ke da alaƙa da juna a Siriya. Kamar yadda yake da mahimmanci ga ban ruwa, rage ruwan Furat yana haifar da ƙaruwar ƙaurar mutanen karkara zuwa birane yayin da noma ke zama mai matukar wahala. Sai dai kuma, wannan ƙaura zuwa birane tana haifar da saurin ƙaruwar jama'a ba tare da kulawa ba a cikin biranen kuma yana sanya matsin lamba mai tsanani a kan abubuwan more rayuwa (na ruwa) na waɗannan birane. Bugu da ƙari, rashin ruwa a cikin Furat yana haifar da ƙarancin wutar lantarki saboda ƙarancin injina a madatsun ruwan Siriya da za a iya amfani da su. To sai dai kuma, galibi ana jayayya cewa da an hana waɗannan matsalolin ta hanyar ingantaccen sarrafa ruwa a cikin shekarun da suka gabata. Yayin da Yaƙin Basasa ya fara a shekarar 2011, ruwa yana da damar ƙara rura wutar rikici amma kuma ga taƙaitaccen kusanci, yayin da injiniyoyin gwamnati suka gudanar da ayyukan gyaran madatsun ruwa a yankunan da ke ƙarƙashin ikon ISIS ko dakarun Kurdawa. A halin yanzu, rashin gudanar da ruwa na ci gaba da kasancewa yayin da ba a aiwatar da gyare-gyare ba yadda ya kamata kuma raguwar albarkatun ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa ya kasance babba. Tare da rashin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Siriya da Turkiyya, wannan zai iya haɓaka ƙarancin ruwa a nan gaba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last1=Sottimano |first1=Aurora |last2=Samman |first2=Nabil |date=2022-02-24 |title=Syria has a water crisis. And it's not going away. |url=https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/menasource/syria-has-a-water-crisis-and-its-not-going-away/ |access-date=2025-03-29 |website=Atlantic Council |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Mauvais |first=Lyse |title=The Thirst for Power: Overcoming the Politics of Water in the Middle East |publisher=CSIS Middle East Program |year=2025 |editor-last=Hall |editor-first=Natasha |pages=11–27 |chapter=Northeastern Syria's Water Crisis and the Limits of Humanitarian Intervention}}&lt;/ref&gt; Madatsun ruwan Turkiyya a kan Furat sun rage samun ruwa sosai, musamman yayin da Turkiyya ke amfani da madatsun ruwan a matsayin makami don raunana dakarun Kurdawa na YPG. Ganin alaƙar Turkiyya da mayakan HTS da suka karbi iko a Siriya a ƙarshen shekarar 2024, zai kasance da ban sha'awa ganin yadda rashin jituwa tsakanin ƙasajen game da ruwa zai samo asali a nan gaba.&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-12-18 |title=The Runaway Dictator and prospects for resistance to foreign aggression |url=https://mondoweiss.net/2024/12/the-runaway-dictator-and-prospects-for-resistance-to-foreign-aggression/ |access-date=2025-03-29 |website=Mondoweiss |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
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|{{Flag|Tunisia}}
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Kodayake an ƙara damar samun ruwa mai tsafta a cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki a shekarar 2022, ƙarancin ruwa ya kasance matsala a Tunisia ga mutane, dabbobi, aikin gona, da tattalin arziki. Saboda haka, Ma'aikatar Noma ta Tunisia ta buga shirye-shiryen haɓaka wadatar hanyoyin samar da ruwa, hanyoyin samun su, da ingantaccen amfani da ruwa a matakai daban-daban har zuwa shekarar 2050.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Securing Tunisia's Constitutional Right to Water: Policy Solutions |url=https://carnegieendowment.org/sada/2025/02/securing-tunisias-constitutional-right-to-water-policy-solutions?lang=en |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace | date=28 February 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ƙasar Tunisia, ƙarancin ruwa yana tafiya ne tare da sauyin yanayi kuma yana haifar da abubuwan da suka shafi kwararan hamada da ƙaurar mutanen karkara. Musamman fannin aikin gona, wanda na tsawon lokaci ya mayar da hankali kan amfanin gona na kasuwanci da ke cin ruwa da yawa, ya fuskanci matsin lamba saboda ƙaruwar ƙarancin ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tunisia running dry |url=https://www.mediasupport.org/in-depth/environmental-reader/tunisia-running-dry/? |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=IMS}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bankin Duniya yana shiga cikin ayyukan da ke da nufin inganta tsaron ruwa a Tunisia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Rhili |first=Houcine |title=The World Bank's Water and Sanitation Policies in Tunisia {{!}} Transnational Institute |url=https://www.tni.org/en/article/the-world-banks-water-and-sanitation-policies-in-tunisia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241212205750/https://www.tni.org/en/article/the-world-banks-water-and-sanitation-policies-in-tunisia |archive-date=2024-12-12 |access-date=2025-03-24 |work=Transnational Institute |language=en |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
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|{{Flag|Turkey}}
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Shirye-shiryen Aikin Kudancin Anatolia (GAP) da aka buga a shekarar 2007, sun haɗa da gina Madatsar Ruwa ta Ilısu, wadda ke cikin babban rukunin madatsun ruwa na Turkiyya a kan korayen Furat da Tigris, kusa da iyakoki da Iraki da Siriya. Waɗannan madatsun ruwa suna fuskantar suka daga Iraki da Siriya, domin suna rage yawan ruwan da ke kwarara zuwa ƙasa a cikin kogunan biyu, waɗanda ke da matukar muhimmanci ga samar da ruwan Siriya da Iraki. Kamar yadda ake takaddama kan GERD tsakanin Masar da Habasha, ana iya lura da hakan a batun Turkiyya da Iraki/Siriya cewa tattaunawa tana da wahala, domin ɓangarorin suna da muradu masu karo da juna. Bugu da ƙari, ana jayayya cewa Madatsar Ruwa ta Ilısu tana nufar Kurdawa ne, domin tana lalata wasu ƙasashensu da kuma birnin Hasankeyf. Har ma akwai zarge-zarge da ake yi wa Turkiyya na yin amfani da madatsun ruwa don hana Kurdawan Siriya samun ruwa, wanda hakan zai zama maida ruwa a matsayin makami.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=DC |first=Arab Center Washington |date=2023-02-10 |title=Water Politics in the Tigris-Euphrates Basin |url=https://arabcenterdc.org/resource/water-politics-in-the-tigris-euphrates-basin/ |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=Arab Center Washington DC |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ufheil-Somers |first=Amanda |date=2010-03-24 |title=Turkey's Rivers of Dispute |url=https://merip.org/2010/03/turkeys-rivers-of-dispute/ |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=MERIP |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
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|{{Flag|United Arab Emirates}}
|Siyasar ruwa wani muhimmin fanni ne a UAE kuma har ma akwai takardar manufofi ta musamman da aka keɓance mata mai suna &quot;Dabarun Tsaron Ruwa na 2036.&quot; A cikin wannan, UAE ta bayyana burinta na haɓaka dorewar tace ruwan gishiri da inganta ingantaccen amfani da ruwa a ƙasar. Bugu da ƙari, takardar manufofin ta bayyana amurdu da sadaukarwa ga hanyoyin magance ƙarancin ruwa a matakin ƙasa da ƙasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water {{!}} The Official Portal of the UAE Government |url=https://u.ae/en/information-and-services/environment-and-energy/water-and-energy/water-? |access-date=2025-03-19 |website=u.ae |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
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|{{Flag|Yemen}}
|{{Further|Water supply and sanitation in Yemen}}
Kafin shekarar 2014, mafi yawancin ruwa a Yemen ana amfani da shi ne a fannin aikin gona. Musamman a kashi na uku na ƙarshe na ƙarni na 20, an sami sauyi zuwa noman amfanin gona na kasuwanci don fitarwa zuwa ƙasashen waje. Waɗannan amfanin gona kamar ayaba, lemo, da gurin (khat) sau da yawa ba su dace da yanayin ƙasa da wadatar ruwa a Yemen ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ufheil-Somers |first=Amanda |date=2010-03-24 |title=Water Conflict and Cooperation in Yemen |url=https://merip.org/2010/03/water-conflict-and-cooperation-in-yemen/ |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=MERIP |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yaƙin Basasar Yemen da ke ci gaba da faruwa ya ƙara rura wutar ƙarancin ruwa da riga can akwai a Yemen. A halin yanzu, an kiyasta cewa fiye da kashi 50% na al'umma ba su da damar samun ruwa mai tsafta. Yayin yaƙin, an lalata abubuwan more rayuwa na ruwa ko kuma ba sa aiki saboda rashin kulawa da rashin kayan gyara. Houthi, da kuma dakarun gwamnati da abokan kawance da ke ƙarƙashin jagorancin Saudi Arabia, sun yi amfani da ruwa a matsayin makami, saboda haka sun tafi da laifukan yaƙi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Jafarnia |first=Niku |date=2023-12-11 |title=&quot;Death is More Merciful Than This Life&quot; |url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2023/12/11/death-more-merciful-life/houthi-and-yemeni-government-violations-right-water |journal=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-12-11 |title=Yemen: Warring Parties Deepen Water Crisis {{!}} Human Rights Watch |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/12/11/yemen-warring-parties-deepen-water-crisis |access-date=2025-03-24 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-12-09 |title=Rain of hope: Yemen's fight for water in a time of war |url=https://www.un-ihe.org/news/rain-hope-yemens-fight-water-time-war |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=www.un-ihe.org |language=English}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hukumomi daban-daban na ƙasa da ƙasa, kamar Hukumar Ci Gaba ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya (UNDP), Ma'aikatar Haɗin Gwiwar Tattalin Arziki da Ci Gaba ta Jamus, da Hukumar Abinci da Aikin Gona ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya (FAO) suna aiki a Yemen kuma suna da nufin haɓaka haɗin gwiwar ruwa da ƙara samar da ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=From conflict to cooperation: Yemeni communities find common ground over water |url=https://www.undp.org/arab-states/stories/conflict-cooperation-yemeni-communities-find-common-ground-over-water |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=UNDP |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A matsayin martani ga Yaƙin Gaza, Houthis sun fara kai hari kan jiragen ruwa a cikin Jar Teku tare da gabar tekun Yemen. Wannan Rikicin Jar Teku yana ci gaba da faruwa kuma ya haifar da tsananin hare-haren sama a Yemen, da kuma jinkiri da hauhawar farashin kayayyaki a cikin kasuwancin duniya, yayin da ɗayan mafi mahimmancin hanyoyin jigilar kayayyaki tsakanin Turai, MENA, da Asiya ya zama mai haɗari sosai don wucewa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-03-21 |title=Calming the Red Sea's Turbulent Waters {{!}} Crisis Group |url=https://www.crisisgroup.org/middle-east-north-africa/gulf-and-arabian-peninsula/yemen/248-calming-red-seas-turbulent-waters |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=www.crisisgroup.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Siege of the Red Sea {{!}} Council on Foreign Relations |url=https://www.cfr.org/article/siege-red-sea |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=www.cfr.org |date=21 March 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last1=Bogetic |first1=Željko |last2=Zhao |last3=Le Borgne |first3=Eric |last4=Krambeck |first4=Holly |date=2024 |title=Navigating troubled waters: The Red Sea shipping crisis and its global repercussions |url=https://blogs.worldbank.org/en/developmenttalk/navigating-troubled-waters--the-red-sea-shipping-crisis-and-its- |access-date= |website=World Bank Blogs}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

=== Kudancin Amurka ===
Gurbin Ruwa na Guaraní (Guaraní Aquifer), wanda ke tsakanin ƙasashen Mercosur da suka haɗa da Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay da Uruguay, mai girman kimanin 40,000 km3, muhimmiyar hanya ce ta samun sabon ruwan sha mai tsafta ga dukkan ƙasashen guda huɗu. Ana cika shi ne ta hanyar ruwan sama da ƙananan koguna da magudanar ruwa, musamman a gefen rukuninsa. Ganin cewa haɓakar jama'a a yankin yana da yawa sosai (yankunan da ke ciyar da gurbin ruwan, musamman mafi ruku'ar ruwa, na iya kasancewa har da muhimman birane da manyan yankunan birni kamar São Paulo da Curitiba), ana buƙatar sanya ido don guje wa ƙarewar ruwan da kuma gurɓacewa, abin da ke da alaƙa da raunin dokokin muhalli game da aikin gona da kuma ƙarancin ayyukan tsaftace muhalli (musamman ta hanyar zubar da ruwan kwasfa da ba a tace ba da kuma zubar da shara a sarari, haɗi da sharar birane, abin da ke ƙara ta'azzara matsalolin da ke da alaƙa da ambaliyar ruwa), a cikin ƙasashen da abin ya shafa.

=== Amurka ===
Yunkurin Adalcin Ruwa (Water Justice movement) wani babban yunkuri ne na cikin gida a Amurka, inda ƙananan ƙungiyoyin 'yan ƙasa ke ɗaukar lamarin a hannunsu ta hanyar zanga-zanga, rubuta takardun kuka, tara kuɗi, ko ba da gudummawar kayayyaki kamar matatun ruwa don faɗaɗa damar samun ruwa mai tsafta. Wasu sanannun mutane sun yi amfani da damarsu don ciyar da batun adalcin ruwa gaba: Erin Brockovich, fitacciyar jaruma kuma mai fafutukar kare muhalli, ta yi magana game da rashin kulawar jami'an birnin Flint, Michigan, game da rikicin ruwa da ya faru a can.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/erin-brockovich-is-back-to-fight-in-flint |title=Erin Brockovich Is Back To Fight in Flint |last=Haglage |first=Abby |date=July 11, 2017 |website=[[The Daily Beast]] |publisher= |access-date=May 31, 2021 |quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/erin-brockovich-on-americas-water-crisis-and-why-no-one-is-coming-to-save-us |title=Erin Brockovich on America's water crisis and why no one is coming to save us |last=Booker |first=Christopher |date=November 22, 2020 |website=[[PBS]] |publisher= |access-date=May 31, 2021 |quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt; An kama jaruma Shailene Woodley a wata zanga-zangar nuna rashin amincewa da Bututun Mai na Dakota Access, inda ta rubuta bayan hakan game da abin da ya faru da ita: &quot;Idan kai ɗan adam ne da ke buƙatar ruwa don rayuwa, to wannan lamari ya shafe ka kai tsaye.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine|last1=Woodley |first1=Shailene |url=https://time.com/4538557/shailene-woodley-arrest-pipeline/|title=Shailene Woodley: The Truth About My Arrest|magazine=TIME |date=20 October 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wani muhimmin mutum da ke fafutukar kare damar samun ruwa mai tsafta a zanga-zangar Standing Rock shi ne Shugaban Ƙabilar Sioux na Standing Rock, Dave Archambault II, wanda ya yi magana da Hukumar Kare Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya a Geneva a madadin ƙabilarsa. A cikin wata sanarwa ta daban, Archambault ya gode wa waɗanda suka yaƙi bututun mai &quot;da sunan kare ruwanmu.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web| url=http://standwithstandingrock.net/standing-rock-sioux-tribes-statement-u-s-army-corps-engineers-decision-not-grant-easement/| title=Standing Rock Sioux Tribe's Statement on U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Decision to Not Grant Easement| date=2016-12-04| access-date=2019-01-19| archive-date=2016-12-04| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161204230930/http://standwithstandingrock.net/standing-rock-sioux-tribes-statement-u-s-army-corps-engineers-decision-not-grant-easement/| url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yunkurin na Adalcin Ruwa ya kuma bazu a duniya, inda ya haɗa da ƙungiyoyi daban-daban masu yawa kamar Yunkurin Adalcin Ruwa na Duniya, Abokan Haƙƙin Samun Ruwa, Cibiyar Haƙƙoƙin Gidaje da Korar Mutane, Food and Water Watch, da Gidauniyar Heinrich Böll. Ƙungiyoyi irin waɗannan sun yi amfani da ra'ayin cewa ruwa wani ɓangare ne na kayan gama-gari na duniya, don haka suna adawa da mayar da albarkatun ruwa na kuɗi ko na kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, kuma suna ba wa jiha alhakin tabbatar da haƙƙin samun ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | url=http://www.epsu.org/article/global-water-justice-movement-denounces-world-bank%E2%80%99s-strategy-promote-privatization-water |title = Global Water Justice Movement denounces World Bank's strategy to promote privatization of water and the commodification of water resources through UN SDG Agenda &amp;#124; EPSU}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.bradford.ac.uk/social-sciences/peace-conflict-and-development/issue-11/PCD-Issue-11_Article_Water-Justice-Movement_Davidson-Naidoo-Harden.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2019-01-19 |archive-date=2017-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170303123156/http://www.bradford.ac.uk/social-sciences/peace-conflict-and-development/issue-11/PCD-Issue-11_Article_Water-Justice-Movement_Davidson-Naidoo-Harden.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Dokoki ====
Don hana ƙaruwar gurɓacewa, lalacewar muhalli, da kuma kiyaye ruwan sha mai tsafta, an sanya hannu kan dokoki daban-daban don su zama doka.
* '''Dokar Ruwa Mai Tsafta (The Clean Water Act):''' An sanya hannu kan Dokar Ruwa Mai Tsafta a matsayin doka a shekarar 1948 ƙarƙashin sunan Dokar Sarrafa Gurɓataccen Ruwa ta Tarayya, tare da faɗaɗa amincewa da gyare-gyare a shekarar 1972. Gyare-gyaren sun haɗa da:
** Haramta fitar da kowane irin gurɓataccen abu a kowane wuri da zai iya kaiwa ga manyan rukunonin ruwa.
** Tsara yadda gurɓatattun abubuwa ke shiga cikin rukunonin ruwa.
** Samar da kuɗaɗe don gina masana'antun tace ruwan kwasfa.
** Ba wa Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka (EPA) ikon tilasta bin dokokin tsara ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.epa.gov/laws-regulations/history-clean-water-act |title=History of the Clean Water Act |publisher=United States Environmental Protection Agency |access-date=2017-02-23 |date=2013-02-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Dokar Zubar da Shara a Teku (The Ocean Dumping Act):''' An sanya hannu kan Dokar Zubar da Shara a Teku a shekarar 1972 don hana gurɓacewar da ta wuce kima shiga cikin teku. EPA tana da ikon yin tara da ba ta wuce $50,000 ba ga kowane keta haddi na lasisi. Dokar ta kuma ba da damar gudanar da bincike na gaba ɗaya da bincike na EPA kan yadda za a fitar da teku daga zubar da gurɓatattun abubuwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.gc.noaa.gov/documents/gcil_crs_oda.pdf|title=Ocean Dumping Act: A Summary of the Law}}&lt;/ref&gt;
** '''Dokar Kare Gabar Teku (SPA):''' Dokar Kare Gabar Teku ta fito ne daga babi na IV na Dokar Zubar da Shara a Teku. Tana hana jiragen ruwa ɗaukar sharar gida a cikin ruwan gabar teku ba tare da izini ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.epa.gov/laws-regulations/summary-shore-protection-act|title=Summary of the Shore Protection Act|publisher=United States Environmental Protection Agency |access-date=2017-03-01|date=2013-02-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Haƙƙin Samun Ruwa (Right To Water):''' Wanda kuma aka sani da Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam na Samun Ruwa da Tsafta, Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ce ta kafa shi a ranar 28 ga Yuli, 2010. An ƙara shi cikin dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa lokacin da MDD ta amince da ruwa da tsafta na gaba ɗaya a matsayin haƙƙin ɗan adam na yau da kullum. Yana buƙatar jihohi da ƙasashe su samar da ruwan sha mai tsafta kuma mai sauƙin samu ga mutanensu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/human_right_to_water.shtml|title=International Decade for Action 'Water for Life' 2005–2015. Focus Areas: The human right to water and sanitation|website=www.un.org|language=EN|access-date=2017-02-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Dokar Amincin Ruwan Sha (SDWA):''' An sanya Dokar Amincin Ruwan Sha a matsayin doka a shekarar 1974. Tana ba da kariya ga ruwa na saman ƙasa da na ƙarƙashin ƙasa. A shekarar 1996, an ƙara gyare-gyare da ke buƙatar EPA ta tantance haɗari da farashi yayin ƙirƙirar ma'aunai na wannan doka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.epa.gov/laws-regulations/summary-safe-drinking-water-act|title=Summary of the Safe Drinking Water Act |publisher=United States Environmental Protection Agency |language=en|access-date=2017-03-01|date=2013-02-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Fafutuka ====
Idan ana maganar Amurka kaɗai, an sami ayyuka da yawa game da matsalolin ruwa a Standing Rock, ND da Flint, Michigan. Lokacin da matsalar ta taso na gina bututun mai a Yankin Sioux na Standing Rock a North Dakota, mazauna yankin sun fara ɗaukar mataki kusan nan take. Lokacin da aka ba da shawarar gina bututun a cikin watan Janairu 2016, ƙabilar Sioux ta fitar da takardar kuka da ta sami sa hannun kusan mutane dubu ɗari biyar a cikin watanni uku.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fusion&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://fusion.net/story/372387/timeline-nodapl-protests-standing-rock/|title=A timeline of the year of resistance at Standing Rock|work=Fusion|access-date=2017-03-04|language=en-US|archive-date=2017-03-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170327164057/http://fusion.net/story/372387/timeline-nodapl-protests-standing-rock/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan ya jinkirta gina bututun mai, amma matakan ba su tsaya a nan ba. A cikin watan Yuli na wannan shekarar, ƙabilar ta yi ƙoƙarin shigar da ƙara kan Hukumar Injiniya ta Soja (Army Corps of Engineers) da hujjarta cewa hakan zai cutar da samar da ruwa a yankin. Wannan ya sa Kamfanin Energy Transfer Partners shigar da ƙarar martani, inda suka ce ƙungiyar tana kawo cikas ga aikinsu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fusion&quot; /&gt; 'Yar takarar shugaban ƙasa na shekarar 2016 Jill Stein ta jagoranci ƙungiyoyin yaki da ginin, wanda ya haɗa da fentin fenti a kan injin tura ƙasa (bulldozer) tare da jimlar, &quot;Na amince da wannan saƙon&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.omaha.com/news/politics/in-omaha-jill-stein-defends-spray-painting-bulldozer-at-north/article_39bae5a9-d586-55bf-8bb6-f884a763029e.html|title=In Omaha, Jill Stein defends spray-painting bulldozer at North Dakota pipeline protest |author=Robynn Tysver|work=Omaha.com|access-date=2017-03-04|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Don ƙara yaɗa batun, an kama jaruma Shailene Woodley saboda toshe ginin bututun.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.democracynow.org/2016/10/24/arrested_actor_shailene_woodley_why_do|title=Actor Shailene Woodley on Her Arrest, Strip Search and Dakota Access Pipeline Resistance|website=Democracy Now!|access-date=2017-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt; Har yanzu ana tsaka da muhawara kan ko za a gina bututun ko a'a.

Rikicin ruwa a Flint, Michigan shi ma ya sa masu fafutuka mayar da hankali kan kai wa mutane ruwa mai tsafta. Bayan shawarar shekarar 2014 ta mayar da Kogin Flint a matsayin babban hanyar samar da ruwa na garin, mazauna wurin sun lura da sauri cewa ingancin ruwansu yana raguwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.bridgemi.com/truth-squad-companion/disaster-day-day-detailed-flint-crisis-timeline?gclid=CNWI6YfKvNICFdU7gQodqDkDmA|title=Disaster Day by Day: A detailed Flint crisis timeline|date=2016-02-04|access-date=2017-03-04|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kungiyar Kare 'Yancin Bil'adama ta Amurka (ACLU) ta shigar da ƙare-ƙare daban-daban a kan gwamnati a Flint, tana cewa matakin gubar da ke cikin ruwan yana da yawa sosai, kuma ta buƙaci a canza bututun ruwan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/flint-water-crisis/2017/01/09/activists-flint-water-tests/96342196/|title=Activists urge caution on Flint water despite improved tests|work=Detroit Free Press|access-date=2017-03-04|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan bai riga ya faru ba, kuma mutanen Flint suna ci gaba da fafutukar neman ruwa mai tsafta.

==== Kungiyoyi da shirye-shirye masu alaƙa ====
Ƙungiyoyi da shirye-shirye da yawa na jiha da na ƙasa sun sadaukar da kansu ga samar da ruwa mai aminci. Ikon waɗannan ƙungiyoyin ya bambanta ta hanyar ayyukansu (daga mayar da hankali kan ƙaramin yanki zuwa aiki a duniya) da kuma fannonin adalcin ruwa da suke bayar da gudummawa a kai. Da yawa daga cikin waɗannan ƙungiyoyin suna aiki ne a cikin tsarin gwamnati yayin da wasu ke aiki a wajensu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.nesc.wvu.edu/links/DW_nat.cfm|title=Drinking Water National and State Organizations and Programs|website=www.nesc.wvu.edu|access-date=2017-02-28|archive-date=2020-01-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200128132141/http://www.nesc.wvu.edu/links/DW_nat.cfm|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Waɗannan ƙungiyoyin sun taimaka wajen fahimta da ilimi game da matsalolin da suka shafi ruwa, yadda suke shafar daidaikun mutane da al'ummomi, kuma sun samo hanyoyin inganta damar samun ruwa mai aminci.

Rukunonin ƙungiyoyi da shirye-shiryen adalcin ruwa sun haɗa da:
* Ilimi: Amurka tana da ɗayan mafi amincin hanyoyin samar da ruwan sha a duniya. Duk da wannan, akwai lokuta da ɓarnar cututtuka daban-daban da matsalolin kiwon lafiya masu alaƙa saboda gurɓataccen ruwa da ake kai wa Hukumar Kula da Cututtuka (CDC) kowace shekara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/healthyhomes/bytopic/water.html|title=CDC – Healthy Homes {{!}} Health Topics {{!}} Drinking Water Safety|website=www.cdc.gov|language=en-us|access-date=2017-02-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ƙungiyoyi da yawa suna aiki don ilimantar da al'ummomi game da ingantattun hanyoyin tsaron ruwa kuma suna jaddada wa daidaikun mutane da al'ummomi su fahimci inda hanyar samar da ruwansu yake fitowa.
* Masana'antu: Kungiyoyi da yawa na adalcin ruwa suna aiki a cikin masana'antu masu alaƙa da ruwan al'umma don ƙirƙirar mafi amincin abubuwan more rayuwa na ruwa. Da yawa suna ba da takardar shaida ga wasu sana'o'i don tabbatar da ingancin aiki da samfuran da suka shafi ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.abccert.org/|title=Association of Boards of Certification|website=www.abccert.org|access-date=2017-03-01|archive-date=2017-03-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170303042944/http://www.abccert.org/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da ƙari, ƙungiyoyi da yawa sun ƙirƙiri rukunoni don sana'o'in da ke ma'amala da abubuwan more rayuwa na ruwa da tsaro. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan sana'o'in sun haɗa da kwararrun lafiyar jama'a, injiniyoyi, da masu binciken kimiyya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.nesc.wvu.edu/links/DW_nat.cfm|title=Drinking Water National and State Organizations and Programs|website=www.nesc.wvu.edu|access-date=2017-03-01|archive-date=2020-01-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200128132141/http://www.nesc.wvu.edu/links/DW_nat.cfm|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Bincike: Da yawa daga cikin waɗannan ƙungiyoyin kuma suna haɓaka bincike mai alaƙa da muhalli da lafiyar jama'a kuma suna taimakawa wajen ba da kuɗi da ilimi ga waɗannan ayyukan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.fwr.org/|title=FWR Home Page|last=Jones|first=Gordon|website=www.fwr.org|access-date=2017-03-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Gwamnati: Ƙungiyoyi da yawa masu alaƙa da adalcin ruwa suna aiki tare ko a cikin gwamnati don kafa canji a cikin manufofin ruwa da gudanarwa. Wannan na iya haɗawa da gwamnatocin birni da na jiha, zuwa gwamnatin tarayya, har zuwa gwamnatocin Ƙabila.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://tribalclimateguide.uoregon.edu/climate-programs/national-tribal-environmental-council|title=National Tribal Environmental Council {{!}} Tribal Climate Change Guide|website=tribalclimateguide.uoregon.edu|access-date=2017-03-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;
==== Fafutuka ====
Idan ana maganar Amurka kaɗai, an sami ayyuka da yawa game da matsalolin ruwa a Standing Rock, ND da Flint, Michigan. Lokacin da matsalar ta taso na gina bututun mai a Yankin Sioux na Standing Rock a North Dakota, mazauna yankin sun fara ɗaukar mataki kusan nan take. Lokacin da aka ba da shawarar gina bututun a cikin watan Janairu 2016, ƙabilar Sioux ta fitar da takardar kuka da ta sami sa hannun kusan mutane dubu ɗari biyar a cikin watanni uku.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fusion&quot;/&gt; Wannan ya jinkirta gina bututun mai, amma matakan ba su tsaya a nan ba. A cikin watan Yuli na wannan shekarar, ƙabilar ta yi ƙoƙarin shigar da ƙara kan Hukumar Injiniya ta Soja (Army Corps of Engineers) da hujjarta cewa hakan zai cutar da samar da ruwa a yankin. Wannan ya sa Kamfanin Energy Transfer Partners shigar da ƙarar martani, inda suka ce ƙungiyar tana kawo cikas ga aikinsu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fusion&quot; /&gt; 'Yar takarar shugaban ƙasa na shekarar 2016 Jill Stein ta jagoranci ƙungiyoyin yaki da ginin, wanda ya haɗa da fentin fenti a kan injin tura ƙasa (bulldozer) zare da jimlar, &quot;Na amince da wannan saƙon&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.omaha.com/news/politics/in-omaha-jill-stein-defends-spray-painting-bulldozer-at-north/article_39bae5a9-d586-55bf-8bb6-f884a763029e.html|title=In Omaha, Jill Stein defends spray-painting bulldozer at North Dakota pipeline protest |author=Robynn Tysver|work=Omaha.com|access-date=2017-03-04|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Don ƙara yaɗa batun, an kama jaruma Shailene Woodley saboda toshe ginin bututun.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.democracynow.org/2016/10/24/arrested_actor_shailene_woodley_why_do|title=Actor Shailene Woodley on Her Arrest, Strip Search and Dakota Access Pipeline Resistance|website=Democracy Now!|access-date=2017-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt; Har yanzu ana tsaka da muhawara kan ko za a gina bututun ko a'a.

Rikicin ruwa a Flint, Michigan shi ma ya sa masu fafutuka mayar da hankali kan kai wa mutane ruwa mai tsafta. Bayan shawarar shekarar 2014 ta mayar da Kogin Flint a matsayin babban hanyar samar da ruwa na garin, mazauna wurin sun lura da sauri cewa ingancin ruwansu yana raguwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.bridgemi.com/truth-squad-companion/disaster-day-day-detailed-flint-crisis-timeline?gclid=CNWI6YfKvNICFdU7gQodqDkDmA|title=Disaster Day by Day: A detailed Flint crisis timeline|date=2016-02-04|access-date=2017-03-04|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kungiyar Kare 'Yancin Bil'adama ta Amurka (ACLU) ta shigar da ƙare-ƙare daban-daban a kan gwamnati a Flint, tana cewa matakin gubar da ke cikin ruwan yana da yawa sosai, kuma ta buƙaci a canza bututun ruwan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/flint-water-crisis/2017/01/09/activists-flint-water-tests/96342196/|title=Activists urge caution on Flint water despite improved tests|work=Detroit Free Press|access-date=2017-03-04|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan bai riga ya faru ba, kuma mutanen Flint suna ci gaba da fafutukar neman ruwa mai tsafta.

==== Kungiyoyi da shirye-shirye masu alaƙa ====
Ƙungiyoyi da shirye-shirye da yawa na jiha da na ƙasa sun sadaukar da kansu ga samar da ruwa mai aminci. Ikon waɗannan ƙungiyoyin ya bambanta ta hanyar ayyukansu (daga mayar da hankali kan ƙaramin yanki zuwa aiki a duniya) da kuma fannonin adalcin ruwa da suke bayar da gudummawa a kai. Da yawa daga cikin waɗannan ƙungiyoyin suna aiki ne a cikin tsarin gwamnati yayin da wasu ke aiki a wajensu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.nesc.wvu.edu/links/DW_nat.cfm|title=Drinking Water National and State Organizations and Programs|website=www.nesc.wvu.edu|access-date=2017-02-28|archive-date=2020-01-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200128132141/http://www.nesc.wvu.edu/links/DW_nat.cfm|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Waɗannan ƙungiyoyin sun taimaka wajen fahimta da ilimi game da matsalolin da suka shafi ruwa, yadda suke shafar daidaikun mutane da al'ummomi, kuma sun samo hanyoyin inganta damar samun ruwa mai aminci.

Rukunonin ƙungiyoyi da shirye-shiryen adalcin ruwa sun haɗa da:
* Ilimi: Amurka tana da ɗayan mafi amincin hanyoyin samar da ruwan sha a duniya. Duk da wannan, akwai lokuta da ɓarnar cututtuka daban-daban da matsalolin kiwon lafiya masu alaƙa saboda gurɓataccen ruwa da ake kai wa Hukumar Kula da Cututtuka (CDC) kowace shekara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/healthyhomes/bytopic/water.html|title=CDC – Healthy Homes {{!}} Health Topics {{!}} Drinking Water Safety|website=www.cdc.gov|language=en-us|access-date=2017-02-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ƙungiyoyi da yawa suna aiki don ilimantar da al'ummomi game da ingantattun hanyoyin tsaron ruwa kuma suna jaddada wa daidaikun mutane da al'ummomi su fahimci inda hanyar samar da ruwansu yake fitowa.
* Masana'antu: Kungiyoyi da yawa na adalcin ruwa suna aiki a cikin masana'antu masu alaƙa da ruwan al'umma don ƙirƙirar mafi amincin abubuwan more rayuwa na ruwa. Da yawa suna ba da takardar shaida ga wasu sana'o'i don tabbatar da ingancin aiki da samfuran da suka shafi ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.abccert.org/|title=Association of Boards of Certification|website=www.abccert.org|access-date=2017-03-01|archive-date=2017-03-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170303042944/http://www.abccert.org/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da ƙari, ƙungiyoyi da yawa

=== Misalan Nazari: Afirka ===
Obuasi, Ghana ita ce gidan ɗayan manyan wuraren haƙar gwal a duniya. A shekarar 1897 aka fara amfani da na'urori na farko don haƙar gwal daga yankin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashanti Company History&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Ashanti Company History |publisher=AngloGold Ashanti|year=2005|url=http://www.ashantigold.com/NR/rdonlyres/BDB5B570-C236-4C5B-9F53-1B5ED83F7E0C/0/Ashanti_CompanyHistory.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yayin da shekaru suka shuɗe, an sami buƙatar sabbin dabarun samar da hanyoyin &quot;sarrafa ɗanyen sinadaran gwal&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashanti Company History&quot; /&gt; Kafin shekarar 1908, an kawo wani babban masanin kimiyyar sinadarai don ya taimaka da dabarun, inda ya zo da hanyarsa ta ƙasar Australia ta &quot;musa busasshe da gassawa kafin a sarrafa shi da cyanide&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashanti Company History&quot; /&gt; Koguna da yawa, wuraren kamun kifi, da tsarin ban ruwa ko dai sun lalace kaɗan ko kuma gaba ɗaya na dindindin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Action Aid, 2006, 3&quot;&gt;Action Aid, 2006, 3&lt;/ref&gt; Masana'antar haƙar gwal ta yi ƙoƙarin biyan diyya ta hynar gina rukunonin famfunan tunkuda na tsaye (standpipes) amma ga mutane da yawa, ba su da amfani. Matsakaicin adadin gurɓataccen abu a cikin tsarin ruwan Obuasi ya ninka sau 10 zuwa 38 sama da matsakaicin adadin da doka ta amince da shi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Action Aid, 2006, 9&quot;&gt;Action Aid, 2006, 9&lt;/ref&gt; Ɓangarori biyu na farko na gurɓatar su ne hoɗar arsenic da ke fita daga injinan nika&lt;ref&gt;Golow et al., 703&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma babban adadin ruwan da ke kwarara wanda ake zubarwa ta hanyar madatsun ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Action Aid, 2006, 9&quot;/&gt; &quot;Don haka a lokacin sarrafa ɗanyen gwal ɗin, ƙurar na iya ƙunsar ɓangarorin ɗanyen gwal, ferric oxide, oxides na arsenic da sulphur&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Golow et al., 2010, 703&quot;&gt;Golow et al., 2010, 703&lt;/ref&gt; Daga nan ƙurar za ta bazu cikin sararin samaniya kuma ta sauka a kan ƙasa, mutane, da koguna.&lt;ref name=&quot;Golow et al., 2010, 703&quot;&gt;Golow et al., 2010, 703&lt;/ref&gt; A Obuasi, suna samun yawan ruwan sama na shekara-shekara saboda dajin ruku'u na wurare masu zafi da ke kewaye da shi (Smedley, 1996, 464). Yayin hazo ko ruwan sama, ƙurar &quot;za ta iya haɗuwa da iska ta zama trioxide kuma ta rikide zuwa sulphate a cikin hazo da ruwan sama&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Golow et al., 2010, 703&quot; /&gt; Ƙasa ita ce babbar manufar gurɓatar saboda ƙasar tana gurɓata kuma duk wani tsiro da ya girma ya rube yana komawa daidai cikin ƙasa, wanda ke haifar da gurɓatar ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Golow et al., 2010, 703&quot; /&gt; Duk da haka, ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa bai gurɓata kamar magudanar ruwa ko koguna ba, musamman saboda babban tsarin narkewar arsenic da kuma saboda duwatsun da ke tsakanin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa da ƙasa. &quot;Kashin cikas kawai shi ne cewa duk abin da aka ajiye a saman ƙasa za a iya ɗaukar shi zuwa mafi zurfi cikin lokaci ta hanyar ruwan sama (Gish et al, 2010, 1973)&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Golow et al., 2010, 703&quot; /&gt; Yankunan da suka fi fuskantar mummunan lahani su ne waɗanda ke kusa da mahakar gwal ɗin, amma yayin da iska ke ɗaukar ƙurar, yankunan da ke da tazarar daruruwan miloli suna gurɓata da sinadaran.&lt;ref&gt;Golow et al., 2010, 706&lt;/ref&gt; Sakamakon babban fitar da sinadarai daga injinan haƙar gwal da kuma zubar da guba da ba a magance ba, koguna da yawa, magudanar ruwa, tabkuna da tsarin ban ruwa sun lalace ko kuma sun daina aiki.&lt;ref&gt;Action Aid, 2006, 5&lt;/ref&gt; Mazauna cikin gida sun shafu ƙwarai da gaske ta wannan lamari. Mazauna sun ga sauye-sauyen muhalli musamman a cikin ruwa. Laka mai kauri tana kwarara a kan magudanar ruwa da a dā su ne manyan hanyoyin samun ruwan sha a cewar mazauna cikin gida.&lt;ref name=&quot;Action Aid, 2006, 3&quot;/&gt; Dukkan halittun ruwa a cikin koguna da magudanar ruwa sun mutu saboda yawan sinadarai a cikin ruwan.&lt;ref&gt;ActionAid, 2006, 3&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar Action Aid, mazauna sun ga bututu da ke gudanar da ruwa kai tsaye zuwa magudanar ruwa na cikin gida da koguna waɗanda ke zubar da sharar kai tsaye, wani lokacin kuma suna haifar da ambaliyar magudanar ruwa da kogunan (2006, 11). Manoman cikin gida da yawa sun fi kowa wahala saboda gurɓatar ruwan. Sakamakon tsarin ban ruwa da ke amfani da gurbataccen ruwan don ban ruwa ga dukkan ƙasajen, su ma ƙasajen sai suka gurbata.&lt;ref name=&quot;Action Aid, 2006, 3&quot; /&gt; Ƙasar ba ta da amfani kuma, wanda hakan ya sa amfanin gona da ake amfani da shi don kasuwancinsu da kuma iyalansu ya mutu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Action Aid, 2006, 3&quot; /&gt; Yara ma sun kasance waɗanda abin ya shafa kuma gurbatar yanayi ta shafe su. A cewar Action Aid, makarantu da yawa sun fuskanci ambaliyar ruwa saboda kwararar magudanar ruwa na cikin gida, wanda ya sa yara barin makaranta, wani lokacin kuma na dindindin. AngloGold Ashanti (AGA) ya kafa famfunan tunkuda na tsaye don biyan diyya na gurbataccen ruwan da ake samarwa, amma waɗannan su ma ba su da amfani ga mazauna yankin. An sanya famfunan tunkuda na tsaye a cikin shekarun 1940 da 50 waɗanda yanzu suka gurɓata da arsenic daga injinan nika.&lt;ref name=&quot;Action Aid, 2006, 15&quot;&gt;Action Aid, 2006, 15&lt;/ref&gt; Ma'aikatan AGA sun yi iƙirarin cewa hakan ya faru ne saboda an yi su da ƙarfe, amma bincike ya nuna babban adadin arsenic a cikin ruwan.&lt;ref name=&quot;Action Aid, 2006, 15&quot; /&gt; Da yawa daga cikin famfunan ko dai sun lalace ko kuma sun daina aiki.&lt;ref name=&quot;Action Aid, 2006, 3&quot; /&gt; Wannan ya sa mazauna garin tafiya aƙalla mil 1.5 don neman ruwa mai tsafta.&lt;ref&gt;Action Aid, 2006, 16&lt;/ref&gt; Duk wahalar da mutanen cikin gida ke sha don samun ruwa mai tsafta ba ta dace ba. Ba a ba wa mazauna cikin gida kowane irin diyya ba saboda ɓarnar da aka yi wa ruwansu da muhallinsu.

== Tattalin Arziki ==

=== Tattalin arzikin duniya ===
Haɗakar tattalin arzikin duniya (Globalization) ta amfani da tattalin arziki ƙwarai da gaske ta hanyar haɓaka kasuwanci da samar da abinci, makamashi, da kayayyaki. Sai dai, haɓakar kasuwanci da samar da kayayyaki yana buƙatar ruwa mai yawa, har ma ƙasashen OECD sun yi hasashen cewa nan da shekarar 2050, buƙatar ruwa ta duniya za ta ƙaru da kashi 55%.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anders&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/global-water-crisis-politics-business-security|title=The global water crisis – why water politics matter for business security|last2=Jägerskog|first2=Dr Anders|date=30 August 2013|website=The Guardian|last3=Berggren|first3=Jens|last4=Joyce|first4=John|last1=Holmgren|first1=Torgny}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ƙasashe da ƙungiyoyi da dama sun ayyana matsalar ƙarancin ruwa (water crisis). Ruwa albarkatun ƙasa ne mai iyaka wanda ake raba shi tsakanin ƙasashe, a cikin ƙasashe, rukunonin masu sha'awa daban-daban da kuma ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu. Kusan kashi 50% na duk ruwan da ke akwai yana tsakanin ƙasashe biyu ko fiye.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anders&quot; /&gt; Siyasar ruwa da gudanarwa suna buƙatar rarraba ruwa mai inganci ta hanyar manufofi da haɗin gwiwa tsakanin ƙasashe. Rashin kyawun siyasar ruwa da ayyukansa na iya haifar da rikicin ruwa (water conflict), wanda ya fi zama ruwan dare game da ruwan sha mai daɗi saboda muhimmancinsa ga rayuwa. Ƙasashen da ke da wadataccen ruwa suna da babban nasarar tattalin arziki saboda haɓakar ayyukan noma da samar da kayayyaki, yayin da ƙasashen da ke da ƙarancin samun ruwa, ba su da nasarar tattalin arziki sosai.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hoekstra&quot;&gt;{{cite report|date=January 2010|title=WHO: The Relation Between International Trade and Freshwater Scarcity|url=https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/reser_e/ersd201005_e.pdf|pages=1–26|last1=Hoekstra|first1=Arjen}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan gibi a cikin nasarar tattalin arziki saboda wadatar ruwa shi ma na iya haifar da rikicin ruwa. Hukumar Ciniki ta Duniya (The World Trade Organization) ta ɓullo a matsayin jigo wajen rarraba ruwa domin kare kasuwancin aikin noma.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hoekstra&quot; /&gt; Ruwa wani muhimmin kayan masarufi ne a kasuwar duniya don nasarar tattalin arziki.

==== Kogin Jordan ====

Rikicin Kogin Jordan (Jordan River), wanda kuma aka sani da Yaƙi kan Ruwa misali ne na rikicin kan iyaka tsakanin Israel, Jordan, Lebanon da Palestine. Wannan rikicin ruwa ya samo asali ne tun a shekarar 1953 sakamakon rashin kyawun siyasar ruwa da gudanarwa tsakanin ƙasashe, kuma har yanzu ana tsaka da tattaunawa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://gurukul.ucc.american.edu/ted/ice/jordan.htm|title=JORDAN|website=gurukul.ucc.american.edu|last1=Cartwright|first1=Randy|access-date=2017-03-30|archive-date=2016-12-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222220452/http://gurukul.ucc.american.edu/ted/ice/jordan.htm|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rikicin ya fara ne da nufin ƙasar Jordan na yin ban ruwa ga ƙasa ta amfani da rukunin ruwa na haɗin gwiwa don aikin noma da dalilan tattalin arziki, a matsayin martani, Israel ta rufe ƙofofin wata madatsar ruwa a Tekun Galili (Sea of Galilee), wanda hakan ya share ruwan da ke akwai.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wolf Newton&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Wolf |first1=Aaron |last2=Newton |first2=Joshua |url=http://www.transboundarywaters.orst.edu/research/case_studies/Jordan_New.htm |title=Case studies {{!}} Water Conflict Management and Transformation at OSU |website=transboundarywaters.orst.edu |access-date=2017-03-30 |archive-date=2018-02-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180225082416/http://www.transboundarywaters.orst.edu/research/case_studies/Jordan_New.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; An fara shawarwari da Tsarin Bunger wanda zai rarraba ruwa daga Kogin Jordan cikin adalci tsakanin ƙasashen da ke kewaye, sai dai Israel ta bayyana cewa ba a amince da haƙƙinta na gabar teku ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wolf Newton&quot; /&gt; Sakamakon rikicin Kogin Jordan ya haifar da lalacewar tattalin arziki ga ban ruwa, aikin noma, samar da kayayyaki, da albarkatun ƙasa ga dukkan ƙasashen da abin ya shafa. Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (The World Health Organization) ta rubuta cewa jimillar asarar tattalin arzikin duniya da ke da alaƙa da rashin isassun siyasar ruwa, samarwa da tsaftace muhalli an kiyasta ta kai dalar Amurka biliyan 260 kowace shekara.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|date=March 2013|title=Global costs and benefits of reaching universal coverage of sanitation and drinking-water supply|journal=Journal of Water and Health|volume=11|issue=1|pages=1–12|doi=10.2166/wh.2012.105|last1=Hutton|first1=Guy|pmid=23428544|doi-access=free |bibcode=2013JWH....11....1H }}&lt;/ref&gt; Rikicin Kogin Jordan yana nuna rashin ingantacciyar siyasar ruwa ta kan iyaka, wanda ya taimaka wajen wannan asarar tattalin arzikin duniya na shekara-shekara. A halin yanzu, shawarwari sun yi ƙoƙarin kafa rabo mai adalci na Kogin Jordan, amma ba su sami nasara sosai ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wolf Newton&quot; /&gt;

==== Tekun Aral ====

Rikicin ruwa a Tekun Aral (Aral Sea) wani rikici ne na kan iyaka da ke ci gaba da faruwa tun daga shekarar 1991 tsakanin Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan da Uzbekistan.&lt;ref name=&quot;ECC Conflict Aral&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://library.ecc-platform.org/conflicts/conflict-over-water-aral-sea|title=Conflict Over Water in the Aral Sea {{!}} ECC Factbook|date=9 February 2015|website=ECC Library|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Wolf Newton 2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Wolf |first1=Aaron |last2=Newton |first2=Joshua |url=http://www.transboundarywaters.orst.edu/research/case_studies/Aral_Sea_New.htm |title=Case studies {{!}} Water Conflict Management and Transformation at OSU |website=transboundarywaters.orst.edu |access-date=2017-03-30 |archive-date=2018-02-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180218093815/http://www.transboundarywaters.orst.edu/research/case_studies/Aral_Sea_New.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Dalilai na zamantakewa kamar haɓakar tattalin arziki, ƙaruwar jama'a, buƙatar wutar lantarki, da gurɓataccen yanayi sun haifar da ƙarancin ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;ECC Conflict Aral&quot; /&gt; Ƙarancin ruwan ya haifar da iyakancewar samun damar rarraba ruwa yadda ya kamata tsakanin ƙasashen da ke maƙwabtaka da juna.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wolf Newton 2&quot; /&gt; Ƙarancin ruwan ya shafi fannoni da yawa na rayuwa da albarkatun ƙasa kamar su; kifi, raye-rayen halittu daban-daban (biodiversity), ruwa, gurɓataccen iska, aikin gandun daji, ƙasar noma da wadatar tsarin muhalli.&lt;ref name=&quot;ECC Conflict Aral&quot; /&gt; Tasirin rashin kyawun siyasar ruwa da gudanarwa ya yi tasiri mara kyau ga tattalin arzikin ƙasashen da ke kewaye kuma ya haifar da matsa lamba ga albarkatun da ke da matukar muhimmanci ga fannin aikin noma.&lt;ref name=&quot;ECC Conflict Aral&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Wolf Newton 2&quot; /&gt; Bincike ya nuna cewa ƙarancin ruwa na iya janyewa yankuna asarar har kashi 6 cikin ɗari na GDP dinsu kuma ya haifar da ƙaura, wanda ke yin tasiri mara kyau ga tattalin arzikin cikin gida.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/water/publication/high-and-dry-climate-change-water-and-the-economy|title=High and Dry: Climate Change, Water, and the Economy|website=World Bank|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; An yi ƙoƙari da dama don magance rikicin daga ƙungiyoyi daban-daban kamar Hukumar Kula da Haɗin Kan Ruwa ta Tsakanin Ƙasashe, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Tekun Aral, da Shirin Rukunin Ruwa na Tekun Aral, amma har yanzu matsalar tana nan tana faruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;ECC Conflict Aral&quot; /&gt;

=== Tattalin arzikin cikin gida ===
Siyasar ruwa tana nan a cikin ƙasashe, wanda kuma aka sani da matakin yanki (subnational). Raba ikon samun ruwa tsakanin hukumomin gwamnati daban-daban yana da mahimmanci ga siyasar ruwa mai inganci. Rashin ingantacciyar siyasar ruwa a matakin yanki yana da babban tasiri ga tattalin arzikin cikin gida ta hanyar ƙarin farashi ga kasuwanci, ƙarin farashi ga fannin aikin noma, rage gasar cikin gida, raguwar ayyukan yi na cikin gida da farashin abubuwan more rayuwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.veolianorthamerica.com/en/implications-of-growth|title=Home page}}&lt;/ref&gt; Misali, jihar Texas tana shirin gina madatsun ruwa don magance ƙarancin ruwa; waɗannan madatsun ruwan za su ci dalar Amurka sama da $600 ga kowane acre-foot don ginawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;alamaro&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Alamaro|first1=Moshe|title=Water politics must adapt to a warming world|journal=Nature|date=30 September 2014|volume=514|issue=7520|pages=7|doi=10.1038/514007a|pmid=25279881|bibcode=2014Natur.514....7A|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jihohi na cikin ƙasa suna da muhimmiyar rawa a cikin siyasar ruwa ta hanyar gudanar da dabarun ruwa na cikin gida da kuma magance matsalolin da suka shafi siyasar ruwa kamar rarrabawa, ƙarancin ruwa da gurɓatar ruwa.

==== Rukunin ruwa na Kogin Colorado ====

Rukunin ruwa na Kogin Colorado (Colorado River) rukunin ruwa ne na kan iyaka da ke tsakanin Amurka (United States) da Mexico. Sai dai a matakin cikin gida a Amurka, ana raba rukunin ruwan ne tsakanin Colorado, Utah, Arizona, Nevada da California. Rukunin Ruwa na Kogin Colorado yana nuna rikicin tsakanin gwamnatoci kan ikon cin gashin kansa na siyasar ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;moore&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|date=19 January 2017|title=The dilemma of autonomy: decentralization and water politics at the subnational level|journal=Water International|volume=42|issue=2|pages=222–239|doi=10.1080/02508060.2017.1276038|last1=Moore|first1=Scott M.|bibcode=2017WatIn..42..222M |hdl=10986/26253|s2cid=157939313|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Siyasar ruwa ta tsakanin gwamnatoci tana da jarumai da dama kamar ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da rukunonin masu sha'awa daban-daban. Haɗin gwiwa a cikin siyasar ruwa ta cikin gida na iya haifar da fa'idodin tattalin arziki ta hanyar raba farashi da haɗari ga abubuwan more rayuwa. Bugu da ƙari, ingantaccen gudanarwar siyasar ruwa yana haifar da rarraba ruwa mai riba wanda zai iya dorewar ban ruwa da fannin aikin noma.

== Haƙƙoƙin Ɗan Adam ==
[[File:Indian women carrying water.jpg|thumb|Indian women carrying water]]
Ruwa wani babban buƙata ne na dindindin ga dorewar ɗan adam (human sustainability) da kuma rayuwarsa. Babu wani aikin ɗan adam da zai iya dorewa ba tare da amfani da ruwa ba, ko dai ta hanyar kai tsaye ko ta fito-na-fito.&lt;ref name=&quot;Elhance 2000&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Elhance|title=Hydropolitics: Grounds for Despair, Reasons for Hope|journal=International Negotiation|date=1 February 2000|volume=5|issue=2|pages=201–222|doi=10.1163/15718060020848730}}&lt;/ref&gt; Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta ayyana samun ruwa a matsayin muhimmin haƙƙin ɗan adam na yau da kullum a ƙarƙashin sassa na 11 da 12 na Yarjejeniyar Ƙasa da Ƙasa (International Covenant), wanda ke nuna tare da kare haƙƙoƙi a matakin ƙasa da ƙasa. Bugu da ƙari, Manufofin Haɓakawa na Millenium (Millennium Development Goals) na shekarar 2000 sun haɗa da raba ruwa da kuma rarraba shi cikin adalci a matsayin babban buri.&lt;ref name=&quot;khad&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Khadka|first1=Arjun Kumar|title=The Emergence of Water as a 'Human Right' on the World Stage: Challenges and Opportunities|journal=International Journal of Water Resources Development|date=22 January 2010|volume=26|issue=1|pages=37–49|doi=10.1080/07900620903391838|bibcode=2010IJWRD..26...37K |s2cid=154480603}}&lt;/ref&gt; Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya da Manufofin Haɓakawa na Millenium suna adawa da mayar da ruwa na kamfanoni masu zaman kansu (water privatization) domin ruwa haƙƙin ɗan adam ne, kuma kowane ɗan adam yana da haƙƙin amfani da ruwa. Daidaiton samun ruwa yana nufin cewa kada a ba wani mutum gata fiye da wani a matakin farko na rayuwa. Sayar da ruwa ba abu ne da Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya za ta amince da shi ko ba da hujja a kansa ba a matakin farko saboda ana kallon ruwa a matsayin haƙƙin ɗan adam na kowa da kowa. An ƙirƙiri haƙƙin samun ruwa ne musamman don taimaka wa talakawa a ƙasashe masu tasowa (developing countries) ta hanyar samun ruwa cikin adalci don hanzarta kariya daga rashin lafiya da mutuwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;khad&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;siva&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Sivakumar|first1=Bellie|title=Planning and management of shared waters: hydropolitics and hydropsychology – two sides of the same coin|journal=International Journal of Water Resources Development|date=16 October 2013|volume=30|issue=2|pages=200–210|doi=10.1080/07900627.2013.841072|s2cid=154793056}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da ƙari, haƙƙoƙin ruwa suna da alaƙa da kare muhalli, ƙarfafa tattalin arziki, da kuma ƙarfafa tsarin rarraba ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;khad&quot; /&gt;

An kafa yarjejeniyoyi da yawa don ƙoƙarin kauce wa rashin daidaito da rikici game da amfani da ruwa. Duk da haka, shugabannin ƙasa da ƙasa suna fuskantar jidali wajen haɗa yarjejeniyoyin ƙasashe biyu (bilateral) da na ƙasashe da yawa (multilateral) don tabbatar da rarraba ruwa cikin inganci da adalci. Misali, akwai kusan rukunonin koguna (river basins) guda 275 da rukunonin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa (groundwater aquifers) guda 270 tare da manufofin da ke gudanar da raba albarkatun tsakanin ƙasashe biyu ko fiye.&lt;ref name=&quot;siva&quot; /&gt; Duk da amfani da manufofi a cikin gudanar da ruwa na haɗin gwiwa, an sami rikice-rikice da yawa tsakanin ƙasashe saboda rashin kyawun rarraba ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;siva&quot; /&gt; Haka zalika, an sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyoyin ruwa sama da 300 a matakin ƙasa da ƙasa wajen magance rabon ruwa, tukunna ma dai gudanarwa da rarraba ruwa har yanzu ba a kai ga matsaya ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;Elhance 2000&quot; /&gt; A halin yanzu, manufofi da yarjejeniyoyin da aka yi niyya don magance siyasar ruwa da rarrabawa tsakanin ƙasashe ba su wadatar ba. Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya (United Nations) ba ta gabatar da wani shiri na ƙirƙirar tsari na dabarun ladabtar da ƙasashen da ke da rikicin ruwa ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;khad&quot; /&gt; Idan ba tare da tilasta bin waɗannan manufofi da tsari ba, ƙasashe suna jin matsa lamba kaɗan wajen bin manufofin, wanda ke haifar da ci gaba da rashin ingancin ayyukan siyasar ruwa. An sami buƙata daga ƙasashe da rukunonin masu sha'awa daban-daban ga Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya da ta fitar da manufa mai ɗauke da dokoki da iyakoki kan rabon ruwa da gudanarwa. Wannan manufa dole ne ta haɗa da bayyanannun tara da hukunci ga ƙasashen da suka saba wa manufofin.&lt;ref name=&quot;siva&quot; /&gt;

Yayin da samun ruwa ke raguwa yau da kullum, buƙatar manufofi da yarjejeniyoyi don magance rarraba ruwa da rabonsa na ƙaruwa. Yarjejeniyoyin ƙasashe biyu da na ƙasashe da yawa sun fi mahimmanci ga ƙasashen duniya na uku (third world countries) tunda ruwa albarkatun ƙasa ne mai ƙaranci, kuma su ne za su fara fuskantar ƙarancin ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;siva&quot; /&gt; Manufar yarjejeniyoyin ita ce tabbatar da cewa dukkan mutane suna da damar samun ruwa a matsayin wani ɓangare na muhimman haƙƙoƙinsu na ɗan adam na yau da kullum. Ƙasashe masu arziki (developed countries) na iya ba da sauran albarkatun don yin musanya da ruwa, amma ƙasashen duniya na uku ba su da kyakkyawan yanayi kamar ƙasashe masu arziki kuma za su yi baya-baya. Idan ba a kafa yarjejeniyoyi ba, ƙasashe da yawa na duniya na uku ba za su da wani zaɓi illa su juya ga yaƙi domin samar da ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;khad&quot; /&gt; Yaƙe-yaƙen ruwa na iya tasowa saboda muhimmancin ruwa ga rayuwa; ƙarancin ruwa na iya haifar da matsalolin tattalin arziki, matsalolin raye-rayen halittu daban-daban (biodiversity), matsalolin muhalli, rashin lafiya, har ma da mutuwa. Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya tana jaddadawa tare da ba da fifiko ga ruwa a matsayin haƙƙin ɗan adam. Duk da haka, Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta gaza ƙirƙirar manufar da ta dace wajen daidaita daidaito ta fuskar raba ruwa da gudanarwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;khad&quot; /&gt;

== Kimiyyar Halayyar Ruwa (Hydropsychology) ==
Ƙirƙirar manufofi da yarjejeniyoyi yana ƙara zama mai wahala lokacin da aka sanya batun kimiyyar halayyar ruwa (hydropsychology) a ciki. An san hydropsychology a matsayin amfani da ruwa a matakin ƙarami (micro-level) ko kuma a matakin mutum ɗaya. Hydropsychology yana da amfani saboda yana nazarin amfani da ruwa a ƙaramin sikeli. Ana kallon hydropsychology a matsayin dabarar bincike daga ƙasa zuwa sama (bottom-up approach) yayin da hydropolitics (siyasar ruwa) ita ce dabarar bincike daga sama zuwa ƙasa (top-down approach).&lt;ref name=&quot;siva&quot; /&gt; A tarihi, ba a ba wa hydropsychology hankali sosai ba saboda shugabannin ƙasa da ƙasa sun fi mayar da hankali kan rabon ruwa na ƙasa da ƙasa da gudanarwa maimakon amfanin gida (domestic use).&lt;ref name=&quot;Elhance 2000&quot; /&gt; A halin yanzu, shugabannin ƙasa da ƙasa suna neman gaggawa da ƙarin kulawa daga al'ummomin duniya kan batun hydropsychology saboda yana shafar ƙarancin ruwa ƙwarai da gaske.&lt;ref name=&quot;Elhance 2000&quot; /&gt; Misali, Amurka tana da wadataccen ruwa mai yawa; a sakamakon haka, gudanar da ruwa na Amurka a matakin ƙarami yana ba da damar gudanar da ayyukan shakatawa kamar wuraren shakatawa na ruwa (water parks) wanda ke ba da fa'idodin tattalin arziki. Yayin da ƙasashe da yawa na duniya na uku ba su da damar samun ruwa mai tsafta, kuma yanayinsu zai daɗa muni yayin da wadatar ruwa ke raguwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Elhance 2000&quot; /&gt; Hydropsychology yana da mahimmanci saboda yana ƙayyade yawan wadatar ruwan duniya da ake amfani da shi a matakin ƙarami. Bugu da ƙari, amfani da ruwa don ayyukan shakatawa maimakon dorewar rayuwa yana haifar da babban ƙaruwa a cikin kulawar da hydropsychology ke samu yanzu yayin da ake samun gagarumin gibi tsakanin wadatar ruwa a ƙasashe daban-daban. Wasu ƙasashen suna amfani da ruwa kyauta don nishaɗi, yayin da wasu ƙasajen ke da iyakantaccen ruwa don rayuwa, siyasar ruwa mai inganci tana magance wannan matsala ta hanyar rarraba ruwa da gudanarwa mai kyau.&lt;ref name=&quot;Elhance 2000&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;siva&quot; /&gt; Hydropsychology yana nuna cewa muradin wasu daidaikun mutane da al'ummomi a wasu ƙasashe yana ɗaukar fifiko fiye da mahimmancin daidaito da ruwa a matsayin haƙƙin ɗan adam.&lt;ref name=&quot;siva&quot; /&gt; Sai dai ƙasashe na iya amfani da albarkatun ƙasa yadda suke so, yarjejeniyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa suna nan don kauce wa rikicin ruwa tsakanin ƙasashe ta hanyar ayyukan rarraba ruwa mai inganci.

An sami shawara ta yin amfani da dabara mai daidaituwa don rabon ruwa da gudanarwa ta hanyar haɗa manyan siyasa a matakin ƙasa da ƙasa da ƙananan siyasa (hydropsychology) maimakon mayar da hankali gaba ɗaya kan dabara guda ɗaya jal. Wannan dabara mai daidaituwa za ta haɗa da manufofin da aka ƙirƙira a matakin al'umma da matakin ƙasa don magance batun rabon ruwa da gudanarwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;siva&quot; /&gt;
A halin yanzu, hydropolitics yana nazarin ruwa ne kawai a matakin ƙasa da ƙasa, kuma hydropsychology yana nazarin ruwa a matakin cikin gida. Rashin nasarar hydropolitics da kansa yana bayyana ta hanyar rikice-rikicen da suka faru a dā da na yanzu tsakanin ƙasajen da ke raba tare da gudanar da ruwa tare. Don haka, haɗakar hydropolitics da hydropsychology zai taimaka wa shugabannin ƙasa da ƙasa wajen magance rabon ruwa. Dukansu hydropolitics da hydropsychology suna da dabarun mabanbanta wajen gudanar da lamarin, kuma daban-daban ra'ayoyin na iya haɗewa don ƙirƙirar cikakken mafita.&lt;ref name=&quot;Elhance 2000&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;siva&quot; /&gt; Haɗakar hydropsychology da hydropolitics kuma za ta taimaka wajen ma'amala da batutuwa kamar kasuwancin ruwa na fito-na-fito (virtual water trading), shirin haɗa koguna (river linking scheme), manyan madatsun ruwa, da canjin yanayi (climate change).&lt;ref name=&quot;siva&quot; /&gt; Amfanin yana ginuwa ne a kan ra'ayin cewa amfani da ruwa yana farawa ne a matakin mutum ɗaya, wanda daga ƙarshe ke shafar ayyukan gwamnatoci da manyan hukumomi.&lt;ref name=&quot;siva&quot; /&gt; Matakin ƙasa da ƙasa ba ya ba da kulawa sosai ga al'amuran cikin gida amma yana da babban ilimi kan manufofin ƙasa da ƙasa. Bayan haka, matakin cikin gida ba ya ba da kulawa sosai ga al'amuran ƙasa da ƙasa amma yana da babban ilimi kan amfani da ruwa na cikin gida. Don haka, haɗakar biyun tana gyara rashin kulawar da kowane mataki ke bai wa ɗayan. Haka kuma yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa matakin mutum ɗaya yana da tasiri a matakin gwamnati, wanda ke shafar wadatar ruwa, da kuma yarjejeniyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa (international agreements) da za a ƙirƙira. Dole ne a yi la'akari da sasanta hydropolitics da hydropsychology wajen gudanar da rabon ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Elhance 2000&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;siva&quot; /&gt; An yi watsi da mahimmancin hydropsychology a dā, amma mahimmancinsa a bayyane yake ƙwarai don halin yanzu da na gaba.

== Mayar da Hannun Kamfanoni Masu Zaman Kansu (Privatization) ==
Mayar da kamfanonin ruwa ga hannun kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ya fuskanci kalubale da hamayya a lokuta da dama saboda rashin ingancin ingancin ruwa, hauhawar farashi, da kuma damuwar da ta shafi ɗabi'u da moral. A ƙasar Bolivia misali, shirin mayar da kamfanonin ruwa ga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu wanda Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya (International Monetary Fund) ya ba da shawara ya fuskanci zanga-zangar jama'a a Cochabamba a shekarar 2000, wanda hakan ya yi sanadiyyar korar Bechtel, wani kamfanin injiniya na Amurka da ke da tafi a San Francisco. Kamfanin Suez ya fara janye jikinsa daga Kudancin Amurka saboda makamancin wannan zanga-zanga a Buenos Aires, Santa Fe, da Córdoba.&lt;ref&gt;[http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=32660 WATER-LATIN AMERICA: Suez Packs Its Bags and Won't Be Back&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;]&lt;/ref&gt; Masu amfani da ruwan sun fito kan tituna domin nuna rashin amincewa da ƙarin farashin ruwa har kashi 500 cikin ɗari wanda kamfanin Suez ya sanya na dole. A Kudanci da Tsakiyar Amurka, Suez yana da lasisin gudanar da ruwa a kasashen Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil da Mexico. &quot;Jami'an Bolivia sun zargi Suez da rashin haɗa isassun gidaje da bututun ruwa kamar yadda kwangilarsa ta tanada, da kuma cajin kuɗi har dalar Amurka $455 ga kowane haɗin bututu, wato kusan sau uku na matsakaicin albashin kowane wata na akwautun ofis&quot;, kamar yadda jaridar The Mercury News ta ruwaito.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Bolivia's water wars coming to end under Morales |newspaper=[[Mercury News]] |date=February 26, 2006 |url=http://www.mercurynews.com/mld/mercurynews/news/world/13969197.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Afirka ta Kudu (South Africa) ma ta ɗauki matakan mayar da ruwa ga hannun kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, abin da ya haddasa ɓarnar cutar kwalara (cholera) da ta kashe mutane 200.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Water privatisation: ask the experts |work=BBC News |date=December 10, 2004 |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/talking_point/2957550.stm}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 1997, masu ba da shawara na Bankin Duniya (World Bank) sun taimaka wa gwamnatin Philippines wajen mayar da Tsarin Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli na Birnin Manila (MWSS) ga hannun kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. Zuwa shekarar 2003, ƙarin farashin ruwa ya kai kashi 81% a yankin gabashin Philippines da kashi 36% a yankin yamma. Yayin da ayyukan suka daɗa tsada kuma suka rasa inganci ƙarƙashin tsarin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, an sami raguwar damar samun ruwa ga gidajen talakawa. A cikin watan Oktoba 2003, Ƙungiyar 'Yanci daga Bashi (Freedom from Debt Coalition) ta ba da rahoton cewa raguwar damar samun tsaftataccen ruwa ya haifar da ɓarnar kwalara da sauran cututtukan da ke shafar ciki da hanji (gastrointestinal diseases).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Rights Education Empowers People in the Philippines |publisher=[[Aurora Parong]] |year=1995 |url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/humanrights/publications/rn/rn_2004_5.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mayar da ruwa ga hannun kamfanoni masu zaman kansu (Water privatization) wata dabara ce da ake amfani da ita don samar da amintaccen ruwa mai dorewa daga ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu maimakon fannin gwamnati ya samar da wannan sabis.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pierce&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|date=December 2012|title=The Political Economy of Water Service Privatization in Mexico City, 1994–2011|journal=International Journal of Water Resources Development|volume=28|issue=4|pages=675–691|doi=10.1080/07900627.2012.685126|last1=Pierce|first1=Gregory|bibcode=2012IJWRD..28..675P |s2cid=153813854}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mayar da siyasar ruwa ga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ya ƙunshi sake tsara rarraba ruwa daga fannin gwamnati zuwa fannin masu zaman kansu ta hanyar mayar da ruwa na kasuwanci da na kuɗi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ahler&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|date=29 April 2010|title=Fixing and Nixing: The Politics of Water Privatization|journal=Review of Radical Political Economics|volume=42|issue=2|pages=213–230|doi=10.1177/0486613410368497|last1=Ahlers|first1=R.|s2cid=154802023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gwamnati tana mika gudanar da siyasar ruwa ga ƙungiyar mai zaman kanta. Ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu suna rarraba ruwa ne bisa tsarin jari-hujja (capitalism mechanisms).&lt;ref name=&quot;Ahler&quot; /&gt; Mayar da siyasar ruwa ta kasuwanci a fannin masu zaman kansu yana rarraba ruwa ne bisa dalilai da suka shafi ribar tattalin arziki.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ahler&quot; /&gt;

A tarihi, mayar da ruwa ga hannun kamfanoni masu zaman kansu yana haifar da takaddamar cikin gida, zanga-zanga da yaƙe-yaƙe. Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta karkasa samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha a matsayin haƙƙin ɗan adam na kowa da kowa.&lt;ref name=&quot;UN-Water&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.unwater.org/|title=UN-Water: Home|website=www.unwater.org|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Birnin Mexico (Mexico City) ===

An amince da mayar da ruwa ga hannun kamfanoni masu zaman kansu a Birnin Mexico (Mexico City) don yaƙar damuwar da ke ƙaruwa ta rashin kyawun siyasar ruwa da fannin gwamnati ke bayarwa. Ƙarƙashin kulawar gwamnati, an kiyasta cewa Birnin Mexico ya yi asarar har kashi 40% na ruwansa ta hanyar bututu masu fita da ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/world/03/world_forum/water/html/mexico_city.stm|title=BBC NEWS|website=news.bbc.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 1994, Birnin Mexico ya mayar da ayyukan ruwansa ga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ta hanyar Distrito Federal don magance ƙarancin ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pierce&quot; /&gt; Yanayin muhalli da na tattalin arziki a wancan lokacin ya matsa wa Jam'iyyar Juyin Juya Halin Dimokuradiyya (Party of the Democratic Revolution) lamba don ta amince da mayar da ruwan ga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu don magance ƙarancin ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pierce&quot; /&gt; Birnin Mexico yana ɗaya daga cikin misalai kalilan na nasarar mayar da ayyukan ruwa ga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. Daga shekarar 1994 zuwa 2003, kamfanonin ruwa na ƙasashe da yawa sun samar da haɓakar ingancin ayyukan ruwa, yayin da fannin gwamnati ke riƙe da ikon kula da abubuwan more rayuwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pierce&quot; /&gt; Sai dai, a kwanan nan Birnin Mexico ya fuskanci wasu wahalhalu a cikin tsarin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu saboda shawarwarin kwangila tsakanin fannin gwamnati da na masu zaman kansu, wanda hakan ya haifar da tsaikon ingancin ayyukan ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pierce&quot; /&gt;

=== Bolivia ===

Kasar Bolivia ta mayar da hanyar samar da ruwanta ga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu a birnin Cochabamba a shekarar 1999 ga Sempa, wata ƙungiyar ruwa ta ƙasashe da yawa mai zaman kanta.&lt;ref name=&quot;economist&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/the-americas/2000/02/10/water-war-in-bolivia|title=Water war in Bolivia|date=10 February 2000|newspaper=The Economist}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan haka, Bolivia ta sanya hannu kan kwangilar dalar Amurka biliyan $2.5, a asirce a bayan fage, don mika tsarin ruwan Cochabamba ga Aguas del Tunari.&lt;ref name=&quot;PBS Frontline Bolivia Cochabamba&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/bolivia/timeline.html|title=Bolivia – Leasing the Rain. Timeline: Cochabamba Water Revolt |publisher=PBS}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mayar da hanyar samar da ruwa na Cochabamba ga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ya haifar da Yaƙin Ruwa na Cochabamba (The Cochabamba Water War), wanda ya fara a shekarar 1999 kuma ya ƙare a shekarar 2000. Yaƙin Ruwa na Cochabamba ya haifar da zanga-zanga da yawa da tashe-tashen hankula a matsayin martani ga mayar da ruwan ga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu.&lt;ref name=&quot;economist&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;PBS Frontline Bolivia Cochabamba&quot; /&gt; Aguas del Tunari ya yi alƙawarin samar da wutar lantarki da ban ruwa ga Cochabamba. Bugu da ƙari, Bechtel, babban mai hannun jari na Aguas del Tunari, ya tabbatar da cewa ayyukan ruwa da na kwasfa za su ƙaru ƙwarai da gaske ƙarƙashin gudanarwar kamfani mai zaman kansa.&lt;ref name=&quot;PBS Frontline Bolivia Cochabamba&quot; /&gt; Sai dai, an shaida wa 'yan ƙasar Cochabamba cewa waɗannan ayyukan za su haifar da ƙarin kashi 35% na farashin ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;coleman&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|date=2012|title=Who Owns the Water? An Analysis of Water Conflicts in Latin American and Modern Water Law|url=https://depts.washington.edu/chid/intersections_Spring_2012/Thomas_Coleman_Water_Conflicts_in_Latin_America_and_Water_Law.pdf|journal=Intersections|volume=12|issue=2|pages=1–19|last1=Coleman|first1=Thomas}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;PBS Frontline Bolivia Cochabamba&quot; /&gt; Gwamnatin Bolivia ta kafa Dokar 2029 wacce ta samar da tsarin ba da lasisi game da samar da ruwa, Dokar 2029 ta bai wa fannin masu zaman kansu ikon mallakar ruwa na musamman da haƙƙoƙi na musamman kan ruwa a cikin Cochabamba.&lt;ref name=&quot;coleman&quot; /&gt; Manufar dokar 2029 ita ce samar da ingantattun ayyukan ruwa ga yankunan Cochabamba da ke da yawan jama'a sama da mutane 10,000 ta hanyar mika ruwa ga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu.&lt;ref name=&quot;coleman&quot; /&gt; Lamarin a Cochabamba ya daɗa ta'azzara lokacin da farashin ruwa ya ninka, har ma ya ninka sau uku a wasu yankunan.&lt;ref name=&quot;coleman&quot; /&gt; Haɓakar farashin ta faru ne saboda gina aikin madatsar ruwa ta Misicuni da kuma bashin da Sempa ya bari a baya.&lt;ref name=&quot;PBS Frontline Bolivia Cochabamba&quot; /&gt; Gagarumin ƙarin farashin na samar da ruwa ya haifar da zanga-zangar da ta rufe birnin na tsawon kwanaki huɗu.&lt;ref name=&quot;PBS Frontline Bolivia Cochabamba&quot; /&gt; Zanga-zangar lumana da Oscar Olivera ya jagoranta da sauri ta juye zuwa tashe-tashen hankula, lamarin da ya haddasa zanga-zanga da dama da suka ɗauki kwanaki, wanda hakan ya sa gwamnatin Bolivia ayyana dokar ta-baci.&lt;ref name=&quot;coleman&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;PBS Frontline Bolivia Cochabamba&quot; /&gt; Yaƙin ruwa na Cochabamba ya ƙare da murabus ɗin Shugaba Hugo Banzer daga mukaminsa, inda ya bar Bolivia a cikin makamancin yanayin da take ciki kafin mika ruwa ga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu.&lt;ref name=&quot;PBS Frontline Bolivia Cochabamba&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{reflist|2}}
== Bibliography ==

* Boccaletti, Giulio. ''Water: A Biography'' (Pantheon Books, 2021)   [https://liverpooluniversitypress.co.uk/doi/full/10.3828/whpeh.63861480345874  online review of this book]
*{{cite web|title=Gold Rush|publisher=Action Aid|year=2006|access-date=29 March 2010|url=http://www.actionaid.org/docs/gold_rush.pdf}}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
*{{cite journal|author1=Golow, A.A |author2=A Schlueter |author3=S Amihere-Mensah |author4=H.L.K. Granson |author5=M.S Tetteh |title=Distribution of Arsenic and Sulphate in the Vicinity of Ashanti Goldmine at Obuasi, Ghana|journal=Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology|volume=56|issue=5|pages=703–710| year=1996|doi=10.1007/s001289900103|pmid=8661851|bibcode=1996BuECT..56..703G |s2cid=44760105}}.
*Rahaman, M. M. (Editor) in need Issue:  [http://www.inderscience.com/info/inarticletoc.php?jcode=ijssoc&amp;year=2012&amp;vol=4&amp;issue=1/2 Water Wars in 21st Century along International Rivers Basins: Speculation or Reality?], ''International Journal of Sustainable Society'', Vol. 4, Nos. 1/2, 193 pages. 2012
* [https://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/human_right_to_water.shtml &quot;HRW, Decade, Water for Life, 2015, UN-Water, United Nations, MDG, Water, Sanitation, Financing, Gender, IWRM, Human Right, Transboundary, Cities, Quality, Food Security, General Comment, BKM, Albuquerque&quot;]. United Nations, July 2010. Retrieved 2 March. 2017.

===United States===

* Burch, Jr., John R. ''Water Rights and the Environment in the United States'' (ABC-CLIO 2015), a comprehensive documentary and reference guide to historical water issues.
* [[Carson, Rachel]], ''[[Silent Spring]]'' (Riverside Press, 1962), highly influential in shaping public opinion in United States.
* Copeland, Claudia. ''[http://www.gc.noaa.gov/documents/gcil_crs_oda.pdf Ocean Dumping Act: A Summary of the Law]''. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress, 1999. National Oceanic and Atmosphere Administration. Congressional Research Service, 15 December 2015. Retrieved 2 March 2017.
*Serageldin, I.  [http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v459/n7244/full/459163b.html &quot;Water: conflicts set to arise within as well as between states&quot;], ''Nature'', Vol. 459, p.&amp;nbsp;163. 2009.
* Smith, Frank E. ed. ''Conservation in the United States: Land and Water 1900–1970'' (1971) 780pp of primary sources
* [http://www.nesc.wvu.edu/links/DW_nat.cfm &quot;Drinking Water National and State Organizations and Programs&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200128132141/http://www.nesc.wvu.edu/links/DW_nat.cfm |date=2020-01-28 }}. ''Drinking Water National and State Organizations and Programs''. National Environmental Services Center, 2013. Retrieved 2 March 2017.
* [https://www.cdc.gov/healthyhomes/bytopic/water.html &quot;Drinking Water Safety&quot;]. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 19 May 2014. Retrieved 2 March 2017.
* [https://www.epa.gov/laws-regulations/history-clean-water-act &quot;History of the Clean Water Act&quot;]. EPA. Environmental Protection Agency, 25 May 2016. Retrieved 2 March 2017.
* [https://www.epa.gov/privatewells/potential-well-water-contaminants-and-their-impacts &quot;Human Health and Contaminated Water&quot;]. EPA. Environmental Protection Agency, 7 June 2016. Retrieved 2 March 2017.
* Perlman, Howard. [https://water.usgs.gov/edu/groundwater-contaminants.html &quot;Contaminants Found in Groundwater&quot;]. ''Contaminants Found in Groundwater, USGS Water Science School''. The USGS Water Science School, 2 December 2016. Retrieved 2 March 2017.
* [https://www.epa.gov/laws-regulations/summary-shore-protection-act &quot;Summary of the Shore Protection Act&quot;]. EPA. Environmental Protection Agency, 30 December 2016. Retrieved 2 March 2017.
* [https://www.epa.gov/laws-regulations/summary-safe-drinking-water-act &quot;Summary of the Safe Drinking Water Act&quot;]. EPA. Environmental Protection Agency, 7 February 2017. Retrieved 2 March 2017.
* [https://tribalclimateguide.uoregon.edu/climate-programs/national-tribal-environmental-council &quot;Tribal Climate Change Guide&quot;]. National Tribal Environmental Council. University of Oregon, 20 October 2015. Retrieved 2 March 2017.
* US Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. [http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/kits/pollution/03pointsource.html &quot;Nonpoint Source Pollution&quot;]. NOAA's National Ocean Service Education. U.S. Department of Commerce, 19 December 2004. Retrieved 2 March 2017.
* [https://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/other/agricultural/contamination.html &quot;Water Contamination&quot;]. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 11 October 2016. Retrieved 2 March 2017.</text>
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[[Fayil:Sylvie_Bérard_10_mars_2020.jpg|thumb|Sylvie Bérard]]
'''Sylvie Bérard''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1965) masanin kimiyya ce kuma  marubuciya a Kanada.

An haife ta ne  a [[Montréal|Montreal]],  ta yi karatun semiotics a Jami'ar Quebec a Montréal  kuma ta ci gaba da yin lacca ga Sashen Faransanci kuma ta yi  bincike bayan digiri a Jami'an Toronto. &lt;ref name=&quot;york&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sylvie Bérard |url=http://www.math.yorku.ca/Who/Faculty/Brettler/public_html/berard.html |publisher=York University}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga baya ta ba da lacca kan wallafe-wallafen  Quebec a Jami'ar Trent; ta kuma kasance darakta na Sashen  Harsuna da wallafe-kashen zamani.&lt;ref name=&quot;uqam&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=La science-fiction: de la perspective à la prospective |url=http://www.crsdd.uqam.ca/Pages/docs/08-2012.pdf |publisher=Université du Québec à Montréal}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bérard ya fara buga gajerun labaru a  shekarar 1987. Takaitaccen labarinta &quot;La Guerre sans  temps&quot; ya sami lambar yabo ta Prix Aurora . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Prix Aurora |url=http://www.revue-solaris.com/pour-les-ecrivains/prix-litteraires-sfq/prix-aurora-awards/ |publisher=Revue Solaris}}{{In lang|fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta wallafa labarai a cikin mujallu masu yawa. Ta kuma kasance  memba na kwamitin edita na mujallar ''XYZ'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;york&quot;/&gt;

Ta kuma yi aiki  a matsayin mai fassara. Tare da abokin aiki [[Suzanne Grenier]], ta  lashe Kyautar Gwamna Janar don fassarar Turanci zuwa Faransanci a Kyautar Gwamna Janar ta 2025 don Les sœurs de la muée,  fassarar littafin Larissa Lai The Tiger Flu .  An zabi su a baya a cikin wannan rukuni a Kyautar Gwamna Janar ta 2022 don Le fruit de la  puanteur, fassarar su na Lai's Salt Fish Girl . 

An sanya ta cikin jerin  sunayen don kyautar Trillium Book Award don Faransanci a cikin shekarar 2026 don Mes morts jeunes . 

== Ayyukan da aka zaɓa ==

* ''Ta mutu a ƙarshe'', labari (1993) tare da Brigitte Caron 
* ''Littattafan soyayya 50 da ya kamata a karanta'' (1996) tare da Julia Bettinotti da Gaëlle Jeanneson &lt;ref name=&quot;york&quot;/&gt;
* Terre des Autres (2004), wanda aka fassara a matsayin Of Wind and Sand (2009), ya sami Prix des lecteurs de Radio-Canada &lt;ref name=&quot;uqam&quot;/&gt;
* La Saga d'Illyge (2011), wanda aka zaba don kyautar Aurora &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nominations, Prix Aurora/Boréal 2012 |url=http://congresboreal.ca/prixauroraboreal/2012/ |website=Prix Aurora Awards |access-date=2026-06-30 |archive-date=2016-10-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020172657/http://congresboreal.ca/prixauroraboreal/2012/ |url-status=dead }}{{In lang|fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1965]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tara A. Schwetz</title>
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'''Tara A. Schwetz''' (née Munn) masanin kimiyyar halittu ne na Amurka kuma mai gudanar da gwamnati wanda ke aiki a matsayin mataimakin darakta na Cibiyar Lafiya ta Kasa . Ta taba aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Mataimakin Darakta

Kafin nadin ta a matsayin Mataimakin Mataimakin Darakta, ta yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakiyar Darakta ta NIH - rawar da ta taka ta fara ne a watan Janairun 2019. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=CC: Health 2021 {{!}} FSU Office of Research |url=https://www.research.fsu.edu/research-offices/ord/collaborative-collision/past-10-collaborative-collision-events/cc-health-2021/ |access-date=2022-01-06 |website=www.research.fsu.edu |archive-date=2022-01-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220106010424/https://www.research.fsu.edu/research-offices/ord/collaborative-collision/past-10-collaborative-collision-events/cc-health-2021/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta shiga NIH a shekarar 2012 a matsayin Ƙungiyar Amurka don Ci gaban Kimiyya (AAAS) Kimiyya da Fasaha kuma ta rike mukamai da yawa a lokacin da take hukumar. An sanya ta a hutun gudanarwa a watan Maris na shekara ta 2025.

== Ilimi ==
Dan asalin Lakeland, Florida, Schwetz ya kammala karatun koleji na ƙarni na farko. Schwetz ya sami digiri na farko na Kimiyya a cikin Biochemistry tare da girmamawa daga Jami'ar Jihar Florida a shekara ta 2005 (Honors Thesis: Ba ƙarfe ba na kunna furotin mai sarrafa ƙarfe a cikin tarin fuka na mycobacterium). Daga nan sai ta ci gaba da samun Dokta na Falsafa a Kimiyya ta Kiwon Lafiya, Biophysics daga Jami'ar Kudancin Florida a cikin 2009 (Dissertation: Glycosylation Modulates Cardiac Excitability by Altering Voltage-Gated Potassium Currents ). Schwetz ya kasance mai bincike na postdoctoral a dakin gwaje-gwaje na David W. Piston a Jami'ar Vanderbilt daga 2009 zuwa 2012. 

== Career ==
Throughout her nearly decade-long career at the NIH, Schwetz has held multiple positions, both within the Office of the Director and across several Institutes.

During her tenure as the Associate Deputy Director of NIH, Schwetz served as the Acting Director and Acting Deputy Director of the National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Episode 106: NINR Director Discusses Nursing Research Amid COVID-19 {{!}} ONS |url=https://www.ons.org/podcasts/episode-106-ninr-director-discusses-nursing-research-amid-covid-19 |access-date=2022-01-06 |website=www.ons.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Her former roles include Chief of the Strategic Planning and Evaluation Branch at the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, where she led several efforts, including an evaluation of the Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance |url=https://www.niaidceirs.org/ |access-date=2022-01-06 |website=NIAID CEIRS |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; to facilitate evidence-based decision-making and development of the NIAID Strategic Plan for Tuberculosis Research.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-09-26 |title=NIAID Strategic Plan for Tuberculosis Research |url=https://www.niaid.nih.gov/sites/default/files/TBStrategicPlan2018.pdf |access-date=2022-01-05 |website=National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) |type=PDF}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Speaker Biography: Dr. Tara A. Schwetz {{!}} Association of American Universities (AAU) |url=https://www.aau.edu/speaker-biography-dr-tara-schwetz |access-date=2022-01-06 |website=www.aau.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; Schwetz also served as the Senior Advisor to the Principal Deputy Director of NIH, the NIH Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) Program |url=https://www.nih.gov/echo |access-date=2022-01-06 |website=National Institutes of Health (NIH) |language=EN}}&lt;/ref&gt; Interim Associate Program Director, and as a Health Science Policy Analyst at the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. Schwetz started her career at NIH as an AAAS Science and Technology Policy Fellow at NINR.

Schwetz has led or co-led a number of high-profile, agency-wide efforts, including two Rapid Acceleration of Diagnostics (RADx)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=RADx |url=https://www.nih.gov/research-training/medical-research-initiatives/radx |access-date=2022-01-06 |website=National Institutes of Health (NIH) |language=EN |archive-date=2022-01-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220105222448/https://www.nih.gov/research-training/medical-research-initiatives/radx |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; programs (RADx Underserved Populations,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-06-23 |title=RADx Programs |url=https://www.nih.gov/research-training/medical-research-initiatives/radx/radx-programs |access-date=2022-01-06 |website=National Institutes of Health (NIH) |language=EN}}&lt;/ref&gt; RADx Radical&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-06-23 |title=RADx Programs |url=https://www.nih.gov/research-training/medical-research-initiatives/radx/radx-programs |access-date=2022-01-06 |website=National Institutes of Health (NIH) |language=EN}}&lt;/ref&gt;) to speed innovation in the development, commercialization, and implementation of technologies for COVID-19 testing, and the Implementing a Maternal health and Pregnancy Outcomes Vision for Everyone (IMPROVE)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=IMPROVE Initiative |url=https://www.nichd.nih.gov/research/supported/IMPROVE |access-date=2022-01-06 |website=National Institutes of Health (NIH) |language=EN}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=tjordan_drupal |title=NIH launches initiative to improve maternal health outcomes {{!}} AHA News |url=https://www.aha.org/news/headline/2020-09-30-nih-launches-initiative-improve-maternal-health-outcomes |access-date=2022-01-06 |website=www.aha.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; initiative. She also spearheaded several strategic planning efforts, such as the first NIH-Wide Strategic Plan and the NIH-Wide COVID-19 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=covid |url=https://www.who.int/health-topics/coronavirus#tab=tab_1}}&lt;/ref&gt; Strategic Plan;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=National Institutes of Health {{!}} Strategic Plan on COVID-19 |url=https://covid19.nih.gov/nih-strategic-response-covid-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201223215538/https://covid19.nih.gov/nih-strategic-response-covid-19 |archive-date=December 23, 2020 |access-date=2022-01-06 |website=NIH COVID-19 Research |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=National Institutes of Health plan for COVID-19 research includes behavioral science |url=https://www.apa.org/advocacy/nih-covid-19-research |access-date=2022-01-06 |website=www.apa.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=tjordan_drupal |title=NIH strategic plan outlines COVID-19 research priorities {{!}} AHA News |url=https://www.aha.org/news/headline/2020-04-23-nih-strategic-plan-outlines-covid-19-research-priorities |access-date=2022-01-06 |website=www.aha.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; and played a significant role in the development of the National Pain Strategy.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=National Pain Strategy Report {{!}} IPRCC |url=https://www.ninds.nih.gov/current-research/trans-agency-activities/interagency-pain-research-coordinating-committee-iprcc |access-date=2022-01-06 |website=www.iprcc.nih.gov |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=National Pain Strategy Released by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) |url=https://www.dvcipm.org/features/national-pain-strategy-released-by-the-national-institutes-of-health-nih/ |access-date=2022-01-06 |website=www.dvcipm.org |archive-date=2022-01-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220106010425/https://www.dvcipm.org/features/national-pain-strategy-released-by-the-national-institutes-of-health-nih/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-08-02 |title=National Pain Strategy |url=https://www.hrsa.gov/behavioral-health/national-pain-strategy |access-date=2022-01-06 |website=Official web site of the U.S. Health Resources &amp; Services Administration |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For much of 2021, Schwetz served on detail to the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy as the Assistant Director for Biomedical Science Initiatives.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dr. Tara A. Schwetz – PBM 2021 |url=https://www.pbm2021.com/speaker/dr-tara-a-schwetz/ |access-date=2022-01-06 |language=en-NZ |archive-date=2022-01-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220106010426/https://www.pbm2021.com/speaker/dr-tara-a-schwetz/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; In this role, she led development and planning efforts to stand up the proposed Advanced Research Projects Agency for Health (ARPA-H).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ARPA-H |url=https://arpa-h.gov/ |access-date=2022-01-06 |website=National Institutes of Health (NIH) |language=EN}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 June 2021 |title=MEDIA AVAILABILITY: Lander, Collins Set Forth A Vision For ARPA-H |url=https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/ostp/news-updates/2021/06/22/media-availability-lander-collins-set-forth-a-vision-for-arpa-h/ |access-date=2022-01-06 |website=The White House |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Adashi |first=Eli Y. |last2=Cohen |first2=I. Glenn |date=2021-10-15 |title=The Biden Administration's Proposal for an Advanced Research Projects Agency for Health |journal=JAMA Health Forum |volume=2 |issue=10 |pages=e212972 |doi=10.1001/jamahealthforum.2021.2972 |issn=2689-0186 |pmid=36218894 |s2cid=244597468 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Biden's Speedy Medical Lab Will 'Ideally' Be Up in Fiscal 2022 |url=https://news.bloomberglaw.com/pharma-and-life-sciences/bidens-speedy-medical-lab-will-ideally-be-up-in-fiscal-2022 |access-date=2022-01-06 |website=news.bloomberglaw.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Biden Administration proposed ARPA-H in the fiscal year 2022 President’s budget request&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=President's Budget |url=https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/omb/budget/ |access-date=2022-01-06 |website=The White House |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; to tackle some of the biggest health challenges faced by all Americans by driving medical innovation more rapidly.

== Awards and honors ==
Schwetz ita ce mai karɓar kyaututtuka da yawa na NIH, gami da Kyautar Binciken Bincike ta NIH Ruth Kirschstein . Bugu da kari, ta sami kyaututtuka daga American Cancer Society da American Heart Association . Ita ce kuma mace ta farko da ta karbi kyautar USF Genshaft Family Doctoral Fellowship . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Genshaft Family Doctoral Fellowship {{!}} Fellowships and Scholarships {{!}} Funding {{!}} Office of Graduate Studies {{!}} University of South Florida |url=https://www.usf.edu/graduate-studies/funding/fellowships-scholarships/genshaft-family-doctoral-fellowship.aspx |access-date=2022-01-06 |website=www.usf.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1983]]</text>
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    <title>Sansanin taurari</title>
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'''Sansanin ilmin taurari''' sansanin bazara ne na kimiyya wanda ƙungiyar tsofaffin ɗalibai ta Jami'ar Arizona ta shirya, kuma masanin ilmin taurari Don McCarthy ke gudanarwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |year=2007 |title=Don McCarthy |url=https://www.as.arizona.edu/people/faculty/don-mccarthy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100718153350/http://www.as.arizona.edu/people/faculty/mccarthy.html |archive-date=18 July 2010 |access-date=5 August 2010 |publisher=University of Arizona}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yawancin sansanonin farko sun faru ne a wurin lura da tashar Mount Lemmon da ke kan Dutsen Lemmon, kusa da Tucson, Arizona . A kan Dutsen Lemmon, masu sansani suna da damar zuwa {{Convert|12|in|cm}}, na'urar hangen nesa mai inci 20, inci 40 da inci 60, da kuma a wurin Mount Bigelow da ke kusa, wani {{Convert|61|in|cm}} na'urar hangen nesa.

A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, sansanin ya kuma gudana a Kitt Peak National Observatory, inda ɗaliban ke da damar yin amfani da na'urorin hangen nesa iri-iri, gami da {{Convert|90|in|cm}} Bok Telescope, ARO 12m Radio Telescope, da kuma nau'ikan ƙananan kayan aiki iri-iri.

A wurare biyu, ana amfani da na'urorin hangen nesa da sauran kayan aiki don koyo da bincike kan batutuwa daban-daban na ilmin taurari. Ana ƙarfafa masu sansani su gabatar da nasu ayyukan kuma su tattara bayanan da ake buƙata don amsa tambayoyin bincikensu.

Don McCarthy ya lashe kyautar Ilimi ta Ƙungiyar Masana ilmin taurari ta Amurka a shekarar 2012, wani ɓangare saboda aikinsa na gudanar da sansanin nazarin taurari. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UA Astronomer Earns National Education Honors |url=http://uanews.org/node/44471 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120608082857/http://uanews.org/node/44471 |archive-date=June 8, 2012 |access-date=16 February 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Education Prize - American Astronomical Society |url=http://aas.org/prizes/education_prize |access-date=16 February 2012 |archive-date=14 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111014163253/http://aas.org/prizes/education_prize |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wuri ==

* Wurin lura da Dutsen Lemmon:

== Nassoshi ==</text>
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    <title>Simon Mai Girma</title>
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'''Simon Grand''' (an haife shi a ranar 23 ga Fabrairu 1984) [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne]] na Ingila wanda ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga baya|mai tsaron baya]] ga Bamber Bridge .

Ya taka rawar gani a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Rochdale, Carlisle United, Grimsby Town, Morecambe da Aldershot Town, sannan kuma ya buga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa da ƙasa a Northwich Victoria, Fleetwood Town, Southport, Mansfield Town, AFC Telford United, Barrow, Salford City, AFC Fylde da Chester .

== Sana'a ==

=== Rochdale ===
An haife shi a Chorley, Grand ya fara aikinsa a Rochdale a matsayin mai horarwa a watan Agusta na 2001 kuma ya lashe kyautar matashin ɗan wasa na shekara ta ƙungiyar a watan Mayu na 2002. &lt;ref name=&quot;sbase&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Simon Grand |url=https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=28648 |access-date=8 November 2007 |website=Soccerbase |publisher=Racing Post}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;RAFC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 May 2002 |title=End of Season Bash |url=http://www.rochdaleafc.premiumtv.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0,,10441~217468,00.html |access-date=8 November 2007 |publisher=Rochdale AFC Official Site}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya fara buga wasa a zagaye na biyu na gasar cin kofin FA da Bristol Rovers a watan Disamba na 2002 kuma ya kafa kansa a cikin ƙungiyar farko, inda ya buga wasanni 28 a dukkan gasa a sauran kakar wasa ta 2002-03 kuma ya taimaka wa Rochdale zuwa zagaye na 5 na gasar cin kofin FA a watan Fabrairu na 2003 inda Wolves ta doke su. &lt;ref name=&quot;sbase&quot; /&gt;  Ya fara kakar wasa ta 2003-04 a ƙungiyar farko kuma ya kasance mai horarwa har zuwa Janairu na 2004 lokacin da, bayan ya buga wasanni 21 a duk gasa, aka kore shi daga ƙungiyar bayan isowar sabon koci Steve Parkin . &lt;ref name=&quot;sbase&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;SP&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Manager History for Rochdale |url=http://www.soccerbase.com/manager_history.sd?teamid=2175 |access-date=8 November 2007 |website=Soccerbase |publisher=Racing Post}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bai sake buga wasa a Rochdale ba kuma kulob din ya sallame shi a watan Mayun 2004. &lt;ref name=&quot;sbase&quot; /&gt; 

=== Carlisle United ===
Grand ya koma ƙungiyar Conference National, Carlisle United, a watan Agusta na 2004, bayan gwajin da ya yi nasara. &lt;ref name=&quot;sbase&quot;/&gt;  Ya zura kwallaye a wasansa na farko da Tamworth a watan Satumba na 2004 kuma ya buga wasanni 29 a dukkan gasa a kakar wasa ta 2004-05 yayin da Carlisle ya lashe gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwallon ƙafa . &lt;ref name=&quot;sbase&quot; /&gt;   Jim kaɗan kafin ƙarshen kakar wasa, ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu wanda zai sa ya ci gaba da zama a ƙungiyar har zuwa 2007.  A watan Disamba na 2005, ya ci bugun fenariti mai nasara a wasan yayin da Carlisle ta doke Tranmere Rovers da ci 11-10 a bugun fenariti a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwallon ƙafa ta Football League Cup .  Duk da haka, ya ga ya yi masa wahala ya wuce Kevin Gray, Danny Livesey da Peter Murphy a matsayin ɗan baya na tsakiya kuma ya buga wasanni 14 kacal a kakar wasa ta 2005-06 yayin da Carlisle ya sami ci gaba a karo na biyu a jere a matsayin zakaran League Two. &lt;ref name=&quot;sbase&quot; /&gt;  A ƙarshen kakar wasa, Carlisle ya yarda ya saurari tayin Grand, kuma bayan ya sake buga wasanni shida a Carlisle a kakar wasa ta 2006-07, ya koma Grimsby Town . &lt;ref name=&quot;sbase&quot; /&gt; 

=== Garin Grimsby ===
Grand ya koma Grimsby Town a watan Janairun 2007, da farko a matsayin aro har zuwa karshen kakar wasa ta 2006-07, amma ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar dindindin ta watanni 18 makonni biyu bayan haka.   Duk da haka, bayan ya buga wasanni bakwai kacal ga Grimsby, an sake shi a watan Mayun 2007. 

=== Morecambe ===
Grand ya koma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Morecambe a watan Agusta na 2007 kan yarjejeniyar watanni 12, bayan ya yi nasarar gwada shi da ƙungiyar Christie Park . 

=== Ba na League ba ===
Bayan ya bar Morecambe a ƙarshen kakar wasa, Grand ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar da ba ta da kwangila a Northwich Victoria a watan Agusta na 2008.  Ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar dindindin har zuwa ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2008-09 a watan Oktoba. &lt;ref name=&quot;Defensive duo pen deals&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Simpson, Andrew |date=8 October 2008 |title=Defensive duo pen deals |url=http://www.northwichguardian.co.uk/vics/3737166.Defensive_duo_pen_deals/ |access-date=27 June 2011 |website=Northwich Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Grand ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Fleetwood Town kafin fara kakar wasa ta 2010-11, kuma a watan Oktoban 2010, ya koma Mansfield Town a matsayin aro, inda ya buga wasanni 9 a gasar Conference League da kuma gasar FA Cup. A watan Janairun 2011, ya koma Aldershot Town a matsayin aro. 

Kafin fara kakar wasa ta 2011-12, Grand ya koma gabar tekun yammacin Ingila don komawa Southport a kan yarjejeniyar canja wuri kyauta  kuma ya fara buga wasa a kulob dinsa na gasa a ranar 13 ga Agusta 2011 a ranar farko ta kakar wasa ta 2011-12.  Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a Southport, inda ya zura kwallo ta biyu a raga a wasan da suka doke [[Forest Green Rovers FC|Forest Green]] da ci 3-2 a waje. Grand ya zura kwallaye uku a raga ga Southport a kakar wasa ta 2011-12, sannan ya jagoranci kungiyar a wasu lokutan ba tare da kyaftin din kungiyar ba, Alan Moogan. A ranar 28 ga Yuni 2012, an nada Grand a matsayin sabon kyaftin din kungiyar Southport, bayan da Moogan ya koma zama dan wasa/koci.

Bayan an sallame shi daga Southport, an sanar da shi a shafin kungiyar cewa ya koma Telford a ranar 10 ga Mayu 2013, inda ya sake komawa Liam Watson . A ranar 26 ga Afrilu 2014 ya sami lambar yabo ta gasar Conference Premier tare da Telford bayan sun lashe gasar Conference North a wasan karshe na kakar wasa.

A ranar 20 ga Mayu 2014, Grand ya koma Barrow, kuma an nada shi a matsayin kyaftin na ƙungiyar a watan Agusta 2014 don kakar wasa mai zuwa ta 2014-15.

A watan Yulin 2016 ya koma Salford City . 

Daga baya ya shiga AFC Fylde . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=31 July 2017 |title=Coasters Make Grand Signing |url=http://nonleague.pitchero.com/headlines/coasters-make-grand-signing/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Chester ===
A watan Yulin 2018, Grand mai shekaru 34 ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar Chester tare da tsoffin manajojinsa na Salford City Anthony Johnson da Bernard Morley &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 July 2018 |title=Chester FC make Grand swoop for Simon |url=http://www.chesterfc.com/2018/07/20/breaking-chester-fc-make-grand-swoop-for-simon/ |access-date=26 April 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ya tsawaita kwangilarsa na tsawon shekara guda a watan Mayun 2019.  Ya dawo da kyakkyawar alaƙa da ƙwararren ɗan wasan tsakiya Danny Livesey, wanda aka kafa a baya a Carlisle United a 2004-06, sannan aka sake gina shi a Barrow a 2014-16.

Grand ya buga kowace minti a kowane wasa na yau da kullun a shekararsa ta biyu a Chester amma bai yi watsi da ritayarsa ba saboda kakar wasa ta ƙare saboda annobar korona kuma makomarsa ba ta da tabbas.  Bayan da Chester ya sha kashi a wasan neman gurbin shiga gasar, ya amince da sabuwar kwangila kafin kakar wasa ta 2020-21. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 August 2020 |title=Key players sign new deals at Chester FC |url=https://www.chesterfc.com/2020/08/18/breaking-key-players-sign-new-deals-at-chester-fc/ |access-date=26 April 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Grand ya buga wasa na 100 ga Chester a ranar 2 ga Janairu 2021 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 January 2021 |title=Simon Grand: 100 games for Chester FC |url=https://www.chesterfc.com/2021/01/02/milestone-simon-grand-100-games-for-chester-fc/ |access-date=4 May 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ya amince da sharuɗɗan ci gaba da zama a kakar wasa ta 2021/22. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 May 2021 |title=Simon Grand remains with Chester FC for 2021/22 |url=https://www.chesterfc.com/2021/05/14/breaking-simon-grand-remains-with-chester-fc-for-2021-22/ |access-date=4 May 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; An sake shi a ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2021-22. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 May 2022 |title=Chester FC Retained List 2021/22 |url=https://www.chesterfc.com/2022/05/20/news-chester-fc-retained-list-2021-22/ |access-date=4 May 2023 |archive-date=2 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230502061037/https://www.chesterfc.com/2022/05/20/news-chester-fc-retained-list-2021-22/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ƙarin aiki ===
A watan Yulin 2022, Grand ya sanya hannu a ƙungiyar North West County Premier Division Charnock Richard, kuma ya zura ƙwallo a ragar Padiham a wasansa na farko.

A watan Janairun 2024, Grand ya shiga Bamber Bridge . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet|title=📝Welcom, Simon Grand! We are delighted to announce the signing of Simon Grand from @LancasterCityFC #UptheBrig|user=BamberBridgeFC|date=25 January 2024|accessdate=26 January 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ƙididdigar aiki ==
{{Updated|match played 16 April 2024}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Grand's total appearance&quot;&gt;{{soccerway|simon-grand/63533|accessdate=25 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Club
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Season
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |League
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |FA Cup
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |League Cup
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Other
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
|-
!Division
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Rochdale
|2002–03
|Third Division
|23
|2
|5
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|28
|2
|-
|2003–04
|Third Division
|17
|0
|2
|0
|1
|0
|1&lt;ref group=&quot;lower-alpha&quot; name=&quot;FLT&quot; /&gt;
|0
|21
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!40
!2
!7
!0
!1
!0
!1
!0
!49
!2
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |Carlisle United
|2004–05
|Conference Premier
|23
|2
|4
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|2
|1
|29
|3
|-
|2005–06
|League Two
|8
|2
|1
|0
|1
|0
|4
|1
|14
|3
|-
|2006–07
|League One
|4
|0
|0
|0
|1
|0
|1&lt;ref group=&quot;lower-alpha&quot; name=&quot;FLT&quot; /&gt;
|0
|6
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!35
!4
!5
!0
!2
!0
!7
!2
!49
!6
|-
|Grimsby Town
|2006–07&lt;ref name=&quot;SG06&quot; /&gt;
|League Two
|7
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|0
|0
|7
|0
|-
|Morecambe
|2007–08
|League Two
|6
|1
|1
|0
|1
|0
|4&lt;ref group=&quot;lower-alpha&quot; name=&quot;FLT&quot; /&gt;
|0
|12
|1
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Northwich Victoria
|2008–09
|Conference Premier
|34
|5
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|0
|0
|34
|5
|-
|2009–10
|Conference North
|29
|4
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|0
|0
|30
|4
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!63
!9
!1
!0
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
!0
!0
!64
!9
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Fleetwood Town
|2009–10
|Conference North
|6
|1
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|0
|0
|6
|1
|-
|2010–11
|Conference Premier
|4
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|0
|0
|4
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!10
!1
!0
!0
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
!0
!0
!10
!1
|-
|Mansfield Town (loan)
|2010–11
|Conference Premier
|6
|0
|2
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|1
|0
|9
|0
|-
|Aldershot Town (loan)
|2010–11
|League Two
|6
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|0
|0
|0
|0
|6
|0
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Southport
|2011–12
|Conference Premier
|42
|4
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|1&lt;ref group=&quot;lower-alpha&quot; name=&quot;FAT&quot; /&gt;
|0
|44
|4
|-
|2012–13
|Conference Premier
|41
|7
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|2&lt;ref group=&quot;lower-alpha&quot; name=&quot;FAT&quot; /&gt;
|0
|44
|7
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!83
!11
!2
!0
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
!3
!0
!88
!11
|-
|Telford United
|2013–14
|Conference North
|35
|4
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|2&lt;ref group=&quot;lower-alpha&quot; name=&quot;FAT&quot; /&gt;
|0
|37
|4
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Barrow
|2014–15
|Conference North
|40
|4
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|0
|0
|40
|4
|-
|2015–16
|National League
|40
|2
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|2&lt;ref group=&quot;lower-alpha&quot; name=&quot;FAT&quot; /&gt;
|0
|42
|2
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!80
!6
!0
!0
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
!2
!0
!82
!6
|-
|Salford City
|2016–17
|National League North
|40
|9
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|2
|0
|42
|9
|-
|AFC Fylde
|2017–18
|National League
|35
|4
|4
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|2
|0
|41
|5
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |Chester
|2018–19&lt;ref name=&quot;IronM&quot;&gt;{{Soccerway|simon-grand/63533|Games played by Simon Grand in 2018/2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|National League North
|36
|4
|2
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|3
|0
|41
|4
|-
|2019–20&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=England – S. Grand – Profile with news, career statistics and history – Soccerway |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/simon-grand/63533/ |access-date=2022-02-19 |website=int.soccerway.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|National League North
|32
|3
|2
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|5
|0
|39
|3
|-
|2020–21&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
|National League North
|17
|1
|3
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|2&lt;ref name=&quot;FAT&quot; group=&quot;lower-alpha&quot; /&gt;
|0
|22
|1
|-
|2021–22&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
|National League North
|36
|1
|2
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|0
|0
|38
|1
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |total
!121
!9
!9
!0
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
!10
!0
!140
!9
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Charnock Richard
|2022–23&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Simon Grand Match List (First Team) – Charnock Richard Football Club |url=https://www.charnockrichardfc.co.uk/matchesplayed/1077/simon-grand |access-date=2022-12-29 |website=charnockrichardfc.co.71 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|NWCFL Premier Division
|41
|10
|5
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|7
|1
|53
|11
|-
|2023–24&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Simon Grand Match List (First Team) - Charnock Richard Football Club |url=https://www.charnockrichardfc.co.uk/matchesplayed/1077/simon-grand?fplyShowAll=true&amp;fdfaShowAll=true&amp;frt=rescomp&amp;fsea=17&amp;fdfa=2}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|NWCFL Premier Division
|2
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|0
|0
|2
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!43
!10
!5
!1
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
!7
!1
!55
!12
|-
|Lancaster City
|2023–24&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lancaster City &amp;#124; Appearances &amp;#124; Simon Grand &amp;#124; Football Web Pages |url=https://www.footballwebpages.co.uk/lancaster-city/appearances/simon-grand/953747}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|[[Northern Premier League|NPL Premier Division]]
|24
|3
|3
|3
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|2
|0
|29
|6
|-
|Bamber Bridge
|2023–24&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bamber Bridge &amp;#124; Appearances &amp;#124; Simon Grand &amp;#124; Football Web Pages |url=https://www.footballwebpages.co.uk/bamber-bridge/appearances/simon-grand/962422}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|NPL Premier Division
|11
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|0
|0
|11
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Career total
!645
!73
!39
!5
!4
!0
!43
!3
!731
!81
|}
 

== Ƙididdigar gudanarwa ==
{{Updated|match played 9 April 2024}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center&quot;
|+Tarihin gudanarwa ta ƙungiya da kuma lokacin aiki
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Ƙungiyar
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Daga
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Zuwa
! colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Rikodi
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | {{Abbr|Ref|Reference}}
|-
! {{Abbr|P|Matches played}}
! {{Abbr|W|Matches won}}
! {{Abbr|D|Matches drawn}}
! {{Abbr|L|Matches lost}}
! {{Abbr|Win %|Win percentage}}
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Lancaster City (mai kula da)
| align=&quot;left&quot; | 5 Janairu 2024
| align=&quot;left&quot; | 26 Janairu 2024{{WDL|3|1|0|2|decimals=1}}
| &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lancaster City caretaker manager and captain leaves club |url=https://www.beyondradio.co.uk/news/local-sport/lancaster-city-caretaker-manager-and-captain-leaves-club/}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Defender Simon Grand leaves Lancaster City to join Bamber Bridge |url=https://www.beyondradio.co.uk/news/local-sport/defender-simon-grand-leaves-lancaster-city-to-join-bamber-bridge/}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lancaster City fixtures &amp; results |url=https://www.pitchero.com/clubs/lancastercity/teams/25604/fixtures-results}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Jimilla
{{WDLtot|3|1|0|2|decimals=1}}
!
|}

== Daraja ==
'''Carlisle United'''

* Wanda ya zo na biyu a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwallon ƙafa : 2005–06 

'''Mutum ɗaya'''

* Tawagar Arewa ta Shekara: 2014–15 

== Nassoshi ==

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* Simon Grand at Soccerbase 
{{2013–14 Conference North Team of the Year}}
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1984]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>elde807vaufdp8uws342ocff3ki1ozi</sha1>
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'''Simon Grand''' (an haife shi a ranar 23 ga Fabrairu 1984) [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne]] na Ingila wanda ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga baya|mai tsaron baya]] ga Bamber Bridge .

Ya taka rawar gani a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Rochdale, Carlisle United, Grimsby Town, Morecambe da Aldershot Town, sannan kuma ya buga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa da ƙasa a Northwich Victoria, Fleetwood Town, Southport, Mansfield Town, AFC Telford United, Barrow, Salford City, AFC Fylde da Chester .

== Sana'a ==

=== Rochdale ===
An haife shi a Chorley, Grand ya fara aikinsa a Rochdale a matsayin mai horarwa a watan Agusta na 2001 kuma ya lashe kyautar matashin ɗan wasa na shekara ta ƙungiyar a watan Mayu na 2002. &lt;ref name=&quot;sbase&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Simon Grand |url=https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=28648 |access-date=8 November 2007 |website=Soccerbase |publisher=Racing Post}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;RAFC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 May 2002 |title=End of Season Bash |url=http://www.rochdaleafc.premiumtv.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0,,10441~217468,00.html |access-date=8 November 2007 |publisher=Rochdale AFC Official Site}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya fara buga wasa a zagaye na biyu na gasar cin kofin FA da Bristol Rovers a watan Disamba na 2002 kuma ya kafa kansa a cikin ƙungiyar farko, inda ya buga wasanni 28 a dukkan gasa a sauran kakar wasa ta 2002-03 kuma ya taimaka wa Rochdale zuwa zagaye na 5 na gasar cin kofin FA a watan Fabrairu na 2003 inda Wolves ta doke su. &lt;ref name=&quot;sbase&quot; /&gt;  Ya fara kakar wasa ta 2003-04 a ƙungiyar farko kuma ya kasance mai horarwa har zuwa Janairu na 2004 lokacin da, bayan ya buga wasanni 21 a duk gasa, aka kore shi daga ƙungiyar bayan isowar sabon koci Steve Parkin . &lt;ref name=&quot;sbase&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;SP&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Manager History for Rochdale |url=http://www.soccerbase.com/manager_history.sd?teamid=2175 |access-date=8 November 2007 |website=Soccerbase |publisher=Racing Post}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bai sake buga wasa a Rochdale ba kuma kulob din ya sallame shi a watan Mayun 2004. &lt;ref name=&quot;sbase&quot; /&gt; 

=== Carlisle United ===
Grand ya koma ƙungiyar Conference National, Carlisle United, a watan Agusta na 2004, bayan gwajin da ya yi nasara. &lt;ref name=&quot;sbase&quot;/&gt;  Ya zura kwallaye a wasansa na farko da Tamworth a watan Satumba na 2004 kuma ya buga wasanni 29 a dukkan gasa a kakar wasa ta 2004-05 yayin da Carlisle ya lashe gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwallon ƙafa . &lt;ref name=&quot;sbase&quot; /&gt;   Jim kaɗan kafin ƙarshen kakar wasa, ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu wanda zai sa ya ci gaba da zama a ƙungiyar har zuwa 2007.  A watan Disamba na 2005, ya ci bugun fenariti mai nasara a wasan yayin da Carlisle ta doke Tranmere Rovers da ci 11-10 a bugun fenariti a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwallon ƙafa ta Football League Cup .  Duk da haka, ya ga ya yi masa wahala ya wuce Kevin Gray, Danny Livesey da Peter Murphy a matsayin ɗan baya na tsakiya kuma ya buga wasanni 14 kacal a kakar wasa ta 2005-06 yayin da Carlisle ya sami ci gaba a karo na biyu a jere a matsayin zakaran League Two. &lt;ref name=&quot;sbase&quot; /&gt;  A ƙarshen kakar wasa, Carlisle ya yarda ya saurari tayin Grand, kuma bayan ya sake buga wasanni shida a Carlisle a kakar wasa ta 2006-07, ya koma Grimsby Town . &lt;ref name=&quot;sbase&quot; /&gt; 

=== Garin Grimsby ===
Grand ya koma Grimsby Town a watan Janairun 2007, da farko a matsayin aro har zuwa karshen kakar wasa ta 2006-07, amma ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar dindindin ta watanni 18 makonni biyu bayan haka.   Duk da haka, bayan ya buga wasanni bakwai kacal ga Grimsby, an sake shi a watan Mayun 2007. 

=== Morecambe ===
Grand ya koma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Morecambe a watan Agusta na 2007 kan yarjejeniyar watanni 12, bayan ya yi nasarar gwada shi da ƙungiyar Christie Park . 

=== Ba na League ba ===
Bayan ya bar Morecambe a ƙarshen kakar wasa, Grand ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar da ba ta da kwangila a Northwich Victoria a watan Agusta na 2008.  Ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar dindindin har zuwa ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2008-09 a watan Oktoba. &lt;ref name=&quot;Defensive duo pen deals&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Simpson, Andrew |date=8 October 2008 |title=Defensive duo pen deals |url=http://www.northwichguardian.co.uk/vics/3737166.Defensive_duo_pen_deals/ |access-date=27 June 2011 |website=Northwich Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Grand ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Fleetwood Town kafin fara kakar wasa ta 2010-11, kuma a watan Oktoban 2010, ya koma Mansfield Town a matsayin aro, inda ya buga wasanni 9 a gasar Conference League da kuma gasar FA Cup. A watan Janairun 2011, ya koma Aldershot Town a matsayin aro. 

Kafin fara kakar wasa ta 2011-12, Grand ya koma gabar tekun yammacin Ingila don komawa Southport a kan yarjejeniyar canja wuri kyauta  kuma ya fara buga wasa a kulob dinsa na gasa a ranar 13 ga Agusta 2011 a ranar farko ta kakar wasa ta 2011-12.  Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a Southport, inda ya zura kwallo ta biyu a raga a wasan da suka doke [[Forest Green Rovers FC|Forest Green]] da ci 3-2 a waje. Grand ya zura kwallaye uku a raga ga Southport a kakar wasa ta 2011-12, sannan ya jagoranci kungiyar a wasu lokutan ba tare da kyaftin din kungiyar ba, Alan Moogan. A ranar 28 ga Yuni 2012, an nada Grand a matsayin sabon kyaftin din kungiyar Southport, bayan da Moogan ya koma zama dan wasa/koci.

Bayan an sallame shi daga Southport, an sanar da shi a shafin kungiyar cewa ya koma Telford a ranar 10 ga Mayu 2013, inda ya sake komawa Liam Watson . A ranar 26 ga Afrilu 2014 ya sami lambar yabo ta gasar Conference Premier tare da Telford bayan sun lashe gasar Conference North a wasan karshe na kakar wasa.

A ranar 20 ga Mayu 2014, Grand ya koma Barrow, kuma an nada shi a matsayin kyaftin na ƙungiyar a watan Agusta 2014 don kakar wasa mai zuwa ta 2014-15.

A watan Yulin 2016 ya koma Salford City . 

Daga baya ya shiga AFC Fylde . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=31 July 2017 |title=Coasters Make Grand Signing |url=http://nonleague.pitchero.com/headlines/coasters-make-grand-signing/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Chester ===
A watan Yulin 2018, Grand mai shekaru 34 ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar Chester tare da tsoffin manajojinsa na Salford City Anthony Johnson da Bernard Morley &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 July 2018 |title=Chester FC make Grand swoop for Simon |url=http://www.chesterfc.com/2018/07/20/breaking-chester-fc-make-grand-swoop-for-simon/ |access-date=26 April 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ya tsawaita kwangilarsa na tsawon shekara guda a watan Mayun 2019.  Ya dawo da kyakkyawar alaƙa da ƙwararren ɗan wasan tsakiya Danny Livesey, wanda aka kafa a baya a Carlisle United a 2004-06, sannan aka sake gina shi a Barrow a 2014-16.

Grand ya buga kowace minti a kowane wasa na yau da kullun a shekararsa ta biyu a Chester amma bai yi watsi da ritayarsa ba saboda kakar wasa ta ƙare saboda annobar korona kuma makomarsa ba ta da tabbas.  Bayan da Chester ya sha kashi a wasan neman gurbin shiga gasar, ya amince da sabuwar kwangila kafin kakar wasa ta 2020-21. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 August 2020 |title=Key players sign new deals at Chester FC |url=https://www.chesterfc.com/2020/08/18/breaking-key-players-sign-new-deals-at-chester-fc/ |access-date=26 April 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Grand ya buga wasa na 100 ga Chester a ranar 2 ga Janairu 2021 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 January 2021 |title=Simon Grand: 100 games for Chester FC |url=https://www.chesterfc.com/2021/01/02/milestone-simon-grand-100-games-for-chester-fc/ |access-date=4 May 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ya amince da sharuɗɗan ci gaba da zama a kakar wasa ta 2021/22. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 May 2021 |title=Simon Grand remains with Chester FC for 2021/22 |url=https://www.chesterfc.com/2021/05/14/breaking-simon-grand-remains-with-chester-fc-for-2021-22/ |access-date=4 May 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; An sake shi a ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2021-22. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 May 2022 |title=Chester FC Retained List 2021/22 |url=https://www.chesterfc.com/2022/05/20/news-chester-fc-retained-list-2021-22/ |access-date=4 May 2023 |archive-date=2 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230502061037/https://www.chesterfc.com/2022/05/20/news-chester-fc-retained-list-2021-22/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ƙarin aiki ===
A watan Yulin 2022, Grand ya sanya hannu a ƙungiyar North West County Premier Division Charnock Richard, kuma ya zura ƙwallo a ragar Padiham a wasansa na farko.

A watan Janairun 2024, Grand ya shiga Bamber Bridge . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet|title=📝Welcom, Simon Grand! We are delighted to announce the signing of Simon Grand from @LancasterCityFC #UptheBrig|user=BamberBridgeFC|date=25 January 2024|accessdate=26 January 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ƙididdigar aiki ==
{{Updated|match played 16 April 2024}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Grand's total appearance&quot;&gt;{{soccerway|simon-grand/63533|accessdate=25 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Club
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Season
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |League
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |FA Cup
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |League Cup
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Other
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
|-
!Division
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Rochdale
|2002–03
|Third Division
|23
|2
|5
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|28
|2
|-
|2003–04
|Third Division
|17
|0
|2
|0
|1
|0
|1&lt;ref group=&quot;lower-alpha&quot; name=&quot;FLT&quot; /&gt;
|0
|21
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!40
!2
!7
!0
!1
!0
!1
!0
!49
!2
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |Carlisle United
|2004–05
|Conference Premier
|23
|2
|4
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|2
|1
|29
|3
|-
|2005–06
|League Two
|8
|2
|1
|0
|1
|0
|4
|1
|14
|3
|-
|2006–07
|League One
|4
|0
|0
|0
|1
|0
|1&lt;ref group=&quot;lower-alpha&quot; name=&quot;FLT&quot; /&gt;
|0
|6
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!35
!4
!5
!0
!2
!0
!7
!2
!49
!6
|-
|Grimsby Town
|2006–07&lt;ref name=&quot;SG06&quot; /&gt;
|League Two
|7
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|0
|0
|7
|0
|-
|Morecambe
|2007–08
|League Two
|6
|1
|1
|0
|1
|0
|4&lt;ref group=&quot;lower-alpha&quot; name=&quot;FLT&quot; /&gt;
|0
|12
|1
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Northwich Victoria
|2008–09
|Conference Premier
|34
|5
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|0
|0
|34
|5
|-
|2009–10
|Conference North
|29
|4
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|0
|0
|30
|4
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!63
!9
!1
!0
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
!0
!0
!64
!9
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Fleetwood Town
|2009–10
|Conference North
|6
|1
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|0
|0
|6
|1
|-
|2010–11
|Conference Premier
|4
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|0
|0
|4
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!10
!1
!0
!0
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
!0
!0
!10
!1
|-
|Mansfield Town (loan)
|2010–11
|Conference Premier
|6
|0
|2
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|1
|0
|9
|0
|-
|Aldershot Town (loan)
|2010–11
|League Two
|6
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|0
|0
|0
|0
|6
|0
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Southport
|2011–12
|Conference Premier
|42
|4
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|1&lt;ref group=&quot;lower-alpha&quot; name=&quot;FAT&quot; /&gt;
|0
|44
|4
|-
|2012–13
|Conference Premier
|41
|7
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|2&lt;ref group=&quot;lower-alpha&quot; name=&quot;FAT&quot; /&gt;
|0
|44
|7
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!83
!11
!2
!0
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
!3
!0
!88
!11
|-
|Telford United
|2013–14
|Conference North
|35
|4
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|2&lt;ref group=&quot;lower-alpha&quot; name=&quot;FAT&quot; /&gt;
|0
|37
|4
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Barrow
|2014–15
|Conference North
|40
|4
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|0
|0
|40
|4
|-
|2015–16
|National League
|40
|2
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|2&lt;ref group=&quot;lower-alpha&quot; name=&quot;FAT&quot; /&gt;
|0
|42
|2
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!80
!6
!0
!0
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
!2
!0
!82
!6
|-
|Salford City
|2016–17
|National League North
|40
|9
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|2
|0
|42
|9
|-
|AFC Fylde
|2017–18
|National League
|35
|4
|4
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|2
|0
|41
|5
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |Chester
|2018–19&lt;ref name=&quot;IronM&quot;&gt;{{Soccerway|simon-grand/63533|Games played by Simon Grand in 2018/2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|National League North
|36
|4
|2
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|3
|0
|41
|4
|-
|2019–20&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=England – S. Grand – Profile with news, career statistics and history – Soccerway |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/simon-grand/63533/ |access-date=2022-02-19 |website=int.soccerway.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|National League North
|32
|3
|2
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|5
|0
|39
|3
|-
|2020–21&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
|National League North
|17
|1
|3
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|2&lt;ref name=&quot;FAT&quot; group=&quot;lower-alpha&quot; /&gt;
|0
|22
|1
|-
|2021–22&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
|National League North
|36
|1
|2
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|0
|0
|38
|1
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |total
!121
!9
!9
!0
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
!10
!0
!140
!9
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Charnock Richard
|2022–23&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Simon Grand Match List (First Team) – Charnock Richard Football Club |url=https://www.charnockrichardfc.co.uk/matchesplayed/1077/simon-grand |access-date=2022-12-29 |website=charnockrichardfc.co.71 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|NWCFL Premier Division
|41
|10
|5
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|7
|1
|53
|11
|-
|2023–24&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Simon Grand Match List (First Team) - Charnock Richard Football Club |url=https://www.charnockrichardfc.co.uk/matchesplayed/1077/simon-grand?fplyShowAll=true&amp;fdfaShowAll=true&amp;frt=rescomp&amp;fsea=17&amp;fdfa=2}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|NWCFL Premier Division
|2
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|0
|0
|2
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!43
!10
!5
!1
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
!7
!1
!55
!12
|-
|Lancaster City
|2023–24&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lancaster City &amp;#124; Appearances &amp;#124; Simon Grand &amp;#124; Football Web Pages |url=https://www.footballwebpages.co.uk/lancaster-city/appearances/simon-grand/953747}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|[[Northern Premier League|NPL Premier Division]]
|24
|3
|3
|3
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|2
|0
|29
|6
|-
|Bamber Bridge
|2023–24&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bamber Bridge &amp;#124; Appearances &amp;#124; Simon Grand &amp;#124; Football Web Pages |url=https://www.footballwebpages.co.uk/bamber-bridge/appearances/simon-grand/962422}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|NPL Premier Division
|11
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|0
|0
|11
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Career total
!645
!73
!39
!5
!4
!0
!43
!3
!731
!81
|}
 

== Ƙididdigar gudanarwa ==
{{Updated|match played 9 April 2024}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center&quot;
|+Tarihin gudanarwa ta ƙungiya da kuma lokacin aiki
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Ƙungiyar
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Daga
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Zuwa
! colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Rikodi
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | {{Abbr|Ref|Reference}}
|-
! {{Abbr|P|Matches played}}
! {{Abbr|W|Matches won}}
! {{Abbr|D|Matches drawn}}
! {{Abbr|L|Matches lost}}
! {{Abbr|Win %|Win percentage}}
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Lancaster City (mai kula da)
| align=&quot;left&quot; | 5 Janairu 2024
| align=&quot;left&quot; | 26 Janairu 2024{{WDL|3|1|0|2|decimals=1}}
| &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lancaster City caretaker manager and captain leaves club |url=https://www.beyondradio.co.uk/news/local-sport/lancaster-city-caretaker-manager-and-captain-leaves-club/}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Defender Simon Grand leaves Lancaster City to join Bamber Bridge |url=https://www.beyondradio.co.uk/news/local-sport/defender-simon-grand-leaves-lancaster-city-to-join-bamber-bridge/}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lancaster City fixtures &amp; results |url=https://www.pitchero.com/clubs/lancastercity/teams/25604/fixtures-results}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Jimilla
{{WDLtot|3|1|0|2|decimals=1}}
!
|}

== Daraja ==
'''Carlisle United'''

* Wanda ya zo na biyu a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwallon ƙafa : 2005–06 

'''Mutum ɗaya'''

* Tawagar Arewa ta Shekara: 2014–15 

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* Simon Grand at Soccerbase 
{{2013–14 Conference North Team of the Year}}
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1984]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>kfg7aapcmi7c3req640d5dejwtwfgyd</sha1>
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  </page>
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    <title>Stanislav Šesták</title>
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'''Stanislav Šesták''' (  ; an haife shi a ranar 16 ga Disamba 1982) ɗan wasan [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na ƙasar Slovak mai ritaya, manaja, kuma jami'in kulob kuma ɗan siyasa na gida. Šesták ya jagoranci ƙungiyar Tatran Prešov ta Slovakia a karo na uku . Liga - Gabas . &lt;ref name=&quot;kicker&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stanislav Sestak |url=http://www.kicker.de/news/fussball/bundesliga/vereine/2015-16/42094/vereinsspieler_stanislav-sestak.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181017163132/http://www.kicker.de/news/fussball/bundesliga/vereine/2015-16/42094/vereinsspieler_stanislav-sestak.html |archive-date=17 October 2018 |access-date=18 June 2015 |publisher=[[Kicker (sports magazine)|kicker]] |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Slovakia&amp;nbsp;– Record International Players |url=https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/slow-recintlp.html |access-date=16 December 2010 |website=[[RSSSF]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin kulob ==

=== Slovakiya ===
Šesták ya fara taka leda a Demjata, inda ya buga wasa a kakar wasa daya a kungiyar FK Demjata ta gida, a kungiyar 'yan kasa da shekara 15. Iyayensa sun kai shi sansanin matasa na FC Tatran Prešov . Wannan shine matakinsa na farko zuwa kwallon kafa na kwararru. A hukumance, Šesták ya fara aikinsa a Tatran Prešov. A watan Disamba na 2001, ya koma Slovan Bratislava . Ya buga wasanni biyu kacal a [[Bratislava]] sannan ya koma MŠK Žilina a watan Disamba na 2003. A kakar wasa ta 2005–06, Šesták ya zo matsayi na hudu a jerin 'yan wasan da suka fi zura kwallaye a gasar Slovak . Shekara guda bayan haka, kulob dinsa MŠK Žilina ya lashe gasar Slovak. Šesták ya zura kwallaye 15 a wannan kakar kuma ya kasance na biyu a jerin 'yan wasan da suka fi zura kwallaye a Slovak.

=== VfL Bochum ===
A ranar 7 ga Yunin 2007, Šesták ya koma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Jamus VfL Bochum . Ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru huɗu a ƙungiyar har zuwa 2011. A Bochum, ana sa ran zai maye gurbin ɗan wasan ƙasa da ƙasa na Girka [[Theofanis Gekas]], wanda bayan ya lashe kambun mafi yawan kwallaye a kakar wasa da ta gabata, aka mayar da shi Bayer Leverkusen .

Šesták ya buga wasanni 86 a ƙungiyar VfL Bochum kuma ya zira kwallaye 28 (an taimaka masa 17) a cikin shekaru uku da ya yi tare da ƙungiyar Ruhr Valley. A kakar wasa ta 2007–08, ya zira kwallaye 13 kuma ya taimaka wajen zura kwallaye 9, wanda ya fi kowa zura kwallaye a gasar, bayan Luca Toni na [[FC Bayern Munich|Bayern Munich]] da Diego na Werder Bremen . A ranar 11 ga Afrilu 2009, Šesták ya zira kwallaye uku a cikin mintuna 27 a kan TSG 1899 Hoffenheim (saboda hutun rabin lokaci tsakanin kwallaye biyu na farko, duk da haka, ana iya ƙidaya shi a matsayin wanda ba shi da lahani).

=== A Turkiyya ===
Bayan da Bochum ya koma Bundesliga, an ba shi aro na kakar wasa ta 2010-11 na tsawon shekara guda ga ƙungiyar MKE Ankaragücü ta Turkiyya. A lokacin da ya shafe shekara ɗaya yana wasa, ya buga wasanni 24 a ƙungiyar, inda ya zura kwallaye goma (an taimaka masa da taimako biyu). A watan Yunin 2011, an canja Šesták zuwa ƙungiyar har abada kan kuɗin canja wuri da ba a bayyana ba. Duk da haka, saboda matsalolin kuɗi na wannan ƙungiyar, Bochum (har zuwa Janairun 2013) bai taɓa karɓar kuɗin canja wurin ba kuma MKE Ankaragücü har yanzu yana bin su bashin kusan Yuro miliyan 2.374, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 March 2013 |title=VfL Bochum feilscht mit Ankaragücü um Millionen |url=https://www.derwesten.de/sport/fussball/vfl/vfl-bochum-feilscht-mit-ankaraguecue-um-millionen-id7778852.html |access-date=28 March 2013 |publisher=Der Westen |language=de |archive-date=20 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180320171012/https://www.derwesten.de/sport/fussball/vfl/vfl-bochum-feilscht-mit-ankaraguecue-um-millionen-id7778852.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan watanni uku kacal, a watan Satumba na 2011, Šesták ya koma ƙungiyar da ke hamayya da ita a gasar Bursaspor inda ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru uku. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 September 2011 |title=Aj Šesták v Ankaragücü končí, prestúpil do Bursasporu |url=http://futbal.sme.sk/c/6039748/aj-sestak-v-ankaragc-konci-prestupil-do-bursasporu.html |access-date=3 September 2011 |publisher=futbal.sme.sk |language=sk}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ferencváros ===
A ranar 16 ga Yuni 2015, Šesták ya rattaba hannu kan babban kulob na Hungarian Ferencvárosi TC . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 June 2015 |title=Sesták a Fradié! |url=http://www.fradi.hu/hu/labdarugas/nb-i/hirek/sestak-a-fradie-/20150618/c/10701 |language=hu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 2 ga Afrilu 2016, ya zama zakaran Hungarian League tare da Ferencváros bayan ya sha kashi a hannun Debreceni VSC 2–1 a filin wasa na Nagyerdei a cikin 2015–16 Nemzeti Bajnokság I kakar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Watson-Broughton |first=Matthew |date=2 April 2016 |title=Ferencváros crowned Hungarian champions |url=http://www.uefa.com/memberassociations/news/newsid=2348538.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406093658/http://www.uefa.com/memberassociations/news/newsid=2348538.html |archive-date=6 April 2016 |access-date=5 April 2016 |publisher=[[UEFA.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa ==
Šesták ya fara wasansa na matasa a shekarar 2000. A lokacin ƙuruciyarsa, ya kasance memba na ƙungiyoyin ƙasa na 'yan ƙasa da shekara 18 da kuma 'yan ƙasa da shekara 21 na Slovak. A ranar 18 ga Agusta 2004, Šesták ya fara bugawa ƙungiyar manyan 'yan ƙasa ta Slovak wasa a wasan da suka doke Luxembourg da ci 3-1, inda ya maye gurbin Szilárd Németh a cikin mintuna shida na ƙarshe na wasan.  Šesták ya zura kwallayensa na farko a manyan 'yan wasa na ƙasa da ƙasa a kan [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta kasa ta San Marino|San Marino]] a ranar 13 ga Oktoba 2007.

A lokacin gasar neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2010, Šesták ya zama dan wasan da ya fi zura kwallaye a raga a kungiyarsa da kwallaye 6 a wasanni 6 kuma ya taimaka wajen samun cancantar shiga gasar farko ta Slovakia. A ranar 15 ga Oktoba, 2008, ya zura kwallaye biyu cikin sauri a mintuna na karshe a wasan da suka yi da Poland, wanda hakan ya sa wasan ya koma 0-1. Šesták ya kuma zura kwallo ta farko a wasan da suka yi da Jamhuriyar Czech a ranar 1 ga Afrilu, 2009.  A matsayinsa na wani bangare na tawagar Slovakia a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2010, ya buga wasa a kowane wasa na Slovakia a matakin rukuni.

A lokacin da Griga da Hipp ke horar da 'yan wasa, galibinsu sun yi watsi da Šesták kuma an zaɓe shi ne kawai don wasan sada zumunci da Poland a ranar 26 ga Mayu 2012, inda ya buga wasa a mintuna 57 na farko. 

A ranar 14 ga Agusta 2013, Šesták ya koma buga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa da ƙasa a ƙarƙashin sabon kocin ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Slovak Ján Kozák,  ya zura ƙwallo a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da Romania a waje. Ya kuma taimaka wa ƙasarsa ta cancanci shiga gasar cin kofin Turai ta UEFA a karon farko a shekarar 2016. Ya buga wasanni uku a lokacin nasarar da suka samu a wasannin share fage kuma ya zura ƙwallo a wasan ƙarshe da suka yi da Belarus a ranar 12 ga Oktoba 2014 a minti na 92. Shi ne kuma ƙwallonsa ta ƙarshe ta ƙasa da ƙasa.

Šesták shi ma memba ne na ƙungiyarsu ta ƙarshe a gasar UEFA Euro 2016. Ya kasance a benci a lokacin gasar har zuwa zagaye na 16 da Jamus a ranar 26 ga Yuni 2016, inda suka sha kashi 0-3 . Šesták ya shigo a matsayin madadin Michal Ďuriš a minti na 64. Bayan wasan, ya sanar da yin ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa da ƙasa a hukumance. A lokacin da ya yi ritaya, shi ne ɗan wasa na shida mafi kyawun ɗan wasan da ya zura kwallaye a Slovakia, inda ya zura kwallaye 13 a wasanni 66.

== Koyarwa da kuma aikin da ya yi daga baya ==
A ƙarshen watan Afrilun 2017, an naɗa Šesták a matsayin manajan riƙo na FK Poprad har zuwa ƙarshen kakar wasa.  Ya ci gaba da zama wani ɓangare na ma'aikatan kakar wasa ta 2017-18, yana aiki a matsayin mataimakin manaja. 

A lokacin bazara na 2019, ya yi ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwararru kuma aka ɗauke shi aiki a matsayin darektan wasanni na FK Poprad.  Ya kuma dawo ya buga wa tsohuwar ƙungiyar matasa ta FK Demjata wasa. 

== Sauran ayyuka ==
A cikin Oktoba 2022, Šesták ya zama ɗan majalisa na birni a Prešov, yana goyon bayan ɗan takarar magajin gari, abokin aikin Tatran Prešov da tsohon alkalin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na duniya Ľuboš Micheľ . Ya yi takara a matsayin ɗan takarar haɗin gwiwa na HLAS-SD da Aliancia a yankin farko na zaɓe na birni. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Noví poslanci mestského zastupiteľstva Prešov |url=https://www.presov.sk/oznamy/novi-poslanci-mestskeho-zastupitelstva.html |access-date=2022-12-15 |website=www.presov.sk}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=s.r.o |first=Global24 |date=20 September 2022 |title=Prehľad potvrdených KANDIDÁTOV: Kto chce byť poslancom na Sídlisku 3, Mladosť a Rúrky? |url=https://presov.dnes24.sk/prehlad-potvrdenych-kandidatov-kto-chce-byt-poslancom-na-sidlisku-3-mladost-a-rurky-422343 |access-date=2022-12-15 |website=Prešov24.sk |language=sk}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Šesták ya auri matarsa Milka Šestáková. Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya uku. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Cas.sk |date=2020-05-05 |title=Rodinka futbalistu Stana Šestáka sa rozrastie: Tretie dieťa je ako zázrak! |url=https://www.cas.sk/clanok/976920/ |access-date=2022-12-15 |website=Nový Čas |language=sk}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin Disamba 2022, gidan dangin Šesták a Demjata ya kone. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 December 2022 |title=Zúfalý Šesták po požiari domu: Zhoreli nám všetky osobné veci aj darčeky pre deti na Vianoce {{!}} TVNOVINY.sk |url=https://tvnoviny.sk/domace/clanok/386616-zufaly-sestak-po-poziari-domu-zhoreli-nam-vsetky-osobne-veci-aj-darceky-pre-deti-na-vianoce |access-date=2022-12-15 |website=tvnoviny.sk |language=cs}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ƙididdigar aiki ==

=== Kulob ===
{{As of|2017|6|10}}&lt;ref name=&quot;kicker&quot;/&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Club
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Season
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |League
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |National cup{{Efn|Includes [[Slovak Cup]], [[DFB-Pokal]], [[Turkish Cup]], [[Hungarian Cup]]}}
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |League cup{{Efn|Includes [[DFB-Ligapokal]], [[Ligakupa]]}}
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Continental
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Other
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
|-
!Division
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Tatran Prešov
|2000–01
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Slovak Superliga
|28
|5
|
|
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|
|
|-
|2001–02
|14
|4
|
|
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|
|
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!42
!9
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |Slovan Bratislava
|2001–02
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Slovak Superliga
|18
|1
|
|
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|
|
|-
|2002–03
|26
|3
|
|
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|
|
|-
|2003–04
|14
|2
|
|
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|
|
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!58
!6
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |MŠK Žilina
|2003–04
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |Slovak Superliga
|16
|4
|
|
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|
|
|-
|2004–05
|27
|13
|
|
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|2
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|
|
|-
|2005–06
|29
|17
|
|
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|2
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|
|
|-
|2006–07
|27
|15
|
|
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|
|
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!99
!49
!
!
!0
!0
!4
!0
!0
!0
!
!
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |VfL Bochum
|2007–08
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Bundesliga
|33
|13
|2
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|35
|13
|-
|2008–09
|24
|9
|2
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|26
|10
|-
|2009–10
|29
|6
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|30
|6
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!86
!28
!5
!1
!0
!0
!0
!0
!0
!0
!91
!29
|-
|MKE Ankaragücü (loan)
|2010–11
|[[Süper Lig]]
|24
|10
|1
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|25
|11
|-
|MKE Ankaragücü
|2011–12
|Süper Lig
|0
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|0
|0
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |Bursaspor
|2011–12
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Süper Lig
|31
|1
|5
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|0
|0
|4{{Efn|Appearances in Süper Lig Europe League play-offs}}
|1
|40
|2
|-
|2012–13
|29
|7
|6
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|3
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|38
|8
|-
|2013–14
|19
|4
|8
|3
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|2
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|29
|7
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!79
!12
!19
!3
!0
!0
!5
!1
!4
!1
!107
!17
|-
|VfL Bochum
|2014–15
|2. Bundesliga
|27
|9
|2
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|29
|9
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Ferencvárosi
|2015–16
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Nemzeti Bajnokság I
|24
|9
|4
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|2
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|30
|10
|-
|2016–17
|6
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|2
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|8
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!30
!9
!4
!1
!0
!0
!4
!0
!0
!0
!38
!10
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |FK Poprad
|2016–17
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2. Liga
|2
|1
|3
|2
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|4{{Efn|2. Liga relegation round and relegation playoffs}}
|6
|9
|9
|-
|2017–18
|0
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|0
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Career total
!447
!133
!
!
!0
!0
!13
!1
!8
!7
!
!
|}
{{Notelist}}

=== Na Ƙasa da Ƙasa ===

: ''Sakamakon maki da sakamakon sun fara nuna adadin kwallayen da Slovakia ta ci, ginshiƙin maki yana nuna maki bayan kowace ƙwallo ta Šesták.''

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|+List of international goals scored by Stanislav Šesták&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Football PLAYER: Stanislav Šesták |url=http://eu-football.info/_player.php?id=19044 |access-date=13 March 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |No.
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Date
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Venue
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Opponent
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Score
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Result
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Competition
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |13 October 2007
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Mestský štadión Dubnica, Dubnica nad Váhom, Slovakia
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |{{Fb|SMR}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |2–0
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |7–0
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |UEFA Euro 2008 qualifying
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |2
| align=&quot;center&quot; |6–0
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |3
|26 February 2008
|Tsirion Stadium, Limassol, Cyprus
|{{Fb|HUN}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1–1
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1–1
|Friendly
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |4
|11 October 2008
|Stadio Olimpico, Serravalle, San Marino
|{{Fb|SMR}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1–0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |3–1
|2010 FIFA World Cup qualifying
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |5
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |15 October 2008
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Štadión Pasienky, [[Bratislava]], Slovakia
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |{{Fb|POL}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1–1
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |2–1
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2010 FIFA World Cup qualifying
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |6
| align=&quot;center&quot; |2–1
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |7
|1 April 2009
|Generali Arena, [[Prag|Prague]], Czech Republic
|{{Fb|CZE}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1–0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |2–1
|2010 FIFA World Cup qualifying
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |8
|5 September 2009
|Štadión Pasienky, [[Bratislava]], Slovakia
|{{Fb|CZE}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1–0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |2–2
|2010 FIFA World Cup qualifying
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |9
|9 September 2009
|Windsor Park, Belfast, Northern Ireland
|{{Fb|NIR}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1–0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |2–0
|2010 FIFA World Cup qualifying
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |10
|17 November 2009
|Štadión pod Dubňom, Žilina, Slovakia
|{{Fb|Chile}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1–1
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1–2
|Friendly
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |11
|5 June 2010
|Štadión Pasienky, [[Bratislava]], Slovakia
|{{Fb|CRC}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |3–0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |3–0
|Friendly
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |12
|14 August 2013
|Arena Națională, [[Bukarest|Bucharest]], Romania
|{{Fb|ROU}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1–1
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1–1
|Friendly
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |13
|12 October 2014
|Borisov Arena, Borisov, Belarus
|{{Fb|BLR}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |3–1
| align=&quot;center&quot; |3–1
|UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying
|}

== Daraja ==
'''MŠK Žilina''' &lt;ref name=&quot;Soccerway&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=S. Šesták |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/stanislav-sestak/16479/ |access-date=25 May 2016 |website=Soccerway}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Slovak Super Liga : 2003-04, 2006-07

'''Ferencvaros''' &lt;ref name=&quot;Soccerway&quot;/&gt;

* Nemzeti Bajnokság I : 2015–16
* Magyar Kupa : 2015–16

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* {{Soccerway|stanislav-sestak/16479|Stanislav Šesták}}
* {{NFT player|8252}}
* Stanislav Šesták at fussballdaten.de (in German)
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1982]]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>r3npjstcufpei1g3h5fafpknj9uig05</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Stratos Voulgaropoulos</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>161399</id>
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      <parentid>881635</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-01T06:39:39Z</timestamp>
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        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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      <text bytes="3178" sha1="9yxttll4z082k9qg57jltmaqzly5hcj" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Efstratios &quot;Stratos''' &quot; Voulgaropoulos ( Greek   &quot; Βουλγαρόπουλος ; an haife shi a ranar 31 ga Oktoba, 2000) ƙwararren ɗan wasan [[Kwallon kwando|ƙwallon kwando]] ne na Girka a Doxa Lefkadas na gasar Girka ta A2 Basket League . Yana da {{Convert|2.18|m|ftin}} tsayi, &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.esake.gr/el/action/EsakeplayerView?idteam=00000005&amp;idplayer=F0A66983&amp;mode=1 ΒΟΥΛΓΑΡΟΠΟΥΛΟΣ Στράτος | ΥΨΟΣ 2,18 {{In lang|el}}.]&lt;/ref&gt;  kuma yana wasa a tsakiyar matsayi.

== Sana'ar ƙwararru ==

=== Aris Tasaloniki ===
Voulgaropoulos ya shiga ƙungiyar matasa ta ƙungiyar KAOD ta Girka, a shekarar 2014.  Ya sanya hannu tare da ƙungiyoyin matasa na ƙungiyar Aris ta Girka, a shekarar 2016. A kakar wasa ta 2018-19, ya buga wasa a gasar ƙwallon kwando ta Girka ta farko, tare da ƙungiyar manyan maza ta Aris, a wasan da suka buga da Panathinaikos . 

=== Lavrio ===
A lokacin bazara na 2020, Voulgaropoulos ya koma kudu zuwa Lavrio, inda ya kai wasan karshe na gasar Girka Basket League a 2021 ta hanyar mu'ujiza. A wasanni 18, ya samu matsakaicin maki 1.9, sake dawowa 1.3 da kuma toshe 0.3 a cikin mintuna 6 a kowace gasa. A wasanni 18 na gasar lig a lokacin kakar wasa ta 2021-2022, Voulgaropoulos ya buga irin wannan layin maki na maki 1.9, sake dawowa 1.3 da toshe 0.3 a cikin mintuna 6 a kowace gasa. A wasanni 3 da Lavrio a lokacin kakar wasa ta 2022-2023, ya samu matsakaicin maki 2 da kuma sake dawowa 2.3 a cikin mintuna 6 a kowace gasa.

==== Aron kuɗi zuwa Iraklis Thessaloniki ====
A ranar 7 ga Nuwamba, 2022, Voulgaropoulos ya koma Thessaloniki don Iraklis ta hanyar yarjejeniyar aro ta hanyoyi biyu. Tare da Iraklis, ya sami matsakaicin maki 3.8, ramuwar ramuwar 3.8 da toshe 1 a kowace gasa.

=== Doxa Lefkadas ===
A ranar 13 ga Yuli, 2023, Doxa Lefkadas ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Voulgaropoulos.

== Aikin ƙungiyar ƙasa ==
Voulgaropoulos ya kasance memba na ƙananan ƙungiyoyin ƙasa na Girka. Tare da ƙananan ƙungiyoyin ƙasa na Girka, ya buga wasa a Gasar Cin Kofin Turai ta FIBA ta 'yan ƙasa da shekara 18 ta 2018, da kuma Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta FIBA ta 'yan ƙasa da shekara 19 ta 2019 .

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [https://www.fiba.basketball/europecup/18-19/player/Stratos-Voulgaropoulos Bayanin Gasar Cin Kofin Turai ta FIBA]
* Efstratios Voulgaropoulos  
* [https://basketball.eurobasket.com/player/Efstratios-Voulgaropoulos/Greece/Aris-Thessaloniki/335247 Bayanin Eurobasket.com]
* [http://www.kapasports.gr/portfolio/stratos-voulgaropoulos/ Bayanin KapaSports.gr] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607221009/http://www.kapasports.gr/portfolio/stratos-voulgaropoulos/ |date=2020-06-07 }}
* [http://widgets.baskethotel.com/site/esake/player/4968099/ Bayanin Gasar Kwando ta Girka] {{In lang|en}}
* [http://www.esake.gr/el/action/EsakeplayerView?idteam=00000005&amp;idplayer=F0A66983&amp;mode=1 Bayanin Gasar Kwando ta Girka] {{In lang|el}}
* [https://arisbc.gr/en/team/roster/207-stratos-voulgaropoylos.html Bayanin Aris]{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 2000]]

== Manazarta ==
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  <page>
    <title>Tarihin Pacific</title>
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Pacific Records Amurka ce, San Diego, California-tushen lakabin kiɗa wanda aka kafa a 2003 a matsayin mai zaman kansa rikodin rikodin da kuma mai wallafa kiɗa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Pacific Records sounds like success |url=https://www.courant.com/pac-pacific-records-sounds-like-success-story.html |website=Hartford Courant}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Pacific Records (27) |url=https://www.discogs.com/label/1392356-Pacific-Records-27 |website=Discogs}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga cikin labels da aka saki akwai albums na [[O-Town]], Slack Key Ohana da Guitar Legends talabijin na musamman. Shugaba [[Brian Witkin]], lauyan nishaɗi na San Diego,  an dasa tsaba na Pacific Records a cikin 1999, tare da buɗe Real2Reel Records, da farko a gidan iyayensa kafin ya koma a watan Nuwamba 2004 zuwa shagon  wanda ke cikin [[Music venue|Wurin kiɗa]] na dukan shekaru &quot;The Epicentre&quot; a unguwar Mira Mesa ta San Diego.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 2021 |title=A Conversation, Questions, and Reviews &amp;#124; San Diego Troubadour |url=https://sandiegotroubadour.com/17437-2/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Life in Indie-Rock World &amp;#124; San Diego Reader |url=https://www.sandiegoreader.com/news/2005/jun/30/life-indie-rock-world/ |website=Sandiegoreader.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shagon da farko ya fara sakin kiɗa a ƙarƙashin sunan Real2Reel, amma nan da nan ya canza zuwa Pacific Records. Yayinda shagon ya rufe a watan Yunin 2007,  Pacific Records ya ci gaba a matsayin lakabi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Epicentre cuts the cord &amp;#124; San Diego Reader |url=https://www.sandiegoreader.com/news/2015/jul/15/blurt-epicentre-cuts-cord/ |website=Sandiegoreader.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Witkin ya sanya hannu kan ƙwarewar gida da na ƙasa tun daga farko, gami da San Diego's Get Back Loretta da Virginia, Life's Only Lesson . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Old Soul &amp;#124; San Diego Reader |url=https://www.sandiegoreader.com/news/2007/apr/12/old-soul/ |website=Sandiegoreader.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ba da daɗewa ba, Wingnut Media Group, Inc, wanda ke zaune a Del Mar, California, ya sayi alamar, nan da nan aka sauya shi zuwa Georgi Entertainment, LLC. A cikin 2009 Witkin ya sayi kamfanin a ƙarƙashin kamfanin New Pacific Group, a halin yanzu, Pacific Records, Inc. Lambar ta haɗa da ɗakunan rikodin gida, tallan injiniya da rarrabawa.

== Tarihi ==

=== 2010–2015 ===
A cikin 2014 Pacific Records ya fara yin rajistar VIP Lounge a Cibiyar Casino ta Valley View a lokacin, yana nuna jerin sunayen basirarsu kafin manyan masu gabatarwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Want to play the arena? &amp;#124; San Diego Reader |url=https://www.sandiegoreader.com/news/2014/jun/04/blurt-want-play-arena/ |website=Sandiegoreader.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shirin ya ci gaba ta hanyar canjin sunan wurin zuwa Pechanga Arena . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 May 2020 |title=Episode 12: POV at Home w/ Brian Witkin of Pacific Records |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rdxJR46-VR8 |via=[[YouTube]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 2015 Pacific Records ta samar kuma ta saki &quot;San Diego Gulls Anthem,&quot; waƙar hukuma ta ƙungiyar hockey ta San Diego, San Diego Gulles .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 May 2015 |title=Pacific Records to Craft Anthem for San Diego Gulls |url=https://www.nbcsandiego.com/news/local/pacific-records-to-craft-anthem-for-san-diego-gulls/113741/ |website=Nbcsandiego.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2015 |title=Rebecca Jade - San Diego Gulls Anthem |url=https://www.discogs.com/release/15152422-Rebecca-Jade-San-Diego-Gulls-Anthem |website=Discogs.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 2016–2019 ===
A cikin 2017, lakabin ya fitar da sauti na farko, don fim din 9/11, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 September 2017 |title=Various - Songs of 9/11 The Movie |url=https://www.discogs.com/release/14986748-Various-Songs-of-911-The-Movie |website=Discogs.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; tare da Charlie Sheen . A wannan shekarar, Pacific Records ta fitar da rikodin karshe daga mai gabatarwa na [[Motörhead]], Lemmy Kilmister, tare da Chris Declercq, &quot;Mu ne Wadanda suka kasance&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The last from Lemmy &amp;#124; San Diego Reader |url=https://www.sandiegoreader.com/news/2017/dec/13/blurt-last-lemmy-pacific-records/ |website=Sandiegoreader.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Agustan 2019 lakabin ya fitar da The O.T.W.N Album daga O-Town da aka sake haɗuwa, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ruth Kinane |title=Listen to 'The Bachelor' star Colton Underwood's new song with O-Town |url=https://ew.com/music/2019/02/22/the-bachelor-colton-underwood-o-town-song-hello-world/ |website=Ew.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; tare da ƙungiyar da ke yin waƙar jagora, &quot;Off&quot;, a kan [[CBS]]-TV's The Late Late Late Show tare da James Corden  A halin yanzu, a watan Nuwamba 2019 lakabin ta dauki bakuncin wani mataki a cikin Marrietta Ferry a bikin farko na Wonderfront Music and Arts Festival a San Diego.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 26, 2019 |title=Analysis: Wonderfront festival, set to return in 2020, completes debut edition with promise and challenges |url=https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/entertainment/music/story/2019-11-25/wonderfront-festival-completes-debut-edition-with-promise-and-challenges-will-return-in-2020 |website=San Diego Union-Tribune}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pacific Records kuma ta fitar da sauti zuwa talabijin na musamman, Guitar Legends III, wanda aka rubuta a wannan bikin Wonderfront, tare da Billy Gibbons, Warren Haynes, Nancy Wilson, George Thorogood da Steve Lukather.  &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.sdnews.com/view/full_story/27697747/article-Pacific-Records-releases-soundtrack-to--Guitar-Legends-3-?instance=Arts%20Entertainment] {{Dead link|date=June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 2020–2022 ===
A watan Oktoba 2020, lakabin ya fitar da kundi na farko daga Original Starfires, wanda ya hada da New Mamas and Papas singer Laurie Beebe Lewis da singer Eli Holland, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Eli Holland |url=https://www.discogs.com/artist/1700352-Eli-Holland |website=Discogs}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma hadin gwiwa guda, &quot;Bad Wolves&quot; wanda ya hada Rebecca Jade, Grammy winner Jason Mraz, Miki Vale da Veronica May. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Leena Tailor |date=October 12, 2020 |title=Jason Mraz Joins Rebecca Jade To Fight Racism With 'Bad Wolves' Video Premiere |url=https://etcanada.com/news/701586/jason-mraz-joins-rebecca-jade-to-fight-racism-with-bad-wolves-video-premiere/ |website=Etcanada.com |access-date=July 12, 2026 |archive-date=October 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003163917/https://etcanada.com/news/701586/jason-mraz-joins-rebecca-jade-to-fight-racism-with-bad-wolves-video-premiere/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Waƙar tana da tsayayya da wariyar launin fata, tare da bidiyon da aka harbe a Gidan Kasuwancin Kasashen Duniya na Pacific, wanda ke cikin San Diego's Balboa Park,  wanda ya lashe &quot;Song of The Year&quot; a 2021 San Diego Music Awards (SDMA).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 13, 2020 |title='Bad Wolves' Is A New Single From Jason Mraz, Rebecca Jade, Veronica May And Miki Vale |url=https://www.kpbs.org/news/arts-culture/2020/10/13/bad-wolves-new-song-jason-mraz-rebecca-jade-veron |website=KPBS Public Media}}&lt;/ref&gt; A wannan shekarar Pacific Records ta sanya hannu kan mai zane-zane na reggae Skyler Lutes kuma ta dauki lambar yabo don &quot;Best Local Recording&quot;.   A halin yanzu, a cikin 2021 Pacific Records ta sake fitar da kundin Grapefruit Moon na Southside Johnny tare da LaBamba's Big Band.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 28, 2021 |title=Gregory Page, Rebecca Jade Collect Album, Song of Year at San Diego Music Awards |url=https://timesofsandiego.com/arts/2021/08/27/gregory-page-rebecca-jade-collect-album-song-of-year-at-san-diego-music-awards/ |website=Times of San Diego}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 25, 2021 |title=Gregory Page bests Switchfoot and Jason Mraz for top 2021 San Diego Music Awards honors |url=https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/entertainment/music/story/2021-08-24/san-diego-music-awards |website=San Diego Union-Tribune}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 February 2021 |title=Kensington - FEB 2021 by Local Umbrella Media - Issuu |url=https://issuu.com/printandmailexperts/docs/kensington_-_feb_2021 |website=issuu.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Har ila yau, a cikin lakabin Shugaba Brian Witkin da mawaƙa Kamaka Mullen sun fitar da EP mai taken kansu tare da haɗin jigon Hawaiian, Slack Key Ohana, wanda ya lashe rukunin &quot;Best World Music Album&quot; a 2022 San Diego Music Awards.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 20, 2022 |title=San Diego Music Awards: 3 wins for Sara Petite, 2 for Rebecca Jade, Riston Diggs, Mrs. Henry, Aviator Stash |url=https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/entertainment/music/story/2022-04-19/san-diego-music-awards-three-wins-for-sara-petite-while-rebecca-jade-riston-diggs-mrs-henry-win-two-each |website=San Diego Union-Tribune}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 2022 Pacific Records ta ba da sanarwar sabon sigar &quot;Kada ku Tsoron Mai Girbi,&quot; wanda Blue Öyster Cult ya samo asali, a matsayin na farko a cikin jerin waƙoƙi da Sppike Mike Muellenberg ya samar, a ƙarƙashin tutar Music's Future, a matsayin mai tara kuɗi ga San Diego Music Foundation. Ƙoƙarin haɗin gwiwa ya haɗa da Mike Watt (Firehose (band) / The Stooges), Mike Reiter (27 Various / The Dig), Doug Walker (The Dwarves / The Spice Pistols), Bart Mendoza (Manual Scan / The Shambles (band) ), Anna Zinova (Pinkeye), Nick Aguilar (Slaughterhouse), Robbie Allen da Will Lerner (Shake Before Us / Strawberry Moons), tare da samar da ɗakin studio ta Jeff Berkley. Tun lokacin da aka kafa shi Pacific Records ya saki kiɗa a fadin nau'o'i, gami da ƙungiyar pop O-Town, rockers Sprung Monkey, mawaƙa Rebecca Jade da guitarist na gargajiya Lito Romero. Sa hannu na baya-bayan nan sun haɗa da Emmanuel Kelly, wanda ɗayan &quot;Red Love&quot; ya kasance Babban Jami'in da Coldplay ya samar, Falling Doves, Kubota, Sandollar, Bart Mendoza, Josh Rosenblum Band, The Spice Pistols, Jonny Tarr da Chandler Bay.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tailor |first=Leena |date=February 10, 2021 |title=Coldplay's Chris Martin Hails 'Differently-Abled' Australian Singer Emmanuel Kelly Ahead of 'Red Love' Collaboration |url=https://variety.com/2021/music/global/coldplay-chris-martin-emmanuel-kelly-1234903195/ |website=Variety.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 December 2020 |title=North Park December 2020 by Local Umbrella Media - Issuu |url=https://issuu.com/printandmailexperts/docs/north_park_dec_2020 |website=Issuu.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bart Mendoza revisits the late '60s with new EP |url=http://www.sandiegoreader.com/news/2021/dec/23/blurt-bart-mendoza-revisits-late-60s-new-ep |website=Sandiegoreader.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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 {{Blockquote|I wrote about the power of place in my PhD thesis, particularly the importance of buildings in the Gothic (a genre which I find myself inhabiting without ever having meant to). Fiction in the Gothic inheritance makes much of the potent importance of the interior, from the castle where Jonathan Harker finds himself holed up to Thornfield, and from the suburban homes in Hilary Mantel's ''Beyond Black'' to the ghastly crypts in ''The Monk''.}}{{Databox}}
'''Sarah Grace Perry''' FRSL (born 28 November 1979) is an English author. She has had four novels published: ''After Me Comes the Flood'' (2014), ''The Essex Serpent'' (2016), ''Melmoth'' (2018) and ''Enlightenment'' (2024). Her work has been translated into 22 languages.
She was appointed Chancellor of the University of Essex in July 2023,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Acclaimed author Dr Sarah Perry appointed as new Chancellor {{!}} University of Essex |url=https://www.essex.ac.uk/news/2023/07/17/acclaimed-author-dr-sarah-perry-appointed-as-new-chancellor |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230806022212/https://www.essex.ac.uk/news/2023/07/17/acclaimed-author-dr-sarah-perry-appointed-as-new-chancellor |archive-date=6 August 2023 |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=www.essex.ac.uk |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; officially starting in this role on 1 August 2023.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=University Chancellor {{!}} University of Essex |url=https://www.essex.ac.uk/governance-and-strategy/chancellor |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240204131626/https://www.essex.ac.uk/governance-and-strategy/chancellor |archive-date=4 February 2024 |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=www.essex.ac.uk |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Early life and education ==
Perry was born, the youngest of five sisters, in Chelmsford, Essex, into a family of devout [[Kirista|Christians]] who were members of a Strict Baptist church. Growing up with almost no access to contemporary art, culture, and writing, she filled her time with classical music, classic novels and poetry, and church-related activities. She says this early immersion in old literature and the King James Bible profoundly influenced her writing style. She attended Chelmsford County High School for Girls. She married her husband Robert Perry at the age of 20. She graduated from Anglia Polytechnic University (now Anglia Ruskin University) with a degree in English Literature, then worked briefly in the Civil Service.

Perry has a PhD in creative writing from Royal Holloway University where her supervisor was Sir [[Andrew Motion]]. Her doctoral thesis was on the Gothic in the writing of Iris Murdoch, and Perry has subsequently published an article on the Gothic in ''Aeon'' magazine.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Perry |first=Sarah |title=Gothic: the ancient roots of a dark thrill &amp;#124; Aeon Essays |url=https://aeon.co/essays/gothic-the-ancient-roots-of-a-dark-thrill |website=Aeon}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Perry |first=Sarah |date=2014 |title=The Genesis of 'After Me Comes the Flood' |url=http://shinynewbooks.co.uk/bookbuzz01/the-genesis-of-after-me-comes-the-flood-sarah-perry/ |website=Shiny New Books}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{{Blockquote|I wrote about the power of place in my PhD thesis, particularly the importance of buildings in the Gothic (a genre which I find myself inhabiting without ever having meant to). Fiction in the Gothic inheritance makes much of the potent importance of the interior, from the castle where Jonathan Harker finds himself holed up to Thornfield, and from the suburban homes in Hilary Mantel's ''Beyond Black'' to the ghastly crypts in ''The Monk''.}}

== Career ==
In 2013, she was a writer-in-residence at Gladstone's Library.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Writers in Residence 2013 |url=https://www.gladstoneslibrary.org/events/writers-in-residence/writers-in-residence-2013 |website=Gladstone's Library |access-date=2026-07-14 |archive-date=2016-11-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161121171752/https://www.gladstoneslibrary.org/events/writers-in-residence/writers-in-residence-2013 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

In June 2018, Perry was elected Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature in its &quot;40 Under 40&quot; initiative.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Flood |first=Alison |date=2018-06-28 |title=Royal Society of Literature admits 40 new fellows to address historical biases |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/jun/28/royal-society-of-literature-40-under-40-fellows |access-date=2018-07-03 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In October 2019 she was awarded the title of Honorary Doctor of Letters by Anglia Ruskin University.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sarah Perry |url=http://www.aru.ac.uk/graduation-and-alumni/honorary-award-holders2/sarah-perry |access-date=7 October 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2020, she wrote a short 96-page book about the existing stereotype about the hometown Essex, entitled ''Essex Girls''.

Her 2025 book ''Death of an Ordinary Man'' was longlisted for the 2026 Women's Prize for Non-Fiction.

== Novels ==

=== ''After Me Comes the Flood'' ===
Perry's debut novel, ''After Me Comes the Flood'', was released in 2014 by Serpent's Tail, receiving high praise from reviewers including those of ''The Daily Telegraph'' and ''[[The Guardian]]''. The novel tells the story of a man named John Cole who wanders into a strange world while seeking out his brother amidst a drought. John Burnside, writing for ''The Guardian'', called it &quot;extraordinary&quot; and &quot;a remarkable debut&quot;.

=== ''The Essex Serpent'' ===
Her second novel, ''The Essex Serpent'', was also published by Serpent's Tail, in 2016. Inspired by the myth of a sea serpent on the Essex coast, it tells the story of a Victorian widow, Cora Seaborne, and the friends who surround her after the death of her bullying husband. Cora is intrigued and compelled by the possibility of the serpent's return, but clashes with the local vicar, William Ransome, who is determined to lay superstition to rest in his rural parish.

The novel is again written in a gothic style, and explores themes of goodness, friendship, superstition, and love and once again received positive reviews; John Burnside, quoted on the book's cover, writes: &quot;Had Charles Dickens and Bram Stoker come together to write the great Victorian novel, I wonder if it would have surpassed ''The Essex Serpent''? No way of knowing, but with only her second outing, Sarah Perry establishes herself as one of the finest fiction writers working in Britain today.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Essex Serpent - Serpent's Tail Books |url=https://serpentstail.com/the-essex-serpent-6636.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806080359/https://serpentstail.com/the-essex-serpent-6636.html |archive-date=6 August 2016 |access-date=2016-07-23 |website=serpentstail.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''The Essex Serpent'' was nominated in the Novel category for the 2016 Costa Book Awards and was named Waterstones Book of the Year 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Waterstones Book of the Year 2020 &amp;#124; Waterstones |url=https://www.waterstones.com/book-awards/waterstones-book-of-the-year}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was placed on the long list for the 2017 Baileys Women's Prize for Fiction. It was adapted for a limited series on Apple TV+ in 2022.

=== ''Melmoth'' ===
Her third novel is titled ''Melmoth'', and was inspired by Charles Maturin's gothic novel ''Melmoth the Wanderer''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Onwuemezi |first=Natasha |date=16 September 2017 |title=Sarah Perry reveals 'even more ambitious' next novel |url=https://www.thebookseller.com/news/serpents-tail-signs-third-sarah-perry-title-638756}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was published by Serpent's Tail in October 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Melmoth - Serpent's Tail Books |url=https://serpentstail.com/melmoth.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181016165031/https://serpentstail.com/melmoth.html |archive-date=2018-10-16 |website=serpentstail.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Melmoth'' was shortlisted for the 2019 [[Kyautar Dylan Thomas|Dylan Thomas Prize]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-04-03 |title=2019 Dylan Thomas Prize shortlist announced |url=https://www.booksandpublishing.com.au/articles/2019/04/03/131044/2019-dylan-thomas-prize-shortlist-announced/ |access-date=2019-04-03 |website=Books+Publishing |language=en-AU}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ''Enlightenment'' ===
Perry's fourth novel, ''Enlightenment'', was published by Cape in May 2024.&lt;ref name=&quot;z544&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Leavitt |first=David |date=2024-06-04 |title=Book Review: 'Enlightenment,' by Sarah Perry |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/06/04/books/review/sarah-perry-enlightenment.html |access-date=2024-09-08 |website=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;h699&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-08-05 |title=Sarah Perry's 'Enlightenment' ponders faith, astronomy and friendship : NPR's Book of the Day |url=https://www.npr.org/2024/08/05/1196981344/nprs-book-of-the-day-sarah-perry-enlightenment |access-date=2024-09-08 |website=NPR}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''The Times Literary Supplement'' called it an &quot;uplifting perspective on the relationship between faith and facts&quot; and &quot;a delicate piece of misdirection.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Maitzen |first=Rohan |date=10 May 2024 |title=The comet in us all |url=https://www.the-tls.co.uk/articles/enlightenment-sarah-perry-book-review-rohan-maitzen/ |access-date=10 May 2024 |website=TLS}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was longlisted for the 2024 Booker Prize.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1979]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Sanda Wuduroma of Borno</title>
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      <text bytes="5016" sha1="emxotu8q50whfcin0yoieyep2vse80q" xml:space="preserve">'''Sanda bin Abu Bakr al-Kanemi''', wanda ake kira '''Sanda Wuduroma''',&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Mohammed |first=Kyari |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Borno_in_the_Rabih_Years_1893_1901/QaouAQAAIAAJ |title=Borno in the Rabih Years, 1893-1901: The Rise and Crash of a Predatory State |date=2006 |publisher=University of Maiduguri |isbn=978-978-36461-3-1 |pages=65–67 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Askira |first=Mohammed Dikko Bala |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Rich_Heritage_of_Borno/SwRSAQAAMAAJ |title=The Rich Heritage of Borno: Brief Historical Background/biographical Data of the Past/present Royal Fathers in Borno State |date=2008 |publisher=MDBVentures |isbn=978-978-187-642-4 |pages=63 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; '''Sanda Limanambe Wuduroma''' da '''Umar Sanda Wuduroma''',   ya kasance a takaice (mai mulki) na [[Daular Kanem-Bornu]] a cikin 1894.{{Efn|Wuduroma is alternatively spelled ''Wudroma''&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; and ''Wudaroma''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;}}{{Efn|Limanambe is alternatively spelled ''Limanrambe''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;}}&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Lavers |first=John E. |date=1993 |title=The al-Kanimiyyin Shehus: a working chronology |url=https://publikationen.ub.uni-frankfurt.de/frontdoor/index/index/year/2006/docId/1826 |journal=Berichte des Sonderforschungsbereichs |volume=268 |issue=2 |pages=179–186 |jstor= }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Dewière |first=Rémi |date=2021 |title=Looking for the lost Norm. The Power Letters of Borno (1823-1918) |url=https://www.academia.edu/99770952/Looking_for_the_lost_Norm_The_Power_Letters_of_Borno_1823_1918_ |journal=Quaderni Storici |pages=11 |doi=10.1408/102884}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wuduroma ya yi mulki na 'yan makonni kawai kafin shugaban yaƙi [[Rabih az-Zubayr]] ya kashe shi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Dewière |first=Rémi |date=2021 |title=Looking for the lost Norm. The Power Letters of Borno (1823-1918) |url=https://www.academia.edu/99770952/Looking_for_the_lost_Norm_The_Power_Letters_of_Borno_1823_1918_ |journal=Quaderni Storici |pages=11 |doi=10.1408/102884}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ==
Sanda Wuduroma kane ne ga magabacinsa, shehu Kyari (r. 1893-1894),&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt; kuma dan tsohon shehu Bukar Kura (r. 1881-1884/1885).&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;  An kashe Kyari a watan Fabrairu ko Maris 1894, lokacin da Sarkin yakin Sudan Rabih az-Zubayr ya mamaye daular Kanem–Bornu.  Sanda Wuduroma ya gudu zuwa kudancin Bornu, inda aka ayyana shi a matsayin sabon shehu.  Madogara daban-daban sun ba da wurare daban-daban don shelar Wuduroma a matsayin shehu, kamar Utaro ko Wuduro. Kafin ya zama shehu, an san Wuduroma da Abba Sanda Limanambe. Wannan suna na Wuduroma ya samo asali ne daga Wuduro, inda wataƙila aka ayyana shi a matsayin shehu.

Wuduroma ya ci gaba da yaki da mamayar Rabih. Tare da cin nasarar Kyari da warwatsewar mambobi da yawa na Daular al-Kanemi mai mulki, Rabih ya kasance a yankin da ke kusa da [[Gashegar]], kusa da [[Tabkin Chadi|Tafkin Chadi]]. Daga nan sai ya yi tafiya a yammacin Bornu a kan &quot;tafiye-tafiye na nunawa&quot; don kwantar da hankalin yankin. Wuduroma yana fatan yin amfani da rashin Rabih don karɓar [[Dikwa]], wanda Rabih ya zaɓa a matsayin babban birninsa a Bornu. Babikir, kwamandan da Rabih ya bar Dikwa, ya yi shiri don jagorantar runduna a kan Wuduroma amma Rabih ya umarce shi da ya dauki matsayi na tsaro. Maimakon haka, Rabih ya aika da runduna a karkashin kwamandan Gadim don shiga Wuduroma.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Gadim ya kayar da Wuduroma a cikin rikici. Yayinda Gadim ya ƙidaya mutane huɗu da suka mutu da bakwai da suka ji rauni, Wuduroma ya ƙidayar mutane talatin da suka mutu kuma mutum ɗari da suka ji mummunan rauni. Wuduroma ya tsere daga yakin zuwa [[Gumsuri Nyaleribe]], a gefen arewacin yankin [[Mutanen Marghi|Marghi]], inda mazauna yankin suka kare shi. Gadim ya aika da jami'in Abdurahman Mabruk don bin Wuduroma, wanda aka kama shi da sauri.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; A lokacin da aka kama shi, Wuduroma ya yi mulki a matsayin ''shehu'' na 'yan makonni kawai. Tushen daban-daban sun ba da wurin da aka kama Wuduroma a matsayin [[Konduga]] &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; ko [[Shettima Ali Kolobe]], kusa da [[Damboa]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; An ɗaure Wuduroma a kan raƙumi kuma an kai shi Rabih,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Imam |first=Alhaji Ibrahim |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_Short_History_of_Rabeh_Ibn_Fadel_Allah/U5sZAAAAIAAJ |title=A Short History of Rabeh Ibn Fadel Allah (1838-1900) |date=1974 |pages=17 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; wanda ya kashe shi. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;  &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt; Wurin da aka kashe Wuduroma ba shi da tabbas. Tushen daban-daban sun ba da Gashagar, [1] &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; [[Karabiri]],  da [[Dikwa]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Mutuwar Wuduroma ta bar Rabih a matsayin mai mulkin Bornu, matsayin da zai riƙe na shekaru shida masu zuwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Bayanai ==
{{Notelist}}

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <title>Shaun Whalley</title>
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'''Shaun James Whalley''' (an haife shi a ranar 7 ga Agusta 1987) ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne]] na Ingila wanda ke buga wasa a matsayin ɗan gaba a ƙungiyar EFL League Two Accrington Stanley . An haifi Whalley a Prescot, Merseyside, kuma ya buga wa Norwich City da Southport wasa tun yana ƙarami kafin ya fara buga ƙwallon ƙafa a Chester City a 2004.

Bayan ya bar Chester, ya shafe lokaci yana buga ƙwallon ƙafa ba tare da ƙungiyar League ba tare da Runcorn FC Halton da Witton Albion . A lokacin da yake kan ganiyarsa a Witton, ya shafe makonni biyar yana gwaji tare da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta [[Crewe Alexandra FC|Crewe Alexandra]] ta ƙwallon ƙafa ta ɗaya, amma ba a ba shi kwangila ba, don haka ya sanya hannu a ƙungiyar League Two Accrington Stanley a shekara ta 2006. Whalley ya shafe kusan shekaru biyu a ƙungiyar Lancashire, amma bayan an sallame shi a lokacin bazara na 2008, ya koma ƙungiyar da ba ta cikin gasar League ba, da farko tare da Wrexham . A lokacin da yake Wrexham, ya yi ɗan gajeren lokaci na aro a Southport inda ya taimaka wa ƙungiyar zuwa wasan share fage na Conference North. Daga baya ya buga wasa a Droylsden, inda yake cikin ƙungiyar da ta lashe Kofin Premier na Manchester a 2010, da kuma Hyde kafin ya sake komawa Southport na dindindin a watan Janairun 2011. Luton Town ta saye shi a lokacin bazara na 2013 kan kuɗin da ba a bayyana ba, kuma ya koma AFC Telford United a matsayin aro a 2014. Luton da Telford sun lashe gasarsu a kakar wasa ta 2013–14, wanda hakan ya sanya Whalley ta zama zakara a gasar Conference Premier da kuma Conference North a kakar wasa daya. Ya bar Luton a watan Mayun 2015, daga baya ya koma Shrewsbury .

Tsohon abokin wasansa Paul Mullin ya bayyana Whalley a matsayin &quot;jirgin ƙasa mai sauri a kan fikafikai&quot;, kuma an kira Whalley cikin tawagar ' yan wasan da ke jiran a buga wasa da Hallam, wasan da ake yi don murnar cika shekaru 150 da kafa ƙungiyar. Shi ɗa ne ga tsohon kyaftin ɗin Preston North End, Neil Whalley, wanda shi ma ɗan wasan tsakiya ne.

== Farko da rayuwar mutum ==
An haifi Whalley a Prescot, Merseyside amma ya girma a Widnes. Tun yana ƙarami, Whalley ya kasance mai sha'awar [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]] sosai.  Tun yana yaro, ya buga ƙwallon ƙafa ga ƙungiyoyin yankinsa har zuwa 2001 lokacin da Norwich City ta gan shi. Ya je ya buga wa makarantarsu wasa, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 January 2011 |title=Whalley set for Premier move |url=http://www.bluesqfootball.com/story/0,20970,13041_6700198,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120312165054/http://www.bluesqfootball.com/story/0,20970,13041_6700198,00.html |archive-date=12 March 2012 |access-date=31 January 2011 |publisher=Blue Square North}}&lt;/ref&gt; inda ya buga wasa na tsawon shekaru uku kafin ya tafi a shekarar 2004. Daga baya ya koma Merseyside ya koma Southport, inda ya buga wasanni da dama na ƙungiyar 'yan wasa ta reserve. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Player profile: Shaun Whalley |url=http://www.southportfootballclub.co.uk/home/player.php?id=1694&amp;type=11 |access-date=12 February 2011 |publisher=Southport FC}}&lt;/ref&gt; A lokacin bazara na wannan shekarar, Whalley ya zama ƙwararre lokacin da ya sanya hannu a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Chester City . 

Mahaifin Whalley, Neil Whalley, shi ma ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne a farkon shekarun 1990. Shi ma ya buga wasa a tsakiya kuma ya buga wasanni sama da 50 a Preston North End, inda shi ma ya kasance kyaftin na tsawon lokaci. 

Ya bayyana cewa yana da matsala da barasa da caca, amma ya rage yawan amfani da duka biyun. 

== Sana'a ==

=== Farkon aikina ===
Tare da Chester, Whalley ya buga wasa galibi a ƙungiyar matasa da kuma ta 'yan wasa masu zaman kansu, amma ya fara buga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙungiyar a wasan da suka tashi 0-0 da Cambridge United a ranar 18 ga Satumba, 2004, inda ya maye gurbin [[Shafin Darryn|Darryn Stamp]] . Wasansa na farko ya zo ne kwana ɗaya kacal bayan ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar ƙwararru da Chester; manaja Ian Rush ya sanya shi a benci ne kawai sakamakon raunin da Daryl Clare da Michael Branch suka samu.  A makon da ya biyo baya, ya kasance cikin ƙungiyar da ta doke Sheffield Wednesday a filin wasa na Hillsborough a zagaye na biyu na Kofin Zakarun Kwallon Kafa .  Whalley ya sake buga wasanni uku na manyan 'yan wasa ga Chester, duk a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa, kafin ya bar kulob din a lokacin bazara na 2005. 

A watan Agusta na wannan shekarar, Whalley ya koma ƙwallon ƙafa ta daban da ta League, inda Runcorn ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin sabbin 'yan wasa da suka sayi ƙungiyar [[Northern Premier League]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 August 2005 |title=Whole host of newcomers for Linnets |url=http://www.nonleaguedaily.com/news/index.php?newsmode=FULL&amp;nid=28742 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121002101238/http://www.nonleaguedaily.com/news/index.php?newsmode=FULL&amp;nid=28742 |archive-date=2 October 2012 |access-date=7 February 2011 |publisher=Non-League Daily}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya fara bayyana a ƙungiyar a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da Frickley Athletic, daga baya kuma ya kafa kansa a matsayin ɗan wasan ƙungiyar farko. &lt;ref name=&quot;whalley0506&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Shaun Whalley appearances 2005–06 |url=http://www.soccerfactsuk.co.uk/s2005/player_details.php?playerid=4070 |access-date=7 February 2011 |publisher=Soccer Facts UK}}&lt;/ref&gt; Whalley ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a ragar Runcorn a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun kungiyar Prescot Cables da ci 5-1, kuma ya sake zura kwallo a mako mai zuwa a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun Matlock Town . &lt;ref name=&quot;whalley0506&quot; /&gt; Ya buga wasanni 21 a gasar Runcorn kafin ya koma Witton Albion a watan Maris na 2006. A cikin ɗan gajeren lokacin da ya yi a ƙungiyar, ya zura kwallaye 6 a wasanni 18 da ya buga a gasar. &lt;ref name=&quot;Shaun Whalley - 2005-06&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Shaun Whalley 2005–06 |url=http://www.soccerfactsuk.co.uk/s2005/player_details.php?playerid=4070 |access-date=21 March 2011 |publisher=SoccerFactsUK}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Accrington Stanley ===
A watan Satumba na 2006, lokacin da yake Witton, Whalley ya yi makonni biyar a gwaji a kulob din League One [[Crewe Alexandra FC|Crewe Alexandra]], &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 September 2006 |title=Crewe chance for Whalley |url=http://www.nonleaguedaily.com/news/index.php?newsmode=FULL&amp;nid=37430 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714192103/http://www.nonleaguedaily.com/news/index.php?newsmode=FULL&amp;nid=37430 |archive-date=14 July 2011 |access-date=10 February 2011 |publisher=Non-League Daily}}&lt;/ref&gt;  amma ba a ba shi kwangilar dindindin ba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 November 2006 |title=Alex would not be rushed over Whalley |url=http://www.crewealex.net/page/NewsDetail/0,,10414~928041,00.html |access-date=10 February 2011 |publisher=Crewe Alexandra FC}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga baya ya koma ƙungiyar League Two Accrington Stanley a matsayin aro watanni biyu bayan haka.  Whalley ya fara buga wa kulob din wasa a wasan da suka sha kashi 1-2 a hannun Hartlepool United a filin wasa na Crown Ground . Duk da haka, bayan makonni biyu, an kore shi a wasan Kofin Kwallon Kafa da Doncaster Rovers bayan wani babban hari da ya yi wa Theo Streete, duk da cewa kocin Accrington John Coleman ya ji cewa ƙalubalen bai cancanci a ba shi jan kati ba.  Dakatarwar da aka yi daga baya ta nuna cewa Whalley ya shafe kusan wata guda ba tare da ya buga wasa ba kafin ya dawo a ƙarshen Disamba a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun Bristol Rovers . &lt;ref name=&quot;Bristol Rovers 4-0 Accrington Stanley&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bristol Rovers 4–0 Accrington Stanley |url=http://www.football.co.uk/match_reports/accrington_stanley_bristol_rovers_3033147.shtml |access-date=22 March 2011 |publisher=football.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya koma Accrington na dindindin a watan Janairun 2007, inda ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu da kulob din,  kuma a makon da ya biyo baya ya ci kwallo mai nasara a wasan da suka doke Mansfield Town da ci 3-2, wanda shi ne kwallonsa ta farko da ya ci wa kungiyar.  Whalley ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin 'yan wasa na farko a ƙungiyar har tsawon kakar wasa ta 2006-07, kuma ya riƙe matsayinsa a cikin 'yan wasan farko a mafi yawan kakar wasa da ta biyo baya, kuma ya zura ƙwallonsa ta farko a Accrington a waje da Crown Ground a wasan da suka sha kashi 8-2 a hannun Peterborough United a ranar 15 ga Janairun 2008.  Whalley ya buga wasanni 51 a gasar Accrington, inda ya zura kwallaye 5, amma a watan Mayun 2008, yana ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasa 10 da ƙungiyar ta saki. 

=== Komawa ga wanda ba na League ba ===
A watan Yunin 2008, ya koma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Conference Premier Wrexham .  Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a Wrexham a wasansa na farko a wasan da suka doke [[Stevenage FC|Stevenage]] da ci 5-0. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Wrexham 5–0 Stevenage |url=http://www.soccerbase.com/results3.sd?gameid=562028 |access-date=31 January 2011 |publisher=Soccerbase }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Whalley ya biyo baya da wani ƙwallo a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da Rushden &amp;amp;amp; Diamonds . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rushden 1–1 Wrexham |url=http://www.soccerbase.com/results3.sd?gameid=575869 |access-date=31 January 2011 |publisher=Soccerbase }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya zura kwallaye na uku da na huɗu a watan yayin da Wrexham ta doke Salisbury City da ci 4-1, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Salisbury 1–4 Wrexham |url=http://www.soccerbase.com/results3.sd?gameid=566248 |access-date=31 January 2011 |publisher=Soccerbase }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda hakan ya zama wasansa na ƙarshe a wannan kulob ɗin. Daga nan ya koma ƙungiyar Southport ta Conference North a matsayin aro a watan Fabrairun 2009 don sauran kakar wasa ta 2008-09. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wrexham A.F.C. |author-link=Wrexham A.F.C. |date=3 February 2009 |title=Whalley Joins Southport on Loan |url=http://www.wrexhamafc.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0,,10311~1543228,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225164439/http://www.wrexhamafc.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0,,10311~1543228,00.html |archive-date=25 February 2012 |access-date=18 July 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Whalley ya fara buga wasansa na farko a Southport a wasan da suka doke Hyde United da ci 2-0 a Haig Avenue . &lt;ref name=&quot;Whalley Southport 200809&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Shaun Whalley Southport appearances 2008–09 |url=http://www.southportfootballclub.co.uk/home/player.php?id=1694&amp;season_id_page=82&amp;season_name_page=2008/2009 |access-date=12 February 2011 |publisher=Southport FC}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya ci gaba da buga wasanni 13 na gasar lig ga ƙungiyar yayin da suka kai wasan share fage na Conference North, amma Gateshead ya sha kashi a wasan kusa da na ƙarshe.  A lokacin zaman aro, Whalley ya buga wasan kusa da na karshe na gasar FA, amma bai iya hana Southport shan kashi a wasanni 3-2 a jere a wasanni biyu da suka fafata da AFC Telford United ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;Whalley Southport 200809&quot; /&gt; A lokacin bazara na 2009, Wrexham ya sallame shi tare da wasu 'yan wasa takwas da suka bar kwantiraginsu. 

A watan Agusta na 2009, bayan an sake shi daga Wrexham, Whalley ya koma taron Arewa don shiga Droylsden . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=News &amp; Announcements |url=http://www.droylsdenfc.com/default.asp?nc=4577&amp;id=100 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008140521/http://www.droylsdenfc.com/default.asp?nc=4577&amp;id=100 |archive-date=8 October 2011 |access-date=18 August 2009 |publisher=Droylsden F.C}}&lt;/ref&gt; Whalley ya zura kwallaye biyu na farko a kulob din yayin da Droylsden ta doke Northwich Victoria da ci 5-1. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 August 2009 |title=Droylsden 5–1 Northwich Victoria |url=http://www.droylsdenfc.co.uk/zarc0910report6northwichhome.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005024301/http://www.droylsdenfc.co.uk/zarc0910report6northwichhome.php |archive-date=5 October 2011 |access-date=31 January 2011 |publisher=droylsdenfc.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya ƙara wani ƙwallo a cikin jimillar kwallayen da ya ci, inda ya ci ƙwallo a wasan da suka doke Fleetwood Town da ci 2-0, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 September 2009 |title=DROYLSDEN 2 – 0 FLEETWOOD TOWN |url=http://www.droylsdenfc.co.uk/zarc0910report8fleetwoodhome.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005024322/http://www.droylsdenfc.co.uk/zarc0910report8fleetwoodhome.php |archive-date=5 October 2011 |access-date=31 January 2011 |publisher=droylsdenfc.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; kafin ya ƙara wasu ƙwallo biyu a cikin sunansa yayin da Droylsden ta doke Harrogate Town da ci 5-0. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 September 2009 |title=DROYLSDEN 5–0 HARROGATE TOWN |url=http://www.droylsdenfc.co.uk/zarc0910report11harrogatehome.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005024352/http://www.droylsdenfc.co.uk/zarc0910report11harrogatehome.php |archive-date=5 October 2011 |access-date=31 January 2011 |publisher=droylsdenfc.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya zira kwallaye biyu a wasa a karo na uku a kakar wasa yayin da Droylsden ta yi nasara a kan Solihull Moors da ci 5-3 a filin wasa na Butcher's Arms Ground . Ya lashe kyautar lashe gasar Premier ta Manchester a kakar wasa daya da ya yi a Droylsden &lt;ref name=&quot;manchesterfa.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Manchester Premier Cup 2009–2010 |url=http://www.manchesterfa.com/FixturesAndResults/CountyCups/ManchesterPremierCup/Archive/2009-2010/?tab=results&amp;js=1 |access-date=3 February 2011 |publisher=manchesterfa.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; kafin ya tafi a karshen kakar wasa ta 2009-10, bayan ya zura kwallaye 15 a wasanni 32 da ya buga a gasar. &lt;ref name=&quot;2009–10 appearances&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=2009–10 appearances |url=http://www.sportbox.tv/football/players/player.php?playerid=110899&amp;season=2010 |access-date=31 January 2011 |publisher=sportbox.tv}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Hyde ===
[[File:Whalley_Shoots.jpg|alt=Whalley nearly scores against [[Harrogate Town F.C.|Harrogate Town]]|right|thumb|235x235px| Whalley yana wasa kuma yana ƙoƙarin zura kwallo a raga a kan [[Harrogate Town F.C.|Harrogate Town]] ; bugunsa yana tashi sama da sandar da aka saka.]]
Whalley ya koma Hyde a ranar 21 ga Agusta 2010 bayan an sake shi daga Droylsden .  Ya fara buga wasa ne 'yan sa'o'i bayan ya sanya hannu a kungiyar Tigers a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun Alfreton Town da ci 5-1 a gida.  A wasa na uku da ya buga wa Hyde, an kore shi daga fili a wasan da Guiseley ya sha kashi da ci 1-0.  Whalley ya zura kwallonsa ta farko ga Hyde a wasan da suka doke Corby Town da ci 2-1 a gida. 

A farkon watan Oktoba, yayin da yake kan ganiyarsa a Hyde, an kira shi zuwa tawagar ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta XI tare da abokin wasansa Scott Mooney don buga wasa da Hallam FC don murnar cika shekaru 150 da kafa ƙungiyar da ke Sheffield.  Whalley ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a gasar cin kofin da ya ci wa kulob din a wasan da suka doke Oldham Boro da ci 4-0 a gasar cin kofin Manchester Premier,  amma kasa da mako guda bayan haka, ya ci kwallon da kansa a matsayin wani bangare na rashin nasara a hannun Blyth Spartans da ci 3-0 a waje,  sannan aka sake korarsa saboda laifuka biyu da za a iya cire masa katin gargadi a kan Vauxhall Motors 

Whalley ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a sabuwar shekara a wasan da suka doke abokan hamayyarsu na gida Stalybridge Celtic da ci 2-1. &lt;ref name=&quot;Stalybridge Celtic 1–2 Hyde&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 January 2011 |title=Stalybridge Celtic 1–2 Hyde |url=http://www.hydefc.co.uk/report.php?id=1873 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110427075336/http://www.hydefc.co.uk/report.php?id=1873 |archive-date=27 April 2011 |access-date=2 January 2011 |publisher=hydefc.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya sake zura kwallo a wasan kwata-kwata na gasar cin kofin Premier ta Manchester da tsohuwar kungiyarsa Droylsden, &lt;ref name=&quot;Match Details: Droylsden 3-1 Hyde&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 January 2011 |title=Match Details: Droylsden 3–1 Hyde |url=http://www.hydefc.co.uk/report.php?id=1879 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221183733/http://www.hydefc.co.uk/report.php?id=1879 |archive-date=21 February 2014 |access-date=11 January 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda hakan ya zama na karshe da ya zura wa kungiyar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 January 2011 |title=Player Released |url=http://www.hydefc.co.uk/newsarticle.php?id=308 |access-date=24 January 2011 |publisher=hydefc.co.uk }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Southport ===
Hyde ya saki Whalley domin ya koma Southport a karo na biyu a watan Janairun 2011.  Ya fara buga wasa a ranar Asabar mai zuwa a wasan da suka doke York City da ci 4-0, inda ya zura kwallaye na biyu da na hudu a ragar Southport .  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 January 2011 |title=Southport 4 York City 0 |url=http://www.york.vitalfootball.co.uk/matchrep.asp?a=230016 |access-date=29 January 2011 |publisher=Vital Football}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, ƙasa da mako guda bayan haka, Whalley ya sake zura kwallo a wasan da suka tashi 2-2 da Grimsby Town wanda hakan ya kai tarihin zura kwallaye uku a wasanni biyu,  kafin a kore shi daga fili saboda rashin da'a bayan an dakatar da shi daga wasanni hudu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kirkbride, Phillip |date=4 February 2011 |title=Gray can fill the void left by Whalley, says Southport boss |url=http://www.southportvisiter.co.uk/southport-sport/2011/02/04/tony-gray-can-fill-the-void-left-by-shaun-whalley-says-southport-fc-boss-101022-28110934/ |access-date=20 February 2011 |publisher=Southport Visitor}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 26 ga Fabrairu bayan ya rasa mafi kyawun lokacin wannan watan sakamakon dakatarwar da aka yi masa, ya dawo, don fara wasa da rashin nasara 2-1 a hannun Bath City, amma bai sami damar zura kwallo ko daya ba.  Ya biyo bayan wannan wasan ta hanyar zura kwallaye a wasanni biyu da ya buga, inda ya zura kwallaye a wasan da suka yi nasara da ci 3-1 a kan Histon  sannan kuma ya zura kwallo daya tilo da Southport ta zura, a wasan da suka sha kashi da ci 4-1 a hannun Eastbourne Borough .  Ya kammala gasar Maris bayan ya zira kwallaye huɗu a wannan watan, bayan ya ƙara kwallaye biyu a ɓangaren na ƙarshe, na farko a wasan da Barrow ya sha kashi da ci 4-2 , ɗayan kuma ya zo ne a matsayin wani ɓangare na wasan da suka tashi 2-2 da Rushden &amp;amp;amp; Diamonds . 
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1987]]</text>
      <sha1>3tv67eqssih089ogqh1gsd8xde36cnm</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sanaullah Khan Mastikhel</title>
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'''Muhammad Sanaullah Khan Mastikhel''' (Urdu: محمد ثناء الله خان مستی خیل; an haife shi a ranar 21 ga Oktoba 1971) ɗan siyasan Pakistan ne, wanda ya kasance memba na Majalisar Dokokin Pakistan tun daga watan Fabrairun 2024 kuma a baya ya yi aiki a wannan mukamin daga watan Agusta 2018 har zuwa Janairun 2023 kuma tsohon memba na Majalisar lardin Punjab . &lt;ref name=&quot;PA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Punjab Assembly |url=http://www.pap.gov.pk/index.php/members/profile/en/19/502 |access-date=17 March 2016 |website=pap.gov.pk}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyukan siyasa ==
A cikin zaben 2002, ya yi takara a kan tikitin Pakistan Muslim League (Q) daga NA-73, mazabar Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa kuma an zabe shi a matsayin memba na Majalisar Dokoki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 September 2002 |title=Bhakkar: PPP, PML ally against Shujaat |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/56685/bhakkar-ppp-pml-ally-against-shujaat |access-date=18 March 2016 |website=dawn.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ELECTIONS 2002 (Sargodha Division) |url=http://archives.dailytimes.com.pk/national/03-Oct-2002/elections-2002-sargodha-division |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325165211/http://archives.dailytimes.com.pk/national/03-Oct-2002/elections-2002-sargodha-division |archive-date=25 March 2016 |access-date=18 March 2016 |website=DailyTimes}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin zaɓen 2008, ya yi takara a kan tikitin Pakistan Muslim League (N) daga PP-47, wani mazabar lardin Punjab kuma ya lashe wannan zaben ta hanyar samun kuri'u 37,713 yayin da abokin hamayyarsa mafi kusa, mai zaman kansa Amir Muhammad Khan ya sami kuri'u 35,277. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Result of Election 2008 |url=http://electionsite.org/pk/pp-47.php |access-date=18 March 2016 |website=electionsite.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kuma kasance dan takara daga mazabar Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa NA-73 a shekara ta 2008  wanda ya rasa ga wani mai zaman kansa Abdul Majeed Khan Khanan Khel wanda zai shiga PML (N) a shekara ta 2013. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=LIST OF CONTESTING CANDIDATES |url=http://www.urdupoint.com/elections/Files/PDF/punjab2.pdf |access-date=18 March 2016 |website=Urdu Point}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;hamariweb&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=NA-73 Election 2013 Results Details, Candidates, Constituency, Pakistan Election 2013 |url=https://hamariweb.com/pakistan-election/General/2013/NA-73/ |access-date=18 March 2016 |website=hamariweb.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya samu kuri'u 82,740 idan aka kwatanta da kuri'u 8,850 na Khanan Khel . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=RESULT GENERAL ELECTIONS 2008 |url=http://www.pmln.us/result-general-elections-2008/ |access-date=18 March 2016 |website=pmln.us |archive-date=26 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160326225504/http://www.pmln.us/result-general-elections-2008/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya daina kasancewa memba na PML (N) kuma ya tsaya takarar babban zaben 2013 a matsayin mai zaman kansa daga NA-73. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 May 2013 |title=Punjab's second city: High turnout, some violations of ECP rules |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/547986/punjabs-second-city-high-turnout-some-violations-of-ecp-rules/ |access-date=18 March 2016 |website=The Express Tribune}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya samu kuri'u 91,066 a wannan zaben amma ya rasa shi ga Khanan Khel na PML (N) wanda ya samu kuri'un 97,676.&lt;ref name=&quot;hamariweb&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Asad Haroon |date=10 May 2013 |title=NA-73 Results – Bhakkar |url=http://www.dnd.com.pk/na-73-results-bhakkar/17653 |access-date=18 March 2016 |website=Dispatch News Desk}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin wannan zaben, ya kuma yi takara a mazabar PP-47. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ROs issue final list of candidates. |url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/ROs+issue+final+list+of+candidates.-a0327203459 |access-date=18 March 2016 |website=thefreelibrary.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An sake zabarsa a Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa a matsayin dan takara mai zaman kansa daga NA-97 Bhakkar-I a Babban zaben Pakistan na 2018. Ya samu kuri'u 120,729 kuma ya ci Abdul Majeed Khan, dan takarar PML (N). Ya shiga Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI) bayan zabensa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ECP - Election Commission of Pakistan |url=https://www.ecp.gov.pk/ConstResult.aspx?Const_Id=NA-97&amp;type=NA&amp;Election_ID=10070&amp;Election=GENERAL+ELECTION+25+JUL+2018 |access-date=13 August 2018 |website=www.ecp.gov.pk}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Independent candidates continue to join PTI in center, Punjab |url=https://www.radio.gov.pk/30-07-2018/independent-candidates-continue-to-join-pti-in-center-punjab |access-date=2024-07-19 |website=www.radio.gov.pk |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An sake zabarsa a Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa a matsayin dan takara mai zaman kansa wanda PTI ta goyi bayan NA-91 Bhakkar-I a Babban zaben Pakistan na 2024. Ya samu kuri'u 106,153 kuma ya ci Abdul Majeed Khan, dan takarar PML (N). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Election Commission of Pakistan |url=https://ecp.gov.pk/general-elections-2024 |access-date=2024-07-17 |website=ecp.gov.pk |archive-date=2024-01-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106074323/https://ecp.gov.pk/general-elections-2024 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1971]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sandro Vitiello</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>162254</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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'''Sandro B. Vitiello''' (an haife shi a ranar 21 ga Fabrairu, 1958) tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Italiya wanda ya buga wasa a kakar wasa ɗaya a Cincinnati Bengals na National Football League (NFL). Ya kuma buga wasanni biyu a Washington Federals of the United States Football League (USFL).
An haifi Vitiello a ranar 21 ga Fabrairu, 1958, a Broccostella, [[Italiya]]. Iyalinsa sun koma Long Island, New York, lokacin da yake da shekaru 7. &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/76000295/the-boston-globe/|newspaper=[[The Boston Globe]]|via=[[Newspapers.com]]|date=October 25, 1979|title=Ambidextrous UMass kicker is his own backup|author=Eisenberg, Harry}}&lt;/ref&gt;Ya tafi makarantar sakandare ta East Meadow kuma ya buga kwallon kafa a can. Lokacin da ya tafi kwaleji ya zama placekicker. Ya tafi kwaleji a UMass. Ya kasance mai ƙafar hagu amma kuma yana iya buga kwallaye da ƙafar dama.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot; /&gt; Cincinnati Bengals ne suka tsara shi a zagaye na 10 (252th overall) a cikin shirin NFL na 1980. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sandro Vitiello Stats |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/V/vitiesan01.htm |website=Pro-Football-Reference.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Vitiello ya buga wasanni biyu tare da Bengals a kakar wasa ta farko, kuma kungiyar ta sanya hannu kuma ta sake shi sau biyu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/76000432/green-bay-press-gazette/|newspaper=[[Green Bay Press Gazette]]|title=No grace period for kickers|date=December 27, 1980|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/76000806/messenger-inquirer/|newspaper=[[Messenger-Inquirer]]|date=November 26, 1980|title=Bengals hire Breech|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A wasansa biyu ya yi yunkurin zira kwallaye biyu, da kuma karin maki. A kakar wasa ta gaba ya sanya hannu tare da Washington Redskins amma bai yi wani bayyanar ba. Shekaru biyu bayan haka ya sanya hannu tare da Washington Federals na USFL . A kakar wasa ta farko tare da Tarayyar Tarayya, ya buga wasanni takwas, kuma ya yi yunkurin zira kwallaye 10 daga cikin 17.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sandro Vitiello Stats |url=https://www.profootballarchives.com/playerv/viti00200.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230611020216/https://www.profootballarchives.com/playerv/viti00200.html |archive-date=June 11, 2023 |website=Pro Football Archives |access-date=July 25, 2026 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kuma taka leda a wasanni biyu a kakar wasa mai zuwa, ya tafi 0 don 4 a filin amma 2 don 3 a kan karin maki.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot; /&gt; 1984 shine kakar wasa ta karshe ta kwallon kafa.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1958]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tanguy Nianzou</title>
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      <comment>Rescuing 4 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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'''Nianzou Tanguy-Austin Kouassi''' (an haife shi a ranar 7 ga Yuni 2002), wanda aka fi sani da '''Tanguy Nianzou''', [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na Faransa wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan [[Mai buga baya|wasan baya na tsakiya]] a ƙungiyar Ligue 1 ta Lille . Ya wakilci Faransa a ƙasashen duniya a matakai daban-daban na matasa.

== Rayuwar farko ==
An haifi Nianzou Tanguy-Austin Kouassi &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=31 October 2019 |title=FIFA U-17 World Cup Brazil 2019: List of Players: France |url=https://www.fifadata.com/documents/FU17WC/2019/pdf/FU17WC_2019_Squadlists.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227222540/https://www.fifadata.com/documents/FU17WC/2019/pdf/FU17WC_2019_Squadlists.pdf |archive-date=27 December 2019 |publisher=FIFA |page=9}}&lt;/ref&gt; a ranar 7 ga Yuni 2002  a [[Faris|birnin Paris]] ga iyayensa 'yan Ivory Coast. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tanguy Nianzou: Who is Bayern Munich's French centre-back for the future? |url=https://www.bundesliga.com/en/bundesliga/news/who-is-tanguy-nianzou-kouassi-bayern-munich-s-new-france-centre-back-psg-11844 |access-date=13 November 2022 |publisher=Bundesliga}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin kulob ==

=== Paris Saint-Germain ===
Nianzou, wanda ya kammala karatunsa a makarantar horar da 'yan wasa ta [[Paris Saint-Germain]] (PSG), ya fara buga wasa a matsayin kwararren dan wasa a ranar 7 ga Disamba 2019 a gasar da suka doke Montpellier da ci 3-1. &lt;ref name=&quot;prodebut&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=MONTPELLIER VS. PSG 1 – 3 |url=https://us.soccerway.com/matches/2019/12/07/france/ligue-1/montpellier-herault-sport-club/paris-saint-germain-fc/3030709/ |access-date=8 December 2019 |website=Soccerway |publisher=Perform Group}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan 'yan kwanaki, ya buga wasansa na farko a [[UEFA Champions League|gasar zakarun Turai ta UEFA]] yayin da PSG ta yi nasara a kan [[Galatasaray S.K.|Galatasaray]] da ci 5-0. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 March 2020 |title=One to watch: Tanguy Kouassi |url=https://www.ligue1.com/Articles/ONE-TO-WATCH/2020/03/18/tanguy-kouassi |website=Ligue1 |publisher=Ligue 1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nianzou ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a wasan da suka doke Reims da ci 3-0 a gasar Coupe de France a ranar 22 ga Janairu 2020. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Neymar, PSG Top Stade De Reims 3–0 to advance to Coupe de la Ligue Final |url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/2872668-neymar-psg-top-stade-de-reims-3-0-to-advance-to-coupe-de-la-ligue-final |access-date=4 May 2020 |website=Bleacher Report}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan kwallon da ya ci ita ce kwallo ta 4,000 a tarihin PSG. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Reims 0–3 Paris Saint-Germain: Kouassi nets landmark goal as PSG cruise into Coupe de la Ligue Final |url=https://www.goal.com/en-us/match/reims-v-psg/aalquewe7zjkpqd9a86nbq1re |access-date=4 May 2020 |website=Goal.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya zura kwallaye biyu na farko a [[Ligue 1|gasar Ligue 1]] a wasan waje wanda ya ƙare da kunnen doki 4-4 da Amiens a ranar 15 ga Fabrairu 2020.  A ranar 11 ga Maris, Nianzou ya buga wasansa na ƙarshe a PSG, inda suka yi nasara a kan Borussia Dortmund da ci 2-0 a gasar zakarun Turai. Ya bar ƙungiyar Paris bayan karewar kwangilarsa, sannan ya sanya hannu a kan yarjejeniyar da [[FC Bayern Munich|Bayern Munich]] ta hanyar canja wuri kyauta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 December 2019 |title=Tanguy KOUASSI |url=https://histoiredupsg.fr/tanguy-kouassi |access-date=18 December 2020 |website=Histoire du PSG |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Bayern Munich ===
A ranar 1 ga Yulin 2020, ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Bundesliga, Bayern Munich, ta sanar da ɗaukar Nianzou a kan yarjejeniyar shekaru huɗu. &lt;ref name=&quot;bayernsigned&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=FC Bayern sign Tanguy Nianzou Kouassi |url=https://fcbayern.com/en/news/2020/07/press-release-fc-bayern-sign-tanguy-nianzou-kouassi |access-date=1 July 2020 |publisher=FC Bayern Munich}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya fara buga wasa a gasar zakarun Turai da ci 3-1 a hannun VfB Stuttgart a ranar 28 ga Nuwamba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 November 2020 |title=VfB Stuttgart vs Bayern Munich |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/match?gameId=576628 |publisher=ESPN}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 12 ga Disamba, Nianzou ya ji rauni a tsoka, kuma an yi watsi da shi na tsawon wata ɗaya zuwa biyu. Raunin ya daɗe yana faruwa ne sakamakon raunin da ya faru a farkon kakar wasa ta 2020-21 . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dillon |first=John |date=12 December 2020 |title=Tanguy Nianzou reinjures leg, out another 1–2 months |url=https://www.bavarianfootballworks.com/2020/12/12/22171521/bayern-munich-tanguy-nianzou-muscle-injury-leg-two-months-france-hansi-flick-leon-goretzka |access-date=18 December 2020 |website=bavarianfootballworks.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dawowarsa ta tabbata ta zo a makare fiye da yadda aka zata, domin ya bayyana a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da Union Berlin a ranar 10 ga Afrilu 2021. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bayern Munich vs. Union Berlin |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2021/04/10/germany/bundesliga/fc-bayern-munchen/1-fc-union-berlin/3331834/ |access-date=10 April 2021 |website=Soccerway |publisher=Perform Group}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 19 ga Maris 2022, ya zura kwallonsa daya tilo a kungiyar a wasan da suka doke Union Berlin da ci 4-0. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=19 March 2022 |title=8 Spieler, 8 Geschichten - Die Union-Story zum Heimsieg |url=https://fcbayern.com/de/news/2022/03/8-spieler-8-geschichten---die-union-story-zum-heimsieg |publisher=FC Bayern Munich |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Sevilla ===
A ranar 17 ga Agusta 2022, Nianzou ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyar da kulob din [[Sevilla FC|Sevilla]] na Sipaniya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 August 2022 |title=WELCOME, TANGUY NIANZOU! |url=https://sevillafc.es/en/actual/news/tanguy-nianzou-signs |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817163225/https://www.sevillafc.es/en/actual/news/tanguy-nianzou-signs |archive-date=17 August 2022 |access-date=17 August 2022 |publisher=Sevilla}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan kwana biyu, Nianzou ya fara buga wasa a karawar da Real Valladolid . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 August 2022 |title=Nianzou unveiled as a Sevillista |url=https://sevillafc.es/en/actual/news/nianzou-unveiled |publisher=Sevilla |access-date=26 July 2026 |archive-date=26 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126214143/https://sevillafc.es/en/actual/news/nianzou-unveiled |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 11 ga Oktoba, ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a gasar zakarun Turai a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da Borussia Dortmund. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 October 2022 |title=Dortmund 1–1 Sevilla |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/match/2035702--dortmund-vs-sevilla/ |publisher=UEFA}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 14 ga Janairu 2023, ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a gasar La Liga a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun [[Girona FC|Girona]] da ci 2-1. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 January 2023 |title=Girona 2–1 Sevilla |url=https://www.skysports.com/football/girona-vs-sevilla/469680 |publisher=Sky Sports}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Lille ===
A ranar 18 ga Yuli, 2026, Nianzou ya koma Faransa kuma ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu da Lille . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 July 2026 |title=Tanguy Nianzou, nouveau renfort de taille pour le LOSC ! |trans-title=Tanguy Nianzou, a major new signing for LOSC! |url=https://www.losc.fr/actualites/2026-07-18/tanguy-nianzou-nouveau-renfort-de-taille-pour-le-losc |access-date=20 July 2026 |publisher=Lille OSC |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa ==
Nianzou matashi ne ɗan ƙasar Faransa wanda ya fara wasa a duniya. Yana cikin tawagar Faransa da ta kai wasan kusa da na karshe a gasar cin kofin Turai ta 'yan kasa da shekara 17 ta UEFA ta 2019 .{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2022}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Ya kasance muhimmin ɓangare na ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Faransa wadda ta zo ta uku a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 'yan ƙasa da shekaru 17 ta 2019 . Ya fara dukkan wasanni bakwai na Faransa a gasar kuma ya zura kwallon da ta ba shi damar ramawa a wasan da ƙungiyarsa ta yi da Spain a wasan kusa da na ƙarshe da ci 6-1. &lt;ref name=&quot;u17wcgoal&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Match – Espagne – France – FFF |url=https://www.fff.fr/equipes-de-france/8/u18/matchs/2966/2019-11-11/espagne-france |access-date=7 December 2019 |archive-date=2020-09-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922113607/https://www.fff.fr/equipes-de-france/8/u18/matchs/2966/2019-11-11/espagne-france |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ƙididdigar aiki ==
{{Updated|match played 5 April 2026}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/nianzou-tanguy-kouassi/571815/ |title=T. Nianzou: Summary |website=Soccerway |publisher=Perform Group |access-date=10 December 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
|+Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Club
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Season
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |League
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |National cup{{Efn|Includes [[Coupe de France]], [[DFB-Pokal]], [[Copa del Rey]]}}
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |League cup{{Efn|Includes [[Coupe de la Ligue]]}}
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Europe
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Other
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
|-
!Division
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
|-
|[[Paris Saint-Germain]]
|2019–20
|[[Ligue 1]]
|6
|2
|3
|0
|2
|1
|2{{Efn|Appearances in [[UEFA Champions League]]}}
|0
|0
|0
|13
|3
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[FC Bayern Munich|Bayern Munich]]
|2020–21
|Bundesliga
|6
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|0
|0
|0
|0
|6
|0
|-
|2021–22
|Bundesliga
|17
|1
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|4[c]
|0
|0
|0
|22
|1
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!23
!1
!1
!0
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
!4
!0
!0
!0
!28
!1
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |[[Sevilla FC|Sevilla]]
|2022–23
|[[La Liga]]
|19
|1
|5
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|6{{Efn|Two appearances and one goal in UEFA Champions League, four appearances in [[UEFA Europa League]]}}
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|30
|3
|-
|2023–24
|La Liga
|8
|0
|4
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|2[c]
|0
|0
|0
|14
|0
|-
|2024–25
|La Liga
|6
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|6
|0
|-
|2025–26
|La Liga
|12
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|12
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!45
!1
!9
!1
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
!8
!1
!0
!0
!62
!3
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Career total
!74
!4
!13
!1
!2
!1
!14
!1
!0
!0
!103
!7
|}
{{Notelist}}

== Daraja ==
'''Paris Saint-Germain'''

* [[Ligue 1|Gasar Ligue 1]] : 2019–20 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 April 2020 |title=PSG champions as season ended |url=https://www.ligue1.com/Articles/NEWS/2020/04/30/psg-champions-season-ended-ligue-1 |access-date=30 April 2020 |website=Ligue1 |publisher=Ligue 1}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Coupe de France : 2019-20 
* Coupe de la Ligue : 2019-20 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ramsay |first=George |date=1 August 2020 |title=PSG completes domestic treble after French League Cup final victory against Lyon |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2020/08/01/football/psg-lyon-french-league-cup-final-spt-intl/index.html |access-date=12 December 2020 |publisher=CNN}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Bayern Munich'''

* Bundesliga : 2020–21,  2021–22 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 April 2022 |title=Gnabry eröffnet sehenswert: FC Bayern zum zehnten Mal in Folge Meister |url=https://www.kicker.de/bayern-gegen-dortmund-2022-bundesliga-4721765/analyse |access-date=19 April 2023 |website=[[Kicker (magazine)|Kicker]] |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Gasar cin kofin DFL-Supercup : 2021, &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Robert Lewandowski double as Bayern Munich overcome Borussia Dortmund to win the Supercup |url=https://www.bundesliga.com/en/bundesliga/news/borussia-dortmund-bayern-munich-live-supercup-line-ups-stats-haaland-lewandowski-16902 |access-date=11 October 2021 |publisher=Bundesliga}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2022 

'''Sevilla'''

* Gasar Zakarun Turai ta UEFA : 2022–23 

'''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'Yan ƙasa da shekara 17 na Faransa'''

* Gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA U-17 ta zo ta uku: 2019 &lt;ref name=&quot;fifa&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=FIFA U-17 World Cup Brazil 2019 – France |url=https://www.fifa.com/u17worldcup/teams/team/1888290/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190710161618/https://www.fifa.com/u17worldcup/teams/team/1888290/ |archive-date=10 July 2019 |access-date=7 December 2019 |publisher=FIFA}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Mutum ɗaya'''

* Titi d'Or : 2019 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 February 2020 |title=Tanguy Kouassi sacré Titi d'Or 2019 |url=https://www.psg.fr/equipes/the-club/content/tanguy-kouassi-sacre-titi-dor-2019 |access-date=4 May 2020 |publisher=Paris Saint-Germain F.C. |language=fr |archive-date=23 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200823050136/https://www.psg.fr/equipes/the-club/content/tanguy-kouassi-sacre-titi-dor-2019/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Gasar Maurice Revello Mafi kyawun XI: 2022 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Maurice Revello Tournament 2022 best XI |url=https://www.festival-foot-espoirs.com/festival/detail_actualite.php?id=5178 |access-date=2023-01-03 |website=www.festival-foot-espoirs.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* Archived [https://sevillafc.es/en/teams/first-team/nianzou bayanin martaba] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228050442/https://www.sevillafc.es/en/teams/first-team/nianzou |date=2024-02-28 }}   a shafin yanar gizo na Sevilla FC
* Tanguy Nianzou  
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2002]]

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>spiw7w1qc2mxlz6kkq7ljf6ozmnbzak</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sung Si-bak</title>
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        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>13371</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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'''Sung Si-Bak''' (Yaren Koriya: 성시백; Hanja: 成始柏, Lafazin Koriya: [sʌŋ.ɕi.bɛ̝k̚]; an haife shi a ranar 18 ga Fabrairu, 1987, a Seoul, Koriya ta Kudu) ɗan tseren kankara ne na Koriya ta Kudu. A Jami'ar Winter Universiade ta 2007, ya lashe dukkan gasa biyar na kankara a kan kankara.

Sung ya fara yin tsere a kan kankara a makarantar firamare bisa ga umarnin iyayensa, waɗanda suka yi fatan hakan zai taimaka masa ya ƙara ƙarfi. Kusan ya daina wasan don ci gaba da karatunsa, amma ya zaɓi ci gaba da horo a matsayin ƙwararren ɗan tseren kankara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title = Si-Bak Sung, Short Track | work = Athletes | publisher = Vancouver 2010 | year = 2010 | url = http://www.vancouver2010.com/olympic-short-track-speed-skating/athletes/si-bak-sung_ath1006285mL.html | accessdate = 2010-02-14 | archive-date = 2010-02-14 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100214063700/http://www.vancouver2010.com/olympic-short-track-speed-skating/athletes/si-bak-sung_ath1006285mL.html | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>jtadal4nv4pu3y46a77jgymyexqrhr2</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Samson Akinnire</title>
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      <id>889812</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-31T13:48:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>M Bash Ne</username>
        <id>12403</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345258287|Samson Akinnire]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>889812</origin>
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'''Samson Akinnire''' (an haife shi a ranar 1 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 1986) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mitter |first=Siddhartha |date=8 February 2019 |title=Lagos, City of Hustle, Builds an Art 'Ecosystem' |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/08/arts/design/lagos-nigeria-art-x-art.html |access-date=11 August 2021 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Na]] [[Najeriya]], [[Zane-zane na gani|mai zane-zane]] kuma mai zane-zanen zane-zane, wanda ke zaune a jihar Legas, Najeriya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Artist biography: Samson Akinnire |url=https://www.artland.com/artists/samson-akinnire |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811154810/https://www.artland.com/artists/samson-akinnire |archive-date=11 August 2021 |access-date=2021-08-11 |website=www.artland.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
Samson Akinnire an haife shi Sannan ya girma a [[Ajegunle]], dake jihar Legas. Ya samu takardar shaidar ND a [[Lagos State University of Science and Technology|Lagos State Polytechnic]] a cikin shekarar 2011 sannan kuma an bashi kyautar girmamawa ga dukkan ɗaliban wannan fannin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sam-Duru |first=Prisca |date=2021-08-09 |title=Nigeria: Fact File - Art Tackling Environmental Problems |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/202108090218.html |access-date=2021-08-11 |website=allAfrica.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Zaɓin nune-nunen ==

* 2018 ''Art X Lagos'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=LaurenceKaptain |date=2019-02-10 |title=Lagos, City of Hustle, Builds an Art 'Ecosystem' West Africa's new art destination is a sprawling megacity with a generation of artists, gallerists and collectors powering the scene. {{!}} CAM Dean |url=https://camdean.org/lagos-city-of-hustle-builds-an-art-ecosystem-west-africas-new-art-destination-is-a-sprawling-megacity-with-a-generation-of-artists-gallerists-and-collectors-powering-the/,%20https://camdean.org/lagos-city-of-hustle-builds-an-art-ecosystem-west-africas-new-art-destination-is-a-sprawling-megacity-with-a-generation-of-artists-gallerists-and-collectors-powering-the/ |access-date=2021-08-11 |website=camdean.org |language=en-US}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2018-11-28 |title=ART X Lagos: An Affair in Constant Search of the Exciting {{!}} By IfeOluwa Nihinlola |url=https://thesoleadventurer.com/art-x-lagos-an-affair-in-constant-search-of-the-exciting-by-ifeoluwa-nihinlola/ |access-date=2021-08-11 |website=The Sole Adventurer |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2019 Say My Name nune-nunen a London &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-09-04 |title=Signature African Art Will Launch Exhibitions in London and Los Angeles |url=https://artstribune.com/2020/09/04/signature-african-art-will-launch-exhibitions-in-london-and-los-angeles/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811160307/https://artstribune.com/2020/09/04/signature-african-art-will-launch-exhibitions-in-london-and-los-angeles/ |archive-date=11 August 2021 |access-date=2021-08-11 |website=Arts Tribune |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-10-22 |title=Signature African Art announces Say My Name, two exhibitions of new work presented by acclaimed filmmaker Ava DuVernay in London and Los Angeles |url=https://fadmagazine.com/2020/10/22/signature-african-art-announces-say-my-name-two-exhibitions-of-new-work-presented-by-acclaimed-filmmaker-ava-duvernay-in-london-and-los-angeles/ |access-date=2021-08-11 |website=FAD Magazine |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2019 Say My Name nune-nunen a Los Angeles &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* 2020 ''Sa hannu African Art Gallery'' · London, United Kingdom &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Signature African Art Gallery |url=https://www.artland.com/galleries/signature-african-art-gallery |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811154804/https://www.artland.com/galleries/signature-african-art-gallery |archive-date=11 August 2021 |access-date=2021-08-11 |website=www.artland.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyukan da aka zaɓa ==

*
* ''Say My Name 2020''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Say My Name {{!}} 27 October - 24 December 2020 - Overview |url=https://www.signatureafricanart.com/exhibitions/6-say-my-name-group-exhibition-presented-by-ava-duvernay/overview/ |access-date=2021-08-11 |website=Signature African Art |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=AnOther |title=Say My Name |url=https://www.anothermag.com/art-photography/gallery/11403/say-my-name/5 |access-date=2021-08-11 |website=AnOther |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Paskett |first=Zoe |date=2020-09-04 |title=George Floyd and Breonna Taylor honoured in new London exhibition |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/culture/say-my-name-exhibition-signature-african-art-george-floyd-breonna-taylor-a4539816.html |access-date=2021-08-11 |website=www.standard.co.uk |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Values''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Values {{!}} 16–24 November 2019 - Overview |url=https://www.signatureafricanart.com/exhibitions/10-values-samson-akinnire-solo-exhibition/overview/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811154804/https://www.signatureafricanart.com/exhibitions/10-values-samson-akinnire-solo-exhibition/overview/ |archive-date=11 August 2021 |access-date=2021-08-11 |website=Signature African Art |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Values |url=http://signaturebeyond.com/exhibitions/values/ |access-date=2021-08-11 |website=Signaturebeyond |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Play Time'' 2019&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=archived Samson Akinnire, 'Play Time' 2019 — ART X Lagos |url=https://artxlagos.com/archived-Samson-Akinnire-Play-Time-2019 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811154804/https://artxlagos.com/archived-Samson-Akinnire-Play-Time-2019 |archive-date=11 August 2021 |access-date=2021-08-11 |website=artxlagos.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Emergence'' 2019&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;
* ''Gele Series II'' 2020&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;
*

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Mutane daga Jihar Legas]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1986]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>889813</id>
      <parentid>889812</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-31T13:48:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>M Bash Ne</username>
        <id>12403</id>
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      <origin>889813</origin>
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      <text bytes="6065" sha1="bk9wn6ge21m2rath8968nbt9hj0dwtu" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Samson Akinnire''' (an haife shi a ranar 1 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 1986) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mitter |first=Siddhartha |date=8 February 2019 |title=Lagos, City of Hustle, Builds an Art 'Ecosystem' |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/08/arts/design/lagos-nigeria-art-x-art.html |access-date=11 August 2021 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Na]] [[Najeriya]], [[Zane-zane na gani|mai zane-zane]] kuma mai zane-zanen zane-zane, wanda ke zaune a jihar Legas, Najeriya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Artist biography: Samson Akinnire |url=https://www.artland.com/artists/samson-akinnire |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811154810/https://www.artland.com/artists/samson-akinnire |archive-date=11 August 2021 |access-date=2021-08-11 |website=www.artland.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
Samson Akinnire an haife shi Sannan ya girma a [[Ajegunle]], dake jihar Legas. Ya samu takardar shaidar ND a [[Lagos State University of Science and Technology|Lagos State Polytechnic]] a cikin shekarar 2011 sannan kuma an bashi kyautar girmamawa ga dukkan ɗaliban wannan fannin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sam-Duru |first=Prisca |date=2021-08-09 |title=Nigeria: Fact File - Art Tackling Environmental Problems |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/202108090218.html |access-date=2021-08-11 |website=allAfrica.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Zaɓin nune-nunen ==

* 2018 ''Art X Lagos'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=LaurenceKaptain |date=2019-02-10 |title=Lagos, City of Hustle, Builds an Art 'Ecosystem' West Africa's new art destination is a sprawling megacity with a generation of artists, gallerists and collectors powering the scene. {{!}} CAM Dean |url=https://camdean.org/lagos-city-of-hustle-builds-an-art-ecosystem-west-africas-new-art-destination-is-a-sprawling-megacity-with-a-generation-of-artists-gallerists-and-collectors-powering-the/,%20https://camdean.org/lagos-city-of-hustle-builds-an-art-ecosystem-west-africas-new-art-destination-is-a-sprawling-megacity-with-a-generation-of-artists-gallerists-and-collectors-powering-the/ |access-date=2021-08-11 |website=camdean.org |language=en-US}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2018-11-28 |title=ART X Lagos: An Affair in Constant Search of the Exciting {{!}} By IfeOluwa Nihinlola |url=https://thesoleadventurer.com/art-x-lagos-an-affair-in-constant-search-of-the-exciting-by-ifeoluwa-nihinlola/ |access-date=2021-08-11 |website=The Sole Adventurer |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2019 Say My Name nune-nunen a London &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-09-04 |title=Signature African Art Will Launch Exhibitions in London and Los Angeles |url=https://artstribune.com/2020/09/04/signature-african-art-will-launch-exhibitions-in-london-and-los-angeles/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811160307/https://artstribune.com/2020/09/04/signature-african-art-will-launch-exhibitions-in-london-and-los-angeles/ |archive-date=11 August 2021 |access-date=2021-08-11 |website=Arts Tribune |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-10-22 |title=Signature African Art announces Say My Name, two exhibitions of new work presented by acclaimed filmmaker Ava DuVernay in London and Los Angeles |url=https://fadmagazine.com/2020/10/22/signature-african-art-announces-say-my-name-two-exhibitions-of-new-work-presented-by-acclaimed-filmmaker-ava-duvernay-in-london-and-los-angeles/ |access-date=2021-08-11 |website=FAD Magazine |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2019 Say My Name nune-nunen a Los Angeles &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* 2020 ''Sa hannu African Art Gallery'' · London, United Kingdom &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Signature African Art Gallery |url=https://www.artland.com/galleries/signature-african-art-gallery |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811154804/https://www.artland.com/galleries/signature-african-art-gallery |archive-date=11 August 2021 |access-date=2021-08-11 |website=www.artland.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyukan da aka zaɓa ==

*
* ''Say My Name 2020''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Say My Name {{!}} 27 October - 24 December 2020 - Overview |url=https://www.signatureafricanart.com/exhibitions/6-say-my-name-group-exhibition-presented-by-ava-duvernay/overview/ |access-date=2021-08-11 |website=Signature African Art |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=AnOther |title=Say My Name |url=https://www.anothermag.com/art-photography/gallery/11403/say-my-name/5 |access-date=2021-08-11 |website=AnOther |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Paskett |first=Zoe |date=2020-09-04 |title=George Floyd and Breonna Taylor honoured in new London exhibition |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/culture/say-my-name-exhibition-signature-african-art-george-floyd-breonna-taylor-a4539816.html |access-date=2021-08-11 |website=www.standard.co.uk |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Values''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Values {{!}} 16–24 November 2019 - Overview |url=https://www.signatureafricanart.com/exhibitions/10-values-samson-akinnire-solo-exhibition/overview/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811154804/https://www.signatureafricanart.com/exhibitions/10-values-samson-akinnire-solo-exhibition/overview/ |archive-date=11 August 2021 |access-date=2021-08-11 |website=Signature African Art |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Values |url=http://signaturebeyond.com/exhibitions/values/ |access-date=2021-08-11 |website=Signaturebeyond |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Play Time'' 2019&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=archived Samson Akinnire, 'Play Time' 2019 — ART X Lagos |url=https://artxlagos.com/archived-Samson-Akinnire-Play-Time-2019 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811154804/https://artxlagos.com/archived-Samson-Akinnire-Play-Time-2019 |archive-date=11 August 2021 |access-date=2021-08-11 |website=artxlagos.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Emergence'' 2019&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;
* ''Gele Series II'' 2020&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;
*

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Mutane daga Jihar Legas]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1986]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>bk9wn6ge21m2rath8968nbt9hj0dwtu</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Shymkent</title>
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    <id>162600</id>
    <revision>
      <id>889837</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-31T18:01:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Vyacheslav Nasretdinov</username>
        <id>3885</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Sabon shafi: {{Databox|Q485496}}  '''Shymkent''' ({{Lang-kk|Шымкент}}; har zuwa shekarar 1992 ana rubuta sunan a hukumance da '''Chimkent''' a harshen Rasha) birni ne da ke kudancin [[Kazakistan]], kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin birane uku masu matsayi na jamhuriya a ƙasar tare da [[Astana]] da [[Almaty]]. Shymkent yana zama sashe na musamman na gudanarwa da ƙasa, don haka ba ya cikin Yankin Turkistan da yake kewaye da shi. Birnin ya sami matsayin birni mai muhimmanci na jamhuriya a ra...</comment>
      <origin>889837</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="26690" sha1="444drnirt287ceyhnpk99zer7antcg1" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox|Q485496}}

'''Shymkent''' ({{Lang-kk|Шымкент}}; har zuwa shekarar 1992 ana rubuta sunan a hukumance da '''Chimkent''' a harshen Rasha) birni ne da ke kudancin [[Kazakistan]], kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin birane uku masu matsayi na jamhuriya a ƙasar tare da [[Astana]] da [[Almaty]]. Shymkent yana zama sashe na musamman na gudanarwa da ƙasa, don haka ba ya cikin Yankin Turkistan da yake kewaye da shi. Birnin ya sami matsayin birni mai muhimmanci na jamhuriya a ranar 19 ga Yuni 2018.&lt;ref name=&quot;decree2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.akorda.kz/ru/legal_acts/decrees/o-nekotoryh-voprosah-administrativno-territorialnogo-ustroistva-respubliki-kazahstan |title=Wasu batutuwa game da tsarin gudanarwa da yankunan Jamhuriyar Kazakistan |date=2018-06-19 |publisher=Shafin hukuma na Shugaban Jamhuriyar Kazakistan |lang=ru |access-date=2026-07-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya zuwa 1 ga Yuni 2026, birnin yana da mazauna 1,308,120; ta fuskar yawan jama'a Shymkent shi ne birni na uku a Kazakistan bayan Almaty da Astana.&lt;ref name=&quot;population2026&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://stat.gov.kz/api/iblock/element/341320/file/ru/ |title=Yawan jama'ar Jamhuriyar Kazakistan a ranar 1 ga Yuni 2026 |date=2026-07-01 |format=XLSX |publisher=Ofishin Kididdiga na Ƙasa na Hukumar Tsare-tsare da Sauye-sauye ta Jamhuriyar Kazakistan |lang=ru |access-date=2026-07-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; Faɗin yankin gudanarwar birnin ya kai kilomita murabba'i 1,163.&lt;ref name=&quot;development&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/shymkent/documents/details/572558?lang=ru |title=Shirin raya birnin Shymkent na shekarun 2021—2025 |date=2023-12-21 |publisher=Gwamnatin birnin Shymkent |lang=ru |access-date=2026-07-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shymkent yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan cibiyoyin masana'antu, cinikayya, sufuri, ilimi da al'adu na kudancin ƙasar. Masana'antun sarrafawa, cinikayya, gine-gine, sufuri da hidimomi suna da muhimmiyar rawa a tattalin arzikinsa; musamman matatar mai, masana'antar magunguna, sarrafa abinci da kera kayan gini.&lt;ref name=&quot;stat2026&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://stat.gov.kz/ru/region/shymkent/ |title=Birnin Shymkent: taƙaitattun sakamakon ci gaban zamantakewa da tattalin arzikin yankin |publisher=Ofishin Kididdiga na Ƙasa na Hukumar Tsare-tsare da Sauye-sauye ta Jamhuriyar Kazakistan |lang=ru |access-date=2026-07-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Binciken kayan tarihi da aka yi a tsohon mazaunin da ke cibiyar tarihi ya gano tarin shimfiɗar al'adu mai kauri har zuwa mita 14; tukwane daga matakan ƙasa sun kasance daga ƙarshen ƙarni na uku zuwa farkon ƙarni na biyu kafin haihuwar Yesu. Bisa wannan, ana ƙiyasta cewa mazaunin birnin ya kai aƙalla shekaru 2,200.&lt;ref name=&quot;archaeology&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/shymkent-turizm/press/news/details/60485?lang=ru |title=Tsohon mazaunin Shymkent |publisher=Sashen yawon buɗe ido, hulɗar waje da masana'antun kirkire-kirkire na birnin Shymkent |lang=ru |access-date=2026-07-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, ƙayyadadden shekarun mazaunin ta hanyar kayan tarihi ba daidai yake da ranar da aka fara ambaton sunan a rubuce ba: sunan ya bayyana a cikin ''Zafarnama'' na Sharaf al-Din Ali Yazdi, wanda aka rubuta a ƙarni na 15 yana bayyana abubuwan da suka faru a shekarun 1365—1366.&lt;ref name=&quot;zafar&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/shymkent-turizm/press/news/details/72607?lang=ru |title=Dalilai bakwai na ziyartar Shymkent |publisher=Sashen yawon buɗe ido, hulɗar waje da masana'antun kirkire-kirkire na birnin Shymkent |lang=ru |access-date=2026-07-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Asalin suna ==

Wata fassara da aka fi sani tana danganta sunan birnin da kalmomin ''chim'' ko ''shym'', masu nufin “ciyawar ƙasa”, “ciyawa”, “makiyaya” ko “wuri mai kore”, da kuma ''kent'', wato “birni” ko “mazauni”. Bisa wannan fahimta, sunan yana iya nufin “birni mai kore”, “birni a tsakiyar makiyaya” ko “birni mai bunƙasa”. Ƙarin ''-kent'', wanda ya samo asali daga tsohuwar al'adar sunayen wurare ta Iran, yana bayyana a sunayen wurare da yawa na Asiya ta Tsakiya, ciki har da [[Tashkent]], Zharkent da Mankent.&lt;ref name=&quot;investintro&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://shymkent.invest.gov.kz/ru/doing-business-here/intro/ |title=Birnin Shymkent: cikakken bayani |publisher=Kamfanin ƙasa Kazakh Invest |lang=ru |access-date=2026-07-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A majiyoyin harshen Rasha na ƙarnuka na 19 da 20, rubutun '''Chimkent''' ya zama ruwan dare. A shekarar 1914 an sake wa birnin suna '''Chernyaev''' don girmama Janar Mikhail Chernyaev, wanda ya jagoranci sojojin Rasha wajen karɓar birnin a 1864. A shekarar 1924 an maido da tsohon sunan. Ta hanyar ƙudurin Shugabancin Majalisar Koli ta Jamhuriyar Kazakistan na 8 ga Satumba 1992, an daidaita rubutun sunan a harshen Rasha zuwa '''Shymkent'''.&lt;ref name=&quot;rename1992&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P920001800_ |title=Game da sauya suna da daidaita rubutun sunayen wasu sassan gudanarwa da yankuna na Jamhuriyar Kazakistan a harshen Rasha |date=1992-09-08 |publisher=Tsarin bayanan doka na “Adilet” |lang=ru |access-date=2026-07-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==

=== Zamanin da da Tsakiyar Zamani ===

Mutane sun zauna a yankin Shymkent na yau tun zamanin da. Tsohon mazaunin yana cikin cibiyar tarihi ta birnin, kuma faɗinsa kusan hekta 4.5 ne. Haƙa ƙasa da masana daga Cibiyar Kayan Tarihi ta A. H. Margulan da Jami'ar Kudancin Kazakistan ta M. O. Auezov suka gudanar, sun gano jerin shimfiɗar al'adu na zamanin da, farkon Tsakiyar Zamani da ƙarshen Tsakiyar Zamani.&lt;ref name=&quot;archaeology&quot;/&gt;

Ci gaban mazaunin ya danganta da matsayinsa a ƙasan tsaunukan yammacin [[Tian Shan]], a kan hanyoyin da suka haɗa kwarin Syr Darya, wuraren noma na Mawarannahr da filayen Kazakistan. A kusa da shi akwai Sayram, wanda marubutan Tsakiyar Zamani suka sani da Ispijab, kuma ya kasance babbar cibiyar kan hanyoyin Hanyar Siliki.

An ambaci sunan Shymkent a cikin ''Zafarnama'' na Sharaf al-Din Ali Yazdi yayin bayanin abubuwan da suka faru a 1365—1366. A lokuta daban-daban birnin da kewayensa sun shiga ƙarƙashin tasirin daulolin Asiya ta Tsakiya, ciki har da Timuridawa da Daular Kazakh. A ƙarnuka na 17 da 18, yaƙe-yaƙen Kazakh da Dzungar sun shafi yankin; daga ƙarshen ƙarni na 18 zuwa rabin farko na ƙarni na 19, Daular Kokand da Masarautar Bukhara sun yi takara kan biranen kudancin Kazakistan.

=== Daular Kokand da Daular Rasha ===

A farkon ƙarni na 19, Shymkent ya shiga cikin Daular Kokand. Kusan shekarar 1810 an mayar da birnin sansanin soja da cibiyar gudanarwa mai katanga. Kagarar tana kan wani tudu a tsakiyar mazaunin, tana kuma sa ido kan hanyoyin da suka haɗa Tashkent, Turkistan da yankunan ƙasan tsaunuka.

A watan Satumba 1864 sojojin Rasha suka karɓi Chimkent. Daga baya birnin ya zama cibiyar gunduma a Yankin Syr-Darya na Babban Gwamnatin Turkistan.&lt;ref name=&quot;history1864&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://auezov.edu.kz/media/attachments/2022/03/24/5-..-25-29.pdf |title=Masu binciken Rasha game da birnin Shymkent |publisher=Jami'ar Kudancin Kazakistan ta M. O. Auezov |format=PDF |lang=ru |access-date=2026-07-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kafin juyin juya halin Rasha, tattalin arzikin birnin ya dogara ne kan cinikayya, sana'o'in hannu da sarrafa amfanin gona. A shekarun 1880 an kafa masana'antar samar da santonin daga wani nau'in ciyawar ''Artemisia cina'', wadda ta zama tushen masana'antar magunguna ta Shymkent ta zamani. Gina layin dogo a farkon ƙarni na 20 ya ƙara muhimmancin birnin a matsayin cibiyar cinikayya da sufuri.

=== Zamanin Tarayyar Soviet ===

Bayan kafa mulkin Soviet, birnin ya kasance bi-da-bi a cikin Jamhuriyar Soviet mai cin gashin kanta ta Turkistan, Jamhuriyar Soviet mai cin gashin kanta ta Kazakh da Jamhuriyar Soviet ta Kazakh. A shekarar 1924 an maido wa birnin Chernyaev sunan Chimkent. A 1932 ya zama cibiyar gudanarwa ta sabon Yankin Kudancin Kazakistan.&lt;ref name=&quot;museumhistory&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://museum.bhost.kz/index.php/ru/about-uko/history-uko/26-o-yuko/162-history-of-uko-part1 |title=Tarihin Yankin Kudancin Kazakistan tun farkon ƙarni na 20 |publisher=Gidan tarihin tarihi da al'adun gargajiya na Yankin Kudancin Kazakistan |lang=ru |access-date=2026-07-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A lokacin bunƙasa masana'antu, an gina ko faɗaɗa masana'antun ƙarafa marasa baƙin ƙarfe, sinadarai da magunguna, mai da kitse, abinci da masana'antar tufafi. Manyan masana'antun sun haɗa da masana'antar gubar Chimkent da masana'antar sinadarai da magunguna. A lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]], an kwashe masana'antu da hukumomi daga yammacin Tarayyar Soviet zuwa Chimkent; birnin ya zama ɗaya daga cikin cibiyoyin masana'antu na bayan fage.

A shekarun bayan yaƙi, yawan jama'a da faɗin Chimkent sun karu da sauri. An gina sababbin unguwannin zama, masana'antun injina da kayan gini, da cibiyoyin ilimi da lafiya. A shekarun 1980 aka fara aiki da Matatar Man Shymkent.

=== Kazakistan mai cin gashin kanta ===

Bayan Kazakistan ta ayyana 'yancin kai, Shymkent ya ci gaba da kasancewa babbar cibiyar tattalin arzikin kudancin ƙasar. A shekarar 1992 an canja rubutun sunan birnin na Rasha daga Chimkent zuwa Shymkent.&lt;ref name=&quot;rename1992&quot;/&gt;

A shekarar 2014 an faɗaɗa iyakokin gudanarwar birnin sosai ta hanyar haɗa filaye da ƙauyukan gundumomin da ke kusa. A wannan shekarar aka kafa gundumar birni ta huɗu, wadda daga baya aka ba ta suna Karatau.&lt;ref name=&quot;district2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/V14UA002836 |title=Kafa gunduma ta huɗu da ƙayyade iyakokin gundumomin birnin Shymkent |date=2014-10-07 |publisher=Tsarin bayanan doka na “Adilet” |lang=ru |access-date=2026-07-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 19 ga Yuni 2018, an sanya Shymkent cikin rukunin birane masu matsayi na jamhuriya. An mayar da cibiyar gudanarwar Yankin Kudancin Kazakistan zuwa [[Turkistan]], sannan aka sauya sunan yankin zuwa Yankin Turkistan.&lt;ref name=&quot;decree2018&quot;/&gt; A shekarar 2022 aka kafa gundumar gudanarwa ta biyar, wato Turan.&lt;ref name=&quot;turan2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/V22E0029189 |title=Kafa sabuwar gunduma a birnin Shymkent da ba ta suna “Turan” |date=2022-08-12 |publisher=Tsarin bayanan doka na “Adilet” |lang=ru |access-date=2026-07-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Labarin ƙasa ==

=== Matsayin ƙasa ===

Shymkent yana kudancin Kazakistan, a filin ƙasan tsaunukan yammacin [[Tian Shan]], ba da nisa sosai daga iyakar [[Uzbekistan]] ba. Birnin yana kan tsohuwar da sabuwar hanyar sufuri da ke haɗa Tashkent, Turkistan, Taraz da Almaty. Yankin gudanarwarsa ya kai hekta 116,300, ko kilomita murabba'i 1,163.&lt;ref name=&quot;development&quot;/&gt;

Manyan hanyoyin ruwa su ne kogunan Badam da Koshkarata tare da reshen Karasu. Birnin yana da magudanan ruwa tara masu tsawon kusan kilomita 91 gaba ɗaya, ciki har da Badam, Shymkent, Yangichek, Tekesu da Koshkarata. Faɗin gandun daji na gwamnati da korayen wurare ya kai hekta 5,332.7.&lt;ref name=&quot;development&quot;/&gt;

=== Yanayi ===

Yanayin Shymkent na nahiya ne, da dogon lokacin zafi mai tsanani da kuma hunturu mai sauƙi idan aka kwatanta da sauran sassan Kazakistan. Yawancin ruwan sama yana sauka ne a rabin shekarar da ke da sanyi da kuma bazara, yayin da lokacin zafi yakan kasance busasshe. Kamfanin “Kazhydromet” yana lissafa ƙa'idodin yanayin birnin bisa bayanan shekarun 1991—2020.&lt;ref name=&quot;climate&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.kazhydromet.kz/ru/klimat/shymkent |title=Halayen yanayin Shymkent |publisher=Kamfanin gwamnati “Kazhydromet” |lang=ru |access-date=2026-07-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tsarin gudanarwa ==

An raba Shymkent zuwa gundumomin gudanarwa guda biyar: Abay, Al-Farabi, Enbekshi, Karatau da Turan.&lt;ref name=&quot;akimat&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/shymkent?lang=ru |title=Gwamnatin birnin Shymkent |publisher=Haɗaɗɗiyar dandalin intanet na hukumomin gwamnati na Jamhuriyar Kazakistan |lang=ru |access-date=2026-07-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bisa sabuwar ƙiyasta a farkon 2026, yawan jama'ar gundumomin ya kasance kamar haka:&lt;ref name=&quot;ethnos2026&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://stat.gov.kz/api/iblock/element/348012/file/ru/ |title=Yawan jama'ar Jamhuriyar Kazakistan bisa wasu ƙabilu a farkon 2026, takardar “Birnin Shymkent” |date=2026-03-27 |format=XLSX |publisher=Ofishin Kididdiga na Ƙasa na Hukumar Tsare-tsare da Sauye-sauye ta Jamhuriyar Kazakistan |lang=ru |access-date=2026-07-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Gunduma
! Yawan jama'a a farkon 2026
|-
| Abay
| 259,325
|-
| Al-Farabi
| 262,566
|-
| Enbekshi
| 206,679
|-
| Karatau
| 334,139
|-
| Turan
| 231,341
|}

Shugaban ɓangaren zartarwa na birnin shi ne akim. Gabit Abdimazhitovich Syzdykbekov ne yake riƙe da mukamin akim na Shymkent.&lt;ref name=&quot;akimat&quot;/&gt;

== Yawan jama'a ==

A farkon shekarar 2026, birnin yana da mutane 1,294,050; zuwa 1 ga Yuni 2026 adadin ya karu zuwa 1,308,120.&lt;ref name=&quot;ethnos2026&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;population2026&quot;/&gt; Bisa faɗin kilomita murabba'i 1,163, yawan jama'a ya kai kusan mutane 1,125 a kowace kilomita murabba'i.

Daga Janairu zuwa Mayu 2026, ƙaruwar jama'a ta halitta ta kai mutane 8,287: an haifi mutane 10,261, yayin da mutane 1,974 suka mutu. Ma'aunin ƙaura ya kasance mai kyau da mutane 5,783, ciki har da 5,687 daga ƙaura a cikin ƙasar.&lt;ref name=&quot;stat2026&quot;/&gt;

=== Rukunin ƙabilu ===

Shymkent birni ne mai ƙabilu da yawa. Bisa sabuwar ƙiyasta ta Ofishin Kididdiga na Ƙasa a farkon 2026, manyan ƙabilun sun kasance:&lt;ref name=&quot;ethnos2026&quot;/&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Ƙabila
! Yawan mutane
! Kashi, %
|-
| Kazakhawa
| 929,724
| 71.85
|-
| Uzbekawa
| 203,098
| 15.69
|-
| Rashawa
| 74,404
| 5.75
|-
| Azerbaijanawa
| 23,814
| 1.84
|-
| Tatarawa
| 11,346
| 0.88
|-
| Sauran ƙabilu
| 51,664
| 3.99
|}

Harshen hukuma shi ne [[Harshen Kazakh|Kazakh]]. A hukumomin gwamnati da na ƙananan hukumomi, ana amfani da harshen Rasha a hukumance tare da Kazakh bisa Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Kazakistan. A rayuwar yau da kullum, wani muhimmin ɓangare na jama'a yana amfani da [[Harshen Uzbek|Uzbek]].

== Tattalin arziki ==

Shymkent yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan cibiyoyin masana'antu da cinikayya na Kazakistan. Masana'antun sarrafawa, cinikayyar jumla da ta sayarwa kai tsaye, gine-gine, sufuri, ajiyar kaya da sauran hidimomi suna da babban matsayi a tsarin tattalin arzikinsa.

Daga Janairu zuwa Maris 2026, jimillar kayan da hidimomin yankin ta kai tiriliyan tenge 1.352; haƙiƙanin bunƙasa idan aka kwatanta da makamancin lokacin 2025 ya kai kashi 8.9. Hidimomi sun samar da kashi 61.6 na jimillar, yayin da samar da kayayyaki ya kai kashi 30.1.&lt;ref name=&quot;stat2026&quot;/&gt;

Daga Janairu zuwa Yuni 2026, ƙimar samar da masana'antu ta kai biliyan tenge 817.46, wato ta karu da kashi 11 a shekara. Samarwa a masana'antun sarrafawa ya karu da kashi 9.6. Ayyukan gine-gine sun kai biliyan tenge 136.26, yayin da aka kammala gidaje masu faɗin murabba'in mita dubu 558.6. Cinikayyar sayarwa kai tsaye ta kai biliyan tenge 628.47. Zuba jari a manyan kadarori ya kai biliyan tenge 308.38.&lt;ref name=&quot;stat2026&quot;/&gt;

Masana'antun gargajiya sun haɗa da tace mai, magunguna, samar da abinci da abin sha, saka da ɗinki, kera injina, ƙarafa da kayan gini. A birnin akwai Matatar Man Shymkent, masana'antun magunguna, siminti, abinci da masana'antar tufafi. Ana raya Yankin Tattalin Arziki na Musamman “Ontustik”, yankunan masana'antu da kayayyakin aikin sufuri da dabarun kaya.

Ya zuwa 1 ga Yuli 2026, an yi rajistar hukumomin shari'a 29,410 a Shymkent, daga cikinsu 24,907 suna aiki; yawancin ƙungiyoyin da ke aiki ƙananan kamfanoni ne.&lt;ref name=&quot;stat2026&quot;/&gt;

== Sufuri ==

Shymkent babban mahadar sufuri ne a kudancin Kazakistan. Hanyoyin mota na ƙasa da ƙasa da na tsakanin yankuna, Tashkent — Shymkent — Taraz — Almaty da Tashkent — Shymkent — Turkistan — Samara, suna ratsawa ta cikin birnin ko kusa da shi. Haka kuma akwai babban layin dogo da ke haɗa Tashkent, Arys, Taraz da Almaty.&lt;ref name=&quot;development&quot;/&gt;

=== Sufurin cikin birni ===

Motocin bas su ne ginshiƙin sufurin jama'a. Faɗaɗa yankin birnin bayan 2014 ya sa aka inganta manyan tituna da hanyoyin haɗa sababbin unguwannin zama. Ana biyan kuɗin tafiya ta hanyoyin lantarki da katunan sufuri.

=== Sufurin jirgin ƙasa ===

Tashar Shymkent tana kula da fasinjoji da kaya a layin Tashkent — Arys — Taraz — Almaty. A yammacin birnin akwai babbar tashar haɗin layuka ta Arys I, wadda ke haɗa hanyoyi zuwa Turkistan, Kyzylorda da yankunan arewacin Kazakistan.

=== Sufurin sama ===

Filin jirgin saman Shymkent na ƙasa da ƙasa yana kula da jiragen cikin gida da na ƙasa da ƙasa, kuma shi ne babban sansanin kamfanin jiragen sama na SCAT Airlines. An buɗe sabon ginin fasinjoji a ranar 25 ga Disamba 2024. Faɗinsa ya kai murabba'in mita dubu 40, kuma bayan buɗewarsa ƙiyasin ƙarfin filin jirgin ya karu daga fasinjoji dubu 800 zuwa miliyan 6 a shekara.&lt;ref name=&quot;airporthub&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/transport/press/news/details/1055087?lang=ru |title=Filayen jiragen sama na Astana, Almaty, Shymkent da Aktobe za su zama cibiyoyin sufuri iri-iri na matakin duniya |publisher=Ma'aikatar Sufuri ta Jamhuriyar Kazakistan |lang=ru |access-date=2026-07-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2025 an buɗe jirage kai tsaye daga Shymkent zuwa wasu birane a Turai, Gabashin Asiya da Gabas ta Tsakiya. Shirin raya filin jirgin ya haɗa da gina sabon titin sauka da tashin jirage mai tsawon kilomita 3.5 da kafa cibiyar sufuri da dabarun kaya mai haɗa hanyoyi da dama.&lt;ref name=&quot;airroutes&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/transport/press/news/details/1004307?lang=ru |title=Sabuwar cibiyar jiragen sama: an buɗe jirage kai tsaye daga Shymkent zuwa Turai da Asiya |publisher=Ma'aikatar Sufuri ta Jamhuriyar Kazakistan |lang=ru |access-date=2026-07-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;airporthub&quot;/&gt;

== Ilimi da kimiyya ==

Shymkent babbar cibiyar ilimi ce a kudancin Kazakistan. Akwai makarantun yara, makarantun firamare da sakandare, cibiyoyin fasaha da sana'o'i, jami'o'i da karatun digiri na gaba. Kididdigar hukuma ta yankin tana wallafa bayanai dabam-dabam game da yawan jami'o'i, ɗalibai, masu karatun digiri na biyu da na uku, malamai da cibiyoyin bincike da bunƙasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;educationstats&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://stat.gov.kz/ru/region/shymkent/dynamic-tables/1473/ |title=Jerin bayanai masu sauyawa: ilimi, kimiyya da kirkire-kirkire a birnin Shymkent |publisher=Ofishin Kididdiga na Ƙasa na Hukumar Tsare-tsare da Sauye-sauye ta Jamhuriyar Kazakistan |lang=ru |access-date=2026-07-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Manyan jami'o'in sun haɗa da:

* Jami'ar Bincike ta Kudancin Kazakistan ta M. O. Auezov — jami'a mai fannoni da yawa wadda take da matsayin jami'ar bincike;&lt;ref name=&quot;auezov&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://auezov.edu.kz/rus/ |title=Jami'ar Bincike ta Kudancin Kazakistan ta Mukhtar Auezov |publisher=Jami'ar M. O. Auezov |lang=ru |access-date=2026-07-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Makarantar Likitanci ta Kudancin Kazakistan, wadda take horar da ƙwararru a fannin likitanci da magunguna;&lt;ref name=&quot;skma&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://skma.edu.kz/ |title=Makarantar Likitanci ta Kudancin Kazakistan |publisher=SKMA |lang=ru |access-date=2026-07-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Jami'ar Koyarwa ta Kudancin Kazakistan ta Özbekäli Zhanibekov, wadda ta ƙware wajen horar da malamai.&lt;ref name=&quot;zhanibekov&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.zhanibekov.edu.kz/ |title=Jami'ar Koyarwa ta Kudancin Kazakistan ta Özbekäli Zhanibekov |publisher=Zhanibekov University |lang=kk |access-date=2026-07-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Haka kuma akwai Jami'ar Shymkent, Jami'ar Miras, Jami'ar Kirkire-kirkire ta Asiya ta Tsakiya da sauran manyan makarantu. A shekarar 2026 ana ci gaba da shirya aikin kafa Jami'ar Al'adu da Fasaha ta musamman bisa sashen da ya dace na Jami'ar M. O. Auezov.&lt;ref name=&quot;cultureuni&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/mam/press/news/details/1200906?lang=ru |title=Jami'ar al'adu da fasaha da sabon gidan wasan opera da ballet: manyan ayyuka biyu a Shymkent |publisher=Ma'aikatar Al'adu da Bayanai ta Jamhuriyar Kazakistan |lang=ru |access-date=2026-07-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kiwon lafiya ==

Shymkent yana aiki a matsayin babbar cibiyar lafiya ga kudancin Kazakistan. Birnin yana da asibitoci da cibiyoyin lafiya na fannoni da yawa, cibiyoyin haihuwa, bincike, zuciya, sankara da cututtuka masu yaɗuwa, tashoshin agajin gaggawa, asibitoci masu zaman kansu da dakunan gwaje-gwajen likitanci. Ilimin likitanci da ƙwarewar birnin a magunguna suna da alaƙa da Makarantar Likitanci ta Kudancin Kazakistan da masana'antun magunguna.

== Al'adu ==

A birnin akwai ƙungiyoyin wasan kwaikwayo na Kazakh, Rasha da Uzbek, gidajen tarihi, ɗakunan karatu, ƙungiyoyin kide-kide, wuraren baje koli, gidan circus da ƙungiyoyin kirkire-kirkire. Manyan gidajen wasan kwaikwayo sun haɗa da Gidan Wasan Kwaikwayo na Kazakh na Jami'a mai suna Zhumat Shanin, Gidan Wasan Kwaikwayo na Rasha, Gidan Opera da Ballet, Gidan Wasan Kwaikwayo na Uzbek da Gidan Wasan Tsana da Matasa na birni.

Cibiyar gidajen tarihi ta haɗa da tarin tarihi da na fasaha, gidan tarihin waɗanda aka zalunta saboda siyasa, gidan tarihin al'adu da bukukuwa, da kuma baje kolin rukunin tarihi da al'adu na “Shymqala”.

A shekarar 2020 Shymkent ya shiga shirin ƙasashe da yawa na “Manyan Birane na Al'adu na Commonwealth” a matsayin babban birnin al'adu na CIS. A wannan shekarar kuma an yi bikin cika shekaru 2,200 na birnin, wanda aka sanya cikin kalandar ranakun tunawa ta UNESCO.&lt;ref name=&quot;cisculture&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.mfgs-sng.org/news/shymkent-otkryl-programmu--kul-turnaja-stolitsa-sng--0-0-/ |title=Shymkent ya buɗe shirin “Babban Birnin Al'adu na CIS — 2020” |date=2020-06-20 |publisher=Asusun haɗin gwiwar jin kai na ƙasashen CIS |lang=ru |access-date=2026-07-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wuraren tarihi da yawon buɗe ido ==

Babban wurin tarihi na birnin shi ne rukunin “Shymqala”, wanda aka kafa a kan tsohon mazaunin da tsohuwar kagarar Kokand. Ya haɗa da wuraren binciken kayan tarihi, katangar kariya da aka sake ginawa, wuraren baje kolin tarihi da dandamalin kallon birni.&lt;ref name=&quot;archaeology&quot;/&gt;

Sanannun wurare da filayen jama'a sun haɗa da Dandalin Ordabasy, abin tunawa na “Zher-Ana”, Filin Shakatawa na 'Yanci, abin tunawa na Baidibek-bi, Filin Shakatawa na Abay, Lambun itatuwa na Asanbay Askarov, Gidan namun daji na Shymkent, Arbat, maɓuɓɓugan ruwa da hanyar yawo a gefen Koshkarata, masallatai, cocin Orthodox da tsofaffin gine-ginen tarihi da suka rage.

Shymkent yana zama wurin farawa don tafiye-tafiye zuwa Sayram, Gandun Dajin Ƙasa na Sayram-Ugam, Wurin Kare Halittu na Aksu-Zhabagly, Turkistan, Otrar da sauran wuraren halitta, tarihi da al'adu na kudancin Kazakistan.

== Gine-gine da tsara birane ==

Tsarin birnin ya haɗa tsohuwar cibiyar da ke kewaye da kagara da tsoffin unguwannin kasuwanci, gidajen zamanin Soviet da sababbin unguwannin dogayen gine-gine. Bayan faɗaɗa iyakokin gudanarwa a 2014, babban ɓangaren gina gidaje da kayayyakin more rayuwa ya koma arewa, yamma da arewa maso yammacin birnin. Ana raya unguwannin zama da kasuwanci na Turan, Shymkent City, Bozaryk, Tassay da sauransu.

Daga Janairu zuwa Yuni 2026, an kammala gidaje masu faɗin murabba'in mita dubu 558.6, ciki har da murabba'in mita dubu 445 a gine-ginen gidaje masu iyalai da yawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;stat2026&quot;/&gt; Ci gaban tsara birane yana tafiya tare da gina sababbin tituna, hanyoyin ruwa da lantarki, makarantu, cibiyoyin lafiya da wuraren al'adu.

== Wasanni ==

Ana bunƙasa ƙwallon ƙafa, dambe, kokawa, ɗaga nauyi, motsa jiki, wasan tennis, iyo da tseren keke a Shymkent. Babban kulob ɗin ƙwallon ƙafa na maza shi ne FC Ordabasy, wanda ya lashe gasar Kazakistan a karon farko a 2023.&lt;ref name=&quot;ordabasy2023&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://orda.kz/ordabasy-vpervye-stal-chempionom-kazahstana-378076/ |title=Ordabasy ya zama zakaran ƙwallon ƙafa na Kazakistan a karon farko |date=2023-10-23 |publisher=Orda.kz |lang=ru |access-date=2026-07-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kulob ɗin mata na BIIK-Shymkent ya lashe gasar ƙasar sau da yawa kuma ya halarci gasannin kulob na Turai.&lt;ref name=&quot;biik2023&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://kff.kz/ru/news/25518 |title=BIIK-Shymkent — zakaran Kazakistan na 2023 a tsakanin ƙungiyoyin mata |publisher=Hukumar Ƙwallon Ƙafa ta Kazakistan |lang=ru |access-date=2026-07-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Manyan wuraren wasanni sun haɗa da Babban Filin Wasa na Khadzhimukan Munaitpasov, rukunin wasannin motsa jiki, manyan ɗakunan wasanni, cibiyoyin tennis da wuraren iyo.

== Muhalli da samar da korayen wurare ==

Batutuwan muhalli na birnin sun haɗa da rage hayakin masana'antu da na ababen hawa, sabunta kayayyakin more rayuwa na jama'a, tsaftace ruwan sharar gida, kula da shara mai ƙarfi da kiyaye korayen wurare. Shirye-shiryen raya birnin sun tanadi samar da iskar gas, sabunta sufurin jama'a, gyaran magudanan koguna da rafuka, dasa itatuwa da faɗaɗa koren zobe.&lt;ref name=&quot;development&quot;/&gt;

Tsarin maɓuɓɓugan Koshkarata da Karasu, kwarin Badam, lambun itatuwa da korayen wurare masu faɗin sama da hekta dubu 5.3 suna da muhimmanci na musamman ga halitta da nishaɗi.&lt;ref name=&quot;development&quot;/&gt;

== Garuruwan tagwaye ==

Shymkent yana da dangantakar 'yan uwantaka da haɗin gwiwa da garuruwa masu zuwa:

* [[Mogilev]] ([[Belarus]]);
* [[Stevenage]] ([[Birtaniya]]) — tun 1990;
* [[Acharnes]] ([[Girka]]);
* [[Izmir]] ([[Turkiyya]]) — tun 2004;
* [[Pattaya]] ([[Thailand]]) — tun 2004;
* [[Grosseto]] ([[Italiya]]);
* [[Baiyin]] ([[Sin]]) — tun 16 ga Agusta 1994;
* [[Xi'an]] ([[Sin]]) — tun Mayu 2023;
* [[Khujand]] ([[Tajikistan]]) — tun 2003;
* [[Eskişehir]] ([[Turkiyya]]);
* [[Balıkesir]] ([[Turkiyya]]) — tun 1995;
* [[Genoa]] ([[Italiya]]) — tun Yuni 2023;
* [[Adana]] ([[Turkiyya]]) — tun Disamba 2021;
* [[Vanadzor]] ([[Armeniya]]) — tun Afrilu 2024;
* [[Osh]] ([[Kirgistan]]) — tun Oktoba 2023;
* [[Plovdiv]] ([[Bulgariya]]) — tun 9 ga Yuni 2025;
* [[Faisalabad]] ([[Pakistan]]) — tun 10 ga Fabrairu 2026.

== Duba kuma ==

* [[Biranen Kazakistan]]
* [[Tarihin Kazakistan]]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Littattafai ==

* Bartold, V. V. ''Rubuce-rubuce. Juzu'i na III: Ayyuka kan labarin ƙasa na tarihi''. Moscow: Nauka, 1965.
* Baipakov, K. M. ''Biranen Tsakiyar Zamani na Kazakistan a kan Babbar Hanyar Siliki''. Almaty.
* ''Tarin wuraren tarihi da al'adu na Kazakistan. Yankin Kudancin Kazakistan''. Almaty.
* ''Bayanan binciken kayan tarihi na tsohon mazaunin Shymkent''. Shymkent.

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/shymkent Shafin hukuma na gwamnatin birnin Shymkent]
* [https://stat.gov.kz/ru/region/shymkent/ Kididdigar hukuma ta birnin Shymkent]
* [https://visit-shymkent.com/ Tashar yawon buɗe ido ta Visit Shymkent]
* [https://shymkent.invest.gov.kz/ru/ Tashar zuba jari ta birnin Shymkent]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shymkent}}
[[Category:Biranen Kazakistan]]</text>
      <sha1>444drnirt287ceyhnpk99zer7antcg1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:A'isha Adamu</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>162601</id>
    <redirect title="Tattaunawar user:Alubaki" />
    <revision>
      <id>889840</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-31T19:44:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>علاء</username>
        <id>6064</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>علاء moved page [[Tattaunawar user:A'isha Adamu]] to [[Tattaunawar user:Alubaki]]: Automatically moved page while renaming the user &quot;[[Special:CentralAuth/A'isha Adamu|A'isha Adamu]]&quot; to &quot;[[Special:CentralAuth/Alubaki|Alubaki]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>889840</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="38" sha1="3peiovehnkssirikpqcc509yu14o4sm" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Tattaunawar user:Alubaki]]</text>
      <sha1>3peiovehnkssirikpqcc509yu14o4sm</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Roy Evans (tennis na tebur)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>162602</id>
    <revision>
      <id>889841</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-31T20:24:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>M Bash Ne</username>
        <id>12403</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1361173549|Roy Evans (table tennis)]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>889841</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="2666" sha1="d90jypv74wvgg4bvltrep5b768lcplr" xml:space="preserve">
'''Roy Evans''' (an haife shi a ranar 8 ga watan Oktoban shekarar 1909 - ya mutu a ranar 18 ga watan Mayun shekarar 1998) ya kasance ƙwararren ɗan wasan tennis na Welsh daga Cardiff . Ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Ƙungiyar Tennis ta Duniya (ITTF) daga shekarar 1967 zuwa shekara ta 1987. A lokacin da yake aiki a ITTF, ya samu nasarar yin kamfen don kara wasan tennis a wasannin Olympics. A shekara ta 1984, wasannin Olympics sun ƙara wasan tennis a matsayin taron, kuma an gudanar da gasar farko a lokacin Wasannin Olympics na bazara na shekarar 1988 a Seoul. Juan Antonio Samaranch, tsohon shugaban IOC, ya ba shi lambar yabo ta Olympics saboda rawar da ya taka a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga wasanni. An kira Evans &quot;Shugaba na Rayuwa mai Girma&quot; na ƙungiyar a shekarar 1987 kuma an naɗa shi [[Order of the British Empire|OBE]] a cikin jerin sunayen girmamawa na ranar haihuwar Sarauniya ta shekarar 1972.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 May 1998 |title=Roy Evans, 88, the former president of the International Table Tennis Federation |url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-1998-05-29-1998149087-story.html |access-date=24 June 2021 |publisher=Baltimore Sun}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihin rayuwa ==
Roy Evans shi ne ɗan mai ba da kuɗi na farko na The Table Tennis Association of Wales, Morgan &quot;Mog&quot; Evans . An haife shi a ranar 8 ga Oktoban shekarar 1909 a Cardiff, Ingila, kuma ya mutu yana da shekaru 88 a ranar 18 ga watan Mayun shekarar 1998.

== Ayyuka ==
Evans ya buga wa Wales wasa tsakanin shekarar 1931 da shekarar 1933 kuma ya kasance babban sakatare na girmamawa na hukumar kula da wasanni ta kasar daga shekarar 1933 zuwa shekara ta 1939. Tsakanin shekarar 1951 da shekara ta 1967, an girmama shi a matsayin babban sakatare na Tarayyar Duniya kafin ya rike ofishin shugaban ITTF na tsawon shekaru 20. Daga baya aka ba shi suna Shugaban Rayuwa na girmamawa a shekarar 1987. 

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
Evans ya sadu da matarsa ta gaba Nancy Jackson kafin wasan da ya yi da ƙasar Ingila a cikin shekarar 1929, lokacin da aka kawo ƴan wasan Welsh maza da mata don yin horo a Cardiff. Sun yi aure a shekara ta 1933. A cikin matsayi na wasan tennis na mata na duniya na shekarar 1938, Nancy ta kasance ta bakwai. A cikin littafinsa ColouredPins on a Map,  Evans ya ce ya tafi akalla ƙasashe 50 don manufar inganta wasan tennis na tebur. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=E. Ruane |first=Michael |date=29 May 1998 |title=Ping Pong Diplomacy 50 Years Ago |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2021/04/10/ping-pong-diplomacy-50-years-ago/ |access-date=24 June 2021 |publisher=Washington Post}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1998]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1909]]</text>
      <sha1>d90jypv74wvgg4bvltrep5b768lcplr</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>889842</id>
      <parentid>889841</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-31T20:25:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>M Bash Ne</username>
        <id>12403</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>889842</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2677" sha1="h9pvlwr1rzzq3kp7gjfg0ake2naxfnr" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Roy Evans''' (an haife shi a ranar 8 ga watan Oktoban shekarar 1909 - ya mutu a ranar 18 ga watan Mayun shekarar 1998) ya kasance ƙwararren ɗan wasan tennis na Welsh daga Cardiff . Ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Ƙungiyar Tennis ta Duniya (ITTF) daga shekarar 1967 zuwa shekara ta 1987. A lokacin da yake aiki a ITTF, ya samu nasarar yin kamfen don kara wasan tennis a wasannin Olympics. A shekara ta 1984, wasannin Olympics sun ƙara wasan tennis a matsayin taron, kuma an gudanar da gasar farko a lokacin Wasannin Olympics na bazara na shekarar 1988 a Seoul. Juan Antonio Samaranch, tsohon shugaban IOC, ya ba shi lambar yabo ta Olympics saboda rawar da ya taka a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga wasanni. An kira Evans &quot;Shugaba na Rayuwa mai Girma&quot; na ƙungiyar a shekarar 1987 kuma an naɗa shi [[Order of the British Empire|OBE]] a cikin jerin sunayen girmamawa na ranar haihuwar Sarauniya ta shekarar 1972.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 May 1998 |title=Roy Evans, 88, the former president of the International Table Tennis Federation |url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-1998-05-29-1998149087-story.html |access-date=24 June 2021 |publisher=Baltimore Sun}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihin rayuwa ==
Roy Evans shi ne ɗan mai ba da kuɗi na farko na The Table Tennis Association of Wales, Morgan &quot;Mog&quot; Evans . An haife shi a ranar 8 ga Oktoban shekarar 1909 a Cardiff, Ingila, kuma ya mutu yana da shekaru 88 a ranar 18 ga watan Mayun shekarar 1998.

== Ayyuka ==
Evans ya buga wa Wales wasa tsakanin shekarar 1931 da shekarar 1933 kuma ya kasance babban sakatare na girmamawa na hukumar kula da wasanni ta kasar daga shekarar 1933 zuwa shekara ta 1939. Tsakanin shekarar 1951 da shekara ta 1967, an girmama shi a matsayin babban sakatare na Tarayyar Duniya kafin ya rike ofishin shugaban ITTF na tsawon shekaru 20. Daga baya aka ba shi suna Shugaban Rayuwa na girmamawa a shekarar 1987. 

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
Evans ya sadu da matarsa ta gaba Nancy Jackson kafin wasan da ya yi da ƙasar Ingila a cikin shekarar 1929, lokacin da aka kawo ƴan wasan Welsh maza da mata don yin horo a Cardiff. Sun yi aure a shekara ta 1933. A cikin matsayi na wasan tennis na mata na duniya na shekarar 1938, Nancy ta kasance ta bakwai. A cikin littafinsa ColouredPins on a Map,  Evans ya ce ya tafi akalla ƙasashe 50 don manufar inganta wasan tennis na tebur. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=E. Ruane |first=Michael |date=29 May 1998 |title=Ping Pong Diplomacy 50 Years Ago |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2021/04/10/ping-pong-diplomacy-50-years-ago/ |access-date=24 June 2021 |publisher=Washington Post}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1998]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1909]]</text>
      <sha1>h9pvlwr1rzzq3kp7gjfg0ake2naxfnr</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nengi Omuku</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>162603</id>
    <revision>
      <id>889845</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-31T20:50:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>M Bash Ne</username>
        <id>12403</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1344230099|Nengi Omuku]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>889845</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4124" sha1="ncucr7iln125tla1ij8brgxfmk08qi4" xml:space="preserve">
'''Nengi Omuku''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1987) ƴar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Najeriya, mai zane-zane.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-05-01 |title=Nengi Omuku |url=https://www.shadesofnoir.org.uk/creatives/portfolio/nengi-omuku/ |access-date=2021-08-09 |website=Creatives Database |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
An haife ta a ƙaramar hukumar [[Asaba (Najeriya)|Asaba]], [[Delta (jiha)|Jihar Delta]], Najeriya. Omuku ta yi karatun B.A. da MA a Fine art a Slade School of Fine Art, Kwalejin Jami'ar London.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nengi Omuku – Biography |url=https://smocontemporaryart.com/artists/75-nengi-omuku/biography/ |access-date=2021-08-09 |website=SMO Contemporary Art |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka masu ban sha'awa ==

* ''Ba zan iya jin ƙafafuna ba'', Maris 2012, mai a kan zane, 220 x 160 cm.&amp;nbsp;
* ''Botticelli'', Afrilu 2012, mai a kan zane, 100 x 140 cm.&amp;nbsp;
* ''Corkscrew'' Oktoba 2014.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=NENGI OMUKU |url=https://contemporaryand.com/person/nengi-omuku/ |access-date=2021-08-09 |website=Contemporary And |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Gidan da ke da ra'ayi,'' 2020, mai a kan sanyan 130 x 190 cm &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Walton |first=Millie |date=2020-12-04 |title=Painting the Collective: An Interview with Nengi Omuku |url=https://www.trebuchet-magazine.com/nengi-omuku/ |access-date=2021-08-09 |website=Trebuchet |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;
* ''Abin da ya ɓace'', 2020, mai a kan sanyan 208 x 243 cm &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nengi Omuku – Works |url=https://kristinhjellegjerde.com/artists/190-nengi-omuku/works/ |access-date=2021-08-09 |website=Kristin Hjellegjerde |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;

== Kyaututtuka ==
Ayyukan fasaha na Nengi Omuku sun sami tallafin karatu da kyaututtuka, gami da lambar yabo ta CHOGM ta Majalisar ƙasar Burtaniya da Sarauniya Elizabeth II ta gabatar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nengi Omuku – Overview |url=https://kristinhjellegjerde.com/artists/190-nengi-omuku/overview/ |access-date=2021-08-09 |website=Kristin Hjellegjerde |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nengi Omuku – September Gray |url=https://septembergrayart.com/artists/nengi-omuku/ |access-date=2021-08-09 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nengi Omuku |url=https://www.artskop.com/artist/nengi-omuku-101 |access-date=2021-08-09 |website=www.artskop.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* 2012 Kyautar Tunawa da Prankerd Jones Kyautar Jami'ar London
* 2011 Nancy Balfour MA Scholarship Kyautar Jami'ar London
* 2003 Winner- British Council CHOGM art competition Kyautar Sarauniya Elisabeth II

== Nuni ==

=== Nuni na kai tsaye ===

* Kristin Hjellegjerde Gallery, Berlin (2021) 
* Taron, Kristin Hjellegjerde Gallery, London (2020) 
* Matakai na Rushewa, Satumba Gray, Atlanta (2017) 
* Yanayin Zuciya, The Armory Show, New York (2016) 
* Yanayin Zuciya, Omenka Gallery, Legas (2015) 
* Don Bayyana Gamuwa, Bude Ƙofar, London (2011).

=== Nuni na rukuni ===

* La Galerie, Cibiyar Fasaha ta zamani, Noisy-le-Sec (2021) 
* Dukkanin Kwanaki da Dare, Kristin Hjellegjerde Gallery, London (2020) 
* Untitled Art San Francisco, tare da Kristin Hjellegjerde Gallery, San Francisco (2020) 
* 1-54 Fadar Fasaha ta Afirka ta zamani, London (2019), Gidan Asibiti, Griffin Gallery, London (2018) 
* A wurin aiki, Arthouse, Legas (2018); ARTX, Legas (2017) 
* Rikicin, 1:54, London (2017); Tarihin Taswira, Gaskiya na Gina, ART15, London (2015) 
* Shekaru 50 masu zuwa, Omenka Gallery, Legas (2014) 
* Jerwood Drawing Prize Exhibition, Jerwood Gallery, London (2012).
* Deep Cuts Matakan Ƙarshe, Stephen Lawrence Gallery, London (2011) 
* Abinda ya rage ga Bukata, Cibiyar Bincike ta Slade, London (2011) 
* Makomar Fasaha ta zamani, Lloyd Gill Gallery, Bristol (2010) 
* Nunin rukuni, Swiss Cottage Gallery, London (2010) 
* Nunin rukuni, Camden Art Gallery, London (2009) 

=== Kwamitin ===

* Arts Council Ingila don zana mural a cikin wani asibitin kula da hankali a asibitin Maudsley, London (2018) 
* Tarin Fasaha na HSBC,
* Tarin Beth Rudin DeWoody
* Tarin Fasaha na Dawn

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1987]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Mutane daga Jihar Delta]]</text>
      <sha1>ncucr7iln125tla1ij8brgxfmk08qi4</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>889846</id>
      <parentid>889845</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-31T20:51:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>M Bash Ne</username>
        <id>12403</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>889846</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4135" sha1="64ds4liglxtzgyhbijahnsxwowksqga" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Nengi Omuku''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1987) ƴar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Najeriya, mai zane-zane.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-05-01 |title=Nengi Omuku |url=https://www.shadesofnoir.org.uk/creatives/portfolio/nengi-omuku/ |access-date=2021-08-09 |website=Creatives Database |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
An haife ta a ƙaramar hukumar [[Asaba (Najeriya)|Asaba]], [[Delta (jiha)|Jihar Delta]], Najeriya. Omuku ta yi karatun B.A. da MA a Fine art a Slade School of Fine Art, Kwalejin Jami'ar London.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nengi Omuku – Biography |url=https://smocontemporaryart.com/artists/75-nengi-omuku/biography/ |access-date=2021-08-09 |website=SMO Contemporary Art |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka masu ban sha'awa ==

* ''Ba zan iya jin ƙafafuna ba'', Maris 2012, mai a kan zane, 220 x 160 cm.&amp;nbsp;
* ''Botticelli'', Afrilu 2012, mai a kan zane, 100 x 140 cm.&amp;nbsp;
* ''Corkscrew'' Oktoba 2014.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=NENGI OMUKU |url=https://contemporaryand.com/person/nengi-omuku/ |access-date=2021-08-09 |website=Contemporary And |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Gidan da ke da ra'ayi,'' 2020, mai a kan sanyan 130 x 190 cm &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Walton |first=Millie |date=2020-12-04 |title=Painting the Collective: An Interview with Nengi Omuku |url=https://www.trebuchet-magazine.com/nengi-omuku/ |access-date=2021-08-09 |website=Trebuchet |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;
* ''Abin da ya ɓace'', 2020, mai a kan sanyan 208 x 243 cm &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nengi Omuku – Works |url=https://kristinhjellegjerde.com/artists/190-nengi-omuku/works/ |access-date=2021-08-09 |website=Kristin Hjellegjerde |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;

== Kyaututtuka ==
Ayyukan fasaha na Nengi Omuku sun sami tallafin karatu da kyaututtuka, gami da lambar yabo ta CHOGM ta Majalisar ƙasar Burtaniya da Sarauniya Elizabeth II ta gabatar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nengi Omuku – Overview |url=https://kristinhjellegjerde.com/artists/190-nengi-omuku/overview/ |access-date=2021-08-09 |website=Kristin Hjellegjerde |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nengi Omuku – September Gray |url=https://septembergrayart.com/artists/nengi-omuku/ |access-date=2021-08-09 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nengi Omuku |url=https://www.artskop.com/artist/nengi-omuku-101 |access-date=2021-08-09 |website=www.artskop.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* 2012 Kyautar Tunawa da Prankerd Jones Kyautar Jami'ar London
* 2011 Nancy Balfour MA Scholarship Kyautar Jami'ar London
* 2003 Winner- British Council CHOGM art competition Kyautar Sarauniya Elisabeth II

== Nuni ==

=== Nuni na kai tsaye ===

* Kristin Hjellegjerde Gallery, Berlin (2021) 
* Taron, Kristin Hjellegjerde Gallery, London (2020) 
* Matakai na Rushewa, Satumba Gray, Atlanta (2017) 
* Yanayin Zuciya, The Armory Show, New York (2016) 
* Yanayin Zuciya, Omenka Gallery, Legas (2015) 
* Don Bayyana Gamuwa, Bude Ƙofar, London (2011).

=== Nuni na rukuni ===

* La Galerie, Cibiyar Fasaha ta zamani, Noisy-le-Sec (2021) 
* Dukkanin Kwanaki da Dare, Kristin Hjellegjerde Gallery, London (2020) 
* Untitled Art San Francisco, tare da Kristin Hjellegjerde Gallery, San Francisco (2020) 
* 1-54 Fadar Fasaha ta Afirka ta zamani, London (2019), Gidan Asibiti, Griffin Gallery, London (2018) 
* A wurin aiki, Arthouse, Legas (2018); ARTX, Legas (2017) 
* Rikicin, 1:54, London (2017); Tarihin Taswira, Gaskiya na Gina, ART15, London (2015) 
* Shekaru 50 masu zuwa, Omenka Gallery, Legas (2014) 
* Jerwood Drawing Prize Exhibition, Jerwood Gallery, London (2012).
* Deep Cuts Matakan Ƙarshe, Stephen Lawrence Gallery, London (2011) 
* Abinda ya rage ga Bukata, Cibiyar Bincike ta Slade, London (2011) 
* Makomar Fasaha ta zamani, Lloyd Gill Gallery, Bristol (2010) 
* Nunin rukuni, Swiss Cottage Gallery, London (2010) 
* Nunin rukuni, Camden Art Gallery, London (2009) 

=== Kwamitin ===

* Arts Council Ingila don zana mural a cikin wani asibitin kula da hankali a asibitin Maudsley, London (2018) 
* Tarin Fasaha na HSBC,
* Tarin Beth Rudin DeWoody
* Tarin Fasaha na Dawn

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1987]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Mutane daga Jihar Delta]]</text>
      <sha1>64ds4liglxtzgyhbijahnsxwowksqga</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mai fafutuka</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>162604</id>
    <revision>
      <id>889848</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-31T20:52:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muhdavdullahi</username>
        <id>32668</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360591067|Militant]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>889848</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Div col/styles.css&quot; /&gt; 

mai fafutuka mutum ne da ke cikin yaki ko yaƙi.[1] Sau da yawa ana amfani da kalmar a matsayin ma'anar ga wani wanda yake mai tsattsauran ra'ayi ko mai bin wani dalili, sau da yawa ƙungiya ce ta akida. Kalmar ana amfani da ita ta hanyar kafofin watsa labarai don kula da sautin tsaka-tsaki kuma kada ya bayyana a gefe ɗaya, wanda ya haifar da zargi.[2]

John Simpson ya rubuta a cikin wani yanki na [[BBC]] cewa &quot;[[ta'addanci]]&quot; kalma ce da aka ɗora ta mutanen da ba su yarda da ayyukan yaƙi ba. Koyaya, ka'idodin kafa BBC sun hana shi gaya wa masu karatu da masu sauraro waɗanda za su goyi bayan su kuma su hukunta su. Ko da a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, ba a kira Nazis &quot;mummunan&quot; ba, amma &quot;maƙiya&quot;. Kuma a lokacin Matsalar lokacin da hare-haren suka faru a gida, akwai matsin lamba don canza amfani, amma mai watsa shirye-shiryen ya kasance mai ƙarfi. Editan CBC News [[Esther Enkin]] ya rubuta cewa CBC ta guje wa kalmomin kamar &quot;ta'addanci&quot; sama da shekaru talatin, kuma yawancin kafofin watsa labarai na Yamma suna yin hakan. Sun fi son mai kallo ko mai sauraro ya yi amfani da nasu hukunci. Jagoran harshe na CBC yana umurtar 'yan jarida su kasance masu taka tsantsan da kalmomin ta'addanci da ta'addance, amma kalmomin suna da rikici. Yin amfani da su zai haifar da matsala ta rarrabe wani abin da ya faru a matsayin ta'addanci, kuma wani a matsayin &quot;kawai&quot; fashewa. Har ila yau, Reuters tana amfani da &quot;ta'addanci&quot; ne kawai a cikin abubuwan da aka danganta, amma yana ba da damar amfani da ta'addanci da yaki da ta'adda gabaɗaya, amma ba takamaiman abubuwan da suka faru ba. Manufar ta yi niyyar amfani da harshe mara tausayi ba tare da sharuddan motsin rai ba, don haka mutane za su iya yin nasu hukunci.

== Dubi kuma ==

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-07-31T20:54:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muhdavdullahi</username>
        <id>32668</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>Kamin</comment>
      <origin>889849</origin>
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{{Databox}}

Mai fafutuka mutum ne da ke cikin yaki ko yaƙi.[1] Sau da yawa ana amfani da kalmar a matsayin ma'anar ga wani wanda yake mai tsattsauran ra'ayi ko mai bin wani dalili, sau da yawa ƙungiya ce ta akida. Kalmar ana amfani da ita ta hanyar kafofin watsa labarai don kula da sautin tsaka-tsaki kuma kada ya bayyana a gefe ɗaya, wanda ya haifar da zargi.[2]

John Simpson ya rubuta a cikin wani yanki na [[BBC]] cewa &quot;[[ta'addanci]]&quot; kalma ce da aka ɗora ta mutanen da ba su yarda da ayyukan yaƙi ba. Koyaya, ka'idodin kafa BBC sun hana shi gaya wa masu karatu da masu sauraro waɗanda za su goyi bayan su kuma su hukunta su. Ko da a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, ba a kira Nazis &quot;mummunan&quot; ba, amma &quot;maƙiya&quot;. Kuma a lokacin Matsalar lokacin da hare-haren suka faru a gida, akwai matsin lamba don canza amfani, amma mai watsa shirye-shiryen ya kasance mai ƙarfi. Editan CBC News [[Esther Enkin]] ya rubuta cewa CBC ta guje wa kalmomin kamar &quot;ta'addanci&quot; sama da shekaru talatin, kuma yawancin kafofin watsa labarai na Yamma suna yin hakan. Sun fi son mai kallo ko mai sauraro ya yi amfani da nasu hukunci. Jagoran harshe na CBC yana umurtar 'yan jarida su kasance masu taka tsantsan da kalmomin ta'addanci da ta'addance, amma kalmomin suna da rikici. Yin amfani da su zai haifar da matsala ta rarrabe wani abin da ya faru a matsayin ta'addanci, kuma wani a matsayin &quot;kawai&quot; fashewa. Har ila yau, Reuters tana amfani da &quot;ta'addanci&quot; ne kawai a cikin abubuwan da aka danganta, amma yana ba da damar amfani da ta'addanci da yaki da ta'adda gabaɗaya, amma ba takamaiman abubuwan da suka faru ba. Manufar ta yi niyyar amfani da harshe mara tausayi ba tare da sharuddan motsin rai ba, don haka mutane za su iya yin nasu hukunci.

== Dubi kuma ==

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>889850</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-07-31T20:55:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muhdavdullahi</username>
        <id>32668</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Saka hujja</comment>
      <origin>889850</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1933" sha1="k19tpobel4k5fuuscxb5vw1oz3gu59l" xml:space="preserve">
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Div col/styles.css&quot; /&gt; 

{{Databox}}

Mai fafutuka mutum ne da ke cikin yaki ko yaƙi.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;militant&quot;. Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. OCLC 1032680871. Retrieved 16 November 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Sau da yawa ana amfani da kalmar a matsayin ma'anar ga wani wanda yake mai tsattsauran ra'ayi ko mai bin wani dalili, sau da yawa ƙungiya ce ta akida. Kalmar ana amfani da ita ta hanyar kafofin watsa labarai don kula da sautin tsaka-tsaki kuma kada ya bayyana a gefe ɗaya, wanda ya haifar da zargi.[2]

John Simpson ya rubuta a cikin wani yanki na [[BBC]] cewa &quot;[[ta'addanci]]&quot; kalma ce da aka ɗora ta mutanen da ba su yarda da ayyukan yaƙi ba. Koyaya, ka'idodin kafa BBC sun hana shi gaya wa masu karatu da masu sauraro waɗanda za su goyi bayan su kuma su hukunta su. Ko da a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, ba a kira Nazis &quot;mummunan&quot; ba, amma &quot;maƙiya&quot;. Kuma a lokacin Matsalar lokacin da hare-haren suka faru a gida, akwai matsin lamba don canza amfani, amma mai watsa shirye-shiryen ya kasance mai ƙarfi. Editan CBC News [[Esther Enkin]] ya rubuta cewa CBC ta guje wa kalmomin kamar &quot;ta'addanci&quot; sama da shekaru talatin, kuma yawancin kafofin watsa labarai na Yamma suna yin hakan. Sun fi son mai kallo ko mai sauraro ya yi amfani da nasu hukunci. Jagoran harshe na CBC yana umurtar 'yan jarida su kasance masu taka tsantsan da kalmomin ta'addanci da ta'addance, amma kalmomin suna da rikici. Yin amfani da su zai haifar da matsala ta rarrabe wani abin da ya faru a matsayin ta'addanci, kuma wani a matsayin &quot;kawai&quot; fashewa. Har ila yau, Reuters tana amfani da &quot;ta'addanci&quot; ne kawai a cikin abubuwan da aka danganta, amma yana ba da damar amfani da ta'addanci da yaki da ta'adda gabaɗaya, amma ba takamaiman abubuwan da suka faru ba. Manufar ta yi niyyar amfani da harshe mara tausayi ba tare da sharuddan motsin rai ba, don haka mutane za su iya yin nasu hukunci.

== Dubi kuma ==

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>k19tpobel4k5fuuscxb5vw1oz3gu59l</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Grieksearabizi485</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>162605</id>
    <revision>
      <id>889856</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-31T21:23:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>889856</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1209" sha1="gr0egd46tmxbzs7jp7zwu184lj4dnue" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Grieksearabizi485! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Grieksearabizi485|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 31 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>gr0egd46tmxbzs7jp7zwu184lj4dnue</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Wbm1058</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>162606</id>
    <revision>
      <id>889857</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-31T21:23:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>889857</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1189" sha1="qm31lxmrs4lyivqzzylg8fidj8wfsq0" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Wbm1058! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Wbm1058|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 31 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>qm31lxmrs4lyivqzzylg8fidj8wfsq0</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Mark1385600</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>162607</id>
    <revision>
      <id>889858</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-31T21:23:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>889858</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1197" sha1="3cadhhc8rqyxdf8mundm1o14ktnh0bs" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Mark1385600! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Mark1385600|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 31 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>3cadhhc8rqyxdf8mundm1o14ktnh0bs</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Mark691723</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>162608</id>
    <revision>
      <id>889859</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-31T21:23:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>889859</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1195" sha1="e8qiughvb5u14iun2b721gj8hnlk0sb" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Mark691723! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Mark691723|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 31 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>e8qiughvb5u14iun2b721gj8hnlk0sb</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Hamevaker</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>162609</id>
    <revision>
      <id>889860</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-31T21:23:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>889860</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1193" sha1="ewtnytj1308l7k65wqvwajynmh3dcmz" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Hamevaker! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Hamevaker|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 31 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>ewtnytj1308l7k65wqvwajynmh3dcmz</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Ibrahimabdul4349</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>162610</id>
    <revision>
      <id>889861</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-31T21:24:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>889861</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1207" sha1="aedcrorc7j11kutvn0bdnlgoj7222bx" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Ibrahimabdul4349! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Ibrahimabdul4349|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 31 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>aedcrorc7j11kutvn0bdnlgoj7222bx</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Fotang</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>162611</id>
    <revision>
      <id>889862</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-31T21:24:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>889862</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1187" sha1="0z6bsn2noqsxy91adea8x7i3c5xf0de" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Fotang! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Fotang|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 31 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>0z6bsn2noqsxy91adea8x7i3c5xf0de</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Rotideypoc41352</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>162612</id>
    <revision>
      <id>889863</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-31T21:24:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>889863</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1205" sha1="koiopvbme82gusbkqzfz2ctrxls2d2n" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Rotideypoc41352! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Rotideypoc41352|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 31 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>koiopvbme82gusbkqzfz2ctrxls2d2n</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Hhgygy</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>162613</id>
    <revision>
      <id>889864</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-31T21:24:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>889864</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1187" sha1="evw2jlgct0jwnxlvvhyptc9036dqg92" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Hhgygy! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Hhgygy|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 31 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>evw2jlgct0jwnxlvvhyptc9036dqg92</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Arveladze</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>162614</id>
    <revision>
      <id>889865</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-31T21:24:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>889865</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1193" sha1="d98jkfsez0uspvn1bv351dfi4ovuh0w" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Arveladze! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Arveladze|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 31 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>d98jkfsez0uspvn1bv351dfi4ovuh0w</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Oluwatunmise Samuel</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>162615</id>
    <revision>
      <id>889867</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-31T21:24:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>889867</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1213" sha1="aw4uhv0nvkz3sno8v8thh2t0fa0z4eu" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Oluwatunmise Samuel! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Oluwatunmise Samuel|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 31 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>aw4uhv0nvkz3sno8v8thh2t0fa0z4eu</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:ജോണി തരകൻ</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>162616</id>
    <revision>
      <id>889868</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-31T21:25:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>889868</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1225" sha1="2yov4uv4o1lovh4l576ha0hyztoju0r" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, ജോണി തരകൻ! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/ജോണി തരകൻ|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 31 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>2yov4uv4o1lovh4l576ha0hyztoju0r</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Լյովա Սարգսյան</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>162617</id>
    <revision>
      <id>889869</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-31T21:25:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>889869</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1229" sha1="rw5nu9nzsdud0q4t6afmf3z3xteda1j" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Լյովա Սարգսյան! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Լյովա Սարգսյան|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 31 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>rw5nu9nzsdud0q4t6afmf3z3xteda1j</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Dick Bos</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>162618</id>
    <revision>
      <id>889870</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-31T21:25:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>889870</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1191" sha1="0r3wlk3bepp98eeyun42ujh3rz8srf0" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Dick Bos! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Dick Bos|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 31 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>0r3wlk3bepp98eeyun42ujh3rz8srf0</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Josh Dale Roberts</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>162619</id>
    <revision>
      <id>889871</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-31T21:25:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>889871</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1209" sha1="i8pmq2pjocjdgb218sk5s087enxvntf" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Josh Dale Roberts! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Josh Dale Roberts|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 31 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>i8pmq2pjocjdgb218sk5s087enxvntf</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Mireka112016</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>162620</id>
    <revision>
      <id>889872</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-31T21:25:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>889872</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1199" sha1="c0xsf5vruw6ygmexjmby5rn0vdpdggs" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Mireka112016! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Mireka112016|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 31 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>c0xsf5vruw6ygmexjmby5rn0vdpdggs</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Hank009</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>162621</id>
    <revision>
      <id>889873</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-31T21:25:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>889873</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1189" sha1="mmztxdkao1py282347vpwgom3bm5evj" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Hank009! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Hank009|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 31 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>mmztxdkao1py282347vpwgom3bm5evj</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Socintossh</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>162622</id>
    <revision>
      <id>889874</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-31T21:26:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>889874</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1195" sha1="o5kcjpe4hgva7c6jdjzw2wyevyv0yff" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Socintossh! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Socintossh|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 31 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>o5kcjpe4hgva7c6jdjzw2wyevyv0yff</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Rabiu Y Ahmad</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>162623</id>
    <revision>
      <id>889875</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-31T21:26:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>889875</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1201" sha1="rzkkwtq8j8hg03ewekrynr6hct0w8cc" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Rabiu Y Ahmad! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Rabiu Y Ahmad|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 31 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>rzkkwtq8j8hg03ewekrynr6hct0w8cc</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Olinyadaniel</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>162624</id>
    <revision>
      <id>889876</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-31T21:26:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>889876</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1199" sha1="lvbjji1gbmvfeydqbp7kth0vbybh5u0" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Olinyadaniel! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Olinyadaniel|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 31 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>lvbjji1gbmvfeydqbp7kth0vbybh5u0</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Vreddy747708</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>162625</id>
    <revision>
      <id>889877</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-31T21:26:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>889877</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1199" sha1="8xelcsino2koqa6obh0j3a8deoyrdgt" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Vreddy747708! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Vreddy747708|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 31 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>8xelcsino2koqa6obh0j3a8deoyrdgt</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:KhiLanTzi</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>162626</id>
    <revision>
      <id>889878</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-31T21:26:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>889878</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1193" sha1="evfp8yjb7wakpxtx2bvceyxnl2w8vv1" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, KhiLanTzi! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/KhiLanTzi|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 31 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>evfp8yjb7wakpxtx2bvceyxnl2w8vv1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:MonsieurTribunaal</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>162627</id>
    <revision>
      <id>889879</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-31T21:26:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>889879</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1209" sha1="rmwua0lh37d5hzewsxigz77h0yh71qs" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, MonsieurTribunaal! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/MonsieurTribunaal|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 31 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>rmwua0lh37d5hzewsxigz77h0yh71qs</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Sahagun Ethan</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>162628</id>
    <revision>
      <id>889880</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-31T21:27:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>889880</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1201" sha1="it0pujcqaedx5fjymiwlp69oyhsmdrx" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Sahagun Ethan! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Sahagun Ethan|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 31 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>it0pujcqaedx5fjymiwlp69oyhsmdrx</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:ErrrrrWhat</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>162629</id>
    <revision>
      <id>889881</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-31T21:27:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>889881</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1195" sha1="d93ffsomtiw0ffk34ch5ce8zbmxhrew" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, ErrrrrWhat! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/ErrrrrWhat|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 31 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>d93ffsomtiw0ffk34ch5ce8zbmxhrew</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Azenoc</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>162630</id>
    <revision>
      <id>889882</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-31T21:27:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>889882</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1187" sha1="f01jwir44som87nkzyeps4byiv6ax6m" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Azenoc! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Azenoc|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 31 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>f01jwir44som87nkzyeps4byiv6ax6m</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Sarthorial</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>162631</id>
    <revision>
      <id>889883</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-31T21:27:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>889883</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1195" sha1="ewzzcfs7evaj70ya7a66rbmz4z1ykqp" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Sarthorial! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Sarthorial|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 31 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>ewzzcfs7evaj70ya7a66rbmz4z1ykqp</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Zainab haneman</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>162632</id>
    <revision>
      <id>889884</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-31T21:27:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>889884</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1203" sha1="eqmnyfw2siazobfggmu6k5p2b4687it" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Zainab haneman! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Zainab haneman|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 31 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>eqmnyfw2siazobfggmu6k5p2b4687it</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Lea.fakauvea</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>162633</id>
    <revision>
      <id>889885</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-31T21:27:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>889885</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1199" sha1="patncue68n5nxh5u1jss9ztmepim6di" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Lea.fakauvea! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Lea.fakauvea|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 31 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>patncue68n5nxh5u1jss9ztmepim6di</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Kasim ada</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>162634</id>
    <revision>
      <id>889886</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-31T21:28:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>889886</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1193" sha1="90bjt1h3y5uveggxr4jdhsps9vul4ya" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Kasim ada! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Kasim ada|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:28, 31 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>90bjt1h3y5uveggxr4jdhsps9vul4ya</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:2026 Nigerian presidential election</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>162635</id>
    <revision>
      <id>889887</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-31T21:28:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>889887</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1245" sha1="9d4x2g1x9la5gi943yyaz8im96ulqr5" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, 2026 Nigerian presidential election! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/2026 Nigerian presidential election|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:28, 31 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>9d4x2g1x9la5gi943yyaz8im96ulqr5</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Pokhanpat4stan</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>162636</id>
    <revision>
      <id>889888</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-31T21:28:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>889888</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1203" sha1="q7bh3miwh1tb59stj1rif54g3t8dggq" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Pokhanpat4stan! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Pokhanpat4stan|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:28, 31 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>q7bh3miwh1tb59stj1rif54g3t8dggq</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Gyr200</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>162637</id>
    <revision>
      <id>889889</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-31T21:28:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>889889</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1187" sha1="ny7in7rj5o26x053qqw3pvupd385su9" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Gyr200! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Gyr200|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:28, 31 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>ny7in7rj5o26x053qqw3pvupd385su9</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Aetholis1</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>162638</id>
    <revision>
      <id>889890</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-31T21:28:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>889890</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1193" sha1="p3vh8jofew0oi3gspmec4pc3lck3izr" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Aetholis1! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Aetholis1|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:28, 31 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>p3vh8jofew0oi3gspmec4pc3lck3izr</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:TMahfud</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>162639</id>
    <revision>
      <id>889891</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-31T21:28:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>889891</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1189" sha1="im9jn5f4fce494g345w5zsk04pgtnpf" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, TMahfud! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/TMahfud|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:28, 31 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>im9jn5f4fce494g345w5zsk04pgtnpf</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Arel229</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>162640</id>
    <revision>
      <id>889892</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-31T21:29:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>889892</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1189" sha1="g2bzw76zu9oeuozsnfj5yvrmzqf7jid" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Arel229! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Arel229|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:29, 31 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>g2bzw76zu9oeuozsnfj5yvrmzqf7jid</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Cafalhys3w3</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>162641</id>
    <revision>
      <id>889893</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-31T21:29:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>889893</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1197" sha1="83219p2ddkikof8wnh4gpb7l835b3du" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Cafalhys3w3! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Cafalhys3w3|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:29, 31 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>83219p2ddkikof8wnh4gpb7l835b3du</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Abm86107Gmail</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>162642</id>
    <revision>
      <id>889894</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-31T21:29:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>889894</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1201" sha1="rcus4qj9e1cq9xlmbkpzoax5jj5nv4j" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Abm86107Gmail! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Abm86107Gmail|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:29, 31 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC)</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Suvan2420</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-07-31T21:29:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
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      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>889895</origin>
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== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Suvan2420! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Suvan2420|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:29, 31 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC)</text>
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        <username>M Bash Ne</username>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1348086108|Ikechukwu Francis Okoronkwo]]&quot;</comment>
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== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Ikechukwu a ranar 27 ga watan Mayun shekarar 1970 a cikin iyalin Francis Okoronkwo a [[Oguta]], [[Najeriya]] . Ya gana mMA karatu tare da B.A. Creative arts daga [[Jami'ar port harcourt|Jami'ar Port-Harcourt]] a cikin shekarar 1995 kuma a cikin shekarar a 2001, ya kammala karatunsa na MA Fine Art daga Jami'an Najeriya, [[Nsukka]] .  

== Nuni ==
Ikechukwu Francis Okoronkwo ya nuna a cikin nune-nunen solo da na kasa da kasa, wasu daga cikinsu sun hada da: Created For A Purpose (Tare da David Enyi) B.V.L, [[Port Harcourt|Port-Harcourt]] a cikin shekarar 1997, Terrain Of The Ondo Mind. [[Ondo (jiha)|Jihar Ondo]] a cikin shekarar 1996, ''Ra'ayoyi'' (Tare da Jumah Ibeagbazi) Alliance Francaise, [[Kaduna (jiha)|Jihar Kaduna]] a cikin shekarar 2004, ''Gidan Garin''. Omega Gallery, Sheraton Hotels da Towers [[Abuja]] a cikin shekarar 2005, DUTA, Biennale des Arts Visuels, Bonapriso Center For the Arts. [[Douala]], [[Kamaru]] a cikin shekarar 2007, Glimpse cikin Fasahar Najeriya Cheikh Anta DIOP Jami'ar, [[Dakar]], [[Senegal]] a cikin shekarar 2006.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nzewi |first=Ugochukwu-Smooth |last2=Powell |first2=Amy L. |last3=Arndt |first3=Lotte |date=2012 |title=exhibition reviews |url=https://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/afar.2011.44.2.80 |journal=African Arts |volume=44 |issue=2 |pages=80–87 |doi=10.1162/afar.2011.44.2.80 |issn=0001-9933 |s2cid=192942663 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nzewi |first=Ugochukwu-Smooth |last2=Powell |first2=Amy L. |last3=Arndt |first3=Lotte |date=2011 |title=Review of Dak'Art 2010 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41330691 |journal=African Arts |volume=44 |issue=2 |pages=80–87 |doi=10.1162/afar.2011.44.2.80 |issn=0001-9933 |jstor=41330691 |s2cid=192942663 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rubuce-rubuce ==
Littafin Ikechukwu Francis Okoronkwo na farko da aka buga shi ne Petals and Thorns,  tarin [[Waƙa|waƙoƙi]] don girmama mutanen da ya ambata a kusa da zuciyarsa kuma waɗanda suka taimaka masa yayin da yake girma.

== Dubi kuma ==

* [[Ade Adekola]]
* Nengi Omuku
* [[Lemi Ghariokwu]]

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Marubutan Najeriya]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1970]]</text>
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 &lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Ikechukwu a ranar 27 ga watan Mayun shekarar 1970 a cikin iyalin Francis Okoronkwo a [[Oguta]], [[Najeriya]] . Ya gana mMA karatu tare da B.A. Creative arts daga [[Jami'ar port harcourt|Jami'ar Port-Harcourt]] a cikin shekarar 1995 kuma a cikin shekarar a 2001, ya kammala karatunsa na MA Fine Art daga Jami'an Najeriya, [[Nsukka]] .  

== Nuni ==
Ikechukwu Francis Okoronkwo ya nuna a cikin nune-nunen solo da na kasa da kasa, wasu daga cikinsu sun hada da: Created For A Purpose (Tare da David Enyi) B.V.L, [[Port Harcourt|Port-Harcourt]] a cikin shekarar 1997, Terrain Of The Ondo Mind. [[Ondo (jiha)|Jihar Ondo]] a cikin shekarar 1996, ''Ra'ayoyi'' (Tare da Jumah Ibeagbazi) Alliance Francaise, [[Kaduna (jiha)|Jihar Kaduna]] a cikin shekarar 2004, ''Gidan Garin''. Omega Gallery, Sheraton Hotels da Towers [[Abuja]] a cikin shekarar 2005, DUTA, Biennale des Arts Visuels, Bonapriso Center For the Arts. [[Douala]], [[Kamaru]] a cikin shekarar 2007, Glimpse cikin Fasahar Najeriya Cheikh Anta DIOP Jami'ar, [[Dakar]], [[Senegal]] a cikin shekarar 2006.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nzewi |first=Ugochukwu-Smooth |last2=Powell |first2=Amy L. |last3=Arndt |first3=Lotte |date=2012 |title=exhibition reviews |url=https://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/afar.2011.44.2.80 |journal=African Arts |volume=44 |issue=2 |pages=80–87 |doi=10.1162/afar.2011.44.2.80 |issn=0001-9933 |s2cid=192942663 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nzewi |first=Ugochukwu-Smooth |last2=Powell |first2=Amy L. |last3=Arndt |first3=Lotte |date=2011 |title=Review of Dak'Art 2010 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41330691 |journal=African Arts |volume=44 |issue=2 |pages=80–87 |doi=10.1162/afar.2011.44.2.80 |issn=0001-9933 |jstor=41330691 |s2cid=192942663 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rubuce-rubuce ==
Littafin Ikechukwu Francis Okoronkwo na farko da aka buga shi ne Petals and Thorns,  tarin [[Waƙa|waƙoƙi]] don girmama mutanen da ya ambata a kusa da zuciyarsa kuma waɗanda suka taimaka masa yayin da yake girma.

== Dubi kuma ==

* [[Ade Adekola]]
* Nengi Omuku
* [[Lemi Ghariokwu]]

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Marubutan Najeriya]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1970]]</text>
      <sha1>tasecfn18xsjkse4tvcu8ebsq2ao8tx</sha1>
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      <text bytes="2257" sha1="o8kdm6a07ropqq0mz4i731dssoz5q3w" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Ikechukwu a ranar 27 ga watan Mayun shekarar 1970 a cikin iyalin Francis Okoronkwo a [[Oguta]], [[Najeriya]] . Ya gana mMA karatu tare da B.A. Creative arts daga [[Jami'ar port harcourt|Jami'ar Port-Harcourt]] a cikin shekarar 1995 kuma a cikin shekarar a 2001, ya kammala karatunsa na MA Fine Art daga Jami'an Najeriya, [[Nsukka]] .  

== Nuni ==
Ikechukwu Francis Okoronkwo ya nuna a cikin nune-nunen solo da na kasa da kasa, wasu daga cikinsu sun hada da: Created For A Purpose (Tare da David Enyi) B.V.L, [[Port Harcourt|Port-Harcourt]] a cikin shekarar 1997, Terrain Of The Ondo Mind. [[Ondo (jiha)|Jihar Ondo]] a cikin shekarar 1996, ''Ra'ayoyi'' (Tare da Jumah Ibeagbazi) Alliance Francaise, [[Kaduna (jiha)|Jihar Kaduna]] a cikin shekarar 2004, ''Gidan Garin''. Omega Gallery, Sheraton Hotels da Towers [[Abuja]] a cikin shekarar 2005, DUTA, Biennale des Arts Visuels, Bonapriso Center For the Arts. [[Douala]], [[Kamaru]] a cikin shekarar 2007, Glimpse cikin Fasahar Najeriya Cheikh Anta DIOP Jami'ar, [[Dakar]], [[Senegal]] a cikin shekarar 2006.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nzewi |first=Ugochukwu-Smooth |last2=Powell |first2=Amy L. |last3=Arndt |first3=Lotte |date=2012 |title=exhibition reviews |url=https://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/afar.2011.44.2.80 |journal=African Arts |volume=44 |issue=2 |pages=80–87 |doi=10.1162/afar.2011.44.2.80 |issn=0001-9933 |s2cid=192942663 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nzewi |first=Ugochukwu-Smooth |last2=Powell |first2=Amy L. |last3=Arndt |first3=Lotte |date=2011 |title=Review of Dak'Art 2010 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41330691 |journal=African Arts |volume=44 |issue=2 |pages=80–87 |doi=10.1162/afar.2011.44.2.80 |issn=0001-9933 |jstor=41330691 |s2cid=192942663 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rubuce-rubuce ==
Littafin Ikechukwu Francis Okoronkwo na farko da aka buga shi ne Petals and Thorns,  tarin [[Waƙa|waƙoƙi]] don girmama mutanen da ya ambata a kusa da zuciyarsa kuma waɗanda suka taimaka masa yayin da yake girma.

== Dubi kuma ==

* [[Ade Adekola]]
* Nengi Omuku
* [[Lemi Ghariokwu]]

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Marubutan Najeriya]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1970]]</text>
      <sha1>o8kdm6a07ropqq0mz4i731dssoz5q3w</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Ayo Akínwándé</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-07-31T23:15:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>M Bash Ne</username>
        <id>12403</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1340854544|Ayo Akínwándé]]&quot;</comment>
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Ayọ̀ Akínwándé Listenⓘ (an haife shi a garin a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], [[Najeriya]]) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na zamani [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Na Najeriya]], mai tsarawa, kuma marubuciya. An san shi da zane-zanen multimedia da ayyukansa a kan takarda.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ayọ̀ Akínwándé |url=https://lecube-art.com/artiste/ayo-akinwande/?lang=en |access-date=2021-08-10 |website=Le Cube |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 May 2021 |title=Take Me Somewhere – Theatre SCOTLAND |url=https://www.theatrescotland.com/take-me-somewhere/ |access-date=2021-08-10 |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=douw |date=March 2019 |title=African Crossroads / The journey to the future - ART AFRICA magazine |url=https://artafricamagazine.org/african-crossroads-journey-future/ |access-date=2021-08-10 |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Ayọ̀ Akínwándé kuma ta girma a garin [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], [[Najeriya]] . Ya yi karatun gine-gine daga [[Jami'ar Covenant University|Jami'ar Alkawari]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-01-18 |title=Ayọ̀ Akínwándé |url=https://www.tique.art/artists/ayo-akinwande/ |access-date=2021-08-10 |website=Tique {{!}} publication on contemporary art |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=New Page |url=https://www.thegallowgate.art/kobionyameversus |access-date=2021-08-10 |website=The Gallow Gate |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2020-05-17 |title=Diary of an Artist During COVID-19 Pandemic: Ayọ̀ Akínwándé |url=https://thesoleadventurer.com/diary-of-an-artist-during-covid-19-pandemic-ayo-akinwande/ |access-date=2021-08-10 |website=The Sole Adventurer |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Zaɓuɓɓukan nune-nunen da aka zaɓa:

* Power Show III - The God-Fathers Must Be Crazy, Darling Foundry Montreal Quebec, Kanada 2019 . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=MutualArt.com - The Web's Largest Art Information Service. |url=https://www.mutualart.com/Exhibition/Ay%E1%BB%8D-Akinwande--Power-Show-III---The-God-/904C475C2A67DC76 |access-date=2021-08-10 |website=www.mutualart.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* mai zane ba ya nan, The Gallow Gate, Glasgow 2019. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=thegallowgate.art |url=https://www.thegallowgate.art/the-artist-isnt-present/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Power Show II: The God-Fathers Are Not To Blame, Revolving Art Incubator, Legas (Nijeriya) 2018 .
* ''Power Show I,'' Omenka Gallery, Legas (Nijeriya) 2018.
* ''Kurma da Dumb II'', Gidan Tarihi na Kasa, Legas 2017 . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fonderie Darling {{!}} Akínwándé, Ayọ̀ |url=https://fonderiedarling.org/en/Akinwande-Ayo |access-date=2021-08-10 |website=fonderiedarling.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Littattafai ==

* 2019 &quot;Victor Ehikhamenor: Daga ƙauyen zuwa duniya, da kuma dawowa&quot;, The Art Momentum . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-09-02 |title=Victor Ehikhamenor: From the Village to the World, and Back Again |url=https://theartmomentum.com/victor-ehikhamenor/ |access-date=2021-08-10 |website=The Art Momentum |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2018 ''Ganin Gaskiyar Najeriya da ba a magance ta ba a cikin Nunin'' 'Salvage Therapy' The Sole Adventurer . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-08-21 |title=Confronting an Unaddressed Nigerian Reality in the Exhibition 'Salvage Therapy' {{!}} By Ayò Akínwándé |url=https://thesoleadventurer.com/confronting-an-unaddressed-nigerian-reality-in-the-exhibition-salvage-therapy-by-ayo-akinwande/ |access-date=2021-08-10 |website=The Sole Adventurer |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2020 &quot;Wane ne Hoton Fasaha na Epp?''&quot;Wane ne Hoton Hotuna na Epp?''&quot;, Shirin Labaran Jama'a.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Who art exhibition 'epp'? {{!}} People's Stories Project |url=https://www.psp-culture.com/art/who-art-exhibition-epp/ |access-date=2021-08-10 |website=www.psp-culture.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* [[Lemi Ghariokwu]]
* [[Ade Adekola]]

== Manazarta ==

== Hanyoyin Haɗin waje ==

* [https://ayoakinwande.com Gidan yanar gizon hukuma na Ayo Akinwande]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>889902</id>
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        <id>12403</id>
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      <comment>/* Manazarta */</comment>
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Ayọ̀ Akínwándé Listenⓘ (an haife shi a garin a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], [[Najeriya]]) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na zamani [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Na Najeriya]], mai tsarawa, kuma marubuciya. An san shi da zane-zanen multimedia da ayyukansa a kan takarda.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ayọ̀ Akínwándé |url=https://lecube-art.com/artiste/ayo-akinwande/?lang=en |access-date=2021-08-10 |website=Le Cube |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 May 2021 |title=Take Me Somewhere – Theatre SCOTLAND |url=https://www.theatrescotland.com/take-me-somewhere/ |access-date=2021-08-10 |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=douw |date=March 2019 |title=African Crossroads / The journey to the future - ART AFRICA magazine |url=https://artafricamagazine.org/african-crossroads-journey-future/ |access-date=2021-08-10 |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Ayọ̀ Akínwándé kuma ta girma a garin [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], [[Najeriya]] . Ya yi karatun gine-gine daga [[Jami'ar Covenant University|Jami'ar Alkawari]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-01-18 |title=Ayọ̀ Akínwándé |url=https://www.tique.art/artists/ayo-akinwande/ |access-date=2021-08-10 |website=Tique {{!}} publication on contemporary art |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=New Page |url=https://www.thegallowgate.art/kobionyameversus |access-date=2021-08-10 |website=The Gallow Gate |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2020-05-17 |title=Diary of an Artist During COVID-19 Pandemic: Ayọ̀ Akínwándé |url=https://thesoleadventurer.com/diary-of-an-artist-during-covid-19-pandemic-ayo-akinwande/ |access-date=2021-08-10 |website=The Sole Adventurer |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Zaɓuɓɓukan nune-nunen da aka zaɓa:

* Power Show III - The God-Fathers Must Be Crazy, Darling Foundry Montreal Quebec, Kanada 2019 . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=MutualArt.com - The Web's Largest Art Information Service. |url=https://www.mutualart.com/Exhibition/Ay%E1%BB%8D-Akinwande--Power-Show-III---The-God-/904C475C2A67DC76 |access-date=2021-08-10 |website=www.mutualart.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* mai zane ba ya nan, The Gallow Gate, Glasgow 2019. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=thegallowgate.art |url=https://www.thegallowgate.art/the-artist-isnt-present/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Power Show II: The God-Fathers Are Not To Blame, Revolving Art Incubator, Legas (Nijeriya) 2018 .
* ''Power Show I,'' Omenka Gallery, Legas (Nijeriya) 2018.
* ''Kurma da Dumb II'', Gidan Tarihi na Kasa, Legas 2017 . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fonderie Darling {{!}} Akínwándé, Ayọ̀ |url=https://fonderiedarling.org/en/Akinwande-Ayo |access-date=2021-08-10 |website=fonderiedarling.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Littattafai ==

* 2019 &quot;Victor Ehikhamenor: Daga ƙauyen zuwa duniya, da kuma dawowa&quot;, The Art Momentum . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-09-02 |title=Victor Ehikhamenor: From the Village to the World, and Back Again |url=https://theartmomentum.com/victor-ehikhamenor/ |access-date=2021-08-10 |website=The Art Momentum |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2018 ''Ganin Gaskiyar Najeriya da ba a magance ta ba a cikin Nunin'' 'Salvage Therapy' The Sole Adventurer . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-08-21 |title=Confronting an Unaddressed Nigerian Reality in the Exhibition 'Salvage Therapy' {{!}} By Ayò Akínwándé |url=https://thesoleadventurer.com/confronting-an-unaddressed-nigerian-reality-in-the-exhibition-salvage-therapy-by-ayo-akinwande/ |access-date=2021-08-10 |website=The Sole Adventurer |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2020 &quot;Wane ne Hoton Fasaha na Epp?''&quot;Wane ne Hoton Hotuna na Epp?''&quot;, Shirin Labaran Jama'a.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Who art exhibition 'epp'? {{!}} People's Stories Project |url=https://www.psp-culture.com/art/who-art-exhibition-epp/ |access-date=2021-08-10 |website=www.psp-culture.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* [[Lemi Ghariokwu]]
* [[Ade Adekola]]

== Manazarta =={{reflist}}

== Hanyoyin Haɗin waje ==

* [https://ayoakinwande.com Gidan yanar gizon hukuma na Ayo Akinwande]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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        <username>M Bash Ne</username>
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Ayọ̀ Akínwándé Listenⓘ (an haife shi a garin a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], [[Najeriya]]) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na zamani [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Na Najeriya]], mai tsarawa, kuma marubuciya. An san shi da zane-zanen multimedia da ayyukansa a kan takarda.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ayọ̀ Akínwándé |url=https://lecube-art.com/artiste/ayo-akinwande/?lang=en |access-date=2021-08-10 |website=Le Cube |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 May 2021 |title=Take Me Somewhere – Theatre SCOTLAND |url=https://www.theatrescotland.com/take-me-somewhere/ |access-date=2021-08-10 |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=douw |date=March 2019 |title=African Crossroads / The journey to the future - ART AFRICA magazine |url=https://artafricamagazine.org/african-crossroads-journey-future/ |access-date=2021-08-10 |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Ayọ̀ Akínwándé kuma ta girma a garin [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], [[Najeriya]] . Ya yi karatun gine-gine daga [[Jami'ar Covenant University|Jami'ar Alkawari]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-01-18 |title=Ayọ̀ Akínwándé |url=https://www.tique.art/artists/ayo-akinwande/ |access-date=2021-08-10 |website=Tique {{!}} publication on contemporary art |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=New Page |url=https://www.thegallowgate.art/kobionyameversus |access-date=2021-08-10 |website=The Gallow Gate |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2020-05-17 |title=Diary of an Artist During COVID-19 Pandemic: Ayọ̀ Akínwándé |url=https://thesoleadventurer.com/diary-of-an-artist-during-covid-19-pandemic-ayo-akinwande/ |access-date=2021-08-10 |website=The Sole Adventurer |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Zaɓuɓɓukan nune-nunen da aka zaɓa:

* Power Show III - The God-Fathers Must Be Crazy, Darling Foundry Montreal Quebec, Kanada 2019 . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=MutualArt.com - The Web's Largest Art Information Service. |url=https://www.mutualart.com/Exhibition/Ay%E1%BB%8D-Akinwande--Power-Show-III---The-God-/904C475C2A67DC76 |access-date=2021-08-10 |website=www.mutualart.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* mai zane ba ya nan, The Gallow Gate, Glasgow 2019. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=thegallowgate.art |url=https://www.thegallowgate.art/the-artist-isnt-present/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Power Show II: The God-Fathers Are Not To Blame, Revolving Art Incubator, Legas (Nijeriya) 2018 .
* ''Power Show I,'' Omenka Gallery, Legas (Nijeriya) 2018.
* ''Kurma da Dumb II'', Gidan Tarihi na Kasa, Legas 2017 . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fonderie Darling {{!}} Akínwándé, Ayọ̀ |url=https://fonderiedarling.org/en/Akinwande-Ayo |access-date=2021-08-10 |website=fonderiedarling.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Littattafai ==

* 2019 &quot;Victor Ehikhamenor: Daga ƙauyen zuwa duniya, da kuma dawowa&quot;, The Art Momentum . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-09-02 |title=Victor Ehikhamenor: From the Village to the World, and Back Again |url=https://theartmomentum.com/victor-ehikhamenor/ |access-date=2021-08-10 |website=The Art Momentum |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2018 ''Ganin Gaskiyar Najeriya da ba a magance ta ba a cikin Nunin'' 'Salvage Therapy' The Sole Adventurer . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-08-21 |title=Confronting an Unaddressed Nigerian Reality in the Exhibition 'Salvage Therapy' {{!}} By Ayò Akínwándé |url=https://thesoleadventurer.com/confronting-an-unaddressed-nigerian-reality-in-the-exhibition-salvage-therapy-by-ayo-akinwande/ |access-date=2021-08-10 |website=The Sole Adventurer |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2020 &quot;Wane ne Hoton Fasaha na Epp?''&quot;Wane ne Hoton Hotuna na Epp?''&quot;, Shirin Labaran Jama'a.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Who art exhibition 'epp'? {{!}} People's Stories Project |url=https://www.psp-culture.com/art/who-art-exhibition-epp/ |access-date=2021-08-10 |website=www.psp-culture.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* [[Lemi Ghariokwu]]
* [[Ade Adekola]]

== Manazarta ==
{{reflist}}

== Hanyoyin Haɗin waje ==

* [https://ayoakinwande.com Gidan yanar gizon hukuma na Ayo Akinwande]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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Ayọ̀ Akínwándé Listenⓘ (an haife shi a garin a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], [[Najeriya]]) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na zamani [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Na Najeriya]], mai tsarawa, kuma marubuciya. An san shi da zane-zanen multimedia da ayyukansa a kan takarda.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ayọ̀ Akínwándé |url=https://lecube-art.com/artiste/ayo-akinwande/?lang=en |access-date=2021-08-10 |website=Le Cube |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 May 2021 |title=Take Me Somewhere – Theatre SCOTLAND |url=https://www.theatrescotland.com/take-me-somewhere/ |access-date=2021-08-10 |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=douw |date=March 2019 |title=African Crossroads / The journey to the future - ART AFRICA magazine |url=https://artafricamagazine.org/african-crossroads-journey-future/ |access-date=2021-08-10 |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Ayọ̀ Akínwándé kuma ta girma a garin [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], [[Najeriya]] . Ya yi karatun gine-gine daga [[Jami'ar Covenant University|Jami'ar Alkawari]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-01-18 |title=Ayọ̀ Akínwándé |url=https://www.tique.art/artists/ayo-akinwande/ |access-date=2021-08-10 |website=Tique {{!}} publication on contemporary art |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=New Page |url=https://www.thegallowgate.art/kobionyameversus |access-date=2021-08-10 |website=The Gallow Gate |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2020-05-17 |title=Diary of an Artist During COVID-19 Pandemic: Ayọ̀ Akínwándé |url=https://thesoleadventurer.com/diary-of-an-artist-during-covid-19-pandemic-ayo-akinwande/ |access-date=2021-08-10 |website=The Sole Adventurer |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Zaɓuɓɓukan nune-nunen da aka zaɓa:

* Power Show III - The God-Fathers Must Be Crazy, Darling Foundry Montreal Quebec, Kanada 2019 . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=MutualArt.com - The Web's Largest Art Information Service. |url=https://www.mutualart.com/Exhibition/Ay%E1%BB%8D-Akinwande--Power-Show-III---The-God-/904C475C2A67DC76 |access-date=2021-08-10 |website=www.mutualart.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* mai zane ba ya nan, The Gallow Gate, Glasgow 2019. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=thegallowgate.art |url=https://www.thegallowgate.art/the-artist-isnt-present/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Power Show II: The God-Fathers Are Not To Blame, Revolving Art Incubator, Legas (Nijeriya) 2018 .
* ''Power Show I,'' Omenka Gallery, Legas (Nijeriya) 2018.
* ''Kurma da Dumb II'', Gidan Tarihi na Kasa, Legas 2017 . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fonderie Darling {{!}} Akínwándé, Ayọ̀ |url=https://fonderiedarling.org/en/Akinwande-Ayo |access-date=2021-08-10 |website=fonderiedarling.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Littattafai ==

* 2019 &quot;Victor Ehikhamenor: Daga ƙauyen zuwa duniya, da kuma dawowa&quot;, The Art Momentum . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-09-02 |title=Victor Ehikhamenor: From the Village to the World, and Back Again |url=https://theartmomentum.com/victor-ehikhamenor/ |access-date=2021-08-10 |website=The Art Momentum |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2018 ''Ganin Gaskiyar Najeriya da ba a magance ta ba a cikin Nunin'' 'Salvage Therapy' The Sole Adventurer . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-08-21 |title=Confronting an Unaddressed Nigerian Reality in the Exhibition 'Salvage Therapy' {{!}} By Ayò Akínwándé |url=https://thesoleadventurer.com/confronting-an-unaddressed-nigerian-reality-in-the-exhibition-salvage-therapy-by-ayo-akinwande/ |access-date=2021-08-10 |website=The Sole Adventurer |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2020 &quot;Wane ne Hoton Fasaha na Epp?''&quot;Wane ne Hoton Hotuna na Epp?''&quot;, Shirin Labaran Jama'a.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Who art exhibition 'epp'? {{!}} People's Stories Project |url=https://www.psp-culture.com/art/who-art-exhibition-epp/ |access-date=2021-08-10 |website=www.psp-culture.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* [[Lemi Ghariokwu]]
* [[Ade Adekola]]

== Manazarta ==
{{reflist}}

== Hanyoyin Haɗin waje ==

* [https://ayoakinwande.com Gidan yanar gizon hukuma na Ayo Akinwande]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Olufemi Oluyede</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360423146|Olufemi Oluyede]]&quot;</comment>
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Janar '''Olufemi Olatubosun Oluyede''' (an haife shi a ranar 21 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 1968) jami'in [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|Sojojin Najeriya]] ne wanda shine Babban Jami'in Tsaro na Najeriya tun daga ranar 30 ga Oktoban shekarar 2025. Ya riga ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Jami'in Sojoji daga 30 ga Oktoban shekarar 2024 kafin a ɗaukaka shi zuwa matsayin CDS.

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haifi Oluyede a [[Ikere|Ikere, Jihar Ekiti]] a ranar 21 ga Yunin shekarar 1968, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 October 2025 |title=CURRICULUM VITAE OF NEW SERVICE CHIEFS |url=https://statehouse.gov.ng/curriculum-vitae-of-new-service-chiefs/ |access-date=21 June 2026 |website=The State House, Abuja}}&lt;/ref&gt; Oluyede ya fara aikin soja a shekarar 1987 a matsayin cadet a [[Jami'ar Tsaron Najeriya|Kwalejin Tsaro ta Najeriya]]. An ba shi izini a matsayin mataimakin na biyu a shekarar 1992 bayan kammala tsarin horar da Sojojin Najeriya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-11-05 |title=Tinubu promotes Acting Chief of Army Staff Oluyede {{!}} Western Post |url=https://www.westernpost.ng/tinubu-promotes-acting-chief-of-army-staff-oluyede/ |access-date=2024-11-09 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyukan soja ==
Oluyede memba ne na 39th Regular Course na [[Jami'ar Tsaron Najeriya|Kwalejin Tsaro ta Najeriya]],  tare da Late Lt. Janar [[Taoreed Lagbaja|Taoreed Abiodun Lagbaja]] . Ayyukansa na soja sun mamaye matsayi da yawa na kwamandoji da ma'aikata a duk faɗin Najeriya da kuma a cikin turawa daban-daban na duniya. An inganta shi zuwa matsayin babban janar a cikin shekarar 2020,  ya riƙe kwamandan da yawa waɗanda suka haɗa da Kwamandan Platoon da Adjutant a cikin 65 Battalion, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Citizen |first=The |date=2020-11-28 |title=Nigerian Army promotes 137 senior officers |url=https://thecitizenng.com/nigerian-army-promotes-137-senior-officers/ |access-date=2024-11-27 |website=TheCitizen - It's all about you |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kwamandan Kamfanin a cikin 177 Guards Battalion.  Kwamandan Jami'in tare da Guards Brigade, &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Kwamandan Makarantar Horar da Amphibious, da Kwamandan 27 Task Force Brigade a Arewa maso Gabas, yana jagorantar ayyukan a karkashin Operation Hadin Kai.

Ya kuma shiga cikin ayyukan kiyaye zaman lafiya na ƙasa da ƙasa da kuma warware rikice-rikice, gami da Ofishin Jakadancin [[Kungiyar sa ido kan tattalin arzikin kasashen yammacin Afrika|ECOMOG]] a ƙasar Laberiya da Operation HARMONY IV a [[Bakassi]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=BellaNaija.com |date=2024-10-31 |title=Meet Major General Olufemi Olatubosun Oluyede: Nigeria's New Acting Chief of Army Staff |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2024/10/major-general-olufemi-olatubosun-oluyede/ |access-date=2024-11-27 |website=BellaNaija |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Naɗa:'''

A cikin shekarar 2024, Shugaba [[Bola Tinubu]] ya nada Oluyede a matsayin mukaddashin shugaban rundunar soji don cika muƙamin na ɗan lokaci a lokacin rashin lafiyar Lieutenant Janar [[Taoreed Lagbaja]]. Daga baya majalisar dattijai ta tabbatar da nadin sa, kuma ya hau mulki a hukumance a ranar 9 ga watan Disambar shekarar 2024.  Kafin wannan, Oluyede ya yi aiki a matsayin kwamandan 56 na Sojojin Sojojin Najeriya a Jaji, Kaduna . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-10-30 |title=President Tinubu Appoints Major General Olufemi Oluyede as Acting Chief of Army Staff |url=https://defencetimesng.com/president-tinubu-appoints-major-general-olufemi-oluyede-as-acting-chief-of-army-staff/ |access-date=2024-11-09 |website=DefenceTimesNG |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Daraja da kayan ado'''

Ayyukan Oluyede sun ba shi kyaututtuka da yawa, ga wasu daga ciki kamar haka:

* Medal of Honor na Corps
* Babban Tauraron Sabis
* Medal of Honor na Kwamandan filin
* Medal na Horar da Filin
* Kyautar Kyautar Shugaban Sojoji
* Kasancewa memba a Cibiyar Nazarin Kasa

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
A cikin aikinsa, Oluyede ya shiga cikin manyan ayyuka, gami da [[Kungiyar sa ido kan tattalin arzikin kasashen yammacin Afrika|Kungiyar Kula da Tattalin Arziki ta Yammacin Afirka]] (ECOMOG) a Laberiya, Operation Harmony IV a Bakassi, da Operation Haɗin Kai a Arewa maso Gabas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Oyero |first=Kayode |date=2024-11-05 |title=Tinubu Promotes Acting COAS Oluyede To Lieutenant General |url=https://www.channelstv.com/2024/11/05/breaking-tinubu-promotes-acting-coas-oluyede-to-lieutenant-general-rank/ |access-date=2024-12-28 |website=Channels Television |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya yi aure kuma yana da ƴaƴa uku.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1968]]</text>
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        <username>M Bash Ne</username>
        <id>12403</id>
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      <origin>889906</origin>
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      <text bytes="4543" sha1="6rxxsqzekibeew4k42x5cd7mnrksg8a" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
Janar '''Olufemi Olatubosun Oluyede''' (an haife shi a ranar 21 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 1968) jami'in [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|Sojojin Najeriya]] ne wanda shine Babban Jami'in Tsaro na Najeriya tun daga ranar 30 ga Oktoban shekarar 2025. Ya riga ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Jami'in Sojoji daga 30 ga Oktoban shekarar 2024 kafin a ɗaukaka shi zuwa matsayin CDS.

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haifi Oluyede a [[Ikere|Ikere, Jihar Ekiti]] a ranar 21 ga Yunin shekarar 1968, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 October 2025 |title=CURRICULUM VITAE OF NEW SERVICE CHIEFS |url=https://statehouse.gov.ng/curriculum-vitae-of-new-service-chiefs/ |access-date=21 June 2026 |website=The State House, Abuja}}&lt;/ref&gt; Oluyede ya fara aikin soja a shekarar 1987 a matsayin cadet a [[Jami'ar Tsaron Najeriya|Kwalejin Tsaro ta Najeriya]]. An ba shi izini a matsayin mataimakin na biyu a shekarar 1992 bayan kammala tsarin horar da Sojojin Najeriya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-11-05 |title=Tinubu promotes Acting Chief of Army Staff Oluyede {{!}} Western Post |url=https://www.westernpost.ng/tinubu-promotes-acting-chief-of-army-staff-oluyede/ |access-date=2024-11-09 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyukan soja ==
Oluyede memba ne na 39th Regular Course na [[Jami'ar Tsaron Najeriya|Kwalejin Tsaro ta Najeriya]],  tare da Late Lt. Janar [[Taoreed Lagbaja|Taoreed Abiodun Lagbaja]] . Ayyukansa na soja sun mamaye matsayi da yawa na kwamandoji da ma'aikata a duk faɗin Najeriya da kuma a cikin turawa daban-daban na duniya. An inganta shi zuwa matsayin babban janar a cikin shekarar 2020,  ya riƙe kwamandan da yawa waɗanda suka haɗa da Kwamandan Platoon da Adjutant a cikin 65 Battalion, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Citizen |first=The |date=2020-11-28 |title=Nigerian Army promotes 137 senior officers |url=https://thecitizenng.com/nigerian-army-promotes-137-senior-officers/ |access-date=2024-11-27 |website=TheCitizen - It's all about you |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kwamandan Kamfanin a cikin 177 Guards Battalion.  Kwamandan Jami'in tare da Guards Brigade, &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Kwamandan Makarantar Horar da Amphibious, da Kwamandan 27 Task Force Brigade a Arewa maso Gabas, yana jagorantar ayyukan a karkashin Operation Hadin Kai.

Ya kuma shiga cikin ayyukan kiyaye zaman lafiya na ƙasa da ƙasa da kuma warware rikice-rikice, gami da Ofishin Jakadancin [[Kungiyar sa ido kan tattalin arzikin kasashen yammacin Afrika|ECOMOG]] a ƙasar Laberiya da Operation HARMONY IV a [[Bakassi]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=BellaNaija.com |date=2024-10-31 |title=Meet Major General Olufemi Olatubosun Oluyede: Nigeria's New Acting Chief of Army Staff |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2024/10/major-general-olufemi-olatubosun-oluyede/ |access-date=2024-11-27 |website=BellaNaija |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Naɗa:'''

A cikin shekarar 2024, Shugaba [[Bola Tinubu]] ya nada Oluyede a matsayin mukaddashin shugaban rundunar soji don cika muƙamin na ɗan lokaci a lokacin rashin lafiyar Lieutenant Janar [[Taoreed Lagbaja]]. Daga baya majalisar dattijai ta tabbatar da nadin sa, kuma ya hau mulki a hukumance a ranar 9 ga watan Disambar shekarar 2024.  Kafin wannan, Oluyede ya yi aiki a matsayin kwamandan 56 na Sojojin Sojojin Najeriya a Jaji, Kaduna . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-10-30 |title=President Tinubu Appoints Major General Olufemi Oluyede as Acting Chief of Army Staff |url=https://defencetimesng.com/president-tinubu-appoints-major-general-olufemi-oluyede-as-acting-chief-of-army-staff/ |access-date=2024-11-09 |website=DefenceTimesNG |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Daraja da kayan ado'''

Ayyukan Oluyede sun ba shi kyaututtuka da yawa, ga wasu daga ciki kamar haka:

* Medal of Honor na Corps
* Babban Tauraron Sabis
* Medal of Honor na Kwamandan filin
* Medal na Horar da Filin
* Kyautar Kyautar Shugaban Sojoji
* Kasancewa memba a Cibiyar Nazarin Kasa

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
A cikin aikinsa, Oluyede ya shiga cikin manyan ayyuka, gami da [[Kungiyar sa ido kan tattalin arzikin kasashen yammacin Afrika|Kungiyar Kula da Tattalin Arziki ta Yammacin Afirka]] (ECOMOG) a Laberiya, Operation Harmony IV a Bakassi, da Operation Haɗin Kai a Arewa maso Gabas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Oyero |first=Kayode |date=2024-11-05 |title=Tinubu Promotes Acting COAS Oluyede To Lieutenant General |url=https://www.channelstv.com/2024/11/05/breaking-tinubu-promotes-acting-coas-oluyede-to-lieutenant-general-rank/ |access-date=2024-12-28 |website=Channels Television |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya yi aure kuma yana da ƴaƴa uku.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1968]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Rashin tashin hankali na kasa da kasa</title>
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      <id>889940</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Muhdavdullahi</username>
        <id>32668</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357492420|Nonviolence International]]&quot;</comment>
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Nonviolence International ('''NI''') yana aiki ne a matsayin cibiyar sadarwa ta duniya ta cibiyoyin albarkatu waɗanda ke inganta amfani da [[rashin tashin hankali]] da juriya mara tashin hankali.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last2=Maria Stephan}}&lt;/ref&gt; . NI ta samar da cikakken bayanan bayanai game da dabarun rashin tashin hankali, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nonviolence International Tactics Database |url=https://www.tactics.nonviolenceinternational.net/ |website=www.tactics.nonviolenceinternational.net}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sun yi haɗin gwiwa tare da Jami'ar Rutgers don samar da babban tarin kayan horo marasa tashin hankali.

== Tarihi ==
A shekara ta 1989, mai fafutuka [[Falasdinawa|Palasdinawa]] Mubarak Awad ya kafa Nonviolence International tare da Jonathan Kuttab, Kamal Boulatta da Abdul Aziz Said . Nonviolence International kungiya ce ta 501 (c) (3)  da aka yi rajista a [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]], Amurka. 

Sanarwar aikinsu ita ce:


A cikin 1991, Nonviolence International ta tsara horo na yaki da juyin mulki a [[Rasha]]. Wannan ya haifar da buga littafin horo na kungiyar don Tsaro ba tare da tashin hankali ba game da juyin mulkin, wanda tun daga lokacin aka yi amfani da shi a duniya a cikin Turanci da Mutanen Espanya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Training Manual for Nonviolent Defense Against the Coup d'État |url=https://www.nonviolent-conflict.org/resource/training-manual-for-nonviolent-defense-against-the-coup-detat/ |access-date=2019-09-11 |website=ICNC |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 1992, an kafa Non-violence International South East Asia (NISEA) a Bangkok . 

A cikin 1993 da 1994, Andre Kamenshikov ya yi haɗin gwiwa tare da Nonviolence International don kafa Nonviolance International-Newly Independent States (NI-NIS), wanda ke zaune a [[Moscow]]. NI-NIS ita ce babbar kungiya ta farko da ta gargadi duniya a fili game da yakin da ke gabatowa a Chechnya; kungiyar ta kuma fitar da kimantawar lalacewar muhalli ta farko game da yakin a Chechenia.

A lokacin yakin duniya na 1995 don Ban Landmines, NI na ɗaya daga cikin kungiyoyin da ke tallafawa kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin jam'iyyun da suka halarci taron [[Phnom Penh]] a Cambodia a watan Yunin 1995. Wannan taron shine mafi girman taron yaki da bam har zuwa yau kuma shine taron farko da ya faru a cikin ƙasar da ke da ma'adinai sosai (duba ma'adanai a Cambodia).

NI ta shirya wani shawarwari mai suna &quot;Mainstreaming Peace Teams&quot; a Jami'ar Amurka a shekarar 1996. A sakamakon haka, masana sama da 50 daga kasashe sama da 25 sun shiga tattaunawa game da kariya ta farar hula da ba ta da makamai da kuma shiga tsakani na ɓangare na uku ba tare da tashin hankali ba.

Daga 1999 zuwa 2009, NI ta kirkiro shirye-shiryen rashin tashin hankali da ilimin zaman lafiya a Aceh, Indonesia a lokacin yakin basasa (duba Aceh War); Dr. Asna Husin ne ya jagoranci shirye-shirye, wanda ya kasance babban mai bincike na Nonviolence International. A shekara ta 2004, Tsunami ta lalata Aceh; ofishin NI ya lalace kuma an kashe ma'aikatan da yawa ko suka ji rauni.

Tsakanin 1991 da 2002, Darakta Michael Beer ya taimaka wajen kaddamar da Kamfen ɗin Burma na Duniya. Beer, tare da Gene Sharp da Bob Helvey, sun ba da horo a cikin aikin da ba na tashin hankali ba ga 'Yan tawaye da fararen hula na Burma sama da 1,000.

NI ta shirya taron kasa da kasa kan tsayayya ba tare da tashin hankali ba, wanda aka shirya a Baitalami a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2005. Taron ya tara masu gwagwarmayar da ba su da tashin hankali sama da 250 daga ko'ina cikin duniya, gami da sanannun masu gwagwa Gene Sharp da [[Bernard Lafayette]].

Nonviolence International a halin yanzu tana tallafawa shirye-shirye da abokan tarayya a Yammacin Sahara, Falasdinu, Ukraine, Philippines, Thailand, Kanada, Amurka, da Uganda.

== Ƙungiya da alaƙa ==
Nonviolence International tana aiki ne a matsayin ƙungiyar ofisoshin masu zaman kansu a duniya.
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Muhdavdullahi</username>
        <id>32668</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Saka akwatun bayanai</comment>
      <origin>889942</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3944" sha1="0a5hzqq84cdglqrakh4ojumkgvxdx01" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

Nonviolence International ('''NI''') yana aiki ne a matsayin cibiyar sadarwa ta duniya ta cibiyoyin albarkatu waɗanda ke inganta amfani da [[rashin tashin hankali]] da juriya mara tashin hankali.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last2=Maria Stephan}}&lt;/ref&gt; . NI ta samar da cikakken bayanan bayanai game da dabarun rashin tashin hankali, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nonviolence International Tactics Database |url=https://www.tactics.nonviolenceinternational.net/ |website=www.tactics.nonviolenceinternational.net}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sun yi haɗin gwiwa tare da Jami'ar Rutgers don samar da babban tarin kayan horo marasa tashin hankali.

== Tarihi ==
A shekara ta 1989, mai fafutuka [[Falasdinawa|Palasdinawa]] Mubarak Awad ya kafa Nonviolence International tare da Jonathan Kuttab, Kamal Boulatta da Abdul Aziz Said . Nonviolence International kungiya ce ta 501 (c) (3)  da aka yi rajista a [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]], Amurka. 

Sanarwar aikinsu ita ce:


A cikin 1991, Nonviolence International ta tsara horo na yaki da juyin mulki a [[Rasha]]. Wannan ya haifar da buga littafin horo na kungiyar don Tsaro ba tare da tashin hankali ba game da juyin mulkin, wanda tun daga lokacin aka yi amfani da shi a duniya a cikin Turanci da Mutanen Espanya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Training Manual for Nonviolent Defense Against the Coup d'État |url=https://www.nonviolent-conflict.org/resource/training-manual-for-nonviolent-defense-against-the-coup-detat/ |access-date=2019-09-11 |website=ICNC |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 1992, an kafa Non-violence International South East Asia (NISEA) a Bangkok . 

A cikin 1993 da 1994, Andre Kamenshikov ya yi haɗin gwiwa tare da Nonviolence International don kafa Nonviolance International-Newly Independent States (NI-NIS), wanda ke zaune a [[Moscow]]. NI-NIS ita ce babbar kungiya ta farko da ta gargadi duniya a fili game da yakin da ke gabatowa a Chechnya; kungiyar ta kuma fitar da kimantawar lalacewar muhalli ta farko game da yakin a Chechenia.

A lokacin yakin duniya na 1995 don Ban Landmines, NI na ɗaya daga cikin kungiyoyin da ke tallafawa kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin jam'iyyun da suka halarci taron [[Phnom Penh]] a Cambodia a watan Yunin 1995. Wannan taron shine mafi girman taron yaki da bam har zuwa yau kuma shine taron farko da ya faru a cikin ƙasar da ke da ma'adinai sosai (duba ma'adanai a Cambodia).

NI ta shirya wani shawarwari mai suna &quot;Mainstreaming Peace Teams&quot; a Jami'ar Amurka a shekarar 1996. A sakamakon haka, masana sama da 50 daga kasashe sama da 25 sun shiga tattaunawa game da kariya ta farar hula da ba ta da makamai da kuma shiga tsakani na ɓangare na uku ba tare da tashin hankali ba.

Daga 1999 zuwa 2009, NI ta kirkiro shirye-shiryen rashin tashin hankali da ilimin zaman lafiya a Aceh, Indonesia a lokacin yakin basasa (duba Aceh War); Dr. Asna Husin ne ya jagoranci shirye-shirye, wanda ya kasance babban mai bincike na Nonviolence International. A shekara ta 2004, Tsunami ta lalata Aceh; ofishin NI ya lalace kuma an kashe ma'aikatan da yawa ko suka ji rauni.

Tsakanin 1991 da 2002, Darakta Michael Beer ya taimaka wajen kaddamar da Kamfen ɗin Burma na Duniya. Beer, tare da Gene Sharp da Bob Helvey, sun ba da horo a cikin aikin da ba na tashin hankali ba ga 'Yan tawaye da fararen hula na Burma sama da 1,000.

NI ta shirya taron kasa da kasa kan tsayayya ba tare da tashin hankali ba, wanda aka shirya a Baitalami a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2005. Taron ya tara masu gwagwarmayar da ba su da tashin hankali sama da 250 daga ko'ina cikin duniya, gami da sanannun masu gwagwa Gene Sharp da [[Bernard Lafayette]].

Nonviolence International a halin yanzu tana tallafawa shirye-shirye da abokan tarayya a Yammacin Sahara, Falasdinu, Ukraine, Philippines, Thailand, Kanada, Amurka, da Uganda.

== Ƙungiya da alaƙa ==
Nonviolence International tana aiki ne a matsayin ƙungiyar ofisoshin masu zaman kansu a duniya.
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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        <username>Muhdavdullahi</username>
        <id>32668</id>
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      <comment>Sakasashe</comment>
      <origin>889943</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3961" sha1="76cddfolzx5n3gocefeeao8h1wqcc56" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

Nonviolence International ('''NI''') yana aiki ne a matsayin cibiyar sadarwa ta duniya ta cibiyoyin albarkatu waɗanda ke inganta amfani da [[rashin tashin hankali]] da juriya mara tashin hankali.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last2=Maria Stephan}}&lt;/ref&gt; . NI ta samar da cikakken bayanan bayanai game da dabarun rashin tashin hankali, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nonviolence International Tactics Database |url=https://www.tactics.nonviolenceinternational.net/ |website=www.tactics.nonviolenceinternational.net}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sun yi haɗin gwiwa tare da Jami'ar Rutgers don samar da babban tarin kayan horo marasa tashin hankali.

== Tarihi ==
A shekara ta 1989, mai fafutuka [[Falasdinawa|Palasdinawa]] Mubarak Awad ya kafa Nonviolence International tare da Jonathan Kuttab, Kamal Boulatta da Abdul Aziz Said . Nonviolence International kungiya ce ta 501 (c) (3)  da aka yi rajista a [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]], Amurka. 

Sanarwar aikinsu ita ce:


A cikin 1991, Nonviolence International ta tsara horo na yaki da juyin mulki a [[Rasha]]. Wannan ya haifar da buga littafin horo na kungiyar don Tsaro ba tare da tashin hankali ba game da juyin mulkin, wanda tun daga lokacin aka yi amfani da shi a duniya a cikin Turanci da Mutanen Espanya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Training Manual for Nonviolent Defense Against the Coup d'État |url=https://www.nonviolent-conflict.org/resource/training-manual-for-nonviolent-defense-against-the-coup-detat/ |access-date=2019-09-11 |website=ICNC |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 1992, an kafa Non-violence International South East Asia (NISEA) a Bangkok . 

A cikin 1993 da 1994, Andre Kamenshikov ya yi haɗin gwiwa tare da Nonviolence International don kafa Nonviolance International-Newly Independent States (NI-NIS), wanda ke zaune a [[Moscow]]. NI-NIS ita ce babbar kungiya ta farko da ta gargadi duniya a fili game da yakin da ke gabatowa a Chechnya; kungiyar ta kuma fitar da kimantawar lalacewar muhalli ta farko game da yakin a Chechenia.

A lokacin yakin duniya na 1995 don Ban Landmines, NI na ɗaya daga cikin kungiyoyin da ke tallafawa kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin jam'iyyun da suka halarci taron [[Phnom Penh]] a Cambodia a watan Yunin 1995. Wannan taron shine mafi girman taron yaki da bam har zuwa yau kuma shine taron farko da ya faru a cikin ƙasar da ke da ma'adinai sosai (duba ma'adanai a Cambodia).

NI ta shirya wani shawarwari mai suna &quot;Mainstreaming Peace Teams&quot; a Jami'ar Amurka a shekarar 1996. A sakamakon haka, masana sama da 50 daga kasashe sama da 25 sun shiga tattaunawa game da kariya ta farar hula da ba ta da makamai da kuma shiga tsakani na ɓangare na uku ba tare da tashin hankali ba.

Daga 1999 zuwa 2009, NI ta kirkiro shirye-shiryen rashin tashin hankali da ilimin zaman lafiya a Aceh, Indonesia a lokacin yakin basasa (duba Aceh War); Dr. Asna Husin ne ya jagoranci shirye-shirye, wanda ya kasance babban mai bincike na Nonviolence International. A shekara ta 2004, Tsunami ta lalata Aceh; ofishin NI ya lalace kuma an kashe ma'aikatan da yawa ko suka ji rauni.

Tsakanin 1991 da 2002, Darakta Michael Beer ya taimaka wajen kaddamar da Kamfen ɗin Burma na Duniya. Beer, tare da Gene Sharp da Bob Helvey, sun ba da horo a cikin aikin da ba na tashin hankali ba ga 'Yan tawaye da fararen hula na Burma sama da 1,000.

NI ta shirya taron kasa da kasa kan tsayayya ba tare da tashin hankali ba, wanda aka shirya a Baitalami a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2005. Taron ya tara masu gwagwarmayar da ba su da tashin hankali sama da 250 daga ko'ina cikin duniya, gami da sanannun masu gwagwa Gene Sharp da [[Bernard Lafayette]].

Nonviolence International a halin yanzu tana tallafawa shirye-shirye da abokan tarayya a Yammacin Sahara, Falasdinu, Ukraine, Philippines, Thailand, Kanada, Amurka, da Uganda.

== Ƙungiya da alaƙa ==
Nonviolence International tana aiki ne a matsayin ƙungiyar ofisoshin masu zaman kansu a duniya.

== Manazarta ==
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Padayatra</title>
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        <username>Muhdavdullahi</username>
        <id>32668</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1328196160|Padayatra]]&quot;</comment>
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Padayatra (Sanskrit: पदयात्रा, an fassara shi zuwa romanized: padayātrā, lit. 'tafiya da ƙafa') tafiya ce da ake yi da ƙafa, ana amfani da ita a matsayin kayan aikin wayar da kan jama'a na siyasa da kuma aikin hajji na ruhaniya (yatra). Tafiya ce da 'yan siyasa ko manyan 'yan ƙasa ke yi don mu'amala da sassa daban-daban na al'umma, ilmantar da su game da batutuwan da suka shafe su, da kuma ƙarfafa magoya bayansu. Padayatras ko ayyukan hajji na ƙafa suma ayyukan hajji ne na addinin Hindu da ake yi zuwa wuraren ibada masu tsarki ko wuraren hajji.[1]

A cikin tsarin siyasa, padayatra yana bawa shugabannin damar wucewa bayan tarurruka na al'ada kuma su shiga kai tsaye tare da al'ummomi a fadin garuruwa da ƙauyuka, suna nuna alamar samun dama, tawali'u, da hadin kai. A cikin addini ko ruhaniya, yana ci gaba da tsohuwar al'adar Indiya ta tafiya da ƙafa ta wurare masu tsarki, canza tafiya kanta zuwa aikin ibada da tsarkake kai. Baya ga manufarsa ta amfani, padayatra sau da yawa yana nuna saƙon gyara, hadin kai, ko bangaskiya, yana haɗa motsi tare da ma'ana da kuma juya sawun rukuni zuwa alama ce ta canji. Shahararrun padayatras a Indiya sun haɗa da Mahatma Gandhi's 1930 Dandi March a kan harajin gishiri na Burtaniya, Vinoba Bhave's Bhoodan Yatra yana ba da shawarar sake fasalin ƙasa, da kuma tafiye-tafiyen siyasa na zamani. A bangaren addini, aikin hajji na shekara-shekara kamar Pandharpur Wari, Amarnath Yatra da Kanwar Yatra sanannu ne.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Padayatra: From Gandhi to Rahul Gandhi |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/padayatra-from-gandhi-to-rahul-gandhi/article65829273.ece |access-date=26 October 2025 |website=The Hindu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nau'o'in Padayatras ==
[[Fayil:Bhoodan_yojana.jpg|thumb|Gandhian Vinoba Bhave a lokacin padayantra a fadin Indiya, a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar Bhoodan, ƙungiyar sake fasalin ƙasa ta son rai a cikin 1951. ]]

=== Dalilan zamantakewa ===
A cikin hunturu na 1933-34, Mahatma Gandhi ya tafi Padayatra a duk fadin kasar game da rashin taɓawa.[1] Daga baya, Gandhian Vinoba Bhave ya kuma fara Padayatra, wanda ya kasance wani ɓangare na ƙungiyarsa ta Bhoodan a cikin 1951. Farawa daga yankin Telangana, Bhave ya kammala Padayatra a Bodh Gaya.[2] A ranar 6 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1983, Chandra Shekhar ya fara Padayatra daga Kanyakumari kuma ya ci gaba da tafiyarsa ta kilomita 4,260 (2,650 zuwa Raj Ghat a Delhi har zuwa 25 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 1983 don fahimtar matsalolin jama'a.[3]

Puthan Veetil Rajagopal, a cikin Janadesh 2007, ya jagoranci manoma 25,000 marasa ƙasa a cikin tafiya ta kwanaki 28 daga Gwalior zuwa Delhi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Laxmi Prasanna |date=Jul 28, 2017 |title=Activist PV Rajagopal to constitute taskforce in Kerala to ensure land for landless {{!}} Thiruvananthapuram News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/activist-pv-rajagopal-to-constitute-taskforce-in-kerala-to-ensure-land-for-landless/articleshow/59812196.cms |access-date=2021-05-28 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 1986, wanda ya lashe Kyautar Ramon Magsaysay Rajendra Singh ya fara ''Padayatras'' ta ƙauyukan [[Rajasthan]], yana inganta gine-gine da farfado da johads da dam.&lt;ref name=&quot;front&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=Aug 18–31, 2001 |title=The water man of Rajasthan |url=http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl1817/18170810.htm |publisher=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]], Volume 18 - Issue 17}}&lt;/ref&gt;

warkaris daga jihar [[Maharashtra]] ta yammacin Indiya suna yin tafiya na yau da kullun zuwa wuraren addini kamar Dehu, Alandi da Pandharpur. Ashadhi Ekadashi, Kartiki Ekadashi (Maghi Ekadashi) da Chaitra Ekadashi wasu daga cikin shahararrun kwanakin ne lokacin da mahajjata suka isa Pandharpur don su bauta wa Vithoba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Asghar Ali Engineer}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''kanwariyas'' suna yin tafiya na yau da kullun zuwa wuraren addini kamar Kashi Vishwanath Temple, Kedarnath Temple, Neelkanth Mahadev Temple, Vaidyanath Temple, Mahakaleshwar Temple, Amarnath Temple da dai sauransu. [[Shiva]]&quot; id=&quot;mwcQ&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Maha Shivaratri&quot;&gt;Maha Shivaratri da Kanwar Yatra wasu daga cikin shahararrun kwanakin ne lokacin da mahajjata suka isa haikalin don bauta wa Shiva.

=== Dalilan siyasa ===

== Manazarta ==</text>
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        <id>32668</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Saka akwatun bayanai</comment>
      <origin>889945</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4324" sha1="6hx041mlvscdka8250xyej997dfzq6u" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

Padayatra (Sanskrit: पदयात्रा, an fassara shi zuwa romanized: padayātrā, lit. 'tafiya da ƙafa') tafiya ce da ake yi da ƙafa, ana amfani da ita a matsayin kayan aikin wayar da kan jama'a na siyasa da kuma aikin hajji na ruhaniya (yatra). Tafiya ce da 'yan siyasa ko manyan 'yan ƙasa ke yi don mu'amala da sassa daban-daban na al'umma, ilmantar da su game da batutuwan da suka shafe su, da kuma ƙarfafa magoya bayansu. Padayatras ko ayyukan hajji na ƙafa suma ayyukan hajji ne na addinin Hindu da ake yi zuwa wuraren ibada masu tsarki ko wuraren hajji.[1]

A cikin tsarin siyasa, padayatra yana bawa shugabannin damar wucewa bayan tarurruka na al'ada kuma su shiga kai tsaye tare da al'ummomi a fadin garuruwa da ƙauyuka, suna nuna alamar samun dama, tawali'u, da hadin kai. A cikin addini ko ruhaniya, yana ci gaba da tsohuwar al'adar Indiya ta tafiya da ƙafa ta wurare masu tsarki, canza tafiya kanta zuwa aikin ibada da tsarkake kai. Baya ga manufarsa ta amfani, padayatra sau da yawa yana nuna saƙon gyara, hadin kai, ko bangaskiya, yana haɗa motsi tare da ma'ana da kuma juya sawun rukuni zuwa alama ce ta canji. Shahararrun padayatras a Indiya sun haɗa da Mahatma Gandhi's 1930 Dandi March a kan harajin gishiri na Burtaniya, Vinoba Bhave's Bhoodan Yatra yana ba da shawarar sake fasalin ƙasa, da kuma tafiye-tafiyen siyasa na zamani. A bangaren addini, aikin hajji na shekara-shekara kamar Pandharpur Wari, Amarnath Yatra da Kanwar Yatra sanannu ne.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Padayatra: From Gandhi to Rahul Gandhi |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/padayatra-from-gandhi-to-rahul-gandhi/article65829273.ece |access-date=26 October 2025 |website=The Hindu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nau'o'in Padayatras ==
[[Fayil:Bhoodan_yojana.jpg|thumb|Gandhian Vinoba Bhave a lokacin padayantra a fadin Indiya, a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar Bhoodan, ƙungiyar sake fasalin ƙasa ta son rai a cikin 1951. ]]

=== Dalilan zamantakewa ===
A cikin hunturu na 1933-34, Mahatma Gandhi ya tafi Padayatra a duk fadin kasar game da rashin taɓawa.[1] Daga baya, Gandhian Vinoba Bhave ya kuma fara Padayatra, wanda ya kasance wani ɓangare na ƙungiyarsa ta Bhoodan a cikin 1951. Farawa daga yankin Telangana, Bhave ya kammala Padayatra a Bodh Gaya.[2] A ranar 6 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1983, Chandra Shekhar ya fara Padayatra daga Kanyakumari kuma ya ci gaba da tafiyarsa ta kilomita 4,260 (2,650 zuwa Raj Ghat a Delhi har zuwa 25 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 1983 don fahimtar matsalolin jama'a.[3]

Puthan Veetil Rajagopal, a cikin Janadesh 2007, ya jagoranci manoma 25,000 marasa ƙasa a cikin tafiya ta kwanaki 28 daga Gwalior zuwa Delhi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Laxmi Prasanna |date=Jul 28, 2017 |title=Activist PV Rajagopal to constitute taskforce in Kerala to ensure land for landless {{!}} Thiruvananthapuram News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/activist-pv-rajagopal-to-constitute-taskforce-in-kerala-to-ensure-land-for-landless/articleshow/59812196.cms |access-date=2021-05-28 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 1986, wanda ya lashe Kyautar Ramon Magsaysay Rajendra Singh ya fara ''Padayatras'' ta ƙauyukan [[Rajasthan]], yana inganta gine-gine da farfado da johads da dam.&lt;ref name=&quot;front&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=Aug 18–31, 2001 |title=The water man of Rajasthan |url=http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl1817/18170810.htm |publisher=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]], Volume 18 - Issue 17}}&lt;/ref&gt;

warkaris daga jihar [[Maharashtra]] ta yammacin Indiya suna yin tafiya na yau da kullun zuwa wuraren addini kamar Dehu, Alandi da Pandharpur. Ashadhi Ekadashi, Kartiki Ekadashi (Maghi Ekadashi) da Chaitra Ekadashi wasu daga cikin shahararrun kwanakin ne lokacin da mahajjata suka isa Pandharpur don su bauta wa Vithoba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Asghar Ali Engineer}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''kanwariyas'' suna yin tafiya na yau da kullun zuwa wuraren addini kamar Kashi Vishwanath Temple, Kedarnath Temple, Neelkanth Mahadev Temple, Vaidyanath Temple, Mahakaleshwar Temple, Amarnath Temple da dai sauransu. [[Shiva]]&quot; id=&quot;mwcQ&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Maha Shivaratri&quot;&gt;Maha Shivaratri da Kanwar Yatra wasu daga cikin shahararrun kwanakin ne lokacin da mahajjata suka isa haikalin don bauta wa Shiva.

=== Dalilan siyasa ===

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Bayani na siyasa</title>
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      <id>889947</id>
      <timestamp>2026-08-01T04:39:05Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Muhdavdullahi</username>
        <id>32668</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1299848374|Political statement]]&quot;</comment>
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na amfani da kalmar sanarwa ta siyasa don komawa ga sadarwa wanda ke yin sharhi game da batun siyasa, ainihi ko muhimmancin zamantakewa. Babu iyaka a kan hanyar da wata sanarwa ta siyasa za ta iya ɗauka - ana iya rubuta su, magana, waɗanda aka kafa ta hanyar ayyuka, ko sadarwa ta hanyar abubuwa, tufafi, zane, al'adu, yare ko salon.

Sanarwar siyasa na iya bambanta daga zanga-zangar jama'a zuwa sanya lambar da ke da Taken siyasa.

Sau da yawa, ana nufin maganganun siyasa su zama masu tayar da hankali, a matsayin hanyar zanga-zanga. Misali, an bayyana gasar Eurovision Song Contest 2023 a matsayin &quot;sanarwa ta siyasa&quot; wanda ya ƙunshi &quot; zanga-zangar adawa da yaki na sa'o'i huɗu, tare da ƙarin neon&quot;.[1]A cikin Gala na Met na 2021, Wakilin Democrat na Amurka Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez na New York ya halarci sanye da rigar mai rikitarwa wanda aka yi niyya ga masu halartar Met; an sa shi daga kafada, an sa rigarta tare da kalmar &quot;tax the rich&quot; a cikin ja satin haruffa.[2] Wannan sanarwa ta siyasa ta fuskanci gardama a matsayin abin da ake yi na munafunci don hukunta rashin daidaito na dukiya yayin halartar wani taron tare da tikitin $ 35,000. A cikin wata hira, mai zane Aurora James ta bayyana yadda ta yi tunanin yana da basira don iya isar da saƙon kai tsaye ga waɗanda ke buƙatar jin sa.[3] Met Gala ya kasance mataki na wasu maganganun siyasa daban-daban a cikin 'yan shekarun nan.[4]

Misalai marasa bayyane na maganganun siyasa a bayyane suke inda mutane ke gudanarwa ko bayyana kansu ta hanyoyin da ke kalubalantar siyasa, ainihi ko ka'idojin zamantakewa. Ta hanyar misali, kin amincewa da matsin lamba na zamantakewa ko na shari'a don sanya hijabi a cikin al'ummomin ceratain na iya zama sanarwa ta siyasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Malekian |first=Somayeh |last2=Alcini |first2=Camilla |title=Now more than ever, every fashion choice is a political statement in Iran |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/fashion-iranian-womens-pacific-potent-weapon/story?id=103213980 |access-date=2024-05-16 |website=ABC News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sabanin haka, [[Pauline Hanson]] ta yi wata sanarwa ta siyasa ta hanyar sanya burqa a cikin majalisar dattijai na Majalisar dokokin Australiya don jaddada kiran da ta yi niyyar yin don hana tufafin addini a kan dalilai na tsaro na kasa. An kuma yi amfani da tufafi da kayan ado don yin maganganun siyasa ta al'ummar LGBTQ,  yayin da aka kuma bayyana salon gashi  da lambuna &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-05-29 |title=How drag bans have made clothing a political statement, according to a queer style expert |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/nbc-out/out-life-and-style/drag-bans-made-clothing-political-statement-according-queer-style-expe-rcna85777 |access-date=2024-05-16 |website=NBC News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; kamar yadda aka yi amfani da su don yin mag maganganun Siyasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hanß |first=Stefan |date=2023-04-24 |title=Your mullet is more than a haircut, it's a political statement – a hair historian explains |url=http://theconversation.com/your-mullet-is-more-than-a-haircut-its-a-political-statement-a-hair-historian-explains-203973 |access-date=2024-05-16 |website=The Conversation |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Stronach |first=David |date=1990 |title=The Garden as a Political Statement: Some Case Studies from the Near East in the First Millennium B.C. |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24048359 |journal=Bulletin of the Asia Institute |volume=4 |pages=171–180 |issn=0890-4464 |jstor=24048359}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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      <id>889949</id>
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        <username>Muhdavdullahi</username>
        <id>32668</id>
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      <comment>Saka akwatun bayanai</comment>
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      <text bytes="3528" sha1="qrl7pq0646ubqwasgxssm2q5tyj3arm" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

Na amfani da kalmar sanarwa ta siyasa don komawa ga sadarwa wanda ke yin sharhi game da batun siyasa, ainihi ko muhimmancin zamantakewa. Babu iyaka a kan hanyar da wata sanarwa ta siyasa za ta iya ɗauka - ana iya rubuta su, magana, waɗanda aka kafa ta hanyar ayyuka, ko sadarwa ta hanyar abubuwa, tufafi, zane, al'adu, yare ko salon.

Sanarwar siyasa na iya bambanta daga zanga-zangar jama'a zuwa sanya lambar da ke da Taken siyasa.

Sau da yawa, ana nufin maganganun siyasa su zama masu tayar da hankali, a matsayin hanyar zanga-zanga. Misali, an bayyana gasar Eurovision Song Contest 2023 a matsayin &quot;sanarwa ta siyasa&quot; wanda ya ƙunshi &quot; zanga-zangar adawa da yaki na sa'o'i huɗu, tare da ƙarin neon&quot;.[1]A cikin Gala na Met na 2021, Wakilin Democrat na Amurka Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez na New York ya halarci sanye da rigar mai rikitarwa wanda aka yi niyya ga masu halartar Met; an sa shi daga kafada, an sa rigarta tare da kalmar &quot;tax the rich&quot; a cikin ja satin haruffa.[2] Wannan sanarwa ta siyasa ta fuskanci gardama a matsayin abin da ake yi na munafunci don hukunta rashin daidaito na dukiya yayin halartar wani taron tare da tikitin $ 35,000. A cikin wata hira, mai zane Aurora James ta bayyana yadda ta yi tunanin yana da basira don iya isar da saƙon kai tsaye ga waɗanda ke buƙatar jin sa.[3] Met Gala ya kasance mataki na wasu maganganun siyasa daban-daban a cikin 'yan shekarun nan.[4]

Misalai marasa bayyane na maganganun siyasa a bayyane suke inda mutane ke gudanarwa ko bayyana kansu ta hanyoyin da ke kalubalantar siyasa, ainihi ko ka'idojin zamantakewa. Ta hanyar misali, kin amincewa da matsin lamba na zamantakewa ko na shari'a don sanya hijabi a cikin al'ummomin ceratain na iya zama sanarwa ta siyasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Malekian |first=Somayeh |last2=Alcini |first2=Camilla |title=Now more than ever, every fashion choice is a political statement in Iran |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/fashion-iranian-womens-pacific-potent-weapon/story?id=103213980 |access-date=2024-05-16 |website=ABC News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sabanin haka, [[Pauline Hanson]] ta yi wata sanarwa ta siyasa ta hanyar sanya burqa a cikin majalisar dattijai na Majalisar dokokin Australiya don jaddada kiran da ta yi niyyar yin don hana tufafin addini a kan dalilai na tsaro na kasa. An kuma yi amfani da tufafi da kayan ado don yin maganganun siyasa ta al'ummar LGBTQ,  yayin da aka kuma bayyana salon gashi  da lambuna &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-05-29 |title=How drag bans have made clothing a political statement, according to a queer style expert |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/nbc-out/out-life-and-style/drag-bans-made-clothing-political-statement-according-queer-style-expe-rcna85777 |access-date=2024-05-16 |website=NBC News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; kamar yadda aka yi amfani da su don yin mag maganganun Siyasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hanß |first=Stefan |date=2023-04-24 |title=Your mullet is more than a haircut, it's a political statement – a hair historian explains |url=http://theconversation.com/your-mullet-is-more-than-a-haircut-its-a-political-statement-a-hair-historian-explains-203973 |access-date=2024-05-16 |website=The Conversation |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Stronach |first=David |date=1990 |title=The Garden as a Political Statement: Some Case Studies from the Near East in the First Millennium B.C. |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24048359 |journal=Bulletin of the Asia Institute |volume=4 |pages=171–180 |issn=0890-4464 |jstor=24048359}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wicker (fim)</title>
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      <id>890009</id>
      <timestamp>2026-08-01T07:24:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Baffa ali</username>
        <id>47435</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1367056893|Wicker (film)]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>890009</origin>
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 Wicker fim ne mai ban dariya na 2026 wanda Alex Huston Fischer da Eleanor Wilson suka ba da umarni kuma suka daidaita shi daga gajeren labarin &quot;The Wicker Husband&quot; na Ursula Wills-Jones . [[Olivia Colman]], [[Alexander Skarsgård]], Elizabeth Debicki, Marli Siu, Nabhaan Rizwan, Richard E. Grant, da Peter Dinklage ne ke jagorantar simintin.

== Farko ==
Wani wanda aka fitar a cikin ƙauyen kamun kifi ya ba da izini ga mijinta da aka yi da Wicker.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vlessing |first=Etan |date=24 October 2023 |title=Olivia Colman, Dev Patel Team for Twisted Romance Film ‘Wicker’ |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/olivia-colman-dev-patel-romance-film-wicker-1235626482/ |access-date=31 October 2023 |website=Hollywood Reporter}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Masu ba da labari ==

* [[Olivia Colman]] a matsayin Mataimakin Mata
* [[Alexander Skarsgård]] a matsayin Mijin Wicker
* Peter Dinklage a matsayin mai yin kwando
* Elizabeth Debicki a matsayin Matar Mai sutura
* Marli Siu a matsayin 'yar'uwar Basket Weaver
* Nabhaan Rizwan a matsayin mai sutura
* Richard E. Grant a matsayin likitan ƙauyen da ba shi da ƙwarewa
* Ella Bruccoleri
* Ben Ashenden a matsayin Baker

== Fitarwa ==
Topic Studios da Tango Entertainment suna ba da kuɗi kuma suna samar da fim ɗin tare da Alex Huston Fischer da Eleanor Wilson a matsayin daraktoci, daga rubutun da suka daidaita daga ɗan gajeren labarin &quot;The Wicker Husband&quot; na Ursula Wills-Jones. Masu gabatarwa sun hada da Ed Sinclair da Tom Carver daga Kudancin Kogin, David Michôd da Brad Zimmerman don Yoki, Inc. da Justin Lothrop da Brent Stiefel don Votiv, da kuma [[Olivia Colman]], wanda ke jagorantar simintin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Brew |first=Caroline |date=October 24, 2023 |title=Olivia Colman and Dev Patel to Star in Twisted Romance ‘Wicker,’ Black Bear Launches Sales |url=https://variety.com/2023/film/news/olivia-colman-dev-patel-wicker-1235767020/ |access-date=31 October 2023 |website=Variety}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tabbara |first=Mona |date=31 October 2023 |title=AFM 2023: The buzz titles from the UK |url=https://www.screendaily.com/features/afm-2023-the-buzz-titles-from-the-uk/5187399.article |access-date=31 October 2023 |website=Screen Daily}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tare da Colman, Dev Patel da farko an haɗa shi amma [[Alexander Skarsgård]] ya maye gurbinsa. Har ila yau, simintin ya hada da Peter Dinklage da Elizabeth Debicki . &lt;ref name=&quot;lewis&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ritman |first=Alex |date=1 October 2025 |title=Alexander Skarsgard, Peter Dinklage and Elizabeth Debicki Join Olivia Colman in Twisted Romance ‘Wicker’ (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2025/film/global/alexander-skarsgard-olivia-colman-romance-wicker-1236410720/ |access-date=1 October 2025 |website=Variety}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An kammala Babban daukar hoto a watan Satumbar 2025 a [[Budapest]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 December 2024 |title=Wicker – Whimsical Love Story Set to Film in Hungary |url=https://www.budapestreporter.com/wicker-whimsical-love-story-set-to-film-in-hungary/#:~:text=The%20feature%20film%20Wicker%2C%20a,Olivia%20Colman%20and%20Dev%20Patel. |access-date=18 January 2025 |website=Budapest Reporter}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 January 2025 |title=Wicker Starring Olivia Colman and Dev Patel to Be Shot in Hungary |url=https://www.filmneweurope.com/news/hungary-news/item/126547-wicker-starring-olivia-colman-and-dev-patel-to-be-shot-in-hungary#:~:text=BUDAPEST%3A%20The%20Romantic%20fantasy%20Wicker,Patel%20in%20the%20main%20roles. |access-date=1 October 2025 |website=Film New Europe}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;lewis&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ritman |first=Alex |date=1 October 2025 |title=Alexander Skarsgard, Peter Dinklage and Elizabeth Debicki Join Olivia Colman in Twisted Romance ‘Wicker’ (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2025/film/global/alexander-skarsgard-olivia-colman-romance-wicker-1236410720/ |access-date=1 October 2025 |website=Variety}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFRitman2025&quot;&gt;Ritman, Alex (October 1, 2025). [https://variety.com/2025/film/global/alexander-skarsgard-olivia-colman-romance-wicker-1236410720/ &quot;Alexander Skarsgard, Peter Dinklage and Elizabeth Debicki Join Olivia Colman in Twisted Romance 'Wicker' (EXCLUSIVE)&quot;]. ''Variety''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;October 1,&lt;/span&gt; 2025&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Saki ==
Wicker ya fara ne a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Eccles a Park City, Utah a matsayin wani ɓangare na bikin fina-finai na Sundance a ranar 24 ga Janairu, 2026. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gardner |first=Chris |date=10 December 2025 |title=Sundance Sets 2026 Lineup With Charli XCX, Olivia Wilde, Salman Rushdie and Courtney Love Films |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/sundance-2026-schedule-lineup-films-program-stars-1236446078/ |access-date=10 December 2025 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Fabrairun 2026, Black Bear Pictures, wanda kuma ke kula da tallace-tallace na kasa da kasa akan fim din, ya sami haƙƙin rarraba Arewacin Amurka a Kasuwar Fim ta Turai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rubin |first=Rebecca |date=17 February 2026 |title=Olivia Colman Sundance Drama 'Wicker' Sells to Black Bear |url=https://variety.com/2026/film/news/olivia-colman-wicker-black-bear-sundance-1236665501/ |access-date=17 February 2026 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; An shirya fitar da fim din a zaɓaɓɓun gidajen wasan kwaikwayo a Amurka a ranar 23 ga Oktoba, 2026.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=D'Alessandro |first=Anthony |date=18 June 2026 |title=Black Bear Sets Fall Release For Sundance Acquisition 'Wicker' Starring Olivia Colman &amp; Alexander Skarsgård |url=https://deadline.com/2026/06/alexander-skarsgard-olivia-colman-wicker-release-date-1236959273/ |access-date=18 June 2026 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fim din zai fito da mako guda bayan haka a Ingila a ranar 30 ga Oktoba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dalton |first=Ben |date=July 30, 2026 |title=UK-Ireland film cinema release dates: latest updates for 2026 |url=https://www.screendaily.com/news/uk-ireland-film-cinema-release-dates-latest-updates-for-2026/5211864.article |access-date=July 30, 2026 |website=[[Screen Daily]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>890010</id>
      <parentid>890009</parentid>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Baffa ali</username>
        <id>47435</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>890010</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="6266" sha1="7wwz9x8rochkokxprqojcsqyzqxz7st" xml:space="preserve">{{satanic}}
 Wicker fim ne mai ban dariya na 2026 wanda Alex Huston Fischer da Eleanor Wilson suka ba da umarni kuma suka daidaita shi daga gajeren labarin &quot;The Wicker Husband&quot; na Ursula Wills-Jones . [[Olivia Colman]], [[Alexander Skarsgård]], Elizabeth Debicki, Marli Siu, Nabhaan Rizwan, Richard E. Grant, da Peter Dinklage ne ke jagorantar simintin.

== Farko ==
Wani wanda aka fitar a cikin ƙauyen kamun kifi ya ba da izini ga mijinta da aka yi da Wicker.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vlessing |first=Etan |date=24 October 2023 |title=Olivia Colman, Dev Patel Team for Twisted Romance Film ‘Wicker’ |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/olivia-colman-dev-patel-romance-film-wicker-1235626482/ |access-date=31 October 2023 |website=Hollywood Reporter}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Masu ba da labari ==

* [[Olivia Colman]] a matsayin Mataimakin Mata
* [[Alexander Skarsgård]] a matsayin Mijin Wicker
* Peter Dinklage a matsayin mai yin kwando
* Elizabeth Debicki a matsayin Matar Mai sutura
* Marli Siu a matsayin 'yar'uwar Basket Weaver
* Nabhaan Rizwan a matsayin mai sutura
* Richard E. Grant a matsayin likitan ƙauyen da ba shi da ƙwarewa
* Ella Bruccoleri
* Ben Ashenden a matsayin Baker

== Fitarwa ==
Topic Studios da Tango Entertainment suna ba da kuɗi kuma suna samar da fim ɗin tare da Alex Huston Fischer da Eleanor Wilson a matsayin daraktoci, daga rubutun da suka daidaita daga ɗan gajeren labarin &quot;The Wicker Husband&quot; na Ursula Wills-Jones. Masu gabatarwa sun hada da Ed Sinclair da Tom Carver daga Kudancin Kogin, David Michôd da Brad Zimmerman don Yoki, Inc. da Justin Lothrop da Brent Stiefel don Votiv, da kuma [[Olivia Colman]], wanda ke jagorantar simintin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Brew |first=Caroline |date=October 24, 2023 |title=Olivia Colman and Dev Patel to Star in Twisted Romance ‘Wicker,’ Black Bear Launches Sales |url=https://variety.com/2023/film/news/olivia-colman-dev-patel-wicker-1235767020/ |access-date=31 October 2023 |website=Variety}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tabbara |first=Mona |date=31 October 2023 |title=AFM 2023: The buzz titles from the UK |url=https://www.screendaily.com/features/afm-2023-the-buzz-titles-from-the-uk/5187399.article |access-date=31 October 2023 |website=Screen Daily}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tare da Colman, Dev Patel da farko an haɗa shi amma [[Alexander Skarsgård]] ya maye gurbinsa. Har ila yau, simintin ya hada da Peter Dinklage da Elizabeth Debicki . &lt;ref name=&quot;lewis&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ritman |first=Alex |date=1 October 2025 |title=Alexander Skarsgard, Peter Dinklage and Elizabeth Debicki Join Olivia Colman in Twisted Romance ‘Wicker’ (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2025/film/global/alexander-skarsgard-olivia-colman-romance-wicker-1236410720/ |access-date=1 October 2025 |website=Variety}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An kammala Babban daukar hoto a watan Satumbar 2025 a [[Budapest]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 December 2024 |title=Wicker – Whimsical Love Story Set to Film in Hungary |url=https://www.budapestreporter.com/wicker-whimsical-love-story-set-to-film-in-hungary/#:~:text=The%20feature%20film%20Wicker%2C%20a,Olivia%20Colman%20and%20Dev%20Patel. |access-date=18 January 2025 |website=Budapest Reporter}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 January 2025 |title=Wicker Starring Olivia Colman and Dev Patel to Be Shot in Hungary |url=https://www.filmneweurope.com/news/hungary-news/item/126547-wicker-starring-olivia-colman-and-dev-patel-to-be-shot-in-hungary#:~:text=BUDAPEST%3A%20The%20Romantic%20fantasy%20Wicker,Patel%20in%20the%20main%20roles. |access-date=1 October 2025 |website=Film New Europe}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;lewis&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ritman |first=Alex |date=1 October 2025 |title=Alexander Skarsgard, Peter Dinklage and Elizabeth Debicki Join Olivia Colman in Twisted Romance ‘Wicker’ (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2025/film/global/alexander-skarsgard-olivia-colman-romance-wicker-1236410720/ |access-date=1 October 2025 |website=Variety}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFRitman2025&quot;&gt;Ritman, Alex (October 1, 2025). [https://variety.com/2025/film/global/alexander-skarsgard-olivia-colman-romance-wicker-1236410720/ &quot;Alexander Skarsgard, Peter Dinklage and Elizabeth Debicki Join Olivia Colman in Twisted Romance 'Wicker' (EXCLUSIVE)&quot;]. ''Variety''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;October 1,&lt;/span&gt; 2025&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Saki ==
Wicker ya fara ne a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Eccles a Park City, Utah a matsayin wani ɓangare na bikin fina-finai na Sundance a ranar 24 ga Janairu, 2026. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gardner |first=Chris |date=10 December 2025 |title=Sundance Sets 2026 Lineup With Charli XCX, Olivia Wilde, Salman Rushdie and Courtney Love Films |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/sundance-2026-schedule-lineup-films-program-stars-1236446078/ |access-date=10 December 2025 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Fabrairun 2026, Black Bear Pictures, wanda kuma ke kula da tallace-tallace na kasa da kasa akan fim din, ya sami haƙƙin rarraba Arewacin Amurka a Kasuwar Fim ta Turai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rubin |first=Rebecca |date=17 February 2026 |title=Olivia Colman Sundance Drama 'Wicker' Sells to Black Bear |url=https://variety.com/2026/film/news/olivia-colman-wicker-black-bear-sundance-1236665501/ |access-date=17 February 2026 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; An shirya fitar da fim din a zaɓaɓɓun gidajen wasan kwaikwayo a Amurka a ranar 23 ga Oktoba, 2026.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=D'Alessandro |first=Anthony |date=18 June 2026 |title=Black Bear Sets Fall Release For Sundance Acquisition 'Wicker' Starring Olivia Colman &amp; Alexander Skarsgård |url=https://deadline.com/2026/06/alexander-skarsgard-olivia-colman-wicker-release-date-1236959273/ |access-date=18 June 2026 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fim din zai fito da mako guda bayan haka a Ingila a ranar 30 ga Oktoba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dalton |first=Ben |date=July 30, 2026 |title=UK-Ireland film cinema release dates: latest updates for 2026 |url=https://www.screendaily.com/news/uk-ireland-film-cinema-release-dates-latest-updates-for-2026/5211864.article |access-date=July 30, 2026 |website=[[Screen Daily]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>7wwz9x8rochkokxprqojcsqyzqxz7st</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>890011</id>
      <parentid>890010</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-01T07:26:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Baffa ali</username>
        <id>47435</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>890011</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6266" sha1="is8jcaocq2b6hqjivxnir49xbjhe8st" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
 Wicker fim ne mai ban dariya na 2026 wanda Alex Huston Fischer da Eleanor Wilson suka ba da umarni kuma suka daidaita shi daga gajeren labarin &quot;The Wicker Husband&quot; na Ursula Wills-Jones . [[Olivia Colman]], [[Alexander Skarsgård]], Elizabeth Debicki, Marli Siu, Nabhaan Rizwan, Richard E. Grant, da Peter Dinklage ne ke jagorantar simintin.

== Farko ==
Wani wanda aka fitar a cikin ƙauyen kamun kifi ya ba da izini ga mijinta da aka yi da Wicker.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vlessing |first=Etan |date=24 October 2023 |title=Olivia Colman, Dev Patel Team for Twisted Romance Film ‘Wicker’ |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/olivia-colman-dev-patel-romance-film-wicker-1235626482/ |access-date=31 October 2023 |website=Hollywood Reporter}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Masu ba da labari ==

* [[Olivia Colman]] a matsayin Mataimakin Mata
* [[Alexander Skarsgård]] a matsayin Mijin Wicker
* Peter Dinklage a matsayin mai yin kwando
* Elizabeth Debicki a matsayin Matar Mai sutura
* Marli Siu a matsayin 'yar'uwar Basket Weaver
* Nabhaan Rizwan a matsayin mai sutura
* Richard E. Grant a matsayin likitan ƙauyen da ba shi da ƙwarewa
* Ella Bruccoleri
* Ben Ashenden a matsayin Baker

== Fitarwa ==
Topic Studios da Tango Entertainment suna ba da kuɗi kuma suna samar da fim ɗin tare da Alex Huston Fischer da Eleanor Wilson a matsayin daraktoci, daga rubutun da suka daidaita daga ɗan gajeren labarin &quot;The Wicker Husband&quot; na Ursula Wills-Jones. Masu gabatarwa sun hada da Ed Sinclair da Tom Carver daga Kudancin Kogin, David Michôd da Brad Zimmerman don Yoki, Inc. da Justin Lothrop da Brent Stiefel don Votiv, da kuma [[Olivia Colman]], wanda ke jagorantar simintin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Brew |first=Caroline |date=October 24, 2023 |title=Olivia Colman and Dev Patel to Star in Twisted Romance ‘Wicker,’ Black Bear Launches Sales |url=https://variety.com/2023/film/news/olivia-colman-dev-patel-wicker-1235767020/ |access-date=31 October 2023 |website=Variety}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tabbara |first=Mona |date=31 October 2023 |title=AFM 2023: The buzz titles from the UK |url=https://www.screendaily.com/features/afm-2023-the-buzz-titles-from-the-uk/5187399.article |access-date=31 October 2023 |website=Screen Daily}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tare da Colman, Dev Patel da farko an haɗa shi amma [[Alexander Skarsgård]] ya maye gurbinsa. Har ila yau, simintin ya hada da Peter Dinklage da Elizabeth Debicki . &lt;ref name=&quot;lewis&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ritman |first=Alex |date=1 October 2025 |title=Alexander Skarsgard, Peter Dinklage and Elizabeth Debicki Join Olivia Colman in Twisted Romance ‘Wicker’ (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2025/film/global/alexander-skarsgard-olivia-colman-romance-wicker-1236410720/ |access-date=1 October 2025 |website=Variety}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An kammala Babban daukar hoto a watan Satumbar 2025 a [[Budapest]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 December 2024 |title=Wicker – Whimsical Love Story Set to Film in Hungary |url=https://www.budapestreporter.com/wicker-whimsical-love-story-set-to-film-in-hungary/#:~:text=The%20feature%20film%20Wicker%2C%20a,Olivia%20Colman%20and%20Dev%20Patel. |access-date=18 January 2025 |website=Budapest Reporter}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 January 2025 |title=Wicker Starring Olivia Colman and Dev Patel to Be Shot in Hungary |url=https://www.filmneweurope.com/news/hungary-news/item/126547-wicker-starring-olivia-colman-and-dev-patel-to-be-shot-in-hungary#:~:text=BUDAPEST%3A%20The%20Romantic%20fantasy%20Wicker,Patel%20in%20the%20main%20roles. |access-date=1 October 2025 |website=Film New Europe}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;lewis&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ritman |first=Alex |date=1 October 2025 |title=Alexander Skarsgard, Peter Dinklage and Elizabeth Debicki Join Olivia Colman in Twisted Romance ‘Wicker’ (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2025/film/global/alexander-skarsgard-olivia-colman-romance-wicker-1236410720/ |access-date=1 October 2025 |website=Variety}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFRitman2025&quot;&gt;Ritman, Alex (October 1, 2025). [https://variety.com/2025/film/global/alexander-skarsgard-olivia-colman-romance-wicker-1236410720/ &quot;Alexander Skarsgard, Peter Dinklage and Elizabeth Debicki Join Olivia Colman in Twisted Romance 'Wicker' (EXCLUSIVE)&quot;]. ''Variety''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;October 1,&lt;/span&gt; 2025&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Saki ==
Wicker ya fara ne a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Eccles a Park City, Utah a matsayin wani ɓangare na bikin fina-finai na Sundance a ranar 24 ga Janairu, 2026. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gardner |first=Chris |date=10 December 2025 |title=Sundance Sets 2026 Lineup With Charli XCX, Olivia Wilde, Salman Rushdie and Courtney Love Films |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/sundance-2026-schedule-lineup-films-program-stars-1236446078/ |access-date=10 December 2025 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Fabrairun 2026, Black Bear Pictures, wanda kuma ke kula da tallace-tallace na kasa da kasa akan fim din, ya sami haƙƙin rarraba Arewacin Amurka a Kasuwar Fim ta Turai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rubin |first=Rebecca |date=17 February 2026 |title=Olivia Colman Sundance Drama 'Wicker' Sells to Black Bear |url=https://variety.com/2026/film/news/olivia-colman-wicker-black-bear-sundance-1236665501/ |access-date=17 February 2026 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; An shirya fitar da fim din a zaɓaɓɓun gidajen wasan kwaikwayo a Amurka a ranar 23 ga Oktoba, 2026.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=D'Alessandro |first=Anthony |date=18 June 2026 |title=Black Bear Sets Fall Release For Sundance Acquisition 'Wicker' Starring Olivia Colman &amp; Alexander Skarsgård |url=https://deadline.com/2026/06/alexander-skarsgard-olivia-colman-wicker-release-date-1236959273/ |access-date=18 June 2026 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fim din zai fito da mako guda bayan haka a Ingila a ranar 30 ga Oktoba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dalton |first=Ben |date=July 30, 2026 |title=UK-Ireland film cinema release dates: latest updates for 2026 |url=https://www.screendaily.com/news/uk-ireland-film-cinema-release-dates-latest-updates-for-2026/5211864.article |access-date=July 30, 2026 |website=[[Screen Daily]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>is8jcaocq2b6hqjivxnir49xbjhe8st</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>890012</id>
      <parentid>890011</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-01T07:26:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Baffa ali</username>
        <id>47435</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>890012</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6264" sha1="5g3zyvtg7v84irz69kxldq85a48926e" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
Wicker fim ne mai ban dariya na 2026 wanda Alex Huston Fischer da Eleanor Wilson suka ba da umarni kuma suka daidaita shi daga gajeren labarin &quot;The Wicker Husband&quot; na Ursula Wills-Jones . [[Olivia Colman]], [[Alexander Skarsgård]], Elizabeth Debicki, Marli Siu, Nabhaan Rizwan, Richard E. Grant, da Peter Dinklage ne ke jagorantar simintin.

== Farko ==
Wani wanda aka fitar a cikin ƙauyen kamun kifi ya ba da izini ga mijinta da aka yi da Wicker.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vlessing |first=Etan |date=24 October 2023 |title=Olivia Colman, Dev Patel Team for Twisted Romance Film ‘Wicker’ |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/olivia-colman-dev-patel-romance-film-wicker-1235626482/ |access-date=31 October 2023 |website=Hollywood Reporter}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Masu ba da labari ==

* [[Olivia Colman]] a matsayin Mataimakin Mata
* [[Alexander Skarsgård]] a matsayin Mijin Wicker
* Peter Dinklage a matsayin mai yin kwando
* Elizabeth Debicki a matsayin Matar Mai sutura
* Marli Siu a matsayin 'yar'uwar Basket Weaver
* Nabhaan Rizwan a matsayin mai sutura
* Richard E. Grant a matsayin likitan ƙauyen da ba shi da ƙwarewa
* Ella Bruccoleri
* Ben Ashenden a matsayin Baker

== Fitarwa ==
Topic Studios da Tango Entertainment suna ba da kuɗi kuma suna samar da fim ɗin tare da Alex Huston Fischer da Eleanor Wilson a matsayin daraktoci, daga rubutun da suka daidaita daga ɗan gajeren labarin &quot;The Wicker Husband&quot; na Ursula Wills-Jones. Masu gabatarwa sun hada da Ed Sinclair da Tom Carver daga Kudancin Kogin, David Michôd da Brad Zimmerman don Yoki, Inc. da Justin Lothrop da Brent Stiefel don Votiv, da kuma [[Olivia Colman]], wanda ke jagorantar simintin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Brew |first=Caroline |date=October 24, 2023 |title=Olivia Colman and Dev Patel to Star in Twisted Romance ‘Wicker,’ Black Bear Launches Sales |url=https://variety.com/2023/film/news/olivia-colman-dev-patel-wicker-1235767020/ |access-date=31 October 2023 |website=Variety}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tabbara |first=Mona |date=31 October 2023 |title=AFM 2023: The buzz titles from the UK |url=https://www.screendaily.com/features/afm-2023-the-buzz-titles-from-the-uk/5187399.article |access-date=31 October 2023 |website=Screen Daily}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tare da Colman, Dev Patel da farko an haɗa shi amma [[Alexander Skarsgård]] ya maye gurbinsa. Har ila yau, simintin ya hada da Peter Dinklage da Elizabeth Debicki . &lt;ref name=&quot;lewis&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ritman |first=Alex |date=1 October 2025 |title=Alexander Skarsgard, Peter Dinklage and Elizabeth Debicki Join Olivia Colman in Twisted Romance ‘Wicker’ (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2025/film/global/alexander-skarsgard-olivia-colman-romance-wicker-1236410720/ |access-date=1 October 2025 |website=Variety}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An kammala Babban daukar hoto a watan Satumbar 2025 a [[Budapest]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 December 2024 |title=Wicker – Whimsical Love Story Set to Film in Hungary |url=https://www.budapestreporter.com/wicker-whimsical-love-story-set-to-film-in-hungary/#:~:text=The%20feature%20film%20Wicker%2C%20a,Olivia%20Colman%20and%20Dev%20Patel. |access-date=18 January 2025 |website=Budapest Reporter}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 January 2025 |title=Wicker Starring Olivia Colman and Dev Patel to Be Shot in Hungary |url=https://www.filmneweurope.com/news/hungary-news/item/126547-wicker-starring-olivia-colman-and-dev-patel-to-be-shot-in-hungary#:~:text=BUDAPEST%3A%20The%20Romantic%20fantasy%20Wicker,Patel%20in%20the%20main%20roles. |access-date=1 October 2025 |website=Film New Europe}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;lewis&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ritman |first=Alex |date=1 October 2025 |title=Alexander Skarsgard, Peter Dinklage and Elizabeth Debicki Join Olivia Colman in Twisted Romance ‘Wicker’ (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2025/film/global/alexander-skarsgard-olivia-colman-romance-wicker-1236410720/ |access-date=1 October 2025 |website=Variety}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFRitman2025&quot;&gt;Ritman, Alex (October 1, 2025). [https://variety.com/2025/film/global/alexander-skarsgard-olivia-colman-romance-wicker-1236410720/ &quot;Alexander Skarsgard, Peter Dinklage and Elizabeth Debicki Join Olivia Colman in Twisted Romance 'Wicker' (EXCLUSIVE)&quot;]. ''Variety''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;October 1,&lt;/span&gt; 2025&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Saki ==
Wicker ya fara ne a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Eccles a Park City, Utah a matsayin wani ɓangare na bikin fina-finai na Sundance a ranar 24 ga Janairu, 2026. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gardner |first=Chris |date=10 December 2025 |title=Sundance Sets 2026 Lineup With Charli XCX, Olivia Wilde, Salman Rushdie and Courtney Love Films |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/sundance-2026-schedule-lineup-films-program-stars-1236446078/ |access-date=10 December 2025 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Fabrairun 2026, Black Bear Pictures, wanda kuma ke kula da tallace-tallace na kasa da kasa akan fim din, ya sami haƙƙin rarraba Arewacin Amurka a Kasuwar Fim ta Turai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rubin |first=Rebecca |date=17 February 2026 |title=Olivia Colman Sundance Drama 'Wicker' Sells to Black Bear |url=https://variety.com/2026/film/news/olivia-colman-wicker-black-bear-sundance-1236665501/ |access-date=17 February 2026 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; An shirya fitar da fim din a zaɓaɓɓun gidajen wasan kwaikwayo a Amurka a ranar 23 ga Oktoba, 2026.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=D'Alessandro |first=Anthony |date=18 June 2026 |title=Black Bear Sets Fall Release For Sundance Acquisition 'Wicker' Starring Olivia Colman &amp; Alexander Skarsgård |url=https://deadline.com/2026/06/alexander-skarsgard-olivia-colman-wicker-release-date-1236959273/ |access-date=18 June 2026 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fim din zai fito da mako guda bayan haka a Ingila a ranar 30 ga Oktoba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dalton |first=Ben |date=July 30, 2026 |title=UK-Ireland film cinema release dates: latest updates for 2026 |url=https://www.screendaily.com/news/uk-ireland-film-cinema-release-dates-latest-updates-for-2026/5211864.article |access-date=July 30, 2026 |website=[[Screen Daily]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>5g3zyvtg7v84irz69kxldq85a48926e</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>890013</id>
      <parentid>890012</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-01T07:27:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Baffa ali</username>
        <id>47435</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>890013</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6273" sha1="7zz5xzlu650xzv6lxhrqdcnqo7xktve" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
Wicker fim ne mai ban dariya wanda akayi 2026 wanda Alex Huston Fischer da Eleanor Wilson suka ba da umarni kuma suka daidaita shi daga gajeren labarin &quot;The Wicker Husband&quot; na Ursula Wills-Jones . [[Olivia Colman]], [[Alexander Skarsgård]], Elizabeth Debicki, Marli Siu, Nabhaan Rizwan, Richard E. Grant, da Peter Dinklage ne ke jagorantar simintin.

== Farko ==
Wani wanda aka fitar a cikin ƙauyen kamun kifi ya ba da izini ga mijinta da aka yi da Wicker.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vlessing |first=Etan |date=24 October 2023 |title=Olivia Colman, Dev Patel Team for Twisted Romance Film ‘Wicker’ |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/olivia-colman-dev-patel-romance-film-wicker-1235626482/ |access-date=31 October 2023 |website=Hollywood Reporter}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Masu ba da labari ==

* [[Olivia Colman]] a matsayin Mataimakin Mata
* [[Alexander Skarsgård]] a matsayin Mijin Wicker
* Peter Dinklage a matsayin mai yin kwando
* Elizabeth Debicki a matsayin Matar Mai sutura
* Marli Siu a matsayin 'yar'uwar Basket Weaver
* Nabhaan Rizwan a matsayin mai sutura
* Richard E. Grant a matsayin likitan ƙauyen da ba shi da ƙwarewa
* Ella Bruccoleri
* Ben Ashenden a matsayin Baker

== Fitarwa ==
Topic Studios da Tango Entertainment suna ba da kuɗi kuma suna samar da fim ɗin tare da Alex Huston Fischer da Eleanor Wilson a matsayin daraktoci, daga rubutun da suka daidaita daga ɗan gajeren labarin &quot;The Wicker Husband&quot; na Ursula Wills-Jones. Masu gabatarwa sun hada da Ed Sinclair da Tom Carver daga Kudancin Kogin, David Michôd da Brad Zimmerman don Yoki, Inc. da Justin Lothrop da Brent Stiefel don Votiv, da kuma [[Olivia Colman]], wanda ke jagorantar simintin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Brew |first=Caroline |date=October 24, 2023 |title=Olivia Colman and Dev Patel to Star in Twisted Romance ‘Wicker,’ Black Bear Launches Sales |url=https://variety.com/2023/film/news/olivia-colman-dev-patel-wicker-1235767020/ |access-date=31 October 2023 |website=Variety}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tabbara |first=Mona |date=31 October 2023 |title=AFM 2023: The buzz titles from the UK |url=https://www.screendaily.com/features/afm-2023-the-buzz-titles-from-the-uk/5187399.article |access-date=31 October 2023 |website=Screen Daily}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tare da Colman, Dev Patel da farko an haɗa shi amma [[Alexander Skarsgård]] ya maye gurbinsa. Har ila yau, simintin ya hada da Peter Dinklage da Elizabeth Debicki . &lt;ref name=&quot;lewis&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ritman |first=Alex |date=1 October 2025 |title=Alexander Skarsgard, Peter Dinklage and Elizabeth Debicki Join Olivia Colman in Twisted Romance ‘Wicker’ (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2025/film/global/alexander-skarsgard-olivia-colman-romance-wicker-1236410720/ |access-date=1 October 2025 |website=Variety}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An kammala Babban daukar hoto a watan Satumbar 2025 a [[Budapest]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 December 2024 |title=Wicker – Whimsical Love Story Set to Film in Hungary |url=https://www.budapestreporter.com/wicker-whimsical-love-story-set-to-film-in-hungary/#:~:text=The%20feature%20film%20Wicker%2C%20a,Olivia%20Colman%20and%20Dev%20Patel. |access-date=18 January 2025 |website=Budapest Reporter}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 January 2025 |title=Wicker Starring Olivia Colman and Dev Patel to Be Shot in Hungary |url=https://www.filmneweurope.com/news/hungary-news/item/126547-wicker-starring-olivia-colman-and-dev-patel-to-be-shot-in-hungary#:~:text=BUDAPEST%3A%20The%20Romantic%20fantasy%20Wicker,Patel%20in%20the%20main%20roles. |access-date=1 October 2025 |website=Film New Europe}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;lewis&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ritman |first=Alex |date=1 October 2025 |title=Alexander Skarsgard, Peter Dinklage and Elizabeth Debicki Join Olivia Colman in Twisted Romance ‘Wicker’ (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2025/film/global/alexander-skarsgard-olivia-colman-romance-wicker-1236410720/ |access-date=1 October 2025 |website=Variety}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFRitman2025&quot;&gt;Ritman, Alex (October 1, 2025). [https://variety.com/2025/film/global/alexander-skarsgard-olivia-colman-romance-wicker-1236410720/ &quot;Alexander Skarsgard, Peter Dinklage and Elizabeth Debicki Join Olivia Colman in Twisted Romance 'Wicker' (EXCLUSIVE)&quot;]. ''Variety''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;October 1,&lt;/span&gt; 2025&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Saki ==
Wicker ya fara ne a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Eccles a Park City, Utah a matsayin wani ɓangare na bikin fina-finai na Sundance a ranar 24 ga Janairu, 2026. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gardner |first=Chris |date=10 December 2025 |title=Sundance Sets 2026 Lineup With Charli XCX, Olivia Wilde, Salman Rushdie and Courtney Love Films |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/sundance-2026-schedule-lineup-films-program-stars-1236446078/ |access-date=10 December 2025 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Fabrairun 2026, Black Bear Pictures, wanda kuma ke kula da tallace-tallace na kasa da kasa akan fim din, ya sami haƙƙin rarraba Arewacin Amurka a Kasuwar Fim ta Turai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rubin |first=Rebecca |date=17 February 2026 |title=Olivia Colman Sundance Drama 'Wicker' Sells to Black Bear |url=https://variety.com/2026/film/news/olivia-colman-wicker-black-bear-sundance-1236665501/ |access-date=17 February 2026 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; An shirya fitar da fim din a zaɓaɓɓun gidajen wasan kwaikwayo a Amurka a ranar 23 ga Oktoba, 2026.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=D'Alessandro |first=Anthony |date=18 June 2026 |title=Black Bear Sets Fall Release For Sundance Acquisition 'Wicker' Starring Olivia Colman &amp; Alexander Skarsgård |url=https://deadline.com/2026/06/alexander-skarsgard-olivia-colman-wicker-release-date-1236959273/ |access-date=18 June 2026 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fim din zai fito da mako guda bayan haka a Ingila a ranar 30 ga Oktoba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dalton |first=Ben |date=July 30, 2026 |title=UK-Ireland film cinema release dates: latest updates for 2026 |url=https://www.screendaily.com/news/uk-ireland-film-cinema-release-dates-latest-updates-for-2026/5211864.article |access-date=July 30, 2026 |website=[[Screen Daily]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>7zz5xzlu650xzv6lxhrqdcnqo7xktve</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>890014</id>
      <parentid>890013</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-01T07:28:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Baffa ali</username>
        <id>47435</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>890014</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6286" sha1="lf9qdeyghyb3ciiu7hkjqsix2sw9gvh" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
Wicker fim ne mai ban dariya wanda akayi a shekara ta 2026 wanda Alex Huston Fischer da Eleanor Wilson suka ba da umarni kuma suka daidaita shi daga gajeren labarin &quot;The Wicker Husband&quot; na Ursula Wills-Jones . [[Olivia Colman]], [[Alexander Skarsgård]], Elizabeth Debicki, Marli Siu, Nabhaan Rizwan, Richard E. Grant, da Peter Dinklage ne ke jagorantar simintin.

== Farko ==
Wani wanda aka fitar a cikin ƙauyen kamun kifi ya ba da izini ga mijinta da aka yi da Wicker.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vlessing |first=Etan |date=24 October 2023 |title=Olivia Colman, Dev Patel Team for Twisted Romance Film ‘Wicker’ |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/olivia-colman-dev-patel-romance-film-wicker-1235626482/ |access-date=31 October 2023 |website=Hollywood Reporter}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Masu ba da labari ==

* [[Olivia Colman]] a matsayin Mataimakin Mata
* [[Alexander Skarsgård]] a matsayin Mijin Wicker
* Peter Dinklage a matsayin mai yin kwando
* Elizabeth Debicki a matsayin Matar Mai sutura
* Marli Siu a matsayin 'yar'uwar Basket Weaver
* Nabhaan Rizwan a matsayin mai sutura
* Richard E. Grant a matsayin likitan ƙauyen da ba shi da ƙwarewa
* Ella Bruccoleri
* Ben Ashenden a matsayin Baker

== Fitarwa ==
Topic Studios da Tango Entertainment suna ba da kuɗi kuma suna samar da fim ɗin tare da Alex Huston Fischer da Eleanor Wilson a matsayin daraktoci, daga rubutun da suka daidaita daga ɗan gajeren labarin &quot;The Wicker Husband&quot; na Ursula Wills-Jones. Masu gabatarwa sun hada da Ed Sinclair da Tom Carver daga Kudancin Kogin, David Michôd da Brad Zimmerman don Yoki, Inc. da Justin Lothrop da Brent Stiefel don Votiv, da kuma [[Olivia Colman]], wanda ke jagorantar simintin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Brew |first=Caroline |date=October 24, 2023 |title=Olivia Colman and Dev Patel to Star in Twisted Romance ‘Wicker,’ Black Bear Launches Sales |url=https://variety.com/2023/film/news/olivia-colman-dev-patel-wicker-1235767020/ |access-date=31 October 2023 |website=Variety}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tabbara |first=Mona |date=31 October 2023 |title=AFM 2023: The buzz titles from the UK |url=https://www.screendaily.com/features/afm-2023-the-buzz-titles-from-the-uk/5187399.article |access-date=31 October 2023 |website=Screen Daily}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tare da Colman, Dev Patel da farko an haɗa shi amma [[Alexander Skarsgård]] ya maye gurbinsa. Har ila yau, simintin ya hada da Peter Dinklage da Elizabeth Debicki . &lt;ref name=&quot;lewis&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ritman |first=Alex |date=1 October 2025 |title=Alexander Skarsgard, Peter Dinklage and Elizabeth Debicki Join Olivia Colman in Twisted Romance ‘Wicker’ (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2025/film/global/alexander-skarsgard-olivia-colman-romance-wicker-1236410720/ |access-date=1 October 2025 |website=Variety}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An kammala Babban daukar hoto a watan Satumbar 2025 a [[Budapest]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 December 2024 |title=Wicker – Whimsical Love Story Set to Film in Hungary |url=https://www.budapestreporter.com/wicker-whimsical-love-story-set-to-film-in-hungary/#:~:text=The%20feature%20film%20Wicker%2C%20a,Olivia%20Colman%20and%20Dev%20Patel. |access-date=18 January 2025 |website=Budapest Reporter}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 January 2025 |title=Wicker Starring Olivia Colman and Dev Patel to Be Shot in Hungary |url=https://www.filmneweurope.com/news/hungary-news/item/126547-wicker-starring-olivia-colman-and-dev-patel-to-be-shot-in-hungary#:~:text=BUDAPEST%3A%20The%20Romantic%20fantasy%20Wicker,Patel%20in%20the%20main%20roles. |access-date=1 October 2025 |website=Film New Europe}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;lewis&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ritman |first=Alex |date=1 October 2025 |title=Alexander Skarsgard, Peter Dinklage and Elizabeth Debicki Join Olivia Colman in Twisted Romance ‘Wicker’ (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2025/film/global/alexander-skarsgard-olivia-colman-romance-wicker-1236410720/ |access-date=1 October 2025 |website=Variety}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFRitman2025&quot;&gt;Ritman, Alex (October 1, 2025). [https://variety.com/2025/film/global/alexander-skarsgard-olivia-colman-romance-wicker-1236410720/ &quot;Alexander Skarsgard, Peter Dinklage and Elizabeth Debicki Join Olivia Colman in Twisted Romance 'Wicker' (EXCLUSIVE)&quot;]. ''Variety''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;October 1,&lt;/span&gt; 2025&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Saki ==
Wicker ya fara ne a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Eccles a Park City, Utah a matsayin wani ɓangare na bikin fina-finai na Sundance a ranar 24 ga Janairu, 2026. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gardner |first=Chris |date=10 December 2025 |title=Sundance Sets 2026 Lineup With Charli XCX, Olivia Wilde, Salman Rushdie and Courtney Love Films |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/sundance-2026-schedule-lineup-films-program-stars-1236446078/ |access-date=10 December 2025 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Fabrairun 2026, Black Bear Pictures, wanda kuma ke kula da tallace-tallace na kasa da kasa akan fim din, ya sami haƙƙin rarraba Arewacin Amurka a Kasuwar Fim ta Turai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rubin |first=Rebecca |date=17 February 2026 |title=Olivia Colman Sundance Drama 'Wicker' Sells to Black Bear |url=https://variety.com/2026/film/news/olivia-colman-wicker-black-bear-sundance-1236665501/ |access-date=17 February 2026 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; An shirya fitar da fim din a zaɓaɓɓun gidajen wasan kwaikwayo a Amurka a ranar 23 ga Oktoba, 2026.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=D'Alessandro |first=Anthony |date=18 June 2026 |title=Black Bear Sets Fall Release For Sundance Acquisition 'Wicker' Starring Olivia Colman &amp; Alexander Skarsgård |url=https://deadline.com/2026/06/alexander-skarsgard-olivia-colman-wicker-release-date-1236959273/ |access-date=18 June 2026 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fim din zai fito da mako guda bayan haka a Ingila a ranar 30 ga Oktoba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dalton |first=Ben |date=July 30, 2026 |title=UK-Ireland film cinema release dates: latest updates for 2026 |url=https://www.screendaily.com/news/uk-ireland-film-cinema-release-dates-latest-updates-for-2026/5211864.article |access-date=July 30, 2026 |website=[[Screen Daily]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>lf9qdeyghyb3ciiu7hkjqsix2sw9gvh</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>890015</id>
      <parentid>890014</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-01T07:29:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Baffa ali</username>
        <id>47435</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>890015</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6290" sha1="0td5cj4k3wh8z131h9as2qe5qc1d564" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
Wicker fim ne mai ban dariya wanda akayi a shekara ta 2026 wanda [[Alex Huston Fischer]] da Eleanor Wilson suka ba da umarni kuma suka daidaita shi daga gajeren labarin &quot;The Wicker Husband&quot; na Ursula Wills-Jones . [[Olivia Colman]], [[Alexander Skarsgård]], Elizabeth Debicki, Marli Siu, Nabhaan Rizwan, Richard E. Grant, da Peter Dinklage ne ke jagorantar simintin.

== Farko ==
Wani wanda aka fitar a cikin ƙauyen kamun kifi ya ba da izini ga mijinta da aka yi da Wicker.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vlessing |first=Etan |date=24 October 2023 |title=Olivia Colman, Dev Patel Team for Twisted Romance Film ‘Wicker’ |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/olivia-colman-dev-patel-romance-film-wicker-1235626482/ |access-date=31 October 2023 |website=Hollywood Reporter}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Masu ba da labari ==

* [[Olivia Colman]] a matsayin Mataimakin Mata
* [[Alexander Skarsgård]] a matsayin Mijin Wicker
* Peter Dinklage a matsayin mai yin kwando
* Elizabeth Debicki a matsayin Matar Mai sutura
* Marli Siu a matsayin 'yar'uwar Basket Weaver
* Nabhaan Rizwan a matsayin mai sutura
* Richard E. Grant a matsayin likitan ƙauyen da ba shi da ƙwarewa
* Ella Bruccoleri
* Ben Ashenden a matsayin Baker

== Fitarwa ==
Topic Studios da Tango Entertainment suna ba da kuɗi kuma suna samar da fim ɗin tare da Alex Huston Fischer da Eleanor Wilson a matsayin daraktoci, daga rubutun da suka daidaita daga ɗan gajeren labarin &quot;The Wicker Husband&quot; na Ursula Wills-Jones. Masu gabatarwa sun hada da Ed Sinclair da Tom Carver daga Kudancin Kogin, David Michôd da Brad Zimmerman don Yoki, Inc. da Justin Lothrop da Brent Stiefel don Votiv, da kuma [[Olivia Colman]], wanda ke jagorantar simintin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Brew |first=Caroline |date=October 24, 2023 |title=Olivia Colman and Dev Patel to Star in Twisted Romance ‘Wicker,’ Black Bear Launches Sales |url=https://variety.com/2023/film/news/olivia-colman-dev-patel-wicker-1235767020/ |access-date=31 October 2023 |website=Variety}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tabbara |first=Mona |date=31 October 2023 |title=AFM 2023: The buzz titles from the UK |url=https://www.screendaily.com/features/afm-2023-the-buzz-titles-from-the-uk/5187399.article |access-date=31 October 2023 |website=Screen Daily}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tare da Colman, Dev Patel da farko an haɗa shi amma [[Alexander Skarsgård]] ya maye gurbinsa. Har ila yau, simintin ya hada da Peter Dinklage da Elizabeth Debicki . &lt;ref name=&quot;lewis&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ritman |first=Alex |date=1 October 2025 |title=Alexander Skarsgard, Peter Dinklage and Elizabeth Debicki Join Olivia Colman in Twisted Romance ‘Wicker’ (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2025/film/global/alexander-skarsgard-olivia-colman-romance-wicker-1236410720/ |access-date=1 October 2025 |website=Variety}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An kammala Babban daukar hoto a watan Satumbar 2025 a [[Budapest]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 December 2024 |title=Wicker – Whimsical Love Story Set to Film in Hungary |url=https://www.budapestreporter.com/wicker-whimsical-love-story-set-to-film-in-hungary/#:~:text=The%20feature%20film%20Wicker%2C%20a,Olivia%20Colman%20and%20Dev%20Patel. |access-date=18 January 2025 |website=Budapest Reporter}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 January 2025 |title=Wicker Starring Olivia Colman and Dev Patel to Be Shot in Hungary |url=https://www.filmneweurope.com/news/hungary-news/item/126547-wicker-starring-olivia-colman-and-dev-patel-to-be-shot-in-hungary#:~:text=BUDAPEST%3A%20The%20Romantic%20fantasy%20Wicker,Patel%20in%20the%20main%20roles. |access-date=1 October 2025 |website=Film New Europe}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;lewis&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ritman |first=Alex |date=1 October 2025 |title=Alexander Skarsgard, Peter Dinklage and Elizabeth Debicki Join Olivia Colman in Twisted Romance ‘Wicker’ (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2025/film/global/alexander-skarsgard-olivia-colman-romance-wicker-1236410720/ |access-date=1 October 2025 |website=Variety}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFRitman2025&quot;&gt;Ritman, Alex (October 1, 2025). [https://variety.com/2025/film/global/alexander-skarsgard-olivia-colman-romance-wicker-1236410720/ &quot;Alexander Skarsgard, Peter Dinklage and Elizabeth Debicki Join Olivia Colman in Twisted Romance 'Wicker' (EXCLUSIVE)&quot;]. ''Variety''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;October 1,&lt;/span&gt; 2025&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Saki ==
Wicker ya fara ne a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Eccles a Park City, Utah a matsayin wani ɓangare na bikin fina-finai na Sundance a ranar 24 ga Janairu, 2026. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gardner |first=Chris |date=10 December 2025 |title=Sundance Sets 2026 Lineup With Charli XCX, Olivia Wilde, Salman Rushdie and Courtney Love Films |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/sundance-2026-schedule-lineup-films-program-stars-1236446078/ |access-date=10 December 2025 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Fabrairun 2026, Black Bear Pictures, wanda kuma ke kula da tallace-tallace na kasa da kasa akan fim din, ya sami haƙƙin rarraba Arewacin Amurka a Kasuwar Fim ta Turai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rubin |first=Rebecca |date=17 February 2026 |title=Olivia Colman Sundance Drama 'Wicker' Sells to Black Bear |url=https://variety.com/2026/film/news/olivia-colman-wicker-black-bear-sundance-1236665501/ |access-date=17 February 2026 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; An shirya fitar da fim din a zaɓaɓɓun gidajen wasan kwaikwayo a Amurka a ranar 23 ga Oktoba, 2026.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=D'Alessandro |first=Anthony |date=18 June 2026 |title=Black Bear Sets Fall Release For Sundance Acquisition 'Wicker' Starring Olivia Colman &amp; Alexander Skarsgård |url=https://deadline.com/2026/06/alexander-skarsgard-olivia-colman-wicker-release-date-1236959273/ |access-date=18 June 2026 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fim din zai fito da mako guda bayan haka a Ingila a ranar 30 ga Oktoba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dalton |first=Ben |date=July 30, 2026 |title=UK-Ireland film cinema release dates: latest updates for 2026 |url=https://www.screendaily.com/news/uk-ireland-film-cinema-release-dates-latest-updates-for-2026/5211864.article |access-date=July 30, 2026 |website=[[Screen Daily]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>0td5cj4k3wh8z131h9as2qe5qc1d564</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>890020</id>
      <parentid>890015</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-01T07:35:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Baffa ali</username>
        <id>47435</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>890020</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6278" sha1="atrb02s0dczf4t0tj5yg4mvir27i5bn" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
Wicker fim ne mai ban dariya wanda akayi a shekara ta 2026 wanda [[Alex Huston Fischer]] da Eleanor Wilson suka ba da umarni kuma suka daidaita shi daga gajeren labarin &quot;The Wicker Husband&quot; na Ursula Wills-Jones . [[Olivia Colman]], [[Alexander Skarsgård]], Elizabeth Debicki, Marli Siu, Nabhaan Rizwan, Richard E. Grant, da Peter Dinklage ne ke jagorantar simintin.

== Farko ==
Wani wanda aka fitar a cikin ƙauyen kamun kifi ya ba da izini ga mijinta da aka yi da Wicker.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vlessing |first=Etan |date=24 October 2023 |title=Olivia Colman, Dev Patel Team for Twisted Romance Film ‘Wicker’ |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/olivia-colman-dev-patel-romance-film-wicker-1235626482/ |access-date=31 October 2023 |website=Hollywood Reporter}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Masu ba da labari ==

* [[Olivia Colman]] a matsayin Mataimakin Mata
* [[Alexander Skarsgård]] a matsayin Mijin Wicker
* Peter Dinklage a matsayin mai yin kwando
* Elizabeth Debicki a matsayin Matar Mai sutura
* Marli Siu a matsayin 'yar'uwar Basket Weaver
* Nabhaan Rizwan a matsayin mai sutura
* Richard E. Grant a matsayin likitan ƙauyen da ba shi da ƙwarewa
* Ella Bruccoleri
* Ben Ashenden a matsayin Baker

== Fitarwa ==
Topic Studios da Tango Entertainment suna ba da kuɗi kuma suna samar da fim ɗin tare da Alex Huston Fischer da Eleanor Wilson a matsayin daraktoci, daga rubutun da suka daidaita daga ɗan gajeren labarin &quot;The Wicker Husband&quot; na Ursula Wills-Jones. Masu gabatarwa sun hada da Ed Sinclair da Tom Carver daga Kudancin Kogin, David Michôd da Brad Zimmerman don Yoki, Inc. da Justin Lothrop da Brent Stiefel don Votiv, da kuma [[Olivia Colman]], wanda ke jagorantar simintin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Brew |first=Caroline |date=October 24, 2023 |title=Olivia Colman and Dev Patel to Star in Twisted Romance ‘Wicker,’ Black Bear Launches Sales |url=https://variety.com/2023/film/news/olivia-colman-dev-patel-wicker-1235767020/ |access-date=31 October 2023 |website=Variety}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tabbara |first=Mona |date=31 October 2023 |title=AFM 2023: The buzz titles from the UK |url=https://www.screendaily.com/features/afm-2023-the-buzz-titles-from-the-uk/5187399.article |access-date=31 October 2023 |website=Screen Daily}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tare da Colman, Dev Patel da farko an haɗa shi amma [[Alexander Skarsgård]] ya maye gurbinsa. Har ila yau, simintin ya hada da Peter Dinklage da Elizabeth Debicki . &lt;ref name=&quot;lewis&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ritman |first=Alex |date=1 October 2025 |title=Alexander Skarsgard, Peter Dinklage and Elizabeth Debicki Join Olivia Colman in Twisted Romance ‘Wicker’ (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2025/film/global/alexander-skarsgard-olivia-colman-romance-wicker-1236410720/ |access-date=1 October 2025 |website=Variety}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An kammala Babban daukar hoto a watan Satumbar 2025 a [[Budapest]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 December 2024 |title=Wicker – Whimsical Love Story Set to Film in Hungary |url=https://www.budapestreporter.com/wicker-whimsical-love-story-set-to-film-in-hungary/#:~:text=The%20feature%20film%20Wicker%2C%20a,Olivia%20Colman%20and%20Dev%20Patel. |access-date=18 January 2025 |website=Budapest Reporter}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 January 2025 |title=Wicker Starring Olivia Colman and Dev Patel to Be Shot in Hungary |url=https://www.filmneweurope.com/news/hungary-news/item/126547-wicker-starring-olivia-colman-and-dev-patel-to-be-shot-in-hungary#:~:text=BUDAPEST%3A%20The%20Romantic%20fantasy%20Wicker,Patel%20in%20the%20main%20roles. |access-date=1 October 2025 |website=Film New Europe}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;lewis&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ritman |first=Alex |date=1 October 2025 |title=Alexander Skarsgard, Peter Dinklage and Elizabeth Debicki Join Olivia Colman in Twisted Romance ‘Wicker’ (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2025/film/global/alexander-skarsgard-olivia-colman-romance-wicker-1236410720/ |access-date=1 October 2025 |website=Variety}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFRitman2025&quot;&gt;Ritman, Alex (October 1, 2025). [https://variety.com/2025/film/global/alexander-skarsgard-olivia-colman-romance-wicker-1236410720/ &quot;Alexander Skarsgard, Peter Dinklage and Elizabeth Debicki Join Olivia Colman in Twisted Romance 'Wicker' (EXCLUSIVE)&quot;]. ''Variety''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;October 1,&lt;/span&gt; 2025&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Saki ==
Wicker ya fara ne a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Eccles a Park City, Utah a matsayin wani ɓangare na bikin fina-finai na Sundance a ranar 24 ga Janairu, 2026. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gardner |first=Chris |date=10 December 2025 |title=Sundance Sets 2026 Lineup With Charli XCX, Olivia Wilde, Salman Rushdie and Courtney Love Films |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/sundance-2026-schedule-lineup-films-program-stars-1236446078/ |access-date=10 December 2025 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Fabrairun 2026, Black Bear Pictures, wanda kuma ke kula da tallace-tallace na kasa da kasa akan fim din, ya sami haƙƙin rarraba Arewacin Amurka a Kasuwar Fim ta Turai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rubin |first=Rebecca |date=17 February 2026 |title=Olivia Colman Sundance Drama 'Wicker' Sells to Black Bear |url=https://variety.com/2026/film/news/olivia-colman-wicker-black-bear-sundance-1236665501/ |access-date=17 February 2026 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; An shirya fitar da fim din a zaɓaɓɓun gidajen wasan kwaikwayo a Amurka a ranar 23 ga Oktoba, 2026.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=D'Alessandro |first=Anthony |date=18 June 2026 |title=Black Bear Sets Fall Release For Sundance Acquisition 'Wicker' Starring Olivia Colman &amp; Alexander Skarsgård |url=https://deadline.com/2026/06/alexander-skarsgard-olivia-colman-wicker-release-date-1236959273/ |access-date=18 June 2026 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fim din zai fito da mako guda bayan haka a Ingila a ranar 30 ga Oktoba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dalton |first=Ben |date=July 30, 2026 |title=UK-Ireland film cinema release dates: latest updates for 2026 |url=https://www.screendaily.com/news/uk-ireland-film-cinema-release-dates-latest-updates-for-2026/5211864.article |access-date=July 30, 2026 |website=[[Screen Daily]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
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